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SMITHSONIAN 
 
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 (' 
 
 VOL. XXIV. 
 
 'BVBRT MAN IB A VAI.UABIE MEMBER OF HOCIETY WHO BT lllS OBBEBVATIOKB, REBEABCHKg, 
 AND EXPRBIMBNTS PROCUEES KNOVil.BlKtE fOR MEN.'V-fiMITHBON. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
 
 1883. 
 
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ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 The present series, entitled " Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections," is 
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 insure*a proper standard of excellence in its publications, it will be readily 
 understood that it cainiot hold itself responsible for the facts and conclusions 
 of the authoi-s, as it is impossible in most cases to verify their statements. 
 
 S. F. BAIRD, 
 
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 Ill 
 

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 PUBM 
 
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^cpariincTii of ihe ^rxieviov: 
 
 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 
 BULLETINS' 
 
 OF THB 
 
 UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 VOLUME III 
 
 (No. 16.) . 
 
 PUBIJSHB^D UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIi^N INSTITUTION. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1882. 
 
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 TABLE OF CONTEJS'TS. 
 
 Synopsis op the Fishes op North America. By David 8. Jordan 
 AND Charles H. Gilbert. 1882. 8vo.. pp. 1074. Bnlleilr. of the 
 National Museum, Ko. 16, 
 
 -4-^*=^ ^o 
 
 VII 
 
 
 
 'l^-i£- £>--^t. 
 
WNiAiWa 
 
department of the ^nUviovt 
 
 U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 16 — 
 
 BULLETIN 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES Ni^TIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 No. 16. 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTIOif OF THE SMITHSONIAN 
 
 INSTITUTION. 
 
 ' WASHINGTOK: 
 aOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1882. 
 
ADYEKTISEMENT, 
 
 This work is the sixteenth of a series of papers intended to ilhistrate 
 tiie collections of natural liistory and ethnology belonging to the 
 United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the 
 Smithsonian Institution was i)laced in charge by the net of Congress of 
 August 10, 184G. 
 
 It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by 
 authority of the lionorable Secretary of tho Interior. 
 
 SPENOEK F. EAIED, 
 Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 
 Smithsonian Institution, 
 
 Washington, May 20, 1882. 
 
 11 
 
SYNOPSIS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 BY 
 
 AND 
 
 OHARLJKS H. aiLBERT. 
 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVEBN3IENT PBINTINO OFFICE. 
 
 1882. 
 
 ill 
 
PKEFACE. 
 
 lu this memoir we have endeavored to give concise descriptions of 
 all the species of fishes known to inhabit'the waters of North America, 
 north of the boundary between the United States and Mexico. 
 
 The classification which we have adopted is essentially based on the 
 views of Professors Gill and Cope, who have, it seems to us, been more 
 fortunate in reflecting nature in their groupings of the fishes than have 
 any of the European systematists. In our arrangement of the families 
 and genera, we have endeavored to avoid, on the one hand, unnatural 
 associations, and on the other, subdivision beyond reasonable limits. 
 Genera to which we have been unable to give precise definition have 
 ))een rarely adopted. 
 
 The rules of nomenclature generally recognized by naturalists, and 
 recently admirably formulated by Mr. W. H. Dall, have been followed 
 without deviation, except such as may be due to ignorance of all the 
 facti> in any particular case. Most of the present confusion in nomen- 
 clature is due to the neglect of established rules, and the only way out 
 of this confusion is through the rigid enforcement of these rules. There 
 is little hope for uniformity in nomenclature so long as individual prefer- 
 ence or caprice is allowed to affect it. 
 
 We are under obligations to Prof. Spencer F. Baird, to Prof. G. 
 Brown Goode, und to Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, for many aids, especially 
 in connection with our use of the specimens in the United States Na- 
 tional Museum. To Dr. Bean, in particular, we have been indebted for 
 help of various sorts, including many unpublished notes. To Dr. Theo- 
 dore Gill and to Ppf. E. D. Cope, we are indebted for numerous aids 
 and suggestions. Mr. Samuel Garman, of the Museum of Comparative 
 Zoology, has given us considerable assistance on the Elasmobranchs. 
 Mr. Chas. L. McKay, of the United States Signal Service, has revised 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE., 
 
 our account of the Centrarchidce. Prof. S. A. Forbes, of the Illinois 
 Laboratory of Natural History, has furnisheu numerous notes on the 
 PercUlw and Gyprinidcc of Illinois. Prof. Felipe Poey, of Havana, bus 
 given valuable informatioii in regard to the fishes of the Florida Keys. 
 Professor O. P. Hay, of Butler University, has furnished us manuscript 
 descriptions of specie* new to science. Miss Rosa Smith, Mr. Joseph 
 Swain, and especially Mrs. Susan B. Jordan, have given important per- 
 sonal assistance in the verification of the descriptions in our manu- 
 scripts. 
 
 Finally, we may refer to the early encouragement received from Dr. 
 Elliott Coues, whose advice and example led us to undertake to do for 
 American Ichthyology, so far as lay in our i)<)wer, what Coues' "Key 
 to North American Birds" has done for American Ornithology. 
 
 A Bibliography of North American Ichthyology is soon to be pub- 
 lished by Professor Goode. We have therefore not futempted to give 
 a list of the works consulted by us. We have endeavored to examine 
 everything pertaining to American Ichthyology. 
 
 Under the head of each si)ecies, enough synonymy has been given to 
 connect this work with other descriptive works, and no more. Eefer- 
 ence is made to the original description of each species, to the descri]*- 
 tions in Dr. Giinther's "Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum," 
 and to other works in which special information is given or in which 
 some name different from the one adopted by us is employed. 
 
 This work was first prepared for the press in 1879, during which year 
 a portion of it was printrnl. Since then the printing has been several 
 times interrupted, chiefly by tlu^ absence of the authors while engaged 
 in field-work. It was finished in September, 1882. The manuscripts 
 unprinted have been from time to time revised, and each part has been 
 brought up to the date of finally leaving our hands. The fact that the 
 printing has extended over more than three years, — three of the most 
 active years in the history of American Ichthyology, — will account for 
 some discrepancies between the first and last parts of the work. In the 
 Addenda, we have included the 'species which have been described 
 since the printing of the accounts of the families to which they re- 
 spectively belong. " 
 
 DAVID S. JOKDAN. 
 CHAKLES H. GILBERT. 
 
 Indiana University, 
 
 Bloomlngton, Ind.j September 14, 188li. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 VII 
 
 :N^ote.— In our descriptions the length of the fish is always measured 
 from the tip of the snout to the end of the last vertebra: the caudal 
 fin being not included. The expressions " head 4" or " depth 4" mean 
 that the length of the head, in the one case, or the greatest depth of the 
 body, in the other, is one-fourth of the length of the fish. " Lat. 1." indi 
 cates the number of scales in the lateral line; when, however, the nuni- 
 ber of transverse series of scales between the head and the caudal fin is 
 different from the number pierced by the lateral line we have usually 
 given the former number. The measurements given in the text are 
 intended to apply to mature fishes. Young fishes have usually the 
 depth less, the head larger, the mouth smaller, and the eye larger, than 
 adult examples of the same species. 
 
 In the synonymy of any species, where an author quoted has used the 
 name adopted by us, that name is not repeated. Descriptions not taken 
 from specimens, or at least not verified by us, are, in all cases, credited 
 to the author from whom they have been copied. 
 
 ,< • 
 
Clas 
 
 Claa 
 
 Class 
 Sub 
 O: 
 
 '«MM 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Class I. Leptocardii 2 
 
 Order A. Cirrostomi 2 
 
 Family 1. Branchiostomatidse '?> 
 
 1. Branclilostoma Costa 3 
 
 1. lanceolatum Pallas. (Addenda) 3, 57, 867 
 
 Class II. Marsipobranchii 3 
 
 Order B. Hyperotreta 4 
 
 Family 2. Myxinidae 4 
 
 2. Myxine L 4 
 
 2. glutinosa L 5 
 
 Family 2 (6). Bdellostomatidse. (Addenda) 967 
 
 3. Polistotrema Gill. (Addenda) 5,867 
 
 3. stoutiLock 6,57,867 
 
 Order C. Hyperoartia 6 
 
 Family 3. Petromyzontidae 6,867 
 
 3 (6). Entosphenns Gill. (Addenda) 7,57,868 
 
 4(5, 6). tridentatus Gairdn 7,57,868 
 
 4 (5), Ammocojtes Dum 9, 867 
 
 % Lampeira Gray 7,867 
 
 7. plumbeus Ayres 8,867 
 
 7 (&). aureus Bean. (Addenda) 868 
 
 $ Ammoccctet 9 
 
 8. nigerRaf 9,867 
 
 8 (6). appendix Dek. (Addenda) 868 
 
 6 (7). PetromyzonL 10,867 
 
 ^ Ichthyomyzon Grd 9,'867 
 
 9. argenteus Kirt 10,867 
 
 9 (b). hirudoGrd 868 
 
 10. castaneusGrd 10,868 
 
 ^ Petromyzon 867 
 
 11. marinus L 11,868 
 
 12. dorsatus Wild. (Addenda) 11,868 
 
 Class III. Elasmobranchii 12 
 
 Subclass Stlachii 12 
 
 Order D. Squali 12 
 
 Family 4. Scyranida) 13 
 
 8. Echinorhinus Blainv 14 
 
 13. spinosnsGmel 14 
 
 9. SonmiosusLeS ~ 14 
 
 .- 14. microcephalus Bloch 15 
 
 Family 5. Spinacidas 15 
 
 10. Centroscyllium M. & H 16 
 
 15. fabrioii Reinh 16 
 
 11. Squalus L 16 
 
 - -16. acanthias L 16 
 
 12. Ceutrosoymuus Boo. & Cap 17 
 
 17. coelolepis Boo. &, Cap 17 
 
 IX 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class III. Elasmobrancliii — continued. Page 
 Subclass Selachii. 
 Order ]). Squali. 
 
 FauiilyC. Scylliida;. (Addenda) 17,58 
 
 13. Ginglymostonia AI. & H 18 
 
 18. cirratuQi Gm 18 
 
 13 (&). Scylliorbinns Blainv. (Addenda) 58, 869 
 
 ^ Catuhia Smith. (Addenda) 869 
 
 18 (b). veutriosiis Garm. (Addenda) 59, 869 
 
 18 (c). retifer Garni. (Addenda) 869 
 
 Family 7. Carcbariidie. (Addenda) 18,870 
 
 14. Mustelus Cuv .». 19 
 
 $ Mustelus 59 
 
 19. canis Mitch. (Addenda) 19.870 
 
 $ rieuracromtjloH Gill. (Addenda) 870 
 
 •20. californicus Gill 20,.59,870 
 
 15. TriacisM. & H 20 
 
 $ Triads 20 
 
 21. semifasciatus Grd 20 
 
 ^ Khinotriacis Gill. (Addenda) 59, 870 
 
 22. henleiGill 20,870 
 
 16. Galeorhinus Blainv 21 
 
 23. zyopterus J. & G. (Addenda) 870 
 
 17. GaleocerdoM. &H 21 
 
 24. tigrimis M. & n 21 
 
 18. Carcharias Eaf. (Addenda) 22,872,967 
 
 $ Carcharinus Blainv 22 
 
 25. glaucns L 22 
 
 ^ Platypodon Gill. (Addenda) 967 
 
 26. obscurus Le S 22 
 
 $ ^wZamfa Gill 22,60 
 
 26 (6). platyodon Poey. (Addenda) 872 
 
 27. coeruleus Dek. (Addenda) 872 
 
 27 (6). lamiella J. «fe G. (Addenda) 60,873 
 
 19. Isogompliodon Gill 23 
 
 28. limbatusM.&H 23 
 
 19 (6). Hypopiion M. & H. (Addenda) 61 
 
 28 (6). brevirostris Poey. (Addenda) 61 
 
 21. Scoliodon M. & H 24 
 
 30. terraj-novae Rich 24 
 
 Family 8. Sphymida) 25 
 
 22 (23). SphyrnaRaf 26,874 
 
 $ Eenicejia Gill 25 
 
 31. tibnroL 25,874 
 
 $ Sphyrna 26 
 
 32. zygffina L 2() 
 
 Family 9. Alopiidee 26 
 
 24. AIopiasRaf 27 
 
 __ 33. vulpes Grael 27 
 
 Family 10. Odontaspididai. (Addenda) 27,62 
 
 85. Odontaspis Ag. (Addenda) 27,874 
 
 '"^. 5 Eugomphodns Gill 27 
 
 34. littoralis Mitch. (Addenda) 27,874 
 
 Family 11. Lamnido) 28 
 
 26. IsurusRaf 28 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XI 
 
 Page 
 
 17,5)3 
 18 
 18 
 
 58. 869 
 869 , 
 
 59,869 
 869 
 
 18,87U 
 19 
 59 
 
 19. 870 
 870 
 
 ), 59, 870 
 20 
 
 iiO 
 
 20 
 
 59,870 
 
 20,870 
 
 21 
 
 870 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 ,872,967 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 1X57 
 
 22 
 
 22,60 
 
 872 
 
 872 
 
 60. 873 
 2i 
 2:? 
 
 61 
 61 
 24 
 24 
 25 
 
 26. 874 
 25 
 
 25, 874 
 26 
 2() 
 2«) 
 27 
 27 
 27, 62 
 
 27,874 
 27 
 
 27,874 
 28 
 28 
 
 Class III. Elasmobranchii — continued. Pag^ 
 Subclass Selacliii. 
 Order D. Squali. 
 
 Family 11, Lamnid.-B. 
 
 $ JsMrqpsis Gill 28 
 
 :J5 (36). dekayi Gill 2r',H74 
 
 27. Lanina Cuv 29 
 
 . 37. comubica Guiel 30 
 
 / '^I'Jl 28. Carcharodon Smith 30 
 
 ^, *.- — 38. carcliarias L. (Addenda) 30,875 
 
 ^ Family 12. Cetorhinidu) 30 
 
 29. Cetorhinus Blainv 31 
 
 39, maximns Gunner 31 
 
 Family 14. Cestraciontida;. (Addenda) 32,62 
 
 31, Heterodontus Blainv, (Addenda) 32,875 
 
 § Gi/ropleia-odua Gill 32 
 
 41, francisciGrd 33,875 
 
 Family 15. Notidanidaj, (Addenda) 34,62 
 
 31 (t). Hexanchns Rat: (Addenda) 6J 
 
 41 (&), corinns J. & G, (Addenda) <)2 
 
 32, Heptrancliias Raf, (Addenda) 34,62 
 
 ^ Xotorhijnch us Ay lea 34 
 
 42, maculatus Ay res (Addenda) 62 
 
 Family 16. Sqnatinidai 35 
 
 33, Sqnatina Duni 35 
 
 43, angelus Dum 35 
 
 Order E. RaiiB 36 
 
 Family 17. Pristida; ; " 
 
 34, PristisLath 37 
 
 44, peotinatus Lath, (Addenda) 37,875 
 
 Family 18, RhinobatidiB 37 
 
 35, Rhinobatns B, &S 37 
 
 $ lihinobatus. (Addenda) 876 
 
 45, prodnctus Ayres 38, 87(5 
 
 45 (tZ), lentiginosns Garm, (Addenda) 65 
 
 ^ Zapteryx J. »& G. (Addenda) 876 
 
 45 (6), oxasperatus J, & G. (Addenda) 63 
 
 § Platyrhinoidh Garin. (Addenda) 876 
 
 45(c). triseriattis J, & G. (Addenda) 64 
 
 Family 19, Torpodinidue 38 
 
 36, TorpedoDmn 38 
 
 46, occidental's Stor 39 
 
 47, californica Ayres 39,876 
 
 36 (/>), Narcino M, «& H. (Addenda). • 877 
 
 47 (6), brasiliensis Olfors. (Addenda) 877 
 
 Family 20, Raiidaj 39 
 
 37, RaiaL 39 
 
 48, erinacea Mitch 40 
 
 J,(„\^, 49. ocellata Mitch 10 
 
 ' ' *T r~~— 50. radiata Donov 41 
 
 J ^0C^-^'J 51, eglanteriaLac 41 
 
 '^' ..^ ;;-,.--.—- 52, Uevis Mitch 42 
 
 ^f v^^^ftVVt^*'- 53. grannlata Gill 42 
 
 53 (/>), ornata Garm. (Addenda) K77 
 
 53 (c), plutonia Garm. (Addenda) 878 
 
 54. biuoculata Grd. (Addenda) 42,678 
 
XII 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 </i.<g/. 
 
 Class III. Elasmobranchii— continued. Page. 
 SubclaHS Selachii. 
 Order E. Raiic. 
 
 Family 20. Raiida>. 
 
 55. rhina J. & G 43 
 
 56. inomata J. & G. (Addenda) 43,878 
 
 57. Btellulata J. &G 44 
 
 57 (6). paimifera Bean. (Addenda) 878 
 
 Family 21. Trygonida3 45 
 
 38. UrolophusM. & H 46 
 
 58. halleri Coop 46 
 
 39. Pteroplatea M. «fe H 46 
 
 5£. maclnra Le S 46 
 
 60. marmorafca Coop 47 
 
 40. Trygon Adanson. (Addenda) 47,65,879 
 
 61. centrura Mitch 47,67,879 
 
 61 (fe). hastata Dek. (Addenda) 70,879 
 
 62. sayiLeS 48,69,879 
 
 63. dipterura J. &G 48,71,879 
 
 64. tuberculata Lac 48,66,879 
 
 65. sabinaLeS 49,68,879 
 
 Family 22. Myliobatidio 49 
 
 41. Stoasodon Cantor. (Addenda) 50,879 
 
 66. narinari Euphr 50,879 
 
 42. Myliobatis Dum 50 
 
 67. freminvillei Le S 51 
 
 68. califomicus Gill 51 
 
 43. Rhinoptera KuM 51 
 
 69. quadriloba Le 8 51 
 
 Family 23. Cephalopterida) 52 
 
 44. Manta Bancroft 52 
 
 70. birostris Walb 52 
 
 Subclass Holocephali 53 
 
 Order F. Holocephali 53 
 
 Family 24. Chimajridse 53 
 
 45. Chimtera L 54 
 
 $ Chimcera 54 
 
 71. plumbea Gill 54 
 
 ^ Hydrolagm Gill 54 
 
 '-"-••^ -^72. collieiBenn 55 
 
 Class IV. Pisces 73 
 
 Subclass Chondrostei 82 
 
 Order G. Selachostomi 82 
 
 •Family 25. PolyodontidsB ', 82 
 
 46. Polyodon Lac 83 
 
 „_ . 73. spathulaWalb 83 
 
 Order H. Glaniostomi 84 
 
 Family 26. AcipenseridiB 84 
 
 47. Acipenser L 85 
 
 74. sturio L 85 
 
 75. transmontanuB Rich 86 
 
 76. medirostris Ayres 8G 
 
 77. rubicundus Le S 87 
 
 78. brevirostris Le 8 87 
 
 48. Scaphirhynchops Gill 88 
 
 79. platyrhynchus Raf 88 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 xin 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page. 
 
 Subclass Ilolostei . 1 86 
 
 Order I. Ginglymodi 89 
 
 Family 27. Lepidosteida) 89 
 
 49(50). Lepidosteus Lac ? 90 
 
 ^ Lepidostetu 91 
 
 80. osseus L .. 91 
 
 ^ CylindroBteua Ra£ 91 
 
 81. platystomua Raf 91 
 
 ^ AtraetosteusRaf. (Addenda) 92,880 
 
 82. tristcechus Block «fe Schneider 92 
 
 Order J. Haleoomorphi 92 
 
 Family 28. Amiidas 92 
 
 51. AmiaL 94 
 
 __- 83. calvaL 94 
 
 Subclass Physostomi 94 
 
 Order K. Nematognathi 9.5 
 
 Family 29. Siluridai 9«) 
 
 62. NoturusRaf 97 
 
 ^ SehilbeodesBleek 98 
 
 84. gyrinus Mitcli 98 
 
 «.">• leptacanthusJor 98 
 
 86.miumsJor 99 
 
 W. eleutherus Jor 99 
 
 88. exilis Nels 100 
 
 89. insignis Rich , l(^ 
 
 i Xoturus 100 
 
 90. flavusRaf 100 
 
 53. LeptopsRaf. (Add uda) 101,881 
 
 91. olivarisRaf 102,881 
 
 54. Gronias Cope 102 
 
 92. nigrilabris Cope 102 
 
 55. Amiurus Raf 102 
 
 93. brunneuffJor 103 
 
 94. platycei)iialu8 Grd 103 
 
 95. xauthocephalus Kai 104 
 
 96. melasRaf ,. 104 
 
 97. marmoratus Holbr 104 
 
 98. catusL 104- 
 
 98 (&). brachyacan thus Cope. (Addenda) 881 
 
 99. vulgaris Thomps 105 
 
 100. natalisLeS 105 
 
 100 (6). bolli Cope. (Addenda) 881 
 
 101. erebennus Jor 105 
 
 56. IctalurusRaf 106,880 
 
 102. lophius Cope 107 
 
 103. albidus Le S 107 
 
 104. lupusGrd 107 
 
 "^ '. 105. niveiventris Cope 107 
 
 ->-"'- 106. nigricans LoS. (Addenda) 108,882 
 
 107. i)ouder<)sus Bean 108 
 
 ._„._ 108. punctatusRaf 108 
 
 109. furcatue C. & V 109 
 
 57. AriusC. &Y 109 
 
 110(111N. felisL 110,882 
 
 58. ^lurichthys B. & G 110 
 
 112. mariuuti Mitch Ill 
 
XIV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Cl.ass IV. Pisces — continued. . Page. 
 
 Subclass Pbysostomi. 
 
 Order L. Evcuto},'natln. (Addeuda) 111,882 
 
 Family 30. Catostomidte 112 
 
 59(60,Gl).TctiobusRaf 113,882 
 
 ^SderogiiathuaC. &\. (Addeuda) ft83 
 
 113. cyprinella C. & V. (Addenda) 114, 883 
 
 ^Tctiobus. (Addeuda) 115,883 
 
 114. urusAg 116,883 
 
 115. bubalus Raf. (Addenda) 110,883 
 
 ^ Carpiodes Raf 117,883 
 
 116. carpioRaf 118,883 
 
 117. damalisGrd. (Addenda) 118,883 
 
 118. thompsoniAs 119,883 
 
 llO.bisouAg 119,883 
 
 120. cypriuubLeS 119,883 
 
 121. difformisCope 120,883 
 
 62. Cycleptus Raf 1 20 
 
 122. ^elougatua Le S 121 
 
 63. Pantosteua Cope 121 
 
 123. plebeiusB. &G 122 
 
 124. delphinus Cope 122 
 
 125. bardus Cope 122 
 
 126. platyrbynchus Cope 123 
 
 127. generosus Grd 123 
 
 128. virescens Cope 124 
 
 64. Catostomus Le & 124 
 
 $ Catoatonnts 125 
 
 129. discobolus Cope 125 
 
 130. latipiunis B. & G 125 
 
 130 (6). guzmaniensis Grd 120 
 
 130 (o). nebulifer Garm. (Addeuda) 883 
 
 131. retropinnis .Tor 126 
 
 132. longirostris Le S 126 
 
 1.33. tahoensis Gill »fe Jor 127 
 
 ^ Dccaclylus'Rai 127 
 
 134. arajopus Jor 127 
 
 135. labiatus Ayr 127 
 
 136. macrocbilus Grd 128 
 
 137. occidentalis Ayr 128 
 
 138. bernardiui Grd 128 
 
 139. ardens J. & G 128 
 
 140. fecuudns Cope «fe Yarrow 120 
 
 141. cypboLock 129 
 
 142. comniersoni Lac 129 
 
 143. insignisB. «fe G 130 
 
 144. clarkiB. &G 130 
 
 $ Hypenielium Raf 130 
 
 145. nigricans Le S 130 
 
 65. Chasuiistes Jor 131 
 
 $ Chasmiates 13i 
 
 146. liorusJor 13'.> 
 
 $ Lipomyzon Cope 13'i 
 
 147. brevirostris Cope 13'J 
 
 148. luxatus Cope 13'J 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XV 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — coutinuod. P»ge. 
 Subclass Pliysostomi. 
 Order L. Evcntognatlii. 
 
 Family ;W. Catostomida;. 
 
 6(5. Erirayzou Jor 132 
 
 149. sucetta Lac 13:i 
 
 150. goodeiJor 134 
 
 67. Minytrenia Jor 135 
 
 151. melanopsRaf 13<; 
 
 68. Moxostoina Raf 13<> 
 
 152. papillosBiu Cope I'.fT 
 
 1.53. velatum Cope 138 
 
 154. bucco Cope li{8 
 
 155. piuiense Cope 138 
 
 156. coregonns Cope 139 
 
 157. albumCope 139 
 
 158. thalassinum Cope 139 
 
 159. carpio C. &. V i:59 
 
 160. niacrolepidotum Le S I4O 
 
 161. aureblum Le S 140. 
 
 162. crassilabre Cope.. 140 
 
 163. conus Cope 141 
 
 164. anisnrum Raf 141 
 
 165. pcBcilnrum Jor 14i 
 
 166. albidum Grd 141 
 
 167. cervinum Cope 142 
 
 69. Placopharynx Cope 142 
 
 168. carinatus Cope 143 
 
 70. Qiiassilabia Jor. «& Brayt. 143 
 
 169. lacera J. & B 144 
 
 Family 31. Cyprinidae 144 
 
 71. Campostoma Ag ,. 148 
 
 170. omatiim Grd 149 
 
 171. auomalura Raf 149 
 
 172. prolixum Stor 150 
 
 173. formosulum Grd 150 
 
 72. Acrochilus Ag 150 
 
 174. alutaceus Agassiz «Sr, Pickering 150 
 
 73. OrthodonGrd 1.51 
 
 175. microlepidotus Ayr 152 
 
 74. Lavinia Grd 152 
 
 176. exilicauda B. & G 153 
 
 75. Chrosomus Raf 15.3 
 
 ^177. erythrogaster Raf 153 
 
 • 178. oreas Cope 154 
 
 179. eos Cope 154 
 
 76. Zopheiidum Jor 154 
 
 180. siderium Cope 155 
 
 181. plnmbeum Grd 155 
 
 77. HybognatliuB Ag 155 
 
 . 182. michalisAg 156,968 
 
 182(5). argyritis Grd. (Addenda) 968 
 
 183. amariis Grd 156 
 
 184. flavipiunis Cope 156 
 
 185. n'grota)uiat.us Cope 156 
 
mmt 
 
 MMMM 
 
 XVI 
 
 TABLE OF C02ITENTS. 
 
 ! . 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. 
 Subclass Physosiomi. 
 Older L, Eventognatlii. 
 Painily 31. Cypriuidte. 
 
 186. placitusGrd..... 
 
 187. episcopus Grd 
 
 188. fluviatilis Grd 
 
 188 (t). punctifer Garni. (Addenda) . 
 
 189. melaaops Grd 
 
 78. Coliscus Cope 
 
 190. parietalis Cope 
 
 79. Pimepha^es Raf 
 
 191. proiuelas Kaf 
 
 80. Hyborhyncliiis Ag 
 
 192. confertus Grd 
 
 193. notatus Ruf 
 
 194. sup. rciliosus Cope , 
 
 80 (6). Tirodon Hay. (Addenda) 
 
 194 (2)).' amuigenus Hay. (Addenda) 
 
 81. Exogloesum Eaf 
 
 195. maxilliugua Lo S 
 
 82. CocMognathus B. & G 
 
 19b. omatus B. & G 
 
 197. biguttatus Co'^to 
 
 83. Hemitreniia Cope 
 
 $ Jlemitremia 
 
 108. vittata Cope , 
 
 $ ChriopeJoT 
 
 199. bifrenata Cope ....,- 
 
 200. maculata Hay 
 
 201. heterodon Cope , 
 
 84. CliolaGrd 
 
 $ Miniellus Jor , 
 
 202. tuditana Cope.. 
 
 203. taurocephala Hay 
 
 204. htematura Cope 
 
 205. spectnincula Cope 
 
 20(). nubila Forbes 
 
 207. frotensis Cope 
 
 208. longirostris Hay 
 
 209. straminea Cope 
 
 210. volucella Cope 
 
 211. microstoma Raf 
 
 212. lineolataAg , 
 
 213. missuriensiB Cope 
 
 214. procne Cope. . . , 
 
 $ Cliola 
 
 215. vigilaxB. &G 
 
 «^ ' 216. chlora Jor , 
 
 «J Tiaroga Grd 
 
 ^__ :„_- 217. cobitisGrd 
 
 218. siiua Cope , 
 
 ^ JIud»oniH» (inl , 
 
 219. saludana Jor. «fc Brayt , 
 
 220. storeriaua Kirt 
 
 Pago. 
 
 157 
 167 
 157 
 884 
 157 
 158 
 158 
 158 
 158 
 151 
 159 
 159 
 160 
 968 
 968 
 160 
 160 
 161 
 161 
 161 
 162 
 162 
 162 
 162 
 162 
 162 
 163 
 163 
 
 165 
 166 
 166 
 166 
 167 
 167 
 167 
 167 
 168 
 168 
 16« 
 168 
 169 
 169 
 169 
 169 
 170 
 170 
 170 
 170 
 170 
 171 
 
 Clas 
 Su 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XVII 
 
 157 
 
 lu7 
 
 157 
 
 8H4 
 
 157 
 
 158 
 
 158 
 
 158 
 
 158 
 
 151 
 
 159 
 
 159 
 
 160 
 
 968 
 
 968 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 16B 
 
 168 
 
 162 
 
 162 
 
 162 
 
 163 
 
 163 
 
 165 
 
 166 
 
 166 
 
 l(i6 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 167 
 
 16H 
 
 168 
 
 168 
 
 168 
 
 169 
 
 l()l) 
 
 16l> 
 
 i6y 
 
 170 
 170 
 170 
 170 
 170 
 171 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. 
 Subclasa Physostomi. 
 Order L. Eventognatbi. 
 Family 31. Cyprinidro. 
 
 221. hudsouia Clint 
 
 S22. curyopa Be-'u 
 
 f Codoma Grd 
 
 22S. iris Cope 
 
 224. jngalisCopa 
 
 225. vittata Grd 
 
 226. ornata Grd 
 
 227. callisenmJor 
 
 J Moniana Grd 
 
 228. gibbosa Grd 
 
 229. forbesi Jor 
 
 239. loonina Grd 
 
 231. hitrensis B. & G 
 
 232. delicioBa Grd 
 
 233. anrata Grd 
 
 234. foruioaa Grd 
 
 § Cyprinella Grd 
 
 235. iinibrosa Grd 
 
 236. bdbalina B. & G 
 
 236 (&). rubripinna Garm. 
 
 237. gunnisoiii Grd 
 
 238. suavis Grd 
 
 239. lepidaGrd 
 
 240. billingaiana Cope... 
 
 241. macrostonia Grd 
 
 242. ludibunda Grd 
 
 213. notataGrd 
 
 244. vonusta Grd , 
 
 245. cnlliura Jor , 
 
 246. ■wbipplci Grd 
 
 $ Photogeim Cope 
 
 247. analostana Grd , 
 
 $ lirogala Jor 
 
 248. galactura Cope 
 
 eurystoma Jor 
 
 nivea Copo 
 
 callistia Jor 
 
 trichroistia J. &. G . 
 
 253. stigmatura Jor 
 
 254. ca>rulea Jor 
 
 255. chloristia J. «&. B ... 
 
 256. zonataAg 
 
 257. xicnura Jor 
 
 258. pyrrhomolas Cope .. 
 
 259. hypHoloptora Gibr.. 
 MiuuiltiM Kaf 
 
 ij Luxilua Raf 
 
 260. conmtuH Mitch 
 
 261. solone Jor 
 
 (Addenda) . 
 
 249. 
 250. 
 251. 
 252. 
 
 85. 
 
 262. 
 263. 
 
 coccogoui 
 zoniHltuB 
 
 Copo. 
 Jor .... 
 
 Pago. 
 
 171 
 171 
 172 
 172 
 172 
 172 
 173 
 173 
 173 
 174 
 174 
 174 
 175 
 175 
 175 
 175 
 17(5 
 176 
 176 
 
 as4 
 
 176 
 
 176 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 177 
 
 178 
 
 178 
 
 178 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 179 
 
 180 
 
 180 
 
 181 
 
 181 
 
 182 
 
 loa 
 
 183 
 183 
 184 
 184 
 
 184 
 185 
 186 
 186 
 
 188 
 188 
 18b 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 10 u 
 
XVIII 
 
 TABLE OF COKTENTS. 
 
 Ji 
 
 'I 
 
 j 1 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — contimied. 
 Subclass Physostomi. 
 Order L. Eventognathi. 
 Family 31. CyprinidaB. 
 
 § Alburnopa Grd 
 
 264. roseus .Tor 
 
 ^ 265. riibricroceus Cope 
 
 266. Intipinnis Jor. &4Prayt. 
 
 267. lihloroceplialns Cope 
 
 268. cLUiticns Cope 
 
 5j69. chalybaiusCope 
 
 • 270. chrosomus Jor 
 
 , . 271. xffinocephalus Jor 
 
 272. plumbcolus Cope 
 
 273. lacertosns Cope 
 
 274. shumardi Grd 
 
 275. blennius Grd 
 
 276. cercostigiua Cope 
 
 $ 
 
 277. ariomraus Cope 
 
 278. scabriceps Cope 
 
 279. jejunus Forb 
 
 280. leuciodus Cope 
 
 ; 281. altipinuis Cope , 
 
 282. amabilisGrd 
 
 ' 283. megalops Grd 
 
 284. bivitratus Cope 
 
 285. timpanogensis Cope 
 
 § Lythrurus Jor , 
 
 286. cyanocephalns Copeland 
 
 287. atripes Jor 
 
 288. dipliBinius Raf 
 
 289. ardens Cope 
 
 290. pnnctnlatiis Hay , 
 
 291. rubripinnis Hay , 
 
 , 292. belliisHay , 
 
 293. inatntiiiiis Cope 
 
 294. liriis Jor , 
 
 ^ Minnilua 
 
 296. oligaspis Cope 
 
 297. nmbratilis Grd , 
 
 298. Hccpticus J. & G , 
 
 299. pbotogenis Copo 
 
 300. tnloscopns Cope 
 
 301. BtilbinsJor 
 
 302. porcobronius Cope , 
 
 303. rnbollnsAg 
 
 304. dincmns Raf , 
 
 -y- ~ 30.5. rtibrifrons Cope , 
 
 306. joinezauiiH Copo 
 
 _;_.... — :,:_ 307. luicropteryx Cope 
 
 86. Prof oporns Copo 
 
 308. doinni mis Cope 
 
 87. Ericyniba Copo 
 
 309. buccata Cope , 
 
 PaRe. 
 
 189 
 189 
 189 
 190 
 190 
 191 
 191 
 191 
 192 
 192 
 192 
 192 
 193 
 193 
 193 
 194 
 194 
 194 
 194 
 195 
 195 
 195 
 195 
 196 
 196 
 19(5 
 197 
 197 
 198 
 198 
 198 
 199 
 199 
 199 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 200 
 201 
 201 
 201 
 202 
 202 
 20l> 
 202 
 
 2o;$ 
 
 203 
 203 
 204 
 204 
 204 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XIX 
 
 PaRe. 
 
 189 
 189 
 189 
 190 
 190 
 191 
 191 
 191 
 192 
 192 
 192 
 192 
 
 19:'. 
 19:j 
 
 193 
 
 194 
 
 194 
 
 194 
 
 194 
 
 195 
 
 195 
 
 195 
 
 195 
 
 19(5 
 
 19H 
 
 19(5 
 
 197 
 
 197 
 
 198 
 
 198 
 
 198 
 
 199 
 
 199 
 
 199 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 200 
 
 201 
 
 201 
 
 201 
 
 20'i 
 
 202 
 20'i 
 
 20;{ 
 2o;? 
 
 2(« 
 204 
 201 
 204 
 
 CJass IV. Piscea— contiuned. c ■-,.^.^?r.. '^■-:i.'-: ^*8*^ 
 
 Subclass Physostomi. , ,^ ■..;•-. -vi 
 
 Order L. Eventognathi. • ..fj l!j/!: 
 
 Family 31, CyprinidiB. ._ ^ .^,., / 
 
 88. Pbenacobius Cope 205 
 
 310. teretulus Cope 205 
 
 311. mirabilis Grd •. 205 
 
 311(6). scopifer Cope 205 
 
 312. catostomus Jor 206 
 
 313. uranops Cope 200 
 
 89. Rhinichthys Ag 206,884 
 
 314. cataractmC. & V 207,885 - 
 
 315. maxillosus Cope 207,885 
 
 313. transinoutamis Cope 207,885 
 
 316 (6). dulcis Grd. (Addenda) 885 
 
 .317. obtususAg 208,8a') 
 
 318. atronasus Mitch 208,885 
 
 318 <,6). badiua Garni. (Addenda) 886 
 
 318 (c). siinus Gann. (Addenda) 88(5 
 
 318 (d). meleagris Ag. (Addenda) 886 
 
 318 (fl). arenatus Garm. (Addenda) 886 
 
 90. AgosiaGrd 208 
 
 319. chrysogaster Grd 209 
 
 320. metallicaGrd 209 
 
 91. Apocope Cope 209 
 
 321. carringtoni Cope 209 
 
 322. nubila Grd 210 
 
 32.3. vulnerata Cope 210 
 
 324. heusliavii Copo 210 
 
 325. osculaGrd 211 
 
 ^ 326. ventricoaa Cope 211 
 
 92. Ceratichthys Baird 211 
 
 327. bignttatusKirt 212 
 
 328. niicroi)ogon Cope 212 
 
 329. eymmetricus B. & G 213 
 
 330. cumingi Gtbr 213 
 
 331. lumens Jor 213 
 
 332. amblopsKaf , 214 
 
 333. nibrifronsJor 214 
 
 334. hypaiuotiiB Cope 215 
 
 335. dissimilis Kirt 215 
 
 336. sterletua Cope 216 
 
 '-'',[ 337. ffistivalisGrd 210 
 
 J 338. golidus Grd 216 
 
 ^ 339. labrosnsCopo 217 
 
 340. zaneinns Jor. & Bray t 217 
 
 ,. 341. mouacliua Cope 217 
 
 ^ ' 93. Couesiiia Jor 218 
 
 T-^ — 342. ^qnamilontua Cope nr**'*f "^^^ 
 
 343. diaainiilia Grd .....1 21,^ 
 
 344. proatheiniuH Cope 219 
 
 345. phyaignathua Cope 219 
 
 94. Platygobio Gill 219 
 
 346. gracilis Rich 219 
 
 347. palllduH Forbes 220 
 
XX 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continned. Vuga, 
 Subclass Physostomi. 
 Order L. Eventognathi. 
 Family 31. Cyprinidfe. 
 
 95. SemotilusRaf .20 
 
 :: ^Semotilua 221 
 
 ____________ 347(6), corporalis Mitch 221 
 
 348. thoreanianus Jor 221 
 
 V $ Leucoaomus Heck 222 
 
 349. bullarisRaf 222 
 
 96. Symmetrurus Jor - 222 
 
 V *; 350. argyriosus Grd 222 
 
 v" 97. Pogonichthys Grd 223 
 
 ", 351. raacrolepidotus Ayres 223 
 
 :: ■ 97 (ft). Stypodon Garm 223 
 
 ; ;. 352. signifer Garm . 224 
 
 98. MylocbilnsAg 224 
 
 ,;•! 353. caurinus Rich. ... 224 
 
 ' 99. Mylopharodon Ayres 225 
 
 ;; 354. conocephalus B. & G 225 
 
 ■;., 100. Ptychochilus Ag 225 
 
 ;' 35.5. oregonensis Rich 226 
 
 /;v 356. rapaxGrd 226 
 
 ;; 357. harfordiJ.&G 226 
 
 ■:.:,;■ 358. lucius Grd 227 
 
 ^, 101. GilaB. i&G 227 
 
 .359. elegansB. &G 227 
 
 360. robu8taB«&G 228 
 
 ; 361. grahamiB. &G -. 228 
 
 ;. 362. affiiiis Abbott .... 229 
 
 ■-/:''.■ ■ 363. gracilis B. & G .#... 229 
 
 364. enxorii B. «fc G 229 
 
 ' • 365. iiacrea B. «fe G 230 
 
 j|, 366. Beminnda Cope & Yarrow 230 
 
 102. SqualiusBon 230 
 
 -,; ^ Clinoaiomua Gt6. 231 
 
 367. elongatusKirt 232 
 
 '-'■;: 368. vaudoisulus C. «fc V 232 
 
 369. estor Jor. & Bray t 232 
 
 ■^ . ^ 370. fnndnloides Grd 233 
 
 ; v; % TigomaGrd 233 
 
 371. hydrophlox Cope 233 
 
 372. tceuia Cope 234 
 
 373. montaniis Cope 234 
 
 374. humboldti Grd 234 
 
 375. cruoreus J. & G 234 
 
 376. ardesiaciis Cope 235 
 
 377. pandora Copo 235 
 
 • 378. margaritus Cope 235 
 
 7::'" 379. gulaCope 236 
 
 380, pulcherGrd 23() 
 
 ... .j^j egrogiusGrd 236 
 
 382. linoatusGrd 236 
 
 383. gracilis Grd 237 
 
 384. couforniisB. -& G 237 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Class IV. Piscea— continued. . Page. 
 Subclass Physostomi. 
 Order L. Eventognathi. 
 Family 31. Cyprinidae. 
 
 385. bicolorOrd 237 
 
 386. obesusGrd .' 23*/ 
 
 387. purpureus Grd 238 
 
 388. pulchellus B. ifc G 238 
 
 ■ : 389. inwnnediusGrd 238 
 
 ■ 390. aliciaBJouy 238 
 
 391. copei J. & G 238 
 
 / "v 302. nigerCope , 239 
 
 -•■ 393. consjersuH Garm 239 
 
 ^ Sibo-Tia Girard 239 
 
 394. gibbosus Ayres 239 
 
 -' ^ Squaliua 240 
 
 395. rbomaleus J. & G 240,880 
 
 396. squamatus Gill 241 
 
 397. atrariusGrd 241,886 
 
 398. crassns Grd 241 
 
 • ^CheondaQtA 241 
 
 399. cosruleus Grd 241 
 
 400. cooperi Grd 242 
 
 •401. nigrescens Grd 242 
 
 402. modestus Garm 242 
 
 103. Phoxinus Agassiz 242 
 
 403. neogjBua Cope 243 
 
 404. flammeus J. & G 243 
 
 405. milnerianus Cope 243 
 
 406. phlegethontis Cope 244 
 
 104. Myloleucus Cope. (Addenda) 244,887 
 
 407. tincellaC. &V 245 
 
 408. obesusGrd 245 
 
 409. formosusGrd 245 
 
 410. bicolorGrd ^ 246 
 
 41x. ant icus Cope 246 
 
 412. boucardi Gthr 246 
 
 105. Opsopoeodus Hay 1 246 
 
 413. emiliffl Hay : 247 
 
 106. Trycberodou Forbes 247 
 
 414. megalops Forbes 247 
 
 107. NoteniigonuB Raf 248 
 
 415. gardoneus C. & V 249 
 
 416. lucidusGrd 249 
 
 417. leptosonms Grd 249 
 
 418. oocideutalis B. «& G 250 
 
 419. cbrysoleucuB Mitch 250 
 
 420. ainericanus L 250 
 
 108. Richardsouins Girard 251 
 
 421. balteatus Rich 251 
 
 422. latoralisGrd 251 
 
 109. Lepidoiuedn Cope 251 
 
 423. vittataCope 252 
 
 424. jarrovii Cope 252 
 
 110. MedaGirard , 252 
 
 425. fulgidaGrd 252 
 
XXII 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 / C'>V^ 
 
 Class TV. Pisces— contimted. • 
 
 Subclass Physostomi. 
 Order L. Eventognathi. 
 Family 31. Cyprinidaj. 
 
 111. Plagopterns Cope 
 
 42G. argentissimus Cope 
 
 112. Carassius Nilsson 
 
 427. aiiratus Linn 
 
 113. Cyprinus Linn 
 
 428. carpioL 
 
 Family 32. Characinida) 
 
 ' 114. Tetragonoptems Ciiv 
 
 $ Astyanax B. & O 
 
 429. argentatus B. &G 
 
 Order M. Isospondyli 
 
 Family 33. Alepocephalidie 
 
 115. Alepocephalus Kisso 
 
 430. bairdiiG. «&B 
 
 Family 34. Albulidaj 
 
 116. Albula Gronov : 
 
 431. viilpes L 
 
 > Family 35. HyodontidiB 
 
 , 117. Hyodon Le Sueur 
 
 432. alosoides Raf ! 
 
 -433. tergisus Le Sueur 
 
 4.34. selenops Jor. & Bean 
 
 Family 36. Elopidis 
 
 118. ElopsL 
 
 , . ♦ 435. saurus L 
 
 V V 119. Megalops Lac 
 
 Q 436. atlanticus C. & V. (Addenda) 262 
 
 Family 37. Clupeida) 
 
 120. Etrumeus Bleek 
 
 437. teresDek 
 
 121. Spratelloides Bleeker 
 
 >, ,, 438. bryoporus Cope 
 
 122. ClupeaJi 
 
 $ Clupea 
 
 _______ 439. hareugus L 
 
 ''^ 440. mirabilis Grd 
 
 I - $ Sardinia Poey. (Addenda) - 
 
 441. sagax Jen 
 
 ■■.- 441 (6). pseudohispauica Poey. (Addenda) 
 
 $ Pomolobus Raf 
 
 , 442. chrysocliloris Raf 
 
 n ff 443. mediocris Mitch 
 
 <i-c.'^£jlii___, 444. venialis Mitch 
 
 445. iBStivalis Mitch 
 
 $ Jiosa Cuv 
 
 __ — ^ 446. sapidissima Wils 
 
 123. Harengula C. & V 
 
 447. pensacolaB G. «fcB 
 
 124. Opisthouoma Gill 
 
 448. thrissa Osbeck 
 
 253 
 253 
 253 
 253 
 254 
 254 
 254 
 255 
 255 
 255 
 256 
 257 
 257 
 257 
 258 
 258 
 258 
 259 
 259 
 259 
 260 
 260 
 260 
 261 
 261 
 261 
 687 
 262 
 263 
 263 
 263 
 264 
 264 
 264 
 265 
 265 
 887 
 265 
 887 
 265 
 266 
 26(5 
 267 
 267 
 267 
 267 
 2';.i 
 268 
 268 
 268 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXIII 
 
 Class TV. Pisces — continued. Page. 
 Subclass Physostomi. 
 Order M. Isospondyli. 
 Family 37. Clupeidse. 
 
 125. Brevoortia Gill 269 
 
 449. patronus Goode 269 
 
 450. tyrannusLatr 269 
 
 Family 38. DorosomatidsB 270 
 
 126. Dorosoma Raf 271 
 
 451. cepedianum Le S 271 
 
 451 (ft), mexicanum Gthr. (Addenda) 887 
 
 Family 39. EngraulididsB 271 
 
 127. Stolephorus Lac 272 
 
 452. ringens Jen 272 
 
 V 453. browni Gmel 273 
 
 .... 454 (&). mitchilli C. & V. (Addenda) 888 
 
 455. perfasciatus Poey 273 
 
 456. delicatissimus Grd 274 
 
 457. compressus Grd 274 
 
 Family 40. Alepidosauridie 274 
 
 128. Alepidosaurus Lowe 276 
 
 ^ Alepidosaurua, 276 
 
 458. ferox Lowe 276 
 
 .. 458 (&). sesculapius Bean. (Addenda) 888 
 
 I Caulopu8 Gill 276 
 
 459. borealis Gill 276 
 
 Family 41. Paralepididse 276 
 
 129. Sudis Rafiuesque 277 
 
 ^Sudia 277 
 
 460. ringens J. «fe G 277 
 
 $ Para Zepis Risso 278 
 
 461. borealis Reinh 278 
 
 462. coruscaus J. <i G 278 
 
 Family42. Scopelidoe 279 
 
 130. SynodusB. «fcS 279 
 
 ^ Synodua 280 
 
 463. foEtens Linn 280 
 
 464. Incioceps Ajres 281 
 
 464 (6). intermedins Spix. (Addenda) 889 
 
 ^ Trachinoccphalua Gill 281 
 
 465. myops Forster 2H1 
 
 13L MyctophumRaf 281 
 
 :'; 466. crenulare J. ifc G 282 
 
 467. glaciale Reinh 283 
 
 Family 43. Stornoptychidai ... rr. 283 
 
 132. Miiurolious Cocco £83 
 
 468. borealis Nilss 284 
 
 Family 44. Chauliodoutldte 284 
 
 133. Chauliodus Bl. «& Schn 284 
 
 469. sloani Bl. & Scbn 2a5 
 
 Family 45. Stomiatidie 285 
 
 134. StomiasCiiv 286 
 
 470. ferox Roinh 286 
 
 135. Echiostoma Lowe 2n6 
 
 471. barbatum Lowe 287 
 
XX17 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Jr. 
 
 •- (IC 
 
 m 
 
 jl'tv- 
 
 
 ' KCi 
 
 m 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page. 
 Subclass Physostomi. < 
 Order M. Isospondyli. 
 
 Family 45. Stomiatidse. ■ 
 
 136. Malacosteus Ayres 287 
 
 472. nigerAyres 287 
 
 ia7. Astronesthes Rich 287 
 
 473. nigerRich 288 
 
 « Family 46. Salmonidio 288 
 
 138. Microstoma Cuvier 289 
 
 :! 474. grcpnlandicum Reinh 290 
 
 140. MallotUH Cuvier 291 
 
 ,,;,,^,,^.. 476. villosus Miill 291 
 
 * -"* 141. Thaleichthys Girard 291 
 
 477. pacificus Rich 292 
 
 > • 142. Osmerus Linnajus 292 
 
 1 478. thaleichthys Ayrea 292 
 
 ,^/ \i^ivv 479. attenuatus Lock 293 
 
 ■■■■■ r- ■ ■ 480. mordax Mitch 293 
 
 Vvs&' 481. dentex Steind 294 
 
 143. Hypomesus Gill 294 
 
 482. pretiosusGrd 294 
 
 iV, 483. olidus Pallas 295 
 
 ii, 144. Argentina L 295 
 
 ' ::'^v ^Silna Reinh 295 
 
 -:. 484. syrteusium G. & B . 295 
 
 .-;. 145. Hyphalonedrus Goode 296 
 
 y , 485. chalybeius Goode 296 
 
 146. Coregonus Linnteus 296 
 
 .iUt $ Prosopi , m Milner 297 
 
 486(487). williamsoni Grd 297 
 
 488. qnadrilateralis Rich 298 
 
 489. kennicotti Milner 298 
 
 *> ^Coregomie 299 
 
 -^'' 490. clupeiformic Mitch 299 
 
 ,. 491. labradoricus Rich 299 
 
 492. hoyiGill 299 
 
 ^ Ar^jrosomus kg ^ 300 
 
 493. merki Gthr 300 
 
 493 (6). laiiretttB Bean. (Addenda) 889 
 
 —• — 494. artedi Le S 301 
 
 495. nigripinuis Gill 301 
 
 ^ AUosonms 3ov 301 
 
 496. tullibee Rich 30) 
 
 147. ThymallusCnv 302 
 
 497. signiferRich 302 
 
 • . 148. Stenodus Rich 304 
 
 498. mackenzii Rich 304 
 
 149. Oncorhynchus Siickley 304 
 
 499. gorbuscha Walb 305 
 
 500. ketaWalb 305 
 
 —501. tchawytcha Walb. (Addenda) 306,890 
 
 502. kisutsch Walb 307 
 
 - 503. nerka Walb 308 
 
 150. Salmo L 309 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXV 
 
 Class rV. Pisces— continued. -r. ;. ,' . ,. • • pag^ 
 
 Subclass Physostomi. ' v . • - 
 
 Order M. Isospondyli. 
 
 Family 46. Salmonidse. > ' --» '- > 
 
 ' ^Salmo 311 
 
 __^ 504. salarL 311- 
 
 $farioC. «feV 312 
 
 ^ 505. irideus Gibbons 312 
 
 506. gairdneri Rich » 313 
 
 507. spilurus Cope 314 
 
 508. purpuratus Pall 314 
 
 151. Salvelinus Rich 816 
 
 .;- $ Cristit'ower Gill «fc Jor 317 
 
 509. namaycush Walb 317 
 
 '''""(J ^ ^Salvelinus 318 
 
 f'^'-L^ 510(511). oquassaGrd 318 
 
 ■ ■ '" 512. arcturusGthr 319 
 
 513. malma Walb 319 
 
 — 514(515). fontinalis Mitch 320- 
 
 * 516. rossi Rich 32l 
 
 517. nitidus Rich 321 
 
 518. stagnalis Fabr 321 
 
 Family 47. Percopsidae 322 
 
 152. Percopsis Ag 322 
 
 519. guttatusAg 322 
 
 OrderN. Haplomi 323 
 
 Family 4b. Amblyopsidse 323 
 
 153. Amblyopsis DeK • 324 
 
 620. spelseus De K 324 
 
 154. Typhlichthys Girard 324 
 
 521. subterraneus Grd 325 
 
 155. Chologaster Agassiz ". 325 
 
 : -^ •■• 522. corn utus Ag 325 
 
 ! 523. agassizi Putuam 325 
 
 : 523 (6). papillifer Forbes. (Addenda) 325, 890 
 
 Family 49. CyprinodontidiB 326 
 
 156. Jordanella G. «fe B 327 
 
 524. floridsB G. & B 328 
 
 157. Cyprinodon Lac 328 
 
 ti 525. variegatns Lac 329,890 
 
 526. bovinus B. & G. (Addenda) 890 
 
 526(6). eximins Grd. (Addenda) 890 
 
 527. latifasciatus Garm 329 
 
 528. elegans B. «fe G 329 
 
 529. californiensis Grd 330 
 
 * 530. macularins B. & G 330 
 
 .'J31. carpio Gthr 330 
 
 168. Fundulus Lao 331 
 
 $ Hydrarffi/ra Lao 332 
 
 532. majalis Walb... • 332 
 
 533. Hwampiuus Lac 382 
 
 534. similisB. &G 333 
 
 535. zebrinus J. & G. (Addenda) 333,891 
 
 536. parvipinnis Grd 333 
 
XXVI 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I.' t 
 
 'il 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. ^ T$§». 
 
 Subclass Physostomi. - 
 
 Order N. Haplomi. .>. 
 Family 49. Cyprinodontidse. 
 
 ^ Fundulm 334 
 
 537. seminolisGrd 332 
 
 538. diaphanus Le S 334 
 
 539. confluentus G. & B 334 
 
 540. menona Jor. & Copel 335 
 
 541. adinia J. & G 3a') 
 
 542. nigrofasciatus Le S 335 
 
 542 (ft), ocellaris J. & G. (Addenda) 891 
 
 ' " 543, heteroclitupL 336 
 
 543 (6). grandis B. «fe G. (Addenda) 891 
 
 ^ Xeniama Jot 336 
 
 544. catenatus Storer 337 
 
 545. stellifer Jor 337 
 
 $ Adinia Grd. (Addenda) 892 
 
 -••f' 545 (6). xenicus J. &G. (Addenda) 892 
 
 J59. Zygonectes Ag 3:^8 
 
 546. rubrifroua Jor 338 
 
 547. henshalli Jor 338 
 
 548. floripinnis Cope : , 339 
 
 549. lineatus Garm 339 
 
 550. notatusKaf 339 
 
 552. inurus J. 4t G. (Addenda) 340,892 
 
 > 653. dispar Ag 341 
 
 553 (ft), craticula G. & B. (Addenda) 892 
 
 :' 554. brachyptorus Cope 341 
 
 .." 555. sciadicus Cope 342 
 
 556. chrysotus Gtbr 342 
 
 557. zonatus Mitch 342 
 
 558. cingnlatus C. & V 342 
 
 "•^- 160. Lucania Girard 342 
 
 559. venustaGrd 343,893 
 
 560. parvaB. & G 343,893 
 
 561. goodeiJor 343 
 
 •, ' 161 GambusiaPoey 344 
 
 562 (563) (565). patruelis B. «fe G 345,893 
 
 564. arlingtouiaG.&B 345 
 
 566. nobilis B. & G 346 
 
 566 (ft\ senilis Grd. (Addenda) 894 
 
 162. MollienesiaLe Sueur 346 
 
 567. latipiuna Le S 347,894 
 
 163. 
 
 164. 
 
 h 
 
 
 567 (ft), lineolata Grd 
 PceciliaBl. & Scbn .... 
 
 568. couchiana Grd 
 
 Girardinus Poey 
 
 9. formosus Grd 
 
 0. occidentalia B. & G 
 Family 50. UmbridsB 
 
 165. Umbra MUller 
 
 - 57L limiKirt 
 
 166. DalliaBean 
 
 572. pectoral is Bean 
 
 (Addenda). 
 
 570 
 
 894 
 •17 
 348 
 348 
 349 
 349 
 349 
 350 
 350 
 350 
 361 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 xxvir 
 
 Clasa IV. PisccB— continued. « Page. 
 Subclass PhysoHtomi. • _ 
 Order N. Haplomi. 
 
 Family 51. Eaocidii' » 351 
 
 167. EsoxL 352 
 
 $ rirnrellm Raf 352 
 
 ' 573. nJiiericanus Gmel 352 
 
 * • 574. uiiibrosus Kirt. (Addenda) 352,894 
 
 57fe. reticulatus Le S 353 
 
 i Enox 353 
 
 576. lucius Linn 353- 
 
 ^ ifascahngus Jot 353 
 
 577. nobilior Thompson 353- 
 
 Order 0. Ax)odes 354 
 
 Family 52. Murtenidae 355 
 
 168. Miirroua Linn 355 
 
 ^ Murcena 355 
 
 578. retifera Goodo «fe Bean. (Addenda) 894 
 
 '■; i SideraKanp. (Addenda) SiiG.geU 
 
 579. raordax Ayres 3.^)6 
 
 580. ocellata Agassiz 356 
 
 580 (,6). afra Bloch. (Addenda) 895 
 
 .'380 ((■). raoringa Cnv. (Addenda)... 895 
 
 Family 53. Anguillida; 357 
 
 168 (ft). Letharchus Goode «& Bean. (Addenda) 896 
 
 580 (/>). velifer Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 896 
 
 169. CoiculaVahl 358 
 
 ^ Callechehjs Kan\}. (Addenda) 
 
 581. ecnticarisG. «fe B 358 
 
 581 ,<>). t res Goode «fe Bean. (Addenda) 897 
 
 170. MnrffiuopsisLeS. (Addenda) 358,969 
 
 582. raordax Poey. (Addenda) — . . 897 
 
 583. triserialis Kaup 359,897 
 
 583 (ft), macrurns Poey. (Addenda) 898 
 
 - ' , 583 (c). chrysops Poey. (Addenda) 898 
 
 '^ 584. ocellatusLeS 359 
 
 " f 170 (6). Ophichthys Ahl. (Addenda) 899,969 
 
 584 (ft), longns Poey. (Addenda) 899 
 
 171. MyrichthysGirard 360 
 
 .')85. tigrimis Grd 360 
 
 171 (ft). Myrophis Liltken. (Addenda) 899 
 
 . 585 (&). himbricus J. »fe G. (Addenda) 899 
 
 , 585 (c). microstigraius Poey. (Addenda) 900 
 
 . ; 172. Neoconger Girard 360 
 
 586. mucronatns Grd 360 
 
 173. Anguilla Thunberg 361 
 
 . 587. rostrataLeS 361. 
 
 174. Leptocephahis Gmelin. (Addenda) 362,969 
 
 588. conger L. (Addenda) 362,969 
 
 588 (6). candictila Bean. (Addenda) 900 
 
 175. Simeaclielys Gill 363 
 
 589. parasiticus Gill 363 
 
 Family 54. Synapliobranchidae.. 364 
 
 176. Synapbobranchus Johnson 364 
 
 590. piunatUB Gron S64 
 
XXVIII 
 
 TABLE OJ' CONTENTS. 
 
 J 
 
 e-tl 
 
 Class IV. Pisces —continued. •' ■ 
 
 Sulicluss Physostomi. 
 Order O. Apodes. ivi-i' '" 
 
 Family 55. SaccopharyngidtB 365 
 
 177. Saccophavynx Mitch 365 
 
 591. flagelluui Mitch 365 
 
 Family 56 (a). Nemichthyidu* 365 
 
 178. Nemichthys Rich 366 
 
 . i ' 592. scolopaceus Rich 366 
 
 593. avocetta J. «fe G 367 
 
 Sub-class Physoclisti - 367 
 
 Order P. Opisthomi 368 
 
 Family 56 (fr). MastacembelidiB 368 
 
 179. Ptilichthys Bean 369 
 
 594. goodei Bean 369 
 
 ' Family 56. (c). NotacanthidsB 370 
 
 ;■ 180. Notacauthus Bloch : 370 
 
 '^ 595. chemnitzi Bloch 370 
 
 595 (6). phasganorus Goode. (Addenda) 900 
 
 OrdorQ. Synentognathi - 371 
 
 Family 57. ScomberesocidaB 371 
 
 ■'■--''- 181. Tylosurus Cocco 372 
 
 > 596. hians C. «fc V 373,901 
 
 :>. 597. caribbaiusLeS. (Addenda) 373,901 
 
 •. 698. notatus Poey 373 
 
 599. marinus Bl. & Schn. (Addenda) 374,902 
 
 600. exilis Grd 374 
 
 600 (6). gladius Bean. (Addenda) 901 
 
 y _Z/' 182. Scomberesos Lac 374 
 
 "'''V« .^- 601. saurusWalb 375 
 
 602. brevirostris Peters 375 
 
 183. Hemirhamphus Cuvier 376 
 
 $ Hemirhamphus 376 
 
 603. unifasciatus Ranz 376 
 
 604. rosa) J. «fc G 376 
 
 604 (6). brasiliensis L. (Addenda) 902 
 
 $ Euleptorhamphua Gill 377,903 
 
 605. longirostris Cu v 377 
 
 183 (6). Chriodorus Goode «fc Bean. (Addenda) 903 
 
 605(6). atherinoides Goode & Bean. (Addenda) .'.... 903 
 
 184. Halocypselus Weinland 377 
 
 606. evclans Linn .' 377 
 
 e07. obtusirostris Gthr 378 
 
 185. ExoccetusL 378 
 
 607. (6). hillianus Gosse. (Addenda) 903 
 
 , 608. califoinicus Cooper 379 
 
 609. rondeletii C. i& V. (Addenda) 379,904 
 
 .610. noveboracensis Mitch. (Addenda) , 904 
 
 611. exiliens Gmel 380,904 
 
 186. Cypselurus S wainson '380 
 
 612. furcatus Mitch 380 
 
 613. comatuB Mitch 381 
 
 Order R. Lophobranchii , 381 
 
 Family 58. Syngnathidje 382 
 
 187. Siphostoma Raf 382,905 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 y.xix 
 
 C*v 
 
 t,rc 
 
 e(fe< 
 
 tltC 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Pagei 
 Suliclass Physoclisti. 
 Order R. Lopbobranchii. 
 
 Family M. Syngnatbidie. '■■'■■ -y,' 
 
 } Siphoatoma 383 
 
 614, lusciim Stor 383,906 
 
 614 (6). aSBnis Gtbr 383,904 
 
 615. louisianiE Gtbr 383,906 
 
 615 (6), floridiB J. & G. (Addenda) j 905 
 
 ________ 616. californiense Stor .>84,1H)6 
 
 ii^iS^-^Ui/ 616 (ft), griseolineatuni Ayr. (Addenda) 905 
 
 616(c). bairdiannm Dum. (Addenda) 905 
 
 * 617. leptorbyncbns Grd 384,906 
 
 ' 617 (ft), auliscns Swain. (Addenda) 384,905 
 
 $ Dermato8tethu8 Gill 385 
 
 618. punctipinue Gill 385,905 
 
 906 
 
 906 
 
 385 
 
 386 
 
 386 
 
 907 
 
 907 
 
 907 
 
 907 
 
 386 
 
 387 
 
 387 
 
 388 
 
 388 
 
 388 
 
 389 
 
 389 
 
 390 
 
 390 
 
 390 
 
 390 
 
 391 
 
 391 
 
 391 
 
 392 
 
 393 
 
 393 
 
 393 
 
 394 
 
 394 
 
 394 
 
 395 
 
 , 395 
 
 395 
 
 , 395 
 
 396 
 
 396 
 
 396 
 
 ^ Corythrichthya Kaxvp, (Addenda). 
 
 618 (ft), zatropis J. & G. (Addenda) . . . . 
 Family 59. Hippocampida3 
 
 188. Hippocampus Raf 
 
 619. beptagonus Raf 
 
 619 (6). punctulutus Guich. (Addenda). 
 619 (c). bndsonius Dek. (Addenda).. .. . 
 619 (d). stylifer J. & G. (Addenda).... 
 619 (e), zosterai J. & G. (Addenda) 
 
 620. ingens Grd 
 
 Order 8. Hemibrancbii , 
 
 Family 60. Centriscida) 
 
 189. Centriscus L 
 
 621. scolopax L 
 
 Family 61. Fistnlariidie 
 
 190. Fistularia Linn , 
 
 622. tabaccaria L 
 
 6'i3. serrata Cuv 
 
 Family 62. AnlostomafcidiB 
 
 191. Aulostoma Lacepfide , 
 
 624. maculatum Val 
 
 Family 63. Aulorhyncbidaj , 
 
 192. Aulorhyncbus Gill , 
 
 625. flavidusGill 
 
 Family 64. Gasterosteidue 
 
 193. Gasterostens L *.... , 
 
 ^ Pygosteus Btbv 
 
 626. pungitius L , 
 
 ^ ^Eucalia Jor 
 
 627. inconstans Kirt 
 
 $ Gaaternateua 
 
 628. microcephalus Grd 
 
 629. biaculeatus Shaw 
 
 630. atkinsii Bean 
 
 631. aculeatus L ^ 
 
 631 (6). catapliractuH Pall 
 
 Apeltes Dek 
 
 632. qaadracus Mitch 
 
 194. 
 
XXX 
 
 TABLE 0^ CONTENTS. 
 
 !■ 1 
 
 'm 
 
 ■.>~.X' 
 
 .^l. 
 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. i(,^„..j- v!^S Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. ,' •i„.[.-4V<., 
 
 OrderT. Aeauthoptcri J .■....?!'...'...". 397 
 
 Family 65. Mugilida) 401 
 
 195. MugilL 402 
 
 634(0:J3). albulaL 403 
 
 ' 635. brasiliensis Ag 403 
 
 Family 66. AtheriuidiE. 404 
 
 196. AtherinaL 40'. 
 
 636. Carolina C. & V 405 
 
 637. velianaG.&B 405 
 
 197. LeurestLesJ. &G....1 405 
 
 638. teuuisAyres 405 
 
 198. Labidcsthes Cope 406 
 
 639. siccnlns Copo 406 
 
 199. MenidiaBonap 406,969 
 
 640. laciniata Swain. (Addenda) 407,908 
 
 Id) • p ; ' 64). vagransG. &B 407 
 
 1^. ,^. ritecU<j^ g^2 notataMitch. : 407 
 
 742 (/*). audens Hay. (Addenda) 908 
 
 643. beryllina Cope 408 
 
 644. b-sciC. &V. (Addenda) 408,909 
 
 645. pcrinsulai G. «& B 408 
 
 • - 200. AtheiinopsisGrd 409 
 
 J^.0,? ^^^- californicnsis Grd 409 
 
 201. Atherinops Steind 409 
 
 647. afflnisAyres 409 
 
 Family 67. Sphynenida^ 410 
 
 202. Sphynena BIocli 410 
 
 648. argentea Grd 411 
 
 649. spotHauy 411 
 
 650. guagnaucho C. & V 411 
 
 650 (fc). piouda Bl. «t Schu 412 
 
 Family 68. Polynemidae 412 
 
 203. Polynemus Linn 413 
 
 650(c). plumicri Lac 413 
 
 650 (d). octofilisGill 413 
 
 651. octonemus Grd 413 
 
 .; J ^ Family 69. AmmodytidiB 414 
 
 '^.r^ ^X#!-KTt, 204 (205). AmmodytcsL 414,909 
 
 - 652 (653, 656 f ). americiinus DeK 414, 415, 909 
 
 654. alascanus Cope ; ,, 415 
 
 655. dubins Tieinh 415 
 
 Family 70. Echoneididic 416 
 
 206. EclieneieL 416 
 
 (U)7. naucrates L 416 
 
 206 (fc). Phthirichtbys Gill 9(i9 
 
 657 (ft). lincatuH Monzies. (Addenda) 9()9 
 
 206 (o), KumoraGill. (Addenda) 417,90i> 
 
 -____^ 658. squaliiieta L. Id. (Addenda) 417,909 
 
 659. bradiyptcra Ljwp 417 
 
 207. RhombochiruH Gill , 417 
 
 600. osteochir Cuv 418 
 
 Family 71. Elacatidiw , 41H 
 
 208. ElaoBteCuv 41H 
 
 601. oauadttL 413 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXI 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. - ' ' Paget 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acauthopteri. : ' 
 
 Family 7'i. Xipliiivlao 419 
 
 aoy. Xipluas L 419 
 
 6()->. Kladins L 420 
 
 210. Tetraptiirus Raf 420 
 
 (J6;5. indicns €. & V. (Addenda) 420,909 
 
 064. [av:i)ln8 Poey] 420 
 
 21!. Hiatiopborns Lacopede 421 
 
 665. gladius Bvonss 4«5i 
 
 Family 73. TiichiuridiB 421 
 
 212. TricbiurusL 422 
 
 666. lepturnsL 422 
 
 212(6). Centhodesmus G. & B. (Addenda) 910 
 
 (Hk) (ft), elongatus Clarke. (Addenda) 910 
 
 Family 74. ycombridis 422 
 
 213. ScomberL 423 . 
 
 667. pnenmatoi»horn8 Dclaroche 424,910 
 
 667 (ft), colias Gmel. (Addenda) 910 
 
 668. scorabnis L 424 ■ 
 
 214. Anxis Cuvier 424 
 
 669. tbazardLac. (Addenda) 425,911 
 
 215. Scomberomorus Lac 425 
 
 670. concolor Lock 425 
 
 671. macv.latns Mitcli 426 
 
 672. regalis Blocb 426 
 
 673. caballaC. & V 427 
 
 216. Sarda Cuvi«r 427 
 
 \/-bA::3Mo^V 674. mcditerranea Bl. «fe Sclin T 427 
 
 67i>. cbilensisC. &V 428 
 
 217. Orcynns Cnv.... 428 
 
 676. alalongaGmel 428 
 
 677. thynmisL 429- 
 
 1 218. EutbynnusLUtken 429 
 
 't-'^->ki<// ^^^' alliteratus Raf 430 
 
 " 1 679. pelamysL 430- 
 
 Family 75. Carangidiu 430 
 
 219. Tracbnrus Raf. 431 
 
 6e0. pictnratus Bowd. (Addenda) 432, 911 
 
 681. saurusRat' 432,911 
 
 220. Decapterus Bieok 432 
 
 682. punctatns Ag , 4'.W 
 
 683. macarellns C. «fc V 433 
 
 221. CaranxLao 433,970 
 
 684. criimenopbtbalmnH Blocli 434 
 
 6a5, cbrysns Mitch. (Addenda) 435 
 
 686. caballnsGthr 435 
 
 ^ 687. cibiPney 430 
 
 688. beani Jor 43«l 
 
 -—~—^—' fi89, amblyrhyncbusC.i&V. (Addcudo) 436,912 
 
 690. fallax C. & V 437 
 
 691. hippos L i'.YT 
 
 222. ' idiarlsCnv 438 
 
 ()ji. crinitus Akerly 438 
 
XXXII 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class IV. risces — coutiuued. . Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acantliopteri. " 
 Family 75, Carangidae. 
 
 • 223. Selbne Lac 439 
 
 ^Selene 439 
 
 C93. vomer L 439 
 
 ■' ^ Vomer Cuv 440 
 
 (594. setipiunis Mitch 440 
 
 224. Chloroscombrua Grd 440 
 
 y ; ■ 695. chrysurus L 441 
 
 225. Trachj'notus Lac 441 
 
 696. carolinasL 442 
 
 697. ovatns L 442 
 
 698. goreensisC. &V. 442 
 
 699. glaucns BlocU 443,970 
 
 ^ ^ 226. Naucrates Faf 443 
 
 ' \.,^ 700. diictor L 443 
 
 ;''^ 227. Seriola Cuv 444 
 
 701. dorsal is Gill. (Addenda) 444,912 
 
 701 (&). ^alandi C. & V. (Addenda) 912 
 
 ■ 70:/, nT.. iC.i&V 444 
 
 •'" 702 (£»). liilcata C. & V. (Addenda) 913 
 
 ' ■ 703. caroliuensis Holb. (Addenda) 445,913 
 
 * ^" 704. zonata Mitch 445 
 
 705. fasciata Bloch 445 
 
 228. ElagatisBenn '146 
 
 706. pinnnlatus Poey 446 
 
 ^ # 929. Oligoplites Gill. (Addenda) 446,913 
 
 707. occidentalis L 447 
 
 Family 76. Pomatomida5 447 
 
 230. Poniatomus Lac 448 
 
 708. saitatrix L 448 
 
 Family 76 (6). NomcidsB - 448 
 
 231. NomensCuv 449 
 
 709. gronovii Gmel • ^ 449 
 
 Family 77. StroinateidiB. - 449 
 
 232. StromatensL 450 
 
 ^ Rhombus JL Vi€ . 451 
 
 ; " 710. paruL. (Addeui ■ 451,914 
 
 ^ Slromattna 451 
 
 711. similliinns Ayres 451 
 
 !") $ /'<)r«Ho/«« Gill 451 
 
 a^.t'-i'--' ' ^ i 712. triacanthus Peck 451 
 
 \^^\^ 233. LirnsLowe , 4.^)2 
 
 713 perciformis Mitch 452 
 
 Family 78. Lampridida) 453 
 
 S34. Lampris Retz 453 
 
 ' " 714. giittatu« IH'u 453 
 
 Family 79. Coryplui'ni«>ti> 454 
 
 235. Cory phiena L 454 
 
 715. equisotis L. (Addenda) 454,914 
 
 716. hippnrns L. (Addenda) 455,914 
 
 Family 80. Bramidie 455 
 
 236. Pteraclis Oronow 465 
 
 717. carolinus C. & V 466 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. « • XXXIII 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— contiaued. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 
 Family 80. Bramidse. ' » •• 
 
 233 (b). Bram?. Bloch & Schn. (Addenda) 915 
 
 ', 717(6). rajiBloch. (Addenda) 915 
 
 Family 81. Zenidai 456 
 
 237. Zeuopsis Gill 456 ; 
 
 718. ocellatus Storer 457 
 
 Family 82. Berycidaj 457 
 
 238. Hoplostethus C. & V 458 
 
 719. mediterraneus C. & V 458 
 
 239. Holocentrum Bloch 459 
 
 720. pentacanthura Bloch 459 
 
 Family 83. AphredoderidtB 460 
 
 240. Aphredoderus LeS 460 . 
 
 721. sayenus Gilliams 460 
 
 Family 83 (6). Elassomatida) 461 
 
 241. Elassoma Jordan 401 
 
 •' 722. zonatnm Jor 461,915 
 
 Family 84. Centrarcbidai 462 
 
 242. Centrarchus C. & V 463 
 
 723. macropterus Lac 463 
 
 243. PomoxysRaf 464 
 
 724. annularis Raf 464 
 
 ^ 725. sparoides Lac 465 ~ 
 
 244. Arcboplifes Gill 465 
 
 726. interruptus Grd 466 
 
 245. Ambloplites Raf 466 
 
 727. rupeetrisRaf 4(56 . 
 
 246. Ch.-enobryttus Gill 467 
 
 728. antietius McKay 467 
 
 729. gulosus C. & V 468 
 
 217. Acantbarchns Gill 468 
 
 730. pomotis Baird 469 
 
 248. Enneacautbus Gill 469 
 
 ';; 731. eriarcbns Jor 469 
 
 * 732. obesus Baird 470 
 
 733. gloriosus Holbr 470 
 
 ' 734. sinnilans Cope.... 470 
 
 249. Mesogonistius Gill 471 
 
 73.'j. chiotodon Baird.... 471 
 
 ' 2.50. LepimiisRaf 472 
 
 $ /Ipomofts Raf 473 
 
 736. cyanellus Raf 473 
 
 737. symmotricus Forbes 473 
 
 738. pbmiax Cope & Jor 474 
 
 - '"' % Lepomis 474 
 
 739. iaobyruH Jor. «$r. Nelson 474 
 
 . 740. macrocbirus Raf 4V5 
 
 741. niystacalis Cope 475 
 
 742. elougatus Holbrook „..., 475 
 
 743. mnrinns Grd 475 
 
 744. puuctatns C. & V 476 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 10 in 
 
mm.mimm^^!mmmtf^m^ 
 
 i^' 
 
 XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 ... ■, -( 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. 
 Subclass PhysocUsti. 
 Order T. Acantliopteri. 
 
 Family 84. CeutrarchidsD. 
 
 ;/ 745. miaiatus Jor 
 
 :a •, 746. auritus Linn 
 
 ," ,; 747. megalotis Raf 
 
 .! 748. marginatus Holbr 
 
 749. bombifrons Ag 
 
 ; J ^ Helioperca JotAslu 
 
 ; 750. humilis Grd 
 
 751. pallidus Mitch 
 
 C: ' $ XyatropUtea Jor 
 
 <! 752. heros U. & G 
 
 753. euryorus McKay 
 
 754. albulusGrd 
 
 $ Eupomotia Gill & Jor 
 
 755. holbrooki C. & V 
 
 ; ; 756. uotatus Ag 
 
 757. gibbosus L 
 
 758. lirus McKay 
 
 >;: 251. Micropterus Lac 
 
 ____—— 7.'')9. salmoides Lac 
 
 . 760. dolomiei Lac 
 
 Family 85. Percidaj 
 
 252. Ammoci-ypta Jor 
 
 761. beani Jor ,. 
 
 762. pellucida Baird 
 
 762 (ft), vivax Hay. (Addenda) 
 
 763. asprella Jor 
 
 253. loa Jor. & Bray 
 
 764. vitrea Cope 
 
 764(6). vigilis Hay. (Addenda) 
 
 254. Boleosoma DeKay 
 
 - 765. olmstedi Storer 
 
 766. nigrum Raf 
 
 767. effiilgens Grd 
 
 768. vcxillare Jor 
 
 769. iBsopuH Cope 
 
 255. Vaillaii'ia Jor 
 
 770 (771). camura Forbes 
 
 256. Ulocentra Jor 
 
 772. phlox Cope 
 
 773. htigmo^a Jor 
 
 774. atripinuis Jor 
 
 775. simotera Coi)e 
 
 257. DiplesiumRaf 
 
 776. blonnioides Raf 
 
 ' 258. Cottognater Putnam 
 
 777. copelandi Jor 
 
 778. putnami J. & G 
 
 259. Iinostoma Jordan 
 
 779. shuinardi Grd 
 
 260. Porcina Haldnman 
 
 780. caprodes Raf 
 
 780 (6). manitou Jor 
 
 Page. 
 
 476 
 477 
 477 
 
 478 
 
 478 
 
 479 
 
 479 
 
 479 
 
 480 
 
 480 
 
 481 
 
 481 
 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 483 
 
 484 
 
 484 
 
 485 
 
 486 
 
 488 
 
 489 
 
 489 
 
 97(1 
 
 490 
 
 490 
 
 490 
 
 971 
 
 491 
 
 49'^ 
 
 49^ 
 
 49:i 
 
 493 
 
 493 
 
 493 
 
 494 
 
 491 
 
 49.") 
 
 49r) 
 
 49.'t 
 
 49(i 
 
 49() 
 
 497 
 
 497 
 
 49.^ 
 
 49H 
 
 49H 
 
 49.'^ 
 
 40!l 
 
 49!t 
 
 500 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 XXXV 
 
 Page. 
 
 47G 
 
 477 
 477 
 
 478 
 
 478 
 
 479 
 
 479 
 
 479 
 
 480 
 
 480 
 
 481 
 
 481 
 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 482 
 
 483 
 
 484 
 
 484 
 
 485 
 
 480 
 
 488 
 
 489 
 
 489 
 
 970 
 
 490 
 
 490 
 
 490 
 
 971 
 
 491 
 
 49^ 
 
 492 
 
 49:; 
 
 49:'. 
 
 49:! 
 
 49:1 
 
 491 
 
 494 
 
 49:. 
 
 49.") 
 
 49". 
 
 49(i 
 
 49(1 
 
 497 
 
 497 
 
 49s 
 
 49H 
 
 49H 
 
 49f< 
 
 4911 
 
 499 
 
 500 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— contiuned. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 
 Family 85. Percidie. - / 
 
 . . 261. Alvordius Girard 500 
 
 ^ , 781. macrocephalus Cope 501 
 
 782. i)hoxocephalu8 Nelson 501 
 
 , 783. aspro Cope & Jor 501 
 
 784. iievisensia Cope 502 
 
 785. crassus Jor. «& Brayt 503 
 
 ', 786. variatnsKirt 503 
 
 787. evides Jor. & Copel 503 
 
 788. fasciatns Grd 504 
 
 262. Hadropterus Ag 5a> 
 
 789. aiirantiacus Cope 506 
 
 790. nigrofasciatus Ag 506 
 
 263. Nothonotus Agassiz 506 
 
 791. cainurus Cope 506 
 
 792. sanguiflnus Cope 507 
 
 793. maculatus Kirtl 508 
 
 794. rufilineatus Cope 508 
 
 795. vulneratns Cope 508 
 
 796. tessellatusStorer 509 
 
 797. ciuerews Storer 509 
 
 264. Nanostoina Putnam 509 
 
 798. zonale Cope 510 
 
 799. elegans Hay 510 
 
 800. thalassinum Jor. & Brayt 511 
 
 801. tessellatum Jor 511 
 
 802. inscriptum Jor. & Brayt 512 
 
 265. Etheostoma Raf 512 
 
 803. lineolatum Ag 513 
 
 804. flabellareRaf 1. 513 
 
 805. sqnamicops Jor 514 
 
 266. Poecilichthys Ag 514 
 
 ^ Pacilichthya ., 515 
 
 806. virgatus Jor 515 
 
 807. saxatilis Hay 515 
 
 808. punctulatus Ag 516 
 
 809. artesiiB Hay 510 
 
 810. lepidnsB. &G 517 
 
 811.' cojruleus Storer 517 
 
 812. spectabilis Agassiz 518 
 
 813. asprigenis Forbes 5l8 
 
 J 814. jessiiB Jci'. & Brayt 518 
 
 ; $ 7?o;eic;i//ii/« Grd 519 
 
 815. butlerianuH Hay 519 
 
 816. barrattii Holbr 519 
 
 817. fnsiforrais Grd 520 
 
 818. erochrouH Cope 620 
 
 Ad. eo8 Jor. & Copel 520 
 
 820. exillsGrd 521 
 
 821. warreni Grd 521 
 
 ' 822. gracilis Grd 521 
 
 M'"«ri«« Grd 522 
 
 823. lateralis Grd 523 
 
XXXVI 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTI^. 
 
 A r ci 
 
 *^' -^ ^ 
 
 
 
 tXv-» 
 
 t-Cv 
 
 c^^C-r.; V 
 
 
 O'kA. 
 
 lA^ 
 
 Jt^t.,L 
 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. ,'• Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T, Acaiithopteri. ''•■;^'? ■ 
 Family 85. Percidae. 
 
 267. Microperca Putnam 522 
 
 824. proBliaris Hay 522 
 
 825. punctnlata Putnam ^ 523 
 
 268. PercaLinn 523 
 
 — -826. americana Scbrauck 524 
 
 269. Stizostedium Raf J 525 
 
 827. vitreumMitch 525 
 
 828. canadense Smith :. 526 
 
 Family86. SerranidtB 526 
 
 •; 270. CeutropomnsLac 527 
 
 829. undeciinalis Bloch 527 
 
 271. RoccnsMitch 527 
 
 % Hoccus 529 
 
 830. lineatus Bloch 529 
 
 ,- 831. chrysops Raf 529 
 
 % MoroweGill 530 
 
 832. interrnptus Gill 530 
 
 833. americanus Gmel 530 
 
 272. Stereolepis Ayres 531 
 
 834. gigas Ayres 531 
 
 273. Polyprion Cuvier 532 
 
 835. oxygenius Bl. & Schn 532 
 
 273 (6). Creolus J. & G. (Addenda) 916,972 
 
 835 (6). furcifer C. & V. (Addenda) 916 
 
 274. Serranns Cnv 532 
 
 % Centropristia Cuv 533 
 
 \ 836. atrariiis L 533 
 
 836 (6). nigrescens Bl. & Schn. (Addenda) 916 
 
 837. trifurcusL 534 
 
 $ Diplectiiim Holbr 534 
 
 838. formosus L. (Addenda) 534,971 
 
 ^ Prionodes Jen. (Addenda) 535,917 
 
 839. subligarius Cope 535,917 
 
 " $ Paralabrax Grd 535 
 
 ' 840. clatbratus Grd 535 
 
 841. maculofasciatus Steiud 536 
 
 842. nebulifer Grd 536 
 
 274 (6). Hypoplectrus Gill. (Addenda) 937,917 
 
 843. nigricans Poey. (Addenda) 537,917 
 
 275. Trisotropis Gill 537 
 
 844. stomias Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 538,918,971 
 
 845. falcatusPooy 538 
 
 846. microlepis G. & B f>38 
 
 846 (ll»). potrosuB Pooy. (Addenda) 918 
 
 ^ 276. Epinephelus Bloch 539 
 
 847. atlauticus Lac. (Addenda) ^ 539,918 
 
 848. drummoud-hayl G. & B 540 
 
 849. uiorio Cuv 640 
 
 850 (853f). uigritus Holbr 540 
 
 850 (ft), striatus Blooh. (Addenda) 918 
 
 850 (o). guttatiis Gmel. (Addenda) 919 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXXVII 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. ,, Pagp. 
 
 Subclass Physocliati. 
 Order T. Acantliopteri. ,, , 
 
 Family 86. Serranidae. • 
 
 851. niveatus C. & V 541 
 
 " r 853. ; guasa Poey (nigritust) 542,9*^0 
 
 •276(6). Bodianus Bloch 541,911> 
 
 852. punctatus L 541 
 
 852 (6). tajii'lops C. & V. (Addenda) H19 
 
 278. [DulesCuvier] 542 
 
 854. [aurigaC.A v.] 542 
 
 279. Rhypticua Ciivier 543 
 
 $ Promicropterus Gill 543 
 
 8.55. maculatna Holb .543 
 
 - . 856. [nigripinnis Gill. 1 (Addenda) 543,920 
 
 857. pituitosus G. & B 543 
 
 Family 87. Priacanthidie • 544 
 
 280. Pri acanthus Cuv 544 
 
 ^ Priacanthua 544 
 
 S'Sa arenatua C. & V. (Addenda) 544,971 
 
 ^ Paeudopriacanthis Bleek 545 
 
 859. altus Gill 545 
 
 \ Family 88. Sparidaj 545 
 
 281. XeuistiusJ. & G. (Addenda) 546,920 
 
 860. californieusis Steind .547,920 
 
 282. Lutjanus Bl. & Schn 547 
 
 $ Ocyurua Gill 548 
 
 861. chrysurns Bloch. (Addenda) 548,921 
 
 ^ Lutjanns 548 
 
 8()2. caxis Bl, & Schn 548 
 
 862 (6). caballerote Bl. & Sclm. (Addeiwla) 921 
 
 862 (c). cami)eclii'uiu8 Poey. (Addenda) 549, 92 1 
 
 863. blackfordi G. & B 549 
 
 864. stearusi G. & B 549,9-22 
 
 864 (6). aynagm L. (Addenda) 922 
 
 ^ lliiombopUtes G\U 549 
 
 865. aurorubens C. & V ... 549 
 
 282 (&). Conodon C. & V. (AtWenda) ,550,923 
 
 866. uobilisL .550,923 
 
 283. Pomsulasys Lac 5,^j0 
 
 ^ Ortho2)nfitiH Grd .551 
 
 ; 867 (868). fulvomaculiitus Milch 551,923 
 
 ^ All isofremuH Gi\h (Addenda) 923 
 
 " "■ 869. davidsoni Stfciud ,551 
 
 ? 870. virginicns T/ ' .552 
 
 871. bilineatiis C. A V ,552 
 
 871 (6). intemiptua Gill. (Addi^mla) l..'3 
 
 __^ 284. Diabasis Deam 5.53 
 
 ' 872. plnmiori Lac. (Addenda) i 553,971 
 
 872 (6). elegans C. & V. (Addenda). 923 
 
 873. chrysopteruH L 553,924 
 
 673 (ft), ehromis BrouHS. (Addenda) 1>24 
 
 873 (f). albus C. & V. (Addenda) l>24 
 
 874. fromebnndu8G.&n...» ,554 
 
 874 (ft), jeniguano Pooy. ( Addomla) 925 
 
 875. trivittatus Bl. & Sclm 554 
 
^i^.'imr^ 
 
 JBISseiiS*.*^-**?"*!'. 
 
 XXXVIII 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 ; I ■ ■ 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. P»gp. 
 Snbclaas Physoclisti. 
 
 Order T. Acantbopteri. ,_ • 
 Family 88. Sparidae. ,-„ . 
 
 285. LobotesCuv 554 
 
 '' , 876. siirinamensis Blocli 555 
 
 '- ' ■ ' 285 v'6). Calamus Sw. (Addenda) 925 
 
 ■■• • 87(5 (I)), megaceplialus S\r. (Addenda) 926 
 
 876 (c). bajonadu Bl. & Schn. (Addenda) 926 
 
 876 (d). macropa Poey. (Addenda) 927 
 
 876 '*!)• S'rctifrous Goode »& Bean. (Addenda) 927 
 
 87b v/). medius Poey. (Addenda) 928 
 
 877 milneri G. «& B. (Addenda) 556,928 
 
 j:- 286. Sparus L 556 
 
 •*''*' ^ PagrusQwv 556 
 
 ^^<-' 878. pagrusL 556,923 
 
 286(6). StenotomiA Gill. (Addenda) 557,929 
 
 880. chrysopsL 556,929 
 
 881. versicolor Mitcb. (Addenda) 557,929 
 
 881 (&). caprinus Bean. (Addenda) 929 
 
 286 (c). Lagodon Holbr. (Addenda) 558,929 
 
 882. rhomboides L » 558 
 
 287. Diplodus Raf .'■)57,929 
 
 '— ^ Archoaargus QiW 558,929 
 
 883. probatocephalus Walb 558 
 
 ^ Dlplodns 559 
 
 884 (885). bolbrooki Bean 559 
 
 885 (6). caribbajus Poey. (Addenda) 9:10 
 
 288. GirellaGray 560 
 
 ''' 886. nigricans Ayres 560 
 
 289. Cyphosus Lacfepddo (Addenda) 560, 972 
 
 887. bosqui Lac 561 
 
 290. Scorpis Cuv. & Val ,562 
 
 $ C(B8io8oma Kaup U\2 
 
 888. californiensis Steind 562 
 
 Family 89. Apogouidae 56:? 
 
 219. Apogon Lac 5615 
 
 $ Apogon 56;{ 
 
 [889. americanus Castelnau] 56:< 
 
 ■ 889 (6). maculatns Poey. (Addenda) 930 
 
 ;:. ^ Apogonichthya BlGok. (Addenda) 931 
 
 ' : ■ 889(c). aluinsJ.&G 931 
 
 i Gloasamia Gill 564 
 
 890. pandionis G. «Sr B 564 
 
 Family 90. Mullida) 564 
 
 .'• 292. MullusL 56'i 
 
 891. barbatusL 565,931 
 
 293. Upeneus Cuvier 565 
 
 i Pscudupcneus Bleek , 5(55 
 
 892. maculatna Bloch 565 
 
 Family 91. Sciienidie 5(56 
 
 294. Haploidonotus Raf 567 
 
 __ 893. gruuuiens Ra."^" 567 
 
 295. Pogonias Lac 568 
 
 894. cbromisLinn 568 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XXXIX 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. *-^-^ Fag& 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 
 Family 91. Sciieiiidte. /^v- u-i^tttm 
 
 29t>. ScitonaL. 569 
 
 ' ' ^ SlelliJeruK Star^ • 5C;> 
 
 895. lanceolata Holbr. (Addenda) 569, 931 
 
 ' • '• i Bairdiella GUI 570 
 
 '»• 896. ChrysuraLae. (Addenda) 570,931,93;$ 
 
 • - 5 Ophioscion Gill 
 
 •; 897. jacobi Steind 571 
 
 ^ Scicena 571,931 
 
 '•• r- 898. ocellataL 571 
 
 ■ - 296. (6.) Roncador J. & G. (Addenda) 572,931 
 
 899. steamsi Steind 572 
 
 296 (c.) CorvinaCuv. (Addenda) 93;J 
 
 ^ Corvina * 572 
 
 •V 900. saturnaGrd 572 
 
 ^ "areques Gill 573 
 
 901. acuminata Bl. &. Sclin 573 
 
 • 296. (rf). EquesBloch. (Addenda) 932 
 
 901 (M. lanceolatus Gmel. (Addenda) 932 
 
 297. LioBtomus Lac 573 
 
 902. xanthurus Lac 57# 
 
 298. Genyonemus Gill 574,932 
 
 903. liueatuB Ayres 574 
 
 299. Micropogon Ouv. & Val 575 
 
 904. undulatus L 575 
 
 300. Umbriua Cuvier 575 
 
 905. roncador J. &G 576 
 
 906. broussoneti C. & V 576 
 
 ' 301. Menticimis Gill ' 576 
 
 907. nebulosus Mitch 577 
 
 908. littoralis Holbr 577,93;] 
 
 909. albumusL 577 
 
 , 910. undulatasGrd 578 
 
 302. Larimus Cnv. & Val 578 
 
 911. fasciatns Holb 57 
 
 303 (:104). Cynoscion Gill 57i> 
 
 ^ AtractoscionGUl, (Addenda) 579 
 
 912. nobile Ayres 579 
 
 ^ Cynoadon 579 
 
 913. parvipinne Ayres 580 
 
 " 914. nothum Holb 580 
 
 " ; 915. regale Bl. & Schn 581 
 
 •' 916. thalassinum Holb .' 581 
 
 "' 917. niaculatum Mitch 581 
 
 '! ';j;i 305. Scriphus Ayres 582 
 
 918. politns Ayres 582 
 
 Family 92. Gerridie 582 
 
 ' 306. GorresCnvier 58;',935 
 
 $ Gerrea 583 
 
 919. plumieri C. & V 583 
 
 919 (5). olisthostoma Qoode & Bonn. (Addenda) 934 
 
 $ Diapterua Ranz 583 
 
XL 
 
 TABLE 01^ CONTENTS. 
 
 h 
 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. ^^■_., Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. n 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. ■* . j 
 Family 92. GerridiB. 
 
 ,.. , 920. gula C. & V. (Addenda) 584,934 
 
 921. homonymns Goode & Bean 584 
 
 ., ,.. 921 (6). ciuereiis Walb. (Addenda) 'd'X^ 
 
 922. harengnlus Goode <& Bean 584 
 
 —Family 93. Embiotocido) 58o 
 
 307. Hysterocarpus Gibbons 58H 
 
 -w 923. traski Gibbons 587 
 
 '1:; 308. AbeonaGirard 587 
 
 ' .) :, 924. minima Gibbons 587 
 
 ., , 925. aurora Jor. «fe Gilb 588 
 
 y 308 (ft). Brachyistius Gill, (Addenda) 589,93H 
 
 ^ 't'.: 926. frenatusGill 589 
 
 ,^i; • 927. rosaceus Jor. & Gilb 589 
 
 , y, 309. Micrometrus Gibbons 588 
 
 928. aggregatus Gibbons 590 
 
 310. Holconotus AgiLssiz. (Addenda 590,93(5 
 
 ;- $ J3>/|)Oori<icft</ij/« Gill 591 
 
 929. analis A. Agassiz 591 
 
 $ fliiperprosopore Gibb 591 
 
 § 930. argenteus Gibbons. (Addenda) 591 
 
 931. agassizii Gill 592 
 
 $ Hoi conotua Ag 592 
 
 932. rbodoterus Agassiz 592 
 
 . , .■: 310(6). Amphistichus Agassiz 593 
 
 933. argenteus Agassiz 593 
 
 ... 311. Hypsurus A. Agassiz 593 
 
 934. caryi Agassiz 593 
 
 312. Ditrema Schlegel 594 
 
 ^ EmMotoca Ag 594 
 
 1 935. lateriilo Agassiz 594 
 
 I 936. jacksoni Agassiz 595 
 
 j $ Ditrenia 595 
 
 ,' '' 937. atripes Jor. «& Gilb *, 595 
 
 938. furcatum Grd 596 
 
 313. Rbacbochilns Agassiz 596 
 
 939. toxutes Agassiz 596 
 
 314. Damalichthys Grd 597 
 
 940. argyrosomus Grd 597 
 
 Family 94. Labridse 597 
 
 315. Ctenolabrus Cuv. & Val 599 
 
 $ Tautogolabrua Gthr 599 
 
 — 941. adspersus Walb 599 
 
 Oh^ iU'C<i'<y€ o'-'^/ 316. Hiatula Lac. (Addenda) 599,93() 
 
 ^ 942. onitisLiun 600 
 
 317. Lacbnolujmu ) Cuv. «& Val 600 
 
 __..„ 943. falcatns Linn 601 
 
 318. Harpe LacdpMe 601 
 
 944. rufa Linn 601 
 
 318(6). Trochooopus Gthr. (Addenda) '. 602,9;?6 
 
 ij Pimelometopon QUI 602 
 
 945. X)ulcber Ayres 602 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XLi 
 
 Clftss IV. Pisces — coutiuued. Page. 
 Siil)cla.s8 Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 Family 1)4. Labridip. 
 
 31U. I'latyglfissu.s Bleeker 602 
 
 ' 94(5. radiatuH Linn 603 
 
 * " 947,948. bivittatus Bloch. (Addenda) 603,936 
 
 948 (6). caiulalis Poey. (Addenda) 937 
 
 949. semiciuctus Ayres 603 
 
 320. Pseudoj nils Bleeker 604 
 
 ^ Oxi/jul'w GUI <)04 
 
 950. uiodestns (Jrd ■- t304 
 
 32L Xyrichthys Cuv. & Val 605 
 
 951. vermiculatusPoey 605 
 
 952. lineattis Cuv. & Val 605 
 
 322. Calliodon Gronow 606 
 
 953. ustns Cuv. & Val 606 
 
 323. Scams Foiak. (Addenda) 006,938 
 
 ^Scarua. (Addenda) 606,938 
 
 954. gnacamaia Cuv. and Val , 607 
 
 954 (h). croicensis Bloch. (Addenda) 9.38 
 
 ^ Sparisoma Sw . (Addenda) 938 
 
 954 (c). sqnalidus Poey. (Addenda) 938 
 
 954. (d). radians C. & V. (Addenda) 939 
 
 Family95. Cicblidic 607 
 
 324. HerosHeckel 608 
 
 ' 955. cyanoguttatus B. & G 608 
 
 955 (6). pavonaceus Garm. (Addenda) 939 
 
 Family 96. Poniacentridie 609 
 
 325. Pomacentrus Lac . 609 
 
 ^ Pomacentrus 610 
 
 956. lencostictus Miiller »& Troschel 610 
 
 ^ Hiipsi/popa Gill (510 
 
 957. rnbicuudns Grd 610 
 
 325 (&). GlypUidodon Lac. (Addenda) 610.939 
 
 958. declivifrons Gill. (Addenda) 611 
 
 9.'>9. saxatilirt Linn 611 
 
 326. ChroniisL 611 
 
 ^ Fur caria Voey. (Addenda) 939 
 
 960. punctipinnis Cooper 611 
 
 ' ' achromia 611 
 
 ' ■ 961. insolatus Cuv. & Val 612 
 
 961 (6). enchrysurus J. & G. (Addenda) 940 
 
 '"^^ Family 97. Epbippidai 612 
 
 327. Chietodipterns Lac 613 
 
 962. faber Brouss 613 
 
 Family 98. Chietodontidm 614 
 
 ^•* 328. Chrotodon Linn 014 
 
 963. inaculocinctns Gill 615 
 
 963(&). bimacnlatus Bloch. (Addenda) 940 
 
 963 (c). capistratus L. 'Addenda) 940 
 
 329. Pomacanthns Lac 615 
 
 i Holacaiithna Lac 615 
 
 964. ciliaris Linn... 615 
 
 964 (6). tricolor Bloch. (.\ddenda) 941 
 
XLII 
 
 TA 
 
 OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. ' P«8<>- 
 Subclass Physoclisti. , 
 Order T. Acantbopteri. ....'. 
 Family 9d. Cbajtodontidie. 
 
 *^i;* ^ Pomacanthua 615 
 
 ^" "* 965. arcnatus Ij 616 
 
 Family 99. Acantburidie 616 
 
 ;i30. Acantburus Bl. & Schn 617 
 
 9()6. cbirurgus Bl. & Scbn 617 
 
 966 (ft), nigricans L. (Addenda) 941 
 
 966 (c). tractus Poey. (Addenda) 941 
 
 967. coemleus Bl. & Scbn 617 
 
 Family 100. Tracbypterida? „ 617 
 
 ;i3l, Tracliypterus Gonan 61H 
 
 968. altivelisKuer 618 
 
 Family 101. Icostcidaj 619 
 
 332. Icoslens Lock 620 
 
 ''■ 969. iunigmaticHS Lock 620 
 
 333. Icicbtbys J. & G 621 
 
 970. lociiingtoni J. «fe G 621 
 
 334. Batbymaster Cope 622 
 
 971. signatns Coi)e 623 
 
 Family 102. Latilidte 623 
 
 335. Lopbolatilus G. & B 624 
 
 972. cbamajleouticeps G. & B 624 
 
 336. Caulolatilus Gill 625 
 
 97 princepsJen 625 
 
 f hrysopsC.i&V 626 
 
 Familyl ,. Tricbodontid.-B 626 
 
 337. Tricbodou Stellar 627 
 
 975. stelleri C. & V 627 
 
 Family 103. Uranoscopidaj 627 
 
 338. Astroscopus Brevoort 628 
 
 976. y-grajcura C. & V 628 
 
 977. anoplusC. & V 629 
 
 Family 103 (&). Opistboguatbidaj. (Addenda) 942 
 
 338 (6). Gnatbj-pops Gill. (Addend.i) 942 
 
 977 (&). niaxillosus Poey. (Addenda) 942 
 
 • 338 (c). Opistboguatbus C. «& V. (Addenda) 943 
 
 977(0). scapbiurus Goode «fe Bean. (Addenda) 94:5 
 
 977 (d). loncburua J. & G. (Addenda) 943 
 
 Family 104. Gobiidai 629 
 
 339. Gobiomorus Lac. (Addenda) 630,972 
 
 978. dormitator Lac 631 
 
 340. Eleotris Gronow 631 
 
 979. gyriuus Cuv. & Val 631 
 
 341. Dormitator Gill 631 
 
 980 (981). maculatus Blocb. (Addenda) 632 
 
 341 (6). Cnlins Bleeker. (Addenda) 944 
 
 981 (ft), amblyopsis Cope. (Addenda) 944 
 
 342.? Evorthodus Gill. (Addenda) 632 
 
 987. wUrdemanni Grd. (Addenda) 632 
 
 (343)344. GobiusL 633 
 
 ^Eiicteiiogobiua Gill 633,945 
 
 983. lyricus Grd 633 
 
 983 (ft). encaBomus J. & G. (Addenda) 945 
 
TABLE OF CONTESTS. 
 
 XLIII 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. P«ge. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acautbopterl. 
 
 Family 104. Gobildaj. * . ^ . ^ 
 
 ^ Gobiun 6:tt 
 
 ; 984 (1)82, DSTj). soporator C. & V. (Addenda) 632,634,945 
 
 ij Coryphopterua G\l\ 635 
 
 987 (&). boleosoiua J. & G. (Addenda) 946 
 
 987 (c). stigiiiatnrus Goodo »& Bean. (Addenda) 94G 
 
 987 (d). uicholsi Bean. (Addenda) 946 
 
 988. glaucofra-num Gill 635 
 
 ": 345. GobioncUnH Grd 635 
 
 :; ' 989. oceanicus Pall 636 
 
 989 (ft), stigmaticus Poey. (Addenda) 947 
 
 346. Gillichtbys Cooper 636 
 
 900. minibilis Cooper 636 
 
 347. Lepidogobius Gill 6,'W 
 
 ^ Lepldogobius 637 
 
 991. gracilis Grd 637 
 
 ' ^ Eucyclogobius Gill 637 
 
 992. ucwberryi Grd 637 
 
 992 (fc) (986). gulosus Grd. (Addenda) 634, 945 
 
 992 (c). thalassiuus J. & G. (Addenda) 947 
 
 i^ 348. Gobiosouia Grd -^ 638 
 
 {: 993 (994). bosci Lac. (Addenda) 638, 948 
 
 994 (ft), ios J. «fc G. (Addeuda) 948 
 
 .1 349. Typblogobins Steind 639 
 
 995. californiensis Steind 639 
 
 350. Tyntlastes atln- , 639 
 
 996. sagittaGtbr 639 
 
 350 (ft). loglossns Bean. (Addenda) 948 
 
 996 (ft), calliurus Bean. (Addenda) 949 
 
 Family 105. Chix-idie 640 
 
 :J51 (o). Pleurogrammus Gill. (Addenda) 642,949 
 
 i'' 997. mouopterygius Pall 642 
 
 351 (6). Hexagrammus Steller 641 
 
 •,' 998. ordinatuv Cope 642 
 
 *; 999. asper Steller 643 
 
 4/ft.>Vtvv6 999 (ft), scaber Bean. (Addenda) 949 
 
 / „ p 1000. auperciliosus Pall 644 
 
 - ■»..>* ' 1001. decagrammus Pall 645 
 
 352. Opliiodon Grd 646 
 
 <\^sMl^-^ 1002. elongatus Grd 646- 
 
 AiUO*^' 353. ZaniolepisGrd 647 
 
 ' ^ 1003. latipinnis Grd 647 
 
 ''-■'' 354. OxylebiusGill 648 
 
 1004. pictusGill 648 
 
 355. Myriolepis Lock 649 
 
 1005. zoniferLock 649 
 
 356. Anoplopoma Ayres 649 
 
 1006. limbria Pallas 650 
 
 Family 106. Scorpajnidop 650 
 
 357. Sobastes Cu\ier 651 
 
 .1007. marinus Linn 651 
 
 358. Sebastodes Gill 652 
 
XLIV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 \, vti" 
 
 C!us8 IV. Pisces — coutimied, • i ' 
 
 Subclass Pbysoelisti. ' .' ' ,' ' 
 
 Order T. Acanthoptcri. 
 
 Family 10(5. Scorpivnida?. 
 
 $ Schaatodea , 
 
 1008. pancispinis Ayies 
 
 ^ SebaatoHomiia Gill 
 
 1001). llavidus Ayres 
 
 1010. luelanops Grd 
 
 1011. eiliatns Tiles 
 
 1012. luystiuna .Tor. & Gilb 
 
 lOi:?. entomelas J. & G 
 
 1014. ovalis Ayrcs 
 
 1015. proriger J. &, G 
 
 ;. 1016. atrovirens J. & G 
 
 1017. piijiiiger Giil 
 
 lOld. iiiiniatns J, & G 
 
 ^S Stbmlomua Gill 
 
 -^ 1019. ruber Ayres 
 
 1019(6). u:nbro8U8 J. & G. (Addenda) 
 
 1020. constfcilatus J, & G '. 
 
 1021. rosaceus Grd , 
 
 1022. rliodocbloris J. & G 
 
 1023. clilorostictus J. & G - 
 
 1024. elougat us Ayres 
 
 1025. rubrivinctus J. & G 
 
 ^ Sehaatichtliiia Gill , 
 
 102iJ. auriculatusGrd 
 
 1027. rastrelli^'or J. &G 
 
 1028. cauriuus Rich : 
 
 1028 (ft), vexillaris J. & G 
 
 1029. maliger.J. &. G 
 
 10:50. cavnatus J. &, G 
 
 lOlU. ohrysoHH las J. & G 
 
 10:52. nebuIosuH Ayres 
 
 101515. serriceps J. & G 
 
 — ; ■ ■ 1034. uigrociuctus Ayres 
 
 ,0'. . j.;>. . 259 ScorpaumL 
 
 10:55. dactyloptera De La Rocho 
 
 10:5(). guttata Grd 
 
 10157. i)luniieri Hloch 
 
 10:»(L< (/>). steariiHi Gocde & Bean. (Addouda) 
 
 103N (c). calcarata Goode A, Bean, (Addenda) 
 
 360. Se archuB Johnson 
 
 l'/;59. parniatus Goodo 
 
 Family 107. Cottida* 
 
 361. lieniitripterns Cuvitr 
 
 — ~~ — _ 1010. anuiricanus Gm 
 
 1041. cavifrons Lock ., , 
 
 .362. Ascelichthys J. & G , 
 
 1042. rhodorusJ. &U , 
 
 V 303. Psychrolutcs Gllntlmr , 
 
 1^ 1043. ])aradoxus Gthr 
 
 .;;;,, 364. CottuncuhisOoUett , 
 
 .5,^. 1044. !nicrops Collet t 
 
 1045. torvns Uuodu , 
 
 Page. 
 
 656 
 656 
 657 
 657 
 658 
 658 
 659 
 659 
 660 
 661 
 662 
 662 
 663 
 664 
 (565 
 950 
 (565 
 666 
 667 
 068 
 669 
 669 
 670 
 670 
 671 
 672 
 672 
 673 
 674 
 675 
 676 
 676 
 677 
 078 
 679 
 679 
 680 
 951 
 952 
 682 
 682 
 682 
 685 
 685 
 686 
 686 
 686 
 686 
 687 
 687 
 688 
 688 
 
TABLE OP CONTENTS. 
 
 XLV 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— contiuiied. ^ • '' Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. ! ■ ' 
 Order T. Acanthoptori. ' ' " ^ 
 Family 107. CottidJB. '! ■' : ' 
 
 365. IcelusKroyor 689 
 
 ^ArtedhiaGrd 689 
 
 1046. lateralis Grd 689 
 
 1047. notospilotns Grd .*. , 690 
 
 ^ Icebis 690 
 
 1048. haniatns Kroyer 691 
 
 1049. qnadriseriatiiaLock 691 
 
 $ Chitono1u8l.ock 691 
 
 1050. r ogacephalns Lock 692 
 
 1051. pugettensis Steind 692 
 
 5 
 
 1052. uncinatus Reinh (593 
 
 1053. bicomis Reinb 693 
 
 366. Uranidea De Kay 693 
 
 $ Tauridea Jor. & Rice 694 
 
 1054. riceiNelson. (Addenda) 694,953 
 
 ^ Cottopsis Grd 694 
 
 1055. aspera Rich 694 
 
 1056. semiscabra Cope 695 
 
 1056 (6). rbothea Rosa 8iuitb. (Addenda) 953 
 
 $ roiamocoiti>8 Gill 69> 
 
 1057. gnlosa Grd 695 
 
 1058. punctulata Gill 6SMt 
 
 1059. bendivei Bean 696 
 
 1060. riibardsoni Agassiz <)96 
 
 t 1061. wheeled Cope 697 
 
 $ Uranidea ... 698 
 
 1062. cognataRich , 698,953 
 
 1062 (ft), spilota Cope. (Addenda) 954 
 
 1062 (c). pollicaria J. & G. (Addenda) 954 
 
 1063. DiinutaPall 698 
 
 1064. niarginata Bean 698 
 
 1065. viscoaa Hald 698 
 
 1066. gracilis Heck 699- 
 
 1067. gobioidesGrd 699 
 
 1068. boleoidesGrd 699 
 
 1069. franklini Ag 699,954 
 
 l069(/»)- I'ormosa Grd. (Addenda) 955 
 
 1070. hoyi Pntn 700 
 
 367. CottnsL 700 
 
 i ,, 1071. bnbalisL 701 
 
 _i i-'l'Jji_^_ 1072. octodecinispinosns Mitch 701 
 
 . 1073. fi'nons Mitch 701 
 
 < Jj^. 1074. Bcorpioides Fabr 702 
 
 '^' '"' 1075. Bcorplus L 702 
 
 1076. polyacanthocophalua Pall 703 
 
 1077. lahrndoricus Grd 704 
 
 1078. tieniopterns Kner 704 
 
 __ 1079. qnadricornis L 704 
 
 "^ 1080. humilis Bean V05 
 
 108l.jaokC&V 705 
 
XLvr 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 '^A'fr^^r 
 
 / 
 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — contiuucd. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 Family 107. Cottidaj. 
 
 1082. axillarisGi'i 706 
 
 1083. polaris Sab 706 
 
 V' 1084. platycephalus Pall ." 706 
 
 1085. verrucoses Bean 707 
 
 1086. niger Bean 707 
 
 j, 1087. quadrifilisGill 707 
 
 J ' 368. Gymnacanthus Sw 708 
 
 '■" 1088. pistilliger Pall 708 
 
 1089. galeatusBean 709 
 
 369. Triglopsis Grd .' 709 
 
 1090. thompsoni Grd 709 
 
 370. EnopbrysSw 710 
 
 1091. bison Grd 710 
 
 1092. diceraiisPall 711 
 
 109:?. claviger C. & V 711 
 
 371. LiocottnsGrd 711 
 
 1094. hirundoGrd 712 
 
 872. Triglops Reinb 712 
 
 1095. piugeliReinb 713 
 
 373. Leptocottns Grd 713 
 
 1096. armatusGrd 713 
 
 374. Hemilepidotus Cuv 714 
 
 1097. spinosus Ayr 714 
 
 1098. jordani Bean 715 
 
 1099. trachurus Pall 715 
 
 375. MelletcsBeau -^6 
 
 1100. papilio Bean 716 
 
 376. Scorpjeuichtliys Grd 716 
 
 1101. marnioratus Ayr 716 
 
 377. Oligocottns Grd 717 
 
 $ C?iwoco«it8 Gill 717 
 
 1102. analis Grd 717 
 
 ^Oligocottns 718 
 
 1103. niaciilosus Grd 718 
 
 i Blenmcottus Gm „ 718 
 
 1104. globiceps Grd .' 718 
 
 ■ j^ , 378. Blepsias Ciiv 719 
 
 'IZ:^J~- 1105. cirrhosnsPall 719 
 
 ^A ,\, 1106. bilobnsC. &V 720 
 
 ^ .379. NauticblbysGrd 720 
 
 ^' 1107. oculofasciatuH Grd 721 
 
 380. RbampliocottusGthr 721 
 
 1108. riclinrdsoni Gtlir 722 
 
 Familj 108 (a). Agonidie 722 
 
 ,^, ' 381. Aspidopboroides Lac 724 
 
 ,, 1109. nionopttrygins Bloch 724 
 
 1110. inormisGtbr 725 
 
 382. Sipbagonns Steind 726 
 
 nil. barbatns Stoind 725 
 
 383. Leptagoniis Gill. (Addenda) :.... 726,956 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XLVII 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 
 Family 108 (a). AgonidiB. ; . 
 
 '^ ^ Brachtjopsia Gm 726 
 
 1112. rostratus Ti!e8 72(5 
 
 1113. verrucosus Lock 726 
 
 ': 1114. xyosternua J. & G 727 
 
 ^ Leptagonva (Addenda) 955 
 
 1115. decagonus B. & S 727,955 
 
 [384. Agonus B. & S] 728 
 
 [1116. cataphractus L] 728 
 
 385. Bothragonus Gill 728 
 
 1117. swani Steind 729 
 
 386. Odontopyxis Lock.... 729 
 
 1118. triaplnosus Lock fc 729 
 
 387. Podothecus Gill 729 
 
 1119. vulsHs J. «fe G 730 
 
 1120. acipenseriniiH Tiles 730 
 
 Family 108 (6). Triglidie 731 
 
 388. Peristedinm Lac 732 
 
 1121. miniatuin Goode 732 
 
 [389. TriglaL.] 733 
 
 [1122. cuculusL.] 733 
 
 390. Prionot^ Lac 733 
 
 ^ Ornichthya Bw 734 
 
 1123. scitulus J. «fe G. (Addenda) 734,95(5 
 
 1123 (ft), punctatus Bl. (Addenda) 956 
 
 1124. palmipesMitch 7.34 
 
 $ Prionottia 735 
 
 1125. tribulus C. & V 735 
 
 1126. evolansL 735 
 
 1127. stephanophrys Lock X 736 
 
 391. Cephalacanthus Lac 737 
 
 1128. volitansL. (Addenda) 738,95- 
 
 Family 109. Liparididos 738 
 
 392. Amitra Goode 739 
 
 1129. liparina Goode 739 
 
 393. Careproctus Kriiy 740 
 
 1130. gelatinosusPall 740 
 
 1130 (6). reinhardi Kroy. (Addenda) 957 
 
 394. LiparisL 740 
 
 ^ AcHnochir QiW 741 
 
 1131. major Walb 741 
 
 $ Lipnria 740 
 
 1132. pulchella Ayr 741 
 
 1133. gibba B(>iin 741 
 
 1135. tunicatalMnh 742 
 
 " ' 1136(1134). linoata Lepochin 742 
 
 1137. ranula G. & B 742 
 
 — ■ — 1138. montagui Don 743 
 
 1139. oalliodon Pall 743 
 
 1140.cyolopu8Gt.hr 743 
 
 ^ NooUparia Steind 744 
 
 1141. umuosA Ayr 744 
 
I 
 
 r ■' 
 
 n- 
 
 i 
 
 V' ■'. 
 
 i ' '. 
 
 t 
 
 XLVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. ' 
 Order T. Acanthoptori. 
 
 Family 110, Cyclopteridfc 744 
 
 395. Cj'clopterichthys Steind 745 
 
 " 1142. vontricosus Pall 745 
 
 ;^' ^ 1143. stellori Pall 745 
 
 395 (6). Eumicrotremus Gill. (Addenda). 746,957 
 
 1144. spiuosus Miill 74G 
 
 -•; ' 390. Cycloptenis L 74() 
 
 1145. lumpns L , 747 
 
 Family 111. Gobiesocidie 747 
 
 397. GobicsoxLac 748 
 
 1146. reticulatus Grd 749 
 
 1147. strumoaus Cope 749 
 
 1147 (ft), virgatnlus J. «& G. (Addenda) 957 
 
 1148. ihessodouR. Smith 749 
 
 Family 112. Batracliidai 750 
 
 398. Batrachus B. «fc S 750 
 
 1149. tan L... 750 
 
 1149 (b). pardi.s G. & B 751 
 
 399. Porichtbys Grd 751 
 
 1150. margaritat us Rich. (Addemla) 751,958 
 
 1150 (ft), plectrodon J. & G. (Addenda) „ 958 
 
 Family 113. Leptoscopidai * 752 
 
 400. DactyloscopnsGill..-. 753 
 
 1151. tridigitatus Gill 753 
 
 Family 114. Blenniidio 753 
 
 401. Ophiobleuuius Gill 756 
 
 1152. webbiVal 7.')6 
 
 402. ChusmodesC. & V 756 
 
 1153. boK-inianus Lac 756 
 
 1154. qnadrifasc'iatua Wood 757 
 
 1154 (ft), sabnrric J. «fc G. (Addenda) 958 
 
 403. IsesthcsJ.&G 757 
 
 1155. gilberti Jor. (Addenda) 757, 959 
 
 1155 (ft). geutilisGrd. (Addenda) 959 
 
 1156. punctatus Wood 758 
 
 1156(ft). lumtzlLeS. (Addenda) 9(50 
 
 1156(0). iontlms J. &, G. (Addenda) 960 
 
 1156 (rf). scrutator J. & (J. (Addenda) 960 
 
 404. Ilypleurochilus Gill 758 
 
 1157. multinilHGrd 758 
 
 1158. geniinatuH Wood 759 
 
 405. Bleniiius L 759 
 
 ^ ISlenniiia 759 
 
 [1159. fiiconim C. »Sr V.l 759 
 
 1159 (6). Btearnsi J. & G. (Addenda) 961 
 
 1159 (r). favosus Goodo & Bean, (Addenda) 961 
 
 1159 ((/). astcriaa Goodo & Bean. (Addenda) 961 
 
 „:._„-_ ^ PholisVnv 760 
 
 1160. earolinus C. &. V 760 
 
 406. NeoclinusGrd 760 
 
 1161. satiricns Grd 761 
 
 1162. blanchardi Grd 761 
 
 407. ClinusCuv 701 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XLIX 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— contiiined. . ; ;; • Page* 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthoptori. 
 
 Family 114. BlcuiiiidiB. j'v A-vv.; 
 
 . ., ^ LabrosomusSw 762 
 
 11G3. michipiunis Q. & G 782 
 
 $ Gibhansia CooTp 763 
 
 1164. evides J. & G 76:t 
 
 408. Heterostichus Grd 761* 
 
 1165. rostratus Grd 764 
 
 409. Cremuobates Gthr 764 
 
 1166. integripinnis R. Smith 764 
 
 1166 (&). marmoratus Steind. (Addenda) 362 
 
 ' 410. ChirolophusSw 765 
 
 1167. polyactoceplialus Pall 765 
 
 411. Murajnoides Lac 766 
 
 5 Murwttoides i 767 
 
 ., 1168. gunuolliis L 767 
 
 1169. fasciatus B. & S 767 
 
 1170. oniatus Gi-d 767 
 
 1171. maxillaris Bean 7(58 
 
 1172. dolichogastcr Pall 7(58 
 
 ^ Astvrnopterfix Rul^l> 7(59 
 
 1173. gunislliformis KUpp 769 
 
 41.2. Apodichthys Grd 769 
 
 1174. flavidus Grd 769 
 
 1175. fucorum J. & G 770 
 
 413. Anoplarchus Gill 770 
 
 1176. atropnrpnrcus Kittl 771 
 
 1177. alectrolophus Pall 771 
 
 414. XiphisterJor 771 
 
 1178. chirns J. & G 772 
 
 1 179. mncosns Grd 772 
 
 1180. mpestris J. & G 7-,:{ 
 
 415. Cebedicbthys Ayres 77'i 
 
 1181. VI jlaceus Grd 774 
 
 410. EuinesogrammnH Gill 774 
 
 1182. praicisus Kniy 774 
 
 1183. subbifurcatns Stor 775 
 
 417. Sticbania Reinh 775 
 
 j 1184. puiiPtatus Fabr 775 
 
 418. Notogrammus Bean 776 
 
 1185. rothrocki Bean 776 
 
 419. Lumpenus Keinh 776 
 
 ',.'^ ^ LeptocHiiua QUI 777 
 
 ,J 1186. niaculatns Fries 777 
 
 i Anisarchua G'\\l 777 
 
 1187. meirius Reinh 777 
 
 :" ^"^ ^ Lnmpenua 777 
 
 1188. angnillaris Pall 777 
 
 ,- 1189. fabricilC.&V 77H 
 
 420. LeptoblenninnGill 778 
 
 1190. nubilnsRIch 778 
 
 1191. serpent inns Stor 778 
 
 1192. larapetrieformls Walb 779 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 10 iv 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page. 
 Snbclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acauthopteri. 
 Family 114. BlenniidiB. 
 
 421- Delolepis Bean 779 
 
 fl 5 1193. virgatus Bean 779 
 
 ^vL i/t-. !Cii>fi\fi\; . 422. Cryptacanthodes Stor 7S0 
 
 1194. maculatus Stor 780 
 
 423. AnarrhichasL 7HI 
 
 _1195. lupus L 781 
 
 1196. minor Olafs 7.1 
 
 1197. latifrons Steensinip & Halgrimsson 782 
 
 ' ;^ 1198. lepturus Bean 7»*3 
 
 424. Anarrhichthys Ayres 782 
 
 V 1199. ocellatus Ayr 782 
 
 "i Family 115. Lycodidas 783 
 
 425. Zoarces Cuv 784 
 
 ; : — 1200, angnillaris Peck 784 
 
 ^>ve, t(^ <JAc4 tri . 42H. Lycodopsis Coll 784 
 
 1201. pacificus Coll 785 
 
 /' 1202. paucidens Lock 785 
 
 . 427. Lycodes Reiuh 785 
 
 '" 1203. paxillus G. & B 785 
 
 ' 1204. verrilli G. & B 786 
 
 1205. vahliReinh 786 
 
 ' 1206. esmarki Coll 786 
 
 1207. reticulatus Reinh 787 
 
 1208. semiundus Keinh 787 
 
 1209. nebulosus Kroy 787 
 
 1210. coccineus Bean 787 
 
 , 428. Lycodalepis Bleeker 788 
 
 1211. niucosus Rich 788 
 
 ' ■ 1212. turueri Bean 788 
 
 ' 1213. polaris Sab 788 
 
 420. Gymnelis Reiuh 789 
 
 1214. viridis Fabr 789 
 
 1215. stigma Benu 789 
 
 430. Urouectes Gtlir 789 
 
 1216. parrii Ross 789 
 
 . Family 116 Congrogadidai 790 
 
 431. Scytaliua J. & G 790 
 
 1217. cerdale J. & G 790 
 
 Family 117. Fierasferidie 791 
 
 432. Fiora8fftrCu\ 791 
 
 1218. dubiusPuln 791 
 
 ;-■ Family 118. OpbidiidiB 792 
 
 433. Ophidium L 792 
 
 , ^Ophidium 792 
 
 _ 1219. marginatum Dek 792 
 
 ,7 ^ 1220. josophi Ord 793 
 
 1221. bolbrooki Pntn 793 
 
 — -T 1221 (&). graiJllsi Poey. (Addenda) 963 
 
 1222. tayloriGrd 793 
 
 $ Lvptophidium Gill 793 
 
 1223. profuudornm Gill 793 
 
 433 (6). Genypterne Philippi . (Addenda) 963 
 
 1223 (&). omob igma J. & G. (Addenda) 9«>3 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 LI 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 
 Family 120 (119). GadidsB 794 
 
 434. Uythites Reinh 795 
 
 1224. fuscusReiuh 795 
 
 435. Dineniaticlithys Bleek 795 
 
 ^ Brosmophycia G'lM. (Addenda) 796,963 
 
 1225. marginatus Ayres 796 
 
 436. OnosRisso 796 
 
 ^ Bhinonemua GWl 707 
 
 1226. cimbriusL 797 
 
 ^Ono8 797 
 
 1227. reinhardti Kroy 797 
 
 1228. eusis Reinh 797 
 
 437. Phycis B. & S 798 
 
 1229. regiusWalb 798 
 
 1230. earlli Bean 798 
 
 1231. chussWalb 799- 
 
 1232. tenuisMitch 799 
 
 1233. chesteri G. «fc B 799 
 
 438. Haloporphyrus Gthr 800 
 
 1233 (fc). viola G. ife B 800 
 
 439. Physiculus Kaup 800 
 
 1234. dalwigkii Kaup 801 
 
 440. MolvaNilss 801 
 
 1235. vulgaris Flem .' 801 
 
 441. Lota Cuv 801 
 
 ._.,^ — ; — 12156. maculosa LeS 802 ■ 
 
 .^s^i,...A/.'~ ^'^i^ BrosniiusCuv , 802 
 
 —7,-7 1'^^'- brosmeMUlI 802 
 
 3Li<'r^^ 443 GadusL 803 
 
 $ MelanogrammuH Gill 803 
 
 1238. a^glilinusL 803. 
 
 Jtii^' "-" ^ Gadua 804 
 
 ->, — ^. 1239. callariasL 4. 804, 
 
 #f'. ''xt- ^lileaiaSw 804 
 
 1240, gracilis Tiles 804 
 
 ^ AliorogadaH GiU 805 
 
 ^"/■'cd l'^41. proximus Grd 805 
 
 [..^JJ::: : .. ^^ : \ 1242. tomcod Walb 8C3 ■ 
 
 :}j,n ef'tifvo^, J VoUachmaKilm 806 
 
 1243. virensL 806 
 
 1244. chalcoerammus Pall 807 
 
 J lioreogadm Gthr 807 
 
 1245. saida Lepechiu 807 
 
 444. Hypsicometes Goode 808 
 
 1246. gobioldes Goodo 808 
 
 445. MerluciusRaf 808 
 
 1247. bilinoaris Mitch 809 
 
 1248. smiridnsRaf 809 
 
 ^, 1249. productus Ayres 809 
 
 Family 120 (ft). Chiasmodontidie. (Addenda) 964 
 
 446. Chiasmodon Johns 810 
 
 1250. niger Johns , 810 
 
Ln 
 
 TAijLE OP CONTENTS. 
 
 [\n 
 
 tr 
 
 ! 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order T. Acanthopteri. 
 
 Family 121. Macruridse S... 810 
 
 ' ' 447. Macruru'} Bloch 811 
 
 1251. fabricii Sundev 811 
 
 ' 1252. carminatus Goode 812 
 
 1253. bairdi G. & B 812 
 
 ' 448. Coryphteno'des Gimuer 612 
 
 1254. rupestris Gunner 812 
 
 Order TJ. Heterosomata 8i;i 
 
 Family 122 (123). Pleuronectidaj 813 
 
 ^ I i ., 449. BotlmsRaf. 8K) 
 
 j^(, f->^ »U<^>-^-u. ^ j^.j._ maculatus Mitch '. 815 
 
 450. Citbarichthys Bleek 81<) 
 
 ^ Hemirhombus Blee^ 816 
 
 1256. psBtul us Goodo «fe Bean. (Addenda) 810,964 
 
 rVv 1256 (6). ocellatus Poey. (Addenda) 817,964 
 
 " ^ Citharichthya 817 
 
 '* 1257. sordidusGrd 817 
 
 >' 1257 (6). stigmaius J. & G. (Addenda) 965 
 
 '* 1258. spilcpterusGthr 817 
 
 -' 1259. arctifrous Goode 818 
 
 ^ '" 1260. unicornis Goode 818 
 
 ' 451. Hippofflossus Cuv 818 
 
 _' \ 1261. vulgaris Flem 819 
 
 i,>v *,cCy 453. Platysomaticlithys Bleek 819 
 
 f 1262. hippoglossoides Walb 819 
 
 . : ;' ' 453. Atberesthes J. & G 820 
 
 •'• - 1263. stomias J. & G 820 
 
 454. ParalichthysGrd 821 
 
 > ■ ^ ParaUchthya 821 
 
 12f.4 californicns Ayr , 821 
 
 - 1265. oeellaris Dek. (Addenda) 822,972 
 
 :\j^ j\ [\--^ 1266. dentatus L :... 822 
 
 1267. albigntta J. «fe*G '.. • 823 
 
 " 1268. squamilentus J. & G * 823 
 
 1269. oblongns Mit 824 
 
 1270. ommatns i. & G 624 
 
 ^ Xyatrvurya J . &. Q 826 
 
 ' - 1271. liolepis J. & G 825 
 
 ' 455. Hii)poglo88oide8 Gottscbt; 825 
 
 i *•<** ^ llippoglosKoidva 826 
 
 "^tf'^H^-' _ _ 1272. platessoides Fabr 826 
 
 — —--rT' " 1273. elassodon J. & G 826 
 
 J.c^tv^.. 1274. .jordani Lock 827 
 
 '• ' 1275. exilis J. «&. G 827 
 
 $ I'se.Uichthys GvA 828 
 
 1276. niolanostictus Grd 828 
 
 ->:. 456. ^lourouicbMiys Grd 828 
 
 1277. decurrouHJ.&O 829 
 
 '" 1278. vorticalis .1, & G 829 
 
 1279. ccenosusGrd 830 
 
 457. Hypsopsetta Gill 830 
 
 1280. guttulataOrd SIM) 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIII 
 
 Class IV. Pisces— continued. . ' ^*««- 
 
 Subclass Physoclisti. ,:,.., 
 
 Order U. Heterosomata. .: . .>.' 
 
 Family 122 (123). Pleuronectidse. -^.-^^^j ;,;<<' 
 
 458. Pleuronectes L 831 
 
 ^ Parophrya GtA 831 
 
 1281. vetulusGrd 831 
 
 ^ hopaeita hock 832 
 
 1282. isolepis Lock 832 
 
 1283. ischyrns J. «fc G 832 
 
 r^Uoj/fip $ Lepidopaetta Gill 833 
 
 _1j 1284. bilineatusAyr 833 
 
 § Limanda Gottsche 8:i4 
 
 1285. ferrugineus Stor 834 
 
 1286. asper Pall 8:» 
 
 1287. beani Goode 835 
 
 j^ ^ ^ Platichthya Gvd 8:55 
 
 fr'^l^-:^ 1288. stellatus Pall 835 
 
 ^Pleuronectes 836 
 
 ''")4(v ^^^' q'^i^^rital^erculatns Pall 836 
 
 ''- jll3— 1290. glaberStor 836 
 
 —~-^'"' 1291. glacialisPall 837 
 
 5 Pscudop/ettronec/es Bleek 837 
 
 ^.ay.^j,47v:::, 1292. americanus Walb 837 
 
 ■s-'"""' 459. Glyptocoplialus Gottsche 837 
 
 f ^.f'J/' . VHd'^. cynoglosaiis L 838 
 
 '* i." I i( i^ ■ 1294. zachirus Lock 838 
 
 ' '^ 460. Cynicoglossus Bonap 838 
 
 1295. paciticus Lock 839 
 
 461. EtropusJ. &G 839 
 
 1296. crossotuaJ. &G 839 
 
 462. Thyris Goode 840 
 
 1^97. pollucidiis Goode 840 
 
 ,. ;, 463. Monolene Goode 840 
 
 ' 1298. Hessilicauda Goode 841 
 
 463 (fe). Bajostoiua Bean. (Addenda) 965 
 
 1298 (6). brachiale Bean. (Addenda) 965 
 
 464. Achirne Lac 841 
 
 - 1299. lineatusL 841 
 
 465. Apboristia Kanp 842 
 
 1300. atricauda J. & G 842 
 
 1301. plagiusa L 643 
 
 Order V. Pediculati 843 
 
 Family 124. Lophiida) 844 
 
 466. LophinsL 844 
 
 i::'02. piscatorins L 844 
 
 Family liij (a). Antennariida 845 
 
 466(0). Pterophrynoides Gill 845 
 
 1303. histrio L 845 
 
 467. Antennarins Lac 845 
 
 1304. annulatns Gill 846 
 
 1305. pleurophthalmus Gill 846 
 
 468. Cbauuax Lowe 846 
 
 1306. pictns Low§ 847 
 
 Family 125 (6.) Ceratiidue 
 
 169. Ceratias Kitiyer 847 
 
LIV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. Fag«. 
 Subclass Physoclisti. 
 Order V. Pediculati. 
 
 Family 125 (ft). CeratiidsB. 
 
 1307. holbolli Kroy 847 
 
 470. Mancalias Gill 848 
 
 1308. uranoscopus Murray 848 
 
 471. OnirodesLUtk 848 
 
 1309. eschrichti LUtk 848 
 
 472. Himautolophus Beinh 840 
 
 1310. grcpnlandicus Reinh 849 
 
 1311. reinhardti LUtk 849 
 
 Family 126. Malthidie 849 
 
 473. Malthe Cuv 850 
 
 ., 1312. vespertilio L 850 
 
 1313. cubifrons Rich 850 
 
 474. Halieutichthys Poey 851 
 
 1314. aculeatus Mitch 851 
 
 475. Halieutffia C. «& V 851 
 
 1315. senticosaGoode 851 
 
 Order W. Plectognatbi 852 
 
 Family 127. Ostraciidse 852 
 
 476. OstraciumL 853 
 
 $ tactojjfir^s Sw 853 
 
 1316. trigouum L a53 
 
 1316 (ft), triquetrnm L. (Addenda) 965 
 
 1317. quadricorue L 854 
 
 Family 128. Balistidis 8^i 
 
 ,477. Balistes L 854 
 
 1318. vetulaL 855 
 
 , . 1319. capriscus Gmel 855 
 
 - 1320. poweli Cope 855 
 
 478. Monacanthus Cuv 656 
 
 t , ^Monacanthus 856 
 
 i 1321. occidentaliaGthr 856 
 
 ^ Stephanole2n8 Gill 856 
 
 1322. hispidus L. (Addenda) 856,9Gr) 
 
 1323. davidsoni Cope 857 
 
 .) 1324. spilonotus Cope 857 
 
 ^ Cantherines Sw 858 
 
 1325. puUus Ranz 858 
 
 479. Alutera Cuv 858 
 
 1326. schffipffl Walb 858 
 
 1327. scripta Osb 859 
 
 Family 129. Tetrodontida) 859 
 
 480. Lagocephahis Sw 859 
 
 1328. laivigatusL 860 
 
 481. Tetrodon L 860 
 
 1329. politns Grd 860 
 
 1330. testndiut'us L 861 
 
 133L spengleri Bl 861 
 
 1332. turgidus Mitch 861 
 
 1332 (ft). nepheluM Goode «& Bean. (Addenda) 9CG 
 
 1333. trichocephaias Cope j 862 
 
 482. Trichodiodon Bleek 802 
 
 1334. pilosusMitch 862 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. lV 
 
 Class IV. Pisces — continued. _ 
 
 Subclass Plij'sociisti, , **^*' 
 Order W. Plectognathi. 
 
 Family 129. TetrodontidsB. 
 
 483. DiodonL g^2 
 
 1335. hystrix L "'" qq-> 
 
 1336. liturosus Shaw. (Addenda) 863 966 
 
 484. Chilomycterus Bibron ]^ 'gg3 
 
 1337. geoinetricus B. & S " g^.j 
 
 1337 (ft), fnliginosus Dek gg^ 
 
 1337 (c). rcticulatus L. (Addenda) " qqq 
 
 Family 130. Orthagoriscidse or a 
 
 485. Molacaothus Sw '" oar 
 
 1338. nummularis Walb ' cu-e. 
 
 486. MolaCuv .".."..".."...!!!]"..!!.* 865 
 
 1339. rotunda Cuv '" ggg 
 
 487. EanzaniaNardo. (Addenda) ...'.'.''.'..'. 966 
 
 1340. truncata Retz. (Addenda) 966 
 
LIST OF NEW GLAEM AND SPECIES. 
 
 The following specific and generic names appear as new in the present work. A nnnir 
 ber of other descriptions of new species in the Addenda are ahridged from niannscripts 
 and proof-sheets of the ciin'ent volume of the Proceedings of the United States National 
 Museum. It is probable that in all cases the date of their publication in these pro- 
 ceedings will be previous to the issue of the present volume. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Minnilus scepticus J. &G 200 
 
 Platygobio pallidus Forbes 220 
 
 Trycherodon Forbes 247 
 
 Try chiProdou megalops Forbes 247 
 
 Coregonus kenniootti Milner 298 
 
 Fundulus adinia J. &G SST) 
 
 Euthynnus Liitken 429 
 
 Lepomis symmetricns Forbes 4711 
 
 Cottogaster putnami J. &G 49H 
 
 Poecilichthya bullerianus Hay 519 
 
 Bothragonus Gill 728 
 
 Cottimculus torvus Goode (588 
 
 Isesthes J. &G 757 
 
 Clinus evides J. «feG 7(i3 
 
 Paralichthys ophryaa J. &G 822 
 
 Paralichthys ommatiis J. & G 824 
 
 Isopsetta Lockington 832 
 
 Petromyzou marinns dorsatns Wilder 8(58 
 
 Galeorhinus zyopterna J. & G 870 
 
 Fundulus zebrinus J. «&G 891 
 
 Menidia laciniata Swain 908 
 
 Menidia audens Hay 908 
 
 Xenistius J. & G 920 
 
 Creolus J. &G 
 
 I.VI 
 
A SYNOPSIS OF THE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 k. A nnm- 
 lannscripts 
 ?H National 
 these pro- 
 Page. 
 200 
 220 
 247 
 247 
 298 
 SST) 
 429 
 47:i 
 498 
 519 
 728 
 (588 
 757 
 7(J3 
 822 
 824 
 832 
 8(!8 
 870 
 891 
 908 
 908 
 920 
 
 M 
 
 Icbthyologj'^ {ix^^'t fislij ^''r"^» a tliscourKc) is the science of fishes. 
 A "fisb," ill the popular sense, is a meiuber of any one of the four classes 
 of aquatic or fish-like vertebrates, the groups here designated as PisceSy 
 Elasmohranchii^ Marsipobranchii, and Lcptocardii. A fish, in this com- 
 prehensive and somewhat indefinite sense, may be defined as a cold- 
 blooded vertebrate, adapted for life in the water ; breathing by means of 
 gills; having the limbs, if present, developed as fins ; the fingers and toes 
 being represented by cartilaginous rays connected by membrane; the 
 exoskeleton obsolete or developed as scales or bony plates ; and one or 
 more fins developed on the median line of the body, usually composed 
 of rays connected by membrane. . 
 
 Of a "fish" in the popular sense one could hardly say mofe, without 
 the necessity of the constant introduction of exceptions. Of a " true 
 fish," a fish in a strict zoological sense, — that is, a member of the class 
 Pisces, — a definition will be given further on. 
 
 Among the fish-like vertebrates, the writers, following Professor Gill 
 and other eminent authorities, recognize ^jwt classes, considered as 
 co-ordinate with the classes Batrachia, lieptilia, Aves, and Mammalia. 
 These four classes have been thus limited and characterized: . ■> 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES. r '■:. .i1 
 
 " Skull undeveloped, -with tlio notocliord poraistent and extending to the anterior end 
 of the head. Braiu not distinctly diliorentiated. Heart none. 
 
 Leptocardii, 1. 
 
 •* Skull more or less developed, with the notochord not continued forward beyond 
 
 the pituitary body. Bruin differeutiatcd and distinctly dcveloj)cd. Heart 
 
 developed and divided at least into an auricle and a ventricle. 
 
 t Skull imperfectly developed, and with no lower jaw. Paired tins undeveloped, 
 
 with no Bhouldor-girdlo nor pelvic elements. Gills purse-shaped, 
 
 MARSiPonRANcnii, 2. 
 
 ft Skull well d«veloped and with a lower jaw. Paired fins developed (sonu'tiniea 
 
 absent through atrophy) ; and with a shoulder-girdle (lyriform or furcula- 
 
 shaped, curved forward and with its respective sides connected below), 
 
 and with pelvic elements. Gills not purse-shaped. (Lyrifera.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 1 1 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGY IV. 
 
 i Skull without nuMubruno bon(?8 (ti " rudiincntiil opon-nlnr bono" in Chhnwra ) ; 
 gills not freo, lUo branchial opouinnH MJit-liki', usually sj^verul in luunber; 
 exoskclcton placoitl, sonietiiMcs obsolete; eggs lew and largo. 
 
 El.ASMOBUAN'CIIII, \\. 
 
 \X Skull with mcmbiano bones; gills frco ; branchial openings a single slit on 
 each side, woaetinu's conlliiei-i ; cxoskclelon various, not placuid; cggM 
 coun)aratively small and nunieious 1'jscks, 4. 
 
 Class !-'• EPTOCARDII. 
 
 {The Lanvdcts.) 
 
 Skeleton iiK'inluiiiio-cartiliiginous; skull uiuloveloped, with Mio noto- 
 chord persistent and extending: to tha anterior end of the head. Brain 
 not dillerentiated. No heart; the liuietion ')f the heart beinj;- performed 
 by pnlsatiny:sinuses. Blood colorless. Kespiratcny cavity conllnent witli 
 the cavity of the abdomen; branchial clefts in great number, the water 
 beinji' expelled throuj;h an abdominal pore in front of the vent. Jaw.s 
 none; the mouth a lonjjitudinal lissure, with cirri on each side. 
 
 Small marine animals hij;hly interesting; to the zoologist as exhibiting 
 the lowest degree of development of the vertebrate type. Tne class 
 includes luit the single o\\\v,v CirroHtomi. (Aj-ro,-, thin; za/<(J{'a, heart.) 
 (Subclass L('i)tocardii Giinther, viii, 513-514.) 
 
 OuDHR A.-CmROSTOMI. 
 
 {The Cirt'ostomes.) 
 
 This order is equivalent to the family Branchiostomaildw. (Latin, 
 cirrus, a lock of hair; arona, month : the mouth being surrounded by a 
 fringe of cirri.) {Cirroatomi Giinther, viii, 513-511.) 
 
 . A . ■ ■ ■ t 
 
 Family I.— BRANCIIIOSTOMATID^. 
 
 {The Lancvlcts,) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, naked, colorless, with no fins, except a 
 rayless ibid extending along the back, around tiie tail, i)ast the vent, to 
 the abdominal pore. Mouth inferior, a])pearing as a longitudinal lis- 
 sure, surrounded by conspicuous, rather stiff cirri. Ey6 rudimentary. 
 Liver reduced to a blind sac of the simple intestine. 
 
 Genera two, li ranch iontonia and EpigoHoptcrnSj differing cliiefly in 
 
 wmmimmmitm' 
 
■IV. 
 
 Chimwra); 
 II Milliliter; 
 
 IJAXCIIII, .■{. 
 if^Io slit on 
 <oid; fgys 
 riSCKS, 4. 
 
 the rioto- 
 . ]jiaiu 
 irt'ornied 
 cut witli 
 li'.^ water 
 b. Jaws 
 
 ;liibitin{jf 
 uo class 
 :, heart.) 
 
 MAlJSirOBRANCmi. * ' 3 
 
 the {greater (levoh>pnient of the dorsal fin in the latter. Species four 
 ov more, found iud)edded in the sand ou various coasts. {Cirrostomi 
 (Ithr. viii, 513-514.) 
 •Dorsal fold very low, nearly uniform Buanciiiostoma, 1." 
 
 1.— BRANCIIIOSTOinA Cost;*, 1834. 
 LancelctH. 
 
 (AinjMoxiiH Yarrell.) 
 
 (Costa, Cenni Zoolop;iei Napol. 1834, p. 49: typo liranchioatoma htbrlcum Costa x= TAmax 
 lanceohitita Pallas.) 
 
 The characters of this oenns are essentially those of the family as 
 jjivon above, the little development of the fins constituthig its chief dis- 
 tiiictivci character. ((?j»«V;?'«j gil^s; «tt«v/«, motith. ) 
 
 1. It. <-arH»M'!lim .Siindevall. — Anieriean Lancelct. 
 
 This species oecjurs in abundance, buried in the sand in shallow waters, 
 aloiij-' (he American coast, from the mouth of Chesapeake IJay to the 
 West Indies. It has never been fully compared with li. lanecolutum and 
 otluu- species of the genus. 
 
 (Praiuhmloma caribwum Suudovall, OeiVers. Vot. Akad. Forhandl. 1853, 11.) 
 
 Class II.-MARSIPOBllANCHII. 
 
 {The Mijzonts.) 
 
 Skeleton cartilaginous; the skull impeifectly developed, not sc^parato 
 from the vert(^bral column. No ribs, uo true Jaws, no lind)s, no shoulder- 
 f-irdle, nor pelvic elements. Gills in the form of fixed sacs, without 
 briinchial arches, six or more in nund)or on each side. A single nasal 
 apertun;. IMouth subinferior, suctorial, nearly circular. Heart wilh- 
 out arterial bulb. Alimentary canal straight, simi)le, without ctecal 
 iipjUMidages, pan(Teas, or spleen. Generative outlet jjeritoneal. Verti- 
 cal (Ins with fe(>ble rays, continuous arouiul the tail. Naked, eel-shape<l 
 animals, inhabitii.'/ all waters, [juipffirat.v^ a small lumeh or purse j 
 ^jtdy^ia^ gills.) (Subclass Ci/dostomata Giinther, viii, 490-512.) 
 
 onoGns OF MAUsu'oniiANcnn. 
 
 t 
 
 "Nasal duct tube-liko, with cartilnginona rings, penetrating tho palato. 
 
 ilYJ'KUOTKKTA, B, 
 
 ** Nasal duct a blind aac, not penetrating the paluto lIvrKitoAuriA, C. 
 
4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Ordke B.-HYrEROTRETA. 
 
 {The Myxinoiil Fishes.) 
 
 Nostril tube-liko, with cartilajjinotis rinjjs, i)enctrjitinjx the pahito, its 
 position at tlio oxtreitiity of the lioad, over the mouth ; snout witli oi;>lit 
 barbels; mouth without li])s ; one mediari tootli on the pahite and two 
 comb-like series of teeth on tlu> tonf^ue. Ihanehial ai>ertures at a f;Teat 
 distance from the lu'ud ; a series of mucous sacs along each side; of the 
 abdouuMi. Intestine without spiral valve. Ef;j?s larj^e, with a hornj 
 case provid<>d with thr<'ads for adhesion. Marine lamprciy-like animals, 
 burrowini;- into the flesh of fishes, on which they feed. 
 
 There is but one family, Mi/.riiil(l<v, unless we assij^n separate rank to 
 BdcUostoma on ac(u)unt of the «linerence in the j'ill-openiu'j^s. {u~e/iwaj 
 palate; rpr^Tv-, perforate.) (L'anjily i¥//.i7'«<V/rt' Giiuther, 510-(5J2.) 
 
 Family II.— MYXINIDiE. 
 
 {The HagflsheH.) 
 
 The characters of the family are included above. Genera two; species 
 few; marine animals, found in all temi»erate seas. {Myxmidw Giinther, 
 viii, 510-512. 
 
 •Branobiiil aporturea oiio on oacli sido, loading by six dncts to six hrancLinl sacs. 
 
 Myxink, 2. 
 •* Branchial ai)ortni(?8 six or nioiv on oacli nidt), t^acli leading;; directly to a branchial 
 
 sac BOELLOSTOMA, 3. 
 
 3.— WIYXIRfE LinnaMis, 1758. 
 Hng-fisheH. 
 (LinnaMis, Syntenni Natnra*: typo Mjixinc (lUiiiiumt L.) 
 
 IJody eel-shai)ed, covered by a thin skin, which is easily detached. 
 Along the lower side, for nearly the whole length of th<; animal, are 
 two rows of nuicims glands, each with an (»xternal opening, from whi<^h 
 exudes a quantity of mucus which renders these animals during life 
 excessively slimy. No eyes. iJraiu sunUl, of the normal fish type. 
 Skull li*^tle deveh)ped, cartibiginous; the flexible notoeh<n'tl enclosed in 
 its sheath, and extending from the base of the skull to the end of the 
 
2. MYXINID^E — BDELLOSTOMA. 6 
 
 tiiil rcprosciiting tlie spinal column. Mouth round, suctorial, without 
 lips with ii piiii' of barbcLs bn each side. Nostril sinj(U', larf?e, on 
 the median line above, and at the very front of the head, provided 
 with two i)air8 of barbels. Teetli strong, a single median one on the 
 roof of tlie moutii, and two rows on eacli side of tlie tongue, wliicih is a 
 powerful organ, with a strong fibrous ten(h)n moving in a muscular 
 Kheatli. Alinu'utary canal a simple, nearly straiglit tube. <! ill sacs 
 placed on each side of the a'sophagus, lying directly against its out^r 
 Avails. The water passes into them by a small pore opening directly 
 from the o'sophagus into each sac. It is then passed out by a du<!t, 
 \vlii(;li continues backward ahuig thc! outer walls of the sacs to the 
 abdominal wall at the end of the last sac, wluao all the duct;i from one 
 isidi^ unite in one, and the water is emptied at the branchial opening on 
 each side of the median line. In close 4!onnecti(m with tlm branchial 
 opening on the left side theni is a third opening that leads by a very 
 short du(!t to the oesophagus, and heiuie into the branchial sacs, at 
 times when the suj)ply through the mouth is cut otf by the head being 
 buried in the food of the animal. Ovary single, on the .right side. No 
 oviducts ; t\w mature eggs falling into the abdominal cavity are exitluded 
 through the pc^ritoneal oitening at the side of the vent. — [Vutnam.) 
 
 A single species; colorless, parasitic animals, burrowing into the 
 bodies of tishes, and found in all temi)erate seas. {.'ii'>^<t, slinu'.) 
 
 2. ITI. {fliitiiiosa L. — Hag-Jink; Ilorcr; Slmtpinarhcn. 
 
 Blue above, whitish below ; head 3.^ to 4 in total length ; tail (5^ to 10 
 
 times in total 'ength; lingual teeth 8 to 11 in each row {Vutnam). 
 
 Coasts of Euroi)e and America; not abundant on our shores. 
 
 (L. Sy-st. Natmn); GiintliRr, viii, 510; Pntiuiiii, I 'io(». HoHt. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, 135: 
 Myxine limom (jimuil, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'hila. 1858, 223.) 
 
 3.— BDELT^OSTOITIA Mtlllcr, IKW. 
 
 (Mlillcr, AbhiUKll. Akad. WiHH. Wicn, 18;>4, 71) : typo I'etromjizon rirrhntui) VornU'r.) 
 
 This genus ditl'ers from Myxine chietly in the structure of tlui bran- 
 chial api)aratus, there being six or more sacs on each si*le whi(;h receive 
 water directly ircmi the (esophagus as in Myxine^ but the emptying 
 ducts, instead of passing ba(;kward and downward to a (!omm')n exUir- 
 ual opi^ning, as in Myxine, pass direcstly through the wall of the body, 
 so that there are as many external oixiniugs as there are gill-saca. Warm 
 seas. (j5(5^A<l«c, leech ; tfrw/xa, mouth.) ;■ ; ., ^ i^-^^ i r.. 
 
6 
 
 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 3. IS. stOUti* Lockiugtou. 
 
 " Eleven gill openings on each side ; ten teeth in the anterior and nine 
 in the posterior series. Fifteen inches long." — {LoeJcington.) Coast of 
 California ; not rare. 
 
 (Lockiugtou, Aiiier. Nat. Dec. 1678, 793.) 
 
 Order C.-HYPEROARTIA. 
 
 {The Lampreys.) 
 
 Kasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate. This order is 
 equivalent to the single family Petromyzontidce. {u-^epcua, i^alate ; apno:;^ 
 complete} i. e., entire.) (Pe^rowi^/^^owfidcc Gimther, 499-509.) 
 
 Family III.— PETROMYZONTID^. 
 
 {The Lampreys.) 
 
 Body eel-shaped, naked, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed be- 
 hind; mouth nearly circular, suctorial, armed with horny teeth, which 
 are simjile or multicuspid, resting on i)apillie ; those immediately above 
 and those immediately below the opening of the oesophagus more or 
 less specialized ; eyes present; brancbial openings seven, arranged in 
 a linear series along the sides of the "chest"; nostril on the top of the 
 head ; lips present, usually fringed ; dorsal fin more or less deeply di- 
 vided by a notch ; the i)osterior i)art coumionly continuous with the anal 
 around the tail ; intestines with a spiral valve ; eggs small. 
 
 These animals undergo a metamorphosis ; the young are usually 
 toothless and have the eyes rudimentary. Such forms have, until lately, 
 been considered as formftig separate genera, which have been termed 
 Amiuocd'tcs, Scolecosoma, Chiloptcrns, etc. 
 
 Genera 5 or G; species 15 or 20; found in all waters in temperate 
 regions. They attach themselves to fishes and feed by scraping oil' tlie 
 flesh with their rasp-like teeth. Among our species, four groups, ap- 
 parently of generic value, may be recognized, but the characters in 
 
 * This wpccics may l)o identical with 7?. polytirma Grd, from Chili, incoiTPCtly <1o- 
 Bcribod in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 199, and thus characterized by Putnam, 
 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 187:i, KiO: 
 
 " Head about one third of total leufith, and contained about 1^ times in the length of 
 the abdomen. Tail contained 7 to 8 times in total length. Base of tontjue hetwren ihe 
 Bcvcvth or vif/hth pair of (jilla. Gills ten on each side. Length from 13 to 22 inches. 
 Habitat: Coast of Chili." ., ■ v ; r ;. .. 
 
3. PETEOMYZONTID^ LAMPETRA. 7 
 
 several instances need verification, especifilly in regard to the lingual 
 dentition. {Petromyzontidce GiintUer, viii, 499-509.) ^ = - - 
 
 • Secoud dorsal contiuuous with the caiidal. 
 a. Miixilliiiy tooth single, forming a crescent-aliapod plate, -with a distinct cusp at 
 each eud, between which is sometimes a median cusp. 
 
 6. Dorsal lius two, well separated (lingual teeth pectinate) Lampktua, 4. 
 
 ]}b. Dorsal fin contiuuous, merely emargiuate (liugual teeth obscurely tricusiii- 
 
 .iate) AMMOCffiTES, 5. 
 
 aa. Maxillary tooth double or triple, composed of two or three i)ointed cusps, close 
 together, not forming a crescent-shaped jdate (lingual teeth iu two 
 pairs, the posterior pair at least pectinate). 
 
 c. Dorsal tin contiuuous Iciitii yom yzon, G. 
 
 cc. Dorsal lius eutiiely separated Petiiom YZON, 7. 
 
 4.— I.AUIPETRA Gray, 1851. 
 Lamperns. 
 (Gray, Chondropterygians, 140: ty]}G PetromyzonflmnatiliaJj.) 
 
 Liiini)rey8 of rather small size, with the maxillary tooth single, devel- 
 oped as a broad crescent-shaped plate, with a cusp at each end of it, the 
 two separated by a broad interspace, in the middle of wiiich is some- 
 times a smaller cusp. Dorsal fin divided by a tleep notch, which breaks 
 the <!ontinnity of the fin; second dorsal connected with the caudal; 
 iiiandibulary plate W'cU developed, the number and arrangement of its 
 tectli varying with the species; lingual teeth finely pectinate; lips 
 usually conspicuously fringed. The species are little known. One of 
 tliciii, L. Jhwiatilis, is European, and is closely related to L. plumhca; the 
 otlier described species are American. (Latin, lampetriij a lamprey, 
 from lambcrc, to suck ; pctra, stone.) 
 
 " Maxillary tooth tricuspid, a small median cusp being T)re8ent; raandibulary cusps 
 comparatively few and weak. {rJiitonjilioiiin Gill.) 
 t Mandibuluvy plate with ilvo cusps, the iniddlo ones smaller. * 
 
 t Lips friuged with conspicuous papillie. 
 
 4. L. tl'idcnf sita (Gairduer) J. & G. — Three-toothed Lampre;i. 
 
 Lips thick, fringed with numerous pai)ilhe, each papilla standing in 
 the middle of a little circular depression having a raised nuirgin, Avliich 
 is ])artly concealed by a rugose tessellated idate investing the, inner 
 surface of the lips, an<l of the same liorny nature with that which forms 
 the (uitside of the teeth; both are softened and peel off in spirits. Four 
 small, acute, conical teeth stand in a row across the upj)er ])art of this 
 plate, and four larger ones occui)y each of its sides, the U])per and lower 
 pairs being bicuspid and the middle ones tricuspid ; these stand on the 
 
; , 
 
 8 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHIOLOGY — IV. 
 
 '. t 
 
 sides of the maxillary ring or inner orifice, and have their ends turned 
 toward it; the inferior margin of this orifice is armed with a sh'ghtly 
 curved dental piece, having five acute points or teeth (the outer being 
 larger than the three middle); opposite to it on the upper side of the 
 orifice is another piece having two large, acutely conical teeth, with 
 a smaller central one. The tongue is also clothed with a horny-looking 
 substance, which is edged anteriorly by a row of about twenty fine 
 teeth. The dorsal fins rise in oven curves, which are highest in the 
 middle; the first is about one third of its own length from the second. 
 Back and sides bluish gray, with irregularly scattered yellowish patches; 
 belly yellowish white. Size rather large. — {Richardson.) Pacific coast 
 of North America, ascending streams. 
 
 {Pvtromyzon tiklentaius QiimXiwr, MSS.; Ricliarilsou, F. B. A. 293: Pctromyzon cilia- 
 tM« Ayns, Tioc. Cal. Ac. Sti. 18r)4, 44: I'etromyzon ciliatua et Uvidua Grtl. Pac. R. R. 
 SiU'v. :{7d, IJ7'J: Ichthyomyzuii IridentatUii Gtlir. viii, 50l>.) 
 
 U Lips vitliont friuges of papilliB. 
 
 5. Ij, ogiiliexodon (Gill) J. & G. — Six-toothed Lamprey. 
 
 This species is said to difi'er from L. tridentata in the absence of a 
 fiinge of i)apilla} around the buccal disk, and in the presence of six 
 instead of four teeth in the ni)per transverse row. — {Girard.) Sacra- 
 mento lliver. 
 
 {I'elromyzon tridvutatuH Gnl. Pac. K. R. Siirv. 377; not Rich. : Entoaphemm cpihcxodon 
 Gill, I'roc". Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 33.) 
 
 ttMaudibulary i>]ato witU six cusps, which are nearly equal in size. 
 
 6. li. nstori (Grd.) J. «fe G. 
 
 JJps fringed; head G^ in length; first dorsal lower than the second, 
 separated from it by a space nearly ecpial to a third of its length; no 
 anal fin; yellowish brown, darker above. — {Oirard.) Astoria, Oregon. 
 
 {Veiromyzon lutorl Givard, I'ac. R. R. Surv. 380 : Ichthyomyzoii mtori Giiuthei", viii, r)07. ) 
 
 ** Maxillary jtlato bicuHjiid, the small median cusp wanting; maudibulary plate with 
 about (Mght rather strong, subecpial teeth. {Lampetra.) 
 
 7. L. l»lumB»ea (Ayrts) Gill. — Lead-eolorcd Lamprey. 
 
 Lii)s fringed; head 8^ in length; first dorsal much lower than the 
 second, and separated from it by a space e(pial to half of its own length; 
 tiiil tai)ering to a i)oint;' a single bicuspid tooth on each side of the ori- 
 fice of the mouth. Pacific coast; a small species, scarcely distinguish- 
 able from the European L. fluviatilis. "" ; 
 
 (Petromyzon plumbcus Ayros, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, 28: Pctmmyzon ayrc*i 
 GUuthcr, viii, 505: Ammovateii cibariua Gkurd, Pac. R. R. Surv. 383.) 
 
3. PETROMYZONTID^ ICHTUYOMYZON. 
 
 5.— AOTJUOCffiTES Dumdril, 1817. 
 
 Brook Lampreys. 
 
 (Duuidril— Cuvler, R(>gno Animal : type I'vlromyzon hra.,clnaVw L. =tlio larval foiin of 
 rdromijzon plumrl Hlocli.) 
 
 Liunpreys of siiuill si;«e, witli the dorsal lin contiiiuons, sometimes 
 oinar'nnate, but never divided into two fins, the posterior i)ortion con- 
 tinuous with the low anal lin aronnd the tail; maxillary tooth single, 
 broad, forming a creseenlic plate, wiih Ji large blnntish cusp at each 
 end and sometimes a small median cusp; lateral teeth very few ; tongue 
 with two broad transverse plates, each with a median cusp; species lew; 
 our single species is scarcely distinguishable from the connnon 'Tride" 
 or "Small Lamprey" of Europe, Amvioccetes branchiaUs. («///iOT, sand; 
 
 xoirrj, to lie.) • 
 
 §. A. iiigci* (Rivf.) Jor. — Small Ulack Lampreji. 
 
 Head moderate, nearly as long as the "chest"; the mouth compara- 
 tively small; lips with a conspicuous fringe of papilla^. ; dorsal lin high, 
 considerably depressed in front of the vent, but not divided into two 
 tins; the posterior lobe highest; anal lin evident; anal tube consjjicu- 
 ous in the spring ; eyes moderate ; maxillary tooth with its cusjis large, 
 trianj;ular, well sei)arated; a small jyointed median cusj) usually present 
 iu the adult; in younger spcu'inuMis the median cusp is obsoh'te, and in 
 half grown specimens the tooth forms a curved iilate without distinct 
 cusi)H ; mandibular plate curved, with eight to ten well develop«'d sub- 
 ecpial tooth-like lobes; inside of it is a plate bearing three teeth; lingual 
 teeth transverse, trilid; a plate on ea<'h side of the buccal orilicc^; the 
 remaining teeth inconspicuous. IJluish black above; silvery below. Size 
 rather small. L. (> to 10. 
 
 A small si)ecies ascending Western streams in the spring in great 
 muubers to deposit its si)awn. Cireat Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Upper 
 ]\lississippi Region. It is perhai)s i<lentical with the European Ammo- 
 copies branehiaUs. 
 
 {Pel roin 1/20)1 niyriim Raf. Icli. Oh. 84; Joriliui, :V19.) 
 
 «.— 1CIITIIY0]?IYZ01V Girard, 1859. 
 Silvci'y Lam})rcys. 
 
 (Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv. x, HHl : fyi>o relromj/zon argvnteua Kirtlniul.) 
 
 Lani])rey8 of rather small size, having tlui dorsal fin high an<l con- 
 timious, with only a shallow omargination ; the teeth nearly (>(iual over 
 
'■''a 
 
 10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Ilio large buccal disk, the maxillary teeth being pointed, two in number, 
 set close together, without interspace, and not tbrming a crescent-shaped 
 plate; lateral teeth all unicuspid; mandibulary with numerous close- 
 set pointed cusps, appearing like tlistinct teeth ; lingual teeth in two 
 series, the posterior series finely pectinate, with a median suture dividhi-f 
 it into a right and left crescent-shaped comb; anterior series not divided; 
 the pectiniB coalescent. This genus is most nearly related to Petromyzon, 
 differing chiefly in the continuous dorsal. The two known species in- 
 habit the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes. {^/O^^, fish; /x'^Cw, to 
 suck.) 
 *MjiU(libulary plate with seven teeth. 
 
 9. I. ai'genteus (Kirt.) Grd. — Silvery Lamprey. 
 
 Body stoutish, compressed behind; head broad, with large buccal 
 disk, which is ti'inged, but not very conspicuously ; teeth i)retty strong 
 and nearly uniform, the two maxillary teeth being very similar to those 
 on the rest of the disk ; mandibulary teeth couuivent, the middle ones 
 the longest; upper margin of dorsal scarcely depressed in front of the 
 vent. Color bluish; sides silvery, olTten mottled; a small dusky spot 
 above or nearly above each gill-opening, usually conspicuous. L. 12. 
 Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley ; rather common ; ascending small 
 brooks in the spring. 
 
 {Pctromyzon argcnteus Kirtland, Boat. Joum. Nat. Hist, iii, 1840, 342, with plate. — 
 Ammoccctes concolor Kirt. 1. c. 473, with plate. — Ichthyomyzon hirudo Grd. Pac. R. R. 
 Surv. 342. — IcMhyomyzon hirudo Gthr. viii, 507. — Ammocaitcs argetiteus et hirudo Jordan, 
 349-'50.— J )H/HOC<»<<» a'pyptera Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 1860, 327.) 
 
 ** Mandibulary plate with nine teeth. 
 
 10. I. castnneiis Grd. — Chestnut-colored Lamprey. 
 
 Lips with short fringes ; dorsal fin high, with a depression in front of 
 the vent. A little known species, differing from the preceding, if at all, 
 in the number of teeth on the mandibulary plate. Minnesota. 
 
 {IcMhyomyzon caataneus Grd. Pac. R. R, Surv. 381.) 
 
 v.— PETROMI¥ZOJ¥ LinntBUS, 1758. 
 
 Sea Lampreys. , 
 
 (Artedi Linnajus, Systoma Naturuo; typo retromyson marinus Ti.) 
 Lampreys of medium or large size, with the maxillary t«eth separate, 
 pointed, and close together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate; man- 
 dibulary plat/O with seven to nine cusps; lingual teeth forming two 
 crescent-shaped plates on each side; first dorsal flu well separated from 
 
 ' '1 
 
3. PETROMYZONTID^ PETROMYZON. 
 
 11 
 
 the second, which is continuous with the caudal. Species two — marine, 
 ascending rivers, {jrirpa, stone; m'^»"') to suck.) ■; : ; < r. 
 
 1 1, p. marinus L. — Great Sea iMmprey. 
 
 Ilojid moderate, but little longer than the "chest"; buccal disk large, 
 with numerous conical teeth, arranged in obliijue series, those nearest 
 the aisoi))iagus largest and partly bicuspid; two pau's of lunate, pecti- 
 nate lingiiid teeth, one in front of the other, the serrations on the an- 
 terior pair usually confluent; fins moderate, the dorsals well separated ; 
 the second dorsal with a depression on the tail; lips moderately fringed. 
 Color olive-brown, mottled with hlackisli confluent patches ; dull brownish 
 below. Size much larger than any of the other species. L. 24 to 30. 
 Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, chiefly northward, ascend- 
 ing streams in the spring to deposit its spawn. 
 
 (rdromyzon marinus L. Syst. Nat. ; Gilnther, viii, 501 ; Jordan, 348. — Petromyzon 
 amcrieuiiuH Lo Sueur, Trana. Am. Pliilos. Soc. i, 383. — Fetromyeon amvricanua Storer, 
 Fish Muss, 251.) 
 
 la. P. nigricans Lo Sueur. — Lamper-cel. 
 
 Head very large, longer than the "chest", 6 J in length ; depth about 
 13; body little compressed; dorsal fins rather low, distinctly separated; 
 eyes and mouth very large; mandibulary plate with 7 to 9 teeth; the 
 rest of the buccal disk covered with rather large teeth disposed in ob- 
 lique cross-rows, five or more in each row, some of the innermost bicus- 
 pid ; anterior as well as posterior lingual teeth pectinate ; lips fringed. 
 Coloration nearly plain; bluish black above, pale below, usually a palo 
 spot between the eyes on the top of the head. L. 12. A rather small 
 species fonnd along the Atlantic coasts of our Northern States, and 
 ascending streams in the si)ring to spawn, some individuals remaining 
 ])ermanently in fresh water. Abundant in Cayuga Lake, N. Y., from 
 which locality the specimens were taken on which the above description 
 was based. 
 
 (Petromiizon nigricans Lo Siieur, Trans. Amor. Phil. Soc. new series, i, 385; Storer, 
 FLsh Mass. 2r)3. — Ammocwtes Jtuviatilia Jordan, 349.) 
 
 Tliis species is very different from the European Lampetra flnviatilis. 
 It is poss.bly only a variety of Petromyzon marinus. Numerous other 
 Lamprevs have been described from our waters, but we find them un- 
 recognizable. 
 
12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Mi) 
 
 Class III -ELASMOBRANCHII. 
 
 (The Selachians.) 
 
 Skeleton cartilaginous ; skull without sutures. Body with median and 
 paired fins; the ventral fins abdominal; shoulder-girdle develoi^ed, lyri- 
 form ; caudal flu heterocercal, the upper lobe produced ; gills attached 
 to the skin by the outer margin ; gill-openings several, or single leadin;; 
 to several clefts ; membrane bones not developed, except sometimes a 
 rudimentary opercle; skin naked or covered with minute imbricated 
 scales or hard plates, sometimes spinous; no air-bladder; arterial bulb 
 with three series of valves ; intestine with a spiral valve ; optic nerves 
 united by a comiiissure, not decussating; ovaries with the ova few and 
 large, impregnated, and sometimes developed, internally; embryo with 
 deciduous external gills; males with prehensile iutromittent organs, 
 " claspers," attached to the ven tral fins. Sharks, Skates, and Chimseras. 
 [Uaffnd:, a plate or blade; Pixiyx^a, giUs.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF KLASMOBRANCIIS. 
 
 * Gill-opoiiiuss slit-liko, 5 to 7 in uumber; jaws distinct from the skull. (Subclasn 
 SeXachU.) 
 
 t Gill-oponings lateral Squali, D. 
 
 tt Gill-openings ventral liKiM, E. 
 
 •* Gill-openings single, leading to fonr branchial clefts; jaAvs coalescent with thu 
 skull (subclass Uoloccphuli) .Holockpiiali, F, 
 
 Subclass SELACHII. 
 
 {The Sharks and Bays.) 
 
 Elasmobranchiates with the gill-openings slit-like, five (rarely six or 
 seven) in number ; jaws distinct from the skull ; no opercular nor pelvic 
 bones ; derivative rjidii sessile on the sides of the basal bones of the limbs, 
 rarely entering the articulation. 
 
 As here understood, this subclass is equivalent to the Flagiostomata of 
 authors, and includes the orders or suborders Raiw,, the Rays, and Squali, 
 the Sharlvs ; groups which are perhaps hardly worthy of ordinal value. 
 [ffi^a/o-:, a shark, from aiXa'^<K, cartilage.) 
 
 Order D.-SQUALI. 
 
 {The Sharks.) 
 
 Gill-openings lateral, slit like, five to seven in number; general form 
 elongate, the body gradually passing into the tail. The typical sharks 
 
 If 
 
4. SCYMNID-ffi. IS 
 
 and skates differ much from each other in appearance; but intermediate 
 foriris connect the two groups closely. The position of the gill-openings 
 is almost the only constantly diagnostic char.acter. (Suborder Selachoi- 
 del Giinther, viii, 353-433.) (Latin, squalus, a shark, from the Greek 
 rahd- a sbark, which comes from r^^^irj, a weasel, or other musteline 
 animal, from resemblances in habits.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF SQUALL 
 
 * PiH'toral fins moderate, without deep notch at the base in front. 
 t Anal fin absent. 
 
 a. Dorsal fins without spine ScYMNiD^, 4. 
 
 aa. Dorsal fmseach preceded by a stout spine (rarely concealed in the skin). 
 
 SPINACID.E, 5. 
 ft Anal fin present. 
 b. Dorsal fins two. 
 c. Dorsal fins both without spine. 
 
 (7. First dorsal fin behind the veutrals Ginglymostomatid^, 6. 
 
 dd. First dorsal entirely in advance of the ventrals. 
 e. Caudal lin not lunate, its upper lobe many times longer than the lower, 
 with a notch l)elow toward its tip ; tail not keeled. 
 /. Last gill-opening above the base of the i)ectoral. 
 
 </. Tail moderately developed, forming less than ono-third of the total 
 length ; eyes with nictitating membranes. 
 
 h. Head normally formed Galeorhinid^, 7. 
 
 hh. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its 
 
 sides Sphyrmd^, 8. 
 
 gg. Tail exceedingly long, forming about half the total length ; eyes 
 
 without nictitating membranes Alopiid.e, 9. 
 
 ff. Last gill-opening entirely in front of the pectoral. Carchakiid.e, 10. 
 ee. Caudal fin lunate ; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side, 
 i. Last gill-opening entirely in front of ventrals. 
 
 j. Gill-openiugs moderate ; teeth well developed. Lamnid^e, 11. 
 jj. Gill-openings very large, nearly meeting under the throat; 
 
 teeth small Cetouiiinid^, 12. 
 
 ii. Last gill-ojiening above the base of the pectoral. 
 
 Rhinodontid^, 13 
 
 cc. Dorsal fins each armed with a stout spine Heterodontid^:, 14 
 
 hh. Dorsal fin niugle; the first dorsal obsolete ; gill-openings 6 or 7. 
 
 Hexanchid-e, 15. 
 ** Pectoral fins very large, expanded at the base in front, this expansion separated 
 
 from the neck by a deep notch ; no anal fin . Squatinid^, 1G. 
 
 SUPEB-FAMILY SCYMNOIDEA. 
 
 {The Scymnoid Sharlcs.) 
 
 „ _ Family IV.— SCYMNID^. 
 
 {The Sleeper SharJcs.) 
 
 Sharks with two dorsal fins, both icitlwut spine, and no anal fin; fins 
 all small j gill-open^ags small, entirely in advance of pectorals ; mouth 
 
14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 but little arched ; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side of 
 it ; spiracles present. (The absence of dorsal spines chiefly distinguishes 
 this family from Spinacidw.) 
 
 Genera six ; species six or more, mostly of the Atlantic. (GUnther, 
 Spinaeidw, pt. viii, 425-429.) 
 
 "First dorsal opposite vontr.il8; teeth equal in Loth jaws, very oblique; «kin ronj^li 
 with tubercles and prickles Echinouiiinus, 8. 
 
 ** First dorsal much in advance of ventrals; the dorsals about equal; upper tee-h 
 narrow; lower quadrate, with a horizontal edge ending in a i)oint directed 
 outwards , SoitNiosus, 9. 
 
 8.-ECH|]«ORHINUS BlainviUe, 1816. 
 
 Spinous Shar1:s. 
 (Goniodus Agassiz.) 
 (BlainviUe, 1816; type Squahis spinosua Gmelin.) 
 
 Two very small dorsal fins without spine, the first opposite the ven- 
 trals; no anal fins; skin with scattered large round tubercles, sur- 
 mounted by prickles, like those on a bramble, and, like them, leaving a 
 scar when detached. Mouth crescent-shaped, a labial fold around the 
 angle of the mouth ; nostrils midway between the mouth and the end of 
 the snout. Teeth equal in both jaws, very oblique, the point being 
 turned outwards; several strong denticulations on each side of the 
 principal point. ISo nictitating membrane. Spiracles small ; gill-open- 
 ings of moderate width. A single species of the East Atlantic, straying 
 to our coast. ( ';??i'»c, a hedgehog, or sea-urchin ; ^cviy, shark.) 
 13. E. spinosus (Gmel.) Blainv. — Spinous Shark; BoucU. 
 
 " Spiracles behind the eye, behind the vertical from the angle of the 
 mouth. Teeth ogS'.o* Dorsal fins close together. Each tubercle with a 
 small spine in the centre. Brownish violet, with or without dark spots" 
 [GUnther). A large shark of the coasts of Europe and Africa; a stray 
 individual lately taken on Cape Cod. 
 
 (iSgitaZus sptnosMs Gmelin Linn. 1, 1500; Giinther, viii, 428.) 
 
 9.— SOiUNIOSUS Lo Sueur, 1818. 
 Sleeper Sliarlcs. 
 
 (Lwmargus Milller & Henle.) 
 
 (Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818, i, 2^22; type, Somniosus brevipinna Le 
 Sueur = iSgwa^Ms viicroccphah(« Bloch.) 
 
 Body elongate; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep straight 
 groove running backward from its angle ; nostrils near the extremity of 
 the snout j jaws feeble j teeth in upper jaw small, narrow, conical ; lower 
 
 "lass^ 
 
5. SPINACID^. 
 
 15 
 
 teeth numerous, in two or more series, the point so much turned aside 
 that the inner mai;;in forms a cutting edge, which is entire; spiracles 
 moderate ; no nictitating membrane ; gill-openings narrow ; fins all very 
 small the ventrals nearly opposite the second dorsal ; skin uniformly 
 covered with minute tubercles. Species few, of the Northern Seas. 
 (Latin, somniosiis, sleepy.) 
 
 14, S. SMicroccphalus (Bloch) Gill.— Sleeper Shark; Nurse. 
 
 Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth about one- 
 fifth the length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper jaw with 
 five rows of small sharj) teeth, which are incurved and lancet-shaped ; 
 lower jaw with two rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided in their 
 centres by a perpendicular ridge and directed outwards, about 2G teeth 
 on each side ; spiracles small ; skin rough ; fins small, the first dorsal 
 about as large as the ventrals and larger than the second dorsal ; pecto- 
 rals short; caudal short and bluntish. L. 8 to 20 feet (Storer). Cape 
 Cod to the Arctic Seas. 
 
 (Sqnalus microcephnluf Bloch, Schn. 135; Sommosna breripinna Le Siicnr, Journ. Ac. 
 Nat. Sci. Pliila. i, '-^22; Scymnus hrevipiima Storcr, Fish Mass. 235; Lcemaryus horealia 
 Giiuther, viii, 426.) 
 
 - Family V.— SPINACIDiE. 
 
 {The Dog-Jishes.) 
 
 Body more or less elongate; head depressed; eyes lateral, without 
 nictitating membrane ; mouth inferior, rather large, arched ; teeth com- 
 pressed, variously formed ; nostrils inferior, lateral, near the front mar- 
 gin of the snout ; spiracles moderate ; gill-openings moderate, Jive on each 
 side, all in front of the pectoral fins ; dorsal fins two, each armed with a 
 sjrine ; the first dorsal in front of the pectorals ; anal fin wanting ; caudal 
 flu with the lower lobe small or obsolete; ventral fins inserted pos- 
 teriorly. ' - 
 
 Genera six or more ; species about fifteen; rather small sharks, chiefly 
 of tlie Atlantic. {Spinacidw, part, Giinther, viii, 417-425.) 
 
 ' Teeth eqnal in both j.iW8 ; dorsal spines not concealed. 
 
 a. Teeth very small, straight, pointed, each with one or two smaller cnsps on each 
 
 side Centkoscyllium, 10. 
 
 aa. Teeth moderate, simple, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal cutting 
 
 edge, and a point directed outward Squalus, 11. 
 
 •* Teeth unequal, those in the upper jaw erect, triangular, those in the lr>wer jaw 
 more or leas oblique ; dorsal spines hidden beneath the skin. Centroscymnus, 12. 
 

 liii 
 
 dt'AlW,''^! 
 
 16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 lO.— CENTROSC YLLiIlJITI Mttller & Heulo, 1837. 
 
 Black Dog-fishes. 
 
 (Miiller & Henle, Systeinatiscbe Beschreiuung tier Plagiostomen, 191 ; typo Spinax 
 fabricii Reiuhardt. ) 
 
 Teeth equal in both jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with one 
 or two smaller cusps on each side at base ; mouth crescent-shaped, with 
 a straight, oblique groove at its single ; spiracles moderate ; gill-open- 
 ings rather narrow ; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine ; tlic 
 second dorsal entirely behind the ventrals. One species, [xivrpnv, spine ; 
 axulhov, ScylUum, an allied genus, from <r/wAAw, to rend or tear to pieces.) 
 
 15.— C. fabricii (R<'iiiliar<lt) M. & H.— Black Dog-finlu 
 
 Body covered with minute stellate ossifications ; coTor dark biown. 
 A shark of the Greenland Seas, lately taken off Gloucester, Mass., by 
 the United States Fish Commission. 
 
 {Spinax fahncii'Rv''m\\f>.\-(\X, Dansk. Vid. Solsk. Forh. 1828, iii, yvi; GUnther, viii, 425.) 
 
 1 1 .— SQ VAL.US Liunoeua, 1758. . 
 Dogfishes. 
 (JcanZ/iirts Risso.) .» 
 
 (Artedi, Liniia'us, Syatcma Nature ; typo Squahts acanthias L.) 
 
 Body rather slender; mouth little arched, with a long, straight, deep, 
 obli(]ue groove on each side; no labial fold along the margin of the 
 •nouth ; toeth rather small, equal in both jaws, their points so mucli 
 turned aside that the inner margin forms the cutting edge ; spiracles 
 rather wide, just behind the eye ; gill-openings naiTow, in front of the 
 jiectoials ; fins moderately devel()[)ed, the first dorsal larger than second, 
 much in advaiico of the ventral fins, Avhich are behind tlie middle of the 
 body, although in advance of the sec^ond dorsal. Small sharks, abound- 
 ing in the Temperate Seas. (Latin, stiualus, a shark.) 
 * Dorsal spine not grooved; its insertion rather boliiud inner angle of the pectorals. 
 IG.— ^). llcailtliiasL. — Picked Doff-Jinh ; Dotj-flsh ; Bonr Ihij ; Skittle-dog; Hoe, 
 
 Body slender ; snout i)ointed ; head 0^ in length ; depth about 8 ; 
 slate-color al)ove, pale Ix^h, ', back with whitish spots, especially in the 
 young. L. 1 to 3 feet; weight T. Ij jo poundvS. 
 
 A snuill sharj -toothed siiark, ranging vadely in the Atlautic, very 
 abuiulant along the sho;es of the Northern and Middle States. It is 
 somewhat viilued for its livers, from whi(5h " Dog llsh" oil is extracted. 
 American writers have usually considered our species {kSquolus ameri- 
 
6. GINGLYM08T0MATIDJS. 
 
 17 
 
 cantiii (Storer) Gill) as distinct from the European, but uo reliable dis- 
 tinctions have been ])ointedout. 
 
 (SininliiK (iranthia» \j. Syst. Nut.; AvauthitiH amvricumiK Storcr. Syii<>i)sis, r)C)(); Aran- 
 tliias amcriritnufi StonT, FinIi Muss, 2'Vi; Acanthuix vnliinriH fTiiiillicr, viii, 418. Siiitulm 
 ((i((A7i( (tinl. ) ^'i") tVom Ihf racifu- roust of the I'liitt'd Stutos, is cousitU'iiMl Ity Ur. 
 OiiiitlK'i" and others as tlie sumo si»<«ci('« ; Spinax {Aranth'u.H) suvllii (t\vi\ri}i,Yviw. Ac. 
 Nat. Si'i. I'liihi. 1854, 17(5; SuHalnn xurkVu (Jill, Proc. A<-. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1H62, 4l)S>. ) 
 
 12.— CE.\TKOSrYITIlVl'S l$()ru;;e & Capello, lHt;4. 
 (Bocaf^f &- Capollo, Proc Zool. Soc. lH(i4.'.i(>;{ ; \y\w ('< ntvoHv\jm>i iix tuiolepix ]5()C. & Cap.) 
 Dorsal tins each witli a tiphu; wiiich is hiddrti below the sldn; mouth 
 wide, but little arched; a lon.^-, dee]), straight, obliiiue {groove on each 
 side of the moutli. Tec^th of the lower jaw ol)li(iue, with tin: jmiiit more, 
 or less directed outwards. lT])per teeth lanceolate, on a <|uadranj;uhlr 
 base, with a single cusp. Spiracles wide, behind the eye. Oill openings 
 narrow, {xi-^rfuo, sinue; <t/''v'-"'', an ancient nann^ of soin<' shark. Worn 
 ffz'V'vr, a I'on's whelj).) 
 
 17. i\ c«Elol<*pis l{oiaf<;<> A. C'lpcUo. 
 
 Labial groove prolonged forwards, but separated by a broad space 
 fntia that of tlu* other side. Tpper teeth very small, narrow and hui- 
 ccohUe. The distance between the nostrils is rather less than I the 
 length of the pirooral portion of tlu^ snout. TiOwer angle of the pectoral 
 rounded, not produced. Dorsal fins short, especially the lir.st, the 
 length of which (without the si)ine) is onl, • about ^, its distance from 
 the second. ViXtreinity of the ventials below the tiud of the second 
 dorsal. Scales on the head and nai>e with stria', the others smooth, 
 nitii a depression at the base. Unif<u'm blax-kish l)ro\\n. {(iUnther.) 
 Coast of Portugal and neighboring parts of ihe Atlantic, a specimen 
 tiiUcn near (iloucester, Mass. 
 
 (B()i;.'ij?o A:, Cu[)«5l!o, Proc. Zool. Soc. l'''(>4, „'»);<; Criitroiih.irna rrrlolrjiix (iiinthor, viii, 4i?'J.) 
 
 SlTPRK-FAMlLY SCYLLTOIDEA. 
 
 {The Srifllhhl Sharks.) 
 
 Family \'I.— (IINGLVMOSTOMA'IM D^E. 
 
 ( The \i(r.se Sharks.) 
 
 Sliiirks with th" first dorsal nhore or hrhiml the reiiinds ; no spiiuvs; 
 anal tin |ueso,it; caudal tin bent upwai'ds, with n basal lobe; namth 
 iiileiior, \vit,h sm jM le*' l> in .several series; nostril conllnent with the 
 
 iiioiitli ; musiii valves ol b »tli sides forming a. (piadranf;nhu' llap in front 
 liull. Nat. Mt";. So. U\ 1' 
 
 '■< 
 
m 
 
 18 C0NTRIBU1I0N&,T0 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 of the mouth, each being provided with a free cylindrical cirrus; an 
 
 upper and lower lij), the latter not extending across the symphysis, 
 
 fourth and fifth gill-oi)ening8 close together; eye3 very small. The 
 
 backward position of the first dorsal distinguishes this familj'^ from all 
 
 others in our waters. Genera two; species about four ; large shsirks of 
 
 the warm seas. (8q/Uiidce pt. Giinther, viii, 407-409.) 
 
 "Teeth iii both jawH in many series, each with a strong incdiaii cnsp, and cue or two 
 smaller cusps on each side GlNOLYMoyTOMA , M, 
 
 13.— GIWOLiYllIOfiTOlflA Miiller & Henle, 1837. 
 (MUller &. tl2i\\v,, VViegmauu's Arch. I8',i7, p. — ; type Squahtn drralus Onu'liu.) 
 
 The characters of this genus are tho.se of the family above given, wilU 
 the addition of the following, Avhich distinguish Ginghjmostoma from 
 Nehrins: teeth of both jaws in many scries, each with a strong njcdiau 
 caisp, and one or tAvo smaller cusps on each side. {YtYr^hiioi;^ a hhige or 
 hingcliko joint; rrzofia^ mouth.) 
 
 18. «. cirratum (Gmel.) M. & H.— Nurse Shark. 
 
 Uniform brownish ; young specimens with small, seal tered, round 
 black spots; nasal cirrus reaching the lower lip; angles of the fins 
 obtusely vouiuled ; caudal fin forming nearly one-third of the total 
 length. L. (i to 10 feet. {Giinther.) 
 
 A large shark of the warmer parts of the Atlantic, abundant in the 
 Gulf of IMoxico and the AVest Indies, and occasionally taken on our 
 South Atlanti". coast. 
 
 (iSgim/Hs cirmYHs Gmelia's'LlunirUH, I, 1492; Miiller & Heule, 23 ; GUuther, \-iii, 408.) 
 
 SupsR-FAMiLY GALEORHINOIDEA. 
 
 {The Oaleorhinoid Sharhs.) 
 Family VII.— GALEORHlNIDiE 
 
 {The True Sharks.) 
 
 Sharks with f'vo dorsals and an anal fin; no spines; jjcctorals mod- 
 erate; caudal fin not greatly (elongated, not lunatt?, mod<n'ately bent 
 upwards, notched toward its end, and with thti basal much less (level 
 oped than the upper; caudal i)edunclenot kei^led; i)osterior giliopening 
 above the base of the pectoral fin; (\veH witli nictitating »jiiend)ranes ; 
 head not hammei-shaped, the snout being longitudinally proib'ced as 
 usual among sharks. A largo family of twenty or more genera and about 
 
7. GALEOEHINID^ — MUSTELUS. 19 
 
 sixty species; found in all seas. {Carchariidce part {Garchariina and 
 Mustelim) Gttuther, viii, 357-380, and 383-388.) 
 
 » Teeth Hat and paved, without cusps or cutting edges ; spiracles jjreseut. {MusteliiKB, ) 
 
 a. No pit at the root of the tail ; lahial folds well developed Mustelus 14. 
 
 *» Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or strrate sharp edges. {Galeorhinina;.) 
 b. Spiracles present, 
 c. No pit at the root of the tail. 
 d. Teeth small, each with a median cusp and one or two small lateral cusps 
 
 on each side Triaci8, 15. 
 
 dd. Teeth larger, with a siugle cusp, oblique, notched and serrated, 
 
 Galkokiiini's, 16. 
 cc. A pit at the rout of the tail ; teeth all serrate ; caudal liu with a double 
 
 notch Galkocerdo, t7. 
 
 bb. Spiracles obsolete. 
 
 e. Teeth serrate, more or less (entire in the very young or very old) ; little 
 oblique or nearly upright. 
 /. Teeth well serrated (in the adult); those of the ujtper jaw com|)ara- 
 tively broad or triangular; those of the lower narrow and clavilorni, 
 
 Carchaiunus, 18. 
 //. Teeth scarcely serrated, constricted at base, narrow, clavifonu, and 
 
 straight in both jaws Isogomphodon, 19. 
 
 ee. Teeth all entire. 
 
 g. Teeth nearly upright, the points not much directed towards the 
 
 sides Aprionodon, 20. 
 
 gg. Teeth oblique and flat, the points turned to the right or left away 
 from the centre, so that the inner margins are nearly horizontal and 
 present a cutting edge Scoliodon, 21. 
 
 14.— mirSTELVS Ctivier, 1817. 
 
 {Hound Sharks.) 
 
 (Bellon, Cuvier, Rfegue Animal: type Muntelita vulgariK M. & H.) 
 
 Body elongate, slender, not elevated ; snout comparatively lonpf and 
 flattened; mouth crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds; 
 teeth small, many-rowed, flat and smooth, rhomhic, arranj>ed like pave- 
 ment, alike in ^>oth .jaws; eys large, oblonj? ; sjnracles small, just be- 
 liiiid the eyes; pectoral ttns large ; first dorsal large, not much l)chind 
 pectorals; second dorsal sonu'what smaller; anal opposite scccmd dorsal 
 and still smaller; ventrals well developed; basal lobe of caudal almost 
 obsolete ; cmbryc* not attached to uterus by a placenta. Small sharks, 
 the smallest of the American species, known at once by the smooth, 
 l)av<Hl twth. (Latin, muntela, a wesisel or martin ; the use of the word 
 .similar to that of yaXirj, yaXsd':.) 
 
 19. in. hinnillUS (niaiiiv.) J. & (J. — Smooth Hoiniil ; i>«// .S/irt)7i.— Kmls.sole. 
 
 Uody slender, ta[>ering backward from the dorsal fin to the louj? 
 Hleiidcr tail; snout depressed, moderately sharp; mouth sruill, the teetli 
 all alike, a fohl at the angle of the moutli ; first dorsal rather largUi 
 
 
 < 'A4 ■ 
 
 ■\ 
 
mm;:,Mm:mMm^<mMsmmsmmm 
 
 iff :: ! 
 
 20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGV IV. 
 
 prolonged behind, nearly midway between the pectorals and ventrals ; 
 second doisal smaller, but larger than usual in sharks ; anal slightly 
 behind secv/nd dorsal, an«l much smaller ; pectoral tins broad and large, 
 leaching j)ast front of dorsal ; back slightly keeled. Smallest of our 
 sharks; abuiidant on the Atlantic coasts of both continents, especially 
 northward. Si)cciinens from Cape Cod and from Venice api)arently 
 differ in no important respe<'t. 
 
 {(raltvrhiiniH lihitndun BlaiiivilloFaiuu! Fnu'c. 18'J8,y3; MiisMun riilffarin HiiuthtiT viii, 
 :W(); MiislcliLs t'diiis Stoicr, Fish Mans. !W7.) 
 
 30. ]n. c»lirornicuM Gill. 
 
 First dorsal beginning over terminal third of pectoral ; its acute point 
 not reaching to insertion of ventrals; anterior angle of dorsal blunt ; 
 second dorsal similar to lirst, but snmller; snout rather more poinded 
 than in most of the species. I). 1.S + 17; A. 18; P. 22. Coast of Cali- 
 fornia. {Gill.} Scarcely dift'erent from the preceding. 
 
 (Gill, Proi!. Ac. Nat. l-'cl. Phlla. 1804, 148.) 
 
 15.— TKIACIS Milll.T & Heulo, 1838. 
 
 (llhitiotriacis Gill.) 
 
 {Ti'iakiH Milller & Henlc, Magazine of Natural History, vol. ii : type Triakiit aeyllium 
 Miillor & Henlc.) 
 
 Body compressed, elongate ; mouth large, crescent-shaped, Avith well 
 developed long labial folds; teeth small, numerous, similar in both 
 jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and one or two smaller ones on 
 each side ; eyes small, with nictitating nu'mbrau" ; si)iracles small, be- 
 hind the eyes; no pit at the I'oot of the caudal; no lower lobe to the 
 caudal; tlrst dorsal fni oi)])osite the space between the i)ectorals and 
 ventrals. Pacilic and Indian (hu'ans. (-/"^fT, three; ur, point.) 
 
 'J I. T. M>Hlir:iK<>in.til« Girard.— Ak/ Shark. 
 
 " Snout moderately ])rodnce(l, rounded. Nostril with a broad anterior 
 
 flap. The liist dorsal tin is nearly midway l)(>tween the i>ectorals and 
 
 ventrals, the second is not nuuli smaller than the lirst, an«l nearly in 
 
 advance of the anal. Upper parts with well delined black cross bands, 
 
 nanower than the interspaces. A row of rounded black si)ots along the 
 
 sides of the body, altcriuiting witli the iuterdorsal cross bars. Coasts 
 
 of California." {Oiinthcr.) 
 
 (Girard, Proc. A«'. Nat. Si'i. Phila. 18.')4, llXi ; (JUntlwr, vili, 384.— i/««<fc7M»yWw AyrcH, 
 Proi-. Gni. Ac. Nut. 8ei. IrtM, 18.) 
 
 *Jii. T. henlcKGill) Pntiiam. 
 
 C'Olor unilbrm reddish brown above, pah' Ix'low, the i)ectoral, ventral, 
 and uiml llus nuirgineil with i)aler; snout luodaced, slender; otherwise 
 
 ■t:'k:'^A 
 
7. GALEORHINIDiE GALEOCERDO. 
 
 21 
 
 essentially us in the preceeding {Oill). California. A single young 
 specimen known. 
 
 {RhinoMachhealei Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186«J, 486.) 
 
 16.— GALEOEtHlNVS Hlainville, 18lti. 
 Topes. 
 
 (Ga/fiw CuvuM-. 1H17.1 
 (Blaiuville, 1816: type Squalus gaU-^ut L.y 
 
 First dorsal opposite the si)ace between the pectorals and ventrals ; 
 month crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique, 
 notched, aqd serrated ; spiracles present, small ; nictitating membrane 
 present; no pit at the base of the caudal fin; caudal fin with a .single 
 notch. Tropical seas. {yaXio-:, a kind of shark colored like a weasel ; 
 /k'^Ti, shark.) 
 
 23. CJ. palcus (L.) Blainv.— 'ropp, 
 
 A short labial fold on both jaws ; teeth ||. Second dorsal fin only 
 one-third the size of the first and somewhat in advance of the anal. 
 Length of tail neaily ecpial to distance between dorsals. {Oilntker.) 
 Enrope to the Indian Ocean. "San Francisco." {Giinther.) 
 
 (SqualuH {idleitx 1.. Syst. Nat. ; Galem canin GiinlluT, viii, :}79.) 
 
 I"?.— OAL.KOCERDOM1111.T& Honl.', IKC. 
 Tiger Sharks. 
 
 (MiilltTiS:. H<Mile, Wiejiinann'H Archiv, 18:17: type Haleocerdo /(V/Whh« Miiller d Henlw.) 
 
 Mouth crescei:t-shaped; teeth nearly equal in both jaws, oblique, ser- 
 rated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin ; spiracles 
 present ; caudal fin with a double notch ; a ])it on the tail alvove and 
 below at the base of the candal fin; first diusal o])posite the space be- 
 tween pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most seas, [yahu :, 
 a Icind of shark, marked like yakli^s the weasel ; xe^orJw, a fox or weasel ; 
 xlfiiio-^ craft.) 
 
 24. G, tiKl'iiiiiM MiUlor «Jt Ilciilt'.— 7V//<t Shark. 
 
 Color blown, with numenms dark spots larger than the eye; candal 
 lin forming abont one third of the total length, much longer than the 
 space between the d()r.sal llns; s'»cond ihu'sal somewhat in advance of 
 the anal; a hmg labial fold along the ui>per jaw. {Gihither.) Ca|»e Cod 
 to Indian Ocean ; a rather largii sharl;, known by its variegated i'olora- 
 tion. 
 
 (MUUdv & Heule, f>9 ; GUnther, 378.) 
 
j^sfr'-HtiaBJfetfw'agaagtiitiim ' '-sl 
 
 d 
 
 : m 
 
 i'll 
 
 M 
 1.1 ' 
 
 C 
 
 22 CONTRIBUnONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 18.— CARCHARIRTIIS BlainTiUe, 1816. 
 
 Blue SharJcs. 
 
 {Cynocephalus Klein, Gill.) 
 
 (CarcAariaa Cuvi«r, not of Rafinesque.) 
 
 ( Prionodon Miiller «fc Heule. ) 
 
 (Eulamia G\\\.) " 
 
 (Blainvillo 181(» : typo Careharimm commersom Blainville.) 
 
 Large sharks, without spirachis, with the teeth in both jaws strongly 
 serrated in the a<hilt, those in the upper jaw broad, those below nar- 
 rower, straight, and claviform ; lirst dorsal large ; second dorsal much 
 smaller, usually not larger than the anal. Species nnmerpus in. the 
 tropical seas. (za/>;^a/>(/r, rough ; /Jjvjj, shark; abbreviated from Carcha- 
 rorhinuH.) 
 
 * Body and liead slender ; dorsal tin inserted midway between pectorals and ven- 
 trals ( Carcharinua). 
 
 25. C. glaucus (L.) .Tor. & Gilh.— Great Bine Shark. 
 
 " Snout very long, nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to the 
 extremity of the snout ; no labial fold excei)t a groove at the angle of 
 the mouth ; teeth of the upi)er jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near the 
 base ; lower teeth slender, triangular in young examples, lan(!eolate, with 
 a broad base, in old ones. Pectoral tin long, falciform, extending to the 
 dorsal, which is nearer the ventrals than the root of the pectorals." {Gun- 
 ther.) A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken on our 
 coast. 
 
 {Sqitalus ghiiicus h. Syst. Nat.; Carchai'iaH glauetia Onnthet, viii, 364.) 
 
 ** Body and bead stout ; dorsal fln placed close behind tbe root of the pectorals 
 {KuUtmla Gill). 
 
 96. C. obscurus (,Le Sneur) J. «fc G.—Diinkji Shark. 
 
 park clesir blue above, wMfc below; head rather ])ointed, tlnttened 
 
 above and below; tirst dorsal rather large; second smaller than the 
 
 anal, and coiisiilcrably jn'oduced behind ; pectorals large, falciform. A 
 
 large sliark, reaching a length of nine or ten feet, inhabiting tlie North 
 
 Atlantic and freijuently taken on our coast. 
 
 (SqiialuH ohKrurtis Lo Sn<Mir, Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1*^18, i, '223; Carcharian 
 obgoiirus (Tilntb*'!', viii, ',M\.) 
 
 97* €. milborti (MiilliT & Ilenle) .lor. & Gilb.— 7y/«e Shark. 
 
 This species is rex)resented as having the snout shorter, blunter, and 
 
 !'i 
 
7. GALEORHINID-E — I80G0MPH0D0N. 
 
 \i *.f\^''ty% ■ 
 
 M 
 
 hi<Ther than in the preceding, and with the i)ectoral fins considerably 
 
 shorter and broader, not reaching half way to the ventral s. 
 
 Cape Cod to the Meditenanean Sea. 
 
 (Carcliarian {Prionodon) viilbcrti M. & H. IW ; Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1864, 262.— Car- 
 charias caruleus DeKay, :}49; Lamna caudata DoKay. 1154. ) 
 
 27. /*. C. lamia (Ri8.so) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 This species was provisionally identified by Prof. Putnam from a tooth 
 obtained on St. Peter's Bank belonging to a fish estimated to have been 
 at least thirteen feet in length. {Goo(U} and llean.) In this species the 
 upper teeth are little oblique, serrated, broad, and regularly trian- 
 gular; dorsal large; the second dorsal smaller than the anal; teeth 
 2Jr3J. (Giinther.) 
 
 27 — 30 ^ 
 tCarcharias lamia Giinther viii, 1172; Prionodcu lamia Goodo & Bean, Bull. Essex 
 
 lust., isry, -M.) 
 
 19.— ISOGOMPHODON Gill, 1861. 
 
 Sharp-nosed Sharks. 
 
 (Gill, Auu. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 410; type Carcharias {Pnotwdmi) oxyrhynchus 
 Miiller & Henle. ) 
 
 This genus differs from Eulamia principally in the dentition ; the 
 teetli are similar in form in botli jaws, constricted at the base, claviform 
 and straight, their edges scarcely serrated; the snout is slender and 
 rather conic and pointed. Large sharks, of the tropical seas. (fV«T, 
 equal ; r"^'P"'i ^ "'^-^^ ^r peg ; (J<5«uv, tooth.) 
 
 9§. I. limbatUS (Miiller &L Henle) {iWX.—Sfiolted-fin Shark. 
 
 "Snout somewhat pointed in front, rather produced, the distance 
 between its extremity and the mouth being somewhat less than the 
 width of the mouth ; nostrils nearly midway between the extremity of the 
 snout and the mouth; teeth ^^^l^, similar in form in both .jaws, namely, 
 erect, constricted, on a broad base, the upper more distinctly serrated 
 than the lower ; gill-openings wide, at least twice as wide as the eye, 
 which is small ; pectorals falciform, extending beyond the end of the 
 dorsal, the length of their up|)er margin being nearly four times that of 
 the lower. First dorsal commencing ver^' close behind the axil of the 
 pectoral; origins of the second dorsal and anal opposite to each other, 
 the bases of both being nearly equally long. Caudal fin long, with the 
 iil)per edge slightly undulated, its length being equal to the distance 
 tetweeri the origins of the two dorsal fins. The lower side of the ex- 
 tremity of the pectoral, and tlw extremities of the second dorsal am 
 
I 
 
 24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 iiiiii], and of th(^ lower caudal lobe black". (Giinther.) Tropical seas; a 
 stray fsi»ecimen taken at Wood's Hole, Mass. 
 
 ; Carchariat i J'rinodon) limbntHf M. «Sc H., 49 ; Cnrvltarinn Umbatus Giinther, viii, 37:5. ) 
 
 JO.— APRIONODOi\ Gill, IHfil. 
 
 Smooth- toothed IShorls. 
 yAprinn Miilh'i" «fc Henlc, preoccupied.) 
 (Gill, Auu. Lye. Xat. Hist. \. V. vii, -HI : type Sqtialua pundatua Mitch.) 
 
 Snout more or less jnoduced and <*<)nj<; ; teeth entire, without serrifc 
 or basal cus])s, all of them narrowed on a broad base, the lower erect, 
 the ujtper erect or only slij^htly oblique ; dorsal more or less posterior, 
 oi)posite tlie s[)a<rc between pectorals and ventrals. (a, privative; -/>»«>, 
 saw^ ; odor/, tooth ; the edges of the teeth being always entire.) 
 
 99. A. |>llllct:i}llM (Mitch.) (i\\\.—SiiiO(>fh-tonlla'd Shark. 
 
 '"Distance of th<' extremity of the snout from the mouth equals th:it 
 
 between the nostrils. Pectoral tin subfalciform, extending to the end 
 
 of the dorsal. Second <lorsal nuich smaller than the first." {Giinther.) 
 
 Atlantic ; i)robably not common on our coast. 
 
 {iisqualuH piinctatun Mit. Lit. &.■ Phil. TraiiH. N. Y, i, 48!>: Carcharias iaodon M, «Si: H. 
 JW: Carcharidii piinrtatii)' CAuiilun; \ui, 'Ml.) 
 
 2I.--8COI.IOBOIV Miillor & Henle, MW. 
 Ohlique-toothed Sharl's. 
 
 (MiilUr tt Hfiihs, Wic<rniaini's Archiv i'. Niitur<r. iii : type ScoUodon latipaitdiiH M. 
 A H.) 
 
 Sharks with the teeth entire, oblique and flat, the points directed 
 toward tlic sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are nearly 
 horizontal, and i)resent a smooth cutting edge, those in front more nearly 
 erect; t<M'lh not swollen at the base; each of them with a deep notch 
 on the outer margin beh>w the sharp point; no sjnrades; a pit at base 
 of tail ; lirst dorsal well in front of ventrals, much larger than second. 
 (*rx«/("r, twisted or (^'ooked; oouv, tooth.) 
 
 30. S. t<»rrH*-iiova' (UnhnrdHon) GiU. —Sharp-voavd Shark. 
 
 Body slender; snout depressed, uxxlerately rounded; mouth U-shaix'd, 
 with a short labial groove at its angle, which groove extends on the 
 ni)per jaw as well as on the lower; distance between nostrils greater 
 than distance from nostrils to end of snout; gill <>i)enings narrow; first 
 dorsal moderate'., midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal 
 very small, slightly behind, and rather smaller than the anal; aual liu 
 mu(!h shorter than distance from anal to ventrals; a slight furrow along 
 
 '4\ 
 
 1< 'If 
 
8 SPHYNIDJ?. KENICEPS. 
 
 25 
 
 the middle line of the back, endiiijr in a pit at th«' root of the tail ; pec- 
 toral fins rather large; ventrals small. Color gnxy ; caudal tin with a 
 copspicuous narrow blackish edj^e. Xewfoundland to South America ; 
 common southward. Size rather small. 
 
 (SqualuH (CarchariaH) tcmv-iiorii Hichanlsoii. K. B. A. iii, 2H9: ('arr'iariaii trrrw-nurw 
 CfliutUer, viii, M).) 
 
 Family VlIl— SPHYRNID^. 
 
 [The Hammer lu'tided Shark)/.) 
 
 (reneral characters of the Galeorhinida', but the head singuhnly formed, 
 kidney-shaped or "• hammer "-shai)ed from the extension of its sides, the 
 iiostiils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the "hammer"; 
 mouth crescent-shaped, under the •' hammer" ; the teeth of both jaws simi- 
 lar, oblique. (;acli with a notch on the outside near the b.ise ; no spira- 
 <'les; last ^ill-opening over the pe«'torals; lirst dorsal aud pectorals 
 large, the dorsal nearer pectorals than ventrals ; se<'oiul dorsal ard anal 
 siiiall ; a pit at the root of the caudal ; caudal fin with a single notch 
 toward its tip, its lower lobe developed. Genera 3 ; species 5 ; inhabiting 
 most seas. Large sharks, known at once by the singular form of the 
 head. {Carehariidw, part: grouj) Zyffa'nina Giinther, iJSO-oS,).) 
 
 * N'oHtrils lu-ar th»> oyes. 
 
 (I. Nostrils simplj', with tin' IVontiil gro()v»>.s rudiiiuMitaiy or ohsoU'te ; lica^l reiii- 
 I'orni, its iiuterior and hiteril margins confluent, forming n semicirclt'. 
 
 Rexiceps, '22. 
 
 aa. Nostrils \ritli groovt^s extending in front toward llie middle of the head; 
 
 head trnly hammer-shaped Spjiyuxa, 23. 
 
 22.— RENICEPS Gill, 1861. 
 
 Bon net headed Sharka. 
 
 (Gill, Ann. Lyr. Nat. Hi.st, N V. 18()1, viii, i>. \Vi: type SquahiH Hhiiro L.) , 
 
 Flead reniform, the anterior and lateral margins couliuent, forming 
 
 a n^gular semicircle, the posterior uuirgins of the sides of the hammer 
 
 veiy shoit; nostrils close to the eyes, with the grooves indistinct. 
 
 (Latin, rena, kidney ; rept<, head.) 
 
 'Al. It. tibllS'O (li.) UiU.—Shvrel-hmd Shark ; lioiinel Head. 
 
 Body rather slender, not much (;ompressed; head depressed, semicir- 
 cular in front, reniform, the posterior tree margins short, the lateral nun- 
 f^ins continuous with the anterior; ])ectorals large; first (hmsal high, 
 mi<hvay betweiMi ])ect(mils and \eni lals ; se(!ond dorsal much smaller, 
 l)i<>(laced behiiul, higher and sliortei- than anal; ventral fins moderate; 
 aiiulal moderat<^; mouth small, crescentic; teeth small, very obliiiue, 
 with a deej) notch on the outer margin. Color uniform ashy, paler 
 
K^ 
 
 tfi^^i! 
 
 26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 beneath ; head 4;^ in length, 6 to tip of caudal ; width of head slightly 
 less than length of head. L. 3 to 6 feet or more. Atlantic Ocean j 
 abundant southward; ranging to China. 
 (SqitaliiH tibiiro L. Syst. Natunu : Zijtjcvna lihnro Giiuther, viii, 382.) 
 
 33.— SPIIFRNA Rufincsquc, 1810. 
 Hammer-head i^harkn. 
 
 (Ce«<rflcJo« (Kleiu) Gill; Zi/gwiia Cuwier ; preoccupied.) 
 (R;i<ino8r[iie, Ciirattcri tli Alcuni Nuovi Gontai, etc. : type Squalun zijgana L. ) 
 
 Head truly "hammer"-shaped, the anterior, lateral, and posterior mar- 
 gins distinct; nostrils near the eyes, the openings confluent with a 
 groove, which extends along most of the front margin of the head. 
 Species few, reaching a large size ; found in ail warm seas. {/T<pijfja, a 
 hammer.) 
 
 3*i. S. zygfsena (L.) M. & H. — Ilanimcr-headed Shark. 
 
 Width of head about twice its length ; i'lrst dorsal large; second quite 
 
 small, smaller than anal ; pectorals rather large; color gray. A large 
 
 shark, found in all warm seas; common on our coast from Cape Cod 
 
 southward. 
 
 (Squalus zyga'na L. Syst. Natunn : Zfigcena JHa//c«s Giinther, viii, 381: Zygwna mal- 
 leus Storer, Fish Ma.ss. 238.) 
 
 SuPEU-FAMiLY LAMNOIDEA. 
 
 {The Lamnoid Sharks.) 
 Family IX.— ALOPIID^. 
 
 {The Thresher Sharks.) 
 
 » Body moderately elongate ; the snout rather short ; mouth crescent- 
 shaped ; teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not 
 serrated; the third tooth of the upper Jaw on each side much smaller 
 than the others ; gill-openings moderate, the last one above the root 
 of the pectorals; no nictitatinf/ membrane; spiracles just behind eye, 
 minute or abvsent; flrst dorsal large, midway between i)ectoral8 and 
 ventrals; second dorsal and .inal very small; caudal fin exceedingly 
 long, about as long as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch on 
 the ui)per lobe near its tip ; lower lobe moderately developed ; no caudal 
 keel; ventrals rather large; pectorals very large, falcate. A single 
 species, reaching a large size, iidiabiting most seas ; known at once hy 
 the great length of the caudal lin. {Lamnidce, part, Giiuther, viii, p. .'393; 
 geuiiH Alopecias.) ■ ■ 
 
 JH ! 
 
: • i 10. CARCHARIID^. CAKCHARIAS. ^f 
 
 34.— AL.OPIAS RuiincHque, 1810. 
 
 Thresher Sharks. 
 
 CAlopeciaa MUller & Hculo; coiTected orthojjraphy.) 
 
 ^Rafinesniic, Caratteridi Alcnni \. Qeneri, etc. : type Alopiaa mttcrourun Raf. =Squalua 
 rulpes Gmelin. ) 
 
 The characters of the genus are includ<'(l .ibovo. {dkm::6-, a fox; 
 Latin, vulpes. A. rulpes was known to the ancients as «/.<uriX!a? = fox-li' e.) 
 
 33. A. vulp<*S (Gmel.) Bouap. — Thresher; Fox-Shark ; SwiiKjlc-lall ; Long-tail Shark: 
 A lar{;e shark, abounding in all warm seas, especially in the Mediter- 
 ranean and Atlantic. It is also occasionally taken on our Pacitic coast. 
 Known at once by the great length of the tail. 
 
 I SqualuH vulpes Graolin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 496; Alopecius vulpts Giintber, viii, 39.1.) 
 
 Family X.— CARCHARIIDJi:. 
 
 {The Sand Sharlcs.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, the snout sharp ; mouth crescent-shaped, wide ; 
 tlie teeth large, long, and narrow, subulate, most of them with one or 
 two small cusps at the base, their edges entire; gill-openings rather 
 liu-ge, all of them in front of the pectorals ; two dorsals, moderatci, sub- 
 equal, the anal similar ; tins, dorsal well behind pectorals ; caiulal well 
 developed, with a short basal lobe and a notch toward its tip ; no caudal 
 keel ; pectorals rather short ; no nictitating membrane ; spiracles minute, 
 pore-like. Genera 1 or 2, Carcharias 'Rat { = 0<lonta8pis Ag. ; not Car- 
 vharius C\iv. = Carcharinus) and ^^Migomphodus"; .species 3. Voracious 
 sharks of moderate size, chiefly inhabiting the Atlantic. {Lamnida;, part, 
 Giinther, viii, 392; genus Odontaspis.) 
 
 * Teeth large, awl-shapod, all or nearly all of them with one or two Hiaall cusps at the 
 
 ba«e CAKCHARIAS, 25. 
 
 35.-CAKCI1ARIAS Ratinesque, 1810. 
 
 Sand Sharks. 
 
 ( Odontasp'iH Agassiz. ) 
 
 (Riitinesfpie, Carat teri di Alcnni Nnovi Genori, etc. : type, and only sjyecies vtentioned, 
 Carcharias laiiriis Raf.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. [yApxapiK^ rough.) 
 
 * First and fourth teeth of the ux)por jaw and first tooth of the lower simple, with- 
 
 out basal cnsps. ( EHijomphodus (iill. ) 
 
 34. C. americunus (Mitch.) Jor. &, Gill>.— «SaMrf Shark; Shorcl-iiosc. 
 
 Body elongate, its depth one fifth the length ; head rather pointed, 
 about one seventh of the length ; fins small- the first dorsal not much 
 
 •>,A f . 
 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STRUT 
 
 WIBSTIR,N.Y. I4SS0 
 
 (716)872-4503 
 
28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 
 larger tlian the second, both similar to the anal ; pectoral fins short, 
 
 obtuse, or truncate ; color gray. L. 4 to feet. 
 
 A smal' voracious shark with very sharj) teethj rather common on 
 
 our Atlantic coast. 
 
 {SquahiH amcriaiiiiiH Mitcli. Trans. lAi. «fe Phil. Soc. 1H14, i, 4f'3: Squalus UttoraViH 
 Mitch. Am. Moutlily Mn^. ii. 1818, IWR: Carcharian i/riseim UtoroT, ViahosMasH. 217 
 Odoniaspis anKTiraiiim GiintluT, viii, ',VJ2: KugomphoduH littnmlin Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. 
 Sci. Pbila. I»*fi4, i>r)0.) 
 
 Family XL— LAMNID^. 
 
 {The PorheayleH.) 
 
 Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, with large 
 teeth, and the caudal fm lunate, the two lobes being not very unequal, 
 the upper lobe strongly beut upward; caudal peduncle with a keel on 
 each side ; gill-openings wide, all in front of the pectorals, entirely lat- 
 eral, not exiendiug under the throat ; first dorsal large ; j)et;torals large ; 
 ventrals moderate ; second dorsal and a/ial very small; a pit at the root 
 of the caiulal; si>iia<'lcs miiuite or absent. Genera .'i; si)ecies (i or 
 more. Those inhabiting our coasts have been much confused by authors. 
 {LamnUln\ part, (xiinthoi', viii, 38!)-;i02.) 
 
 *Tectli with cntin^ cdjfcs. 
 
 rt. Tcclli without basal ciisps, loiij;-, llcxnous, prisiuatic, and acute. .LsURUS, 26. 
 
 «rt. Tcotii, or most of tnem. with a small cnsj) on each si«l(> at base, compressed, 
 
 sharp, and somewhat triangular Lamna, '27. 
 
 **Teotli with serrated t'dgcs, coniim'sscd, ami Iriiingular in iorm..CARCUAaiODON, 28. 
 
 36.— 1SURV§ Ralinosque, 1810. 
 
 Porbeagles. 
 
 (Oxj/rhina Ag.) 
 
 (Raflnosquo, Carattori di A'cnni Nuovi Gcncri : type hunin oriirhjinchm Raf.=Oj!//r/u'»rt 
 fipalhnKtniii Hon.) 
 
 Snout rather long and pointed; first dorsal and ])e<!torals large; sec- 
 ond dorsal and anal very small; caudal ])eduiu;le slender; teeth hmg, 
 lanceolate, with shar]> entire cutting edges an<l no basal cusi)s. ((Vi*r, 
 equal; oup>i, tail; the two lobes of the tail being nearly equal, as in all 
 the memlx'is of this family.) 
 
 "First dorsal inserted entirely behind poctoralH, nearly midway bctweou iMictorals and 
 ventrals. (/Hitro))Hin Gill.) .^., ^^s£.._,^_-«..rt-frv--!»r^ "»-' 
 
 39. I. Klnu*'HM (^l- & H-) <J<'»"- <^ (iill).— .l/acfcor/ Shark. 
 
 This species, if reully occuiring on our coast, will be known from th(> 
 other Inuri by the position of the dorsal, which is distinctly behind the 
 
 13, 'a* li^ 
 
11 LAMNIDiE LAMNA. - 
 
 pectorals, nearly midway between them and the veutrals. This position 
 is represented in DeKay's rtsiure (Xat. Hist. N. Y. Fishes, pi. 03, fig. 
 200). Atlantic Ocean ; (Jnba {Poey). 
 
 (Oxi/rlntia ijlanva Miiller & Heulc, Gi): iMmna punctuti'. DuKay (uot of Mitchill), 
 1152: Isiiropnix dekaifi (Jill, Ann. Lye. N. V. viii, loli: Laraui ijlauca Glinlher, viii, 391.) 
 
 ** Dorsal liu iusurtisd clu^ic hi-hiud the loot of the ])cctoiiils, iiiuch iicai'er pectoruls 
 than ventials. (luiinin,) 
 
 36. !• oxyrhynchins llni'.— Sliarp-iioni'd shark ; Mackerel .'^liark. 
 
 "Prieoral juution of the snont as ion};' as the h)n}iitudinal axis of the 
 (left of the month, tetrahedral, pointed. Anj^le of the montli midway 
 between the jiill-openin^' and nostril. T(H'th — on each sid«' ; long, lan- 
 ceolate, with shini> lateral edges, wiihont basal cnsps. The third tooth 
 on each side of the' npper jaw is much smaller than those next to it. Gill- 
 (il»('iiings extremely wide, Ihc width of the first being rather more than 
 its distance from tln\ last. Origin of the dorsal tin at a very short dis- 
 tance from the base of the ]»ectoral.s, which are falciform, the length of 
 their lower margin being onc^-fourth of that of the iijiper." {(iunther.) 
 
 (St(ner's ligurc of ^'- Ijamna punctata'''' (Fisli. Mass. pi. .'{7, f. 1) repve- 
 sents, so far as the. position of the dorsal is eoiujerned, the present 
 European species, instead of the preceding. No mention is nmde of the 
 juosence of lateral cusps on the teeth. The occurrence of a true Lsurm 
 oil our coast does not seem, however, to have been verified, although it 
 is not im]\^'obable.) 
 
 {Ltimna piiiictatn Storer, Fish. Muhs. ^25: Lumna npullanzanU (Uirither, viii, 390: 
 huru8 oxyrli'inchiiH liiif. Curiitte?!, etc.) 
 
 li. ' -* 
 
 27.— LiAMNA Cuvier, 1817. 
 
 iA rbeaglcs. 
 (Cuvior, Rfegno Auiinal, ii : tyjio SqunluH vorn,ihim» Gniclin.) 
 
 Botly short and stout, the back (considerably elevated ; snout promi- 
 nent, pointed ; teeth triaugidar, pointed, entiri', each one with a small 
 cusp on each side at base ; (one or both of these sometimes obsolete in 
 the young on some of th(> t(reth ;) giIl-oi)enings wide ; dorsal and |)ectora' 
 tins somewhat falcate ; second <lorsal and anal fins very snudi, nearly 
 opposite each other; first «lorsal (riose b(>hiiid the root of the pectorals. 
 (kiiftm, a kind of shark, iVom ^untu^ a horrible anthro])ophagous monster, 
 into whi(^h a <luughter of Helns was <'hanged by Juno, because she was 
 l)oh)ved by Jupiter; a bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten relractory 
 children.) 
 
"^3^!S5?r 
 
 I 
 
 :■■;' 
 
 
 30 CONTSIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 S"?. Ij. cornnltica. (Gmol.) Fleming. — Beatimarin Shark; Porbeagle ; Tope. 
 
 Snout conical, pointed, ratlier longer than the cleft of the mouth ; 
 teeth - or - on each side (^ or - in European 8i)ecimens, Jide Gunther) ; 
 the third tooth on each side in the upper jaw small ; first dorsal begin- 
 ning over the axil of the pectorals; color gray. A large and fierce 
 shark of the Korth Atlantic, not till lately recorded from our coast. (A 
 specimen in the Museum of Butler University, from which the above 
 account was taken, w^as obtained by Dr. T. H. Bean at Wood's Hole, 
 Mass.) 
 
 {Squahia cornubivuH GmviMn, L. i, 1497; Giluther, viii, 389.) 
 
 2§.-€AKCHAR0I>01V Sniitb, 18—. 
 Cfreat White SharJus. 
 
 (Sir Andrew Sniitih, Proc. G»5ol. Hoc. Loudon, — : type Carvharodon ciipvuain Smith=iC. 
 
 roinleleti.) 
 
 This genus differs from Isnniti chiefly in the dentition, the teeth bein^f 
 large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, their edges serrated ; first dorsal 
 moderate, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal 
 and anal very small ; pectoral large, ventrals moderate ; caudal peduncle 
 rather stout; spiracles minute or absent. Sharks of ver" large size ; 
 found in most seas, {xapyafux;, rough; o<J<bv, tooth.) 
 
 38. C. I'Ondeleti Miiller &■ Heulo. — Mnn-eater Shark; Aiwoo(V8 Shark. 
 
 Body stout, de])th about 5^ in total lergth; mouth very large; both 
 
 jaws with live rows of large, triangular, serrated t«erh, those in the 
 
 lower jaw iuirrower, about - in each row ; first dorsal somewhat behind 
 
 })ectorals; caudal lin large iind strong. Color leaden gray; tips and 
 
 edges of pectorals black (Storcr). One of the largest of the sharks, 
 
 reaching a length of fifteen fe(^t and the weight of nearly a ton. It is 
 
 found in all tem})erate and tropical svias, but is rare on our coasts. 
 
 American specimens have been named C. atwoodi, but are probably not 
 
 distinct from the European. 
 
 (Miillor ife lltMilc, Plai;iostoiu(W, 7Uj GilutiuM-, viii, ',VJ'2: Carehariaa atwoodi Storor, 
 nshoHMiiMM. 22-^.) 
 
 Family XD.— CETORHINID^l 
 
 ■ {The Jia.shing ISlMrhs.) ., , • ,i 
 
 Sharks of imnu^nsc size, with the gill ojjcnings extremely wide, ex 
 tending from the back nearly to the median lino of the throat; all of 
 them in front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small, 
 
 I*: 
 
 liii 
 
13. RHINODONTID^ 
 
 31 
 
 numerous, conical, without cusps or serratures; no nictitating mem- 
 brane ; spiracles very small, above the corners of the mouth ; lirst dorsal 
 large, midway between pectorals and ventrals ; second dorsal and anal 
 small; candal fin lunate, the upi>er lobe considerably the larger; caudal 
 peduncle keeled; pectorals and ventrals large. A single genus, with 
 probablj' but one species ; the largest of living sharks ; inhabiting the 
 northern seas. (Lawwitto, part, Giinther,viii, 394; genus Selache.) 
 
 29.— CETORHIWrS niainvillo, 1810. 
 
 BnsMng Sharks. 
 
 (Selache Cuvior.) 
 
 (Blaiuvillc, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1810, p. 169: type Cetorhintis tjunnetl Blahiv. = /SjjtoiMS 
 maximus L.) 
 
 The characters (tf the genus are included above. (z>;r(ir, whale ; pivr,, 
 •A shark {iS(p»afina), from /n>r/, a file or rasp, the rough skin of the shark 
 being used for polishing wood and marble.) 
 
 39. C. maximus (L.) Blaiuvilk'.— Z/aaAi/i*/ Shark. 
 
 Body rugose, the skin very rough, with small spines ; head snmll ; 
 
 snout blunt; eyes small ; teeth iv six or seven rows in each jaw, about 
 
 200 in each row ; first ilorsal large, triangular, over the spjujc between 
 
 pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, rather larger than 
 
 anal; tail large. Largest of the sharks, reaching a length of nearly 
 
 forty feet; found in the Arctic seas; straying southward to Portugal 
 
 and Virginia. 
 
 {Sqiuiliis maximus L. Syst. Nat. ; Selachna maximus Sturcr, Fish. Mass. 22d : Helavhc 
 nMxima Gllntlier, viii, :594.) 
 
 Family XIII.— RHINODONTID^. 
 
 {The Whale Sharks.) 
 
 Origin of the first dorsal fin somewlnit in advance of the ventrals; the 
 
 second small, opposite to the anal; both without spines; a ])it at the 
 
 root of the (jaudal, with the lower lobe of the caudal well deA'(^lo|)ed ; 
 
 sides of the tail with a keel ; no nictitating ni(>mbrain'; spiracles very 
 
 small; mouth and nostril near the extremity of the snout; ttieth very 
 
 small and numerous, conical; gill-openings w de, the last u\u' above the 
 
 base of the pectorals. Large sharks, of warm sens. Two species ai'e 
 
 known, Rhi.odon ijjinrus from the Capo of (Jood lloi)e, and the foUow- 
 
 ing. {Rhinodontida' (Jiinther, viii, 3'.)().) 
 
 'Tooth oach recuivod biuikwanl ami aontoly ])oiuto(l, swoUon, and with a. bccl-liko 
 projuctiou in front rintug IVoui its bust) Micuibtouub, 30. 
 
 .il. 
 
 f9 
 
 ^'A 
 
 
 .>r 
 
 * .(■ 
 
 tm 
 
 -ir 
 
I 
 
 'ym^': 
 
 32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMIiRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY- -IV. 
 
 30.— I?IICRISTO»lJS Gill, l-iUT). 
 
 CCrill, Pror. Ac. Nnt. Sci. I'liilii. Irti"), 177: type MiciiHloditu piiiirtotua (i'\]\.) 
 
 This j-eims is known from its teeth only. These sire <lescribe(l as fol- 
 lows: "The teeth are fixed find extremely minute, th<' larfjest little 
 mor<' than a line in len;j;th (in a shiirk LM> feet lony) and deerease 
 towards the ends of the Jaw; they are disposed in regularly transvers«' 
 rows, of which there are J 04 to 107 on ea(;h side, while in front there 
 are l.'J to 1(> in each transverse row ; ea(;h tooth is recurved backwards 
 and acutely i)ointed, swollen an«l with a heel-lilce }>r()je<'tion in froiit 
 rising from it;> base." — ( Gill.) {/uxpu-j small ; ifrn')-, an ujnight projection ; 
 OfVih':, tooth.) 
 
 40. M. punrtatuM <4il1. 
 
 Avery large spotted shark found in the (rulf of ('alifornia. ((Jill, 
 Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila. l.S(i5, 177.) 
 
 Family XIV.— HETERODONTID^. 
 
 ( The Port Jackfion Sliarhs.) 
 
 Sharks with two dorsal tins, both ]>rovi(led with si)ines; the first (h»r- 
 sal opposite to the space between pectorals and \'entrals; the second in 
 advance of the anal. Body elongated, obtusely trihedral, gradually ta])er- 
 ing fioui the anal region towards the caudal lin ; head high, with the fore- 
 head declivous, little prominent; notitrils confluent with the mrutli; 
 mouth rather narrow, the upi)cr lip divided into seven lobes, the lower 
 with a fold ; spiracles snnill, below the low(!r i)art of the eye ; no ni(!tit:U- 
 iug memlu'ane; gill-openings ratluu- narrow; dentition similar in both 
 jawH, viz, small obtuse teeth in front, which in the young are pointdl. 
 and jn'ovided with three to five ('Usi)s; th(5 lateral teeth hirge, ])ad-like, 
 twi«'e as broad as long, arranged in obli<pie series, one series being formed 
 by mudi larger teeth than those in theothcsr series; caudal fin moderate. 
 Genera 1, 2, or .'J ; species about 4; inhabiting the PacilicOcean. Ofnuicli 
 interest toi)aheontol<)gists from theii' supposed rehition to certain extinct 
 types. [CeHtmvloHlUUv (liintlu^r, viii, 417, 41.S; but HeteroihmtUH has 
 priority over Cestriicioii.'< 
 
 * Ikunchiai i'o;fi(Hi loujfcr tliaii lii|L(li, tlu- slits li(\iiig iihtlu elongated ; iiielar tectli lljii 
 II lid rlosciy coMtij^iioiis (lYItoi'l.ia'KODCS, ;>l. 
 
 ai.-OVKOPl.KL'KODlJSUilMHU-;. ...--^- 
 (tJill, Vvw. \v. ,Niit. S( i. IMiilii. Ir^'iH, -IHU; type ContrmwH J'randiirHimm\,) 
 
 Tlio eharacttns tlislinguishing this grou|) froii' //r/c'/v></(>///».s are tims 
 given by Professor (iill : 
 
'• its 
 
 14. HETERODONTID^ QYROPLEURODU8. 
 
 m 
 
 "In the latter genus, the branches of the lower jaw are at tirst con- 
 ti/;uoiis and diverge from each other at an acute angle, while in front of 
 the obli«iue whorls of molars, and between the acute teetli of the front 
 which encroach on the sides, a <!Oi<liform area exists. The lateral or 
 molar teeth are numerous, and arranged in obli(iue whorls, Avhich rapidly 
 increase in size to the ttfth, behind which they again decrease. The 
 hninchial apertures are also comparativ^ely laige, the tirst being longer 
 than the length of the bran(!hial region. 
 
 "In Gyropleurodus, the branches of the lower jaw are widely separated 
 by an interval rounded in front and becoming wider behind, the sides 
 themselves being curved outwards; the aciute t(;eth are conlined to 
 the front and the molar teeth are few and disposed in about four whorls, 
 the first three of which slightly increase, while the fourth is almost 
 rudimentary. The branchial area is almost oblong." 
 
 Head short an<l high, broad, but with subvertieal sides; the forehead 
 vciy declivous from eyes, and with the snout wide and transverse, but 
 prominent; two blunt, diverging ridges are <!ontinued from each side of 
 the snout and abruptly merge into the more (;ons]>icuous superciliary 
 ri(lg<'s, the interval between which is nearly plane; teeth in front digi- 
 tated, with three or four cusps, (puncuncially distributed in low;; slightly 
 ('(diverging toward the middle; in tlie upper jaw, on the sides, molars 
 (»bh)ng and llattened, arranged in about four oblique whorls, uniform or 
 increasing backward, except the last, which is smallest; on the sides of 
 th(i h)wer jaw, also, are molars oblong, with flattened crowns, and arranged 
 in transvers(5ly obli<pu' whorls, but de(5reasing backward {Oill). t)no 
 species known. (;">":, ring or whorl; rrA -ww, side; ddou^, tooth.) 
 
 II 
 
 
 41. O. fraiiciMci (Cinl.) Oill. 
 
 Dorsal fins (M)nsiderably produced backward at their jmsterior angle; 
 
 the compressed spine forming about half of the base of each (in ; anal 
 
 Hn huge, din-cted very oblicpu'ly ba«'kwards, renching the root of caudal ; 
 
 ciimUd fin forming about one fourth of the length; coh)r l)rownislj, varie- 
 
 };ated with sparsely scattered small black spots all over the body and 
 
 lins. C!oast of (Jalifornia {(iUl). 
 
 {('eitracuni ./Va/ic'i'm (Jirard, Proc. A". Nat.. Hci. Pliilu. 1854, 1%; Cvtracion J'randaco 
 OiinthiT, viii, 41(i; Gill, Pnu;. Ac. Nat. Hci. Pliilu. 18G2, 492.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 3 • : ^ 
 
 'i"; 
 
TTTTf 
 
 i.'»' 
 
 .•]<; • , 
 
 . 
 
 •iilii "I I 
 
 34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 
 
 Family XV.— HEXANCHID^. 
 
 {The Cow SharJcs.) 
 
 Body elongated, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering towards the 
 caudal fin. Head depressed, oblong and semi-oval or semi-elliptical 
 above, with the snout i)rojecting. Eyes submedian or anterior, without 
 nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, large, arched in front, no labial 
 fold. Teeth in the two jaws unlike ; in the upper jaw one or two pairs 
 of awl-shaped teeth, the next six teeth broader, and each provided with 
 several cusps, one of which is much the strongest. Lower jaw with six 
 large comb-like teeth on each side, besides the smaller posterior teeth. 
 Spiracles small, on the side of the neck. Only one dorsal Jin, witlwut spine, 
 opposite the anal, and similar to it. No pit at the root of the caudal fin. 
 Giil-openiugs wide, six or seven in number. Genera 2 ; sijeciea 4 or 
 more; mostly ol'the Eastern Atlantic. {Notidanidce Giiuther, viii, 397- 
 399c) - . 
 * Gill-oponingij seven on each side ..Heptancus, 32. 
 
 32.— HEPTAWCUS KauDesque, 1810. 
 Perlons. 
 
 iNotidanua CnvieT, 1817 .) 
 
 (Heptranchias Raflnesque, Caratteri di Alciini Nuovi Generi, etc. : type Squalus 
 cincreus Gmelin. ) 
 
 Characters same as those of the family with the addition of gill-open- 
 ings seven, which separates this genus from Hexancus. {tTcra, seven; 
 ayxo':, bend or sinus, for gill -opening.) 
 
 *Mediaii tooth of lower jaw without central cusp. (Notorhynchna Ayren.) 
 
 43. H. indicilS (Cuvier) Miiller & Heule. 
 
 " Snout short and rounded ; cleft of the mouth broader than long. A 
 
 single median pointed tooth in the upper jaw ; the lower median tooth 
 
 with lateral cusps, but without central cusp. The first cusp of the lower 
 
 teeth is much stronger than the others and serrated on itsouter margin,"— 
 
 {Giinthcr.) Dark bluish gray, Avith many small irregular black blotches. 
 
 Tail more than one third of total lengtli. Size large. Cape of Good 
 
 Hope to California ; not rare at San Francisco. 
 
 (XotiduiiHn iniUcuH Cuvier, Regue Auiniiil: NoiidanuH hidkus Giiuther, viii, 398: Xoto- 
 rhynchvs macvlo.lus Ayres, Proc. Cal, Nat. Sci. i, 72 : Notorhynchua maculattia Gill, Proo. 
 Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1862, 49."i, and 18()4, 149 : Notorhynchua borealia Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila. 1864, 150. 
 
;*;l" 
 
 16. SQUATINIDiE — SQUATINA. 
 
 35 
 
 SuPEE-FAMiLY SQUATINOIDEA. 
 
 {TJie Sqiuitinoid SharJcu.) 
 Family XVI.— SQUATINID^. 
 
 " * ■ ' . \ 
 
 {The Angel Sharks.) 
 
 Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat; mouth anterior; teeth 
 conical, pointed, distant ; pectoral tins very large, expanded in the plane 
 of the body, but free from it, being deeply notched at the base ; ventral 
 flns very large ; two small subequal dorsal fins behind the ventrals ; no 
 iinal fin ; caudal fin small ; gill-openings wide, subinferior, partly covered 
 by the base of the pectoral ; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped; behind the 
 eyes; nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps. A 
 single genus, with perhaps but one species. Sharks of singular appear- 
 ance, inhabiting most seas. {Rhinidw Giinther, viii, 430,) 
 
 33.— SQUATINA Diimeril, 1806. 
 
 Angel SharJcu. 
 
 (Rhinn Klein.) 
 
 (Aldn)vuudi, Diim6ril, Zool. Anal. 18^5, : type Squalua mivatina L. := Squutina an- 
 {lelus Dnm.) 
 
 The characters of the genus are included above. {Squatina, the Latin 
 name of 8. angeltts, from aquatus, skate.) 
 
 43. S« ang[elUS Dnm6ril. — Anyel-fmh; Monk-fish; Angel Shark. 
 
 Bluish Jish-gray above, much b]otche<l and speckled ; beneath white ; 
 caudal flu short triangular, lower lobe longest ; dorsal flns short and 
 high ; skin rough, with small stiff prickles, largest along the middle 
 line of the back ; eyes small. A small shark, with expanded pectorals, 
 like a ray, found in most warm seas, not very common on our coasts. 
 Onv species has been generally considered as distinct from th(^ pjuro- 
 pean, under the name 8. dumerili, but without evident reason. A spe- 
 cies considered by Dr. Gunther to be identical Avith 8quatitta angelus 
 also occurs on our Paeiflc coast. . :_ ,: -^4^,- ^ —- 
 
 {Sqvahts sqnafina L. Syst. Nnt.: Sqiuitina angelus DuniMl, Zool. Anal. lOS : Squalm 
 itimeriU Lo Sncinr, .lourn. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila. i, 225: Shinasqiintinn G^nthav, viii, 430: 
 Sqnatina cal\fortiku Ay res, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1859, 29.) 
 
 .^1^ 
 
 in 
 
 
 * t* 
 
 * r 
 
 it? 
 
 h 
 
 
36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOHTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOOY — IV. 
 
 ill 
 
 {The ItayH.) 
 
 (lill-oponiiigs iiiifcnor, slit-Iik«% tlvii in liuiiiIxM'; HpiriicU's pivKi'iit ; no 
 anal fin; dorsal lins, if ])reH<Mit, InscrttMl on the tail; body typically 
 disk-like, broad and flat, the niarj-in of tlu^ disk b(»in}>' fornuMl by tlio 
 expandecl pectorals. Tail eoinparatively shnder, the (^andal lin small. 
 With the exception of the Raii<la\ nuist or all of the rays are ovo-vivi- 
 ])aron8. (Suborder Jiatoidei friinther, viii, 4;M— 108.) (Latin, raia or 
 raja, a ray.) 
 
 * Tail (•ompamtiwly tliick, UHiially with iii.v«mI drvHul jiiid caiidal Imih; no Horratrd 
 caudal Hpiiic nor H(']»»rat<' cephalic liuH. {I'achiiiira.) 
 a. Snout Haw-like, much ]in>duced, arnicd witli Htroujj lalcrul teeth . . I'jusTiD^:, 17. 
 Off. Snout not saw-like. 
 b. Dink paHsinj; f^radually into tli<^ lonjj Htout tail ; ])ectora!H not extt^ndinjij to 
 
 ihe snout KlllN01»ATlI)/K, H. 
 
 bh. DInU abruptly c<uitniclcd at base of liu^ tail. 
 
 c. Electric or<^ans i)reHent ; disk perfect ly snioot h T()Hi'Kl)iNii>,t;, lit. 
 
 <r. Khw'tric firyaiis al>.se;it ; disk an<l tail more ;ir Icsh prickly Raiid.k, ^(1. 
 
 "Tail very sleudtir, whip-like, itw iiuH, if any, huuiII and near its liaHc. (.]faHti(uii-ii.) 
 (I. Pectoral lins uninterruided, conllueiit anuind the .snout; teeth small. 
 
 Ti{Y(ioNii)/ii;, \l\. 
 (Id. Pectoral (ins interrupted, the appendages on the snout (" cephalic tins") 
 separate from the pe<'tc.rals. 
 
 0. Teeth larfre, Hal, tessellated MYr-iouATM)/!!:, l^i. 
 
 ce. Teoth very snuiU, Hat or ttiltercular (■kimiai.uitkuu)/!';, 2'.\. 
 
 Super-family PRISTOIDEA. 
 
 (The PrixtoiU h'ayn.) 
 
 Family XVII.— PRISTID.l^:. 
 
 ( Thr Saic-Jishcs.) 
 
 Body elongate, de[)ressed ; i)e(;toral lins moderate, the front margin 
 (piite free, not extending to the head ; snout produced into a very lonj;, 
 tlnn, flat blade, which is strmed with a series of strong tooth-like pro- 
 cesses along each edge; teeth in jitws minute, obtusr gill-openings 
 moderate, inferior; spiracles wide, behind the eye; nostrils inferior; 
 no tenta('les; no idetitating mend)rane; dorsal lins large, without s]>ine. 
 the lirst nearly opposite the ventrals. daiidal well developed, l)eiit 
 upwards ; a fold along each side of tail. A single genus, with five or 
 more species, inhabiting warm seas, sometimes ascen<ling the rivers. A 
 nimily of sharks, PriHtiophoHdce, similarly armed with a " saw," occius 
 iu the Pacific Ocean. {Fristklw Giiuther, viii, 430-43U.) 
 
v^5^ V* 18. RHINOBATIDiE — RHINOBATUS. ;'^ 8t 
 
 84.— PRI8TIS LaMiam, 1794. 
 
 ' Sawjinhea. 
 
 (Liitliiiin, Trans. Liuit. So*!, ii, p. 27(5: typo Squalun priatiH h.^VristUi autiqiKn^um 
 Latham.) 
 
 Tlie cliiirju'ters of tlui f?orms arc incliultd above. (;:/>{'«TT)jr, thci auci<'nt 
 
 uiuiu' ot'tlio saw-ttsli, from r/JcVrrr/r, a Ha\vy«q'.) 
 
 44. P.^iiitiquoriiiii ljiii\nm\.—Saw-JiHli. 
 
 Anterior dor.sal opposito vcntraLs; caiulal fin without lowca-lobe; nw- 
 tral ttiotli in 1(» to 20 pairs, nearly (Minidi.stant, stout, i)rovi<ie(l with a 
 cuttinj.'" anterior edge ; the size of the t<u'*;h subject to considernbU' varia- 
 tions; eaudal fin without h>w«u- h>be ; eoh)r grayisli. Jicngth 10 to lo feet. 
 Atlantic Ocean ; (u>niinon on b«»th shores, esjx'cially soulhward ; jjrobably 
 entering rivers. 
 
 (SqualiiH print in L. HyHf. Nutiirm : I'riHlin anlitjiittnim [iathaiii, TraiiH. Linn. Hor. 1794, 
 ii, W?; (JilntluT, viii, 4:J8.) 
 
 Family XVIII— RTIINOBATID^: 
 
 {Tlui Tjouff nosed Rayn.) 
 
 Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually jjassing into tln^ long and strong 
 tail, which is provijled with two well-developeil d<nsal lius, a eaudal lln 
 and a conspicuous «lernial fohl on each side; disk iu)t broad, tin; rayed 
 portion of the pectoral lius not Ix^iug continued to the snout ; noi'onspic- 
 uous spines, the skin being nearly smooth ; iu> electric organs, (jrcnera 
 .'J to o ; spe(5ies about 15 ; inhabiting warm seas. The form of the body 
 is as much shark-like as i« that of the shark Hquatina. {Rhinobatidoi GUu- 
 tlu'r, viii, 440-448.) 
 
 • FitHt (lorsal much behind tho vimtrals ; anterior uuHal valves not confluent. 
 
 KUINOBATUS, 35. 
 
 35.— RHINOBATUS Hloch & 8chuci<lcr, IHOl. 
 
 (Schnoi(l(n' cd. Bhxdi, Ichlhy. : type IlhinobaiUH rhinobatm HlcKili & Schnci(ler=fl/(tno- 
 haiuH iiranulatuH Cuv.) 
 
 Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Oanial cartilage 
 produced into a huig rostral i)roce88, the space between the i)rocess and 
 the pectoral fin being tilled by membrane. Spiracles wide, behind the 
 eyo; nostrils oblique, wide; anterior valves not confluent. Teeth ob- 
 tuse, with an indistinct transverse ridge. Dorsal ilns without spine ; 
 both at a great distance behind the ventral ftns. Caudal fin without 
 lower lobe. {i^ivTq^ a shark, Squatina; fiaro<:^ a skate.) 
 
 'X 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 1 r ■ 
 
fr^^ 
 
 I . 
 
 ■'^1 
 
 31 ^' ■■ 
 
 i'^iiiffi 
 
 38 CONTRIBUriONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOOY — IV. 
 
 4ff. R. |»i'0«lii<*fiiN Ay ION. 
 
 "Tlu» an((»i'ior nn.sil viilvo is diljitul into a vim'.v hjhtow lattiiul fold, 
 
 Noarccly proJtM'tin^ lu\v(>ii<l tlui iuinii] iiiar;;iii. Tlu> l(Mi|{tli (it'tlu^ noNtril 
 
 JH sli^Iitiy iiioir tliaii its distance IVoin tii(« latiu'al niaixiti of tlic head 
 
 and moiH^ ihixu i\\o (listaiwo between tin* iimcrani^U'Mor (in^ luistiils, and 
 
 much less than tho widlh of tlu' mouth, winrh iH very slightly arched. 
 
 Snout prodiu'od, the (list4iue«> bet\ve(>u iho outer an}>;U>s of the nostrilN 
 
 heiii^ K of that betw<>on the iiu)uth and the end of th<^ snout. A series 
 
 of small, de|>ress(>d, polished spines alou^ the median ridpHiftht^ bark; 
 
 jjroups of small, polished tubercles on th«» orbital margin an<l on tlu^ 
 
 shoulder. A broad {groove betAveen the rostral ritljjes, which are sepi:- 
 
 rated alonj; their entire lem^th. Snout lighter «'ol<»red than the rest of 
 
 the body." — {Streets.) Coast of California an«l southwaril. 
 
 (AyroH MSH.; (Jiriml, Vnw. Ac. Nat. Hci. IMiila. lHr)4, l'.H5; Stro.«ts, null. IT. M. Nut. 
 MilN vii, IH77, .V): Ithhiohatim kHcorhyiu'hnu Ciiiwlhrv, \iii. 111.) 
 
 SuPEK-FAMiLY TORPEDINOIDEA. 
 
 {T/ie Tori)edinoi(l IfnifH.) 
 
 Family XIX.— TOIIPEDINID^. 
 
 (^The NHnihJishcu.) 
 
 Rays with the trunK broa^l and smooth; the tail «H)mparativoly short 
 and thick, with rayed cauihil tin, and ,'ommouly two rayed dorsal this 
 the tirst of which is over or behind t lu^ vtMitrals ; a longitudinal foUl on each 
 side of tail; anterior nasal valves continent into a (pnidrangular lobe; 
 an electric orjxan composed of hexa^jonal tjd)es between the i)e(!tora[ 
 fins and tlui head. Cenera (J; siuvies about 15; larpe rays, noted for 
 their power of {fiviiig' electric shocks ; found in most Heas. ( TorpedinUia' 
 GUnther, viii, 448-455.) 
 *l)oiHul Iiii8 two; viMitniln sMpamto; Hpiraclos well behind the «\v«'h....Toiu*kdo, ltd. 
 
 36.— TORPEDO l)uiu(<ril, \m\. 
 
 Eteetrie Rayn. 
 
 (Dum^iil, Zo(»l. Aualyt. p. lifJ: lyjx^ liaiit toi^ivdo \j.) , 
 
 - Electri(! rays with the disk very broad, abrui)tly contracitc^ at tlu> 
 tail ; two dorsal tins ; (!au<lal tin well <leveloped ; ventral tins larjje, sepa 
 rate; 8i)iracles hufje, placed behind thecyes; mouth sniall; teeth loointed; 
 skin perfectly smooth. Large ruys, chielly inhabiting the Aijantic. 
 
■«J- 
 
 80. RAUDA: RAIA. 
 
 'SO. T. OCCldmlnliw HtcMor. — Ciamp-ftHh ; Torpido ; Numh-Jlth. 
 
 V'uHt tloinal iiioH' tliaii twi<H' uh Imx*' hh wc.oihI, pl>u*(u1 over tho von- 
 tnilH; HpiracleH not i'iiii;;('il, tlitMr cdfjcs Hiiiootli ; color aliiio.st uiiiforin 
 bliirk, wiMi ol)Nnir(Mljirk('r Hpots; 1m'IM'JI(Ii wliitf; h'-u^tli 15 to 5 ('cot; 
 iufiidtli if of Ini^tli, tlu* ilJNk v«U',v l>liiiit or aliiioHt ctiiiirKiiiiilc iii front. 
 Alliiiitu' rouHt ; not v(My roinnion. 
 
 (.stor«<r, Am. Jonrii. .Sci. AiIh, Ifi, p. l()5 ; Ht<»n'r, l''iHh»'H Mann. 247.) 
 
 IT. 'I'. «"llliforillril AytvH.—< 'aHJhrnia Critinp-jM). 
 
 Dark ^rayi.sli brown al»ov(^, tbi<'kly .spotted witli bhu'k ; dink broud 
 and roiin(b'(i, tbrniin^ nioro tban half tb«' 4'ntir(^ U^iif^tb; t<uttb Hmall, 
 very »barp. (!oaHt ofC'alitornia. {AyrvM.) 
 (Aynm, I'loc. CiU. Ac, Nut. Hci. 1854, 70.) 
 
 Super-family KAIOIDEA. 
 
 {Thv True limiH.) 
 Family XX— KAUlJylO. 
 
 {Thv. Skaien.) 
 KnyH with tbci di.sk broad, rhombic, nion' or h-nH mnnonH or roujjh ; 
 tail Htoiit, rathcir lon^, with a, lon^itndinal told on each Nid(% thi^ Hkin 
 coniinoidy ronj^h with .spincH; iiHually two dor<(ai lin.s and HoinctinicH a 
 (•an<ial tin ]>r<>s('nt on tlu^ tail; ])(>(;toral (ins extending to the Hnout; 
 vcntraks lar^o; no .s(Trat('(l .spino on tho tail; Jio oleotrio organn; ovi- 
 parons, thct'jj^H b(>in(r laid in lar<;o Icatlu'ry <';^jj-<!a.si'S, Coni- nnfjlcd, with 
 twolon}^" tubnlar " hornn" atoaoh ond. (}on<aa 1 or nuin!; Hpcc,i<'H4(), numt 
 of thoni belon^jinj^ to tho gtMi-.m Huia. Skatew of goncrally small Hizo; 
 fiaintl in all so.a.s. 
 
 'Ciuidal I'm nulimcritary or ubwiiit ; jinctoralH not conflnent around tho unoat; von- 
 trulH/looply nottiliod • Raia, 37. 
 
 37.— RAIA LinnujUH, 17.'iH. 
 
 Rays. 
 
 (Artcdi — Liiinm«8, HyHf. Niit. : iy\H^ liain ('Uumta\i.) 
 
 This jjonns, a.s here understood, (■()mi)ri.s('s all thoso Itaiidw which havo 
 tho pectoral IhiH not contiiined around the Hnout, the ventrals dcioply 
 notched, and the caudal Hn little dev<'lo|)ed or wanting-; tJa^ tail is very 
 distinct from the disk, and is providcil with two rayed dorsal fins; the 
 skin of the body is usually more or lesH spijious ; tln^ dentition differs 
 in the two sexes, and the male is usually provi(h!d with a ditferentiat«d 
 patch of spines on eacli i)ectoral. Species numerous. 
 
 -I 
 
 .'lU 
 
 ■ m 
 
 ■}•! 
 
 1 
 
 ■(-!'i 
 
m 
 
 ■^2 
 
 "'• ^ li 
 
 t , 
 
 40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Our tnowledge of the Americ{?ii species Las been in a state of great 
 confusion until very lately, the first careful comparison of the speciex 
 having been made bj' Mr. Garnian in 1874. On his excellent paper* the 
 following account is based. {Raia or Bajn, the Latin name of fishes of 
 1 his genus.) 
 
 1. — Atlantic Species. n 
 
 * Outline of tho disk anterior to the apirac]''8 r<»nn«leil, not forming an angle at the 
 tip of the snout. 
 tRowa of teeth about ^g. i • , mi 
 
 4§. R. crinacea Mitchill. — Commor Skate ; Little Skate; Tobacco-box. 
 
 Form rlionfooid, with all the angles rounded; spines largtstonthc 
 
 anterior extensions of the pectorals, where they are clos<5-s(^t, strong, 
 
 laterally <;oini)res8ed and hooked backwards ; smaller ones ari^ scuittercd 
 
 over the head, abov^e the spiracles, above and in front of the (^yes, on 
 
 the back, the median line of which is comparatively smooth, without 
 
 larger median s«»ries, except in the young. A triangular patch on tlic 
 
 shoulder girdle; inner jwsterior angles of the pectorals nearly smooth ; 
 
 in the males near the exterior angles of the pectorals are two rows of 
 
 large erectik^ hooks, jjoiuting backwards. Females with groups of small 
 
 scales on each side of the vent; teeth small, the middle ones sharjj in 
 
 the males ; all blunt in the females ; jaws much curved ; each side of tail 
 
 with a dermal fold ; caai'al lius rough, not separate to the base, i jlor 
 
 light brown, with small round spots of dark brown ; femalei; larger than 
 
 t!»e males. L. 1 to 2 feet {Oarman.) The smallest and conunonest of our 
 
 . kates ; abimdant on oiu* coast, esjiecially northward. 
 
 {liaia (friiiacva Mitchill, Am. .louru. Sci. Arts, xi, 290, 18'2r>: liaia eglantcria GUnther, 
 viii, 4<)5J; (iarmun, 1. e. 17(5.) 
 
 tt Ki>WH of teeth 'i'i {^ t<» H9)- 
 
 49. H. ocellatn mU'.hill—OaUated Ray ; liig Skate. 
 
 General form and a]>])earance of the pr'cceding; the arrangement of 
 spi?ies Mmilar, excei)t that additional rows of spines are present down 
 the ba"k and along the siih'sof the tail; .;au(lal fin ]U)t separate, rough 
 with small ,si>ines; Jaws curved. Oolor light brown, with rounded dark 
 spots ; a translucent si>;ice on each side of the snout ; near the posterior 
 angle of the pectimil tlu're is usually (but not always) a large white 
 ocellus, with a dark si)ot in the centre and a ilarker bordc^r ; two smaller 
 similar spots often present {Garman). Sizti very much larger than thi^ 
 
 * On tli;.> Skates (Kajie) of tho Kastern Coasts of the llaiteil Htates: By H. W. Out- 
 man. <Proc. Host. Soe. Nat. Hist, xvii, Nov. 4, 1874, pp. 170-181. 
 
 iil i'v\; 
 
-''^l .' 'J^ 
 
 RAIIDiT: RAIA. 
 
 41 
 
 preceding specien, reaching a length of nearly three feet. Tlie egg- 
 cases are more than twice as large an those of the suialler species. 
 
 (Mifchill, TiiuiH. Lit. &■ Pliil. Soc. i, 477, 18ir>r Baia diapharten, pt. ; Storer, Fish. 
 Mass. 240; Garmaii, 1. c. 177.) 
 
 "Outline of thndiHk iiiitorior to thii 8;)iiiM!l»'.s forming? n inoro or less markt'd angle 
 at the tip of tbo 8nouf . 
 
 (Angle at tip nf Riiout Hhort and obttiMo; rows of teetli ^8; body and tail with 
 large bucklers. 
 
 50. M. radiatll Donovan.— .S<«rr^ Uay. 
 
 In addition to the spines on the pectorals, head, back, and tail common 
 to the preceding species, this species is marlced by the presence of large 
 spinous plates or bucklers. Tliese are large strong spines, with broad 
 stellate or shield-like bases. They are arranged as follows : One or 
 two in front of ea"h eye ; one on each side between the eye and the 
 spiracle ; a ])air on th(! shoulder, the smaller in front ; and fourteen or 
 more forming a dorsal row, boginning just back of tlie head and extend- 
 ing to the caudal. An irregidar row of spines on euch side of the tail, 
 separated from the .nembrane by a band of shagreen ; males witli tv^o 
 or more rows of claw-like sjjines on the pectorals. Teeth with a long 
 sharp point, rising from the middle and hooking backwards in the male, 
 blimtish in the female; females larger than the males and ujore spinous. 
 {Oarman). Size medium. L. lito2feet. North Atlantic; fou^d both 
 in America and Europe. 
 
 (R'tia radiata Donovan, Hist. Brit. FiHli. v, pi. 114, 18^0; Gilnther, viii. 4(50; Oar- 
 mnii, I. c. 177: Idna amcrkana DeKay, 2(!0. ) 
 
 tt Anglo at tip of Hnoni acute, moderately produced; rowH of teeth JJ. 
 
 31. R. esclutntcrin Jia(!^p<>de.— /inVr Ray. 
 
 Prickles comparatively small and very sharp, most numerous on the 
 anterior portion of the pectoral, over the hea<l^ on the snout, on the 
 middle of the back, and '>n the tail botw<'en the ix>ws of larger oi.es ; 
 enlarged spines present around the eyes air.l spiracles, on the middle of 
 the snout, in a median row along the back, and in two rows along each 
 side of the tail ; these spines very shar]), larger and smaller ones alter- 
 nating in the rows; a large spine in the middle of each shoulder; a 
 spine between the caudal llns. Color brown, with ban<!s, bars, lines, 
 blotches, and spots of darker in the middle of the pectoral ; a translu- 
 
 ' >' 
 
 « ■• 
 
 4 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 cent splice on each side of the rostrum. (Oarmtm.) L. about 2 feet. 
 
 Atlantic coasts of the United States ; not very common. 
 
 {Raia etjlanteria Bosc, MSS; Lac(5p5de, Hist. Nat. dos Poiss. ii, 103: Raia desmareatia 
 Le Sucnr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. iv, 100 : Raia chantenag Lo Sueur, 1. c. 103 ; Garinan, 1. 
 c. 179.) 
 
 tt Anglo at tip of .snout mncli producod, blunt ; rows of teeth §^. 
 
 53> K« ISBVis Mitchill. — Barndoor Skate. 
 
 Angles of the disk more acute than in any of the others; muzzle 
 much produced, somewhat shovel- shaj)ed at tip. Spines of the body 
 very few and small. Some present above the eyes and spiracles, on the 
 snout, along the anterior border of the pectorals, and on the back ; those 
 on the back very small. A median dorsal row of larger hooked spines 
 extending along the median line of the posterior portion of the back 
 and the tail. Usually two lateral rows on the tail. Female rougher, as 
 usual among rays. Color variable, brownish, with paler spots, which 
 are usually ringed with darker. The largest of our Atlantic species, 
 reaching a length of about four feet. Virginia northward j not uncom- 
 mon. 
 
 (Mitchill, Amor. Monthly Mag. ii, 327, 1817; Storer, Hist. Fish. Masa. 18(57,248; 
 Garnian, 1. c 180.) 
 
 93. B. y^raneilata Gill. 
 
 " A remarkable species, with the back and ventral surface covered 
 with, mifiute sharp granular ossifications, obtained by Capt. Joseph W. 
 Collins on Le Have Bank. A species of the same type -as B. lavisj and 
 having 30 to 31 teeth on each side; the back granulated and slate 
 colored; the ventrals distinguished by reticulate markings, and the 
 claspers slender and scarcely expanded." {Oitl.) 
 
 (Gill MS.; Goode & Bean, Bull. Eaaox Inst, xi, 1879, 28.) 
 
 2. — Pacific Species. 
 
 A4. Vt, cooperi Oirard.—liuj Skate. 
 
 iJisk broad, its widest part behind the middle. Snout long, regularlj 
 long-acuminate, but not very sharp at tip, the anterior outline of the 
 pectoral not nuu^h undulated, and little concave. Interorbital space 
 very broad, almost flat, slightly depressed in the middle. Supraocular 
 ridge scarcely elevated. Eyes small, shorter than the spiracles. Spines 
 on body small and few. Two or three small spines around the eye. One 
 or two near the centre of the back. Otherwise none on median line of 
 back, in front of bane of ventrals, where a serie.s of spines begins, feeble 
 
iv i 20. RAIID^ RAIA. ; :; 
 
 anteriorly, but growiug larger backvyaM. Females (as in other species) 
 with lateral series of spines on the tail. Upper surface mostly covered 
 with minute prickles, which are largest on the median line of the back, 
 on the tail, and the front of the pectorals. Disk smooth below, except 
 anteriorly. Teeth about ^f, the jaws rather strongly arched. Disk 
 one-flfth broader than long, its width twice the length of the tail. 
 Snout 3J in length of disk, 2^ interorbital width. Color brown, with a 
 (lark ring at base of i)ectorals. Upper surface everywhere with round 
 pale spots. The largest of our skates, reaching a length of over six feet. 
 The egg-case nearly a foot long. Abundant on the Pacific coast from 
 Monterey to Sitka. 
 
 (Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. 372 ; Jordan &. Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus- 
 
 1880,135.) 
 
 a. R. rhina Jor. &. Gilb. 
 
 Disk broad, the outer pectoral angle sharp, farther forward than in 
 R, cooperi. Anterior outline of pectoral somewhat undulated and ex- 
 ceedingly concave, so that the snout is very long, acuminate, and taper- 
 ing to the extreme point. Interorbital space quite narrow, little con 
 cave. Supraocular ridges slightly elevated. Eyes large, much longer 
 than spiracles. Spines on body comparatively strong; five to seven 
 above the eyes ; two or three near the middle of the back ; none on 
 the median line of the back until opposite the posterior end of ventrals, 
 where a series of rather sharp spines begins. Prickles on body above 
 rather large, shaq), strongly stellate; those on the snout largest and 
 most stellate. Skin above everywhere prickly in the female; the 
 inickles small and sparse on the base and edges of the pectorals and on 
 ventrals ; larger ou the median region of the disk. Male with bases of 
 hus smooth, and the prickles generally fewer and smaller; anterior 
 edge of pectoral M'ith sj)ines. Under side of disk almost every wuere 
 prickly in the females, smooth posteriorly in the males. Mouth some- 
 what arched. Teeth |^. Color light brown, nearly plain, with a dark 
 ring at base of j)ectorals, which grows obscure with age. Disk one- 
 tiMith broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail. Snout 
 iK'urly one-third the length of the disk, 3,^ times the interorbital width. 
 L 2^ feet. Monterey to Puget's Sound ; not rare. __ _.^, ., , , ., 
 
 (Jordan & Gilhort, I'roc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, —.) 
 
 5tt. R. bJiiocillntn Girard.— Common Skate (of California;. 
 
 Disk broad, its widest part well forward; outer angle of pectoral 
 blunt ; posterior edge convex ; anterior margin of pectoral uudulated, not 
 
 

 
 44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 strongly conoavo ; .snout rather point«Ml luul projectinff al tip, but not 
 
 vory lonp;, it.s aouniiiuition boinfjf connntMl to its anterior half. lnt<ir 
 
 ocular spaw narrow, jleoply and unilbrnily coiu'avt'. ICycM large, longer 
 
 than spiraeleH. Supraocular ridge prominent. Spines on body rather 
 
 stmnger than in related speciies. Four or live over the eye; five or six 
 
 (rarely fewer) along the nie<lian line, in front of the middle of the hack. 
 
 A series of very small spines along the ntiddle of the buck, changing 
 
 opposite the middle of the ventrals into a series of rather strong hooked 
 
 spines. Tail with a stiong lateral series in females only, as usual in tlui 
 
 genus. Prickles on the body snmll and few. A small band of si)arse 
 
 ])rickles near the median Vuw of back on each sid«» of tlu^ median series 
 
 of si)ines. Snout and intiMorbital spac(s i)rickly. No prickles on the 
 
 shoulders o«' on the flns, except the anterior e«lgei of tlu> j)ectorals. He 
 
 low smooth, excei)t the snout and front of ])eetorals. Teeth ■\%. Jaws 
 
 somewhat curved. (Jolor light brown, slightly mottled; a bhickish ring 
 
 at base of pectorals, which beiHunes faint in the adult. A snuill dusky 
 
 spot at base of ventrals and on posterior edge of pe<'torals. Disk one 
 
 tenth broader than long, its brea<lth twice tlu^ length of the tnil. Snout 
 
 one-fourth the length of the «lisk, three times the niteivrbital width. 
 
 L. 2 feet. Coast of (Jalifornia, from Monterey to Cape Mendocino; 
 
 abundant. 
 
 (Girurd, I'roc. Ac. Nut. 8ci. Philii. 1854, 196: Umptmi hiiioculata (Jimrd, U. 8. Pftc. 
 R. R. Expl. Fislu's, :i7:i ; GiinUi.T, viii, -1(54.) 
 
 Vrtr. incrmis .Ionian «Sr Gilhort (var. iiov.). 
 
 Difters in the small nund)er aiul feebleness of the spines and prickles, 
 and in the presence of a band of small i)rickles (in the females) on the 
 posteror ly.a't of the [)ect<)rals, ))arallel with the edge. Sujjraocular 
 spines almost obsolete. Tw») or three minute prickles oft-en present at 
 the shoulder. A series of minute stellate prickles beginning near the 
 middle of the back, be(H)ming hooked spines on the tail. Lateral caudal 
 spiiu's scarcely ditVerentiated. A band of snmll prickles on posterioi- 
 l)art of the back. Males almost smooth. Santa Barbara, Cal. 
 
 ftT. B. Stelllllnfa.Tonlan iV (iilbort. "" 
 
 ""Disk much broader than long, anteriorly broa<lly arched ; the snout 
 vory obtuse, but its tip slightly exserted an<l acutish ; anterior margin 
 of pectorals somewhat undulated and (convex; posterior nuirgin very 
 convex. A row of stout supraocidar sjunes ; about six spines on the 
 scapular region, and a median row of strong spines on the tail. Entire 
 upper surface I'ougli with strong stellate prickles; these large C on 
 
^..:..„ ,,...^ .::,,; .U.-r-JV^: ■ 81- TRYGONIDiE. \;ir,.% :/,:,.-;::-■ v.:V,:_^,.. ... 46 
 
 head, middle of buck, and on tail, lliider Hide smooth except nnU^ 
 riorly. Teeth ^|f. (Jolor brown, everywhere Htrongly varicKJit^Ml with 
 li^'ht and .lark colorH; a bhick .spot at l>aMe of eacli pccNmil, .snri'ounded 
 by a pale rin^, and this by a bhu;k rin^ ; nuineronM black wpots of varionH 
 hIzivs, Mome of them ocellated, Hcatt^jred over the body; head with black 
 cr(»s.s-bar.s. 
 
 Di.sk one llfth broader than hmin ; the lenj^th of tail more than half 
 (ho width of dink; lh(i Hiiont 4A in lenjjth ofdi.sk, and IJ^timeHthe inter- 
 (nl)ital width ; the «nont in as lon^ a.«« in hhioculala, i)nt mnch wider, 
 appcarinj^ blunt and nliorl. L. li<J feet, iiay of Monterey, California; 
 locally iibun<l}iiit. 
 
 (.JonliHi &Um>oit, I'vw. U. .S. Niil. Miih. IHHO, VX\.) 
 
 Family XXI.—TRYGONIDiK. 
 
 {The mhiy Hmin.) 
 
 Disk u.sually inon^ or less broader than lon^ ; the pectoral linHunint<*r- 
 niptedly confluent in front, forininj; the tip of the snout; tail variously 
 formed, usually whip like, .souuitimes short and stout, Mometimes bearin;; 
 a sinji;le «lor.sal or (caudal lln, but never with two d<u-.sals. Usually on<M)r 
 more vertical fohls of skin on the tail, rarely a htteral fohl. Tail {generally 
 armed with a larjic, sharp, riitrorsely scurate spiiH'. on its upper surfmse, 
 toward the ba.se (two or thn^e spin^vs occasionally present). Ventral 
 liiis not (^maTginate. Hkin snu)(>th or variously prickly or spiiu>us, rough- 
 est on the adult. No din'erentiattMl spines on the [tectorals in the nuiles, 
 the sexes beint;' similar. Mouth rather small. Teeth small, paved, usu- 
 ally mor<( or less pointed or tubercular. Nostrils near together; nasal 
 valves forming a rectangular tlap, which is joiiu'.d to the upper jaw by 
 a narrow frenum. Hpiracles large, |)Ia.(!ed clo.se behi ml the eyes. Skull 
 not elevated, the eyes and s|>iracles superioi'. Ovoviviparous. Genera 
 about 10; species i5(). Found in most warm seas, some of them in the 
 fresh waters of (Central and Houth Ameiica. The large spine on the 
 nmscular tail is capable of inllictinga, si^'creajul even dangcirous wound. 
 (7'n/f/«nif/(if(iilnUnir, viii, i71-'IHH.) 
 
 •Tail HtioiU, provided with ii ntycd «'aii(liil fiti nuoi.oiMIUH,* 3W. 
 
 •*Tiiil HidiitUir, without, r-auilal liii. 
 
 tTail very Hhoit, shorter \\uu\ the Itroad (IIhU PTKlu»tM,ATKA, :i!>. 
 
 trrail whiii-liii(s hniKer than ihit ilink Dahvatis, 40 
 
 • 
 
 * Til tlio koy to the fainilieH of UaUv, on jiaf^e IMi, the ehnracter !iHsiniie»l to Trytjovidn!, 
 "Tail very Hh^iider, wlup-like, itHlliiH, if aiiy,Hinall and near itHluiHe," does not apply 
 to ilie K»"i»iH Urolophim, and Hhould he niodilled. All the " t'achytua" luive two «lor- 
 niiIh and a traou at Umnt of aeandai tin. In tint " MaHti<;nra" one or inoro of theso Huh 
 are ohaolute, and a aorrated candal Hpiuo Ih guuurally prcHont. 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 it 
 
 Til' 
 r 
 
 ■ t 
 
:M 
 
 46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^IV. 
 
 3§ IJROLOPHUS MUUor & Henle. 
 
 Round Sting Bays. ' ■ 
 
 
 if' '1 1 
 
 (Miiller & Heule, Plagiostouicu, 1837, 173 : type Urolophus aarantlacus Miiller &, Henle 
 := Raia critciata LacdpMe.) 
 
 Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal. 
 
 Snout rounded or slightly prominent. Skin smooth or somewhat prickly. 
 
 Tail rather short, little if any longer than the disk, muscular, provided 
 
 with a distinct rayed cpudal fin ; no dorsal tin. Upper part of the tail 
 
 with a strong serrated spine. Warm seas., Size small. {<ii'>pd, tail; 
 
 A«^«r, crest.) . - . 
 
 * Skill perfectly smooth. ; ; .. 
 
 58. U. Iialleri Cooper. 
 
 Disk nearly round, a little broader than long, with the anterior mar- 
 gins straightish, meeting in a slight angle. Snout (from the eyes) longer 
 than the width of the interorbital space. Tail somewhat shorter than 
 the disk. Skin without spines or prickles. ikAor light brownish, with 
 marbliugs and wavy lines of yellowish and dusky, sometimes with 
 yellowish spots, occasionally with wide, obscure dusky streaks, which 
 are crossed by similar transverse streaks. Belly yellowish tinged. 
 Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward ; exceedingly 
 abundant in sheltered bays. L. 12. The smallest of our sting rays. 
 Closely related to the Australian U. cruciatm, if not identical witl) it. 
 
 (Cooper, Proc. Ciilif. Ac. Nat, Sci. iii, 95, ) 
 
 89.— PTEttOPLATEA Miiller &. Henle, 
 (Jlilller & Henle, Phif^iostomen, 1837, 168: type Raia altavela L,) 
 
 Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting in a very 
 obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute. Tail very short and 
 slender, shorter than the disk, without tin, usually armed with a small 
 serrated spine. Skin smooth or very nearly so. Size moderate or rather 
 large. Warm seas. {7:T£/>aj fins ; Trlaria, broad ; nrepmtXarsia, an ancient 
 
 'Spiracle without tentacle. *• ,„, - ^,>-, * 
 
 59. P. ilUK'.liiru (Lo Sueur) Miiller & Htiule. —IMtei'flu Ray. 1 ..lll'l' 'j^Ji ' 
 Disk scarcely twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth 
 
 skin. Tail about one-third as long as the disk, with a very slight der- 
 mal fold above ami below. Snout a little projecting, so that the anterior 
 edge of each pectoral is somewhat concave. Color brownish olive, 
 lonely marbled with grayish, and finely speckled. Anterior edge of disk 
 
ai. TRYGONID^ DASYATI8. 
 
 47 
 
 with half spots of paler. Tail with four dark blotches above, forming 
 half rings. (Caudal spine wanting in all the specimens examined.) Vir- 
 ginia to Brazil ; not uncommon. 
 
 {Ilaia maclura Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 41 ; Duui^ril, Hist. Nat. 
 Poiss. i, 614 ; Giluther, viii, 487.) , ' 
 
 60. P- niarmok'ata Cooper. 
 
 Disk about twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth skin. 
 Tail 3f in length of disk, with a rather small cutaneous fold above and 
 below, the lower fold the longer, the upper about as deep. Interor- 
 bital space a little shorter than the snout. Snout slightly prominent, 
 but forming a very obtuse angle. Olive-brown, finely mottled every- 
 where with darker, the dark forming rciiculations around pale roundish 
 spots. Toil without dark rings. Caudal spine much smaller than in 
 other sting rays ; present in all specimens examined. Coast of Califor- 
 nia from Point Concepcion southward ; common. 
 
 (Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. iii, 112.) 
 
 40.— DASYATIS Ratiuesque. 
 
 ■ . * ■ ^ 
 
 Sting Bays. 
 
 ( Try ffQii Aiianson.) 
 
 (Ratinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Geu. 1810, 16: type Dasyatis ujus Raliue8que = 
 Rata pastitiaca Linuicus.) 
 
 Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender, 
 whip-like, without tin, but often with one or two vertical membranace- 
 ous folds. A strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin 
 more or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, i)aved. 
 A few ])apilla; usually i)resent in the mouth behind the lower jaw. 
 Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seas. Many of the spinous 
 species are nearly or quite smooth when young, {ihtrrn-, shaggy or 
 rough; /3«t£'c, a skate ; hence properly i>as?y/M/i.'?.) ;• vr' 
 
 * UpiMT candul fold obsolete; lower well dovdopod. {Ilcmitriffion MUUcr «fc Hculoi.) 
 
 <il. D. cciltruil'll$i(MitcIiill) Jordan »feGilbert. — Common Utiiifj Jiay ; Clam Cravkir; 
 Stinganr. 
 
 Disk a little broader than long, its anterior angle obtuse. Tail rel- 
 atively stout, about one-third longer than the disk. A well developed 
 fold below, but the ui)per fold reduced to a mere trace. Disk perfectly 
 smooth in the young, with more or less of tubercles along the median 
 Hue of the back an<l the scapular region in the adult. Buccal papillsB 
 3. Width of mouth about half its distance from the tip of the snout. 
 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Caudal spiue 1^ times width of mouth. Spiracles very large. Color 
 nearly uniform brownish. L. 8 feet. Cape Cod to Florida ; common. 
 (Perhaps includes more than one species.) .,:-;., 
 
 (liaia centrura Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & PhiL Soc. N. Y. i, 471) : Pastinaca ha«talu De- 
 kay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 373 : Trygon hastata Giintber, viii, 476. ) 
 
 Ujiper and lower caudal folds well developed. {Daayatia.) 
 
 63> D. sayi (Le Sueur) Goode & Bean. 
 
 Disk rhomboidal, a little broader than long, the muzzle moderately 
 promiiieut. Width of mouth contained about 2i times in the length of 
 the snout. Tail with two well-developed folds, the lower fold consider- 
 ably the larger, both smaller than in Z). diptenirm. Tail slender, 
 prickly, nearly twice as long as the disk ; its spiue extremely long ; its 
 length 2J times the width of the mouth. Skin smooth in the youn^^, 
 becoming roughish with age. Several rather strong recurved spines 
 along the middle line of the back. Spiracles moderate. Buccal papillic 
 
 5 (7). Color brownish. South Atlantic States to Brazil. 
 
 (liaja say Le Sueur, Jomu. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 42 : Trygon myi Dumdril, 
 Elasraobrauch. 603: Trygon pastinaca part GUuther, viii, 478.) 
 
 63. D. dipterurus Jordan & Gilbert. 
 Disk rhomboid, slightly broader than long, anterior margins nearly 
 
 straight, meeting anteriorly in a very obtuse angle ; posterior margins 
 curved ; lateral angles rounded ; tail nearly half longer than the di«k, 
 with a conspicuous cutaneous fold below and a smaller but evident one 
 above; jaws considerably arched ; buccal papilhe 3; teeth |^. Young 
 perfectly smooth. Adult with a row of low but rather stout tubercles 
 on the median line of the scapular region and two others on the humenil 
 region. Tail with small prickles. Caudal spine long, its length nearly 
 3 times the width of the mouth. Color bluish brown, nearly plain. L. 
 
 6 feet or more. Bay of San Diego, California ; abundant. 
 
 (DaayhaUa dipteriiruH Jordan «& Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 31.) 
 
 64. D. tuberculatlis (Lac6p.) Goodo & Beau. 
 Disk rhomboidal, a little broader than long ; anterior borders scarcely 
 
 concave, the posterior almost straiglit ; external angles rounded ; muz- 
 zle pointed ; tail below with a cutaneous fold, higher and longer thaii 
 the upper fold, covered for its posterior two-thirds with small ossifica- 
 tions ; tail nearly 2^ times length of disk. All the middle of the upper 
 surface of the body, from the posterior region of the head to the base 
 
 iiMi 
 
 ■MM 
 
-•^ 88. MYLIOBATIDJE. 
 
 of the tail, covered by an armature composed of a very great number 
 of small bony tubercles. Along the median line an irregular series of 
 tubercles with the base enlarged, jilmost quadrilateral, the points directed 
 backward ; a tubercle on the shoulder girdle on each side of the median 
 Hue. Five pnpillai in the mouth. Jaws strongly arched. Very young, 
 almost smooth. Uniform brown. {Dumcril.) Florida to Brazil. 
 
 {liahi iuhcrcnlutu Lac^pi>d(», lli.st. I'oiss. ii, lOG: Tryyon tnberculata DumtSril, Elasmo- 
 braucli. 60.'): Tnjgon tuhcrciilata Giintbcr, viii, 460.) 
 
 63* D« sabiiius (Lc Sueur) Goode & Bean. 
 
 Disk oval-rhomboidal, scarcely longer than broad, the anterior bor- 
 ders lightly concave, united by rounded angles to the posterior borders, 
 ^hich are longer and a little convex; snout projecting; tail twice as 
 loug as the body ; upper part of the he 1 rough with small spines ; on 
 the middle of the back a row of tubercles commencing behind the head 
 luid prolonged on the base of the tail ; 5 buccal papilla> ; two siiines on 
 each side oi the shoulder girdle ; tail rough, with two short, low cutane- 
 ous folds; uiouth strongly arched. Color uniform yellowish brown. 
 [DnmSril.) " Distinguished from D. ccntrurus by the shape of the disk, 
 tbfl shape of the caudal spine, and the wing-like membranes on the 
 tail" {Goode in lit.). Perhaps '.dcntical Avith the preceding. 
 
 (Tnjgon sahina ho Bnenr, Jouru. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1824, iv, 109: Tri/gon sahina 
 Duui6ril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 007: Irygon tnberculata Giiutlicr, viii, 480, i)art.) 
 
 Family XXII.— MYLIOBATID^. 
 
 {The Eagle Rays.) 
 
 Disk broad ; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout, 
 but ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the 
 snout as one or two fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are suji- 
 ported by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip-like, with a single 
 dorsal fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong, retrorsely 
 serrated spine. Nasal Aalves forming a rectangular fh'p, with the pos- 
 terior margin free, attached by a frenum to the upper jaw\ Skull less 
 depressed than usual among rays, its surface raised so that the eyes and 
 spiracles are lateral in position. Teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessel- 
 lated, the middle ones usually broader than the others. Ovoviviparous. 
 Xo differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes being- 
 similar. Ventralsnoteniarginate. Genera 3 ; species about 20. Large 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 4 r . . , - v 
 
 I,; 
 
 „ ii 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 
 
 131 
 
 -'!'• 
 
 I I 
 
 1' . • < 
 5 
 
 ■ y I 
 

 •; ■!/ 
 
 .•=*i-««5«i«Pi«'*fes*:'*-.«<BB:iSr;i' 
 
 i' .1 
 
 i: ( 
 
 ■i^^l 
 
 mi 
 
 50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 sting rays ; inhabiting warm seas. Similar in habits to the Trygonid(H. 
 (Group MijUohatina Giiiithcr, viii, 488-495.) 
 
 • Muzzle entire. 
 
 a. Teeth iu a siuglo series, very broiid Aetobatis, 41. 
 
 aa. Teeth in severiil series, the middle series very broad Myliobatis, 4'2. 
 
 •* Muzzle emarginatc ; cephalic fins below the level of the disk ; teeth in several 
 series RiiixoPTEnA, 43. 
 
 41.— AETOBATIS Miiller & Ilenle. 
 
 Bishop Bays. ^ 
 
 (BlainvUle; Miiller & Henlo, Plagiostonxen, 1837: type Rnja narinari Euphrason.) 
 
 General form of Myliohatis. Muzzle entire. Teeth flat, broad, form- 
 ing a single series corresponding to the middle series in Myliohatis^ there 
 being no small lateral teeth, tipper dental lamina straight, lower 
 curved, the latter projecting beyond the upi)er. Free border of the 
 nasal valve deeply emarginate. Skin smooth. Tropical seas, {airo-^ 
 eagle; ftariq, ray. 
 
 66. A. iiariiiaB'i (Enphrasen) Miiller & Henlo. 
 
 Disk twice as broad as long, its anterior borders a little convex, pos- 
 terior concave, outer angles pointed. Cephalic fin about one-third 
 broader than long. Teeth of the lower jaw straight or more or less 
 angularly bent. Tail 3 or 4 times length of disk. Brown, with small 
 round pale spots. {Dnmvril.) Virginia to the Indian Ocean; not very 
 common on our coast. 
 
 {Baia narinari Euphrasen, Vet. Ak. Nya. Handl. 1790, xi, 217 : Baia flagellum 
 Bloch, Schn. 301; GUnthcr, viii, 492; Diimeril Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, G42.) 
 
 42.— MYL.IOBATIS C. Dumdril. 
 
 Eagle Bays. 
 
 (Dnm6ril iu Cuvicr R^guo Animal, ii, ed. 1, 137, 1817 : typo Baia aquila Linnaius.) 
 
 Disk broad, the outer angles Jicute ; cephalic fins forming a soft con- 
 vex appendage in front of the snout; jaws about equal; median teetli 
 very broad, nuich broader than long in the adult, i)roportionally nar- 
 rower in the young ; several series of narrower teeth on each side of 
 the median series. Free edge of the nasal valve not deeply emarginatc. 
 Tail very long and slender, with a small dorsal fin and one or more ser- 
 rated spines. Skin smooth or nearly so. Size large. In all warm seas. 
 (/xyAt'ac, a grinder ; /ISrtV, ray.) , , , , •„, _, . . 
 
22. MYLIOBATID^ RHINOPTERA. 
 
 m 
 
 67. Itl* frcminvillei Lc Snciir. 
 
 Disk broader than long, the breadth equal to the length of the tail. 
 
 Skin entirely smooth. A blunt, whitish i)r()niinence over each eye. 
 
 ]\Iuz/le prominent. Teeth of the main row 4 to G times broader than 
 
 long ; small teeth in three rows, lleddish brown. Tail nearly black. 
 
 Cape Cod to Brazil ; not uncommon. 
 
 (Lc SmMir, Jonrn. Ac. N;i'. Sci. Phila. iv, 111: MtiViohath fcis/x'nosHS Dutn6ril, Hist. 
 Niit. Poiss. t)37: Myliobalis a (ttoStorer, Hist. FiHlj. Mass. "J 15.) 
 
 6N. I^. californicus CAW.— California Sting Hay; ISalfixh. 
 
 Disk not quite twice as broad as long; the wings anteriorly convex, po.s- 
 tcaiorly somewhat concave. Cephalic fin very blunt, nearly 4 times as 
 broad as long. Tail nearly twice as long as the disk. Ventral large, 
 broader than long. Lateral teeth in 3 to 5 series on each side; median 
 teeth only 3 to 4 times as broad as long, even in the adult. Skin wholly 
 smooth. Color dusky brownish, the young somewhat variegated. San 
 Francisco southward ; very common on the Pacific coast. 
 
 (RhinojytiTa vcapertilio Girard, Boston Journ. N.'it. Hist. I<i7, 5-14: UolorJiiniis rc/tper- 
 filio Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 18G">, 3;U (not Myliohatia vespertiUo Blocker); 
 Gill, Anu. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1865, viu, 137.) 
 
 43.— RHINOPTERA Kuhl. 
 
 Cow-nosed Bays. 
 
 (Kiilil, Miillcr, Abliandlungen Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1836, 237 : type Rhinoptera brasiliensis 
 Miiller=: Myliobatis jusaieui Cuvier.) 
 
 Disk broader than long, with the anterior angles more or less acute. 
 Snout more or less emarginate on the median line. Cephalic fln emar- 
 oinate and placed on a i)lane below the level of the pectorals, the snout 
 thus appearing four-lobed. Free border of the nasal valve not emar- 
 ginate. Teeth in 3 to 20 rows, the median teeth more or less enlarged, 
 but often smaller than in Myliobatis. Tail long, whip-like, with a small 
 dorsal fin and a serrated spine. Tropical seas, {/nv, snout ; r.repuv, fin.) 
 
 69. R. quadrilo1>a (Le Suenr) Cuvier. 
 
 Disk one-third broader than long; anterior borders almost straight, 
 posterior undulated ; muzzle deeply emarginate. Teeth in seven rows, 
 the median teeth four times as broad as long. Tail very slender, a lit- 
 tle longer than the disk. Skin smooth or nearly so. Color brownish. 
 Cape Cod to Florida; not rare. Attains a large size. ^^ -, .-- ^~ 
 
 [Rixw qitadriloba Le Sueui, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 44 ; Giiutber, viii, 494; Dum^ril, 
 Hist. Nat. Fkiisa. i, 648. 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 w 
 
 ( 
 
 I' ■ 
 
 _t 1 1.' t /i : 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 •1 
 
 •I J 
 
 f^ 
 
 •I 
 
 
 ,i.-''^ 
 
 :■>: 
 
 ..' !-.> 
 
 * 
 
 <l' ■' 
 
 I * 
 
 ,ta 
 
 »o 
 
 m 
 
.••fi:**? ..i-r jpf!:«-i*T,.«»l" 
 
 52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ..-il 
 
 Family XXIIL— CEPIIALOPTERID^. 
 
 {TJie Sea Devils.) 
 
 Rays of euormoiis size, with tho disk broader than long and the pec- 
 toral lins not continne'l on the sides of tl.e head, the anterior or eephalio 
 portion developed as two long ear -like appen<fages. Mouth wide, tcr 
 min.al or inferior. Teeth very small, Hat or tuhercidar, in many series, 
 those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting. Eyes lateral. Nostrils 
 widely separated, their valves united, forming a tlapas wide as the cleft 
 of the mouth. Tail long and slender, whip like, with a single dorsal liu 
 at its base, and with or without a serrated spine. Ventral fins not 
 emarginate. Skin more or less rough. Males without differentiated 
 spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. General*; 
 species about 7. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes. 
 
 Found in the tropical seas. 
 (Myliobatidce, group B. Ceratoptcnnn GUnthcr, vili, 496-498.) 
 
 * Teeth in lower jaw only ; mouth terminal Manta, 44. 
 
 B I 
 
 44.— ITIANTA Bancroft. 
 
 {Ceratoptera Milller Sc Ilcnlc.) 
 
 (Bancroft, Zool. Journal, 1828-'29, iv, 444: type Ceplmloptcra manta Bancroft = i?am 
 birostris Walbanm.) 
 
 Disk broader than long, its exterior angles acute, the posterior mar- 
 gins of the pectorals concave. Head truncate in front ; the cephalic 
 fins long, turned forward and inward. Moutli large, terminal. Teeth 
 minute, present in lower jaw only. Tail whip-like, often (always?) with 
 out serrated spine. Skin rough, with small tubercles. Two species 
 known. {Manta, blanket, "a name used at the pearl fisheries between 
 Panama and Guayaquil to designate an enormous fish much dreaded 
 by the divers, whom it is said to devoiir after envelojnng them hi ita 
 vast wings.") 
 
 70, m. birostris (Walbanm) Jordan & Gilbert.— iSea Devil; Devil Fish; Maiifa. 
 
 Disk not quite twice as broad as long. Tail about as long as the disk. 
 Teeth in about 100 longitudinal series, which are separated by distinct 
 interspaces. Skin of body and tail everywhere covered with saiall 
 stellate tubercles, reuderiug the surface very rough. Brownish, the 
 
24. CUIM^RID^. 
 
 53 
 
 iiiargius of the disk darker. (Dumcril.) Tropical waters of America; 
 uortli to North Carolina and San Diego, lieadics a width of about 20 
 feet. 
 
 C^liaia birostria Walbjiuin " : Cephaloptera rampiiruH Mitcbill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. 
 Y. If'A '"^•': DiaholkhihyHdllotii IIolinoH, Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist. 1H56, :{9 : Cn-atop- 
 tcra vampyrus Dumcril, Hist. Nat. Puias. i, G6U : Ceratoptera tampyrua UUuther, viU, 498.) 
 
 Subclass HOLOCEPHALI. 
 
 {The Chimccras.) 
 The characters of the single order. 
 
 OuDER F.-IIOLOCEPHALI. 
 
 {The Chimccras.) 
 
 Skeleton cartilaginous. Gill-cavity witli four clefts within, but having 
 one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin, within 
 which is a rudimentary cartilaginous operculum. No spiracles. Mouth 
 inferior. Jaws without separate teeth, but armed with bouy plates. 
 Intestines with a spiral valve. No air-bladder. Jaws and palate 
 coalesceut with the skull. Derivative radii sessile on the sides of the 
 basal bones of the limbs, separated from the articulation. Pectoral fins 
 normally developed, placed low. Ventral flns abdominal. Tail taper- 
 ing. Skin smooth or nearly so ; its uuiciferous system well developed. 
 A single family. 
 
 {Holocepliala Guuthor, viii, 348-352 ; bXoc, solid; Ke<pa?i7i, head.) 
 
 
 'fj 
 
 .'lii 
 
 Family XXIV.— CHIM^RID^. 
 
 {The Chimccras.) 
 
 Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly , tapering posteriorly. Head 
 compressed. Mouth inferior. Upper lip deeply notched. Nostrils 
 confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow isthmus. Jaws with 
 the teeth confluent into four bony laminje above and two below. No 
 spiracles. Males with a peculiar cartilaginous hook, armed with prickles 
 at the tip, autl turned forward on the uppcir part <if the snout. Pectoral 
 tins free, placed low. Ventral fins abdominal, many-rayed, provided in 
 the male with claspcrs. Dorsal fin usually divided ; anteriorly with a 
 very strong spine, which is grooved behind. Caudal fin low, fold like. 
 Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually 
 with numerous branches anteriorly. Three free gills and two half gills, 
 
^ ; 1,4 . 
 
 
 :lii 
 
 'm 
 
 I iPi 
 
 ii" 
 
 '4 Vi 
 
 immi 
 
 54 coxTUiimrioNs to nouth amkuican ichthyology — iv. 
 
 Olio on each sido. Istliiuus. iuoil<»r,U»^; uill rakoi's sinsill. Ovipamns, 
 thi» ojijr-oaM's lonjj, olliptioal. with -silky llIaimMils. (lonora *J ((7uwi(r»<i 
 ami Cfillorhunrlfu.'i); spooios about .^. Ahoumliiiji in tho soasoltonipor- 
 ato and ooM iv}ii»>ns. 
 
 •8uou( (<oft, not tonuinsUiuji in a »ut:n\i-ousl1;ip; Jail not lioiU uinvanl..CniM,i;K.v, 1,V 
 
 <ia.-riiikn.i<:H;i MimaMis. 
 
 (liinnaMiH, Mus. lN>jii.<>. Ail. l'ri<l. i, r>;l; Sjn^t.Nat. : lypi' ('Atm<im »M<tM.>»/nM»<> 1,.) 
 
 Hoa»l souiowhat ooiupivssiMl, the snout l>hiuiish. pn)trudinsj, lh\sliy. 
 not arnuMl ai tip with an appordaji'o. Kyos vory hir.uo, laloval. Tooth 
 -rathiM' s«n>nji'. 1-ips (luoUish, tho h>wor with a fiXMiuni. Latoral lino 
 vsimplo on tin* body, but forkiu}; aiitoiiorly, fonninj;' sovoral sovios o( 
 nnu'ous tnboson tlio hcatl. Malo with a «'hib sliapod,«'aitilajiint us luntk 
 on tho hoad, abovo (Iso snt>nt. This hook is ourvoil forwanl and down 
 war!, and is arniod at its tip with doourvo«l N[)inos. Its tip lits intti ;» 
 dopivssion in front of Iho oyos. (till oponin.ii small. Pool orals niotl 
 orafo. Vontrals ralhor laruo. with larjio bilid or trilid olaspors in tlic 
 inalo. IMalo also with n>u^h appondajjos at tho baso of tin* v«M\traIs. 
 pixttrudinji" lVon> a shoath ot'skin. First dorsal trianiiular, prooodod by 
 a stiXHiij spino whioh is uroovod bohind ami .sorratod on its odjios. ^^H• 
 ond dorsal ami «'audal tins low, ottiui moro or loss notohod. Tail o\ 
 tondinu in tho hno of tlio axis of tho body, somi>tinu»s pi\>dnood in ;> 
 inainont. Skin snu)oth. Fishos of sinjjnlar appojuanoo; mostly of tiio 
 mnthorn soas; not valuod for food. (.M/uit/xi, Chim<nn,\\ fabulous mon 
 stor, with tho homl of a lion, body of a j?oat, ami tail of a sorponl.) 
 
 «. Clii»i>oi-s in lh«> male (rilitl. ^C^iwum.) 
 
 Tl. 4\ iiliiinlMMi (<i1l. 
 
 "A Cliinurra wi.h tho snout aouloly produood : tho antoorbital tloxuiv 
 of Iho suborbital lino oxtondinj? litllo abovo tho lovol of tho infiMuu- 
 inar.'iin of iho t>rbit : tho ^h>rsals oloso topothoi'; tho ilorsal spino with 
 its antorioi" surf;n<» ronndod ; tho vontrals trian.u"«ilar ami pointod ; tlio 
 pootorals oxtonding to tho outor axil of tho v«>ntrals: ami tin* oolor nni 
 forinly plmnbt-ous." ((till.) Atlantic ooa^^t ft\>ni Capo Co»l mirthwanl; 
 in tloop water. 
 
 (Gill, Tixw. Philos. Soo. Wa-Mluu«t«>u, lVc.*A», 1H77.) 
 
 «l, CliWpoN In fho malo MtM. ( Iliidiiilnfitm* (^ill.) 
 
 - -• '•" 1 ■ T i n M T I - t - I I ■ II I » a il 
 
 •<<m, V\w. Ao. \a(. Sii. Pliila. IS(5i2. XW : typo rkimoni colHci. ((^W, wfttor; A.j).V, 
 hari) i iViHU tho form uf tho Uj^ks auil tooth.) 
 
34. ClMM.V.Uin.K 
 
 HIM.KUA. 
 
 m 
 
 1%, C' COlllirl IVunott. — luii-fKh : h:'cfihtint-ji.->h. — —- - " ^^-.— -^ «^. 
 
 luxly ;njlrriorl\ stontisli. toiuMiuii' into a sloiulor tail, which is not 
 ni^uliu'otl in a filivmoi.l. IVotorals about UvS lonj;- ;ks ho;ul. Doisal spino 
 3 tho ItMijith of <ho hoa«l. SooonU tlorsal U>\v, hiuhost in ftinit, thou 
 ry low, th'M\ lnjih«M\ tMuiiui;- abnii>tly Just holoro tho iH'jjinninu: of tho 
 »jUM' oaiuhil foUl. A small fohl botwivn tlvst and vsoooud dorsal, fi^H> 
 
 Y» 
 
 »1 
 
 ft»tn botli. l.owor o;nulal foUl lii.uhoi" than nppor, noitlu v quito ix^aoh- 
 iuji" tho tip of tho tail. No tUstinot i\\\\\\ tin. C\>lor siiayivsh, with nn- 
 iuon>us nmnd whito spots. Uolh dorsals odjiod with blaokivsh. L. 2 
 ftH't^ Taoillo ooast, fmm >K*r.ton\v northwanl; vory abundant, 
 (nonnott, lUn^ohoy's Voy. Z»H>1. Tl ; DnimTil. r,liU>4i:iobnuiohos, (>8l>; (lUnthcr, vill, 
 
 ;>;»' 
 
 ,0.) 
 
 / 
 
 „/ 
 
 U^^^' i'^"*^^ ^.t)-;-*^ 
 
 1.^.? 
 
 ^ 
 
 / ■ 
 
 
 \j 
 
 O'nMrA** 
 
 U h < 
 
 ^vv 
 
 at 
 
 
 tui 
 
 / 
 
 <" .^ 
 
 
 I 
 
 /Ic^.Vi Ap^ /'^^^' ('■"'■' '*^ ^^^■<-'^ 
 
 T^ T 
 
 f .7 
 
 ^ A 
 
 4.:... 
 
* 
 
 1. I 
 
 '! I 
 
 1 , 
 
 'i- 
 
 1 
 
 ^ ii 
 
 'ii 
 
 1 ' || 
 
 1 ' 
 
 uk 
 
 V 
 
 ■1 ! ' 
 
 ll 
 
 mm- 
 
 ii 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^Bh 
 
 
 ^^^H< 
 
 
 ^^^K 
 
 
 
 
 HE ■ '''^ ' 
 
 
APDKNDA TO M A KSI I »< )mrA N( H 1 1 J, i^l.AH- 
 
 MoliKANCJIIII, lyVii. 
 
 .■f'i 
 
 Nmi'I). — Tlio (IihI I'oiiy oih) |nijrrH «»r llni pf^'Hcriti woil< w«m«i |»riiil<'«l in 
 \\\v Mpiiii^ ni' IH7i>, iiioi'(^ tliiiri >i your iM'loi'n work wiih rcHiiitMMl ttu tiio 
 ri'iriiiiiiitiK purl. Mraiiwliiln iiiiiiicioiih mMilioiiH iiiivr Imm^ii iii}mI«i tootir 
 lisi of mIiiii'Um, wliioli intty liii nolicnl licro,. A I'liw ♦•rroiH riiiiy uUo lni 
 
 ('uiriM 
 
 l«<(l. 
 
 I'tijio 'J, IiihI Ihio: For " /'//;/V/o»o///rr«/«" hmkI /'//>///</» />///////«". 
 
 I'iim^ .'I: l''(>r " //. (7»» ''y^rxm" rcinl "I, It. hi iwrolal innH'uUnH) iUiiy^\ 
 'I'lio Ltiiirrlrl orrin'H iiIho on (li«^ coiiHt of HoiiMi<<rn <!iiJiiorni)i. 
 
 I'li^o (h l''or".'l. II. nIoiiH l/(»rkinulun " roiul : 
 >':|. II. (loilllMVVl Mlllln. 
 
 ^' rinin <'<»lor or pin pliMli, ||i(M>:il({(t of Mm* low<'r (old only piil<>. (lillH 
 iiHiiiiily I'J'II. 'r«M<(li i(> In (MM'.ii HcrlcH. Ij. 'JO inclicH. Mnout 1^0 Wuwh 
 ill loliil UmikII*; IkmmI to llrHt, {{ill opening lj|; briiiM-liiiil rr^ion H; tuij 
 H. <!oiiMr oiTiilU'orni)! iinij Honlliwiinl ; iiot< riirr, lUwiowin^ t'vitiii the, 
 {lill opcniii^M or tlir rycM into I<Im> IIchIi of liu'i^c, DhIm^h, nnd Koon lc;i.viri(; 
 ii'illiln;; rxrrpl. IJic IidmI, Hkin, iind Hkrh^ton. 
 
 "(ildHlrolirttiirhr il it iii In \j l,(ii'. ; Mllllci, Mr^rii, ilo YSnyA. iSirliii, iKil, HO; lUli.Uniilinna 
 jmljilrniiii (Jril.; clo.)" 
 
 I'lij^ci 7 : honipvlta {I'UilnHjihriuiH)* hidrnhUnH find //. jtlnnihro, nrc p<',r- 
 liiipK ^rncrii'iilly diHiiiicI, >ih IIm^ liii/^inil Icclli in llicJornM^riirc. pccMruiti) 
 iiikI in Mhi lidlrr ohNcinrcly triciiHj)idiil(). Tlio diH^noHJM ol' humpvira 
 HJioiiM Ito niodilird iiccordtn^jy. 
 
 J*UK(^ H: "5. h.ritilu:rtHloii^^i\.\u]^^ii. //. ««/or/" Hlionld lie siippn-HHod, 
 iihIIh\v llr(^ piohiibly idnitinil willi I'J. IrhlrvfalVH, 
 
 I'lilfo l.'J: l''or "(liN()i,YM(»HToMATii)/io" rrjMJ " HcYUJiD/i;"; tirid 
 iiiMlcr '*/" for "vcntriilH" mid " pcctoriil". 
 
 \\\\i,i\ 15: SonniioHHH PiirnHrpliiihiH Is nlMindniit- on t\w. Viwittv, c/mihI 
 ridiii rnpci I'lallcry norlliwiird. 'rwrlClli lino Iroin t lie. hot torn : For 
 "ptM'lorulH" rend "vi'.ntridH". 
 
 I'lijjfci 17: hiHtcnd ol' " h'tiniily Vf. — flhfilymoNfnmnh'dfr^^ etc., rcful : 
 
 *(»lll, MHH. Pror. Ac. Nut. He), riillii. IWI'i, :v.\, not, «tliiirn«;tiii/,««l. (tvror, within J 
 ttpiv, wt'dun; Cniiii Mio Niiiiin iiiiixllliiry toolli w«-(1k«'»I In botwiuui tlu! oIIk'Th.) 
 
 w 
 
l> * 
 
 J:y 
 
 1 -'hi 
 
 : '1 i! 
 
 58 CONTltlUUTlONS IH) NOltTIl AMlUilCAN ICHTllVOLOaV — 17. 
 
 " Family VI.— S(!VLI.II Dyl^l. 
 
 "(77<(t lumssrltrn.) 
 
 "Sliiirk.s \vi(li (nvo dorsiil Ihis, willioiil N|)iin>s. i\u\ 1\\'hI iibovo or Im>- 
 liiiwl (li<^ vtMiti'iils. Aniil tin prcsiMit, n.suiill.y Ix^low (ho mccoikI (hu'Niil; 
 ciiiKliil iiii nitluM' loii^, with or without, a Itasiil Io1m\ Tiiil not k«>rl<>(l. 
 Hpiriii'h's proscnt. No niclitiitin^;' nHMnhnin(>. !j;iNt. ^iill opcnio};' iibovo 
 tho root of th(> pectorals. INIoutli nsinill.y hroiul, with sniiill t(M>lh, Ni'v- 
 oral Not'ios bcin^' in t'nnrtion. Trclh with a nuMlian <'ii.sp, and I to t 
 .sn»all ont'M on oach Ni<l(>. I'sini'il.v a <lislinct t'nnow at tho aiij,Mo of tla; 
 nn)nth. Nostiils noar tho month, MoiiH'liintvs conlliM'nl. with it, some- 
 tinu's prox iih'd with rini. Oviparons. (l(»Iora(ion ol'ton varicjiatt'd. 
 Tho Of»}i: cast's jpiadrato, with pl•ohonsih^ tnhcs at th^^ aii};h>H.* HInirks 
 of the warm soas. (ionora. 8 or ; Hpccitvs alxml .'tO. 
 
 "{SrnllihUr, (JllnniiT, viii, KMMU.) 
 
 '"* NoNtrils coiitliioiil with llu> nioiUh ; cuutliil IumiI iiiiwunls, with ItiiHiil loho. (din- 
 Hhimostumatiiuv.) 
 •'(I. 'I'oi'th ill hotli JawH in tunny N»>rioH, (>iii'h wilii iiHlniii^^nKMliiiii ciin)), tiinl one dv 
 
 two Niiiiillt-r iMispH on omli sido ; imsiil ririi pr«'Ni>iil (Jinoi.yskksi'uma, |;i. 
 
 « »» Nostrils not conllniMit with Iho moutli ; t'luuliil not hriit ii|nviir<lH. (.SVi/Z/i/fKr.) 
 "ft. NoHti'ils si'panitiMl by tin isthniiis; no niiHtil t'iiri ; tail not H<«rnil(>ii. 
 
 Wi;yi.i,h)M, l:» (/)). 
 
 " ISl. -<;ilIV4a.VITIOKTO!TIA Millh-r iS: llonlo." (Soo jmih'i IH.) 
 
 " i:i (ft).— 8€VLIilllI?l Oiivior. 
 
 "(Oiivior l\i'>;>n(' .\niiiial cil.'J, IS',".): \y\\oSi'!iUium r<tl>ihiHVn\ . Si/ikiIiih ,s/(7/(((in(Jiiu'I,) 
 " lUuly ratiior stont. Iload moro or h>ss NlM>rti aiul broail, tho'iioiil 
 low' and bhiid. I\lontl» rathor larjjo. 'lV»v(li small, sharp, trit-iispid, in 
 abont I'onr rows. Labial I'ohl small or obsol(>to. Nostrils imt. conlliiciil 
 with tho month, soparatod by a broad isthmns from oai^li othor, cadi 
 with a froo tlap aiul n«) cirrus. Spiracle nuidcratc, clo.so behind tlic 
 oyo. First «lor.sal bcoitmin};: over vent rals; secon«l dorsal nearly over 
 anal. Tail slendt>r, not much beid upwards. S|)ott(>d. NVarnu>r parts 
 of tho Atlantic and Tacitlc. As hero undcrstoo«l, distin^ui.slied from 
 ISvylliorliiiius iUainvillc, ISIO {8. caniculits Ij.), by tho scparatti nasal 
 valves, {trxiikktov^ a shark from irxiiHUo, (o tear.) 
 •'*lIoiul vory bwadaiul dopivasml, broador than loiijif. {Cci)huJo,i<\iiHiitm\ (Jill.) 
 
 •In HctatuUmtidd' t ho •<jrK-«'»»«'« '""o without tcntacU's and spirally twistod. Exc(>i>t 
 tln< SrjiHiUiv and llctci'tuhuituhv, «)nr sharks ar«> all ovovivi)>aroiiH. 
 
 tC.ill, Ann. I^yo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. l«il. 4l'J: typo SciiUiitm ;aN'a;/)N l)uin(<rll. (Kc^a^v, 
 head; OKiiAhiir, Soyllfuiu.) 
 
Ani)KNP\ TO MAUHII'OIUlANOIIir, KI^AHMOnRANCinr, KT(J 
 
 10 
 
 •» |H ('»)• W. vcnIrloNlliil Oiiriiintt.— .S'i(T/f .V/»«rfc. 
 
 ^'(ii'iiyiHli, (iii);:(Ml lirlow wilJi ycillowiHli. Ilaitk witli hhwk cross htirH, 
 ii|>|M>r purlH with l)tr^<^ i'oiiikI hhwU Npnts; sidrN iiImo with hiiiiiII whitish 
 H|)otH. 11(^11(1 very hroiid iirid <[. )>n>SH(Ml, luoiuhtr Ihnii hui;^', iiiiil iioUiiilf 
 lis ilcop us lii'oiMl. Snout, V4>i'y l><iiiit, projecting lit t hi beyond the rnontli. 
 Month very broiid, htt.le iirclied, witli only a UwAt of hiltiiil lohl. Teeih 
 Hiiiiiiiir in botii Jsiwh, Hunili, tricnspiil, in iibontf'our series, J|y in nnniber. 
 |<'irst' (lorsiil be^innin^ over iniihneoI'ventriilM; second dorsal be<^nnnin^ 
 hcliind front, of nnid ninl <'nilini; before ernl of xnal. When can;;ht, this 
 Nliark inflates its stomach with itir, like the 'l'rtrniltnu!'l(i!, fill its diam- 
 eter is on(5-t>hir<i ifs whole len|rth. II, will then lloat, belly n|)wa,rd on 
 the watiH". \j. 15iJ WH. Motderey to (!hili; very ubnndant in IHu.da 
 Kai'bara Channel. A sniall, voracious shark, often taken in lobstcr- 
 pol.s, 
 
 "((Jiirniiiii, Hull. MiiH. (!(>iii|i. 'AimA. \'\, 1(>7: |HH(», M Sciflliiim lulUcpH \\\\r |)iiiii<'iiil, 
 K(«\. el Mux. /'<•<'!• If^r>;', Hi, |»l. H, IIk- -i- <'i'l'li<ili>n(jilliiim laticvpH .Ionian iV (iill)( if,, 
 I'n.c. II. H. NaL Miih. IHrtO, 40.)" 
 
 ViiliU'i It), in key, after "a", add: 
 " I/. I'liiilii'.yo not, ut,lHi,li<)<l l,o llioutoriiHlty u |thii;oiil,ii; t,(t«t,ji all oliUiso, willuMtl, haHiil 
 
 «)UH|IH Mll.HTia,IIH, I 'I. 
 
 '■)///. Kiiibryo al,l,u(rli<Ml to ilto iitoriiH l>y a iilu(;«)nt,u; moiik; of Mio tiol.li |)oiiit.fil, i.ai'h 
 wiMi oiidor l,w<» buHal cnHpH IfiUNoruiAciH, It (/;)," 
 
 After "/"<"1<1: 
 ";. I'ltHli do'/Nul iioaroi- v»ut,n.lH tJiaii poctoralH ; omitryo not, atlaolusd (,o tlm iiIitiih liy 
 
 a, platMMita ('AitcnAiti,M;H, IH. 
 
 ";r. Fli'Ht, (loiHal lUMirnr |M>ol>oralH tliaii vittitralH; (^tiihryo aMaclit-d (<» iiltriiH liy a [da- 
 
 i'vuin EULAMIA, IH (/;)." 
 
 After ".//"add: 
 
 *'///• 'I'ooMi ill upiHir jaw Hctrruto at hnm\ in lowor Jaw oiilini If vi'oi'iifo.v, lit (b)." 
 
 Pan(i2(): Eraser "L'O. MuHtvlm aali/ornicuH''^ whi(;h is doubtless id(;ri- 
 tical with Mmtclns hinwduH, and add : 
 
 "I'l (/;).-Klldl^OTIIIA(;i8 Uill. 
 " ( VkimwrimyUm (iill, 1H(;4. ) 
 "((iill, rro(5. Ao.Nat.Sol.riiila. \mi, Am-. iy\w IthUiotrimiH hmlviVM.) 
 
 "Charaetcirs of tln^ {^enus MmfduH, ex<!epl, that eacli CMid)ry() is at- 
 tached to the uterus by a jdacenta. The teeth are sharper, some of them 
 bcin}>- |)ointed, and with one or nu)rc short basal cuspH. Warm Heus. 
 (/If.-, snout; Tfieinxt<;j Triaciis.) 
 «'20.-R. hciilcl Uill.'' 
 
 (Seo text, "22. T. henleV^; coast of Californm; not uncommon.) 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ '■. J. 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
fgggH 
 
 IHil^Kl 
 
 li i 
 
 t ,;. ' I 
 
 60 CONTKimiTlONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICIITIIV3L00Y — IV. 
 
 **20 (/'). U. IlKViM (UiHHo) Jonltiii &, (iillu>rt. 
 
 "A small .shark rcstMiibliiifj; Mmtelus liinintliiH junl li.henlei, hwt dilJVr- 
 mg from tho I'ormor in tho Uoiititiou ami in tlui attimlimcnt of Mic cm 
 I ryo to tho ntcrns by u placenta, and from thci latter in the blnntcr 
 teeth. Only those in the posterior part of the npperjaw have a basal 
 cusp, and these usually but one only. This species is found on tln^ 
 coast of Europe and Africa, and is accredited to our Atlantic fauna by 
 Gilnther (viii, 380). 
 
 "(.WuntchtK lirrix Ki.sso, Kiiropo Mt^Midioiiiilc, iii. Vi7 : ^flls^(■hls hvrin (Jiliitlicr, viii, ;?sr>: 
 I'h'iiraa'omnlon IwriH (iill, rnic. Ac. Nat. Hci. I'liila. lH(i4, 118; not of Jurduu iV, (iilbert, 
 Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. I8H0, 52, — lUiiHotriaciH hcnlei.y 
 
 Page 21: Oalcorrhinus yalcmj the "Oil Shark", is very abundant on 
 the coast of California, especially soutliward. Its teeth are coarsely 
 serrated on the outer margin near the base only. Galcocerdo tigrinm 
 also ranges nortliAvard to San Diego on the Pacific coast. 
 
 l*ages 23 : Carchnrinm <jlancns oc(!urs on the coast of California. 
 
 Page 22: Instead of "**" insert: 
 
 IS. . -1 ' 
 
 
 ..j: 
 
 " 1§ (/>).— EIJLABIIA Gill. 
 " (Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18^51, 401 : typo Carcharias lamia Risho.) 
 
 "Body rather robust, the head broad and depressed ; mouth inferior, 
 with the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult; less so or 
 entire in the y«)ung; those in tho upper jaw broad, those below narrow, 
 straight, and nearly erect. No spiracles. I*'irst dorsal largi', i)lace(l not 
 far behind i)eetorals. iVctorals falcate. SecoTid dorsal small. lOiii- 
 bryos attached by placenta', to the uterus as in ScoUodon and Rh'motria- 
 ck,* (In CarcharinuH ijlacentai are not developcKl, according to Augnsto 
 Dumeril, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i, 2 14.) Species numerous, ^ew, well ; 
 Xaiua, Lamia or Lamna, a fabuU)us monster, from Xat/id-y devouring 
 hunger.)" 
 
 Page 22 : The species (»f ^^J'Julamia^^ should stand as: 
 
 "2(}. E. ohmtm (Le S.) Cill", "27. JE7. milberti (M. & U.) Cill", and 
 "27 {b . /';. lamia (Kisso) Gill". 
 
 Page 23: Under "K. /<m»rt" add: 
 "ai (/'). E. lumia (Risso) UiW.— Hay Shark. 
 
 " Body robust, the back elevated. Uead broad and Hat ; tho snout 
 
 * So far as known to hh, t.l:? embryos in all onr ovovlviparous Hlmrks except Eula- 
 mia, Scaliodon, uud liluHotriacia ui'O without x>laucuta. 
 
ADDENDA TO MAKSIPOmiANCIIII, ELASMOIJRANCHII, ETC. 61 
 
 loiif?, but wide lunl r()Uii<l(Ml, its Ic^iiKth from inouth greater tlmn rtiH- 
 tiuiee between no.strilH, wiiicli are iiean^r Hiiont tJuiii aiigh^ of the. mouth. 
 Ky*^ inocU'iate. Teeth ^JI, th<!ir form as in J'J. lamia, ilm np[K5r n^gularly 
 trii'-iguhir, without noteh, nariow in Ihe young, the lower narrowly tri- 
 angular, ereirt, on a broad l)a.s(s, all tlu! teeth diHtinctly an«l evenly Her- 
 rated. First dorsal beginning at a, distane(i a litl.le less than its own 
 l)as(> behind tin; peetorals, and (ending at a ]>oint a little more tlian its 
 own base behind the venirals. Jleight of first <lorsal two-thirds the 
 depth of the body; piH'toral reaching jiast first dorsal. Second dorsal 
 very small, not one-sixth the height of the first, smaller than anal and 
 nearly ojtposite it. Tail .'{^ in length. Color i>lain light gray. Warm 
 Bcas north to Sail Diego Bay. 
 
 ''Our spiMMinens «liffer from descrij)tions of E. lamia in not having 
 the first dorsal higher than *hc body, and insisrted (!lose behind the; root 
 of the jieetorals. In E. ohscura and U, mUberti the upper teeth are 
 deeply notched on tluitmter margin". 
 
 rage24: After ^^Inogomphodon UmhatiiH^^ udd: 
 
 
 
 "19 (/>).— II YPOFRIOIV MiilNT&HciiK 
 " ( Ifypojmonodon (Sill.) 
 "(MiillfT A. II<Mil<>, rifiKioHtoTiicn, 1H37, ;?4: typo CarchariaH mnrloli MiiHor & Ilonlo.) 
 
 "(yharaeters essentially as in TJulamia,h\\t with the Imcer tcath entire, 
 the upper teeth coarsely serrated at base only, on one or botli sides ; 
 lower teeth erect. (n;r<), below j 7r/n'«v, saw; the upper teeth being ser- 
 rated at base.) 
 "ttM. II. brcvii'OKti'iN IVx^y. • 
 
 "Snout obtuscs; teeth of the upper jaw with the base serrate on both 
 sides I jiectoral tins moderate, llluish, fins without black sjiots. {Povy.) 
 West Indies; occ;iMional on our Clulf coast. 
 
 "(l'(M\Vi HynopsiH Vm\ CubonHinm, IHfJB, 451: Carcharian hrcviroHtriH (i\h\t\u)T, viii, 
 
 •M.y 
 
 Pag(»s 2({, 20, .'{0, .'{1 : Sphyrna zyr/wna, Lamna eornuhica, Gareharodon 
 rondclctiy Cetorrhinns maximiin, and a species of Innrns (i)robably I.oxyr- 
 rhyiwhm) occur on the coast of California. 
 
 Pago 34 : For the key to genera substitute : 
 
 "*Gill-opcnin{j;HRix on oacli sido TlEXAxruffl, 31 (h.) 
 
 '•''*0ill-<>pt;inng8H«vcu on each eido IlEPTHANcniAS, 32. 
 
 , -r 
 
 (■ 
 
 J t I* 
 
iif 
 1 
 
 V, 4' 
 
 ' "I! 
 !;' 3'. 
 
 'ii; 
 
 62 rONTliimrTFONH TO NOUril AMKKH'AN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 "ttM'').- llKXAI^C'IHrH" KiitlicHriiio. 
 
 "{XotlflamisVwx'wr.) 
 
 " {]in(\noHi\\u\ Cnn\Hvr\ <li Alciiiii Niiovi (•ciutI, rtc. into, 14: <y|ti> StiiioUiH grificii» 
 IiimiiiMiH.) 
 
 " rnjiticlii;)! nportuiVH «/,p«mo!i('Ii nh1<>; olli(<rwi.s»>oHS(MitlnlIy jim in Thp 
 tr<t)iclii(f.s. Two sixM'ioH known. (?^, hIx; rtj'X(»T, ImmhI or situiN; lor gill 
 ojMMiin.u'.) 
 **ll (l')t II. coa'InuiH Jordan ^ (tilltort,— ■^ftfMrf-nosrrf iSVifjfH*. 
 
 "i'olijr almost black, iinsi)ol«('(l ; ii ji:r!i.viMli liilrnil striMik. llrad 
 lar}j:o, broad, dj^prcsscd and blnnl. No median loodi in upper Jaw, 
 About, HJx pointed tcetli in iVont of upper jaw, all entire and willioul 
 basal <'nsi)s. Kext. tlire<i teeth with (Mitiro edges and a. sinj;le <'usp on 
 the outer margin. HiMuaining teetl| of u|)p«M' Jaw serrate on the inixM- 
 margin, and with two or more basal ei;s])s on theoutcM*. INIetlian eusp 
 of low<M' Jaw very small. Other tetnh with six etisps, the llrst tla^ 
 largest, the others regularly smaller, the inner «>dge in tluuidulls ser- 
 rated. Tail h>ng, twiee as long as head, ii little less tlnin one tliii'd tli(> 
 total length. JSealcs on upper odijo of tail euhirged. Monterey to Tu- 
 got's Sound. 
 
 '•(.lordiiii A:.(.;ilb«Ml, Troc. IJ. H. Nut. Miih. IrifiO.IlG'i.) 
 
 "Jia. IIKPTRAlMrillAM Uiiiliiomino. 
 ' ' ( XoUvh>it«'h IIS AyroH. ) 
 
 "(UiifinoHqiio, CariiitiM-i di Alcutii Nuovl Oonori, oto. 1810, III: iy]w SqimhiH oincrcHf 
 Gmolin.) 
 
 "(^«ill «)peuings.srrr« oneaeh si«le. Three speeies known, (^^rri, sovon; 
 Ppay^ia^ gills. The. eliaugo of this name to " UvptnuvhuH''^ is hardly Justi- 
 liable.) 
 ♦♦ l»2. II. Bliartililtiis (AyrcH) Oirnrd. 
 
 ♦'Sandy gray, with sonu^ round black spots, larger tluui tho pujiil, 
 rather sparsoly placed. Head rather d(»pressed ; the snout broad, 
 rounded; th(» nostrils near its tij); spira«'les large, nearer the gill-op(Mi- 
 ing than tho eye; a long furrow at tho anglo of th(^ mouth. No nuMlian 
 
 *Tho noo.«s.siU<'N ol' iniiiionclahiro ofloii riMiiiiro (lio H\il)8(itullon for tlio iiainoof 
 tlio <y])i<'Ml ficniis ol' a I'aniily of noiik* 1<>h,s familiar but earlier Tiatiu\ a» llmiiirliiiii 
 iV)r \otii{(inu.i, Cdfchnrias i'or OdoiiioKpin, ?)(i,ii/ft(i/H,v lV»r '/Vi/j/o/t, <'(o. I( Ih i)rohal)ly iiu- 
 lUH'ossary to chaiijjo wi ll-Uno\vn iainily iiaiiieH toacconl willi thoHe <'1ianK(\s. Auiomk 
 our sharks it \a jterliaiis l)otit>r (o retain llie old family names Odontnspididw, Notiilnni- 
 ihv, ('fsfnu'ioiilidir, instead of CanhariiiUr, Jlrxaiichidai, and Ihtiiodoutidw, uh ^iven in 
 Ihe text. The njinio Canhariidiv, UHed by varione authors for (ho (Inlcorrhinidiv, is in- 
 eligible, bccauso tho name Carcharias rightfully belongs to a gonus of another family. 
 
ADnr.NUA TO MAUHII'OIIUANCIIH, Kr.AHMOnUANCIlII, KTC. 03 
 
 IcMtlli in upper j!i\v. TwohiiuiII \vv\\\ uvuv iniavihvr in front, niniplr iiml 
 
 iMiinl*'"! ; lw<> a. liKlo liirfxcr, Ix'liinU ninl oiilNidc of flM-Nc, tln-ti two 
 
 oliiciH diroc'dy Iirliiinl llio (ii.sl, pair. Ncixt, on cavli hUU", a> luofli rnncli 
 
 lin'K*')'; p(>iiiN'<l) ^villi a ronspicniHis rtisp on tlui otitci' Ni<l() at baH<i, and 
 
 Olio or umni «l<>nH<'nlaii<»ns iM'side. TUv otlicr <<M't,!i an^ lar^rr, Himilar, 
 
 but >n(»r<' m'lnilcd and nions olilicpic, a|>pi'osi<'liin}; llio lowrr tr«'tii in 
 
 form. 1'ln^ nu'diaii tuotli in Mio lower jaw in broiid, with n small nicdiau 
 
 (MiHp and two or tliico lait,'!^' latnal «'iih|^ on eacli nidr. 'I'lir rjtlior 
 
 teeth, <» on each Hide, are tniieli broiider than hi;,di, with ahoiit. l-(» Hharp 
 
 oiilwanl-direeted iMispM. The llrNt. ensp in loiifjcHt ami beiirw a Hiiiall 
 
 tooth near its l)ase. These teeth are <piitei Himilar and iiirieane Hli^htly 
 
 in size iUitwardM. Tail lon^r, L'7 in total length, the eaiidal tin moHtly 
 
 below it. Anal Hinall, just bchiii<l the Hmall dorsal. Coast of Calit'oriiia 
 
 Hinl northwani ; eoinmon. 
 
 "{XotovliiinrhiiH mnciilalHn Ayres, I'roc. Cat. A<iul. Nut. Scl. i, 72 ; not NoUdanm iw^'im 
 (!iivl«r, otc.)" , 
 
 raue 'U», fiMirth line: After "small" add " or wanting'". 
 Under " * ", after " thiek", instead ol " usually with rayed", <;tc., read 
 "with two dorsal tins", 
 tinder "**"^ instead of tlio text, read: "Tail with oiio dorsal tin, or 
 
 IIOIH^" 
 
 raj?o .IS: A Her " RhinnhafKs pr(uluo(vn^^ a(hl : 
 
 "} Aiit.iirifir iiiiHiil vnlvo proloiifriMl (u llui internal ati^lo of Mio iioHtrilH; Htioiit not 
 oloiifjato. {Sjinliinii* Millhu" «St. IFonlc.) 
 
 "Disk rhombic, ab(»iit as broad as h)ng. The snout prominent, but 
 bliintish at tip, anterior ?narf^in.of jx-etorals forming less than a rij;ht 
 iiiijile. Eyes rather larpje. Rostral ridges Hei)arate their whole h-nj^th. 
 Tiiil stont, depressed, with a narrow lai«^ral fold, npper siirfaeo entirely 
 (!()vered with stont, elose set, sti^llaied prickles of ditVerentsi/es, lar^<^st 
 on the bases of the pectorals and smalh^st. on the outer (mI/^cs of the fins, 
 tliose on the Hp of snout andanti^rior e<lf^eof the pectorals noteidar^ed. 
 Stout, bliintish, sli};htly recurvcil Mj)ineH present as follows : ihm at th« 
 upper anterior an^jh^ of the <\yo and two Ix'hind it ; on<', lar^e one, at tho 
 middle of tlui shoulders, in iVont of whi<',h are two others; two Hcries on 
 ilio shoulders outside the median line, the iniuT of two, the outer of two 
 to four ; a serii^;* of about a do/on on the incMlian line of tlu^ back and 
 tall J no lateral scries on tho tail. Soxes aiuiihir. Under side covered 
 
 •Mllllor &. TlcMilo, PlagloHtoinou, 113: typo Syrrhina oolumnm M. & II, {iriiv, to- 
 gotlier; {)iv, Hiiout.) 
 
 
 -, ^' 
 i] 
 
 "I 
 
 I 
 
64 CONTICIIUITIONM TO NORTH AMKUICAN ICHTHYOi.Oin' IV. 
 
 •h '■' 
 
 . • > 
 
 t ' 
 
 wKli shujjnuMi, imulr of tri)in}j;iil!ir (loprcssihlo nMpnilloM. K«»y:loii IVmu 
 tlu» nostrils t(» Mm^ sliouMor ^irdlo .siii(»olli, i'M-rpI lln« lowtT lip. A Irw 
 otluTsiniill ii;ik('»l iiiTiiM Ik>Io\v. I'ltpcr lip«l«>\ riopcil. 'IV«'(li ij;^,. Color 
 brown, iii«»ttl(>il iiiid l):in-«>«l willi Itiiickisli ; n hIiicU liloicli on liindiT pntl 
 ofptH-tonils liclow. 'rnil rntin>r slioilcr I linn ilisk. I'^irst dorsiil nod t'lir 
 iM'liind vcniinls. Snonl ono lll'lli lln> l<'n«;tli of disk, (wico Iho inln-or 
 biliilspiU't . S;in !)i<>}i») liny ; :d)nnd:iid. Oid.v .vonn^ sprciinrnH kiM»\vn, 
 bnt' ii is pi-ol)idil.v ovoviviptwons sind lliciotort* not n luiioifl. 
 
 "{I'lotiiihhtit rxositirnli^ .lonlini .V (JilUoii, l'ro«\ H. S. Nat. Muh. |HK(», ;W: Xoplrnir 
 exaiiiiriiiliiH .Ionian «,V (JillM>r(, I'n»f. U. H, Niil. Miin. |HM(), r»:i: I'liiijonothlna iniMinrnin 
 lliiniiaii, Itiill. Mils. ('(inii.. /...".I. IMSi), \HK) 
 
 *»l.1(<). K. liiM'liaHiN.loiiliin '\- Oillinl. 
 
 "Disk hroiid, ovato, broiid<«r tliiiii \o\\ix. Tlio snout vn-y blimlly 
 roundnl, not |>roj(><'linjL^°, tlio )in;;l<^ I'oniiod by lli<> poctorids nntiMioily 
 very obtuse; iml»Mior ontlinoof tln> poctorjilsslij;lilly convi^x, not niidii 
 luted. 'I'iiil vi'iy Ntont, niiuih Ion;;cr tliiin tlio disk, its rd^^os with a 
 broad fold, broailer than in A', (.nisixiutdis. INM-tmal tins oxtrndiii;; 
 iilinost to the tip of the snout; rostral ridges wido apart, (Mm viM'^iii^', 
 inclosing;' a triangular aroa. lOyes small, wido apart, tlio br<»ad spirii- 
 (■U>s close lH>hind them, (-aiidal tin well <l(^velop(>d above ami bilow. 
 Dorsals similar, tlioir posttMior fr«'e marjjfins very convex. Moiilh 
 broad, its width nearly e(pial to its ilistanee from lip of snout, a. de(>|) 
 creast^ passinj^ around it beliiml, in front of which the lower lip lias thicii 
 folds of skin ; npp(M' lip not d(>velo])e«I, a. fold of skin passing' from lli<> 
 jin^le of tlu» mouth on eilln>r side to the itUKM' an{;le (d' the nostrils, 
 tlnMice straifihl across, inclosin.u" a «h'pr»^ss(>d t rape/oidal/^-sIiaptMl avcji, 
 bound beh)w by the curved outline o\' tlu> upper jaw. In this are thrco 
 cross-folds of skin. 'r<>eth '^,\]. (Jill-op(>ninf;s narrow, rtkin ev(»ry- 
 wlioro, abov(» and below, I'overtul with limi shai^retMi, tlH^pri<•kleH coarser 
 on the aideriorouter mar};in«)f the pt'clora..4 {^)j wher(^ ar<^ twoor llnvc 
 rows of retrorse spimvs. l'\)ur si ron;;' spines <mi the tip of tln^ snout, 
 forming' a rhombic ti};'nre; four or live spines around each (^ye. A loii^' 
 series of very stronj;- spines alon^' the median line of the back and tail, 
 and a series of similar ones on each side of the (ail ; !isin}4l(^stronj,''spiiu' 
 on the outer e<l};(i of the shonldiM'-^irdh^ and two between this and the 
 nietlian series, (-olor li}>iit olive brown, without distinct markinj^s. b.L' 
 feet. ]Jreadth of disk one-t^^nth more than its len}i:th; tail usitnlly liail 
 lon{?cr than disk ; snout two-ninths of length of disk, not half lonfjcr 
 than width of interorbital area. CoaKt of Califcu'uia. from Point ('oncc])- 
 cion southward; abundant, lu spite of its roscmblanco to tlio A'«(oi(l 
 
ADIHINDA TO MAUHM'OHKANCIIII, KI.AflMOlSliANCIIfl, KTf!. 05 
 
 minis I'hitifnliiiin^ tiiiH H|H'«'M'H piovcH U) 1)0 vivi|>nr<)iiH. II is, Mmmt 
 lore, i'<'l*<'i red (o (In' l\'liiiinhiiti<l(V, llir ovipnrily <»!' Ilniuhv \H'\\\\f Wu^oHly 
 cliiinicli'i- ili.stiii<;iiisliiii;r llir two f'iiiiiilifH. 
 • 'I^I'Mni'hiiKt tiimMa .Innliiii \ OillMMl, I'ror. II. H. NiiL Miih. IHHO, 3rt.) 
 
 tt.|,'>((/). II. loiitiKlllosiiiit (iiiniiiin. 
 '•Oni.visli, willi Niiiiill ptiln* N|MitM, iiiiitortn fx'low. Oiillinc. HiriiJliir fo 
 
 tliiil of Ik. iirntliiiiiiH. Siioiil. Inii^j iiinl niiirow, Km riiljjt'H rloHc (oj,'c(Jht 
 IIiimii^ImhiI. IO.vcn liii';,M', l\vi«'(> iiH Iiiiffo jih Hpiriirli-H, liil<"roil»il)il HpiuMi 
 iiiiirow, I'oiiciiAc, IIS wiilo iiM iioNti'ils or iUr iiifcrspiict^ Ix-lwrni Mmmm. 
 DisliiiMMi holwcni oiilcr )iii;^r||.,s of iioMttils iiion- tliiiii liiilf tlic. niioiiL 
 Moiilli stnii^lit, ilH Willi li not (jiiili^ Ivvicc ilic iiilri-otl)itiil Hpiicc. Dors^il 
 1111)1 prroniliir Npinrs vi'iy Htiiiill; 5 liii-^cr HpiiicH on tip of siioiil. Sii 
 |irii(ii-iiliir)iiiil Ncapiilni'spitH'sohsolclr. L. L'li itMiirs. VV'idlti.'i in h-ti^^lli; 
 liiil iiitoiil '2\ snout lo llir iiioiilli r»]. (loiiHtot' Moiidu. {(Jarmnn.) 
 "(Hiiriiiiiii, Mull. MiiH. (.'oiiip. /<.;;i. jHHO, KIH.)" 
 
 I'ii;;!^ 17, (,'('11118 DiiNi/nliH: Tlic. rollovviii;,' synopHis oC i\u\ Aincricjiri 
 spccii'M <»r lln^ (iiMiiiN IhtHjial'iH^ oi'lM'lIrr DaHibttl'iH, Iiiih bci-n pn-piinrd (it 
 (iiir i'(M|iirN|. I>,v l\Ii-. tSiininrl (hiiiiiiin, of tliii Miisoiiin of ('oiii|,iirat.iv«r 
 /(liilomy. II WiiH n-rcivcd too Itilci for insrrlioii in llic, U^xV. W«i, tlicro- 
 loi'c, itlaci) it Ii4ii'«^ in llir rorin in which it wuh writt't'.n by IIh author: 
 
 I' ■ 
 
 
 
 "?^ <b' 
 
 1 .i ■ 
 
 ' <! 
 
 TIIIO AMIOKKJAN SI'KdIIOS OF TIN'} (JIONDH DAHIIIATIH.* 
 
 J»Y Hamiiki, Oak.man. 
 
 T.'iil mnrr llimi Iwlcf' Mm IctiKtIi of llio (HhU, 
 lu'i'lcil 1)11 thi^ top ; 
 
 Hiioul, Hi'iilr, poiiitiMl ; tnil vory iorifj, round Inht.raulaUi 
 
 Niioiil nut. )>i'(tiniii<«iil. ; tnil cmnpri'HHi^)! Umga 
 
 roiiiKJ on tln' lop, rompicHHrd, with liilcinl wrifH of Inrjrfi tnlKfredrH; 
 
 (Hiiont not. pi'otiiincnl ; mil* rior 1111111; inn Hlij^lilly HinnotiH vcnlrura 
 
 HnonI proniiiunl, willi u HcricH nf lon;^, niirrow, (IcprtHHcd tiilxtndim on ilie 
 
 middle <d' Mm l)ii,id< Uila 
 
 Tail IfHN t litin Iwiiit iind nioro lliiiii ono uiul u lialf tiniru l.iio Icii^Jt of Mio diHk, 
 willi t \v<t ('X|(aiiHionH ; 
 
 (HhU Hiiliiircniiir ; HnonI. proniiiHMif. miMna 
 
 dJHk (piudi'!iii;;nl/ii' ; Hiiont not, pronnnent ««;/i 
 
 loMdcd on the top, willi an f.xpaiiHion Ixdow ; with ilntu; HcriisH of Inhfi-idcs on tlm 
 
 HlionldiTH hanlala 
 
 Tail icHS Mian oiid iind a lialf Mnion Uio Iciij^Mi <if Mm dink, 
 with two (ixpannionH ; 
 
 nioiilli with (ivt» papillin hrmiit 
 
 nioiith with tlircd papillai diplerura 
 
 *l)nn\jb»h(H VVail)anin,KIi'iiiii Iihthy<d. Knod. hIvo Index rcrnm, etc. \1\Y.\, 'Jfj: typo 
 laja paHliiiaaa L. Tlii.s nm; of tlin nanio lias iiroccdoncc of "Dabyulin" liuf. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. If 5 
 

 lh:.].'-ii 
 
 m 
 
 % 
 
 ml 
 
 66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 DASIBATIS TUBEKCULATA. . .. • 
 
 Raja fuhrrrulnfa I>!ir<<p. ii, p. 10(5, pi. 4, fi<^. 1. . ' 
 
 Jiaja ti(h<rc:ilat<i ,Sli;i\v, Cjt'ii. Zoiil. v, pt. '2, p. 290, pi. 1'27. 
 
 Trytjon (jumnuru Miill. Erriiiiu'.s Kcuso iim die Krdi', p. 'Zo, Taf. 13. 
 
 Tr;i()ou oationlU'ta Miill. 1. c. i». 25, Taf. 14. 
 
 Trifi/on tiihrrciilata Diinuril, Ehisniobr. p. G05. 
 
 Tri/f/on tubirculata Giinlhor, Cat. viii, p. 480. 
 
 Disk quadniiiguhir, a little wider than long. Snout produced, sliaip 
 pointed. Anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, the anterior 
 carved near the outer angle to meet the posterior, and the latter curved 
 near the hinder angle to meet the inner. Tail nearly three times the 
 length of the disk, with a slight ridge above and a narrow cutaneous 
 expansion below, roughened with small spines similar to those on tlia 
 head, bearing a long serrated si)ine. A row of elongated tubercles on 
 the dorsum and anterior portion of tail and one or more smaller ones ou 
 each shoulder. The posterior tubercles of the median row are so much 
 elongated as to resemble the spine. Mouth much undulated, with three 
 papilliG. Teeth small, unequal. Color yellow ish to olivaceous brown, 
 darkening with age. The young are without scales or tubercles. As 
 the animal grows older and the tubercles api)ear a few scjittered asperi- 
 ties appear on the head ; still later these increase in number and size to 
 sucli an extent as to cover the head and dorsum with a heavy coat of 
 mail made up of the closely-set flattened scales. The tubercles of the 
 back cease growing as the scales enlarge, and ultimately there is little 
 distinction between them. Usually the tubercle ou the middle of the 
 pectoral arch is larger ; those on the tail continue to increase in size 
 with age. A young fenuile measures in length of body 9.9, length of 
 tail 28,2, and width of disk U.C inches. 
 
 Caunavierias, Surinam, Para, Bahia, and Rio Janeiro. 
 
 DASIBATIS LONGA. 
 (Gartnan, 1880, Bull. Mus. 'jonip. ZoJil. vi, p. 170.) 
 
 Disk quadrangular, about one-sixth wider than long. Margins nearly 
 straight, anterior meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout. 
 Outer angles rounded, posterior blunt. Ventrals rounded. Tail more 
 than twice as long as the body, roughened with small asperities, dc- 
 lu-essed anteriorly, compressed behind the spine, keeled above the com- 
 pressed i3ortion, with a long, narrow cutaneous expansion on the lower 
 side. IMouth curved with five papillte. A row of small tubercles behind 
 the head on the shoulder girdle. It is likely that larger specimens are 
 provided with tubercles ou back and tail. 
 
ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBRANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCIIII, ETC. 67 
 
 DistingiiishcMl from />. lata by the shape of the snout and disk and 
 tlu' keel on the tail, and from 1). centnira l>y the straight margins of the 
 2)t'ctoials and the keel. 
 
 One specimen secured at Aeapulco, ^lexico, by Prof. Alexander 
 Ajiiissiz. One light-colored, reddish-brown si»ecimen from Panama by 
 tlie llassler Expedition. 
 
 Leiigrh of body 11.5, tail 28, and width of pectorals i;} 8 inches. 
 
 Length of body of second specimen, 9.3, tail 21.5, and width of pectorals 
 
 11.2 inches. 
 
 Dasibatis centrura. 
 
 Sdja centrura Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, p. 479. 
 
 Trillion centrura Linsloy, Silliiiiiin's Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 47, 1844, p. lUG. 
 
 Trijtjon centrura Gill (uume ouly), Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer. p. 34. 
 
 Disk quadrangular, about one-fourth wider than long. Anterior mar- 
 gins siiuious, concave opposite the eyes, convex toward the slightly pro- 
 tuberant snout and rounded outer angles ; posterior straighter, a very 
 little convex ; inner conv^ex. Hinder angles blunt. Ventrals truncate, 
 A\ith rounded angles. TAil more than twice as long as the body, much 
 ct)inpressed, rounded above, with keel and cutaneous expansion below, 
 with one or more strong serrated spines at the termination of the ante- 
 rior fifth of its length, rough on all sides with spines or tubercles. Till 
 half grown the young are naked; as they approach maturity broad 
 Ktcllate-based, conical-pointed, irregularly-placed bucklers api)earon the 
 iiii<ldle of the hinder i)art of the back and on the top and sides of the tail. 
 Very large examples have the central portion of the back closely mailed 
 Avith small llattened tubercles. The bucklers bear more resemblance to 
 those of the Raja;^ radiata and clarata than to the tubercles of pnsfinaca, 
 hiHt((ta, or tnherciilata. Mouth arched forward, with five i)ai)illjx^. Teeth 
 in (luincnnx, blunt, smooth. Color of back and tail olive brown; light 
 to white below. From pantinacay which this species resembles in shape, 
 it is distinguished by the tubercles, by the length and compression of 
 the tail, and absence of all trace of keel or expansion on its ui)per side. 
 A young specimen measures from snout to tail 13.8, length of tail 30.5, 
 and width of pectorals 17.5 inches. The largest specinien in the collec- 
 tion has a total length of 10 feet 3 inches. Common south of Cape Cod. 
 Occasionally found northward. :.;-.- ^..-i^-u — ;_-.,. ^,-4. 
 
 ■.- ^■ 
 
 Dasibatis lata. 
 
 (Garraan, 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vi, p. 170.) 
 
 Disk quadrangular, one-fourth wider than long. Anterior margins 
 nearly straight, forming a very blunt angle at the snout, rounded near 
 
 >M^ 
 
 4f 
 
 ^?/f 
 
 
 '. (J 
 
 ^l 
 
 
 1 {l* 
 
 
 V' 
 
 1 1 
 
 ' i 
 
 ' ri'i: 
 
 iH'r 
 
 ( 1 
 
 AS 
 
 !? 
 
 1- H 
 
 »■ u. 
 
 
 
 * f ' 
 
i'.l' ,f '^ 
 
 .V J 
 
 iU 
 
 i ' 
 
 G8 CONTUIUUTiONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 tlio outer oxtrtMiuf los ; postoiior convex ; inner stml};lit a portion of lluir 
 length. Ventrals truncate, rMuuted. Snout produced, rorniin^- a 
 rounded protninenc«i in front of the niarf^lns «)f tbe disk. Iien;;lli fiom 
 tlu^ forehead less than the width of tlie head. A liiu' Joininfj; tlu' wider 
 portions of the disk passes nearer t«> t'lo head than to tiie sliovdih'is. 
 Tail nu)n'i than twice as lonj; as th«» body, without a trac«M)f keel above; 
 u lou}*' narrow exi»ansion below lias its orij;in o|>posit«' that of the spiic, 
 and teraunates in a keel which contiiuies to the (vxtreauty, rouf^hciud 
 Willi small tubercles, with an irregular series of broad-basetl conicul 
 tubercles on earh si«le. A pair of lar}i«', compressed, erect tubercles 
 staiulf^ imaicdiately in front ot tho caudal spine, ami a similar one is 
 placed over tlu' mitldle of the ]>elvic arch. These sufi^est a continuous 
 series in lar^'cr specimens. Thret» larj;'ei elongated tubeix'les, willi 
 points dircctetl biU'kward, similar to those of />. lu(st(tt<uovv{\\)yt\w mid- 
 dle of tlu* shoulder {;ir(lle. JMouth curved, six (;">-<»?) papilheat the Ixtt- 
 tom behind tlu> tet'lh; two of these art> in the ndddle in front, where 
 Jisually there is but one. Color li^ht olive, jn'obably j^rcenish in life, 
 whit«^ ludow. Distinjiuishcd from />. ccnfrnm by the promiui'nt snout, 
 the shape of the tubercles in the middle t)f the back, and the uarrowness 
 of the posterior portion of the disk. Lenj;'th of body Ul, tail .'55..'?, and 
 width of pectorals 1*0.5 imhes. J?"ut from the Han<lwich Islands by 
 Amlrew (Jarrett. 
 
 ])At^IllATl« SAIJINA. 
 
 llPliii .'i' 
 
 Trillion .inhiiiii T,i>sntMir, ,)i>iir. Arail. Nat. Kci. I'hil. iv, p. llH>. 
 TrjIiHtii Kiihiiiit Miill. ft lli'iili', I'lieiiosloiiien, p. l(ii». 
 Triiijiin mltina Diuiu'iril, Elusmolinmclj. ]». HO*. 
 
 Disk subcircular. Simut i>n)dnced, blunt. Anterior marf;ins of llie 
 pectorals coticave near the snout, beco'nin<;' couv(>x toward,th(> broadly 
 rounded outer extr«'mities; hinder and inner niarjiins «'»)nvex. Upper 
 Jaw wilhadccp in«lenlation, receivinj; it correspoudinji' prominemH^ on 
 the lower. Tet>tli at the sides of this indentation nnu'li lartjei', reseiu- 
 blin;;- the nudars of livt todontus. IMonth with live jtapilhe. Tail hss 
 (han twiciMis lon}>; as th(^disk, tapcrin;^' to a lliui point, rou^^h with small 
 prickles sinular to those scat tiered over the head aiul back, n cntaiu'oiis 
 expansion abov(\ ami a broa*U>r, longer (UuWudow. These end nearly 
 opposite each other, the lower t>xtends Ibrward under tlu* spine. AVi'"' 
 a median row of tnluMi^les on the dorsum and one <u' a pair on each 
 shouhh'r. Distinjiuished iVtnn lulx'i'CKhtta by the shape of the snout, tlu* 
 rounded pectorals^ the shorter tail, the larj^er teeth, the greater curva- 
 
ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBUANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCllII, ETC. 69 
 
 tiire ol' jaws, tho sniallci' sizo, and the tico lutanoous expansions. Of 
 iwcnty spcciiiuMisllki av«>ra^'o proportional Icnt^tli of lunly aiul tail is as 
 Ibnr and a half to ei;;ht. In no t'asc is tliti tail twii'c as lonj^us tho disk. 
 Color oi'liraceons brown; ventral snrfaro liyjlit. .Lrnj^tli of body of nn 
 adall Mialti 0. 1, UMi^th of tuil IT), and width of pei'torals H) inclu»s. Vom- 
 iiion in tho rivors of Florida alonj; tho (Julf roast. Several spt'eimeiis 
 ill the oolleeti»>n were eaptnreil iu Lake Monroe, at a distanci> from the 
 suit water, by Conut i'oiirtales. 
 
 Dasihatis savi. 
 
 Itajii niiii'i lii'siKMir, Jour. Acad. Naf. Sci. I'liil. i, p, -I'.*, li>;. 
 Milliohatia Mdi/i !>:!\a\, Ntnv Vitrk I'aiuia, I'i.sli. p. H7(i. 
 /Vi///<i» Mii'i Miill. rt lltiilc, riiijjiitsttiinou, p. l(U>. 
 MllliohitliH Hiiyi, Stonr, Syn, l'"i.sli. N. Amor j>. "JdJ, 
 Dnijoti miyi, Diiiuoiil, Jllasmoliniiich. p. dO',. - 
 
 Disk tpiatlranjjfular, iibout oiu^-sixth wider than Ion «;, anterior nnirjrins 
 nearly straij^ht, postt^rior and inner bordt^rs eonvex, outtM' and posterior 
 uncles rounded. Snout not ijrotrudin;^: beyond th^^ lines of the inarji'ins. 
 \iiitrals roun«led. Tail strong', rather more than om^ and a half tinu's 
 the ler.ji'th of tlu^ disk, witli a. strong' serrated spin**, bearinj^- a short, 
 li»\v ('uttvneons expansion behind tho spino on the np.per side, and a. 
 liMijicr, little wider onc^ below, eiidinj; nearly op])osite. Upper Jaw undii- 
 liiled ; lower i)rominent in the middh*. Teeth small, smooth in youn;; 
 ;uitl females, sharp in adult males. Threes papilla^ i't the bottom of tlu^ 
 mouth, and onl^ at each side, lltxly and tail naked. Color olive brown 
 ill adult, r«>d<lish or yellowish in youii}^ ; lowej- snrfat'^^ whitish. This 
 speeies closely re.><embles the ICuropean spi'ei«'s itastinaca. A eonn)ari 
 son (»f speeinu'us discovers tht* following; ditleremees: in Saj/i the ante- 
 rior margins form ii nion^ blunt an^h^ at tti(> end of the snout, w hieh is 
 less piominent at tlu^ ap»>x, the outt'r and pt)sttMior (>xtren\ities of the 
 lieetorals ar«> roumler, the posterior margins are more eonvex, the disk 
 is hroatler toward tins V(>ntrals, aiul llit^ tail ia lonjjer; in jKititiiiavii 
 tl:e lateral an«l himler an};les of the pet'torals and the lateral anj^h^ of 
 (lie ventrals are marked by blunted roriuM's. A sinj^'le snnill rounded 
 tiibei'ele on tlu^ mi«ldh^ of the back. There are speeimens in the col- 
 lection tVom y<*w York, I'ensacnda, llahia, and Kio .laujMro. A youn<j 
 rciiiiihv measured from snout to tail 7.1, length of tail 11, and width of 
 lurtorals 8.2 inches. 
 
 iJfr'hv 
 
 r 
 
 i,-/v. 
 
70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 1^^ 
 
 II 
 
 ri 
 
 
 ^IM ' r 
 
 Dasibatis iiastata. 
 
 Ti'jigon hantata DcKay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 375, pi. 65, fig. 214 9. l- 
 Trygon hanlula .Storer, Syii. Fish. N. Amer. p. 2G1. 
 3V(///0H /las/ttto Dimidnl, Filasmobranch. p. 502. 
 
 Disk quadraugular, about one-fourth wider than long; anterior mar- 
 gins nearly straight, meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout, 
 curved near the outer angle to meet the slightly convex posterior mar. 
 gins ; inner borders convex ; outer and hinder angles rounded. Veu- 
 trals ahnost entirely covered by the pectorals, hinder margins convex. 
 Tail more than one and a half times the length of the disk, low-keelod 
 on the upper side, a long, broad membranous expansion below, rougii- 
 ened with small asperities, one or more serrated spines. Body smooth 
 in young, very old with scattered small asperities. A row of narrow 
 compressed tubercles along the middle of the back and on the base of 
 the tail; the j)oints of these tubercles are depressed and directed back- 
 ward. On each shoulder, parallel with the median, there is a shorter 
 row, the length of which varies according to the age of t!)'^ ■ 'idual. 
 Mouth witli three papilhc. Jaws with more curvature than those of 
 ccntrura and less than those of sahina. Young without tubercles. 
 Color bluish or olivaceous brown, darker on dcu'sum and tail, light on 
 lower surface. Measurement of a young specimen : length of disk 8.o, 
 width 10, and length of tail 14 inches. An adult male measured 20 
 inches across the pectorals and 10 in length of body. The museum con- 
 tains specimens from Florida, Cuba, rernambuco, and Kio Janeiro. 
 
 Dasibatis brevis. 
 
 (rrarmnn, 18H0, Riill. Mns. Comp. Zool. vi, 171.) 
 
 Disk (inadrangular, a little wider than long. Anterior margins ne. 
 straight, curved near the outer extremities to meet the conve}^j)ostei()i 
 meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout. Outer and posterior 
 extremities of pectorals routul, wit^hout trace of angles. Ventrals brond, 
 triuicate, with angles rounded. Tail less than one and a half times tlic 
 length of the di.sk, tapering to an acute point, depressed as far as to tlio 
 «l)im>, thence compressed to the end of the cutaneou.s fold, and round 
 from this point to the tip, with a sliort elevated membraneous oxpansioii 
 beliind the s])ine, and a longer and wider one (Hi the lower side, exli'id- 
 ing below the former and the si)ine. The exi)ansions have their hii; icr 
 extremities opposed; they end quite abruptly and are widest near tlio 
 
ADDENDA TO MAESirOBRANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCIIII, ETC. 71 
 
 termination. Moutb with five papillic, outer small. Teeth small, blunt. 
 Upper jaw indented in the middle; lower with a prominence in front, 
 Disk naked in the joung. Adult specimens have three rows of tubercles 
 on the middle of the back disposed as are those of D. haHtata. A large 
 specimen from Payta has three large, erect, broad-based tubercles in 
 front of the caudal spine, and the tail rough with smaller ones. The 
 short rows on the shoulders contain from three to four, and probably 
 increase in number with age, as is the case with the closely allied Atlan- 
 tic coast species. Color light grayish or olivaceous brown, reddish near 
 the edges, white below, with round spots of brownish under the base of 
 the tail. Compared with D. haatata this species differs in the shorter 
 tail, rounder extremities of the disk, and the shape and size of the tu- 
 bercles and membraneous fins. D. hastata has no expansion on the top 
 of the tail, and that on the lower side is very long, of moderate width, 
 and tapers gradually. Those of B. hrcvis are comparatively short an<l 
 broad ; they rise gradually und terminate abruptly. From D. sayi this 
 si)ecies is to be distinguished by the great development of the caudal 
 expansions, their shape and length, and by the tubercles on shoulders 
 and tail. A large female measures in length of body 17, tail 23, and 
 widtli of pectorals 18 inches. A young male in length of body 8.1, tail 
 12j and width of pectorals 9.2 inches. Peru. 
 
 Dasibatis DIPTERURA. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, 1H80, Proc. U. S. Nat. IMus. 31.) 
 
 Disk rhond)oidj slightly broader than long; anterior margins nearly 
 straight forwards, meeting in a very obtuse angle; posterior margins 
 curved ; lateral angles rounded. Tail nearly half longer than disk, with 
 a consi)n'.u()us cutaneous fold below, and a smaller but evident one above. 
 Upper jaw considerably curved, with a slight convex protuberance in 
 front, which lits into a slight cmargination in the lower jaw, Avhich is 
 convex, its outlines corresponding to the curves of the upper jaw. 
 IJands of teetli wider in front than laterally. Inside of mouth, belnnd 
 the b>v.cr jaw, with three lleshy i)roce88es. Teeth abou^;; HJ^; about 8 in 
 ji cross-series in tlm u])i)er jaw, and 10 in the lower. Color light brown, 
 Nomewhat '""arbled with darker, but without distinct spots ; tail black- 
 isli ; belly white. Skin everywhere perfectly smootli in the young ; adult 
 with small tubercles ah>ng the back. San Diego, Cal. 
 
 Of the nine speeioa enumerated above as belonging to American 
 
 U 
 
 i O ^^ 
 
 - ~t 
 
 ' ;* 
 
msB 
 
 72 CONTKinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 waters one has been described from the Sandwich Islands. It is in view 
 of the i)robabiUtj^ of its occurrence as an occasional visitor on our West- 
 ern coasts that it is introduced. 
 
 As already noticed, in Volume VI, page 172, of the Bulletin of the 
 Museum of Comparative Zoology, the species recently described by l)r, 
 (liinther, Trijffon bravhyurtis and Trygoii retictilatus^ beh)ng to the genus 
 Poiamotrygouj wliich includes the i>eculiar species of the family inhabit- 
 ing the rivers of South America, 
 
 »7— 7^r^ *-;-»■;-: "i-trr-f- 
 
Class IV.-PISCES. 
 
 {The Tnu3 Fishes.) 
 
 Skeleton bony or cartilaginous. Skull with sutures ; a lower jaw pres- 
 eut ; membrane bones developed in connection with the skull ; gill-open- 
 'iigfs a single slit on each side, sometimes confluent ; gills attached to bony 
 arches, normally four pairs of them, their outer margins free. Median 
 and paired fius usually developed; a lyriform shoulder-girdle. Exo- 
 skcleton various. Ova comparatively small. Ko " (;lasj)ers ". Brain- 
 lUllerentiated and distinctly developed, lleart developed, divided into 
 au auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb. 
 
 As here understood, this group includes tlie great majority of recent 
 fishes, and is e(]uivalent to the Teleostci, Gauoklel, and Dipnoi of most 
 recent writers, the Actinopteri, CroHsopicrijgla^ and Dipnoi of Professor 
 Cope. Omitting all notice of the Dipnoi and the Crossopterij(jla, all the 
 iiicinbers of which groups are extralimital and <'onflned to the fresh waters 
 ot'tiie tropics, it will be convenient to divide the American representa- 
 tives of the class of rinccs into four series or subclasses — ChomlroHtel, 
 Holostel, Thy Hontoml, iiud Fhiisocllat I, tha first and second including most 
 of the Qanoldcl of Miiller, the second and third the Telcontei. These 
 jirou])8 are evidently' of nnequal value, the Physostoml and the Physo- 
 cUsti being very intimately connected, and the relations of the Holostei 
 with the DhysoHioml are [>robably more intimate than their relations 
 with tlie other Ganoids, as has been shown by Professor Coi)e. Never- 
 theless, these groups exist in nature, and their recognition under one 
 name or another is convenient. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE SUBCLASSES OF PISCES. 
 
 a. Artci'ittl Imlb imiHciilar, with nnrKU'ouB valvos; optic norvcs f()rmiii<^ a cliiasnm ; 
 ventral Huh abduininal; uir-bladdcr witlia dncfc ; tail lu'tcroceiral. 
 
 (St'iies (tANoidki.*) 
 h. Ventral fln witU an entire series of basilar segments; skeleton carlilaf^inonH. 
 
 CUONDUOSTKI. 
 
 Vb. Ventral fln with the basilar segments rndimental; skeleton bony.. Holostei, 
 
 
 :■• .•••■. 
 
 !.• 
 
 yivof, splendor ; from the enamelled scales. 
 
 73 
 
'ill I'' ' 'i ;!'- 
 
 .jiiiii 
 
 m'i 
 
 ■"►',. 
 
 74 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 aa. Arterial bulb with a pair of opposite valves ; optic nerves not forming a cbiasina. 
 
 (Series Tkleosti;i. ' ) 
 c. Air-blaildcr (if present) connected by an air-duct with the stomaeli ov 
 a'sopliagus; ventral tins (if present) abdominal, their basihir segmuuts 
 rudimental, iisually without spines ; parietal bones usuiJly united. 
 
 PlIYSOSTOMI. 
 
 cc. Air-bladder without duct ; ventral fins (if present) usually thoracic or 
 jugular, without basilar segments ; siiines usually present, at least in tli« 
 dorsal and ventral liua; parietal bones separated by the supraoccipitnl. 
 
 PllYSOCLlS>lI. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PISCES. 
 
 The following key is intended simply to facilitate tlie identification of 
 species^ Ifo attempt is made to indicate the natural characters or rela- 
 tions of the families, and only those species of any group which occur 
 within the limits of the United States are taken into consideration. 
 
 I.— VENTRAL FINS PRESENT, ABDOMINAL. 
 
 • Dorsal fins 2, the anterior chiefly of soft rays, the posterior adipose. 
 A. Body naked. 
 B. Head with 4 to 8 long barbels ; dorsal and pectoral fins each with a spine. 
 
 SlLUUID^, 29. 
 , BB. Head without barbels ; fins without spines. 
 
 C. Teeth st rong ; dorsal fin many-rayed Ai.epidosaurid;e, 40. 
 
 CC. Teethminute; dorsal fin short STKUXorTyciUD.i;, lU. 
 
 AA. Body scaly. 
 
 1). Teetli broad, incisor-like , CuAi{ACiNiD,E, 33, 
 
 DD. Teeth (if i)resent) i)ointed. 
 E. IMargiu of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone. 
 F. Dorsal fin nearly median. 
 
 G. Body with phosphorescent spots Scopelid.e, 42, 
 
 GG. Body without iihosphorescent si)ot8. 
 
 IF. Head scaly ; scales cycloid ; teeth cardiform Scopelid;e, 4..*. 
 
 IIII. Head naked; scales ctenoid ; teeth villiform..rEitC()PSiD.E, 17. 
 FF. Dorsal fin posterior; teeth unequal; body elongate.. l'AiLVLEPil>ii;,41. 
 EE, Margin of upjier jaw formed by maxillaries posteriorly. 
 J. Body with phosphorescent sjiots ; gill-rakers none. 
 
 CnAULIODONTIDiE, 44. 
 
 JJ. Body without iihosphorescent siiots ; gill-rakers present. 
 
 V r SALMOXID.Ii:, 4G. 
 
 •• Dorsal fin single, preceded by free spines. 
 
 K. Body scaleless, naked or with bony plates. 
 ~- L. Ventral fins I, 1, the spine strong ; snout moderate. 
 
 Gasteuosteid.e, 64, 
 
 ','_ LL. Ventral fins I, 5, the spine slender; snout prolonged. 
 
 AuLOUnvNCHiD;K, (!;i 
 KK. Body scaly ; snont tubular AuLOSTOMATiDiE, (W. 
 
 • rt^cof, perfect ; bareov, bono. 
 
KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. ?§ 
 
 •** Dorsal fina 2, the anterior of spines only, the jiosterior cliiefly of soft rays. 
 
 M. rectoral flu with 5 to 8 lowermost rays tletaebeil and fila- 
 
 mcutoUS POLYNEMlDiE, 6d. 
 
 MM. Pectoral flu entire. 
 • N. Snout tubular, bearing the short jaws at the end; body 
 
 ' » compressed Ckntuiscid^, 60. 
 
 ]NN. Snout not tubular. 
 
 O. Teeth strong, unetiual ; lateral line iirosent. 
 
 'SpiIYUiENID^, 67. 
 00. Teeth small or wanting; lateral line obsolete. 
 P. Dorsal8i)iue84, stout; analspinesS.-MuGiLiD^E, 65. 
 PP. Dorsal spines 4 to 8, sleuder ; anal spine single. 
 
 AxnEKiNiDJi, GG. 
 ••"•Dorsal fin soft-rayed, followed by a series of detached finlcts. 
 
 SCOMBEHESOCID^, 57. 
 
 •**** Dorsal flu single, of soft rays only or with a single spine. 
 a. Tail evidently heterocercal. 
 b. Body n;-.! ed; snout with a sjiatulato blade; mouth wide, without barbels. 
 
 POLYODONTID^, 25. 
 
 bh. Body with 5 series of body shields ; mouth inferior, toothless, pnieeded by 4 
 
 barbels Acu'ENSeuiu^, aii. 
 
 hhb. Body scaly. 
 
 0. Scales cycloid ; a broad bony gnlar plate ; dorsal fin many-rayed. 
 
 AMiiDit;, 28. 
 
 cc. Scales ganoid ; no gnlar plate ; dorsal fin short Lepidos rEiD.E, 27. 
 
 art. Tail not evidently heterocercal. 
 
 d. Body naked. 
 
 e. Throat with a long barbel ; no caudal filament ; mouth large. 
 
 Stomiatid^, 45. 
 
 ee. Throat without barbel ; caudal fiu with a long filament ; mouth small. 
 
 FiSTULARIID/E, Gl. 
 
 ece. Throat without barbel ; no caudal lilaro b; gill membranes joined 1o 
 
 the isthmus C ypiuxid.e, 151. 
 
 dd. Body scaly. 
 
 /. Pectoral fins inserted near the axis of the body; low# pharyngeal 
 
 bones fully imited ; lateral line along the 
 
 sides of the belly.. .ScoMREKEsociDiE, 57. 
 
 ff. Pectoral fins inserted below the axis of the body ; lower ph.iryngeala 
 
 separate. 
 
 g. Vent in front of ventral fins; eyes concealed Amblyopsid^e, 48. 
 
 gij. Vent behind ventral fins; eyes normal. 
 
 /(. Head scaly, more or less. 
 
 i. Upper jaw not protractile, its lateral margin formed by the 
 
 maxillarics. 
 
 " j. Teeth cardiform ; jaws depressed, prolonged EsociDiE, 51. 
 
 ^ jj- Teeth villi form ; jaws short IJMniiiDiE, 50. 
 
 a. Upper jaw prot.actile, its margin formed by premaxillaries 
 
 alone CYPKINODONTIDiE, 49. 
 
 "" ftft. Head naked. 
 
 Jc, Gill-opening separated by an isHinms; mouth toothless; 
 lower pharyngeals /"alciform, 
 
 I. Dorsal fin with a serrated spiue Cyprinid^, 31. 
 
 21. Dorsal fin without serrated spine. 
 m. Dorsal fin with (usually) less than 10 (developed) rays; 
 pharyngeal teeth few (less tlian 8). 
 
 Cypuinid^, 31. 
 
 i 
 
 
 t- -; 
 
 -4 
 
ii^ 
 
 JG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGY IV. 
 
 ■ : mm. Dorsal flu with (usually) more tlian 10 rays; pTiarynpcal 
 
 teeth nnrm-rouH Catostomid.e, ;!(). 
 
 ■ kk. Gill-openings not separated by au iathiuns ; lower pharyn. 
 geal bones not falciform. 
 «. Throat without barbel ; no phosphorescent siiots. 
 o. Lateral line present. 
 p. Lower jaw with a gnlar plate; teeth villiforni; 
 
 lins with scaly sheaths Elopid/E, ^(5. 
 
 * pp. Lower jaw without gular plate, 
 
 g ff. Tongue with canine teeth ; maxillary extending 
 
 beyond eye HYODCNTiDyE, 3o. 
 
 qq. Tongue without canines. 
 r. Mouth black within ; teeth all pointed. 
 
 Alkpocp: amdjE, 33 
 IT. Mouth pale within ; teeth on roof and lloor of 
 mouth blunt and granular . . ALisuLiDyE, ;i4. 
 00. Lateral line obsolete. 
 
 8. Lower jaw much shorter than upper. 
 
 t. Mouth small, toothless; maxillary not 
 
 reaching beyond eye.. Douosomatidji:, 38. 
 
 tt. Mouth very wide, the maxillary reaching 
 
 much beyond eye ENGKAULiDyE, 39. 
 
 88. Lower jaw scarcely shorter than upper ; 
 
 maxillary compound Cl J'EID.e, 37. 
 
 nil. Throat with a long barbel ; sides with phosphores- 
 cent spots Stomiatid^, 45. 
 
 IL— VENTRAL FINS PRESENT. THORACIC OR JUGULAR. 
 
 A. Eyes unsymmctrical, both on the same side of the head Pleubonectidje, lii3. 
 
 AA. Eyes symmetrical. 
 B. Gill-openings in front of the pectoral fins. 
 C Body more or less scaly or armed with bony plates. 
 D. Ventral fins completely united ; gill membranes joined to the isthmus. 
 
 * GOBIID.!;, 101. 
 
 DD. Ventral tins separate. 
 E. Ventral rays I, 5. 
 F. Suborbital with a bony stay, which extends across the cheeks to or to- 
 ward the preoperclo; cheeks 
 ' sometimes entirely mailed. 
 
 G. Pectoral fin with 2 or 3 lower rays detached and free. 
 |( Triglid^, 108. 
 
 GG. Pectoral fin entire. 
 H. Slit behind fourth gill small or wanting. 
 
 I. Anai spines 3 Scorp^nid^e, IOC. 
 
 II. Anal spines obsolete COTTID^; 107. 
 
 HIT. Slit behind fourth gill largo ChiuiDvE, lOf). 
 
 FF. Suborbital stay AV.'iiUting ; cheeks not mailed. 
 
 J. Spinous dorsal transformed into a lamoUated sucking disk. 
 ^ ECHENEIDID.E, 70. 
 
 '~~~ JJ. Spinous dors.al (if present) not transformed into a sucking disk. 
 
 K. Din-sal spines all or nearly all disconnected from each other. 
 
 L. Body elongate, terete E/ACATiDdi, 71. 
 
 LL. Body oblong or ovate, compressed. 
 M. Caudal peduncle very slender, the lln widely forked. 
 
 CAllANGIDii:, 75. 
 
 HiMlHMH 
 
KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 77 
 
 MM. Caudal peduncle stontish, the fin little forlvod. 
 
 KTUo.MATKin.t:, 77. 
 . ..s ,. KK. Dorsal spines (if present) all, or most of them, connected by 
 
 membrane. 
 ,,. N. Pectoral fin with 4 to 9 U)\vermo3t rays detached and 
 
 filiform I'OLYNEMID^, (jH. 
 
 NN. Pectoral fin entire. 
 
 O. Dorsal and anal with detached finlets. 
 
 P. Anal preceded by *2 free spines Carangid^, 75. 
 
 .,'...- ' , PP. Anal not preceded by y free spines. 
 
 SCOMUUID/E, 74. 
 
 00. Dorsal and anal without finlets. 
 
 Q. Lateral line armed posteriorly with keeled plates; 
 1 , , . 2 free anal spines. 
 
 ,, ; . CAUANGIDiE, 75. 
 
 QQ. Lateral line unarmed. 
 R. Throat with 2 long barbels (placed just behind 
 
 ^ chin) MULLID^, 95. 
 
 ER. Throat without long barbels. 
 S. Vomer with teeth. 
 :i , " T. Dorsal tin continuous, without distinct 
 
 spines. 
 U. Caudal fin deeply forked ; no pseudo- 
 branchiie.. .CouYPn.KNii).E,7d. 
 UU. Caudal fin rounded; pseudobranchiio 
 
 Itresent Icostkid.e, 101. 
 
 TT. Dorsal fin with a dillerentiated spinous 
 
 part. 
 
 V. Gill membranes joined to the istlunus ; 
 
 no lateral lino. .. GoBiiD^E, 104. 
 
 W. Gill membranes free from the isthmus. 
 
 W. Eyes lateral. 
 
 * • X. Anal fin preceded by 2 free spines. 
 
 - Scales cycloid, minute. 
 
 Caiiangid/E, 75. 
 — Scales ctenoid, moderate. 
 
 I'<).MATO:MIl)yE, 76. 
 
 XX. Anal fin not i)receded by free 
 spines. 
 
 Y. Tail keeled Cauangid^, 75. 
 
 . , YY. Tail not keeled. 
 
 Z. Anal spines none. ' 
 
 ^ ., , 8EunAXiD.E, 86. 
 
 ZZ. Anal spines 1 or 2. 
 
 • Scales largo, deciduous ; mouth nearly vertical Apogonid^, 89. 
 
 ," Scales smaller, adherent; mouth nearly horizontal. 
 
 tAnal rays more than 20 Pomatomid.t:, 76. 
 
 ttAnal rays less than 20 1'ercid.e, 85. 
 
 ZZZ. Anal spines 3. 
 
 t PHeudobranchin^ small, glandular, covered by skiu CENTUARCHiDiE, 84, 
 
 tt PseudobrunehiiB large, exposed. • r : /, 
 
 H Front teeth ineisor-like, compressed Sparid^, 88. 
 
 HIF Front teeth all pointed ; no incisors. 
 ^ Maxillary slipping under preorbital for its whole length. 
 
 PuiSTIPOMATIDiE, 87. 
 
 m 
 
 
78 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOOY IV. 
 
 $$ Maxillary not slipping under preorbital i»osteriorly SEURANiDji:, 8G. 
 
 ZZZZ. Anal spines 4 to 10. 
 
 CENTRAKCIIIDiE, 8t. 
 WW. Eyes superior ; nioiitli nearly verti- 
 
 cal UitANOScopiDj;:, Ka 
 
 SS. Vomer without teeth. 
 
 a. Tail with a strong spine on each side; teeth incisor-like TEUXiiYDiDiE, d'J. 
 
 aa. Tail without spine, 
 b. Anal i)receded by 2 free spines ; gill membranes free fron* isthmus. 
 
 Carangid^, 75. 
 hh. Anal without free spines, 
 c. Teeth setiform; soft parts of vertical fins completely scaly ; body compressed 
 
 " and elevated; anal spines 3 or 4. 
 
 (1. Dorsal fin continuous C'Hi^ETODONTiD^, l)s. 
 
 (Id. Dorsal fin deeply notched EPHIPPID^, \)7. 
 
 cc. Teeth not setiform. • 
 
 e. Lateral line obsolete. 
 
 /. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus GOBIID^, 104. 
 
 ff. Gill membranes free from the isthmus CKNXRAKCUiDiE, 84. 
 
 ee. Lateral lino present. 
 
 (). Dorsal fin without distinct spines ; no anal spines Icosteid^, 101. 
 
 f/g. Dorsal fin with distinct spines. 
 /(. Anal spines 1 or 2. 
 i. Lateral line interrupted ; no slit behind fonrth gill. 
 
 POMACENTRIDiE, 96. 
 
 ii. Lateral line complete, extending to the tip of the caudal fin ; head 
 
 scaly SciiENiDiE, 91. 
 
 Hi. Lateral line complete, extending to the base of the caudal. 
 j. Upiier jaw with posterior canines; dorsal fin continuous. 
 
 Tkaciiinid^, lO-i. 
 
 jj. Upper jaw without canines ; dorsal fins 2 PERCiDiE, eo. 
 
 hh. Anal spines 3. 
 i. Anal with more than 15 soft rays. 
 
 j. Treoperclo entire Embiotocid^, 9;). 
 
 jy. Preopercle serrate Stromateid^, 77. 
 
 ii. Anal with less than 15 soft rays. 
 k. Dorsal spines 9 or 10. 
 
 /. Cheeks and upercles scaly GERRin.^, 92. 
 
 ?/. Cheeks and opercles chiefly naked Labrid.*;, 95, 
 
 hk. Dorsal spines 11 to 15. 
 
 .. m. Upper jaw with posterior canines LABRiDiE, 95, 
 
 vim. Upper jaw without posterior canines. 
 
 * Jaws with incisors or molars, or both Sparid^, 88. 
 
 ** Jaws with pointed teeth only PRiSTiPOMATiDiE, 87, 
 
 ^ '•^•. Dorsal spines 17 or more ; anterior teeth canine-like. 
 
 LABRIDiE, 95. 
 
 hhh. AnalspinesB CiCHLiDiE, 94, 
 
 -— - EE. Ventral rays more than I, 5. 
 
 n. Caudal fin wanting; scales spinous.. MacruriDjE, 121. 
 
 ;:iJ . :_ . — ^ . nn. Caudal fin well developed. 
 
 o. Tail isocercal ; ventrals jugular Oadid^, 120. 
 
 00. Tail diphycercal. 
 ""'-;':'■'"{.'•' '-^'-'S/ ^, Ventral rays about 15; dorsal fin single, elevated. 
 
 :'■ ; Lampridid^iE, 80. 
 
KEY rO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 71) 
 
 • p2>. VcmraVrays about I, 7. 
 
 j.'i' .;, ; . q. Dors.il spiues ;J or 4; vent anterior. 
 
 -; : . Apiiredodeiud.-e, 83. 
 
 gq. Dorsal siiincs about 11; vent normal; scales 
 ^^ ■ large, very rougli. 
 
 BKRYCIDiE, 82. 
 
 qqq. Dorsal spines about 10; vent normal; scales 
 
 minute Zknid.e, 81. 
 
 EEC Ventral fins with or without spine ; tlie numberof soft rays less than 5. 
 ■1 r. Dorsal liu composed of spines only. 
 
 8. Dorsal liu extremely high Buamid^e, 79. 
 
 88. Dorsal fin low BLKNXiiDJi;, 112. 
 
 rr. Dorsal iiu of si)ine8 anteriorly, of soft rays pos. 
 teriorly. « 
 
 t. Pectoral fins entire, 
 tt. Body entirely covered with series of bony 
 
 plates TlJlGLlDiE, 108. 
 
 ««. Body not mailed, 
 t'. Suborbital with a bony stay. 
 
 COTTID^, 107. 
 ' • vv. Suborbital without bony stay. 
 
 Bi.ENNIIDiE, 112. 
 tt. Pectoral fin divided to the base in two un- 
 equal parts TUIGLlDiE, 108. 
 
 rrr. Dorsal fin of soft rays anteriorly, of low spines 
 
 ■ posteriorly ZOARClDiE, 115. 
 
 rrrr. Dorsal fin of soft rays only. 
 
 tv. Dorsal fin very short ; body mailed. 
 . ' ' TUIGLID^, 108. 
 
 • • . WW. Dorsal fin very long ; body with 
 
 ' ■ , small scales. 
 
 X. Dorsal and anal joined to the cau- 
 dal ; pseudobrauchifD i>resent. 
 y. Gill membranes joined to the isth- 
 mus ZoAUCiDiE. lir>. 
 
 yy. Gill membranes free from the 
 
 isthmus OriiiDiiD/E, 118. 
 
 , OCX. Dorsal and anal free from the cau- 
 dal or nearly so ; no pseudo- 
 branchiae. 
 e. Tail isocercal ; chin usually with 
 
 a barbel Gauid^e, 1'20. 
 
 zz. Tail diphycercal, no barbel. 
 
 Brotulid.e, 119. 
 CC. Body scaleless, smooth or armed with tubercles, prickles, or scattered bony 
 
 plates. 
 
 •Broast with a sucking disk. * 
 
 A. Gill membranes free from the isthmus ; no spinous dorsal Gobiesocid^, 111. 
 
 AjV. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus. 
 
 B. Skin smooth Liparidid^, 109. 
 
 BB. Skin with tubercles or spines , CYCLOPTERiDiE, 110, 
 
 "Breast without sucking disk. 
 
 C. Ventrals completely united GoDllDiE, 104. 
 
 CC. Ventrals separate. 
 
 '1 
 
 § 
 
 
 U . 
 
 * * 
 
 
 .1 . ' 
 
i 
 
 l'.i,ii. 
 
 
 11 :■). 'i I .3- 
 
 S^^liii 
 
 80 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 D. Dorsal and anal fins followed Ijy finlotH. 
 
 K. Free anal siiines 2 CauangiD/E, T'l. 
 
 EE. Free analspiuos none ScoMBRiD^, 74. 
 
 ' DD. Dorsal ami anal witliont finhits. 
 
 F. Upper jaw prolon;^ed into a, "sword" XiPiiiiD^, 72. 
 
 FF. Upper jaw not prolonged into a sword. 
 
 G. Suborbital with a bony stay CoTTiDiE, 107. 
 
 GG, Suborltital without bony stay. 
 U. Anal fin absent; caudal tin rudimentary or directed upward. 
 
 TUACaVPTKIUli^, 100. 
 HH. Anal lin present ; caudal developed. 
 
 I. Ventral rays less than I, 5. 
 
 J. Dorsal sjjiues none at all ; lateral line with prieklo.q. 
 , leOSTKID/E, 101. 
 
 J J. Dorsal spines very few (less than 6) Batuaciiid.e, 114. 
 
 3,1 J. Dorsal spines numerous IJHiXNilDiE, 112. 
 
 II. V<^ntrals thoracic, I, 5, or more. 
 
 K. Dorsal with ii seri<!s of bony plates at base Zenid^, 81. 
 
 KK. Dorsal without bony plates at base. 
 
 L. Anal ])receded by 2 free spines CauanoiD/E, 75. 
 
 LL. Anal with(»ut free spines Tuaciiiniu/E, 102. 
 
 BB> Gill-oiieuings small, behind the pectoral fins, Avhich are more or less pedic- 
 
 nlate. 
 M. Gill-openings in or behind upper axil of pectorals; 
 
 mouth small — Maltiieida:, r2(i. 
 MM. Gill-openings in or behind lower axil ; mouth large. 
 N. Head compressed ; no preudobrauch'". 
 
 A" XAniiD/E, 125. 
 NN. Head depressed ; pseudobranchi "ut. 
 
 LiOPIIIIDiE, )24. 
 
 III.— VENTRAL FINS ENTIRELY WANTING. 
 
 A. Gill-openings ventral, confluent iii a longitudinal slit ; body eel-shaped. 
 
 SYNAPIIOBUANCHIDiE, 54. 
 
 B. Gill-openings lateral, or not confluent. 
 
 C. Gill membranes united to the isthmus (J. c, gill-openings 8ei)arated by an 
 
 isthmus). 
 D. Dorsal fin single, of spines only. 
 
 E. Molar teeth present AxARmiicnADin-E, 1111. 
 
 EE. Molar teeth none Blexxiid/E, 112. 
 
 DD. Dorsal lins two, f?'lv nor spinous, posterior soft ; teeth ineisor-like. 
 
 BALISTIDiE, 128. 
 DDD. D^' .1 iln undivided, the spines feeble or none. 
 F Miout tubular, bearing the short, toothless mouth at its end ; hodj' mailed. 
 F. Caudal fin iireseut; head in the lino of the axis of the body. 
 
 • Syngnatiiid^, 58. 
 
 FF. Caudal fin wanting; head not in line of axis of body. 
 
 HlPPOCAMPlD^, 59. 
 EE. Snout not tubular. 
 
 "T:.^ G. Body elongate, eel-shaped. -- --^-- -_-_.. ^ — ..__..., — 
 
 H. Pectoral lins wanting. . 
 
 V, r- , , , I. Gill-openings very small Mur^nid.e, 52. 
 
 II. Gill-openings moderate ANOUiLLlDiE, 53. 
 
 HH. Pectoral lins present. 
 
KEY TO FAMILIES OP PISCES. 
 
 81 
 
 J. Jaws attenuate, forming a long, snipe-like bcnli. 
 
 Nemiciitiivid^, 56. 
 J J. Jaws not attenuate. 
 
 K. Tail tapering into a filament SACCOPiiAHYNGiUiE, 54. 
 
 KK. Tail not filamentous. 
 
 M. Maxillarics and premaxillaries (listinv^t ZoARCiDiE, 115. 
 
 MM. Mamillaries and X'l^maxillaries uipru or less eoaleaccut 
 
 with vomer aud palatines. 
 
 AxauiLLiD^. 53. 
 GG. Body not ccl-sbaped. 
 
 N. Breast with a sucking disk. 
 
 O. Skin smooth LiPAniDiDjE, 109. 
 
 00. Skin tubercular Cycloi>tkiud^, 110. 
 
 NN. Breast without sucking disk. 
 
 P. Teeth in each jaw confluent into one. 
 
 Q. Body compressed, rough Ortiiagoriscid.e, 131. 
 
 QQ. Body not compressed, spinous.. DioDONTiD^, 130. 
 V PP. Teeth in each jaw confluent into two. 
 
 ■ ", ' - TETUODONTIDiE, 189. 
 
 r '■ ' PPP. Teeth separate. 
 
 \''-:'.Ai^''..'-y..:-,^^ /■'■■:'-■."- K. Body enveloped in a bony box... OstuaciiDjE, 127. 
 
 RR. Body not mailed STSOSt ateid^, 77. 
 
 CC. Gill membranes free from the isthmus. 
 
 8. Vent at the throat. 
 > T. Vertical fins confluent ; body eel-shaped. 
 
 FlERASFEBIDiE, 117. 
 
 TT. Vert al fins separate ; body oblong. 
 
 AMBLYOPSIDiE, 48. 
 
 SS. Vent posterior. 
 
 U. Caudal fin wanting ; body naked. 
 
 Tkichiurid^, 73. 
 UlT. Caudal fin present. 
 V. Upper jaw prolonged into a sword. 
 
 XiPHiiD^, 72. 
 ■^ • ,, W. Upper jaw not prolonged into a sword. 
 
 W. Body ovate, much compressed. 
 
 Stkomateid^, 77. 
 WW. Body oblong or elongate. 
 X. Gillmembranes broadly united; teeth 
 present. 
 Y. Dorsal fin of spines only. 
 
 BLENXIIDiE, 112. 
 
 YY. Dorsal fin of soft rays onl}'. 
 
 Congrogadid^, 116. 
 YYY. Don>al fins 2, anterior spinous, 
 
 posterior soft CoiTiDiE, 107. 
 
 XX. Gill membranes separate. 
 
 Z. Jaws toothless, the lower jaw 
 projecting. . . . Ammodytidjs, 69. 
 ZZ. Jaws with teeth, lower not pro- 
 jecting Ophidiid^, 118. 
 
 Bull. Nat. MU8. Ko. 16 6 
 
 •,M 
 
 U 
 
 I 
 
 i-J 
 
 -1. , 
 
 I • 
 
 • 'ii' 
 
 r^' 
 
 ifei ^ 
 
 4 - 
 
 .1; 
 
 ,ia> 
 
 i I 
 t-f 
 
 
 1 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Subclass OHONDROSTEI. 
 
 i*,* 
 
 ■.1-J' 
 
 .V- {The Sturgeons.) ' , > , . -as-' 
 
 Skeleton partly cartilaginous. Ventral fin abdominal, with an entire 
 series of basilar segments. No suboperculnm or preopercnlum. Branclii. 
 ostegals (single or) wanting ; a pnecoracoid arch ; no syinplectic bone. 
 Mesopterygium distinct j interclavicles present.* Arterial bulb with 
 several pjvirs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chiasma. Intestine 
 with a si>iral valve. Air-bladder connected by a duct with the oesopha- 
 gus. Tail heterocercal, its fin with fnlcra. Skin naked or armed with 
 bony i)lates. This group comprises two orders. 
 
 (Order Chondrostd Giintber, viii, 332-347. ;j;5yfSpof, cartilage ; uariov, bono.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF CH0NDR08TEI 
 
 Maxillary and iutcroporcio obsoloto; skin naked; brancbiliyals cartilaginous; air- 
 bladder cellular Sklaciiostomi, G, 
 
 Maxillary and interoi)orclo present ; skin witli bony shields ; brancbiliyals osseous; 
 air-bladder simple Glaniostomi, II, 
 
 Okder g.-selaciiostomi. 
 
 {The raddle-fishes.) 
 
 A praicoracoid arch ; no sympiectic bono ; premaxillary forming mouth 
 border ; no suboperculnm, preoperculnm, nor interoperculnm ; mesop- 
 terygium distinct; basihyals aud superior ceratohyai not ossified; inter- 
 clavicles i)re8ent; maxillaries obsolete; brancbiliyals cartilaginous. 
 This order contains but one family, Polyodontidw. {a^Myr^, shark ; (rtfJ/ju, 
 mouth.) J 
 
 Family XXV.— FOLYODONTIDiE. 
 
 ■ {The Paddle-fishes.) ' 
 
 Body fusiform, little compressed, covered with mostly smooth skin. 
 Snout prolonged, expanded into a thin, flat blade, the inner portion 
 formed by the produced nasal bones, the outer portion with a reticulate 
 bony framework, the whole somewhat flexible. Mouth broad, termi- 
 nal, but overhung by the spatulate snout, its border fornu'd by the i)ro- 
 maxillaries, the maxillaries being obsolete. Jaws v/ith nmny fine deiid- 
 
 Tlie ONte<dogical characters bore aud elsewhoro in this work are juostly taken from 
 Col)(^'H " Couiribution to the Ic^hthyology of the Lessor Antilles". Trans. Am. riiil. 
 Boo. 1U70. 
 
 pons teetl 
 present, 
 acute fla]) 
 rakers Ion 
 iiuMubranc 
 mus. A s 
 base of bl 
 brauches. 
 farther ba 
 so tliat the 
 tail armec 
 torals mo( 
 bladder cc 
 branching 
 
 Two gei 
 {fular fislu 
 They feed 
 it up with 
 
 (I'olyodon 
 
 *Gill-rakor£ 
 
 Lac6p^do, I 
 
 Gill-rak 
 
 (hil fulcra 
 
 States. ( 
 
25. POLYODONTIDiE — ^POLYODON. 
 
 8S 
 
 t'oua teetb. Similar teeth en the palatines. ITo tongue. Spiracles 
 present. Opercukmi riulimentary, its skin produced behind into a long, 
 acute lla]>. No psendobranchiaj nor oi>ercular gill. Gills 4J. Gill- 
 riiUers long, in a double series on each arch, the series divided by a broad 
 mombrane. Gill membranes considerably connected, free from the iath- 
 imus. A single broad branchiostegal. No barbels. Nostrils double, at 
 biise of blade. Lateral line continuous, its lower margin with short 
 branches. Dorsal iiu well back, of soft rays only. Anal similar, rather 
 ftirtlier back. Tail heterocercal, the lower caudal lobe well developed, 
 so that the fin is nearly equally forked. Sides of the bent portion of the 
 tail armed with small rhombic plates. Caudal fin with fulcra. Pec- 
 torals moderate, placed low. Vontrals abdominal, many-rayed. Air- 
 bladder cellular, not bifid. Pyloric cceca in the form of a short, broad, 
 branching, leaf-like organ. Intestine with a spiral valve. 
 
 Two genera known, Polyodon and Pscphurus, each of one species. Sin- 
 gular fishes, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States and China. 
 Tlioy feed chiefly on mud and minute organisms contained in it, stirring 
 it up with the spatulate snout. 
 
 (/'o/i/otioMtida; GUuthor, viji, 346-347.) 
 
 •Gill-rakors very fliio iiiul numorous; caudal fulcra small and uuinorous. 
 
 Polyodon, J6. 
 
 46.-POLlfODO]V Lacdpfede. 
 TaMle-finhes. 
 
 (S/}a<M?an'a Shaw : P?at»rostra Lc Sueur.) 
 
 Lacdptido, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i. 402, 1798: typo "Polyodon feuillv" = P. folium Blocb.) 
 ( I ill-rakers exceedingly luimerous, very slender ; spatula broad. Cau- 
 dal fulcra 13 to 20 in number, of moderate size. Rivers of the United 
 States. (;r«AuT, many ; «5(bv, tooth.) . . y, ' 
 
 13. P. spathula (Walb.) J. & Q. —-Paddle- fish ; Spoon-bill Cat; Duck-hill Cat. 
 
 Color olivaceous, rather pale. Opercular flap very long, nearly reach- 
 ing to ventrals. Spatula broad. Premaxillary extending far behind 
 the small eye. Slt.in smooth, or nearly oO, except the rhombic plates on 
 the sides of the tail. Ventrals near the middle of the body ; dorsal 
 well behind them; anal mostly behind the dorsal, and somewhat 
 larger ; these fins somewhat falcate. Fin-rays slender. Spiracle with 
 a minute barbel. Isthmus papillose in the young. Spatula 2 J to 4 times 
 ill length. Whole head, with opercular flap, more than half length. 
 Head, without spatula or flap, about 5. D. 50-GOj A. 50-05; V. 45* 
 
 M 
 
 11: 
 
 .,i - 1 i-r- 
 
 ml 
 
 (>* '^ 
 
 H 
 
 t I'. 
 
 i M 
 
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 L. 5-6 feet. Mississippi Valley and rivers of the Southern States ; gen- 
 erally abundant. 
 
 (Squalus epathula Walbanm, Artedi Piac. 1792, 522: "Polyodon /cutKc" Lac6I)^(lo, 
 Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 402 : P. fol'mm Schneider ed. Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 457 : Spatulana 
 reticulata Shaw, Geu. Zool. 1804, v, 362 : Platirostra edentula (adult) Le Sueur, Journ. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 227 : P. folium Gunther, 346.) 
 
 Obdeb H.-GLANIOSTOMI. 
 
 {The Sturgeons.) - 
 
 A proecoracoid arch. No symplectic bone. Maxillary present. No 
 suboperculum or preoperculura. Interoperculum present. Mesoptcry. 
 gium distinct. Interclavicles present. Basihyals and superior cerato- 
 hyal not ossified. Branchihyals osseous. This group is composed of the 
 single family Acipemeridce. (yka-n^^ a cat-flsh, Silurus ; aro/m, mouth.) 
 
 Family XXVI.— ACIPENSERIDJ5. 
 
 {The Sturgeons.) 
 
 Body elongate, subeylindrical, armed with five rows of bony bucklers, 
 each with a median carina which terminates in a spine. A median dor- 
 sal scries, and a lateral and abdominal series on each side, the abdomi- 
 nal series sometimes deciduous. Between these the skin is rough, with 
 small irregular plates. Snout produced, depressed, conical or subspjit- 
 ulate. Mouth small, inferior, protractile, with thicken'id lips. No 
 teeth. Four barbels in a transverse series on the lower side of tlio 
 snout in front of the mouth. Eyes small; nostrils largo, double, in front 
 of eye. Gills 4. An accessory opercular gill. Gill membranes united 
 to the isthmus. !N"o branchiostegals. Maxillary bone distinct from the 
 I)remaxillary. Head covered with bony plates united by sutures. Fin- 
 rays slender, all articulated. Vertical fins with fulcra. Pectorals 
 idaced low. Ventrals many-rayed, behind middle of body. Dorsal 
 placed posteriorly. Anal somewhat behind it, similar. Tail heterocer- 
 cal, the lower caudal lobe developed. Air-bladder large, simple, con- 
 nected with the (esophagus. Pseudobranchiie small or obsolete. Stom- 
 ach without blind sac. llectum with a 8X)iral valve. Pancreas divided 
 into pyloric appendages. 
 
 Large fishes of the seas and fresh waters of northern regions. Most 
 of the species are migratory, like the salmon, which are found in the 
 same waters. Genera 2, species about 20, although more than llvo 
 times that number have been described. The American species especi- 
 
 »• Spiracles obi 
 
 ' M. Duiudril 
 
26. ACIPENSERIDiE — ACIPENSER. 85 
 
 ally have been unduly multiplied, particularly by Auguste DumiSril, 
 who has found upwards of forty of them in the museum at Paris. 
 The actual number of American sturgeons does not exceed 7, and is 
 inoro likely still less. The changes with age are considerable; the snout 
 in particular becomes much shorter and less \cute, and the roughness 
 of the scales is greatly diminished; the ventral shields sometimes disap- 
 pear altogether The number of plates, although one of the best spe- 
 cific characters, is subject to considerable variations. . ^ > 
 
 (Jci;)fn«end(B Giinthor, viii, 332-345.) v; A:> -v / .;v ilk - 
 
 • Spiracles present ; snout subconic ; rows of bony shields distinct throughout. 
 
 ACIPKNSER, 47. 
 •» Spiracles obsolete ; snout subspatulate ; rows of bony shields confluent on the tail. 
 
 SCAPIlIRUHYNCnOPS, 48. 
 
 4».— ACIPENSER* Linnseus. 
 
 • Sturgeons. 
 (Ariedi, Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Jcipcneer aturio L.) . 
 
 Snout subconical, more or less depressed below the level of the fore- 
 head. A small spiracle over the eye. Caudal i)eduncle moderately 
 long, deeper than broad, the rows of bony bucklers distinct to the base 
 of the caudal fin. Tail not produced into a filament, its tip surrounded 
 by the caudal rays. Gill-rakers small, narrowed or lanceolate. Pseu- 
 ilobranchiai present. Species numerous. (Latin acipenser, a sturgeon ; 
 from «x{c, point ; jrevra, five ?) 
 
 yi. A. sturio L. — Common Sturgeon. 
 
 Snout rather shari^, nearly as long as the rest of the head, becoming 
 comparatively shorter and blunter with age. Barbels nearly midway 
 between mouth and tip of snout, shortish, not reaching the mouth. 
 Gill rakers small, slender, pointed, sparse, not longer than the i)upil. 
 
 »M. Dmudril (Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 89) divides this group into six subgenera, as fol- 
 lows : 
 a. Spines of dorsal shields situated near their middle. {Mcaocentrei.) 
 b. Stellate plates none. 
 
 c. Scutella (between largo shields) disposed without order Huso. 
 
 cc. Scutella disposed in quincunx Acipenskh. 
 
 6fi. Stellate ])late8 nunioroiis Antackus. 
 
 flo. Spines of dorsal shiehl at the posterior extremity. {O^iathocentrea.) 
 
 . d. Stellate plates none. 
 
 e. Lip emarginate Stkrletus. 
 
 ce. Lip entire LlONlscus. 
 
 dd. Stellate plat«8 numoroUi"* IlELOPS. 
 
 The same species at dilTcreut ages niuy frequently belong to two or more of these 
 Bubgoiiora. 
 
 w 
 
 i ! 
 i' - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 K\ i>.mi^^^^^^^ 
 
 [ - 
 
 , pi^^H 
 
 i;; 
 
 ^^! 
 
 
 I 
 
 V . 1 
 
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 86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Fulera rougliish, not enlarged. Lower lobe of tail rather sharp. Sides 
 of tail with regular rhombic plates. Plates mesocentrous, rather rough. 
 Anal smaller than dorsal, placed mostly below it. Anterior rays of 
 pectoral thickened. "Skin with voiy small rough points in vcrj' 
 young examples ; in older ones these ossifications are broader, rougli, 
 substellate, and more or less regularly arranged in oblique series." D. 
 40-44 J A. 20-30. Dorsal plates 11-14; lateral 27-36; ventral plates 
 11. Atlantic Ocean ; ascending rivers of Europe and North America. 
 Var. oxyrrasynchus (Mitchill), the American Sturgeon, has the num- 
 ber of lateral plates generally fewer — 27-29 instead of 29-36, as in Euro- 
 liean examples. The stellate ossifications are also said to be some- 
 "what rougher than in the Euroi)ean form. Massachusetts to Florida; 
 abundant. 
 
 (L. Syst. Nat. ; Giintlier, viii, 342 : Acipenaer oxyrhynohua Mitcliill, Trans. Lit. & 
 Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 462, and of most American writers.) 
 
 7 a* A> transmontanus Richardson. — White Sturgeon; Columbia River Sturgeon; 
 SaoramerJo Sturgeon. 
 
 Color dark grayish, scarcely olive-tinged, and without stripes. Dor- 
 sal shields mesocentrous, with a compressed bluntish spine, which is 
 anterioHy often serrated, and followed behind by a compressed keel. 
 Lateral shields rather opisthoceiitrous. Skin with stellate roughnesses, 
 but smoother than in A. medirostris. Snout sharp in the young, be- 
 coming rather blunt and short in the adult, when it is confjiderably 
 shorter than the rest of the head. Barbels rather nearer to the tip of 
 snout than to the mouth. Gill-rakers comparatively long, more than 
 3 times as high as broad, about 26 in number. Upper lobe of tai[ 
 with rhombic plates. First caudal fulcrum, above and below, enlarged 
 and granular. Lower lobe of caudal rather sharp and long, not much 
 shorter than upi)er. Dorsal plates 12 ; lateral 36-49, usually about 44; 
 ventral 10. Anal fin mostly below dorsal. D. 45 ; A. 28. Depth 7 in 
 length ; head 4. Pacific coast, south to Monterey, ascending the Sacra 
 niento, Columbia, and Eraser's Eivers in large numbers in spring. 
 Reaches a weight of 300 to 600 pounds, and is used as food. 
 
 (Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amor. iii, 278, 1836: Aoipenscr hrachyrhynchus and aciiti- 
 rosWs (young) Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854,15,10: Acipenser transmoiUanut 
 anil bravhyrhynchus Qiinther, viii, 336, 337.) 
 
 70. A. medirostris Xyrea.— Green Sturgeon. 
 
 Color olive-green, with an olive stripe on the median lino of the belly 
 and one on each side above the ventral plates, these stripes ceasing op- 
 posite the vent. Shields generally opisthocentrous, with a stroDgly 
 
 ■IHHiMli 
 
26. ACIPENSERID^ — ^ACIPENSEE. 
 
 87 
 
 iy 
 
 hooted spine. Skin very rough. Snout about as in A. transmontanus, 
 sharp in the young, becoming blunt with age, usually rather shortei 
 than the rest of head. Barbels nearly midway between snout and 
 mouth. Gill-rakers scarcely higher than broad, about 17 in number. 
 Upper lobe of tail with some scattered plates. Caudal fulcra not en- 
 larged. Lower lobe of caudal short and blunt, little more than half the 
 length of the upper. Dorsal plates 10; lateral 28-30; ventral 9. Anal 
 fin about half below the dorsal. D. 37 ; A. 30. Depth 7J in length ; 
 bead 4^. Pacific coast, ascending the rivers from San Francisco north- 
 ward, reaching a large size. Less abundant tiian A. transmontamis; 
 not used for food, being reputed poisonous. 
 
 (Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 15; GUnthor, viii, 342: Acipenacr agaasizi Giiuthor, 
 viii, 344 : Acipenaer acutiroatria GUnther, viii, 344 ; not of Ayres.) 
 
 77. A. rubicundus Le Sueur. — Lake Sturgeon; Ohio Sturgeon; Black Sturgeon; 
 Stone Sturgeon ; Hock Sturgeon. 
 
 Blackish above, sides paler or reddish. Body comparatively elongate ; 
 snout slender and long in the young, becoming quite blunt with age, 
 when it is considerably shorter than the rest of the head ; shields large, 
 rongli with strongly hooked spines, becoming later comparatively 
 smooth. Skin with minute rough plates. Ventral shields growing 
 smaller with age, and finally deciduous. Dorsal shields 13 (11-10); 
 lateral shields (34) 30-39; ventral plates 8-10. D. 35; A. 26. L. 6 
 feet. Weight 50 to 100 pounds. Mississii)pi Valley, Great Lakes, and 
 northward. Our common tresh- water sturgeon, usually not descending 
 to the sea. 
 
 (Le Sncur, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. i, 1818, 388: Acipenaer maculoaua Lo Suour, l/ans. 
 Amcr. Pliii. Soc. i,3U3: Adpenaer rupertianua Kicbardsou, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 311: 
 Aiipenser carbonariua, Iwvia, and rhynchaua Agassiz, Lalco Superior, 271, 276: Acipenaer 
 riihicumhia, maculosua, and Ho2)elli8 Guntlicr, viii, 338, 339, 341 ; Miluer, Kept. U. S. Fish 
 Com. If7:i-'73,C7.) 
 
 7§, A, hrcvirostris Lo SuGVLT.—Short-noaed Sturgeon. 
 
 " Snout very short and obtuse, about one-fourth of the length of the 
 head. Barbels short, simple. Osseous shields rather small and distant 
 from one another, finely radiated and granulated ; 8-10 on the back, 
 22-28 on the sides, 6-8 along the abdomen. Skin very sparingly cov- 
 ered with minute prickles and very small scattered ossifications. The 
 greater part of the anal below the dorsal. D. 30." {O'dnther.) Cape 
 Cod to Florida. 
 
 (Le Sueur, Trans. Amer. PhiL Soo. i,390; GUnther, viii, 341.) 
 
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 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 4§.— 8CAPinRBHiriV€HOPS GilL 
 
 8hovel-no86 Sturgeons. ,■ :. • 
 
 (Scaphirhynchua Heckel, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. i, 1835,71; preoccupied in oruf. 
 
 thology.) 
 {Scaphirhynchops* (Gill, MSS. ) Jordan & Copeland, Ball. Buff. Sec. Nat. Hist. 1876, 161 ; 
 
 type Acipenser platorynchus Kafinesque.) 
 
 Snout broad, depressed, subspatulate or shovel-shaped. No spiracle. 
 Caudal peduucle very long, strongly depressed, broader than deep. 
 Rows of bony bucklers confluent below the dorsal fin, forming a com- 
 plete coat of mail on the tail. Tail produced in a filament beyond the 
 caudal fin. Gill-rakers somewhat fan-shaped. PseudobranchisB obso- 
 lete. Species about 4, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States 
 and Central and Eastern Asia, {ffxd^rj, spade; ^oyx'K, snout; wi/', appear- 
 ance.) 
 
 79. S. platyrrhyocllUS (Kafinesque) Gill. — Shovel-nosed Sliiryeon; White Sturgeon. 
 Body elongate, tapering into a slender, depressed tail, which extends 
 beyond the caudal fin in the form of p. filament. This filament is long 
 and slender in the young, but is frequently lost in the adult. Bony 
 shields opisthocentrous, sharply keeled, the series confluent below tlie 
 dorsal, obliterating the smaller plates between. Two occipital plates 
 with short keels. A spine in front of eye, and one at the posterior edge 
 of the rostral " shovel " ; snout in the young with a few spines. Barbels 
 nearer mouth than tip of snout. Greatest width of head about half its 
 length. None of the fulcra enlarged. Dorsal and anal small. Anal 
 partly below dorsal. Gill-rakers small, lamellate, somewhat fim-shaped, 
 ending in 3-4 jjoints. Dorsal shields 15-18 ; lateral 41-40; ventral 11- 
 13. Head 4 in length. L. 5 feet. Mississippi Valley and streams of 
 the Western and Southern States ; common. 
 
 (AclpeHHer platorhynchus Rafinesquo, Iclith. Oh. 1820, 80: Scaphirhynchua raftnesqud 
 Heckel, Ann. Wiener Mus. Natuvgescli. i, 1835, 71 : Scaphirhynchua cataphractua Giiutber, 
 viii, 345.) 
 
 " Subclass HOLOSTEl --. 
 
 "■•'"' {The Bony Ganoids.) 
 
 Skeleton bony. Ventral fin abdominal, with the basilar segments riuli- 
 mentsiry, as in ordinary fishes. Primary radii of posterior limb generally 
 reduced to one rudiment. Suboperculum and preoperculum present. 
 
 • " In words beginning with />, /> is doubled after a prefix " (Liddell t^ Scott, Gr.-Eiij»i. 
 Lex. 1858, yi3) ; hence Scaphirrhynchopa, Uemirrhamphua, and all similar words are 
 properly written with the double r. 
 
27. LEPIDOSTEID^. 
 
 89 
 
 Brifbchiostegals present. Coronoid bone and praecoracoid arch present. 
 Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chi- 
 asma. Intestine with aspiralvalve. Air-bladder cellular, lung-lJke, con- 
 nected by a sort of glottis with the oesophagus. Tail heterocercal. Skin 
 covered with scales, which are ganoid or cycloid. As here understood, 
 this group consists of the two orders Oinglymodi and JIalecomorphi, 
 the Crossopterygia being considered as forming a distinct subclass. The 
 Chondrostei, ITolostei, and Grossopterygia form the series or subclass 
 Ganoidei, represented by five widely divergent families among recent 
 fishes and by a great variety of extinct types. These forms, so far as 
 known, agree in a number of respects already indicated, and diflfer from 
 all the Tcleostei^ or ordinary fishes, in the presence of several pairs of 
 valves in the arterial bulb, and in the presence of the optic chiasma. 
 The relations of the HalecomorpJii with the Teleostean order of Isospon- 
 dyli are, however, undoubtedly very close. 
 
 (Ganoidei Iloloatei part Giinther, viii, 324-325, 328-331. 62.og, complete; bariovj 
 
 bone.) ■ "■' 
 
 ANAXY8I8 OF ORDERS OF H0L08TEI. 
 
 • Vertel>rEB opisthoccelian ; maxillary bone transversely divided into several pieces. 
 
 GiNGLYMODI, I. 
 
 ** VertebrtB ampliicrolian ; maxillary bone not transversely divided. 
 
 , y Halecomorphi, J. 
 
 Order I -GINGLYMODI. 
 
 {The Qar Pikes.) 
 
 Parietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebrae 
 simple. Symplectics present. Maadible with opercular, coronoid, an- 
 gular, articular, and dentary bones. Third superior pharyngeal small, 
 lying on fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Maxillary transversely 
 divided. A cartilaginous praecoracoid arch. Vertebrae opisthocoelian. 
 Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and five other basal elements. Tail 
 heterocercal. This order includes the single family Lepidoateiioe. 
 (j-i^'^'Au/zof, hinge; d^woT, tooth. !:?.•*/-, 
 
 Family XXVIL—LEPIDOSTEID^. 
 
 {The Gar Pikes.) 
 
 Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard, rhombic, ganoid 
 scales or plates, which are imbricated in oblique series running down- 
 ward and backward. Both jaws more or less elongate, spatulato or 
 beak-like, the upper law projecting beyond the lower. Premaxillary 
 
 i '; 
 
 1 i 
 
 i>. Ij 
 
 l^^ it 
 
90 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOOY~IV. 
 
 .»! i-i: 
 
 :im\r 
 
 \¥ ];• 'I 
 
 I** , 
 
 I J ) j 
 
 forming most of the margin of the upper jaw ; the maxillary transversely 
 divided into several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as 
 in reptiles. Coronoid present. Both jaws with an outer series of small 
 teeth, followed by one (or two) series of largo teeth, besides which on 
 the jaws, vomer, and palatines are series of small, close-set, rasp-like teeth. 
 Tongue toothless. Largo teeth of the jaws conical in form, pointed and 
 striate, placed at right angles to the jaw. These large teeth rest, accord- 
 ing to Agassiz, in a rather deep furrow, protected on the outside by the 
 raised border of the jaw, and on the inside by a ridge of the same 
 nature. Thesis teeth are pierced in the centre by a foramen, which 
 communicates with the maxillary canal, and through which the nervos 
 and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity of the tooth. The forms of tho 
 folded layers of dentine within the teeth are peculiar. Pharyngeals 
 w fch rasp like teeth. Tongue short, broad, emarginate, free at tip. Ex- 
 teriml bones of skull very hard ?\' d rugose. Eyes small. Nostrils near 
 the end of the upi)er jaw. An accessory gill on the inner side of tho 
 opercle. Pseudobranchiie present. l!fo spiracles. Gills four, a slit be- 
 hind the fourth. Bru.nchiostegals 3. Gill membranes somewhat con- 
 nected, free from the isthmus. Gill-rakers very short. Air-bladder cellu- 
 lar, lung-like, somewhat functional, communicating by a glottis with tho 
 oesophagus. Fins with fulcra. Dorsal lin short, rather high, posterior, 
 nearly opposite the anal, which is similar in form. Tail heterocercal, 
 in the young produced as a lilament beyond the caudal fin. Caudal 
 convex. Ventrals nearly midway between pectorals and anal. Pec- 
 toral and ventrals moderate, few-rayed. Vertebra) with balland-sockct 
 joints [opistliocoelian). Stomach not coecal. Pyloric appendages numer- 
 ous. Spiral valve of intestines rudimentary. Fishes of the fresh waters 
 of North America. Genera 1 or 2; species probably 3 or 4, although 
 more than 40 have been described. These fishes are of much interest 
 to geologists from their relationship to extinct Ganoid types. 
 
 (Zcpidoato'do; GUnther. .ill, 328, 331.) 
 
 • Largo teeth of tho upper juw in a siuglo series (in adnlt) Lkpidosteus, 49. 
 
 •* Large teeth of upper jaw iu two series LlTllOLEPis, 50. 
 
 49.— liEPlDOSTEVS Lacdpbde. 
 
 Oar Fikes. 
 
 (Lepiaoeteus Lac€p^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 331, 1803 : type Lepisoateus gavialia Lac. = 
 Etox osaeus L. ) 
 
 This genus is characterized by the presence of but one row of largo 
 teeth in each jaw. There are in the upper jaw, first, the outer series of 
 
 MiiMllHH 
 
27. LEPIDOSTEID^ LEPIDOSTEUS. 
 
 91 
 
 small, sharp, even teeth, then the series of large teeth, some of the 
 anterior teeth being nsnuUy movable. Next eomes a series of fine 
 teeth, in one row in front, beeoming a band behind. Then the vom- 
 erine teeth also in a long band, and posteriorly outside of the vomerine 
 bund a i)alatine band. These bands on the roof of the mouth are fre- 
 qnently somewhat confluent or irregular. In young specimens some 
 of the palatine- teeth are often enlarged, sometimes forming a regular 
 Hcaies. Lower jaw with an outer series of small teeth, then a series of 
 liug«5 teeth, then a broad '^and of fine teeth on each side. No teeth on 
 tongue. Each of the large teeth fitting into a depression in the op- 
 posite jaw. Waters of the United States. (Ae-n;, scale; daTiov, bone.) 
 
 * Ueuk long ami Hluiuler ; tho suout more tliuu twice tbo length of the rcat of the 
 
 80> Ii« OSSCU8 (L.) Agasaiz. — Long-noKcil Gar; Dill-fMh ; Common Oar Pike. 
 
 Olivaceous, pale and somewhat silvery below. Vertical fins and pos- 
 terior part of the body with round black spots, which are more distinct 
 iu the young. Very young with a blackish lateral band. Snout a little 
 more than twice tho length of the rest of the head, its length 15-20 
 times its least width. Head 3 in length ; depth 12. D. 8 ; A. 9. ; V. 
 6 ; P. 10 ; Lat. 1. about 02. L. about 5 feet. Great Lakes and rivers 
 of the United States from Vermont to tho llio Grande ; generally abun- 
 dant* ;,. :■;■, -v-^- ,,.--■■— ■;--"- ■ •■ ---■ : •■ --• . 
 
 {Ehox OBseua Linn. Syst. Nftt. : Lepiaosteus oxyurua Raf. Ichtb. Oh. 7;$ : Lepiaoateua huron- 
 ennin liichardsou, Fuuua Bor.-Aiucr. iii, 5i;i7 ; Gilnther, viii, :}30.) 
 
 '*lleuk shorter and broader, little longer ihau the rest of the head. {Cylindroateu8\ 
 Raiiuesqne. ) 
 
 §1. li. platystomus Raf.~Shoi-t-noHcd Oar. 
 
 Colors of fj. osseus or rather darker. Snout usually about one-third 
 longer tl-.-.u the rest of the head, sometimes about equal to it, its length 
 r»-G times its least width. Head 3} in length ; depth 8. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; 
 V. 6 ; Lat. 1. about C6. L. 2-3 feet. Great Lakes and southern and 
 western rivers, with the i>receding, but less abundant northward. 
 
 {Lepiaoateua platoatomua Kaliucsqnc, Ichth. Oh. 72; Glinther, viii.SriD.) 
 
 •M. Augufite Dnmdiil (Hist. Nab. Poiss.) divides this species, as reprnHentcd in the 
 MiiHcnm at Paris, into aeventcen, which are distinguished by trifling ditiereuces iu pro- 
 portions and numbers of scales. It is seldom safe to found either a species or a genus 
 of iishes on differeuces iu proportions alone. 
 
 r Kafinoaiine, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 72 : type Lepiaoateua platoatomua Raf. {KvTiivdpog, cylin- 
 der; boTEov, bone.) 
 
 
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 92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV^» 
 
 50.— liITHOLiEPIS Rafinesque. C, ( 
 
 Alligator Gars. ; ' 
 
 (J^radosfc'us Rafiuosque, 1820.) '. 
 
 (Rafinesque, Araer, Month. Mag. iii, 447, 1818 : type Litholepia adamantinua Raf. ) 
 
 This genus is scarcely distinct from Lepidosteus, differing only in the 
 presence of a second series of large teeth in the upper jaw, along the 
 outer margin of the palatine bones, at their junction with the premaxil- 
 laries. Probably but one species, in the warmer parts of the United 
 States, and southward to Cuba and Central America. (Attfoc, stone; 
 XsTtU, scale.) 
 
 83* Ii< tristoechus (Bloch & Schneider) Jordan & Gilbert. — Alligator Gar. 
 
 Color greenish, paler below, the adult usually not spotted. Snout 
 usually not quite so long as the rest of the head, its least width con- 
 tained 3 J times in its length. Head 3 J in length. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; V. G ; 
 Lat. 1. 60. Scales in an oblique series from the ventrals to middle of 
 back 18-20. L. 8-10 feet. Rivers of the Southern States, Cuba, Mex- 
 ico, and Central America ; reaching a great size. ' 
 
 (if Esox viridia Gmolin ed. Liun^, i, 1380: Eaox iriatcechua Schneider cd. Bloch, 395: 
 Ltjnaoaieua apatula Lac6p. v, 333 : Lepiaoafeua or Atractoateua ferox Rafinesque, lehth. 
 Oh. 73: Lejndoateua mavjuari Poey, M<5m. Cuba, i, 273: f Atractoateua tropicua Gill, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803,172: Lepidoateua viridia Giiather, viii, 329.) 
 
 Oedeb J.-HALECOMORPHI. 
 
 {The Amias.) 
 
 Parietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebrae 
 simple. Mandible with opercular and coronoid. Maxillary not trans- 
 versely segmented, bordering the mouth. Third superior pharyngeal 
 lying on enlarged fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Vertebrae ampbi- 
 coelian. Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and eight other elements. 
 
 This order includes only the family of Amiidce. (Latin haleeamorphus, 
 formed like a shad; in allusion to the resemblance between this group of 
 Ganoids and the IsoapondylL) 
 
 i:_ :... Family XXVIIL— AMIID^. 
 
 {Tlie Mud-fishes.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed behind, terete anteriorly. Head subconical, 
 anteriorly bluntish, slightly depressed, its superficial bones corrugated 
 
28. AMIID^. 
 
 9a 
 
 and very liard, scarcely covered by skin. Snout sliort, rounded. Lat- 
 eral margins of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, which are divided 
 by a longitudinal suture. Jaws nearly even in front. Cleft of the 
 mouth nearly horizontal, extending beyond the small eye. Lower jaw 
 broad, U-shaped, the rami well separated. Between them a broad bonj' 
 plate, with radiating striae, its posterior edge free. Jaws each with an 
 outer series of conical teeth, behind which in the lower is a band of 
 rasp-like teeth. Bands of small teeth on the vomer and pterygoids. 
 Palatin(»s with a series of larger, pointed teeth. Premaxillaries not pro- 
 tractile. Tongue thick, scarcely free at tip. Nostrils well separated, the 
 anterior with a short barbel. Suborbital very narrow. A bony plate 
 covering the cheek, similar to the plates on the top of the head. Oper- 
 culum with a broad dermal border. Branchiostegals 10-12. No i)seu- 
 dobranchiae nor opercular gill. No spiracle. Gills 4, a slit behind the 
 fourth. Gill membranes not connected, free from the isthmus. Two 
 peculiar, long, lanceolate, obliquely striate appendages on each side 
 of the isthmus, projecting backward and covered by the branchioste- 
 gal rays, the anterior wholly adnate to the isthmus, the posterior 
 free behind.* Isthmus scaleless. Gill-rakers stoutish, very short. 
 Scales of moderate size, rather firm, cj'cloid, with a membranaceous 
 border. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin long and low, nearly uniform ; 
 the posterior rays not much higher than the others; its insertion in 
 front of the middle line of the body, opposite the end of the pectoral. 
 Tail somewhat heterocercal (more so in the young), convex behind. No 
 fulcra. Anal fm short and low. Pectoral and ventral fins short and 
 rounded, the ventrals nearer anal than pectorals. Vertebroe amphicce- 
 lian, as usual among fishes. Abdominal and caudal parts of the ver- 
 tebral column subequal. Air-bladder cellular, bifid in front, lung-like, 
 connected by a glottis with the pharynx, and capable of assisting in 
 respiration. Stomach with a blind sac; no pyloric coeca. No closed 
 oviduct. Intestine with a rudimentary spiral valve. Fresh waters of 
 tbo United States. A single species known. 
 
 •See Wilder "On tho Serrated Appendages of the Throat of Amia," Proc. Amer, 
 Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1876, 259, for a discussion of these curious organs. 
 
 ■'I 
 
 
 
 km 
 
 J.; 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
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 94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 51. — Ami A Liniisens. 
 > ' t * < .- Bow-Jim. 
 
 ( Jmiatus Rafinesque.) 
 (Liim. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 17C6: typo Amia calva L.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. («/Jt£'a, ancient name of some 
 fish, probably the bonito, Sarda mediterranean said to be from a, priva- 
 tive, and Ilia, one, the fish living in schools.) 
 
 §3> A* caJvaL. — Mud-fish; Dog-fish; Bow-fin; Grindle] "John A. Gnndle" ', Lawyer 
 Dark olive or blackish above, paler below; sides with traces of 
 dark reticulate markings ; lower jaw and gular plate often with round 
 blackish spots. Fins mostly dark, somewhat mottled. Male with a 
 round black spot at base of caudal above, this surrounded by an orange 
 or yellowish shade. In the female this spot is wanting. Lateral line 
 nearly median, directed slightly upward at each end. D. 48(42-53); 
 A. 10-12; V. 7 ; Lat. 1. G7 (Gi5-70). Head 3^ in length; depth 4 to U. 
 Male about 18 inches in length ; female 24 or more. Great Lakes and 
 sluggish waters from Minnesota to Virginia, Florida, and Texas ; abund- 
 ant. A voracious fish of remarkable tenacity of life. The flesh is pecu- 
 liarly soft and pasty, and is of no value for food. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Gtinther, vli, 32G: Amia ocelUcauda Richanlson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. 
 iii, 236 ( (J ): Amia occideutalia Uekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 269.) 
 
 SuBcuss PHYSOSTOMI. ■ " • ' 
 
 {The Soft-rayed Fishes.) 
 
 Skeleton bony. Ventral fins (if present) abdominal, with the basal 
 segments rudimental. Parietal bones usually united. Air-bladder (if 
 present) connected by an air-duct with the cesophagus. Scales mostly 
 cycloid. Lateral line usually running low. Parietal bones usually 
 united. Praecoracoid generally present. Eays of fins all soft and artic- 
 ulated, except occasionally one or two of the anterior rays of any fin, 
 which may be spinous. Lateral margins of upper jaw usually formed 
 by the maxillaries. Pectoral fin placed low, generally near the ventral 
 line. 
 
 This group corresponds essentially to the Malacopteri Abdominales of 
 different authors, the Cycloidei of Professor Agassiz. Although the 
 typical members of this group differ in many ways from the more special- 
 
NBMATOGNATHI. 
 
 95 
 
 Ized Pbysoclistous Teliosts, yet all the subordinate characters disappear 
 as we approach the poiut of union of the two groups, leaving only the 
 presence of the air-duct as the ultimate distinctive character of the 
 Physostomi. In view of this inosculation of the two groups, many 
 writers (following Professor Gill) have united them both into one order, 
 Tcleocephali, after the exclusion of various aberrant members of each. 
 The retention, in some form, of groups emphasizing the difference be- 
 tween the spinous and the soft-rayed fishes seems to us very convenient. 
 
 (Order PhysoHtomi GVintheT, v-viii.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OP ORDERS OF PHYSOSTOMI. * 
 
 m 
 
 ': e •■ 
 
 A. Prajcoracoid arch present. - = 
 
 13. Symplectic bone none ; pterotic Bimple ; anterior vertobrsB -with ossicula audi- 
 tus; Bupraoccipital and parietals co-ossified ; maxillary imperfect, 
 forming the base of a barbel; no suboperculum . . Nematogxatui, K. 
 BB. Symplectic bone present. 
 
 C. Anterior vertebrie co-ossified and with ossicnla auditus. 
 
 Plectospondyli, L. 
 CC. Anterior vertebrte similar, distinct, •without ossicula auditus. 
 
 ISOSPONDYLI, M. 
 
 AA. Prsecoracoid arch none. 
 
 D. Scapular arch suspended to cranium ; a symplectic bone ; pterotic 
 and anterior vertebrae simple ; parietals separated by supraoccipital. 
 
 Haplomi, N. 
 
 DD. Scapular arch free behind the cranium ; jiarietals in contact ; no 
 
 symplectic; maxillary bone lost or connate Exchelycephali, O. 
 
 Oedee K.-NEMATOGNATHI. 
 
 :{ {The Cat-Jishes.) ; ' ^. 
 
 Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vcrtebrsB co- 
 ossified, and with ossicula auditus. No mesopterygium. Basis cranii 
 and pterotic bone simple ; no coronoid bone. Third superior pharyn- 
 geal bone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth ; second directed 
 backwards. One or two pairs of basal brauchihyals ; two pairs branchi- 
 hyals. Suboperculum wanting. Premaxillary forming mouth border 
 above. Interclavicles present, l^o scales. Skin naked or with bony 
 plates. 
 
 " This division is the nearest ally to the sturgeons (Chondrostei) among 
 Physostomous fishes, and I imagine that future discoveries will prove 
 that it has been derived from that division by descent. In the same 
 
 •After Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 452. 
 
 -fe 
 
 ) ■■!-; 
 
 M 
 
 ■■","■'(' fi 
 
 . \':IM: 
 
 :•;« 
 
 ■"f*?j 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 J^ 
 
 r u ». 
 
ilm: 
 lliip 
 
 ^|i ■■■■*; 
 
 , -"Hi- Mi 
 
 •'W'< .■''■'■ 
 
 i:ilf 
 
 
 
 .i 
 
 [|„i« 
 
 
 
 96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 way the Isospondylous fishes are nearest the HalecomorpM, and havo 
 probably descended from some Crossopterygian, near the Mapliatia, 
 through that order. The affinity of the cat-fishes to the sturgeons is 
 seen in the absence of symplectic, the rudimental maxillary bone, and, 
 as observed by Parker, in the interclavicles. There is a superficial 
 resemblance iu the dermal bones." {Cope. 1. c., 454.) 
 
 This group comprises the Giluridce and their relatives, now divided 
 into several families by Professor Gill, (vyza, thread ; yvdOn^^ jaw ; from 
 the maxillary barbels, which are always present.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF TnE FAMILIES OP NEMATOGNATHI. 
 
 * Operculum present ; dorsal fin, if present, short, anteriorly placed. ..Silurid^, 29. 
 
 Family XXIX.— SILURIDiE. 
 
 {The Gat-fislien.) 
 
 iiody more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates. 
 No true scales. Anterior part of head with two or more barbels, the 
 base of the longest pair formed by the rudimentary maxillary. Margin 
 of upper jaw formed by i)i<^maxillarie8 only. Suboperculum absent; 
 operculum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above or in front 
 of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior rays of dor- 
 sal and pcctoi-a!s usually spinous. Air-bladder usually present, largo, 
 and connected with tt o organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossi- 
 cles. Lower pharyngeals separate. 
 
 After the removal of numerous aberrant forms as distinct families, 
 the family of Siluridcc, as understood by Professor Gill, contains more 
 than 100 genera and upwat'd of 900 species. Most of the Siluridcc are 
 fresh-water fishes, inhabiting the rivers of warm regions, particularly 
 South America and Africa. Comiiaratively few of them are marine, and 
 these few are mostlj' tropical. 
 
 Our species all oelong to the division ct-Ued by Dr. Gilnthor, Siluridw 
 Proteropfflrrt?, and thus chara<iterized : 
 
 "The rayed <lorsal is alw.ays present, short, with not more than 13 
 soft rays, and belongs to the abdominal jiortion of the vertebral column, 
 being placed iu advance of the ventrals. The adipose fin is always 
 present ana r^ell developed, although frequently short. The extent of 
 the anal is much infer-r to that of the caudal vertebral column. The 
 gill membranes are not coLfluent with the skiu of the isthmus, their 
 
 ** Anterior 
 
v-V-' v -,:-^ 29. SILURID^ — NOTURUS. '"■■■■ --'■7.'*t>-'':..'^;:-: 97 
 
 posterior margins always free, even if they are united with each other. 
 
 V.lieiiever a nasal barbel is i)resent it belongs to the ])osterior nostril." 
 
 (SHiiridw i)art Gtiutlier, v, 30-G5, G'J-220: Ueteroptcra:, Protcroptvra, and IStcno- 
 hninchicp.) 
 
 * Auterior tuul posterior iiostrila romoto from each other, the posterior provided with 
 
 a barbel ; vomer and palatines toothless ; barbels 8. {Ivta- 
 liirino'.) 
 a. Adipose flu keel-like, adnate to the back; supraoccipital bone free behind. 
 
 NoTUUfS, 52. 
 aa. Adipose fin with its posterior margin free. 
 
 b, Premaxillary band of teeth with a lateral backward extension on each 
 
 side I'lLomcTis, 53. 
 
 66. Premaxillary band of teeth trnncate behind, 
 c. Caudal not forked. 
 
 d. Eyes eoneealed beneath the skin Gronias, 54. 
 
 (Id. Eyes normal Amu'uus, 55. 
 
 cc. Caudal forked ICTAi.uiius, .^)(>. 
 
 *• Auterior and posterior nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior 
 
 with a valv<^ ; teeth on the palate. {Jriina:) 
 
 e. Lower jaw with 4 barbels Arius, 57, 
 
 ee. Lower jaw with M barbels ./'Eluriciituys, 58. 
 
 5a.— IVOTURUS Rafinesque. 
 
 Stone Cats. 
 
 (Koturun Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. and Crit. Rev. iv, Nov. 1818, 41: typo Nolurva 
 ftavus Ralinescpie.) 
 
 r>()(l,y more or less elongate, anteriorly subcyliiulrieal, then(!e more or 
 less (■()ini)resse<l. Head above ovate and depi-essed. Skin very thick, 
 entirely concealing the bones. Supraoccipital entirely free from the 
 head of the second interspinal. Eyes small. IMouth anterior, rather 
 large, the ui)per jaw usually more or less i)ro,jecting beyond the lower. 
 Tooth subulate, closely aggregated in a broad band in each Jaw, whiiih 
 in tlie lower one is interrupted by a linear interval and in the ui>per one 
 is continuous. The band in the U])per jaw is either abruptly truncated 
 at each end (subgenus ISchilheodi's) or prolonge<l backward by a contin- 
 uation from the postero-external angle (subgenus Kotiirnn). IJrauchios- 
 toj-als {>. Dorsal fin situated over th(» posterior half of the interval 
 lu'tween the pectoral and ventral fins, with a short, sharp spine Jind 
 7 branched rays. A<lipose fin h)ng and low, more or less conneiited 
 with the a(!cessory rays of the caiulal (in, m)t free posteriori.)-, but ud- 
 iiate to the body; the membrant! sometimes high and contiiuious, some- 
 tiinos notched. Caudal tin very obli^pu^ly truncated or rounihsd, in- 
 sorted on an e<puilly oblicpu'ly rounded base. Uays rapidly decreasing 
 ill length interiorly ; luimerous nuUineutary ones present, both above 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10—^7 
 
 ;1l- 
 
 ! , 
 
 
 it I'l ■■ 
 
 
 !-'t\'-: 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 ii. !'* ■' 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 rl 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 |- 
 
 ii 
 
 
 1 
 
 :: :lf •■ 
 
 
 M 
 
 1.. 
 
 !._.._. 
 
 ;*.i 
 
 i 
 
 •:ir: 
 
 •I' f 
 
 :H 
 
i^': 
 
 J (I 
 
 I I H ' 1 
 
 2 d 
 
 i-l! 
 
 j!-;, 
 
 !l;; 
 
 98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO 5I0RTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 and below the candal peduncle. Anal fin comparatively short, and rap- 
 idly increasing in lieijj^ht for the first half of its length ; it has 12-20* rays. 
 Ventrals rounded, and each has 1 simple and 8 branched rays. Pec- 
 toral fins with a sliarp spine, of difterent forms in the difterent species. 
 Vent at some distance in advance of the anal. Lateral line comi)letc. 
 In or above the axil of the iiectoral fins is an orifice, whi<;h is the open- 
 ing of the duct of a ]wison gland. " From it may frequently be drawn a 
 solid gelatinous style ending in a tripod, each limb of which is dichoto- 
 mously divided into short bran(;hes of regular length." (Cope.) Size 
 small. Fresh waters of the United States, (wwro?, back ; Supri, tail ; 
 "means tail over the back", Rajinesqiic.) 
 
 •Premaxilliiry band of teeth without lateral backward processes. (Schilbeodcsi 
 lUeekcr.) 
 t Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind; adipose fin high and continuous with 
 the caiulal. 
 a. Pectoral spine about half the length of the head. 
 
 81. W. gryrinus (Mitchill) Raf. 
 
 ^Nearly uniform yellowish brown, sometimes blackish, without trans- 
 verse blotches ; a narrow dark lateral streak and one or more dorsal 
 ones. Body com])aratively short and thick. Head large, its width 3^- 
 4^ in length of body ; depth 4-51; head;U-4. Spines stout and rather 
 long; that of the pecstoral fin straight, grooved behind, 2,^ in the distance 
 from snout to dorsal fin. Dorsal higher than long, inserted nearer anal 
 than snout. Anal 13. Jaws nearly equal, numeral process short. L. 
 6 inches. New York, entire Mississippi Valley, and Upper Lake region ; 
 rather common. 
 
 (Sihirusfffirinm Mitchill, Arner. Month. Mag. 1818, :122 ; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. 
 Mns. X, 1(1 >: Xot nm 9 uialis J onla^., Bull. IJ. S. Nat. Mus. x, 10;*, 1877.) 
 
 rtrt. Pectoval spine less than one-third the lengtli of the head. 
 
 89. n. los»tacantBiUN Jordan. 
 
 Color yellowish, soinewhat mottled. Body slender. ITead small and 
 narrow, longer than broad. Vlyo small. Upper jaw much projecting. 
 S|)iiu's very short and sleiKh'r; that of the dorsal not one-third the 
 height of the fin; all less than one-third the length of the head; that 
 of the iH'ctoral retrorsely serrate on the outer edge, entire within. Ilejul 
 4^ in body; its width 5.] ; depth /5.\ ; distance to dorsal 2;* ; pectoral spine 
 
 "Throughout the account of this family the rudimentary rays at tlie front of tin' 
 anal are included in the cnunu^ration. 
 
 tBleekcr, Ichthyologiie Archipolagi Indici Prodromus, i, Silnri, 258: ty])o Sihirui 
 gyrtnm Mitch. {Sehillw, another genus of iSiluridw; €i6oc, like.) 
 
29. SILURIDiE NOTURUS. 
 
 99 
 
 a in this distance ; dorsal nearer anal than snout. Anal 14. numeral 
 process very shcrt. L. 3 inches. Georgia to Mississippi ; not abundant. 
 
 (Jordau, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1877; Jordan, 1. c. 10;i.) 
 ttlVctoral spine serrato behind, rougliiali in front; adipt)8e fin eniar<j;inate. 
 
 bb. Pectoral spines extremely strong, more than half the length of head, curved ; 
 their posterior seme strong, spine-liko, hooked backward, each about as 
 long as the <liameter of the spines. 
 
 §G. N. miurcss Jordan. 
 
 Body nuich mottled, black and grayish. Top of head, tip of dorsal, 
 middle of adipose tin, and edge of caudal definitely blackish. Body with 
 four broad cross-blotches, one before dorsal, one behind it, one on mid- 
 dle of adipose fin, and one small one behind it. Adipose flu connected 
 with the caudal fin. Distance from snout to dorsal about 2*5 in length. 
 Pectoral si)ine 2;V in this distance. Dorsal fin higher than long. Body 
 not very elongate nor much depressed. Dorsal region often somewhat 
 elevated. Depth usually 4^-5 in length; head 3|-4. Dorsal nearer 
 anal than tip of snout. Anal 12 or 1.3 rays. Pectoral spine curved and 
 finely serrate without, with six strong recurved pectinations within, 
 e{ich nearly as long as the diameter of the spine. Humeral i)rocess 
 short. L. 4 inches. Great Lakes to Minnesota and Louisiaiui; com- 
 mon. 
 
 (Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1877,371; Jordan, L c. 100.) 
 
 §7. N. cBcBatherus Jordan. 
 
 Color much as in N. minrus, extensively variegated. Snout, cheeks, 
 and occipital region black. A black bar across front of dorsal, one lie- 
 liind dorsal, and another across middle of adipose Hv • base of caudal 
 lin bUu!k. One or two narrow horizontal bhuik bars across rsal aiul 
 anal near their tips. Caudal vagu(>ly barred, largely black, its tip 
 wliite. Body stout, broad irward, tapering behind. Head large, ilat- 
 tisli, ',V} in leii.i^th of body, without caudal ; dcy)th of body ^ in length ; 
 \vi{lth of head ; in length of body. Mouth large, the ui)per jaw much 
 projecting; bnrl Is rather long. Adijwse lln rather high, so <leeply 
 notched that the )utinuity of the flu is broken for a distance nearly 
 ('(inal to the <lianu'ter of the eye. A keel on the back in front of the 
 ;i'lip()se tin. Cau(hvl fin rounded. Distance from snout to dorsal 2'^ in 
 1( nj-th of body. Pectoral spine in this distance 2 times ; in head lA. 
 Dorsal spine one-half the height of the fin ; '^\ times in distance from 
 snout to dorsal; 2J in length of head. Pectinations of ju'ctoral spino 
 vciy strong, recurv^ed, nearly us long as the diametei' of the spine. 
 Front of pectoral spino with small teeth turned forward. Fiu-radii: D. 
 
 ^^Hpm 
 
 R**- 
 
 ^^Kf*^-- 
 
 r 1- 
 
 ^^g^i ■ 
 
 
 ^^Hh 
 
 B '< 
 
 ^^H 
 
 m ■ 
 
 
 ■i 
 

 
 i 
 
 I t' 
 
 I «^ 
 
 ffl 
 
 It; 
 
 4tci; 
 
 100 coxTiiinuTioxs to north American ichthyology — iv. 
 
 I, ; A. l.J ; V. I, H; W 0. Humoral i)roce88 long. L. 5 iucbes. Rivojs 
 of North Carolina and East Tonnosscc. 
 (Joidau, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. i'. 1877, :571; Jordan, 1. c, 101.) 
 
 bl>, Toctoral spincH shortUsli, nearly straii^ht, hiss than lialfl«>n;^tli of linad ; tlioscrra- 
 tiin»s \v('al{, k'Hs than half tho dianu^tur of tho upinu ; body idonyatcd. 
 
 88. N. CXiOiS Nelson. ^ 
 
 Color brown, mottled, the fins somewhat niarj^ined with dusky. 
 Pectoral spine slijjhtly retrorseserrate without, with about small 
 straight teeth within, which are not one-third the <lianu^ter of the sj)iiio 
 in leiifjth. Head small, not very broad, but thin and depressed; itf* 
 width 5-0 in lenjj;th of body ; jaws nearly equal ; head 4 in lenj»tli, 
 depth 5-OA. Dorsal scarcely hifjjher than lonj:;. Distance from snout 
 to dorsal about 3 in hMijjth. Pectoral spine 3.WI in this distance; 
 dorsal sjjine low, as near snout as anal. Anal rays 14-17. Ilumerid 
 ])ro(H's.s obs(Hire. L. 4 inches. Wisconsin to Missouri and Kansas. 
 (NelHon, Bnll. 111. .Mns. Nat. Hist. 187(5, rA; .Jordan, 1. c. 100.) 
 
 8». W. iilNi»:ilis (Rich.) Gill A- .Tordan. 
 
 Color dark brown, somewhat mottled, fins all dark-edjujed. Body 
 rather elongate, Pe(;toral si)ine retiors(»-serrate without, weakly ser- 
 rate within. If ad very broad, Hat, and thin, npj)er jaw ju-ojectin}; ; 
 head about 4.^ in length, depth (J. Dorsal tin one-fourth higher tlian 
 long. Distance from snout to dorsal about li.{ in length. Length of pec- 
 toral spine L*:| in sanui distance. Dorsal nuich nearer anal than snout. 
 Ailal rays l()-20. Humeral ])rocess conspicuous, sharp. Size large; 
 reaches the length of nearly a foot. Pennsylvania to South Carolina; 
 conunon. 
 
 (I'imcloiht^ iiixiiiiie Richardson, Tanna Hor.-Anicr. iii, ',V2, 18:?(i, hasi-d on I'lmnlodc 
 JirrA' Lc Sncnr, M<^n\. Mns. v, 1.^5: J'imvlodns IriiiiiiscalnH V. A V. xv, 144 : uXotiirunocci- 
 ifciitnlii' (iiinlhrr, v, HKt: Xotiiriis vionjiihitHH (Haii'd) Copo, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Phila. 18()!», i>:!7 ; .Ionian, 1. c. 100.) 
 
 **rroniaxillary hand of teeth \vi(h lateral hackward i>roco88on, as In niodidh. 
 
 ( Xoliinin.) 
 
 90. W. fInvUM Utif.—Slonp-rat. 
 
 (/olor nearly uniform yellowish brown, someiinu^s blackish al)ove, liiis 
 yellow-edged, liody <'longalei Head dei)resse(l, broad and Hat, i.early 
 as broad as long. INIiddle region of body snbcylindritral. Tail vxmx 
 l)resse(l. Head about 4,^ in lei»gth ; width of head 5.^ ; (h^pth r>ij in 
 length. Distance to dorsal about .'5 in length. JJarbels short. A strong 
 keel on back behind (lorsal, leading to adipose tin; adipose lln «leeply 
 notched. Dorsal spine very short. Pectoral spine retrorscly Berratc in 
 
m^ 
 
 29. SILURIDiE — PILODICTIS. 
 
 101 
 
 front, Hlifjfhtly rough or nearly entire beliind ; its Icnf^tli 3 times in (lis 
 
 tiince, from unout to dorsal. Anal rays about KJ. Humeral |»roces8 
 
 very short and sharp. Size very large; retiches a length of more than 
 
 ii foot. Vermont to Virginia, Nebraska, and Texas; rather common. 
 
 (Rufincsquf, Amor. Month. Man- IHIH, 41; (fiiiithcr, v, 101; .Ior«lnii, 1. <-. 99: Notu- 
 riis m',cMvnl(iHn Oill, IMoi;. HoHt. Hoc. N.'it. Hint. IHlW, 45: NoturuH platyaphuliiH (iiiii- 
 thcr, V, 104.) 
 
 aa.— P1L.ODICTIS Kalin.wino. 
 
 Mud CatH. 
 
 {Opiaddns Kaf. 1820.) 
 
 (RafiiicHquc, PnMlroiiKMli'. Hoixaiit<'-<lix iioiivouiix ncinri'H, cfc, .Joiirii. Ph] h. Paris, 1819, 
 i22 : ty|i<' {'ilodictis I'uiiohkh I£al'. --:: SUiiruH olirarin Kaf.) 
 
 IJody nuu'.h elongated, very slender, much d<'presHcd, anteriorly 
 hroader than high. Head large, very wide and depressj'd, latterly 
 ex])a,nd('d, above broadly ovate, and in jnofilo <'un«'iform. Skin very 
 tliiek, entirely concealing the skull. Supra<)(;cipital l)oiu', entirely free 
 from the hea<l of the se(;ond inters[)inal. l']yes small. Mouth very 
 large, anterior and transverse. The lower jaw always proJe<!ts beyond 
 the ii|)per. Teeth in broa<l villiform baiuls on the intermaxillaries and 
 (lentaries. The interniaxillary band is convex anteriorly, and proceeils 
 to the insertion of the nuixillaries, where it is abrui)tly angularly de- 
 ll('cte<l, and proceeds backward as an elongatiHl triangular extension. 
 The band at tlu^ symphysis is slightly divided, and anteriorly .separated 
 by a small triangular extension of the labial membrane. The lower 
 hand of teeth is anteriorly semicircular and attenuated to the <;orners of 
 the mouth. There are about 12 branch io.stegal rays on each side. The 
 dor.sal tin is situated over the postenor half of the interval between the 
 pectorals and ventrals, and has a spine and about 7 brancluHl rays. 
 Tiie spine is rather small, and more or less enveloju'd in the thick skin. 
 The adipose tin is large, and has an elongated base resting over the ])os- 
 Icrior half of the anal; it is v(^ry obese and inclines rajudly backward; 
 it is rather less frec^ posteriorly than in AmlnruH. The anal tin is small ; 
 it couunences far b(>hiiul the anus, is a litthi longer than high, an<l is 
 composed of about 13 rays. The caudal tin is ol)long, subtruncated, 
 jtlaced on a vertical basis, and with numerous accessory simple rays, 
 recurrent above and beneath the caudal ])eduncle. The ])ect(uals have 
 11 broad (U)mpressed spin*', serrated or dentated on its external and in- 
 ternal margins, and with a i)rolonged llesiiy integument obli<piely 
 Ktriatecl. The V(!ntrals are rounded and have {♦ rays, I simple and 8 
 bruiiched. One species kuowu. (7:eA«?, mud; i;^^^?, iish.) 
 
 
 '■I wM 
 
 r'> 
 
 f . ' 
 
 ■A . 
 
'^ili:^ 
 
 102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 91. P. oil varis (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. — Mud Cat; Yellow CaJ ; liashaio ; Gonjon. 
 
 Mottled browu and yellowish, the latter color often predominant; 
 whitish below. Body ver^'^ lo»gj slender, dei)ressed forwards, closely 
 compressed behind, the head extremely flat, the lower jaw the longer. 
 Barbels short. Dorsal spine half the height of the tin. Caudal slightly 
 eraarginate. Anal tin short, its base about one-sixth the length, its I'ays 
 12-15. Humeral process short. Size very large, reaching a weight of 
 50-75 pounds. Rivers of the Mississippi Valley and Southern States ; 
 abundant in deep, sluggish waters. A tish of unprepossevssiug appear- 
 ance, although much used as food. 
 
 {Sdurua olivarin Raf. Amor. Mouth. Maj;. 1818, 355 : Uopladelus olivarls Gill, Ichth. 
 Capt. Siuipsou'a Expl. 187G, 4'<i(): I'vlodicklh if h olimria J onlau, I.e. 95: Pimvlodm pniu- 
 tvlatuH Giinther, v, 101 : Pimclodus Umo8U8 Raf. Ichth. Oh, G7 : Pimelodus ceiwua C. & V. 
 XV, 135.) 
 
 .54.— GROWIAS Cope. 
 
 Blind Cats. 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18(54, 231: type Gronias nigrilahi a Cope.) 
 
 This genus agrees with Amkirus in all respects, ex(;ept that the eyes 
 are rudimentary and covered by the thick skin. The single species is 
 jrt'obably descended from some Amiurus of the type of tnelas, modifieil 
 in accordance with its subterranean life. (>'/»<"•'"?, a cavern.) 
 
 02. Cr. iiigfrilabris Cope. 
 
 Black above ; jaws and fins black ; sides varied with yellowish ; belly 
 pale. Eyes more or less rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin. 
 Jaws equal. Muzzle flat. Dorsal spine midway between snout and mid- 
 dle of adipose fin. Barbels short. Caudal slightly emarginate. Anal 
 with 18 rays. Branchiostegals 10. Cave streams (Conestoga River), 
 Eastern Pennsylvania. 
 
 (Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G4, 231 : Ainiuriia nigrilahria Jordan, 1. c. 92.) 
 
 53.— AimiVRVS Rafinesqne. 
 Cat-fishes. 
 
 (Ameiurva Rniiiieaquo, Ichth. Oh. 1820, G5: type Silurua cupreua Raf. = Pimclodxia vatalh 
 Le Sueur.) 
 
 Body moderately elongated, robust, anteriorly vertically ovate and 
 scarcely compressed ; caiulal peduncle also robust, but mu(5h compressod. 
 and at its end evenly convex. Head large, wide, laterally expanded, 
 above ovate, and in ])rofllo cuneiform ; supraoccipital extended littlo 
 posteriorly and terminating in a more or less acute point, which is (M1- 
 tirely separate from the second interspinal buckler j the skin covering 
 
29 SILUKID.E AMIUKUS. 
 
 103 
 
 mi' 
 
 tlie bone» is thick. Eyes ratlier small, not covered by the skin. Mouth 
 large, teriuinal, transverse, the ni)i)er jaw in most si)ecies the lonj^er. 
 Teeth subulate, agi^reH'ated in broa«l bands on the intermaxillaries and 
 dcntaries ; the intermaxillary band is convex in front, ofeciual breadth, 
 and abruptly truncated near the insertion of the intermaxillaries ; the 
 lower dental band is anteriorly semicircular, attenuated to the angles 
 of the mouth. Branchiostegal rays 8-11. Dorsal situated over the in- 
 terval between the pectorals and ventrals, higher than long, with a 
 pungent spine and about G branched rays. Adipose lin short, ins(;rted 
 over the posterior half of the anal. Anal fin varying length, with 15-35 
 rays, the usual number being 20 or 21. Caudal lin short, usually tnin- 
 cate when spread open, slightly emarginate when not expanded. Ven- 
 trals each with 1 simi)le and 7 branched rays. Pectoral fins each with 
 a stout spine, which is commoidy retrorse-serrate behind. Lateral line 
 usually incomplete. Spe<iies very luiuierous, swarming in every pond 
 and sluggish stream in the Eastern United States ; one species (A. can- 
 tonensis) in Chhia. («, privative; /i££'>w/voc, curtailed ; the caudal fin not 
 uotched.) 
 
 * Oaiulal fin not forked, roiindod or slif^litly omjirgiuiito. 
 o. Anal iin v«ry abort, its riiyH 15-17 (18). 
 b. Body comparatively long and Hloiider. 
 
 93. A. briinnciis Jordan. — Green Mud Cat. 
 
 Clear olive-brown, more distinctly greenish than other cat-fishes ; a 
 blackish horizontal bar at base of dorsal. Body extremely elongate ; 
 anteriorly nearly terete. Head low, Hat, and broad, npi)er jaw very 
 strongly projecting. Dorsal fin very high, two-thirds length of head, 
 its spine nearer snout than sulipose fin ; depth 5^ in length. Head '.i^; 
 its width 4; base of anal 0; anal rays lG-18. Caiulal sHuhtly emargi- 
 nate. Young much less elongate. L. 18 inches; slenderest of the 
 Amiuri. Abundant in the streams of South Carolina and Eastern 
 (Icorgia (Sautee to the Chattahoochee). 
 
 (Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. 1877, 3()(i; Joi-dim, 1. c. 93 ; Jordan & Bray ton, 
 Bull. U. S. Nut. Mu8. xii, VJ8.) 
 
 aa. Anal fin niodorato, itn rayH 19-22. 
 
 <;. Lower jaw not projt^ctiiig beyond upper. 
 
 94. A. platyccplialus (Grd.) Gill. 
 
 Olivaceous, somewhat marbled, a bhuik horizontal bar at base of dor- 
 sal. Head broad and flat, nearly as wide as long. Mouth very wide, 
 the jaws about equal. Dorsal spine nearer snout than adii)ose flu, B. 
 II; A. 20-22, the base of the flu 4^-5 in length. North Carolina to 
 
 ::• f 
 
 I : f 
 
 h 
 
 
w? 
 
 JS ', 
 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Georgia; rathor common. Resembles A. hrunneus, but less slender and 
 with a (lillereut month. 
 
 (riiiivlodua idatyct'phalua Girtird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, IGl ; Jordan, 1. c. 
 92.) . ..., ■ -' ■ , , ;' . . - ,[.-:■■- ? r. '• ..*:,, 
 
 95. A. xacatEjoct'phalus (Raf.) Gill. 
 Chiell.v uniform yellowish brown, often rather pale. Head about as 
 
 broad as long, 4 in length. Dorsal si)ine nearer adipose Qn than snout, 
 its rays usually 10 (18-20). IMouth very broad. Body short and stout. 
 Barbels shorter than head. Humeral process very short, covered by 
 skin. Size snuill. Ohio Valley. 
 
 {Slhirua xanthocephalu8 Raf. Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, Lond. 18*20, 51 ; Jordan, 1, 
 c. 42.) 
 
 96. A. mclas (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. — Bull-head. 
 Color almost black. Body very stout, short, and deep, the depth 3} 
 
 to 4.^ in length, llead broad behind, rather contracted forward, tho 
 
 front stee])ly elevated. Anal tin sliort and deep, of 17-10 rays, its baso 
 
 nearly o in length, the color of the rays forming a sharp contrast with 
 
 that of the dusky membranes. Jaws nearly equal. Barbels loug(>r 
 
 than head. Iluiueral i)rocess rather long, rugose. Size small. JMissis- 
 
 sippi Valley to New" York ; common. 
 
 {HiluruH Hu7«« Raf. Quart. Jouru. Sci. Lit. Arts, Load. 1820, 51: PimrJodua catiihis 
 Grd. Ichtli. U. 8. Pac. R. R. Snrv. 1858, 208 : Pimclodua vonjlma Grd. Proc. Acad. Ni).t. 
 Sci. Phila. lf-T)9, 159: AmUiru^ ohemsCxiW, Proc. Bo.st. Soc. Nat. Hist. ldrc>, 15; Jordan, 
 1. c. 89: Pimelodua pullus DcKay, Now York Fauna, Fiah. 184: Amiiirus pul'.ud Jordan, 
 L c. 9:5.) 
 
 OV. A. niarmoratUS (Holbrook) Jordan. 
 
 Bod^ sharply mottled with brown, greenish, and whitish ; tho color 
 
 ation therefore singular among cat-lishes. Jaw^s equal, or nearly so; 
 
 depth about 4 in length ; slope of prolile very steep. Dorsal tin high; 
 
 the spine more than half length of head. Dorsal spine nearer adipose 
 
 tin than siuMit. Barbels lor.g. Bran(;hi.)stegals 10. ITead 3;^ in length. 
 
 Anal 21. L. 15 inches. ISouthern Illinois to Florida. Perhaps a variety 
 
 of A. catus. 
 
 (Pimrlod'ta marmoratiia Holbrook, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 54 : Jordan, I. c. 
 89.) 
 
 9§. A. catus (Linn.) GUI.— Bull-hmd ; TlorncdPou* ; Small Cat-fiali ; Schuylkill Col; 
 Sacramento Cat. 
 
 Color dark yellowish brown, more or less clouded, sometimes yellow- 
 ish, sometimes nearly black. Body rather elongate; depth 4-4<i in 
 length. Anal tin usually with 21 or 22 rays, its base 4 in body. Dor 
 sal tin inserted rather nearer adipose tin than end of snout. Upperjaw 
 usually distinctly longer than lower. Humer^il process more tUau Unit' 
 
 ■MMi 
 
29. SILURIDiE AMIURUS. 
 
 105 
 
 tlio length of pectoral spine. L. 18 inches. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, 
 
 and eastward. The common bnll-head or horned poiifc of the North 
 
 and East, abundant in every pond and stream ; also introduced into 
 
 the rivers of California, where it has rapidly multiplied. 
 
 {^ Siluru» vatiis T.inn. Syst. Nat. x, IJOo, 1758: rUnelodus nebulosus Lo Suenr, M6ni. 
 JIus. V, 14'J, 1811) : I'lDuiodua atrariua DcKay, New York Fauna, risli. 184*2, 185 ; Jor- 
 dan, 1. c. yo.) * 
 
 c. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper. 
 
 99. A. vulgaris (Thompson) Nelson. 
 
 Darlc reddish brown or blackish. Body moderately elongate ; depth 
 4.J-5 in length. Uead 3J-4. Barbel long. Mouth wide. Ilead longer 
 than broad, rather narrowed forward. Profile rather steep, pretty evenly 
 convex. Dorsal region more or less elevated. Lower jaw strongly pro- 
 jecting. Anal rays 20. L. 18 inches. Vermont to Minnesota and south- 
 ward ; rather common. 
 
 (PimrlodiiH ruhjariH Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 138: Pimclodus dckayi Giranl, 
 Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. I'hihi. I8r)9, IGO: Pimclodus ailurus Uirard, U. S. Pac. E. R. Expl. 
 Fish. 1858, 210; Jordan, 1. c. 88.) 
 
 o«fl. Anal fin hnv^, of 24-27 rays, its base more than one-fourth tho length. 
 d. Head broad ; mouth wide. 
 
 100. A. Iiatalis (Lo Sueur) Jordan. — Tclloto Cat. 
 
 Yellowish, greenish, or blackish. Body more or less short and chubby, 
 sometimes extremely obese (var. natalis), sometimes more elongate (var. 
 lividus). Uead short and broad. Mouth wide, the jaws equal (var. livi- 
 dus) or the upper jaw longest (var ciipreus). Anal rays 24-27. Great 
 Lake region to Virginia and Texas ; generally abundant. Extremely 
 variable, and running into several varieties.* 
 
 (Pimchdan natalia hi) Sueur, M(5m. ^his. v, 154, 1H19 ; Giinthor, v, 101 ; Jordan, 1. c. 
 Sli: Silurun Uvidu8 llafiueacjue, Ichtli. Oh. 1820, 05: rimelodiw fclitms vt anIonicuHis Grd. 
 U. 8. Pac. li. R. Expl. x, 209, 291 : Fimelodus catti8, cupreiis, et cuprcoides Grd. Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil a. 1859, 159, KiO: i'(»u'Zorf«s rasnosus Richardson, Fauna Uor.- Amor. 
 iii, 132: Pimdodm cupreua Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820,1)5.) 
 
 M. Head elongate ; mouth narrow. 
 
 101. A. crcbcsfiHflis Jordan. 
 
 Color black ; belly paler ; fma and barbels black. Body rather elon- 
 gate, couipressed, tho depth about 4J in length. Dorsal region rather 
 elevated; the head quite long and narrowed forward, 4 times in 
 length of body. Head more narrowed than in any of the other spe- 
 cies. Width of the head in front of the eye but little more than half 
 its length. Width of the mouth about half the length of the head. 
 
 •for a discuaaion of which aoo Jordan, Bull. U. N. Nat. Mus. x, 80. 
 
 %4 
 
 ■' i '-sJ- 
 
 a 
 
 HWM 
 
wmmmmm 
 
 mmmmm 
 
 .# ■ 
 
 
 'lit'' 
 
 ? f 
 
 
 tifl. 
 
 106 CONTRTIUTTION8 TO NOKTIf AMKUICAN miTlfVOLOOY IV. 
 
 (iiviil(\s( \vi<11li ol' (lu> \\viu\ contaiiH'd iiboiit 1^ tinirs in jIh |< nutli, 
 Dorsiil (ill .s|j;)|itl\ iKMii'cr tlii> .snout tliiiii the !i«li|His(< (in, tiiuisiiiilly 
 liijih, its spino Irn^, uh in tlu> s|MM'ios «)!' IvtnhiruH. I'ccloriil H|»in« v<My 
 Htnnijj, uIumU li;.iir;is long ;ih tln^liciid. Aniil lln long, iI«m>|», nt'nii.v niu>- 
 tliinl tlio l»Miglli ol' tln^ body, nn<l ronipostMl of 24 liivs. AilipoMo liti 
 largo. Candillin I'iitluM' wliort, tnnn'iili^ lu'Iiind. .Iuavm tMpial. Snpiii. 
 occipital l)on(> but. little fVci> behind. Kranchial apcrtni'c.s rather nmrn 
 ix'strictcd than n.sual. hN'siMublcs /. UxvuHtriH, but with the (rnncitio 
 caudal of A. natalis. ltivei\s ol' Fhiridii. 
 (Jonliiii, bull. U. 8. Nat. Mn«. x, 8').) ' 
 
 AO.-KrrAl.l'ltlifH l^ilhios.1110. 
 
 Channel Vain. 
 
 (\h\{\\\i^t\\\y\ Ii'liMi. Oh. IHVIO, (U : t,\pi> Sihininpinwlaliif Kiilli»>.sqin>. ) 
 
 Hody <>Iongaled, sh'uder, and nuu'h eoniprcs.st>d. Head usually .sleii- 
 «ler and conical. The .snpraoccipital bonci i.s juolonged backward, and 
 it.s eniavginated apex, in typii-al spe«'ies, receives the acuminate autiM'ior 
 point of the se<>oiHl interspinal, thus forming a ctmtinnons bony brid<;o 
 from the hciul to the dorsal spin* In .some species, this coinuM'tion is 
 more or less impiMt'cct, as in Aminms, to which genus all such species 
 have been hitherto referred. Mouth transverse^ and terminal, the uj»- 
 l>er Jaw pn)trnding beyond th«' Unvcr. Teeth subulate, aggregated into 
 a short, latiM'ally truncated band on each jaw. IbiuK'hiosicgal rays Sor 
 0. Dor.sal tin situated over the interval between the i)ecloral and ven- 
 tral tins, liigluM- than long, with one* long spin(>, and usually (iarticuliilcd 
 rays. A<lij>ose tin pedunculated, over the posterior portitm of the anal. 
 Anal lln h)ng, with L'0-,"{.T» rays; it connnen<!es n«>ar the v»Md. Venlriil 
 fins each with 1 simple and 7 braiu'hed rays. I'ect«)ral tins ea<'li with a 
 stout spine, ret n)r.se-serrate within, an«l about !> branched rays, ('andiil 
 tin clongatiMl and deeply ft)rlv(>d, with the lobes pt)iuteil, the upper fro- 
 ♦puMitly the longer, (/oloration silvery. Fresh waters of North Amer- 
 ica, one species south wiuxl to Guatcuuila;* one in Western JMexico.t 
 
 •r, »irnrff.)H()/i« (Giinllior) .T<»nl!ni. Allied io T. jHrvatm, but the iiiiiil Nhortcr, llio 
 dopth T) ill . iij^lh. A. 'J8-2D. Kio llHUiuacinta, UuutiMnalii. {Amiuvun mvrhlmuilU 
 Giinthor, v, 10v>.) 
 
 t/. duijeni (Ik.an) .T. & (>. CMosdy allied to /. tilhUlun, Imt, with n narrower ln>ad (Ks 
 \ridTli .^ ill IcnjrtlO : the width of the pn-ina\ilhirv band of teeth about oHe-fhird tlin 
 length of the head ; hnnieral jiroeess .slifvhlly furrowed, not- 8tron)4;l.v rM>j;oH(^ iih in /, 
 alhidm, Ciuidal deejily forked. Color jilniiibeons, silvery behiw, P. S ; 1), 1,(1; A. 
 21 ; P. I, H. Kio Tiirbio, (Guanajuato, Mexico (west «»f tho Sierra Ma<hH*). {Amiumt 
 dM/?f8i Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. ii, aot, lri7i».) 
 
29. flll,irRII).15 — TOTAT.tTRUfl. 
 
 107 
 
 ((/^' "T, HhIi; aihiufHK;^ cat } lu)iU!o more corivctly, Ihoiigh Ihhh ciiiihoiiious- 
 ly, lilillmlnrvs.) 
 
 ,,. Iliiny 1)1 itl^n t'rntii n<Mfipiit to «1orHul not qiiito coiitiiiiioiiH, 
 /). AmmI I'm in(i<lt>mtn, oC'^U-'i'i myn. 
 
 |0*i' ■• lophiiiN (Copo) J. &U. 
 
 I'lilii «»liv<« MimhIi, Hilvrry Im'Iow. \Uu\y inihor ntont. lU'Aul very 
 
 Ih'oihI, jiImhiI. iim wulv iih Uuta, ils \vi<llli .» / in loiij^tli of llm body. Eyo 5-0 
 
 ill iiitororbilal widlli. ('iiixhil not. drt^ply I'orkfd. |I|)|M*r jiiw not trinch 
 
 lli(> ]on;rcr. M<Hi(h vvidrr thiiii in any otiicr cat IIhIi. Ihinioiiil |>ro- 
 
 (css slonl, slioi'liHli, Hoinowliiit ^^^oH«^ Anal rayHlJl ; baNOol'jinal in 
 
 |(>ii|4tli. I'. 134 inclioH. ^^trt'uniH ahoni. (MicHiiprako ISsiy. 
 
 (Amiitruu lophiuH ijinivi, I'rou. Amur. I'liil. tioc. 1H7U, 4HiS : Amiurug lophiua .Jorduii, 
 
 10:i. I. «ll»lrtu« (>v«^ HiiiMii) .F. tV H.—U'liilfl Cat; Channel Cat, of thn rotomne. 
 
 l'iil(M)Iivti-bluiHli,Hilv«'ry bolow. Hody niodriafrly Htoid. Il<'ad ItMifjor 
 
 lliiiii wide, itH width 4-(5tiuioHin length. Mouth rather narrow. Upper 
 
 j;i\v KHirh ilio huiffor. Ky«< 3-5 in intororbital widtii. IliirbelH Jonjf, 
 
 (>x(('pt, niisal barbel. Oandal tin deeply forked, the upper lobe the lon^^er* 
 
 llniiH'ral proe<^HH nion* than half the length of the Hpin(«,, (extremely 
 
 niirose. Anal rays 21 ; base of anal 4^-5 in leii<4th. I)«UHal fin nearly 
 
 midway between adipose fin and Huoiit. L. IH inehoH. IN'titiHylvania 
 
 to North Oarolirui. 
 
 {t'imildilHH ulltiiliiit Ia^ SiiiMir, M^iri. Miih. v, MH, 1H19: 1'imelitdnit {j/hx Girani, Proo. 
 Ai'iul. Nut.. Hri. I'hila. 1H.M», lOO: AmUiruH nlbiduH Jontnii, I. o. H4.) 
 
 hh, Aiiiil ihi Ioii){, of ii3-27 rays. 
 
 101. I. lil|>UN(()ril.)>T. &. O. 
 
 Dusky oliva<H»ouH, sides Hilvery. Body rather slender. IT(uid narrow, 
 loiij^er than broml, its width 4,^ in hMi(;t/h, bein;; less than its length 
 above. Dorsal spine nuujh neart^r snout tJian adipose fin. liase, of anal 
 lis long as head. Anal 2.'3. Peetoral spines long and sleiuler, dentate. 
 liiuliels long. Hu]>ra(>ecipital bone almost meeting the interspinal ; its 
 rt'liitioiis therefoni very elose to JctaluruH punvtalUH. Streams of Texas. 
 
 (Pimdodi'H liipiiH Uril. U. H. Pau. K. II. Exp!, x, 211 : Amiurua lupus Jordan, 1. c. 83: 
 AmiuruH liipun (iliinllwtr, v, 101.) 
 
 lO.t. I. nlvolvcntrifi ((\)])n) .1. & O. 
 
 Similar to /. lupuHy btit the b(uul broader, its width ecpial t/» its length 
 
 al)()V(\ Dorsal spine scarcely n<Mire,r snout than adipose fin. Anal 
 
 21, shorter than head. Barbel longer than In^adj hnmeral process very 
 
 rugose. Neuso Tiiver, North Carolina. 
 
 [Amiurm niveiventria Copo, Proo. Amor. Phil. Soc. 1870, 486: Amiurm nivciventria Jor- 
 dttii, 1. c. 83.) , 
 
 f, ' 
 
 '1 i 
 
 r i 
 
 i'f 
 
 i ! 
 
1 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 ill* 
 
 tlr 
 
 m 
 
 t 
 
 W 
 
 *i 
 
 ^11.' 
 
 ," ■ f- 
 
 ffiU; 
 
 y 
 
 H 
 
 i'l^fll 
 
 '9 
 
 Ik; i/i. 
 
 W 'i 1 
 
 "IM '^ 
 
 
 HiMiMliii 
 
 108 rONTKlin TK^NH TO NOKTU AMKKICAN tCltTirY(H,O0Y IV. 
 
 100. I. ItioiiMtriM ^ Wi»ll>mm>^ ■'• * O.— ralJifh of lh>^ IaiUvd ; Hreat Fork-tmiM Cat; 
 Mim^isMipiti (\tl ; I'loi-iilii t'oi ; I'tanml mouth Vnt, ,, , 
 
 OliviU'oouH nIjH.v, ^rowiiiff dtirluM* with iiffr; hUWh pnl'N witlioiil dnik 
 
 NpolM; iintil ilnsky (>(lu«'<l. lloUy ratltor stdiilcr (litiii in /. punctatitH. 
 
 Woiul lunch l)r«>;Mlor, lowor, und xunvo iloprosstMi I htm in /. pHmiaiiiH, 
 
 its jfrojilrsl withh Ihosixlhs its hMiylh. Inlcioihiliil spiUM' Konirwliiit 
 
 more thiin halt' (lie h^n^lh of hotnl. \Vi<ilh of tlio nxMitii tilionl liiilf 
 
 hotnl. E.yo ninilorato, wholly in Iron 1 of niithllr point of IhsiiI. Top of 
 
 ln>;ul «'ov«>nMl with n thicluM- skin tlmn in puiK'taiim, ho tliHt lluv hoiu's 
 
 SUV nojuiy ooncculod. Upp<>r Nnrliiro of ln'snl qnilo llulliHh, so thiit tho 
 
 oyos nr«> nnich noaror tho nppor than tho lowor huiIikum)!' tlu» hciid. 
 
 l^arhi'ls lonn', all black, tho maxillary barlu'I leaching' beyond hcnd. 
 
 llnuicral prot-css v(»ry slutrt ami blunt. covcn»d by skin, a. little inoiv 
 
 than one thirtl the lenjith of the piM'tmal spin«>. Caudal deei)ly forkctl, 
 
 tlu' upper lob(» iathi>r lonmM- and narrower tlum the lower. I>(M\siilii 
 
 little nearer snout than adipos(« tin. Il(>ad4in h'li^lh; d(>|)lh 5. Djs. 
 
 tunce to dorsal spini> '2-{. Anal bas«» as hnij;' as heaxl. 1). I, 5; 1'. I, !»; 
 
 A. -ft. Ilritish America to l''h)rida. and Texas ; abundant in all lar^(> 
 
 btMlii's of wat(M'. One of tln» lar^ivsl of the catllshes, reaching: a weij,'lit 
 
 of 100 pounds. 
 
 ( f firt(/»».t /(K'HN/n'.s Wiilbiimn, Artoili Pise. IT'.I'J, 114: T l^imcloihin horrulin U\chiu>\m\\\, 
 
 Fmmii Pi>r. Amor. IMsli. 13.i: fAiiiiiirus honoHH ({ilnlln>r, v, 100: I'ititilodiis iiii/ri- 
 
 ctins liO Snour, Mi^in. Miih. v, IM, IHtH: Amiiiriis niijrintnit ,}ov\U\i\, \. o, Kl: Amiitrm 
 horrolia .loniiiii, 1. c. HI.) 
 
 hhb. Aiiiil lin Yen lonj;. of <r» rnys. 
 
 lOr. I. i>on<lor<)««iiN (MciiO .T. * a.—Grcnt Crtt-finh. 
 
 l?luish slate ab«»ve, whitish b(>low. Form of i. larunfris, but the 
 
 body deei>or and the head and mouth broader. (5reatest <leplh .{.Un 
 
 leuiith. Head ,'{'f| ; its wi«lth 4','. Dorsal nearer snout than adipose tin. 
 
 Can«lal tin not deeply forked. P. 1, 11; A. M5. {lieaii.) IMississippi 
 
 lliver (Saint Louis). Probably the larjxestof theeat-flshos, the original 
 
 typo 5 feet, in length and >v«M}ihin}»' ir»0 poumls. 
 
 (vfmiMrHs ;>()H(f(T(),'»M.'« Iloan, Proc. IT. S. Nivt. Miis. ii, iJHt), 1R70.) 
 
 (M. Pony l>ri(lni> iVoin i>i'(i]Mjt 1<> doixal (^n cumiilcft' ami conliinuMts. 
 d. An.il iuo(l(>rat«>, i(.s rays Vi4-;50, its baso W^-i in lon^di of btnly. 
 
 lOS. I. l»mil««lallBJ«(Uaf.).Tor.— r;irtH«»>f Cot; Jnite Cat. 
 
 Oolor lij»ht olivaceous above, the sides i)alo or silvery, aiul almost 
 always with irreijular small, round, dark sp«)ts. Fins often with dnrk 
 edjjinjxs. liody rather lonjx and slender, tlio back little elevatod. 
 llcad rather small, narrow, convex above, so tiiat the eye is little 
 
 (III. Anal (l»i V 
 
2». Hii,riiii»>i': — AUiiiH, 
 
 109 
 
 iii>:iiiM' tli(> nppor tlnin Mmi town uiiI line. lOyo liir^c, tiir iiiiiltllr point 
 
 III' tilt' )i'iiu:lli of tlio ImmkI liriii^ iMMir iti( poHtorior nitir^in. Moiilli 
 
 tiitlirr Hiiiiill. Itiirlu'ls loti^. HpiiicH lon^. HUiii Miiii. Iliirii«>r)il |»t'o- 
 
 ('(>ss hum iiikI Nlrtidci', iiion^ lliiiii litill'IlK^ l«>ii(;tli ol' llic pfctorul Hpiiic, 
 
 wliicli Ih Htnm^ly Hornilcd lirliiiKl. M«'iul l ; tlcpHi 5. Aiiiil 25-LM). 
 
 Kivci'M of tlui .SoiiMuMii uimI WrMti^rii HliitoM, IVorn Mtmtnnn, to Vrr- 
 
 iiiDiii, IMoxM'o, iuhI (J(M»r};iii, ; t^cncrnlly iilniinhint. in tlio rluiniu'lK oC tiMi 
 
 larger HtrciiiMH. It. roiicln'M >i woi^dit. ol' UO-LiH poiiiidH. Vnriiildc. 
 
 {Silnnii* piiiirtiitiis Uiif. Amor. Mniilli. Mnfr. |H|h, IS.V.) ; .loriliui, 1. v. 7{\: I'lmrhtilun 
 etrrulvKi'i'nH MM'. Irlith. Hli. (ill: rhnrlnthiH iiiiiiln/iirviihin \ji> H\ii'{\v, M<iii. Mim. v, I.V2: 
 ,\miin'iin caiiilit/iirviiliiH Oiliillirr, v, KL' : rhiirlniliiH furrl/vr, iirtiriliH, r^lpvii, (iliriiiriiH, 
 hitinihi, mriinloim, jinioloniiH, htimmondl, iiolatnH, oto. Atiot. : Iiflalinun hrmllri hihI Hiwp- 
 Kiijii (;ill : Irlithwliirmi rolnmliiH .lortlati, I, o. 7<l.) 
 
 il,l. Aniil (In vory lotiK, Kh myH M'i-IM. 
 
 ioi>. I. rurc*umi«i ((;iiv. & Viii.) fiiit. 
 
 Color Hilv<uy, plain or HonMMvliiit Hp<»tt('(l. Annl fin rxtr«'Mi('ly i»Jon- 
 
 ;;iil(^, its buHO nearly on«vllni(l tlir Icn^Mli of tlio Itody (witlioiit candiil); 
 
 its rayM iTJ-'M in nninlMir. P^yo smkiII, \vlM>lly nntrrior, tlir middle of 
 
 Ilii> li(>ii<l Ix'in^ ndindy l)<^llind iln posterior ninr^^in. Iloid Htnidl^nbont 
 
 \\ in IcMijftli ; d(*ptli 4 in JidnltM to 5^ in yoiuiK*''' Hp«'(rininnH Hlopo, fniiri 
 
 (iorsid to snout. Honu'wliiii ^'on(!JlVf^, cHptM^iidly in udnltH. iN-ctond Hpino 
 
 riillicr lon;^; lintnrrnl Hpino stont, NJiortisli, not rciu^liinf; middle, of 
 
 |i(M!torid Hpine." Skin thin. Hi/e rntlier Htniill. Ohio to Iowa mid 
 
 iVxiis; not. very eoimnon. 
 
 {I'imrlodiiM fitrrttliiH (,'11 v. iV Val. xv, V.V\ 1H40 : AmlvrnH fnrcatuH Glliitlmr, v, 103. 
 .Iiiitliin, I. i'. 7ri. ) 
 
 97.— AKIUN Cuvicr &, Vulrnciormt^H. 
 
 ISca CatJUh. 
 
 (Ciivi(M'& ValoiHiioniH'H, \\\h\. Nut.. T'oIrh. xv, 53, 1840: iy\w I'imvl whin nHim Tlucliatuin.) 
 Body more or less elonj^nt*', Hid)terete. Head Hnl)e,oni<'iil,}irrtied with 
 a bony shield ii1»ovt», Ix^hind which arensnnlly two otherH, the ])(»Ht«uior 
 at lli(^ base of the dorsal N})ine. Hknil with a, fontaia^lle. Month not 
 l)iij,'(^, the upper Jaw the longer. T(M'th villiform or jjranular, in a band 
 ill wich Jaw. Teeth in one or two i>at<;hes ea<;h on the voincsr and pala- 
 tines, ill! of them sometimes eonthuMit into one band. 15arb<'ls ti (the 
 noslrils without barbel), close tofjfether, the posterior with a valve. 
 EyoH with a free orbital margin. Dorsal tin short, in front of the ven- 
 triils, with a. pnnf;«Mit Hi>in(^ and 7 rays. Adi) ose tin w(^ll developed, 
 posteriorly free. Caudal lln deeidy forked. Anal tin short. JNjetorals 
 each with a Hpine. Voutral rays 0. Skin smooth, naked, except oniho 
 
 

 wm 1 
 
 i? 
 
 
 110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTilYOLOGY IV. 
 
 occipital and nuchal regions, which are armed with bony bucklprs. 
 Marine cat-fishes. Species very numerous in the tropical seas. This 
 group has been divided into many genera, the value of whic^h we are 
 unable to determine. Our common species is not a typical Arins, but tlie 
 genus to which it belongs has not been properly defined. (From Ari 
 gagora, the Beugalese name of the tyi)ical species.) 
 
 a. Teeth all villifoim, iii p. largo rounded patch on each palatine and a small one on 
 each side of the vomer, these patches all distinct ; posterior buckler siuall. 
 (Anopsia* Gill.) 
 
 110. A. felis (Liund) J. & G.—Sca Cat-fish. 
 
 Steel-blue, sides and belly silvery. Body rather elongate, not com- 
 pressed, tapering mto the slender tail. Head subconic, dei)ret,sed, Hut- 
 tish above. Maxillary barbel nearly as long as the head. Mouth sinull. 
 Eye moderate, just in front of the middle of the head. Gill membraiu's 
 broadly united, partly joined to the isthmus, forming a narrow, free fold 
 across it. A snmll, bony; granulated buckler, broader than long, in front 
 of base of dorsal spine ; then a much larger nuchal shield with a me- 
 dian li ol, and a still larger occipital shield with a median furrow. A 
 low fleshy keel along the back. Humeral process nearly half the length 
 of the pectoral spine. Caudal deeply forked, the upi)er lobe the lon;;('r. 
 Head 32; depth 5. D. I, 7, its spine not filamentous, serrate in fnuit; 
 P. I, ; A. 10. L. 24 inches. Cai)e Cod to Florida ; common south- 
 wurd. 
 
 (Sihirus fcVia Liun6, Syst. Nat.: Arim milberti Cuv. & A''al. xv, 74: Arim milbirtl 
 Giiuthor, -', 155.) * 
 
 111. A. aqucstris Baird & Girard. 
 
 Similar, but with the spines liiglier and rhe maxillary barbels nnich 
 longer, reaching to the riiiddle of the pectorals. Pectorals reaching to 
 last ray of dorsal. Dentition and character of the cephalic bucklers 
 undescribed. Head 4. IJ. I, 7; A. 10; P. I, U. Coast of Texas; a 
 doubtfid species. 
 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185.'i, 2(i; Giinther, v, 173.) 
 
 a§.— JKLirRICHTHYS Baird & Girard. 
 
 Sea Cat-Jishes. 
 
 {Jihirichthjia Baird &. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,2(5: tjri)o Siluriis maiv 
 ««»Mif chill.) 
 
 Body rather el uig;.tc, little compressed. Head depressed, broad 
 
 abovi^ Mouth large, Jjo upper jaw the longer. Teeth all villiforiri ; those 
 
 on the vomer and palatines forming a n:oro or less i)erfectly crescent- 
 
 * Ariojjaia et Notarlus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. leK33, 171 : typo Ariua milkni 
 C. «fc V. (Ariua; ti/'U', uppciu'anco.) 
 
PLECTOSPONDYLI. 
 
 Ill 
 
 shaped band. Barbels 4. Maxillary barbels band-lilve, very loDg. Chin 
 with two short barbels. Nostrils close together, the i)osterior with a 
 valve 5 nnchal region with a granulated, bony buckler. Fontanolle 
 large, well forward. Dorsal fln short, in front of the ventrals, with 1 
 sharp spine and 7 rays. Pectorals with a similar spine ; both pectoral 
 and dorsal spines ending in a long, striated, band-like tilainent. Adipose 
 fln moderate, free behind. Caudal fin widely forked. Anal moderate 
 or rather long. Ventral rays G. Gill nieud)rane8 somewhat connectod. 
 Tropical waters of America; the species all marine. [aUoupu^^ cat; 
 l^db^, fish.) 
 
 112. iE. marinus (Mitchill) B. &, G.—Sea Cat-fiah; Gaff-topsail. 
 
 Dusky bluish, silvery below. Head rather short and broad, rounded 
 anteriorly. Eye rather large, low, ; i . i ^erior. Occipital buckler subtriau- 
 giihir, tapering behind, Maxillary barbels extending about to the end of 
 the pectoral spine. Pectoral si)ine longer than tlie dorsal spine, two- 
 thirds the length of the head, its filament reaching the vent. Dorsal 
 fllaraent reaching adii>ose fin. TJi)per lobe of caudal much the longer. 
 Anal fln falcate. Band of i)alatine teeth nearly contiiuious. Uead 4^. 
 D. I, 7 ; A. 23; P. I, lli; B. G; Vert. 20 + 30. Cape Cod to Mexico; 
 common southward. 
 
 (6'(fi(r«8 wian.-Jiw Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N, Y. i,4:5;i; Giluthcr, v, 178.) 
 
 OuDEu L.-rr.ECTOSrOlNi DYLI. i;: f ' 
 
 {The PlectospondyloKS Fishes.) , /, ^ i^' jy 
 
 Physostomoua fishes with the ])arietals broad, distinct; pterotic nor- 
 mill; 8ym])lectic ju'esent ; opercular bones all present; no interclavi- 
 cles, and the four anterior vertebrre much modified and with ossicula 
 amlitus. This group consists princi])ally of fresh-water fishes, ami in- 
 ehulos about six families. Two strongly marked divisions are included 
 in it, the one the suborder EventognntM of l*rofessor Gill, and the other 
 the Characins, referred by I'rofeasor Gill to the Tsospon(h/li. Tln^ Chara- 
 dim resemble tlu Tsos})()ii(iijli\u general ai)pearance ami in the structure 
 (if the i)haryngeals, but differ in the mo«lification of tlu^ anterior ver- 
 tcbr.'B. (TT-lexro?-, joined together ; (n:('ivdu}.()<;j vertebrsc.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF KAMIUK8 OF I'LKCTOSPONDYLI. 
 
 Mini II cftso pvoduotMi hntwcoii orliita; ItiiHiHcrnnii HiniplH; only two superior pharyn- 
 jj;»»nl hones; 1 )wor ]»hiiryii>joiilH falcif'onr, pnralh'l with tho gill-orclu ,; jaws 
 toothhiss. ( Eveutofjnalh i.") 
 
 * ei), W'jll; tDTof, wltWu; yvdflof, jaw. 
 
 5? 
 
 k 
 
 If 
 
 BJHiiBI 
 
; 
 
 ■l;1 v> 
 
 112 WONTKimrTIONS TO NORTH AMKUICAN KMITIlYOLoaY IV. 
 
 ii. Iliisal ItrmirliilivMlH y. jiIiiir.viijiiMil (colli imiut'ntuH, |»iM'tiiiiili>; iiitiNillnric^ 
 
 rormiiiji i>fii< of dn' in,ir>>iii of llu> iipiK-r juw < 'A'i'«»HriiMii>,i.;, ;i(i 
 
 an. n.isdl ItidiicliihyalN ;J; plniryngi'iil Icctli Itnv ; iuiukIii of n|t|MM' Jiiw r<>niinl hy 
 
 ltn>iti,'i\illinii's sildiio Cvi'Iiinidi;, ;i|. 
 
 •*Hiuin I'MHo ii<)( idixlin'i'il lM>t\vtM>n orltitn; bimis oiuiili ddiiblc, HoinoliiiuH willi nnis 
 (Mjliu- oiiiinl; 4 to 1 Hiiiirrior phiirvnm'ul Iioiich ; lowor tilunviiK''"'" not ralci- 
 I'onn; MhiiHiil 1>riiti(-1iil\\t)lH; tvctli in Jiiwh iil'lcii |ir(<Hi<nl. (('lu^rtvhil.) 
 
 CiiAitAciMiM:^ ;i'^, 
 
 Family XXX.— (.\V1H)S1\)M1 I >/]:. 
 
 II''. 
 
 'M 
 
 ( 77jf iSiichrrs.) 
 
 Hoily oblmijr olonofntc', tisiiiilly inoio or loss coinprosscil. ll(>n,i 
 nuno or Uvsh «'oiioid. OimmcIoh tiorinally «1(>V(»Io|m»(I. Noslrils iloiihlc. 
 No barbols. ISIonlli liuyo or .small, UHiinlly priilniclilo niid willi llcsliy 
 Mps. !\Iarj>iu of iipptM- jaw (bniuHl in llio ini<l«ilo by (lio Hiiiall prciiiiix 
 illarios, and on llio sido by llio niaxillarioM. .laws tooMilcsH. Ijowci 
 j»liary'i};('al bono.s ralcilbrni, ariuod willi a row of nnnioroiiM cond) liKc 
 tfotli. nr:in(>!iiost«\!;als .'(. (iill nuMnbranivs nioro «»r Icms unilcd lo |||(> 
 istlinins, rcshit'linjn Mio yill op«Miinj;.s to fin* h'uWh. (lilly I, ai nIH lu' 
 huni tlio Iburlh. l's^M^dobralH'llia^ pri>,s«Md. S»'alt>M cycloid, lar;i:(^ or 
 Ninall. laloral lin(Ml«M'urvod, soiiHMinioM wauling, lload iialicd. I'Iiim 
 not scaly. Dorsal tin comparatively Ion;; (of 11-50 rays), willioiil hue 
 spine. Anal tin short. ('au«I;;l tin mor»< oi- less Ibrkcd. Ncidrals uli 
 tlominal, with about 10 rays. IN'ctoral tins placc«l low, wilhoul spiii(>, 
 No adipose tin. Helly not siMialed. Alimentary canal lony;. Hloinacli 
 simple. No pylorit* <'(eca. Air bladtler larjj:(», divid<Ml into (wo or llnvc 
 ])arts by transverse cjmstrii'tions, noli snrronntled by ii bony capsule, 
 (leuera II oi- fewer; species about (iO; iidiabilin^ th(> fresh wat(>rs of 
 >Jortli America, twospe<'ies in IOast(>rn Asia. They tww not mach valued 
 118 food tlslM>s, th<> llcsh bein^' flavorless and fnll of snuill bones. 
 ((\i/;)n»M'(/(r, frroup (\itoi*lomiua (Jilnllier, vii, l'»*-'.^4.) 
 
 *Dorsjil liii i^loMUJili'. its developed rjiys 'jri oO in imod>er ; ait- Idaddf-r in (wo pmls, 
 t l''oMtan(>lle present ; body ovate; Heale.s larfje. (lUtluilichlhjiiniv.) 
 H. Dorsal rays '«*(-:(;<. 
 
 h. Mtinlli laiffe. t«Tininal. protraetile finwards; Ii]>N(liiii; pliaiyn)j,eal lioiiesaml 
 
 (iMMli weak Ici'ioiu H, ;V,i. 
 
 hh. Mondi smaller, inferior, prolraet lie downwards, 
 e. IMiaryofieal bones s(ronn. (he teedi comparatively coarse and larp', in 
 creasing in siz(> downwards ItiMiAt.icnriiVs, ilii, 
 
 (V. l'liaryn;;eid bonoH narrow, with the tcoth thin and \veak..(;Ain'h>i>i;s. (ij, 
 ft l'\mtanelle obliterated by ttn^ anion of the parietal bones; body ohMigate. {('iii'lqi- 
 
 till(v.^ 
 
 d. Month small, inferior, with (hick papillose lips; scaler* rather Hinall. 
 
 CvcLia'ri'8, 6t 
 
ao. CAT08T0MI I >J?. — ICTIOHUH. 
 
 113 
 
 ••norsivl fiti Hliort, witli I0-1H riivH. (fatoiitnmttm.) 
 c. Air l>liitl(UM' ill (wo |iiirtM, 
 f. liiiloml liii<> ('(MM|)loto ivikI <'<>iil)'iii(iim ; hciiIch Htrwill, rift-liri in llm 
 liitor.'il liii)-. 
 
 f/. Fonlaiirllo liolio PANTOSTKIIS, 63. 
 
 Off. r<»iit(in«>llo pnwiit. 
 
 h. Moiilli iiiiVi'ior, Niiiall, witli Miick piiplllnHollpn. 
 
 ('AI«»HT(tMIH, i'4. 
 
 Iili. Moil til vi<i',v 1iii-K*s l< rtiiiiiiil, ()lilii|iir; lipHtliin iiiitl iii'iiilvHtiiooUi. 
 i. I'liiiryiiKi'iil hoiirH inodrtiit'', willi lolli of iiii'diiini M/.r. 
 
 (.'IIAHMIHI I :s, (ifl. 
 
 Vi. I'lifiryiiKi'iil lioiioH hIcimiit, \villi vii.v iiniiicroiiH, tniiniti^ ict'lli. 
 
 l/ll'(lMY/.ON, r>(i. 
 
 //. Ijii(<'Iii1 liii<« iiid'iiiiplcd or wtiiiliii^; hciiIch linn<< (10 50 in ii Icitini- 
 liiiliiiiil Htfi'ii'H). 
 
 II. I. II torn I linn <<iilir<dy wanting Kkimvzov, <57. 
 
 lUI. l/iiliiiil lliM< iimri> or Icmm di'vclopcd Minyti(i:ma, (W. 
 
 er. Air-liiaddiM' in lliiro piirtH; lonliinilln prxwut; Hoalcin liirgo ; luLoral 
 linn I'oniplnto. 
 j. Monlli iiiiiniiil, till' lower Up I'lilim or ttH-rcly lolxd. 
 
 It, riinr.vnuciil lioiHH inodcintc, the tcclli comprcHsi'd, yrnd 
 iiiilly lnr^)^^ downwiirdH; montli modnratn or hiiiuII, Mio 
 
 lipN nmiiilly pliniti- Mmxohiuma, (i!(. 
 
 A/r. riiiiry,ij.^«'iil Iiouch vi>ry Hlronji;, wiHi Mm lower tcilli niiicli 
 i>nliir^*d, Niiliiyliiidrii'iil iind triiiicatn, tlio tt-nlli oT tlio 
 iipprr I ml' of I III' ItoiM' Hiiifill mid roinprcKm'd ; niontli itir^i', 
 HoiiDUvliar oldiipir, willi very lliirk lipH. 
 
 I'r.ArMi'irAitVNv, 70. 
 
 jj. Miiiilli HiiiKiiliir, llio ii|ipi'r lip not protriM^tilo, ((rcaily nn- 
 
 liirnfd, I III' lowi'r lip dcv rjopfil iih (wo Mcpiiriilt- IoIich, 
 
 idiiirynnMil honcH and (irdi ordinary tJ|nAHHi(,Aii;A, 71. 
 
 A1». -I4"ri4>llll.*>i l.'MliiM'N.pin. 
 
 l!ii()'alo Jislies. 
 
 i;iilliirMi|iH>, Irlilli. nil. jM'iO, .'•,5: lypo Awhliiilnn hiihiiUiH Ifiif.) 
 
 Ilciul V(M'y liir|.;(^ luul Htron;^, wide iumI deep ; itn Icnj^lli '>\\-'V\ in tliiit 
 III tlic body ; itH ii|)|n'r HiirCjivc Itrojid jiimI drpn sh(mI. lOyn inodcndc, 
 uiiollv tihtci'ioi' ill |ioMiti(>ii,flM> iniddliHif llic liriid Ix'iiij^M'iitiicly Ix'liiiid 
 il ; siihoiliiliil b(UM»H pn»pitrli(mii(«'ly iisinow. I-'onliuicllc, liii^*', w<'ll 
 npi'M. Opcmiiiii' )lppil^!llll^} liit'iifoly dcvt^lopcd ; I lie. KiiiMtpcic-iiliiti' 
 IikiikI; (lir opt'iciiliiiii ImoikI, .str(ni;;ly (nrrowcd. Month very Iiiij^*' for a 
 Mickcr, tcnniiiiil, proliiicJilr rorwiiids; tho twiddle of the prciiiaxilliiiioH 
 iiciu'l.v on IIm^ liiH'ol Wm" iiiiddl<io((li(M\v('; th«' poNtcrioiM'dj^ooftlK^ iiuixil 
 l;irv I'Xiciidiiif; iiboiil, to tlic linci of tli(^ iioHtrils. Mandible very Htroii^, 
 (ililiiinc, pliUM'd" lit SMI angle of 45'^ orniore when the mouth i.s <!losed, ItH 
 |)ost(>rior end exleiidin/if (o beyond oppoHJti^ the IVont of \\w eye, jt.s 
 Iciililh aiilthv h's.s than onc^-ihiid that of the heiid. LipH very Uttle de- 
 viloiied ; \\\{\ upper narrow and HiiiooHijHoarecly ap[)re(!iablc; the h>vver 
 narrow, nithc^r full on Itie siih'M, out rediieed to a nan'ow rim in front, 
 JJuU. JSat. MuH. No. 10 8 
 
 :!i I 
 
 c-jr-?: 
 
 K\ 
 
 \V, 
 
 ha 
 
wmmi 
 
 "'"i-r^i.Tf-.:-''"*-.'^?'"' 
 
 »i*» 
 
 114 roNTKiiumoNS to noktii American ioiitiiyolociy — iv. 
 
 cnlinOy th'sliliifc Itotli of psipillii^ nnd plicio. .Imwm wiflioul. «'iii'(iliij;i 
 nousNlu'iith. iMiu'ilorous h.vhIoih ofluMul wril (l«>\t'l<>p(Ml. iNllimiiM Hin. 
 row. lMiiMvnfi<'iil botH's liillior wciik, tlui oiitiT Hmfnco of I lie nirh 
 HtiMuliiip' onlwnrdH iiiid pivHoiiliii;; u poroiiH onfcr iiinrf^iii. 'rin> prdun- 
 <'l4^ ol' tlio Nyinpli.VNis JH iniicli Ioii^mm* priipot'tioiiiilly iukI iiitir<^ poinlnl 
 thmi in (^(t)'i)io<lrs imd Iii(holii'fitlii/s. T\h^ Icclli nni very nnincroiiM, hiihiHj 
 lliiti, iiiid ('oi II pressed iis in Cnrpiodis, hiil llio I(»W(»r ones nrc^ {i'nidiiiilly 
 lar^vr Hum llio npp(>r ones. Tlieir inuci- ed/^o is Nliinliii}^- oiiIavshiIn, 
 snul not miil'onnly incluMi ;is in liiilxtlii'lithi/s, or trnncidcMis in (U/rlrplns^ 
 tho inncrniosl niuri^in risiiifr soincwlinl in the Hliiip(M>f ji. proi<M'linj;:<'iiN|i. 
 CJill nduTN oCiintrrior iircli Ion;; and slender iibove, 1 e<'()niinj.j sliorlci 
 «lo\vn wards. T.ody lieavy, robnsl, no( r'speeiidly nrelied above nor 
 j;r<'a1ly e(Hnpresse<i, ih(^ form sonunvlial elliplieal; llie (h'ptli 2^-.'l,Uii 
 Mie len;;lli of liu^ body. Heales lar^e, ildeli, nearly eipnd ov«'r Ihebixiy, 
 their posteri«>r o{\<xoh s«»niewluii N«'rra(e; lli<> lateral liiMi wt'll developcMJ, 
 bnti not as distinet as in rfrr/j/of/r.v, slight ly deenived aiit«'riorly ; [\\^^ 
 nnnduM- of seales in its eonrse .'$r>-.t2; KJ-IH in a traiit-iverHo wries lioiii 
 dorsal lo vtMdrals. Dorsal lln with an elonjLrat«» basis, its innnlxMuf 
 rays Jia-iU); anterior rays soni(>wliat elevated, their lent,'fli aboni luili 
 that of tlH> base of th(> lln. Caudal not inneh forked. Anal tin not 
 nuieh elevat«'d, its rays abont U in nnnd)er. IV'etorals and ventriis 
 nuxlerale, the latt«'r with abonli 10 rays. Hexnal peenliarilies, ifaiiy, im 
 known. Coloration dark, not silvery. Air-bladd(»r with two ehaniliers. 
 i^m^ v«My lar};e. A sin;;l(^ species known. {ix""^i "^'' > ''""•» l>Mllalo.) 
 
 Ii:i. I. B»8nl>iilM« (l^'iiC.) \\x.—Rv(l-moiith llnfdlo Jish. 
 
 P.ody robnsl, nio«leral<>ly eoinpressed, lh«^ onlline soniewhai ellip(i(';il, 
 bnt (he back rather nlon^ enrve«l than tln^ belly; depth 2A-.*{J in h^i^illi. 
 Head very lar!>«> and thiek, .S.J in lenfilh (»!' ftody. Operetdar appaiiiliis 
 vory Htron^v, the op(>renlnni ilsell' tornnnjjf nearly hall' th<^ lennlh <»r llu^ 
 liead. Seales very lar;it>. Diueloped rays of the dt)rsal 1!7~LM); anal nivs 
 0; ventrals 10. Scales 7-^J7 to 41 -(I. Coloratioji dnll brownish olivo, 
 not silvery. Kins dusky. Size very la r^M> ; reaches a. lenjxlh of neinly 
 .'{ leet and a w(Mp;ht of 20-;{0 |)onnds. Mississip[)i Valley ; [generally 
 abundant in the larj^er streams. 
 
 {Amhhdoii buhnlim Unf. .rmirn. PliyH. 18IH, 4'il ; AKiWHiz, Ann*!-. Jonrn. Hci. Ails, IK')!, 
 I'.Ui: S<'l(io;iii<ilhHs ('iiiniiitlld v. iV V. llinl. Nat. I'oiss. IHM, .|77 : " IvhlhiiiihuH cjidmUm 
 Ni'Irion, Hull. 111. Miis. Nu). IIIhI. i, .|;t ; Irhllii/obHH htihaliin .Jonliui, Uiill. II. t*. Nut., 
 M»H. xii, 2M; SrUroniKitluiiK'iiiiniulhi (lilntlu'l", vli, '24.) 
 
 ♦ 8»>«» .Ionian, UaU. IJ. 8. Nut. Miis, xii, '207. Tlicm Iuvh Imoii porluips a «'<mrii8iim 
 niuoug Mr. Nolsou'» t.vju's of tliis Ki»i'tloH. Oiio Hont by him to \\» is mi Ictiobus. 
 
 (A/,'IIHHi/,, AllllT. 
 
 Mead niodt 
 iiipidly rJHUifi; 
 iiinlian or rat 
 iiiirrow. t'on 
 III' sniall, Mioi 
 |y|tie;dly (put 
 III' the In^ad ; 
 IIk* lower pari 
 lliit upper pro 
 iiilo ^rajndes; 
 {liicMle, the pli 
 niil f|-K!:a,pe( 
 siiciilli. IM(M',i 
 .li'V('l(»|n'd, bul 
 istliruMs niod( 
 wliicli inci"<>aN( 
 i;riii(lin;;' <'df;e 
 lilllo <;nsp aJoi 
 crown, and <lo 
 sli'iiilei' and s 
 (ililon^'i the ( 
 i'(iiiipress(Ml; I 
 very lar^M', abi 
 wmife. Jiate 
 IL'-It in ii vm 
 near {\h\ niiih 
 iiiilcrior rays i 
 liii, lla^ nund)e 
 liii well forki'd 
 lively lon^' an< 
 ate, lO-rayed. 
 known. (John 
 viiccons or mo 
 quile largo. '\ 
 
115 
 
 30. CATOSTOMirM-: nilUALICIITlIVS. 
 
 OO.-UIIHAI^K'IITIIVN AguHHU. 
 
 Jhlff'alnJlHfirH. 
 
 (A(,'iiHMi/,, AiiuT. .Idiirii. Hci. Arts, IHrifi, l!»i : lypc^ Cnriiindrn iirun A^.) 
 
 llciKi tii(Mlciitl(Mir rntiicr liiifro i|(m>|) nnd Miic.k, itH H(i|HTi(>r oiitlino 
 iii|)i<ll,Y rinuiK; >Ih N'li^lh iihoiit 4 in tliiil of (li)' 1>o«ly. Dyo inodniiic, 
 iiiciliiiii or i'ii(li(<r iMilrrioi- in poHltloii. Hiilxirlnliil Imuicm ('(MMpiinitivcly 
 iiiirrow. I'\inliin«'ll(' iilvvii.yH prrNiMit. and widely opcti. Monlli inodorato 
 III' sriijili, niort^ or I<>hm iiifrr-ior; IIh^ in:iiidil)lr HJiorl, little. ol)li(|iie, or 
 IV|)i('illly qiliii^ Iiori/onliil ; the uiiin<lilile leKH tliiiti one third the len^Mli 
 of the heiid ; the preniaxilhirieH In the closed month below the level of 
 tilt' lower piirl of the orbit. Ijp.s rattier thin, thieker than in JctiohwHj 
 tlioupper protraetile, niirrow, pliciite, the, pli<';e, Hornet iincH broken np 
 into grannies; lower lip eonipiiratively I'nII (Cor a biitlalo flHh), fiiintly 
 |ilic!i!e, the pliea^ broken np into (^rannle.s, the lower lip hiivin;^ the ^eri- 
 nil! fi HJiaped I'orni neen in (UirpUuhn. .law.s withont, eiirtiliif^Mnon.H 
 sliciith. Mneiterons HyHteni well <leveIopi(l. Operenhir a|»|»iirii.tnH well 
 ,|i'veloped, bnl^. Ichh ho Uiati in Icllnhiis; the operenlnin Htron/^ly rni^'OMe; 
 istliiuiiH moderate. I'haryn;^feiil bones tri)int,Mdiir, with lar^e teeth, 
 wliieh in(!rea,se in ,si/e IVom above downwards. 'I'eeth eotnpreHHed, their 
 l^'iindin^ ed^e binnt, Hli^htly arched in the nnddle, and provided witJi a 
 liltie cttsp aloii^ the inner iniU'^in, wiiicli is hiitdly (h'tached f'roiri tho 
 crown, and docH not, rise above the snrliu'e.. (Jill-rakc^rHofard^'rior arch 
 Kh^nder and Htitl' a,bov<', ^rowinf^ shorti^r downwards. iJody oyhtc, or 
 oMon^; the <h)iHa,l ontline more or less arched; the sides of the body 
 (■(impressed ; t he ventriil ont line ciir\'ed also, bnt to a hiss deforce. H<;aleH 
 vtr,v larn'c, about e(puil over th(U)ody, their postej'ior ontlifM'S somewhat 
 M'lratii. Lateral lin<i w(^ll developed, nearly strai;(ht, with .'W-4'J Hcales; 
 IL'-ltin a erossseries from ventrals tr) dorsnl. Dorsal fin ]>e{rinnin;? 
 ni'iir the middle of tjae body, sonn'what in advanc(i (d'ihe ventrals; itH 
 iiiitcrior rays eleva("(l, tln^ir height about cfpnd to hiilf fhc^ biise of tho 
 I'm, the nnndxT of rays in the, ilorsal (in ran^'in/x from 25 to .'?(>. Oaudal 
 I'm well forked, the lobes about e(pial, not falcate. Anal tin compara- 
 livcl.v hill};' and rather low, ofHorl) developed rays. Ventrals morler- 
 iil(;, l(»-ra.yed. IVictorals rather short. H(^\ln^l pcK'ullarities, if any, un- 
 known. (Joloratioii dull dark brown, in-arly plain, not silvery. Fins oli- 
 viu'cous or more or less dusky. Air bhidder with two chambers. Hi/o 
 quite liirgc. This <?e!nuH Is closely iislated to IctiohuN, dift'ering only in 
 
 1.1. . 
 
 r 
 
 .1 .'. .»!).*-» 
 
 .<;■' 
 
 !ti 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 HI 
 
 '« 
 
 
 
 
 "mm 
 
 ^ J 
 
 
 '■ 'mm 
 
 
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Hi 
 
 ii < 
 
 h^ 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 the somcwliat stronger teeth. Tlie two genera, with perhaps Carpiodcs 
 also, should probably be reunited. Three species ii ^ known, two in the 
 United States* and a third in Central America.* ifiouiSaXo^j bufi'alo; 
 
 i/Oug, lish.) 
 
 114. B< tirus AjT. — Blg-mouthcd Buffalo. 
 
 Body much less elevated and less compressed than in B. nltus^ 
 the back not at all cariuated ; axis of bodj' above ventrals aBout at t.lie 
 lateral line, and but very little farther from the dorsal outline than from 
 the ventral ; depth 3-34 "^ length. Head very stout, strongly trans- 
 versely convex, thicker, larger, and less pointed than in the otlior, 
 about 4 in length. Eye about equal to snout, 5J in head, much smaller 
 than in B. altm. Mouth large, considerably oblique, opening well for- 
 wards. Mandible longer than eye. Premaxillary somewhat below sub- 
 orbital. Dorsal flu lower and less rapidly depressed than in the next, 
 the longest ray scarcely half the length of the base of the fin. Anal fin 
 rounded; its rays not rapidly shortened ; the middle ones not much 
 shorter than the longest- Colors very dark; fins all black. Scales 
 8-41-7 ; D. 30 ; A. 10. Mississippi Valley ; in the larger |)treams. 
 
 (Carviodes urns Agasniz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 355: BuhaVichthuH nrus, niger, 
 ct hoiiaauH Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 103-195; Jordan, 1. c. 2UU.) 
 
 lis. B. Slltus Nolaon. — Small-mouthed Buffalo. 
 
 Body considerably elevated and compressed above ; the dorsal region 
 subcarinate; belly thicker; depth 2.^-25 in length; axis of body above 
 the ventrals, below the lateral line, and nearly twi(!e as far from the back 
 as from the belly. Head moderate, triangular in outline when viewed 
 from the side, 4 in length. Eye equal to snout, 4-5 in length of head, 
 nnich larger than in B. vrus. Mouth quite small, notably smaller and 
 more inferior than in B. unifi. Mandible about equal to eye. Dorsal 
 tin elevated in front and rai)idly declined, the highest ray reachinj; 
 much beyond the middle of the fin, the seventh ray about half tlie 
 length of the third or longest. Anal rays rapidly shortened behind, the 
 middle rays much shorter than the first long ones. Scales 8-39-0; 
 
 *B. mcridioiialh ((liinilicr) JokImm. Moulli small, inferior, slijrhtly corni/^-.ilcd. 
 Dopth 3ii-;?] in Icnifth. Hojul 4-4^, not innch longtM- fli.in lii;>h. .,y<' rntlicr sni.ill. 
 ont'-fil'tli of llic Icnjftli of the head iind two-lii'tliN tinit of flie snout. Snhorbiliils iim- 
 row. Anterior dornul rays not niueh }n()dn«'.ttl, sliorter than the head. Caudal forkiid. 
 Origin of ventral vertieally In-low the fourth dorsal ray. reelcuiil tin not extendiii;' 
 to ventrals. There are 5 longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line iiiid 
 the root of the veniral. Coloration uniform. Seules 7-;{8-7 ; D. 21) ; A. 10. Rio Usii- 
 maeiuta, Guateiuula. {(Hiiitlier.) {Scliroijnatliun maidioiialiit Gihither, vii, U',i.) 
 
30. CATOSTOMID.E-— CARPIODES. 
 
 117 
 
 D. 29 ; A. 10 ; Y. 10. Coloration paler ; the lower fius slightly dusky. 
 
 Mississippi Valley' and southward ; generally abundant. 
 
 {Caioatomns huhalus Kirtliind, Rei). Zoiil. Ohio, 1838, 108, not of Kafinesque: liuba- 
 Ikhthys bnbalits Aj^assiz, Anier. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 195 : BubalichfhyH biibalus Jordan, 
 ]. I'. '20(): Sclerognathns uri(n Giiuthcr, vii,22; B. altus Nelson MSS. in Jordan, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. Ib77, 715; appifrent'.y the oldest tenable name, certainly belong- 
 ing <o the 8i)ecie8.) 
 
 61.— CARPIODES Rafinesque. 
 
 Carp SucJcers. 
 
 (Sclerognath h« Valenciennes. ) 
 
 (Rafinesqne, Iclith. Oh. 1820, 56: type Catnstomua cyprinuH Le Siienr.) 
 
 Head comparatively short and leep, sometimes conic, sometimes 
 blunt; its length ranging from 3 J to 5 in that of the body; its upper 
 surface always rounded. Eye moderate, median or anterior in posi- 
 tion. Suborbital bones well developed, their depth about half that of the 
 fleshy portion of the cheek below. Fontanelle always present, well de- 
 veloped. Mouth always small, horizontal and inferior; the mandible 
 less than one-third the length of the head ; the lips thin, the upper i)ro- 
 tractile, narrow, the lower quite narrow, /^-shaped, or rather n shaped, 
 beliiiid ; t)Oth lips feebly i)licate or nearly smootli, the plicuB often more 
 or less broken up. Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous 
 system moderately developed. Opercular apparatus well developed; 
 the subopenile broad ; the operculum in the adult more or less rugose. 
 Istlniuis moderate. Pharyngeal bones remarkably thin and laterally 
 com] tressed, with a shallow furrow along the anterior margin on the in- 
 side, and another more central one on the outline of the enlarged sur- 
 faces. Teetli very small, comi)ressed, nearly equally thin along the 
 whole inner edge of the bone, forming a fine, comb-like crest of minute 
 serratures; their cutting edge rises above the inner margin into a 
 pmniiiient i)oint. (lill-rakers of anterior arch slender and stiff above, 
 becoming redm^ed downwards. IJody ovate or oljlong; the dorsal outline 
 more or less arched; the ventral outline more nearly straiglil ; the depth 
 from liiilf to one-third the length; the sides compressed, the back nota- 
 bly so, forming a sort of carina. Caudal peduncle short and deep. 
 {Scales large, alxmt equal over the body, their posterior margins r.lightly 
 Semite; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, with .'34-11 scales j 
 112-15 scales in across-row from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal fin begin- 
 iiiufj near the middle of the body, somewhat in advance of ventrals, 
 falcate; its anterior rays elevated and often filamentous, their height 
 vaulting from ^ to 1^ the length of the bast of the fin; the number of 
 
 Y 
 
 T '5 
 
 Uil 
 
 
 o;. w* 
 
 .-.■I'l ,•?. 
 
 i 
 
 It'* 
 
 '««;,?;■;■ 
 
i 'm 
 
 (.«, 
 
 1 1 I <i 
 
 
 118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY IV. 
 
 developed rays ranging from 23 to 30. Caudal iin well forked, tlio 
 lobes equal. Anal fin comparatively long and low, emarginate (in 
 males), its number of developed rays usually 8. Ventrals sbortisli, 
 with usually 10 rays. Pectorals short. Sexual peculiarities littlo 
 marked ; in some species, at least, the males in spring have the snout 
 minutely tuberculate. Coloration always plain ; pale olivaceous above, 
 white below, but hardly silvery, the fins all partaking of the color of 
 the region to which they belong. Air-bladder with two chambers. 
 Size medium or rather large. This genus is very close to Ictiohiis and 
 Buhcdichtliys. Its si)ecies are numerous and very diflicult to deteruiinc. 
 All belong to the United States. (Latin carpiodcs, cari)-like.) 
 
 * Dorsal An with the anterior rays more or loss shortened, their length one-half to 
 two-thirds that of the base of tho liu; muzzle more or loss conic and pro. 
 jocting. 
 a. Head short, 4-5 in length. 
 
 110. <J. carpio (Raf.) Jordan. — Carp SticJcer. 
 
 Head comparatively short, its length contained 4-5 times in the 
 
 length of the body. Body more fusiform than in the others, compressed, 
 
 but not much arched, the depth 2g-3 times in the length. , Anterior 
 
 rays of dorsal short, notably thickened and osseous at base, especiiilly 
 
 in the adult; the tirst ray nearer the end of the muzzle than the ba^io 
 
 of the caudal fin, the longest ray a little more than half the base of tlie 
 
 fin; caudal moderately forked. Eye medium, anterior, 4 J in head. 
 
 Muzzle short, but projecting nuich beyond mouth. D. 30 ; Lat. 1. 3C. 
 
 Size largest of the genus. Mississippi Valley ; generally abundant. 
 
 (Catostomm carpio Rvi(inos(\\w,h-Aith. Oh. 1^29,50; Jordan, 1. c. 200: Carinodcs num- 
 mij'er Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phi la. 1870,484.) 
 
 aa. Head intermediate, its length contained about 4 times (31-4^) in that of body; 
 anterior rays of dorsal not thielicncd at base. 
 
 117. C. tamidtis B. &, O.—Carp Sucker. 
 
 Body elongate, not much elevated ; the depth 2^ in length. IToad 
 3,^-4 ; the muzzle prominent, but rather bluntish. Front scarcely con 
 cave above eyes, the profile forming a somewhat uniform curve. Eye 
 small, nearly in head. Anterior rays of dorsal moderately elevated, 
 less than three-fourths the length of the fin ; the first ray nearly mid 
 way between snout and base of caudal. Caudal lobes blunt ; subor 
 bital- narroAV, small. Scales 0-37-5; D. 24-27; A. 8; V. 10. Ohio to 
 the Kio Grande and lTi)per Missouri; comnicu. Distinguished from 
 
 ** Dorsal fin ^^ 
 
30. CATOSTOMIDiE — CARPIODES. 
 
 119 
 
 the preceding by the mucli smaller eye. This description is based on 
 specimens from Wabash Eiver. 
 
 {Carpiodca cyprinuH* Jordan, 1. c. 198: Carpioc1c8 tumidiia Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854,28: Carjnodcs damalin Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 183G, 
 170: Carjnodca grayi Cope, Proc. Amer. Pbil. Soc. Phila. 187 ,482.) 
 
 ll§. C. tDlompsoni Agassi z.—Xafce Carp. 
 
 Body stont, short, the back mnch arched, the depth 2i in length, 
 nead 4 to 4;]: in length, the muzzle moderately pointed. Dorsal rays 
 considerably elevated, two-thirds as long as base of flu. Eye small, 5.^ 
 in head. Tip of lower jaw much in advance of nostrils, maxillary 
 reaching Hno of orbit. Anterior suborbital large, deep, roundish. Ori- 
 gin of dorsal about midway of body. Scales rather closely imbricated, 
 S-oU to 41-G ; D. 27 ; A. 7 ; V. 10. Great Lake region ; abundant. I'cr- 
 baps identical with the i)receding. 
 
 (Agassiz, Amor. Joiirn. Sci. Arts, 185o, 191 ; Jordau, 1. c. 198.) 
 
 aaa. Head loug, about 3J in length. 
 
 119. C. bison Agassiz. 
 
 Head long, contained about 3' times in length to base of caudal. 
 
 ]\Inzzle elongate-conic, so that the eye is nearly median, the middle of 
 
 the length of the head falling i." front of its posterior margin. Body not 
 
 ffiuch arched, depth 3 in length. Anterior rays of dorsal pretty high, 
 
 not nutcli shorter than the base of the fin, not thickened at base. Lips 
 
 well developed. Eye large, 4^ in head. Scales 7-40-5 ; J). 27 ; A. 7 ; 
 
 V. 10. Mississippi Valley. 
 
 (Agassiz, Amor. Joiirn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 35G ; Copo, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 
 1870, 48:5; Jordan, 1. c. 197.) 
 
 ** Dorsal ilu with the anterior rays very much elevated and attenuated, about equal-. 
 Hug, or more usually exceeding, the length of the base of the lin. 
 
 liO. C cypriwMSt (Lo Sueur) Agassiz. — Qiiillback; SpeMr-finh; Saii-finh; Skimback. 
 IVIuzzlc conic, projecting, obtusely pointed, tip of the mandible reach- 
 ing to opposite nostrils ; maxillary reaching to opposite front of orbit. 
 Anterior suborbital as deep as long. Head 3.^-4 in length. Eye large, 
 3|J-'15- in length of head. Body much arched above, the depth 2^-2^ 
 in length- First ray of dorsal usually nearer muzzle than base of 
 
 * The original C'rtfostomMw ajprinna was doscribtMl from tributaries of Chesapeake 
 Ray. It cannot be the present species, as the dorsal is described and ligured as 
 Bfrongly falcate and the caudal deeply forked. Wo have seen no spi^cimens from tho 
 original locality. 
 
 t Possibly two or tlhroo species are hero included: vc/i/cr, with the anterior dorsal 
 rays longer than the lin ; <!///«'in««, with them somewhat shorter; and c\ttx8an»erinuSy 
 with a blunter Buout and tho dorsal rays very long. 
 
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 120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICDTIIYOLOGY IV. 
 
 caudal. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes slender, the upper the longr r. 
 Scales 7-37-5 ; D. 20 or 27. Chesapeake Bay to Mississippi Valley ; 
 generally abundant. 
 
 (? CntoHtomus ctjprinua Le Suonr, .lourn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 91 ; Giinthor, vK, 
 12 : Catostomua rdifer Rafinesqne, Iclith. Oh. 18'20, 5() : Carpiodea velifer Cope, Proc. 
 Amer. Phil. Soc. Pliilii. 1870, 482 : Carpiodea velifer Jordan, 1. c. 19G: Carpiodea culiaun- 
 aerinua Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Hoc. Phila. 1870, 481 : Carpiodea cutiaanaerinua Jordan, 
 ]. c. lUG : Carpiodea aelene Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 41.) 
 
 131. C. diflbrmis Copo. 
 
 Muzzle exceedingly blunt, so that the anterior edge of the mandible is 
 in line Avith the anterior rim of the orbit, and the maxillary reaches to 
 the anterior edge of the pupil. Anterior suborbital deeper than long. 
 Head 4J in length. Eye quite large, 3i-4 in head. Body arched, the 
 depth somewhat less tlian half the length. First ray of dorsal nearer 
 muzzle than base of caudal. Scales 0-35-4 ; D. 24 j A. 8 ; V. 9. Ohio 
 Valley ; not common. Perhaps a deformity of the preceding. 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 480; Jordau, 1. c. 195.) 
 
 62.— Cl'CLEPTUS Rafmesqne. 
 
 Black Horse. 
 
 (Rafmesqno, .Tonrn. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1819, 421 : type Cyclcptus nigra- 
 ecm Raf. =:: Catostoiuua elongatua Le Sueur.) 
 
 Head very small, short and slender, its length contained 0-7 times in 
 that of the body ; its upper surface rouiuled. Eye small, behind the 
 middle of the head ; not very high up, its length 0-8 in that of the head. 
 Suborbital bones small and narrow. Fontanelle entirely obliterated by 
 the union of the parietal bones. Mouth small, entirely inferior, over- 
 Japped by the projecting snout; the upper lip thick, i^endent, covered 
 with 3-5 rows of tubercles, the outer quite large, the inner small ; lower 
 lip moderate, formed somewhat as in Catostomus, but less full, incised 
 behind. Jaws with rudimentary cartilaginous sheath. Mucifcrous sys- 
 tem not greatly developed. Opercular Jipparatus not greatly devel- 
 oped; the operculum smooth and narrow. Lsthnuis moderate. Gill- 
 rakers moderately long, soft. Pharyngeal bones strong ; the teeth stout, 
 increasing in size downwards, rather wide apart. Body elongate, mod- 
 erately compressed, not uuich elevated; the caudal peduncle long; the 
 greatest depth contained 4-0 limes in length. Scales moderate, about 
 equal over the body, not closely imbricated, with wide, exposed sur- 
 faces, the number in the lateral line from 55-00, and about 17 in a trans- 
 verse series from dorsal to ventrals. Edges of scales crcuate. Lateral 
 line well developed, nearly straight. Fins rather large, dorsal flu be- 
 
30. CATOSTOMID.E — PANTOSTEUS. 
 
 121 
 
 ginning in front of ventrals and ending just before anal, of about 30 rays, 
 strongly falcate in front, the ttrst and second developed rays in length 
 more than half the length of the base of the lin, the I'ays rapidly short- 
 Aed to about the eighth, the length of the remaining rays being nearly 
 iniitorm and all short. Caudal tin large, widely forkeil, the lobes about 
 equal. Anal tin quite snudl, low, of 7 or 8 developed rays, scaly at base. 
 Ventrals nioderat e, with 10 rays. Pectorals elongate, somewhat fal 
 cate. Sexual peculiarities somewhat marked ; the males in spring with 
 black pignient ; the head then covered with small tubercles. Air-blad- 
 der with two chambers, the anterior short, the posterior elongate. One 
 species known. (z6xA«?, round; hrzru^, slender. "The name means 
 small round mouth." — liajinesqiw.) 
 
 122. C clongratUS (Lo Siienr) Ag. — Black Horse; Gourd-seed Suvlrr ; Missouri 
 
 Sucker; Sudccrcl. 
 
 Depth 4-5 in length ; head G-8i. Eye small, G-7 in length of head. 
 Longest dorsal rays a little longer than head. Pectorals rather longer 
 than head. Dorsal rays 30 ; anal 7 or 8 ; scales 9-50-7. Coloration very 
 (liuk, the males almost black. Size large. Length of adult 1 ^— 2i feet. 
 3Iississippi Valley; rather common. A singular and interesting tisu. 
 
 {Catostomua elonnatuH Im Simnr, Jmirii, Acail. ^at. Sei. I'hilu. 1817, 103: Schrogua- 
 thits elongatua Giiuther, vii, 23; Jordan, 1. c. 189.) 
 
 «3.— PANl *>STIi:US Cope. 
 Hard-headed Suckers. 
 
 (Cope, Licnt. Whcolcr's Expl. W. 100th Mor. v, (573, 187(5 : type MinomuH phtttjrhnuchus 
 Cope.) 
 
 Head moderate or rather small, 4-5 times in length of body, llattish 
 and rather broad above, anteriorly somewhat pointed. Eye rather 
 small, usually behind the middle of the head. Suborbital bones narrow, 
 as in CatoHtomus. Bones of head rather thick, the two i)arietal bones 
 firmly united, entirely obliterating the foutanelle. Mouth rather large, 
 entirely inferior ; each jaw with a more or less developed cartilagiiu^us 
 sheath, separable in alcohol, essentially as in Ghondrostoma, AcrochiluSy 
 and related genera. Upper lip broad, jiapillose, with a rather broad, 
 free margin and 2 or more series of tubercles. Lower lij) largely devel- 
 oped, with an extensive free margin deeply incised behind,' but less so 
 than in Catostomus. Pharyngeal bones and teeth essentially as in Catos- 
 iomiis. Isthmus quite broad. Body generally elongate, subterete, and 
 little compressed. Scales quite small, 80-105 in the course of the lat- 
 eral line and 30-35 in a cross-series between dorsal and ventrals, usually 
 more or less reduced in size and crowded forward, as in CatoHtomus. 
 
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 122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Lateral line well developed, straightisli. Fins generally rather small. 
 First ray of dorsal usually about midway of body, its rays few, 9-12 
 in number. Veutrals inserted rather under jiosterior part of dorsi:!, 
 their rays 10 or 9. Anal short and high, with 7 developed rays. Ca'S- 
 dal rather shallow-cinarginate. Pectorals well developed. Air-blad- 
 der with two chambers. Size rather small. Species numerous iu the 
 Eocky Mountain region, {-rh, all ; nffriov, bone.) 
 
 * Scales nHulcrato, 80-85 iu tlio latora! lino. 
 
 a. Scales siibequal o\ er the body, not reduced forwards. 
 
 123. P. plobcius (Baird & Girard) Jordan. 
 
 Body rather stout, subfusiform. Head slender, rather short, 15 in 
 length. Eye 5 in head. Ventrals reaching nearly to ■'-ent. Scales 
 small, scarcely crowded anteriorly, 80 in the lateral line, 20-30 in ;i 
 cross-series. Depth 4i in length. Dorsal midway between snout and 
 upper caudal rays. Caudal short, emarginate. Color dark brown, 
 faintly mottled ; sides with orange in the males. {Girard.) Lake Guz- 
 man, Mexico. 
 
 {Catostomua phbeius Baird «& Guard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 28: Catodo- 
 mus iHthcjua Giiuther, vii, 15; Jordan, 1. c. 184.) 
 
 124. P. dcSpliinus Cope. 
 
 "The dorsal outline is arched, the head flat above, not elevated Ixdiind 
 and much depressed on the muzzle. The nui^izle is wide and docs not 
 project beyond the upper lip, which is appressed to its lower face and 
 bears four rows of warts: its smooth comulissural part is narrow. Ou 
 the lov er lip the tubercles advance nearly to the commissure; this lip 
 is deeply emarginate posteriorly. The eye enters the length of the head 
 5 times, 2^ times measuring the muzzle, and twice the interorbital re- 
 gion. Head 4';| times iu hMigth to end of caudal basal scales. Scales in 
 30 longitudinal series, between dorsal and ventral fins. Ventrals iv- 
 markably short, extending little more than half way to vent, originat- 
 ir.g under posterior third of dorsal. Pectorals well separated. Lsthnnis 
 wide. Color above blackish, with a strong inferior marginal shade 011 
 the lower part of the sides, and the lighter tint above ; a brown spot 
 just above axilla is cut oil" from it by a band of the yellow color which 
 covers the belly and head below." (Cope.) Probably from Green Kiver. 
 
 {Minomm ilvlpliinus Cope, Ilayden'a Gcol. Surv. Wyoiu. Terr. 1872, 430.) 
 
 13.1. P. bardrH Cope. 
 
 This Hi)eci(^s U distinguished by its very short head and marked col- 
 oration, resembling iu that respect the C. guzmanienaiH of Girard; with 
 
30. CATOSTOMID.E — PaNTOSTEUS. 
 
 123 
 
 tliis species it has, liowever, notliing; else iii common. "Head wide, 
 liiuzzle not projectinj^ beyond upper lip ; latter not pendant, with 
 juuTow, smooth conjniissure and 3 or 4 rows of tubercles. Lower 
 lip deeply incised, tubei"cnlar to near inner edge. Eye 5.25 times in 
 I'Mi^'th of head, twi-^e in interorbital width. Head 5 times to end oi' 
 basal caudal scales. Form stout. Body cylindric anteriorly. Dorsal 
 fm nearer end of muzzle tliau end of caudal scales. Scales of body 
 suheqnal, in 30 longitudinal rows between dorsal and ventral lius, 
 latter originating; beneath hinder border of dorsal, not (piite reaching 
 vent. Pectorals well separated. Isthmus wide, narrower than in .1/. (7c/- 
 phiinis'. Color blackish above; abroad olive band from upper part of 
 opercular border along upper half of caudal peduncle, and a broad black 
 hand below, narrowing to a line along the middle of the iiedunclc ; be- 
 low yellowish, a band of the same cutting off a blackish area above the 
 axilla, as in the last species." {Cope.) Probably from Green Kiver. 
 Tbis species and the two i)receding arc not well separated. 
 {Mhiomua hurdus Cope, Iltiyilou'a Geol. Surv. Wyom. Terr. 1872, 4;{G.) 
 
 aa. Scales very lunch r(!;hice(l and crowded anteriorly; upper lip full, pendent; car- 
 tilagiuous tilieatlis on jaws well developed, the commissure transverse and 
 abruptly an<f.il:ite at tl e coruers of the uioutli. 
 
 126. P. pHatyrrJaycacEius Cope. 
 
 Uody extremely elongate, the depth 5.^-7 in length. Head 45 in 
 length, short and wide, witli depressed and expanded muzzle, which 
 considerably overhangs the mouth. Isthmus very wide. Dorsal rays 
 11; ventral rays 9; scaLvs I0-8G-I2. Belly and lower (ins yellowish, 
 probably red in life. Utah Lak«. Perhaps identical with the next. 
 
 {MinomuH phityrhynchm Cope, Proc. Amor. Pliil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 134; Jordan, 1. c. 
 
 lH;i.) 
 
 127. P. pcMcrosMS (Oiran,') Jordan. * 
 
 Body moderately elongate, the depth 4^-5 in the length. Head 
 
 ratber short, 4:} in length, not specially broadened ; muzzle not greatly 
 
 overhanging the mouth. Lower lip full, with 4 or 5 rowsof tabercles; 
 
 iipjter with 2. Isthmns very broad. Head with consi)icuous mucous 
 
 tubes. Lower iins large. Dorsal rays 9 (rarely 10); ventral rays 10 
 
 (rarely 9); scales 11 to 14-83 to 87-13 to 15. Light brown above, with 
 
 (bisky spots and clouds ; males with the chin and Iins red, and a crim- 
 
 Non lateral band, llio Grande to Mojavo Desert and Great Basin of 
 
 l',tah; very abundant. 
 
 {f'ntoatomnK amcrosm Q\Tan\, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci, Pliila. 1856, 174: Miiwmua jarro- 
 rii Copo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1874, US; Jordan, 1. c. IK^) 
 
 •• 8(;alc8 very small, 100-105 iu tho lateral lino. 
 
 
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 124 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 12S. P. vircsceiis Copn. 
 
 Body eloijjjfsito, compressed, the caudal jxuujiftle (joutracted. Ilcad 
 short, wide, 5 in Uiiigth. Muzzle obtust^, little projectiug". Uppiu- liji 
 wide ; lower li^) full, eniarginate. Jaws with well-duvelopiMl caitilii^ii- 
 uous sheatiis. Scales nuujh reduced in size forwards. Dorsal rays lO- 
 ventral 1); scales 1«-10:}-1(}. Color olive; lower surface yellow, lleail- 
 Avaters of Arkansas Iviver. 
 (Copi-, Wlioelor'd Expl, W. 100th Mor. v, (57.-), 187G ; Jordan, 1. c. 182.) 
 
 64.— CATOSTOillUS Lo Sueur. 
 
 Suckers. 
 
 (Ilylomyzon Agassiz; Acomita and Minomiia Crirard.) 
 
 (Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMiila. i, 81), 1817 : typo Cijprinua catoatomns Forijter:^ 
 Catotttomufi loiigiroHtntm Lc Sueur.) 
 
 Head more or less elongate, its length ranging from 3?, to 5 times iu 
 that of the body. Eye usually rather small, high up, and median or 
 raore or less posterior iu position. Suborbital bones narrow, longer 
 than broad, much as in Moxostoma. Fontanelle always present, usually 
 widely open, in two species reduced to a narrow slit, but never wholly 
 obliterated. Mouth rather large, always inferior, and sometimes nota- 
 bly so; the upper lip thick, protractile, papillose; the lowei" lip greatly 
 develoi)ed, with a broad free margin, deeply incised behind, so tliat it 
 forms two lobes, which are often more or less se]>arattMl. IMandihlc 
 horizontal, short, not one-third the length of the head and not reachiiijf 
 to oi)])osite the eye. Lower JaAV usually witliont distinct cartilagincms 
 sheath. Opercular apparatus nmderately developed, not rugose, l^lia- 
 ryngeal bones moderately strong, the teeth shortish, vertically com- 
 pressed, rai)idly diminishing in size upwards, the upi)er surface of the 
 teeth nearly ev^en or somewhat cus|)idate. JJody oblong or elongate, 
 more or less fusiform, subterete, more or less comi)ressed. Studes com- 
 paratively small, typically uuich smaller and crowde'^ anteriorly, the 
 nund)er iu the lateral line ranging from about 50 to 115, the number in a 
 transverse series between dorsal aiul ventrals from 15 to H). Ijateral line 
 Avell d(>.velope<l, straight ish, sonu'what decurved anteriorly. Fins vari- 
 ously developed. Dorsal with its first ray nearly midway of the body, 
 with from t) to 1-1 developed ra.vs. Anal tin short and high, with probably 
 always 7 developed rays. Ventrals inserttd under the middle or ]»oste- 
 rioi part of the dorsal, tyi>ically with 10 rays; in one subgeiuis usually 
 9; the number often sid)ject to variation of one. Caudal tin u.^ually 
 dee[)ly forked, the lobes nearly equal. Sexual peculiarities not much 
 
30 CATOSTOMID.E — CATOSTOMUkS. 
 
 12." 
 
 i) 
 
 iiiarUcd; tlio fiiis liij>ber in the inulcjind the sinul somewhiit swollen iind 
 tulK'i(!nliite in the npiing. Breedinr^ males in some si)e(;ies with a rosy 
 or oranfje lateral l)an«l. Air-bladder with two chambers. Vertebra' in 
 i\commcrsoni and C. nUjricans 45—47. S[)ecies very nnmerons, all l)e- 
 loiijiin^- to the United States, except the Siberian C. rosfrattia Tilesius. 
 [■/M-io, inferior; (Tzo/m, month.) 
 
 •ScUflcs very small, much reduced and crowdoii iinterlorly, 83-115 in the lateral lino. 
 
 (CatoHtomuH.) 
 
 II. J'oiuant'llf almost oMitciiiti-d, reduced to a narrow slit; each jaw with a wcD- 
 (le*'eloped eai'tila^inoiiM .sheath (;is in I'aiilonk'iin). 
 
 139. C. discobolus Cope. 
 
 Body snbterete, compressed behind, the depth 5 in length. Interorb- 
 ital space 2 in head. Ifead qnite short, broad and roun<led above, 4'| in 
 k'niitli. Kye small, far b»ck and hij;h np, (5 in head. Month very 
 laisi'e, inferior, beneath the projectiiift' snont. Upi)er lip very Inll, pen- 
 dent, with abont 5 rows of tubercles. Lower li)? ver.> fall, moderately 
 incised, with abimt 10 rows, a notch separating; the npper lip from tho 
 lower. Each jaw with a slij^htly enrved cartilajj-inons sheath on its 
 odsc, the two parallel with each otlu^r and littiiiff closely together. 
 Fins small. Dorsal 11 ; candul little forked; scales 15-90-11, irregular. 
 Colors dnsky. Size small. Idaho to Wyomino; and Arizona. 
 
 (Cope, Hayden's Geol. Siirv. AVyom. Terr. 1H7(), 4:}r>; .Jordan, 1. e. 17!>.) 
 
 (('(. rontiinelle well developed : jaws williont evident eartil!iju;inouM Hheatli. 
 ,<. Upper lip very hroad, with several ('> or (i) rows of larye pai)illa'. 
 
 130. €. IlltipinniH Biiinl &l (iirard. 
 
 l)()d,V shMuler and eloiifi'ate ; the caudal ]>eduncle e.s])ecially Ion;; and 
 very slender; the depth 5'^ in the length. Head moderate, 4-| in length, 
 rather slender, with prominent snont and rather contracted, inferior 
 mouth. Outline of tho month triangular, the ai)ex forwards. Tln^, lips 
 very thick, greatly developed; lower lij) incised to the base; its pos- 
 terior nuirgin extending backwards to opi)Osite the eye. Jaws with a 
 slij^ihr curtiliiginous i)ellicle. Eye small, high up. Preorbital bono 
 broad, scarcely twice as long as deep. Scales long and low, i)()steriorly 
 rounded, their horiwutal diameter greater than the vertu'.al, 17-08 to 
 iur)-17. Eins excessively developed, es^,ecially in the males, the free 
 bonier of the dorsal deeply iiu'ised. Height of each of the three verti- 
 eiil (ins in the males greater than the length of the head. Dorsal 13, in- 
 serted nearer snont than base of (uiudal. Caudal very strong, the rndi- 
 mcutary rttys at its base ujmsually developed. Loust depth of tail lesa 
 
 
 •'•4 
 
 
 
 . t; 
 
 II' ' t I 
 
 II. J. /L « 
 
 i t • !* -if t 
 
I!;:-?., 
 
 \, "'•/'/ 
 
 <f, 
 
 
 ) •. 
 
 1 ► *7jS ' • 
 
 f.: 
 
 • , 
 
 n'i" 
 
 i' ■^' !L*'' . 
 
 K ^n *' ' 
 
 'u, •< 
 
 ij]:;; • 
 
 m '> '"" ' • ■* 
 
 l|i 
 
 * t < 
 
 H|' "' ,' 
 
 K^ 'i^'r 
 
 Bil! '' . 
 
 ^^ii u'i!' 
 
 1 
 
 lii. 
 
 126 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 than one-tliird the head. Coloration silvery ; the males probably rosy 
 and tuberculute in spring. Gila region to Wyoming; not abundant. 
 
 (Haird & Ginir.l, Proc. Actul. N.it. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 388; Giiutbar, vii, 14; Jordan, 
 1. c. 178 : I'i* Catoatomus ijnzmanicnsis* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 173.) 
 
 131. C. E'cSropBEiCBBS Jordan. 
 
 Body long and slender, subterete, compressed behind, the form es- 
 sentially that of C. longirostris, the depth contained 5'- times in the 
 length. Head large, 4 in length of body, the interorbital space broad 
 and flat, 2i in length of head. Eye small, high up and rather posterior. 
 Preorbital bone very long and slender, its length about 3 times it.s 
 depth. Mouth large, i)recisely as in G. laflplnnin, the upper lip pendent, 
 very large, \iith 5-8 series of tubercles. Dorsal lin not elongated or 
 esi»ecii:lly elevated, its rays 11, the beginning of the dorsal much nearer 
 base of caudal than snont. Caudal lin long and strongly ftn-ked. Anal 
 lin long and high, reacj^ing base of candal. Yentrals not reaching vent. 
 Caudal peduncle stout and deep, its least depth more than one-third 
 length of head ; its length about two-thirds that of head. Scales quite 
 small, about as in longirostris, the exposed portion not notably length- 
 ened. Chest with well-developed scales. Scales 1(5-100-14:. Colora- 
 tion dusky brown, a dusky lateral band, pale below, the dark colors ex- 
 tending low. Snout quite dark. Size large. Montana to Nebraska. 
 
 (Jordan, 1. c. 178.) 
 hi). Upp:'r lip conipara'ivoly thin and narro\v, -vvitli but few (3 or 4) rows of papillic. 
 
 132. C loiragHa'OSt5"DS Lc Sueur. — Long-uoscd Sucker; Xorthcrn Snelicr. 
 
 Body elongate, subterete, the depth 4;i-4~ in length. Ilead quite 
 long and slender, i^-4'^ in length, depressed and llattened above, brond 
 at base, but tapering into a long snout, which considerably overhangs 
 the largo mouth. Lips thick, coarsely tuberculate, the upper lip nar- 
 row, with 2 or 3 rows of tubercles. Eye rather small, behind the mid- 
 dle of the head. Scales very small, much crowded forwards, 95-111 in 
 the ccmrso of the lateral line, and about 20 (20-31) in a cross-row from 
 doi-sal to ventrals. Dorsal rays 10 or 11. INIales in spring with the head 
 and anal fin in'ofusely tuberculate, the tubercles on the head small ; tlio 
 sides at that season with a broad rosy band. Size large ; the larg(\st 
 species in the genus. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to 
 
 * This in probably a distinct spooios. It is stouter than C. htiiphinis, with Hliortir 
 nn<l deeper caudal lu'duncle and h)wer llns. A bhicki,sh lateral band. D. I'i ; Lat. 1. 
 ulioiit DO. Upper iii) witb 4 vo\\» of impilhe. The original type from Lako Guziimu, 
 Chihuahua, is now lost. 
 
30. CATOSTOMID^ — CATOSTOMUS. 
 
 127 
 
 Alaska; very abundant northward. The most widely distributed 
 
 species. ■* 
 
 (^C:,^>rinus catostomm Forster, Phil. Trans. 1773, 155: Catostomua longirostrum and 
 Jiu(hi>nius Le Sueur, Jourii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1817, 102, 107 : Catontomns forntvrianua 
 Kicliaidson, Frankliirs Journal, 1823, 720 : Catostomus aurora Aj^assiz, Lake Superi.)r, 
 ;{i)0 : Catostoinus hufhoniuti Guuther, vii, 13 : Catoatomus griaetia Giiuther, vii, 14 ; Jordan, 
 I.e. 175.) • 
 
 133. C. taBloensas Gill & Jordan. — Tahoe Sucker. * 
 
 Kather stouter, the depth 4J-5 in length. lEead very large and long- 
 iicnniinate, the muzzle nearly one-half itsiength, overhanging the rather 
 large mouth. Lips moderate, the upper pendent, with about 3 rows of 
 small papilliB; the lower rather full, similarly papillose. Eye nearly 
 median, rather small, 8i in head. Scales small and crowded forwards, 
 closely imbricated, 85-^0 in the course of the lateral line, and about 
 28 in a cross-series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal short, but longer 
 tliaii high, its rays 10. Coloration very dark; fins dusky; scales every- 
 where finely punctate. Breeding males profusely tuberculate. Size 
 large. Lake Tahoe ; very abundant. 
 
 (Jordan, 1. c. 173 ; Jordan «fc Henshaw, Eopt. Chief Engin. app. nn, 1878, 188.) 
 
 ** Scalea small, crowded, and sm.allor anteriorly than posteriorly, 58-75 in the conrse 
 of the lateral lino. (Decactylua Kalinesque.*) 
 c. Upper lip thick and full, with several (5-8) rows of papilhe. 
 
 d. Fontancille veiy small and narrow ; both jaws with a weak cartilaginous 
 sheath. 
 
 131. €. ao>a!opus Jordan. 
 
 ]]o(ly elongate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 4,J-4.J in. 
 length. Head small, conical, 4§ in ^''-ngth. Mouth quite large, with 
 full^ thi(;k lips, the upper very wide and pendent, with about ii rows of 
 very strong papilliX) ; lower lip two-lobed, siuiilarly papillose. Inter- 
 oibital space wide, convex. Eye elevated, posterior, quite small. Fins 
 moderate; dorsal higher than long, with 10, rarely 11, rays; ventral 
 rays 10. Scales small, crowded forwards, 10 or 0-70-8. Color dark ; 
 scales with dark punctulations. Nevada and Southern California. 
 
 (Jordan, 1. c. 173; Jordan & Henshaw, Kept. Chief Engin, app. ?ih, 1878, 188.) 
 
 Hi. Foul aiielle well dovolopod; lips without ovulout cartilaginous slioath. 
 c. Lateral line with 70-80 scales. 
 
 IS.'S. €. labintus A;^tos. 
 
 Head 4J in length, rather blnntish. Mouth moderate, the labial pa- 
 pill;e largely developed ; the upper lip full, with about 5 rows of Lirgo 
 
 * Hafinesfino, IrJith. Oh. 1820, GO: typo Catostomua boatonienaia Lo Sueur. (Jt/ca, ton; 
 iJaxrvAof, toes; t. e., 10 ventral rays.) 
 
 
 •I 
 
 
 O 
 
 ff 
 
 •f . 
 
 
 't u * 
 
I ) 
 
 h i 
 
 128 coNriiimrrioNM to nouth amkuican iciiTiivoLodY — iv. 
 
 Imt ntllior Hpniw pupilln'. Hmlrs 1'J-7I-M>. DoimuI Hii simrl, Iii;j:li(T 
 Ihnu loii'V. ol" !il»oiil II riiys, (N)lor UiirK iiliovo; Hides «»I<)iiiI(m| wiHi 
 bliicK iiiitl .yellow. Ivliitiiiitli ljiiUi\ Oregon. A litllt* Uiiowii Hprciivs. 
 
 <,.\.\IVM, I'm.'. Anul. Niil.S.I. ("nl. I,SV.. :ii ; .IokIiui, I. f. I7;i.) 
 
 I:l4t. «'. iiiiK'i'orBlllllw Onl. rn^iHihid Ulivf Siivkrr. 
 
 Ilod.v lioiiv.v lorwiirds. Iloml !tirK«> inul Iirnvy, oonv«'\. SimmiI Idiiitl, 
 iniu'li ov«>i>l:ippiti,u; 1tii> lioi'i/.ontiil iikmiIIi. IMonlli (piilr liir;{(>, willi vny 
 laru'o lips. (Ii«» tippt«r riill jiiul ptMi(h>n(, \vi(li (»-S nnv.s of NiroiiiK i>;i- 
 pillio. M(M(I liir^««, l| ill l(Mi<^tli, nillior iiiirrow, tpiiMlrtiiiuiiliir, \\u\ 
 snout projocliii^'. lOyo Iiirji;°(>. l>or.sjil tin niiicli lon;r<'i' lliiiti lii^li, i(M 
 ni,V.s iiboiil. ir>. INH'tonils loiiu iiiul iinriow ; t'iiii<l;il well forked. Il(>;ii| 
 •I in leiiylli. Sciilen I'J-72-IO. ('olonilioii liillier diirk ; ii dusky I: Iciiil 
 ,s|rip«»; l»(>lo\v iibnipd.v pia*. ColuiiiWiii Jtlver. 
 
 MJiiMnl. I'roc. Aoml. Naf, S. i. IMiila, 1H.M5, irr>; .Tonliui, 1. <•. 171.) 
 
 |:I7. i'. o4M'l«loiiiailM Am< 
 
 Siirriimi'iili) Siivkrr. 
 
 I 
 
 
 ,i t 
 
 Ki. 
 
 luS, 
 
 i\^m 
 
 llotl.v VJitluM' sI(MI(Um', IiIII(* t>hniiled. ISloiilli <'<uiipiir;iliv(<l> ,siu:tll, 
 siiKilIiM" lliMiiiii <\<'omm<'t'soui ; llio upper lip witli r> or(l rowsof .sinallisli 
 piipilhe; lips nitluM* tliiii. Ileiid (piitv\ .snitill, founded tihove. W in 
 l<M»j>tli, the prt)lll«< s(i»(»p«M' lliiin in ('. ('omiii('r.ioniy llu> nhouI iii()r(> 
 pointed, the two sidivs of the li«»ji(l iiion> eoiivernent forwnrds. \]y{\ 
 siiiiill. |)ors;il till Ion;4«M' tliiui liijili, its r;iys I'J-ll ; e;iud;il well forked, 
 (luMipper lolt(» the lon;;«M'. SimUvs 1. '{-".■>- 10. Diirk ultove, j;i;i(iiiiilly 
 p;il«M' billow. StreaniiS of Oiilifoiniii ; iibuiidant in the Saerainonto and 
 !San .l»»a«piin. 
 
 vAvivs, Pnv. C.\\. A.'.id. Nul. Hist. IS.M, IS; .lonliin, 1. c. I7,*.) 
 
 IitN. <'. Ctoriaaii'diiii (iir.'U'd. • 
 
 Color blaekish. I'ins latluM* hi^h. liateral llm> with SO seales (ao- 
 eor*lin,u' to tlu» liuure). l\ve large. IU>a«l o in hMi^i'th. IMoiilh siindl, 
 withbroatl lips. Kio llua.u'ui, Mexi<'o,W(Vst of tlu» Sierra Ma«lre. {(Urdnl.) 
 This spei'ies is, perhaps, allied (o V. occidcutaUny but may bouiV<«/(j.s7('«.v. 
 
 (i;ir!>nl. Vuh: Acad. X»f. Sri. rhila. IKV), 170.) 
 f!'. l.utovid lino nv illi (UMm hoiiIos. 
 
 iJl!>. i\ nrtloiiH .Tor. it Oilh. 
 
 Hody rather elou.uate, little eompressed, the baek broad. Head 
 broad, i'onieal. ]\lonth iMJtirely inferior, the inaiulibh> hori/.t)ntal ; upper 
 lip very wide, full, pendent w ith about S rows of eon rse, irre^jular papilkr; 
 lower lip very broad, eoarsely pai>illost\ cut to the base by a .sharp in- 
 eisiou. l\ve very small, 7 iu head, .'U in interorbital width. Dorsal tin 
 long- and low, its anterior rays three fourths the base of the tin, half 
 
 ->i' * 
 
30. CATOHTOMTD/F, — rATOHTOMIIS. 
 
 129 
 
 r .':r:'T;' 
 
 loii^'cr Miiiii (Imi liiMtriiyH; lUM'tonils ;iti<1 vontralM mIhh'I,; ciiiidii] Hliort; 
 ;iiiiil Ion;;. IMiiir.vn;,f('iil Iuum-m riitlHT wciiU, with Hiiiiillisli l<'(!fli. I'liicU 
 isli iil>ov<' ; tiDilcH Willi IImi HJdcH rony ; OtiH (link. II<-!mI ."•!] ; (it^plli 4A. 
 I). 1.}; A. 7; NcalrH !Min-?>, I;. IS imlicH. dfiili Lako. 
 
 (Ini.l.iii A. (iillMTl, I'n.c. ir. S. Niil. MiiH. iii./ir.l, IHHO.) 
 
 I U>. <'• r<M'iiQi<liiN (lopo A Yiirrow. — (//«/( Lnkr. Snrkvr, 
 
 |!(M|y iniMlci'iilcly sloiit, liltic coitiiM-csMcil, tli«^ (ail slender, riviul hiiN- 
 
 ('(init, (li<> |ii'o(!i<^ rc^niliirly <l('(Mirvc<l IVoni tlir nape, to Mio baNci of tlu- 
 
 picinaxillary H|»in«'M, \vlii<*.li al>ni|»lly |(ro(in<lt', fofmin^' a iliHlinci "noso* 
 
 ;is in (^linsmintrH lionis ; |»r<'rnaxillaii«'H in (ront warciOy Im'Iow Hio, pro 
 
 (iil)il:i!. IMandiltlr lar;<;o, ol)li<pu>, placed at an an;;l<>, of .'t(P when tlie 
 
 nioatli is eJoMed, itH len^rMi .'( in liea<l. Upper lip Inll, (x^ndent, witJi 
 
 ;i1mhiI 1 rowH oC eoarse papilla", lower lip nio«leia(e, divid<'d l>y a. hroud 
 
 iioteli, (>aeli lolie with ahont^ (» iowm of pajtilhe. lOye a< little, behind 
 
 iiiiil(ll(> of hea«l. I'irst ray of dorsal twi<;« liei^^ht, of the, last, itH huif^t!' 
 
 ^Killer Ihan thatof tli<^ base of lint (in; eaiidal forked, the lower lobe 
 
 lousiest; pectorals lonn; anal hi;;h. Dnsky above, pide below. Head 
 
 |;do|!lh 1.}. I). II; A. 7; V.1>; Hcales H-(iO-H. I/. i;{ inches. Iltali 
 
 hiike; excessively abnnd>in(<. This specaes has evi<len( anini(ies wi(,h 
 
 ('hdsmi.stcH. 
 
 (('(i|M' A Viiiiow, /,<k".I. \Vll(•(«l(^|•■H I'.xpl. \V. loOlliMcr. v, C.^H, |H7Ci ; .Jonlim A. (lil 
 lirll, I'nH', |I. S. Nlll. AtllM. IHHO, .|(;;t.) 
 
 ,v. I ppi r lip compiU'ativoly Miiii, willi Iiiil few (2 or !l) rowH <»(' papill.ii. 
 /. Si iilcM iMMcli ri(lii((Ml, 1111(1 cmwdiHl anlt'iiorly ; doiHiil rayH 11-15, 
 
 III. i'. «*y|»li4» {.ixkin-rlon. 
 
 A conspicuous hnnip bebind (lu^ occiput, snpj»oried by a j^reatly ex 
 jiaiidcd, broadly trian^ndar itdernenral bono. Upper li|> with about .'( 
 vows of papilla-, lower lip with about; 8; the lower lij* divided to tim 
 liiisc by a broiul einar^iinition. I). 15; A.-H; V. 10; hat. ]. 72. (J(»lo- 
 i;i(io UMver at mouth of (Jila. {Lovllnfiiou.) 
 
 (l-i)cluii^r|.)ii,Pr(ic. Acad. Nat. Sci. i'liila. iHHit.) 
 
 Il'2. i\ 4'OlllillorM»iil (!Ja(•t^p^»ln) .Ionian.— OimnioH Siichr ; While Suchr ; Brook 
 Siirkvv; I'iiiv-NVdlvil Suckvr. 
 
 I'ody moderately stout, varyin^if with afje, sid)tor(^(<', heavy at the, 
 
 shoulders, (In^ dt^pth 4-1'^ in len;,f(h. Head rather larf^c and Htout, 
 
 (oiiical, llattish above, its len^ith 4-14 in body (-'{^-4,^ in young). 
 
 Snout moderately prouiineid, scarcely overpassinjjr tlio month. Mouth 
 
 nitlici kn}j;<^; the lips strongly ])apilIoHe, the up]»er nioderatx^ with !* or .'» 
 
 rowsof papilla\ Scales crowded anteriorly, much larj^er on the sides 
 
 tlmii below ; scales 1(M»4 to 70-0. Coloration olivaceous ; males in 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 9 
 
 :) 
 
 
 \ ^1 
 
 Hd 
 
 »,. p 'J 
 
 l-f' 
 
 
 I- 
 
 
 
 11: 
 
 I ' 
 
ii»i,_J!Ji|l«.li^JHi.JlJlt4iiiiiU,lJI! 
 
 r 
 
 \h ^' 
 
 lis,*, -' ■' 
 
 130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 spring: witli Ji faint rosy latenil baud ; youn^jf biowni.sli, more or less 
 
 mottled, often with confluent blackitsli lateral blot(!hes or a lateral band. 
 
 Lateral line usually iuiperfeet in the younj^. L. IS inches. All stveiun.s 
 
 from Labrador to I^Ioutana^ and southward to Florida. The commonest 
 
 of the suckers. 
 
 {Cyprhuia commermnii Lacdjiftde, Hist. Nat. roisx. v, .^)(»i, 1P03: CifprinuH tcren 'M'ltvhiW 
 Trans. Lit. A- I'liil. Soc. N. Y. l!^14, 4.'')H : Cntoxtomm Urex (JiintlKT, vii, If): CatoHtmnm 
 <ere« .rordaii, 1. c. IGli : ('alontomus communin anu hintoiiintitix Ia) SiUiur, Joiirn. Aeiul, 
 Nat. l:ki. I'liila. 1817, 'Jo, lOi), etc.) 
 
 ff. Scales scarcely reduced or cri)\vdtil aiitc^riorly ; dorsal ravs 10 or 11. 
 
 113. C. iniiii(;nis Baird & Girurd. 
 
 Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders, taporiii" 
 backward, the <lci)th about 5 in length, ilead moderate, about 4^ in 
 leugth. Mouth coiui)aratively small. liips moderate, the upjier nar- 
 row, with about 2 rows of large tubercles. Scales subequal, 58-03 in 
 the lateral line, 10 in a cross-series. A series of dusky spots along each 
 row of scales, the sjwts often obscure. (lila liasin. 
 
 (Baird Jt (iirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1H.")4, 2ri ; CopcA, Yarrow, Zooi. Wii,.,.]. 
 er'B E>:id. W. lOOtli Mer. v, (i/O, 187G; Jordan, 1, c. 1()5.) 
 
 HI. C. cisirki 15aird &. Girard. 
 
 ]>ody moderately stout, de])th 4| in length. Head very small and 
 short, about 5 in length. Eye moderate. Fins all notably small. 
 Scales snudl, subequal, 9-70-0 ; larger mesially than posteriorly. ]]w\\ 
 with scattered nebulous spots. {Gimrd.) Arizona. 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ia')4, 27.) 
 
 *** Scales moderate, not crowded anteriorly, 4>^-^^^i in the lateral lino; head pcctiliiirly 
 Ibrnied. (Iljipenfclium Kaliuos(iuo.*) 
 
 145. C nig^ricmis L,e Sueur. — Ilofj Siirkcr; Slonc Uoller; Tolcr ; Craivl-a-hoUow. 
 Hammer head ; Stone Lufjger; Ilotj MoUij. 
 
 Head flattened above, transversely concave between the orbits, tlio 
 
 frontal bone thick, broad, aiul short, the physiognomy being therofoiv 
 
 peculiar. Ventral rays normally 0. Upper lip very thick, stronylv 
 
 papillose, with a broad, free margin, which has upwards of 8-10 series of j 
 
 I)apilla5 upon it ; lower lip greatly develoi)ed, strongly papillose, cod 
 
 siderably incised behind, but less so than in CatoHtomuH proper. Foil 
 
 tanelle shorter and smaller than in C, covimersoni. Pecitoral fins iiii 
 
 usually large. I). 10 or 11; Lat. 1. 48-55; 12-15 scales in a cross 
 
 * Rafinesque, Jotirn. Ac;ul. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1818, 421: type Exoglossmn rnnrroptem^ 
 "Rixf. =Catosiomitii HiY/r/mjis Lo Sueur, {inti, below; td'vt^, five ; labium, lip, the livr- 
 lobcd lower lip being supposed to distiuguioh it from Exor/Ioasum. ) (= IIiiloituj:on Si.\ 
 
 series, 
 in head 
 brown, 
 beconiii 
 dusky si 
 large; 
 Kansas j 
 
 {ho Siiei 
 Aiiur. Jon: 
 
 (Jordan, Bi 
 Jo 
 
 Head d 
 
 broad and 
 
 wards, tin 
 
 oyes. Ey 
 
 tmiifnal, \ 
 
 at an angb 
 
 ifs lengtJi ] 
 
 li'iigth of tl 
 
 on a I(!vel v, 
 
 (Cor a suck( 
 
 iioadjtlie j)i 
 
 lij) modern t 
 
 front reduc( 
 
 •'lit papilla 
 
 lii'oader Hia 
 
 iK'ls niodera 
 
 narrow P 
 
 jronei'ally nh 
 
 <lic shouldei 
 
 stout. Eins 
 
 ratlier loiiij-, 
 
 ll:i Jiigli, re, 
 
 Scales iuod( 
 
 crowded ant 
 
 scries from d 
 
 tion nsual. 
 
 (?a<r/ia'w, to yj 
 
30. CATOSTOMID.E CITASMISTF.S. 
 
 131 
 
 series. Doi>th 4A-r> in length ; head 4-4^. Eye rather small, 4i to 5 
 
 in head. Color olivaceous; .sides with brassy lustre ; belly white; back 
 
 brown, with several dark cross-blotches, irregularly arrangt^d, these 
 
 luH'oniing obsolete in old individuals; lower tins dull red, with sonic 
 
 dusky shading; young considerably variegated, th<^ sides spotted. Size 
 
 huge ; maxinuun length about 2 feet. New York to Alabama and 
 
 Kiinsas; abundant. Ascends streams to si)awn early in spiing. 
 
 ((,(> .Siicnr, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 181H, W'i: HiilmHiizon viriricaitH Agaasiz, 
 Aiiur. Joiirii. Sci. Arts, 1855,^0.'); Giintlicr, vii, 1? ; .Ionian, 1. c. W)2.) 
 
 03.— CWASiniSTES .Ionian. 
 
 (Jordan, Dnll. Ilaydcn's Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, No. *^, 117, l^rd : typo Chaainistrs Horns 
 .lor.) 
 
 llciid disproportionally large, forming more than one-fourth of length, 
 broad and tlattish above; sides of head vertical, slightly directed in- 
 wards, the breadth through the cheeks less than the breadth above the 
 (>yes. Eyes small, high up, rather posterior. IMouth extremely large, 
 torniinal, the lowei jaw in the closed moutli being very oblique, placed 
 at ail angle of about 45 degrees. The lower Jaw very long and strong, 
 its length more than one-third the length of the head, nearly half the 
 length of the head in the adult, its tip, when the mouth is closed, about 
 on a level with the eye. Upper jaw very protractile. Upper lij) very thin 
 (Cor a sucker), and nearly smooth. Snout elevated above the rest of the 
 head, the premaxillary spines usually forming a conspicuous nose. Lower 
 lip moderate, consisting of a broad flap on each side of the mandible, in 
 front reduced to a narrow rim, the surface of the li[) nearly smooth, with- 
 out i)apillnc. Nostrils large. Suborbital bones narrow, but rather 
 broader than in Catostomns. Preorbital unusually large. JMucous chan- 
 noLs moderatelj' developcil. Eontaiielle very large. Isthmus rather 
 narrow Pharyngeal bones weaker than usual in Catostomun, the teeth 
 fjenerally smaller. Body rather slender, tapering pretty regularly from 
 the shoulders to the tail, but little compressed. Caudal peduncle rather 
 stout. Fins moderate ; the dorsal rays about 12 ; the anal 7. Pectorals 
 ratlior long, not quite reaching ventrals; ventrals reaching vent ; anal 
 fill high, reaching caudal; caudal fin rather long, its lobes equal. 
 Scales moderate, large on the caudal peduncle, much smaller and 
 crowded anteriorly, 00-05 in the lateral line, about 18 in a transverse 
 scries from dorsal to ventrals. Sexual peculiarities unknown. Colora- 
 tion nsual. Air-bladder in two parts. Size moderate or rather large. 
 (•/Mtidio, to yawn.) 
 
 .*,'■ 
 
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 1 • 
 
 
 ^'^H 
 
 
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 v.'l 
 
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 ^11 
 
 ^^^^^fi 
 
 
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 'iv J 
 
 ^^^^K' 
 
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 ^^Kk 
 
 
 ^^^K- 
 
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 ^^^^k' 
 
 ^^^^M^. 
 
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 ^^-^••' 
 
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 '^^^^B!^r^ 
 
 
 ^^^^^m';i 
 
 
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 ^: M :■:■■)?■-:' 
 
 ^^^^ . 
 
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 ^^^K 
 
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 132 CONTRIIUJTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 a, rharyii;;i'!il Iiomch of iiioilcnid' Htrcii;;(li; llio uppor toclh iiiiniito, tln! lowtr en. 
 Inrp'd. (Chamniiilis.) 
 
 I'KK C'. lioi'llN .Jordan. — fmir Sucker of Utah lAikc. 
 
 Dopth about 5 in U'M;i(li ; In-ad '.\% liitcrorbital space broail, L", in 
 lioatl. lOyo 0-7 in head. Widlli oi" (he o[K'n mouth .'1} in head. 1). |, 
 U, the lln (dovatJHl in front, it.s anterior ray twice the hei;;ht of the pds 
 terior and abont e(pial to tlie base of the I'm; A. I, 7; caudal (ht ply 
 forked, llie lower lobe lonj;; h)wer tin.s Huiall. Scah'.s !)-(;;j-.S. Colop 
 (hi.sky above, i)aU^ below ; t lu^ scale.s of tlui back and .sides profu.sely cov 
 cred witli «lark punetulation.s. L. bS inches. Utah Lake; abundant. 
 
 (.Tordftii, null. IJ. S. Nat. Miis. xii.Uiy, 1878.) 
 aa, "I'liMrvii^ji'.il ImiKvs voryiliiii and tiat, with very iiiinicroiis miinifti tooth, jis in 
 Ciirpiodcfi.'^ {l.ipomyzoii Cope.*) 
 
 I'lT. C brovirosiris Cop<'. 
 
 "Shorter than (\li(.v(tti(s, e.sp(>cially the nuiz/h'. and the laller is willi- 
 out the hunii) i)roduced by llu' i)r(.lub(>rant priMuaxillary ■s[»ine.-*. Paiic 
 till fontanelle small. The low(>r lip fold is only present on the sides of 
 the nnindible. P.ody nearly eylindric. Scales lL*-7 1- H. Kadii : I). II; 
 A. 1). Color dusky above, .silvery below; tins colorless." {Cop:,) li. it; 
 inches. ]Uamath Lake, Orej^on. 
 (Cope, American Naturaliat, 187l>,785.) 
 
 Its. C. Iiixafus( opo. 
 
 " Form elonjjate. Ib^id lonpf, tlat above, and with a larj^e fontanelle, 
 Month terminal, the spines of the ])remaxillary ])rqjectinjjf so as to form 
 a lunnp on the top of the snout. Lower lip a very thin dermal fold, ex 
 tendinjj entirely around the chin. Sc^des 13-S()-0. Kadii : 1). 11 ; A.!), 
 Color clouded above, with black ])unctulations, below ])aler, witli rod 
 shades in some sj^ecimens; tins uueolored." {(Jope.) L. 3 feet. Kla- 
 math Lake and Ixivrr. 
 
 (Copo, American Natvirali.st, 187'l>, 784.) 
 
 60.— EIlIIflYZOW Jordan. 
 
 Chiih Suckers. » 
 
 {^^oxoK^oma Ag. ; not of Rat.) 
 
 (Jordan. Hnll. BntValo Soc. Nat. Iliat. 187(>, 9r): typo Cijpriniin ohloiigus Mitcli. - 
 CyjirinHS sncctta hac.) 
 
 IJody obloujj, rather shortened, heavy forwards, and considenibly 
 comprt^sscd. Head moderate, rather broad above. Mouth moderiito, 
 
 •Cope, Amer. Nat. .Jan. 1381, 59: type Chaanmtea brcvirosiris Cof (/IfzVoj, (o bo 
 deficient; /a'?[(V7, to suek.) 
 
 
30. C*AT0ST0SIII).T: — KIiniTZON. 
 
 133 
 
 soiiH'wliiit iiilcrioi- ; tlu^ upper lip well (lovclopc'U fn'cl.V prolnictilo; the 
 lowci riioddratr, inloMcd, /y sliiipcil in (nitlino, plicate, wifli lli-2() pli<;;u 
 on ciK'U Huh). L()\v«M'iii\v willumt ciiitilii^^iium.s slicatli, ratlici- .stron^^esr 
 tiiiiii usual, and ohlicput in po.sitiou when tli(^ inoiitli is trloseil, thus .simi- 
 lar to thi: month of rcfi)lntx. li.v*' moderate, latlier hi;^h up, plac(Ml 
 iihoid. midway of the luuid. Suhorhital hones iionsiderahly (hjveloped, 
 not very nnieh narrower than the llesliy poilion of the ehecik helow 
 tjioii: ; tlio posterior .suborbital eoneavoconvex, about twiet) as lon;^ as 
 (l(>('i), sometimes divided; the ant(!rior somewhat de(*|)er than lon;^,Home- 
 iiitics divi<led into two, sometinu^s unit'ed with the pnM»rbital bone, whi(!h 
 is well developed, and nnieh lon}j;er than broad. Opcucmlar bones mod- 
 erately developed, scarcely or not ru;;()S(!. l'\)ntanell(< ritther Iary:e. 
 dill rakers rather lon^. Isthnnis inoilerat*'. I'harynj^eal bones w(!ak; 
 llio tteth (piit(^ small, slender, and weak, rapidly diminishinj^ in 
 Iciij^th u[>\vards, each tooth narrowly comp''<'"^'><'<J> with a (!usp on tho 
 iiiiK^r mar;nin of the cuttiiij; surface, and some inecpialilies besidcH. 
 Scales rather larfjfc^, more or less crowded forwards, soniiitimes showinj,? 
 iiTCf-idarities of arran^^oment ; the lon;j;itndinal radiating; furrows nuich 
 sti()ii,iL;;er than usual; the scales rather lon^jjer than de«'p, but so imbri- 
 cateil in the adult that tho (!xposed surface's appear dciiper than long, 
 liateral lino entirely wanting. Scales in the longittulinal scries from 
 liead to base of caudal .'5i")-45 in nundxr; scales in transverse row from 
 l)as(^ of ventral to dorsal 12-18. Dorsal tin rather short and hif^Ii, with 
 l(l-lt developed rays, tho number usually II or lli. I>e;;iiuiing of dor- 
 sal tin rather nearer snout than base of cjiudal. I'octoral tins mod- 
 ciato, not reaching ventrals ; the latter not to vent. Vcntrals under 
 !i point rather in advance of tho middle of dorsal ; their rays normally 
 !i, but occasionally 8 or 10. Anal fin high and short, more or Iosh 
 cinarjfinato or bilobcd in adult maUis. Caudal fin moderately forked 
 or merely lunate, its tAVo lobes about equal. Air-bladder with two 
 cliaiuhers. Two species known, {ipc, an intensive particle ; //'3Cw, to 
 suck.) 
 
 II!). E. !4UCCtt:& (Liic.) Jordan. — Crccic Fish ; Chuk Suckrr. 
 
 liody oblong, compressed, becoming gibbous with age, tho ante-dorsal 
 lopon more or less elevated in tho adults, tho doi>th .']} in length, ranging 
 iVom '2:1 i" Jidults to 4 in young. Head stout, short, about 4,^ in length 
 (4-4J), the intororbital space wide and depressed, the> lower parts nar- 
 rower. Eye not large, i'} in head (4.;J-5A). Mouth protrac^tile downwards 
 and forwards, tho mandible oblique. Scales usually closely imbricated 
 
 
 
 
 f11 
 
 
 ' « ( ■ ' 
 
 •1: 
 
 
 
 s . t 
 
 Ti 
 
 y 
 
 1 - A 
 
 
•JBiiffiMilirif 
 
 
 )i 
 
 >i: 
 
 i ^ 
 
 In "^' 
 
 134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 and more or less crowded forward.s, but often showing various irregulari- 
 ties in arniugeiuent, about 43 (39-15) in a longitudinal series and 1.") 
 (11-10) iu a transverse series between the ventrals and the dorsal. Fin. 
 rays somewhat variable, the dorsal with 11 (10-13) developed rays, tlio 
 aiial with 7, and the ventrals witli (rarely 8). Coloration varying witli 
 age; never distinct scries of black spots al;)ng the rows of scales. 
 Young with a broad black lateral band, bordered above by i)aler. In 
 some specimens from clear water this band is of a jet-black color and 
 very distinct; in others it is duller. Later this band becomes broken 
 into a series of blotches, which often assume the form o :" broad trans- 
 verse bars. Tn adult specimens these bars disappear, and the color is 
 nearly uniform brown, dusk^' above, paler below, everywhere Avitli ii 
 coppery or brassy, never silvery, lustre. The lins are dusky or smoky 
 brown, rarely reddish-tinged. Sexual dilToreu'^es strong. The iiiulcs 
 iu spring with usuall}^ thz-ee largo tubercles on each side of the snout, 
 and with the anal fin more or less swollen and emargiuate. Adult 
 8i)ecimens with th<e. back gibbous and the botly strongly compressed, 
 in appearance (luito uidike the young. Maxinuim length about 10 
 inches. IS'ew England to the Eocky IMountains, south to Texas ; very 
 abundant. 
 
 (Ci/prinim 8iicetta Lae. Hist. Nat. Poisa. v, GOO, 1803: Cyprhius ohlongm J. itch. Traus. 
 Lit. &, Piiil. Soc. 1, 45i), 1814: MotOHtoma oMoHtjam Gilutlior. vii, 21: Catoniomus 
 gibhosun Storcr, Fish Mass. 2dl ; Jordan, Man. Vi-rt. Jilt); Joiilan, IJu'il. U. S.Nat. JI.i.s. 
 xii, 144. > 
 
 1*11 I 
 
 1I%0. E. gfoodci .Jordan. 
 
 Body oblong, the back more elevated, the body deeper and more com- 
 pressed than in the preceding, the greatest depth iu advance of the 
 dorsal llii being contained about 2'^ times in the length, i^ape less gib- 
 bous than in E. sucetta. Head quite small and short, the large eye 
 *,cing almost exactly midway in its length. Its length 4j^ iri tliat 
 of the body. Eye 4.^ in head. Interorbital si)ac(^ rathei' narrow, 
 traui-^versely convex, less than half the length of the head. IMoutli 
 small, i)rotractile forwards, the lower jaw oblicpie ; lips as iu the pre- 
 ceding. Scales large, much larger and much more uniform in tlieir 
 imbri(;ation than in JJ. Hucetta,, 30 in a longitudinal series, and about 
 13 in a transverse stories from the ventrals tu the dorsal. Dorsul (in 
 high, of 12 developed rays; anal moderate, with 7; ventrals large, 
 with 10. Color dark olivaceous above; each scale along the sides re- 
 flecting pale from the stro'igly striated middle part, these giving in cer- 
 
30. CATOSTOMID^E — MINYTREMA. 
 
 135 
 
 '•')a 
 
 tain lights the api)earance of imla stripes iilong the rows of scales; fins 
 dusky, espeeially at their tips. Rivers of Florida. 
 (Jordau, Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus. xii, 148, 1878.) 
 
 67.-I!IlNYTREMA Jordan. 
 Spotted Suclcers. 
 (Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 318: type Catostomus mdanopH Raf.) 
 
 Head moderate, rather broad above. Mouth moderate, inferior, hori- 
 zontal; the upper lip well develoi)ed, freely protractile; the lower rather 
 suiall, infolded, /^-shaped iu outline, i)licate, with 12-20 ])lica3 on each 
 side. Lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath. Eye moderate, rather 
 hijfh, placed about midway of the head. Suborbital bones considcr- 
 iibly developed, not ver;^ much narrower than the deshy portion of 
 the cheek below them; the posterior suborbital concavo-convex, about 
 twice as long as deej), sometimes divided ; the anterior somewhat deeper 
 than long, often divided into two, sometimes united with the preorbital, 
 which is well developed and much longer than broad. The number and 
 form of these bones, except as to their depth, are not constant in the 
 same species, a^d do not afford specilic characters. ()i)erculai bones 
 well developed, not much rugose. Fontanelle evident, r.ither large. 
 Gill-rakers rather long, in length about half the diameter of tl>e (\ve. 
 Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in Moxostoma. 
 Uody rather elongate, sabterete, beconjing deep and rather compressed 
 with age. Scales rather large, nearly ecpial over the body, the radiating 
 fiuTows not specially nuirked. Lateral line interrui)ted in the adult, 
 but with perfect tubes, imperfect iu partly grown specimens, entirely 
 {)l)solete in the young". Scales in a longitudiiuil series 44-47 in nu.nber, 
 12-14 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal fin rather 
 short and high, with about 12 developed rays, beginning rather lu^arer 
 tlie snout than the base of the (iaudal. Pectoral fins moderate, not 
 roaching centrals, the latter not to vent. Ventrals rather in advance 
 of the midtlle of the (iorsal, tlieir rays normally 0, rarely 8 or 10. Anal 
 fui high and short, often more or h's;^ emarginate in males, (^audal fin 
 nuxU'rately forked, the lobes about equal. Air-bhidder with two cham- 
 bcivs. Males in spring wrlh the head covered with many small tubercles. 
 OiKi species certainly known.* (/uvu?, reduced ; r/jyia, aperture; in allu- 
 sion to the imperfections of the lateral line.) 
 
 *M, auHtriniim IJoiiu. Body rather stout, the depth 4 in lonpth. Head 4 J in len):{th. 
 liijiH ]ili('atp, tnincato In hind. Liyht brown above, yellowinh below; Honie aealeH 
 IrowiiiHJi at base. Paired tins willi dark l)h)tclieH, I). 11; A. (1; rn-ah^s (V- 1 l-(i. Mi- 
 elKiaran; Mexieo (weat of Sierra Madre). Thin Hpecies is probably a Minytrema, but 
 tli('iiir-l»iaililer ban been removed from the typical HpeciiniuiM. ., , ;^ , 
 
 (J/i/xo8fo»Mj a»(i/rt»a Boan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 187'J, o02.) 
 
 
 
 
 .'W' 
 
 
 I ; . 
 
 
 ^iJ 
 

 f/'*S 
 
 
 sm 
 
 136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ItiU. M. mcIaiMOps (Raf.) 'TorcliHi. — SjwKcd MuUd; Striprd Sitrkci: 
 
 Body oblong, little compressed, the young neaily terete, the adults 
 deejier bodied; the dori^al region not elevated. Depth about i in 
 length, varying fron) about 3 in adults to iS in the young. Head not 
 very large, d^ in length of body (ll-iA)> "•♦t si)e('ially depressed. Ma- 
 <',ous pores rather strong. Eye small, 5-0 in head. JNIouth quite inferior, 
 horizontal, rather small. Scales large, firm, regularly and smoothly 
 imbricated, in 40 (14—17) longitudinal series and 13 (12-14) transversa, 
 series, the scales not crowded forwards. Fiu-rays usually: 1). 12; A. 
 7; V. 0. Coloration dusky above, with usually a black blotch he- 
 hind the dorsal tin. Each scale along the sides with a small, more or 
 less distinct blackish spot at its base, these spots forming interru[)litl 
 longitudinal lines along the rows of scales. These lines are usually 
 very distinct, esi)ocially in the adult, but young specimens often show 
 them faintly. Sides and belly silvery, with a e()p[)ery lustre. Sexual 
 l)eculiarities moderately marked; very old nuiles with the head covered 
 with small tubercles in s])riug. No great changes with age, either in 
 form or coloration. Size large; maximum length about 18 iAiches. 
 Great Lalce region to South Carolina and Texas. 
 
 (^Catoatomus melanopn Raf. Icbtli. Oh. ISiO, 57: Catoslomns faacialus GiliUhor, vii, I'J; 
 Jordan, Man. Vert. 'MS; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xii, VA^ ) 
 
 OS.-MOXOSTOiHA Rannc»<iuo. 
 lied Horse. 
 
 
 1<I I I 
 
 
 {Ptychoalomus Ag. ; Terelulua Raf.) 
 
 (Eafinc8(ino, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 54: typo Catostomua aniaurita liiiL) 
 
 Body more or less elongate, sometimes nearly terete, usually more or 
 less compressed. Head variously long or short, its length ranging from 
 3^ to oA in that of the body. Eye usually rather large, varying from .'i 
 to times in the length of the side of the head, its position high up 
 •Mid median or rather posterior. Suborbital bones very narrow, always 
 uuicli longer than broad, their width less than one-fourth that of the 
 lleshy i)art of the cheek. Fontanelle on top of head always well open, 
 the parietal bones not coalescing. IMouth varying miu'h in size, always 
 inferior in ])osition, the mandible being horizontal or nearly so. Lips 
 usually well <levelopcd, the form of the lower varying in dillerent sec- 
 tions of the geiuia, usually with a slight median lissure, but n« ver 
 deeply incised ; the lips witii transverse plica>,, the folds rarely so 
 broken uj) as to form papillio. Jaws without conspicuous cartilaginous 
 
30. CATObTOMIDJi: MOXOSTOMA. 
 
 137 
 
 slicatb. ]\[uciferous system cotisideiiibly developed, a cliniii of tubes 
 alon;^ the supraorbital region, a braneli of wliich extends around be- 
 hind the eye and forwards ah)n{? the suborbital bones and the lower 
 t'(l<;e of the i)reorbital. Opercular bones moderately developed, nearly 
 siiioolh. Isthmus broad. (lill-rak<'rs weak, moderately lonjjf. Pharyn- 
 geal bones rather weak, nuich as in Erlmyzon and Catostomiifi, the teeth 
 rather coarser, strongly compressed, the lower 5 or (J much stronger 
 tliaii Ihe others, which are rapidly diminished in size upwards, ea(;h 
 with a i)rominent internal cusp. Scales large, more or less (pnidrate in 
 lonn, nearly ecpial in size over the body, and not specially crowded any- 
 wliere, usually about 41 in the hiteral line (ll-GO) an«l about 12 series 
 between dorsal 'ind ventrals. Lateral line well develoi)ed, straight or 
 anteriorly curved. Fins well developed, the dorsal inserted about mid- 
 way of the body, its first rays usually rather nearer snout than the cau- 
 dal, the number of developed rays usually about KJ, but varying in dif- 
 ferent species from 11 to 17. Anal lin short and high, usually emargi- 
 iiatc in the male lish, probably always with Tdevelopcnl rays. Ventrals 
 inserted nearly under the middle of the dorsal ; their number of rays 
 iionnally 0, occasionally varying to 10; the occurrence of 10 ventral rays 
 is probably an a(!cidental individiud character, and not a permanentspe- 
 cilic, one. Caudal (in deeply forked, the lobes about e(iiml, excei)t in two 
 species. Air-bladder with three ehauibers. Skeleton essentially as in 
 Catontonuis, the vertebnc in M. c<irx)io L'7-14. Sexual peculiarities little 
 luailced, the males in Um spawning season with the lower lins reddened, 
 and the anal rays swollen and somewhat tuberculate. Species very nu- 
 merous in tin; United States east of the llocky Mountains. They 
 spawn in spring, running up from tlio rivers into the smaller streams 
 for that ])urpose. They are dilllcult to distinguish, and hav" perhaps 
 been unduly nudtii)lied by authors, (//u^w, to suck; ffro//a, mouth; 
 hence, more properly Myxostoma.) 
 
 •Lips full, Hlronjjjly piii>illoao. 
 
 15ti. ITI. p:rQ>ilSo»iUin (Copo) Jordan. 
 
 lUaly comparatively stout, the dorsal region sonnnvhat elevated and 
 lounded, the depth being about 1 in length, the head about the same. 
 Kyo rather large, high up and well ba(!k, the i)reorbilal space being 
 longer than the other species. Toi) of head Hat. Dorsal rays 12-14. 
 Scales rather large, 0-42-5. Lips well developed, dee|)ly incised. 
 
 
 ■'i 
 
 
 

 :£' ^ I 
 
 *4i 
 
 , I'l 
 
 im 
 
 jji i ' 
 
 
 I*-- r 
 
 i«lc 
 
 I « ■ 
 
 138 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Color silvery; back with smoky sliading ; lower fins white. Size large; 
 readies a lenj^tli of about 2 feet. IlTortli Carolina to Georgia. 
 
 {Ptychostojnua pai}illoaus Co\>t^, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Pbila. 1870,470; Jordan, Man. 
 Vert, 318; Jonlaii, Bull. U. S. Niit. Mu.s. xii, 134.) 
 
 ** Lips distinctly plicate. ' 
 
 t Lower lip infolded, /V-shaped when viewed from below, with a distinct incdiiiu 
 crease, in which the two halves of the lip meet, forming an acute angle; 
 mouth small. 
 a. Dorsal largo, with 15-17 developed rays. 
 
 153. M. vcBattMin (Cope) Jordan. 
 
 Body stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the depth 3-1 in 
 length. Head short, heavy, flattisli and broad above, 32-4^ in lengtli. 
 Depth of cheeks half the hMigtli of the head. Eye rather large, midway 
 iu head, 4-5 in its length. Muzzle rather prominent, bluntisli, over- 
 hangi ng tlie very small mouth. Fins very large. Dorsal long and liigh, 
 its height five-sixths the length of the head, its free border straight. 
 Pectorals nearly reaching ventrals. Color silvery; smoky above; lower 
 tins red. Size large. Upper Mississippi Valley to Georgia and south- 
 ward. 
 
 (Ptychostomus relatxs and collapnus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1670, 471-47'^'; 
 Jordan, Mai'. Vert. 317; Jordau, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 13J.) 
 
 aa. Dorsal moderate, with 12-14 developed rays. 
 
 b. Head comparatively large, about 4 iu length; dorsal rays usually VZ. 
 
 134. JTI. blicco (Cope) Jordau. 
 
 Head short and very wide through the opercles, flat above. Body 
 stout, the back somewhat elevated, depth 4 in length. Muzzle sub- 
 truncate, slightly projecting. Scales G-40-5. Olivaceous silvery be- 
 low; dorsal lin dusky. Kansas. {Cope.) 
 
 (Ptiichostomiis bucco Cope, Haydeu's G(!ol. Surv. Wyom. 1872, 437: Myxosioma con- 
 (jvHtiun Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 133; i)vol)al)ly not Catostomus coiigcfitun B, & 
 G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18r)4, 27, which Professor Cope thinks is a form of J/, 
 macro(>j)i(?o<a»i, he having obtained it in Texas and Arizona.) 
 
 t 
 
 155. M. piilBCDisc (Cope) Jordan. 
 
 Head rather long, 4J in length, flattisli above. Body elongate, more 
 nearly cylindrical, little compressed. ]\Iuzzle truncate. Olivaceous, 
 sometimes with rows of faint spots along the series of scales. ])orsiil J 
 and caudal tins black-edged. Size quite snudl. llesembles M. ccrvi- 
 num, but the mouth entirely dilferent. Great Pedee Kiver. (Cope.) 
 
 {PtijchoiifomuH pidicnsla, Proc. Am. Phil. Soo. Phila. 1870,471; Jord:;'.. Man. Vort. 
 317; Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xii, 133.) 
 
 bb. Head very small, about 5 iu length. 
 
30. CATOSTOMID^ — MOXOSTOMA. 
 
 139 
 
 150. IW» COrcgonus (C'oi)e) Jordau. — Blue Mullet. 
 
 Muzzle couic, inucU projecting beyond the very small mouth; body 
 much compressed, broadly fusiform, the back elevated and arched. 
 Dorsal rays 14. Color silvery, with plumbeous shades above; lower 
 fins white. Size small. Catawba and Yadkin Kivers, North Carolina 
 
 {Cope.) 
 
 (^rti/chostomns corcgonus Cope, Proc. Anicr. riiil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man. 
 Vert. 317; Jordan, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1:54.) 
 
 ft Lower lip thm, forming a narrow, crescent-8liai)od border around the mandible. 
 157. in. album (Copo) Jordan. — White Mullet. 
 
 Head small, 5 times in length. INIuzzle prominent, but less so than 
 
 in J/, coregonus. Month moderate. Back a little elevated. Depth 
 
 about 3jV in lengtli. Dorsal rays 12-14, its free border often incised. 
 
 Scales G-45-i,. Coloration very pale; lower fins white. Size large; 
 
 reaches a weight of 4 pounds or more. Catawba and other rivers of 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 {Pt>iGhostomns albus Cope, Proc. Anicr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man. Vert. 
 3UJ; Jordan, Jiull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 130.) 
 
 15§. in> tlialassillUlU (Cope) Jordan. 
 
 Head stout, as in 31. velatum, rather long, 4 in leng,th, tlattish above, 
 muzzle truncate, not very prominent. Mouth moderate. Bade elevated. 
 Dorsal tin long, of 14 or 15 rays. Sea-green above, white below ; lower 
 iins white. Yadkin iliv^er. (Cope.) 
 
 {PlyokoHlomus thalaHsinuH Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man. 
 Volt. 31G; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, i:U.) ' 
 
 ttt Lower lip full, its posterior edge truncate. 
 d. Dorsal rays 15-18 in iinud)or. 
 
 159. Itl. carpio (Val.) Jordan. — Carp Mullet. 
 
 Dorsal flu largely developed, its rays 15-18 in nund)er. Head rather 
 large, ^fi-^l "i length, broad above. Mouth large, with full lips. Eye 
 rather large. Body deep, strongly compressed, the back sonu^.what 
 elevated, the depth about 3^ in length. Dorsal iin high and large, 
 larger than in any other species of the germs, the flrst ray about as 
 long as the base of the flu. Scales 5-4.3-1, quite large. Coloration 
 very i)ale and silvery; the lower fins white. Ohio Valley, Great Lakes, 
 and northward. , ,^, ,-t^.^ ^ , ,. 
 
 {(. 'atostomua carpio Valencicnnos, Hist. Nnt. Poiss. xvii, 457, 1844: Catostomuif carpio 
 Ciiiiithor, vii, 20; Jordan, Mau. Vert. 312; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 118.) 
 
 1: ri\: 
 
 m 
 
 
 
'VAh 
 
 1 54 
 
 
 CONTIUIIUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 dd. Dorsal rays I'^-1 1 in iiiiinlu'r. 
 
 0. Si-alfs lar;;(>, ll-.M) in (ho coMrsc of the latoral lino, 
 
 /. Caudal tin n(n"inal, tlio two lolu^s about. c(iual and Hiniilarly colori'd. 
 
 100. M. isiacrolopjdotllin (LoSuour) Jordan. — Common lied JJoiau; AIulUl; 
 lyiiitv iSuikcr ; Laiyc-vcakd iSuckcr. ^ 
 
 Iloiul oonipaiativc'ly elongate, bluiitisli, rather broad and Uattoncd 
 above, 4-5 in leny;tli. Uody stoutisli, varyinf; to moderately elon-^atc. 
 Lips rather lull, thelflunlish innz;deproj(H;ting beyond th(^ large luoiitli j 
 greatest depth t>f cheeks more than half distamtc from snout to prc- 
 opercle. Eye rather large. Dorsal fin medinm, its developetl rays iL- 
 11, usually 13 in luunber, its free edge nearly straight, its longest ray 
 shorter than head. Scales large, about 45 in the Uitertd line. Oliva- 
 ceous ; sides silvery ; lower lins in the atiidt red or orange. CJreat Lakes 
 to Virginia, simthwestward to Arizona ; one of the most abinidaiit 
 lishes, reaching a length of 2 feet or more. The lied Horse of the Oliio 
 and Mississipi)i, with the heatl relatively longer and the mouth larger, 
 is perhiips worthy of distinction as var. thiqiicsni (Le Siunir) .Tor. Tlie 
 eastern form (var. mtivroleindotnm) is scarcely distinguishable from llic 
 next species. 
 
 {Calostomun mncrolcpiilotuK and tliniucsiii Lc Sncnr, Journ. Aoatl. Nat. Sci. I'hila. i, 
 94,105, 1817: Catoitlomus cr>ithruru8 lli(. Amor. Month. Ma-iC- l*^!^. •>'>4 : CaloshmiDi 
 </«(//«',sHi Oiintlior, vii, 18: Mn-rostonni lUdcrolrpiilotn and vjir.s. dmiinnui iumI huhr!im<iHn 
 Jordan, Man. Vort. lUU; Jordan, IhiH. U. iS. Xat. Mns. xii,lx.'l): riiirlioxtomiis dii- 
 qucsni, cnitlintnix, rohuiitin*, oncidn, lorhriimah; etc. Copo, Proo. Anicr. I'hil Soc. lK7(t. 
 MiixoiitoDin vitr;i(>ps Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y'. lb7<J, ;{4H, is probably a uioii- 
 strosily of t his siu'oios. ) 
 
 161. !VI. aui'coBiiiii (Lo 8.) Jordan. 
 
 Head comparatively short, low and small, conic, 5-5.V in length. Back 
 elevated and compressed. Depth 3^ in length. iMouth small, over- 
 passed by the snout, the lii)S thin and small, the greati'st depth of cheek 
 half the distance from snout to preopercle. Eye small. Cidoratiou 
 bright yellowish brown, somewhat silvery ; lower tins bright red. Dor- 
 sal rays 13, the lln somewhat falcate, its free edge concave, its longest 
 ray longer than head. Scales 5-45-4. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and 
 northward. 
 
 (CalO'^iomiut aurcoUtJi Lo SutMir, Jonrii. Acad. Nut. Scl. Phila. i, 95, 1817 : Catoalomiis 
 marrolcpidotiit C.iinthor, vii, 18; .Jordan, Man. Vort. 'Mi ; Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat, Mas. 
 xii, l'J4: f CypriniM h^ucuri llkh, rrankiiu's Journ. IH2U, 772.) 
 
 16S. in. crn^isilaCiro (Copo) Jonlan. 
 
 Body llattish, the back elevated and compressed. Depth 3'j'. Muzzlii 
 contracted, lower lip thiidc. Scales large, 5-44-5. Dorsal rays usually 
 32, Dorsal tin elevated in front, its first soft ray longer than the base 
 of tlio fin. CoU)r silvery, with smoky shading above, some of the scales 
 
aO. CATOSTOMID^ — MOXOSTOMA. 
 
 141 
 
 bliicki.sli iit their b;isus ; lower lins white ; toi)of hciul, humonil bar, and 
 
 dorsal fin <lnsky. Ncuse Kiver, North Carolina,. {Cope.) Probably 
 
 identical with the preceding. 
 
 [PlllchoHlomuH ('r;iHniI<ihrinV.n\H}, Pnw. AmiT. Phil. Soc. Pliilii. 1^70, 4'i < ; .Ionian, Man. 
 Yen. :$1 1 ; Jordan, IJnIl. U. 8. Nat. Mns. xii, 12!).) 
 
 IfiS. in. conns (Co])") .Jordan. 
 
 r>ody llattish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form being like that of 
 
 M. fiori'ffonns. Head small and conic. Mouth exceedingly small, the 
 
 Hiiout far overpassing it, the muzz-lo being much longer than in M. 
 
 cmssUahro. Don.il rays 11. Eye large. Coloration smoky above, some 
 
 scales dusky at their bases; s'des i)ali^; lower lins white. Yadkin 
 
 Kiver, North Carolina. {Cope.) 
 
 (rtjichostomun conus Copo, Proc. Auinr. PIul. Soc. Phila. 1870, 47d ; Jordan, Man. 
 Vert. :U I; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mum. xii, I'JC).) 
 
 /. C.'iudal (in with tho npitor lobo longer than tho lower, tho two sinularly colored. 
 
 101. m. niilssii'ilin (Uaf.) .Jordan. 
 
 Caudal lin with the upper lobe falcate, much longer than the lower, 
 
 at least in tho adult, tho lobes similaily colored. Dorsal (in short and 
 
 high, falcate. Body (iompressed. IJack somewhat elevated. Depth ;{^ 
 
 ill length. Head conic, llattish, 5.^ in length. Mouth very small, inmih 
 
 iis in aurcohnn, from which it can probably be distinguished only by tho 
 
 i'oriii of the caudal. J). 12-1.'$, half higher than long. Scales G-4C-5. 
 
 Ohio Valley and Great Lake region. 
 
 {('aloslomua anisurua Kaf. Iclith. Oh. r>4 : riynhoslomiiH lirerirrjm (Jopc, Proc. Ainer. 
 riiil. Soc. Plula. 1870, 478; Jordan, Man. Vert. 3ir>; Jordan, P.ull. IJ. S. Nat. Mua. xii, 
 
 t ■ ■ 
 
 fj'f. Candril Ihi with th(^ lower loho distinctly lon,;er than tho upper and difTcrcntly 
 c()h»rcd, tho upper lol)o in tho achilt being red, tho inferior jot-lthick, ita two 
 lowermost dovolopod rays and their luenibranea abruptly palo (?iu both 
 
 80X08). ■• '■ ' ■ '""■ " • '■■ ■ ' ' - ' '"■" "■''''■ 
 
 165. in. pa;ciliiruni .Jordan. 
 
 Body elongate, moderately compressed, somowhat elevated forwards. 
 
 Dci)th djV in length. Head about the same. Mouth medium, tho lips 
 
 full. ]">orsal rays 13. Scales largo, 5-44-4. Coloration usual, except 
 
 of the caudal fin ■; other fins all rod, with blackish shadings. Size 
 
 small. Louisiana and Southern Mississippi. 
 
 (Jordan, Pull. U, S. Nat. Mua. x, 0(5; Jordan, Man. Vert, nif) ; Jordan, Bull. U. S. 
 Nut. MuH. xii, PJ9.) 
 
 ec. Scales very small for tho genus, about 5Gin lateral lino; body raodoratoly elongate, 
 the depth about 4 in length. 
 
 lUG. m. itlbidlini (Grd.) Jordan. 
 
 Head shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 in length ; 
 
 eye large. Dorsal fin small, with about 11 rays, tho last rapidly 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 . . r 
 
 fi 
 
 i; 
 
 _J: 
 
 i' I 
 
 
142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 U' 1 
 
 
 
 ■*l 
 
 I 
 
 ^'ih: 
 
 sbortoiiod. (Characters of iiiouth unknown, but probably similar to 
 
 macrolcpidotiim and pocciliinnn ; it is said to be "njuch larger lliaiiin 
 
 P. con(jcstHS^\) Rio Grande region. {Girard.) 
 
 (PtiirhoHtomiiH aUndus Gnl. Pror. Acad. Nat. Sii. I'hilu. li^uO, 172; Jordan, Man. Vort. 
 315; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xil, l-.>8.) ^ 
 
 ddd, Doraal rays mostly less than 12 ; body very slender. 
 
 167« ilff. cerviMBim (Cope) Jordan. — Jumpinff Mullat ; Jump-rods. 
 
 Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forwards, about 5 in 
 length. Cheeks subvertical, their depth less than half the distance 
 from snout to preopercle. Mouth rather large, with thick lips, wlii(;U 
 are strongly plicate, the folds somewhat broken up. Ey(^ small. Fin.s 
 very small ; the dorsal rays 10-12 ; free edge of dorsal straight, its 
 longest ray less than head. Scales rather large, G-44 to 49-5. Color 
 greenish brown ; a pale blotch on each scale, these forming continuous 
 streaks along the rows of scales ; back with more or less distinct 
 brownish cross-blotches ; fins brownish, not much red, the dorsal black- 
 ish at tip. Size smallest in the genus. Length less than a foot. Ilivcis 
 of the South Atlantic States from the James to the Chattahoochee. 
 
 {Tcrctnhts ccrviiius Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pliila. ltf(J8, 23G: rtychontomua 
 cervinus Cope, Proc. Ainer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 478; Jordan, Man. Vert. 315; Jordan, 
 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, l'2d.) 
 
 6».— PliACOPHAKYWX Cope. 
 Big-jawed SucJcers. 
 (Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1370, 407: typo riacopharijnx carinatua Cope.) 
 
 Suckers like Moxostoma in all respects, excei)t that the pharyngeal 
 bones are much more developed and the teeth reduced in number, those 
 on the lower half of the bone very large, G-10 in nund)er, nearly cylin- 
 dric in form, being but little compressed, and with a broad, rounded or 
 flattened grinding surface. The forms and positions of these enlarged 
 teeth vary greatly. In a specimen before us the first tooth is thehi<;h- 
 est and most compressed, its summit being rounded and then abruptly 
 truncate. The second tooth is notably shorter and thicker, much larger, 
 and rounded on top, the body of the tooth serving as a peduncle for tlu^ 
 swollen grinding surface. The third tooth is still shorter and similar in 
 form. The fourth tooth is similar to the iirst, being much higher than 
 the second and third, and Hat on top. The others seem to be irresu 
 larly alternated or arranged in pairs, a long one and a short one, tlic 
 long teeth in all cases being the most truncated, as if their surfaces had 
 been most worn off. The mouth is larger and more oblique than usual 
 
30. CATOSTOMID/E QUASSILABIA. 
 
 143 
 
 iu Moxostoma, and the lips are thicker. Size large. {-?.a^, a broad sur- 
 liicc; <p(it'ur:, vhnrynx.) 
 
 16§. P* carinatu»i Copu. 
 
 Body oblong', moderately compressed, heavy at the shoulders. Head 
 
 very large, 3^ in length of the body. Eye small, behind the middle of 
 
 the head. Mouth extremely large, the lower jaw oblique when the 
 
 mouth is closed, tlie mouth, therefore, i)rotractile forwards as well as 
 
 downwards. Lips very thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full an<l 
 
 heavy, truncate behind. Head above eveidy rounded or somewhat carl- 
 
 iiated. Scales G-45-(). Dorsal rays 13 ; ventral 9. (^olor brassy green 
 
 above; lower flns red. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley j abundant 
 
 in many streams. ' 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 407 ; Jordan, Man. Vert. 311 ; Jordan, 
 13uU. U. S. Nat. MuH. xii, 1.08.) 
 
 70.-<iUASSIL4BIA Jordan & Brnytou. 
 
 Harelip SucJcers. 
 
 (Lagochila Jordan «fc Brayton, prcoocuincd.) 
 
 (Jordan & Brayton, Man, Vert. E. U. S. od. 2, 1878, 401 : type Lagochila lacera Jordan 
 «fe Brayion.) 
 Suckers like Moxostoma in every respect excepting the structure of ^ 
 
 the moutn. Head shortish, conical, with lengthened snout; its length 
 4^5 times iu that of the body, the opercular region being reduced, 
 so that the eye is well backwards. Suborbital bones narrow. Fon- 
 tanelle large, widely open. Mouth large, singular in structure, in- 
 ferior, the upper lip not protractile, greatly i)rolonged, closely plicate. 
 Lower lip much reduced, divided into two distinct elongate lobes, which 
 are weakly papillose. The split between tliese lobes extends backwards 
 to the edge of the deatary bones, which are provided with a rather hard, 
 horny plate, as in Fantostcus. The lov*er lip is entirely sei)arated from 
 the upper at the angles by a deep fissure. The skin of the cheeks forms 
 a sort of cloak over this lissure, the crease separating this skin from the 
 mouth extending up on the sides of the innzzle. The crease between 
 the lips extends down on the under side of the head. System of nnicif- 
 erous tubes well developed, riiaryngeal bones not dissimilar from the 
 usual typo in Mojcosfoma, rather weak, with numerous small teeth. 
 Body elongate, not much compressed, not elevated. Fins moderate, 
 formed as in Moxostoma. Scales large, as in Hfoxostoma, the latciral line 
 well developed and nearly straight, with about 45 scales in its course. 
 Air-bladder in three parts. Sexual peculiarities unknown; probably 
 little marked. {QuasstiSy broken or torn; labia, lip.) 
 
If 
 
 
 
 14 i COXTUIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN TCTITTIYOLOGY IV. 
 
 109. Q. I:i<*4^l*n .Tur. A- \htiyi. — Frarv-fip Surlrr; Ciit-Upit; SplU-moulh Stukcr; Maii 
 Siivkir ; llithhil-moiith Siirhrr. 
 
 TI«\ul short, t'Olli(^•ll, witli loiifjtlioiHHl snout, the r«';;ioii between i\w 
 
 oyos HiittciUMl ami with prominent mucous ritlj^os. ('hci'ks ami hnvcr 
 
 j)art of hoad raliicr swolh'u. Opcn^lo nmch reduced, its oreatest U'n^lli 
 
 scarcely ;;reater than the diauu'ter of the eye. Head about t'i in len^ith. 
 
 Eye 4} '" h'UfJfth of head, about 2 in length of tlie snout, ils situalidii 
 
 thus quite posterior. Lenj^tli of the top of the hea<l Hfl in the dist;ui((( 
 
 from tiie snout to the base of the dorsal. ]>o<ly rather .-hMidei-, the form 
 
 Iveinj; between that of Moxo.stoma cerrinum and M. mncrolcpulotum, tli(> 
 
 depth 4;| in the lenj^tli. Dorsal (in rather low, its rays I, 12; A. 1, 7; 
 
 V. 0. Scales 5-15-5. (^olor olive or bluish brown above; si<les and 
 
 belly silvery ; lower tins faintly oran;;e. Ohio Valley and sontlnviud. 
 
 A singular spe(!ies, abundant in some sections (Scioto I{iver, Clinch 
 
 lliver, ChickaMiaujj:!i River), but oveilooked by naturalists until lately. 
 
 {Lagochila htocra Jonliin & IJrayton, Proc. Acad. Nnt. S(!i. Pliila. 1H77, '2^0: lAigovhUn 
 hiccra Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2, 'Ml : Jonliiii, Man. Vert. cd. iJ, 40(); .Fordan, Hull. U. 
 S. Nat. Mns. xii, 10(5.) 
 
 Family XXXL— CYPRINTOyE. 
 
 {The Carps.) 
 
 Cyi)rinoid fishes with the marjjiu of the up])or jaw formed by the ])ro- 
 maxillaries alone and the lower pharyngeal bones W(dl (lev(>loi)e(l, liilci- 
 Ibrm, nearly parallel with the a:! 11 arches, each provided with 1-.'} series 
 of teeth in small number, 1-7 in the main row, and a less nund)er in tlio 
 others if more are present. Head naked. Body scaly (exc-ept in Mala, 
 Flngopfenai, Pho.vhielhts, and Anlopntjc). Barbels 2 or 1 ; absent in most; 
 of our genera, and not large in any. Belly usually rounded, rarely 
 compressed, never serrated. Gill-openings moderate, the niembrancs 
 broadly joined to the isthmus. Brachiostcgals always .'{. Gills 1, a 
 slit behind tho fourth. Pseudobrancliia^ present (except in Orthuhm^ 
 etc.). No adipose tin. Dorsal fin short in Ameri(!an species, elongate 
 in many Old World forms. Ventral fins abdominal. Air-bladder 
 usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and i)osterior lobo, 
 rarely vanting, not enclosed in a bony capsule. Stomach Avithout 
 ap,)endages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the intestines. 
 Fishes of moderate or small size, inhabiting tho fresh waters of the 
 Old World and of North America. Genera about 200 ; species nearly 
 1,000; excessively abundant whero found, both in individuals and 
 species, and, fioin their great uniformity in size, form, and coloration, 
 coustitutiug one of the most difficult groups in natural history iu 
 
31. CYPRINID^. 
 
 145 
 
 wliicli todistiiifjiiiHlj {^oner.i and Hpocioa. Our goiiom aro mostly very 
 closely iclatcul, and nn) .separated by cliaracterH whieli, althoiigU reason- 
 ably constant, are often ofslijjflit stnietnral inipoitaniH'. From time to 
 time, (lilFerent authors liav(^ proposed to throw most of thesis ^ronjis into 
 tiie ^enus LvuciscnH, a pro(!edure whieh, without further diseussion, may 
 be Haid to have al\ ays led to confusion. The H[)rin}:f or breeding dress 
 of the njalo fishes is often peculiar. The top of the head, and.oft<',n the 
 fins ov various portions of the body, arc covered with small tubercles, 
 outf^iowths from the ei)idermis. The (Ins and jjarts of tlui body in the 
 sprin;^ males are often charfjfed with bright pi{j;ment, the prevailing? color 
 of which is red, although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or 
 black.* 
 {Ciiprinidw, part., Gtlnther, vii, 25-339.) 
 
 'DorH.il fill Hhort, without rtovolopcd Hpinn. 
 t Aii-l)lud«lcr Hurruuudcd by niaiiy convolutions of tho very long alinioniury canal. 
 
 ( Canipontomiiiw. ) 
 A. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with obliqnc grinding Hurfacc and Hliglit hook; peri- 
 toneum Mack. 
 
 Cami'Ostoma, 71. 
 tt Air-bladder above the alinjentary canal ; toeth one-rowed. {Chondrosloininw. ) 
 t IntcHtinal canal elongate, more than twice tho length of the Ixxly ; teeth with 
 
 grinding Hiirt'ace w»dl 
 developed; peritoneunt 
 UHually black. 
 B. Jaw8 each with a conspicuous, broad, straight-edged, horny idate; teeth 4- 
 
 5, stout, blnntiMh, hook- 
 ed, and short. 
 
 AcuocniLus, 72. 
 BB. Jaws without homy plate. 
 C. ToethG-GjStronglycomiuessed, knife-shaped ; pseudobranrhijn none; ru- 
 dimentary caudal rays 
 greatly developed; 
 scales very small. 
 
 Ortiiodon, 73. 
 
 , s 
 
 *No i)rogrc.s8 can be made in tho study of these fishes without a careful examina- 
 tion of the teeth. Tho pharyngeal bones in the smaller speeii's can be removed by in- 
 serting a pin or a hook through tho gill-opening, under tho slioulder-girdle. Tho 
 teeth should bo carefully cleaned with a tooth-brush, or a jet of water, or a pin, and 
 may bo examined by any small lens. In most cases a iirincipal row of 4 or r> teeth 
 will be found, in front of which is sometimes' a set of 1 or 2 smaller ones. The tw» 
 sides are not always synimotrical. "Teeth 4-4" indicates a single row of 4 on each 
 pliaryngeal bone. " Teeth 2, 4-5, 1 " indicates 2 rows of teeth on each side — on the ono 
 side 4 in tho principal row and 2 in tho lesser, on tho other side 5 in the main row 
 audi in the lesser. In the Leuciscine genera these teeth, or the principal ones, are 
 raptaiorial, that is, hooked inward at their tips. A grinding or masticatory snrJEace i» 
 an excavated space or groove usually at the base of the hook. A flattened or hov- 
 elled edge soraotiraes simulates a masticatory surface, and in some of the species tho 
 pinding surface is very narrow and - "nllned to but one or two of the teeth. In all cases. 
 where the unmber of teeth is given \n tho apecijlc descriptions following, this number 
 baa been voriiied on typical examples cither by Professor Cope or the writers. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 10 
 
 « ' SI 
 
 •. ' it 
 
 - mm 
 
 
 
 ! '. 
 
 > '( 
 
 ■f 
 
 -] ^M^Ti 
 
ff 
 
 
 146 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 CC. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5; pseudobranclua) present; clorHal fin inserted poste- 
 riorly. 
 D. Lateral line complete; rudimentary caudal rays uumcroua; anal hxAn 
 
 olon;.;ato..LAViNiA, 74, 
 DD. Lateral line incomplete ; anal basis short ; scales minute. 
 
 CllUOSOMUS, 75. 
 CCC. Teeth 4-4 ; dorsal fin nearly median. 
 
 E. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal slender, firmly attached to the lirst 
 • developed ray. 
 
 F. Scales very small, 85-90 in the lateral line, which is complete. 
 
 Zoi'HENi)i;.M, 76. 
 FF. Scales larger, 35-GO in the lateral lino. 
 
 G. Lateral line eoinplete IlYnooxATiius, 77. 
 
 GG. Lateral line incomplete CoLiHcrs, 7h. 
 
 EE. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal somewhat enlarged and blunt, 
 
 connected by nuin- 
 brauo with the first de- 
 veloped ray. 
 
 H. Lateral lino incomplete * Pimiu'iialks, 79. 
 
 nil. Lateral lino complete IIykoriiynx'Hus, 80. 
 
 tt Intestinal canal short, less than twice the length of the body ; teeth hooked, tlio 
 
 grinding surface, ifprcs- 
 , ent, narrow or rudimen- 
 
 tary; peritoui'uni usii. 
 ally pale. 
 $ Dentary bones parallel, united for their whole length. {Exo- 
 
 glossinw.) 
 1. Premaxillaries not protractile ; mandible with a conspicii- 
 
 ous fleshy lobe on each 
 side at base. 
 
 EXOGLOSSUM, 81. 
 $5 Dentary bones arched, free from each other, except at 
 
 the symphysis. {Leix- 
 (Aacinm.) 
 J. Abdomen behind ventral fins not compressed to an edge, 
 
 the scales pas.sing over 
 it ; anal basis generally 
 short. 
 K. Teeth in tho main row 4-4. 
 L. Maxillary without barbels. 
 M. Jaws each with a hardened bony sheath; tirst 
 
 ray of dorsal 8i)ine-liko, 
 Bonneeted by uienibrauo 
 ■with tho first developed 
 ray ; teeth 4-4. 
 
 COCHLOGNATIIUS, 02. 
 
 MM. Jaws without bony sheath. 
 N. Lower jaw with tho lip thin or obsolete, not 
 
 developed a^ a fleshy 
 lobe on eaoh side at 
 
 ^^j. — ^ base. — -•^-- 
 
 O. Mandible, interopercle, and snborbital not 
 
 cavernous. 
 P. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 (1, 4-4, 2 in one ape 
 
 cies). 
 
31. CYPEINIDiE. 
 
 147 
 
 R. Laturnl lino incomplete. 
 
 HKMITnKMIA, 83. 
 RR. Luter.il line complcto....CLioLA, 84. 
 PP. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2. 
 
 S. Lateral line complete.. MiNNiLUS, 85. 
 
 68. Livti-ral line incuiDpli^te ; HcaloH 
 
 Hinall -I'lioToroHUS, 80. 
 
 00. Mandible, iuteropcrcle, and Huborhitiil with 
 
 conspicnonH, externiilly 
 V iHible, cavernous eh lim- 
 bers ; teeth 1, 4-4, 0, 
 
 Ericymba, i<7. 
 NN. Lower jaw with the lip devc'lopcd an a lltshy 
 
 lobeoneach side; teeth 
 4-4 ; dorsal anterior. 
 
 PlIENACOBIUS, 88. 
 LL. Maxillary with a small barbel at its extremity. 
 ^ U. Premaxillaries not protractile; 
 
 teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales 
 small ; dorsal posterior. 
 Rhinicuthys, 81). 
 UU. Premaxill.irics protractile. 
 V. Teeth 4-4, or 1,4-4,1, or 1,4-4,0. 
 "W. Scales very small; dorsal 
 posterior. 
 X. Lateral line complete. 
 
 Agosia, 90. 
 XX. Lateral lino incomplete. 
 Apocope, 91. 
 WW. Scales largo; dorsal me- 
 dian; lateral lino com- 
 " . plete. 
 
 Ceuatichtuys, 92. 
 VV. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2. 
 
 Y. Head convex above ; 
 teeth without grinding 
 surface ..CouESius, 93. 
 YY. Head flattened al»ove ; 
 teeth with grinding sur- 
 face.. .Platygobio, 94. 
 KK. Teeth in the main row 5-5 or 4-5. 
 
 Z. Maxillary with a bar- 
 n ' bel ; premaxillaries pro- 
 
 tractile. 
 a. Tfceth hooked, none of them molar ; teeth in thelesaerrow 2. 
 b. Caudal fin symmetrical, its rudimentary basal rays not greatly developed. 
 
 c. Barbel minute, lateral; teeth without grinding surface Semotihts, 95. 
 
 cc. Barbel terminal ; teeth with grinding surface Symmetuukus, 96. 
 
 U. Caudal fin unsymmetrical, the upper lobe much the longer, the basal caudal 
 
 rays greatly developed Pogonichthys, 97. 
 
 flfl. Teeth partly molar, much enlarged, obtusely truncate, lesser row with 2 teeth ; 
 
 scales small..... .Mylochilus, 98. 
 
 ZZ. Maxillary without 
 barbel. 
 d. Upper jaw not protractile; 2 or 3 teeth modified, molar; teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2, 
 
 5-4| 2 , MYIiOPBARODON, 99. 
 
 ■ 'pi 
 
 .:,;r:|?;igi 
 
 n ';M 
 
\l ^ <] 
 
 148 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 dd. Upper jfvw protractile; teeth not molar. 
 e. Teeth two-rowed, 2 teeth in the lesser row. 
 /. Lateral line noinpleto. 
 
 g. Teeth subcouical, scarcely hooked, sharp-cdgod, wide apart, the Ion;; 
 limb of the pharyngeal bono elongate. 
 
 Ptychoc'ttlus, 100. 
 
 gg. Teeth compressed, oloso-set, strongly hooked ; the pharyngeal boiu^ of 
 
 the usual form. 
 
 h. Caudal peduncle slender and elongate, the caudal ftn widely fctrkid, 
 
 its basal rudiuieuts much developed ; scales very siiiiill ; 
 
 head doproHMod ..Gila, lol. 
 
 hh. Caudal peduncle stout; basal rudiments of caudal little developed. 
 
 Sq'ialil's, 102, 
 
 ff. Lateral line incomplete Piioxinuh, lo:t. 
 
 ee. Teeth one-rov.ed. 
 
 - Lateral line complete. 
 
 g. Mouth of moderate sizo Lkticoh, 10|. 
 
 gg. Mouth extremely dniall OrsoroioDi'H, 10,"), 
 
 - - Lateral line incomplete ; teeth serrate TkycH/KUODOn, 100, 
 
 JJ. Abdomen behind ventral fins compn'H.s(Ml to an edf^o, 
 
 the scales not pa.ssing over it ; anal basipi usually elou- 
 j.;ate ; dorsal posterior. 
 t. Abdomen in f.'ont of veutrals rouiulod ; an.-il basis rather long. 
 j. Teeth 5-5, with grinding surface and serrate edges. 
 
 NOTKMIGONUS, 1'/?, 
 
 jj. Teeth '2, W>, 2, entire, without grinding surface. Alhuknijs, 108, 
 •"Dorsal fiu short, posterior, with a strong spine, conipo-sedof two, tlus posterior re- 
 ceived into a longitudinal groove of the anterior; iinicr 
 border of the ventral lius adherent to the body; tet'tli 
 hooked, without grinding surface, in two rows. {Vluijo- 
 jUerinw.) 
 
 I. Body -with small scales ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2 ; no barbels. 
 
 Lei'Iuomkda, 109, 
 
 II. Body scaleless. 
 
 m. Maxillary witliout barbel; teeth 1, 4-4, I Mkda, 110. 
 
 mm. Maxillary with a barbel ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. 
 
 PLAGOPTKHtS, 111. 
 
 •••Doreal fin elongate; doraal and anal fins each preceded by a serrated si)iiii'; 
 
 scales large; teeth molar; species introduced, {('y- 
 
 prhdnw. ) 
 
 n. Barbels 4 ; teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1 Cypuixus. 
 
 nw. Barbels none; teeth 4-4 Cahassius. 
 
 Vl.— €A1?IP0ST01»IA Agttsslz. 
 
 Stone rollers. 
 
 (Agassi?!, Amer. Journ. Scl. Arts, 1855, 218: typo liutlUis anomnluH Raf.) 
 
 Body modorately olongate, little coLipressad. Mouth normal, the 
 jaws with thick lipa and rudiment, of a hard sheath. Premaxillaries 
 protractile ; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding 
 surface and but a slight hook on one or two teeth. Air-bladder sua- 
 
31. CYPRINID/^" CAMPOSTOMA. 
 
 149 
 
 pcnded in the abdominal cavity, and entirely surrounded by many con- 
 volutions of the long alimentary canal, which is G-9 times the total 
 length of the body. Ovaries similarly enclosed in the alimentary canal, 
 rerltoneum black. PseudobranchiiB present. Scales moderate. Lat- 
 eral lino present. Dorsal nearly over ventral. Anal basis short. iJo 
 spines. Herbivorous. Sexual differences very great, the males being 
 covered with large tubercles in spring. The singular arrangement of 
 tlio intestines in relation to the air-bladder is peculiar to Campostoma 
 among all known lishes. Size moderate, (xa/x-ij, curve; aruim^ mouth.) 
 
 • Scales small, 75-80 in tuo lateral line ; toeth 4-4 (f ). 
 
 lYO. C'. ornatiim Grd. 
 
 Body stout, llead large, blunt and heavy. Mouth large, the max- 
 illary reaching to near the front of the large eye. Tail rather short. 
 Coloration brilliant, precisely as in C anomalum. Head 3'^ ; depth 4. 
 I). 8; A. 8; Lat. I. 78. Chihuahua River. (Oirard.) 
 
 (Grd. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. IdOCi, 17G; GUnthoi, vii, 183.) 
 
 •• Scales moderate, 48-57. 
 t Teeth 4-4. 
 
 171. C. anomalum (Raf.) Ag.—/S/onp-ro?/pr; Slone-htgffcr. 
 
 IJody stoutish, moderately compressed, the ante-dorsal region becom- 
 ing swollen and prominent in the adult. Snout n\oderately decurved. 
 Scales deep, rather small and crowded anteriorly. Maxillary not reach- 
 iiij; to opposite the front of the eye. Color brownish, with a brassy lus- 
 tre above, the scales more or less mottled with dark. A dusky vertical 
 bar behind the opercle. Dorsal and anal tins (»ach with a dusky cross- 
 bar about half way up, the rest of the fin olivaceous in females, liery red 
 in the mah!.» in the spring. Iris orange in males. Males in the spring 
 with the head and often the whole body covered with large, rounded tu- 
 bercles. In no other Cyprinoid are these nuptial ai)pendages so exten- 
 sively developed. Head 4]^; depth 4f. D. 8;A. 7; scales 7-53-8 ; teeth 
 4-4. L. G-8 inches. Extrenu^ly variable, the young very different in 
 appearance from the old nuiles. Western New York to Mexico, every- 
 where abundant in dee[) or still idacos in small streams, running up 
 small brooks to si)awn in spring. Herbivorous. One of the most inter- 
 esting and curious of our lishes. 
 
 (/iH(if«H anomaliif> Raf. Tclilli. Oh. 52: Exorjlonmrn iuhhrn Klrtland, Rost. Jonrn. 
 Nat. HiHt. V, 272: Exoglossum HpinU'cphalum Cuv. & Val. xvii, 4M0: Chondrostoma pullim 
 A|{a8siz, Anutr. Jonru. Sol. Aris, 1854, 357 : Campoatoma callipteryx, mormyrus, gobioni- 
 'lUffi, uud hippops Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G4, 284: Campoatoma naautuM 
 
150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18r)G, 176, from the Rio Grande, may he a distinct 
 spp'.'ics (specimens before ns have a sUniderer head and rather more comjiresscd ami 
 elevated body than is ucual in C. anomalum): Campostoma diibinm Gunther, vii, 1b3. 
 AgasHiz.Amer.Jouru. Sci. Arta, 1855, l!18; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, iitil.) 
 
 tf Teeth 1, 4-4, 0. 
 
 172. C prolixnm (Storer) Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Slenderer than C. anomalum. Head rather shorter and narrower. 
 Scales larger and less crowded/ and the coloration more uniform and 
 XJaler, or more silvery. Head 4f ; depth 4^. D. 8; A. '^ ; scales 7-49-0 ; 
 teeth 1, 4-4, 0. Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama ; abundant. Very 
 similar to the preceding, but probably worthy of specific distinction on 
 account of the difference in dentition, constant in all specimens exam- 
 ined. 
 
 {Leuciacus proUxu? Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. July, 1845: Campostoma anoma- 
 lum var. jjroZJj;«»i Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 326.) 
 
 •** Scales larger, about 45 in the course of the lateral line ; teeth 4-4 (?). 
 
 173. C. forinosiilum Grd. 
 
 Head short and blunt, with broad, jirojecting snout. Head 4 ; depth 
 4J. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 45. Grayish above, whitish below ; sides more 
 or less marmorate ; a black patch at the base of the caudal and on tbe 
 dorsal. San Antonio Eiver, Texas. {Girarcl.) 
 
 (Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiUi. 1856, He.") 
 
 78.— ACBOCHILUS Agassiz. 
 
 Hard-mouths. 
 
 (Acrocheiltia Agassiz, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 211 : typo AcrocheiluB alutaccm 
 Agassi/. &, Pickering.) 
 
 Body elongate, little compressed. Both jaws with a largo, straight, 
 horny i>lato, sharp externally and very conspicuous. Upper jaw ])rotrac- 
 tile. No barbel. Teeth 4-5, stout, hooked, with broad masticatory sin 
 face. Intestinal canal elongate. Peritoneum black. Pseudobrancliiii! 
 present. Scales small, loosely imbricated. Lateral line present. Dor 
 sal tin slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis moderate. Caudal liii 
 broad, its rudimentary rays recarrent on the caudal peduncle. Size 
 rather large, {axfjoi;, ahari^'j ;^££-Iot, lip.) 
 
 1741. A. nliitacciis Agass. & F'wk.— Hard-mouth. 
 
 General form and appearance of the species of Gila, but tbe head not 
 depressed, and more blunt forward. Body elongate, not much com 
 pressed, its sides more so than the caudal peduncle j th(^ greatest depth, 
 over the ventrals, 4 in length. Caudal peduncle very long and slouder, 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE — ORTHODON. 
 
 151 
 
 nearly terete, its length contained 4| times in the length of the body, its 
 least depth 2f in its length. Head moderate, 4J in length of body, 
 bhintish, the piofilo considerably rounded, the interorbital space 
 strongly convex. Mouth horizontal, subinforior, overlapped by the 
 broad, blunt snout, its breadth considerable, but the maxillary not ex- 
 tending far back, to opposite the front of the eye. ITpi)er jaw pro- 
 tractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of which is a small, straight, 
 cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the lower jaw, but much smaller 
 and not evident externally. Lower lip covered with a firm cartilagi- 
 nous plate, sharp externally, the upper surface being formed by its 
 bevelled edge. The transverse width of this plate is between four and 
 Ave times its (longitudinal) breadth. The plate extends in nearly a 
 straight line from o" angle of the mouth to the other; its transverse 
 width is contained 2^ times in the length of the head. Eye rather 
 large, 5J in head, l^ in snout, its position anterior and not high up, 2| 
 in iuterorbital space. Dorsal long, rather low, its first ray just behind 
 the first ray of ventrals, midway between the snout and the middle of 
 the base of the caudal fin. Caudal fin very long, the lobes about equal, 
 longer than the head, widely forked, the accessory r.ays at is base very 
 numerous and recurrent on the caudal peduncle ; about eight of these 
 may be distinguished on each side of the fin. Anal fin ratlier large; 
 ventrals broad, reaching vent. Pectorals moderate, not reaching two- 
 thirds of the distance to the ventrals. Scales quite small, somewhat 
 iiubedded in the skin, very loosely imbricated, or often scarcely imbri- 
 cated at all, the exposed surfaces longer than higli, profusely punc- 
 tate; squamation quite irregular; the scales smaller on back and belly 
 than on sides, most exposed on caudal i)eduncle. Lateral line much 
 (lecurved. Coloration very dark, belly paler, but nearly all parts of the 
 body studded with minute dark i)oints. D. 10; A. 9; scales 20-85- 
 l(i. Teeth 4-5, hooked, somewhat club-shaped, witli a broad mas- 
 ticatory surface. Peritoneum black ; intestines unich elongate, tilled in 
 this specimen with vegetable substance. L. 12 inches. Columbia lliver 
 and tributaries. 
 
 (AgiisHiz, Atner. Jouvn. Sci. Arts, xix, 214, 18r)5 ; Qilnthor, vii, '276; Jordaii, Proc. U. 
 S. Nut. Mu8. i, 83, la78.) 
 
 ^._i. ,-:■.- 13.— ORTHODON Girard. _;__ ^...-.^.,_4-w. 
 
 (r,irar(l, Proc. Aciul. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISofi, 182: typo Gila mhrol<ipi(lota Ayrcs.) ' ' 
 Body elongate. Jaws normal, the upper protractile, the lower sharp- 
 edged, with a knob at the sympliysis; no barbel. Teeth 0-6 or 0-5, 
 
 ';'\! 
 
 1 1 
 
 
m 
 
 mm 
 
 H 
 
 If , 
 
 % 1 
 
 1 
 
 4- r=r 
 1» II , 
 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 much compressed, lancet-sliaped, erect, nearly straigbt. Upper limb 
 of the pharyngeal bone veiy broad and concave, separated by a deep 
 notch from the dentigerous portion, the bone thin and brittle. Intes 
 tinal canal elongate, about 7 times the length of the fish; peritoneum 
 black. Scales small. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin opposite ven- 
 trals. Basal rays of caudal largely developed. Anal basis short. 
 Pseudobranchiffl none. Gill-rakers moderate, clavate, the inner edge 
 fringed. Size large. This genus is related to Chondrostoma, diflferii]g 
 chiefly in the absence of pseudobranchise and of the horny mandibular 
 plate. {ofiOog, straight; o'ocwi/, tooth.) 
 
 17.5. O. inicrolepidotus (Ayres) Grd. 
 
 Body elongate. Head moderate; the snout very broad; eye sra ., 
 
 about half the length of the snout. Mouth terminal, somewhat oblique, 
 
 broad, the maxillary not extending to the eye. Upper head of surface 
 
 flattisli, with two bony ridges. Fins rather large ; the caudal stroiijf. 
 
 Coloration plain. Lateral line ilecurved. Head 4; depth 4^. 1). 0; 
 
 A. 8 ; scales 21-105-12 ; Vert. 24 + 20. Teeth 0-G or C-5, formed mucli 
 
 as in Caiupostoma, but longer. Size largo. L. 12 inches, liivers of 
 
 California; Great Basin of Utah (Yarroic). 
 
 (Gila mici'oU'pidota Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 21, 1855; Oirard, U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fibli. 2:57, iig. ; Giiutlier, vii, 275.) 
 
 14.— LAVIWIA Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. xti54,137: type Lavinia exilicauda B. & G. ) 
 
 Body elliptical, elevated, moderately compressed, rapidly contracted 
 to the slender caudal peduncle. Head small, conical. Mouth mod- 
 erate, terminal, oblique; the lower jaw included. Scales moderate, 
 not closely imbricated, the exposed surfaces somewhat hexagonal. 
 Lateral line decurved, complete. Belly behind ventrals entirely scaled. 
 Dorsal flu well behind ventrals, its last ray Just in front of the begin- 
 ning of the anal, which is rather elongate. Caudal flu little forked, its 
 rudimentary basal rays much increased in number and ver^'^ strong. 
 Intestinal canal elongate, 3 times the total length of the fish; pe- 
 ritoneum dark. Teeth 4-5 or 5-5, scarcely hooked, .tdtriform, with 
 rather broad but shallow grinding surface, the largest standing up 
 well above the surface of the bone. Gill-rakers rather long and slen- 
 der; pseudobranchiiB large. Size large. {Lavinia, a classical name, 
 without spe«;ial application to these fishes.) 
 
 long. Can 
 
31. CYPRINID^ — CHR0S0MU8. 
 
 153 
 
 ire. li. exilicauda B. »fc G. ' ^^-'^^ ' -■ ' " ■ - ■•.-■■■■■-■■.';■;' :vj,v. ..».. •- 
 
 Body deep, compressed, tapering to the caudal peduncle, which is 
 very slender. Head small, short, conical. Mouth rather small, oblique, 
 the upper lip on the level of +he lower part of the pupil, the maxillary 
 falling short of the eye. Preorbital short and deep ; suborbital moderate. 
 Eye rather large, anterior, 4 in head. Scales rat^'ir large, 42 in front 
 of dorsal. Dorsal fin rather small. Pectorals short. Anal high and 
 long. Caudal well forked, its rudimental rays strong, about 10 in num- 
 ber. Color dark sibove, sides somewhat silvery. Scales with dark 
 specks. Head4jj; depth 3^. 13.10; A. 12; scales 13-G4-8 ; teetu 4-5 
 orC-5. L. 12 inches. Rivers of California. 
 
 (Baird & Girard. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 137 ; Girard, IT. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Surv. X, 241: Leudscus exilicauda Giintlier, vii, 248: Laiinia haniujus Girard, Proc. 
 Aead. Nat, Sci. Pbila. 1856, 184; the namo species.) 
 
 75.— CHROSOI?IfJS Rafmesque, 1820. 
 
 Bed Minnows. 
 
 (Rafmcsquo, Ichth. Oh. 47: type Luxilua erythrogasler Raf.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Jaws normal; no bar 
 bel. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5, moderately hooked, with well-marked grinding 
 surface. Alimentary canal elongate, about twice as long as body ; i)eri- 
 toneum black. Scales very small. Lateral line short or wanting. Dor- 
 si 1 behind ventrals; anal basis short. Size small. Colors in spring 
 biilliant. (;f/jo?, color; o-w/za, body.) 
 
 'Sides of the body with two black stripes ; the upper riinving from the upper angle 
 of the operele straight to the caudal, sonietinies breaking uj) in spots behind; 
 the lo?;er broader, extending from the snout throngh the eye, curved down- 
 ward along the belly, and extending to the caudal, where it ends in a black 
 spot (these stripes faint in the female). 
 
 l??. C. erythrogastcr Agass'xz.—Red-heUicd Dace. 
 
 Body oblong, tapering each way from the middle, little comi>ressed. 
 ITead moderate, rather pointed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, 
 tliejaws about equal. Fins rather small; the dorsal and anal high and 
 short; caudal long. Scales quite small, finnly attached, but not much 
 iinbiicated. Lateral line developed less than half the length of the 
 body. Color brownish olive, with a dusky dorsal lino and often some 
 blackish spots ; two black lateral bauds as above described ; between 
 these a bright, silvery area. Belly below the lower band abruptly sil- 
 very. Females obscurely marked. Males in spring witii the belly and 
 the interspace between the lateral bands bright scarlet; bases of the 
 vertical flus also scarlet. In high coloration the body is everywhere 
 
 
 !"! 
 
 
 "»«.'»'< I 
 
 
 
 I , 
 
 
 u 
 
 H'^fl 
 
 4- J- 
 
 1 
 
 -^' 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 EvTliOrp 
 
 1 
 
 
 id 
 
 ^ 
 
154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOTJTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 flu . ■ 
 
 m 
 
 111! 
 
 ■ ' V. 
 
 minutely tubercnlate and the fins are bright yellow. Head 4; depth 4. 
 I). 7; A. 8; scales 16-85-10; teeth usually 5-5. L. 2-3 inches. Penn- 
 sylvania to Dakota and Tennessee; abundant in small streams; one of 
 the most beautiful of our fishes. 
 
 {Luxilu8 or Chrosomua erythrogaater Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47: Luxilus erythroyaDttr 
 Kirt. Boat. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, iv, "23, tig. 1844 ; Cope, Cj'pr. Penu. 391 : LeuiUcus ery- 
 throgaster Giiutlier, vii, 247 ; Jordan, 3U2.) 
 
 ** Sides of body with tho upper band beginning opposite the vent and cxtoiirting 
 backward to the middle of tho caudal, terminating in a black spot; lower 
 band extending from snout through eye, downward and backward, ceasing 
 at base of anal ; back with dark spots and cross-bars. 
 
 l'J'§. C. orcas Cope. 
 
 Form of the preceding, the snout rather more obtuse. Coloration 
 similar to that of the preceding, &xcept for the difference in pattern. 
 The back clear olive-green, with dark cross-bars ; belly, interspace be- 
 tween the lateral bands, and bases of vertical fins bright crimson ; tins 
 otherwise yellow. Head 4; depth 4 J. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. G7; teeth 
 5-5. L. 2^ inches. Tennessee and Eoanoke Elvers; even more brill- 
 iant than the preceding. 
 
 (Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1868,233.) 
 *** Body with two black lateral bands on tho side, which unite on tho caudal pedun- 
 cle, the lower broader, decurved, tho upper narrow and straight. 
 
 179, C, eos Cope. 
 
 Sienderer than the preceding ; the lateral line less distinct, often en- 
 tirely wanting. Variations in color as in the other species. Ilead 4; 
 depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 77; teeth 5-5. L. 2^ inches. Susquehanna 
 Eiver. Perhaps a variety of G. eryfhrogaster. 
 (Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1801, 523; Cope, Cypr. Penn. 391.) 
 
 76.— ZOP HE i^iDUM Jordan. 
 
 (Jordan, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, 78G, 1878: type Hyborhynchus sidcrius 
 Cope. ) 
 
 This genus is very closely related to Ryhognathus, differing only in 
 
 the small size of tho scales, there being 55-90 in the course of the 
 
 lateral line. Tho physiognomy is somewhat different, and tho dorsal 
 
 fin is inserted more posteriorly than usual in Hyhognathtis. As in ITyho- 
 
 gm thus, the teeth are 4-4, scarcely hooked, with narrow grinding surface, 
 
 and the intestinal canal is elongate, tho peritoneum black. Eocky 
 
 Mountain^egion ; one species in Western Mexico.* (C^f "c, darkness; 
 
 e'vUovj within; in allusion to the black peritoneum.) ' : 5 : --J - 
 
 * Scales very small, 85-90 in the course of the lateral line. ': 
 
 "Z. auatrale Jordan. Body rather elongate, formed much as in Campoatoma anoma- 
 htm, somewhat compressed, tho back somewhat elevated and rounded untcrioily. 
 Head rather large, slightly depressed above. Mouth moderate, low ; the lower jaw 
 
31. CYPEINIDiE — HYBOGNATnUS. 
 
 155 
 
 190. Z. siderium (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Physiognomy of Apocope. Body fusiform. Ilead rather small, acu- 
 minate. Mouth terminal, the upper jaw the longer, maxillary reaching 
 line of orbit. Mouth forming more than a semicircle. Lower jaw hard, 
 jess attenuate than is usual in Hyhognathus. Eye small, 4j'„ in head. 
 Fins long, the ventrals reaching anal. Color dark iron-gray above, a 
 darker band of the same along the sides, above the lateral line, extend- 
 ing from the end of the snout to the middle of the caudal. Head 4 ; 
 depth 4. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 88; teeth 4-4. Arizona. (Cope.) 
 
 {IIyl)orhynchu8 siderius (iajjswsfor Hyhognathua) Cope, Zocil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th 
 Mer. V, 670, IriTO.) 
 
 ** Scales moderate, 55-60 in the course of the lateral line. 
 
 1§1. Z. pluinbciim (GiJl.) Jor. «& Gilb. 
 
 Body rather slender. Head moderate, rounded in front. Color uni- 
 form, sometimes a black spot at the base of the caudal. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 
 1. 58 ; teeth 4-4. Arkansas and Indian Territory. {Girard.) This spe- 
 cies may, perhaps, be referable to Hyhognathus. 
 
 {Dionda plumhca aud apadicea Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 178 : Hybo- 
 rhyuchua puniceua, Grd. 1. c. 179 : Dionda (jriaea, Grd. U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. x, 230.) 
 
 ■yT.— HYBOGNA'fc'HUS Agassiz. 
 
 (JZjToma aid Dionda Girard.) 
 
 (Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, ''^'i : type Hyhojnathua nuclialia Ag. ) 
 
 Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth horizontal. The jaws 
 normal, sharp-edged ; lower jaw with a slight, hard protuberance iii 
 front ; no barbel ; upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, cultriform, with 
 oblique grinding surface and scarcely any hook. Alimentary canal 
 elongate, about 4 times the length of the body. Peritoneum black. 
 Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal over ventrals. Anal 
 basis short. Size moderate. Species numerous ; mostly southwestern, 
 and little known, ('j/?"?, gibbous ; yvdOoi:, jaw.) 
 
 *Body comparatively elongate, little compressed, the depth less than two-aeveuths of 
 the length. . ;; tj ' 
 
 0. Suborbital bones comparatively long and narrow. 
 
 slightly included; the premaxillary below the hn-el ot the eye; the maxillary just 
 reacliiug the frontof the eye. Lower jaw thin-edged, with a slight symnhyseal knob. 
 Eye small, 6 in head. Scales snmll. Lateral line complete, decurved. Dorsal 
 slightly behind ventrals. Dusky blui«'v above ; everywhere with dark points. A 
 black gpot at base of caudal. Hea<l4; depth 4-18. D. 8 ; A. 7; scales 10-5G-8 ; teeth 
 4-4. L. 7 inches. Lake Tupataio, Guauajnato, Mexico (west of the Sierra Madro). 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Aiii«. iw?o •wn\ 
 
 mf 
 
 
ir 
 
 
 mn 
 
 i I 
 
 ii,i 
 1 i ) 
 I 
 
 hii 'i 
 
 ip^ 
 
 > I 
 
 156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERIC^AN ICHTnYOLOQY IV. 
 
 1S2. H. nucliaiss Ag.— SUrery Minnow. 
 
 Body elongate, comparatively slender. Head moderate, rather short, 
 the profile evenly curved. Eye large, rather longer than muzzle, about 
 4 iu head. Upper jaw heavy ; lower jaw thin. Scales large and silvery. 
 Lateral line decurved, 12-14 large scales iu front of dorsal. Olivaceous 
 green above, translucent in life ; sides clear silvery, with bright reflec- 
 tions. Fins unspotted. Head 4; depth 4^. D. 8; x^. 7; teeth 4-4; 
 scales 5-38-4. L. 5-7 inches. A graceful minnow, abundant in most 
 streams from New Jersey to the Ui)per Missouri and southward. As 
 here defined, more than one species may be included ; but, if so, the 
 authors are unable to distinguish them.) 
 
 (Ag.a8siz, Ainer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 2"24; Giinther, vii, 184 : Hybognathus argyrUk, 
 evavsi, arul r<Y/(H8 Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plilla. 185(5, 182,209: Ilyboyiiatlius rKjim 
 GiiutluT, vii, 18.'): Ilybognathns onmcrhins Ooi»e, Proc. Amer. Pliil. Soc. Phila. IdTO, 
 40^: Jlyboijnathuaargyritis Jordan, 2S[),) 
 
 1§3. II. amarus (Grd.) Jordan. 
 
 Head very short, small and blunt; front convex rather than de- 
 clivous, as in JT. nuchalis. Suborbital bones rather narrow, about as in 
 H. nuchaUs. Scales moderate, 10 in front of the dorsal. Coloration of 
 H. michalis, but size much smaller. D. 8 3 A. 7 j Lat. 1. 35-38 ; teeth 
 
 A A 
 
 J. x« 
 
 Eio Grande region. 
 (Algoma amara Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1856, 180.) 
 
 I§4. n. flavipinnos Cope. 
 
 " This fish differs from H. argyrUis {nuchalis of the present memoir) in 
 the smaller scales and quite different coloration. Eye large, horizon- 
 tally oval, its length 2g in head, and equal to interorbital width The 
 muzzle is shortly decurved to the mouth, which is terminal and short. 
 The extremity of the maxillary extends half way from the end of the 
 muzzle to the line of the orbit. Origin of ventral fins below or a lil,tle 
 in advance of the base of the first dorsal ray. The pectoral is short, 
 not nearly reaching the ventral, which in turn falls far short of the 
 vent. The lateral line rises anteriorl3\ The occipital region is convex 
 and rather wide, the interorbital region nearly flat. Color dusky above, 
 a wide dusky lateral band, separated by a pale band from the back, A 
 faint dark spot at base of caudal. Fins pale yellow, unspotted. Head 
 5^ iu leugjth, with caudal fin; depth a little more. D. 8; A. 7 or 8; 
 scales 7-41-4. L. 2^ inches. Llano River, Texas." {Cope, MSS.) 
 
 1S5. II. nisi'otseniatus Cope. 
 
 Similar to //. flavipinnis, but with larger scales. Ventral flu origi- 
 nating a little iu advance of the first dorsal ray. Eye large, a little 
 
 BuU. U. S. Geol. 
 
■rT 
 
 31. CYPRINID^ — HYBOONATHUS. 
 
 157 
 
 less than one-third the length of the head and a little less than the in- 
 terorbital width. Ventral fin nearly reaching vent. Color dusky, with 
 u bla^/k lateral band. Fins plain. Head 5 in length, with caudal; 
 depth the same. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-34-3. L. 2^ inches. Medina 
 liver, Texas. {Cope, MSS.) 
 art. Suborbital bonea short aud dcop. ' 
 
 1§6. II. placitiis Grd. 
 
 Head short and bluntish. Body stoutish. Eye small, shorter than 
 snout, about 5 in head. Scales moderate, about 10 in front of the dor- 
 sal. Size comparatively small. Grayish above, silvery below. Head , 
 4f; depth 4J. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 40; teeth 4-4. Mississippi Valley to 
 Utah. (Possibly two species are here included.) 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18,")6, 182: Hyborinathua nuchalis Cope, Proc. 
 Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 6(5: Hybognathua nuchalia Jordau, 289; i)robably uot of 
 
 Agassiz. ) 
 
 aaa. Suborbital bones unlcnown; small species of the Texan region. 
 187. II. episcopus (Grd.) Jordan. 
 
 Slender and graceful, fusiform in profile, and compressed, with the 
 ba«k slightly arched. The head is large, forming about the fifth of the 
 kngth. Eye large and subcircular, the diameter 3^ in head. Fiuc 
 moderate. Scales large, the lateral line following the middle of the 
 flanks. Dusky above, a blackish band along the sides, ending in a 
 dusty blotch at base of caudal. Fins unmarked. Scales with fine 
 black dots. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 39. L. 3 inches. Rivers of Texas. 
 (Girard.) This or some very similxr species occurs in Southern Illinois. 
 (Forbes.) 
 
 i^Dioiida epiacopa, acrena, texenais, papalia, argcntoaa, and chryaUia Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 177-178.) 
 
 1S8. H. fliiviatilis (Grd.) .Tor. 
 
 Form, size, and coloration of II. amarus, but the mouth and eye 
 smaller and the scales smaller. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 40; 16 scales before 
 dorsal. Snout tuberculate in spring males. New Leon. {Girard.) ^ 
 
 {Algoma fluviatilia Grd. Proc Acad. Net Sci. Phila. 1856, 181.) - ?; 
 
 "Body short, deep, compressed, the depth about two-sevenths of the length. ... t' 
 1§9. II. melanops (Grd.) Jor. . .y ,» - to; 
 
 Head moderate, 44 in length. Snout rounded. Eye medium. Black- 
 ish above; sides smoky, with black dots; a black spot at base of caudal. 
 Depth 3 J. D. 8jA. 7; Lat. 1. 43; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inches. Rio Grande 
 region. {Girard.) 
 
 {Dionda tiu-lanops and couchi Grd. Proc. Acad. Na^. "jcI. Phila. 1856, 178; Jordan, 
 Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv, No. 2, 408.) 
 
 ■< I? 
 
 .•■> 
 
I :;;! 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 7§.— COLISCUS Cope. 
 
 (Cope, Haydcn's Gool. Surv. Wyotn. 1H72, 4.17: typo CoUacua parietalis Cope.) 
 
 This genus diflfers chiefly from Hybognathus iu having the lateral line 
 incompleto or obsolete. The mouth is oblique, and the dorsal fin in 
 advance of the veutrals. (xoAo?, deficiency; in allusion to the incomplete 
 lateral line.) 
 
 IdO. C parietalis Cope. 
 
 Body moderately elongate. Head wide, especially behind. Muzzle 
 obtuse. Lips equal. Mouth descending obliquely, the maxillary not 
 quite reaching the orbit. Eye 3§ in head. Scales small, the tubes of 
 the lateral line present on 7 tf them ; 14 in a transverse series. Dorsal 
 fin midway between snout and caudal. Suborbital bones slender. Col- 
 oration silvery, unspotted. D. 7; A. 8; Lat. 1. 42; teeth 4-4. L. 2-3 
 inches. Missouri River at Saint Joseph. (Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyora. for 1870, 1872,437; Jordan, 289.) 
 
 79.— PimEPHALES Rafineaque. 
 
 Fat-heads. 
 
 (Rafineaque, Iclith. Oil. 1820,52: type Pimephalca promelaa 'Rai.) 
 
 Body short and stout, little compressed. Head short and rounded. 
 Mouth small, inferior ; upper jaw jn'otractile ; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, with 
 oblique grinding surface, usually but one of the teeth hooked. Dorsal 
 over ventrals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated from the rest by 
 membrane. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal elongate. Perit-oneum 
 black. PseudobrauchioB present. Scales rather small. Lateral line 
 incomplete. Size small. (-t/isAiy?, fat; zscpaAij, head.) 
 
 191. P. promclas Raf.— Fat-head ; lilac] '"•ead Minnow. 
 
 Body very short and deep. Head short, everywhere convex, almost 
 globular in ailult males. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Scales 
 deep, closely imbricated. Lateral line almost wanting, on 5-20 scales 
 only. Olivaceous, the dorsal with a large black bar across it, nearly 
 half way up, most distinct anteriorly, appearing as a simple dusky 
 shade in the young. Male fish dusky, the head jet-black, with several 
 large tubercles on the snout iu spring. A dusky shade along sides of 
 caudal peduncle. Head 4; depth 4. D. I, 7; A. 7; scales 7-47-C; teeth 
 4-4. L. 2 J inches. Ohio Valley to the Upper Missouri; generally 
 abundant in sluggish brooks. Varies greatly with age, sex, and season. 
 
 (Raf. Icbth. Oh. 53 : Fimephalea fasdatua Grd. Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fliila. 1856, 
 180 : Plargyrua melanooephalua Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 325: PimephaJa 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE HYBORHYNCHUS. 
 
 159 
 
 milesi Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Pbila. 1804,282 (from Michigan, may bo a distinct 
 Bpcc'ies; the scales said to bo Lat. 1. 40, only three scries between tbo lateral line 
 anil the ventrals; !>-7 usually in i'. promelas): Pimephalca aijaHsizU Cope, Cypr. Penu. 
 394; Giinther, vii, 181 : rimej)halea milesii Giinther, vii, 181; Jordan, 288.) 
 
 §0.-IIYBORHTNCHVS Agassis. 
 (Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 2i2: typo Mlnnilus votatm Raf.) 
 
 Tliis genus diliers from Fimephales only in having tbo lateral line 
 complete. The maxillary ia often provided with a rudimentary or obso- 
 lete barbel. ((3/5m7, gibbous; /J(V;f"') snoat.) 
 •Anglo of mouth without trace of barbel. 
 
 192. H. confertus Grd. 
 
 Aspect of Pimcphales promelas. Body stout, the back moderately 
 convex. Head wide, formed as in the preceding species. Mouth term- 
 inal, very small, oblique. Eye 4 in head. Fins small. Lateral line 
 usually wanting on some of the scales along tho sides. Color essentially 
 as iu Fimephales promelas, the males even darker ; the head black ; a 
 bread black baud across the dorsal; borders of anal and border of 
 veutrals and pectorals black ; the lower fins said to be edged with white 
 in life; body somewhat mottled. Females more elongate, plainly 
 colored. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. I, 8; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 43; t^eth 4-4. L. 
 2| inches. Arkansas River to the Rio Grande; abundant. This species 
 is intermediate between iT^ftor/ty/MJ^MS and Piwep/m/es. ^ 
 
 [Hyborhynchua confertus (?) aud Pimephalea maculoaua ( J ) Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. 1856, 180: Hyborhynchua tigellua Copo, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 071.) 
 
 193. H. notatus* (Raf.) Ag, — Blunt-nosed Minnow. 
 
 Body rather elongate, not elevated, moderately compressed. Head 
 moderate ; the muzzle blunt and convex ; top of the head depressed. 
 Cheeks vertical. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Fins small ; the 
 dorsal moderate, the first ray distinct and spine-like in the male, slender 
 in the female. Anal small. Caudal fin short. Scales moderate, deep, 
 closely inbricated. Scales in front of dorsal small and crowded. Eye 
 moderate. Color olivaceous, little silvery; sides bluish; a black spot on 
 the dorsal fin iu front, near the base ; a dusky shade at base of caudal ; 
 males in spring with the black on the dorsal more extended and the 
 bead wholly black ; snout with about 14 disproportionately large tuber- 
 cles. Head 4^ ; depth 5. D. I, 8 ; A. 7 ; scales C-45-4 ; teeth 4-4. L. 
 4 inches. New York to Arkansas; generally abundant. 
 
 {ifbmhis notatus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 47 ; Giinther, vii, 182 ; Jordan, 288 : Catostomua 
 
 •Specimens agreeing closely with this species, but having the intestines no longer 
 than the body (as iu Coohlognathus), have been lately sent us from Illinois River by 
 Professor Forbes. 
 
 !»' 
 
 ; 
 
160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGT — IV. 
 
 pi 
 
 m. 
 
 ;Ji! 
 
 ¥ '-L'l 
 
 
 melanotua Raf. Ichth. Oh. '68: Bijhorhynchus persjncuun Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
 1H56, 185: Hybognathm perspicuua Gunihi'T, vii, 185.) 
 
 ** Angle of mouth with a minute, thickish barbel. 
 194. H. superciliosns Cope. 
 
 Heud broader, more ridged above. Caudal and anal flns more dusky ; 
 otherwise like tbo last, from which it may be distinguished only by the 
 presence of the small barbel. Wjth the last, equally widely distrib- 
 uted, and even more abundant. Probably a variety. 
 (Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 234; Jordan, 289.) 
 
 81.— EXOGIiOSSIIin Rafinesque. 
 
 Cutlips. 
 
 (Rafinesque, Jotirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 420, 1818 : type Exoglossum Icautnirianum 
 Ra,{.=:Cyprinu8 maxilHngua Le S.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Mouth peculiar, the 
 mandible being contracted and incurv^ed, its outline strongly three- 
 lobed. This appearance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie close 
 together, parallel, and are united thronghwut their length, instead of 
 forming a broad arch, as in all other Cyprinoid fishes. The lower lip is 
 represented by a bro.id fleshy lobe on each side of the mandible. Up- 
 per jaw not protractile. (Jpper lip thick, somewhat plicate. Pharyn- 
 geal bones small. The teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 1, 4-4, 1. 
 Scales moderate. Lateral line complete. Fins without spines. Dorsal 
 slightly behind ventrals. Anal rays 7-8. Isthmus broad, (iill-rakers 
 weak. Pseudobranchite present. Air-bladder normal. Alimentary 
 canal short; ])eritoneum white. Size moderate. One of the most 
 ^ strongly marked genera of Cyprinidce, with a single species, {k'^w, out- 
 side; yhonaa^ tongue.) 
 195* E. maxillillgua(Le Siienr) Haldeman. — Cut-lips; Stone-ioter. 
 
 Body rather stout, ^ itle compressed. Head large, broad and flattish 
 above, with tumid -IhvjKS. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the end 
 of the maxillary not leaching the line of the orbit. Upper jaw longer 
 than lower. Scales rather crowded anteriorlj^, those in front of the 
 dorsal small. Color olivaceous; smoky or dark above; a blackish bar 
 behind opercle, and a dusky shade at the root of the caudal in the 
 young; fins unmarked. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-53-5; 
 teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. G inches. Western New York to Virginia; abim- 
 dant in the Susquehanna Basin, but not widely distributed. One of the 
 most singular of the Cyprinidce^ distinguished at sight by its three- 
 lobed lower jaw. 
 
 (Cyprinus maxiUingua Le Suenr, Jonm. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 85; Glinther, vii, 
 188; Jordan, 308; Cope, Cypr. Penu. 1866,360.) 
 
31. CYPRINIDJ2 — COCHLOONATHUS. 
 
 §3.— COCHLOttNATHUS Baird & Girnrd. 
 
 161 
 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 158: type CochlognathuH ornatus li. 
 
 This genus lias the general character and appearance of Byborhynchus, 
 the dentition and the structure of the fins being the same ; the teeth, 
 however, rather more strongly hooked and with deeper grinding sur- 
 ftice. It differs in the structure of the jaws, which are provided each 
 with a hard cutting plate, to all appearance precisely like the Diodonti- 
 dw, the sharp bony edge being surrounded by the usual lip. First ray 
 of dorsal separated by membrane, and spine-like, as in Hyborhynchus 
 and Fimephales. Alimentary canal short. Peritoneum white. Pseudo- 
 branchiiB present. Lateral line complete. Anal fin small. (zoj^P-oi;, 
 shell ; yvdOo^, jaw ; the covering of the jaws being hard, like shell.) 
 
 196t C ornatus Baird & Girard. — Hard-mouth Minnow. 
 
 Api)earance, dorsal fin and coloration essentially as in Hyborhynchus 
 notatus. Body moderately elongate. Ilead rather long. Scales com- 
 paratively large. Dorsal fin over the ventrals, rather high. Anal fin 
 quite small. Caudal fin short. Dorsal Hm with a black spot near the 
 base in front and a dusky blotch behind. The dorsal spine conspicu- 
 ous. Caudal fin with a dusky median baud, in front and behind which 
 is a pale area. A dusky lateral band. Snout tubercnlate in spring 
 males, as in Hyborhynchus. Head 4 ; depth 4|. D. 8 ; A. 6 ; Lat. 1. 40 ; 
 teeth 1-4. L. 3 inches. Kio Grande. A singular little fish, with the 
 mouth resembling that of Chondrostoma or Acrochilus, but the structure 
 otherwise resembling neither. 
 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 153; Giiuther, vii, 187.) 
 
 197. C. biguttatus Cope. 
 
 " A fish of rather uniform diameter and deep caudal peduncle. The 
 bead is oblong and rather wide above. The muzzle has a decuived pro- 
 file and terminal mouth. The orbit is large, 3f in head, a little less 
 than muzzle and than interorbital space. Head wide behind and flat 
 above. The infraorbital bones are narrow, while the preorbital is large, 
 vrith convex inferior and concave superior border. Maxillary not quite 
 reaching line of orbit. Ventral fins inserted opposite second or third 
 dorsal ray, reaching to vent. Anal fin small. Pectorals reaching three- 
 fifths to ventrals. Color silvery, without dark markings, except a black 
 spot at the base of the caudal and on the anterior rays of the dorsal. 
 Head 5 in length, with the caudal fin ; depth a little less. D. 8 ; A. 7 j 
 scales 7-34-! L. 2 J inches. Trinity Eiver, Texas." {Coj?e, MSS.) 
 Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 16 11 
 
 1 •! 
 
 V 
 
 '^ «1 
 
 *•' 
 
 J 
 
 \M 
 
 *■■ 1 
 
 "f. 
 
 N1 
 
 ■J* 
 a]' 
 
 ri 
 
162 CONTlUnUTIONS to NOUTH AMKUICAN ichthyology — IV, 
 
 N3.-lIFIVIITUi:iVIIA C'oiu>. 
 
 {Co\H>\ rvo^\ AiMor. riiil. Sof. I'hila. 1^70, AOi: t>i»t< lltmitrtmiit riltnttt Co\h\) 
 
 Hody nuHloniti^ly olonjjiittv IMoutU uornml. No barlx'l. 'IVoth I-} 
 (l-aor 5-5), h(u»ko(l, with }iriiHlinj;:sui'ta('o. Scnlos larjio. Latoial liiu« 
 incDiuploto l>(>rsal tin slightly bohiiul tlio vtMitrals. Ana! basis sluut. 
 Sporios of small si/o. Tho typical spoi'itvs, ofwliit'h but a sijijrh* spocj. 
 nu'ii is known, has tho tooth I-."*; tho normal nunibor is probably l-i, 
 howovor, as in tho othor spooios. It', lunvovor, tho tooth in //. vitfaUi 
 a^^^ ptMinanontly 5-4, tho roinainin;^' spooios nuiy staiul undor the go- 
 norio nanio of r//r/()/»f'.* (v/u, half ; r/ir^/iu, poro.) 
 
 * Tooth l-.">f (llimitreinuf.) ' 
 
 l»N. II. viltll^n Oopo. 
 
 IWnly stont. lloa»l vory short, tho nuiz/.lo obtnso. lM«)nth small, 
 obliipio, tho niaxillary not roaohinj; tho orbit. l)yo lar^(*, .'{.V in Ic'iul, 
 iMpial to lonj^th of nin//.lo. Posal tin bojiinninj'' a littlo bohind tho ww 
 
 trals. hatoral lino dovolopod for ab«»nt half tho lon^th. <\>iorati()ii 
 dark, a dark latoral band, abovo this a palo shado, tht» boUy pah». Head 
 
 1^; tlopth 4^. 1>. S; A. 7; vsoalos G-^kS-l; tooMi 5-1 (or 5-;">). b. jj 
 iuohes. llolston Kivor. {Vofu\) 
 
 (t'opo, Tm'. Aim«r. riiil. Si»o. IMiilu. IHTO, 4(W.) 
 *• Tooth t-l. {('hnoi><< .low) 
 
 I1>t>. II. I»ili'«>iiatu( opt'. 
 
 Uody lathorshMidor, tluM'andal podunoh>sonu>>vhal oontraoti'd. Mead 
 n»o«lorat(», tho inu/./lo vory obtiiso. IMotith obli»pu», tho Jaws alumt 
 I'tpial. Fppor lip «»pposito lowor pi>rt «>f pnpik My»» laryo, ;{ in head. 
 l(»n{;'«'r than inn/./,lo. Katoral lin(> dovolopod for a vory short distauco 
 only. Thirtoon soalos lu'foro d*MWil. Straw oolor»>d, tho soalos Imowh 
 «'<lj»od abovt*. .V shinin;;' blaok band from snout thn)n^h oyo to caiulal. 
 An oraufio l»ainl abovo this on tln^ siuMit. Ivo^ions m'U>w tho black 
 band silvory. I load 1,^; dopth 4^ U.H\ A. 7; Hoalos 5-;;(>-.'{; (odii 
 4-4. L'. l^-li inohoa. INIassaohnsotts to Maryland. .\ small but von 
 Innulsonn ly oolor«»«l spooioa. 
 (//.vM'Ni« ^t/v«•«(l/«N{^>l»o, Cypr. Povtii. iB(in. naj.) ""- "T.T" 7 
 
 ttOO. ir niticiiliitii lliiy. _:_ _. :___^ ' f- -r--'^^' 
 
 Hody Ion;; and sh>ndor, slightly olovato*! at tho dorsn], soint>'.\lial 
 ooniprossod lload ilattouod abovo. Snout. iHiundod. Mouth sinali, 
 tormimil, slightly obli«pus nuixillary not roaohin^ to opposite oyo. I'vo 
 
 * Vhrhpf Jonhui, Hull. Mayth'ti'H (Jotil. 8urv. Tori-. Iv, ItffH, 787: typo //j/M""' 
 ftt/>'(m«fM« Copo. Tf/jfAi:, want; o/r>), jioiv.) 
 
31. CY1»IUN11).K — CLIOLA. 
 
 163 
 
 iMiual to snout, 3] in hoad. Dorsal sli<;l«tly boliind vontvals, nearer 
 snoiif tlKin base of caiulal. Lateral liiuMvith pores on 8 or 10 scales 
 t>iily. Straw-eolor; a narrow dark dorsal band, and a dark stivak on 
 oiu'li side of anal, a iilmnbeons lateral band, and blaek speeks on each 
 si'aUv A bhu'k spot as Iarj;e at; the eye at base of eandal. lK>ad l^\ 
 (li'pth r». I>. S; A. S; st'ales r>-,'5S-,'{ ; teeth i-l, with {^rindiny; surfaee. 
 L. L'i inches. (Mdekasawha Kiver, Mississippi. Jt<>if.) 
 ^!l;i.v. I'rof. U. S. Nat. Miis, ISSO, .MU) ', 
 
 •jOI. ■■• 3i('t4*l*«>«luil Copt'. 
 
 Hotly nnnlerately stout, ilie baek eonipresseil ami sonunvhat elevated. 
 
 lloail rather pointed, the tnuz/le aeuuiinate. Mouth obli«pu», the lower 
 
 jaw project in j>", the upper lip opj)osite the upper rim of pupil. Maxillary 
 
 {'xtoiuiinji" to opp«)site front t>f oilrlt. 'rhirtcen scales in front of dorsal. 
 
 Kyc ;» in head. Color oli'.iice(»us. A blackish dorsal band. Sides with 
 
 ;i It'iuhMi or di'.sky band. D. S; A. S. Scales r>-^U>-.'5, the lateral hue 
 
 cxtoiidinK about lialf the U>n^th of the body. Teeth 1-4, often crenate. 
 
 L. L'A inches. Michi^^an and Wisconsin. 
 
 (Mburiioitu hvttroihn rom*, Pi-oc. Ai-ail. Nat. S»<i. Phila. lS('i|,vSl : Hiihupsin hdivoilon 
 Coiu", i'y\\\\ l'»Mii\. ;Wv»: Lc)n*ii>cint hiUtiodon Oilutlun', vii. "Jtil; llcmitirmiit ht'lennio't Jof' 
 tliin. Man. Vort. ;U).i.) 
 
 SI.-ri.lOB..\ tJinml. . 
 
 Sihwr Fins, . 
 
 (CotUmn, Ctl}trinfUtt, MoHianii, and //ik/noiuk.v (Jiranl ; Vhctonriiis niul TTtihtfmia Co\)(^ ) 
 
 lliiioilus (iiliilluM ; /'.Vt>(/ii/i< Jonlan.) 
 
 ^Cinnl, I'ltH'. \vi\{\. Nat. Svi. IMiila. tS'.ti, Ii)J : typo IVnilichthtiH viijilitx \M. \ Ctwh) 
 
 body ovate, oblouji', or elon};'ate, usually ciunprovssed. Mi)uth muiual, 
 usually rather small. No barlads. Scnhvs various, cianmor.ly hui-c, often 
 closely imlnicatetl. Lateral linec()mph>t(S usually decurved. Diusal tin 
 jjoiiorally uiore or less behind ventruls. Anal short «>r rather eh)nj;ate. 
 Tooth t-l, or 1, l-L 0, ov I, M, I* (1, 1-1, 2 In oju^ species), hooked, with 
 or without }»rindin{;' surface, the cdj^o ofti>n more or less serraf(\ tides. 
 tiiial canal short. I'erittuu'um nu>stly pale. Males in sprlnjj usually 
 pviokly, with the tins charj;ed with red or white pifi'ineid. A very larjjo 
 ^miip (tf suiiill tlshes, usually brilliantly colored ; abundant in ell our 
 Soulli(>rn and liasttMii rivers, and extt»ndln^ southwartl to Western 
 Moxico.t .Ml aiH* .\nu*rican. (.V coined nanu>.) ^r— -, ,'jV'm- 
 
 ' Sjiid Id Im I, ;5-;i, l in oi\t> Muccios, ('. vohilU, W {\\\h 1>o lini', ilio latlor NpiM'ioH will 
 r»im llio typo (tf u (I'stiiul pMiuH, VViinM/ti '.ilrara, Proo. \n'A. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IS')il, 
 i!t>l: typo TiaiViht oe/'^iw (ioanl. (A ooliiod iiaiiio.) j&Tf,»^w*s.; 
 
 '((I.) <'. «i//ij .Kxilaii. Poil.v nuutoialol.v olonn;»to, compTCsmMt. ' p, tho Imok 
 wmu'wliat oU>vato»l, lloatl Hliort, mnuowliat tloproNNod abovo, num iioly polntoil, 
 K)TUio«lor»to, Hliovtov titan Hiiout, r>-(} In hoad. Mouth ukhIIuui, obUquo, tomiiuidi 
 
 r.' 
 
 'it 
 
 i. :, i:^ 
 
tmtut 
 
 1G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOi^TH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 The speciea may be divided as follows :• .?► i v. - . i, ». 
 
 * 
 
 ij Scnlo.s not OHiuicially do(>p«'r than long ; not closely imbricated. 
 * Tootli 4-4 ; HpciricH orHiiiall hI'-c. 
 t Teeth with grinding siirfacci more or less developed. (Hvuor.sis Cojte, n()u A^.) 
 
 (rt.) Scales in tlni lateral line more than 45 alta. sa'ini, 
 
 a. Scales in the lateral line 41) or 44 iuditana, taaroccpltala, hwinaturu, 
 
 aa. Scales iu the lateral line 32-37. 
 
 Bpedruncnla, vuhila,fi'efcnms, longiroatrh, atramincd. 
 vohirella, microHtoma, Uneolatn, miHSvrknsh, pnwne. 
 ft Teeth withont. grinlinj;; anrface. (Cuola.) 
 
 b. A black spot on anterior edge of ilorsal and one at the base of the caudal, 
 
 rhiildi, 
 
 bh. No black spot on anterior edge of dorsal chlora, ni'jrotanialn. 
 
 ** Teeth two-rowed. 
 
 J Teeth wilhont grinding snrfaco cobi'iHfiiinut. 
 
 U Teeth with grinding surface more or leas develnjted. (HtTnaoNirs (inl,) 
 
 saliidana, Htonriana, hndHonin, curiiopa. 
 i^ Scales deeper than long, very closely imbricated along sides of the body. 
 'Teeth 4-4, 
 t Edges of teeth entire. (CoooMA Girard.) • 
 
 t- Teeth with grinding snrfaco deveh)ped it'if, jiigaliH, 
 
 tl Teeth withont grinding snrface. 
 fl. Dorsal tin inserted notably behind ventrals; Lead \s'iv "•> "nd blunt, al- 
 most round . , ifiUata, ornata. 
 
 aa. Dorsal fin inserted directly over ventrals; head moderate, subconic. 
 
 calliama. 
 
 the premaxillary on the level of the pupil, tlie maxillary n«)t r(>acliing the frontof tlio 
 ]>upil. .Taws e(iunl. rreorbital large. Scales not closely imbricated, 10 in frontnf 
 dorsal ilu. Dorsal over ventrals. Caudal peduncle deep. Itluish, sides silvery, 
 tins i>lain. Head 4J; depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-40-4; teeth 4-4, with ni-viow 
 grinding surface. Lake Tupataro, Guanajuato. 
 
 (IJiubonUti^ alttifi Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 301.) 
 
 (6.) C. saUa'i (Gilnther) J. & G. Caudal i)ednncle not quite twice as long as (loop, 
 No barbels. Snout obtus ly conical, longer than the eye, which is one-iifth the Iciijrih 
 of head. Upper jaw slight ly ovt>rliipping the lower. Maxillary not extending to ojo. 
 Dorsal immediately behind ventrals. Fins short. Brownish green above, riinutoly 
 dotted with black along the sides. He.ad 4; depth 3J. D. 7; A. 0; Lat. I, ^ ill 
 4—1, long, curved, with grinding surface. Intestinal canal with few con . 
 L. 3^ inches. Cnernavaca, Mexico, {(tiinther.) 
 
 (Ccratii'hthnii aallivi GilnthiU", vii, 484: Uitdaonins saliwi Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. . . 
 1870,221).) 
 
 (c.) r. iMV/ro/iriim/fr (Gilnther) .Tor. Body oblong, snout obtn.se, convex, lon.'^cr tli;in 
 the eye. Eye 4.J In head. Month subinferior, snuiU, the upper jaw the longer, max- 
 illary not reaching front of orbit. A black lateral band. Head 4jt ; depth.'), I), H; 
 A, 8; scales ()-:r)-3. Teeth probably 4-4, allliongh oidy 2-2 are present in one of tlii> 
 typical exii\uples, and none at uU iu the others ; uu ovideut grinding surface. L 4 
 inches, Atliseo, Mexico, ,,,.,, 
 
 {(fi-aodiiK phirolivnialuii Gilnther, vii, 49Ty: Cliola nigrota^iiafa Jordan, ?roc. U. S. 
 Nat, Mus. 1871>, 22(), The accidental loss of the teeth in two of the three typ^ al oxnm- 
 plea was the occasion of the establishment «)f the nominal genns (traodnn.) 
 
 •The render is advised to be cautions in the use of this key. Some ehnrncters ap- 
 pear In the adult only, and in other cases their presence is a qncstiou simply of 
 degree. 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE — CLIOLA. „ . v 1G5 
 
 ft Kclgcs of tcctli moro or less Horrak) or crnnatc ; d«r.s.il Hlightly bi^hind vcntrnls 
 
 (MoxiANA fiininl). 
 gibbosa, J'orbrsi, honina, latrenaiH, dclicioHa, aurata, formomi. 
 «• Tooth 1, 4-4, 1. 
 
 ; ^ 6. Teeth with tli« o.(lg«5s serrate or crcniito, UHually without griiuling sur- 
 
 faee. ((JVPUINKM-A (Sirard.) 
 c. Dorsal lin without couspieiious black blotch ou its upper posterior 
 rays. , 
 
 d. No couspicuouH black spot at base of caudal. 
 '^■■y e, IJody very deep, compressed, the depth foruilug about a third of 
 
 the length umbrona, bnbalina, gniinisoni. 
 
 ec. Body slenderer, the depth III— li iu length. 
 5 - auai'iH, lepida, bUlingHiana, matroHtoma, Indibunda, 
 
 dd. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal notata, reauHia. 
 
 cc. Dorsal flu elevatiMl, wilh a c()ns])icuous blai'k blot(;h ou its posterior 
 ':-j rays (oi'ten obsolete* in the young). 
 
 /.A conspicuous blacit spot at base of caudal calliura. 
 
 ff. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. 
 
 f/. Ttieth without grinding Hurfacti wlUpplel. 
 
 , gff. Teeth with narrow grinding surface aualostana. 
 
 ib. Tooth with entire edges in the adult. (Eikxjai.a Jordan.) 
 h. Teeth with narr«)w grinding surface ; anal short. 
 
 galaclura, euiiiatoma, nivea. 
 hh. Teeth without distinct grinding surface. 
 j. Anal fin short, of H or 1) rays. 
 
 k. A conspicuous dark blotch on tipper posterior rays of 
 dorsal. 
 
 I. Adult males with the fins chiefly red ; a conspicuous 
 ' black spot at base of caudal... ca/fiatta, trtc/irotsfia. 
 
 II. Adult nuiles without red. 
 
 ' • m. A very conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. 
 
 ■" HtigmalHra, 
 
 mm. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. 
 
 vwrulea, chloriHtia. 
 i.i' • - ' fcJfc. No dark blotch on upper ijostcrior pan oi dorsal. 
 
 • sonata. 
 
 jj. Anal flu long, of 10 or 11 rays; flns high. 
 ■' xwnuraf pyrrhomeluH, hgpscloptcra. 
 
 • 
 } Scales not especially deeper titan long, not closely imbricat^^d. 
 * Teeth 4-4 ; species of snuiU size. 
 
 t Teeth with grinding surface more or less dcvolopod.* {llybopak Cope, non 
 Agassi z.) 
 a. Scales in the lateral line 43 or 44. 
 
 a09. fJ. tiidltaiia (Copo) J. & a. 
 
 Form jiiul goncral appearance of ITyhorhynchus nofatus. Head ilat 
 above. Muzzle very obtiise. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Fins 
 low. Scales rather small, 27 in front of the dorsal. Olivaceous above; 
 dorsal scales narrowly black-edfjed ; no vertebral band; sides and* be- 
 low silvery ; usually a dusky band along sides, ending in a dark camlal 
 
 •Several of the species in this section are of doubtful validity, and some of them 
 may prove to belong to Ilybognalhus. 
 
 m- 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 """■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 , \_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fc' 
 
 4 
 
 - ■ * 
 
 
 
 
 A' 
 
 -■i-^-- 
 
 .,.i 
 
 .~^ 
 
 .■■i, 
 
 > U .H 
 
 
 
 
 • j' 
 
 ■■ » 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 .4 
 
 ■;f, 
 
 i? 
 
 1 
 
mum 
 
 U. .J 
 
 il^' 
 
 IGG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 ,. spot; a dark spot near the base of the dorsal in front, as in Ilyhorhyn. 
 elms. Head 4^; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-44-4; teeth 4-4, little 
 hoolced. L. 3 inches. Michigan to Indiana. _ , . 
 
 ( niihopmn tuditanm Copo, Traua. Aiucr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1S6G, 381 : Lcuciacua tiulitanm 
 Gilnthor, vii, 259.) 
 
 303. C. tsiiiroccphala (Hay) J. & G.— Bull-head Minnow. 
 
 Body stout, somewhat compressed, broad and flat above, with deep 
 caudal ])cduncle. Uead broad and flat above, with an angle at tlie 
 temporal region. Muzzle broad and obtuse, less truncate than in Ifij. 
 horhynchus notatus. Mouth rather small, horizontal, terminal, the juw.s 
 about equal, maxillary not reaching to opposite anterior margin of eye. 
 Eye large, 3.j in head. Dorsal inserted above ventrals, nearer snout 
 than caudal. Scales before dorsal small, in about L*7 series. Dusky 
 yellowish; sides silvery, with an obsolete dark lateral band, which tcr- 
 minat(\s in a black spot; a black sjmt on anterior rays of dorsal liu. 
 Depth ^.i; head 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-43-4; teeth 4-4, with grind- 
 lug surface. L. 3 inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi. 
 
 (Albiinwj)a taurocephalua Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mii8. 1880, 503.) 
 
 201. C. Iiaciiiatura (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Head moderate, tlie muzzle little obkise. Mouth larger, terminii], 
 obli<pie, the maxillary reaching the orbit. Eye 3^ in head ; temi)oral 
 region rounded. Scales rather snmll, 21 rows in front of the dorsiil. 
 Lateral line slightly decurved. Plumbeous above; head blackish; ii 
 faint dusky lateral baiul, ending in a dusky spot at root of caudal tin; 
 caudal lin dull red ; fins otherwise ^lain. Uead 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8; 
 A. 7 ; scales 7-44-4 ; teeth 4-4, little hooked. L. 3 inches. Michigan 
 
 to Illinois; not very common. • 
 
 • " 
 
 (ITi/bopaia ha'inatuvua Copo, Cypr. Pciiu. '382, 18GC: Leuciacua Itwmatuiua Giiuthcr, vii, 
 
 2^y-)" - • :■ -, ■ - ,., . V-.., -,-..•.,.-.■- ■^,.,i./., ■;.■■ ■ 
 
 aa. Scjiles in tlio latorallinc 32-37. , '■',['■',■ 
 
 205. C. sE>cctriiiicula (Cope) J. & G. - 
 
 Body elongate. Head largo and rather Hat, nearly as broad as deep 
 Eye large, 3 in head. Muzzle remarkably thick. Mouth slightly ob- 
 li(pie, the maxillarj- reaching the eye. Fifteen rows of scales in front of 
 dorsal. Olivaceous, silvery white below; a leaden baud along the sides 
 and a conspicuous black spot at base of caudal ; head dusky; margius 
 of scales above lateral line, as well aa bases of dorsal and anal lins, 
 blackish; i:ectoral8, ventrals, dorsal, and anal more or less orange iu 
 
31. CYPRINID^ — CLIOLA. 
 
 167 
 
 life. IIea(14} depth o^. D. 8; A. 9; Lat. 1. 37; teeth 4:-4. L. 3 inches. 
 Ileadwat^ii'S of IIo]stou Kivcr. {Cope.) j.j ..... i . . ,;,a, 
 
 (Ifllbopnix xpectrunculus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci, Pliiia. 1808, 231.) v". 
 
 206. C nubila (Forbes) J. & G. 
 
 Head narrow. Mouth inferior and horizontal. Lateral line anteriorly 
 (leflcxed. Eye large, 3 in head, rather longer than muzzle. Fourteen 
 scales before dorsal. Color very dark; a dark lateral baud from muzzle 
 to base of caudal ; fins all plain. Head 4^ ; depth 4. D. 8^ A. 9; scales 
 5-37-3; teeth 4-4, little hooked. L. 2^ inches. Hock lliver, Illinois. 
 
 (Albitnwps nnhilns Forbes, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hiat. ii, 56, 1878.) .3 
 
 207. ۥ frolonsas (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body slender and compressed, resembling Mlnniliis. Head convex 
 between orbits. Mouth quite oblique, the middle of the i)remaxillary 
 beiiif? opposite the line of the pupil ; maxillary not reaching to orbit. 
 Eye 3j in lunul. Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal. Lateral 
 line decurved. Olivaceous; a dark median dorsal band ; a plumbeous 
 silvery lateral shade ; cheeksr silvery ; a dark spot at base of caudal ; 
 fins plain. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-3; teeth 4-4. 
 L 2h inches. Michigan to Illinois. 
 
 (/////w;wi'^ /rc^cnsis Cope, Cypr. Ponn. 332, 18GG.) ' "^ '• ' 
 
 20S. C. "ongirosJris (Hay) .T. & G. 
 
 Form of Ericymha huccata. Head rather small. Eye shorter than 
 snout, 4 in liead. Upper jaw rounded, considerably projecting beyond 
 the lower jaw. IMouth rather large, horizontal, maxillary extending to 
 opposite anterior margin of the eye. Scales large ; about 12 large scales 
 in front of the dorsal. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout 
 and base of caudal, directly over ventrals. Pectorals not reaching 
 ventrals; the latter to vent. Straw-color, with an obs«)lete lateral baiul 
 and a narrow dorsal streak ; fins dusky. Head 4.^. 1). 8; A. 7; scales 
 4-30-3; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface. Chickasawha IJiver, Missis- 
 
 (Albiimopa lonfjirosMn Hay, Prro. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 504.) a.">, ; • • & i '/ ,/'? 
 
 a09. €. KtD'ainaGica (Coito) J. & G.—Straw-cntored Miniioit'. 
 
 Body moderately stout, little comi)ressed. Head rather broad, with 
 ronnded angles. IMouth small, inferior, horizontal. Snout very obtuse. 
 Eye largo, 3 in head. Fifteen rows of scales in front of dorsal ftn. 
 Pale olivaceous) sides little silvery; usually a darker dorsal baud ; fins 
 
 < 1 
 
 [; 
 
 r-rP 
 
 m 
 
 ■i; f. 
 
 ' ^v*! 
 
 MM 
 
tmm 
 
 iiai 
 
 ',4 ^' ■> 
 
 
 
 IK ^ : 
 
 r .■'' * 
 
 4L_1 _ 
 
 "J 
 
 it 
 
 
 1C8 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV. 
 
 all plain. TToad 4 ; dopth 5. ScaUvs 5-30-1 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inclios. 
 Ohio Valley and lake region; generally abundaiit in small streaiiis. 
 One of the most insignitlcant of all our iishos. 
 
 {lljlhoiinathits Ktraminfius Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. ISO-t, 281}: Ilyhoiim stra- 
 minciw Copp, Cypr. Pcmi. 381.) , 
 
 aiO. €. voluc«lln (Copo) J. & O. 
 
 IJody n\o(lerately stout. Head depressed, elongate, the vertex i)lano, 
 
 the muzzle elongate. Fins more ehmgatc than in most of the related 
 
 species, the pectorals reaching the ventrals. Can<lal peduncle slender. 
 
 Eye 3^ in head. Olivaceous, a slight dusky lateral shade; no dorsal 
 
 stripe; llns plain. Head 3;f; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8 ; scales 4-3 i-3; 
 
 teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inches. Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 
 (Ifjlhoijiiathiw rol ttnlliis Coi^«, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 18fi4, 283: Hi/bojyaia vohi- 
 ccllm Copy, Cypr. Pemi. 381: LeuviHCHU voliici'llus GUiithcr, vii, 200.) 
 
 211. €. inicrostoiilit (Raf.) J. & 0. 
 
 IJody elongate, the caudal peduncle not contracted. Mouth inferior, 
 horizontal, small, the maxillary not reaching the lino of the eye. Fins 
 rather short. Eye large, 3J in hetul. Fourteen scales before dorsal. 
 Preorbital bone nnich longer than deep. Olivaceous, translucent; a sil- 
 very lateral band, along which is a black speck at the origin of each 
 tube of the lateral line. 1). 8; A. 7; scales 5-33-2 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ 
 inches, "^/irginia to Kentucky. 
 
 {Mhnnliis microntomiin Raf, Iclitb. Oh. 1820,47: IlyhopsialontjiccpsCojio, Jouni. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. IMiila. 18(W, 231.) 
 
 919. C. liiicolata (Agiissiz) J. & O. 
 
 Body slender, llead short. Muzzle obtuse. Mouth slightly obli(ino, 
 the jaws e(pial, the maxillary reaching to eye. Lateral line slightly de- 
 curved. 01iva(!eous, sides silvery, with dark points along the lateral 
 line, those especially abundant along the sides of the muzzle. Head 
 41 ; depth 4| . D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 0-34-4 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2 inches. 
 Nebraska to Colorado. (Cope.) Osage River. {ApamU.) 
 
 (Albitniiis /(Hf'()?(ifHs Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Couip. ZoCd. 1803,9: rAmciMcuHliHColatusGM- 
 ther, vii, 200 : Ifyhopsi^ HCiflla Cope, llaydiMi's Ocol. Surv. Wyoni. 1872, 438.) 
 
 ai3. C. mlssHrl«Hsls (Copo) J. & G. 
 
 lh)dy stout, with large head and thick caudal po<lunclo. Mouth snb- 
 
 inferior, somewhat obliipie, end of nuixillary reaching line of orbit. 
 
 Twelve scales in front of the dorsal flu. Fins rather long. Eye large, .1 
 
 in head. Coloration very pale olivaceous; a silvery lateral band and 
 
 some dusky specks at base of caudal j no dark dorsal lino j llns plain. 
 
31. CYPRINin^E — CLIOLA. 
 
 169 
 
 Head 3;^; doptli 4.^. A. 7; Hcalcs 5-,{l-3 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inclics. 
 Missouri to the Kio Grande; probably abundant. 
 
 {llyhopHiH mlmirinmn Copo, Iliiydon's (Jcol. Hiirv. Wyoin. for 1870, 1872, 4;J7.) ■ " 
 
 911. C. prociiC ((!opo) J. & O. 
 
 IJody slcn<l<^r, with lonj; caudal pe(bin(;le. Muzzle obtuH;», Mouth 
 liorizontal, inferior, small. Thirteen rowH of scales in front of the 
 dorsal. DejJth of caudal i)eduncle one fourth its Ienj,'th. Eye largo. 
 Olivaceous ; a dark dorsal line and a plumbeous lateral band overlying 
 bliick i)iginent; IJns unspotted. Head 4^; depth 5,^. Scales f»-.'{2-3 ; 
 teeth 4-4; A. 7. Ij. 2^ inches. Delaware and Susquehanna liivers. 
 One of the smallest of the Q//>riniflffc. 
 
 {lIilhoqnathuH prnrne Cope, rroc. Acnd. Nat. 8ci. Pliila. 18G4, 271): Jlijhoima proone 
 Cope, Cypr. Pcnii. 3S5: Loudncus proono (iilnthcr, vii, 2(J0,) 
 
 ttTeoth witliouti Krindinjf suifat-'o. (Clioln.) 
 
 b, A black Hjtot ou tlio aiitcrinr odgo of the «lorsal and ono at tho haso of the caudal. 
 
 21,1. C. viirilax «. & G. 
 
 l}o«ly subfusiform, comi)res8ed, not elevated. Head conical, bluntish. 
 Mouth rather small, obli(iue, the jaws equal, the maxillary not extend- 
 ing to the eye. Eye moderate, 3^ in head. Isthmus rather broad. Fins 
 small ; the dorsal longer than high. Scales large, somewhat higher than 
 long, 1(J in a transverse series from dorsal to ventral. Color brownish ; 
 a dusky stripe composed of crowded dots .^ jng the lateral line; a black 
 spot at base of <;audal, and one on tho anterior rays of dorsal. Head 4; 
 depth 4:|. ]). 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 30; "teeth 4-4, without grinding sur- 
 face". L. 3 inches. Arkansas to Texas. {Qirard.) • ? . 
 
 (CcmlwJilhns rigilax IJuird &. Girurd, I'roc. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18."i3, :]90: Cliola 
 uyilax, vdox, and rivax (Jirard, I'ron. Acnd. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1H.'>3, 1!)2, and in U. 8. 
 Pac. U. li. Surv. x, 257,258. C. vIkox iu said to liavo scaloH "a good deal siuftUor", 
 but no data nro given. The typos of all tlirco are now lost.) 
 
 Ii/i. No black Hpot on antorior edgo of dorsal. , ; .'-■■ f 
 
 !I16. €. vlilora Jordan. 
 
 Body slender, compressed. Head rather small. Eye large, about 3 
 in head, longer than snout. Mouth rather small, quite oblique, tht 
 lower Jaw included when tho mouth is closed, tho nnixillary scarcely 
 reaching the front of orbit. Scales very large, about 12 in front of tho 
 dorsal tin ; the body entirely scaly except the thoracic region. Lateral 
 line somewhat decurved. Dorsal lln beginning directly over ventrals. 
 Color pale ; back greenish ; belly white ; side with a silveiy band ; no 
 spots on llns and no dusky or plumbeous shading ou tho body, cxce[)t 
 
mmm> 
 
 170 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 sometimes a small dark spot at base of caudal. Head 4,^ ; depth 5. ]). 
 
 7 ; A. 7 ; scales 4-35-3 ; teeth 4-4, without grinding surface. L. ^ 
 
 iuches. Upper Missouri region. 
 
 (Jord:iu, Bull. Ilaydcu's Gool, Siirv. Terr. iv,7'Jl, 1878.) -, 
 
 * * Tooth t\vo-rowo(l. ' : - ; ' 
 
 t Tooth without grinding Htirfaco. 
 
 3 1 7. C. cobitis (Grd. ) J. & G. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, compressed. Head small, 
 subconiciil, <lepressed. Mouth small, terminal, oblique, without barbels, 
 the maxillary falling far short of eje; lower jaw inch '.xl. Eye mod- 
 orate, high up, midway in head; isthmus very wide. \'entrals slightly 
 in advance of ilorsal. Fins all high. Lateral line nearly straight. Body 
 olivaceous, with dusky specks above ; a black spot at base of caiulal. 
 Head 4 ; depth 4^. 1). 8 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. Go. Teeth without griiuliiij,' 
 surface, 1, 3-3, i,fide Clirard.* L. 2^^ inches, liio Gila. {Girard.) 
 
 (Tiaroga cohilia Giravd, Proc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18oG, 204, a.ud U. S. Mex. Bound. 
 Surv. Ichth. 00: Lcuciacus coh'itw Giintlier, vii, '-247.) 
 
 218. C. sima (Copo) Jor. & Gilb. ' 
 
 Body robust. Head short and broad, with short, decurved nmzzlo. 
 Mouth large, oblique, tlie upper lip below the level of the pupil, tlio 
 maxillary extending past the front of orbit. Eye moderate, 4} in head. 
 Fins large, the dorsal well behind ventrals. Coloration entirely silvery, 
 brightest on the sides. Head 4^; depth 4]. D. 8; A. 9; scales 
 8-35-4, 22 series in front of the dorsal fln ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. U 
 inches. Eio Grande at San Ildefonso, Kew Mexico. {Cope.) 
 
 {AlburnvUus siniiis Copo, Zool. Lieut. Whoelcr's Expl. W. 100th Mor. v, 649, 187G.) 
 
 tt Tooth wiih grindiug surfaco nioro or loss developed, (lludsoniua Girard.t) 
 
 319. €. snliKlasBa Jor. &. Bra.vt. 
 
 Body eh)ngate, but less so than in G. storeriana, moderately com- 
 l)ressed. Caudal peduncle long. Head large, rather heavy and gib- 
 bous forward, the muzzle rounded in profile. Eye large, 3^ in head. 
 Mouth moderate, subinferior, the maxillary not reaching to the eye 
 Scales large, thin and loose, about 12 in front of the florsal fln. Lateral 
 line somewhat decurved in front. Fins rather small, pectorals not reticli- 
 ing to ventrals, the latter not to vent. Coloration pale olivaceous, nearly 
 
 * If this punibor of tooth i8 normal and not merely duo to accident, this epocics of 
 course does not belong to Cliola. 
 
 t Girard, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 185G, 210: typo Clupea hudaonia De Witt 
 Clinton. (The name from Hudson River.) 
 
31. CYPRINID^ CLIOLA. 
 
 171 
 
 white, v.itU traces of a plumbeous liitenil streak. Ilead 4.^ ; depth 4^. 
 ]). 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-3i)-.T ; teeth 1, 4-1, 1, two or three of the teeth oh- 
 tuse, not hooked, only one or two of them showing a masticatory sur- 
 face. L. 4 inches. 8;iutee Basin, North and South Carolina. 
 {Alburnop8 saludanm .runlan & Braytoii, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, IG, 167ti.) 
 
 280. C. stor«'rla:B:i (Kirt.) J. & CJ. 
 
 Body elongate, considerably compressed in the adult. Head quite 
 short. Muzzle blunt, decurved, shorter than the very large eye, which is 
 ',i in head. Top of head flattened, somewhat concave between orbits. 
 Greatest depth of head nearly three-fourths its length. Mouth mod- 
 erate, nearly horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary extending 
 to the eye. Lateral line nearly straight, slightly decurved anteriorly. 
 Eighteen scales before dorsal. Coloration very pale, sometimes a dusky 
 spot at base of caudal, especially in the young. Sides with a broad 
 silvery band. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter not to vent. 
 Ciiudal fin long, the lower lobe the longer, dusky, with a pale edge. 
 Head 4-; ; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-39-4; teeth 1, 4-4, or 1. L. 
 4-8 inches. (Ireat Lake region to South Carolina. One of our largest 
 minnows. Perhaps more than one species is hero included, but we fail 
 to distinguish with any certainty the Eastern amarii from the lake form 
 [storcriana), from which the above description was taken, is fii:..;v *.-,!» 
 
 {Riitilug 8lorcrianii8 Kirtland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, i,71, 1842: HudHonins amarm . 
 Giiunl, I'loc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbila. Irf.'jC), 210 : llijbopbia storerianua Copo, Cypr. Pcuu. 
 'iSG: Leiicineus stortrianua Giiuthor, vii, 250.) 
 
 221. C lllldaiOllJia (Cliutuu) J. & G.—Spawn-eatm'. 
 
 This species scarcely differs from the foregoing except in the some- 
 what darker coloration, the black caudal spot being usually distinct, 
 and in the dentition, several specimens examined having the teeth 2, 
 4-4, 1, instead of 1, 4-4, 0, as in the preceding. The proportions, scales, 
 and lin-rays seem to be the same, and the form of the head and mouth 
 do not essentially difler. Streams coastwise, New York to Virginia. 
 
 (Chipra hmUonia Do Witt Clinton, Ann, Lye. Nat, Hist. N, Y. i, 49, 1824: HwUonius 
 //i(rm/i7('« Ginu'd, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci, Phi la. 185(5, 210: i/j/l»oj)8i« /lurfaomu*' Cope, Cypr. 
 ronn. 386: Leutiacus hudaoniua GUntbcr, vii, 250.) 
 
 222. C. curyopn (Boan) J. & G. 
 
 Silvery, with a bljick lateral band. Eye large, 3 in head. Head 4| ; 
 depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales C-38-5 j teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grind- 
 ing surface. Savanilah Eiver. 
 
 {Iliukoniua curyopa lieuu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1879, 285.) 
 
 :■ .■I 
 
^riafa 
 
 172 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 5$ Scalis (locpcr than long, very closely imbricated along sides of tlio body. 
 * T«!cth 4-4. 
 
 t Edges of teeth entire. {Codoma.*) 
 
 t Teeth with grinding surface developed. 
 
 233. C. Iris (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body deep, compressed, as in Gyprinella. Dorsal outline well arched. 
 Month moderate, oblique, the jaws subequal. Eye moderate, 4 in head. 
 Scales very narrowly exposed on the sides, the lateral line decurved. 
 Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal fin, which is inserted behind 
 ventrals ; pectoral lin reaching ventrals ; ventrals reaching anal ; dorsal 
 and caudal short. Males in spring with the snout in front tuberculate. 
 Color bright, clear green above ; a green band extending down behind 
 operculum ; head and belly vermilion-red ; a large, square vermilion spot 
 behind the green scapular stripe. Lower lius crimson ; caudal vermil- 
 ion ; dorsal olivaceous, unmarked. Females plain olivaceous and sil- 
 very. Ilead 3i| ; depth 3\. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 5-33-3 ; teeth 4-4. L. 
 2^ inches. Upper Kio Grande. The most brilliantly colored lish iu 
 New Mexico. [Cope.) 
 {riypailepis ids Cope, Wheeler's Expl. W. lOOtli Mer. v, G53, 1876.) 
 
 9584. C.Jiiif alls (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Form stout, compressed. Back much elevated, descending steeply to 
 the end of the muzzle. Upper jaw rather the longer, maxilLary reach- 
 ing beyond the front of the orbit. Eye moderate, 4^ in head. Pectorals 
 nearly reaching ventrals. Sides and lower fins milky white ; a dusky 
 shade on dorsal fin ; a broad dark vertical bar behind head ; a dusky 
 shade on the side between ventrals and anal. The coloration, therefore, 
 essentially that of tiie species of the group Photogenis. Head 4 ; dei)tli 
 3. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 7-34-4 ; teeth 4-4 (said to be 1, 4-4, 1 in young 
 specimens), with rather narrow grinding surface. L. 2J inches. Mis- 
 souri River and Arkansas River. (Cope.) 
 
 (Moniana jiigalk Cope, Haydeu's Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 1872, 439.) 
 
 tt Teeth without grinding surface. 
 
 a. Dorsal liu inserted notably behind ventrals; head very short and blunt, al- 
 most round. 
 aSS5. C. vittata(Grd.) J. &G. ' - .— ••-^r ^- .. w . - 
 
 Body rather stout, heavy anteriorly, with long caudal peduncle ; the 
 back not arched. Head blunt and heavy, but less gibbous than in V. 
 ornata. Mouth moderate, quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching to 
 the eye. Eye rather small, nearly 5 in head. Scales rather small. 
 
 * r-irard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 194 : type Codoma vittata Grd. (A coined 
 name.) 
 
31. CYPBINIDiE — CLIOLA. 
 
 173 
 
 Fins low. Lateral line somewhat deciirved. Color dark above, below 
 
 this a silvery baud, aud be'.ow this a dusky shade ; has in the typical 
 
 siKMiiniens plain. Head 4^ depth ilj. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 53. L. 3 inches. 
 
 Valley of Mexico. v. 
 
 {Codoma viltata Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 195, and U. S. Mox. Bound. 
 Siirv. Ichth. 5;J.) 
 
 220. C. ornata (Gnl.) J. & G. 
 
 JJody stout and compressed, the head verj' blunt, thick, and rounded. 
 
 Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the jaws equal. Eye large, anterior, 3| 
 
 in head. Scales deep, closely imbricated, the lateral line decurved. 
 
 Dorsal a little behind ventrals. Fins all rather small. Snout prickly 
 
 ill the spring males. Color dark; sides with about 8 more or less 
 
 conspicuous cross-bars ; fins all with the middle part dusky or black, 
 
 the tips milk-white, the pectorals and the anal notably so. Head 4^ ; 
 
 depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 39; teeth 4—4. L. 2^ inches. Chihuahua. 
 
 {Codoma ornata Giraid, Proc. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185C, 195, and U. S. Mox. Bound. 
 Siirv. Iclith. 53.) 
 
 fl(j. Dorsal fin inserted directly over vontrals ; head moderate, subconic. 
 327. C. calliscma Jordan. 
 
 Body rather elongate, fusiform, comi)ressed. Head elongate, the 
 muzzle rath jr blunt, projecting over the moderate-sized, obliiiue mouth ; 
 maxillary not reaching to opposite the eye. Eye moderate, 4^ in head. 
 Scales firm, closely imbricated, 15 in front of the dorsal. Dorsal fin 
 extremely high; its height in the males one-fourth of the length of the 
 body, in the females somewhat lower ; its insertion almost directly over 
 the first ray of the ventrals. In all the other similarly colored species of 
 Cliola the dorsal is evidently behind the ventrals. Coloration brilliant, 
 clear dark blue above, sides and below abruptly silvery; a blue lateral 
 streak, much as in G. ccerulea, bounding the blue of the upper parts, the 
 white i)igment of the lower parts looking as if painted over the blue. 
 Dorsal with a large black spot on its last rays above. Dorsal, anal, and 
 caudal with the usual Latin-white pigment at their tips ; these fins other- 
 wise of a clear, bright ferruginous orange. Females slender and dull- 
 colored. Head 4 ; <lepth 4| . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales C-39-3 ; teeth 4-4. L. 
 2f inches. Ocmulgee Iliver, Georgia. An elegant fish, allied to the 
 species of Erogala. .:.;,i w 
 
 {Epiaema callinema Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 363: Codoma calUsema 
 Jordan, Bull. II. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52.) ,.. v , 
 
 tt Edges of teeth more or less serrate or crenate ; dorsal fin slightly betind ventrals. 
 (Moniana Girard.*) . 
 
 * Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199 : type Leudacua lutrenata B. & G. (A 
 coined name.) 
 
 .!;■■ 
 
 \mM 
 
 ■•\'i 
 
 ■<('^ 
 
174 coNTRinmoxs to noutii American ichtiivology — •■ 
 
 'I 
 
 9'iM. €. Kil»l»OMn (Ord.) J- >V G. 
 
 IJody oxtrrmoly tUw]) ami coinprossod, tlio back inncli arclicd, cspo. 
 
 ]»o<'ially anteriorly. Ih'ad .sliort, Miint and drcp, Ihr pr(»lih> <'(nitiiinnii.s 
 
 from 11m» siicmt to tluMK'cipiil willioiit aiij^hi. Mii//.N^ Mlioit aii<l bliiiit. 
 
 Eye small, .'{/ in li«'a<l. Month «piit«i snuill, very obliqnc; the nppcr lip 
 
 on the level of the pnpil, tlu» maxillary not extemlin;;" qnite to the oiltjt. 
 
 Seah's lar;je, the lateral line very inneh «le<'nrve<l. Doi'sal tin \v<'ll Ik.. 
 
 hin<i ventrals; lower tins rather lar;;e, tln' peet«)rals nearly reaiihin;,' 
 
 ventrals, tho latter to vent. IMnish above; sides silvery; lower tins 
 
 milky; a more or less «lis(in(!t black spot betwe«'n the rami of the lower 
 
 Jaw. jMales tnbercniate in sprinfj. Head 4; depth 2^. D. 8} A. !>; 
 
 scales (U'U-3 ; teeth 4-4. Ij. L»v inches. KMo (Jrandc. ' 
 
 {.Uonianii nihhoHit (i'lviivd, Vvar. Afiul. Xiil. Sci. Phila. lHr»(», 'iOl : CjumndUi complditaia 
 Jonltin, Hull. Maydni'sOeol. Siirv. Torr. iv, 3,()(ir), 1^78.) 
 
 *2''29.V.f ovhcsi.hmhiw.— ForhiH's nrd-Ji.ih. 
 
 l.ody oblonji', elevated, stronji^ly conn>ressed, the back arched. Caudal 
 pcdnncle rather slender. Head stont and deep, its npper ontline do- 
 ])ressed, the napeelevate«l, forming an au{?le, so that the protile is some, 
 what concave. Month rather large, qnite obliqne, the lower jaw in- 
 elndcd. Eye small, 4 in head. Lateral lino stronj"- lecnrved. Tliir 
 teen ^-scales in front of dorsal. IVlales profnsely tii late in sprin;";. 
 
 Colors in life brilliant, steel-blue; the lower region silvery; tho belly 
 orange-red in the males; a eonspicnous violet-colored crescent behind 
 the shoulders, followed by a erimsou crescent; tins reddish, the anal 
 and caudal blood-red; chin without black spot. Head l^x depth .'?. 
 D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-;}r)-2 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2} inches. Streams of Soulli- 
 erii Illinois. Very near the preceding, but distinguished by the form of 
 the protile and the coloration, r i • v ,! .-v z: ? i?.* :; 
 
 {('Upriiulh forhvM Jordan, Hull. Ills. State Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 57, 1878.) 
 
 330, €. leoBiBiia (Gnl.) J. A- G. . 
 
 Body rather short and deep, compressed, with long caudal peduncle 
 
 Head moderate, tho snout subconical, moderately pointed. ]\lonth 
 
 rather large, obli<pie, the nuixillary scarcely extending to the orbit. 
 
 Eye moderate, 4 in head. Lateral lino decurved. Head 4J; depth ^. 
 
 D. 0; A. 0; Lat. L 40. L. 3.]^ inches. Rivers of Texas and Northern 
 
 Mexico. {Girard.) 
 
 (.l/onmna leonitia, conqilanata, and frigida Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 
 11)9,200.) 
 
31. CYPRINIlhi: — CLIOLA. ; ' ' -^ 175 
 
 9»1. C. IntrvuHlu (B. A fJ.) J. * O. - '" ' * * * — 
 
 I'.cmIv liUluT sluut iiiid tlii<'IvH«»t, the back not ^rirntly arelicd. Fload 
 nitluT heavy, the nm/zhi hhmt. Month inoihMat*', the jaws equal, tho 
 iiiiixillar.v not reaehinj;- orhit. Tiateral line deeurviMl. IIea(13i; depth 
 ,1',. I). 7; A.J); Lat.I..'M»; lli seaUi.s in a trunsverso Heries. ArKansas 
 and Ked IJivt^rs. {(Jirard.) 
 
 (/,«'MdwH» liilrrnniH IJjiird «.St (Jimrd, I*n>c. Arud. Nat. Sci. IMiila. IH.'):{,;UH: Moniatia 
 liilrrn in jiiid iiiilrlitlla (iiiiird, I'roc, Aciid. Nut. Sci. I'liila. IHoO, IIR), yuO: Lvuiiscuii 
 liilnimn GiiatliiT, vii,2.^t<.) 
 
 iilii. €'. «lnliri4»jiin (Ciid.) J. & G. 
 
 liody t'lliptieal, nioih'rately eotnprossed. Head .shortish, rather Idnnt, 
 tlic protih' tbnninf; an «'ven (Mirve. Mouth nioih'rate, oblique, the niax- 
 
 lot 
 
 •J I 
 
 to th 
 
 Lateral li 
 
 ,'hat «h 
 
 d. E 
 
 ary not rc^aeiiuifj to iiu^ (\ve. jjaterai inu» soin<'\vnaf «ie«!urve 
 iiKxh'rate, .iJ in head. Scales rather larjje. Head 4; depth . '5 J. 1). 8; 
 A. H; Lat. 1. .'J.'J. L. 2^ inches. Streains in the, Uio (Irande region. (6'i- 
 rnrd.) More than one .species nuiy be hen^ indudeji, but, if so, they can- 
 not bo re(^ojjni/.ed from Dr. (linird's descrii>tions. Of all of Girard'8 
 Moniaufv the types of <Jnly lutrcnniH ',\w\ proKerpina ^iii^\ now be found. 
 
 {MoiiiaiKi fUiiriosa , proHcrjnna, hrlaUH midii, rulila, nitida, uud yradUn Ciirard, Proc. 
 Atiiil. Nat. Sci. rhila. lHr)(i, l'JU-201.) 
 
 233. C. atirntR (Hid.) .T. & O. 
 
 IJody subfnsiConn, compressed, little elevated. Cautlal peduncle 
 rather slender. Head rather blunt aiid heavy. Mouth small, obliipui, 
 the upi)er Jaw projectinj;, msixillary not reachiuf; to the eye; upper lip 
 helow the level of the pupil. Lateral line little decurved. A dusky 
 str(>iik alou}? sides. Head ?>']', depth 4. T). 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 37. L. 2J 
 inches. Pi(!drapainte, New JMexieo. {Girard.) 
 
 {Momana anrata Vm\. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. ISrjCi, 200.) , • ^ ; '• 
 
 ■.' ' '■■(''■'.■ 
 231. <Morinosn (Girard) J. & G. 
 
 l?()dy elli])tlCj conpressed. Head small, rather slender and pointed. 
 Month moderate, oblique, the maxillary barely reaching orbit; upi)er 
 lip oil the level of the pupil. Eye larjLje, 4 in head. Lateral line de- 
 curved. Scales small. Dorsal tin rather high. Head 4J; depth 3;]. 
 D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 40. L. 2J inches. Kio Mimbres, Mexico. {Oirard.) 
 If wo msiy trust Girard's figure, this species is well distinguished by tho 
 small size of tho scales. 
 
 {Moniana/ormosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 201.) 
 
 *«.*■ 
 
 !i^' 
 
 -i/ll 
 
 'til 
 
 t:'1 
 
 : " -^^1 
 
 ; ,*:J: 
 
iMHOi 
 
 """"^'""'^'■^ 
 
 176 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 •• Teeth 1, 4-4, 1. 
 
 6. Teeth witl' edgea more or less serrate orcrenate (usually without grinding sur- 
 face). {Cyprinella QiTiiTA.'*) * < 
 
 c. Dorsal fin without conspicuous black l>lotch on its upper posterior rays. 
 d. No conspicuou > black spot at base of caudal. 
 
 e. Body very deep, compressed, the depth forming about a third of 
 the length. , , 
 
 335. C. umbrosa ^Grd.) J, & G. ?.. ;:':i. ; . j- 
 
 Body short, the back very much arched. Caudal peduncle robust. 
 
 Head sliort and deep, bhmtish. Eye large, 4 in head. Mouth moderate, 
 
 quite oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary nearly reaching the 
 
 fron'c of the eye ; the upper lip on the level of the pupil. Lateral line 
 
 decurved. Fins rather low. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4^; 
 
 depths. P. 8 ; A. 9 J scales 8-42-5. L. Scinches. Arkansas, etc. {Gi- 
 
 rard.) 
 
 (Ci/imnella umhrosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 197, and U. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Surv.x,26(5.) 
 
 Si36. C. biibalina (B. & G.) J. i& G. 
 
 Form of the preceding, but the caudal peduncle slender. Eye large, 
 
 3i in head. Jaws equal. Lateral line decurved. This species appears 
 
 to differ from the preceding chiefly in its larger scales. Head 4 ; depth 
 
 3. D. 8; A.9} scales 6-3(J-3. L. 3 inches. Bed Eiv^er, Arkansas. {Qi- 
 
 rard.) 
 
 {Lenciacna huhalinua B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 391 : Cyprinella buha- 
 Una Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 365 : CypriiuUa beckicithi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila. 1856, 207.) 
 
 S3Y. €. gunnisoni (Grd.) J. & G 
 
 Body short and compressed, the back arched, but less so than in tlie 
 preceding. Head small. Caudal peduncle moderate. Maxillary reach- 
 ing nearly to eye. L>e moderate, 3j^ in head. Ventrals in advance of 
 dorsal. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4J; depth 3. D. 8; A.9; 
 Lat. 1. 34. L. 2J inches. Cottonwood Creek, Utah. 
 
 ee. Body «len<l«>rer, the depth 3J-4i in length. 
 
 23§. C. simvis (Grd.) J. &. G. 
 
 Body short, compressed, the back slightly arched. Mouth oblique. 
 Eye 4 in head. Maxillary not quite reaching eye. Scales moderate. 
 Lateral line gently curved. Coloration plain in spirits. " By its gen- 
 eral form and appearance this species establishes a transition between 
 
 • Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1856, 196 : type LetidecM bubalinua Baird & 
 Girard. (Latin cj/j)rinella, a little carp.) 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE — CLIOLA. 
 
 177 
 
 the deep aud slender species." Head4J; depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 9. San 
 Antonio, Texas. (Oirard.) 
 
 ((,'//;»-ine^/a 6ttam'« Girard.Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei.Pbila. 1856, 197.) >■ < 
 
 239. C. lepida (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Tiody stout, fusiform. Caudal peduncle robust. Head heavy. Snout 
 rather blunt. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching quite to eye. 
 Eye moderate, 4 in head. Lateral line decurved. Scales larger than 
 ill any of the preceding. Colors plain in spirits. HeadSJ; depth Sljf. 
 I), 8 5 A. 9 ; scales G-34-4. Eio Frio, Texas. (Oirard.) 
 
 {Ciipriiivlla hjnda Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 197, and U. S. Pac. K. R. Sun-. 
 
 240. C. billingsiana (Cope) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Body stout, fusiform. Mouth slightly oblique, the jaws equal, max- 
 illary reaching orbit. Eye 3J in head. Dorsal considerably behind 
 veutrals. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; 
 scales G-31-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2 inches. Missouri Elver, at Saint 
 Joseph. {Cope.) " Dedicated to Joshua Billings, esq., author of origi- 
 uiil observations on * The Briny Codfish '." 
 
 (Cypriiiclla biUing8iana Cope, Haydcn's Geo!. Surv. Terr. Wyom. 1870, 1872, 439.) 
 
 211. €. macrostoma (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Body slender, the form being like that of the stouter species of Minni- 
 
 lu8. Head moderate. Mouth rather large for the genus, oblicpie, the 
 
 maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye large. Lateral lino somewhat 
 
 dcciu'ved. Dorsal behind ventrals. Brownish above ; cheeks and sides 
 
 bright silvery. Head 4 ; depth 4J. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 3G. Eio Grande 
 
 region. 
 
 {( Uliriiwllamaoi'ostoma, luxiloidca, andlugubriB Girai'd, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Pbila. 
 18:)(), 198,199.) 
 
 213. €. ludibunda (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Vm\y elongate, subfusiform. Caudal peduncle slender. Eye large, 
 3 ill head. Snout subconical. Mouth nearly horizontal, small, the max- 
 illary not ext^ending to the eye. Silvery; lateral line with black dots. 
 Cottonwood Creek, Utah. {Gira"d.) A dubious species, apparently 
 distinguished from the preceding by the small horizontal mouth. 
 
 {CilprincUa ludihinda G.d. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199.) 
 
 (W, A coiLsplcuous black spot at baao of caudal. 
 
 213. C. notata (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 B(,dy stoutish, subfuaiform. Caudal peduncle slender. Eye moder- 
 ate, 3^ in head. Snout bluntlsh. Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 12 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 T! 
 
'™— "■"■'™^-"" 
 
 178 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 not reaching to the eye. Vcntrals in advance of dorsal. Fins moderate. 
 
 (yoloration plain in spirits, except the black caudal spot ; sides silvery. 
 
 Head 4J; depth 3§. D. 8 ; A. 7 5 Lat. 1. 46. Rio Seco, Texas. {Girard.) 
 
 {Cypnndla notaia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 198, and U. S. Pac. R. it. 
 Surv. X, 209.) 
 
 244. C. vcnusta (Grd.) J. «& G. 
 
 Body slender, as in C. macrostoma. Head long and rather pointed 
 the snout subfonical. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary scarcely 
 reaching to the eye. Eye large, 3^ in head. Fins moderate ; the dor- 
 sal behind ventrals. Coloration plain in spirits, except the caudal spot ; 
 sides mostly silvery. He.ad 4^- ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 7-37-,'{ 
 (36 in type of C. texana). Rivers of Texas. 
 
 {Cyprinella venusta and texana Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 198, and U. 
 S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtli. 54,55.) , " 
 
 cc. Dorsal fin elevated, with a conspicuous black blotch on its upper posterior rays 
 (obsolete in young examples). 
 /. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. 
 
 245. C callinra Jordan. 
 
 Body elongated, compressed, elevated in the middle, the profde be- 
 fore the dorsal curved. Snout projecting, forming a decided angle. 
 Head convex above, densely tuberculate in the males. Muzzle rather 
 pointed, overhanging the oblique mouth. Eye 4 iu head, less than muz- 
 zle and interorbital width. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind v(!n- 
 trals. Lateral line strongly decurved, usually forming an abrupt flexine 
 just in front of the ventrals. Color in spirits pale silvery, the dorsal and 
 caudal blotches very strongly marked. Head 4f ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 
 8 ; scales 6-44-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 4^ inches. Rivers of Alabama 
 and Louisiana. 
 
 {CyprincUa callmr„ Jordar*, Bull. U. S. Nat. Miis. x, Gl,, 1877.) 
 
 ff. No conspiciiona black spot at base of caudal fin. 
 !l. Teeth without grinding surface. 
 
 tl46. C. Whipple! (Grd.) .Tor. & Gilb. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, subfusiform. Caudal pedimclo stoutisli. 
 Head shortish, rather pointed. Eye large, 4 iu head. Mouth little 
 oblique, the lower jaw included, maxillary reaching to anterior lim of 
 tijo orbit I upper lip on a line with lower border of orbit. Dorsal lin 
 very nearly oi)posite ventrals, greatly elevated, its height in the uiiile 
 more than one-fourth the length ; anal fin large. Lateral line little de- 
 curved. Coloration iu alcohol plain, excei>t the conspicuous dorsal 
 
 a. Teeth with 
 
31. CYPRINID^— CLIOLA. 
 
 179 
 
 spot; probably brilliant in life. Head 4^; depth 3^. D. 8; A. 9; 
 
 ficales 6-40-4. Sugar-loaf Oreek, Arkansas. {Oirard.) 
 
 {Ciiprinella wJiipplei Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 198, and U. S. Pac. R. 
 
 K. Siirv. x,270.) 
 
 (/(/. Teeth with narrow grinding surface. {Phc'ogenls Cope,*) ' 
 
 247. C. analostana (Grd.) J. & G.—Silver-fin. : v'»j , 
 
 Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the dorsal and ven- 
 tral outlines regularly and gently arched. Head rather short and deep. 
 Month rather small, quite oblique, the lower jaw received within the 
 upper when the mouth is closed. Eye small, 4J in head. Leaden sil- 
 very, bluish in the males; edges of scales dusky ; a dark vertebral line; 
 a large black spot on the ui)per T)osterior part of the dorsal. Paired 
 fins and lower i)art of belly, as well as the tips of the anal and caudal, 
 and the front and upper parts of the dorsal, charged with clear satin- 
 white pigment in males in the spring ; in full breeding dress the dorsal 
 pigment with a greenish lustre; no creamy band at base of caudal; 
 males with the head and front covered with small tubercles. Head 4 J; 
 depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-38-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, the edges more 
 or less distinctly serrate. L. 4 inches. Pennsylvania and Central New 
 York to Missis8ipi)i Valley ; abundant. 
 
 {Cjiprinclla analoHtana GiriiVil,ProK, Acad.. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1859, 38: LuxUua kcntudci- 
 mm Kirthind, Bost;. Jourii. Nat. Hist, v, 27 (not. of Raf.) : IlijpaUepia kcntiickiensia Cope, 
 Cypr. Pemi. 371 : Leuviticus analoHtannit Giinthor, vii,25(): l'hoto/fi',niii8 Hpilop^enis Coim, 
 C'ypr. I'cnn. 378: Lcuciscus spilojjtttriis iii\ut\wr,\'\i,2^t4.) 
 
 bl). Teeth with entire edges (in tlie adt It). (Erof/ala .hndnnA) 
 h. Teeth with a narrow grinding surface ; anal sliort. 
 
 24§. C. galactura (Cope) J. & G.—MUky-lailed Shiner. 
 
 Body fusiform, moderately elongate, not greatly compressed. Mouth 
 rather large, jaws nearly horizontal, the upper projecting beyond the 
 lower. Scales less closely imbricated than in the preceding. Lateral 
 line little decurved. Eye snuill. Steel blue above, silvery below ; dorsal 
 with a black blotch on its posterior rays; caudal fln conspicuously 
 creamy yellow at base, then dusky. JNIales with the belly, paired lius, 
 and especially the tips of the vertical fins charged with milk-white pig- 
 niont iu the spring, the head and front then covered with small tubercles. 
 In high coloration the anal and caudal are sometimes pale reddish. Fe- 
 
 •Cope, Cypr. Penn. 1800, 378: type Photogeim Kpilopt'ntg Cope = Cj/j>rin«fia a»a}o- 
 stana iiid. (0()f, light; yfwdw, to he horn.) ; , •, 
 
 t. Jordan, P'.ill. U. 8. Nat. Mub. xii, 20, 1H78: type Photiujcnis stlgrnafurua Jor. {i)p, 
 8l)riiig-liuio ; ya2,a, milk.) , 
 
 ■■■''*? :. 
 
 >1 * ! 
 
 ft- 
 
 Hi 
 
 hi' 
 
 ri 
 -1. 
 
 :1 
 
 
 .-1 
 
 If I 
 
afHB^ 
 
 •«,' ^M 
 
 180 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETU AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 In(lIe^< olivaceous, obacurely marked. Head 4^ ; depth 4J. D. 8 ; A. 8- 
 scales (J-41-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, usually with entire edges. L. 5-6 inches. 
 Cumberland lliver to Savannah Itiver; abundant in the mountain 
 streams. Known by its large size and the peculiar yellowish band 
 across tlie caudal. 
 
 ( [{i/p'tiltpw (jalaoturus Copo, Proc. Acad. Nsit. Sci. Philrt. 18G7, IGO : LeuciHCua keutuclij. 
 ennis OiitiMu'r, vii,2r>l.) 
 
 JI49. C eurystoina Jordan. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, tapering toward the snout and the long 
 caudal peduncle. Head moderate, larger than in C. nivea, rather 
 pointed, wide on top; snout rather long. Muzzle large, quite obli(iue, 
 the premaxillaries on the level of the pupil ; upper jaw slightly the 
 longer. Eye moderate, 3.J in head. Scales moderate, rather closely 
 imbricated, but less so than in C. analosfana. Pectorals not rea(;hing 
 ventrals, the latter about to vent ; vertical fins not especially elevated. 
 Color olivaceous, the sides bright silvery, a round black spoi nearly 
 as large as eye, at base of caudal ; dorsal blotch rather faint ; dorsal 
 fin chiefly yellowish green, ferruginous above, the extreme tip milky 
 white; caudal fin rusty, with milk-white tips; lower fins milk-white. 
 Snout and front in males tuberculate ; minute tubercles on sides of 
 tail. Head 4^; depth 4.V. D. 8; A. 8; scales 0-30-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, 
 with narrow grinding surfaces, the edges of which are usually crenatc. 
 L. 3^-4 inches. Chattahoochee River. 
 
 {rhotoginiin eurjistomiiH Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187fi, JJSfi, r xclusivc of tlio 
 smaller Hpccinicus nitMitionod, which are Minnilus zonMiuH; not Codoma curynfoma Jor- 
 dan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. xii, H:^ Minniliis zouiHtiitu : Photofieniii hucopua Jordan & 
 Bray ton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xli, 41, 1878. ) . , 
 
 a.10. C. nivca (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body regularly fusiform, the dorsal outline ijiore arched than the 
 
 ventral. Head conic. IMuzzle obtuse, not projecting. IMouth nearly 
 
 terminal, slightly oblique, maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye of, in 
 
 head. Coloration very pale, a narrow bluish band along the caudal 
 
 l>edun(!le, forming a faint spot at the root of the caudal. Dorsal liii in 
 
 the males considerably elevated, largely dusky on its last rays, the rest 
 
 of the flu creamy; the tips of the dorsal, the tips of the caudal, and tho 
 
 whole of the anal with milk-white pigment. Males with the snoui and 
 
 ante-dorsal region cov(?red with small tubercles. Head 4.5 ; depth 5^. 
 
 I). 8; A. 8; scales 0-3{>-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grinding sur- 
 
 face. L. 2i inches. Basin of the Santee, North and South Carolina. 
 
 {Itybopsia nii'euH Cope, Troe. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870,460: Photogcnia «»i'f«« Jor- 
 dan & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nut. Mus. xii, W.) 
 
31. CYPRINID^ — CLIOLA. 
 
 181 
 
 m. Teoth withont distinct grindiiifj anrface. 
 j. Anal fin short, of H or 9 rays. 
 
 A;. A conspiciioiiH dark blotch on upper pop.terior rays of dorsal. 
 
 I. Adult males with the vertical fins chiefly rod; a consiiicuous black 
 spot at base of caudal. ... 
 
 !tSl. €. cnlli«itia Jordan. 
 
 Body rather stout and compressed, rati cr Iieavy forward, the dorsal 
 outline considerably elevated. Head stout and rather blunt, its upper 
 part flfittish ; the nuptial tubercles not numerous, arranged in a ftnv dis- 
 tinct longitudinal rows, not scattered without order, as in related species. 
 Month large, nearly horizontal, slightly overlapi)ed by the heavy snout, 
 the maxillary reaching nearly to the eye, the premaxillaries anteriorly en- 
 tirely below the level of the orbit. Eye large, 3 J in head. Scales large, 
 not very closely imbricated, 16 in front of dorsal. Fins rather large, 
 tue height of the dorsal in males nearly one-fifth of length of body. 
 Coloration dark and brilliant. Males with the back very dark steel- 
 blue; sides a clear silvery violet; belly and lower fins satin- white. A 
 lieavy black blotch on posterior part of dorsal, extending downward and 
 forming a horizontal bar at the base of the fin ; the rest of the fin ver- 
 milion, except the milk-white tip. Caudal fin bright red, yellowish at 
 base, milky at tip ; a broad golden vertebral band and a reddish lateral 
 streak ; a large, distinct, round black spot at base of caudal. Females 
 olivaceous, with less black ; the fins dull reddish. Head 41; depth 4*. 
 1).8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3 ; teeth 1,4-4, 1. L. 4 inches. Alabama Basin. 
 
 (Photoffenia caUiHUna .Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 337 : Codoma calliatia Jor- 
 dan, Hull. U.S. Nat. Mu8.xii, 5a.) 
 
 'H*l. C. trichroiiDtia Jor. & <]lilb. 
 
 Body rather slender, compressed. Ilead slender and pointed. Eye 
 moderate, 3:f in head. Mouth quite large, \'ery oblique, the uuixillary 
 reaching the anterior uuirgiu of the eye, the premaxillaries on the level 
 of the middle of the pupil. Lateral line considerably decurved, usually 
 with an abrupt angulation between pectorals and ventrals. Nineteen 
 scales before the dorsal. Fins moderate ; dorsal well behind ventrals. 
 Nuptial tubercles sparse on the head. Caudal peduncle and sides as 
 far forward as the ventrals tuberculate in spring males. Males bright 
 steel-blue above ; sides bright white ; a large black spot at base of cau- 
 dal, precisely as in C. callutia ; dorsal fin with abroad, dusky, horizon- 
 tal band at base, the mend)raue of the last rays jet-black, the tip milk- 
 white, the rest of the fin of a bright, i)ale vermilion-red ; caudal rosy, 
 it« tips white ; anal and ventrals nnlky. Fcnuiles duller, but the black 
 niark^iga distinct. Head 4| j depth 4^ ; scales 6-42-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. 
 
 f 
 
 :^F1- 'hi 
 
 si 
 i I' 
 
 V. 
 
 I «■ 
 
 r.m 
 
?"W 
 
 )H.I 
 
 I 
 
 182 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 L. 3^ inches. Alabama Basin ; abundant in clear streams, with the 
 preceding and the next. 
 
 {Codoma trichroUttia Jorduu &, Gilbert, BuU.U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1878, r)0.) 
 
 II. Adult males without red. 
 
 m. A very conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. J. '; i, 
 
 253. C« stigfmatnra. Jordau. — Spotted-tail Minnow. 
 
 Body elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head quite long, rounded 
 above, the snout pointed. Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, oxer 
 lapped by the narrow upper jaw. Eye small, 4J in head ; iris white. 
 Maxillary reaching beyond uostrils; premaxillary on the level of lower 
 edge of pupil. Scales large, closely imbricated, 20 in front of the dor- 
 sal. Fins low, the dorsal rather behind ventrals, its height less than 
 one-fifth the length of the body. Color pale, clear olive ; black dorsal 
 spot not very distinct ; fins with their tiiis charged with satin- white 
 pigment, otherwise plain ; a very distinct, large, oblong or quadrate jet- 
 black spot at base of caudal, the color extending up on the rays. This 
 spot is visible on all specimens, and is larger than in any other of our 
 Cyprinidce; its length about one-third that of the head. First ray of 
 dorsal dark in front; males with an obsolete black spot on the middle 
 of the sides in front of the dorsal, as is often seen in Characinid(c, the 
 head, etc., tuberculate in spring. Head 4 J ; depth 4:^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; 
 scales 7-42-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 4^ inches. Alabama and Mississippi; 
 very abundant. The largest species of this section of the genus and 
 one of the most graceful. 
 
 (Photogenic atigmaturua Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 3.37 ; Codoma stigma- 
 tura Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52 : LuxiluH chicasavenaiH Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 1880,506.) 
 
 mm. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. • ' 
 
 954. €. crorulea Jordan. > • < r 
 
 Body fusiform, somewhat elongate, moderately compressed. Head 
 moderate. Snout rather pointed, overlapping the small, obliqne montli, 
 maxillaries reaching nostrils, premaxillaries below level of pupil. Eye 
 moderate, 3J in head. Scales firm, 15 in front of dorsal. L.^terul line 
 decurved. Fins all high, the height of the dorsal nearly one-fifth the 
 length of the fish; dorsal behind ventrals. Males with the snout 
 thickly tuberculate. Color bright steel-blue; the sides an<\ belly sil 
 very white ; a very distinct lateral baud of a bright blue-grten color, 
 most distinct posteriorly, and forming a spot at the base of tlu^ caudal 
 flu; dorsal blotch rather faint and diffuse; tips of dorsal, aual, and 
 
 ifc. No dark b: 
 
31. CYPBINID^ — CLIOLA. 
 
 183 
 
 caudal charged with satin- white pigment ; the fins otherwise all of a 
 
 clear, bright yellow. Females and young with the markings obscure, 
 
 the blue lateral band usually evident. Head 4^; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 
 
 8; scales 6-38-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Alabama Basin. 
 
 (Vhotogenis cceruleua Jordan, Aim. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 338: Codoma caerulea Jor- 
 dan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. xii, 52, 1878. ) 
 
 255. C eliloristia Jordau & Drayton. 
 
 Body short and deep, strongly compressed, the form elliptical, as in 
 C. pyrrhomelm, but rather deeper. Ilead rather small and pointed. 
 Mouth quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit, 
 the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, premaxillary on the level of 
 the pupil. Eye small, less than snout, 4 in head. Lateral line decurved. 
 Fins moderate. Nuptial tubercles covering the whole body, except the 
 space anterior to the ventrals and below the lateral line; those on the 
 body much smaller than those on the head. Coloration dark steel-blue; 
 a very distinct blue stripe along each side of caudal peduncle ; back clear 
 green ; lower part of sides abruptly milk-white; black dorsal blotch large, 
 the lower part of the tin with bright i>ale-green i)igment, the tip milky ; 
 caudal dusky, its tips milky, its base pale ; anal and veutrals milky, a 
 taint dusky spot on last rays of anal ; iris white. Females slenderer and 
 less brightly colored ; no caudal spot. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 7 ; A. 8 ; 
 scales 5-37-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Santee Basin, South Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 (Codoma chhristia Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 21, 1878.) 
 
 Hi. No dark blotch on upper posterior part of dorsal. , , 
 
 356. C. zonata (Agassiz) Jor. & Gill). ' ■ • >^' - - : nii. ■ . - v'l ;,'u"?r 
 
 Physiognomy of Ceratichthys dissimilis. Body elongate, not elevated. 
 
 Head elongate. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching 
 
 beyond line of orbit, the mandible somewhat i^rojectiug. Region in 
 
 front of dorsal lin more or less bare of scales. Eye large, 3J in head. 
 
 Dorsal beginning oi)posite ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal. 
 
 Ohvaceous silvery below; a broad, silvery lateral band, witu dark 
 
 specks; sides of head with black specks; a dark vertebral band. Head 
 
 4 ; depth 4^. D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-3G-4 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. 
 
 North Platte Kiver {Coi)e) ; Osage liiver [Aijnssiz). 
 
 {AlburnuH zonatm Putiuvni, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil. i, D, 18U3 : Photogenis piptolepia 
 Cope, Ilaydeu'a Geol. Surv. Terr. AVyoni. 1870, 438: Leuciacua zonatua GUuthcr, vii, 
 
 253.) 
 
 '■k^' 
 
 I -f 
 
 V < 
 
 fM. 
 
 
 '^l 
 
184 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTUYOLOGY — n^ 
 
 ^•> 
 
 jj, Annl fin long, of 10 or 11 mys; lin« high. ^t, 
 
 9.1T. C. xacnurn Jordan. 
 
 JJody inodemtcly ehnigatc, subfnsifonn, heavy forwards. Head lioavy 
 sonu'what eUmgate, rounded abov(5. Moutli lar;je, oblique, the lower 
 jaw included, unixillary reaeliinj; almost to orbit, i>r4MnaxiIlary on level 
 of upper part of pui)il. Eye larjje, \V{ '\\\ head. Fins all rather l«»w, tlio 
 hei^lit of the dorsal (In, even in the males, only two-thirds the lenjidi of 
 head ; caudal tin large. Color dark steel-blue ; silvery below ; a faint 
 black spot at base of caudal ; scales above dark-edged. Mides with 
 the tins mostly bright crimson ; the (h)rsal largely black at its upitci- 
 posterior part; dorsal, anal, and caudal tins with white pigment ; belly 
 and bases of the lower tins likewise pigmented; head and caudal pe- 
 duncle tuberculate in sjuing. Head 4; depth 3^. 1). 8; A. 10; scales 
 0-35)-,'} ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Altamaha Basin, Georgia; lix^ally 
 abundant. 
 
 (MinnUns xn'numx .Jordan, T> v. •, Acad. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1877, 71): Codoina jrnnum 
 Jordan, Hnll. U. S. Nat. Mut,. xii, 52.) 
 
 9SH. C. pyrrliomelas (Copo) J. & G. 
 
 Body deep and c()mi)ressed. Head stout, rather blunt. Mouth (»b- 
 li(pie, the jaws about ecpial, maxillary reaching front of orbit. ICyo 
 large, 3j in head. Pectorals barely reaching ventrals, the latter to 
 anal ; dorsal tin greatly elevated, its height in the male as great as 
 length of head ; caudal very broad and long, its peduncle stout and com- 
 pressed; anal tin large and long. Coloration of the males dark steel- 
 blue above; the scales darker edged; the belly abruptly milky white; 
 head pale reddish ; snout, tip of lower jaw, and iris scarlet; dorsal dusky 
 at base, the usual large bhuik blotch above, red in front, and broadly 
 milk-white at tip; tips of the caudal milk-white, next to this a dusky 
 crescent, a wide crescent of bright scarlet inside of the black, extend- 
 ing into the two lobes of the tbi ; base of caudal pale ; anterior region 
 and sides of caudal i)eduncle with rather largo tubercles. Females 
 duller. Head 4 ; depth 3}. D. 8 ; A. 10 ; scales 0-35-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. 
 L. 3^ inches. Santee IJasin ; very abundant. The most ornate of onr 
 
 (riiotogenia purrhomeUu) Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4G3: Codonia })yr- 
 rhomclas Jordan & lUayton, Unll. U. S. Nat. Mns. xii, 22, 1878.' 
 
 239. €. liypsclO-.>tcrn (Giinther) J. & G. 
 
 Body short, much compressed, the b.ack elevated. Head short, flat- 
 tened above, the muzzle i)ointed. Mouth large, very oblique, the juws 
 
 menuine: fro 
 
31. CYPRINID^ — MINNILUS. 
 
 185 
 
 just equal. Eye large, 3 in head, about equal to Hiiout and to interorbital 
 space. Scales with the exposed surfaces very narrow. Latt^ral lino 
 iiuicii decurved; 10 largo Hcales before dorsal. Dorsal tin insert«;d en- 
 tirely behind the ventrals, greatly elevated, its longest ray a little longer 
 tluui head; aaal fin also very high and very long, extending almost to 
 base of caudal ; these fins somewhat lower in the females. Color sil- 
 very; the dorsal blotch conspicuous; a ilistinct bliu;k (;audal spot, 
 siualhr than eye and deeper than long; sides with a silvery baiul which 
 passes around the nose, below this a <lusky band. Breeding colors un- 
 known. Head 44 ; depth 4. 1). 8 ; A. 11 ; scales G-35-;j j teeth 1, 4-4, 1. 
 L 2J inches. Southern tJeorgia and Alabama. ^ h <,; . ;v' \ -^^ : 
 
 {Alhi(rnu8 formoHua I'utnain, Hull. Mas. Coiiip. Z<»ol. i, 9, IH63 (not Moniana formona 
 (liil.): LemiHOHH /iiyw(c/o/»/«'M» Gilutlior, vii, 255: I'hotogeim grandiplnni» ,)otA-M\, Bull. 
 U. S. Nat. Mu8. X, 62, 1877.) 
 
 Sft.— ]fIIIVNILlJS Kafiuesqne. 
 
 Shiners. 
 
 (ft Xotropis RafmoHquo, 1818 ; Minnilm, Luxilnn, and Plarffyrim RafiiioHquo ; JlyptilepiB 
 Baird; AlburncHuH and Alburnopn Girard; Lijthrurm and Uijdrophlox Jurdau.) 
 
 (Riiliiinsquw, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47: typo MinnUua dincmuH B,a,(.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed. Mouth normal, 
 mostly terminal and oblique. No barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, sharp- 
 edged or with a narrow grinding surface. Scales usually large, often 
 closely imbricated. Lateral line complete, usually decurved. Dorsal 
 liu inserted above, or more usually behiiul, the ventrals; anal fni short 
 or somewhat elongate. Abdonuni rounded. Coloration often brilliant, 
 the males in spring usually Avith red fins and the head with small tu- 
 bercles. A very large gr(ni[» of small fishes, especially characteristic of 
 the fresh waters of the Kastern United States. Various attempts have 
 been made to divide this group into natural genera, but the gradation 
 from one type to another is very perfect, (lilnglish minnow ; French 
 menuiHe; from Latin minuHj small.) 
 
 Tliis group may bo subdivided as follows : ■ > > 
 {Amilftu Mliort, its rays 7-9 (Honiotimcs 10 ill ,V. zt>Hi«<i««). • ' ; " ' - i 
 •Scales large, 35-50 in tliu lateral line. 
 tTcclh with tho yrinding nurlaco more or less developed. 
 t Species attaining a large, size, with the scahw along th«^ llank*> nearly twice M 
 deep an long, and so closely imbricated that the exposed sur- 
 -^ > . ,t ^ V ^ «. ■■ faces are very narrow ; back (devated and convex in tho adult ; 
 lower jaw included ; dorsal tin over ventrals (LnxiLua Raf.). 
 '^'^'-- voruutuB, selene. 
 U Species of moderate size, with the scales short and deep, but less closely im- 
 bricated than in the pretuiding; body elongate, not much ele- 
 vated ; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; dor- 
 sal liu inserted behind ventrals covwyciiiii, zoniatiua. 
 
186 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 tU Species of small size, with the scales not innch doeper than long, less cl(;se!y 
 
 imbricated ; body oblong or elongate, little elevated ; mouth 
 
 moderate, oblique or horizontal ; dorsal fin inserted close be- 
 
 ■i^''_ 'ir', '-' hind yentrals; nux)tial colors mostly brilliant (Alburxops 
 
 '':■:■''.:):■■' -^■\y'i'^'d i'''' " Ord.). 
 
 ,,_ ro8ett8, rubricroceua, lutipinnis, chlorocephaliis, chiliticu8, chahjhmw 
 
 chro8omu8, xwnocephalus, plumbeolu8, lacerto8U8, ahitmardi, blennm. 
 tt Teeth without evident grinding surface. 
 
 .,..., a. Teeth with the edges serrate; scales closely imbricated cercontigma. 
 
 aa. Teeth not serrate; scales loosely imbricated, scarcely higher than long. 
 b. Dorsal fin inserted directly over the veutrals ; anal rays 7-9 ; eye* verv 
 , . ,> i.H'i i large; scales large ("Episkma" Cope «fc Jordan). 
 
 ariommua, scabricepa, jejunua, Icuxiodm, 
 
 ' ' bh. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals altipinnia, amabilia, majalopg. 
 
 ** Scales small, about 55 in the lateral line bivittatua, timpanoijenm. 
 
 $ ^ Anal flu more or less elongate, its rays 10-14. 
 
 c. Scales comparatively small, more or less closely imbricated, and with 
 the exposed edges deep, as in Codoma and Luxilua; scales Iq 
 front of dorsal small ; teeth with grinding surface more or 
 less developed. (Lythrurus Jordan.) 
 d. A black spot at base of dorsal in front. 
 
 cjjanocephalua, afripea, dipl<rmiiia, ardeva, pundulatut. 
 
 dd. A black spot at the upper anterior part of dorsal ruhnpinHi». 
 
 ddd. No distinct black spot on the dorsal. 
 
 e. Body short and deep hellus. 
 
 . ee. Body slender and elongate matHtimiH, Urm. 
 
 cc. Scales comparatively large, not higher than long, and not closely im- 
 .. bricated; scales in front of dorsal large; teeth without grind- 
 
 -^ ing surface. (MiNNiLUS.) 
 
 /. Anal fin long, with about 14 rays olUjaspk. 
 
 ' ff. Anal fin moderate, its rays 10 or 11. ' ■ v 
 
 g. Scales above lateral line in about 9 series umbratilh. 
 
 gg. Scales above lateral line in 5-7 series. 
 h. Ventral f ns reaching beyond middle of dorsal. 
 
 evepticu«, photogenia, tcleacopua, atilbiiia, percohromm, m- 
 bellua, dinemua, rubrifrona, janczanus. 
 hh. Ventral fins scarcely reaching beyond front of dorsal. 
 
 microptei-yx. 
 § Anal fin short, its rays 7-9 (rarely 10). , • : 
 
 * Scales large, 35-50 in the lateral line. <'• 
 
 t Teeth with the grinding surface more or less developed. 
 
 t Species attaining a large size, with the scales along the flanks nearly 
 twice as deep as long, and so closely imbricated that the expo.scd sur- 
 faces are very narrow ; back elevated and convex in the adult iiiiile; 
 the lower jaw included; dorsal fin inserted directly opposite veutrals. 
 {Luxilua Raf.*) 
 
 360. ]?I. cornutus (Mitchill) J. & G.— Shiner; Eed-fin; Dace. 
 
 Body elongate in the young, in the adult short, compressed, with 
 
 the anterior dorsal region much swollen and gibbous. Head ratber 
 
 heavy, compressed, rounded between the eyes, the snout bluntisb. 
 
 Mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the lower 
 
 somewhat included. Eye moderate, 4-5 in head, maxillary scarcely 
 
 * Ratineaque, Ichth. Oh. 1820,47: t^^6 Luxilua chryaocephaluaVia,i.^=Cijpnnmcornai\it 
 Mitch. (From Latin lux, light = "Shiner".) (=Hypailqfi8 Baird.) 
 
31. CYPRINID^ — MINNILUS. 
 
 187 
 
 reachiug front of eye, the premaxillaries below the level of the eye. 
 Scales always deeper than long on the flanks, becoming extremely 
 so in the adult. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal moderate, inserted 
 directly over the ventrals in the young, thrown somewhat backward in 
 the adult bv the growth of the postoccipital region. Pectorals barely 
 or not reaching ventrals, the latter about to vent. Region in front of 
 dorsal typically with about 23 scales. Coloration dark steel-blue above ; 
 the scales with dusky edges, the bases also dusky ; a gilt line along the 
 back and one along each side, these distinct only when the lish is in the 
 water ; belly and lower part of the sides silvery, or bright rosy in spring 
 males ; dorsal fin somewhat dusky ; other fins plain ; the lower tins all 
 rosy in spring males j head dark above ; a dark shade behind scapula ; 
 lower jaw and region in front of dorsal to the tip of the snout covered 
 with small tubercles in spring males ; female and young fishes are plain 
 olivaceous above and silvery below. Head 4^ ; depth 3J, varying much 
 with age. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales (i-41-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather nar- 
 row grinding surface. L. 5-8 inches. Entire region east of the Rocky 
 Mountains excepting the South Atlantic States and Texas; almost 
 everywhere the most abundant fish in small streams. Its variations 
 are great. The following forms are worth distinguishing by name. 
 Var. gibbus Cope. 
 
 Sixteen scales before the dorsal fin. Anterior dorsal region in the 
 males extremely short and swollen ; the base of the dorsal therefore 
 very oblique. Michigan to Kentucky ; common. 
 
 {Unpsilcjua cornutiis gibbus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1807, 158.) 
 Viir. frontalis Agassiz. 
 
 Fifteen to eighteen scales in front of dorsal. Head heavy. Body 
 less gibbous than in the preceding. Great Lake Region, etc. 
 
 (Lt'Htisctts /ron^a/J« and (/rociijs Agassiz, Lake Superior, 368, 370.) 
 Viir. ccrasintis Cope. 
 
 Sixteen scales before dorsal ; scales 6-40-3. Head 4 in length. Eye 
 large, 3| in head. Colors very brilliant, in high coloration entirely red. 
 Eoanoke River. „ . 
 
 {llypsllepw cormitua cerasimis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G7, 159.) .. ; • 
 
 Var. eoriiutus. , ,..,.,.v.. . ..;^ ■?■.*< 
 
 Above described. The scales 22-25 in front of dorsal fin. Every- 
 where abundant. ., , 
 
 {Cypnnm cornutua Mitcbill, Amer. Month. Mag. i, 324: ITijpaUepia cornntua Cope, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G7, 158 : Plargyrua typicua aud bowmani Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 196: Plargyrua argentatua Girard, 1. c. 212: Leuciacu^ cornutue 
 Glinther, vii, 249: Luxilua chrysocephalua Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47.) 
 
 'M 
 
 ; v. 
 
 ' 
 
 j ' 
 
 \ 
 
 l» 
 
 .; 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 r - 
 
 

 
 hi 
 
 188 roNTUinuTiONS to north American ichthyology — iv. 
 
 Viir. ryniiPUA Copo. 
 
 St'iihvs of the iloiHiil iiml v«Mitral rogions very Niiiall, 31-40 in front of 
 the<lor.sal fin. Heales 10-K>-1. Coloration extremely dark j blue Wliuk 
 above; Huh oliielly black. Lake Hnporior. - - . s. 
 
 {Ifjiptihipiii eorinitnn cyancHu Cope, Proc. Aead. Nat. 8ci. Phtla. 18<57, 100.) 
 
 901. JH. M'ICIIO .Tonlan. 
 
 ilixly eIoii;;ate, «'oinpresHe»l. Head short and stont, rounded iihovc, 
 IMoulh terminal, obU<iiie, the lower jaw included. IMtizzle blunt mid 
 short. Eye very larpe, '.\ in head, witler than Hiiont and than intcror 
 bital sjiatie. Dorsal tin very hif^li. Lateral line little decurved. I>rij;lit 
 steel-bine above, with a very distin<;t silvery band overlyinjj a pjiiiii 
 beona shade; a dark spot at base of caudal; a dark vertebral liiu>; 
 cheeks, belly, and iris white ; tins plain, ]>robably red in spriii}?. Head 
 4i ; depth 4.4. Scales 4-40-3 ; t^^eth 2, 4-4, 2. Lake Superior. 
 (/.Mji/i(« «7<'n«' JordiMi, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. X, 00, 1H77.) ' ' 
 
 {{ Spocioa of mmlorato sizo, with tlio acalcs nhorl aiul do«p, but loss closoly inihricntcd 
 than in tho pn^ciMlinj; ; body olongatt^ not much elavat»>(l; niontli liir;;)', 
 obli<iue, tho lower jaw project ing; «lorHal tin iuHcrted lutliiud ventralN. 
 
 Sff'i. m.. roecojfonis (Cope) .Tordan. — Rvd-chrckrd Shiner. 
 
 Body elonjjate, coini)ressed, not at all elevated. ITead straijjht and 
 rather i)oint«Ml. Mouth larjj;e, very oblicpie, the i)reinaxillary nearly on 
 a level with tho pupil, lower Jaw projectinjf beyond upper, maxillary 
 reaching; ])ast front of eye. Eye very larj^e, 3A in head. About 20 scales 
 in front of the dorsal tin. Back olivaceous; the scales dark-('(l;;cd; 
 belly and sides silvery, rosy in sprinj; males; a dusky scapular band; 
 a scarlet bar like a braiul down the line of the i)reoperclc; mu/,/lo and 
 upper lip red ; a red axillary spot ; outer half of dorsal black, lower half 
 yellowish ; outer part of caudal dusky, ba.se paler ; a faint lateral streak 
 aiul a dark vertebral line ; lower fins white ; snout swollen and tubcrcu- 
 late in springy males; fenniles silvery, with only traces of red markiii}j.s. 
 Head 4; depth 4:^- Scales 7-42-,3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 5 inches. (Cum- 
 berland to Savannah Itivers; abutulant in the mountain streams. 
 
 {HypsUcpin c'()rco(/<'«t« Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1HG7, 100: Leuciacus coaoijcnk 
 Giiutlicr, vii, "ioJl.) 
 
 363. I?I. zoniMtius Jordan. 
 
 Body rather stout, comjiressed, the back somewhat elevated, tho 
 form that of a young Minnilus cornutus. Head heavy, broad aiul llattisli 
 above, the profile evenly descending. Mouth large, but smaller than 
 in coccogcnisj oblique, the jaws about equal, the upper lip opposite the 
 
31. CYTRlNIDil': MINNILUB. 
 
 189 
 
 tiii<l(IIo of tlio «\VP, tho niaxillurv rpn<',hing tlio front of orbif. Kyii vci-^ 
 
 hivnv, loiij^cr thiiiiHiiotit, '.i.^ in Im'juI. HcsiIoh not, vrry cluHrl.y iiiilii-i<;iiti!(l; 
 
 17 scah'H in front of dorNiil. Ii>it<;rul liiuiHtron^'ly dciiurvrd. Finn nio«l- 
 
 crat*', iM*<!toralH si-arccly n'a<!hinf; vontralH. Htoel l>luo ii!)ovo ; h'uU'h with 
 
 coiisithMablo copiM'ry luHtni; dorsal tin with a HJiarp j<^t bla<;l; horizontal 
 
 Ikii about half way up, reddish in yoiint; (IhIm's, tln^ tips of tho fin Moinct- 
 
 wliiit milky, th(^ base pale; a round bla(;k spot in^arly as lar{;<; as tho 
 
 eye at tho baH(M)f tho caudal ; analfln plain; oau<Ial tlndnll forru^inoiis 
 
 red, palis at basj^ as in M. cocvoycnlHy milky at tip ; ba«!k and sidos with 
 
 gilt linos, as in il/. ror/f »/»<«, tho formcir bo(;omin^ dark aftor doath ; a 
 
 faint rod bar down tho (^lun^kH as in M. cocvofjeniH ; a dark humoial bar; 
 
 iiialos with tho snout tuboroulato; fonialos jdain, no nni(;h rostunbliti}; 
 
 Cliola inrystoiiKt, from tho samo wati^rs, that tho two spoj'ios havo boon 
 
 (oiiloundod. lload 'Af, ; dopth ."Sij. Soulos 7-4()-;{; tooth L', 4-4, 2, with 
 
 very narrow {;riiMlin;; surfaoo on ono or two of thoni. L. 4 inchos. 
 
 (!liatlahoo(!hoo Kivor, tlui typical oxamph^H fiom Huvvannoo Crook. 
 
 (Codoma eHrt/Hloniii Atmhiu & fliiiyloii, Hull. II. H. Nuf. Muh. xii, i'2, 1878, »)Xol. nyii, 
 (not l'li<iln;/cHiM euryHlomun .I(M'<liiii) : LiixiluH toiiintiuH Junlan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mim. 
 lH7D,'2:tt».) 
 
 ttt Species of Hiiiall Hizr, with (lie hciiIch not mTich dccpor flmii loiij;, Icrh rlom^ly iin- 
 lii'i(^a1tMl ; liddy oliioiifr or <-iiiii^)it(\ little *'ll^vat«'<l ; iiioiitli nioderatc, obli(iiio 
 or lioi'izoiital ; (loi'Ha! liii iimfiieil (dow) Ixdiiiul viuitialH; nuptial coIofh cumi- 
 miunly luilliaut. (^Alhuruopn (Jrd.*) 
 
 ilOlt in* roNCllN .Jordan. 
 
 body short and stout, littlo comi)rcssod. IToad rathor short, thick, 
 bluntly ronndod. Month moderate, slijjhtly oblique, tho jaws about 
 equal. Eye largo, nearly 3 in head, abotit equal to muzzle, a little loss 
 than tho broad intororbital space, l^'ifteen sijales before dorsal lin ; dor- 
 sal tin high, directly over vontrals. Olivaceon.s; scales dark-edged ; a 
 broad plumbeous lateral band ; lii)s black ; a dark caudal spot; a dark 
 vertebral line; anal region dusted with dark points; cheeks and belly 
 silvery ; nuiles with tho dorsal, anal, caudal, and i)ectorals mostly rosy 
 ml; iris, top of head, and tip of snout red. llead.'JJ; dei)th 4^. Scales 
 0-38-5 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2.] inches. Notalbany Uiver, Louisiana. 
 
 {Luxilua roiwuH .Jordan, Jlull. V. H, Nat. Muh. x, (il, 1877.) 
 
 *i{)!i. M. rubrlcroccuN (Cope) .J. & (i.—Iled Fall-Jiah. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, somewhat compres.sed. Tlead compara- 
 tively long and rather ])ointed. Mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws 
 about equal. Eye large, as long an suout, 3J in head, i)reraaxillary 
 
 *Giraid, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'»'5, 194: typo Alburnopa blenniua Grd. {Al- 
 hirnun; wi/", appearance.) {=^ Uydroj)hIox Jor.) 
 
 \t 
 
 * * * ■ 
 
 11 
 
 :-i 
 
 i 
 
 u\\ 
 
 ''■I' 
 
 m 
 
 
 I' 
 J— 1. 
 
 r\ 
 
 '.fc^ 
 
 t^i^: 
 
 1 ]i*[ 
 
 
Rsa 
 
 TBI' s. 
 Ilia; 
 
 190 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 rather below pupil, maxillary reaching: beyond front of orbit. Lat(>Tnl 
 line somewhat (lecurve(^ Nineteen scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal in- 
 sorted somewhat behind ventrals. Females plain olivaceous. Males 
 dark steel-blue, a djirk lateral band of coaly punctulations, which is 
 usually distinct on the anterior part of the body, and passes thron^'h 
 the eye around the snout ; flns all ri(;h, clear red, the dorsal criinson 
 the caudal pink, the lower fins scarlet; head pale red, the lower ;>\v 
 flushed as if bloody ; eyes bluish or flushed with red ; a lustrous stre;' 
 along sides; silvery below. In high coloration the whole body is 
 or less red. Males v ith the head and autedorsal region dusted \vitli 
 fine white tubercles. Head 4 ; depth 4i. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 7-38-3 ; 
 teeth 2, 4-4, 2, the edges of the grinding surface often serrate. L. 2h 
 inches. Headwaters of ^he Tennessee and Savannah Itivers. A sur- 
 passingly beautiful little fish, abounding in rock-pools at the foot of 
 cascades. . i ;. 
 
 {Ilyhopsis ruhricroceiis Cope, Journ. Acad, N.at. Sci, Philn. 18(58, 231 ; Jlydrophlox rubrl- 
 crocviis J ordiiu &, Brtiytoii, Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 32, 1878.) 
 
 266. M. lutipinnai^ .Ionian Si. Brayton. 
 
 Body stout and rather strongly compressed, the dorsul region some- 
 what elevated, the outline of the back sloping each way from the dorsiil 
 flu. Head short and rather deep, broad and flattish above, the iiuizzle 
 moderately rounded. Eye rather large, 3j| in head. IMouth rather hw^o, 
 but smaMer than in the ^receding, quite oblique, the maxilhiry leachiut; 
 to orbit. Mandible included. Eighteen scales in front of dorsal. In 
 life clear olive, with very intense green dorsal and vertebral linos ; an 
 intense metallic blackish band along sides; below this the sides are 
 bright silvery ; the whole body in the males bright, dear red, the color 
 of red berries; Any all briglit golden yellow ; tip of lower jaw black. 
 Head 4^ ; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. ^ 
 inches. Oconee Kiver, (leorgia. 
 
 (Ilydroplilox. UUipinuia Jor:iuii & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Naf. Mns. xii, 36, 1878.) 
 
 26T. M. ciiilorocc|»li:aliis (Copo) .I.<r. & Gilb. 
 
 Body stout, with deep caudal i)edunclc. Head broad, witii doscoiul- 
 ing muzzle. Mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond line of orbit, 
 premaxillary oi)i)osite lowiu" margin of jjupil. Eye large, 3 in head. 
 Interorbital space greater than nuizzle. Lateral lino moderately dc- 
 curve(? Sixteen scales', in front of dorsal. Color olivaceous, every 
 where dusted w't'.i blackish specks, which form a lateral band, wliicli 
 terminates in a dusky spot at base of caudal; green vertebral and lat 
 
 II) before th( 
 
31 CYPRINID^ MINNILUS. 
 
 191 
 
 eral Hues ; top of head and upper portion of clieelis metallic green ; 
 males witli the belly dark crimson, the whole body more or less flushed ; 
 suoiit and antedorsal region tubercnlate ; fins plain. Head 4 ; depth 
 5, ]). 8; A. 8; scales 6-39-3; teeth 2, 4—4, 2 (1, 4-4, 1, according to 
 Cope, but we find 2, 4-4, 2 in numerous specimens). L. 2^ inches. Santeo 
 Basin, in North and South Carolina. 
 (//i//)0/>«JN t!/i/(>roce/.>/ifli«« Cope, Pioc.Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4{)1.) ;::; ,? H* 
 
 !;6§. in. chiliticus (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Asi>ect more clupeoid. Head broa«l behind. Occiput convex. Muz- 
 zle iuniininate, greater than interorbital width. Eye large, 3 in head, 
 longer than muzzle, maxillary extending beyond anterior rim of orbit, 
 premaxillaries opposite middle of pupil. Lateral line strongly decurved. 
 Dorsal fin small. Olivaceous ; dorsal scales brown-edged ; sides and 
 below pure white ; males with the lips vermilion ; a vermilion band 
 through dorsal and one through anal fin. Head 4; depth 5A. I). 8; 
 A. 8 ; scales 7-3G-2 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Yadkin River, North 
 Carolina. {Cope.) 
 
 {Ililhopsia chiUticua Coiy6,Troc.AmGT. VhihSiicFhWa. 1870, A62.) , . . 
 
 260. I?I. chalybuctis (Cope) J. »fe 0. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, with rather abruptly elevated back and 
 slender caudal j)eduncle. Head flat above, rather narrow, nuizzle 
 Hither pointed. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw rather the longer. Lat- 
 eral line decurved. Eye large, 3 in head. Eighteen scales in front of 
 dorsal. Brownish above ; a broad, black, shining lateral band from 
 muzzle to base of caudal ; a light band above it on the muzzle ; belly 
 straw-colored, bright orange in spring males ; fins plain. Ilead 3J. 
 1). 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-35-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Delaware 
 Itiver, probably the smallest of the genus. {Cope.) 
 
 (IljlhopHis vhaljibaiua Cope, C.vpr. Poiui. 18(56, '.W^.) 
 
 370. ITI. chrosomiiN Joi-aan. 
 
 Form chubby, little comi)ressed, the ba(!k somewhat elevated, cau- 
 dal peduncle not much contracted. ITead rather large, rounded above, 
 tlio snout somewhat pointed. Mouth luoderate, oblique, the upper jaw 
 the longer. Eye 3J in head, as long as nnizzle. Scales everywhere large, 
 10 before the dorsal fin. Lateral line little decurved. Olea.'' hyaline 
 {iTcen in life, with blue reflections; belly, etc., clear silvery; a scarlet 
 hiiraciross dorsal, anal, and base of caudal ; a narrow scarlet band from 
 upper edge of oi)ercle8 straight to caudal ; beh)w this a silvery band ; a 
 low of black dots along the lateral line, forming a small, distinct spot at 
 
 m 
 
192 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV 
 
 ;i 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 '*l 
 
 m^ 
 
 l|:| 
 
 base of caudal ; top of head and vertebral line golden. Snout tubercii. 
 late in males. Head 4^ ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-37-3 ; tcetli 
 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 J inches. Alabama Basin ; very abundant in clear streams. 
 A graceful little flsh. 
 
 ( IlybopsiH vhrosomna Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 333 : Hydrophlox chroaomM 
 .Jordan & Brayton, 1. c. 49.) 
 
 371. Ifl. xsenov^cplialus Jordan. 
 
 Body rather short and deep, with thick caudal peduncle ; back wide 
 not elevated. Head large, llattish and broad above, the snout rounded. 
 Mouth large, oblique, the jaws nearly equal. Eye very large, 2J in 
 head. Lateral line somewhat decur\ ed. Thirteen scales in front of tlio 
 dorsal. Dorsal iin slightly behind ventrals. Dark olivaceous above, tlio 
 scales being extensively dark edged ; a dark band along the sides of (ho 
 caudal peduncle, which vanishes in black poiuts along the sides of tlie 
 body, reappearing on the head and passing around the snout ; a duslvy 
 bh)tch at base of caudal. Males without red markings, the snout swollen 
 and tuberculate in the spring. Head 4}; depth 5. D. S; A. 7; scales 
 5-38-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2f inches. Georgia to Mississippi. 
 
 {Hyboims xamoccphaluH Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1870, 334.) 
 
 979. m. pluinbcolus (Copo) J. & G. 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, the back somewhat arched. Mouth obliciuo, 
 the lower jaw slightlj' longer than the upper. Fins short. Eye larfje, 
 2f in head. Silvery, with bluish reflection ; top of head dusky ; a dark 
 spot at base of caudal. Head 4j^ ; depth 4'^. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales G-39-3; 
 teeth 2, 4—4, 2. L. 3 inches. Sagiiuiw River. (Cope.) 
 
 (Albiiriiopn plumbeoliis Cope, Proe. Acad. Niit. Sci. Phila. 18(J4, 28-i.) 
 
 973. M. laccrtosus (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body stout. Head broad and deep. Mouth wide, the lower jaw pro- 
 jecting. Eye large, 3,^ in head, equal to muzzle and to width of inter- 
 orbital space. Maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit. Scales 
 large, only 5 above the lateral line. Silvery: dorsal region dusky; no 
 red. Head 4. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 4^ inches. Headwaters of Tennes- 
 see River. (Cope.) 
 
 ( Ihjbopm lacvrloHus Cope, Jonru. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila, 1868, 232,) 
 
 97 1. Ifl. sliuinardi (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Body moderately elongate. Snout subconical, not strongly decurved. 
 Mouth nither large, oblique, the lower jaw included, maxillary reach- 
 ing front of eye, ui)per lip above the level of the lower border ofoye. 
 Dorsal over ventrals. Eye large, 3^ iu head. Olivaceous j sides silvery; 
 
31. CYPRINID«E MINNILU8. 
 
 193 
 
 fins plain. Hea«l 4^; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 8; RoaloH 5-40 1-3. L. ^ 
 inches. Arkansas iMver. (Giraril.) 
 
 (Alhuniops uliiimanli ;in<l illecebroHUH Girar<l, Proc. Aoa<l. Nat. Sci. Phtla. 18.'>6, 194, 
 and U. S. Viu: R. \l. Surv. x, 261, 202. ) 
 
 •i75. M. bl<>nniu« (Grd.) J. & (i. 
 
 Body inodcratcily oU)n{4ato. Ho.jul moderate, the snont short and 
 Htrongly convex, so that the mouth is nearly horizontal, the upi)er lip 
 !)eing below the level of the eye, lower jaw shorter than upper, max- 
 illary exteudirjg beyond trout of eye. Dorsal <lirectly over veutrals, 
 nearer snout tlum (;an«lal. Scales dee[»er than long. Lateral line de- 
 curved. IIea<l 4^; depth 4^. I). 8 ; A. 7 ; scales G-'lOH-ii. L. 3^ inches. 
 Arkansas River, {(lirard.) 
 
 ^Alburnops hlenniua Grd. Frot;. Aciid. NtU. Soi. Phila. I85»i, 194, and U. 8. Pao. R. R. 
 
 8iirv. x,9CI.) 
 
 ttTfieth without evident grinding Hurfaco. 
 
 a. Teeth witli the e<lge.s Herrate ; scales closely imbrioated. 
 
 •if 0. in* cercostigma (Cope) J. «fc G. 
 
 "Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with sharp, serrate edges (without grinding surface). 
 Dorsal fin inserted 2 scales iH'hind tiiat above insertion of the ventrals. 
 Dorsal line compressed, elevated, rising regularly from end of muzzle. 
 Cranium convex abo^'e. Muzzle narrowed in proportion, slightly over- 
 hanging mouth. Eye 4i^ in length of head, U in length of muzzle, and 
 2 in interorbital width. Kxul of maxillary opposite i)osteiior margin of 
 iiares. Ventral outline less ctirved than dorsal. Caudal peduncle 
 mther stout. Isthmus narrow. Scales rather elevated, 8-39-3. Lat- 
 eral line gently decuived over ventrals. Head 4| in length to origin of 
 caudal, 1 scale less than <lepth at dorsal. Tln^ pectorals nearly reiu^i 
 tlio vcMJtrals, and the latter attain the vent. Radii: D. 8; A. 8; the 
 longest (anal) ray four thirds its base and three-sevenths distance to 
 longest fulcrum at origin of <',audal. Tot^d length 4A inches. Color 
 i>ri!fhtoIi\( above, without line or spot; bel«)w and sides, from fifth row 
 of scales ab' \e, gohlen silvery; all the fins, except the pectorals, with 
 white pigmei t at their bases, without nmrkings; a large, round bhick 
 spwt at base of caudal." Pearl River, Mississippi. (Cope.) The num- 
 Iter of teeth in the inner row as above described renders it necessary 
 tor us to refer this tlsh to the gtMuis Minniim. Its atflnities, however, 
 are evidently with Cliola, and the recorde<l dentition may be abnormal. 
 
 yCyprindla ocrooHtiijma Copt^ Proc. Afad. Nat Sf.i. Plula. 1807, 157.) 
 M. LV.th not Herrate; Healtts loosely imbrieal.u<l,etoaroeIy higher than long. 
 
 h. DotHal fin inserted direc^tly over the ventrals; anal rays 7-9; eyo very large; 
 scales large. (" Kpisetna"* (!opo A. Jordan.) 
 
 * Nani"^ preocetipiod. 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. Hi U 
 
 •"*:->^ 
 
 "P 
 
 m 
 
 Ik, ..-4- 
 
194 CONTllIiJUTJONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 
 
 II ;-' 
 
 
 277. M. arioinuiUS (Copo) Jor.—nig-eyKl Shiver. 
 
 Body stout, moderately elev^ated, somewhat compressed. Head 
 h(«avy, broad above, the snout moderate, somewhat decurved. J\louth 
 moderate, oblique, the jaws equal, the upper lii) on the level of the pu 
 pil, the maxillary reaiihinj? the front of the eye. Eye very larj^e, L'j^ ju 
 head, much longer than snout, larger than in any other of the Aiiicri. 
 Ciin Cyprinidce. Fins moderate, the dorsal almost directly opjtosite 
 ventrals. Scah's large, 15 in front of the dorsal. Lateral line mucli de- 
 curved. Olivaceous ; scales above dark-edged ; sides and below bright 
 silvery; no red. Head 3^; depth i^. D. 8; A. 9; scales G-39-2; teeth 
 2, 4-4, J. L. 5 inches. Ohio Valley. A handsome species. 
 
 {I'hotoijeuiH ariommus Copy, Cypr. Peun. t'iiiO, 37H : CUola ariomma .Jordan, JSIaii. Von, 
 ed.-J,21>8.) 
 
 218. M. seabriccps (Cope) Jor. * 
 
 Body rather stout, iitth? couipressed, the back slightly elevated. 
 
 Head rather short an«l broad, the muzzle bluntish, somewhat decurved. 
 
 Mouth rather small, terminal, oblique, the maxillary reaching front of 
 
 orbit. Lateral line not much decurved. Fin s rather small. Eyelai'^'o, 
 
 3 in head. Oolor plain olivaceous; scales dark-edged above; sides 
 
 white, with a hiteral band formed of dusky s[)ecks, this band rnniiiiijf 
 
 through the eye around the snout. Males tiiberculate in spring. 
 
 Snuxller than M. anommus and less silvery. Head 4; depth 4^. D. 8; 
 
 A. 8 ; scales (3-;38-,'3 ; L*, 4-4, 2. Ohio Valley. 
 
 {Photofienin soabrivcpn Ci)\)v, Pioe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1867, 160: Cllola ncabriaps 
 Jordan, Man. Vovt. ed. % 2dti. ) 
 
 S 
 
 279. I?l. JfjMims (Foi'l)e.s) J(n-- & Gill>. 
 
 Body ratlier slender. Head flattish above, the snout blunt and 
 rounded. Mouth rather large, oblique. Eye rather large, .'Jij in lioad, 
 eipial to sm»ut, less than interorbitnl space. Dorsal over ventrals. 
 Sixteen scales before dorsal. Color jmle, with a broad silvery lateral 
 band overlying a plumbeous shade; dorsal sometimes punctulatc. 
 Head 4; depth 4tJ. 1). 8; A. 7; scales 5-37-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. L. 3 
 in(!hes. Illinois lliver. 
 
 {EpiHema jejuna Forbos, Bull. IMs. L;i1>, Na(. Hist, ii, 00, 1878.) 
 
 3MO. !VI. louo.ioUlis (Cope) Jur. 
 
 Body rather slender. Muzzle rounded in profile. Mouth obli(ine, 
 the uumdible not projecting. Lateral line nearly straight. Twelve 
 rows of scales in fro.it of the dorsal lin. Olivaceous; scales above 
 dark edged; sides silvery, with a purple band; a black spot at base of 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE MINNILUS. 
 
 195 
 
 oiiiulal ; muzzle and base of donsal red in the males. Head 4^. D. 8j 
 A. S; scales 0-39-3. L. 3 inches. Ilolston River. {Cope.) ■ , . - 
 (I'liotojaiia leuciodas Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 18G7, 1G5.) " * ' 
 
 Ui. JJcirsal inserted behind ventrals. ' 
 
 •2S1. ."TI. silttipicisais (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Hody rather short and deep. Ilend short, compressed. Eye very 
 liir,!;e, longer than snout, 2;] in head. Ventrals extending to beyond 
 lust rays of dorsal, reaching anal. Dorsal elevated, its height equal to 
 liair its distance from the snout. White ; a lateral silvery baud, strongly 
 piiiictate with black j a black band across eyo and snout. Head 41^; 
 ileptii 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 5-3G-2. L. 2,^ inches. Yadkin lliver, 
 No' Ml Carolina. [Cope.) 
 
 (AlbiirnelluH alt'qnnnia Copo, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 464.) 
 
 •i§:j. iTI. aauabilis (Grd.) Jor. 
 
 Uody elli[)tical, rather deep. Head short and rather deep, with largo 
 eye, which is considerably longer than snout, 3 in head. Mouth termi- 
 nal, oblique, the premaxillary op])osito middle of i)upil, the maxillary 
 barely reacliing the front of eye. Snout moderately pointed. Lateral 
 lijm (lecurved. Fins moderate. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. 
 Color olivaceous ; sides silvery ; a dusky blotch at base of caud;)l. Head 
 ;;>; depth 41. D. S; A. 9 or 10; scales 5-38 "?-3. L. 2\ inches. Kio Le- 
 oiia, ;i tributary of IJio Nueces, Texas. [Girard.) 
 
 (Alhurnua amabilh Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 193: Alburndlua amaUTia 
 (lininl, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Iclith. T)!.) 
 
 Wi. ITI. iiK'aalops (Grd.) .)or. 
 
 Very similar, but represented as having the head shorter, deeper^ 
 and more obtuse, the i)remaxilhiry below the level of the pupil, the 
 maxillary extending to beyond the front of eyo. Olivaceous; sides 
 silvery; no black caudal spot. Head 4,^; depth 44. D. 8; A. 9; scales 
 piob.ibly as in the preceding. L. 2.V inches. Rivers of Texas, {(jirard.) 
 
 {Albnntua mcgnlops and sociKS Girard, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. Ic56, VX): Albur- 
 mllnn mciialopa and mdus Girard, U. B. JI<^x. IJonnd. Snrv. Iclitli. 52.) 
 
 **8cidc8 small, about &r> in (he lateral line. . - =- 
 
 i.S3. iH. bivillsilu*^ (Copi-) J. «& Ci. .1:1^ 
 
 Body stout, tlie dorsal legion arched. Muzzle narrow, not promi- 
 ueiit, very obtusely descending. Mouth horizontal, tho maxillary reacli- 
 h\^ the iiont of the t)rbit. Eyo 4 in head, narrower than the Hat inter- 
 orbital apace. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals; pectorals. 
 
 *;:■»'! I 
 
196 ooNTiniurrioNs to north amkuican ichtiiyolooy — iv. 
 
 roacliiii^ only h\i\f way to vontnils. (lolor silvery; tlui scales punctate 
 wjth blackish; a <lai'k baiul iVoni tlio siioiiUlcrs to the base of (Mii(ia|. 
 another iVoin the end of the nm//Je, across oporciiliini, to base of anal. 
 Head AH; depth 4. I). 8; A. 7; scales 12-r.;{-n ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. b, ;{ 
 inches. Warm Sprinj^s, Utah. (Cope.) 
 { /^/^o/)>.(N hirilliitns (;.)])<•, Hiiydon's (J.-oI. Snrv. Ton-, lor 1871, 1872, 474.) 
 
 mnH. !tl. fiiii|»uiiOMr4>ii««iA (Copo) .1. &. <i. 
 
 Body stout, rather i'oiupressed. Head heavy. Month oblique, l-'^y^ 
 loufjfer than unizzle, '.if( in head. Dorsal tin slifrhtly in front of voii. 
 trals; pectorals not rea(^hin}; to ventrals, the latter reaching; v(Mit,. 
 Lateral lino more or less incomplete (in the typical examples, which are 
 all younjj; it is probably complete in the sulult). Color brownish ; the 
 scales tinely dusted with black points; a plumbeous lateral streak; 
 cheeks silvery ; fuis dusky. Head .'{3 ; depth 4 ; scales 1 3-52-(); teeth 
 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Streams of Utah. {Cope.) This specnes and 
 the preceding are perhaps young Sqtialii. 
 
 (fliiooims Ihnpnnoocnfih Copo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1874, 1:I4 : IfyhopHintim- 
 pano/enHiH Cojio & Yivrrow, ZoJil. WluMsIor'n Kxpl. \V. lOOMi Mor. ^TA.) 
 
 0. ScaloH comparaf iv«'ly 8inall, more or hym closely iinbricatod, ami with tho i^xjmsod 
 iHlfion (li'cp (as ill (^odoma and LuxHuh); Hoalos in front of dorsal Hniiill ; (tMitlj 
 witli tho >i;rinding Hurlacti nioro or Icsh dovolopod. (Lythrurus .Ionian.*) 
 d. A black spot :it base of dorsal in front. 
 
 ^§6. III. cyailO<>C|»linlllS (Copeland) \h\y. — IToh^k licd-finh. 
 
 Body short, stout, chubby, moderately compressed. Dorsal ontlino 
 elevated, the axis of the body being half nearer the ventral outliiio 
 than the dorsal. Caudal peduniile short, not contracted, tlu^ form re- 
 .sembling that of Piniephali's. Head very short, dtu^p, its greatest depth 
 three-fourths its length. Snout blunt, shorter than eye. Mouth largo, 
 very oblique, lower jaw projecting, luaxillary reaching to border of eye 
 Eye large, .1^ in head, not so wid«^ as the interorbital space. Fins larjjo. 
 JDorsal well behind ventrals, its longest ray about as long as head ; pec- 
 torals not reaching vontrals^ the latter to anal. Scales small, much 
 crowded anteriorly. Lateral line strongly <lecurved. Dorsal scales 
 small; thoracic region mostly naked. (Coloration dark bluish above; 
 sides not silvery. Males in spring profusely covered with small tubor- 
 clea; the sides and fins clear, bright rod; the back, and especially the 
 top of the head, of a clear glaucous blue. Dorsal fin in both sexes with 
 a largo black spot at the base of its anterior rays, this spot about sw 
 
 •Jordan, Man. Vert. 187 1>, iWii: tyiw SemoHlug diplemitis Kaf. {XvO/joy, bloo<l; 
 ou/od, tall.) i- ,■ / -,■ . .--: ;,,.j,v .,- •;i*:_.; ->■■'/:'-;?-,■;•*■•";■■•;' . "■;' i-s-f"'"."'' 
 
31. ('YPKINI1>/E MINN1LU«. 
 
 197 
 
 lurgc JiH tli<' <->('; (loiHjil, sinal., und ventruls bluckiHh at tij). Head 4J; 
 
 (U'ptli 4. I). 8; A. 12; scalofc lM«-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2^ inclias. 
 
 Itivers ol Sotitlicni \Vis<u»n.sin, etc. 
 
 {fjjlthrurug cyano<!4'l)haluH iioitohiml. I'mc. Acad. Nftt. 8ci. Piiila. 1H77, 70.) 
 
 *2§H. VI. atri|»cs (.iDnlini) Hay. 
 
 Body iiiodcratel.v cloiif^ato, very Htrongly coinpresHed and olovated. 
 
 Head ('()iiii)aralively pointed. Moiitli rather hirge, quite ohiiiiuo, the 
 
 maxillary reachiii}; to the front of eye; lower jaw projecting. Eye 
 
 suiiill, Hliorter than muzzle, 4 in head, ycale.s clcsely imbricated, 
 
 crowded anteriorly. Lateral line strongly diMMuved. Uorsal tin be- 
 
 oiiiiiing midway between ventrals an<l anal, high anteriorly; pwitorals 
 
 not (|uite reaching ventrals; the latter to v<'ut Coloration of body 
 
 (lark bluish, without traces of vertical bars; sides not silvery, the scales 
 
 (lusted with dark punctulations; dor.«al with the usual black «pot at 
 
 base in front, smaller than in the other spet'ies; a black bar crosses its 
 
 Mlijicr part; anal colorc<l like the dorsal, tin; markings paler; ventral 
 
 liiis dusky. Males profusely tuberculate, and doubtless red in spring. 
 
 11, ad I.', ; depth 4. D. 7; A. II; scales 0-52-5; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3 
 
 iiiclies. Southern Illinois, This si>ecie8, and \ ossibly the preceding 
 
 iils(t, may be local varieties of M. diplcinlm. 
 
 ^liillininiH atripiH .Ionian, Bull. 111b. Lalt. Nat. Hist, ii, 59, lb7b.) 
 
 !iHN. ill. <li|>lu;iiiill!4 (Ik'al.) Uay.—Jied-Jin. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, little elevated, the caudal peduncle nota- 
 
 lilv long. Ileiid long, conic;, rather pointed. Mouth large, moderately 
 
 (ilili(|iie, tla^ premaxillary on the level of the pui>il, the nuixillary ox 
 
 Uiiding to opposite the eye, lower jaw somewhat projecting. Eye mod- 
 
 t'latc, about «'(pial to muzzle, 3^ in head. Scales closely imbricated, 
 
 irowded anteriorly, the antedorsal scales about .'JO. Dorsal fin high, 
 
 inserted about undway between ventrals and anal; pectorals not reach 
 
 iiij; ventrals, the latter to vent; caudal tin h>ng. Coloration dark steel- 
 
 liliio above; pale or silvery below; the males often showing traces of 8-10 
 
 iilisnuc crossbars; a conspicuous spot at base of dorsal in front; the 
 
 liiiN otherwise all jdain. Mides with the anterior dorsal region and the 
 
 head itroliisely covered with small whitish tubercles, the belly and 
 
 lowci liiis lieing of a bright brick-red in the spring. I'\'niales viiiy pale 
 
 olive, sometimes almost eidorless. Head 4;^; dei>th 4\. I). 7; A. 11; 
 
 wales U-47-;{; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. ;{i inelus. Ohio and Upper Missis- 
 
 xippi Valley and lake iegi(ui ; generally abujulant in small, (dear streams. 
 
 (SmoiiluK ilipU'iniuD lial'. Iclilli. Oil. : UypsiUiiis diplamia Co[>(*, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Pliila. 18()7, Ki'J: Jordan, Man. V«rt, 'ii>i>. Leuoiacua di^Uwrniun of Kiilluud aud of Giiu> 
 \iivx h Luxilm<oniutux.j '*,.■"' 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 km 
 
 ••ft 
 
 198 COXTIUIUJTIONS TO NORTn AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 2§9. M. nrdcilS (Copo) lUy.— Southern L'ed-fm. 
 
 Body eloiij^Jitc, liltlo coini)rosso<l and not at all elevated. Head long 
 conic, and pointed. Month larjje, oblique, the lower jaw scarcely lon^rcr, 
 the maxillaiy reaebiugj to oj)po-ite the eye. Eyo rather large, ;>.^ in Iirad. 
 Scales niodei'ate, silver}^ not closely imbricated. Lateral line decnivod. 
 Dorsal tin as in the other species; pectorals fallinjj ('.(nisiderably shoit 
 ofventrals. Coloration olivaceous; the scales dark-edged above : tlio 
 sides with a biilliant silvery band ; dorsal with a rather small black- 
 spot at base in front. Males in spring tuberculate, the entire body and 
 lins brilliant red ; crimson in spring, becoming more scarlet later. 
 Young males variously ])nrplish or pinkish. Head 4^; dei)tli 4'. 
 Scales 0-50-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, L». L. 21 inches. Cumberland, TTpjx'r Ten- 
 nessee, and Eoanoko Rivers. A beautiful inhabitant of the clear 
 mountain streams. 
 
 {HijimlepiK ardcva Copo, Proc. A<'-a(t. Nat. Sci. Philii. 18<)7, lt;;5: LeuciseuH ardciis 
 Gilntlxer, vii, 'J.')?.) 
 
 *290. M. pun('tuI:U«is Ilay. 
 
 i>od.y short, deep, comi)ressed. liack elevated in front of dorsal. 
 ITead short and dee{). Prolile straight or slightly concave. Moiilii 
 large, quite oblique, maxillary reachin,g anterior rim of orbit, l^^yc mod 
 erate, 3J in head. Scales small, 25 in front of dorsal. Lateral line 
 Huich decurved. Dorsal beginnuig midway between muzzle and ba.si! 
 of caudal. Caudal pe<luncle compressed. Straw-color; silvery <mi sides 
 and below; scales above dark -edged; a <Uirk dorsal lino ; a dsirk band 
 on caudal i)eduncle; a. small black spot at base of dorsal. Head 1|; 
 depth 4.i. I). 8 ; A. 10 or 1 1 ; scales 11-40-:) ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with grind- 
 ing surface. L. 2 inches. Tuscumbia lliver, Mississippi. {Hay.) 
 
 (Hay, Proc. II. S. Nat. ISIiis. IS80, 508.) 
 tt A black 8[)ot on tlio n))i)i r autcuior part of (ho iloraal. 
 t!91. M. i-ial>ri|»iiiiii$ Hay. 
 
 Body long and shMuler, nuu!h compressed. Mouth large, oblique, tlio 
 lower .jaw somewhat projecting, the maxillary reaching the vertical iroiu 
 the front of the eye. Eye large, 3.i in head, slightly longer than snout. 
 Scales small, especially along the back, sonu'what higiier than long, l»ut, 
 not so closely imbricated as in M. hcllnn. Lateral linc^ much decurved. 
 Dorsal far back, midway between i)upil and base of caudal and convsid 
 orably i)osterior to ventrals; j)ectorals not reaching ventraKs, the latter 
 to veu:. Dark ; scales al)ove all with black points; a ])himberns latend 
 band, ending in a vague t^audal spot; a narrow dorsal baiul ; a I)Iiu',k 
 .spot on the upper anterior portion of tlu> dorsal and also on the anal, 
 
31. CYPRIMD^E MINNILU8. 
 
 199 
 
 (.acli surrounded by a diftusc blotch ; tip of vontrals and cdpe of pco- 
 
 (oruIsdarU; vertical fins red. IJead4^; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 11 ; scales 
 
 $-ii>-^i. L. 2i inches. Chickasawha Kivw, Mississippi. ^ ^ i, 
 
 ( i lay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils. 188U, r>Oy.) , ^^ 
 
 HN'o flintiiict Idiick spot oil tlKMlorsal. .si 
 
 (/. ISody short and (loop. 
 
 292. M. bellus Hay. 
 
 Body short, de(>p, considerably coiujiressed. Dorsal region elevated. 
 Iloiul short. Muzzle short, rating' pointed, the profile somewhat con- 
 oivc. Mouth large, oblicpie, the TUiixillary extending to opposite the 
 iioiit of orbit, the lower jaw iirojccting. Lateral line much decurved. 
 .Scales crowded forwards, 25 in front of dorsal. Dorsal midway between 
 .snout and caudal, behind ventrals; pectorals not reaching ventrals, the 
 i;itt('r to vent. Caudal peduncle slender. Dusky above, with a nar- 
 row dark dorsal line; sides silvery, with pbunbeous streak; no sj)ot 
 at ha.se of dorsal; fins mostly black-tip[)ed ; belly tlame color in life; 
 liiis orange at base. Head 4i; depth H?-. D. 8; A. 10 or 11; scales 
 7-41-3; teeth 2,4-4, 2, "sharp edged, but with a n)asti(,'atory surfa(;o". 
 h. L'{, inches. Tond)i.i4beo liiver, Mississippi. {Jlay.) 
 
 (May, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, r.lO.) 
 vn. IJody sloiidoi' and clong.'ite. 
 
 a93. ITI. inatutiBiiis (Copo) .Tor. 
 
 r.ody slendei'. Orbit large, 3| in head, scarcely larger than length 
 ol iiinzzle, equal to interorbital width. Oliva(!eons above; the scales 
 hrown-shaded ; a plumbeous lateral band; sides and below brigLt Hil- 
 ary ; a dark si)ot at base of caudal. Males with the muzzle and chin 
 red. Head 4'; depth G. D. 8; A. U; scales 7-44-3; teeth without 
 -rinding surface. L. 2 J inches. Neuse Itiver. {(Jope.) 
 
 {Alburnvllua matnthtuH (Jope, Proo. An.rT. Phil. Sue. Phiia. 1870, 4G5.) 
 
 ','94. I!I. lirus Jordan. 
 
 IJody slim, compressed. Head small, short, moderately deep, tlattish 
 above. Mouth rather large, very oblitpie, the lower jaw slightly pro- 
 jecting. Eye very large, longer than snout, 3 in head, the maxillary 
 iibout reaching its front. S(!ales snndl, loosely ind)ricated, their outlines 
 < xtrtiinely indil^tinct. Fins moderate. Coloration very pale translucent 
 HTccn; scales of back finely i)unctatc; 8i<lcs with a very distinct nie- 
 lallic. blue band formed of dark punctulations, this band passing 
 thioiigh the eye and snout and forming a most characteristic color- 
 marking; a streak of black dots along the bases of doisal and anal, 
 
 iii?pl 
 
 • im 
 
^-Mi*l*»j4aMli«lTli"l'i nil I'll 
 
 200 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOOV IV. 
 
 that on tho doiHiil su^f^ostiiig the iKKMiliar spot of the other Lythruri • 
 tip of Hiiout Miiclv ; fills pale oUvaceous, red in tlie inale.^ Males \u 
 spring with tho head and antedorsal region profusely tubtucnhiU'd. 
 Head 4^ ; depth Gj. l>. 8 j A. l() ; neales S-4r)-4 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with very 
 uaiTowor obsolete grinding aurfaeo. L. 2^ in<'Iu's. Tennessije and Ala 
 bam a Uivtirs. 
 {A^ototropiH Htuit Jordiin, Ann. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. 187(5, 'M'li.) 
 
 ** Scales u(>tii[)arat.ivuly lnrg<>, not higher than long, and not ch>8nly inihricaKxl ; 
 HcaloH in front of dorsal l:vrgo; tooth without grinding anrfaco. (MinniLua.*) 
 b. Aual tin long, i(a rayu 14. 
 
 » 
 
 99H. in. olif^nMiils (Copo) Jor. 
 
 " Under Jaw projecting a little beyond upper, maxillary extcMiding U) 
 
 op|)osite posterior nostril. Head oonic in profile, witli muzzle com 
 
 pressed, one-lifth of length to notch of caudal. Eye 3| in length ol 
 
 head. Opercidum higher than long. Kins short (except anal); ventr.ils 
 
 ttuttrior to dorsal. 1). 1,8; A. I, 14. Scales rather large, 5-41-2; lat 
 
 eral line with a long, gentle anteiior deflection. Above reddish; side.*- 
 
 of head and broail lakUMl band silvery ; body medially yellowisli.'' 
 
 {Cope.) L. 2 inches. Kansas. Perhaps a member of some other genus. 
 
 {Albiunuti oligitxpi.s ("ope. I'roc. id. Nat. Sii. IMnlu. 1804, 28iJ: Abramiat oUyii«pk 
 Giinthor, vii, :MK».) 
 
 !i_l 
 
 ^ 
 
 66. Anal tin itxKlcratc, itN rays 10 or 11. 
 
 o. Scalos iiltovc lateral lino in aL-jui 9 aeries. 
 
 SI»6. in. iimbratilis (Grd.) .Tor. 
 
 A short, <le*5i) species, like a Notcmigoiim. Maxillary reaching orbii. 
 
 Lateral line deflexed. ()liva(X!0U8; sides silvery. Head 4; depth i. 
 
 1). 8; A. 11; scales 0-?-4. L. 3 inches. Arkansas llivor. {Oirard.) 
 
 {Alburnm umbratUin (Jtrd. Proc. Aoad. Nat. Hvi. Phila. 185(), lU^: Alburnellua umbraiilu 
 Gnl. U. S. l»ai'. U. R. Snrv. x, WG(>. ) 
 
 00. Scales abov»> lati'ral lino in .V? Bories. 
 
 d. Ventral lins reaching beyond middle of doraul. 
 
 99T. m. sceplieus .Jordan »fe Gilb. Bp, uov. 
 
 Body short and deep, comi)ressed and somewhat elevated. Uciul 
 rjither large, deep, bluntish, resembling the head of Minnilus conmtus. 
 Moul'< moderate, terminal, oblique, lower jaw slightly included, uppw 
 lip opposite middle of eye, tho maxillary (extending to front of orbit. 
 Bye very large, longer than snout, 3 in head; interorbital space broad, 
 flatitish. Scales large. Lateral line much decurved. Fins moderate; 
 
 ! AlbHi-nellHtf Girurd, i'roc. Aoatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. IKMi, 193. 
 
31. CYPUINID.K — M1NN1LU8. 
 
 201 
 
 tlio dorsal well beliiii<l vciitials, Mn' tips of fclie ventrals extending to- 
 tho UiHt dorsal ray. (Jaudal ihmIiuu'.U? moderate. Ooloration very palej 
 Hides with a brifilit Hdvery l»an<l ; .scales with very littl<; dark edging; 
 iidark line ill base ut' dorsal ; ntalcs in .sprin;^ with the Hnont protiinely 
 tuoercnhite. Qtnid .'i:| ; clcpth 4. 1). H; A. ]{); Kcales 0-38-3 j teeth 2, 
 4-4, 1. L. 3 ineh(!8. Saluda Riv«'r, South (Carolina. 
 { XolropU) phologmiH {'' imU-: vurii'ty ") Jonlim & Hiayton, Uiill. U. B. Nat. Mu». xli, 
 
 'i9M. ITI. pliotoKcniM (Cupu) Jor. 
 
 IJody more slender, coniiuessed. Head moderate. Month (]uite ob- 
 lique, lower Jaw weareely jini-jecting; maxillary about reaehlng orbit. 
 BiKik broad. Dorsal lin inserted behind middle of body, a little behind 
 vciitrals. Lateral line deeurved. Eye large, 3^ in head. Color oliva- 
 ceous, with brown vertebral and dor.sal lines; Hides and below bright 
 bilvery ; eheeks silvery. Ilead 4,^ ; depth 5.^. D. 8; A. 10; seales 0-40-3. 
 li. .> iiujhes. Alleghany region, Pennsylvania, to North Carolina, ou 
 both sides of the mountains ; abun<lant and variable. Var. cngraulinua 
 Cope is slenderer, the drpth in length, the head 3§. 
 
 {SqiKiliiui photoficiiiM Copci, I'roc. Acad. Nut. Hci. Pliila. l8(i4,'2H0: Photofienis huoopa 
 Cdiif, Vi(n\ Acad. Nat. Sci Phila. 18(57, KM : Lpiu^hcwi photogcnin GUntlior, vii,ii52.) 
 
 W9. in. teloNCOpus (I'opc) ,Jor. »fc (iill>. 
 
 Very near the i»r(^ceding, but with the d(usal fin inserted about mid- 
 way between 8n<mt and base of eaudal, not rnueh behind ventrals. Ey& 
 longer than muzzle, L*;'| in head. Mouth very oblicpie, mandible not jiro- 
 jiH'liiig. Color pale greenish ; the seales extensively dark-edged above. 
 Hciwl 4i; depth 5. I). 8; A. 10; seales 5-38-3. L. 3^ inehes. Teu- 
 nossee Kiver. 
 
 {I'holojienia telescopiin Co[>c', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18(57, 16."> : LeuoisouH teleaooptia 
 (Jiiiithor, vii, 252.) 
 
 30O. IVI. Mtilbiiis Jordan. 
 
 liody rather slender. Head rather long, somewhat pointed. Moutlt 
 large, oblique, the maxillary reaehing to the eye. Eye very large, 
 gr('jit(ir than snout and than interorbital width, 3 in head. Fins rather 
 hijjfli ; the ventrals reaehing to oi)])osite the last rays of the dorsal. Color 
 pale silvery green ; sides with a broad silvery band, on whieli are many 
 (lark ptnietulations; thes<i are numerous Just behind the shoulder-girdle 
 and at the base of the eaudal, where they form an evident spot; cheeks 
 pure silvery; lips dusky. Ilead 4^; depth 5. D. 8; A. 10; scales- 
 5-37-15; t<^eth li, 4-4, I. L. ;i inehoN. Alabama River. \ r," 
 
 (SototropiM atHhiuM Jordun, Aim. Lye. Nai. Hin-t. N. Y. 1H7(5. 'J4H.) / 
 
 HI 
 
 'I 
 
 1 i. i.i| 
 
202 CONTUIIiUTIOX.S TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV, 
 
 
 301. in. porcohromus t'npc. « 
 
 Body iiuMlt'iatcly eloiigulc. Ilc^ml rather long, tlieinnzzlo ;MMimiiia,t(\ 
 M<m(h o!>liqiu', the jaws e<iual, iho rnaxiUary extending behind front of 
 orbit. Eye niothuate, .'{^ in h;n«th, as h)ng as snout. Dorsal begintiiii;r 
 slightly I)ehin<l ventrals, Seventeen seales in front of <lorsal. (Jolur 
 ])ale, with lateral silvery band ; dorsal scales and scales at base of eaii 
 <lal with dark punctnlations. llead '.VJ^; depth 4,/. I). 8; A. 11; scales 
 7_;37_;{; ti-eth L", 1-4, 2. L. li inches. Saint Josei)h, Mo. {Cope.) 
 {.tlbnnH'llu.i piTcobroiaii:! ^2o\^(^, lIjiydi^u'H Gool. Siirv. Wyoiu. 1870, IIO.) 
 
 30t!. M. rilbcllllH (A,;;. ) ,1 or.— I.'oh;/ Minnow. 
 
 liody long and slon<leir, compressed, the back not elevated. Tliwul 
 
 blunt, conic/, proportionatcily shorter than m the other s{)ecies. Month 
 
 moderat<», very oblicpie, upper li[) on the level of the upper part of tlio 
 
 pupil, maxillary about reaching to the front of the eye.. Eye large, 
 
 rather huiger than snout, •i\ in head. Fins low; the dorsal well belli d 
 
 the ventrals, the tips of the vcntrals extending to beyond the middle of 
 
 the dorsal, Ijateral lino deeiirved. Color translucent green above; 
 
 sides bright silvery; scales above faintly punctate, but not enough to 
 
 render them dark-edged, nor to form bhttches along the shies; a faint 
 
 dark vertebral line; males in spring Avith the snout rosy. Head 4"^; 
 
 depth "4. n. 8; A. 11; scales r)-;?8-;j ; teeth 2, 4-4,2. L. 5 inches. 
 
 Great Lake region and Ohio and Mississippi Valleys; abundant in lakes 
 
 and river channels. Variable. The largest and handsomest species of 
 
 this genus, 
 
 (f?Nolropin a(herinoi(1en Raf. Aincr. Month. M!i}». & firit. Rev. 1818, '204 (very (lojil)t. 
 fill, i)('ih;iiKs a. Xotemifioniis): Alhiiniun ruhclhi'i A'^hsh\/,, Ij.'iko Snix^rior, 18.'t0, W'A: Al- 
 burnum iiitiduH Kiitlaiid, (Jl(>,voliiiHl An!i. Sri, 18;')), 41: AlburnelluN JicuIuh ami a kjo 
 Copo, Cypr. P«'nu. IHIiil, ',iH7 : LeHemum nibdluH and oopei Giinthor, vii, 'iM, 35!).) 
 
 303. Ifl. dillcmtlN Raf. — hmerald Minnow. 
 
 Very similar to the preceding, but smaller and more (M>mpressed, with 
 
 shorter snout, smaller eye, narrower and more convex interorbital space,, 
 
 which is not wider than eye, and shorter ventrals, which scarcely reach 
 
 the middle of the dorsal. Colors very pale; lips dusky. Head 4:^; 
 
 depth r>i (to4.V). D. 8; A. 10; scales (J-38-; J ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. .i^ 
 
 inches. Ohio Valley. Described from specimens taken at the Falls of 
 
 the Ohio. .^ 
 
 (Minniius dinrmus llai'. Ifhth. Oh. 4,'): Alburnus dileclus Gnl, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sii. 
 Philii. l8r)G, l!>3: Aibunidln.Hdihctnf< Gnl. IJ. S. Pfu- R. R. Suiv. x, 239: NolropU dihclm 
 and dinemuH Jordan, Man. "N^irt. 'JSUi, 297.) 
 
 304. in. riibrirrons (Copo) Jovdau.— Ros if -fa ord Minnaw. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, the ba<;k scarcely elevated, the caudal 
 peduncle somewhat contracted, llead longer than in the other species, 
 
31. CVPU1NI1)/K — I KOrOl'OUlIS. 
 
 203 
 
 ■ ; ^' 
 
 <'(»ni«! jvimI liitluT poiiitiMl. Moiitli liitiuT lar^is very obliqno, iipiu'r lip 
 
 iibovc rhu lirn^ of tlu) middle of tlio pupil, tltc iiiiixillury n^iuOiiii;; to op 
 
 pio^o the (\vo. Kye iiKMU'iMtc, ;inliMioi', t in head. OliviiciMuis }il)ovo ; 
 
 m'.iU'S w'illi darker edy;es ; sides silvery; a- dark v<Mtel)iul line; inalen 
 
 willi tlie Hiioiit tulMTcnlute in sprinj,', the roreliea.d, oprreular region, 
 
 iiiiil l>as«! of dorsal beiii^ then Hushed with red. Head 4 ; depth 4i^. 
 
 J). S; A. 10; scales r>-,51>-;j. T«'efli 2, i-t, U, little hooked, one of them 
 
 ,s();:i«'tiuies sbowinj,' a wort of grindiu;:' face. L. 2^ in<!heM. Ohio Valley. 
 
 All elej^ant species. Much snialU'.r than tahdluH^ with larger head untl 
 
 deeper body. 
 
 { AlhurnuH ru'in/iviii {\t\Mi, Vrtu-. A<r;i'l. Ni.t.. Hci. IMiilii, lH;i5, ^5: AlbiirucUus rnhri- 
 fni:ii C'<)|us Cyjir. I'oiiii. Id Id, Mid: f,i'in;i«viin rnhrifroiiH Giiiith«*r, vii, 2!i'>: iVotrnpin ru- 
 hri/roiix .Ionian, 'ii'').) 
 
 ao.». M. j<'iin»/-:iams (CoiM-) .lor. 
 
 I'.ody siiMider. with l(>n{? caudal peduiulc Head liirfxc, the muzzle 
 ]()iii;-aeuuiiuate. Mouth lar;.'e, oblifpu*, the ui)per li|) below the liaie of 
 (li(^ pu[)il, the maxillary extendiuj; beyond front of orbit. Itlyo mod- 
 erate, 'S^ in head. Dorsal rather posterior, the tips <»f the vtMitrals ex- 
 teiidinj;' beyond its last ray. 01ivat!eous; a broad silviu'y band, with 
 pliiiiibeous sup(U"ior margin ; a dusky vertebral l)and. Head 4J ; depth 
 (i. 1). 8; A. 10; scales 5-;J4-2; tetith 2, 4-4, 1. L. ■> inches. Han Ude- 
 lonso (liio (rrande), New Mexico. {Cope.) 
 
 {JlburncUuH jeiuvsanuH Cope, Zool. Wlieuler'H Expl, VV. lOOtli Mi-r. v,(i50, leiTCJ.) 
 
 or. N'ciitrjil liiiH Hhort, Hc,nr«;<ily niiwliiiiy buyoinl front of iIorHul. 
 
 ao<». jTI, inieroptcryx ((;<>i>'') •'<>'■• 
 Body slender, compressed. Mead moderate, rather i)ointed. Mouth 
 
 hir^^e, oblique, the upjier lip on tlic level of the pupil, the maxillary 
 iv!i(;hiu<; to o[)posite the front of the orbit. Eye small, about as long 
 as muzzle, ."i.^ in head. Scales larffo. Lateral line decurved. Fins all 
 quite small, the dorsal farther back than in any of the preceding 
 species, so that the short ventrals do not reach much beyond its ante- 
 rior rays. Color olivaceous; sides bright silvery; <lorsal s(!alcs conspicu- 
 ously dark-edj^ed ; a dusky blotch at base of (;au«lal, underlying the 
 .silvery lustre. Head 4.^; depth ns. I). 8; A. 10; scales r>-;{0-2. L. 
 2,' inches. TIead waters of Cumberland and Tennessee Tiivers. — - -^- 
 {AlburnclltiB mioroptvriix Cope, Joiiro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IH()8, 2:53. ) 
 
 ■ ~" "" 86.-PBOTOPORrS Cnpo; ■. 
 
 (Copo, llaydon's Gool. Surv.T<M'r. 1871, 473: type ProtoporuH (lomtiiniiH Coitvs.) 
 
 Body ratluT stout. Mouth noruuil. No barbel. Teeth 2, 4-4, 1, 
 hooked, without masticatory surface. Scales small, iu 50-00 transverse 
 
 i" '!■ 
 
%i 
 
 * * ■ f f 
 
 '■H 
 
 ■jy 
 
 KtM : 
 
 M" 
 
 I* 
 
 204 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XOKi'H AMEUICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Series. Lateral line short or nearly obsolete. (Dorsal flu not described.) 
 Amil basis short. Small flshes, differing from Minnilm in the incoui 
 plote condition of the lateral line; possibly merely the young of some 
 Hqualius. (-|r>(or.-?, before; ^'y""?» Pore.) 
 
 307. P. doiniiiniis Cope. 
 
 Boily rather stout, front convex. Muzzle obtuse. Mouth horizontul, 
 end of maxillary not quite reaching orbit. Eye 4 in head. Lateral 
 lino not developed as far as the ventral fins. Grayish ; a broad dark 
 lateral bana, spotted witli darker; back and top of head dark. Head 
 4i; depth 5. 1). 8; A. 7; scales U-SG-G; teeth 2, 4-4, L L. 2 inches. 
 Fort Hail, Idaho. {Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, lliiydou's Gool. Siirv. Mout. 1871, 47:», 1872.) 
 
 §7.-I::KI€YiTIBA Cope. 
 (Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1805, 88 : type Eriojmha buccxita Copo.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, little conii)ressed. Muzzle broad. Interopor- 
 cle, suborbital, and dentary bones crossed by (5onspicuous, externally 
 vis'ble, nuujouH channels. Li[)s thin. No barbel. Teeih I, 4-4, 0, 
 without grinding surl'ace, hooked, the edges entire. Scales rather large, 
 Latt 'ill line continuous. Dorsal fin above ventrals. Anal basis short. 
 Si!ver;y lishes of rather small size, known at once from all other nun 
 nows by the cavernous bones of the lower part of head, {ipi, an inteii 
 Hive particle; xob^rj^ a cavity; in allusion to the development of the mu- 
 cous channels.) 
 
 AQti. Vt. buccutit Cupu. 
 
 Body fufciform, lather elongate, little compressed, the back not ele- 
 vated. Il«Mid rather long, some^what depressed above, with broad and 
 prominent muzzic. Mouth rather small, horizontal, subinli rior, the 
 lower jaw considerably shorter than upper, upper lip below level of 
 ])upil, maxillary not rea<;hing to eye, dentary bones dilated, the mu 
 eons channels conspiijucms, Sul)oibital very l)r()ad, silvery, with an 
 elevated longitu<linal ridgt^ an«l (•ous|»icuous cross-lines; opercle small. 
 Eye large, 4 in head. l^^iuH small, dorsal over v«Mitrals. Scales mod 
 erate. Lat'.u'al line nearly straight. Breast scaleless; 15 large seal ih 
 before dorsal. Color olivaceous, rather pale ; sides bright sdvery, with 
 bluish relleetions; a dark dorsal streak, conspicuous posteriorly; lin.s 
 plain; males witnout tubercles or bright tiolors. U^ad 3{^; i\vi\){\\ T), 
 D. «; A. 8; seal' ^ {.'Ua; teeth 1, 4-4, (►. L. 5 inches. Ohio Valhi.v 
 to Mis8i8si|)pi'(/ia/i; locally very abundant. Oneofoui most remark 
 able species of (Jypriuida:. 
 
 (Oo|><', I'loi:. Ai'iid. Nut. Si'i. Pliil:*. IHli.^, H7. inul Cypi. I'umi. :»ni ; (HIiiHut, vii, 185.^ 
 
31. CYPRINIDii': — IMIKNACOUIUS. 
 
 SS.-PHEIVACOBIIJN Cope. 
 
 205 
 
 * ( San^dium Copo. ) 
 
 (Copp, Prop. .Vciid. Nat. Sci. Pliil.v. H )7, '.)(}: hypo I'hfiuu'obim terctiiliut Coi>oi.) 
 
 Body oloajjiito, little <',oinpro-s.sc<l. .Moiitli inferior, the lower lip thin 
 lufisially, but eularjifed into a (iesliy lobe oii each side toward the angle 
 of the mouth, thus pre.senting a superficial re.seniblanco to that of Exo- 
 glonsum, with which the genius has i)robably real affiidties; uijper lip 
 with a callous covering within; dentary bones distinct, except nt sym- 
 pliy.'-'s. No barbel. Upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, hooked, with- 
 out grinding surface. Scales rather small. Lateral line complete. 
 Dorsal fin in front of ventrals ; anal basis short. Isthmus e.KtreinoIy 
 wide, [iitestines short ; peritoneum white. Small species, with the 
 aspect of young suckers, (^yt'wa^, dccei)tive; ,?£«<?, life; the appearance 
 of tlie fish suggesting an herbivorous species with long intestines, which 
 it really is not.) 
 
 '.Scales modonit *, i:<-50 in th« course of tlio lat/ttral line. 
 
 »0!>. P. tcrctulus Copo. 
 
 Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevat^ul, the tsaudal pe- 
 duncle stout. Head stout, the muzzle elongate, obtusely deourved, 
 lit'iivy. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal, the maxillary not reaching to 
 t!yc. Isthnms wi<le. Breast scaly. I^ateral line nearly straight. Eye 
 large, high up, 3.^ in head. L*ale yellowish ; the ^.^caics above dark- 
 edged ; snout blackish . a plumbeous lateral l)and ; fins plain. Head 4fjj 
 depth 4§. U. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 0-43-6 ; teeth 4-4o L. 3^ inches. Kan- 
 awlia River. 
 
 (Copo, Pim\ Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1807, %.) 
 
 310. P. iiiirabiiis ((ird.) Jordan. 
 
 Body modcM'ately slender. Head short, rather blunt anteriorly. 
 
 Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to the eye. Eye large, 4 in 
 
 head. Olivaceous; a silvery lateral band and a dusky spot at base of 
 
 oaud; ,1. Head 4; depth P\. I). 8; A. 7; scales 0-51-5 (teeth 1, 4-4, It). 
 
 li. '{^ inches, .\rkansas Kiver. [Oirard.) 
 
 J'^ogloaaum iiiirabih! OrA. Vnw,. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Idf)*;, ISM, and U. 8. Pac. K. R. 
 ^ itv, X, '250: ExoijlosHiim mirabik OUulhcr, vii, 188; tSarddium acopiferum* Copo, 
 
 * Body moderately elongate, the hack not elevated. Canclal pcdnnclo stout. Hood 
 rtitnor nhort and thick, witli prominent but obtune mu?!zle. Mouth nmall, horizontal, 
 wiiolly iuf'nrior, Mie ni.ixillsiry not reaciiiiiK Uie «^ye. Top of head f tt. Lateral line 
 iwarly siraigiit. liye large, li in head. Yollowisli, with a silvery lateral baud, which 
 t.flrmiiiatf>H in a Itliick caudal 3[)ot ; tio do sal liand ; fins plain. i!i'ad4J; depth 1?. 
 D, 8; A. 7; Boales G-4''4-5; tooth 4-4. L. 3inohes. {Cope.) Missouri '^iv». a 
 
 
 mm^m^ 
 
 
jUHHUBttlttliaMIU^ 
 
 lif1JtTihh»'*I^MnW» 
 
 Pi., 
 
 -1 »• 
 
 206 CONTRl MOTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Hajdcu'sGcol. Siirv. W.yoin. 1^70, 440, 1H7-2; Juraaii, Bull. Hayfleu'« Geol. Surv. Terr, 
 iv, No. :>, (i'.iii (ii rjiMn v <hul)l)y spccinu'ii from the Rio Grande, with scales C-4r)-7 
 the bri-ast iialad, is n-lerrcil hy us ti» thisspi.cicH): / Phenmobiua lereiuJuH var. Uosttrmn 
 Nolsou, Hull. Ills. Mus. Naf. lli.st. i, li:)7(>, 4(i.) 
 
 ** Scales Hiuall, aliout (iO in the lateral line. 
 311. P. iNitn'stoniiiH .Ionian. 
 
 Ij()»ly liitlu'i' slciiuU'r, noaiiy terete, scarcely compressed iit all, back 
 not elevated, cavulal |)e(luiicle stout. Ilt^ad very large, the mnz/le blunt 
 and heavy, the cheeks tumid, rdouth small, inferior, altogether below 
 the level of the eye, the maxillary barely reaching to the nostrils. Eyes 
 large, high mj), behind middle, of head, and 3.V '.u its length. Scales 
 small, thin, .ml loosely ind)ncated; the back and belly scaled; chest 
 naked. Lateral line nearly straight. Twt^nty-two scales iu front of 
 dorsal. Fins all small. Width of isthmns 'Ih in head. Pale oliva- 
 I'cons; white below; a silvery lateral band, nnderlaid by dusky, which 
 forms a vague blotch at base of caudal; back dusted with dark si)eck.s; 
 * \\ of head olaek; a yellowish vertebral line. Head 4^; depth C'J. 1). 
 H; A. 7; scales 7-00-5; teeth 4— t. L. 4 inches. Alabama River. 
 
 (Jonlan. Amu. I^ye. Nal. llisi, N. V. l-^TG, :'.;!.'.) 
 'AVi. V. llk'anoB>«i Cope. 
 
 Body very slender, little enmiMessed, back not elevated, caudal i)c- 
 duncle long and slender. Head long and rather slender, Hat aboM^, 
 the muz/le broad, blunt, and piojee.ting. Mouth entirely inferior, larger 
 than iu the other si>ecies, with conspicuous lii)s. Eye largt;, placeil very 
 high, behind the middle of the head, ^.} in head. Scales small, L'l in 
 front of dorsal. Lateral line straight. Chest and middle line of belly 
 naked. Width of istlnniis JiaU length of head. Fins small. Head 4.,'; 
 depth (>. I). 8; A. 7; scales 7-0l)-(»; teeth 4-4. Tcimessoo Itiver. 
 
 (Cope, I'voe. Acad. Naf. «( i. IMiila. i^'M, '.Mi.) 
 
 SO.-RIISr^SCam'BIVS Agasslz. 
 
 BlucL-HOfivd Dace. 
 
 (Arfiuntnii Ileelvel, juxoecupied in ICntomology.) 
 (Agassiz, Lake Superior, I8ri(», ;!53: lypo Cijprhiua atronmua I^Iitchill.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, not much compressed. IMouth small, std)iii- 
 ferior, normal, the upper jaw nt)t inotractile, the upper lip contimioiifj 
 with the skin of the forehead, a barbel terminal on the maxillary. 
 Teeth mostly ii, 4—1, li, hooketl, withoui grinding Hurfaco. lutestiuul 
 
31. CYPRINlDiE — RHINJCHTHYS. 
 
 207 
 
 canal short. Scales very small. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal liu 
 inserted behind th<' ventrals. Anal basis short. Size small. Colora- 
 tion dark, rosy in spring, (/u;-, snout; r/.Uoq^ llsla; the snout in most 
 species being prominent.) 
 
 31JJ, B. cataractae (Vul.) .Jor.— ArtKcz-Hosw/ Daw. 
 
 body elongate, little compn'ssed. not elevated. Head long, the muz- 
 zle ilattcned, narrowed, and extremely prominent, the mouth being en- 
 tirely inferior and horizonti I. Eye nearly median, its diameter cou- 
 taiucd twice in the length of the Miout, about 5 times in bead. Isthmus 
 wide. Barbel evident, ijateral line commencing opposite the upper 
 posterior angle of the operele, dccurved. Pectoral lins enlarged in the 
 males. Color olivaceous, paler below, with numerous dusky i)unctula- 
 tions; the back often almost black; some of the scales usually irregu- 
 larly darker, producing a mottled appearance; no black lateral bands; 
 yeimg specimens with a dusky lateral shade; a blackish spot on the 
 operele; males in sjuing with the lips, cheeks, an<l lower fins crimson. 
 Head 4; depth 5. u. 8; A. 7; scales 14-G5-8; teeth L', 4-4, 13. L. 5 
 inches. New l']ng'and to Virginia and Wisconsin; frecpienting clear 
 and boisterous streams and rock-pools. 
 
 \<iobio calaractw Cnv. & Viil. xvi, ,]U>, lH4"i: Lermseiis iiaHulim Ayri's, IJohI. Joiirn. 
 Nri. Hint, iv, 209, 184;{: Argnreua nuHutm Cope, Cypr. Pcnn. ^(iK: lihinivhthijs vnxuiua 
 fliiiitluM', vii, 18ih CcnitichlhijH calarncttxt GiiiiMior, vii, 17o: JthiniclithuH ninniwratua 
 A;:iissiz, Lako Siiporior, ;J5'1; RtiUiiahtUnH murmorutnu Giinthor, vii, 16'J.) 
 
 311. It. maxillosu<>i Copi. 
 
 Uody elongate, not elevated. Head long, the muzzle long and project- 
 iiij;, as in the preceding si)ecies, but rather heavier, the mouth l)roader, 
 tlic maxillary extending nearly to the <'ye Barbel evident. Eye small, 
 lii^h u[>, median, 5^ in head, I''ins small, caudal not deei»ly foiked. 
 hiiteral line decurved. Silvery; darker above; a dusky lateral shavie, 
 iit least in the young. Ilead 4; dei)th 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 11-70-8. 
 L. r» inches. Upper Missouri region southeastwaiil. Vviy close to the 
 pieeeding. 
 
 (CoiKi, I'roc. Actul. Nat.. Sci. Phila. 1804, 27H,) 
 
 ItH'l. If. tntii«(BMontaiiiiM (Jopo. 
 
 'fills si)ecies, the conunon Uhiniclithi/i; of New Mox'co, dilfers from 
 JiliinichtliyH maxUlosm in having the dorsal fin equidistant between the 
 base of the caudal and tlie end of the muzzle, and in having the longi- 
 tudinal series of scales below the lateral line more numerous (12~13), 
 
 m 
 
 

 208 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 and equal to those above it. D. 8; A. 7; scales 13-70-13. Tributaries 
 of the Rio Grande in Colorado and New Mexico. {Cope.) 
 
 {Uhinichthya mojcilloam Cope & Yarrow, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 644, 
 1877 (not of Copo, 1864); Cope, Amer. Nat. July, 1879, 441.) 
 
 31G. R< obti^siis Agassiz. — Brown-nosed Dace.. 
 
 Very similar to B. atronasus, but usually rather stouter, the barbel 
 more distinct, the head a little shorter, and the coloration somewhat 
 diii'erent. Back olivaceous, mottled with darker; sides with a rather 
 faint brownish band, margined above and below with paler; belly sil- 
 very ; a dusky blotch in the middle of the base of the dorsal fin; uiale« 
 with the pectoral fins enlarg d, and with the lateral band rosy. Head 
 4; depth 4^. D. 7; A. 6; scales 4r-G3-8; teeth ? 4-4, 2. L. 3 inches. 
 Wisconsin to Georgia ; abundant in clear brooks. Probably a variety 
 of the next species. 
 
 (Agassiz, Amor. Jouni. Soi. Arts, 1854, .357; Gilnthor, vii, 190; Jordan, Aim. Lyo. 
 Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1870, 331: Rhinichthya lunatiis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1864, 
 278 : lihinichthys meleagrts Agassiz, Amer. Joiun. Soi. Arta, 1854, 357 : Ithiniohthyameleagrit 
 Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 46: Rhinichthya meleagria GUnther, yii, 190.) 
 
 317. R. atronasus (Mitch.) Ag. — Black-noaed Dace. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Head moderate, rather 
 broad and flattish above. Snout moderate. Mouth small, horizontal, 
 subterminal, the lower jaw included, barbel minute but probably always 
 present, upijer lip on the level of the lower part of the pupil, max- 
 illary not reaching nearly to the eye. Eye small, nearly median, U in 
 snout, 4^ in head. Fins rather .small; dorsal fin well back. Scales 
 quite small, somewhat imbedded. Lateral line somewhat decurved. 
 Color blackish above; some of the scales irregularly darker ; a black 
 band passing from snout through eye and along the sides of the 
 body; a pale streak below this ; belly silvery ; males in spring with the 
 lateral band and the lower fins, and sometimes the whole body, bright 
 crimson ; males in late summer with the lateral band scarlet or orange, 
 the red color growing fainter later in the season. Head 4 ; depth 4J. 
 D. 7 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 04 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. .'} inches. New England t^ 
 Ohio and Virginia ; very abundant in clear l)rooks and mountain streams. 
 {Cypnnua atronaaua Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 4(50; Glluthor, vii, 191.) 
 
 90.— AOOSIA Uirard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8cl. Phila. 1856, 186: typo Agoaia chryaogaater Grd.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate. Mouth moderate, normal, the preniax- 
 illarios x)rotractilo, the maxillaries with a terminal barbel. Teeth 4-4, 
 
 Laj«t,„Tiri!raSE'ffiSGMffl»2Vil 
 
31. cyprinid;e — apocope. 
 
 209 
 
 nooked, with grindinj;;' surface. Scales quite small. Lateral line con- 
 tinuous. Dorsal over or slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short. 
 Size, aspect, and (joloration of RhinwhtJu/s and Apocope. (A coined name, 
 wirliout uu^aning.) 
 
 3IS. A. chrysossister Giranl. 
 
 Body rather stout, the back slightly elevated. Head heavy, the snout 
 bltiutly conical, covered with tubercles in males in spring. Mouth 
 siiiiill, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included, preiiuixillary entirely 
 lielow the level of the eye, the maxillary not reaching its anterior mar- 
 gin, barbel minute. Eye ratluu- large, about 4 in bead. Fins well 
 d(n<'l(>i)ed. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color t)livaceous above, 
 with black spots ; yellow below ; a black streak along the sides. Head 
 4j\; depth 4^. D. !); A. 8. ; Lat. 1.00. L. 3^ inches. Rio Gila, Ari- 
 zona. (Oinird.) 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliilfi. 185fi, 187, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 
 
 48.) 
 
 319. A. metallica Grd. 
 
 Stouter, the head shorter, and the snout more convex. Dorsal rather 
 iiiglier and narrower. Scales (in tjgure) considerably larger. Colorar 
 tion and i)roportion8 essentially as in the preceding. Lat. 1. 75. Rio 
 
 Gila. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Pliila. 185(5, 187, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtb. 
 
 49.) 
 
 91.— APOCOPF (Jopp. 
 
 (Cope, Hayden's Qeol. Surv. Mont, 1871, 47*2 : type A poropc cnrrhttjtoni CoytPi.) 
 
 Body somewhat elongate. Mouth normal, rather .small, .vith thickish 
 lips and a terminal maxillary barbel, premaxillaries i)rotractile. Teetli 
 mostly 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales very small. 
 liiiteral line weak, often more or less broken posteriorly. Dorsal fln 
 inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short. • Isthmus broad. Size 
 small. Colors dusky, with red in spring. The species are closely re- 
 lated and difficult to separate, and the geinis is scarcely distim^t from 
 Agosia. {dTroumr^, a deficiency, in allusion to the incompleteness of the 
 I literal line.) 
 
 'Lateral lino with (50-70 soalos. 
 ViO. A. carriniirtoni (Jopc, 
 
 Body rather stout. Head blunt and heavy, the snout scarcely over- 
 liaiijjitig the mouth; maxillary not quite reaching the line of the orbit; 
 Itiirbols minute: isthmus wide. Eye 4^ in lu^ad. li in iuterorbital 
 B\dl. Nat. Mus. No. 10 14 
 
 
<.M 
 
 «i ' 
 
 it,/ ,^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 210 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 width. Dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, nearer caudal than muzzle. 
 Lateral lino in the young running about half way to caudal, nearly com- 
 plete, or wanting on some scales only in the rlult. Olivaceous; a dark 
 lateral band ; dark shades along the back ; i des with the loral region 
 and the bases of all the fins except the dorsal scarlet. Head 4^; iicpllj 
 6. D. 8; A. 7; scales KMJO-ll; teeth 1,4-4, 1. L. 4 inches, Utah 
 to California ; very abundant in i-ock-pools. 
 
 (Cope, Hayden'H Geol. Hiirv. Mont. 1871, 472 ; Jordan & Honshaw, Rept. Chief En<'. 
 U. S. Ge.og. Siirv. W. lOUth Mer. 187e, 191.) 
 
 321. A. nubila (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 This species is very similar to A. carringtonij but in Girard's original 
 types the head is quite slender, while in the latter species it is blnnt 
 and stout. Lateral line continnous, but broken and feeble posteriorly. 
 Body stout. Mouth small, barbels small. Fins rather small. Color 
 blackish, with a darker lateral shade. Head black above. Head 4] ; 
 depth 4i. 1). 8; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. GO. L. 4 inches. Washington Territory. 
 
 {Argyrcus nubilm Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(), 181) : Argi/reuK nubituit 
 Girard, U. S. Pac. It. R. Surv. x, '241.) 
 
 322. A. vulBicrata Cope. 
 
 Body elongate. Mui<;:le obtuse, not projecting. Mouth inferior, hor- 
 izontal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Eye as long as muzzle, 4 
 in head. Dorsal fin behind line of ventrals, nearer caudal than snout. 
 Barbels small. Olivaceous; yellow below; a blackish lateral band; 
 head blackish above; males with the chin rtd. Head 4^; <l(^pth 5i. 
 D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 12-65-12 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2^ inches. Utah to Cal- 
 ifornia, Oregon, and Arizona; generally abundant in the mountain re- 
 gion. 
 
 (Coi)e, Hayden'H Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 47:^; Cope, vol. v, Zool. U. S. Geog. Surv. 
 W. 100th Mer. 187(5, (140; Jordan & Honshaw, Rept. Chief Eng. U. S. Goog. Surv. W. 
 100th Mer. 1878, 11)1 : Tyjoina rhiinchtlujoxdea Cope, Ilayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 
 473: Apocope couvni Yarrow, vol. v, Zooi. U. S. Geog. Surv. W. lOOHi Mer. 187G, 018.) 
 
 B23. A. hcnsliavii Cope. 
 
 Body rather elongate. Miiz:ile rather long, broad, obtuse, but over- 
 hanging the mouth. Barbel small. Eyes small, high up, shorter tliaii 
 snout. Ventral fins reaching anal, but not reached by the i)ectoraIa; 
 dorsal fins originating somewhat behind base of ventrals. Color pule, 
 with a few dark clouds on the sides and dark shades on head ; lower 
 fins r(^d at base; young with dark (jrossstreaks. Head 4|; deitth 4^. 
 D. 9; A. 7; scales 14-02-10; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Utah and Idaho; abun- 
 dant in I'rovo liiver. Not very diflfereut iiom the preceding. 
 
 {Jihinichthya hcunhavii Copo, Proc. Aim-r, Phil. 8oo. Phila. 1874, 13;); Cope, vol. v, 
 ZoOI. U S. Goog. burv. W. lUOth Mer. (545. ) 
 
 \;,^5 «:■ 
 
31. CYPRINID^ CP:RATICHTHYS. 
 
 211 
 
 321. A. OSCllla (Grd.) Cope. 
 
 Difters from A. henshavii in having a longer and more attenuated 
 
 body, and narrow, sliarp-pointed muzzle. Base of dorsal intermediate 
 
 between base of caudal and end of snout; ventrals reaching anal, but 
 
 not reached by pectorals. Yellowish white above ; bright yellow below j 
 
 a broad blackish lateral band ; a narrow black stripe around muzzle j 
 
 males with the lower jaw and lower tins crimson in life. Head 4^ (" in 
 
 total length") ; depth 7^; eye 4?- in head. D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 10-G3-10. 
 
 (Colorado to Arizona. {Cope.) 
 
 (Argyreus oacuiun aud notabilia Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 18G, and in U. 
 S, Mex. Bound. Siirv. Icbth. 47 ; Cope, vol. v, Zoiil. U. S. Geog, Surv. W. 100th Mer. 
 
 ()47.) 
 
 '"Lateral line with 80-90 scales. 
 
 323. A. vcntricosii Cope. 
 
 Tiody rather elongate. Muzzle obtuse, but narrowed anteriorly, not 
 
 ovcriianglng the mouth. Eye 4 in head, shorter than snout. Caudal 
 
 IxnUmcle stout. Barbels small, sometimes obsolete. Scales very small. 
 
 Dusky olive above; a blackish lateral band. Males with the axils of 
 
 the pectorals and ventrals scarlet; a scarlet spot above the gill-openings 
 
 and one on the side of the muzzle. nead4; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 7} 
 
 scales 18-89-15 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2f inches. New Mexico to Arizona 
 
 and Oregon ; abundant. 
 
 (CeratichthijH ixntricosus Cope, Proe. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1876, 136; Cope, vol. 
 V, Zoiil. U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer. 648; Jordan & Henshaw, Ropt. Chief Eng. 
 U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer. 1878. 1!)2.) 
 
 9:2.— CERATICUTIIVS Baird. 
 Horny Heads. 
 
 (Nocomis Grd ; tllybopaia Ag.) 
 
 (Baird, 1853, brief notice ; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 212 : type Semott- 
 lus higultaius Kirthiud.) 
 
 Form various. Mouth terminal or inferior, with lips thin or some- 
 what lleshy, a consi)icuous barbel terminal on the maxillary, premax- 
 lllaries projectile. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 or 0, hooked, without evident 
 i,Tiudiiig surface. Scales rather large. Lateral lino continuous. Dorsal 
 fin inserted over, in front of, or slightly behind ventrals; anal basis 
 short. A large and varied group. (z^|oa?, horn j ixOu^yii^]!) from the 
 nuptial tubercles of the typical spetiies.) 
 
 The species may be thus dividi'd : 
 
 •Spuciescf large hissf, with tlie mouth anterior, the lower jaw included ; the dorsal 
 (in sli^'htly behind the ventrals (CKKATlcirniYa). 
 
 Mf/uttatuit, mUropoijon. simmetriais^ 
 
mim 
 
 : It 
 
 4 * 
 
 J'3. 
 
 m 
 
 Mi:;' 1 
 
 
 I'. 
 
 •'s 
 
 212 coxTRinniONS to north amkrican ichthyology — rv. 
 
 *• species of .siiijill size, witli th« inoiitit siibinferior .inil hori/ontal ; the dorisal fin in- 
 serted sliy^litlv ill front of the ventnils, iiiul tlie scalcH generally lar^e ami sil- 
 very (f UvuoPsirt A^fussi/. ). 
 
 ft. Teeth two-rowed cumiiii/i, liinfiii, ainblops, ruhri/rotiH, hypninotu». 
 
 bb. Teeth «»ne-rowed dit'^imiliH. itirlftun, (imtirnliii, (fdidHH. 
 
 "••tipecicH of small size, with the niunth subinferi<»i- and horizontal, with thickened 
 lips; the dornal tin inserted slightly bohiiul the ventrals, nsnally with a Itlaek 
 Idoteh on its last rays; scales rather large, silvery. 
 
 labroaua, zanemitH, nioiKuliiin. 
 *Speeiesof large size, with the month anterior, the lower jaw iucluded; the dorsal 
 tin slightly behind the ventrals. {CeratlvhthyH.) 
 
 aa6. V. bi^lltlatllS (Kirt.) Grd.— //(>/•»(/ Hmd ; Hirer (huh; Jerker. 
 
 Body rathor rolmst, little elevated, little coiii])ressed. Head larj,'o, 
 rather broadly r<junde(l above; the snout conical, bluntish. Mouth 
 rather lar^e, subterininal, little obli(iiie, the lower jaw somewhat the 
 shorter, the upi)er lip rather below the level of the eye, and the maxil- 
 lary not reaching to the front of the eye. Eye small, median, high up. 
 Suborbitals very narrow; preorbital larj^e. Fins moderate; the dorsal 
 rather posterior, slightly behin«l the insertion of the ventrals; caudal 
 broad, little forked. Scales large, not crowded anteriorly, 18 rows in 
 front of the dorsal. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color l)luish 
 olive; sides with bright green and coppery reflections; a curved 
 dusky bar behind theopercle; scales above with dark borders; ix'lly 
 I)ale, but not silv«'ry, rosy in spring males; tins all pale orange, with- 
 out black spot. Males in spring with a crimson spot on (5ach side of 
 the head; the adults with the top of the head swollen, forming a sort 
 of crest, which is sometimes a third of an inch higher than the level of 
 the neck and is covered with large tuben^les ; young with a dark (;audal 
 spot. Barbel well develoi>ed. Head 4; depth 4[. D.S', A. 7; scales 
 6-41-1; teeth 1, 1-1, 1, or 1, 4-4, 0, sometimes 4-4. L. (>-t) inches. 
 Pennsylvania to the (ireat Basin of Utah and southward; everywhere 
 uibundant. The most widely ditfused of oiu' CyprmidiK. Western speci- 
 mens usually have the teeth in two rows. 
 
 {Semotihoi bUitiitatiiH Kirtland, Host. Joiirn. Nat^ Hist. IrtlO, iii, ;i44; Cope, Cypr. 
 Poun. 1866, 36(5; CJiinther, vii, 178: Xocomin nrbraitveiinis iuul f Xocomis belUcuH (i'wtivA, 
 Proe. Acad. Nat. Se.i. Phila. 1H.')(), 2V.i: CeratichtliyH cyclotia anil atigmatUus Cope, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. lHti4, 277, '278: i'eraUchthya cyclotia ij'nnWwr, vii, 178: Ceratich- 
 thy a aiigmaiicua O.Wu%\\i-^i\ vii, 17'J.) 
 
 ^97. €. iiii4'i'0|»0{iroii Copp. 
 
 Body moderately stout. Head much as in MinnlhiH mrnutuH, broad, 
 the muzzle obtuse, the pioflle rounded, descending. Mouth slightly 
 oblique, its itngle opposite front of the orbit. Eye 3| in head. Barbel 
 luiuuto. Caudal peduncle slender. Yellowish brown, with brown ver- 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE — CERATICIITHYS. 
 
 2\[\ 
 
 tebnil biiinl ; ii hrown lateral shade. Head 3^; ileptb i\. I>. 8; A. 7; 
 scales (J-K)-;» : teeth 4-4. L. 'Mj inches. One specimen known, from 
 Conestojja kiver, i*ennsvlvania. Perhaps a variation of tlu; preceding. 
 (Cope.) 
 ((•(ipo, I'roc. AciMl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18«4, 277 ; CSIintlicr, vii, 179. ) 
 
 3*i§> C Myiiiinvtri<;us (Uaird & Girard) J. &, G. 
 
 Body elongate, slender, moderately compressed, not elevated. Head 
 short, rather slender and pointed. Mouth small, little oblique, the lower 
 jaw included. Eye large, anterior, huiger than snout, .'i in head. Bar- 
 bel small, but evident. Scales small, ratlur loosely imbricated. Lat- 
 eral line strongly decurved. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Coloration 
 |)uU' ; scales dotted with black; cheeks silvery. Head 4| ; depth G. I>. 
 8 ; A. S : scales 9-58-4 ; teeth 4-4, without grinding surface. L. G inches^ 
 Rivers of California. 
 
 {I'oqoinclitliijn fijimmilridiM li. «V G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila, 1H.^)4, i:SG : Leucosomvs 
 njimiiKlriciin (iiinthiT, vii,y(>7.j 
 
 "8]K'cit!s of Hriiall nixv, with the month subinferior and horizontal; the doraal fin in- 
 serted slightly in front of the ventrals, and the scales generally large and 
 silv»>ry. ( ffyhopxlx Agassiz.*) 
 /). 'rcclli two-rowed. 
 
 :piO. €'. riliningi Glinthi-r. 
 
 IJarbels minute. Eye entirely in the ant<^rior half of the length of the 
 ticad, aiul nearly as long as the snout, which is obtuse, rounded, convex, 
 tlic mituth being sui)inferior. Interorbital space convex, as wide as the 
 (irl)it. Suborbital ring extremely narrow. Origin of dorsal fin a little 
 lu'hind ventrals. somewhat nearer root of caudal than end of snout. 
 IV'cronds not reaching ventrals. A grayish silvery band from gill- 
 opcniiig to the root of caudal, where it terminates in a black spot, 
 lloiid t L ; body T). I). 8: A. 8; scales G-4o-G ; teeth one; rowed ? 
 L.'W, inches. [Giiiithet:) "California"? 
 
 ((iiitilher, vii. )77.) 
 
 !i:iO. <'. luceim .Ionian. 
 
 Ilody elongate, comi)resse<l, the back somewhat elevated from the oc- 
 cip'ii t() the base of dorsal, thence rapidly declined to the long and 
 slciider caudal peduncle. Head short, compressed, the cheeks nearly 
 vi'iiical. Interorbital space rather broad and (lat, somewhat grooved. 
 Kye very large, circular, high uj), placed lu^arly midway of the length 
 of the head, its diameter about equal to the length of the snout and 
 
 'Ayassiz, AiniT. .loitrn. Sci. Arts, i'^ri4, ;{r>8: typi- /////>()/»k/n iiraeiHiiAy;. (/ ijof, gibbouB; 
 
 Wl"' , CilCC. ) 
 
mmmm 
 
 ttitk 
 
 m 
 
 ! > 'I J 
 
 214 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 scarcely greater than the width of the iuterorbital space. Preorhitul 
 bone large, oblong, conspicuous, and silvery. Mouth rather small, hor- 
 izontal, the lower jaw included, the edge of the premaxillary below the 
 level of the eye, the maxillary not reaching to the vertical from the 
 front of the orbit. Barbel quite small. Snout boldly and abruptly do- 
 <!urved much as in C. amblops, the tip of the snout thickened, foruiirijf a 
 sort of pad. Lateral line decurved. Rows of scales along the back 
 convergiug behind the dorsal wliere the upper series run out, as in 
 Minnilus cornutm. Fins rather higher and more falcate than in Q, 
 biguttatm. The dorsal fin inserted well forward, over veutrals. Pec 
 toraV lins pointed, not reaching veutrals, veutrals not reaching vent. 
 Teeth 4-4, hooked, without grinding surface. Translucent greenish 
 above; sides and below brilliantly silvery; cheeks and opercles with a 
 bright silvery lustre; lius plain ; a slight plumbeous lateral shade. Head 
 4J; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; 8cales5-4L'-4. L. 5 inches. Fallsof the Ohio. 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1879, 238.) 
 
 •331. C. amblops (Kat.) Gv<\.— Silver Chub. 
 
 Body rather slender, somewhat heavy anteriorly, not much com 
 pressed. Head large, somewhat Uattened and broad above. Eye very 
 large, longer than snout and longer than iuterorbital space, 3 in lusad. 
 Mouth horizontal, subiuferior, and rather snuill. Muzzle bluntly de 
 curved. Upper lip below le\'el of orbit, maxillary not reaching the line 
 of the front of the orbit. Barbel evident. Fins moderate. Lateral 
 line somewhat decurved. Sixteen scales before dorsal. Color translu 
 cent greenish above; scales somewhat dark-edged; sides with a bright 
 silvery band, which overlies dark i)igment, so that sometimes a plumbe- 
 ous or even blackish baud a])pears ; a dark band through eye around 
 snout ; males ".vithout tuberciles or red coloration. Head 4 ; depth 5. 
 D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-4 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2-4 inches. Ohio Valley 
 iind southward. Southern specimens (var. wincliclli) have the head 
 narrower and the barbel rather shorter. 
 
 {Itntiliis amblops Raf. Ichtli. Oh. IS'JO, 51: ? Jlnbopnin graviliH Agasaiz, Aiikt. .Jouni. 
 »Sci. Arts, 1854, 'SM : Gohio rrrnalis and Jli/bopsh winchrUi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 A^hila. 18oG, 188, 211: Cvmtichliins hj/alinua Cop<', Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1809, SJ): 
 ■Cerativhtlujti hijaHDUii GiinthiiV, vii, 179: Nocomw amblopH Jovihiu, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, 
 -N. Y, 1870, 328.) 
 
 333. C. riibrifi'oiis Jordan. 
 
 General form of the i)receding. Head long, narrower than in the pre- 
 •ceding, longer than in the next. Eye moderate, 3^-3-^ in head, wider than 
 the interorl»ital space. Mouth smalhu-, interior, overhung by the bluntly 
 
 bb. Teeth one- 
 
:n. CYPRiNiD^: — ceratichthys. 
 
 215 
 
 decurve^l but not very broad muzzle. Barbels quite long and distinct. 
 Thirteen scales in front of the dorsal. Fins well developed ; the first 
 developed rays of the dorsal about twice the heij^ht of the last. Pale 
 oliviiceous; sides with a plumbeous silvery band, in some specimens 
 forming a stripe through eye and snout, and a dark spot at base of 
 caudal; cheeks silvery; snout in males red, with numerous dust-liko 
 tubercles; specimens in high si)ring coloration have the fins largely red. 
 Hoad 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-3(}-;j; teeth 1, 4-4, 0. L. 3 
 inches. Basin of the Altamaha, Georgia. 
 (Nocomia rubrifrona Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1976, 330.) 
 
 333. C. hypsinotus Copo. 
 
 Body much stouter, more elevated, and more compressed than in the 
 preceding. Head short, broad above, much smaller and more conical 
 than in the preceding. Outline of back rather abruptly declining behind 
 front of <lorsal fin, so that the base of the fin is oblique. Mouth inferior, 
 horizontal, small, the maxillary reaching the line of the orbit. Barbels 
 fiinall. Eye small, 3i in head. Color silvery, with a double series of 
 black specks along the lateral line, and a lateral band of dusted black- 
 ish, which passes through eye and snout; males with the fins bright 
 red, and the body with a deep violet lustre, as in Minnilus ruhricroceus. 
 Head 35; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 
 inches. San tee Basin, in X rth Carolina and South Carolina. 
 
 vCopo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4r)8 ; .Jordan & Dr.aytou, 13idl. U. S. Nat. 
 Mils, xii, 1878, 2'). Ceratichthys leptocephalnn Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 
 'dJ, from Salom, N. C, may bo the same, hut th(» flescription ia wholly iihsuffieieut for 
 determination.) 
 
 bb. Teeth one-rowed. 
 
 334. C. dissiinilis (Kirtlaud) Copo. — Spotted Shinir. 
 
 Body long and slender, little compressed, with long caudal peduncle. 
 Head long, rather flat above, the snout somewhat bluntly decurved, pro- 
 ' ji'cting a little beyond the rather small, horizontal mouth ; lower jaw 
 iiichuled ; both jaws with the skin hard in front, forming a sort of lip 
 l;it(!i'ally. Barbel considerably shorter than ])upil, maxillary not reach- 
 iiij,' nearly to orbit. Eye very large, high up, somewhat directed up- 
 ward, rather behind the middle of the head, forming more than one- 
 third the length of the head. Opercle small. Dorsal rather large, its 
 l)osterior border oblique; anal small; caudal well forked; pectoral 
 rather long. Scales rather large, 22 in front of dorsal. Lateral line 
 nearly straight. Olivaceous ; sides silvery, with a bluish lateral baud, 
 which is widened into .several dusky spot.s, fbrnu'd by dark punctnlatious, 
 
 
 * >- 
 
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 1^ 
 
 I.I 
 
 Ii24 
 
 li£ IIIII2.0 
 
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 1.6 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
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 l'f^'1 
 
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 21G C0NTR1I5UTI0NS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 and most distinct posteiioily ; a dusky band on bead, tbrougb eyes and 
 snout; tins j)lain. Head 4^; deptb oi. D. 8; A. 7; scales 0-47-5 ; 
 teetb 4-4, otten wi.b sbght j^mnding surface. L. 5 incbes. Obio Vul. 
 ley an<l tribntaries of tbe Great Lakes. 
 
 {LeuuacuH dmhiiiliif Kiitliiiiil, Boat. Jonrii. Niit. Hist, iii, ;{11, 1840: CoratichthyH din. 
 >iimilin Cope. Cy[ir. Penti. 367 : Cemtichthya disnimilis Guuther, vii, 177.) 
 
 333. €. «tei-letii»i Cope. 
 
 Body slender, witb long caiulal iieduncle, tbe least deptb of wbiuli is 
 little more tlnin a tbir«i of tbe greatest deptb of tbe body. Head long 
 and slendCi, tbe muzzle mucb projecting and broadly rounded. Mouth 
 moderate, inferior, tbe maxillary not reacbing tbe front of orbit, liar- 
 Cels conspicuous. Eye moderate, 4.i in bead. Fins ratber long, t le 
 caudal deeply forked. Color silvery: sides witb a few duskj^ siuiIcm; 
 forebead i)iidv in tbe males, as in C. riibrifrom. Head 4; deptb 4'^. D. 
 8: A. 7; scales (•-;}( !-.■» ; teetb 4-4. Kio Grande, in New Mexico. {Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Zoiil. Wl-HH'l»!r's Expl. VV. KtOtii Mer. v, 0;V2, lb7G.) 
 
 336. C. »P» iivalis ((ir«l.) Cope. 
 
 Head (.'ontained about 4J times in tbe total lengtb. Differs from 0. 
 yelidm and (/. cenmlis, its Ameriijan congeners, by a ratber compressed 
 body, elevated and arebed upon its middle region, and tapering rapidly 
 towards tbe peduncje of tbe tail. Tbe snout is more prot;:uding tluui 
 in 0. !feli(h(s^ tbe (\ve larger, an<I tbe ventral fins inserted somewluit 
 nior<! forwards. Tbe scales are also larger (about 30 in tbe lateral lino 
 in tlie tignre), deej er tban long, anteriorly subtruncated and posteriorly 
 rouiuled, witb radiating furrcvws iii)on tbe latter section only. 1). 1, 8; 
 A. I, 7, etc. Tbe color is yellowisb brown, souiewbat ligbter beneath 
 tban above, witb a silvery streak along tbe middle of tbe Hanks. Kio 
 San Juan, Cadareita. New Leon. {Girurd.) (Of course tbese little lishes 
 have uo intimate relation witb tbe Euro|iean genus (Joblo, wbicb is an 
 ally of SeinotUas, witb tbe teetb 3, 5-5, 3, and tbe barbel lateral and 
 very long.) 
 
 {(iohhi (vnUraliHViivavil, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. I'hihi. 18.50, l!iU.) 
 
 83V. <:. KClidiis (Urd.) Jor. 
 
 liody very slender, not elyvated. He!a<l slender and elongate, tlie 
 Butnit protuinent and tapering. Eye small, ratber bigb, 4 in head. 
 Moutb small, subterminul, tbe maxillary not extending to tbe cyti. 
 Fills large. Lateral line Jecurved. Scales ratber large. (Joloration 
 Bilvery; a dusty lateral streak, and a blackisb spot at base of caudal. 
 
31. CYPRINID^ CERATICHTHYS. 
 
 217 
 
 Head 33; depth 5.^. I). 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. i4. L. 2 inches. Milk River, 
 Montana. (Oirard.) 
 {Gohio (lelidm (Jul. Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. IS.'iC.. 188, and U. S. Pac R. R. Surv. 
 
 ""Species of small Hize, with tlni mor.th Hiihinferior and horizontal, with thickened 
 lips; the doinal (in inscrtiid slij;hll\ lifhiud the ventrala, asually with a black 
 blot(;h on its last rayn; scales rather lar^e, silvery. 
 
 33§. €. labrosiis Cope. 
 
 Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head long, 
 gently decurved tc» the muzzle, which scarcely overhangs the mouth. 
 3i(»iith entirely horizontal, the maxillary reaching the orbit. Eye 3"| in 
 lioad. Dorsal inserted slightly behind origin of ventrals (not directly 
 over, as stated in original <lescription). Lips thickened. Barbels very 
 long. Color silvel'y; sides .sometimes with vague, dusty cross-bars. 
 Head 4.^; depth oi. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-34-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2 J 
 inches. Catawba Ri\'ei", i^^Torth Carolina. [Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Aiiier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 458.) 
 
 339. €. xaiiciniis Jordttn & Brayton. 
 
 Body long and slender, little compressed. Head rather long, narrow, 
 and pointed, very slender in young specimens, stouter in adults. Snout 
 decurved in profile, an angle in front of the nostrils Muzzle long, over- 
 hanging tlie large mouth. Lii)s mu<;h thickened, the lower with a con- 
 spicuous internal fringe of papilke. Barbels extremely long, longer 
 tiian in any other of our Gifpritmhr, their length more than half the 
 diameter of the t»ye. Eye moderi'te, nearly median, 3;^ in head. Scales 
 ui .'derate, closely iuibri<5ated, IG in front of dorsal. Lateral line slightly 
 decurved anteriorly. Fins rather small. Caudal deeply forked, its pe- 
 duncle long and sleiuler. Coloration pale; a small, round black spot at 
 base of caudal ; dorsal scales dark-edged ; a dark lateral streak, obso- 
 k'te anteriorly; large specimens with a large dark j)atch on the last 
 rays of the dorsal, as in Gliola analostana ^ base of the (!audal with dark 
 p!)ints; males in spring with the head and neck profusely tuberculate 
 and the fins flushed with criTuson. Head 4^; depth 44- D. 8; A. 7; 
 scales 5-40-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1 . L. 3 inches. Saluda River, South Carolimi. 
 
 (Jordan & llrayton. Bull. U. S Nal. .Mos. xii, -£>, ll^8.) 
 
 3<I0. ('. Hioiia<*llll«i Cope. 
 
 Body sleiMler. somewhat t'oinpressed, not nnieh elevated. Head long 
 and ratlu'r sleuiler, flattish abov«'. with in'ojcicting muzzle. M(Mith in- 
 ierior, horizontal, small, the nuixillary not reaching tln^ eye, which i» 
 
218 CONTillBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 ^•"^m 
 
 rathor small, 4^ in head. Scales rather small. Lateral line somewhat 
 decurved. Twenty-four scales in liout of dorsal. Fins moderate. Color 
 light olive j a n)etallic vertebral band: sides and belly silvery ; no lateral 
 baud; a black spot at base of caudal; muzzle dusky; membrane of 
 upper posterior part of dorsal fin black. Head 4; depth 5^. D. 8; A. 
 8; scales 8~5G-4; teeth 4-4. L. 4 inches. Tennessee Kiver. 
 (Copo, Jourur Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1867, 227.) 
 
 
 
 •♦ 'iZ 
 
 -u* 
 
 
 
 L'V 
 
 :i 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 93.-COUJKSIUS Jordan. 
 
 {Jordan, Bull. Haydcn's Geol. Siuv. Terr, iv, 76b, 1878: type Nocomia milneri Jordau = 
 Leucosomua dhsimilia Grd.) 
 
 Body elongate. Uead normal, not depressed, the prolile convex. 
 Mouth terminal, normal, a well-developed barbel at the posterior end 
 of the maxillary. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. 
 Scales rather small. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal flu over or 
 slightly behind ventrals; anal basis short Size rather large. (Dedi- 
 cated to Elliott Coues.) 
 
 •Scales small, (JO-70 iu the course of tho lateral lino. 
 
 t About thirty "cales in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrah'. 
 
 341. C sqiiaiiiileiitiis (Cope) Jor. 
 
 I'orm stout, profile nearly plain. Muzzle not prominent. Mouth 
 horizontal, the maxillary not reaching the orbit. Eye rather small, 4§ 
 in head, sho^^ter than snout. Isthmus wide. Barbel quite small. Dor- 
 sal lin slightly in advance oJ ventrals, behind middle of the body. 
 Scales (piite small. Olivaceous above; sides silvery; a lateral band of 
 dark punctulations. Fins plain. Head 3i; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 
 17-00-14; teeth 2,4-4, 1. Henry's Fork of Green liiver, Wyoming. 
 {Cope.) 
 (CcraliohthyH nquamilenltia Cop(^, Haydeu's Geol.'Siirv. Wyom. 1870, 442, 1872.) 
 
 ft About 20 scales iu a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals. 
 
 342. C. dli»isimilis (Grd.) Jor. 
 
 Form of i^anotilus eorporfdis, but more elongate and less compresiscd. 
 Head llattisli above, the snout broad, projecting over tho large, ob]i(]iie 
 mouth, maxillary reaching front of eye. Barbel very evident. J^yo 
 huge, as long as snout, about 4 in head, 1^ in interorbital space. Scales 
 small, crowded forwards, those on the back snuiller. Dorsal flu begin- 
 ning over last ray of ventrals. Dusky above; sides somewhat silvery; 
 ixu obscure dusky band through eyearoun<l snout; fins plain. Uead 4^; 
 
 ir ^ ' 
 
31. CYPRINID^. PLATYGOBIO. 
 
 219 
 
 depth 4J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-08-7; tectli 2,4-4,2, L. 6 inchos. 
 Lake Superior to Upper Missouri region ; i)robably abundant. 
 
 (? (lobio phimbens Agasaiz, Lake Supoiior, SlJfi : Lvucosomua dissmilis Gixanl, Proc. 
 Ac;i(l. Nai. Sci. Philu. 185(), 189, and U. S. Pac. K. R. Siirv. x, 250: Nocomia milncri 
 Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. x, C4, 1870 ; Jordan, Bull. Haydcu's Geol. Surv. Terr. 
 iv,784, 1878.) 
 
 3/|3. C prosthcinius (Copo) Jor. 
 
 Body fusiform, r.itber slender. Hoad small, the muzzle abruptly de- 
 
 s('(>n(linf? Mouth rather small, somewhat oblique, the maxillary not 
 
 reaching to the orbit. Eye 4 in head. First TAy of dorsal opposite vcn- 
 
 tiuls. Color dusky; a plumbeous lateral band; white below; fins plain. 
 
 Head 5; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 11-03-8, somewhat crowded 
 
 anteriorly; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. inches. Upper Great Lakes. 
 
 (Ccralichtliijn pro8thi)iuius Copo, Cypr. Ponn. 18ti(), :if35: CcraUvhthya plumbeun Giln- 
 t\m; vii, 142.) 
 
 »* Scales rather large, ahont .'jO in the lateral line and 10 in a transverse series. 
 
 341. C. pBiysignatlius (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Body slender, the caudal peduncle stout. Head wide and depressed. 
 Dorsal outline little arched, the j)rofile descending steeply to the lip. 
 Lower jaw included, niaxillary reaching anterior border of orbit. Bar- 
 bels v/ell developed. Eye J§ in head, 1.} i:« muzzle. Twenty-three rows 
 of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal iin inserted in front of ventrals. 
 Olivaceous above, white below; a phimb»\ius lateral band: fins plain. 
 Head '6^ ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-49-4 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Arkansas 
 River at Pueblo. {Cope.) 
 
 {Cvmliohihija phyaignathuH Cope, Wheele.r's Expl. W. lOOth Mor. v, G51, 1876.) 
 
 94.-PL.ATVOOBIO Gill. 
 Flut-hcaded Ohubn. 
 (Gill, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G1 : typo Pogon'whthijH conimunia GrJ.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, somewhat compr(>ssed. Head rather short, 
 bioad uiid dei)ressed above. Mouth normal, rather large, subler- 
 miiial, with a well-developed barbel at its angle, at the extremity of 
 the maxillary. Scales large. Latera-l iine continuous. Dorsal in- 
 serted anteriorly, rather in front of the ventrals. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with 
 rather narrow grinding surface. Size large. {TcXarOq, broad; Latin 
 (lobio, a gudgeon; the broad. Hat head resembling tlie head of a Oila.) 
 
 345. P. gracilis (Rieh.) (Jill & Jor.— /'7rtf-/icadtvi C/tttft. 
 
 Body rallu^r elongate, sonjowhat compressed, little elevated. Head 
 small and short, its upper surface very broad and depressed, the inter- 
 
 t' 
 
 •'■^;!'[i^m 
 
 }' 
 
 M^ll^H 
 
 . 
 
 '^fl^H^H 
 
 ;it 
 
 j'^^S^ff 3 
 
 
 ': ^xAp j-f 
 
 it, ^' 
 
 
 11 
 
 i: ■■. 
 
 
 
 12 ••ill 
 
 CI Id 
 
 
 ; ^1 
 
 J :> 
 
 4 
 
 i rr ji! 
 
 i 
 
 } \ 
 
 ..!(' 
 
 w': 
 
 
 til r x-(J 
 : If 
 
■Uh^^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 $, 
 
 4v 
 
 
 Ml 
 
 220 (.'ONTUIIUITIONS TO NORTH AMEKICAM ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 orbital width bein^' ncaily hull" the hMi^^th of the head. Mouth ratlu'v 
 
 Ijirjijc, slightly obliijue, The upiH^i- bpoii the h'vel ol lh<> h)\ver part ot'tlu; 
 
 eye, the maxiihirv rea«'hiiig the line of the front of the eye, the upp«'i jiiw 
 
 very protractih*, the lower jaw included. Eye small, rather hi^jh up 
 
 and anterior, (I in head. I'inM ratiicr huf^c; d<»rsal in advance of tiui 
 
 nii<Ulle of the body; caudal peduncle rather stout. JScale.s larjic and 
 
 silvery; lateral line decurved; 23 scales in front of dtusal. <'oloiati()ii 
 
 pale; back bluish: .si«les and below silvery; head mostly white; lins 
 
 pale. Head f, ; depth 1,'. I). 8; A. 8 ; scales (»-i50-5 ; teeth 2, 4-1, l>. 
 
 L. 12 inches. Hocky Mountain region from the Kansas and Yellow 
 
 stone llivers to the Saskatchawan ; abundant. 
 
 {Vifpriiiun (LvKciitcHii) (jraciUn Kicli, Kauiiii llor.-Amer. I'isc. 18IU5, 120: roi/oniihihiis 
 <ommn»in (iid. I'mc A-ad. Nat. Sci. IMiila. lH,-,(i, IS,'^. ar.d IJ. S. T-ic K. If. Snrv. x, 
 '247: PoijoiiiihthiintmiimiiHin («ill, Iclilli. Ciii)(aiii SiiiipsouV Surv, 40H: I'oijoulvhlhfiHd'ia. 
 lyi/ohin) niiloiiclhiH Vo)H', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IHOt, 'i77: Lru('incu>i t/racUli' CWti- 
 ther, vii, 24(»: LriKonomnx rotumtinif and gnhmUtiH (iiintln'r, vii, li(i7, 2t)H.) 
 
 31<(. I*, pallidum KorlK'8, sp. nov. 
 
 "The depth is contained 4g tiujes in lenj^th, and the head I. Tiieeyo 
 ecpuds the snout, aiul enters leufith of heatl .'J;^ tinu's and tlu> interor- 
 bital s[)ace twice. The head is tlat above and tlu! snout overhanjiirs tlio 
 mouth, which is large aiul wide, with a ma.\illary barbel about on(^lliinl 
 iis long as the eye. The mandible reaches a vertical line drawn tlir<»ii;;ii 
 the middle of the iris in front. The greatest dt^pth of the head entors 
 its length Vj tinu's. The scales are ()-55-,"), with 22 rows before doi-sal, 
 where they are mu»;h smaller than elsewhere. The lateral line is stiaiji;lil, 
 except for a few scales in front. The pectoral tins are large and pointed, 
 reaching the ventrals, iiud the latter attain the vent. The front ol' rho 
 dorsal is situated a trille before the ventrals and a little nearer snout 
 than caudal. I). 8; A. 8. The color in alcohol is plain, witli a 
 phunbeous lustre along sides, ami traces of a «lusky late) Jil Htripe behind 
 dorsal. The pharyngeal teeth are stout. 2. 4-4, 2, hooked, with masti- 
 eatery surface. L. 2.3 inches. One s|»ecinu'u from the Ohio Uiver at 
 Cairo, probably adult, as the snout is tid)erculate.''' {Forbids, MSS.) 
 
 »5.-SEMO'riLlTS Ifaliiimiuf. 
 CIlKhs. 
 
 (LeuvononiHfi HtH'Uol ; (■liiloiivmiin Haird.) 
 
 (KaliiR'supu', k'htli. Oh. 4'.', I'^'iO: type Stmotilitu dormlis Rnf. —•.Cyprhiiis corpunilis 
 MHvh.) 
 
 Body robust. Head large. Mouth ti'rminal, the upper jaw pro 
 
 tractile, a small barbel on the umxilhiry just above its extremity, lu. 
 
;n . CYPUINID/K — SKMOTILUS. 
 
 221 
 
 testinal cJinal sluHt Tooth 2, r»-l, L', li(><>k<Ml, witliout inusl icutory sur- 
 lacc. Sciilos modornti'. Ijiitornl lino coiitinpoiis. Dorsal more or less 
 l)Ost*'i'i«»i' lo von' als. Anal basis short. Spocios of largo sizo, dillorinj;" 
 I'loiii S<iualivn in tho i)roson('o of a maxillary barbol. («■/;//«, bannor — 
 ,/'., dorsal lin; tho se(M)nd i)art of tho \vor«l was olsowhori' nsod by 
 i;iiliiios(|UO to moan "spottod". 
 
 • Iiisiititiii of (Idr.sjil till cvidj'iilly Id'himl vciitiiils and ii()t,il)Iy hchiiid tlio iniddlo of 
 (ho body ; .sirales Deduced in f^izi- aii<l iiiiich crovvdod anteriorly ; a block spot 
 at base (ifddr.sal in front. {HemoiUnH.) 
 
 ,147. S. <-4»l'|»Ol'ali!4 (Mitch.) VnU\. — <'hHh; Ifonnd Dace. 
 
 r.ody stont, tho dorsal otitlino aroJiod in iront of tho dorsal, tho body 
 tiipcring baokward from a point oonsidorably in adv^anco of tho dorsal, 
 so that tho biiso of that fin is obliqno. I load larjijo and hoavy, broad 
 iiiid jonndod abovo. Snout broad. Month l)road, oblicjnt!, tho low«?r 
 j;iw' slifihtly inchnlod, tho u'iper lip Just bolow tho lovol of tho pupil, 
 tli(» maxillary barely reaching the front of tho |»upil ; maxillary bar- 
 bel small, not ovidont in spooinions of h'ss than 'J or 3 inches iu 
 Iciifith. Eyo rathor small, abont 5 in hoa<l. Scales small, <;onsidorably 
 (Towdod and rodn(!od anteriorly, abotit 'M) series in front of the dorsal 
 tin. Lateral line considerably decnrvod. Fins small ; tho <lorsal well 
 licliiiid vontrals, its last ray well in advance of tlio base of anal. Color 
 dusky bluish abovo; si<los with a vaf>ue dusky band, black in tho young, 
 disappearing in the adult; belly creamy, rosy-tinted in tho males in 
 K|)riMg; dorsal fin always with a consi)iciu)ns bla(!k spot at tho base in 
 front, which is btudorod with r(>d in the male; a dark vertebral line; 
 scales everywhere edged with dark |>nnctulations ; a dusky bar behind 
 opj^rclo ; males with tho snout coarsely tuborculate in si)ring. Head .3.^ ; 
 depth 1. 1). 7; A. 8; scales 0-<58-0 [those in the lateral line varying 
 from r>2 (? var. paUhluH^ Alabama to Arkansas) to upwards of (>o] ; teeth 
 L', 0-4, 2. L. 10 inches. \V(^storn Massachusetts to (Georgia and lT])i)er 
 Missouri ; ev(U'ywhere very abundant, ascending small streams. 
 
 {I'mmnnx oorporalix and atromaoiilatim Mitcliill, Auior. Month. Mag. ii, 324: SemolUuH 
 ikmiUti and vviiholii>* RafnH'miuf, Ichth. Oh.4t>: fAm<;i8(^ii8 ir'm aiu\ xforeri C\iv. & Val. 
 xvii; Scinotihia eori>orali>i Copo, C'ypr. Ponn. 'VV,\: LeucommuH lorporalia GUnther, vii, 
 W: Lr.ncommHH pallidus (Lat. 1. 52), Leiicoaomua incraumtus (Lat. 1. 64), Semotilm 
 macrocephalm, and SemotilnH spedosus Girurd, Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Phila. IB.'jG, '2.')l, 
 •2r-2, 504.) 
 
 31N. §. thoi'oniiiniiiis .Tnrdan. 
 
 Body short and rather stout, abruptly narrowed behind dor.sal. Head 
 sliort and thick, almost rouiul. Mouth largo, obli(iue, the jaws equal. 
 
 
 4 
 
 K"h' 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
 .rw* 
 
 ■.ji! 
 
 f 
 
 I'B 
 
 
 
 r I iiri ii 
 
 ; i 
 
 
 
 KLliilZ 
 
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 M3 
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 iv>.* 
 
 '■,>•» 
 
 •? i' .■ 
 
 l«i 
 
 
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 -i' 
 
 if" ' 
 
 /.' 
 
 •s'- • 
 
 ■-> 
 
 \;^. 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 i|: 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 ffj ■- n . 
 
 
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 ;, 
 
 B^JL. 
 
 _v 
 
 h 
 
 'ft'* 
 
 1 
 
 i* ; 
 
 
 
 
 Hit ;-,k "li.i,! 
 
 W>^^ 
 
 222 CONTUnurTIONH to north AMRHICAN I(jnTIIYOLO(^Y — IV. 
 
 Baibcl l..t«T:vl, well (1<»v(>1<>|km1. IO.v(^ .small, 5 in 1h*!m1. Ohoek.s swollen. 
 
 Scales l;iij;(*r lliiiii in S. corpondis, not imicli crowded I'orwjinl. Lateral 
 
 lino nuuih dtuMuvcd. Dorsal Hn entirely l>eliin<l ventnils, its last ray 
 
 over the (hHt ray of the anal. Imiis all small. Coloration of «S'. corpo. 
 
 rails; the black <lorsal spot distiiul. Head iJ;/ ; dei)th t. I). 8; A. ?• 
 
 scales O-lS-5; teeth li, 5-1, U. li. 1 iiu^hes. I'Mint Itiver, (leorj^'ia. 
 
 (J«>nliit>, IJiill. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, (lH, ItJ??.) 
 
 ** IiiBi'rtiou of doiHul lin sc-arccly lu'liiiid vcntrul.s; ncah-s nearly »"<iual over tho body- 
 no eoiiHpiciionM Idack tloraal n\w\, (Lciimsomiit lleekel.) 
 
 349. «. IlllllariM (llaf.) .Jm-.—lnill-JhU; Sih-er Chub. 
 
 Body oblong", robnst, little (!oini)ressed. Head hirjje, convex, tho 
 snont bluntly conic. Mouth lar^e, terminal, somewhat obli<|ue, tho 
 lower jaw inchuled; pnMnaxillary below the level of the eye, the max- 
 illary barely reaching; the front of the orbit. Eye moderate, rather h\<^\\ 
 up an<l anterior, 1^ in head. Barbel shorter than i)ni)il, not evident ii> 
 younj; spec^imens. Scales lar^e, U2 in front of dorsal, not crowded an- 
 teriorly. Dorsal fin slio-htly behind middle of body, just behind veu- 
 trals. Fins moderate. Coloration brilliant; steel blue above; sides 
 and belly silvery ; males in sprin,ir with the belly and lower tins rosy or 
 crimson, lleadl; depth t. 1). S; A. 8; scales 8-45-^1 ; teeth 2, fi-t, :i. 
 L, 18 inches. Largest of our biasteru Cyprinidcc. Abundant from 
 Massachusetts to Virginia, east of the Alleghanies. 
 
 {Cyimnua huUariaR'Ai\noM\ni\ Xi\\n\ Month, Maj^. and Crit. Rov. IH17, r.iO: Lcumeui 
 arffcnteus and pulchvllus Storcr, Kept. !• IhIi. Ma.is. lrt:5t), 90 : ChiloncmuH pulchellun Storor, 
 Fish. Mass. 28(5 : LcnroKonum cataraoliiit Baird : Stmwiiluh rhothous Copo, Cypr. Pcnn. 3C2: 
 Leiu'08omua pulohfUua Giiulhvir, vii, 'Jii'J.) 
 
 90.— SYiTIITIKTBlJRUS Jordan. 
 
 (Jordan, liiiU. Iliiyden's Oeol. 8urv. Terr, iv, 788, 1878: tj-pe Pogonichlhya argnreioaui 
 Girard.) 
 
 This genus diilers from Pogonichthys chiefly in tho caudal fin, which 
 is developed as in Scmotilus and other related genera, tho two lobes 
 equal, and the ruditnentary basal rays comparatively few and small. 
 The presence of grinding surface on tho teeth and tho i)osition of tho 
 barbel chielly distinguish Si/mmclrurus from Semotilus. {aumxeTptx;, sym- 
 metrical ; ovpd, tail.) 
 
 330. S. ar;iryriosus (Girard) Jor. 
 
 Body elongated, pretty strongly compressed. Head moderate, con- 
 siderably compressed, tho snout subconi(;al. Mouth moderate, nearly 
 horizontal, the lower Jaw included, tho maxillary reaching tho front of 
 
 ^■^%lK - 
 
CI. cypkiniim: — htypodon. 
 
 223 
 
 tlu' oyp. K.ye larfjc, '.'t\ iti hv.ul, Sculcs moderate, very silvery. Lut- 
 
 onil lino HJij^liily <I('ciirv('(l. FiiiK nillicr liinli. Dorwil fin ratlier in lul- 
 
 vaiico of vonlriilH. (huuhil iin witli i(s ludiincntaiy layH low and little 
 
 (icvcloped, tli«'. two lobes equsd. IltowniMli above, with black dot.s; 
 
 Hides iind below bii^jht Nilvf'iy. IJead 4,^. 1). 1); A. 8; Lat. 1.00; teeth 
 
 'j, r»-(4, 2). L. 4 iiieheN. Presidio, (Jal. 
 
 (/V)</rtn/fA//M/H uriiiirriosiin (i'wiird, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Pbila. 18.'")4, 154: LeiKVHomuB 
 aryymoHUM (.IWiiiUfi, vii, 2(»7.) 
 
 »7.— POOOIMICIITIIVS Giriird. 
 
 (Qiran!, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IH.'>4, 13(»: typo PogonichthyH incBqitUobui H. &, 
 0.=: LeuoiHouH macrolcindnl iiH Ayrcs.) 
 
 Body elongate. Head smull, conical. Month moderate, terminal, 
 normal ; maxillary wi(l« a well-de'. 'loped barbel ; premaxilhnies jirotrac- 
 tifo. Tei^th 2, 4-5, 2, or 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, with well-marked grinding 
 surface. Scales lather largo. Lateral lino (continuous, dccurved. Dor- 
 Hal Iin beginning rather in advance of ventrals. Anal basis short. 
 Ciindal fin with its rudimentary rays numerous aiid greatly developed, 
 Bupported by strong a|)opliyses of the caudal vertebra', the upper lobe 
 oi the (in consJ<lerably longer than the lower. Intestinal canal short; 
 |u'iitoneUm brownish, irpecies of large size, (ttw^wv, beard ; ^;^ryNc, lish.) 
 
 351. P. mncrolupidotus (Ayrou) .UM-.—SpUi-iail. 
 
 Hody (elongate, somewhat compressed, the back a little elevated, the 
 lonn somewhat that of Cydcpim. I.Iead short, slender. Mouth mod- 
 c.nito, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; lower 
 jaw included; preorbital longer than deep. Eye large, A\ in head; 
 intcrcrbital space convex. ])orsa,l fin midw.ay of tho body, rather in 
 front of tho ventrals. Scales rather largo, moderately imbricated. Lat- 
 eral lino decurved. Fins rather large ; upper lobe of caudal half longer 
 tliau head. Coloration uniform, somewhat silvery. Ilead 41; depth 
 3;|. D. 1); A. 8; scales 10-GG-G; Vert. 2G -f 15; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. L. 12 
 iuclies. liivers of California. Singularly distinguished from our other 
 GiiprinidcD by tho great develoi)meiit of the ui)per lobe of tho caudal and 
 its rudimentary rays. 
 
 {VogonichthyH iiuvquilohiis IJaird &. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 13G 
 (August), ami II. S. Pac. R. R. Siiiv. x, 245: Lcvcoaomua incrquilohua Giinthor, vii, 271: 
 Lenciacus macrohiHilotus AyiCH, Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May '.iO ; Jordan, 
 PiDc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, [KG.) 
 
 07 {b). STYPODON Garman. 
 (Ganuan, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 90, 1881 : typo Stypodon aigni/er Garni.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, deciduous scales. Lat- 
 eral line complete, decurved. Dorsal and anal fins short. Mouth small, 
 
 !fe> '■! 
 
 :' V:! 
 
 ' i 
 
 i f 
 
 t ■ 
 
 sr:>4*'' 
 
!■ , ■ 
 
 n> 
 
 
 224 coNTKinrTioNS to north American ichthyology— iv. 
 
 anterior; promaxillarie.s protractile; fold of lower lip uot crossinjr ii,^ 
 symphysis; lower jaw trenchant, without horny covering ; no barbels. 
 Gillrakers short. Pharyngeals strong. Teeth 3-.'3, of the Myloehilnn 
 type, more or less cylindrical, with rounded grinding surfaces, posterior 
 more slender and subconical. ((Tr?;r»^, stump ; (Wwv, tooth.) 
 
 Sfr-:- 
 
 1*1 '-">■' -i 
 
 IS.2L2Jt3 
 
 I* r* 
 
 IP' 
 
 W::h 
 
 W3: 
 
 pi: 
 
 WS-Vi ■"' 
 
 352. S. sigiiifcr (iarniiui. 
 
 Dorsal and ventral outlines similar. Eye large, longer than snout. 
 Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of eye. Lower Jaw tlio 
 longer. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal. Brown j 
 silvery below ; a broad brown lateral band, bordered above by a nar- 
 row silvery line. Head 3§ ; depth 3§. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales G-35-2 : 
 " teeth 3-3, stout, stump-like, with convex summits." Lago de Parras, 
 an isolated lagoon in Coahuila, Mexico. {Garman.) 
 
 (Garniiin, 1. c. l»t).) 
 
 9S.— ]VIVL.OCHIT^IJS Agaasiz. 
 
 {Mylocheiliis Agassiz, Amcr. Joiiru. Sci. Arts, 1855, '229: type Mylocheilus lateralii 
 Agassiz = Leucincus caurhnis Rich. ) 
 
 Body elongate, not elevated, little compressed. Head rather short, 
 conic, somewhat pointed. Mouth rather small, little oblique, the lower 
 jaw in(;luded ; maxillary with small barbel at its end ; upper jaw i)r()- 
 tracf'le. Scales moderate not closely imbricated. Lateral line do- 
 curved. Dorsal fin beginning nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal fin with 
 the rudimentary rays little developed. Anal basis short. Intestinal 
 canal about as lonjj; as body. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2, .~)-4, 2, two or three 
 of those in the main row molar, much enlarged, blunt and truncate 
 above. (A third deciduous row sometimes present, according to Girard, 
 in this genus and in Mylopharodon; we have seen nothing of the kind.) 
 Size large. (/xoAoc, grinder; ;^e?A()?, lip.) 
 
 353> I?I. caiirinus (Riehanlson) Ord. — Columbia Chub. 
 
 Bye large, shorter than snout, 5 in head; interorbital space broad, 
 convex. Mouth horizontal or nearly so, the maxillary not reaching the 
 front of the eye ; suborbital bones wide; preorbital elongate. Color 
 dark above; sides silvery, a dark lateral band; below this a pale 
 stripe; under which is a dark stripe which extends about to the vent; 
 fins plain; belly and pale stripe red in spring males. Head4f; depth 
 4^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 13-70-10; teeth 2, ry-o, 2. L. 12 inches. Streams 
 
 334. M. coi 
 
31. CYPRINID^ PTYCHOCHILUS. 
 
 225 
 
 chiefly Wfist of tlu^ Cilscade liniige, from California to British Coluiubii, 
 often entering the sea ; abnndant. 
 
 (Cifpriniis (Leiiciscits) murhiux HifhiirdsDii, Fanna Bor.-Anicr. Fishes, IS'M, 1)04: My- 
 kcheilm latcralin, caiiriiius, nud fralercitliiH Giraid, V. S. Pac. R. R. Siirv. x, 2V>i-2K>: 
 leuvosomus caurinus Giintlier, vii, 270,) 
 
 99.-I?IVL.OPIIARODO]y Ayics. 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acatl, Nat. Sci, 1855, 33: typo Mylophnrodon robnsiua Ayvca ^^ (iita 
 conocephala B, & (r. ) 
 
 Body elongate. Head large, pike-like, the upper jaw not protrac- 
 tile; no barbel. Teeth 2, 4-5, 2; two ov three of the teeth in the main 
 row molar, truncate or bluntly rounded at the apex, much enlarged. 
 Mouth terminal, rather large, with thickened lips. Scales rather swiall. 
 Lateral line continuous. Dorsal tin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal 
 basis sliort. Size very large. This genus has been confounded with 
 Mtjlochilus, from which it differs in the noii-protractility of the upper 
 jaw. (Shortened from Mylopharyngodon — iw?.o^, grinder; fdpuy^,i)h'd- 
 rynx; 6Su>yj tooth.) 
 
 334< M. conoccphalus (Bainl <& Girard) Grd. 
 
 Body elongate, subfusiform, compressed. Head broad and depressed, 
 
 tlie snout tapering, almost wedge-shaped. Mouth horizontal, the jaws 
 
 about equal, the maxillary extending to eye. Eye small, about 7 in 
 
 head, 2A in snout; preorbital elongate. Intermbital space as long as 
 
 maxillary, 3 in head. Scales rather small, of thC' type usual in the 
 
 Pacitic coast Cyprinidcc. Dorsal tin a little behind ventrals. Caudal 
 
 till U in head ; caudal peduncle very long, 4i in length. Color dark, 
 
 paler below. ' Head 3h; depth i'^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-74-7. L. 18 
 
 iiicbes. liivers of California. Next to the species of PtychocMlus the 
 
 largest of our Cyprinidw. 
 
 {Gila conocephala B. & G, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134: Mylopharodoa ro- 
 ims/iis AyrcH, I'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 33: Mylopharodon conoccphalus audrobuntuH 
 (!rd. r. S. Pac. II. R. Siirv. x, 2ir>; GUntbcr, vii, m^.) 
 
 100.— PTYCIIOCH1L.US AgaHsiz. 
 
 (Plliclwcheilus Agasbiz, Anior. Joiiru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229: type Ptychocheilna gracilix 
 Agassiz =:^ Leuciacud orcgonevm Rich. ) 
 
 Body elongated, little elevated, the caudal peduncle not contracted. 
 Ilead long, slender, pike-like. Mouth nearly horizontal, widely cleft, 
 the maxillary extending to below the eye, the upper lip rather below 
 the level of the eye, the lower jaw included both anteriorly and later- 
 ally; no barbel; lips thick. Scales small, little imbricated, mostly 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 16 
 
 V m 
 
 in 
 
 i(i 
 
 
 (J 
 
 fi ' 
 
 ^, t 
 
 
 
 
 "■i. 
 
 
 f'i 
 
 
 ^ > h 
 
 m 
 
 ' 11 
 
 4" ./-.''. 
 
CTT 
 
 )' : 
 
 1. 
 
 
 it. 
 
 'S, 
 
 i 
 
 -r 
 
 1) , _ 
 
 ■»■ 
 
 . 226 CONTRIBUIIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 longer thau deep. Lateral Hue deciirved. Dorsal lin well back, some- 
 what behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Caudal fin strong, its nv^x. 
 mentary rays not greatly developed. Intestinal canal short. Teeth 2 
 .5-4, 2; the straight limb of the pharyngeal bone extremely long and 
 slender, its teeth wide apart, subconical, scarcely compressed, and but 
 slightly curved at tip, the hook being turned in the direction of the 
 angle of the bone ; no trace of grinding surface. Fishes of very large 
 size, reaching a length of more than 4 feet, the largest of the Leucisciue 
 Cyprinidce. With a general resemblance to Sqiialius and Gila, this genus 
 differ strongly in the form of the pharyngeal bones and teeth, {^ru-j^r^ 
 fold; x^i^o:, lip; the skin of the mouth behind the jaws being folded.) 
 
 3«I3. P. orcg^onensis (Rich.) Grd. — Sacramento "Pike," 
 
 Body comi)aratively robust, with stout caudal peduncle. Mouth large, 
 the maxillary reaching middle of the eye. Eye small, 2^ in snout, 7| 
 in head ; in young specimens the eye is proportionately much larger. 
 Lateral line strongly decurved, much nearer belly than back. Coloratiou 
 olivaceous ; the fins in spring with red or orange ; scales thickly punctate 
 with dark dots. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 12-73-6 (13-79-9 
 in Columbia Kiver specimens); teeth 2, .5-4, 2 (in all specimens exam- 
 ined; not 2, 5-5, 2, nor 2, 4-4, 2). L. 3-5 feet. Rivers of the Pacific 
 sloije, chiefly west of the Sierra iS^evada. Largest of our Cyprmida'. 
 
 {Cifprinus {Lenoiacus) oregonensis Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 305, lc'56: Ptiicho- 
 clwilua gracilis and major Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 2*29: Gila jrandi) 
 Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 18: PUjchocheilua oregonensiH and (jrandk 
 Girard, l^. S. Pac. R. R. Siirv. Fish. !ii98-300 : Leuciacua grandia and oregonenaia Giin- 
 ther, vii, 239.) 
 
 3S6. P. rapax Grd. 
 
 Body shorter and deejjer thau in Pt. oregonensis. Head similar, rather 
 more depressed above. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of 
 eye. Lateral line moderately decurved, passing along the median line 
 of the body between dorsal and ventrals. Dorsal inserted but little be- 
 hind ventrals. Coloration dark; the sides somewhat clouded; fius 
 plain. Head 3'^; depth ^. D. 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 78. L. 12 inches. 
 Monterey, California. Perhaps not distinct from the foregoing. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 209, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, M.) 
 
 9S7. P. harfordi Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Form of P. oregonensis, but more slender, the lateral line similarly 
 much d ^curved. Scales much smaller than in P. oregonensis. Caudal less 
 deeply forked, the pectoral longer, reaching f to ventrals. Head ■ 
 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE — GILA. 
 
 227 
 
 depth 5|. IX H; A. 7; scales 17-90-0; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. .iO inches. 
 Sacramento Kiver, with P. oregonensix, but less common in the markets. 
 
 (Jonlau &, (Jilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mum. 1861. ) 
 
 358. P. luclus Grd.— Colorado " l'ike'\ 
 
 Body slender, elongive, with long, slender, depressed head ; the form 
 and general appearance hoing that of Ft. oregonen.sis. Maxillary reaching 
 past anterior margin of the eye. Eye small, U^ ni snout, 7 in head. 
 Lateral line very strongly decurved. Fins low, the dorsal evidently 
 behind ventrals. Scales very small. Coloration iilain, darker above. 
 HeudSJ; depth 5 J. D.O; A. 9; Lat. 1. 104; teeth 2, 4-5 , 2. Colorado 
 River; abundant. 
 
 ((lirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. lo.")U, 209, and IT. S. M»'-x. Bound. Surv. Iclith. 
 GT).) 
 
 lOl.— GILA liaird & (lirard. 
 
 (Haird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18.")3, 3()S: typo Gila robuMa l\. &. G.) 
 
 Body elongate, little compressed, the back :nched, especially in tlie 
 adnlt; the caudal peduncle typically extremely long, slendei", con- 
 tracted, much narrower than the base of the caudal fin, which is widely 
 forked, with its basal fulcra very much developed. Head in typical spe- 
 cies broad, depressed, its profile ccmca ve. Mouth large, horizontal, and 
 overlapped by the broad snout. Dorsal fin behind the middle of the 
 body, slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal short. 
 Scales very small, little imbricated, sometimes scarcely imbricate at all, 
 longer than deep, especially posteriorly. No barbel. PseudobranchitB 
 present. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, close set, compressed and hooked, without 
 grinding surface. Vertebrie about 46 (5 or (5 more than usual in Sqiialuia). 
 Intestinal canal short; peritoneum dusky. Species of large size, the 
 typical form remarkably unlike the usual Cyprinoid type, but varying 
 through a series of intermediate forms directly into Squalim, so that 
 the genus is hardly distinguishable by any definite technical character, 
 unless the greater number of vertebne be found constant. {Gila, the 
 name of the river where the typical species Avas first obtained.) 
 
 * Head depressed anteriorly, the occipital region high, so that the profile is notably 
 concave. 
 
 359. O. cleg^ans B. & G. 
 
 The extreme species of this type. Body elongate, somewhat com- 
 pressed, the region before the dorsal elevated, forming a sort of hump, 
 the dorsal fin inserted on the downward slope of the back, so that its 
 base is quite oblique. Caudal peduncle extremely long and slender, as 
 
 li 
 
 . I < I iV Iff 
 * i -liiMl*'- 
 
i3BH 
 
 r 
 
 ■ Vf^M 
 
 
 if'* 
 
 .■(■• 
 
 i' 
 
 
 ■m:--^ >: 
 
 i<F-. -^ 
 
 .€.- 
 
 
 mm& 
 
 228 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 broad as deep, and nearlj'^ terete, its length (from end of anal to middle* 
 of base of caudal) 1^ times the length of the liead, its least deptli about 
 one-seven-li of its length, its extremity dilated and compressed. Ilea,! 
 short, broad, the snout depressed and broadly rounded ; the auterior 
 part of the head from b'»hind the eyes broad and depressed; the pos 
 terior pari high, so that the profile forms a concave arc. ]\Iouth ratlitr 
 liirge, nearly horizontal, the upper lip on the level of the lower part of 
 orbit, the maxillary extending to the front of the orbit, the lower Jaw 
 on all sides included. Skin of the lower jaw hard. Eye small, anterior, 
 placed low, 5 in head. Isthmus narrow. Gill-rakers rather weak. 
 Fins all long and falcate. Pectorals reaching ventrals. Caudal liu 
 deeply forked, its lobes long and pointed, the upper somewhat the 
 longer; the rudimental basal rajs strong, about 12 ir. number ou each 
 sides. Scales scarcely imbricated at j.U, on the caudal peduncle hardly 
 touching each other, on the sides of the body much longer than deop; 
 their texture thin and membranaceous; scales on back aiul belly mucli 
 smaller than those on the sides. Coloration bluish above, pale below. 
 Head 5; depths. D. 0; A. 10; scales 23-98-10; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L.12 
 inches. Colorado and Gila Rivers. 
 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 361); Giranl, U. S. Pac. 1{. 1{. 
 Snrv. X, 2*^6: Leuchcua degana Giiuther, vii, 241.) 
 
 360. G. robusta Baird & Girard. 
 
 Body elongate, the back elevated and the head depressed as in (i. 
 elegans, but the caudal peduncle notably stouter, its least depth about 
 one third its length, 3^ in the length of the head. Mouth large, the 
 upper lip ou the level of the lower part of the orbit, the maxillary reach- 
 ing past the front of the orbit. Fins rather lower than in G. eleijam, 
 the i^ectorals in the male reaching the ventrals, but falling short in tlus 
 female. ICye small, low, anterior, 5-S in head. Lateral line mudi de- 
 curved. Coloration plain. Head 4; depth 5. D. 1); A. 9; scales 
 17-00-10 ; teeth 2, i5-4, 2. L. 12 inches. Kio Colorado and Kio (Jila. 
 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. P'dla. 1853, 3G8, and U. S. Pac. R. K. Sun. 
 X, 285: Ldidscna robuafiia Gilnthcr, vii, 241.) 
 
 361. O. Kr.iPiami Baird &. G'rard. 
 
 General form of the preceding, with similar head and caudal pedun- 
 cle, but with rather larger and more closely imbriciited scales. Upper 
 iip below level of eye, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Caudal fin less 
 deeply forked, and pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals. Colora 
 
31. CYPRINID^ GILA. 
 
 229 
 
 tiou plain, darker above. Head .'i^; depth 4i. I). 9; A. 0; Lat. 1. 82. 
 
 Rio Gila and Colorado Basiu. 
 
 (Hainl & Giiard. Prr,c. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I8u3, ;W9; Girard, TJ. S. ilex. Bound. 
 ijiXTV. Ichtli. 01 : Lcuciscns tjraiiami GuutluT, vii, '242: Ptychocheilus roras Girard, Proc. 
 Acatl. Nat. Sci. riii'a. IH'>V>, -^09, and IT. S. Pac. R. K. Snrv. x, 30^. The typis of 
 "rorax" exaininod by na is a tnie Gila.) 
 
 363. O. afliiiis Abbott. 
 
 A species iiUied to the preceding, described as follows : " The body is 
 slender, tail greatly attenuated, head constituting something more than 
 one-lifth of the total length. Eye rather small, subelliptical, its diam- 
 eter (5^ times in the entire length of the head. The posterior extremity 
 of the maxilltiry extends to a vertical line drawn posteriorly to the an- 
 terior edge of the orbit. Anterior margin of the dorsal fin nearer the 
 base of the caudal than the extremity of the snout. Anterior margins 
 of the ventral (ins somewhat nearer the extremity of the snout than the 
 base of the caudal. The lateral line is nearly concurrent with the ven- 
 tral outline. The numbers of the fln-rays are: D. 10; P. 10; V. 8; A. 
 l);C. liSif." {Abbott.) Dull violet above, pinkish below. Kansas Hi ver ; 
 Platie River. (We have some time since examined specimens from 
 Platte River, and thought them distinct from 0. robusta and G. graham i, 
 but iiaving lost our notes are unable to add to Dr. Abbott's account.) 
 
 (Abbott, Froc. A«ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISOO, 4/4.) 
 
 363. G. Ki-ucilis ISaiid &. GiiaL-d. 
 
 Body slender, the back not much elevated, the caudal peduncle not 
 very slender, about twice as long as deep. Head large, its upper pro- 
 file not very strongly concave. Mouth large, terminal and oblique, the 
 upper jaw scarcely longer than the lower, maxillary reaching past the 
 frout of the eye. Interorbital space broad. Pectorals falling consid- 
 erably short of ventrala. Caudal deeply forked. Dorsal well behind 
 veutnils. Head 3i; depth 4J. D. 9; ^.9; Lat. 1. 88. Gila and Col- 
 orado liivers. 
 
 (Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 309; Gir.-vrd, IJ. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Surv. X, 2S7 : Lvucincua zunnenm Giiutlier, vii, 241.) 
 
 ** Head conical, scarcely depressed, the prolilo not concave. 
 (I, Holly scaled. 
 
 364. G. omorii liaird & Girard. 
 
 Body slender, the back not notably arched. Caudal peduncle very 
 
 slender, its least depth about oue-iifth its length. Head rather small, 
 
 ouic, scarcely depressed above the eyes, its pioUle continuous with that 
 
230 CONTRinUTlONS TO NOKTIl AMRUICAN lOIITIlYOLOaV — IV. 
 
 of (1)0 hit('](. Mouth .sni.'ill, nciirl.v i(Mtiiiiuvl, tlio nuirnllary not rciicliiii^r 
 to (lio tVoiil of tlu^ tn'bit. I'i.vo ratluM' Inrjjfo, iiiitorior, not pliuu'd low. 
 Scalos Hinall, ONiMU'iiiU.v on tlio buck »Mnl boll.v, tbo cxpoHtMl NinriU'CH 
 louy:«M' than (Um>|>. Fins lar^o; llu> poctorals t-oa<'liin^ vtMit-ials; tli« 
 oaudal doopl.N* forkod. Donsal (in instM(«Ml inMiror tlio top of Nuout than 
 to tho biiso of nuubil. lload li\ ; <loptli Ij. I). I); A. <>; hat. I. <.KS. Ujo 
 (!ila. (Oininl.) 
 
 (Mainl iV (lininl, Pro.-. A.-iul. Nii«. S.i. V\\[\n. IK'".?, \\KH; (Jiiiml, IJ. H. Mcx. ilouiul. 
 Hui'v. Iclitli. »>'2: lA'udHciia rmorii ()ilnllit«r, vii, llili.) 
 
 SUA. U. iiii4'r«Mi ('()])<>. 
 
 \\o{\\ rath«M' sUmhUm-; protilo an«l intiM-orbital rop;i«)n p:on(l.v coiivox. 
 Maxillary not reaching lint* of orbit, ('aiulal piMbincIo Hlonilor, its ItMixt 
 (lopth 4 in lioa«l. Kyo 5 in lioad. IVctonils not roacliinjj: vtMitrals. 
 Dorsal boliind \ontrals, Sih«My whito; bark narrowly tlark-Hliadcd; 
 pootoral (his pink. Iload I; (U'pth •t^ I>. t); A. 10; snilos LM-T-13; 
 tooth 2, 5-4, L\ (5roon b'ivor (Kio (%)lorado). {iUipv.) 
 
 (Co\w, Ha.vdouN (;i'.>l Siuv. Wy<»iu. IHTO. 441, lH7'i. 
 an. Ht^ll.v s«'i»l«'l«'M,s. 
 396. a. M>iiiiiiii«la Copo A Yarn)\v. 
 
 Ilody ino(lorat«>ly «h'i'p, with Nlon<U»r and taporinj; caudal pcdunohi, 
 the least depth of which is about ono third its lonj^th. Itat^k bttlo etc- 
 vatotl, not aix'hod in front of dorsal. Iloa«l snndl, traiisv'.-rsoly convex, 
 its proldo continuous with thai of the back und not ct)ncavj5. Mouth 
 rather suialU oblitpie, terminal, the upper lip opposite th(<' middle of the 
 orbit, the maxillary not roachin};- the lino of the orbit. I'^yc! larfje, ratli(>r 
 anterior, but not very low, its length 4 in head. l<Mns moderate. Dor- 
 sal slijjhtly behind \eutrals. Hrownish above, lower tins pink. Ilcjul 
 5; ilepth r»\». D. 10; A. 10; scales 2:-{KS-l2; tooth U, 5-4, L». L. (1 
 inches. Kio Virgen, in I'tah. {(jopc.) This species tonus a transition 
 to SquCitim and other normally formed Ci/prinida; 
 
 (Copo A Yarrow, Zoiil. Wlioolci's i:\pl. W. lOOMi Mor. v, fiGd, 1870.) 
 
 lOa.-MQIIALIirS Itoiiapartfi. 
 Jhur. 
 
 (3\7fs<Kt Uotiaparto; Cheonda, Tifioma, Sihoma, and ClinootoniH* (.liriinl.) 
 
 (Bonapnrto, Faniin Italicn, 1837, If G: typo Cjf^rinn« leucmm L., tho European 
 "Daoc".) 
 
 Body oblonji', eompi-essed or robust, covei-ed with nioderato or sniall 
 scales, which aiv not closely ind)ricated. Lateral lino complote, do 
 curved. Mouth lar^e or suuUl, \isually t4)rminal, tho lips normal, with- 
 out barbel. Teeth mostly 2, 5-4, 2, sometimes 2, 5-5, 2, or 1, 5-4, 2, 
 
•-"f- 
 
 81. CYPRlNIOil': — flt/TTALnm 
 
 231 
 
 liooki'tl, with iiati'ow f^iindin^' Hiii-fiu-(« o; ?m)||(>. (<h-in<liii({ Hiirruro 
 
 prcHciit in SqualiKM IcucihouH, ohHoK^to in iiioHt of our HpccicH.) Aiuil 
 
 iHUsiH Hlioii or Noininvtiiit ('lon^ati'. Docsal tin poKtorioi, nHniilly iMtliind 
 
 veiilralH. IntoNlinal «ranal Hliorit. Hi/o >;<UM'iall.v larj,^'. A very lar^fo 
 
 |riiMi|), onci of Mio lar^ivst cnriiMit (;rn(>ra> in icIitliyoloK.v* r(>|>reH(Mit<Ml hy 
 
 liiiiiKM'onH N|HM'ioH in IImi rivtirH of Mnro|Mi, AMia, and Noiih Ainericji. 
 
 MoHl of otir Hpccii'H luivo bcien poorly «I('IIihmI. TIio nnij<»rily of (linird'H 
 
 ori(;inal typcH liavo liocn pr«fHorv<!(I, and tlio dcHcriptionH lu-rr j^ivcn uro 
 
 miii:ily Uiln'u from llnMn. Mticli lar^^or H<>ri(>H of viwU form aro n(*.<;i;H- 
 
 Miiry boloni tlio Hpec.ioM<;an Imi properly diHeriminated. In<livi<lnal irrei;- 
 
 iiiiu'itieH in dentition nni eominon in IIiIh ^(MntN. (l<'rom HqiiahiH, a 
 
 NJiurk; Mome early writers on iclitliyolo^ry having eaJied the typieal Hp(v 
 
 cics iStiualus minor, for no evilent, reaHon.) 
 
 The Np«u^i(<N nujy be divided as followH: 
 
 'Tcctli iioniiiilly wiMxHil ^liinliii^ NinTa<'4>. 
 
 K'iiihIiiI pi-dunclo iiol vi>ry nIoiiI., IIh IciiHt. <li«[)tli iicil. two-MiirilH Miu loii}{t.h <»i' tho 
 
 liciul. 
 
 {Month very wiilr, (lie lower Jaw iniii'h projccfiii;^ heydntl iii»|K't', Mie upper lip 
 
 on Mie level ol'tlie iriiddleol' tlie pupil, iiiiil the maxillary reaehiiiK t<i lin- 
 
 low Mie pupil ; liody elongate, roiii|ireHHe(l ; dorwil well haekwiinl ((Jm- 
 
 No.sroMUS (Jrd.) eloii()nliin, randoinuhiH, vhIoi, I'lniduloidiH, 
 
 II Month tiioderale or Hinall, terminal, c>l>!i(|iie, llie lower Jaw titile |iroJ()(;tiii)(, 
 premaxilliiry liidow Mie levidof'llie |)iipil, and the maxillary not. reae,hin)( 
 to the |)upil. (TKioMA <irtl.) 
 ((. Anal hahiH (don^alt^ itH rayn W-VZ.. ..hiiilrojihlox, liimia, montunuH, humholdti, 
 lut. Anal haNiH Hhort', \ln luyn H or 1). 
 /;. HcaleH in iat<ual lino ri()-(ir>. 
 
 cniomiH, nriJmlariiM, pamlorn, numfariluH, nutn, putrhor, 
 vijieijiiiH, Ihwatus, ;/racilin, vonj'orm'm, Inrolor, oIichiih, piirpurviia, 
 hb, BcaloH in latural liint (iG-UO. 
 
 pulnlirlhiH, inlvrmnliuH, al'mw, r.opci, iiii/ar, enniipcrMUH. 
 
 tICatidai piMlnindi) very d(M'P and einnpreHHitd, it,H l(;aHt. dtplli nearly e(|nal to tlin 
 
 greatest, di^pth of the lutad ; doPHal ovor ventralH; Hcah'H rattier lAr^n 
 
 (SiiioiMA (iirard) f/ilihomtii. 
 
 •"Teeth with evident. urindiiiK Hiirt'ace. (H(jUAt,niH.) 
 
 c. liidniHt. N|)ee.ieH, llitt depth U-itJ in lenKtli; lateral line 1«hh tliau (K). 
 
 rhomalvuH, HipiamutiiH, atrariiiH, cramiUH, 
 
 rv, ShMidcr npech^H, tli(t dtqdh 'l-'l^ in length; lateral line (>()-7() ((-'m';()>fl)A 
 
 (Jrd.) ,...rarul<'un, cooperl, tni/rnnTriH, modeHtim. 
 
 "i'cuth (norimilly) withont ^^rindinff mirfaee (variouH IrregnlarltieH often proHont, no 
 that tile charaeter Iuih little valuo). , 
 
 ICaiidat pedinnde not very Htout, its luaHt depth not two-thirdH flie length of tho 
 
 liitad. 
 !. t Mouth very wi<h^, tli<» lower Jaw inneli propHitiiij? hoyoiid upper, tho uppor 
 lip on the level of the middle of the inipil, and the maxillary reach- 
 ; :!• / iiig' to helow the ))upil ; hody elongatn, coiiipreRHnd ; dorHal well back. 
 
 ((.7iMo«<(>mM» Oirard.") 
 
 *Girard, rroc. Acad. NAt. 8ci. Philu. 185G, 211: typo Luxilua ehngatua Kirtland 
 (x^iVgj, to Incline; (Jro//a, uiovsth.) 
 
 I '}i 
 
 
 i.^m 
 
 'LAi 
 
 
 ' J- 
 
 
 I. 
 
232 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOOy — IV, 
 
 ft' ' 
 
 
 3ii7. S. elongiiius (Kirnaml) J. &.G.—nvd-8i(kd Shiner. '' ' 
 
 Body elongate, coinpro«ise<l. Mead long, rather pointed. Mouth very 
 large, oblique; the lower jaw notably projecting, with a small knob at 
 the syiriphysis; upper lip on the level of the pupil; maxillary extondiu},' 
 to the middle of the orbit; posterior angle of operelo acute. Eye mod 
 erate, nearly 4 in heiA. Scales very small. Fins short and high, the 
 dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. Lateral line decurved. Color dark 
 bluish; the scales mottled with paler; sides with a broad black band; 
 belly more or less silvery; the front half of the lateral band bright 
 crimson in s])ring males; the belly and lower tins more or less reddened; 
 a dark vertebral band. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 0; scales 10-70-5; 
 teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L. 5 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississip])! Val- 
 ley, chiefly from Pennsylvania to xMinnesota. 
 
 {Liisilits eJougatus Xiitlaiul, Kept. Zoiil. Ohio, 1(59, :ind in 3o8t. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. 
 iii, :!;?;) : Leiiciscua elongatua Giiuther, vii, '245: Clbioatomns clongatus Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185!>, 212: (»'i7« e/oHflrate Jordan, 1500: CUnoatomm prorigcr Co\w, (l\;\n: 
 Pcmi. 375: Leuciacua jvoriger Giiuther, vii, 245: Gila lirorigcr Jordan, 1500 (may be a 
 difl'cri'ut species; sidca more eoniprcsaod and luuro silvery; Lat. 1. Gil; teeth 2, 4-,'), 1; 
 common, with tlio other.) 
 
 368. S. vandoisulus (Val.) Jor & Gilb. 
 
 Body oblong, deep and compressed. Head rather large. Mouth 
 large, oblicpie, the lower jaw projecting, and the mandible extendiiifj 
 to the pui)il. Eye moderate, 3J in head. Lateral line decurved. Color 
 bluish green; some of the scales of the back irregularly darker, pro- 
 ducing a mottled appearance; no dark lateral band; males in spring 
 with the region behind the head and above the pectorals as far back 
 as the anal of a bright rose-red, brightest anteriorly. Head 3^; d(q)th 
 3'^. D.J); A. 8; Lat. 1. 53; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. L. 5 inches. Virginia to 
 Georgia; abundant. 
 
 {LcuciacHH vamloiaulva Ciw. &, Val. xvii, '.Wl: Clhwatomiia affintJ Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 212: Latciacua randoiauhta Giiuther, vii, 25G: Leitciaciis affinia 
 Gnnther, vii, 257: CUiwatomua affmia Cope, Jonni. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiln. IHfiH, 228: 
 Gila vaiidoiaula Jordan & Bray ton. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xil, 24.) 
 
 360. S. cstoi* Jordan «fc Brayton. 
 
 Body ellii>tical-elongate, compressed, the caudal peduncle rather long, 
 but not so long as head. Head very long and large, flattish, but not 
 broad above. Mouth larger than in any other of our Cyprinida', veiy 
 oblique, the upper jaw on the level of the pupil, the maxillaries ex 
 tending to opposite the middle of the orbit, the length of the gapo a 
 little more than half the length of the head, the lower jaw considerably 
 the longer. Eye rather large, less than snout, 4 ih head. Scales mod- 
 
31. CYPRINIDJE SQU ALIUS. . 
 
 233 
 
 prate. Lateral line strougjly decurved ; 23 series of scales in front of 
 dorsal liu. Fins high. Color dark olives above, many scales irregularly 
 darker; sides sil'. jry; no dark hiteral band; a broad shade of deep 
 rose-color along the sides in spring nudes, below which most of the 
 belly is bright crimson, these red colors brightest anteriorly. A nar- 
 row, tlark lateral streak like a i)encil -mark, from head to tail, overlaid 
 by the scales. Head 3;^; depth 4^. 1). 8; A. 8; scales S-oO-f); teeth 
 1', 5-4, 2. L. 4 inches. Cumberland and Tennessee Rivera. 
 
 {(lila entor Jordan «fe Brayton, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 6(i: Gila eator Jordan, 300.) 
 
 i)70. S, £unduloidos ((ird.) Jor. & Gill>. 
 
 Body rather elongate, somewhat (;omi)ressed, with arched back and 
 liitluu' slender caudal peduncle, the latter longer than head. Head 
 moderate, smaller than in any of the i)receding species. Mouth as in 
 the i)receding, but less deeply cleft. Eye large, 3 in head. Dusky 
 above; a dark lateral bam', with a narrower pale streak above it; belly 
 and lower part of head yellowish, red in males in spring. Head 4^; 
 depth 4.^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 0-48-4; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Streams tribu- 
 tary to Chesapeake Bay, south to North Carolina. (Cope.) 
 
 (Clino.stomu!' fiaiduloides and caroUnus Grd. Proc. Aiiad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18o6, 212: 
 ClinoHtomus fiiiKhiloiilcH Oopo, Cypr. Pciin. ilTG: LeticiHcuH J'unduloidcs (Jiiuthcr, vii, 250.) 
 
 it Month moderate, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw little projecting, the premaxillary 
 below the level of the pnpil, and the maxillary not reaching to ])uj»il. ( Tigoma 
 Girard.") 
 ((. Anal basis elongate, its rays 10-12. 
 
 371. S. Iiyilrophlox (Cope) Jor. &, Gilb. 
 
 liody rather slender. Head small; front straight. Mouth rather small, 
 obli(iiie, the maxillary just reaching line of orbit, lower jaw ])rojectiug. 
 Eye small, 5 in head, ih in iuterorbital width. Anal lin long. Color 
 iilive above, with a dusky lateral border, below this a crimson band, 
 a'ul still lower a, blackish band, which runs above the lateral line to the 
 base of the caudal fin; cheeks, sides, and belly crimson anteriorly in 
 iiiides, silvery in females. Head 4:|; dei)th 4^. D. 8; A. 11; scales 
 ir)-o8-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. inche.*:. Blackfoot Creek, Idaho. {Cope.) 
 A spee- ;s intermediate between the typical Glinostomi and the Tigomce^ 
 closely related to ;S'. wonfuHW*, etc. ^^ 
 
 [CVmostomun hydrophlox Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872.) 
 
 ♦Giriml, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5, 205: type Gila puchella B. «fe G. (A 
 cuinpclnamo.) i . . ,„> .^ . iv, , ., si^-> > - 
 

 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 234 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 372t S. ticnia (Cope) J. & G.—Leather-ndcd Minnow. 
 
 Body rather elongate, but deep and compressed, formed as in Clino- 
 
 stomuft proper. Head rather small, short, compressed, but broad above, 
 
 the Jaws equal. Mouth oblique, short, the maxillary reaching the front 
 
 of the orbit, the upper lip opposite middle of orbit. Eye large, ^ in 
 
 head, equal to iuterorbital space. Lateral line decurved; 33 scales iu 
 
 front of the dorsal fin. Coloration greenish silvery; the back dusky; a 
 
 blackish lateral band, between t'vo silvery stripes; the lateral band aud 
 
 below bright orange, red in the males. Head 4J; depth 4. D. 9; A. 
 
 10 or 11; scales 12-58-5. L. 3-5 inches. Salt Lake Basin; abundant 
 
 in Provo River. Very close to the next, dift'ering in shorter anal and 
 
 rather deeper body. 
 
 {CUnontomns twnia Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, I'Xi: Gila twnia Cope, Zool. 
 Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 658.) 
 
 373. S. moiitanus (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body rather slender. Muzzle decurved, obtuse, but less so than in 8. 
 
 tcenia. Jaws equal ; end of maxillary extending beyond margin of orbit. 
 
 Eye large, 3^ in head, equal to iuterorbital space. Anal fin elongate. 
 
 Lateral line decurved. Olive above; a dark lateral band; sides crimson 
 
 in males. Headl; depth 4. D. 9; A. 12; scales 12-5G-C. L. 3Jiuches. 
 
 Idaho to Arizona; abundant in the Utah Basin, with the preceding. 
 
 (CUnosloinns montanua Cope, Iliiydeu's Geol. Surv. Mout. 1871, 476, aud Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, 1:56: Gila montana Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th M»>r. v, 
 657.) 
 
 374. S. Iiuiiiboldti (Gid.) .J. & G. 
 
 Body short and deep. Head moderate. Mouth terminal, obliqne, 
 the cleft rather short, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye largo, 4 
 in head. Lateral line little decurved. Dorsal fin rather behind ven- 
 trals. Anal fin rather elongate. Color bluish; sides with two dusky 
 lateral bands. Scales large. Head 4; depth 3. D. 8; A. 12; scales 
 12-5G-8; teeth 2, 4-5, 1. Humboldt River, Nevada. 
 
 {T.gima hiimboldll (Jrd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H.')6, 206, and U. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Surv. X, 291.) 
 
 aa. Anal basis short, its rays 8-9. ^ 
 
 h. S(!alos in latta-al Hue 50-65. 
 
 375. S. cruoi'ciis J. & G. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not strongly compressed. 
 
 ^ Head broad, rounded above, maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye 
 
 rather large, 4^ in head. Lateral line running low. Dorsal a little 
 
 behind ventrals, scarcely nearer base of caudal than snout. Caudal 
 
-\M[>''' 
 
 31. CYPRINID^ — SQUALIUS. 
 
 235 
 
 evenly forked. Pectorals short, uot reacbinjj; nearly to veutrals; ven- 
 tnvls to vent. Dusky bluish; skies dark; a red spot at bases of ven- 
 trals and anal. Ilead4; depth 4. D. 9; A. 8; scales 11-56-6; teeth 
 2, 5-4, 2. L. 6 inches. Utah Lake. 
 (Jonlau &, Gilbert, Troo. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1H80, 461.) 
 
 376. S. ardesiacuN (Copo) J. «fc G. 
 
 Body rather stout, compressed. Head heavy, muzzle short. Mouth 
 short, very oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary reaching past 
 the front of the large eye. Eye 4 in head. l*ectoral fin long, nearly 
 reaohiug anal. Olivaceous abov^e ; a narrow dark lateral baud, follow- 
 ing the direction of the back. Anal tin short. Head 3^; depth 4^. 
 D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-63-8; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 4 inches. Exact locality 
 unknown ; probably Nevada. 
 
 {Gila ardeaiaca Cope, Zool. Whe.'ler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 060.) 
 SI"?. S. pandora (Cope) J. & G. — Chub of the liio tirande ; Peacadito. 
 
 Body fusiform. Head small, broad and rather flat at the muzzle. 
 Jaws equal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Eye small, 6^ in head. 
 Dorsal fin posterior. Silver j, darker above. A broad, ill -defined lateral 
 band. Physiognomy of Ceratichthi/a rather than of iiquialim. Head 4; 
 depth 4i. D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-61-9 (17-59-10 to 18-65-11); teeth 
 normally 2, 5-4, 2, sometimes 2, 4-4, 2, or even 1, 4-4, 1, in abnormal or 
 immature specimens; the second tooth sometimes with a small grinding 
 surface. L. 8 inches. Eio Grande region. "The most abundant fish 
 in New Mexico," and quite variable in characters usually very constant 
 among these fiahes. 
 
 {Clinontomus pandora Cope, Hayden's Gool. Surv. Mont. 1871, i7!j.) 
 
 378. S. marfifaritus (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body stout and thick, little compressed, *he back somewhat elevated. 
 Caudal peduncle thick. Head blunt, thick and rounded. Mouth small, 
 terminal, oblique, the upper lip below the orbit, the maxillary not reach- 
 ing the line of the orbit. Eye rather large. Scales rather small. Lat- 
 eral line decurved. Fins rather large. Dorsal fin posterior. Colora- 
 tion above dusky olive; sides plumbeous silvery; belly white, crimson 
 in spring males; snout dusky; fins plain; scales punctate. Head 4; 
 depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-58-8; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 3 inches. 
 Susquehanna Eiver. A handsome fish, quite unlike any other American 
 species, resembling most P/toa?im<s neo</a?«s. • * . ' -" 
 
 (CHnostomuH margarita Coi)o, Cypr. Ponu. 186H, 377: Lcuoiscus viargarita. QVinther, 
 vii, 246.) • 
 
 .'ifw 
 
 .* i< »^ 
 
 
 »• iff IT<4l 
 
 11 
 
 I 
 
 ! f 
 
 
 
 
 '1 f'l' 
 
 MH\: 
 
 
 > ^im 
 
'«:i 
 
 !.■' 
 
 23G COXTRIHUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 :i7». ^'. KUla (Copi") J. A. 0. .. : : ..."■■■ ^:-:u-'-: 
 
 liody lalhcr robust, lu^avy anteriorly. IIea<l larger, with wido front 
 and broad, obb(|ue luoutli: luiixillary reucliiiifj Iront of eye. Ky*^ ^, 
 in head, 2 in interorbital width. Dorsal fin posterior. Cohn* dusky 
 above; belly silvery; axils ol' lins erinison in males. llea<l .'U; d('|)tli 
 4H. I). S; A. S: s<ales KMJO-ll; teeth 2,5-^1,2. L. 7 inches. New 
 Mexico. {Cope.) 
 (<;j/a !7«/a Cop«j, Zoul. Wlioi'ler's r.xpl. W. imith Mer. V, «()!.) 
 
 380. S. pulrli4>l> (Cnl.) .lor. A- r.ill>. 
 
 Body rather slender, little conij)ressed. Head rather long and pointed. 
 Month obliqne, terminal, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely 
 reaching the front of eye. Scales moderate. Lateral line decurved. 
 Fins large. Dorsal behind ventrals, its ti]) \jhen depressed reacliin^f 
 the posterior base of the anal. Pectorals nearly reaching ventrals. 
 Coloration brilliant; dusky above; sides and belly golden (red in life?); 
 sides with a vague dusky baud, llead 3^; depth 4 J. J). 8; A. 8; 
 scales 13-03-7; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, without grinding surface. L. G iiK^iies. 
 Chihuahua Itiver. A handsome species, resembling SqualiuH vocnileim, 
 but with the lins larger and the number of teeth ditt'erent. Although 
 Crirard places this lish among the Tigomw with grinding surface on the 
 teeth, we are unable to iind such surfa<!0 on his typical specimens. 
 AUtl it we hav3 examined have the teeth sharp, and 1, 4-4, 1. If this 
 dentition is constant, it may be necessary to refer A. ptdcher to a ditt'er- 
 ent genus. 
 
 {Tiijoma piilchra (Jiranl, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18r)<), 207, andU. S. Mcx. Bouinl. 
 S.irv. Iclitli. (?:..) 
 
 3§l. S. ogre^ius (Gid.) J. & G. 
 
 Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head moderate. Snout thick- 
 ish, subconicjil. Mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary reachiiifj 
 front of orbit. Eye moderate, 4J in head. Lateral line not much de- 
 curved. Color bluish black ; sides with two irregular bands of dark- 
 spots ; the interspace red in males. Uead 4 ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 
 1. G5. Great Basin ; exact locality unknown. 
 
 {Tigoma cgrcgia Gnl. U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. x, 291.) 
 
 3§3. S. linentus (Grd.) J. cSd G. 
 
 Body elongate, subfusiform. Head njoderate. Snout subconical. 
 Mouth oblique, lower jaw somewhat included, maxillary reaching to 
 orbit. Dorsal flu posterior. Scales small. Lateral line with an opeu 
 
 Surv. X, 292.) 
 
 
K'^Q^^sf i:j 31. CYPRINID/E SCJUAUUS. 
 
 237 
 
 curve, ninning unusually low. Yellowish ; above dunky, with darker 
 spots aud narrow dark lines. Head 4,^. D. 8; A. 8. Utah liaain; ex-. 
 act locality not known. {Girard.) 
 
 (Tlfjoma lineata Giranl. I'roc. Acud. Nat. Ht;i. I'liila. 1H5G, *i<l(;, and U. .S. I'ac. K. R. 
 Surv.'x, a92.) 
 
 3§3. S. ffracillN (Crd.) .1. «.V <i. 
 
 Described as still slenderer and with still smaller scales than in S. 
 UneaUix. Lateral line little decnrved. Snout sub(!onical, rather short. 
 Coloration plain, dusky ivbove, paler below. 1). S ; A. 7. Exact locality 
 unknown; i)robably from Utah. {GiraKl.) 
 
 {Tiijoma gracilis (}rd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. I'liila. 1H.')(), 201).) 
 
 3§4. S. confortnis (H. A (i.) J- «& ('■ 
 
 Body robust, rather elevated. Head moderate, the mouth rather 
 
 small, oblique, maxillary not (piite reaching eye. Eye moderate, nearly 
 
 5 in head. Dorsal lin considerably behind veutrals. Scales large. 
 
 Liiteral lino decurved. Purplish brown above, yellowish below. Head 
 
 \\h; depth 3^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 0-52-5; teeth 2, 4-?, 1 L. 4 inches. 
 
 Tulare Valley, California. 
 
 {Lavinia conformis B. «fc (t. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 137: Tigoma conformis 
 Gnl. IT. S. Pac. U. K. Siirv. x, ii8J).) 
 
 385. S. bicolor (Gii-ard) .1. & G. 
 
 Body robust, heavy anteriorly, tapering backward. Head long. 
 
 Mouth large, the maxillary reaching to the eye. Eye small, 6 in head. 
 
 Scales rather large. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal tin inserted almost 
 
 directly over ventrals. Fins rather small. Dusky above, sides and 
 
 below silvery. Head 3;^ ; depth 3;f . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 13-04-0 ; teeth 
 
 2, 5-5, 2. L. 12 inches. Klamath Lake, Oregon. 
 
 (Tijoma hicolor Grd. Proc. Acad. TSiat. Sci. Phila. 1H5G, 'Mi, and U. S. Pic. K. II. 
 Surv. X, '28J.) 
 
 3§6. S. obcMls (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Body short and compact, the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head 
 small, the snout short and rounded. Mouth moderate, maxillary reach- 
 ing to eye. Eye moderate, 4 J in head. Dorsal tin smaller than ayal, 
 nearly median. Scales moderate. Lateral line little deflected. Bluish 
 gray above, yellowish below. Head 4^. D. 8 ; A. 9. Salt Lake Valley. 
 (Girard.) 
 
 {Tigoma obeaa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nut. Soi. Phila. 1856, 206, and U. S. I'ac. R. K. Snrv. 
 X, 290.) 
 
 SI 
 
 h 
 
 i. lift 
 
 » '"JIM 
 
 i I- \ 
 
238 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 
 . I" A 
 
 
 3§7. §. pui'pureuM ((ird.) •lur. 
 ^ Stout and (ioinpressed. Ueud lonp. Latorul line deciirved. DoiHal 
 tin slifflitly behind ventrals. Fins all small. IJlackish above, pale be- 
 low. Head .^; depth aif. A. 8; scales 13-02-8; teeth 2, 4-!, 1 San 
 Bernardino, Mexico. 
 ( Tigoma piirpitrca iivi\. I'rnc Aciwl. Nat. Sci. Philu. 185(5, 'JlMi.) 
 
 bb. Scales in lateral lino ()r>-S(), 
 
 3§8. S. |»ulch«>llns (H. & (>.) J. & O. 
 
 Body lonji" and slender, the caudal peduncle rather nari'ow, but not 
 specially i'ontracted. Head slender, rather ]>ointed. Mouth moderate, 
 somewhat oblicpie, the maxillary scarcely reaxjhinjjf to the eye. Lateral 
 line strongly <lecurved. I'Mns high, th( dorsal somewhat behin<l ven- 
 trals. Eye t.V in head. Grayish; two dusky lateral streaks; belly 
 white. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. ('(i ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Kio 
 Mimbres, a tributary of Lake (luzman, in Mexico. 
 
 {Tijoma puU'hdJa Baird & (Jiianl, Proc. Acad. Nat. f-Ci. Pliila. 185-1, 2i>: Tujoma 
 pnklulla Grd. IT. S. Mcx. Bonnd. Sniv. Iclitb. ii2.) 
 
 389. J«. intorinodius ((ird.) J. & G. 
 
 " Intermediate between S. jndehelluft and 8. purpureus, much nearer 
 the former than the latter." Similar to the i)reci'ding. The caudal pe 
 duncle slender. Dorsal tin somewhat behind ventrjils. Fins small. 
 Coloration silvery, with dark dots. Head 3^; depth 4. D. 8; A.!); 
 scales 15-73-9. Rio (lila. 
 
 (Tii/oma intermedia Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PJiila. 185(>, 20(». ) 
 
 390. S. .'ilicise .Tony. 
 
 Body elongate, little compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines 
 sinular. Head short, rather stout, its^ breadth f its length. Snout 
 rounded, jaws e«iual, the maxillaries reaching front of eye. Eye 4 in 
 hea'l. Pectoral tin as long as head, not reaching ventrals. Dark 
 plumbeous above, with a median steel-blue lateral band; belly pinkish; 
 cheeks silvery. Head 4^ ; depth 4^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales minute, 18-80-1'). 
 
 Utah Lake. 
 OJouy, Proc. I^ S. Nat. Mns. 1881, x.) 
 
 391. S. eoB»ci Jordan A (Jilbtsrt. 
 
 Body comparatively elongate and compressed, the caudal i)eduucle 
 long and rather slender. Head short, rather broad and flattish above, 
 the interorbital space convex and broader tlian the eye. Eye moderate, 
 as long as snout, 3^4 in head. Mouth rather small, low, terminal, ob- 
 
31. CYPRINID.E SQUAL1U8. 
 
 23S 
 
 liqiio, the premaxillary Jiwt below the level of the pupil, the iiuixillary 
 reiu'hinff to just below the level of the eye. Dor.siil (in inserted souio-_ 
 wiuit behind veutrals. Pectorals short, not reaehiiijjf nearly to veutrals, 
 the latter not to the vent. Scales very small. Lateral lino somewhat 
 docurved. Bluish olive above, with dark points ; a dusky lateral shade ; 
 liiis nearly i>lain ; axils red in the males. Head 4.^; depth ;J^. I). S; 
 A. 'S; scales about ll)-80-lL' teeth 2, 5-1, 2, tyj>ieally without {^rindinjj; 
 surface, but subject to an unusual amount of irregularity, occasionally 
 2, 4-4, 1 or 2, and sometimes with grinding surfiice. L. inches. Uio 
 Grande and basin of Utah ; very abundant. Described from specimens 
 from Bear Kiver, Wyoming. 
 
 ((rila egrcffia Cope, Zool. Wheekn"'« Kxpl. AV. lOOth Mcr. v, ()(5'i (not Ti(;>mu vgrvijia 
 (iirnnl, u.h (Jinird'H origiuul apucimeua huve Liit. 1. (».'>); Jor, &, Uilb, I'loc. II. S. Nut. 
 MiiH. IHHO, 4(51.) 
 
 392. S. niirer (Cop(^) J. «.^ G. 
 
 Body robust, the back elevated antiaiorly, the caudal piMluncle short- 
 ish and not very stout. Oc(!iput depressed. Head large. liJye rather 
 liirge, 5 in head. Mouth large, moderately obli(]ue, the lower Jaw in- 
 cluded, the maxillary extending to the i)upil. Fins small, the dorsal 
 well backward. Scales small, posteriorly smaller and more crow<led. 
 Lateral line little decurved. Color dusky, the scales with l)la(;k dots. 
 Head 3J; depth 3^. I). 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 80; teeth 2, 4-r>, 2, said by 
 Girard to have a developed grinding surface, which, however, we are 
 unable to find. Rio Gila. A well-marked species, approaching the 
 genus Qila. • 
 
 {(Vila fiibboaa B. «fc (i. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philii. 1854, '28: Tigoma glhhosa Giranl, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. IrtoG, 207, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith. (U : ? (iila 
 nigra Copn, Zoiil. Wheolor's Expl. W. lOOtb Mer. v, G'SS, The name gihbosa is, iiufor- 
 tiiuiittily, preoccupied.) 
 
 393. S. conspersus (Ganu.) J. &. G. 
 
 Form of 8. niger. Profile of head concave, maxillary, reaching front 
 of orbit. Pectorals extending three- fourths distance to ventrals, which 
 reach vent. Brown above; scales of back and sides speckled with 
 darker; an obscure dusky lateral shade. Head 3f ; depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 
 8; "teeth 4, 1-1, 4, clawed"; scales 13-09-9. Nazas Eiver. (Garman.) 
 
 {Gila conapersa Gurniau, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil. viii, 1881, 91.) ^. -.^^ ^-_-.. 
 
 ft Caudal peduncle ver}"^ deep and compresHed, its depth nearly equal to the depth 
 of the head; dorsal over ventrals; scales rather large. (Sihoma Girard.) 
 
 ^M,S.Kit»hOSUS{Gn\.)J.&G.— Mullet; Chub. 
 
 Body short, deep, compressed, the antedorsal region arched, the 
 
 "audal peduncle nearly as deep as jug, about as deep as the head. 
 
 m 
 
240 rONTRiniTTlONH TO NORTH AMKUTCAN KMITIIYOLiMJY — IV. 
 
 I loud conic, tlic prolllo Httu^p, Mm lunx/.lc Nliort and rather pttiiitid, 
 
 Montli small, ul)]i(|n(% tlio jawH nearly cipial, tno tipper lip on the level 
 
 of the lower part of the pnpil, the in.ixillary Ncarcely reat^hin;; to IVunt 
 
 of eye; isthnnis very narrow; preorl)ital neaily as deep as lon-^f. |.;y,. 
 
 small, ant4M'ior, r> in head. l<^i'is low. Dorsal tin oppi»sit<^ ventnils 
 
 ntvirer candal than snont ; caudal tin short, little tork(Ml, sear<'ely hroiitlcr 
 
 than the very deep caudal peduncle, the spines of the caudal verleltin' 
 
 very stronj;. Scales lary;e, rather closely indiriisited, their exposed sm' 
 
 faces rather deeper than lon^; LM> scales before d(usal. Lateral iinf 
 
 <lecurved. ('olor l)rownish; sides white; younji spott«'d above; scales 
 
 everywher(> with dark dots; (Ins plain. Mead 1^; di^pth.'L !). H; A.S; 
 
 scales J)-r>(>-7; teeth 2, 5-4,2. li. 12 inches. Iiiv«Msof (/alilbrnia ; very 
 
 abundant. One (»f the most pecidiar of otir ('///)>//* (V/(f, but hardly cniisti. 
 
 tutinjr a distinct j;enus. 
 
 (/w?rinirt «T(iJ«n(<'((M(/(j Haiid A (iiranl, Vuw. Anid. Nit.l. Sci. 1'Iiiln. IK')!, 1117 (Au;{imt>; 
 Siboma rrintnii'iiiiilii iVwixn], Vvnv. Acini. Nat. Sri. I'liiln,. 1H,")(), VJOH, hmiI I'. S, I'dc. |{ 
 |{. Siirv. I'lsli. \i'.)r»: Lriivixriin ri'dssiciiiiitii (iiliitlicr, vii, 'Jl^t: l.nirim'KH ijilihonii:! Amcs, 
 Daily Placor TimoH and TraiiMi"rii>t, May 'M\ Is.M: l.avinia fjihluiMtt Ayn-s, I'loc, Cjii. 
 Arad. Sci. IH.'..!, yo.) 
 
 **T«M'th with ovidont niiiidiiij^ siirfai'i'.* (.S(/h«/ih«.) 
 
 c. KubiiHt spocics; depth a to :i^ in lou^jlh; latoral liiif 1(<hh than til). 
 
 
 liiHi. H, rllOlliallMIN .lor. A: (iill). 
 
 Body very n)bust, elevated anteriorly, the sitles compressed, alth(ni;;li 
 the back ivS very broad. Mead broad, the i)rotllc concave as seen from 
 the side, the interorbital space tlattish, scarcely raised above the ey<'. 
 Snout broatl,elrva(ed at tip, preinaxillary on th(^ hn'cl of impil. Moiitli 
 very oblicpie, the mainlible iiuich luojeclinj;', nuixillary reachinj; front ol 
 eye. Rye small, anterior, 1/ in snout, 7 in heatl; isthmtis very narrow. 
 Scales lar^jfe, subequal, broadly exposed, linn. Lateral line tlecurvcd. 
 Dorsal nearly median, insertetl directly over vontrals. Caudal <'vciily 
 forked, the peduiu'le lonj;; and deep. Pectorals short, extendiiio- three- 
 fifths the distance to ventrals, ventrals about to vent. liower tins slioit. 
 Color blackish; everywhere dark. Mead . U ; <h'i)th JU. D. :); A. 8; 
 scales l()-or)-,"» ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, short and stout, one of them with ^rindiii^' 
 surface. L. 12 inches. Utah Lake. One of the largest and best marked 
 species. 
 (Jordan «fe Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1880, 4(51.) 
 
 •A variable cbaractor in thlH jfrmip. 
 
 ' SI ■ U^. 1< 
 
.i*r' 
 
 31. CYPKINII)^, — H(jrAMUR. 
 
 241 
 
 ,<|04l. !■!• M|Ullllllltllll (Oill) .1. iV. (>. 
 
 Itoily vory robiiNt, Niibuvut«', roiiipn^HS(Ml. Ilciul Itu't;*^ ami loii^^, 
 (Oiiiciil. Moiitli I'Htlicr liir^r, olili(|ii(>, ti^nniriiil, tlio iiinxilliuy nsirhin^; 
 Iron to* orbit, Uwi iipprr li|> on thci lv\v\ of tUit |«>w«'r part of tln', ttyo,. 
 Hyc iiuMlrratc, anlnior, r»j{ in ImmuI. Dorsal (In .sriiiill, iiiHcitiMl posfi'- 
 riorly, but <lin'«^tly ov«m" i\w vrnlrals. S<!al«'H nio<l«M'at«', Hiiborbicular, 
 wiilrly <'xposc(l. ('olor «lark or blackiHli; tlni Mc^alrs all uiar^^incul with 
 liliicU; IliiN tluHky. Ilrad :i\', depth .'{. I). «; A. S; ncalcH 10-r.;M{; 
 tcctii 'J, Ti-I, li. L. H inches. Halt. Lakc^ Basin. 
 
 (Tiiliimii Hiiiiiimata ii\\\, Vrof. KomI. Hoc. Nal. HJMt. 1H(>I, mid TcliMi. Cnpt. Hitii|moii'H 
 lispl. |H7(i, •lO."'..) 
 
 ;M>r. N. niriirliiw (CJnl.) J<»r. *, Oill».— r;<o/t Mullet; Chub of Utah Lake. 
 
 ISody ratluir stont, the randal pcMlunc^lo, not slender. Head nioder'te, 
 
 siihcoiiieal. Month arderior, cpnte snnill, the. iiiaxillary not rua<'hin;; to 
 
 the eye. I'^yei small, TiA in lu^ad. Fins (|iiit<^ small. Dorsal tin nearly 
 
 or(|uit«M)ver th(^ ventrals. .Seales larp", not mneh iu'dirieated, li.T bo- 
 
 I'orc dorsal. Tiat<sral line deenrved. Olivaceous, blackish above, the 
 
 color formed of small black j>oints. IIea<l 1; (lejdh ."».^,. I). 0; A. 8; 
 
 sculcs ll-r)7-({; t('eth 2, 5-4, li, usually with civident K'''u<1'"« surface, 
 
 ;iitlMiiit;h phu'cd by Girard and ('ope in Hihoina, which wants siudi snr- 
 
 I'KT. b. 20 inches. Utah llasin. Very (common in Utah Luki^ A larj;o 
 
 siK'cies, usi^d as food; and very destructive to younj; trout. 
 
 {Sihoma ulniria (Jnl. I'roc. A<'iwl. Nut. Sci. I'liilii. IH'»(>, iJOH, anil II. H. Piic. U. R, 
 Siirv. X, 21(7: Siboma atraiia uiul viir. loHyirApv Unite, Zool. Whoolcr'H l'Jxi>l. VV. 100th 
 M.T. V, (51)7.) 
 
 :j«N. S. 4-raNMi!>( ((}nl.) .lor. »fe (Jill». 
 
 Hddy robust. Ilciad ratluM- small, the snout short and depressed. 
 Mouth moderate, oblicpie, the maxillary not leiwihing to the eye. Eye 
 small, in head. Dorsal fin inserte<l slij^htly behind ventrals. Hcales 
 iiuxlcrate, broadly exposj^d. Dusky above, sides and below paler. Head 
 I; depth .'U. D. 8; A. 8; seales 10-57-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, with narrow 
 piiidiufi' surfaces L. 10 inches. Sifccramentt) lliver, California. 
 
 [Tifioma vraaaa Old. Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 207, aud U. S. Pac. li. R, Snr v. 
 
 x,29:i.) 
 
 <v. S'.cMidor .spociciH, the depth 4-4J in length; lateral liuo (50-70. (Chvonda* (ird.) 
 399. S. c<erillcus ((ird.) Jor. &. (iilli. 
 
 Body sleuder, subfuisiform. Head sleudcr, the i<iiout long, couical, 
 
 * Chamda Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5, 207; type Clieonda coopcri Grd. 
 (.VcoiiKMl name.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 10 
 
 
 i-.- 
 
 M 
 
 I '^v 
 
 
 :* 
 
 nili 
 
 Z Ml 
 ft 
 
 
 Jf^'V 
 
 t>iMiiit>.ll 
 
 -■''i^m) 
 
.::rJ^f,S!A: ■i^.,J,■ 
 
 
 242 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH jfiMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 rather flattened above. Jaws equal, the maxillary reaching to orbit 
 
 Dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals. Aual flu quite small. Scales 
 
 rather small. Dusky bluish above, pale below ; scales everywhere witli 
 
 fine punctulations. Uead 3^; depth 4J. D. 9; A. 7; scales 13-01-7- 
 
 teeth 2, 5-5, 2, with narrow grinding surface. Lost Kiver, Oregon. 
 
 (Chconda cocrtilea Grd. Proc. Aca'l. Nat. Wei. Phila. Id5G, '207, and U, S. Pue. l{. i? 
 Siirv. Fish. 295.) 
 
 400. S. cooperi (Gnl.) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Body elongate, subfnsiforra. Head moderate, the snout tbickisli, 
 subconical, slightly projecting. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not (juito 
 reaching to the eye. Eye large, 4J in head. Fins large, the anal no- 
 tably so. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. Coloration plain, rather 
 pale. Head 4i^j depth 4J. D. 8; A. 10; Lat. 1. (i3. CoUunbia lliver. 
 
 (Cheonda cnoperi Gnl. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18oG, 207, and U. S. Pao. 11. K, 
 Snrv. Fish. 294: Leuciscua cooperi Gllntli-.r, vii, 243.) 
 
 401. S. nig^rcsccns (Grd.) Jur. & Gilb. 
 
 Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head long and rather jwinteil. 
 
 Caudal peduncle long. Mouth terminal, oblique, the maxillary scarcely 
 
 reaching to eye. Snout prickly in male specimens. Fins moderate, the I 
 
 dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Color very dark, the sides with black | 
 
 spots, t^e scales with line punctulations. Head 3^ ; dei)th 4. I). 8; 
 
 A. 7; scales lG-70-10; teeth 2, 4 (-5,2?). Boca Grande and Janosj 
 
 Eiver. 
 
 (Tigoma iiiyreaeenaQvil. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 207, and I J. S. Mcx. Houiul, 
 Surv. Ichth. (54.) 
 
 40a. S. iiis^cstlis (Gavm.) J. & G. 
 
 Brownish, paler below; flanks not lustrous as in S. nigrescoift. Form I 
 moderately stout, the outlines regular. Dorsal behind ventrals, its froej 
 border convex. Anal truncate. Distinguished from S. nigrciii'cns byj 
 the greater length and the shape of the head, and a dilferenco in thel 
 position of the dorsal. Head 3^ ; depth 3.^. D. 8 ; A. 8; scales 14-05-9.1 
 Saltillo, Coahuila. 
 
 {Cheonda modciita (larnian, Bull. Mhh. Comp. Zool. viii, 92, 1881.) 
 
 103.— PIIOXINUS Agassiz. 
 
 Minnoim. 
 
 . gaasiz, M(?m. Soc. Nat. Hist. NoufchiXtd, i, :{7, 1837* type Cyprinm phoxinmL-- 
 riioxiiiit8 la'r'iH Aff.; the comnion "Minnow" of Enropc.) 
 
 Body stout. Mouth normal, without barbel. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or L'J 
 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales usually small, littld 
 
 -t t 
 
v)^f;.,f 
 
 31. CYPRINID^ — PHOXINUS. 
 
 243 
 
 imbricated. Lateral line incomplete or wantinj;. Dorsal lin behind 
 veutrals. Anal basis shor<^^. Species of small size and brilliint colora- 
 tion ; tbnnd both in Europe and America, (^o^iw;?, a minnow; from 
 f«,-",-, tapering.) 
 
 ♦Scales vciry Hinnll, 75-90 in tlio Ijitoral lino. 
 
 103. P. noo^scus Cope. 
 
 Body short and thick, little compressed, the back little elevated. 
 Head very hvrge and broad, the muzzle blunt. INIouth moderate, quite 
 ()bli(iiie, tiie lower Jaw projecting; maxillary reaching to beyond front 
 of orbit; upper lip on the level of the middle of the pupil. I'Mns mod- 
 enite. Dorsal well backward, much nearer caudal than suout, some- 
 \vh;it behind ventrals. Pectorals lauge. Scales very small, almost 
 imbedded in the skin. Lateral line dccurved, very short, not exlend- 
 iiifj to ventrals. liack and belly scaly. Eye large, 3A in head. Color 
 very dark; back plain, almost black; a black band througli snout aiul 
 eye to caudal; above this a i)ale band; below thisabr.ptly white; belly 
 iind lower tins (;rimson in spriug males; pectorals dusky. Head i$.^; 
 (lei)th 4^. 1). 8; A. 8; scales 18-80-11; teeth 2, i-Ty, 2. L. .'3 inches. 
 Midiigan to Iowa; not common. 
 
 (Copo, Cypr. Peiin. 186(5, 37r); GUutlier, vii, 247.) 
 
 "Scales luodorate, 40-45 in the lateral lino. 
 
 404. P. flainineilS Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Body moderately stout, slenderer and more compressed than in P. 
 neofin'Hs. Head rather short and deep, the up])er outline round(>d, the 
 muzzle rather blunt. Eye lar e, 3iV in head. IMouth small, obli(pie, Mio 
 Jiiws about equal, the upi>er lip on the level of the pupil, the max- 
 illary extending to th*'' front of the orbit. S<rales much larger and more 
 loosely imbricated thivn in the other ;q)eeies. Back and belly scaled. 
 Lateral line short, decurved, on 14 scales, not reaching base of ventrals. 
 Fins small, tlie diu'sal well backward. IJack dark; a black lateral band, 
 formed of dark specks; above this a pale band ; the belly below this pale; 
 brifiiit scarlet red in the males hi spring. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8j 
 scales 7-4IJ-5; teeth 2, 4-5, '}. L. 2.^ inches. Tennessee Kiver. 
 
 i..ortlan & Gilbert, Man. Vort. E. IT. S. ed. 2, 187H, 30:i; Jordan & Hrayton, Bnll. 
 U. 8. Nat. Mns. xll, (5(5.) 
 
 405. P. milncrianus Copo. ^ , . 
 
 "Form elongate, chin slightly beyond upper lip. Pharyngeal teeth 
 2, 5-4, 2. Scales in 15 longitudinal rows between the dorsal and ven- 
 
 M^'Mf! 
 
 1 "i'S 
 
 I ^>J 
 
 n 
 
 .a 
 
'mm, 
 
 244 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 tral fius. Diameter of orbit eqial to length of muzzle, and entering 
 length of head 3J times. The latter enters the length to origin of the 
 caudal flu 4 times. The greatest depth enters the same o.J times, Tho 
 dorsal flu originates above a point behind the entire base of iIk; vcu. 
 trals. Kadii : D. I, 8 ; A. I, 8. The mouth is rather large, the extreni 
 ity of the maxillary bone extending nearly to the lino of the pupil of the 
 eye. The head is rather Hat above and wide, the parietal width Whyr 
 about one- third the length between the last dorsal ray and the base of 
 the caudal. The distance to which the lateral line extends is uiikuown 
 because the scales of the posterior part of the body n,re lof^-^ . Color 
 brownish olive above, below silvery; a black band, not well defined on 
 the borders, extends from the end of the muzzle to the base of tht cau- 
 dal fin, where it terminates in a black spot; a reddish spot at the base 
 ofthe anterior dorsal rays; muzzle dark." {Cope.) L.2J inches. Upper i 
 Missouri Ei ver. " This species diii'ers from P. neogoiutt in its slender form 
 and the small number of rows of scales." 
 (Copo, Amer. Nat. July, 1879, 440.) 
 
 *** Scales large, 35-40 in the lateral liue. 
 
 406. P. phlegcthontis (Cope) Jor. & Glib. 
 
 Body short and deep. Mouth very oblique, the jaws even, the maxil- 
 lary reaching front of the eye, which is rather large. Dorsal behind ven- 
 trals. Lateral line entirely wanting (in the typical examples; probably! 
 more or less developed in the adult, perhaps complete, in which oasol 
 the species is a Telestes). Olivaceous; a broad plumbeous lateral baud;, 
 a dusky dorsal line; belly golden. Head 4; depth 3^. D. 7; A. 8;| 
 scales 11-37; teeth 1, 5-4, 2. L. lA inches. Beaver Kiver, Utah. {Coik.)\ 
 
 (Clino>ito)nm phlegcthontiH Copo. Pror. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 137: Gi\i\ 
 phlocfethontk Copii, ZoiJl. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mor. v, 657.) 
 
 104.— LEUCUS Heckel. 
 Roaches. 
 
 [Myloleuvus Copo ; fAhjansca Giranl ; not LcncuH Kanp, 1824, a iioiiiinal geuus ofl 
 Laridw, the word Lenvm being r. misprint lor Lcucuh. ) 
 
 (Leuco» Hiickel, RuHseggers' ReiHCU, i, 1038, 1843: typo Leucos dmlpimis Ilockel.) 
 
 Body stout, compressed. Mouth normal, oblique; no barbel. Teetij 
 4-5* or 5-5, hooked, with narrow grinding surface, the lower usually on 
 
 I Tr»t«~i fv,i^^ ^*fe'' ^ ^ "i 
 
 • Teeth 4-4 in the lype of Leucva tinccUa. 
 
31. CYPRINID-ffi — LEUCUS. 
 
 245 
 
 a prominent raised prominence of tho bone. Scales moderate. Lateral 
 line continuous, decu^ved. Anal basis short. Abdomen not comijressed. 
 latestiaal canal not elongate. Species numerous in Europe, Asia, and 
 America. This genus is very closely allied to the European Leuciscus 
 Cuvier, differing in the presence of teeth 5-5 or 5-4, instead of G-5 or 
 G-6. The name finally to be adopted for this group, if admitted as dis- 
 tinct, is uncertain. (Aewzw?, white.) 
 
 J, Tc'th 4-4,* with entiro edges. {Algansea Girard.t) 
 
 407. li. tincella (Val.) J. & G. 
 
 Body stoutish. Head heavy. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxil- 
 liiiv not reaching to the eye. Jaws about equal. Eye rather small. 
 Caudal peduncle thick. Fins small, the caudal short. Dorsal just over 
 vcntrals. Scales quite small, firmly attached and not closely imbricated, 
 as ill Myloehihis, etc. Coloration dark, plain ; fins unspotted. Head 3| ; 
 deptli3|; scales 17-70-9; teeth 4-4. L. 6 inches. City of Mexico. 
 
 {[jnn-iscus iinceUa C. «S: V. xvii, 323; Guuther, vii, 244.) 
 
 M. Tenth 4-5, with entire edges. (Myloleucua Coptj.t) 
 10§> L. obesus (Grd.) .Tor. 
 Body stout. Head short, the muzzle not decurved. Moutn small, 
 [oblique, terminal, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, maxillary nearly 
 reaching to orbit. Eye 4J- in head ; preorbital deeper than long. Color 
 (lark ; the belly silvery ; the st;ales everywhere dusted with black specks ; 
 a dusky lateral baud. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. 9; A. 8; scales 12-58-7 
 (13-58-9, Cojjc) ; teeth 5-4. L. G inches. Utah Basin ; abundant. 
 
 (Al(iansm ohcsa Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 183, and U. S. Pac. R. R. 
 ISttiv. Fisli. 239: Leuviaciin obeaus GUnther, vii, 244: MyJoleueus pulverulentus Cope, 
 iHavdcu's Geo]. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872; Jordan & Henshaw, Rept. Chief Eng. 
 
 ISe, App. NN. 1U2.) 
 
 1409. L. formoSUS (Grd.) Jor. 
 
 Very close to the next, and perhaps identical with it. Body a little 
 Imore slender, tlie scales smaller, and profusely dotted with black as in 
 ll, o&esMS. Head 3^; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-5^^-0; teeth 5-4. 
 
 |L, 4 inches. California. 
 
 (Ahjanaea formom iiirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 183: Lcucisous formoaua 
 ICiintlicr, vii, •*.45; .Fordau & Honshaw, 1. c. 193.) 
 
 • In specimens examined ; tho normal number is probably 5-4. If permanently 4-4, 
 Hpnsea may bo re),;ardod as a distinct genus. 
 
 tOiraril, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 184: type Leuciscus tincella Val. (A coined 
 mil',) 
 
 JCoite, llayden's Geol. Surr. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872: typo Myloleucua lyulveruUntus 
 '/i'^ = Alganaea oheaa Qixxox^. (a^u/IoJ, grinder ; /lei;x(5$, Leucus.) 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 'U\ 
 
 i. I 
 
 m 
 
 :<• 
 
246 CONTRIiJUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 
 it 
 
 
 
 •:V 
 
 
 ?» 
 
 
 410. Bj. bicolor (Gnl.) Jor. ii,':,-"; 
 
 Body moderately stout. Head rsither heavy, the muzzle very short 
 iiiid conical. Mouth moderate, very oblique, the jaws equal, the max- 
 illary reaching line of eye. Scales rather large. Lateral line decurved. 
 Eye rather large, 4 J in head. Color transparent, olivaceous; a distinct 
 l)lumbeous lateral band. Fins dusky-shaded. Scales with some brown 
 dots, but not profusely dusted with black specks as in the two preceding 
 species. Head 3'^; depth 3^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-50-5 (11-48-5, Cope)- 
 teeth 4-5. L. 5 inches. Steams of Oregon, Nevada, etc. 
 
 {Alganaea bicolor Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiki. 185(), 183: Leuciacua bicolor 
 Giinther, vii, 245: Myloleucua parovanua Copr, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v 
 GOD; Jordan & Heusluiw, 1. c. 193.) 
 
 411. It, anticus (Cope) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 " Xearest to the fonnosm of Girard, but differs in the much more pos- 
 terior position of the fins. In this the anterior base of the dorsal is 
 equidistant between end of muzzle and base of tail; in anticus much 
 behind the median point. The ventrals are much nearer the caudal 
 thiin the chin ; in .tbe/brmos?is the reverse is the case." Body moderate, 
 shortened behind. Caudal peduncle short, thick. Caudal fln short, 
 little forked. Mouth oblique, muzzle not reaching line of orbit. Eye 
 5 in head. Profile long. Hat, descending ; dorsal outline arched. Pur- 
 plish slate abov^e, yellow below; sides of head and edges of scales puuc- 
 tulate. Head 3 J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-50-0; teeth not described. L. 
 5 inches. Texas. {Cope.) 
 
 {Ahjanaea antica Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLiia. 1864,282.) 
 
 412. L,. boucardi (Gliuther) Jor. &. Gilb. 
 
 Body moderately elongate. Head thick, obtuse. Mouth broad, its 
 (ileft not extending to the eye. Snout convex, the lower jaw included. 
 Eye moderate, 4;^^ in head. Caudal tin moderately forked. Origin of 
 dorsal fln close behind that of the ventrals . Brownish; a bluish lateral 
 band, forming a faint caudal spot. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 0; scales 
 0-30-4 ; teetli 5-4. L. 3^ inchei. Cuernavaca, Mexico. [Qilnther,) 
 
 {LcHchcua boiivardi Giinther, vii, 485.) 
 
 105.-OPSOPCEODUS Hay. 
 
 (Hay, Proc. I J. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 507: type Opaopcvodua emiliw Ha,y.) 
 
 Form of Ihjbognathiis. Mouth very small, almost vertical, its position 
 entirely anterior, with scarcely any lateral cleft. Teeth 5-5, with grind- 
 ing surface and seriated edges. Abdomen not compressed. Dorsal 
 
:^fnf 
 
 31 CYPRINID^ — TRTCHERODON 
 
 247 
 
 nearly over veutrals. Anal basis short. Lateral liue complete. Intes- 
 tinal canal short. Peritoneum white. Small. (^diiioTzoUw, to feed daintily; 
 *y;, tooth.) 
 
 413. O. emiliae Hay. 
 
 Body rather elongate, moderately conij^.ressed, not elevated. Head 
 short, slender. Muzzle blunt and rounded. Mouth very small and verj- 
 oblique, smaller than in any other of our Cyprinidw, withscar .ely any 
 lateral cleft ; its size, when opened wide, less than that of the eye. Man- 
 dible short and deep, strongly curved, jaws equal. Eye lonj?er than 
 snout, 3 in head. Dorsal beginning over i)osterior raysof ventrals, nearer 
 snout than base of caudal. Pectoral very small, not reaching veutrals, 
 tlie latter to anal. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Anal short and 
 () V. Breast naked; 16 large scales before dorsal. Yellowish; sides 
 silvery; •scales above dark-edged ; a dark lateral band from snout to 
 caudal, above and below which are series of black dots; anterior rays 
 of dorsal dark; sometimes a black spot on the posterior rays. D. 9; 
 A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 5-5, serrate. Eastern Mississippi. 
 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1380, r.07.) 
 
 106.— TRYCIIERODON Forbea. 
 (Forbes, MSS. geu. nov. : typo Trychcrodon viegalops Forbes.) 
 
 Pharyngeal teeth in one row, 5-5 or 5-(), strongly hooked, deeply 
 creuate, without masticatory surface. Lateral line imperfect. Dorsal 
 over veutrals. Intestine shorter than head and body. Peritoneum pale. 
 Thorax naked almost to ventrals. ]\Iouth terminal, upper jaw protrac- 
 tile. No barbels, {rpuxepa^, ragged ; 6dwv^ tooth.) 
 
 414. T. iilcg:alops Forbes, spec. nov. 
 
 "A small, fusiform species, with a small, terminal, oblique mouth, a 
 very large eye, an imperfect lateral line, a narrow black lateral stripe, 
 a partly naked breast, and large fins. The dorsal has a large dusky 
 black blotch on the front rays. The depth is contained from 4 to 5 
 times in the length without caudal ; the head 4^ to 5 times. The eye 
 is longer than the snout, and goes but 2i^ times in the head. Its verti- 
 cal diameter equals the interorbital space. The mandible scarcely 
 reaches a vertical from the anterior border of the nostril, and falls far 
 short of the orbit. The lateral line is variously imperfect; sometimes 
 present only on the first 4 or 5 scales, and sometimes extending, 
 with uumerous interruptions, to the middle of the caudal pedunclo. It 
 
 if? 
 
 ; : I ; 
 
 ,-:. ■ « 
 
248 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOQY — Jv. 
 
 is slightly decurved when present on the anterior half of the body. 
 The caudal fin is long and very deeply furcate. It is contained ;5U4 
 times in head and body, and the median rays are about t\vo-lifth!< the 
 length of the longest. The dorsal is high, its longest ray reaching nearlv 
 or quite half the distance from front of dorsal to tail. The front of the lin 
 is a little nearer nose than caudal. The pectorals extend about three 
 fourths the distance to the ventrals, and the latter nearly or quite attain 
 the vent. D. I, 7 or 8 ; A. T, 7 or 8; scales 5, 38-40, 4, with 15 or IG rows 
 before dorsal. The ]>haryngeal bones are thin, and suddenly and 
 broadly dilated at outer third, this part of the bone being nearly .'3 times 
 as wide as the inner, and in shape not unlike a horse's jaw-bone. Tiie 
 odontoid process is unusually distinct and high. The teeth are very 
 slender, strongly hooked, and sharply and irregularly crenate, the edges 
 having a spinose appearance. The scales are crowded, higher than Ion;;, 
 a;id wanting on the anterior half or two-thirds of the breast. Color in 
 alcohol yellowish brown, with a faint silvery lustre on sides. A narrow, 
 black band, about one scale wide, extends around the nose, through the 
 upper half of the eye, to the tail, terminating therein the most highly eol 
 ored si)et'iinens in a. narrow vertical bar. The scales above the lateral 
 band are all dark-edged. In all the specimens the dorsal shows a large 
 aubmedian blotch in front, crossing about 4 rays. In one this blotch is 
 so enlarged as to include the whole anterior half of the tin, except a 
 small space at base, and a second blotch extends similarly across the 3 
 posterior rays, leaving only a narrow pale vertical stripe between, 
 Length of largest s])ecimen 2^ inches. Se^ral specimens trom the 
 Illinois lii ver at Tekin and Peoria, and from Maciiinaw Creek." {ForbeH,) 
 
 iOT.— NOTEIVIIOOIVUS Ratinesqiie. 
 Golden Shiners. 
 
 
 {Saibe DeKay.) 
 
 (Ranuc8((U(', Joiirii. do Physiqiu.', do Chyuiio ct d'llistoiro Natnrollo, Paris, 1819, 4'<J1 : 
 type XotemijoniiH aiirdfun l?'.f. -^=Cypiinu8 chrnmlcucus Mitch.) 
 
 Body subelliptical, strongly compressed, both back and belly curved, 
 the curves different; back narrowly compressed; belly behind ventral 
 tins forming a keel, over which the scales do not pass. Tail not keeled. 
 Head small, conic. Mouth small, terminal, oblique, normal, without 
 barbels. Scales rather large. Lateral line continuous, strongly dc 
 curved. Dorsal tin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal fin with its 
 base somewhat elongate, of from to 18 rays. Teeth 5-5, hooked, with 
 
31. CYPRINIDiE — NOTEMIGONUS. 
 
 249 
 
 grindiug surface, the edges of which are more or less creuate. Alimen- 
 tary cfiiial short, though rather louger than the body. Size rather 
 large. As here understood, Notemigomis differs from the European 
 Xbramis (Uream) only in the much shorter anal fin — from 9 to 20 rays in- 
 stead of 30 to 40. All its 8i)ecies aie American. There is much varia- 
 tion in the length of the anal and in the form of the mouth among the 
 species left in AbramiSj and a reunion or a different division of the 
 group may be necessary', (vwroc, back; if/it', half; y^'tvo^^ angle; the 
 Iniek being almost carinated.) 
 
 •luaeition of dorsal midway of body or nearer Huoiit than base of caudal, 
 t Anal rays 9 or 10. 
 
 413. N. K^rdonens (C. & V.) Jor. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head obtuse. Isthmus small. 
 
 .Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw included. Eye 4 in head. Dorsal 
 
 nearly midway of body, little behind veutrals. Olivaceous. Head 5J; 
 
 (Icptli 3^. D. 10; A. 9; teeth 5-5, with grinding surface and serrated 
 
 edge. Scales 7-39-3. South Carolina. One specimen known. 
 
 {Leiicincua gardoneua Cuv. & Val. xvii, lUG: Chondrostoma gardoneum Cope, Trans. 
 Auit'r. Phil. Soc. Phila. 18615, 3D5: Lcudscua gardontm Giinthor, vii, 258.) 
 
 416. W. lucidns (Grd.) Jor. 
 
 Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head moderate. Snout subcon- 
 ical, tapering. Mouth somewhat oblique, larger than in the other spe- 
 cies, the maxillary reaching eye. Eye large, 3 J in head. Dorsal nearer 
 tip of snout than caudal. Scales rather large, much deeper than long. 
 Grayish above, yellowish beneath. Head ^^. D. 8 ; A. 10. Canadian 
 Kiver. {Oirard.) 
 
 (LiixUus lucidtts Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5,^0;}, and U. S. Pac. R. U. 
 
 Surv. X, 282.) 
 
 tt Anal rays about 13. 
 
 417. IV. leptosomus (Grd.) Jor. 
 
 Body rather elongate, slen Jer, the back elevated. Heiwl small and 
 
 short, its profile continuous mth that of the back. Mouth small, quite 
 
 oblique, the maxilhiry not reaching the front of the large eye. Eye 3^ 
 
 iu head. Insertion of dorsal tin about midway between snout and base 
 
 of caudal. Anal lin high and long. Bluish, silvery below. Head 5; 
 
 depth 3;|. 1). 9; A. 13; Lat. 1. 55. Texas. [Oirard.) 
 
 (LuxilH8 leptuHomtis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 203, and U. S. Mex. 
 Bouud. Surv. Ichth. GO: Abramiat leptosomus GUnther, vii, 300.) 
 
 '• Insertion of dorsal nearer base of caudal th j,u snout, 
 a. Anal rays about 11. 
 
 •''-U'-ra 
 
 fe 
 
250 CONTUIHLTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 I*i; 
 
 '1 18. N. occideiitalis (Hainl & (}irar*l) Jonliui. 
 
 Body ino(lyriit(ily oloiigjite. Snout subconical, rather tapering. 
 Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching orbit. Eye large, 4 in head, 
 lirownish above ; sides silvery; the belly speckled with gray. I). 10 ; 
 A. 11. Tulare Valley, California. {Girard.) 
 
 ( r.eiicoHomiis occid( II talis Haird & Girard, I'roc. Acad. Nat S<'i. Phila. 1854, 137 : Am- 
 iluH occUlfiiitaliH Girard, U. 8. Pac. II. R. Surv. x, 1280: Abramis occidcntalia Gilntbor, vii, 
 
 nor>.) 
 
 aa. Anal rays about i:i (12-14), ... 
 
 419. M. clirysolcucus (Mitch.) -lor. — Golden Shiner ; Bream. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Head short, sub- 
 conic, compressed, the prolile somewhat concave. Mouth small, ob- 
 li(pie, the upper lip on the level of the upper part of the pupil, the max- 
 illary not reaching the front, of the eye. Eye moderate, about 4 in head. 
 Fins medium. Color clear greenish above; sides silvery, with bright 
 golden retiections; htjs yellowish; the tips of the lower Uns sometimes 
 orange in spring males. Head 4^; depth 3. I). 8; A. i3; scales 10- 
 51-3; teeth 5-5. L. 12 inches. New England to Dakota and Texas; 
 everywhere abnndant in bayous and weedy ponds. One of the most 
 familiar and characteristic of our Cyprinidw. 
 
 (Ci/prlmtH chrynolviiviin Mitch. I{ei)t. Fish. N. Y. 1815, 23: Abramis rersieolor DeKay, 
 N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 191: Leuvosomus aiiuricanus Storcr, Fish. Mass. 283: Stilbe americana 
 Cope, Cypr. Pcun. 18(U), 389 : Leaciscus, Leiicosomus, Litxilus, I'largyrus, Stilbe, Stiliiua, 
 or Aliraiiiin aiiurieaniix of various autliors (not Cyprinua americanm L.): Litxilus scco 
 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18:)6, 203: Abramis americanm GUuther, vii, 305; 
 Jordan, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mas. x, 05.) • . 
 
 a. Anal rays a\)out 10 (15-18). 
 
 420. N. ainei'icaiiiis (li.) Jor.— <S'ou/A6rn /ireani. 
 
 Body moderately elevated, very strongly compressed. Head rathei 
 broad and flat between the eyes. Mouth small, quite oblique, the max 
 illary barely reaching the eye. Eye very large and prominent, anterior, 
 about 3 in head. Dorsal tin short and very high, almost falcate, well 
 back. Anal tin high and long. Scales rather large, the lateral liiu 
 running very low. Color j)alc olive, with silvery lustre ; lower fins red 
 in the males in spring. Head 4.^; depth 3.^. D. 8; A. 16; scales S-43- 
 2; teeth 5-5. L. 12 inches. Itivers of the South Atlantic States ; locally 
 abundant. * ; ' 
 
 (Cifpriniis amei'icaima Linn. Syst. Nat.: LeuciaeuH bond Cnv. ♦& Val. xvii, 313: Xotc- 
 migoiius imlianun Jordan, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187C, 364; Jordan, Bull. U. S. 
 Nat. Mu8. X, 05.) 
 
 ballcatua Grd. 
 
 E. R. Surv. F 
 
31. CYPRINID^. LEPIDOJfEDA. 
 
 109.-RICIIARDSO1VIIJ8 (iirard. 
 
 251 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Philiv. lrtr)(>, 201: typ*) Cifitrimui ballmtun Uicb.) 
 
 Body oblong or elevated, strongly coniprcHsed. IJead rather Hinall. 
 Month terminal, oblique, jaws normal ; no barbels. Teeth li, 5-5, 2, 
 or li, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface, the edges entire. (Mll- 
 lakcrs very small. Belly compressed behilul ventral lins, the scales 
 l)as;;iiig over its edge. Back of tail not keeled. Scales rather small. 
 Liit(;ral line continuous, decurved. Dorsal fin well behind the ventrals. 
 Anal basis elongate. American; closely related to the European genus 
 AlburnuH. (Dedicated to Sir John Kichardsou.) 
 
 431. B. ImltcutiiM (Rich.) Grd. *" 
 
 Body strongly compressed and somewhat elevated. Head small, the 
 snout rather short and conical. Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw 
 slifllitly projecting beyond the upper. Eye large, 3^ in head. Colora- 
 tion plain, the sides bright silvery, crimson in males in spring. Anal 
 and caudal large. Dorsal low, much behind ventrals. Base of anal 4J 
 in length. Head ^^, depth 3 J. D. 10; A. 17 or 18; Vert. 40; Lat. 1. 
 13-02-0; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Columbia Kiver and northward ; abundant. 
 
 {Cyprinu8 (Abranm) haltvatua Ricliardson, Fauna Bor.-Aiiier. iii, ;i01 : ItichardsoniuH 
 halhatua (jvd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 278: Ahramia balteatun Oiinthor, vii, ;{t)l>. ) 
 
 423. B. lateralis Grd. 
 
 Body slenderer and less compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, ob- 
 lique, jaws equal. Anal basis 5J iii length. Blackish above; a dark 
 lateral band; the interspace and belly pale; crimson in males in sum- 
 mer. Head 4.^; depth 3,^-4. D. 10; A. 14; scales 13-55-0; teeth 2, 
 5-5, 2. Cobimbia River and streams about Puget Sound. 
 
 {Rkhardaonius lateralw Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1856, 202, and U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. FiHh. 279: Abramia lateralis Giiiillier, vii, 309.) 
 
 100.— LEPlDO]?IEDA Copo. 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. PhUa. 1874, 131: type Lepidomeda vittata Cope.) 
 
 Body elongate. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, 
 hooked, without grinding surface. Scales small. Lateral line com- 
 plete. Dorsal tin with a strong spine, comi)osed of two, the posterior 
 received into a longitudinal groove of the anterior. Inner border of the 
 veutral iius adherent to the body. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ven- 
 trals. Anal bagis short. Size small. (A^rrt^oc, scaly ; Meda.) 
 
 
 
 'W' 
 
 3^ 
 
 4^' 
 
 
 --?i> 
 
 M 
 
 5i 
 
 if! 
 
 * 
 
 M 
 
 !l« 
 
 I I 
 
 
 'A 
 
 •!l 
 
 hi 
 
 ft 
 
 ,.-,M 
 
 K i!H 
 
^sm 
 
 262 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTOYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 493. L. vlltata Cope. 
 
 Body rather .stout. Head wide and flat above, Hlightly depressed be- 
 hind the eyes. Muzzle obtuse, not prominent. Mouth terminal, ob- 
 lique. Eye "v-f in head. Scales small, covering; the whole body except 
 the space behind the pectorals; 20 series above the lateral line and 5^ 
 in front of the dorsal. Preorbital bone tre[)ezoi«lal. .Second dorsal 
 spine as long as the liisi. and wider. Dorsal rays somewhat eidar/j^ed 
 and ossified. Pectoral rays scarcely enlarged. Color silvery ; a lead 
 colored lateral band and a black dorsal band. Head S'^ ; depth 4^. I). 
 II, 7 ; A. 9 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3A inches. Colorado Chiquito River, 
 Arizona. (Cope.) 
 
 (C».pe, Pror. Anier. Phil, Soc. Phila. 1874, i:U, and Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th 
 Mor. V, G42.) 
 
 434. li. Jarrovil Cope. 
 
 Body more elongate. Mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw somewhat 
 projecting. Eye larger than in L. vittata, 3^ in head, the maxillary 
 reaching its anterior border. Spines slender. Scales very small and 
 difficult to detect, 51 series before the dorsal tin. Olivaceous ; a median 
 black vertebral band ; sides silvery ; bases of ventral fins red. Head 4; 
 depth 5. D. II, 7; A. 9; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3 inches. Colorado Chi- 
 quito Kiver, Arizona. {Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Acjul. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, i:V.{. and Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th 
 Men V, 643.) 
 
 110.— OTEDA Girard. ' 
 
 (Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, lUl : type Medafulgiia Grd.) 
 
 Body elongate. Mouth terminal, normal, no barbels. Teeth 1,4-4, 1, 
 hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely scaleless. Fins as in 
 Jjepidomeda. Size small. {Meda, a classical feminine name, of no con- 
 ceivable application to these singular lishes.) 
 
 435. in. fulgfida 6i<]. , ,, . 
 
 Body slender, elongate, compressed. Head elongate, subconical, 
 the snout rounded. Mouth large, subterminal, slightly oblique, the 
 lower jaw included, maxillary extending to below orbit. Second dorsal 
 spine highest ; dorsal behind ventrals. Colortition silvery. D. II, 7 ; A. 
 8; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Eio Gila. {Oirard.) --rrr^^" ,, :, 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 191; Gtiuther, vii, 263.) 
 
 WA "t ■ 
 
31. CYPRINID^ — CARA88IU8. 
 
 253 
 
 111.— PLAOOPTEBUS Cope. 
 
 (Coj)e, Proc, Amor. Phil. Sor. Philu. IH71, '301: typo Plagoptrrui argentimm^'a Copo.) 
 
 Body slender. Month terminal, a barbel at the extremity of the max- 
 illary. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding; surl'aee. Botly en- 
 tirely Rcaleless. Fins as in Meda and Lcpidomeda. Size small. (-^«;'ij, 
 wound; Ttrzfiw, fin; in allusion to the armature of the dorsal fln.) 
 
 • 
 
 420. P> urgcntii^siinus Copo. 
 
 Body slender. Head rather broad, the muzzle slightly depressed, over- 
 liaugiug the rather small, horizontal mouth. Lips thin, the maxillary 
 reaching front of eye. Eye moderate, 4^ in hea<l. Dorsal tin entirely 
 behind veutrals, the first spine curved, longer than the second ; soft 
 rays of the dorsal thickened and ossified at base ; fifth ray of the ven- 
 tral bound to the abdomen by a membrane for nearly its whole length; 
 pectoral rays osseous at base. Lateral line complete, slightly deflexed. 
 Color clear silvery ; dorsal region dusky, with minute black dots. Head 
 4; «lepth «. D. II, 7 ; A. 10; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L 2J inches. San Luis 
 Valley, Western Colorado. {Cope.) 
 
 (Copo, Proc. Amer. Phil. Sw. Phila. 1874, 130, and Zool. Whooler'g Expl. W. 100th 
 Mcr. V, 640.) 
 
 lia.— CARASSIUS Nilsson. 
 
 Cnieian Carps. 
 
 (Nilssou, Prodroinus: type Cypriuun caramm L. ^=: Carassiun vulgaris Nilss.) 
 
 Body oblong, conipressed, and elevated. Mouth terminal, without 
 barbels. Teeth 4-4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral 
 line continuous. Dorsal fin very long, with the third ray a stout spine, 
 which is serrated behind ; anal short, with a similar spine. Ventrals 
 well forward. Large species of the iresh waters of Europe and Asia; 
 often domesticated. {Carassius, a latinization of the vernacular names 
 of the European Crucian Carp, KarasH or Karaiisthe.) 
 
 427. C aiiratUS (L.) Bleektir. — (fold-Jinh. 
 
 Bodj stout, covered with large scales. Dorsal and anal tins with the 
 spines strong, coarsely serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usu.'illy orange 
 or variegated in domestication. D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 26; teeth 
 4-4. L. 12 inches. China and Japan ; introduced everywhere as an 
 aquarium fish, and now naturalized in many of our eastern streams. 
 The variations Jire innumerable. 
 
 {Cjiprinva auratus LinuiEiiB, Syst. Nat. ; Giiutber, vii, 32.) 
 
 ; J; 
 
 ■ H 
 
 ^i! 
 
 sf 
 
 i^u. 
 
m 
 
 264 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 113.-CYPBIWITS LinumuH. 
 
 Carps. ' 
 
 (Artedi ; LiiiuiiMiH, Sy-st. Nut.: tyiH^ CyprinuH carpio L. ) 
 
 Body robust, compressed, reaerablinj^ thut of the ButfaioiiBli. Month 
 m» derate, anterior, with four long biirbels. Snout bhint, roundwl. 
 Teeth molur, broad and truncate, 1, I, 3-.'$, I, 1. Scales hirge. Lateral 
 line continuous. Dorsal lln very lonj;, with a stout spine, serrated 
 behind; anal fln short, also with a spine. Large fishes of th«^ frt\sh 
 waters of Asia; introduced into Europe and America as food-tislies, 
 (xuTTfHvo;, the ancient name of the Carp.) 
 
 43§. C. carpio L.—Carp. 
 
 Body stout, more or less (K)mpre8sed, heavy anteriorly. General 
 color olivaceous. D. 111,20; A. 111,5; scales 5-3S-5; teeth 1, I, .'J-3 
 1, 1. L. 18 inches or more. Fresh waters of Central Asia; introduced 
 as a food-lish into Europe and America. In domestication it has rim 
 into many varieties, distinguished by diii'erences in form, squamation, 
 and development of the flns. 
 (Linnwua, Syst. Nat.; Giinther, vii, 25.) 
 
 Family XXXTI.— CHARACINID^. 
 
 kizr 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 {The Gharacins.) 
 
 Body variously formed, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked. 
 Margin of upper jaw formed mesially by the premaxillaries and later- 
 ally by the maxillaries; no barbels; premaxillaries not protractile. 
 Teeth various, often incisor-li a^ often wanting. Branchiostegals nsii- 
 ally 3. Gill-membranes U!«i.ea to the isthmus or not. No pseudo- 
 branchiae. Gills 4, a slit beaiud the fourth. Lower pharyngeals not 
 truly falciform, but more or less curved, armed with small, sometimes 
 villiform, teeth. Adipose flu usually present (absent in Erytkrinhw). 
 Pyloric cceca usually numerous. Air-bladder transversely divided into 
 two portions, and communicating with the organ of hearing by means 
 of auditory ossicles, as in the Cyprinidw. Anterior vertebroe coalesced 
 and modified. A very large family of 60 genera and 300 species, inhab- 
 iting the fresh waters of South America and Africa, where they take 
 
i.-; ..v.v 
 
 32. CHARACINlDiE TETRAG0N0PTERU8. 
 
 255 
 
 tbo place of the Salmonido' and Cyprinhlrc of the NorthtMii Ilciuisphero. 
 A single species reaches the United States. 
 (CVirtradHirfrt' Glinther, vii, -JTS-SHO.) 
 
 •A<lii»08e flu proHcnt. 
 t Dentition coni])lote in hotli jawa; gill-opcninfiH wide, tlio ini'inltranrH not at- 
 tached to thu isthmnH ; nasal openingH of eucii sidu cIohc together; tcuth 
 couipre88e<l, notched. (Tclrngonopti'i'inw.) 
 i Anal fin olongato (layH *20-50); belly in front of vcntraLs roinidcd ; jironirMillury 
 ,; teeth in a double Heries; a single scries of teeth in lower Jaw, with no conical 
 
 teeth behind it ; no canine teeth; gill-rakers setiform-.TiiTiiAUONOPTKii us, HI. 
 
 114.— TETRAGONOPTERVS Cuvior. 
 {Jstyanax B. & G. ; PacilnrivhthyH Gill.) 
 (Artedi; Cnvier, M6m. du Muh. iv, 45rr ISlH: tyi>e Tctragonopterna argeiitcHH (^uv.) 
 
 Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with moderate scalers. 
 Belly rounded. Cleft of mouth medium. Anterior teeth strong, incisor- 
 like; lateral teeth small. Premaxillary and mandibuhir teeth subequal 
 in size, with a compressed, notched crown, the former in a double, the 
 latter in a single, series. Maxillary with few teeth. Nostrils of each 
 side close together, separated by a valve only. Lower pharyngeals very 
 slender, curved, approaching the form in Cyprhdda:^ armed with a single 
 series of slender, hooked teeth. Gill openings wide, the membranes 
 free from the isthmus and from each other. Gill-rakers setiform. Dor- 
 sal iin midway of body, above or just behind ventrals. Anal tin long. 
 Species about 40, in all the warmer parts of America. (r£7/>«j'wi'o?, 
 four-angled; -zspw^ fin or wing; of no special ai)plication to this group, 
 the original word used by Klein and Artedi being Tetragonoptruti.) 
 
 a. Body oblong, moderately elevated, the depth less than half length. {AittyaHax Baird 
 &Girard.*) 
 
 429. T. argentatus (Baird & Girard) J. & G. 
 
 Olivaceous; a broad silvery band along sides; a black spot at base of 
 caudal, running up on the fin. Body oblong, compressed. Snout blunt, 
 lower jaw included. Dorsal inserted above ventrals. Pectorals reach- 
 ing ventrals, the latter to vent. Head 4 in length ; depth .'5. D. 10; A. 
 21; scales C-38-6. Arkansas to Mexico; probably abundant; the north- 
 ernmost representative of the family. 
 
 (Astyanax argentafita B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 27, 18.'54: Aatyanax 
 argenlatus Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 74; Giinther, v, HHO.) : - 
 
 * Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 26, 1854 : type Aaiyanax argentatua 
 B. & G. {a^Tvdya^, a son o{ HcctoT.) ,.„.,,„. 
 
 m 
 
 
 'V. d 
 
 
 ■' wm 
 
 i I'M 
 
 rn 
 
 ■s» 
 
 i-'h 
 
 =^. 
 
mitmtvsmamBSBimiiseiis 
 
 256 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 IU-- 
 
 m- -. 
 
 1! 
 
 mpm 
 mm: 
 
 Order M.-I80SP0NDYLI. 
 
 {The IsospondyloiM Fishes.) 
 
 Parietals present. Syinplectic present. Xo iuterclavicles. A i)riT»t'oi' 
 acoid arch. Anterior vertebrai simple. No auditory ossicles. Phiiryu- 
 geal bones simple above and l)elow, the lower not falciform. Gills i^ a 
 slit behind the fourth. A very large group, presenting many moiliiitii. 
 tious of structure, (iffn^, equal; aTzdvduko^, vertebra.) 
 {I'hysostomi Glint her, part.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OK FAMILIES OP I80SP0NDYLI. 
 
 • Tail <lij»liycorcul. 
 
 a. Lateral margins of upper jaw fonnod by tho maxillarios. 
 
 b. Adipose lin none: no phosphoroseeut spots; body usually scaly ; head naked- 
 
 throat without barbel. 
 
 c. Latsral line present. 
 
 d. Gular plate nouo. 
 
 c. Air-bladder none ; dorsal posterior, opposite anal and similar to it ; month 
 
 small, with small, point-'l teeth; doeji-sea tishes. 
 
 Alkpockpuamd.i:, ;«!. 
 ev. Air-bladder present ; dorsal in front of anal. 
 
 /. Mouth small, horizontal; posterior part of tongue an<l tht! ruoidi tim 
 
 mouth covered with coarse, paved teeth. ..Ai.hulid.k, :i4. 
 
 //. Mouth larger, oblique; teeth all pointed; those on tlu' tongut- larKf. 
 
 IIYODONTID.K, X). 
 
 dd. Gular plate present ; mouth large; teeth all pointed Elopid.s, Hi!. 
 
 ce. Lateral line obsolete. 
 
 ij. Mouth terminal, large; maxillary in three parts, mostly broad. 
 
 Clupkid.k, :>7. 
 gg. Mouth smal!, inferior; maxillary short and narrow; not in tiiioo 
 
 parts DonosoMATiD.i:, :(8. 
 
 ijgij. Mouth very large, subiuferior; maxillary very narrow, produced 
 
 backward ENGitAUi.i!>ii).i:, ;!',), 
 
 bb. Adipose lin present (rarely absent, and the body with phosphoiesccnt spots). 
 h. Throat with a long barbel; .scales very small or wanting; nioutli 
 
 large Stomiatum;, l.'), 
 
 /i/». Throat without barbel, 
 i. Sides with phosphoresoeut ap' is; oviducts present; dee))-seft 
 fishes. 
 
 j, PseudobranchiiB none; body scal.v Cuaii.iodontid.i:, U. 
 
 jj. I'seudobranchiu) present ; body naked. .STKUNOPrYciiiu.i:, Hi. 
 it. Sides without phosphorescent spots; ovkliicts none. 
 
 .Sai.momd.i;. III. 
 aa. Lateral margins of upper jaw, like thi^ anterior margin, formed by the prcinax- 
 
 illari<'8 ; adipose fin usinilly present. 
 k. Prcmaxillaries short, with villiforni tec>th ; mouth sniiill; 
 bones of head cavernous ; scales ctenoid, .Pkhcopsio,!:, I?, 
 
 . kk. Promaxillaries elongate ; uumtlt largo; bones of licail not 
 
 cavernous; scales mostly cycloid. 
 
 /. Dorsal short, u'Mirly median; bo«ly scaly ..Scopki.id.k, W. 
 
 W. Dorsal short, posterior: body Kciily. PAHAi.KPnniM:, 41, 
 
 III. Dorsal occupying nearly the whole length of the Imrk; 
 
 body naked ALBPiuosAuniu.K, 40. 
 
33. ALEPOCEPHALID^ ALEPOCEPIIALUS. 
 
 257 
 
 
 Family XXXIIL— ALEPOCEPHALID.E. 
 
 Body oblon}?, compressed, covered with tliiii cycloid or keeled scales, 
 or with naked, prickly skin. Head naked. Lateral line developed. No 
 biirbi'ls. Mouth moderate oc large. IMargin of the upper jaw formed 
 1)V the prcmaxillaries and the maxillaries, the former being placed along 
 the lipped anterior edge of the latter. Teeth feeble. Opercvilar ap- 
 paratus complete, its bones thin. No adipose tin. Dorsal fin long 
 iiiul li)\v, posterior, inserted opposite t\m anal; pectorals short, i)laced 
 nitUer high ; veuuals usually well back, sometimes wanting. Gill-open- 
 ings very wide, the membraues free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiai 
 present. No gular phite. No air-bladder. Stomnch curved, without 
 blind sac. Pyloric c(i?ca in moderate number. Fishes of the deep seas; 
 but one species known until recently. Lately 5 genera and 7 species 
 have been described from the abyssal faunae of the mid Atlantic and 
 
 I'acitic. 
 (AhpocejyhaJidw Gimtlior, vn, 477.) 
 
 (I. Scales cycloid ; dorsal and anal suboqnal, opposite eac'a other; month small ; jaws 
 nearly even; small tooth in jaws, vomer, and palatines. Alicpocephali's, lir». 
 
 1I5.-AIL.EPOCEPHAL.US Risso. 
 
 (Risso, Mom. Acad. Nat. Sci. Tnrin, xxv, 270, IK20: typo .ilcpoccphahta roatmtuH Risso, 
 from the Mediterranean.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed. Mouth rather small, the snout somewhat 
 
 prolonged. Jaws nearly equal in front ; a series of small teeth in each 
 
 jiiw and on the vomer and palatines. Eye very large. Gill-membranes 
 
 oiitiioly separate. Branchiostegals (>. Opercular bones thin. Dorsal 
 
 low and rather long, with a scaly base, opposite and similar to the 
 
 anal. Pectorals and ventrals rather small. Caudal moderately forlced. 
 
 Scales rather large, thin and cycloid. Dee])-8ea fishes of the Atlantic 
 
 and Mediterranean, {a, privative; Ae-t'r, scale; xtfaX-j^ head.) 
 
 430. A. bairdll Goodo & Bran. 
 
 ITnifo'in indigo-blue, the color extending to the inside of the mouth 
 and the gill-membranes. Body rather elongate. Head moderately 
 compressed, subcouical, the lower jaw included. Maxillary extending 
 nearly to b(>low middle of eye. Eye large, as long as snout. Dorsal 
 slightly in advance of anal. Head 4j\ in length; dei)th 5^. D. Uli; A. 
 :."»; r. 12; V. I, \) ; pyloric co'ca 15; B. G; scales T-IJH-U. L. Ii4 inches, 
 (irand Banks; dredged at a depth of 200 fathoms. {Ooode tt Bcivu) 
 
 (Goode A- Hoan, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. il, 53, IHTU.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. KJ 17 
 
 
 \ ' I 'Ai 
 
258 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 Family XXXIV.— ALBULID^. ^ 
 
 •^ ' {The Lady-Jishes.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small 
 brilliantly silvery scales. Head naked. Snout conic, subquadrangulai, 
 shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, hor. 
 izontal mouth. Maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supply. 
 mental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very broad 
 preorbital. Premaxillaries short, not protractile. Lateral uiarpfiu of 
 upper jaw formed by the maxillaries. Eye large, median in head, with 
 a bony ridge above it, and almost covered by an annular adipose eye 
 I'd. Opercle moderate, firm. Preopercle with a broad, flat, nicmbni 
 Jiaceous edge, which extends backward over the base of the opercle. 
 Pseudobrauchia) i)resent. Gill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Gill mem- 
 branes entirely separate, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals about 
 14. A fold of skin across gill-membranes anteriorly, its posterior free 
 edge crenate. Ko gular plate. Both jaws, vomer, and pah; t"v« i, 
 bands of villiform teeth. Broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth 
 on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid boue.s. Lat- 
 eral line present. Belly not carinate, flatfish, covered with oidiniirv 
 scales. Dorsal fin moderate, in front of ventrals, its membranes scaly. 
 No adii)ose fin. Anal very small. Caudal widely forked. Pyloric octea 
 numerous. A single species known, found in all warm seas. 
 
 {Clupcidw group AlbuUna GUnther, vii, 4G8, 469.) 
 
 116.— ALBIJL.A Grouovius. 
 
 m 
 
 
 IIJI' i 'i. 
 
 (Gronovius; Blocli & Schneidor, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 432: typo Albula conorhynclnm 
 Bloch «fc Schnoid«r-=:^«oii; viilpea L.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. (Latin albm, white.) 
 
 431* A. VUlp<!S (L.) Goodo. — Lady-fish; Bone-fish. 
 
 Brilliantly silvery; olivaceous above; back and sides with faiiif strealis 
 along the rows of scales ; fins plain ; axils dusky. Upper lobe of 
 caudal the longer. A band of peculiar, elongate, membra nacoous 
 scales along middle line of back; accessory ventral scale large, llend 
 3f ; depth 4. D. 15; A. 8; scales 9-71-7. L. 18 inches. Cape Cod to 
 Southern California and East Indies; abundant in tropical seas. Not 
 much valued as food, but beautiful and gamy. 
 
 {Esox vulpca L. Syst. Nat. : Albula conorhynchm GUnthor, vii, 468.) . ,t 
 
 
35. HYODONTID^ — HYODON. 
 
 259 
 
 Family XXXV.— IIYODONTID^. ;r, 
 
 . .'v : i ,x {The Moon Eyes ) • V i* 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, covered with moderate-sized, brilliantly 
 bilvery, cycloid scale.^. Head naked, short, the snout blunt. Mouth 
 moderate, oblique, terminal, the jaws about equal. Prcmaxillaries not 
 protractile. Maxillarj'^ small, slender, without evident supplemental 
 boue, articulated to the end of the premaxillary, and forming the lat- 
 eral margin of the upjier jaw. Dentition very complete. Premax- 
 illary and dentary bones with small, wide-set, cardiform teeth. Max- 
 illarics with feeble teeth. A row of strong teeth around the margin 
 of the tongue, the anterior canine and very strong ; between these is a 
 band of short, close-set teef h. Vomer with a long, double series of close- 
 set, small teeth. Similar series on the palatines, sphenoid, and ptery- 
 ;;oids. Sides of lower jaw fitting within the upper, so that the denta- 
 lies shut against the palatines. Eye very large, the adipose eyelid not 
 miicb developed. Preorbitals very i\arrow. Nostrils large, those of 
 each side close together, separated by a flap. Gill-membranes not con- 
 nected, free from the isthmus, a fold of skin covering their base. No 
 g.lar plate. Branchiostegals 8-10. Gill-rakers few, short and thick. 
 Pseudobranchia) obsolete. Lateral line distinct, straight. Belly not 
 serrated. Dorsal fin rather posterior. Anal elongate, low. Ventrals 
 will developed. Caudal strongly ibrked. No adipose liu. Stomach 
 borseshoe-shaped, without blind sac; one pyloric ccccum. Air-bladdtr 
 large. No oviducts, the eggs falling into the cavity of the abdom m\ 
 before exclusion. A single genus, with 3 known species, inhabiting 
 i fresh waters of North America. 
 ' ' iojUWis GUuther, vii, 375, 376.) 
 
 IBT.—HirODON L« Sueur. 
 Moon Eyes. 
 
 \{niodoii Lo Suenr, Jonru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. \, 3'.i4, 1818: typo Iliodon terghm Lo 
 Suour.) 
 
 Generic charr^cters included above. {Oott<JTj(;, hyoid; <ii'^<uv, tooth; 
 "bvoid" is the bone shaped like the letter J", forming the base of the 
 
 [tongue.) '■ '' - -.- ^ — .^ .;' ■L_4^.._i^_i4- 
 
 'Bdly ill front of ventrals strongly carinated ; dorsal rays (developed) 9, 
 
 \m. II. alosoides (Raf.) J. & G. 
 
 Body closely compressed, becoming deep in the adult. Eye mod- 
 Icmte, smaller than in other species, about 3J in head, the maxillary 
 
 is: I 
 
 
 -* 
 
 
 
 'HI 
 
 I ;• 
 
 I < i 
 \ I 
 
 ;3i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 •v'l 
 
 t . 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 i 
 
^msgimmmma^immim 
 
 260 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 reaching to beyoud its middle. Caudal peduucle rather stouter than iu 
 
 H. tcrgism, and the fin not so deeply forked. Back less arched and 
 
 snout blunter than in the other species, the mouth larger and more 
 
 oblique. Pectorals longer and ventrals shorter than iu H. tergimn 
 
 Belly carinated both before and behind ventrals. Bluish; sides silvery. 
 
 with golden lustre. Head 4J; depth 3^. D. 9; A. 32; scales G-5G-7. 
 
 Ohio River to the Saskatchawan ; common northward. 
 
 (Amphiodon alosoides Raf. Journ. Phys. Paris, 1819, 421: Hijodon chrysopsia Richard- 
 son, Fauua Bor.-Amer. iii, 232, 183G: Htjodonchryaopsia Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x 
 ^, 1877 : Hyodon amphiodon Haf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 42.) - .; . > 
 
 •Belly iu front of ventrals not carinatocl; dorsal fin with 11 or 12 tlcvelopctl ijiys. 
 t Belly behind ventrals carinated. 
 
 433* II« ter^isiis Lo Sneur. — Moon Eye; Toothed Herring. 
 
 Body^ oblong, moderately compressed. Eye large, 3 in head, the max- 
 illary barely reaching its middle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals, 
 the latter just short of vent. Belly behind ventrals somewhat carinato. 
 Color silvery, ;;Iive-shaded above. Head 4J; depth 3. D. 12; A. 28; 
 scales 5-55-7. L. 12 inches. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; 
 abundant in our larger streams. One of our handsomest fishes; not 
 valued as food. 
 
 (T,o Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1, 364, 1818: Iliodon clodalua Lo Sueur, I.e. 
 367: Cyprimia (Abraniiaf) amifhi Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 110; GUnther, vii, 375; 
 Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, G8, 1877.) 
 
 H Belly nowhere carinated. 
 
 A34. H. selenops Jordan & B(>an. 
 
 Body more elongate, little compressed, not elevated. Belly nowhere 
 carinate. Eye very large, 2^ in head. Pectorals not reaching nearly 
 to ventrals. Clear silvery. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 12; A. 27; Lat. 1. 
 50. Cumberland River and southward. 
 
 (Jordan & Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 68, 1877.) 
 
 
 Family XXXVI.— ELOPIDiE. 
 
 {The Big-eyed Herrings.) 
 
 Body elongate, not much comi)ressed, covered with cycloid scales. 
 Head naked. Mouth broad, terminal, the lower jaw prominent. Piv 
 maxillaries not protractile, short, the maxillaries forming the lateral 
 margins of the upper jaw. Maxillary composed of about three pieces, , 
 extending backward beyond the eye. An elongate bony plate between j 
 the branches of the lower jaw (like the gular plate in Amia). Bands] 
 
 
36. ELOPIDiE — MEGALOPS. 
 
 261 
 
 of villiform teeth in both jaws and on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, 
 tongue, and base of skull. No large teeth. Eye large, with an adipoee 
 evelid. Gill-membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus. 
 IJriinchiostegals numerons (20-35). Gill-rakers long and slender. 
 Pseutlobranchiie present or absent. Belly not keeled nor serrated, 
 covered with ordinary scales. Lateral line jireseut. Dorsal flu over 
 or rather behind vcntrals. Caudal fin forked. No adipose fin. Pyloric 
 cceca numerous. Two genera, not much alike, with 4 or 5 spec'es, widely 
 distributed, sometimes entering fresh waters. ; v 
 
 {ClupcUlw group Elopina GiinthtT, \u, iGQ-472.) -.-,-, 
 
 'Body elongate, covered with siuall scales; anal fm smaller than dorsal. (Elojnnw.) 
 
 a. P iMidobrancliia) present Elops, 118. 
 
 " Body oblong, covered with largo scales ; anal tin larger than dorsiil. {Megalopinw. ) 
 b. Pseudobranchi-TB obsolete Megalops, 119. 
 
 11§.— EL.OPS LinnjeuB. 
 
 Big-eyed Herrings. '''^' 
 
 (LinntEUS, Syst. Nat : type Elopa aaurua L. ) 
 
 Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales. Dorsal fin 
 slightly behind ventrals, its last rays short, the fin depressible into a 
 sbeath of scales. Anal fin smaller, similarly depressible. Pectorals 
 and ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale. Opercular 
 bones thin, with exi)anded, membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital 
 sheatli or collar. Lateral line straight, its tubes simple. Pseudobrau- 
 cbife present, large. Species 2 or more, widely distributed, remarka 
 ble for the development of scaly sheaths. (e'Aoi/', name of some sea-fish — 
 I a sword-fish or sturgeon; from i;.a«>, to drive or move.) 
 
 i 13S. E. saiirus L. — Big-eyed Herring. 
 
 Uniform silvery, darker above. Gular plate 3-4 times as broad as 
 I long. Head 4J;%epth 5-6. Eye large, 4-5 in head. D. 20; A. 13; V. 
 15; B. 30; scales 12-120-13. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to Cape of Good 
 [Hope and China. A handsome fish, not rare on our Atlantic coast. 
 
 (Liun. Syst. Nat. ; GUnther, vii, 470.) 
 
 ■-'■/ -'^.jt-L^,?- 110.— MEOAJLOrSLaciSp^de. 7^^'' "^Z-" ^'^ - 
 
 ■■.-' J, Tarpuma. -—-——■— """^rJ'^^-'!'i^:.':'-'- 
 
 |(Coinuior8on ; Lacdpfedo, Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v, 289, 1803: typo Megalops filamen- 
 toaiia Lac. = Clupea cyprinoidea Broussouet.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed. Head large, compressed. Eye very large. 
 
 IBelly narrow, covered with ordinary scales. Mouth large, oblique. 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 
 ' ■! i 
 
 'I* 
 
 Hi 
 
 -k 
 
 ■V 
 
 t l' 
 
 m 
 
ft 
 
 I'i' 
 
 
 liJ:> .• 
 
 262 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 Maxilhiry broad, extending beyonrt the eye. Villiforra teeth on jaws 
 vomer, palatines, tongue, sphenoid, and pterygoid bones. Scales large 
 linn. Lateral line nearly straight, its tubes radiating widely in eimh of 
 its scales. Dorsal fin short and high, over or behind ventrals; last ray 
 of dorsal elongate, filamentous, as in Borosoma and Opisthonema. Anal 
 lin long, falcate, its last ray produced, its base much longer than that 
 of the dorsal. Caudal liu widely forked. Pectorals and ventrals rather 
 long. Gill-rakers long. Anal lin with a sheath of scales; dorsal fin 
 naked; caudal fin largely scaly; nape with a collar of large scales, 
 Pseudobranchite none. Species of very large size, largest of the Clupcoid 
 fishes, found in all warm seas. (//^^'aAov'', large-eyed.) 
 
 * Origin of dorsal beliiud tho ventrals. 
 
 436. ]fl. thrissoid<;s (Bloch &. Schneider) Giiuther. — Tarpum; Jew-fish. 
 
 Uniform brilliant silvery, back darker. Body elongate, conii)rosse(l, 
 little elevated. Head 4 in length; depth 3f. D. 12; A. 20 ; Lat. 1. 4i>; 
 B. 23. Dorsal filament longer than head. Atlantic Ocean, enterin<r 
 fresh water; common on our southern coasts, and noted for the groat 
 size of its scales, which are used in ornamental work. 
 {Chipea thriaaoides Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 424; Giiuther, vii, 472.) 
 
 r 
 
 Family XXXVII —CLUPEIDJa. 
 
 {The Herrings.) .i . 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, raoriB or less compressed, covered with cycloid 
 or pectinated scales. Head naked, usually compressed. Mouth rather I 
 large, terminal, the jaws about equal. Maxillaries forming the hiteral| 
 margins of the upper jaw, each composed of about three pieces. Prej 
 maxillaries not protractile. Teeth mostly feeble or wanting, varioiislyl 
 arranged. Gill-rakers long and slender. Gill-mefhbranes not couj 
 nected, free from the isthmus. No gular plate. Gills 4, a slit behind tlie 
 fourth. Branchiostegals usually rather few (G-15). Posterior lowei 
 part of ojiercular region usually with an angular emargiuation, tho tip^ 
 of the larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate. Pseudobranchin 
 prese it. No lateral line (at least in our species). Dorsal tin median i 
 some ivhat posterior. No adipose fin. Ventrals moderate or small (waiitl 
 iug in Pristigaster). Anal usually rather long. jGaudal fin forked. Belljj 
 sometimes rounded, sometimes compressed and armed with bonywij 
 ratures. Genera 15; species 130; iidiabiting all seas, and usually swiiia 
 ming in immense schools. Many species ascend fresh waters, and somj 
 
37. CLUPEID^ SPRATELLOIDES. 263 
 
 remain there permanently. The current genera are ill defined and 
 apparently too numerous, and we have followed Dr. Giinther in refer- 
 rin.ir most of them to Clupea. The rudimentary teeth are extremely 
 variable, even in the samo species. 
 
 (Clupeiike groni^ Clupeina and Duaaumieriina G'iLnthor, v'l'i, il2-'iG7.) 
 
 * Belly roiiudod, covered with ordinary scales ; supijleinontal bouos of maxillary very 
 narrow. (Duasumieriitia:') 
 a. Veutrals small, behind dorsal ; teeth small, persistent on jiiws, vomer, palatines, 
 
 pterygoids, and tongue Etrumkus, TiO. 
 
 aa. Ventrals below dorsal ; teeth wanting oi deciduous Spratelloiues, 121. 
 
 •* Belly compressed, armed with bony serra) ; supplemental bones of maxillary broad. 
 ( Clupeince. ) 
 ft. Scales with their posterior margins entire and rounded. .: ■: j, ;,, 
 
 c. Last ray of dorsal not produced, 
 
 d. Scales thin, deciduous Clupea, 122. 
 
 dii. Scales lirm, ailherent, regularly arranged Harengula, 123. 
 
 ci\ Last ray of dorsal produced in a long fdameut Opisthonema, 124. 
 
 bb. Scales with their posterior margins vertical, and pectinate or fluted. 
 
 ' ' " Brevooutia, 126. 
 
 120.— ETRUIWEUS Bleeker. ' 
 
 Round Herrings. 
 
 (Blceker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv, Japan, 48: type Clupea micropua Schlegel, from Japan.) 
 Body elongate, fusiform, subcylindrical, snout pointed. Mouth ter- 
 minal, rather wide, the maxillary extending to opposite the eye, its sup- 
 plemental i)ieces slender; jaws and most of the bones of the mouth 
 with small but permanent teeth. Scales cycloid, entire, very decidu- 
 ous. Branchiostegals fine, about 15 in number. Pyloric coeca numer- 
 ous. Belly rounded, covered with ordinary scales. Fins all small, 
 the anal especially so. Ventrals behind dorsal. Two species known. 
 {fiTpov, abdomen; (J/iM<r, even?) 
 
 437. E. teres (DeKay) GUnther. — Round llcrring. 
 
 Olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below. Body terete and fusi- 
 form. Head slightly compressed forwards. Mouth small, mnxillary 
 reaching front of orbit. Eye large, equal to snout. Fins all very small. 
 Vomerine teeth present. Head 4 in length; depth C. U. li; A. 10. 
 Atlantic vjoast of the United States; not common. 
 
 (Atom la-m DoKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 184>, 262; Giinther, vl, 407.) 
 
 131.-SPBATEL£.OIDE§ Bleeker. 
 (Blocker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv, Ilaring, 29: typo Clupea argyrotaniia Bleeker.) 
 
 Body elongate, subcylindrical or slightly compressed, covered with 
 moderate-sized deciduous scales. Abdomen obtuse, without keel or 
 
 ■I,' 
 
 i 
 
 .t 
 
 n 
 
 (■•ii m 
 
 1 
 
 -P. 
 
 yi 
 
 ••'I 
 
 i 
 
 '1: 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 ill 
 
 'I; 
 
 '-, 
 
^■Ba 
 
 mi 
 
 26i CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 serrature. Moutli essentially aa in Clupea. Teeth none, or minute and 
 deciduous. Gill-membranes separate, with about tlat branchio.ste<;als. 
 Pseudobranchiae well developed. Dorsal opposite ventrals; anal fiu 
 short. Stomach with long, blind sac; pyloric coeca iu moilerate nuin. 
 ber. Pacilic and Indian Oceans. {Spratellus, spnit', eI5«;?, reseiublaiici'.) 
 
 438. S. fl>ryoporu« Cope. -,;.'. .-...,_...' •■, 'A'.-v- -^ ■■■^.■■''^ ■v^.r- ■ 
 
 Form compressed, moderately elongate. Belly rounded, excei)t be 
 tween ventral fins and vent, where it is angular. Maxillary lnoad, 
 flat, reaching- to opposite middle of pupil. Ventrals a little in t'loiit (»t 
 middle of dorsal. Lower fins short. Pectorals 2J in distance to ven 
 trals. Golden; bluish above. Top of head with a bifurcate dei)res8ion, 
 filled with delicate, branching mucous tubuli3s; opercular and post- 
 frontal regions with similar tubes. Ilead 5; depth 4^. D. 18; A. 18; 
 scales 51-12. L. 14 inches. Coast of Alaska. {Cope.) 
 (Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.) 
 
 laa.— CLUPEA LinusDus. . 
 
 Herrings. 
 
 (Clupea, Alosa, Pomolobus, Meletta, Spratella, etc., of authors.) 
 ■(LiunaiUH, Syst. Nat.: type Clupea harengus L.) 
 
 Body oblong, more or less compressed. Mouth moderate, termiual, 
 the jaws about equal, or the lower projecting Teeth feeble, variously 
 placed, rarely absent. Mandibles very deej) at base, shutting within 
 the maxillaries. Gill-rakers more or less long and slender, nHmerou«. 
 Scales thin, cycloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly. Dorsal fin 
 rather short, nearly median, beginning in advance of ventrals, its pos- 
 terior ray not prolonged in a filament. Ventrals present. Anal mod 
 erate. Belly compressed, more or less strongly serrated, at least be 
 hind ventrals. Species very numerous; found in all seas. (Latin elin)eii, 
 a herring.) . ! , 
 
 Our species may be divided as follows: 
 
 •Vomer with an ovate patch of teeth; ventral serratures weak; herrings (Cm'Pka). 
 
 ' ' " ■ harengus, mirabilis. 
 
 ** Vomerine teeth none, 
 t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle produced forward below. (Pomolobv.s 
 -': Raf;) 
 
 a. Ventral serratures weak sagax. 
 
 aa. Ventral serratures strong. 
 
 b. Jaws with persistent teeth chrysochhm. 
 
 bb. Jaws without persistent teeth (Meletta Val.). 
 
 mediocria, vcrnalia, a'stivaUs, 
 ft Cheeks deeper than long; shad (Alosa Cuvier) mpidimma. 
 
 ! JliiitiJf i'^ 
 
37. CLUPEID^ CLUPEA. 
 
 265 
 
 •Vomer with an ovate patch of teeth ; ventral serratures weak; herrings. {Clupca.) 
 
 439. C. Iiarengus L.— Common Herring; " Wliitvbail" {young). 
 
 Bluish ; silvery below, with bright reflections. Body eloiifrate, com- 
 pressed. Scales loose. Cheeks longer than high, the junction of the 
 maudible and preopercle under middle of eye. Maxillary extending to 
 middle of eye. Upper jaw not emarginate. Lower jaw much project- 
 ing. Grill-rakers very long, fine and slender, about 40 on the lower 
 put of the arch. Eye longer than snout, 4 in head. Dorsal inserted 
 rather behind middle of body, in front of ventrals. Pectorals and ven- 
 trals short ; anal low. Abdomen serrated in front of ventrals as well 
 as behind. Peritoneum dusky. Ilead 4^; depth 4^. D. 18; A. 17; 
 Lat. 1. 57 ; ventral scutes 28 + 13 ; vertebrae 50. Atlantic Ocean ; abun- 
 dant on the coasts both of Europe and America. Spawns in the sea. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, vii, 415: Clupea elongata Le Suenr, Joum. Aca<l. Nat. 
 Sci. Phiia. i, 5J34.) 
 
 440. C mirabilis Girard. — California Herring. 
 
 Bluish above; sides and below silvery; peritoneum dusky. Lower 
 jaw strongly projecting; upper jaw not emarginate Belly scarcely 
 compressed in front of ventrals, serrate onlj' between ventrals and 
 anal. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Vomerine teeth weaker than 
 in C. harengus; usually a few teeth on tongue and prenmxillary. Ver- 
 tebrae also fewer, 30 + 20=50. Insertion of dorsal slightly nearer front 
 of eye than base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 10; A. 14; Lat. 
 1. 52. Pacific coast of North America. Very similar to C. harengus^ and 
 equally abundant. 
 
 (Girard, Free. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 138; Giiuther, vii, 418.) • ^■ 
 
 ** Vomerine teeth none. 
 
 t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle prodnced forward below. (Pomolohua 
 
 Raflnesque.*) 
 ' •' a. Ventral serratures weak ; mouth entirely toothless. 
 
 441. C. sagax Jenyns. — California Sardine; Sadina. 
 
 Dark bluish above; silvery below; a series of round black spots on 
 the level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of the 
 back ; similar smaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales ; 
 these spots rarely obstmro or wanting, especially in old examples ; tip of 
 lower jaw yellow ; lower part of dorsal yellow ; peritoneum black. Body 
 very slender, subsiform, slenderer and less compressed than a herring, 
 tlie back rather broad. Veutrsil serratures very weak. Maxillary reach - 
 
 * Raflnesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38: type Pomolohua chrysooMoria Raflnesque. 
 operculum; XofJoi, lobe.) 
 
 {iT&fiC, 
 
 m 
 
 .! Hj 
 
 
 Nl 
 
 n 
 
 
 Hi 
 
 ' 
 
 J'' 
 
ft- 
 
 KT 
 
 266 CONTKIUUTIONS TO NOttTII AMEUICAN ICHTUYOLOOV — ly, 
 
 ing nearly to middle of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip included. 
 
 Gill-rakers longer than eye, very slender and numerons, close set. Op. 
 
 ercles, top of head, and 8cai)ular region with conspicuous briiiithiii" 
 
 tubes and stria}. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer snout thau 
 
 base of caudal. Pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales. Ihad 
 
 4; depth 5. D. 15; A. 17; Lat. 1. 53; scutes 18+14. L. 12 inches. 
 
 Paciflc coast of North and South America ; very abundant, spawninj,' 
 
 in the sea. Resembles the European Sardine {C. pilchardus), but lia.s 
 
 no teeth, and the belly liess strongly serrate. 
 
 (JenjnH, Zoiil. Bwifile, Fish. 134: Meletta coerulea Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. x, 
 330 : Aloaa musica Grd. U. S. Nav. Astron. Exped. Zoiil. 24G : Alauua calif ornica Gill, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186:^, 281; Guuther, vii, 443.) - ' 
 
 aa. Ventral serratnres Htrong. 
 
 b. Ja%V8 witli persistent teeth, at least on premaxillaries, and sometimes ou sym- 
 physis of lower jaw. 
 
 442. C. clirysochloris (Raf.) Jor. & Gilh.— Ohio Shad; Skipjack. 
 Brilliant blue above; sides silvery, with golden reflections; no dark 
 
 spot behind operclo. Body elliptical, highest near the middle, much 
 compressed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper ])rofile 
 straight. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its tip entering the itrofile; 
 upper jaw emarginate. Premaxillary, and often tip of lower jaw, Mith 
 moderate-sized teeth. Maxillary large, reaching to opposite posterior 
 part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins moderate. 
 Caudal peduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill-rakers coii;- 
 paratively few, short, stout, and coarse, about 23 below the angle of the 
 arch. Oi)ercles with radiating and branching stride. Peritoneum pale. 
 Head 3^; depth 3f. Eye shorter than snout, 4^ in head. D. 10; A. 18; 
 Lat. 1. 52; ventral scutes 20+ 13. L. 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and 
 Mississippi Valley; abundant, and resident in all the larger streams, 
 and introduced through the canals into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. 
 A handsome flsh, not valued for food. 
 (Pomolohus vhnisochloriH Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38.) 
 
 1>. Jaws wifcbout persistent oth; a few teeth usually present on the tongue. (^Alektta 
 Val.) 
 
 443. C nicdiocris M-itchilh—Hlckwy Shad; Tailor Herring ; Fall Herring. 
 
 Bluish silvery; sides with rather faint longitudinal stripes. Head 
 comparativelj' long, the profile straight and not very steep, form more 
 elliptical than in the others and less heavy forwards. Lower jaw con- 
 siderably pi ejecting; upper jaw emarginate. Opercles rather less 
 emarginate below and behind thau in C. vernalis. Fins low; dorsal 
 
37. CLUPEID.E CLUPEA. 
 
 267 
 
 fin inserted nearer snout than basp of caudal. Peritoneum pale. Head 
 4; (leptli 3|. D. 15; A. 21; Lat. 1. 50; ventral scutes 20+10. Now- 
 foumlland to Florida; rather common. Little valued as a foo<l-tish. 
 
 (Mitili. TiauB. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 451: Clupea maitowaoaa GUnihev, vii, 438: 
 Jlosa lineata Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, U4"^, aud Hist. Fish. Maus. W>2.) 
 
 414. C. vernalls Mitch. — Alewife; Branch Ilerring ; Gaapereau, 
 
 Bine above; sides silvery; indistinct dark stripes alonj? the rows of 
 sciik's; a blackish spot behind opercle. Body rather deep and com- 
 pressetl, heavy forward. Head short, nearly as deep as long, the pro- 
 tile somewhat steep and slightly depressed above the nostrils. INIaxil- 
 lary extending to posterior margin of pupil. Lower jaw somewhat pio- 
 jectiug ; upper jaw emargiuate. Eye large, slightly longer than snout, 
 3^ in head. Gill-rakers long, 30-40 below the angle of the arch, shorter 
 and Htouter than in C. sapidissima. Lower lobe of caudal tlie louger. 
 Dorsal fin high, a little higher than long, its height G^in length of body. 
 Head 4§; depth 3 J. D. 10; A. 19; Lat. 1. 50; scutes 21+ 14. Perito- 
 nciuu pale. Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant; entering 
 streams to spawn ; laud-locked in the lakes of Western New York. 
 
 (Mitchill, Kept. Fish. N. Y. 22. aud Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 454 : Clupm 
 pseudoharengua Wilson, Rees's Encycl.: Aloaa tyrannus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 15tJ: 
 Fomolobus paeudoharengua Gill, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1871-72, 811: Ponwiobua vernalia 
 Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. 1879, 24.) 
 
 445. C. BBStivalls Mitchill. — Glut Herring; Blue-back. 
 
 Very similar to the preceding, from which it is best distinguished by 
 the black i)eritoneum. The fins are lower and the eves smaller. At- 
 lantic coast, appearing later than the preceding; less abundant and 
 less valuable as a food-fish. > •• 
 
 (Gliipea wativalis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. il, 1814, 456: Aloaa cj/anonoton 
 Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 161 : Pomolohua wativalia Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. 
 1879, 24.) , , . . 
 
 tt Cheeks deeper than long, the pr<soporcle scarcely prolonged anteriorly below; no 
 teeth, or a lew, caducous, on the jaws; shad. {Aloaa Cuvier.*) 
 
 446. C» sapidissima Wilson. — Common Shad. 
 
 Bluish above; sides white or silvery; a dark spot behind opercle, and 
 sometimes several along the line dividing the color of the back from 
 that of the sides; axil dusky; peritoneum white. Body comparatively 
 deep. Mouth rather large, the jaws about equal, the lower fitting iuto 
 a not(;h in the tip of the upper. Preorbital moderate. Cheeks much 
 
 n»a 
 
 > 'V 
 
 . !^S 
 
 * Cuvier, Rfegno Anini. od. 2, 1829: type Clitpea aloaa L. (Latin alausa or aloaa, uu 
 early name of the shad; English allia, German alae, Latin halve.) 
 
208 (MINTUIIUJTIONS TO NOKTIt AMKUICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV. 
 
 ih'rprr lliiiii loiifjf, (lio pn»()|K>in'ki isxti'JHliii^ littlr Ibrwiinl, joining; n,,, 
 iiiiiiiilililo at a point ratlit^' Itcliiiid tli(> <>>(;. Oill nikors (>\ti'«'iiH>ly loiiir 
 uimI sIciMlor, iiiiicli lon^(«r than (\vu, about <>b below tint an^lt^ of tlio 
 arcli. l*Mii.H Niiiall. DoiniiI iiiiicIi iicaror Niioiit Mian liam^ of «:iii<|;i|, 
 lb';nl l|; (h'ptli .'{. I). 15; A. LM; hat 1.(10; vctitral Nciitrs Jl -f K;. 
 Atlantic coast of tlio llnlt(><l Htatos; asct'inlinf; rivrrs to Hpawn. Oii(« 
 of the nioNt inipoi'tant ot* our too(ltl.sli. Also introduced on tlic I'iiciiic 
 coast. 
 
 (Wilson, Uim'h'h I'licyrlopoiliu: .Hona privnliibiliH DoKiiy, Ninv York l''ittiiiu, I'ihIi. •^.'m: 
 Alvm 9ttj}Hli»»iiH» vf iiioNt late Aiiiorit'jin writoi'H, ) 
 
 ia;i.~IIAIlliI%*»lJLA Val.«ii<i..im.'M. ■-» 
 
 (Viili'ncicnnoM, WM. Niit. l'oisn. xx, 277, 1H.|7: typo lluniiuula IntiiliiH VmI.) 
 
 ClniracJiM's Cvsscntiidly tlioso of the jjcnus (Jltipca, »'x<'cpt that \\w 
 scales arc iiriu, adherent, and regularly arranged. (Latin diminutive 
 of /(a/'t>/t(/u/(, herring.) 
 
 '14T. II. p4*ll!incolW Dootlu A; 1U>un. 
 
 IUmI.v «leep, with projecting belly, formed much a8 in tln^ ^\nu\. 
 Head very short. JScales of the back in front of dorsal with radial iiuj 
 strije and sharply serrated edges; otlu'r scides smooth, with I •'giilur 
 but unarmed IVcH* nnirgiuH; scales all marked with wavy lii oiiio- 
 
 times forming reticulations. Lower jaw rather long, maxniary ex- 
 tending beyond front of orbit. Teeth very small, inconspicuous in IIk* 
 jaws. A large patch of asperities on the tongue. (Jill rakers Ihu', closo 
 set, shorter than the eye, about 50 below tlu^ angle. J^^ye largt?, loii}>er 
 than snot:'., ;( in head. Head 4; depth ti. 1). 10; A. 17; Lat. 1. -10; 
 scutes 12 behind ventrals. Pensacola, Fla. {Ooode ct Bean.) 
 
 {JI<ircngu!a pvnaacoUv (iootU\ & Hoaii, Proo. U. H. Nat. Mus. 1S79, 152.) 
 
 ItfJ.-OPISTIIONEinA (.ill. 
 
 Thread Herring. ■ - r 
 
 (Gill, Pro< . Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18151, y7: typo Cbipea Ihrma ONbock.) 
 
 Chan cters essentially those of Ilarenyula, except that the last ray of 
 the dorcial is produced in a loiig lllameut as iu Dorosonia. {uruaOs^ be- 
 hind; w)~/ia, a thread.) „ . / ;. . 
 
 4I4§. O. tOirissa (Osbcek) Gill. 
 
 Bluish above; silvery below; an indistinct bluish shoulder-spot; each 
 scale on the back with a dark spot, these forming longitudinal streaks. 
 Body oblong, compressed. Belly strongly serrate. Tongue with minute 
 teetli. Jaws toothless; lower jaw slightly laojecting; maxillary reach- 
 
37. ('LIJPKH).!; — lUlKVOOKTIA. 
 
 200 
 
 inj; iK'iirly lo middlr •t'otlut. (Jill raUors vory lonff and Nlciidcr. I)<>r- 
 Hiil till iiiNci'tcd ill IVoiit <>r vciitraiN, iinirli iioarrr Ntioiit Miaii bas<* of (van- 
 dal. noiNai (lliiiiH'iit alMdit aH loiijf hh li«'ad. Anal v«Ty low. Paired 
 tins Hiiinll. H(;al<>H rather llriii, hiikioMi. II(^a<14; dr|)tli •'{.} in length. 
 J). 11>; A.lil; Lat. 1. TiO; Hciitew 17 + 1 1. AManti<', coantH of Ainciica, 
 (!lii('ily soiitliwat'd, ilie IU^hIi Haid to Im* Hoinctiincs poisonoiiH. » "' 
 
 (ClHiwa IhriHHd OhImtU, lti)iw<, W'M: Clupca thrimia (fihithtir, vH, 4112: ('luftm libirlaliB 
 Glint Im'I-, vil, 4,^'\, I'ltrilic coiiHtuf Ci^iitral uikI Hoiilh AtiM>ri<;a, Ih at l<t<Mt vrry Hiiiiilar.) 
 
 l2A.-BKI^VOOItTIA (iill. 
 
 Mcnlunh'UH. 
 
 (Gill, I'll"'. Arnd. Nat. Hci. Phila. IHOl, ;{7: \y\ui CI upra mcnhadm Mitch. ^Clupe 
 t!)rainiuH htitrit\»\) i : i is 
 
 15<)dy clliptiiral, eoml^^^^H<1(l, doopost anteriorly, tajifrin^ Ix^liind. 
 Ilciid very larj^e. OlieekH de<'per than lon^. Month lar^e, tin; lower 
 jiiw inelmleil. N«» teeth, (iill rakers very I(»n^ and Hlend(T, detiHely 
 set. (iillarehes an^nlarly bent. Scjalos deeper than lonjf, (!los(?ly im- 
 bricated, tliiMr eA'poNcd edjj;eH vertieal, and fliite<l or pectinated. Dor- 
 Hjil lln low, rather posti'rior. Anal fin Hniall. Intestinal canal (donjjate. 
 I'critonenin dusky. Hpecies few, inhabi'inj? the Atlantic. (Dedicated 
 to.I. ('arson Hrevoort.) 
 •ScaliH with tluiir odj^cH OTitiro, fliit««l. 
 149. II. imlronus (Joo(l(». ' * • 
 
 Head larjjer than in B. ijirannuH. Fins lonj^, the lieij^ht of the dorsal 
 prcater than the length of the maxillary; tliat of the anal more than 
 liiiir the iHMj^ht of the maxillary. Pectorals rca(!hin{i beyond front of 
 vciitrals; inserti(m of dorsal in front of ventrals, just bi^hind the middle 
 jioint b(;tween the snout and the base of the (jaudal. Scales mod(;nite, 
 with their niarKins entire, tinted. Axillary appendafjes larjjf". Lar«e 
 scales at base of pectoral. Opercnlnm delicately stiiated. (Jn(;nisli 
 gray above; sides silvery, with brassy lustre; scapular blotch incon- 
 spicuous. Head 3 in length; depth 2j|. D. 19; A. 22; Lat. 1. r>0-(}5. 
 Gulf of Mexico. (Goode.) , , .. 
 
 ((!o()(l(>, Proc. U. S Nat. Mus. i, 39, 1878.) : ; ':*" 
 
 *"8caU'H (ivory where with thoir edges strongly Herratcd. . ,.j; ■ 
 
 450. B. tyrannus* (Latrobo) Goode. — Menhaden; Momhunkvr ; Bony-finh; IVliite- 
 Jiah; Buy-fish; Fat-hack; Ydlow-tatl, 
 
 Head and jaws shorter than in B. patronua. Fins comparatively short, 
 
 *A paraHitio CruBtacoan ( Oniacus prwgusiator Latrobe) is found in the nioiithsof a very 
 largo jiroportion of the individuals of this species. The specific names l)oth of the fish 
 and the Crustacean refer to this p -culiarity, the ancient Roman rulers ( tyranni) having 
 had their tasters (prwguetatores) to tasto their food before them, to prevent poisoning. 
 
 :''M 
 
 t n 
 
m 
 
 m 
 
 270 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 the height of the dorsal less than the length of the maxillary; heijjht, ot 
 
 anal less than half the length of the maxillary. Pectorals not reacliiug 
 
 to ventrals. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, about midway 
 
 between snout and base of caudal. Scales moderate, strongly seriiUed 
 
 arranged very irregularly. Operculum strongly striated or almost sniootii 
 
 ( var. ttwrea). Gill-rakers much longer than eye. Bluish above; sidos 
 
 silvery, with a strong brassy lustre; fins usually yellowish ; a conspicuous 
 
 dark scapular blotch, behind which are often smaller spots' Head 3!- 
 
 depth 3. D. 19; A. 20; Lat. i. 60-80; ventral plates 20 + 12. L. 12-18 
 
 inches. New England to Brazil ; very abundant southward, spawiiin^r in 
 
 the sea. Held in no esteem as a food-fish, but very valuable for oil and 
 
 manure; the young canned as sardines. 
 
 {Clupea tyrannua Latrobo, Tmns. Aiiicr. Phil. Soc. Phila. v, 77, 1802 : Clupca ininhtKJa) 
 Mitcbill, Trans. Lit. &, Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 4515, 1814 : Chtpea menhaden Giliither. vii, liUi: 
 Cliipanodon aureus Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 5'2 (Brazilian var. OMwa (Jo<.«). ('luptu 
 aurea Giiuther, vii, 437 : Alosa menhaden Storor, Hist. Fish. Mass. 337 ; Goodf, Pntc. U. S. 
 Nat. Mas. i, 5, 31, 1878; Goode, Rojit. U. S. F»sh Comin. for 1877, complete bioj^raphy.) 
 
 ■'vlt*^ 
 
 Wm'^ .'. 
 
 Wm'-: 
 
 fm^^ 
 
 K'Vl 
 
 Family XXXVIII.— DOROSOMATID^. 
 
 {The Gi::sard Shads.) 
 
 Body short and deep, strongly compressed, covered with thiu, decid- 
 uous, cycloid scales. Belly compressed to an edge, which is armed with 
 bony serratures. Head naked, short, rather small. Moutu small, in- 
 ferior, oblique, overlapped by the blunt snout; no teeth. Maxillary 
 narrow and short, with a single supplem ntal bone, not extendiiij;' to 
 opposite the middle of the eye, and forming but a small portion of tlic; 
 lateral margin of the ui>per jaw. ^landible short and deep, its rami 
 enlarged at base. Premaxillai ' not protractile. Gill-rakers slender, 
 exceedingly numerous, not very long, similar on all the arches. Gill- 
 membranes not united, free from the isthmus PseudobrancliiiX', large. 
 An adipose eyelid. No lateral line. Dorsal fin about midway of the 
 body, usually behind ventrals. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, each 
 with an accessory scale. Anal very long and low. Caudal forked. No 
 adipose fin. Stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. Genera 
 2, species about 12. Mud-eating fishes of the coasts and rivers of warm 
 
 regions, of little value as food. '.^ ^,., . ^ ..■ y___, 
 
 (C7upewi<c group CViatotJigstBa Giinthor, vii, 4(M>-411.) . i.^ ■.; . ,: 
 
 • Last ray of dorsal produced iu a long illaiuont DonosoMA, 12(5. 
 
39. ENGRAULIDIDiE. 
 
 271 
 
 126.— DOJtOSOlUA Knfmesqiie. 
 
 {,»^y d >r; ' 
 
 Gizzard Shad. 
 {ChatoesHus Cuvier, 1829.) 
 
 (Kafincsqne, Iclitli. Oh. 1B20, 39: typo Dorosoma notata llaf.=^CIupca heternra llaf.) 
 
 Cbaractei's of the fumily, with the addition that the last ray of the 
 dorsal is prolonged and filiform as in Ophihonema and Megalops. {<^opi>-, 
 ii lance; aS>ixa^ body ; in allusion to the form of the body in the young.) 
 
 451. D. cepedianum (Lo S.) Gill. — Gizzard Shad ; Hickory Shad. 
 
 Silvery; bluish above; young with a round dark spot at the shoulder; 
 tips of ventrals and edge of anal often dusky. Body deep, compressed, 
 the back elevated in the adults. Dorsal about median, its filamentous 
 ray about as long as head, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter. Caudal 
 widely forked, the lower lobe the longer. Head 4J; dei)th 2|. Eye ^i^ 
 ill head. D. 12; A. 31; Lat. 1. 5C; L. transv. 23; scutes 17 + 12. L. 1.") 
 inches. Cape Cod to Mexico; abundant southward, entering all rivers, 
 iiiul permanently resident ("A'^ar. heterurum^^) everywhere in the Missis- 
 sippi Valley in the larger streams; also introduced into Lake Michigan 
 and Lake Erie, and land-locked in ponds from New Jersey to Nebraska 
 and Texas. A handsome fish, of no value as food. 
 
 {Megalops cepediana Le Suonr, Jouni. Acad. Nat. Sfi. Phila. 1817, 'Ml : ChatoessuH 
 cepedianus Giintlier, vii, 409: Clupea hetenira Raf. /Auier. Mouth. Mag. 1818, ;J54; 
 Vhatuilsms ellipticHS Kirtland, BoHt. Jonrii. Nat. Hist, iv, 235.) 
 
 Family XXXIX— ENGRAULIDID^. 
 
 ' , {The Anchovies.) 
 
 Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with thin, oy(!loid 
 scales. Head compressed. Mouth extremely large, nearly horizontal, 
 usually overlapped by a pointed, compv?ssed, pig-like snout, (rape 
 very wide, the maxillary very long and slender, formed of about three 
 l)ioce8, extending backward far behind the eye; in some genera, much 
 1\'yoiul the head. P::emaxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly 
 joined to the maxillaries. Teetb small, variously arranged, usually fine 
 and even, in a single row in each jaw. Eye large, well forward, so that 
 ii.o snout is very short. Preorbital narrow. Opercles little developed, 
 luonibranaceous. Gill-rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals slender, 
 7-1 4 in number. Gill-membranes separate or joined, free from the isth- 
 mus. Pseudobranchirei present. No lateral line. Belly rounded or weakly 
 
 
 f*' 
 
 fi " 
 
^\\\^\-)\\V\\\^'i\-.\>\t'< S>'!»("r0\ i'H»»»\i'(>)l'll. H>i> oHI h|*r>»|lMf»'< IrfliilJ t'tl^H'iiu>lv ^1 I'll'! till 
 ^>»n'inV!\nU!U1\«>MIS! MU\\ l\tl m»<'iU»Vh1t'. llM tMl(il(l lii'lllini i'iini nl II).- t|i,|Mi||| 
 «mwvV.jrt\V j\h\|>**'H«H h»\VtM»»l \\s\K\^\'\ HdUllllMlt'rt HlM" h»tt>ll(ll(tK ltl>yiMii| ^||| 
 
 ^sjMv^^fH^A t Hvth «mn)l, »»> \\mt«h\>t. IH mi'' lit- ImM) Jii^t*.. NHM.HHtitiM'M. js^t, 
 
 0,i*v^^\^^>^ Huf. Krtt VSv<t«, v> rtj»l, 1W:h t.yv*' .^^OfHHrt ^»fw»Jw rtmt^ihi.) 
 }\\\\\\ ts\\\\\\\ii. >'<m^Miw-<o>t, nn»Mi»«i \\\\\\ nHliiM- linyo, Ihlii, th't'ltlniMiH 
 
 ^;^<>Kv\!\h< \\\\- W\\\\\\\ \s>c\\ \\\^\s\\{ [w Hu' l>Hf4«M»r Mh< nituitHltlc. Upii 
 v^^^um ^\!<vt>N\\. mombi-i^HfUMM^us* IViMh ««h!tll, mmmhIIv dm iIk- jdhm, 
 \-«>mo>\ ^>t>l!M<n«^!». !vn<1 ^*hM'\yi»l<U, thi»s«M»r ono or l>it||» jiiwm MiMiiiMiniiM 
 ^>\>!*x\|«^xv AlV:»l l\^» <\<o«<oV!»!«\ Um» IViMM «'!»M(I(»I ^ll^^ m,\ « IH 10). Nil |m«i' 
 h>\^>t i^<!^n\»M\t)«. l>ov«tvl \\hxw\ mUhvivy ol \\\y\\\, |>(»«I«>iI(M' (k mmiIihIm. 
 
 x\Usi^Wtt^. H\tuu>hWv><tivy^O(* O-li. i\\\\ iHt'(nlMin««'s m»l intili'tl, li>;)vliiy 
 !h<^ >^rt\'»v\v <«ihmu!* nMO(^v»"int v^^mvI«>s wWnW '>(^. \\\ nil «nvm n>|iltuiM, 
 (vvrv)A^v «^ st^Mo. i\ \\\\\u^ \\t\\\\\ \\\\\w U\ pvloMlHj ftv'tl?, luMiilnjii In iillii-4iiiii 
 tvNtW rUwv.v Irtt^M'iU \m\\\\\.) 
 
 UU«sh rtl>\>\-x^^ si-tUvR rtn«l ^ol«>v, mihory, \\o\ ht»nHlni>«M»l. No mIIvimv 
 liMvi'!^! Iviv^ht U\>xl\ \\\\\%^ o<Mop\v«MO«l, t-ojtiulril iilM»\t>, hII^IiIIv Citli 
 
 ^>(>ouxsl rt«<^ \M\M»iuU«)i. UnMol M«MVvl\ <\vUm» us Um^ tm «li>o|». IIm' 
 <AV3ix\ xt^rv wivj^v tho f<p of th'> .H«ooi, MtuiUnn ovltMHllo}f bo.vonti \vo\ 
 ^ mM\\\ih\t\ t>|>iMvW\l,H^<>iM thno looji. j»lt»oo«l vovy ol»ll«|nol.v. dill 
 !Wik\M^ \x^v Kwji. nuu^l* hmn^w tluut Uu* i\v»»» lloiol ;5,\; drplli r>i 
 <V \4; A.i^>2; U-iK I 40: 1^, 14. L. 7 «oolov«. IWillc oouf^(, IVom \ uii 
 oiMUvrV Ulrt««l tx^Wnit o\(«vim*l> «U>mHli»ot. Tho IutmohI orournn 
 
 \ Ji^«<»»NH».?«»i f^^j^^if ,Vn>«*> Voyji^ri^ \Vi»>jh\ \W' ^Vit»'«tHM'» WMtn^i* UllullitM'. vii, HW; 
 
;m. l';N(lMAt'l,ff»ll»^i— 8lOLifil*lin»Mf«. 
 
 9jin 
 
 
 liiit! Ill liit«i'Mt:liool«;: f;»(//i »»»/(■> /•»/»■/(»'>/»« 'Jlmid, 1'. M. Niiv, A«<f«»iii, Kxpid. /i»/il. ^"ImI). 
 I llfll.v ('t(iti|iH'«M»'(l lit (III Mli|t' Mtnl hilnM.r «»'<-i-iif<>*f. 
 
 Kill. •«. llBOWMl MIHIt>l.) J, ^ U< l»»('/(((»/r 
 
 (HIviM'HtMMi mI(1«'h Mllvff.v; fli<» m|Iv«'»,v ltii«'fMl litifMl filiodt m wUI^ 
 iiM llio H'«% VIM'.V <llM(liM'f, KMM'h m (liMfi l»( oMf oMif'f HpH'W'M. (Wxly 
 i!illii«t j'Imifiiilj", iMiotpH'MMi'd, Moi I'lfVHh'*!. MmmI nilltfr Hhort, fl^^ 
 miiiiii itiMlcclltijr tuncli Im>.voii«( IIm« flfMil' Mi«* UiwN- jfiw. 'l'^^Mr pr^-Hy 
 
 qllllHi'. IIIKslMlliy l>\(MMlltH( Ifl'yHfMl ll!lH«» or (ttlMMlilih^ tlljf Wit nuH<' 
 
 iviH'liiiiu lit Mm« ••<I(m< mI' IIh> ylP o|t«'f(lii)(. Ily^' Imik**, Mj )r( h<'(i<(. Oil! 
 iiiltciM Inny, lull hIiimIm- Himii In /Sf. I'ltrnprmHHii. A mil wifli n Mlr<'fiflf of 
 HHili'Mi iliii-Niil ImmmIimI iii>iii(>I' cimkIiiI liiiMt Hdodl. Mcitd M'/; d<')ifli f^. 
 II, I'Jt A- i*0| IjmI. I. III. I,. 1 11 Iiu'IK'n. ('ii|»o<'m«I I<. JIim/1I; v^fy 
 iijitliitlsiiil mmiiIIiwiikI. 
 
 (,0/irt'Mt»fih»i('»tMllllt>l. flvNl, Wnl. ItWri MIKillK-h vll, !1M<T: t'lil/U'H ritlithi MUthUI, 
 |i,,ii« I, II, A I'lill Mil.'. N, V. I, H'lll' h!ii!lfiiiilt>4 Hillflilllt (mtilhhf, vll,;«i|; /Uiffnuinn 
 
 HfflllM'i "I IIIHkI It'ft'dl. WllllMM. ) 
 
 mi. N. Illlllcil« (IIoimIk a Mhmi) .Utf. fit (lllli. 
 
 Hiittiil «uiiii'\vliiil HsiiipH'MwiiwI. MiivlllM/y mllulilly <lllfifNl,/<fi/11fit't«^fl' 
 iii>iili> poliil, \vlil('li ««iI(mmIm Ii!|I'|{wiimI In IIm' ^11) ofM'iilf(t(,M, foof h<wl >\\htm 
 ||s('iillii> ItMVt'f Hl|^fi«j iiilniili* M'olli ill Ixilli JiiwM. full rjilNTM rrfrf vf-fy 
 iimiicnuiM, llii> ltMi|4(«Hl im Iniiy; iim flio cy*'. Orlyln (il'HorHnl friMlwfiy hft 
 IwpiMi iittMlt'ilnr iiiiii^iti oi' (iilill iiimI Mk^ i«> >I of flio <^)iimIiiI. f/!iN>rfi( 
 Htil|H> iiii(> llili'it Mil' liniylil nl' llio liody. Ilritd '.\f, In l<>fi«Mi; dofnHi r4. 
 live )!ii>iil«*i lliiiH Hiimil. h. iTi} A. 2'J, {(hmilf li' flfnn.) C/hMir Wuf^-if 
 lliiiliitr, l''l(til(lii. llvidiMilly <*losi'ly N'ImIi'iI I<» A/, hrinvni. 
 
 [l:»tminU* hhilimn (iooili! A. Uiiiiii, ri-eio. (;. H. Niil. Mim. II, :l'i;i, l^7l».> 
 
 llHi'ltv (ittl liiilitiiloil iipHt«iiiil(w1. 
 
 II Moily iitil Hlmiiylv f(it!i|Mi'«Hti<l, VCfV Nlcildcf. 
 
 iA4. M. |M«rni>i<>flllll« ( pKt'v) .l<ird Ollti. 
 
 Ildilv «'l(iii(jsiil«>, miK'li hIimkIi'Iit I.Idih In H. hrnwn^, nuA mrf. n<f mfi<ih 
 rMiii|tivMH«'(l. IIi'imI iioI h«mIi'<<|i mm In H, hnmnij Wimi |KiinU'(I, M»»i nmmf, 
 
 nihil mIiim|i, \<)y{y iiiIIm*!- himmII, I^ In lM>ii(t, not. lon^(^r Mian HUO\if. 
 Miixllliiiy (ri'lli wrlhlov<'lo|MMl> nuMHJilMiluty t<'^Mi vt^ry nU'in^fr. Oill- 
 iiiliciM vi>ty loiij(, iiH loiiK HR oyis MiixillMiy Nliort^r Ui»fi in a. h,"ni>nif 
 not KMii'liliiu (|iiito to Mm \mm of Mk^ nnindllilft. Dclly mliKfiMy f.<iim- 
 luoHW'il, not HonnUMl, HiuiIoh v«iry ih^j-iduoiiH. Vr.nfrHh stUort, v>rjr 
 Hull. Ntil. Mum. No. 10 18 
 
 if 
 
 ' '•i 
 
 ; ! 
 
 ;l «i 
 
'iikmmmm^?:'m^''m^f^!Xmtt&* 
 
 W- . 
 
 pifc' ■ f ■: 1 1 
 
 274 CONTRIDimONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTlIYOLOQY — IV. 
 
 slinliMy ill front of dorsal. Caiulal pcdimclo long and .slondor. Dorsal 
 
 insi'iU'd scanicly nearer eundal than .snout. Silvery stripe broad, half 
 
 wid«r than the e.ve, bonlered above by a dusky streak. Head ;j|. 
 
 depth (». I). IL'; A. LM>. L. 4 intjhes. West Indies; o(!easional north. 
 
 >vard. A speeinien in our <!oIlee,tion from Wood's I loll, Mass. ' 
 
 ( ICnyraulix jwrfiiHciatiiH I'ooy, Mom. ('iibii, ii,;U'i: JinyrauliH purfaHvintuH {iihiihi'T vii 
 391.) ... : , .-, . ' ' 
 
 aa, Ho»ly Htrongly comprosmMl, iriinHhiccMjfc ill lifii. , '■v>; .*■ > ?> = ' ., ' 
 490. S. «l«>licntisNiiiliiK ((iimnl) .l«>i-. «.V (iilb. 
 
 Vt^rv pah^, olivaceous, (ranslueeni, with some dark [)oints, and a sil- 
 very lateral band not as wide as the eye. llea<l short, nearly as di'i'p 
 as lonjjf. I'iye large, mutth longer than the blunt snout, whieh j)r(ij('(;ts 
 considerably beyond th^^ lower Jaw. (i ill-rakers numerous, sIcmkIci' 
 nearly as long as the eye. Maxillary reaching past the root of I he man- 
 dible. Lower h)be of caudal the longer. Anal rather lowy;. Dorsal 
 inserte«l midway between caudal and front of eye. Head l\ ; deplli i'j. 
 ]). i;{; A. 2;{. Lat. 1. 40. L. 3 inches. San Diego JJay and southwanl; 
 locally abundant. 
 
 (ICHiiraiilimh'tiratmiiHiiH ilivavd, I'roo. Acad. Nut. 8ci. Pliila. 1854, 154, aud U. S. I'iic, 
 It. It. Sui'v. X, ;W:J: 1'Jinjnutlin ddicaliHHiiniiH Glhxlliov, yi\,\V.)l.) 
 
 4iSi7. S. (i*oaii|>r«'s»iiiN ^(Jirarl) Jor. & Gilb.— "(Sj>m/." 
 
 N'ery pale, olivaceous, translucent; a silvery lateral band as broad as 
 the eye. JJody strongly compressed, deeper than in other species. 
 Head short, nearly as deep as long. Eye large, anterior, nuich lo.ifjcr 
 than the blunt snout, which does not project nuich beyond the lower 
 jaw. (i ill-rakers numerous, sleuiler, nearly as long as the eye. Maxil- 
 liu'y reacddng beyond the root of the nnimlible. Lower lobe of caudal 
 the longi'v. Anal fm very h)ng. Dorsal inserte«l midway between cau- 
 dal anil front of eye. Pectcmd with a basal sheath. Head 4A ; deplli ',]'\. 
 D. 12; A. ;n. Lat. 1. 40. L. inches. Very similar to S. (lellcatissi- 
 vius, but larger, with a longer anal lln. Point Concepcion to Mt^xico; 
 abundant southward. ; . * 
 
 {ICiKjrtxiiUs I'oinprcnnuH Gininl, U. S. Pao. R. R. Siirv. Fish. 330: Enijraulin t'omprc.wui 
 CUnthor, vii, 31)5.) 
 
 Family XL.— ALEPIDOSAURIDiE. 
 
 ( The Lancei-JhhcH.) 
 
 Body elongate, rather compressed, si^delesa. ITead compressed, with 
 the snout much imxluced, and with the cleft of the mouth very wide. 
 Premaxillary very long and very slender, forming the entire margin of 
 the upper jaw, not protractile. Maxillary thin, needle-like, as long c 
 
40. ALEPIDOSAURIDiE — ALEPIDOSAURUS. 
 
 276 
 
 the ])roniaxillary, immovablo. Tcietli vcjry unequal, iininovablo, and 
 snbjcc/t to many variationH in tho Hanio sju'cii^H; a Hcri«8 of Hinall tcetli 
 the cntiro lenij^tli of the prciniaxillary ; those, in front HonietiincH larfjor 
 iiud « iii'vcd. Palatine teeth coinpreHsed, triiiin^ular, pointed; two or 
 three of the anterior ones exeee«lin;jfly lonjf and stroiif;, fiuifj^-Iike; th<^ 
 |)()st('rior ones moderate. Teeth of the lower .jaw simihir to those! on tiie 
 piiliiliiies, one pair in front and two or thr(Mi pairs in the middht l)ein;^ 
 iiiiioh enlarj;ed. No teetli on the tonfjne. Ky(^ larp*. (lill-openin^fs 
 very wide; the j^ill iiKMahraiuis not niiite«l, free from the istliinns. (Jill- 
 rakers stilf, shortish, spiiK* lilv(\ l{raiiehi<)st<'f,''iils 5-7. l*s<'U(lol)ran(!llii^^ 
 liirfje. Operenlar l)on(^s thin, meiid)ianiieeous. Dorsal (in v«'ry lon;jf, oc- 
 (Uip.yinfjf nearly tlu^ whole of tln', haitU, of more than 10 rays; adipose lin 
 present, moderate; anal tin moderati^; eanda! tin forked. Air-bladder 
 iioiio. Larfje fishes of tiuMleep seas, found in the Atlantic, and I*a«;ific. 
 One {j;enus and ({'or S spe<'ies. Kvery j»iirt of th<i AU'jndoHniirnn is so 
 fni},nle that it is extremely didiciilt to lu-ociin^ specimens. Thc! strtietnre 
 of the dorsal tin is so delicate! tliat it must be liable to injury eveti in 
 the water; tin; bones are vc^ry feebly ossill«'d, and tlu^ librous lij;iimeiits 
 connectinfi; the vertc^bra^ are very loose and extensible, so that the body 
 iniiy be eonsid<M'al)ly stretcjhed. "This loose aonnection of the sinj;lo 
 ])iirts of the body is found in numerous deep sea lisluis, and is men'iy 
 tho conseepienee of their witiulrawal from tin". i)r(!ssure of the water to 
 which they are exi)osed in the (bipths inhabited by them. \Vhe!i within 
 the limits of their natural jiaunts the osseous, nuiseular, and fibrous 
 liarts of the body will have that solidity whic^h is n^piired for the rapid 
 and powerful movements of a ]U'eda1ory fish. That fishes of this jjiuuis 
 (Ah'pi(lomuruH) belong to the nu)st ferocious of the class is prov«'d by 
 their dentition and the contents of their stomach, but it is worthy of 
 notice that althouj^h the nu)uth is so deeply cleft, the lower Jaw cannot 
 bo moved from the upper at a greater angle than about 4()o." {Q'dnther.) 
 (liropcHd(v, f^roiip Alcpidotiaxrhin Giintlior, v, 420-12:1.) 
 
 13§.-ALEPlDOSAlJRIJ$i Lowe. 
 Lancct'JiHlies. 
 
 ' r' _ 
 
 [.\\f\i\mxwm Lowe, Proc. ZnBt. Soc. liond. 18;W, 104: typo Alcpimiiriis fcrox Lowo.) 
 
 Clianu'ters of the genus inciluded above. Tlu^ nanu^ Plagyodun Steller 
 
 (Pallas, Zoogr. lloss. Asiat. iii, 383) has been lately accepted by J)r. 
 
 |(lili)(li(>r for this genus. A specimen of one of the Pacific species was 
 
 obtained by Stella' from thc Kurilo Islands, and a brief description of 
 
 t ^ . % 1 1 
 
aid «0Niitnunn?i8 iu Kuurn AMinnn'AN inmivni.tiuv IV. 
 
 tf» \\\\\\\A' iho 1U0UI* of Hrtf»w»nf«<f. li'h l»v l«l»i» In iniMUtMj'Hpl, «'i»m nil.., 
 Wimh nMOhMl \\\ iSilliiM, uIHmmM iMdoiMj'hHMtl. Mli'llt<» \vh»fi' ImHIih, 
 l.i\\^l>«n^«, \\\\\\ \\\\\^i\\vu\\\ omimI Htr niniH* rMtM/itif»r« im it nitMiiMiiiniiiij 
 
 \l<V««ifi\U»tU>H \\\\ \\\(* \\\\\\\v\\\\\\' S|MM'lnMM> 0« M|M>»'I»'M, (tlUl flMl It) |||t> Mt»((N(< 
 
 \\\ w [M\\u\H\\\ n«M»\tM. H Mt'iMttM <oHM, nl |no!«»>ttl, Im«m| In ii'Inlii ll(i« iimihi. 
 
 i4^^»'»f»V'H»M>t»>v. \.s HH\lHl\«M Urrlti Nt'ltllM .tun^'iKf^ HlttlMlM — M\ H((||||m,) 
 
 * \ tM\Mn\ hvyt ^^ \vv it». ^ in>ttftf.tiWMi»»,) 
 
 Tho lv<^{tll\ ol lht» \\v'm\ \a t\\l«'t» llir Itflfilt! or lln> lmtl\,itnil inllifi Ii.m>< 
 \\\\S\\ xww' h\\\\\ \\\ iho lolttl. M,\r tttiMlltiii, tl lt< lintil, it« mIiIi» hm ||||. 
 
 <tUV<-\»»\>ilnl HjMU'O. PotMitl l\tt tttm»|t t*lt»VHll't|j (UM'IntUlM l'lHlt|aHl»>t|, lull 
 W\S\ hMh»htt»jii n»M»Vl\ to \l»ttl»HlMt Ht'Ml m\ oltllM-Mitl, jM'flOtnl. Iltlll M'llliiil 
 
 ^t^vt'!Mo«l, TpjMM nnnlitl IoIm> |>hMltt«'i>tl Into II lt»tiM "li'intMil. I» II ||; 
 \ W IVi WW JAt N.O 10. yfiifnfhn:) I»»m>|Mvi(I«>»m ol llio Alhiilli'i 
 <i\h^l\ «>^!niu»»«l oO tho >'ohnI oI iMiiMMitclntMrllM l»\ Ilii» l'tilli«il HlnlcM 
 V'<!*h Oownw^sMion. A M|MM<im«»t» \\\' (hl« tM' h«»hh« t»loM««l> t»>lnliMl mimm-Iiw 
 hi»)* lv»M\ ^»hMMnv»nv\ hv, Hotnt in MumIui. - 
 
 V <V*''>'»>'«»».i'^>'»vv <,«\\v\Vv ^^1^m. j».>»<»l. wm>. \.\y\\\\. l, 'M^\ I1lliillit>t, v, Wl ) 
 
 <Vmvs:»< \\\\ \\\\\\ [\h\\\\\ :\\ »>nvM, H\o UtMl or wlilcli h tullmf mIuuI. iiml 
 «u\hMi<M^\ ht»!» a ^n>M0it\rt\1 oottmii»Mrtnl tlilm», which Im im'imiiiIiiIi>(I in 
 !\>M\<. \o\u<n<H\os \\\ \\^m\ us hn»)a n« Iho ht.'iul. \. I.'*; U. H. Mini 
 
 t^Ul \^w. A>^rt«t N\U, M, \'\\\\is, <!*ii^» \'^i t^W.^»«»»»»•H» ^lltYrt«(^ nihil lit'i. V, W:l 
 tW.'rtfMtx «>><»>< <^<U, \Sm\\ A»'rt>l Nrtt. H(-l. IM\ll«. IWW, J:»l. IVinii Moiilotcv i KmmniM 
 M m«tOrttv<\ ^^v<^U\\o»^ o«\\, whioh "lUtW**-". \\^\\\\ i'. N»»tNi Ity tlii' oldoiin H|M>iriiliiiii, 
 fW «<NHA\ <\\»rtt t\\rt>v>i«li«i Alum«> M i\w «'<vnl(>mM>\\l liOVtun*''! ''"!'>' Iimic iilnni' lln' 
 ^*\tt\m}i »>\t^>iv, \n«» wuh rt« »^Wl^^«t> >>\>'H\iO(on tu Iih ln««i<, « hlili tliwilltiw ihiiiiI,v 
 tV tHoM ot" rt o«v\«\ rt* \\»>\< (»!« <<»o rtowli^tiKt* i>r 1hi> nioilon ln>l(iu llii< tll\|iliii|i 
 
 Kanui.v \i.r PAicAi.Krinih.K ^ - 
 
 ( rhf' tSt^'^trfUih.) 
 
 h- - . 
 
 I^mIn olon)ijUx\ somowhot »»t»»n|>iVH.mMl, l\>t'iiu««l iion'hiiMlnn Hiitrni'iiiiii, 
 \>N\\M\"sl w \t\\ \\\vU>ul st\»Uvs or inodoi itto or vitlJtor htt'int* sl^.o. I Inul loii^;, 
 Ws«rtll> ^v.^l> <MV th** suUvH. Mouth \im\v hn'^»\ hovov jitw prolci'liiij;. 
 l^vmrtxillrtVA not |m\itvt\U\ v*m\v looji ;uul j^UmuIov, t\ninlun: Ihooiiliiv 
 Itt^^ym ot «ho ui>|HM jjj^NV. M»»\iUju\v long i\\\\\ NloiuhM, oIohoI\ iuIIumviiI 
 
 *f5iR «NvH\ A*'"*^. X«t-> 5«i>4. rhilA. !5«lft}, l\?H; |,v|^^ .^If/nsimfM* rtUii'tU* Vwy, ftvm 
 
 I'l'l"'!' JllW (M 
 
41. l'A^MM1^•l(•l(•4^- «iff»fM 277 
 
 liiilit' |tH»HtM«tlll)n V. 'r«w»ll( MiMiM- tthtimt, pn\iiU<(\,\u mI»»i/J<> N^f•l^(l| m» 
 
 |||(> lll^VM lillll pIlllllldCMI M(l(M« ttl (llt>MIMtl lotVM' )flW flltfl |(Ml((Hn««M MOrM^ 
 
 lliitiM vt<i,v loll);; mill rmiu 111(1', 1111(1 iikimI of lliCMi hN\\y (|(<|if(<MMMrli<(. 
 
 niM'KtlllM ImiMI'M lllltl. l'Hl>ltl|(ilMIIII('llll«< |tt'CM(<lll. Olll iriMlltlMf IM'M N«>)f 
 
 iiiiili', I1-i<l< ri'iiili IliK ImMiiimim. lliiitlclildMJcuiilM iilfdiil I. ii\\\ mkt-tH 
 mIiihI. hIiiuis Mtiltiiv lll(i>. |il>'(> Imi^(>. IiiiIm-mI llii(« |>r('H(>ri(, Mm nciil^M 
 ,i>4itiilly i<iiliiiM*'<l. hiiiMiil (III mImiiI imkI Mtfiiill, tM«lilii(l Mi« irii(t(ll(> (if tfi^ 
 
 Initio, IH'IUIV III' l(llll«' MVM- IIm> VI'IiIimIm, A(|i|»((M(N fill pK-NMll} IIJl/ll f)ll 
 
 low, iiilltM- liMiiit} i'IMkIk! (Ill hIkiiI, mimi(iw, lnrhcd j p('«l(»fiilM iiiilK^f 
 
 slllllll, pIlH'I'll llMV, I'vImiIc ('(MMMMllM', Nil Ulf l»lll«l(l(l . I'llONplKrN'rt 
 
 i.i>iil MpnlN Hmv ((I Miiiii'. fhlii'M (if lli« (l(*c|i wiiicrN (if Mi^ A(li;riM(^ uwl 
 I'lit'lllf, ii«mi<iiiIiIIm/j f-iiilif/nnin In loidi mid defilKioff, A. »UtuU) ^«ijiU« 
 mill IiIhiHI M M|M'('I(»M HM> IMIW IdKtWMi 
 
 (.VM(/»»'Ni/tl', II iiltji /'(i(((/(7il<^//»»H(llt((lM<|v V, 1(«, -fi/d ) f' 
 
 mo. winnin iM(i»(»>M<(((c, 
 
 ji. £.;> : { I'limlviih I(Inw».) 
 
 lHitlliif'<i|Hi', ('MImUmI til Alf'iml Niidvl Uciioi-I, cfn. |M(0< tt(>; f,«r^»^ Af«^^//» liiinlhiii Unf. iit 
 llti> M*'tllli<i)rini-MM I 
 
 (liiMiM'li't'M (»r I lie liriiiiM liicliMlcd u\ut\i\ Two Ki-riMii Mf-^ ii*(i<rtfly 
 iiMoitMl/iMJ, dll1Vi'lii|r III IIm^ d(>v(>l(i|iiii('iil (if lli(W')iiii(i<'M(il' Mi(> l(>w(>r Jow^ 
 iMliiinii'lot' witlcli ii|ipi>iii'M Id liiH (iC iiiliKii }iiip()rliific(s (fiiMh nu/lh, n 
 hIiiIii*, nil iiiK-liMil iiiiiiMxd' fulfil j/rtniii.) 
 
 'I.MWi'i jiuv Willi ;l tt vfiv l(MiK fiiiiK lll«(< (r<t<((i (((( NU'U Hide, (ftii/lh.j . 
 
 14(0. «. iiilM»'M«« •'"•'liiit <* <Mllii.||. ;v 
 
 MimIv viM'V hIcimIi'I' iiiid ("Idii^dlc, ('(impicHMcd, Mi(M((>pMi furtit'tim fti'drif, 
 iiiii> hUIimmiMi oC llii^ IimikIIi MimkI ihIIk^i Mitwidcr, >ndcri(rrly fio'intHl 
 mill iiinili'iiilrlv dl>p^l^H^<'d. Mould liii'^c, liofl/oiil)il, llM^f;Mp(^ CKf^fKlirii; 
 iiiiiro lliiiii liiiir I ho li'iijilli id" I lie ImmmI. IMiiryiii (ti' t)n\ iipftcr |)iw fotwH\ 
 ('iitin'l\ lt,v llio viM'.v Mlciidcr, iiMirly hIiiiI((IiI, (ncfiui'dlldrlcM, witich urc 
 i'l<)Nit|,V iippri'MHiHJ III Mio loii|{ iiiid Hl('iid(*r titiixillMricH, Mux'tWurU'A *^%- 
 Ii'IuIIiim: I'» Ih'Iow llio i\vo, iMMirl.v h« liir mm IIk* m«fidil»iil»r i«>iut. Tip (tf 
 ii|i|H>i' jiiw (Miiiirt^ltiiilr; lipid' low(M- jiiw diHicc hr(M(l, hirru^d rip, »Fid 
 lllliiiK' In llii< iioli'li id' llii« upper jiiw. I'rcrniiKilliiricM nrtual wifh f% 
 Hi'iii'M of Hiiiiill, fdinrp, f^iilH^piiil, cIohc hcI f«>,(dli, which (iic, h(K»kcd hjwk 
 i ^viird; 11 toii^;, Mloiiilor ciiiiliM^ In fidiit. on cHch nldc. fi/>wer |;iw wifh 
 
 |"n iiltoiil l(» hIiih'p, Hloiidor lindh on <'H('Ii Hide, lh<'«<i U'fih very nn<'<pij»l, 
 HoiiuMd' llioni Mliorl, lliico or four very loiij; iind r.uuiiu- Uku. Sffir thft 
 i'roiil JH ono riuiy:-liUo lootli on oaoli Hide, tlicn n coriMidcrHblf. tuU'THinu.e.^ 
 
 11, 
 
 ,1 ^ 
 
•jASjii^^'i 
 
 "It- >««*«««. 
 
 278 coNTitnumoNs to noutii American ioiitiiyouxjy — iv. 
 
 l)«'Inn(l \vlii«'h (ho otliors avo urrnn^od purtly in two iowh. Most of ilmn,, 
 tiMMli, (vspociiilly (lio iniUM' ntid liii't^or oiioh iiiul (ho iinttM-ior ciitiiiicN, aro 
 fVooly <h»pn'ssil»I(». A long Hvr\vH of tooth on t\w jmUitinoH, ono «»r two 
 oC tho :ni(tM'i«)r to(>(h on osioh hUUs iitul ono or two othoi'H h)n>f, nIcikIci 
 and rung liki'. Tonyno i'nH} lUitoiiorly, i'onp;hish, hnt iipparontly wiili. 
 out toolh. Scalos vory liiijifo, <'y«'h»id. Dorsal tin in.sorto*! Noiucvvlial 
 hohind tiio ini(hii<' of tho body, at. a distanoo of lUMirly 4 thnoH its base 
 in Iron I id' tho anal, its hoigid a littlo nn>idor than tho lonnlh of jis 
 baso. I). 11 ; A. 25. Anal lln aidoriorly noarly us hiyli as tliod(»r,saI, 
 its postovior rays low. IVotoral tins phuMMl low, rathor short, about as 
 long- as tho niaxillary. (\nulal tin short, narrow, appanMdIv tbikcd. 
 Vontrals (lost in tho typo) probably in tVont of Mio «h)rsal. <'ol(>rii(ioii 
 light olivo, tho sidos silvery, with dark ])nnotnlations. PoriloiuMim 
 «ilvory, nndorlai<l by bhu'k pi};niont. Saida, Ilarbara('hannol,('alil'oniia. 
 (.) iilan & tJllltorl, I'nx'. tl. S. Nut. Mils. IHeO, «7:J.) 
 
 •*I.owor jaw without fUiig-lUvt^ toolh. v''*i»"«i/»';*is KiHsd.") 
 
 fi. Vontral (lu8 iii8«rt«Hl bchiml tho doi-Hid. (/trctOfl-fniM 0111.) 
 
 461. S. boivnils (UVInhnrdt) Jtmlau tV OiH»«>rt. 
 
 OlivaoooMs. vSnont as long an rest of hoad ; niaiidibh^ Ini'lndcd, lis 
 uptnrnod tip lltting into an oniargination of npjxM'.iaw. Toi^th as in ,s'. 
 C()»'»<Arf?».v, but oonsidorably strongor. Pootoral and vontral tins small. 
 tl»o lattor in.sortod bohind tho dor.".al. ll'nd 1|\; dopth I'J. II. 7; I). 8; 
 A. IV2\ \\ It; V. !». Ciroonland to (Jnlf of Saint Lawronco. 
 
 {1\ivah'})is horaiUit h'oiiiliiUiK, Xattirv. Malhoin. Al'iiainll. vii, 1t.^: t'ornfrph hoyeiiUn 
 Gilnthor, v. 418: Arctozeitun bomilis iiiW, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Hoi. I'hilu. IHIH, 18f<.) 
 
 •iO*i. Si. roriiMM«ii<« .Tor. & Gilh. 
 
 Dusky olivaoootis; sidos of hoad silvory; l>aso.s of flns gononilly 
 
 blaok ; rami of ntandiblo oaoh with a doiddo sorios of nunnti; pliofs- 
 
 phoivsoont spots. Hody vory olongato, of noarly uniform doptli, (lie 
 
 oaudal i>odunolo vory slond<M*; abdomou compro.S8od. Head Ion;;; 
 
 snout sharp, half long'Ii of hoad. Eyo largo, high, .laws o«pial ; max- 
 
 illary reaching vertical from nostril; tip of Iowhh* jaw ilfling into an 
 
 omargi nation of i>romaxillarios. None of tho tooth fang-liko; preinax- 
 
 illaries laterally rvith minute teeth; 4 or 5 longer teeth in front; vomer 
 
 with luinuto teeth; anterior palatiuo teeth long, tho poat'iior short; 
 
 t<ioth of lower Jaw slond.'r, distant, unequal. Scales dociduotts, those 
 
 of lator.U lino enlarged. Fins all very small ; ventrals eutirely behiuil 
 
 •Risso, Etir. Mi5rid. iii, 47v», 1886: type Coregontu j>arale}>i» lUsiiO. {napu, iioari 
 ^ciriV, scales.) 
 
49. 8C01'15LIDi15 — SYNODUS. 
 
 279 
 
 0' 
 
 (lorHiil, tIn'li'«1int»itico from front of oil vjf, twl(ni Unit, from tmHoof cinulal; 
 (liHtmico of front of dorsal to lt:iH(> of oinilnl Inilf ilH <liHtan<;o from tip 
 of Ntiont; (Manila) widt^ly forked. Mead t; depth l.'(. I). H; A. .'U; P. 
 11; V. U. bat. 1. (K). I'njfct Hound, warcjily dillerin^ from Mio pro- 
 cediiijX. Hio teeth a Jit.fhi weaker. 
 (I'anikpiH iornnntiiH .lor. *. (lilb. I'loc. II. H. Nut. Miih. IHHO, ill.) \ 
 
 "I 
 
 I 
 
 Familv XlAl—tiCOVl'AAUM. : 
 
 (77/r! NntpcliilH.) 
 
 Iloily oldong or (>lon^at(>, (^ompieHscd or not, naked or covered with 
 HCiilcM, whieh are nsnally cycloid. Month veiy wid(^, the (Mitire inar((iu 
 of tlu^ upper Jaw fornu'd tty IIm^ loii^ ami HJender premaxillaricH, ehmely 
 lullierent to whi(;li are tJie NlemU^' luaxillarieH, tlici latter Hometime.s rndi- 
 iiKMiliil or o1)8ol<^te. Teeth variouH, moHtly <;ardiform on both jawH, 
 toiijiue, and palatines; canines often pn'Menl ; lar^e teeth UHually de- 
 ])n>SHihle. NoharbelH. Opercular honcH UHnally thin,oft<M: incomplete. 
 (jlill-iiiembraneH Keparale, free from the iHlhinuM. ISranc/hioHte^alH imit- 
 ally numeiouH. I'Hetuiobrancliiai preHcnt. (iill-rakerH variouH. Lat^u'al 
 line iiHually pr(!M«!nt. (Jlnu'kH and «>pcrcl«'K <*<»mnioidy Hcaly. Adipose 
 tin present in most of the genera. Dtusal iln mIkuI, median or ratJier 
 imleriof, of soft rays oidy. i'ectoials uml ventrals present. A?nil llu 
 moderate or loiij?. Oandal forked. Hkelelon weakly ossilhid. Air- 
 liliidder small or wanting. Iidestinal canal short. Hides sometim<>.N 
 with piiosphores<HMit spots. Hggs imdosed in th(» siicsof tlui ovary and 
 (xtnided through an oviducst. G<'nera 10, species about /5(), mostly iu- 
 liiibitiug deep water in warm n^gions. • : ii^ 
 
 {Sroiiclidw gmup iSaarina (iiliillitT, v, :j;KJ-<1I7.) ' 
 
 •Itnily witlumt. pli mj)lKmwc(>iit> h])oIh. (SjiHodniitinw.) ' ' 
 
 (I. iVrlli not (xirbrd; iiiiixillary not. (Iilut<><l. boiiinil; teoth on tlio jialato in a HJnglo 
 
 liniid on fiicli hUIo Rynoous, 130. 
 
 **U(Hly Willi piiKHplion'Mctuit HpotH. [SroiwUiifi\) 
 
 b. Uody conipi'OHHiid, covered with larp;e, Htnootli wuiIoh Myctohiu.M, 131. 
 
 ictsr-- ■• 
 
 180.— SVNODUm Hloch A Sohnoidor. 
 
 Jjkard-JiHhcH. 
 
 (SanruH Cuvicr, 1H17.) 
 (OronoviuH; Bloch &, Scluieid. Ichtli. IHOI, liOCi: typn Khox niiuodnn L.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, nearly terete. Hc.ad depressed, the snoat 
 triangular, rather pointed. Intcrorbital region transversely concave. 
 
 t i 
 
280 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Mouth very wide; premaxilljiry not protractile, very long and strong 
 more tlian half the length of the head; maxillary closely connected 
 with it, very small or obsolete. Premaxillary with one or two series of 
 large, compressed, knife-shaped teeth, the inner and larger depressible. 
 Palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single broad band. Lower jaw with 
 a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger teeth dei)ressihle ; a 
 patch of strong, depressible teeth on the tongue in front, and a loner 
 row along the hyoid bono. Jaws nearly equal. Eye rather largo 
 anterior. Supraorbital forming a projection above the eye. Pseudo. 
 branchijB well developed. Gill-rakers very small, spine-like. Gill- 
 membranes slightly conuecteil. Top of head naked. Cheeks and oper- 
 cles scaled like the body. Body covered with rather small, .adherent, 
 cycloid scales. Lateral line present. No phosphorescent spots. Dor- 
 sal fin short, rather anterior. Pectorals moderate, inserted high. Ven- 
 trals anterior, not far behind jiectorals, large, the inner rays longer than 
 the outer. Anal short. Caudal narrow, forked. Branchiostegals 12-lG. 
 Stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric cceca. Skeleton rather 
 firm. Species numerous. Voracious fishes of moderate size, inhabiting 
 sandy bottoms at no great depth. In most warm seas. {ffU'^6<h)or, ancient 
 name of some fish, from au.^udov<;j teeth meeting, not shutting i)ast ea<jli 
 other like scissors.) 
 
 * Snout rathor poiutod, lonijor than eye; upper jaw the louger. (Synodua.) 
 
 4^^, S,fCBtcns{h.)G\U.— Sand Pike; LizarUfmh. 
 
 Olivaceous; yellowish below; back mottled; upper surface of head 
 brownish, distinctly vermiculated with yellowish; ventral fins, lower 
 side of head, and inside of mouth tinged with yellow. Eye moderate, 
 5^ in head. Scales less regularly a: ranged and the rows less obliciiie 
 than in 8. lucioceps; those on the opercle in about 5 rows, on the cheeks 
 in 7; 25-30 scales along back before dorsal, 4 in a vertical row between 
 adipose fin and lateral line, 5 in au oblique row. Pectoral fin short, 
 not reaching ventrals, its length three-fourths that of the premaxillary. 
 Ventral large, its length from outer edge of base greater than from tip 
 of snout to upper edge of gill-opening. Interorbital space considerably 
 concave, with radiating ridges. Head 4^. B. 12; D. 11; A. 11; V. 8; 
 scales 7-04-8 (the vertical rows counted obliquely). L. 12 inches. Cape 
 Cod to South America; common southward. Not valued as food. 
 
 {Sahno fccicns L. Syst. Nat.: Saurus fwtens Giluther, v, 396: Saurua fcetena Ilolbrook, 
 Ichth. S. Car. 187.) 
 
42. SCOPELID^ — MYCTOPHUM. 
 
 281 
 
 461. S. lucioceps (AyrcH) Gill. 
 
 Olive-brown above, grayish below, with some golden luatre on sirtos; 
 back witli slaty reticulations; head not vermicnlated above; lower si<lo 
 of head and ventral lins yellow. Eye 5 in head. Scales arranged in 
 regular, very oblique rows; those on the opercles in about 8, on the 
 cheeks in about 9 rows; 40-50 scales along the back before the dor- 
 sal, in a vertical row between adipose flu and lateral line, and 10 in 
 an oblique row. Pectoral fln longer, reaching base of ventrals, its 
 length about equal to that of the premaxillary. Ventral fln not so long 
 as the space between snout and upper edge of gill-opening. Interor- 
 bital space little concave, nearly smooth.^ Head 4 ; depth 8J. I>. 11; 
 A. 12; B. 14; scales 13-G6-1C (the vertical series counted obliquely). 
 L, 12 inches. San Francisco to Mexico; rather common in summer. 
 
 (Saurua luciocejpa Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 66: Saurua lucioccpa GiiutLer, 
 
 •*Boily rather stout; snout short, obtuse, shorter thau eye; lower jaw the longer. 
 ;;,J^ {Trachinocephalua GiW.*) . :% . , . , 
 
 465. S. Hiyops (Forster) Jor. «fc Gilb. "v . 
 
 Grayish, mottled or barred; scapula black. Body moderately elon- 
 gate, tapering backwards. Mouth very large, maxillary more than half 
 length of head; snout shorter than eye ; lower jaw somewhat projecting; 
 top of head corrugated; interorbital space concave. Anal fin compara- 
 tively long. Ventral fins very long, reaching about to the vent. Head 
 3§ in length; depth about 5. D. 11; A. 14; scales 4-58-7. Tropical 
 seas; not common on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 {Salmo myoj)a Forster, MSS. Bloch & Schneider, 421: Saurua myopa Giinther, v, 398.) 
 
 i,h 131.— MYCTOPHU]?! Rafinesque. .^ "^ 
 
 '• (Scopelua Cxwier, 1817.) , ' ; V', 
 
 (Ralinesquo, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810: type Mijctoiyhum punctaUtm Raf.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, covered with large cycloid scales, those of 
 the lateral line sometimes enlarged. A series of round luminous spots 
 along the lower side of the head and body. Head compressed. Mouth 
 large, the jaws usually about equal; premaxillary very long, slender; 
 maxillary well developed. Teeth in villiform bands on jaw^s, palatines, 
 pterygoids, and tongue. Eye large. Gill-rakers very long and slender. 
 Branchiostegals 8-10. Pseudobranchije large. Air-bl§dder small. Py- 
 
 *G11], Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amor. 1861, 53, no description: type Salmo myopa 
 Forster. {tijoxivoi, Truchinus; neipaXr}, head.) 
 
 ii 
 
 ;k 
 
 
 
 ■ 't. 
 
 .^m 
 
 
 
 
 i'A- 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 -r^ 
 
 *SfJ 
 

 
 
 ; *»?»».■ •s'ij'**' ^■■^i^&.M^' 
 
 282 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTII AMEIIICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 loric ccKca few. Dorsal flu near tli« middle of the body; vontrals 
 uaujiUy below it, with 8 rays; pectorals well developed: udiposi; lin 
 Hinall; anal usually long. Small flsbes of the opeu seas in most re- 
 gions; si)ecies numerous. Several un<le8cribed species have been lately 
 taken off our Atlantic coast by the U. S. Fish Commission, (vu^, night' 
 f (/?, light ; hence amended by Cocco to Nyctophus.) 
 
 466. IW. crcilUlure .Ionian & Gilbert. • ' ^-v i'*^ ' / 
 
 Body much compressed, deepest in front of the base of the pectorals, 
 biuntly convex anteriorly, tapering behind. Ventral region nnich more 
 arched than dorsal. Caudal peduncle long aiul very slender. Head 
 short and high, abruptly rounded in profile, the snout very blunt. 
 Jaws eciual, the snout not projecting beyond the mouth. Maxillary 
 very slender, scarcely widened to its tip, and not dilated, its extremity 
 reaching beyond the eye to the nuirgin of the preopercle. i^reuiaxilhi- 
 ries anteriorly on a level of the jiupil. Teeth very small, i)resent on 
 all the dentigerous bones. Hami of the mandible nearly parallel, (join- 
 ing together in a sharp keel below. Orbital margin above and in front 
 with a thin membranaceous rim, that in front distin*t and formed by 
 the upturned edge of the preorbital. No orbital spine. Nasal bones 
 membranaceous, their edges upturned, forming a horizontal groove. 
 A groove between the frontal bones. Orbital margins separated by 
 a groove from the preopercle. Margin of preopercle very obIi<iue. 
 All the membrane bones extremely thin, papery. Eye large, 3^ in 
 head. Gill-rakers long and slender. Head 3^ in length to base of 
 caudal ; depth 4J. Ilead and body completely covered with thin mem 
 branaceous scales, those on the middle of the sides not elevated and 
 not noticeably larger than the others. Free edges of all the scales 
 crenulate, some of them, especially on the back, with the crenations 
 acute, but Avithout spines, the scales being truly cycloid. About 4.') 
 scales in a longitudinal series. A phosphorescent spot on each man- 
 dible near the symphysis, o3 pairs of spots along the belly, in front 
 of ventrals, 6 between ventrals and origin of anal, and 21 between 
 front of anal and base of caudal. Caudal peduncle above and below 
 with two or three backward-directed spines, which are apparently the 
 exserted tips of vertebral processes. D. 12; A. 10; the fins rather 
 low. Origin of dorsal nearer the snout than the base of caudal, nuicli 
 behind the base of the v< ntrals. Ventrals short, not reaching half way 
 to vent. Pectorals reaching base of ventrals. Color very dark Ksteel- 
 blue above, silvery on sides and below, with dark metallic lustre; tho 
 
 
43 STERXOPTYCHIDiE MAUROLICUS. 
 
 288 
 
 
 usual pliosphorescent apots present, as above described; no evident 
 cR'aui-colonMl blotch on the buck of tail. L. 2^ inches. Santa Barbara 
 OliiUincl, Ciiliforiiia. • ■ 
 
 (Jiuduii at Ciilbnrt, Fioc. U. 5. Nut. Muo. 1880, 274.) 
 
 407. I»I. glaclaSe (Rt-inh.) J. & G. . ' ' -■ -, -f ^ ;* '■ ;r ' 
 
 Siiont very short and obtuse, with the upper profile descending in a 
 
 very strong curve ; cleft of mouth oblicpie ; maxillary reaching to the 
 
 iinjilc of the i)ra'operculuin, and terminating in a triangular dilatation. 
 
 Scales smooth, those of the lateral line enlarged. Eye very large, more 
 
 than one-third the length of head, which is nearly as deep as long. 
 
 Depth 4, nearly ecpial to length of head. D. IS; A. 17; V. 8. Lat. 1. 
 
 30. Coasts of Scandinavia and Greenland. {G'dnther.) 
 
 {Scopelm glitcialis Kciiiliiinlt, Dausk. Vidensk. Selsk. 1838, vii, US, 126: Scopelua 
 glucialin GUuther, v, 407.) 
 
 ^^. r Family XLIII.— STERNOPTYCHIDiE. : 
 
 V ' tr {The Sternoptychids.) ,^.4. ^v . 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, naked. Mouth very wide, its cleft oblique or 
 vertical. Margins of upper jaw formed laterally by the maxillaries, the 
 edfics of which are toothed. Teeth pointed, mostly small. Opercular 
 apparatus incomplete. Gill-openings very Avide, the membranes not 
 connected, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiic present. Gill-rakers 
 long or short. Lower part of body and head with series of phosphores- 
 cent si)ots. Adipose fin present, often small. Dorsal fin moderate, 
 usually median, sometimes preceded by a rudimentary spinous dorsal. 
 Eggs extruded through oviducts. Skeleton imperfectly ossified. Small 
 tisbes of the deep seas. Genera 4; species about 12. 
 
 {aternoptijchidw groiipa Sternoptychina uiid Cocciina Giiuther, v, 364-391.) 
 
 *No scales ; no I'udinientary Hpiiions dorsal; pseudobrancliiai present. {Coidinw.) 
 t Lower jaw prominent Mauuolicus, 132. 
 
 133.— ]IIAIJROLICVS Coeco. 
 
 Argentines. . .; ; J 
 
 (Cocco, Lettcre sni Salnioui, 3"2: type Maurolicus amcthijaHnoputictatus Cocco.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, naked, covered with silvery pigment; 
 series of phosphorescent spots along the lower side of the head, body, 
 and tail. Head compresse*!, the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth 
 wide, oblique, the lower jaw prominent. Maxillary large, broad, much 
 produced backwards, receiving the slender premaxillary in the upper 
 
 ■•^i:- M^ 
 
 !.;;! 
 
 V .fj 
 
 r-. i'[ 
 
 
 ■:m 
 
 I . 
 
^^i:A^*fej*i«5«v¥ii«gt! 
 
 lis*:-'- -I 
 
 
 .I.-Ji-I: 
 
 si":-ii!i.i;«i^ 
 
 284 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 concave part of its margin. Both jaws with minute teeth. Gill-rakers 
 very long. Pectorals and ventrals developed. Dorsal well back, but 
 before anal. Adipose fin rudimentary. Anal fin long. Branchiostegals 
 8 or 9. Size small. Species about 4. (Dedicated to Maurolico, au 
 Italian naturalist.) . j> , ; j , • ^ ^ ^ ;u;i.( > >»^ v - 
 
 "Phosphorescent organs ai)pearing as imiiresaions on the skin. " - . 
 
 46§. ni* borcaEis(Nil8s.)0iinther. 
 
 Dark greenish, sides silvery. Body compressed. Mouth wide, the 
 lower jaw much i)rojecting. Teeth small. Eye large, 3 in head. Five 
 luminous spots on the throat, 12 between pectorals and ventrals, above 
 these a row of 8, 5 between ventrals and anal, vent to tail 24. Dorsal 
 nearer tail than snout. Adipose flu very small. Ventrals below dorsal. 
 Caudal forked. Head 3^; depth 3 J. D. 10; A. 15. L. 2^ inches. 
 {Storer.) North Atlantic; rare off our coasts. 
 
 (ScojhIus borealia Nilsson, Obscrv. Zool. 9; Giinther, v, 369: Scopelua humhoHH DeKay, 
 N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 246: Scoj)elu8 hiimboldti Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 328 (not otCuvior). 
 
 Family XLIV.— CIIAULIODONTJD^E. 
 
 {The Chauliodonts.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, cciripressed, covered with rather large, thin, 
 deciduous scales. Lateral line present. No barbels. Series of f)hos- 
 phorescent spots running along the lower side of the head, body, and 
 tail. Head much compressed, tho bones thin, but ossified. Mouth with 
 the cleft extremely wide, its margins formed by maxillaries and pre- 
 maxillaries, both of which are provided with teeth. Teeth unequal, 
 some of them long and pointed, fang-like. Pectorals and ventrals well 
 develoi)ed. Adipose fin present. Caudal forked. Gill-openings very 
 wide. No pseudobrauchije. No air-bladder. Deep watervS of the At- 
 lantic. Genera 2, Oonostoma and Chaulodm^ differing widely in the 
 position of the dorsal, the size of the anal, and the development of the 
 gill rakers ; 2 species are known. 
 
 {Ster nopt ychida; gxow^ Chauliodoiitiiia Giinthor, v, Ist'l, 392.) 
 
 •Dorsal in front of ventrals; no gill-rakers; anal with less than 20 rays. 
 
 CuAUiJOUUS, 133. 
 133.— C1IAIIL.IODUS Bloch &, Schneider. 
 
 Vipcr-Jishes. . : 
 
 (Bloch & Schneid r Syst. Ichth. 180?, 430: type ChauJiodus aloani Bloch&Schiu'iaor,) 
 Body elongate, compresseil, covered with very thin deciduous scales 
 of moderate size. Head short, much compressed and elevated, the 
 
4£. STOMIATIDiE. 
 
 285 
 
 lower jaw projecting, the snout much shorter than eye. Mouth ex- 
 tremely wide, the cleft reaching mu(5h beyond eye. Premaxillaries 
 with four long fang-like canines on each side. Mandible with pointed, 
 wide-set teeth, the anterior ones excessively long ; none of these large 
 teeth received within the mouth. Maxillaries with fine teeth; palatine 
 with a single series of small pointed teeth; no teeth on the tongue. 
 Eye moderate. Pectorals moderate. Ventrals large. Dorsal fin high, 
 placed anteriorly, well in front of the ventrals. Adipose flu moderate, 
 sometimes fimbriate, opposite the low, short anal. Caudal moderate, 
 forked.. Gill-openings very wide. No gill-rakers. Branchiostegals 
 numerous, {yaoho:, exserted; ddoh-y tooth.) 
 
 409. C Sloani Bloch & Schneider. 
 
 Greeni.sh above; sides silvery; belly blackish. Dorsal not far behind 
 head, its first ray produced in a long filament. Pectoral fins short. 
 Ventral fins elongate, longer than head. About 30 phosphorescent dots 
 in a series from the chin to the ventrals. Scales of the body subhexag- 
 onal. Head nearly as deep as long, 7 in total length ; depth about the 
 same. B. 17; D.G; A. 12; V. 7; Lat. 1. 56. L. 12 inches. {Oiinther.) 
 Mediterranean and deep waters of the Atlantic ; a specimen found in 
 the stomach of a (!od on George's Banks. 
 
 (Bloch & Schneuler, 4^0; Giiiither, v, 392.) 
 
 Family XLV.— STOMIATIDiE. 
 
 {The Stomiotoids.) • 
 
 Body elongate, naked or covered with thin deciduous scales. Mouth 
 very wide. Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, 
 which are provided with teeth along their edges. Teeth usually very 
 strong, unequal, some of them often fang-like. Gill-membranes not 
 joined, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous. A long 
 fleshy barbel suspended from the throat. No pseudobranchiie. Sides 
 with phosphorescent spots. Dorsal flu short, median or posterior, with- 
 out spines. Adipose fin present or absent. Pectorals and ventrals 
 present. Opercular apparatus incomplete. Skeleton feebly ossified. 
 Efiffjs excluded through oviducts. Deep-sea fishes of the Att tntic. 
 Genera 4; species 8 or 10. 
 
 (.S/omia/id«;GUnther, V, 424.) ., ^ ., ,, ...,,, 
 
 *No lulipoMe fin ; «h>r8ftl opposite anal. (Slomladnm.) 
 
 0. Body with (ino deciduous scales Stomias, 134. 
 
 oa. Body naked. - h^^--^ *- -"-- 
 
 if* 
 
 U '* 
 
 \ . 
 
 < I 
 
 I . 
 
 1-4-41- 
 ' 'I''" f 
 
 M 
 
 I fi 
 

 
 28G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 6. Vomer and palatines with teeth Echiostoma, I3r). 
 
 bb. Vomer and palatines toothless Malacosteus, lao. 
 
 ** Adipose fin present; dorsal in front of anal; body naked. (AHtroncstliina'.) 
 
 . ASTJtONESTlIES, 137. 
 
 134.— STOmiAS Cuvier. 
 
 . • ■ - ?- 
 
 (Cuvier, Regno Anim. ii, ldl7: tyjio Esox boa Risso, from the Mediterranean.) 
 
 Body elougatc, compressed, covered with exceedingly fiue aud decid- 
 uous scales, which are scarcely imbricated, lyiug iu subhexagouul de- 
 pressions in the skin. Head compressed, the snout very short and tlie 
 cleft of the mouth extremely large. Mouth obli(iue, the lower jaw pro- 
 jecting. Teeth pointed, unequal, those of the premaxillaries and inaiull- 
 ble very large ; maxillary with line teeth ; vomer with a pair of fanys ; 
 palatines and tongue with smaller pointed teeth. Eye moderate. Oper- 
 cular portion of the head short ; a large fleshy barbel suspended from 
 the hyoid region. Vent far back. Dorsal comparatively long, far back, 
 opposite the anal. Pectorals and ventrals rather small and short, the 
 latter far back. Caudal fin moderate. Lower side of head, body, and 
 tail with series of phosphorescent dots. Gill-openings very wide. Xo 
 pyloric cojca. Singular fishes of the deep waters of the Atlantic. 
 ((Trw/ija?, " mouthy," from azu/uiy mouth.) 
 
 * Hyoid barbel not fringed. 
 
 410. S. ferox Reiuhardt. 
 
 Black. Xeither pectorals nor ventrals produced. Caudal rounded. 
 Depth about 12 in total length; head 10. D. 17; A. 21; P. 0; V. G. 
 {Giinther.) Greenland, south to Cape Cod, in deep water. 
 
 (Roinhardt, Vidensk. Solsk. Natnrv. etc. x, ji. Ixxvii ; Giinther, v, 426.) 
 
 133.— ECkilOSTOHIA Lowe. 
 
 (Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1843, 87: typo Echiostoma barbatam Lowo.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, tlio 
 snout .^hort and the cleft of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, un- 
 equal, those of the premaxillary and the front of the lower jaw being 
 longest; maxillary teeth in a single series, those of the lower two-thirds 
 being small ; teeth of the hinder part of the mandible in a double or 
 triple series; vomer with a pair of fiings; palatines with a single series 
 of small pointed teeth; two groups of similar teeth on the tongue. Eye 
 of moderate size. Oi)ercular portion of the head very narrow and ilex- 
 ible; a fleshy barbel on the centre of the hyoid region. Dorsal <ln far 
 back, opposite anal. Caudal forked. Vent not far in advance of can<lal 
 fin. Pectorals and ventrals feeble, the latter behind the middle of the 
 
 («(Tr/j(i 
 
44. STOMIATID^ — ASTRONESTHES. 
 
 287 
 
 body. Series of phosphorescent dots aloDg the lower side of the head, 
 body, and tail. Gill-openings verj* wide. Gill-rakera minute. Nopseudo- 
 branchife. No air-bladder. Atlantic, (ej/ct, a viper; ffrw/^a, mouth.) 
 
 471. E. bartoatum Lowe. * .: ^ > 
 
 Black, with an elongate, club shaped (phosphorescent) rose colored 
 spot between the maxillary and the eye. Barbel as long as head (in 
 si)ecimens seen), fringed at its tip. "Upper ray of pectoral produced in 
 a long aiid slender filament reaching nearly to the root of the venfrals" 
 (wanting in specimens examined). Ventrals narrow, elongate. Ilead 
 ill length ; depth 9. B. 12; D. 12-15 ; A. 17; P. 3-5; V. 8. L. 9 inches. 
 Deep waters of the Atlantic; lately taken off Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 (Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1843, 88; Giintber, v. 427 ; Goodc & Bean, Bull. Essex. 
 lust. 187t), 23.) 
 
 136.— IWAl-ACOSTEUS Ayrea. - i:^-^;; 
 
 (Ayres, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, 53: typo Malacosteus niger Ayros.) 
 
 Body ehmgate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, the 
 snout very short, tlie cleft of the mouth very wide, extending to behind 
 the root of the pectorals. Teeth i)ointed, unequal, in single series on 
 both jaws and tongue; nou" on the palate. Opercula membranaceous. 
 Dorsal far back, opposite anal. Pectorals rudimentary. Ventrals 
 rather posterior. One species known. (/zaAa/wc, soft; cJatcov, bone.) 
 
 4'y2. ]!I. nigcr Ayres. 
 
 Black, with a white loral spot. Snout very short, convex. Lower 
 jaw with very long canines. Barbel long and slender. Pectoral rays 
 coalescing into a thin, long filament. Ventrals filamentous, ^'ead 3^ 
 with caudal; depth G. 1). 19; A. 20; P. 5; V. G. Korth Atlantic; a 
 suigle specimen known, (yl »'c«.) 
 
 (AjTes, 1. c. ; (iuuthor, vi, 497.) 
 
 13Y.-ASTRONE8TI1ES Richarason. 
 
 (Ridiardson, Iclitb. V •. Sulpb. 97, 18t5: type Asironesthea nigra Rich.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, conii)ressed, scaleless. Head compressed, the 
 snout short, the mouth wide. Teeth pointed, unequal. IJpi)er jaw with 
 four long, curved canines; lower with two; maxillary teeth fine, sub- 
 rqnal; palatines with a single series of small, pointed teeth, similar to 
 those on tongue. Eye moderate. Throat with a barbel. Dorsal flu 
 long, inserted in front of anal, behind ventrals; adipose fin iiresent; 
 candal forked ; paired fins well develope<l. Gill rakers minute. Ko i>seu- 
 dobranchia'. No air blad<ler. Lower parts with phosphorescent spots, 
 («(rr/)(»i/, star (star- fish); e(T<?£w, to eat.) 
 
 '?'! 
 
 •J»i« 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^Kki' 
 
 i-l 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 m' ' '^'tl 
 
 
 W: 1 1;- 1 
 
 
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 It 
 
 t 
 
 
 ( 
 
 1,^. 
 
 
 r i I'l 
 
 
 I'^li 
 
 
 , 1 Mill 
 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
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 "i 
 
 
 V- 
 
 ' '■ ►" 
 
 
 * 
 
 •\ 
 
 i 
 
 
IS .J '0 
 
 
 288 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTDYOLOQY — IV. 
 
 498. A . niffcr Rich. 
 
 Black, with about 23 luminous spots between chin and ventrals. Bar. 
 bel a little longer than head. Dorsal begiiniing just behind base of 
 ventrals; pectoral not rea(;hi.jg nearly to ventrals. Jaws equal. Eye 
 large, well forward. Head 4; depth 5|. D. 17; A. 14. Deep waters 
 of the Atlantic; described from specimens from the Grand Banks, per- 
 haps belonging to a different species. 
 
 (Richardson, Ifhth. Voy. Sulph. 97; GUnther, v, 425.) 
 
 Family XLVL— SALMONID^. = 
 
 {The Salmon Family.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked. 
 Mouth terminal, varying much in size and form; maxillary forming the 
 lateral margin of the upper jaw, provided with a supplemental bone; 
 Xnemaxillarics not protractile. Teeth various, souietimes wanting, (iills 
 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiie present, but often simiU 
 or rudimentary. Gill-rakers various. Gill-membranes not connected 
 free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 3-20. No barbels. Dorsal usu- 
 ally nearly median, not greatly elongate. Adipose fni present. (Cau- 
 dal lin forked. Anal tin moderate or rather long. Ventrals moderate, 
 nearly median. Pectorals placed low. Lateral line present. Abdo- 
 men rounded. Air-bladder large. Stomach coecal or si])honal ; the py- 
 loric ccBca few or many, sometimes obsolete. Ova generally large, fall- 
 ing into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Genera about 20; 
 species 125. A large and varied family; its members inhabit chielly the 
 fresh waters of northern regions, nmny of them being anadroinous, 
 running up from the sea to spawn in the rivers. One genus {Retro- 
 ■pinna) is found in New Zealand, and the species of Microstoma, Argen- 
 Una, and IfyphalonedruH are mostly deep-sea fishes. In economic im- 
 portance this family ranks among the very first, and the salmon and 
 trout in all northern regions are the choicest prizes of the angler. 
 
 (Salmonidw Giintlicr, vi, l-'iOo.) 
 
 •Pyloric croca f«nv or iioiio; istoiiiach ocecal. * 
 
 t Dorsal iiii nearly over the voutrals. {Argcniinina!.) 
 
 a. lU'ancliiostegala '.i or 4 ; body elongate, subcylindrical .... Michostoma, U8, 
 aa. IJrauchiostogals ()-8; body comprpssed. 
 
 b. Adipose lin long and low, acarcoly shorter than dorsal fin. 
 
 Mallotus (jllV.) 
 bb. Adijiose (in normal, short and high, 
 c. Ventraln inserted in front of the middle of the dorsal ; mouth large. 
 Y, ., d. Scuios very small; malos with villous bands; tooth feeble; pectoral 
 C" . ,,f^ rays 16-20... Mallotus, 140. 
 
46. SALMONID^ — MICROSTOMA. 
 
 289 
 
 ,'ij; 
 
 ■«.<• 
 
 >«j'' 
 
 nr- 
 
 dd. Scales liirger, similar in both sexes; pectoral rays 10-12. 
 e. Tooth feeble, thoao ou tongiio very weak; scales small, adherent. 
 
 TuALKUirruYs, 141. 
 ee. Teeth Htron<];er, those on tongue enlarged; scales modcrufe, decid- 
 
 nons OsMKnus, 112. 
 
 cc. Vcntrals inserted under or behind the middle of dorsal; mouth moderate 
 or small. 
 f. Scales cycloid. i ; = ; > .■-.' ,. ; > 
 
 (/. Jaws with nunnte teeth; maxillary reaching past front of eye. 
 
 Uypomicsus, 143. 
 ' 90' Jaws toothless; maxillary not reaching front of eye. 
 
 ' " Argkxtina, 144. 
 
 ff. Scales ctenoid HYPnALoxKi)i{u.s, 14r>. 
 
 •» Pyloric cieca many; stomach siphonal. 
 
 ^Jaws toothless or with a few feeble asperities; scales rather large; anal fin 
 , , , , sonu^what elongate; maxillary short and broad ; not im- 
 
 adromons ( Cori-i/oniiiw) CoUKOONUS, 140.. 
 
 tfjaws witJi distinct teeth; scales mostly small. (Sdhnoninw.) 
 ..^ V,. ''■ Dorsal lin very lon^'; and high, of about !20 rays; scales mod - 
 
 orate ; tongue toothless ; not auadrontous. 
 ■^' »i TlIYMALLUS, 147. 
 
 J hh. Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 9-15 in number; tongue with 
 
 teeth. 
 i. Dentition very feeble, ujcomplete; anal fin elongate, of about 
 17 raj's; scales moderate ; not anadromous. 
 
 Stknodus, 148. 
 
 ii. Dentition strong and complete; conical teeth on jaws, vo- 
 
 'i'.Ji ! '» ' i '■ nu'T, and palatines; tongue with two series of strong 
 
 , /; teeth (deciduous in very old specimens of OHcor/i//HC'Attt'); 
 
 - ' scales small. 
 
 /- < '" ' ' ' u J> Anal fin elongate, of 14-17 rays; vomer uanow, long, fiat, 
 
 ri , , , , , ^ > with weak teeth; species black spotted. 
 
 Oncouhyn'ciius, 150. 
 " ij. Anal fin short, of 9-11 developed rays. 
 
 ^ ' , k. Vomer fiat, its toothed surface plane; teeth on the shaft 
 
 of the vomer in alternating rows or in one zigzag row, 
 those on the shaft jilaced directly on the suvfaee of tho 
 bone, not on a free orest ()K)sterior vomerine tct^th Home- 
 
 .'> times deciduous); sptu'ies black spotted Sai.mo, 151. 
 
 kk. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depn'sstd, with- 
 out teeth; very suKill, about 2(10 in the course of the lat- 
 eral line; species not aiuulromous, spotted witli red or 
 gray Salvkmnub, 152. 
 
 13§.— MICROSTOinA Cuvier, '' 
 
 (Cuvler, R<"^gne Anim. ii, 1817: typo Gaatcropdccus microstoma Hiaso = Microstoma ro- 
 titnaatnm liisso.) 
 
 Body eloiigiitc, cyliiiflrieiil, covered with large, tliin, silvery scales. 
 
 Iloiul short. ;Mouth very small, terminal; premaxillaries very small; 
 
 maxillarles very short and broad, not extending to the front of tho very 
 
 large eye, which forms more than half the depth of the side of the head. 
 
 Lover jaw and vomer with a narrow series of line teeth; no other teeth. 
 
 Dorsal lln short, inserted before or behind the ventrals, which ai'c behind 
 Jinll. Nat. Mus. No. 10 10 
 
 i'i,\ 
 
 
 
 
 f' , 
 
 -r,. 
 
 .^ 
 
 i- iil 
 
 Ii 
 
 
 M h 
 

 w 
 
 '.,.' 
 
 ■ ,1 »\ 
 
 20O CONTIUIIUTIONS TO NOliTll AMIillllCAN ICHTlIYOLOaY — IV. 
 
 tlio middle oi'tlic body; iiiial fin sniidl; ciiudid niii.iII, foiUrd, its i'(>ii||j,] 
 psirt HCid.v ; poctoiiil ijUImt iiiinow; iidii»o.s(^ ilii Niiiall, fViiij»<'d, present 
 in Ihr .voiinjj^, Itnl u.'^tiiill.y disappt'ininix with UfH'. niJincIiioNtr;;id,s.'l()|.| 
 l\s(Mid(>l»i;m('liiu» well d»'V(>Iopod. Air-bladdciliirfic, Kihi'iy. }iu pvloijc 
 <Mrc:i ; niiicoii.s nuMnlunnoorstoinacIi papillose. AtlanticOccati, in (K'lp 
 Avators. (,'tu/jo;, small; frrfJ,"", moutli.) 
 
 411. ITI. (;r4i>iilnii«li<>iiiii IJcinli. 
 
 "Tliis fish appears to be intermediate" bi>t\voen ArtjcniiiKi and Mirm- 
 
 nfoiun, liavinj»" the <lorsal fin ins«Mtetl for the }j:ieater part iu advance of 
 
 the vontrals, and a series of nin» tetith in tlic lower Jaw. T«'eth on lli(> 
 
 vonier, none on the ton<»n«^ Adipose fin eonspieiions. The hei>;Iit of 
 
 the body is one-half the lenf>th of the head and om>tenth of the Iota!.'' 
 
 Jt. .'I; 1). 11; A. 10; V. 10. {(iiintlirr.) (Jreenland. 
 
 (.yicrostomtin ffriiiil(nt<Urit.s Ri'inl\. Vulciisk. Heluk, Niilnrv. MiiMioin. AriiiiiKll. viii 
 1H41, Ixxiv; (iiinther, vi, \»tlf).) 
 
 Form and dentition of Tlinft'ichtlit/M. No trace of scahvs in tlu^ known 
 cxanjples, whieh are iinnuilnre. l>«»rsal tin well backward over ventmls, 
 its insiM'tion nearer the tip of the eandal than the snont; adipos<> I'm lonj,' 
 and low, its heij^ht mneh less than the len;;th of its base, its base little 
 hhoiter than that of the «lorsal; p(M't»>ral rays in Inerc'ased nnnil)ei; 
 anal moderate. I'sendobranehiju well developed. Bram^hiostef^als 1). 
 Vylorie caim'u 4. ^ 
 
 4'3'JI. HI. villosHM (MiilUr) Cuvier (.i/(>MH,7). 
 
 Translneent whitish; a silvery lateral strip<^; npper rt'fjfions closely 
 pnnctate. I'ye a little shorter than snout, 4 in head. ]\Iinnto teelli n\ 
 both jaws; mid»lle of tongue rouj^h; maxillary reachinfj front of i)n|)il. 
 Ventrals and pectorals about eipial in leuf^lh to the lonj^'est dorsal ni.v. 
 Avhich is 7 times in lenjjth of body; ventrals inserted below (Irsl niy of 
 dorsal, not reaehitiij vent ; sjjaee between dorsal and adipose (In two- 
 thirds len<;th of head; lenjjth of adipose tin more than twice its height. 
 two thirds base of anal. Head 4; depth (>. D. I'J; A. 21 ; V. 8; P. 1(1. 
 L. 4 inches. Behring's Straits. Probably developed scales wlieii adult. 
 
 *As thrso pajijes are passin^j through tlie i)ros8, we learn from Dr, Penii flint flio 
 finli lioi-e (K'seri 1)0(1, coUei-tetl by liim in Ht'liiijifj;'H St.ruilH, in not u distinct (jfi iiiis aiil 
 ppecit's as at tii-st. Hnj)i)o.se<l, bnt the jonn^ of MaHolun rillonuH. We tlu'rel'oro snp- 
 pre8s the ]>roposed senerie und Hpeoille iianiea, letting IhodeHcription remain, it beiiiy; 
 t«H» late to oaneel tho latter. 
 
46. SALMONIDiE THALKICIITHYS. 
 
 140.-]?IAI.M>TIIS Cuvior. 
 
 291 
 
 > 1 1 
 
 Capel 
 
 intt. 
 
 (CiiviiT, Uf'jiiio Aiiiiii. IHOT, vA. 9, ii: typi' Clniwa riUma Mllllm.) 
 
 I'iddy cloii^iili', <'()mi>r<'ss((l, covrrcil willi niiniitc NoilrH, a IhumI (»f 
 wliit'Ii, ii'><>v<>, tlu^ hilrrnl liiu^ arid nloii}; oacli sido «»r tlio, liclly, iirc, cu 
 liii'M'd, and ill niiiliiro iniil(>H IIh'.v Ix'coiiiccIoiit^'iitr-liUKM'oliitr*, dciiHely 
 imliiiciilvd, with IVcr, inojccliii}; ijoiiils, foniiin^ villoiiM baiidH. In very 
 (lid iiiaU'M tlui HcaU-H of tlxi bark aiMi holly ai'<> HJinilarly iiiodirnd, and 
 tlio top of the Junul an«l the rayn of tlio i)aii«Ml flnn an- lincly jrraini- 
 liitcd, Monlli latlit^' largo, tho maxillary tliin, extending t(» below the 
 iiii([(II(^ (»f tlio largo eye. Te<^tli minute, forming Hingle w^ieH on the 
 j)i\vs, vomer, palatineH, and j)t(MygoidH| lingual te<',tli Homewbat en- 
 liir}i<'d, in an elliptical i)at(di. Lowi^r jaw lU'ojecting. DorwaJ iiiKorted 
 over ventralM. Hranebio.stegals H-IO. Lower fins very large. INre- 
 torid Hum larg(\ horizontal, with very broad base, tln^r rays in increaHcd 
 iiumlit^r (1(>-L*0), rNeiuhdnanehia', (]uit(^ small. (lillrakerH long, slen- 
 (Icr. Tylori*'. edM'a 0, small. Ova very snuill. Marine Hpecjies of the 
 North Atlantic; and I*aeiti(^ (/u/JAwroi;, villous.) ;•' 
 
 III 
 
 
 
 i ' i 
 
 4r«. jW. Vlllosiis (Milllt'i) CnvitT.— f'rt/>«7iM. 
 
 Dusky olivac('«)us al)ove, grayish silvery on sides and below. If<!ad 
 1(111^', pointed. IJaseof anal in mah^s eompnvssed and prominent; p<'c- 
 torals reaching more than half way to vent ra Is, the latter to anal. Eye 
 lar;,M', l\^ in head. Head 4.^ in length; depth about 0. 1). 12; A. 18. 
 liiit. I. c'fl. 150. Greenland to (Jai»e (Jod and Alaska; abun<lant north- 
 ward. 
 
 {CUqwa villom Mllllcr, Prodr. Zool. Dhii. 1777, 245; dlintlior, vi, 170.) 
 
 i.: i»U.' 
 
 ! . urn 
 
 111.-T1IAM:I€IITIIYS Giriml. 
 
 ' J^nlachon. 
 
 'V# 
 
 (fllrnnl, tT. fl. Vnc U. H. Surv. Fisli. lHr)9, :i25: typo ThaMrhlhjn stcrenni Gnl.-^.9rt7mo 
 paiifivuH Iticli.) 
 
 This genus is intermediato between MallotUH and (jHmctns, difU'erifig 
 
 from the hittt^ in its rudimentary dentition. All the teeth arc very 
 
 Iwble, sleiulor, and deciduous, although occasionally present on all th« 
 
 hones of the month. No i)ermanent teeth on the tongue. The scaleH 
 
 arc iinich smaller than in Osmerus, and more closely {wlherent; larger 
 
 tliiiu iu Mallotm, and similar iu tUo two sexes. The coloration is dusky. 
 
 
 r- 
 
 

 i* 
 
 
 292 ('ONTinHlTIONS to NOUTII AMKllICAN HMITHVOLOOY — W^ 
 
 ►"^m.ili flslios of i\w Xordi PikmIIc, iMMHiM'Unl»I«» for lliriroxtrcino oilinpsf^ 
 WIh'ii «lii('«l {|h\v bnni lilu» n fiiiMlIc [OdXetn^ rieli; (;f''(K, (InIi.) • ; ; 
 
 !|.! 
 
 ■•Tr. T. |>JU«lll««H«(HiHi.)Of«l.— /■;«^^.7lml,• ffimf^^A. 
 
 Color wliito, s<'i»nM'ly Hilvory; tipiu-r royions nMulcMcil dnrU iron j^uiv 
 
 by tlio ticcnniiiliitioii ol' <liirK |inn«liiIiiti«tnN. Jloily ijitlicr rlon^ai,. 
 
 hIoihUm', i\n«l Iivsm ooinprosMcd (liiiii in Osmrnts. Ih'iul lonjj, Itlnntcr 
 
 Hum in Uppomtsiis pirfiosvs, loss «'oni|»n\s,s«M|, luoiulof, iind nioi(> ((ni- 
 
 vox sjbovo, INIonlli Isn-^o, Hio nnixillury rnllnM' niirrow nnd lonjf, n-acli. 
 
 inj; boyoiul tho niiddlo oC llio liilln'r Nninll ry^i*; lowor jaw proioclinj/. 
 
 OpiMolo with s(ronj4 I'onoiMilvio wlriio. (iill inKtMH nninorons, rallicr 
 
 long and Hlond<M\ Vonliids Isjijio, innoilod JumI in front of dorsa! 
 
 rsontbdmun'liiio snnill. Ilond I'j'; dopjli <5. H. S; D.ll; A.LM; I'.n. 
 
 \.M. 1. 7."»; pyloric «'o>oii II; vorlobra* 70. it. 12 iiu'lios. Oroyon lo 
 
 Alaskii, !is<'on«lin|ij tlio rivors in on«»nnon8 nnnd)ors in (lie Hprin/jf. An 
 
 cxcollont piin-lisli. nnsnn)nK.sod in «l(>lionoy ol' IIohIi. 
 
 (SrtUno {}faUohiyl) prtcilhu!* IvM.IhuiInoh. I'jinim Mm. Aiiicr. lit. 'iQ(\: ThdUhhlhyt 
 tttventii U'm\Vi\, l'. S V-.w. U. \i. .Sinv. I'InIi. :Wr>; (iiliilln>r, vi, KiH.j 
 
 lia. 0«:»lKlflIN I-innanis 
 
 (Ar1c«1i ; T,inii«MiH. Sysl. Nul. : ty\)(^ Snhno rpcrhinHnJu) ^ 
 
 Body olonjialo, oonipix'ssod. Ilo^d long, pointod. T\routli wide, tlio 
 slondor maxillary oxiondinji" lo past Iho nnildio ol' (bo oyo; lowor jaw 
 pn^joj'linji'. Proorbilal and suborbital bon<'s innrow. Maxillarios and 
 prouiaxillarios wilb lino t<»olli: b»wor Jaw with huuiII to(»tli, wliioli an^ 
 Uirgor post<Miorly: loufiuo with a I'ow ulroFiy', t'aniu liko loolh, larjicst 
 attluMij>: hyoid bono, voumm, palalinos, ami ploryjioidn with wide set, 
 tooth, ((ill rakors lonji and sloudor. Ibanohioslofials S. Stialos lar;i(>, 
 looso, 00-70 in tho oonrso of Iho laloral litu». l)oi\sal .snudl, about mid- 
 way of tho bo«ly, ovor tho voalrals; anal rathor louj;. Vorlobno about 
 (U). Pyloric ou'ca snudl, fow. JSiuall lishos of Iho coasts of ICuropo and 
 Northern Aniorica, sonu^linuvs ascon<lin}; rivers. Thoy arc couNidoraldy 
 valued as food. (oV/'jj/x'c, odon)ns; tho name is equivalent lo the Muj;- 
 lish "smelt".) , _„.. 
 
 <i. Voiuor with a oroavS-sorlos of «niall toctli ; spooloa «pn\vnh\g In iho noa. 
 41», O. IhnlrU'lilliyH Ayros. 
 
 Olivaooons, sides silvery and souunvhat translucent. Body conipani- 
 tivol^v deep and compivsscd. llead rather short and deep, the niaxil- 
 
40. SALMONID/T: — ohmkrda. 
 
 2<J3 
 
 )„|.y bnijul, Its vi\ti(* Hfifuiffly rnrvcMl, oxtpmliii/; to ofiposito poHtcriof 
 niiu'tri" <•' 1»ii|»il. l*i«Mn!iAilliiry '>ii ihci lovcl of npiMT p.iit ol' ptipil. 
 Miin<lil»l«' |ir(ti('('tiii]if, ilH tip sjumc.wIihI ciiivimI iiiiwnnl. I'i.v«i lorit;«'r 
 tliiin Kiioiit, i ill licad. Fiim lii^'li, tlir prctonilH iikidiII.v r<>iichiiiK vcn- 
 traH, iind tli<^ vcittnilH to ntiiil ; niui) roicliiti;; )il>otit to riiiidiil. Toctli 
 \v(>iik; iniixillnry to«'tli Hniicrly viNiMc. FIcimI 4A; «I<'|)tli r»,;i. I». f); A. 
 IS; I*. II. liiit. 1. <I0. L. IMiichcH. I'ucillc cuiiHt iroiii 8uii i'mncisco 
 iiorlliwiinl ; nitluT cotiiinoii. 
 (A.vri'H, rio(!. Cat. A.-fi.l. Naf.. Hci. IWiO, (12; (IIIhUkt, vi, 1(W.) 
 
 Ift). O. nttoiiiiatii*! l<<irkiiiKiiiM. 
 
 (iriM'iiiHJi, hhIch Hilvcry. Body ('loii<r!it(', ('ompn'NHcd. Ilciul raflicr 
 loiifT, Homcwliiit poinliMl; niiixilliiry rxicndintj \mHt pupil; lower jaw 
 prKJccliii^r; iiiiixilliiiy riiflicr niur<»\v, iJKhi convex. OiilliiH', of hotli 
 jiiwH m'iirly Hlrnijilit, Iomm nirviMl tliiiti in (f. (hakivhIhijH. Tcf^Mi on 
 (tiiiK'K*^ strong- tuit. tiiii(;li Hiiiiillcr tliaii in (). viordnx; teeth on niaxil- 
 lary conHpiciiotis; front of bolli jawH with rather wtronf^ teeth; pahv- 
 \m liH'lh variable, nNiially slron;^. lOye hiv\H'^, 4 In head. V'mn low. 
 IVcloralN not. reaehin;; venhalw, nor ventralw anal, nor anal to eandal. 
 Ilciid ti; depth (1. I). 10; A. 15-17; W II. liai. I. (»r.. \>. 10 inehe.s. 
 ('(laHtof (Jalifornia; not rare. Very close to 0. tlialvivhlhyH, but proba- 
 bly (li.stinet. 
 
 (I.ockinjrt.oii, Pioc. n. H. Nat. Miih. 1HH(», (10.) 
 
 nil. ViMiicr willi '2-1 Htroii^ faiif{-lik<! if«(li ; himmIi's aHcomlhig livcrH, 
 
 4N0. O. Iliordiix {MUch.) {i\\\.—Amvrlvan Smelt. 
 
 Transparent jifreetiish above, wilvery on Hides; body and fins with 
 
 som(> diirk pnn(^tidali(»iis. Hody rather Ion;,' and slender. Ifead lar^e, 
 
 Avilli l,ir;x<' iiionth and slron;^er teeth than in the other species of the 
 
 p'iMis. Huiall tcM'th aIon;x I Imed^e of the. maxillary ; stronjf fan^ like 
 
 tct'tli on tonjj;ne and front of vomer; eardiform leeth on ])alatines. |>tery- 
 
 jjoid.s, and hyoiilbone; inandible wilh moderate teeth, ils tip i»roJe(;tinj?. 
 
 Scales deciduous. Dorsal tin rather posterior, the ventrals under its 
 
 front. Lower llns moderate, none reachitjj; the next behind it. (lill- 
 
 rakers two-thirds diameter of eye. Mead 4; depth (lA. D. 10; A. 15j 
 
 1\ I.'?. Lilt. 1. (iS. L. lij hudies. Atlantic/ <',oast from Vi:;i;inia iiorth- 
 
 wanl, enteriiif; streams and often land locked. Very close to tho 
 
 Kiu'opeau (). epcrhimis, but the latter has larj^er scales (Lat. 1. 00), 
 
 sliorter j^ill rakers, and rather weaker teeth. 
 
 {Alhrrinamnrdax Mitcliill, TraiiB. Lit. &IMiil.H»»c. N. Y. 1814, 44(5: Omnrruii viridcueent 
 Li! Suiuu', Joiiru. Acud. Nat. Scl. I'liiia. i, 2;J0: (hmvrus viridcHccns (iUiither, vi, 1(57.) 
 
 IM 
 
 :J^ 
 
 I; 
 
 'f :i, 
 
 ?*'■: 
 
294 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOQY — IV. 
 
 Var. spc(;ti'UEn Copo. — Wilton Smell. ' • 
 
 Slender. Dead short, with very large eye, and short mouth and iii;ix. 
 illary. Maxillary not extending beyond middle of pupil. Eye 3 in hciid. 
 Head4|' depth 8 J. D. 10; A. 15; Lat. 1. OG. L. transv. 10. Small. 
 Wilton Pond, Kennebec County, ]\Iainc; land-locked in fresh watiT. 
 {Cope.) " '^:' ■•■■'>.--■'■•■:;'':••■.-■'■•■■ -cv -' ■■■■yy-v 
 
 {Osmvi HH »pcctrum Coi)c, Proc. Auicr. Phil. Soc. Phil:i. 1870, 490.) 
 Var. abltOtCi C(>p(5. — Cobcssicontic Smelt. 
 
 Stouter. Eye smaller. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of jinpii. 
 Eye 4^ in bead. Head 4^ ; depth 7. Lat. 1. 08. L. transv. 10. Land. 
 locked in Cobessicontic Lake, Kennebec County, Maine. {Cope.) 
 
 {Osinerua abbolii Cox>*5» Proc. Aiuer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 490.) 
 
 481. O. dentex Steindaclmor. ^ 
 
 Dark brown above ; sides silvery or golden ; head and body with dark 
 points. Eye two-thirds length of snout. Teeth as in 0. eperlanun and 
 0. mordax; maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye, its length live 
 times in distance from tip of lower jaw to dorsal. Height of dorsal half 
 length of head; heightof anal two si venths. Head 4; depth 5|. D. 10; 
 A. 13; y. 8; Lat. 1. GO; L. transv. i^. . Port Clarence, Alaska, to north- 
 ern China. {Bean, MSS.) 
 
 (Steiudacliuer, Sitzuugsb. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wion, 1x1, 1870, 429.) 
 
 143.— HYPOmESUS Gill. 
 
 :f '-'--._ • Stir/ Smelts. , • '. v 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18{)2, 1G9: type Argentina pretiosa Grd.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with thin scales 
 of moderate size. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, forniod as 
 in ArgyrosomuSj the shortish maxillary not extending quite to middle of 
 eye; its outline below broadly convex, lower jaw projecting. Teeth 
 minute, on jaws, vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. Ventrals 
 inserted directly under middle of dorsal, midway between eye and base 
 of caudal. Branchiostegals 0-7. North Pacific. (6-w, below; pi/yo;, 
 middle; in a^^'ision to the position of the ventrals.) 
 
 4§a. H. preJiosus (Grd.) Gill.— 5it»/»S/He/f, 
 
 Light olivaceous; a silvery band along the lateralline. Eye as long 
 as snout, 4 J in head. Fins low, the longest dorsal ray 8 in lenj^th, 
 ■without caudal; pectorals scarcely reaching half way to ventrals, 7 
 
46. SALMONIDJE — ARGENTINA. 
 
 295 
 
 in lenstli of body; ventrals not reacliing vent, their length S\ in body. 
 Ucatl U', depth 4^1 D. 10; A. 15; P. 14; V. 8; Lat. 1. 70. L. 12 
 inelR'S. Piicilic coast, from California northward; abundaiit, sj»a\vninff 
 in the surf. A very linn-lleshed and fat little tish, scarcely inferior to 
 tbc cula<;hon. , . 
 
 (Anjiiil'tiia jirdiosa Gnl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. \S'A, lof): Omnerua preVioswa 
 Giriinl, U. S. Pac. 11. R. Surv. Fish. 324 : Oamerus danijatua Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci.PliilJi- If^H 17.) ^ ■ ;. r 
 
 4§3. II. oSodiis (Pallas) Guiither. '-^ 
 
 Darker. Fins higher, the longest dorsal ray C in length of body; 
 pectorals reaching two-thirds the distance to root of ventrals, their 
 leniith a in body ; ventrals in length of body. Lat. 1. 5G-()0. Alaska 
 and Kiimtschatka, spawning in fresh-water ponds. {Bean, MSS.) 
 {Salmo (Oamtrus) o?kZ«» Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. As, iii, 1591; Giintber, vi, 169, iu jiart.) 
 
 141.— ARGEWTIl^A Linnffiiis. . » 
 
 Argentines. -V 
 
 (Artedi; Linnajns, Syst. Nat. : type Argentina Hphyrcena L.) 
 
 Body oblong, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are 
 often rough with spinous points. Mouth small, the maxillaries very 
 short, not reaching to the eye. Eye very large. Jaws toothless; an 
 arclu'd series of minute teeth on the head of the vomer and on the fore 
 part of the palatine ; tongue typicallj-, with a series of small curved 
 teeth on each side. Dorsal iin short, in advance of the ventrals. Cau- 
 dal lin deeply forked. Eggs small. Fishes of the deep waters of the 
 Korth Atlantic and Mediterranean, never entering fresh waters. (Latin 
 argent itm, a'dvev.) ■, .■ 
 
 * Scales more or less rough. (5i7«» Rciuhardt.*) 
 
 I§4. A. syrfCMsimn Goode &. Bean. 
 
 Body compressed. Ilead not quite twice as long as deep. Snout 
 nearly 3i iu head. Insertion of dorsal midway between snout and adi- 
 l)Ose flu; ventrals under last ray of dorsal. Scales very large, cycloid, 
 covered with minute asperities; a median row of scales along the back 
 and the belly. Color olivaceous; sides silvery. Head 4^; depth 5J. 
 15. G; D. 12; A. 13; V. 14; scales 3-G0-4. L. 17 inches. Sable Lslaud 
 Bauk, in deep water. - — '-■ " - - :- ^ ' . 
 
 (Goodc & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 2()1.) 
 
 *Kciiibardt, Beniiiikn. til den Skand. Ichthyol. 11: type Salmo ailus Ascaniua. 
 (From the Norwegian name Vas-Sil, said to mean rough barring.) 
 
 ■i.V 
 
 mM 
 
^1 
 
 
 m 
 
 296 CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 ia4.-EI¥PClALO.^'£:DnUS Goodo. 
 
 (GoiKlc, Pioc, U. S. Nat. Miia. 188U, iii, 4«3: typo H. vhahibeius Goodo.) 
 
 JJody sub terete, covered with lulbeient rouj-b-pectiiiate or ctenoid 
 scales. .Mouth riither hirfie, the niaxillary reuehiug to beyond front of 
 orbit; lower jaw iHoJeetiuj^. Teeth on jaws, small, sharp; toii<rii(. 
 smooth. Dorsal in Irontof ventrals. Otherwise essentially as iu Arf/en. 
 Una.. Deep sea. {Jjifu'/.n^^ under the sea; h'^^o/iu^^ dweller.) 
 
 485. II. cBialybeiiis Goode. , ....,,.,, 
 
 Grayish, mottled with brown; scales metallic oilvery. Body plunii) 
 terete. Maxillary broad and flattened posteriorly, extending? to iroiit 
 of pupil, its lenj^th 2'^ in head. Interorbital space broad, 4 times the 
 diajueter of eye. Scales arranged in regular transverse rows, overla]) 
 ping in such ii manner as to resemble obli(iue plates on the sides. Lat- 
 eral line i)rominent, straight. Insertion of dorsal midway between peo- 
 toralN and ventrals, or snout and a<lipose fin; pectorals long; ventrals 
 under middle of dorsal; caudal forked, llead 4; depth 4. D. 11; A. 
 8; r. 17 or 18; V. 9 or 10; Lat. 1. 62. Deep sea, off the coast of lUiode 
 Island. 
 (Goodo, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18S0, 484.) 
 
 n 
 
 146.— COBEGOIVUS Luinicus. 
 
 Wlute-Jish. 
 (Artedi; LiinitDnH, Syat. Nat. : type Corcgonus lareretiis L.) . ; ,1, » 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, compressed. Head more or less conic, com- 
 pressed, the form of the snout varying considerably. Mouth small, the 
 maxilhay short, not extending beyond the orbit, with a well-develoi)e(l 
 su])i)le:m'ntal bone. Teeth extremely minute, if present. Scales mod- 
 erate, thin, (myeloid, ra.ther tirm. Dorsal lin moderate; caudal lin deeply 
 forked; anal lin somewhat elongate; ventrals well developed, rseiulo- 
 braucI'i;o large. Gill-rakers varying from short and thickish to voiy 
 long and slender. Air-bladder very large. Stouiach horseshoe-shapi d, 
 with many (about 100) pyloric cuica. Ova small. Species about 40, in- 
 habiting the clear lakes of Xortheru Europe, Asia, and America, in 
 Arctic regions descending to the sea. Most of them spawn in late fall 
 or winter near the shore, at other seasons often frequenting consider- 
 able deptlis. The gronj), as here defined, includes a number of sections 
 characterized by minor modifications of strncture, some of which liavo 
 been considered as genera. It seems to ns that the number of distinct 
 species has been overestimated by i)revious writers, and that the geo- 
 graphical range of each one is much wider than has hitherto been 
 
'•' '. 
 
 46. SALMONID.E — COBEGONUS. 297 
 
 m'licr.illy supposed. The species arc liiy;lily Viilued for food, tbo flesh 
 luiii" jieiK'iiilly palo and of flue flavor. The coloration is very iiui- 
 Ibriii; bhiish olivaceous above; the sides and below sflvery. («<',v''J> 
 the temples; j-tuv^?, an;;le.) , ... ... • .^ 
 
 Xliis {ieiuis niiiy be subdivided as follows: 
 
 »L(nvc'r.j.i\v iuchulcd; proiuuxilliuics broail, placed vcrticjvllyor tho lower edgo tiiruod 
 
 inward. 
 
 tGill-i'iili*''*' "IxTtj tliickisli, few in iininl»or; preorbif il broad, wider than pn[)il ; 
 
 maxillary sliort and ratlier broad, not reacbi:);^ to tlm liiU' of tlie eye; the 
 
 Biiiall supplementary bone mostly nurrow and .sharply ellii)tieal ; montli very 
 
 small (Pkosopiitm Mllner) coMf«i, wUliainxnni, quailrilateraUn, kennicotll, 
 
 ttGill-raker.4 numerous, lonj^, and slender; preorbital Ion.; and narrow; maxillary 
 comi)aratively lon^, the Hupplemental bone ovate. (CouiXio.NL'.s.) 
 
 J Tongue too; liless, or nearly so ; back elevated cliipe'iformis. 
 
 Jf'fouguo with about three series of small teoth; body elongate, compressed. 
 
 hibradoricns. 
 
 Itt Tongue nearly toothless: back not elevated hoyi. 
 
 ••Lower Jaw projecting; iireinaxillarii's narrow, placed more or less horizontally. 
 § Uody ehmgate, subfnsiform; scales small, uniform, convex behind (Auc.viso- 
 
 soMfS Agassiz) merki, arttiU, ti\<ir\[nnim. 
 
 {^HJody short, deeji, compressed, s!iad-likt>; curve of tho back simi!:ir to (hat 
 of the belly; scab's large, larger ft>rwards, rather closely imbricated, tho 
 posterior nuirgin little convex (Allosomus Jordan) tttllibcc, 
 
 •Lower jaw included; preniaxillarios broad, placed vertically or turniid inward. 
 tGill-iakers short, thickish, few in number; preorbital broa<l, wider than pupil; 
 miiKillary short and rather broad, not reaidiing to the liiuv of the «\ve; tho 
 small .supi>lementary bone mostly narrow and sharply elliptical; mouth very 
 small. (iVo8o;>j«m* Milner.) 
 
 4§6. C. coaicsi Milner. — Chief Mountain TJldte-fiHh. 
 
 Head narrowed anteriorly, the snout prolonged, jiig-like, protruding 
 beyond the mouth. Maxillary 4 in head, barely reaching eye. Sub- 
 orbital and supraorbital wider than in the other species. Depth 41 in 
 kngtli ; length of head abont tho same ; body therefore elongate, not 
 elevated nor much compressed. 1). 12; A. 10; scales 8-88-7. Chief 
 Moniitaiu Lake, Montana, a tributary of the Saskatchawan. Very close 
 to the next, if really ditterent; the head and mouth larger in the single 
 specimen known. ■ 
 
 (Milner, Kept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-'73, 8S: Prosojnuni cohcsi Milnor, in Jordan, ilan. 
 Vert. ed. 2, 3G2.) . 
 
 48?'. C. WaflBaamsoni Girard. — nocky Mountain White-fish. lili^'L 
 
 Ijody oblong, rather deeper than in C. qiiadrilatcralis, but little com- 
 pressed. Head shortish, conic, tho proflle more abruptly decurved 
 than in the others. Snout compressed and somewhat pointed at tip, 
 which is entirely below the level cf the eye. Maxillary short and very 
 
 * Jliluer, in Jordan Man. Vert. ed. 2, 301: type C. qnudrilateralia Rich. {Tpoau-elov, 
 "mask; from tho broad preorbital.) 
 
 • 
 
 ■n \ 
 
 it^l'B 
 
 ; 
 
 ,v^ I 
 
 p fl 
 
 r 
 
 mi 
 
 ^ ^fl 
 
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 ^}.: 
 
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 t 
 
 
 ^11 
 
 ■' 
 
 J,-'. •.' 
 
 *> Mm 
 
 
 h 
 
 WM 
 
 
 If i 
 
 Wm 
 
 
 p...] 
 
 H 
 
 
 4 
 
 iHH 
 
 ^ 
 
 :'v 
 
 U 
 
 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 
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 m 
 
 r 
 
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 ■5. 
 
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 :* 
 
 * 
 
 •■■'■'ji'P 
 
 ;i 
 
 ■ ^i^\m 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
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 ''i'H:i'^w| 
 
 ,: 
 
 ''''-''M 
 
 
 ■ ■ V-^\iWm 
 
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 1 
 
 ■ iff. 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 f; n •• 
 
 298 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIiYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 broiul, reaching just about to the anterior margin of eje ; therefore 
 apparently longer than in the next, owing to the shortness of the snout. 
 Maxillary contained 4 times in the length of the head ; mandible 3 times. 
 "Mouth inferior. Eye 45 in head. Adipose tin very large, exteiidin.f 
 behind anal. Depth 4 "^ in length; head 4*3. D. 11-14; A. 11; scales 
 8-74 to 88-7. Gill-rakers short and thick, shorter than pupil ; about 
 10 below the angle. Clear streams and lakes from the llocky Mount- 
 aiws to the Pacitic; abundant in the Sierra. Nevada. An excdleut 
 food-lish ; variable. 
 (Giraid, I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 133; Giiutlior, vi, 187.) 
 
 488. C. qaiattriiiltcralas Richardsou. — rUot-Jinh; Mcnomonec WliUc-fish; Shad 
 i I « iter; Jio tin d-Jtuli. 
 
 Body elongate, not eknated nor much compressed, the bade rather 
 broad, the form more terete than in any of the other species. ]\IoutIi 
 very small and narrow, inferior, the broad maxillary not reacliint,' to 
 opposite the'eye, C^ in head. Head long, the snout comi)resse(l and 
 bluntly pointed, its tip not below level of eye; proHle not str()ii,i;ly de- 
 curved. Preorbital wider than i)upil. Mandible originating under mid- 
 dle of eyt '^i i'.i head. Adipose tin small. Gill-rakers short and stontish, 
 but rather longer than in C. wiUlamsoni. Ilead 5 in length ; (lei)tli 4], 
 D. 11; A. TO; scales 0-80 to 9t)-S. Color dark bluish above, siiveiy 
 below. Lakes of New llanipshire, IJi)per Great Lakes, uorthwestwuid 
 to Alaska; abundant in cold, deep w..ters. 
 
 (Richardson, Fninldin*H .Tourn. 18*^3, 714; GiinlluT, vi, lt(): Coirtjonnn iiom'-aiHiluT 
 Piescott, AiU'-r. Jo'U'u. Sci. Artsxi, U42, 1H51: Voregonna wuw-aiKjliai Oiiulher, vi, IfO.) 
 
 4S0. C koiinicotti Milnor, MSS. xji. nov. 
 
 Body oblong, elliptical, the back not greatly elevated. Head very 
 p.hort and deep, the snout bluntly deeurved and not projecUn;^, tlio 
 depth of the head at the nape greater than the distance from the end of 
 the sntmt to the opercular margin. ]\Iouth not inferior, the jaws almost 
 eqn.d; maxillary extremely short and broad, not quite reaching to the 
 eye, its length 5,'. in head, its supplemental bone broad-ovate, Imiadcr 
 than in eJitpciformis. Gill rakers as in C. qiKulrilnlcrolis. Proinbital 
 rather broad. Color pale, as in chipeiformis. Uead 5.^ in lengtli. D. 
 11; A. i;{; scales 10-00-10. Types Koa. 8971 and OOtH) of the T'nitod 
 States National IMuseuni froai Fort Good Hope, British America, and 
 Yucon liiver, Alaska, :ci>j»ectively. A strongly marked speiies, well 
 distinguished among tho American forms by the very obtuse head, Imfc 
 perhaps identical with some Siberian species. 
 
 „^P 
 
•4!^ 
 
 46. SALMONID^ — COREGONUS. 
 
 209 
 
 ffGill-rakcrs nnniorous, long and slendor; preorbital long iviid narrow; niaxillarios 
 comparatively long; t!io snpph'ini'ntal bono ovate, rather broad. {Core(fonu8.) 
 t Tongue toothless, or uearly so; back elevated. 
 
 4<»0. €. eiupciformas (Mitch.) Milucr. — Common White-finh. 
 
 Boily oblonjf, c()ini)resso(l, always more or less elevated, and boeoinii)<;" 
 
 notably so in the adult. Ilead comparatively small laid short, the snout 
 
 bliuitisli, obliquely truncated ; tip of snout on level of lower edge of 
 
 ])i,l)il; width of preorbital less than half that of pupil. Maxillary 
 
 reaching past front of orbit, about 4 in head. Eye large, 4-5 in head. 
 
 Gill rakers iuoderate, % diameter of eye, about 20 below the angle. 
 
 Color olivaceous above; sides white, but not silvery; lower tins some- 
 
 tiuies dusky. Head o; depth 3-4. D, 11; A. 11; scales 8-71-9. L. 20 
 
 inches. Great Lakes and northwa;** ; the best known and most highly 
 
 valued of the American white-lishes. This species, like others of wide 
 
 distribution, is subject to considerable variations, dependent on food, 
 
 waters, etc. Feeds on nuuute organisms. 
 
 (Salmo chipeiformix Mitchill, Anier. Month. Mag. ii, 321, 1818: Comionm aUiux Lo 
 Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1, 2'M, 1818 : Corcnonns «//>«» Giinlher, vi, 184, and 
 of iiitlliDrs geniirally: Corcjonns riclumhoid Giinther, vl, 185: CoretjonnH ^iapidinximits 
 GiiullK'r, vi, 18t): Coiwjoiihh liilior (.{".mther, vi, 18G: Core<joHm olHttjo, (ho " Ot.si'go Lake 
 13ass'", DcWitt Clinton Med, «fe iMiil. llegister, iii, 188.) 
 
 tt Tongue with about three series of small toeth; body elongate, couipressiMl. 
 
 491, C IsilbradOlicUS Rich. — " IVIiUing" ; Musquaw Eiver While finh. 
 
 Body rather elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. ITead 
 rather long and slender, compressed. Mouth rather small, lite jaws 
 equal, the maxillary reaching to the front of the i)upil. ]\Iaxillary 
 bone broad, rather short, its supplementary j)ieco ovate. JMandible 
 reacliing middle of eye. Eye large, 4j] in head. Supraorbital bone 
 narrow. (1 ill-raker;} ratlier long. Bluish black abov<i, silvery below; 
 scales with dark punctulations; fins all dusky. Dorsal fin high in 
 I'lout, the last rays short. Head tr] ; depth 4;\. D. 11; A. 11; scales 
 9-SO-S. L. 12 inches. Great Lake region to the lakes of the Adi- 
 loudaeks and White Mountains, and northeastward ; generally abun- 
 dant in cold, dear lakes. 
 
 (Ivi hurtlson, Fauna IJor. Anier. iii, 20!5, 18.'W; Giinlher, vi, 17U: Corcgonuf ncohan' 
 toiiicmia I'roMcott, Ainer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, xl, 34*«J, Ibul.) 
 
 tttToiigno nearly toothless; buck not eh>vatcd. 
 
 40'!, C lioyi (Gill") Jorduvi. — Lake Moon-ojr; ( inco of Lake Michifion. 
 
 llody rallier elongate, compressed, the back somewhat elevaled- 
 Head rather long, in form iutormediate between Corcgonm and Ar<j>jro- 
 
 r'>^f?U 
 
 I! 
 
 a' r 
 
 ±^1^ i_ 
 
 t'-O". 
 
W" 
 
 I "' 
 
 :^ I 
 
 ^1 
 
 \ 
 
 
 i: U 
 
 tmmsammsism 
 
 300 COXTUIUUTIONS TO NUUTll AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOOV—lv. 
 
 somiia. l\r<)iilli rntluT lurpfc, icriniiiiil, tlu» lower Jaw rvhU'iitly Nlu)ii(.|. 
 
 tliiiii npiMM, cvni wluMi tiioinoiilh i,s<i|)«'n; tijioi' inn/./h^ I'lillici' lilmiilv 
 
 tnmoatc; maxillary rcacliiiifx 1<> opposite iiiiddh* of pupil, about .'! ji, 
 
 luMul ; iiiaiulihlo exlemliii^j: to posterior inaij^in of pupil. >Siipiaurliit;|| 
 
 uiul prc'orhital narrow. lOye very lar^e, .'<] in head, 'rou^nc widi 
 
 traces of teeth. (Jillrakers sh'uder, ahout -."> l»>low I!h^ aii^-le, r;i|||(.|. 
 
 lonji', nearly us loiijj: as eye. Psendohraneliia' very lar^e. l-'inx |,,^v. 
 
 iVeo iuar;iiu of dorsal very oblique. Color bluish abov»', sides ami lie. 
 
 low vieh silveiy, brij;!;hter than in any other of our (Umijoni^ mukIi as ju 
 
 //,V'>f/'»" and Alhtda. Lateral line almost strai^jht. Ileadt^; depth t'. 
 
 I>, 10; A. 10; Si'a' >s T-Ta-T. h. IL' inches. Deep water.^of Lake :\lj,.||. 
 
 l}»an, Lake Onta. . , ami nei;;hborin}>' lakes; tin' smalh'st an<l IhhkI. 
 
 Komosf «U' our Congoni. It is intermediate in its relations between the, 
 
 typieal Corcifoni and Arfjifrosomus. 
 
 v.lr(7.v»uv()Hi»»» hotii (tiiil, MSS.) Miliior, Urpt. IJ. H. IMmIi (^oiii. lH7^>-7:i, HO, 1^74. 
 .lord in, M;m. \ .Tl. «>il. -2, 27ft.) 
 
 **l<ovvii :i\v ]»rttit'('(in;j;: )>nMiiaxilliirifs narrow, ]>I!1''(m1 more or Ichs liitii/diilMlly. 
 \Hli>(l\ (>loii)j;;i(t\ snltl'u«il'itiiii; .scales Niiiiil I, iiuirmiii, convex lt(>iiiii(l. (l/yiyro- 
 KOiniiM Ajjiissi/.') 
 
 40^. C. iiirrlii (itiir. 
 
 ISteel bluish above, with many dark points; belly white; dorsal iuiii 
 
 caudal mostly blackish; ju'ctorals and ventrals tippe«! with black; eye 
 
 blackish, the iris silvery. Hody ratluM" eloujjate, compresse«l, Imihh 
 
 of mouth as in C. ori<<li^ t\\o lowt'r jaw c<Misiderably proJeelin;»; max- 
 
 illary br<»ad, with ratlu'r broad suppIeuHMital bone, threi^ times as ion;^ 
 
 as wide, extcMulinjj to middle of the very larjjt' eye, its lenj^th .'? in hc;;!l; 
 
 l)nM)rl>ital cxtrtMuely imrrow. Lenjjtth of mandible somewhat more than 
 
 least deptli of tail. Teeth iu>ne, or redaced t«) minute asperities 011 
 
 the ton^iu'. (Idl-rakers nmuerous, very loufjf an<l slender. Dorsul 
 
 very l»ij;h, mucli hi;;her than lon^, its last rays rapidly shortened, {\h> 
 
 first rays twice tin* length of base of tin; insertion of dorsal midwny 
 
 IkHwccu snout and middle of adipose tin. Caudal lar;;c, well forked; 
 
 anal small; vcijtral insert c«l under mitldle of dorsal, very lon^", t^; lcii,!4lli 
 
 of head; pectoral the sanie Icnjjth. Scales as in V. nrtvdi. Head a; 
 
 depth 5r;. Kye W in head. D. U; A. 14; V. 11; scales 7-.S0-S. I'.ehr 
 
 inj;\s Sea to the north shore of Siberia, ascondiuj? rivers; lately obtaiiiid 
 
 by Dr. Dean in Alaska. 
 
 (Salmo r/M;«'<»i«/«'« I'tillaH, Zot-.j^r, Uoh». Asiat. ill, -110; not CoirijonuH oliqH'imltn I.ii- 
 c^pfeilu; IJiinlbor, vi, lUft.) 
 
 •Agrtssiz, Lako Siiin»ri«r, ir»0, S;ft): typo Coreaonu^ diipri/ormit DeKay, uot of 
 Mili'hill, -=C'i>r<'i/OHW« urtedi Li> Sueui\ {iX/jyvpo?, silver; dCbfta, body.) 
 
40. SALMONID^E — COKKOONUa. 
 
 301 
 
 401. <'. UD'(«mI8 Fii' Wiiciir. — Lnla^ Ifi'irin;/; Cisco; Mlvhiijan Herring, 
 
 IJody clout;)! t«', (U)iniu('.s.st'<l, not clcviilcd. Ilciid ('(mipicsscil, ijiUmt 
 poiiilcd. Moiilli liitlicr liir<jr<>, the, iiisixrlliiry n-uchiiifj iilumt l<» tlio 
 iiiidilh' of tlici pu|)il, iilxMit .'U ill liciad ; Mm; tiiiindihh* L'| in lioid. Pro- 
 or!»ilid botio lon;^ »>ii<l Niondcr; Hiil)()rl»ital broiul ; Hii|»raorhitiil m^iirly 
 lis loii.y; iiH <'.V(', iilxml, 4 limes ns loti^ ns broiid. ICyo 4-5 in ImmuI. 
 fiill liilicrH very lon^j ntid Nh'iider, ii.s in rV/f/zm, ns \{n\>^ hm eye, LTj-'K) 
 lidlow tins aiijiilc. P.liiisli bliiiik or j^reenisli iibove; sides silvcu'y; KealeH 
 \viMi diii'k specks. I''ins nn»st!y piile, (ho Iowjm* ihisky tin;;ed. II«mi(1 
 4^;(lcplli l.j. I). 10; A. I'J; sciiles H-75 to 00-7. It. IL' inciies. (^lejit 
 liiilics Mild nordiwiird to Aliisksi and Tiiibriidor; v(^ry abiindiint, iiMiially 
 )'i(>i|iicMliii'; shiillow wiilers. In nuiiKtrous small lakes in Indiiiiia and 
 Wisciiiisiii (denevii, 'rippcciinoe, <)<u>iioino\vo(',, etc.) is tliCi modilied viir. 
 mv {.\v<jtjvoHnmi(H Hi)i('(i dordiin, Amcf. Nat. 1H75, 1.'30), wliicli lives in 
 the deep waters, eoniinj^ into sliidlowci- waters to spnwii in Deeember. 
 
 {('imijmmnrU'dl \a\ Hiuiiir, .loiini. Acai?. Nat. Sol. I'liilii. i,y;il, HtH: CurvfiomiHcliipd' 
 fiirmh* (lilntluT, vi, !!•-', iiinl of iiniily nil iiiilliois, I ml not So I mo chiiirifnniiin of Milcli- 
 ill; Siilmo ((''»>•(, '/<!»» hn) Ii <!)■<■ II 'i 111 Iiii'l.jvnJHCM, l''iiiiiiii. finr.-Amrr. iii, 'Jld: SkIiiih (t'oniiii' 
 nnn) /"'W'c* IMi^hnnlHoii, Kimmi lloc.-Ariior. ill, ^07: Coitijohiih liukliiH (lilnllior, vi, lUH: 
 Coirijiiii.iti hiireiiijUH HWuihfv, vi, lH >.) 
 
 (U>,t. i'. iiif;rrl|>iiiiiiN ((Jill) .h>r.—JUiir-/}ii ; lilaik-Jln. 
 
 r.edy slonl, rusirorin, compressed. Ileud stout. Montli lar^*', tlio 
 
 lower jiiw projeeliii}^. ICye nillier lar;^e, loii^jfcr tiian snout, iib(nit 4 
 
 ill lieiid. Teelli very iiiiiiiite, but appnu-Jabb^ on premnxillaries ind 
 
 (oimiie. (Jill inkers very numerous, loiijij nnd slender. (!oIor dark 
 
 Itlnisli iiliove; sides HJIvery, with dark piinetnlations; Tins all l)lue- 
 
 M;hK. Head I]; <leptli :V\. I). 10; A. 12; scales O-SS-7. L. 18 
 
 iiu'lies. Deep waters of Lake ]Mie,Iii;:aii ; locally abundant. Lar/^er 
 
 lliiiii most of I lie other (Jornpni. Known at oik^o by the black fins. 
 
 (AnjiirimmiiH iilnriiiinnh ((<ill, M.SS.) Miliicr, Kcpl. U. H. Finli (Jotii. |H7i>-'7:$. 87, 
 IH?:,; .loidiiii, Mini. Vi'il. M7:>.) 
 
 f\Itu(Iy hIiimI, ili'op, rompn'sn.Kl, .sliiid-liko; curve of tlin hack Hiiiiiliir to tluit of tho 
 Itclly; Hciilcs lar^^c, tiolahly liir^jiT forwiirds, rallifr cloHcly iinliiiciifcd, Mie 
 ixi.sti'iior maiyiii lilllo coiivfx. ( llloHoinuH .Joiduii.") 
 
 4»«. <'. flllliflM'C Uuh.'-riiUihifl; " Vnnurd U'liilr I'ish". 
 
 l)()dy short, d«'ei>, compressed, Hhad-lik**, the dorsal and ventral 
 curves similar. Caudal pediinch^ short and deep. Head coni<!, com- 
 inosKi'd, miicli as in C. nUjrijtlnniH. Month larfjf^, tlifi maxillary as \on^ 
 
 •.lordini, Mail. Vort. mX. 2, 1H78, JJl: tyim VorryoiiuH litUibeo Rich. {u/l/lo5, ntbcFi 
 (lillVrcui; dibfia, body.) 
 
 
 if?)- 
 
 • ■ '■ -J- 
 
 E (1 
 
 ; s 
 
 * .-, 
 
 f;; 
 
 K Y:. 
 
S!iy;- 
 
 302 CONTUinUTIONH TO NOUTU AMKUICAN ICIITlIYOLOaY — ly. 
 
 rts tho <\vo, (^xtondinji; piist tlio fnnit of fho [nipil, Uh Hupplcitiniliil i,„„„ 
 
 lunrowly ovnlo, \villi pn»loii{r,M| )oiiil; jmavn rcptiil wImmi rIoscH. |i;y„ 
 
 Itir^c, IIS long lis NiiDiit, 4>J in lioiul. Prcorltitiil iiiinow; Nnpnioi-liitui 
 
 cloti{::!it(\ rcctiinjirulju'. HciiIcn nnl(M'ioHy coiiNidwriiblv niljii^cd, flicjr 
 
 (liitinchM' liitir liirjL^iM' (liiin tl)(> iiiinn<>t(>r of (Iiomooii tlMM-iiinliil prdtinci,.. 
 
 Color bIniNli iil»ov<>; h'uWh whilo, piinrliifo wHIi Otio tlotN; v.u'h nvwh 
 
 wiHi a silvory nron, Ihcst^ lormiiijij a Nt'iuvs ol' <liHliin't Ioiij;iiii(|i|,.|| 
 
 Bcripos. lloiul 4; drptli .'{. I). 1 1 ; A. 1 1 ; H«'iiU«H .S-7 t-7. li. IS inclicH. 
 
 lirout Lalvos and norlliwiird. A liiindNonic and \V4>ll marked .sp(>ci(<H. 
 
 {Srthno (('(»m;rt»M.>t) InHihro MWh. Vnxiw.i nor.-Aiiior. iii, Wl, IKIOj Ollntlicr, vi, I'.i'j; 
 Ar<jyrosomufi tullihw ,)onh\x\, iMiiii. Vort. lUU.) 
 
 lit. TIIV!»I4I.M'N Cnvirr. 
 (irnjiling/i. 
 
 (Cuvior, l\i^!jn«' Anin<. <'<l. a, ii, IH'JO: (ypo Satmo ilnimaUiiH I,.) 
 
 11«)<1\ oblong, ooniprossod, lit(l(>(>lcv{itod. Uoad rallirr .sliorl. Mdiilh 
 niodoralo, ((Mininal, (ho .short maxillary «v\i«Miding pa.sl 1 ho iniddio of llio 
 largo «\vo, Itnt not to it.s postorior nnirgin. 'rcclh Nlcndcr and spiii\s(>(jn 
 tln> niaxillarios, pi»Mnaxillarios, and lo\v«'r Jaw; vomer Khorl, willi ;i 
 ^<mall patch ot" tooth; t(>(Mh on tho palatin«»H; tongno toolhloss, or 
 uoarl.v fs»». dill «)p<>ning,s wido. nranohio.stogals 7 or M. (iill lakorM 
 Hhort and rathor utilV. Snhorbital and pioorUilal bonos narrow. 
 Soalos snndl and loost\ 75-100 in tho poav.so of tho latoral lim^ Dorsal 
 tin v<M\v long and high, mostly in advanoo of tho vontrals, of abont JO 
 mys; adiposo tin small; oattdal tin forUod ; anal tin Nmall, of IO~iri. 
 mys. Coloration brilliant, tlu> doivsal with wd or blno Np«>ts. rsou- 
 dobranohia* woll dovolopod. Air bhuhlor vory largo. Pyloric appoiid 
 agos abt)nt 15. lloantifnl lishos of tlu» frosh waters of northorn regions. 
 {(h'\naXXit(;^ tlio rirooU nanu» of tho (Jrayling, tho ll«h having tho odor of 
 thymo — Onuos.) 
 
 49T. T. sltfiiHVr Kioliiir«l8on.--.4mrficrt« OrajiUnrf. 
 
 Bmly elongate, compressed, highest nndoi the anterior portion of llio 
 dorsal, lleail rathor sliort, vsnbconie, compros.stMl, its ni)perontlin«M'oii- 
 tinnous with anterior enrvo of tho baok. Month moderate, tho iniixil 
 lary extendi iig to below tho middle of tho eye; jaWwS abont e(iu;il. 
 Tongue, in the yonng, with teeth which are usnally absent in the adult. 
 Eye quite largo, about l\ in head, ratln^r longer than snout, about c(pial 
 to tho intortu'bital sj^aco. Scales uunlorato, easily detached. Lateral 
 
 ';?^'.v=. 
 
40. SAIiMOMDyr. TirVMAfJ.US. 
 
 303 
 
 Ijiic ticiit'Iy Mfnii;:1i(. A Httiiill Itiiic s|i)i(;(^ bcliitid iMllnntis. Dorsal fin 
 lon^; »»<1 I'IK'^ it^ Icn^tli DitlH'i- ^icnlci- lliiiti Mi«^ <lt>pMi of lioily, it.s 
 ]ii>iir|it viir.viii;^, ^:r(>atPMt in Mm^ iidiIcm; uili|ioH(', (in liilluT kiikiII ; iitiiil 
 jiii Kiiiiill- (lill t'iiUn's sIcikUm, Hliori, iilioiit' 11 Ix-low IIk; iiii^lc iUAar- 
 iiiiiiii Itrillhiiil, (in viir, trirolor) piirpi isli i^m'm.v; .yonn;;; Kilvrry; sides of 
 IicikI vvilli I>ri{j;:li4 MniHli nii«l bt-on/>(^ idh-clionH; hU\vh of lioily with 
 siiiiill. l»liH'K', Incfrnliir HpotH, nioHt, niinirronH |ioHl('ii«»ily in yonnj,' Hpj-ci- 
 iih'Iin; vcnli'jil lins oiiiiih*, dusky, willi dijij^'oiiiil ro.sc roI(»i«'(I Iiih'h; dor- 
 s;il willi It Idnclc line idon;^ its hiisc, (ln-n n roMocoloicd our, flu-n ji, 
 liliicKiHli one, llicn i'o,si>. coloicd, biiicliisli, nnd i'os(>. coloird, tlic. lust 
 siiipc conlinnod iih ii ntw of iqioln; iil)«i\«'i (lirw in u vow ofdiiNliy-^rccn 
 h|h(Im, flicn n nnv ol" minnto roso coloicd H[iots, Uicn a liroiid dnsky an-a, 
 tliciiiiililh^ part of Old (In tipped witli rose; atnd and adipoKc tinKdoHky; 
 (('iili.il rayH of rjindal ])ink, outer rjtyH dusky. Jlejid 4','; depth 4'r*, 
 I). L'O; A. II; HesdeH H~1HM>. !;. IH inelics. K<»rthern jMidii^'an to 
 'Idiilimii, nortliwjird to Ahiskii. and Iho Ar(!ti(; Ocaw, ahoundin;^ in 
 clcMr, cold HtreaniH in suiliibh^ loeutioiiH. ProlV'SHor Milner (Kept. IT. H. 
 I'isli Coin. ISTL'-T.'l, 740, rf Hcq.) r('(n>{;nlzeH thrcn distinet sp(>(.'i('H, which 
 Hi'cin to ns ratlior rh varieties of one HpecicH. These are — 
 
 I'Voia Uritisli Ain^^riea and AliMka. HaH the Hcah'W snialler, (Lat. 1. 
 
 !)S), file luiixillary shoiter, and the hea«l rather h-Hs thiin one tilth the 
 
 li'ii^tli; tlie dorsid rnyH are perhups more nnniennis, and the Un in the 
 
 mules iuiu^h hi;j[h(>r. 
 
 (I'oirnoifHH Hifiiilfir Ificii. l^iiiilttiii'H .Fmnn. 1H!jn, 711: Hnlmn (TInimnthiK) ni fvifcr 
 \\\A\. V;\\\\\i\ Hoi-.-AiiK!!'. iii, lUU; (iiiiitliiT, vi, yoa; Aliliitr, Jicjit. U. 8. JiMJi Com. 
 
 1M7^7;I, 7:h) 
 
 V;ir. Ii'irolor Cope. — MUhffan Graylhig. 
 
 i'loMi varionH Htreanm in the n<»rtliern part o{' tlie Kontlnrn peninsula 
 
 of Mi(lii};ini. Huh a lonj;('r Iieiid than tin', preceding, forming si little 
 
 more tlinii one-Urih the lengtli, and the 8uale« hirger, JKMIli in the lat- 
 
 (t.'l line. 
 
 (Thumillns Irirolor Tdpo, Troc. Arnd. Nftt. flcl. Phlla. 18(55,80: Thymnlhn IriroJor 
 Ciiiitlii r, vi, yoi : ThiimnUun Irimlor MiliuT, Itupt. II. 8. Fieb. Com. 1872-'?:«, TM, and 
 ol' liitii wiilt'iH on angliiiK ^♦'"•'''"'"y') 
 
 Yiir. ilioiitlllli'iN Milner. — Montana GraDUnrf. 
 
 From the headwaters of tlni Missouri. Simihir tu tricolor, T)ut has the 
 body deei»er, the (h'pth being about 4^ in the length. 
 
 {TliiimaUus viontanHH Mihicr, U('i)t. U. S, Tiab Com. l«72-73, 741, 1874.) 
 
 «** * 
 

 VI -^ki^-^ 
 
 %t •^> 
 
 ff 
 
 304 CONTKIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 148.— STCIVODVS Kichurdsoa. 
 
 Inconnus. 
 (Luciolnitta GiiJithcr,) 
 (Rlcliardson: typo Suhno markcnzii Ricli.) 
 
 IJody riither elon;;iite, littlo compressed. Head loiijf, tlie cleft of (1^. 
 mouth wide. Miixilhiry long', broad, lanceolate, exteiidiiij; far backwaid 
 lower jaw projectinj^ much beyond the upper. Dentition very feeble 
 the teeth extremely small ; maxillary toothless; vomer, palatines, and 
 tonyiic with narrow bands of mituito villiforin teeth. (Jill-rakers ri<M(l 
 awl-shaped, r()Uf;li interiorly. Branchiostegal^j 10. Pyloric c(pca in 
 great number. ])oisal fin moderate, over ventrals; anal rather loii"- 
 caudal forked. Scales moderate. Coloration silvery. JMijiratoiy trout 
 of large size, inhabiting the streams of Arctic America and Asia. 
 ((Tr/v(*<r, narrow; oilobr, tooth.) 
 
 •19S. S. tnacIiCBlzui RiulKU'dsoii. — rnconnu. 
 
 l>ody elongate, subterete. Head long and compressed, with flattened 
 
 vertex. Eye moderate. rrooi)erclc much curved. Dorsal fin nearer 
 
 caudal than snout. Bluish above; sides silvery, as in the Comiuni. 
 
 Head lU. D. 10; D. l.'J; A. 15-, scales 11-100-10. Mackenzie\s liiver 
 
 and its tributaries. 
 
 (Stilmo i)virkfn:n Kiidiardson, Franlvliii's Jourii. 182',?, 707 : Luciolrittta muckcn^lci 
 Giiutlier, vi, KM.) 
 
 149.-ONCOKBIF«rCEIUS Suokloy. 
 Facijic Salmons, 
 (Siicklcy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1H;!1, 31-2: type Salmo itrouhn Rich.) 
 
 Body elongate, sublusiform or compressed. Mouth wide, the maxil- 
 lary long, lanceolate, usually exten«ling beyond the eye; jaws with 
 moderate teeth, which become in tlio adult male enormously eidarffod 
 in front. Vomer h)ng and narrow, flat, with a series of teetli bolh on tlie 
 head and the shaft, the latter series comparatively short and weak; 
 palatines with a series of teeth; tongue with a marginal series on each 
 side; teeth on vomer and tongue often lost with nge; no teeth on the 
 hyoid bono. Branchioslegals more or less increased in number. Scales 
 moderate or small. Dorsal fin moderate; anal fin comparatively elon- 
 gate, of 11-20 rays. Pyloric apjiendages in increased nnnd)er. Gill 
 rakers rather numerous. Ova large. Sexual peculiarities very stroii{j;ly 
 developed; the snout in the adult males in summer and fall greatly 
 distorted ; the prcmaxillaries j^rolonged, hooking over the lower jaw, 
 which iu turn is greatly elongate and somewhat hooked at tip; the 
 
;. '^ -^46. SALMONID^ — ONCORHYNCHUS. 305 
 
 teetb oil these bones also f^reatly enlarged. The body becomes deep 
 and compressed f a fleshy humi) is developed before the dorsal fin, and 
 the scales of the back become imbedded in the llesh. The flesh, which 
 jg red and rich in spring, becomes dry and poor. Salmon, mostly of 
 large size, ascending the livers tributary to the i^orth Pacific in l^Torth 
 America and Asia, spawning in the fall. Only five species arc certainlj' 
 kuown. {oyo^, hook; /Jy;'/oc, snout.) 
 The species may be divided as follows : 
 
 •Gill-riikora comparjitively short aim fow (20 to 25 in number). 
 
 fl. Sciilos very small, moro than 200 in a lonj^itmlinal scries gorhischa. 
 
 aa. S(;alea medium, about 145 (138-155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric c(Eea about 
 150. 
 
 J). Anal rays 1:3 or 14 ; black spots small or obsolete. ; B. 13-14 kcta. 
 
 hi). Anal rays about IG; back and up^icr lins with black spots; B. 15-19.. c/iouicfta. - 
 aaa. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125-135) in a longitudinal series ; pyloric 
 
 Cd'ca 50-80 - i"(««/c/i. 
 
 ♦'Gill rakers comp.aratively long and numerous (30-40 in number); scales large; lat. 
 1. about 130 nerka. 
 
 •Gill-nikors comparatively short and few (20-25 in number). 
 (1. Scales very small, moro than 2W in a longitudinal series. 
 
 493. O. gortouscha (Walb.) Gill & Jordan. — Ilumpbach Salmon; Iladdo; Holia; 
 
 Gorbuscha; Dog Sal::wn {Alanka), 
 
 Color bluish ; sides silvery ; back posteriorly, adipose fin, and tai-l 
 with numerous black spots; fall males red, more or less blotched with 
 brownish. Body rather slender, in the female plump and symmetrical, 
 in the fall males very thin and compressed, with the fleshy dorsal 
 hump much developed and the jaws much elongated, strongly hooked, 
 and with extravagant canines in front. Ventral appendage half the 
 IcDgtli of the fin. B. 11-12. Gillrakers 13 + 15. A. (developed rays) 
 15; D. 11; scales 215 (210-210), those of the lateral line larger, 170. 
 Pyloric cocca very slender, about 180. V/eight 3-G pounds. Tacific 
 coast and rivers of North America and Asia from Oregon northward; 
 not rare; occasionally taken in the Sacramento. Known at once by 
 tlic very small size of the scales. 
 
 {Salmo {lorbuscha Walbaum, Artedi Pise. 1792, 69: Sal mo proteus Vallas, Zoogr. Koss. 
 Asiat. ill, 370: Salmo gibber Bloch & Schneider, 40i) : Oncorhytichus protcm Giinther, vi, 
 157 : Salmo protcm Suckley, Monogr. Salmo, 97; Jordan, I'roti. U. S. Nat. Mns. i, 71, 
 1878; Salmo Hcoitleri Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 158. Onrorhynchua acouleri Giinther, 
 
 vi, 158.) 
 
 aa. Scales medium, about 145 (138-155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric coBca about 150. 
 h. Anal rays 13 or 14 ; black spots small or obsolete. 
 
 500. O. kcta (Walbanra) Gill & Jordan.— /'oj; Salmon; Hay-Tco; Le Eai Salmon. 
 
 Dusky above; sides paler, little lustrous; back and sides with no 
 Bull. Nat. Ms. No. IG ^20 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 i' 
 
 
 
 
 
 " " iK , ' 
 
 
m^ 
 
 
 Wil 
 
 7^-' 
 
 mjut 
 
 rv . 
 
 I^H 
 
 t;' 
 
 ■| 
 
 '* * .• 
 
 H 
 
 E-, . 
 
 m 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 > -' 
 
 1-- ■ l< -II 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I I 
 
 306 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICITTnYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 (Icfinod spots, but only fmo spccklinga, which are often entirely obso, 
 leto; heiul dusky, scurcely any me Uil lie lustre on head or tail; eaiului 
 dusky, plain, or very finely maculate, its edge usually distinctly Idack. 
 isli; lins all mostlyblackisli, especially in males; breeding males generally 
 blackish above, with sides brick-red, olten barred or mottled. (Iciiemi 
 form of the Quinnat,but the head proportionately h)nger, more de))ios.s,.,i 
 and i)ike-llke ; the preoperclc more broadly convex behind, and the inax- 
 illary ext(Miding considerably beyond eye. Gill-rakers few, coarse, uiid 
 stout, as in the Quinnat. Accessory i)ectoral scale short, not half the 
 length of lin. Head 4; depth 4. I). 9; A. 13-14; scales about 2S-ir)0, 
 30; B. 13 or 14, rather broad; gill-rakers + 15; pyloric coica 140-18.r 
 weight about 1'2 pounds. San Francisco to Kamtscluitka, ascendiiij,' all 
 streams in the fall, and spawning at no great distance from the sea- 
 abundant in liehring's Straits. At the time of its run the males of tbin 
 species are much distorted and the flesh has little value. 
 
 {Salmo keta vol Kayko Wiilbaimi, Artodi Piac, 17'.>2, 72: Salino kcta vol Kayko IJloih 
 & Scbnoidcr, IriOl, 407: Salmo lufiocephalna Piillas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiut. iii, ;{7:;,', l'^ll-';il: 
 Salmo aiuin SiK'kh'y, Aim. liyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1858, 9, aucl Monogr, Salmo, 101; Oh- 
 corhynchiis lagocephalua Giiuthcr, vi, IGl.) 
 
 Ih. Anal rays .about 16 ; back and upper fins with black spots. 
 
 501> O. ciiouiclia (Walb.) J. &G.—(;?«i«Ha< Salmon; King Salmon; ColuniUaM- 
 mon ; Sacramento Salmon ; Chinnook Salmon ; Ti/ec Salmon ; Fall Salmon {mah); 
 Sj)ri n (J Salmon ; JVinter Salmon ; Saw-kiceij ; Choaicha. 
 
 Color dusky above, often tinged with olivaceous or bluish; sides and 
 below silvery; head dark slaty, usuallj'^ darker than the body and littlu 
 spotted; back, dorsal fin, and tail usually profusely covc^red with round 
 black spots (these are sometimes few, but very rarely altogether want- 
 ing) ; sides of head and caudal fin with a peculiar metallic tin-colored 
 lustre; male, about the spawning season (October) blackish, more or 
 less tinged or blotched with dull red. Head conic, rather pointed 
 in the females and spring males. IMaxillary rather slender, tlic small 
 eye behind its middle. Teeth small, longer on sides of lower Jaw than 
 in front; vomerine teeth very few and weak, disappearing in the males. 
 In the males in late summer and fall, the jaws become elongate and 
 distorted, and the anterior teeth ranch enlarged, as in the related spe- 
 cies. The body then becomes deeper, more compressed, and arched 
 at the shoulders, and the color neaily black. Preoperele and op- 
 erclo strongly convex. Body comparatively robust, its depth greatest 
 near its middle. Ventrnls inserted behind middle of dorsal, ventral 
 appendage half the length of the fin; caudal, as usual in this gcuus, 
 strongly forked, on a rather slender caudal peduncle. Flesh red and 
 
46. SALMONIDiE — ONCORIIYNCIIUS. 
 
 307 
 
 nVh in spring, bccomitig paler in the fall as tlio spawning season 
 approaclies. Head -4; depth 4. 15. 15-10 to lS-19, the munber on the 
 two sides always nnlike. I). 11; A. 10. Cllll-rakera usually + ll 
 (j. e., above the angle and 14 below). Tyloric iireea 140-185. Scales 
 usually 27-l4()-2{), the number in a longitudinal ^eries varying from 
 11()_1,~»5, and in California specimens occasionally as low as 135. Verte- 
 l)ia> (id. L. 30 inches. Usual weight in tlie Cohunbia Iliver 2U pounds, 
 elsewhere 1(5-18 jmunds, but individuals of 70-100 i»ouuds have been 
 taken. Ventura Iliver to Alaska and Northern China, ascending all 
 liir^ic streants; especially abundant in the Columbia and Sacramento 
 Elvers, where it is the principal salmon. Upwards of 30,000,000 pounds 
 are now takcTt yeirly in the Cohunbia River. It ascends the largo 
 streiiins in spiing and summer, moving up, without feeding, until the 
 spawning season, by which time many of those which started lirst may 
 have travelled more than a thousand miles. After si)awni g, most or 
 all of those which have reached the ui)per waters perish from ex- 
 haustion. It is by far the most valuable of our salmon. It has lately 
 been introduced into many eastern streams. 
 
 {Salmo tHhawi/tacha* Walbaum, Artedi Piac. 17'J2, 71: Salmo oricntalis Pallas, Znnar. 
 Kdss. Asiiit. iii, ;W7, Irtll-'iU: Salmo qninnat Ridi, F;uina Hor.-AtiH'r. iii, '2l'.>, .and of 
 writers goiionilly: Oncorhjinchus quhrnat (.iiiitlicr, vl, V'tH: Oncorh i/nvhua orientuliH 
 (5iiiiMiLT, vi, l.')!*: Oncorhi/nchua quinnat Jonhiu, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 69: Fario 
 anjureiiH CJiianl, Acart. Nut. Sta. Pliila. 1H5(), 218: Salmo quinnat, conjIiienhiH, anil 
 anjiireuH Suckloy, Mouogr. Saluut, 10."), lO'J, 110: Salmo Inchawy India liloch«fc ydiucidor, 
 kill, 407.) 
 
 aaa. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125-135) iu a longitudinal series; i)ylorio 
 cceca 50-BO. 
 
 502. O. kisutc9l (Wall).) Jor. «& Gilb. — Silver Salmon; Kiautch; Skowilz; Hooj)td 
 Salmon; Coho Salmon; JJielaya Ilyha. 
 
 Bluish green; sides silvery, with dark i)unctulations; no spots except 
 a few rather obscure on top of head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and 
 the rudimentary upper rays of the caudal; rest of the caudal tin un- 
 spotted; pectorals dusky tinged; anal with dusky edging; sides of head 
 without the dark coloration seen in the Quinnat; males mostly red in 
 fiiU, and with the usual changes of form. Ilody rather elongate, com- 
 pressed. Head short, exactly conical, terminating in a bluntly i>ointed 
 snout, which is longer and broader than the lower jaw. Head shorter 
 than in a young Quinnat of the same size. Interorbital space broad 
 and strongly convex. Operclo and preoporcle strongly convex behind ; 
 the preopercle very broad, with the lower limb little dev^eloped. Cheeks 
 
 * A barbarous spelling of the word "c/touic/ia" wbich wo have thought proper to 
 eimplify. j , 
 
 ,f rHil 
 
 m 
 
 * -v. 
 
 
 i'^i»^;. 
 
 " rW 
 
 
 i'i. 
 
 til!}; 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 » i ' ' r ^ 
 
 
■WP 
 
 mm 
 
 
 308 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 broad. Eye quite small, uTucli smaller than in young- Quinnat of thr 
 same size. Suborbital very narrow, with a row of mucous pores alon^ 
 
 ft 
 
 its surface. Maxillary slender and narrow, but extending somewhat 
 beyond the eye. Teeth very few and small, only two or three on the 
 vomer; those on tongue very feeble. Gill-rakers 104-13, rather loii" 
 and slender, nearly as long as eye, toothed. Fins small. Pectorals 
 and ventrals short, the ventral appendage three-fifths the length of tlie 
 fin ; caudal strongly forked, on a slender peduncle. Head 4 ; depth i. 
 B. 13-14. Pyloric coeca very few and large, G3 (45-80) ; scales 25-127- 
 29. D. 10; A. 13-14 (developed rays). L. 15 inches. Weight 3-8 
 pounds. A small salmon, ascending streams in the fall to no great dis- 
 tance. Abundant from San Francisco northward. 
 
 (SaJmo Msutvh Walbanm, Arterli Pise, 1792, 70: Salmo hjitutsch Bloch & Schnoider 
 18U1, 407: Salmo sanguinolenlua Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. iii, 379: Oncorhynclim mn- 
 giiinolentua Giiuther, vi, IGO: Onc^rhynchua lycaodon Giiuther, vi, 155, iu part: Salmo 
 nconlcri Siickloy, Jlonogr. Salmo, 94: Salmo tstippUch Ricbaidaon, Fauna Bor.-Anier. 
 iii, 224, 1S:{6: Salmo tsuppitch GUnther, vi, 118 (not of Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 
 7**, 1878,^ Salmo purpuratua); Oncorhynchua tsuppitch, Jordan, Forest and Stream, Sep. 
 teiiiber 10, 1880, 130.) 
 
 ** Gill-r.akers comparatively long and numerous (30 to 40 in number) ; scales large, 
 in about 130 scries. 
 
 503. O. nerfca (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. — Blue-back Salmon; Red-fiah; Frazer's 
 liiver Salmon; Sugk-cye Salmon ; Kraanaya Ryha. 
 
 • Color clear bright blue above; sides silvery, this hue overlying tlio 
 blue of the back; lower fins pale, upper dusky; no spots anywhere in 
 adults in spring; the young with obscure black spots above; males 
 deep crimson red in the fall ; the fins blackish, the caudal then often 
 speckled with black; young breeding males {'■'■ KennerlyV) often shari)ly 
 spotted. Body elliptical, rather slender. Head short, sharply conic, 
 pointed, the lower jaw included. Maxillary rather thin and small, ex- 
 tending beyond eye. Teeth all quite small, most of them freely mova- 
 ble; vomer with about G weak teeth, which grow larger in fall males, in- 
 stead of disappearing. Preoperclo very wide and convex; opercle very 
 short, not strongly convex. Preopercle more free behind than in 0. 
 chomclia. Ventral scale about half the length of the fin; caudal fin nar- 
 row, widely forked; anal fin long and low; dorsal low. Flesh deej) red. 
 Males becoming extravagantly hook-jawed in the fall, the snout being 
 then prolonged and much raised aboAe the level of rest of head, the 
 lower jaw produced to meet it. Mandible 1^ in head, in fall males, 1$ in 
 females; snout 2 J in head, in fall males, 3^ iu females. Head 4; depth 4. 
 Gill-rakers as long as eye, more numerous than in any other of our sal- 
 mon, usually 16-23. B. 14+13. D. 11 j A. 14; scales 20-133-20; 
 
46. SALMONIDJE SALMO. 
 
 309 
 
 pyloric cceca 7i3-95. Vertebra? G4. L. 24 inches. Weight 4 to 8 pounds. 
 Columbia River to Kamtscliatka; genenillj- abundant, esi)ecially north- 
 ward; ascending streams in spring to great <listances, and often fre- 
 quenting mountain lakes in fall, spawning in their small tributaries; one 
 of the most graceful of the Salmonidw, scarcely inferior to the Quinnat 
 when fresh, but the flesli more watery and less valuable when canned. 
 
 {Salmo ncrlca Walhamn, Artcdi, Pise. 17t>2, 71 : Salmo nerka Bloch & SeLneider, l^iOl, 
 417: Sahno lycaodon Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Ahiat. iii, 370: Salmo japonensis VnUas, 1. c. : 
 ^ Salmo dermatinu8 and con8«p<tt8 Richardson, Voyage Herald, Zoiil. 167, 1G8 (probably 
 O.keta): Salmo paitciclena H'lLhiirdHOQ, Fauna Bor.-Anicr. iii, 222: Oncorhynchus lijcaodon 
 pt. aud 0. pauvidens Giiutber, vii, 155, 158: Salmo cooperi, paucidena, warreni, and 
 rithardi, Suckley, Monogr. Saluio, 92, et acq.; Jordan, Man. Vert. 357 ; Jordan, Proc. 
 U. S. Nat. Miia. 1,71, 1H7B: Salmo kenneiUji Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, 
 307, 18G1, and Monogr. Saliuo, 145 (young male or grilse, in breeding season) : Salmo 
 hnnerlyi GUntlier, vi, 120; Uypaifario Icennerlyi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 
 330: Oncorliynchiia Icnnerlyi Jordan, Man. Vert. 357, and in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 
 7'.', 1878: ? Salmo tapdisma, arabatach, aud melamplerua Cuv. & Val. xxi, 314-G.) 
 
 150.— S4Li]!IO Linnaeus. 
 Salmons. 
 (.\rtedi; Linnroiis, Syst. Nat. : type Salmo aalar L.) 
 
 Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth large; jaws, palatines, 
 and tongue toothed, as in related genera ; vomer flat, its shaft not de- 
 pressed, a few teeth on the chevron of the vomer, behind which is a 
 somewhat irregular single or double series of teeth, which are some- 
 times deciduous with age. Scales ! rge or small, 110-200 in a longitu- 
 dinal series. Dorsal and anal fins short, of about 11 rays each; caudal 
 flu truncate, emarginate, or forked, its peduncle comparatively stout. 
 Sexual peculiarities variously developed ; the males in typical species 
 with the jaws prolonged and the front teeth enlarged, the lower jaw 
 being hooked upwards at the end and the upper jaw emarginate or per- 
 forate. In some species these i)eculiarities are little marked. Species 
 of moderate or large size, black- spotted, abounding in the rivers and 
 lakes of Northern America, Asia, and Europe; one or two Atlantic 
 species marine and anadromous. The non-migratory species (subgenus 
 Fario) are in both continents extremely numerous, closely related, and 
 difficult to distinguish. The excessive variations in color and form have 
 given rise to a host of nominal species. European writers have de- 
 scribed numerous hybrids among the various species of Salmo, real and 
 iiomiual, found in their waters; as also among the various European 
 CyprinidcB. We have thus far failed to find the slightest evidence of 
 auy hybridism either among our American SalinonidcB or Cyprinidw, 
 in a state of nature. Puzzling aberrant or intermediate specimens 
 
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 310 CONTmBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — VT. 
 
 certainly occur, but such are not necessarily "hybrids." {Salmoj the 
 Latin name of S. salar, originally from salio, to leap.) 
 
 The following observations on the snecies of trout are taken, with 
 some slight abridgment and alteration, from Dr. GUnther's accouut of 
 this family (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi): 
 
 There is no other group of fishes which offers so many difficulties to the icbthvnl- 
 ogist, witli regard to tho distinction of the species, as well ad to certain jjoints in 
 their life history, us this genus. * ♦' * Tho almost infinite variations oitlicsclisli.a 
 are dcj)en(lent on age, sex, and oexual development, food, and tho properties of tho 
 ■water. * * • The coloration is, first of all, suhject to variation, and consi'qiiciitlv 
 this characttT hut rarely assists in distinguishing a species, there heing notonewliicU 
 would show in all stages tho same kind of coloration. The young in all the siu'cics 
 of tliis genus are harred, and this is so constantly tho case that it may he usid as a 
 g<>neric or even as a family character, not being peculiar to Salmo alone, but al.s(, to 
 Tliymallua aad i)robably to Coregonus. The number of bars is not quite constant, but 
 t'\o migratory trout have two (or even three) more than the river-trout. Whcu tlie 
 SalmoiifH have passt-dthis "parr" state, tho coloration becomes much diversiiiiul. Tlio 
 males, especially during and immediately after tho spawning time, are more in- 
 tensely colored and variegated than tho females, speciaums not mature retaiiiinj; a 
 brighter silvery color, and being more similar to tho female fish. Food a])i!eais to 
 Lave less mfluonce on tho coloration of the outer parts than on that of tho tiesli ; 
 thus, the moie variegated specimens are frequently out of condition, whilst well-fed 
 iuilividua'.s, with pinkish flesh, are of more uniform though bright colors. * • • 
 The water liiis a marked iulluen(•(^ on the colors. Trout with intense oeellatcd spots 
 «ro generally found in clear, rapid rivers and in alpino pools; in tho largo lakes, with 
 pebbly bottom, the fish aio bright silvery, and the ocellated spots iiro mixc^tl witli or 
 replaced by X'shaped black spots j in dark holes, or lakes with i^eaty bottom, they 
 often assume an almost uniform blackish coloration. 
 
 Tho brackish or salt water has the effect of givin<r them a bright-silvery coat, 
 without or with few spots, none of them ocellated. With regard to size, the various 
 species do not present an equal amount of variation. Size appears to depend on the 
 abundance of tho focd and tho extent of tho water. Thus, tho migratory sii('('i(>H 
 do not appear to var^ eonsi<lerably in size, because they fin<l the same conditions in 
 all tiie localities inhabited by them. A widely-spread species, however, like Sulmo 
 fano (or in America, Salmo purjuiraliis)- when it inhabits a small nuiuntain ])ool, with 
 scanty food, never attains a weight of 8 ounces, while in a largo lake or river, where 
 it finds an abundance of food, it attains to a weight of 14 or 1(5 po^mds. Suuh larf;;o 
 river-trout are frequently named or described as 8almou-trout, Bull-trout, Steel-heatk, 
 etc. 
 
 Tho proportions of the various parts of the body to ono another vary exceoihugly, 
 in the same species, with ago, sex, and condition. 
 
 Tho fins vary to a certain degree. Tho variation in tho number of rays in any ouo 
 g(>nus (except Oncorhynchits) is inconsiderable, and of no vali.s for specific distinction. 
 Although some spocics appear to be distinguished by a comparatively low dorsal and 
 anal fin, yet tho proportion of tho height of these fins to their length is a rather un- 
 certain character. In most of the spccieB tho fin-rays are longer during the stages of 
 growth or development. Tho caudal fin especially undergoes changes with a';e. 
 Yt)U'\g specimens cf all species have this fin more or less deei)ly excised, so thai the 
 young of u species which has the caudal emarginato throughout life is distiu- 
 giiished by ?. deeper incision (.<* the fin from tho young of a speciea which has it 
 truncate in the young state. Tao individuals of tho same species do not all attuiu 
 to maturity at tho samo size. 
 
46. SALMONID^ — SALMO. 
 
 311 
 
 Finally, to complete oitr enumeration of those variable characters, wemnst mention 
 that in old nales, dnring and alter the spawninj.^ season, the slciu on the back becomes 
 tiiickeuod and sponj^y, so that the scales are quite invisible or hidden in tho skin. 
 
 After this cirs jry review of variable characters, we pass oi> to those which wo have 
 found to bo coiistauc in numbers of individuals, and in which it is difficult to perceive 
 gjirus of niodil'cation due to external circumstances. 
 
 Such characters, according to the views of the zoologists of tae present age, are 
 Bufficieut for the delinition of species ; at all events, in every description they ought 
 to ))L' noticed, an<l tho confused and unsatisfactory state of our knowledge of Sal- 
 monoids is chietly caused by authors having jiaid attention to the more conspicuous 
 but unreliable characters, and but rarely noted one of those which arq enumerated 
 
 here. 
 
 1. Tiie form of the i)rcopcrculum of the adult fish. 
 
 2. The width and strength of tho maxillary of tlie adult fish. In young specimens 
 and iu females tho maxillary is proportionately shorter than in the adult. 
 
 1 The size of tho teeth, those of tho premaxiilaries excepted. 
 
 4. The arrangement and permanence of the vomerine teeth. 
 
 .5, T"ie development or absence of teeth on the liyoid bone. In old examples these 
 are often lost, and their absence in a species usually jirovided with them is nc t un- 
 common. 
 
 G. The form of tho caudal fin iu specimens of a given size, age, or sexual develop- 
 ment. 
 
 7. Tho size of the scale-i, as indicated by counting tho number of transverse rows 
 .ibovo tho lateral line. The scales of the lateral line are always more or less enlarged 
 or irregular and the number of scales shoiiM be ascertained higher up ; this is one of 
 the most constant and valnable of all the specific characters. 
 
 8. A gr»at development of tho pectoral fins, when constant in a number of ypeci- 
 mens iVoin the same locality. 
 
 9. The numb(sr of vertebne. 
 
 10. The number of pyloric cooca. 
 
 11. Tbo number of gill-rakers. 
 
 The species may be divided nn follows : 
 
 •Marine salmon, anadroinous, with the vomerine teeth little developed, those on the 
 shaft of the bone few and deciduous; scales large (Lat. 1. i'20); caudal weU 
 Mirked, truncate in old individuals; no hyoid teeth; sexual dilfereuceH 
 Btrong ; breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upwards, tho »ii)per 
 
 jaw emarginate or perforate to receive its tip (Salmo) aalar. 
 
 •* River salnon, not anadroinous, with tho vomerine teeth largelj' developed, those on 
 the shaft of tho bono numerous, persistent, in one zigzag row or two alter- 
 nating rows; sexual dift'erences not strongly marked, the male with tho 
 premaxiilaries somewhat enlarged. (I'auio Valenciennes.) 
 0. Hyoid hone entirely toothless. 
 h. Scales larger, l'JO-150 in a longitudinal series. 
 
 c. Caudal (in forked irideun. 
 
 C3. Caudal fin truncate gairdneri. 
 
 hb. Scales small, 165-UO.') in a longitudinal series. 
 
 d. Caudal fin truncate ./tpilurua. 
 
 aa. Hyoid bono with a narrow band of small teeth (often lost) ; scales small (lat. 1. 
 155 to 190) purpuratuH. 
 
 •Marino salmon, anadromous, with tho vomerino teeth little developed, those on tho 
 shaft of tho bone few and deei<luous ; scales large ( Lat. I. ViO) ; caudal fin well 
 forke<l, truncate inold individuals; no hyoid teeth ; sexual difi'erencesstroug; 
 breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upwards, tho upper jaw cmurgi- 
 
 - nt.to or perforate to receive its tip. {Salmo.) 
 
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 312 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY^iy. 
 501. S. salar Linnsous. — Common Atlantic Salmon. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not greatly compressed 
 Head ratLer low. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching jnst pa.st 
 the eye, its length 2^3 in head; in young specimens the maxillary 
 is proportionately shorter. Preoperculum with a distinct lower limb 
 the angle rounded. Scales comparatively large, rather largest pos- 
 teriorly, silvery and well imbricated in the young, becoming imbed- 
 ded iu adult males. Coloration h\ the adult brownish above, the sides 
 more or less silvery, with numerous black spots on sides of head 
 on body, and on fins, and red patches along the sides in the males- 
 young specimens (i)arrs) with about 11 dusky cross-bars, besides black 
 spots and red patches, the color, as well as the form of the head 
 and body, varying much with age, food, and condition ; the black spots 
 in the adult often X-shaped or )0<shaped. Head*; depth 4. B. U- 
 D. 11; A. 9; scales 23-120-21; vertebne CO; pyloric cceca about 05. 
 Weight 15-40 pounds. North Atlantic, ascending fill suitable rivers 
 in Northern Europe and the region north of Capo Cod ; sometimes per- 
 manently land-locked in lakes, where its habits and coloration (but uo 
 tangible specif 3 characters) change somewhat, when it becomes (in 
 America) var. sebago. One of the best known and most valued of 
 food -fishes. 
 
 (Linntena, Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, vi, 11, and of nearly all authors : Salmo gloved Girard, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,85: Salmo sebago Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu, 
 1853, 380; Suckley, Mouogr. yaliuo, 143: Salmo schago and gloveri Giiuthci", vi, 153.) 
 
 ** River salmon, not anadromous, •with the vomerine teeih largely developed, tlioHe 
 on the shaft of the bone nunieroiis, persistent, in one zigzag row or 
 two alternating rows; sexual dift'ercnees not strongly marked, tho 
 males with tlie premaxillaries somewhat enlarged; Hesh often pale. 
 (Fario Valenciennes*). 
 a. Hyoid bomi entirely toothless (tongue with teeth as usual). 
 b. Scales large, in 120-150 series. 
 0. Caudal liu forked. 
 
 503. S. iridCUS Gibbons. — California Brooh Iroui; Eainbow Trout. 
 
 Body comparatively short and deep, compressed, varying consider- 
 ably, and much more elongate in the males than in the females. Head 
 short, convex, obtusely ridged above. Mouth smaller than in any 
 other species of the genus, tho rather broad maxillary scarcely reach- 
 ing beyond the eye except in old males. Eye larger than in our other 
 species, 6 in head. Vomerine teeth in two irregular series. Dorsal tin 
 
 • Valonciennea, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxi, 227: typo Fario argenteus Val. (Fario, a 
 Latin name of tho "Salmon Troiit"; included species Avith a single low of iternia- 
 nent teoth on tho vomer; Salar, Vul. 1. u. 314, iucluded thosu with two rows, a dis- 
 tinction of uo importance. ) -^ " ■ ' 
 
46. SALMONIDJE — SALMO. 
 
 313 
 
 moderate; caudal fiu distinctly tbougli not strongly forked, more deeply 
 incised tbau in any other of our species of Fario. Scales comijraatively 
 lar'^e. Coloration bluish above, the sides silvery; everywhere above 
 profusely but irregularly spotted, the spots extending on the sides and 
 on the vertical fins; spots on caudal small ; belly nearly plain; sea-nm 
 si)et'iinens nearly plain silvery ; males with red lateral band and blotches. 
 Head 4 ; depth 3^. D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 21-135-20, varying considerably, 
 tbc highest number noteti ])eing on the typeof "JPario newherriV\ 33-14G- 
 33. L. 24 inches'. Weight J to pounds. Streams west of the Sierra 
 Ifevada, from near the Mexican line (Rio San Luis Key) to Oregon; very 
 abundant, and subjec': to many variations in size, form, and color. 
 
 (Gibbons, Proc, Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 3G; Giiuthcr, vi, lit); Sucklov, Monogr. 
 Saliuo, V29; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. i, 75: Fario gahlneri Girard, U. S. Pac. 
 K, R. Surv. Fish, x, 313 (not Salino gairdneri E'ch.): Fario neicherrii Girard, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 224 : Fario clarkii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
 21'J (not S. clarkii Rich.): Salmo masoni Suckley, Mouogr. Salmo, 134.) 
 
 cc. Caudal fiu truncate (in the adult). 
 
 506. S. gairdneri Rich. — Steel-head; Hard-head; Salmon Trout. 
 
 Body rather stout, not very deep mesially, but with the caudal pe- 
 duncle thick. Head comparatively short and rather slender, in the 
 females small, in the males the jaws mcro or less prolonged ; maxillary 
 rather narrow, the small eye nearly above its middle; lower jaw in- 
 tlnded; upper jaw in males emarginate at tip and at junction of premax- 
 illary. Teeth rather small, those on the vomer in two long, alternating 
 series, which are about aa long as the palatine series. Preopercle 
 rather wide, with the lower limb short; opercle moderate. Gill rakers 
 short and thick, 8+12 (essentially as in our other species of Fario). 
 Ventral appendage not half the length of the fin. Tail wide, squarely 
 truncate in the adult, somewhat emarginate in the young. Flesh rather 
 pale. Bones much firmer than in the Oiicorhynchi. Color blue above; 
 sides silvery; head, back, upper fins, and tail more or less densely cov- 
 ered with black spots; belly usually unspotted ; males with cr)lors height- 
 ened, the back greenish; a broad flesh-colored lateral band, deep re<l 
 on the opercles; fins not red; no red on the membrane of lower jaw; 
 B. 12-11; D. 11; A. 12; scales 20-135-20; pyloric cfcca 42; vertebras 
 38-1-20. L. 30 inches. Sacramento lliver and northward. A largo 
 trout, abounding in the mouths of the rivers, reacning a weight of 20 
 pouiuls. It 8i)awns later than the salmon, and is founi\ in the rivers, 
 spent, at the time of the spring salmon run. It is then nearly useless 
 as food, but at other times similar in quality to other trout. 
 
 {1 Salmo pnjkisn Vv'albauni, Artodi, Pise. 17112, 5!), appnrontly confused with S. purpur- 
 atus-.l Salino muikiui Uloch «Sb Schuuidcr, 411): Salino ^ur^uraluH Giiuthcr, vi, Uti: Salmo 
 
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 314 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 truvcatuH Snrklcy, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18.')S, 3: Salmo ijainhicrl Ridiardbo 
 Fauna IJor.-Anicr. iii, 2"J1: Salmo ./airdnni Sucklry, Moiiogr. Salmo, 114: Galmotiu ' 
 catiii) Guntlu-r, vi, 122: Salmo (jairdniri Giintlier, vi, Urt.) 
 
 bb. Scales small, l().')-'JOr» in a longitudinal soriea. 
 
 d. CiHidal fin truncat« or double-rouudtul, not at uU forked in the adult. 
 
 «S07. S. spiliiriis Cope. — IHo Grande Trout. 
 
 Body eloiifjiite. Head heavy, but proportionately short, its \\\mj 
 
 surface considerably decurved ; interorbital space transveisely convex 
 
 obtusely carinated; the head more convex than in any other of our 
 
 si)ecies. JNIouth very lar^e, the maxillary reaching far past the eye. 
 
 Teeth on vomer in two distinct series. Dorsal lin low in front, lii(ri, 
 
 behind, the last ray more than two-thirds the height of the (irsi ; la,>,t 
 
 ray of the anal rather long; caudal with its middle rays about as loii" 
 
 as the others. Profusely spotted; bacjk and sides with round black 
 
 spots, the si)ots most develoi)ed posteriorly, few on the head, most im- 
 
 merous on the caudal and adipose flu; sides with pale blotches. Head 
 
 3J; depths. D. 11; A. 10; scales 37-170-37. L. 30 inches. Uppor 
 
 Rio Grande and Basin of Utah, frequenting mountain streams. 
 
 (Copo, Haydeu's Geol. Surv. Mout. 1871, 470, 1872; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. xMns. i 
 74.) 
 
 Var. plcui'iticus (Cope) Jor. 
 
 A more abundant and much more widely distributed form, having 
 the head and mouth equally large, but the top of the head less con.ex, 
 the median carina being more marked, especially in the young. Tlio 
 scales are deliiiitely smaller (39-200-40) and the coloration is ratluT 
 darker. This form abounds in all suitable streams from the Kio 
 Grande, through the Basin of Utah. Specimens intermediate between 
 spilurus and plcuriticus occur. 
 
 {Salmo pleiuiticus Cope, Ilayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 471, 1872; Jordan, I'roc, 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 74, lo78.) 
 
 aa. Ilyoid hono with a narrow band of HUiall teeth (easily scraped olt" and very often 
 naturally deciduous, especially iu old examples). 
 
 508. S. piirpiiratus rallas. — Salmon Trout of the Columbia; Yellotoatone Trout; 
 Jlovky Mouittaiii Jtrook 'Trout; Lake Trout. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head rather short. jMoutli 
 moderate, the maxillary not reaching far beyond the eye. Voiuerinc 
 teeth as usual, sot in an irregular zigzag series; teeth on the hyoiil 
 bone nornnilly present, but often obsolete, especially in old exainplos. 
 Dorsal tin rather low; caudal tin slightly forked, less so than in iridius, 
 more than in n2)Uurus (the caudal more forked in young individuals 
 
 I ! I!! 
 
4G. SALMONIDiE SALMO. 
 
 315 
 
 than ill t^'C adult, as in all trout). Scales moderate, varyinjj to rather 
 
 >;niiill. l>ack and caudal i)eduncle profusely covered with rounded 
 
 bliick sjtots of v.-iying size; doisal, caudal, and adipose fin covered 
 
 with siiKiU spots about as large as the nostril; a few sjxjts on the head; 
 
 iR'llv I'liicly spotted; inner edge of the mandibles below with a red 
 
 blotcli; sea-run specimens are nearly uniform silvery; males with a 
 
 broad lateral band and patcln^sof light red; extremely variable in color 
 
 .,,,(1 loriii. Head 4; depth 4. 1). 10; A. 10. Cceca 43. Scales variable 
 
 ill si/c, .'J;{-irjO-;50 to 39 -170-.'{0. The conunon trout of the Kocky IMount- 
 
 jiiiis and Cascade region, abounding in all the streams of Alaska, 
 
 ()ii'j;()ii, and Washington, where it descends to salt water, and reaches 
 
 ;i w('ij;lit of -0 pounds (Columbia Kivor, Charles J. Snuth); also in the 
 
 VcUow.stone region, the Upper JMissouri, the Upper Ilio Grande, Colo- 
 
 i;ul(), and the lak<'s of the Great Basin of Utah, being very abundant 
 
 ill Utah Lake. ]!^^ot common south of Mount Shasta in California. 
 
 This species is ai)])arently the parent stock, from which our other blaok- 
 
 spotti'd trout have scarcely yet become diiferentiated. Considerable 
 
 local variations occur, esi)ecially in size, coloration, and size of scales. 
 
 The rt'd blotches on the lower jaw between the deutary bones and the 
 
 iiu'iiibiiuie joining them is very constant and characteristic. 
 
 {Mmo purpuratua Pallas, Ziiol. Kohs. Asiat., Jii, 374, 1811-31: Salmo clarki Rich. 
 I'liiiiiii Biir.-Aiiu'r. iii, 2::i1, I8;5i]: Far'u) Hlcllalun Giranl, I'loc;. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 
 l-jd, 'JiO: Salmo brcvicaiida Snckloy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, 308, IHOl: Salmo 
 gkllattis, n'lbbsi, and brericanda Gilutlier, vi, 117-120: Salmo clarki Jordan, I'roc. U. S. 
 Nat> Jliirt. i, 77 : Saliuotmippilch .Jordan, l*ro(!, U. S. Nat. Mas. i, 72; i''«cio«HroraGirard, 
 rroc. Aciul. Nat. S( i. I'liila. viii, 218, I83(i: Salar lewiai Grd. I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Pliilii. IS.');"), 211): Salar vinjlualis (iirard, 1. c. 220: Salmo carhalua Cope, Haydcn's Gcol. 
 Siirv, ]\l()!it. 1871, 471-472: Salmo Utah Snckloy, Mouogr. Saliuo, 13lj: Salmo aurora, 
 kwm, and virtjiitalia GUuthcr, vi, ll'J-123.) 
 
 Var. boil vici'i licndiro. — Jf'uha Lake Trout. 
 
 .Similar to S. jyurpiiratus, but with dark spots only on tho dorsal, cau- 
 dal, and adipose lin, and on the tail behind front of anal, where the 
 spots are very profuse, smaller than pupil. Anterior regions dnsky 
 bluish, not silvery; red blotch on inner edges of deutary bones below 
 very conspicuous. Head shorter and deeper than in imrj}uraUts the 
 snout shorter and blunter, not longer than eye, which is 4 in head. 
 Operclo and preopercle less convex than in ptirpiiratns. IMaxillary 2^ 
 in head. Caudal moderately forked. Head 4; depth 4§. D. 10; A. 11; 
 L. 12; Lat. 1. 175. Size small. A singularly colored local variety, found 
 in Waha Lake, Washington Territory, a mountain lake without outlet. 
 
 {^Sahm boumri Boudiro, MSS.) 
 
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 316 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 Var. stomias (Cope) J. & G. 
 
 Body short and stout. Head largo and wide, above broad ami flat 
 without keel, with wide mandible and mouth, the end of the luaxillarv 
 extending- half the diameter of the eye bi^yond the orbit. Itiyo ij in hem] 
 Maxillary bone of nearly uniform width. Caudal tin truncate. Gen. 
 eral coloration of S. spllurus, the black spots most numerous posti'ii 
 orly. Head 4.^; depth 1^. J). 12; A. 10; scales 42 above lateral line 
 which probably contains about 200 scales. L. 24 inches. Kansas Khei- 
 to Upper Missouri. (Cope.) Like >S^. s^iilunis in its large mouth and 
 very small scales, but dillering in the presence of hyoid teeth and in the 
 broad, flat head. We have seen only the head of an old male of this 
 form, but think it will prove to be a variety of S. purpuratus. 
 
 (Salmostomias Cojic, Haydeu's Geol. Snrv. Wyom. 1870,4:53, 1872: iSalmo siommj Jor- 
 dan, Haydoii's Geol. Sury. Terr. 1878, 795.) 
 
 Var, hcnsliawi Gill & Jordan.— Xafce Tahue Trout; Silver Trout; Black Trout. 
 
 Body elongate, not greatly compressed. Head compiiratively slender 
 and long-acuminate, its upper surface very slightly carinated ; nuizzle 
 somewhat pointed, but bluntish at the tip; head not convex above- 
 maxillary rather short, about as in purpuratus^ not reaching nmch be- 
 yond the eye. Vomerine teeth as usual; a small, rather narrow, but 
 usually distinct patch on the hyoid bone. Dorsal fin small ; caudal tin 
 short, rather strongly forked. Scales medium. Coloration dark, the 
 sides silver^' ; back about equally spotted before and behind ; sides with 
 rather distant spots; belly generally spotted; head spotted even to the 
 snout ; dorsal and caudal also spotted. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. 11 ; A. 
 12; scales 27-100-27 to 37-184-37; coBca 50-GO. L. 18 inches or more, 
 usually Aveighiug 5 or C pounds, but occasionally 25-30. Lake Taboe, 
 Pyramid Lake, and streams of the Sierra Nevada. Evidently a variety 
 of Salmo purpuratus, but with a longer and more conical head. A line 
 trout, now coumion in the San Francisco markets. 
 
 (Salmo hcnshawi Gill & Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 358: Salmo henshawi and Salmo 
 imppitch J'udiin & Ileiisbaw, Kept. Chief Eug., 1878, App. NN, I'JG, 197, plate: Salmo 
 heHshawiJovilau, Proc. U. Nat. Mue. i, 75, 1878.) 
 
 151.— SALVEL.INUS Riehardson. 
 
 Charrs. 
 
 (CafoncDoKay; Z7ni6?a Rapp.) 
 
 (Nilsson; Riehardson, Fauna Bor.-Auier. iii, 170, 1833: typo Snlmo sah'vlinus L.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate. INIouth largo or small. Teeth of jaws, 
 palatines, and tongue essentially as in Salmo, the hyoid patch present 
 
 
',171^ 
 
 !?■?- 
 
 46. SALMONID.E SALVELINUS. 
 
 317 
 
 or not. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft much depressed, with or without 
 raised crest, with teeth on the chevron an<l none directly on the shaft. 
 Scales v.ry small, in 200-250 rows. Fins moderate, the caudal forked 
 ill tlie young, truncate in some species, in the adult. Sexual peculiari- 
 ties uot strongly marked, the males with the premaxillaries enlarged 
 and a fleshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw. Coloration dark, 
 with round crimson or gray spots, and the lower fins sometimes with 
 iiMirgiuid bands of black, reddish, and pale. Species numerous in the 
 clear streams and lakes of the northern parts of both continents, some- 
 times descending to the sea, where they lose their variegated colors and 
 become nearly plain and silvery. The members of this genus are iu 
 rrenoral the smallest and handsomest of the trout. (Salvelinus, an old 
 name of the charr; allied to the German Siilbling, a little salmon.) 
 
 'Vomer with a raised crest hehind the clievron, free from the shaft; the crest armed 
 with teeth; hyoid teeth strong; hike trout, gray-spotted {Criaticomcr* Gill & 
 Jordan). 
 
 f 
 
 •iW if 
 
 .it' 
 
 i'J '- 
 .k t 
 
 #!■• 
 
 
 J09. S. nainaycMsli (Walb.)Goode. — Mackinaw Trout; Great Lake Trout; Longe 
 {Vermont); Totjue {Maine). 
 
 Body elongate, covered with thin skin, there being no special devel- 
 opment of fatty tissue. Head very long, its upper surface flattened. 
 Month very large, the maxillary extending much >^yond the eye, the 
 lioad and jaws proportionately lengthened and pointed. Teeth very 
 strong- Caudal fin well forked. Adipose fin small. General colora- 
 tiim dark gray, sometimes pale, sometimes almost black; everywhere 
 with rounded paler spots, which are often reddish tinged ; head usually 
 venniculate above; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Eye 
 arge, 4 J in head. Maxillary nearly half the length of the head; 
 interorbital space nearly J. Head 4J; depth 4. B. 11-12; D. 11; A. 
 11; Lat. 1. 185-205. L. 36 inches. Great Lake region and lakes of 
 Northern New York, Kew Hampshire, and Manie, to Montana and 
 northward; very abundant in the larger bodies of water; varying in 
 form and color in the different lakes. 
 
 (Sahno namaycush'Walh, Artedi, Pise, 1792,68: Salmo namaycvshGiinihPT, \\, 123, and 
 of authors generally : Salmo amethijslinus Mitchill, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818 
 410: Sahno confinis DeKay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 238: Sahno adarondacuft Norris: 
 Sahm toma Hamlin: Criativomer nainaycush Jordan, Man. Vert., ed. 2d, 359: Salmo 
 jiscotpctOiinther vi, 123.) 
 
 •Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2, 1878, 35G : type Salnio namaycusU Walbaum. {Crista, crest ; 
 Domcr, vomer.) 
 
 ' -■■■ Xi^!^^ 
 
 ^■1^ --.i.t^.^f- 
 
 „:(;.-,if ■?'!)(-•«?-■ 
 
 n 
 
 I i 
 
 i i 
 
 , 1 
 
 ■•„■•'■'■ 
 
 
 (> 
 
 i 
 
 lit'. 
 (Til 
 
 'J 
 
 'ti ''1 Jt 
 
 ■ ''If 
 
 n 
 
i' 
 
 
 m, ..-. 
 
 
 Bl*\.. 
 
 
 
 318 rONTIillUITIONfl TO NORTH AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOUY— ly. 
 
 Var. iil«iro\%'4>C (AkiihhIz) J. & («. — Sincotcft Satmon, 
 
 l\oi\y sliorl iiikI «I«'('|), rovorod willi tlii<'k skir, IIumo boin^ nn oxcos- 
 sivo Iriuh'iic.v l<t (ho «Irv('lo)>iiuMit<>r fally tissiu^ Mead vit.v nIkmI, aini 
 d»M'p, its up|M'r sinfiU'c bnmil jiikI sliorl, rov«>n'«l by a Kkiii ho llijckji^ 
 to «'otii|>l(>t('l,v liido (lir bones; no (listiiict nu'ilian ciirina. MoiiHi vny 
 larjir, its }ii\])v n.ino\v«<r tlian in S. iinmai/cush. Troth weaker Ihau in 
 »S'. nuinoiK'ii.sIt ; snpi>U'nu'n(al bone also shortiT an<l broader. .Mmji 
 lary a Mt(h> niore tliiin hall' lll(^ len^^tli ol' the head, ('andal lln \v,.|| 
 forked. iSeales rather small, abont ITointhe lateral line. Coloratioii 
 as in »V. »(fm*r»/r»M/», bnl nsnally paler; lln-rays the same. Lake Sii|m.. 
 lior; abnndant, bnt not yet found «*lse\vhere. \ery <los«> to the pnctd. 
 in^, bnl dilVerin;; in the shortness and breadth of the boM(>s of Hie ||,.,|,[ 
 and in tin* I'xtreme fatness of the llesh. If is probably a loeal viiritiy 
 ratlKM- than a distinct species. 
 
 (Salmo sinvowi I Ajjassiz, Luko Siiporior, IH.Vt, 'MYX) 
 
 •* Vmnrr williotil r.iistul cnvt, tlio olu'vrtiii only liciii;; (oollicd ; n (1-m|ii>1I('i1. (s,il. 
 vrlinus. ) , 
 a llyoiil l»on« witli n narn»w luivlian hivMl of tcotli (NoniolimcH losl). 
 
 510. S. oq«ias«U (<lnl.) (^ill iV .lor. — (hiiioHHti Trout; Itlin-htuk Troitl. 
 
 litxly elonjiafo, considerably compressed, less elevated than in tlio 
 othtM' species ol this ^jcnns, the dorsal ontlin(^ re^jnlarly bnl not 
 stronjily cnrveil. Ib'ad quite small, much smaller than in any oIIhi 
 of our trout, its upper snrfa^'e tlattish. Mouth (piile small, thc! iiiaxil 
 lary short an<l moderately broad, scarcely extendinji to the poslcridr 
 marjiin of the eye. l-^ye larjje, ',\.\ in head, .laws about equal. Scales 
 small, those alon.y: the lateral line somewhat enlar^'ed. Pe<^toral aiid 
 ventral tins iu)t elo!ij;ate; caudal Cm well fork«'d, uu)re so than in tlio 
 other sju'cies. Preoperde as in aV. fouiinolis, but the lower liinb inoro 
 developed; operdes without concentric strisii. Coloration dark blue, tlio 
 red spots small and rouial, nuu'h sandier than the pupil, usually coiiliiud 
 to the sides of the body ; sides with traces of dark bars; lower tins varic- 
 {rated, as iu S.fo)itinali,<<. Head 5; depth it. 1). 10; A. 5). Lat. I. L\'K); 
 };ill rakers about (i-f- 1 1. L. 12 inches. SnniUest and handsomest of our 
 trout, as yot known only from the lJan};eley Lakes, in Western Maine. 
 
 {Stilmo Oiiiinssa Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liilu. 18r)4, '.^(i'i : Sa tmo oqiiansn (iihiilM, 
 vi, 1C>4 ; .Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nal. Abis. i, 81.) 
 
 51 1. S. nuresi (Oiintlun) Ilcan. 
 
 - Greenish above, sides silvery or deep red, with very small ivu spots, 
 much smaller than the pupil ; lower fins deep red, with the anterior 
 
40. HAI-MONIh/K — HALVKIJNIJH. 
 
 319 
 
 ,„iirj;iii.s .ycllowisli \vlii(««. I'xxly loii^f iiiid Kicndrr; Iicud iuMicr Niiiiili, 
 
 tbosiioiil Itlitiil ; iiioiitli not liirgc, (lu^ iiiiixilliiry nsi(;liiii;^^ posterior tiiiir- 
 
 rrjii til' orbit ill iiDih^ only ; trctli very Kiiitill ; tcrtli on IIm' tniilillo lino of 
 
 tlic livoid l>on(^; !iii);lo of pn'opcrcU' nincL roniidcil; i^iil covcI'm willioiit 
 
 (>()iic('iitii<' ^4t^iio; pectoral not loiif^er tlnin tlie liead witliotit. snout; veii- 
 
 tralsiiot to vent; eaiulal deeply forked; Heales minute. Mead t); depth 
 
 .Vd. I>. M ; A. !>; 15. 1 1 ; e,«eeii liH-lL!; veit.H.'S. L. lU inelieM. ((liinlhcf.) 
 
 Liilu'.'i of Ar<!li«' Aineri<'a, l)iN<',overy Hay, and (^iiinberland (liilf. 
 
 (.sV//)/i(K/(n(«ii (Jlliillit-r, I'roc. Zotil. Hoc. Lmiil. IH77, 47(1, pliiin; IJcim, Hull. II. H. 
 Nal. Mil"*, '^v, I :».'>. ^ 
 
 ftia. N. Ur«*llirM« (<Jllir.) (iill tV .Fur. 
 
 Dull ^jreeiiisli, Hilveiy or ied<lisli below; lower tiiiH yellowiMli ; no red 
 s)i()tH(oii KpeeiineiiH seen). i'>ody rather elongate; head sinall, the snout 
 very obtuse; inoiith moderate, the maxillary in the, male rea<'hinj,' about 
 to |i()sterior mar^^dn of orbit ; teeth small; a band of hyoid teeth; pn;- 
 opcnle nith a distinet lower limb; peetoial little shorter than head, 
 rciU'lmij;" iiiorc! than half way to ventral. (Jaudal moderately forked; 
 Hcales minute. Ilea«l 4A ; depth 5; 1). 11 ; A. 10; 15. 11; e<e,ea M-W 
 h, VI iiidn's. Vi(!toria, Lake and Floebeif; IWiacli, Arctic; America, the 
 iKtrlluMiimost Salmonoid known. {(I'iinlliar.) 
 
 (Stilmo urdiiruH ililnlhw, I'roc, Zniil. Hw.. Loiul. liS77, 21M, plfit.r.) 
 
 ,)lll. >«i. llKlilllU (VViilii.) .r. & (',.—l)oU>i fardcn Trout; Hull Trout; Red xpollcd 
 
 I'll I II t ; Siiliiioii Troitl ; Malina: (iotvt, ^ . ,• ^^ j> ,,, 2. 
 
 r.(i<ly stout, the back somewhat elevatcMl, do(^[)('r an<l less comjjressed 
 tliiin ill i^, fonl'tn'Mlx. Head larf;(', snout broad, Hat tinned abovc^ JNIoiith 
 liU}je, the maxillary reaehin;;- past the, eye,. lOye, 4.1 in head. J''in.s 
 sliort; the caudal fin slif^htly forked «)r almost truiicat*!; ailiposo, fin 
 iisiiiilly lar}4«'; iu largo specimens its length is twice that of th() eye. 
 (iciicial color oliva<!eous; the, si«les with round red spots near the size 
 oi'tlie eye, tim back commonly with smaller pale oiuis, a featureof color- 
 iUioii which distinguishes this species atoiicc from th(! others; lower fina 
 colored as in Jon Una lis, dusk}^, with a i)alc stripci in front, followed by a 
 (lark one; Hea-run specinuMis silvery, with the sj)otM faint or obsoh^te; fins 
 aiul hack without dark reticulations. Gill rakers without concientric 
 striii'. Head 3 ji ; depth 4. D. 11; A. 1); scales ;i0-2i0-;j(>; pyloric 
 ctt'ca large, 45-50; gill-rakers about 8 4-12 a« iu others. L. 15 inches. 
 Streams west of the Cascade llauge, froui Northern California to Alaska 
 
 
 -t 
 
 
 
 I. •• 
 
 '■**, 
 
 '^■* 
 
 'I 
 
'<'■■-■ 
 
 
 ' ' ,' ■ » 
 
 
 k* - 
 
 E*:'- 
 
 
 t 1 , 
 
 
 J > 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■fey: 1:^ 
 
 j^:'^.;.-^ 
 
 
 lif \: ■ 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^"V^ft- 
 
 '\ 
 
 320 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY-— ly. 
 
 and Kamt8(!li!itkii, ;?enoriilly rthiindaut northwanl, (lescondiii-r to the 
 sea, where it reaches a wei^lit of about VI jviiinds. 
 
 (Snlmo mnlmn W.illniiiin Artvdi, ris('. 179'J, fi(i: Salmo callarlan Piillns Zoo^^r. Romho. 
 Asiiii:. iii, 11511, IHll-IU : Salmo ctillariaH (Jiiiitlicr, vi, 14;{: Salmo >i/ja'/«/*j/t»i(Jiranl. I'rcn 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. lHr>(!, '218: Sahiio purkci Siickloy, Ann. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. jh^ 
 :{0'.>: Salmo mmpbcUi Siicklcy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. lH(;i,:?i:5: Snlmo parUiJonlii 
 ami mmphvllU (JiintluT vi, 121, IIH, 14'.>: Salrv,linin itpcclabilin Jouhiu, I'roc V. s. Nat 
 Mas. i, 7'J, lH7ri: Salmo tudfn C'(»in', Proc. Amcr. i'liil. Soc. IMiila. 187:$: Sitliiu) hairtHi 
 Siicklcy, Ann. Lye. Nat,. Hint. N. Y. 18111, ;jt)l): Salmo baird'U Giinther, vi, 1:21; Sake. 
 liiius baiidi Jordan, rioc. U. S. Nat. Mns. i, &2.) 
 
 aa. Hyoid teeth wanting, 
 
 31'1. S. floiitiiialH (Mii.ch.) Gill & Jor.—nrook Trout; Speckled Trout. 
 
 Body oblong or eh^ngate, moderately compressed, not much elevated. 
 Head lary:e, but not very lonjj, the snout bhuitish, the interorbitiil space 
 rather broad. Mouth lar;^*^, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond 
 the eye. Eye large, usually somewhat above the lino of the axis of tho 
 body. Caudal tin slightly lunate in the adult, foikcd in the youiig; 
 adipose tin small; pectoral and ventral fins not especially eloiijjate. 
 Red spots on tho sides, rather smaller than the pupil; back mostly 
 without spots, more or less barred or mottled with dark olive or black; 
 doi'sal and caudal iins mottled or barred with darker; lower flns dusky, 
 with a i)ale, usually orange band anteriorly, followed by a darker one; 
 belly in the males often more (U' less red; sea-run individuals (S. canadt)' 
 sis Smith, the Canadian "Salmon Trout") are often nearly plain brifjht 
 silvery; many local varieties distinguished by shades of color also occur. 
 Head 4.J; depth ih. D. 10; A. 0; scales 37-2;30-30; gill-rakers about 
 G+ 11. L. 18 inches or less. The best known of our trout, abounding 
 in all clear, cold streams from Pennsylvania to Dakota and novtlnvaid 
 to the Arctic Cinde, southward in tho Alleghanies to tho headwaters of 
 the Savannah, (Chattahoochee, Catawba, and French Broad. 
 
 (Salmo fontiiialis Mitch. Trans, Lit. i!e Phil. Soe, N. Y. i, 4;?r>: Salmo foniinalh Giin- 
 ther, vi, l.Vi, and of nearly all anthers : Salmo canadenHin* Hamilton Smith, in Grillitirs 
 Cnvior, x, 474, 1SI54 (Canadian ''Salmon Tront"): Salmo immaculatuH* II. K. Stoicr, 
 Bost. .lourn. Nat. Hist, vi, 384, IS.V) (Canadian "Salmon Trent"): Salmo immacHlatus 
 Giinther, vi, 125: Salmo hndsonicus Snckley, Ann. Lye, Nat, Hi.st. N, Y, I8(il, 310: 
 Salmo hndsonirua Giinther, vi, lb',\; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus, i, 81: ? Salmo hcaniii 
 Rich. Franklin's Jonrn. 70, i.) 
 
 515. S. hoodi (Rich.) Gill & Jor, 
 
 Body rather elongate. Maxillary rather strong, straight, extending 
 to or beyond hind nmrgin of eye. Preopercle very short, with a very 
 short lower limb. Pectoral not reaching half way to ventral ; adipose 
 
 •The nominal species canadensis and immacvlaiua are based on Rea-run specimeuii 
 larger sizti^ the so-called " Salmou Trout". _ 
 
'Wi**\^ 
 
 46. SALMONID^ SALVELINUS. 
 
 321 
 
 lli(liii<,' 
 
 Oiin- 
 ■iliitir.s 
 Storcr, 
 iritlatiia 
 1, :!10: 
 IwaniH 
 
 ndiiig 
 
 very 
 
 lipose 
 
 lieuL 
 
 fin very small; caudal deeply forked. Body and caudal fin covered 
 with round pale spots of moderate size. B. 12; D. 10; A. 1); Lat. 1. 
 185. Uootliia. {Gilnther.) 
 
 (Salmo hnndii Richardson, Ilosa, Voy. Nat. Hist. App. Iviii, anil in Fauna IJor.-Anier. 
 iii 173: Salmo lioodii GUnthor, vi, 150.) 
 
 516. S. rossl (Rich.) J. & G. 
 
 Olive brown above, the dorsal and caudal similarly colored; belly 
 red; scattered red spots near the lateral line, llather slender ; snout 
 very obtuse; lower jaw remarkably long, with a knob at tii) (luale). 
 About .'JO teeth on the tonpfuo. Conspicuous pores on the face bones 
 posteriorly. Scales very small, imbedded. Jlead 5. J3. lU-13 ; D. lli; 
 A. 11; T- 1^5 ^' 10* Arctic 0(;ean, about Boothia Felix. {Richardson,) 
 An imperfectly known species. 
 
 {Salmo ro88ii Richardson, Nat. Hist. App. Rosd's Voy. Ivi: Salmo rosaii Suckloy, 
 Monogr. Salmo, liiO.) 
 
 5l». S. K*tidus (Rich.) Gill & Jor. 
 
 Body somewliat elongate; head moderate; snout medium. Maxillary 
 strai^jht, strong, extending beyond the orbit in the male. Teeth mod- 
 crate, 2 or 3 behind head of vomer. Preoperclo with the lower limb 
 very distinct. Fins well developed; i)ectoral reaching scarcely half 
 way to ventral; caudal flu forked. Head 5. B. 11; D. 11; A. 10; Lat. 
 1.215. Boothia. (OUnther.) Perhaps a form of >S'. «f«<7mj/t». 
 
 {Salmo nitidua Richardson, Fuuua Bor.-Amor. iii, 171, 183C: Salmo nitidus GUuihor, 
 vi, 150.) 
 
 51§. S. »tagnalis (Fuhr.) Gill & Jor. 
 
 Body elongate; head of moderate size. Snout elongate, pointed, 
 
 with the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper in adult examples. 
 
 Teeth small. Maxillary elongate, narrow, extending beyond tlie eye. 
 
 Preopercle very short, with a very short lower limb. Opercle and prc- 
 
 opercle very consi>icuously and. densely striated, the stria) radiating 
 
 from the base of each. Fins much develoi)ed, the dorsai much higher 
 
 than long; pectoral very long, reaching more than half way to ventrals, 
 
 which are also very long; adipose fin very small; caudal well forked. 
 
 D. 11; A. 10; Lat. 1. 210; B. 11; coBca, 41. Lakes of Greenland and 
 
 Boothia Felix. {Gunther.) 
 
 {Salmo siagnalia Fabricins, Fanna Grccnlandioa, 1780, 175: Salmo alipes Richardson, 
 Nat. Hist. App. Ross's Voy. Ivii, and Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 169: Salmo a{i/)e« GUnther, 
 vi, 149.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 21 
 
 ^-^i^'*!lri 
 
 
!' ' 
 
 322 contkibutions to north american iciithyology—iv. 
 
 Family XLVII.— PERCOPSID^. 
 
 {The Trout Perches.) 
 
 Body moderately elou'^fate, somewhat compressed, the caudal pedun- 
 clv' long ind slender. Head conical, pointed, naked. Mouth small 
 horizontal: maxillary short, narrow, without supplemental hono not 
 reaching to the large eye ; margin of upper jaw formed by promaxillu- 
 ries aloni', which are short and not protractile. Teeth very smail. villi. 
 fonn on premaxillaries and lower jaw only. Tongue short, adherent. 
 Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiic nre.s- 
 ent. Branchiostegals G. Gill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Operclc with 
 entire edges. Lower limb of the preopercle well developed, tlie angle 
 nearly a right angle, its inner edge ^ith a raised crest. Bones of the 
 head cavernous, as in Acerina and Ericymha. Cranium with a raised 
 crest, which does not extend to the occiput. Scales moderate, rather 
 thin, adherent, their edges strongly ctenoid. Lateral line continuous. 
 Dorsal short, median ; ventrals anterior, just in front of the dorsal 
 8 rayed; pectorals narrow, placed rather higher than usual; anal 
 small; caudal forked t adipose fm present, small. Stomach si[)lional, 
 with about 10 well-developed pyloric coeca. Ovii rather large, not tail- 
 ing Into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. Air-bladder present. 
 Small ilshes of the fresh waters of the cooler parts of America; a sin 
 gle genus, with probablj^ but one species. The group is one of special 
 interest, as it combines with ordinary Salmonoid characters the structure 
 of ihe head aud ntouth of a Percoid, resembling notably the European 
 genus Acerina,. 
 
 {rercoimdw GUnther, vi, 207.) 
 
 152.— PEItCOPSIS Ag.i88iz. 
 
 Trout Perch, 
 (Agassiz, Lako Superior, WSO, 284: typo Pcrcopaia {lutlatua Ajr.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above, {-spxrjj perch; (\''i^, appear- 
 ance.) 
 
 910. P. SiUt^atus Ag.as^iz.' , 
 
 Palo olivaceous, a silvery stripe along the lateral line, becoiniufj oli 
 solete forwards ; upper parts with obscure round dusky spots made of 
 dark points. Head slender and conical. Mouth small, subiuferior, 
 maxill'iry not nearly reaching front of orbit. Caudal peduncle long and 
 
_,:. 48. AMBLYOPSID.E. ' 323 
 
 slender. Pedtoneum silvery. Head 3| in length; depth about 4 J. D. 
 11 • A. 3 ; Lilt. 1. 50. L. G inches. Spawns in spring. Delaware River 
 \(i Kansas and liorthward ; abundant in the Great Lakes. One of our 
 most remarlcable fishes. 
 
 (A'Mf^s'Z) Lake Superior, 1850, 283; Giiuther, vi, 207: 1 Pereopsia hammondi* Gill, 
 ProcrAcacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18U4, 151.) 
 
 Oedek N.-IIArLOML 
 
 . , « {The ffaplomous Fishes.) 
 
 5To iirecoracoid arch. ParietJil bones separated by the supraoccipital. 
 A symplectic. Opercular bones present. Anterior vertebra} unaltered. 
 Pharyugeal bones distinct, the superior directed forwards, three or four 
 in number, the inferior not falciform. No interclavicles. Mouth with 
 teotli. Air-bladder with a pneumatic duct. Ventral fins abdominal, 
 raroly wanting ; i»ectorai fins placed low ; dorsal fin nior-e or less pos- 
 terior, usually witliout spines. Head and body usually with cycloid 
 scales. No adipose fin. Species chiefly inhabiting fresh water. (a-Aor;?, 
 sihiplo; (o.'ioi;, shoulder; in allusion to the want of the precoracoid arch.) 
 
 (I'InisoHtomi part (familiea Esjcida:, UinbridiPf Cyprinodoittida and Ilcteropygii) (iiin- 
 tiier, vi, vii.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF FAMILiKS OF HAPLOMr, 
 
 a, MavKiii of upper Jaw formed by pronmxillaries alone; ovoviviparons. 
 
 I). Vent jn>j;nlar; promaxiliaries seareely protractile Amulyopsid.f,, 48. 
 
 66. Vent abdominal ; premaxillaries freely pr(>tractilo CYruixoDONTiD.i:, 10. 
 
 (Id. Margin of upiier jaw formtnl laterally by the niaxillaries; preniaxillarios not pro- 
 tractile. 
 
 c. Jawa not prodnc'd ; teeth villifonn, equal UMnuini:, 50. 
 
 cc. Jaws produced; tooth cardifonn, unequal Esocid.e, 51. 
 
 Family XLVIIL— AMBLYOPSIDiE. 
 
 {The Blind-fishes.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed behind. Ilead long, de- 
 pressed. Mouth rather large, the lower jaw projecting ; premaxilla- 
 ries long, scarcely protractile, forming the entire nuirgin of the upper 
 jiiw. Jaws and palatines with bands of slender villiform teeth. Bran- 
 cliiostftgals about 0. Gill-rakers very short. I'seudobranchiiB con- 
 cealed. Gill-inend)rano8 more or less completely joined to the isthmUvS. 
 
 • Heiid lar;j;er, ^J in length, exclusive of caudal; dorsal hijiher, the lon}j;est ray 4J 
 in length; aa:il hijfher, lonjifest ray ^t in lengtii; pectoral eq-'als hei;i;lit*'of dorsal ; 
 ventnil 5J in length, reacbiug vent, which is nearer snout than margin of caudal tin. 
 "vausus. {(JiU.) 
 
 ..n 
 
 i I 
 
 Ik' 
 
 ^; 
 
 v-i 
 
 
 ' f 
 
 .• 1 
 
 hQ 
 
 i:l -v. 
 
 'a^dtm 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 I 'I- ■ 
 
 ft r 
 
 fil' 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 r 
 
 * ' 
 
 ^r*Bm,~m 
 
 
 
w 
 
 III*' I ' I 
 
 My . *.\ 
 
 €s'- 
 
 
 —11 I 11 
 
 324 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Head naked, the surface sometimes crossed by papillary ridges. Body 
 with small cycloid scales, irregularly placed.- No lateral lino. Ye„|; 
 jugular, close behind tlie gill-openings. Ventral fins small or wanting 
 pectorals moderate, inserted higher than in most soft-rayed fishes; dor. 
 sal without spine, nearly opposite the anal; caudal truncate or ronnded. 
 Cranium without median crest. Stomach ccecal, with one or two pyloric 
 appendages. Air-bladder present. Ovary single. Some (and probably 
 all) of the species are ovo viviparous. In two of the genera the eyes aro 
 very rudimentary and hidden under the skin, and the body is translu- 
 cent and colorless. Fishes of small size, living in subterranean streams 
 and ditches of the Central and Southern United States. Three genera 
 and four species are " all of the family yet known, but that others will be 
 discovered, and the range of the present known species extended, is very 
 probable. The ditches and small streams of the lowlands of our south- 
 ern coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home of numerous indi- 
 viduals, and perhaps of new species and genera, while the subterranean 
 streams of the central portion of our country most likely contain other 
 species." {Putnam.) 
 
 {Ilcteropyfj'd Guiitbcr, vii, 1, 2.) 
 
 a. Eyes rudiineutary, couccaled ; body colorlosa. 
 
 h. Ventral lias present Amblyopsis, 153. 
 
 hb. Ventral tins obsolete Ty^'iii^ioiiTiiYS, 154. 
 
 aa. Eyes developed; body colored ; veutrals obsolete Cuologasteu, 155. 
 
 153.— AIVI'3IiYOP§IS DeKay. 
 (DeKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 187: type Avihlyopsis opelceus DeKay.) 
 
 Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin. Surface of head crossed 
 by vertical tactile ridges. Gill-membranesfully joined to isthmus. Ven- 
 tral fins present, quite small, close lo anal. Colorless fishes of small 
 size, inhabiting the cave-streams in the limestone regions of the West- 
 ern Suites. (a//.(9A(j?, obtuse 5 d^''{'?, vision.) 
 
 520. A. spcleeus DeKay. 
 
 Colorless. Mouth comparatively large, the length of its cleft about 
 
 equal to base of dorsal. Pectorals reaching front of dorsal; caudal 
 
 long, rather pointed. One pyloric ccecum. Head 3 in length ; deptli 
 
 4^. D. 9; A. 85 V. 4; P. 11. L. 5 inches. Subterranean streams of 
 
 Kentucky and Indiana. 
 
 (DoKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 187; GUntber, vii, 2; Putnam, Amor. Nat. 1672, 
 30, llg.) •, 
 
 154.-Ti'PIILieHTIIV!« Girnrd. 
 
 (Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, C2: type Tiu)hUchihy8 suhterraneus Gt(\.) 
 
 This genus differs from Amhlyojjsis only iu the absence of the ventral 
 
\JiA 
 
 48. 'AMBLTOPSID^ OHOLOGASTER. 
 
 325 
 
 fius. Tbe species are of smaller size, and are found iu the same waters. 
 (ro^A').-, blind ; lxOh<;^ fish.) 
 
 521. T. subtcrraneus Grd. 
 
 Colorless. Head rather blunter and broader forwards than in A. 
 spelccus. Mouth smaller, its cleft shorter than base of dorsal. Pecto- 
 rals scarcely reaching dorsal. One pyloric coecuni. D. 7 or 8; A. 7 
 or <S. L. 2 inches. Subterranean streams of Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
 
 Alabama. " 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Gci. Phila. 1859, 62; Putnam, Amer. Nat. 1872, 30, fig.) 
 
 l^.'S.— CIICLOGASTEB Agassiz. 
 
 (A^assiz, Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts, xvi, 135, 1853: type Cholonaster cornutus Ag.) 
 
 This genus has the general characters cf Amblyopsis, but differs in 
 the absence of ventral tins and in the fully Jeveloj)ed condition of the 
 eyes, which are small and lateral. The species aro not pellucid, but 
 colored like ordinary fishes. No papillary ridges. Pyloric" cceca 2. 
 Ditches and cave-streams. (;^wAt.?, maimed} yaffrrjp^heUy, in allusion 
 to the abortive ventrals.) 
 
 522. C. coniutus Ag. 
 
 Yellowish brown, dark above; sides with three dark longitudinal 
 
 stripes, becoming dots on the tail; middle rays of caudal fin dark; 
 
 fins otherwise uncolored. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary not 
 
 oxtending to the eye. Pectorals reaching nearly to front of dorsal, 
 
 perfect, small. Snout with two horn-like projections. Head iij ; depth 
 
 4J. D. 8 or 9 ; A. 8 or 9. L. 2^ inches. Ditches in a rice-field, Wacca- 
 
 maw, S. C. (Putnam.) 
 
 (Agassiz, Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts, 1853, 135; GUnthcr, vii, 2; Putnom, Amer. Nat. 
 1872, 30.) 
 
 323. C. ag^asslzi Putnam. 
 
 Uniform light brown; fins somewhat speckled. Head 4 in body, its 
 length scarcely greater than the greatest depth. Pectorals reaching 
 little more than half way to fiont of dorsal. D. 9; A. 9. L. 1^ inches. 
 {Putnam.) Subterranean streams iu Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 (Pntnani, Anicr. Nat. 1872, 30, fig.) 
 
 A specimen of Chologaster obtained bj'^ Prof. 8. A. Forbes in a cave- 
 stream of Southern Illinois does not agree well with either of the above 
 species. The following description has been furnished us by Professor 
 Forbes: 
 
 The head is 7^""° long, and the body, without head or tail, 19""". Head iu length, 
 therefore, 3^ times. The oye is above and well behind the maxillary, and goes about 
 
 
 
 M-l 
 
 
 'ii- 
 
 :-^\^m 
 
 . ■; 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 
 Sr's^^ 
 
 Ak 
 
r- 
 
 326 CONTRIBUTIONS- TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 6 in head. Tlie pectoral reaches half way to the dors.'il. Th(! color in precisely as de- 
 scribetl for cornutus, except that the middle stripe is decidedly jialer than th(^ ;;nmn(i 
 color of the body, but darker on the head, the chaujje bcinjj abrupt at the o])('rciilar 
 margin. The (tandal iin is dark brown, with several vertical rows of white Hpccksor 
 blotches running across the rays. The anterior part of the dorsal is similar in color 
 but palei". Total length a trille over an inch. A scale fnun the region nicntioiRMl i^y 
 Putnam is similar to that of aijaasizi, but with 5 or G concentric lines and \\ riuliatiug 
 furrows. 
 
 The specimen thus agrees with cornutus in position of eyo and jjlau of niarkings 
 with a^iamtlzi m length of pectorals and structure of scales, is intermediate in Icn^rtii 
 of head, and agrees with neither in color of caudal and dorsal and tint of middlo 
 baud. {Forbes, in lit. November 4, 1880.) 
 
 
 Mi . • 
 
 " 1. ' 1 
 
 m> 
 
 
 Family XLIX.—CYPRINODONTID^. 
 
 {The Cyprmodonts.) 
 
 Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed behind, dojjressed 
 forwards, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are adhcrcMit 
 and regularly arranged. Xo lateral line. Head scaly, at least above. 
 Mouth terminal, small, the lower jaw usually projecting; margin of the 
 upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only; premaxillaries stroiij;, 
 extremely protractile. Teeth incisor-like or villitbrm, sometimes i»roseiit 
 on the vomer, but usually in the jaws only; lower pharyngeals sepa- 
 rate, with cardiform teeth. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free 
 from isthmus; gill-ral£ers very short, thick. Branchiostegals 4-G. 
 Pseudobranchiic none. Dorsal tin single, inserted posteriorly, of soft 
 rays oidy, rarely with a single spine or a rudimentary spinous dorsal; 
 caudal tin not forked ; ventral fins abdominal, rarely wanting ; i)ectoral 
 fins inserted low; no adipose fin. Stomach not coecal, without pyloric 
 ai)pendages. Air-bladder simple, often wanting. Sexes usually unliki', 
 the fins being largest in the males. Most or all are ovoviviparons, 
 thii young well developed at time of birth. Fresh-water fishes of Sontli- 
 ern Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, some of them occurring in bays 
 and arms of the sea. They are mostly of small size, and the species are 
 very ditli(;ult of determination. Genera 30; species about 140. 
 
 (Cyprinodontidw Gimtlxer, vi, 29l)-35().) 
 
 Note. — In the following analysis the genera known from Mexico are also included, 
 their mimes being placed in italica, 
 
 • Intestinal canal comparatively short, little convoluted ; teeth mostly fixed ; dentary 
 
 bones firmly joined. (Camivora!.) 
 a. Anal Iin of the male not modified into an intromittent organ. 
 6. Teeth incisor-like, notched ; insertion of dorsal nearly opposite ventrals. {Cy- 
 
 prinodontinw.) 
 0. Teeth in a single series; body short and deep. 
 d. Dorsal very long, with lG-18 rays, the first spine-like. ..JonOANRU.A, I.'mi. 
 dd. Dorsal sliort, of 10-11 rays, the first ray Binall Cyprinodon, 157. 
 
49. CYPRINODONTID^ ^JORDANELLA. 327 
 
 ib. Teeth all pointed : voiitrals present. (Fitndiilina:) 
 
 e. Teeth in more than one series; air-l)la(Uler jiresent. 
 ;t /. Dorsal lin comparatively largo and well forward, its rays nsually more 
 
 than 11 and the first ray nsually in front of the 
 
 anal FrxDUi-is, 158. 
 
 Jf. Dorsal fm small and posteriorly plaeed, its rays nsually 7-ltl, and the 
 first ray generally hehind the front of the anal. 
 
 g. Anal fin small Zvgoxkctks, IfiO. 
 
 cc. Teeth in one series ; dorsal fin in advance of anal. 
 
 h. Dorsal and anal fins short, each with ()-i:{ rays Li'CAXIA, 100. 
 
 hh. Dorsal and anal fins long, each with more than "iO rays. 
 
 Oh-drdiiiichthiis. 
 aa. Anal fin of the male advanced, uiodKied into a sword-shap'jd, Intromittent 
 
 organ. (AnahlepiiKv.) 
 i. Eye uornml (»'. c, not divided into two portions by a horizontal 
 partition); teeth in hands. 
 j. Jaws iot prodnced. 
 
 k. Dorsal fin hmg. 14-10 rays Pseudoxipkophorus. 
 
 Jck. Dorsiil fin short, 9-lOrays Gamhusia, 161. 
 
 jj. Jaws mnch prodnced lUloneaox. 
 
 " Intestiual canal elongate, with numerous convolnti<)ns ; anal fin in the male usually 
 
 modified into an intromittent organ; dentary hemes 
 h)osely joined ; tt^eth movable. {Limnophagm.) 
 I. Teeth all pointed. (PacUiiiKP.) 
 m. Teeth in more than one row; dorsal more or less in 
 advance of the anal, greatly enlarged in the male. 
 M. Caudal fin in the niahs with its lower h)be much pro- 
 duced ; dorsal fin long, of 12 or more rays. 
 
 Xiphophoru8. 
 nn. Caudal fin normal, alike in the two sexea. 
 0. Dorsal fin long, of more than 12 rays. 
 
 MOLUKXESIA, 102. 
 00. Dorsal fin short, of less than I'i rays . . I'wcilia, 103. 
 turn. Teeth in a single series; dorsal fin short. 
 p. Dorsal inserted in advance of anal. 
 
 Plafypwcilus. 
 pp. Dorsal inserted posteriorly to anal. 
 
 GlUAUDIXUS, 104. 
 U. Teeth incisor-like, tricuspid (Goodt'uue) Goodea. 
 
 156.— JORDANCIiliA Goode & Bean. 
 
 (Gooile & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. ii, 177, 1879: typo JordaneUa floridw G. &, B.) 
 
 Body sliort, (lecp, compressed. Ueiid short, ^lontlj snmll, very pro- 
 tractile, the lower jaw the loiij^er; lips i'lill. Jaws each with a single 
 scrifis of rather broad, wedjje-shaped, incisor teeth, the cutting edge of 
 which is deeply notched, usually triiid. Branch iostegals 5. Dorsal flu 
 elongate, the number of rays lG-18, the first being a robust spine; in- 
 sertion of dorsal flu behind ventrals, in advance of front of anal, its 
 lust ray behind the last of anal ; dorsal lin not greatly elevated. Anal 
 fiuBborter and smaller, similar in both sexes; ventral lins small, with 
 a scale at base; caudal fin rouuded; pectorals short and snuill. Intes- 
 
 
 f "S 
 
 
^ *^ W *! ■ 
 
 ff, f - ■ >s 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 m ^ 
 
 :; ■•*'?iif 
 
 
 328 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 tinal canal rather long; three times length of bod;y. Sexes similar 
 (Dedicated to David S. Jordan.) . . i.. 
 
 534. J. florid^ Goodo & Bean. 
 
 Body ovate, short and deep, with elevated back, deej) caudal )u». 
 dunde, and steep profile. Head moderate, flat and broa<l between tlio 
 ejes, its profile less steei) than that of the hack. Eyys large, 3i-4 in 
 head. Montli small, anterior, the lower Jaw projecting. Scales mod- 
 erate, the humeral scale ! ot much enlarged. Dorsal tin inserted mid- 
 way between snout and base of caudal, its flrst ray robust and spjiu' 
 like, grooved behind, longer than the diarneter of the eye, and about 
 as high as the succeeding soft rays. Fins all rather low, the ventnils 
 reaching just past the vent. Scales with strong concentric stria;. 
 Color olivacrous; sides orange or brassy, with a broad steely-blue 
 stripe along each series of scales; 4 or 5 vague, dilluse, black ver- 
 tical bars, most distinct in the young, nearly obsolete in the adult; a 
 large, diffuse, dusky blotch on the sitles, below the dorsal spine; flus 
 mostly dark, the dorsal barred or speckled in the males, nearly plain 
 in the females, sometimes a dusky blotch ou its last rays; body and 
 lins everywhere finely punctulate with black; a dark bar below eye. 
 Head 3.]; depth 2-^^. D. I, IG, or 1, 17; A. 1, 11, to 1, 13; Lat. 1. 2r>-L>7; 
 L. transv. 11 or 12. L. IJ inches. Streams of Central and Eastern 
 Florida; abundant. The above description from specimens taken by 
 Dr. J. A. Ilenshall in San Sebastian Kiver. The original types were 
 from Lake Monroe. Herbivorous, at least in i>art. 
 (Goodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 117, 1879.) 
 
 157.— C¥PKIlVODOi\ Lacdpede. 
 
 (Lchias Ciivior.) 
 
 (Lac6pi>do, Hist. Nat. Poisa. v, 486, 180;{: typo Cjiprinodon rarirgatna Lac.) 
 
 Body very short and stout, the back somewhat elevated. Mouth 
 small. Snout short. Teeth moderate, incisor like, tricuspid, in a sin- 
 gle series. Scales very large; humeral scales usually enlarged. Dor- 
 sal fin moderate, inserted in advance of front of anal ; its first ray not 
 enlarged; anal sandier; ventral fins small. Intestinal canal Httlo 
 longer than body, (lill-membranes considerably united, free from the 
 isthmus. Chubby little fishes, inhabiting the brackish waters d 
 America, Southern Enrope, and Northern Africa; sometimes liviug iu 
 hot salt springs. {xuT:pivu<;y carp; ddwv^ tooth.) 
 
49. CYPRIXODONTID.E CYPKINODON. 
 
 329 
 
 525. C. vas-icgatus Lac. 
 
 ]}od,v short and deep, tlic back considerably arched. Mouth as in 
 
 the others, suiall and terminal. Humeral scale 4 times the size of the 
 
 others. l!^.y« longer than snout, [i^ in head, less than iuterorbital 
 
 space. Orijjfin of dorsal al)out mi(hv;i3' of body, behind ventrals in old 
 
 snecimeus, rather in advance in the young; males with the dorsal liu 
 
 elevated, but not reaching, wheu depressed, nearly to caudal. ]\Lde 
 
 fish dusky, with only traces of bars; caudal iin with a dusky bar at 
 
 base and on posterior edge; tips of dorsal and anal dusky; the scales 
 
 ill the breeding season with small tubercles. Femjdo olivaceous; sides 
 
 silvery, with darker bars and irregular nuirkings; a dark bar at base of 
 
 caudal ; a dark spot on posterior part of dorsal. Head 3^ ; depth 2j^, 
 
 1). 10; A. 10; scales 25; L. transv. 11. L. S 2.J inches; ? 1^ inches. 
 
 Cape Cod to Mexico, in brackish waters, entering streams. 
 
 (Lac<5pt'(i<\ Hist. Nat. I'oiss. v. 4^(5: Lvhian oriniin UoKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 
 '21.'i; (iiiiitluT, vi, 150.'): Ci/prinodoii horhiiiH IJ. & G. I?ro<!. Aoail. Nat. Sei. Phihi. IH5;?, 
 S89: Cyprinodoii hovhiuH Girard, U. S. Mex. ]).)un<l. Surv. Ichth. G7: Cjiprinotloii borinua 
 Giintlior, vi, :?l)7: Cyprinodon exiiniu8 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851), irj8.) 
 
 5^6. C. Kil^bosMS P.aird & Girard. 
 
 Siiuihu- to the preceding, but the body still deeper and the back and 
 fius still more elevated ; the scales apparently somewhat smaller ; anal 
 much smaller than dorsal ; coloration similar to that of 0. varicgatus. 
 Head 2|; depth 1^. D. 10; A. 11; Lat. 1. 28; L. transv. 11. Indi- 
 anola, Texas. {Oirard.) 
 
 (Haiid & (iirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18515, 390; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. 
 
 Suit. Ichtli. ()7.) 
 
 527. €. latifasciaflis Garnian. 
 
 I'orin and dentition of G. fjibhosus. Black caudal band much wider; 
 a li^'ht band from middle of opercle to lower half of caudal ; a dark 
 band above this, sepjirated by a narrower band of light from the dark 
 olive of the ba(;k; silvery color of belly separated from the light band 
 on the Hanks by a short baud of brown; tins clouded with brown; cau- 
 dal with a narrow dark band across its base and a broad one across its 
 extremity. Head 4 in total length; depth 3. D. 12; A. 11; V. G; P. 
 11; Lat. 1. 30; L. transv. 11. Parras, Coahuila, Mex. {Garman.) 
 
 (Oariiuui, Jkill. Mm. Coiup. Zocil. viii, No. 3, 92, 1881.) 
 
 528. C. ('I<>{jrnn<4 Baird & Girard. 
 
 Body more elongate than in any of the preceding; the ui)per outline 
 of the lieiul less depressed, so that the profde is continuous; flns low, 
 the dorsal quite small; its rays scarcely extending to the beginning of 
 
 
 
 W^k 
 
 ^ in 
 
 *) I 
 
 /■I 
 
 
 
 1' 
 
 m 
 
 f • ti 
 
f;-5Sf:3'i-9.'i> i:.;* 'te.' •emi^l^-. 
 
 I ■ 
 
 !! 
 
 t 
 J'' f i 
 
 
 I, 
 hi 
 
 t 
 
 I , 
 
 330 CONTRinUTIONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 the cjimlul peduncle. Bluish black, sides somewhat variog;itod with 
 
 darker, the males somewhat spotted ; edge of caudal iiti black in the 
 
 male; a black patch on last rays of dorsal iu the female. Head 3.J- 
 
 depth li 'o 3. D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 20-12. L. 2^ inches, llio (huiuie. 
 
 {(liranl.) 
 
 (Hiiinl & (iiraid, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sei. Philii. 1853, 389; Girard, U. 8, Mex. Hound. 
 Surv. Ithlh. ()(■>.) 
 
 339. C, csilifioriiiciiMS Ord. 
 
 " It may be easily distiuf^uished from its congeners in North America 
 by its uniform system of coloration which exhibits neither bands nor 
 spots. The jyeneral aspect of its body is rather short and deep, except 
 in the younj^ which .assume a subfusilbrm appearance. The larjfcst 
 specimens which we have examined measure about an inch and u half 
 in total lenf;th. The head constitutes the fourth of the length, tlie snout 
 being abruptly rounded off. The mouth is, proportionally si)eiikin;,', 
 of medium size, whilst the eye is rather small, subcircular; its diaiucter 
 entering three times and a half in the length of the side of the head. The 
 dorsal iin is higher than long, and superiorly convex ; its interior margin 
 being nearer the apex of the snout than the posterior margin of the 
 caudal. The anal fin is nearly as large as the dorsal, deeper than long, 
 inferiorly convex, i)articularly upon its i)osterior half. The caudal is 
 post< iorly truiicated, nearly linear. The ventrals are small, project 
 beyond the vent and reach almost the origin of the anal. The i)ectoral.s 
 are well developed, rounded off, extending as far as a vertical line drawn 
 at the insertion of the ventrals. The rays are: D. 10 + 1; A. 11 ; C. 
 3, 1, 8, 8, 1, ;j; V. 7; P. 12. The scales are much deeper than long, 
 anteriorly truncated and posteriorly rounded off or convex. The color 
 is olivaceous brown, with a dark grayish tint along the back, and u 
 golden tint beneath." {Oirard.) San Diego, California. 
 
 (Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 157.) 
 
 530. C. iiiacularius Baii-d & Gii-ard. 
 
 Apparently very similar to G. varicgatus ; the female dark above, 
 with dark bars on the sides and a dark shade across the dorsal fui ; lins 
 rather small. Head 83 ; depth 2-2^. D. 10; A. 11 ; scales 20-9. L. 2 
 inches. Rio Gila. (Girard.) 
 
 (B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1853, 389; Girard, U. S. Mox. Bound. Surv. 
 Ichtb. ()8.) 
 
 531. C. carpio Giiutbcr. i. ; . jw4a..j,r u «. 
 Slenderer than C. varicgatus ; humersil scale scarcely larger than tho 
 
 others ; dorsal fin inserted slightly behind ventrals ; eye 85^ in head, a 
 
j: -Yij^? 49. CYPRINODONTIDiE FUNDULUS. 331 
 
 little shorter than snout; olivaceous, silverj'^ below. Head 3; depth 
 oi. D. 11; A. 10; scales 25-10. "America." {O'dnthcr.) 
 (UuulLer, v 1,30(5.) 
 
 1S8.— FIJNDU£.US LacdpMe. 
 
 KiUlJishcH. 
 
 {Ilydrargyra LacdiJt-de : Xciiisma Jordan.) * 
 
 (Lac«^ln'<lC) Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, .'J7, 1803: typo Fundulua mmlfiah LaedpMe =: Cofciiis 
 hctcrovllta L.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed behind. Mouth 
 moderate. Jaws, each with two or more series of pointed teeth, usually 
 toriuinj; a narrow band. Bones of the mandiole flrudy united. Scales 
 moderate. Branchiostegals 4-(5. Preopercle, preorbital, and mandi- 
 1)1(' with nuicous pores. Dorsal and anal tins similar, moderately devel- 
 (ipcd or rather large, the dorsal usually inserted in front of the anal. 
 Vi'utrals well developed. Air-bladder present. Sexes ditt'ering in 
 color, size, nvd development of the tins, the anal fin ia the male nor- 
 mal. Intestinal canal short. Species very numerous, mostly Ameri- 
 ciiii, inhabiting fresh waters and arms of the sea. They are the largest 
 in size of the Cyprinc:lonts, and some of them are very brightly colored. 
 [UiWii fundus, bottom, the supposed abode of the '■'■Fundulus mudfish.^'') 
 
 The species may be divided as follows: 
 
 * Dorsal tin beginning in advance of anal, 
 t liiancliiostegals 6. (Hydraugvua Lacdpfede.) 
 a. Males with dark cross-bars and a black dorsal spot ; femaloa with longitudinal 
 
 stripes majalis, swampinus. 
 
 aa. Males and females with dark cross-bars similw, zebra. 
 
 aaa. Males without sharp markings, the scales rough in spring ; females plain. 
 
 parvipinni^. 
 tt Branchiostegals 5. (Fundulus.) 
 
 b. Dorsal long, its rays IG or 17 ; body with round black spots, at least in the 
 
 nuilo seminolis. 
 
 bb. Dorsal moderate, its rays 10-14. 
 c. Scales rather small, 40 or more in a longitudinal series. 
 
 d. Cross-bars if present, black diaphanus, covfluenius, 
 
 dd. Cross-bars silvery. 
 
 c. Teeth small, in a baud menona, 
 
 ee. Teeth in about two series, the outer enlarged adinia. 
 
 cc. Scales large, less than 40 in a longitudinal series. 
 
 /. Males with 9 or 10 silvery cross-bars ; females with black bars ; tins 
 
 plain nxgrofasclatm. 
 
 ff. Males with silvery spots and bars ; females nearly plain olivaceous, 
 
 or barred with black hetcroclitaa. 
 
 •* Dorsal tin beginning above or slightly behind anal ; fins high. (Xenisma Jor.) > 
 
 . g. Branchiostegals 5 ; spots in regular series catenatwi. 
 
 gg, Branchiostegals 4 ; spots irregular Htell^'er, 
 
 : rrri 
 
 ■i 
 
 H, . --if r!il 
 
 ,?«'4V' 
 
i: 
 
 III 
 
 1. 
 
 iiifS-''' 
 
 332 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 * Dorsal fin l»ct;inniii'5 in aclvance! of anal. 
 
 t l}ran(!liio.stt'nalH (). (//i/rfrrt»y/i/m* Lacdpodc.) 
 
 a MaU:8 with dark crosH-bars; feinak's with longitudinal stripes. 
 
 533. F. lliaJaBiN (Wall).) Othv.—KilUfiHh ; Maiifmh; liockfwh. 
 
 Body obloii}^', scarcely elovsited, little compressed; head rather pro- 
 loiijifed anteriorly, the mouth small, t(^rQiinal and very ol)li<iue; scales 
 rather larjjfe; dorsal tin moderate; anal tin very high in the males, mod 
 erate in the females ; ventrals h)ng in the males, reaching past IVout of 
 anal; eye moderate, shorter than snout and than interorbital space- u 
 slight angle formed by the proiile, in front of the eye, due to the greater 
 flattening of the snout. Male fishes dark olivaceous above; sides sil- 
 very or somewhat golden, with about a dozen broad transverse bars of 
 the color of the back; i)osterior part of dorsal fin with a black patch- 
 fins yellowish or pale. Females olivaceous above, white below, a narrow 
 black band along sides about on the level of the eye and as wide as the 
 I)ui>il ; below this two similar black bars anteriorly and one posteriorly, 
 the upi)er one being interrupted ; oue or two black bars at base of cau- 
 dal. Females usually larger than the males. A large specimen taken at 
 Beaufort, N. C, sui»posed to be a male of this s[)ecies in high coloration, 
 showed the foUowing colors in life: Back olive, sides and belly brij^ht 
 salmon yellow; lower fins clear yellow; pectorals and anal with some 
 dusky; i)osterior edge of caudal dark ; dorsal nearly all black, a larjje 
 black Oct 'Hated spot on the last rays; opercles and under parts of head 
 with an inky sutlusion; cheeks, toj) of head, and mouth bronze yellow; 
 sides with about 18 narrow dusky vertical bars. Teeth in a broad band; 
 an outer row of rather large teeth. Oviduct adnate to first anal ray for 
 a short distance. Head 3^; depth 4. D. 12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 3G; L. 
 transv. 13. it. o-G inches. Cape Cod to Florida, the largest of our 
 Cyprinodontldw ; abundant in shallow bays. 
 
 (Vohitia majal'tH Walhauin, Artedi, Pise. \'Z, 1792: Eaox flavuliis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & 
 Phil. Soo. N. Y. i, 4;i9; Giiuther, vi, '.i^i: Uydrargyra inajalia C. & V. xviii, 207.) 
 
 533. F. su^ainpiiius (Lac) Gthr. 
 
 Very similar to the preceding, but the scales apparently somewhat 
 smaller; greenish olive, with a silvery longitudinal band, and 12-15 
 blackish vertical streaks. Head 4; depth 4-^. B. 6; D. 14; A. 12; 
 Lat. 1. 43. South Carolina. ( Val.) 
 
 (Hydrargira awampina Lac6])6de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 378; Giinther, vi, 323.) 
 
 • Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 378, 1808: type Hydrarjira awampina Lac. {idop, 
 water; upyvfiog, silver.) 
 
 if 
 
40. CYPRINODONTIDiE — FUNDULUS. 
 
 (ifl. Miilcs nnd feinales with dark cross-bars. 
 
 333 
 
 ml' •'• >*iiMii** (Hainl A, Giianl) Gthr. 
 
 ];ody moderately eloiijjate. Head rather pointed and elonj^ate, as 
 
 ill /'. iiKijnlis. Sexes similarly colored; both olivaceous above; the 
 
 .sides silvery, with 10-1") dark vertical bars; males with an ocellated 
 
 spot on the last rays of dors.il. Ventral fms short; insertion of dorsal 
 
 midway between front of orV)it and end of caudal. Head .'3;\ ; dei)th 4. 
 
 1). 11; A. 8 or 9; Lat. 1. 33; L. transv. 13. Coast of Texas, ascending 
 
 stroams. 
 
 {Jl,(lvarfi]ira similh Paird & Girard, Proo. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'>3, 381): ITn- 
 drunijiru Himilix Gii'ard, \'. S. Mex. Bound. Ichtli. IW: FunduluH vimilia Gilutbor, vi, 323; 
 .Ionian, Hull. U. 8. Geol. Snrv. Terr, iv, 400.) 
 
 53.1. F. acbra (Girard) Gthr. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, subfusiform, the back slightly arched. 
 Head subi)yramidal, very much depressed. Eye 4 in head. Fins mod- 
 crate; liigher in the males than in the females. Scales smaller than in 
 ;•'. si mills and more closely imbricated. Olivaceous above, with a black- 
 ish spot upon each scale; sides yellowish, with narrow transverse 
 black bands or bars, about 10 in number, more consi)icuous in the males 
 than in the females, and extending from the back to the belly; inter- 
 spaces wider than the dark bars. Fins plain. Sexes similar. Head 
 ^. D. 13; A. 14. L. 3 inches. Rio Grande in Mew Mexico. {Girard.) 
 
 {Ilndiumjum zthra Girard, Free. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IdSU, 60; Giinther, vi, 324. 
 Not ol Dekay. ) 
 
 «((«. Mules without sharp markings; scales rough lu spring. Females nearly plain. 
 
 3;i6. F. parvipinnis Girard. 
 
 ]\Iale, light olive green, mottled with darker; sides with silvery and 
 brassy lustre; lower parts yellow; about 20 short blaclrisli cross-bars 
 along middle of sides, broader, plainer, and more closely set behind ; 
 sides and tins with dark points; uijper fins dull olive; lower yellow. 
 reiiiale larger, olive green above, sides not barred, with an obscure 
 dusky lateral band on caudal peduncle. Fins plain. Fins very high 
 ill the male, small in the female. Scales large; in the males in spring 
 roughened or ctenoid by small granulations and prickles, similar to the 
 uuptial excrescences of some Cyprinidce; tins also rough. Oviduct form- 
 ing a sheath at base of first ray of anal. Head 3^; depth 3'^. D. 13; 
 A. 11; Lat. I. 38; L. transv. 12. L. 4 inches. Coast of California from 
 Point Concepciou southward ; very abundant in bays and lagoons. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S54, 154; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 
 yOo; UUulher, vi, 319j Steindachncr Ichth. j cjitrjige, v, 155, ItiTG.) 
 
 lif 
 
 :m 
 
 
 .. ' ti 
 
 fl 
 
 
 
 i\- - 
 
 
 
 
 i- .; 
 
 
 '1 
 
 
 :■ ■■■ 
 
 BJ^ffl 
 
 
 
 ^;.,% 
 
 
 ' J u/ , 
 
 
 -J 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
'I 
 
 p 
 
 If 
 
 % 
 
 I.' * 
 
 I* <- 
 
 '1 
 
 334 coxTRinuTioxs to north American ichthyology— iv. 
 
 tt Branchii)st»'fr.'il8 fi. {Fiindulim.) 
 h. DorHiil loiij?; its rays Ki or 17. 
 
 337. F. semiiiolis Giranl. 
 
 Body rather stout. Head subpyrainidal, the .snout tapcriiif^. Kyp 
 4S in Lead. Dorsal fin lii^a, its orifjfin nearer apex of snout than orijxin 
 of caudal; anal deeper thc*n long. Ventrals not reaching vent. Soaks 
 deeper than long, of moderate size. Dark brown with larg«' round 
 black spots, the spots corresponding to the scales, upon their line of 
 intersection. Dorsal and caudal spotted. IJead 3'ij; depth .'ig. D. 17- 
 A. 13; V. G. Florida. {Giranl.) 
 
 (Girurrt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18r)9, 59; Gilnthor, vi, 325.) 
 
 hb, Doreal mortcrate, its rays 11-14. 
 
 e. Scales raf her small; more than 40 in a longitudinal scries. 
 d. Cross-bars blackish. 
 
 53S. F. diaphanus (Le S.) k^.— Spring Minnow. 
 
 Body rather slender, not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Ilead 
 moderate; quite flat above. Fins not large; dorsal and anal rather 
 low; ventrals scarcely reaching vent in the females; somewhat huij^er 
 in the mtales. General color olivaceous; sides silvery; 15-25 narrow, 
 irregular blackish cross-bars on the sides; back always more or less 
 spotted with blackish; fins nearly plain. Teeth pointed, the outer 
 not much enlarged. Head 4 ; depth 4*. Eye large, 3.J in head. D. 
 13; A. 11; Lat. 1. 40; L. transv. 12. L. 4 inches. Coasts, ascending all 
 streams to their fountaiti heads. Abundant in various tributaries of 
 the great lakes. Upper Mississippi, west to Colorado, and in ponds and 
 streams of the Middle and Eastern States. 
 
 (H>idrar(J!ira C.iaphana Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Naf. Sci. Phila. i, 1'^17,130: Ilijdmrmira 
 mvUifaHciuta Lc Sueur 1. c. 131: Fuiidnliis mnltifaitciafiiii Giiuther, vi, 324, and of most 
 writers; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, (57.) 
 
 53%*. F. confllHcntus Goodc & Bean. 
 
 Yellowish, with a longitudinal streak along each row of scales and 
 about 14 distinct irregular vertical dark bands. Head low, flat. Snout 
 not produced. Interorbiial space 2 in length of head, eye 4 in liojul. 
 Origin of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and middle of eye. 
 First raj' of anal under second of dorsal. Anal higher than long. 
 Scales crowded. B. probably 5. Head 3.|; depth 3|. D. 10; A. 10; 
 Lat. 1. 45. Lake Monroe, Florida. (Ooode & Bean.) 
 
 (Goode & Bear*, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 118.) 
 
 i: 
 
49. CYPUINODONTlDiE FUNDULUS. 
 
 335 
 
 ja. Cross-l'ars silvery. 
 
 e. Tfi'tli i" 1>:iii<Ih, the outer not enlarged 
 
 ,110. F> inoiioiia .Jordan & Copcland. 
 
 i;o(l.v elouj^iite, slif^htly coinpres.scd, not elertitod; head lonj;;^ and large, 
 rather narrow above, tlie interorbital .space half wider than eye, whieh 
 is 4 ill head. Dorsal moderate, inserted in advance of the anal, which 
 is short and deep; paired lins short; vent midway between eye and base 
 of caiKlal. Color [i ) <lark olive brown, with about 10 shinin^ji silvery, 
 vertical bands, whieh are narrower than the dark interspa(!es; the inicr- 
 siiiices broadest behind; fins plain; teeth pointed, curved, outer little 
 cnlarjred. Head 3r ; depth 5. D. 12; A. 10; B. 5; scales 48-12. L. 
 31 inches. Rock River, Wisconsin. 
 
 (J,)nlan & Copcliuid. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S77, 6S.) 
 
 f,. TtM'tli in about two series, the outer enlarged. 
 .111. F. ndiilia J. & G. nom. sp. nov. 
 
 Body short, deep, and compressed; head moderate, broad, and flat 
 flbove, the interoibital space rather more than half greater than the 
 width of the eye; eye 4 in head; dorsal and anal lins rather large; dor- 
 sal iust rted almost exactly over fiont of anal ; teeth mostly in two series, 
 the outer very strong; vent midway between eye and base of caudal; 
 scales small, closely imbrio'ted. Color olivaceous, with 15 to 20 silver 
 cross-bars, almost as wide as the interspaces posteriorly, wider than the 
 interspaces anteriorly, extending over the belly and joining their fellows 
 on the opposite side ; the bands variable, but usually wider and more 
 crowded than in F. menona ; fins plain. Head 3§; depth 4. D. 13; 
 A. 11; scales 44-15. L. 2 inches. Coast of Texas, ascending streams; 
 our specimens from the Rio Grande. 
 
 (? JrfiHirt mitllifaHciata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 117: Fnndiilua zebra 
 Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Ti-rr. iv, No. 2, 1878, 6(>4. Not Hydrartiyra mul({f(miata 
 Le Siu!ur, nor Hyilrargijra zebra Grd., nor Fimduhtu zebra Dekay.) 
 
 (c ScalcH rather large, less than 40 in a longitudinal series. 
 
 /. Males with U or 10 silvery cross-bars; females with black vertical stripes; tins 
 plahi. 
 
 r>43. F. nigrofasciatus (Lc S.) C. & V. 
 
 Body rather short and deep; bead rather long and depressed; the 
 snout obtuse, a slight angle being formed above the eye; dorsal mod- 
 orate, well back; anal short and deep; eye lorger than snout, 1^ in 
 interorbital space, 3.^ in head. Olivaceous above, silvery below ; fins 
 iu both sexes immaculate; males with 9 or 10 very dietiuct silvery 
 
 :l 
 
 4 1 
 
 m^"^^ 
 
 •V ;*i. ;•? 
 
 i 
 
 r.:^ 
 
 «. 'f\ 
 
'1 
 
 m' 
 
 
 f^.^^: '»' 
 
 ■^PSTi^r;' 
 
 336 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 cross bars, each about, as broad as a scale; females with about as umnv 
 narrow black bars, which do not extend on the luick or belly; sciiks 
 punctate. Head 3| ; depth 4. U. 11 ; A. 0; scales 33-n. L. L'A ineln,; 
 {G'dnthcr.) Arlantic coast of United States, not very common. 
 
 {Iljldrarffyra mtjrofase'mta Lo Suenr, Joui'n. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1H17, i njj. 
 Storer, Fish Mass, 21)5; Giiiither, vi, ;i25.) 
 
 ff. Males with silvciy spots and bars; females nearly plain olivaceous; fins spotted 
 
 343. F. lieteroclitUS (L.) Giinther.— ConuttOft KilUfvth; Mummichog; SaU-Katn 
 Miiinoiv. 
 
 Body thick-set, short and deep; anteriorly broad, posteriorly com- 
 pressed, the back elevated ; head rather short, blunt, broad and Hat on 
 top; eye moderate, about equal to snout, about half the width of intiT. 
 orbital space and one-tifth of the lenj;th of the head ; tins moderate, the 
 dorsal inserted in males midway between snout and tip of caudal; i,i 
 femides farther back ; oviduct attached to anterior ray of anal firi, its 
 openinjj near the tip of the ray; teeth in broad bands, jwinted, tlie 
 outer series eidarj^^ed. Coloration in males dark dull green, the lu'liy 
 more or less orange yellow; sides with numerous quite narrow ill- 
 defined silvery bars made up of spots, most distinct posteriorly; besides 
 these are numerous conspicuous white or yellow spots, irregtdarly scat 
 tered ; vertical tins dark, with numerous small round pale sjjots ; dorsal 
 often with a blackish spot on its last ray; anal and ventrals yellow 
 anteriorly; under side of head yello\y; young males sometimes with 
 dark bars. Females nearly plain olivaceous, lighter below, witliout 
 spots or bars, the scales finely punctate; sides sometinu's with a few- 
 faint vertical shades. Head 3§ ; depth 3§. D. 11 ; A. 11 ; scales 3()-i;i; 
 L. 3-5 inchc s. Maine to Mexico, everywhere very common in brackish 
 Avaters, the most abundant of cur Cyprinodontida'. Southern speciiiiciis 
 l)erhaps reach a larger size (var. granila) than northern, and some speci- 
 mens (var. imculentuH) have the head wider than usual. 
 
 {Cohiih hcteroclUa L. Synt. Nut.: 7i»ox/>iV,'« /(»/««, Mitch. Tinns, Lit. A- Phil. Soc. y. 
 Y. i, 441 • Fiiiidiiliin piaci'Iciitiiii of most Aniciicai' authors: I'luidiilim zihra •Dt'kivy, N. Y. 
 Fauna, Fish. iilH, 1H4'J: I'uudulim (jraiidis Haird & Girard, Proc Aca.l. iS'at. Sci. I'liilii. 
 18.");J, 1589 : J<\inditli(a (fmudis GirtU{\, IJ.'S. Mex. Bound. Surv. lehth. (U): FiiiidiihiH Jlori- 
 dennw Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IH.'iO, U>7: Fundtihw jmculcntita Storer, 1 isli. 
 Mass. v!94; Giinthcr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi, ;J18.) 
 
 *• orsal fin beginning directly above or slightly behind anal. {Xvniama* Jor.) 
 
 'Jordan, Bull. Butt". Soc. Nat. Hist. 1S76, 142: typo Xenmna sUdlifem Jor. {^ei'tdiua, 
 r surprise.) 
 
49. CYPRINODONTIDiE — FUNDULUS. 
 
 337 
 
 Branch iostcgals 5; spots in regular series. 
 
 S44. F. catenatus (Storer) Gthr.—Stud-Jish. 
 
 Similar in form i-3 F. stelUfer, but larger, with lower fins and difter- 
 ent coloration ; dorsal and anal fins even in the males, falling short of 
 the ciiudal ; color bluish or greenish, with a round orange spot (in the 
 male) on each scale, thus forming series of regular lines of dots ; females 
 with smaller brown spots on the scales, also forming lines. Anal 
 prickly in £i)ring males. Teeth in broad bands, the outer somewhat 
 enlar^'t'd. Head 4; depth 4.^5. D. 14; A. 15; Lat. 1. 50. L. G or 7 
 inches. Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, locally abundant, one of 
 the larn'ost and handsomest of the Cyprinodonts. 
 
 {J'arilid vah'uata Storer, Syuop.siH Fish N. A. IH4(), 430 ; GUuther, vi, 322 ; Cope, Joiim. 
 Acad. N:i(. Sci. Pliila. 18G8, 238: Xcniama catvnaia Jordau, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. 
 y. 187(5, :v<w.) 
 
 gg. BranchiostegaLs 4 ; spots irregular. 
 
 343. F. stcllifcr Jordau.—Sjjotled Stud-Jish. 
 
 Body rather long, somewhat compressed. Head broad find flattened 
 above, in the usual fashion. Eye large, about 4 in head. Scales closely 
 ii'ibricated, deeper than long. Dorsal flu beginning slightly behind 
 anal, its last rays in the adult males highly elevated, reaching the 
 base of caudal, their height equal to the depth of the body; anal sim- 
 ilar, more elevated in front and less so behind, the last rays falling just 
 short of caudal ; fins lower in females and young ; pectorals reaching 
 vciitrals, the latter to anal in the males. Teeth in a narrow band, the 
 outer souunvhat enlarged, blunt and curved. Coloration brilliant; livid 
 blue above, somewhat silvery below; body and cheeks, with large, 
 bright dark orange spots, irregidarly placed, not following the rows 
 of scales, and not always in the middle of the scales ; these spots not 
 uaiform in size; females with olive-brown spots horizontally, oblong 
 and sinnller than the orange spots of the males and more regularly 
 placed ; a blue loral blotch, with a green one below it ; a pale yellow 
 blotch on the back in front of the dorsal, verj^ conspicuous when the 
 first anal ray. Head 3;^; depth 5. D. 13; A. 13; V.C; Lat. 1. 53. L. 
 fish is ill the water, but fading in spirits. Ovidiict not extending on 
 3-4 iiiclies. Alabama River, in clear streams and springs; a beautiful 
 fish. . M.. ' ■ • 
 
 (Arrtwmn ntcUifcm Jordan, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187C, 322.) ^'■'^''' ' ' 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 22 " r ^^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 • I 
 
 fc • / <ii "^ . 
 
 i , 
 
 ■I 
 
 
 mm. 
 
338 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 h:'!" 
 
 
 139.— ZYGOnrECTES Agasslz. 
 
 Top Minnows. 
 
 (MioristiuB Gill.) 
 (Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1851, 135: type PoeclUa oUoacea Storer.) 
 
 This genus is closely related to Fundulus, difi'ering chie% in the small 
 size and posterior position of the dorsal, which has usually less tbaii 
 ten rays and is commonly inserted behind the front of the anal Un. 
 The species are smaller in size than those of Fundulus, and different in 
 appearance, so that we feel reluctant to unite the two genera, although 
 the technical differences are very slight. From the Old World genus 
 JTaplochilus, Zygonectes is distinguished by the short anal fin. The fe- 
 males of Zygonectes are scarcely distinguishable from those of Gambusia. 
 Species all American. Surface swimmerj?, feeding upon insects. 
 
 i^ydv, yoke ; vf/KTr]C, swimmer; they being said to swim in pairs.) 
 
 * Body rather elongate. (Zygonectes, ) 
 a. Sides without black band. 
 
 •546. Z. rubrifrons Jordan. 
 
 Body moderately stout, little compressed, not elevated, the caudal 
 peduncle deep; head rather long, broad between the eyes, flat above; 
 eyes large, 3\ in head, their range horizontal; mouth rather large. 
 Teeth small, nearly even, in a narrow band. Scales moderate. Dorsal 
 fin very short and small, placed a little behind the anal or about even 
 with it, its position in the males rather more posterior ; anal short, high 
 in the nialee ; ventrals very small ; pectorals small. Color, males dark 
 olivaceous, with a dark, bronze-orange spot on each scale posteriorly, 
 much as in Fundulus catenatus. Below, these spots are bright orange. 
 Taint, narrow vertical, orange bars along the lower and posterior part 
 of the body. Vertical fins with orange spots. Jaws and space ui front 
 of eyes bright orange-red ; paired fins dusky. Females almost uniform 
 brassy-olivaceous, without evident spots or red markings. Head li^ in 
 length to base of caudal; depth 3j|. D. 7 or 8; A. 8 or 0; Lat. 1. 31*; 
 L. transv. 11 or 12 ; B. 5. L. 2^ inches. San Sebastian Eiver, Flor- 
 ida, a larger species than most in the genus, and with the dorsal fin less 
 posterior. 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. t8T9, 237.) 
 
 St7, Z. licnsBialli Jordan. 
 
 Body rather stout, deep and compressed, the profile nearly straight, 
 the back little elevated, and the caudal peduncle deep; head moderate; 
 
 flu Ti: 
 
Vr:- 
 
 ■'fi- 
 
 49. CYPRINODONTID^ — ZYGONECTES. 
 
 339 
 
 nioiitli rathor large ; jaws each with a series of. long and rather slender 
 caiiine-like teeth, behind which is a band of small teeth; the canines 
 larger in the lower jaw; eye large; scales rather large; dorsal fin short 
 and bigh, inserted slightly behind the anal in the males, exactly opposite 
 it ill the females; caudal large; anal fln larger and rather lower than 
 dorsal; ventrals quite small; pectorals moderate. General color oliva- 
 ceous ; sides covered, especially posteriorly, with rather large, irregu- 
 larly placed orange spots, which also extend on the vertical fins; dorsal 
 dusky, with a dark bar; head without red; caudal and anal more or 
 less yellow; females obscurely marked; young with diffuse greenish 
 vertical bars. Head 3 J in length to base of caudal ; depth 4. 13. 5 ; 
 D. 7 or 8; A. 10 or 11; Lat. 1.33; L. transv. 10. L. 3-4 inches. San 
 Sebastian River, Florida. The larger, species of the genus, looking 
 like a Fundulus. 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1870, 327.) 
 
 3I§. Z. floripiniiis (Cope) Jor. 
 
 General form of Z. notatus; lower jaw somewhat projecting; external 
 series of teeth in both jaws enlarged ; eye large, 3^ in head. Olive gray, 
 scales with ochre borders; fins yellow, broadly edged with crimson. 
 Head 4^; depth 5. D. 10; A. 13; scales 29-10. L. 2 J inches, llivers 
 of Colorado. {Cope.) 
 
 (Ilnplochihis floripinnia Cope, Zool. Lieut. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, G95, 1870. 
 
 .VIO. Z. lincatus Garman. 
 
 Brownish, finely punctulate with brown; white below; lips, top of 
 head, and a line along middle of back dark ; tail with faint transverse 
 bands. Moderately stout, compressed. Crown flat. Eye large, as 
 l()u<i; as snout, IJ in interorbital width. Lower jaw slightly longer. 
 Outer teeth long, slender, curved. First ray of dorsal almost opposite 
 lirstof anal, one- third the distance from base of caudal to front of eye; 
 caudal truncate. Head nearly 3; depth 4,^. D. 11; A. 14; V. 0; P. 15; 
 Lat. 1. 30; L. transv. 12. Northeastern Wyoming. (Garman.) 
 
 (Uarmiin, Bull. Mus. Zoiil. viii, No. 3, 88, 1881.) 
 
 fi.i. Sides with a broad, dark lateral baud ; fins plaiu or speckled. 
 
 .150. Z. notatus (Ra*".) Jor.— Top Minnoiv. 
 
 IJody rather slender, compressed behind. Head low, depressed, and 
 rather elongate, the snout somewhat produced, the lower jaw scarcely 
 projecting; interorbital space broad, its width about half length of 
 head; eye large, less than snout, about 3 in head. Fins moderate, the 
 
 
 •\-k 
 
 
 
 
 -if 
 
 
 ^,• 
 
 1 » ' 
 
 f 
 
 (I 
 
 'i ir\- mm 
 

 
 
 
 it, 
 
 
 11 
 
 Kit 
 
 
 340 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 dorsal and anal elevated in the males. Teeth in a broad band, the 
 outer series considerably enlarged and canine like. Coloration browu. 
 ish olive, with a broad, dark purplish-black lateral band running from 
 tip of snout through eye to base of caudal ; darker in males than in 
 females; young specimens have the edges of the band serrated; a few 
 series of small black dots along the sides of the back; dorsal, caudal 
 and anal lins dotted with black ; top of head with a conspicuous trans- 
 lucent spot in life; concentric striae on scales, strong. Head 4; depth 
 4 J. D. 0; A. 11; scales 34-11. L. 2-3 J inches. Michigan to Alabama 
 and Texas, generally abundant in ponds and canals. 
 
 {Scmotilusl nolatua Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 86: Poccilia olivacea Storer, Synopsis, itg. 
 Fandahts tcncllua B. i G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185;J, 389 : Zygoncctcs 2)ulchcUm 
 Giranl, Pioc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1851), GO: Fundnlm aureus Coijc, Proc. Acad. Kat. 
 Sci. Phila. 18;).'), 78: Haplochilus pulr.hcUus Giiuther, vl, 314: Uaplochilus aH/CHs Giiu- 
 ther, vi, 31;'); Jordan, Man. Vert. 264.) 
 
 ** Body short and deep. {Mlcrintius Gill.) 
 
 cSSl. Ti. iltralatUS Jordan & Bray ton. 
 
 Body short and stout, compressed, especially posteriorly. Head 
 moderate, broad and flattened above. Dorsal fin well back, moderately 
 high; anal fin rather larger; paired fins small. Coloration dull olive; 
 no stripes or bars; scales slightly dark-edged; a large jet-black Idotch 
 on eacli side just above and somewhat in front of the vent, due to the 
 black peritoneum showing through the translucent sides; dorsal and 
 anal fius speckled. Teeth small, the outer little enlarged. Head 4; 
 depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 30. L. \% inchos. Neuse Eiver, North 
 Carolina. 
 
 (Jordan & Brayton, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1878, 84.) 
 
 532. Z. EOicIanops (Copu) Jor. 
 
 Body rather short and deep. Head broad ; eye as long as snout, 
 3 J in head, 2 in interorbital width; teeth in a band, the outer series 
 scarcely enl.arged. Fins short. Yellowish brown; scales darker edged; 
 body without distinct longitudinal stripes or bnrs; belly golden; a very 
 conspicuous jet-black spot just below the eye, and confluent with it iu 
 the adult; dorsal and caudal fins with series of black dots; caudal very 
 large. Head 3^; depth 3A. D. 7; A. 9; scales 28-7. L. 2^ inches. 
 Neuse Kiver {Cope) to Southern Illinois [Forbes) and Mi8sissipi)i {U.mj\ 
 locally abnndant. 
 
 (IIa;ilochilu8 melanopa Copo, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 457; Jordan, Bull. 111. Lab. 
 Nat. Hist, ii, 52, 1878; Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 501.) 
 
49 CYPEINODONTJD^ — ZYGONECTES. • 
 
 341 
 
 553. Z. dispar • Agassiz. 
 
 Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short and very broad, 
 the flat iuterorbital space being two-thirds of its length, and barely twice 
 the diameter of the eye; the distance between the eyes above greater 
 than the distance between them below Snout broadly rounded. Fins 
 moderate; dorsal much smaller than anal. Outer series of teeth some- 
 what enlarged. Coloration pale olive, bluish in life ; a V( ^y distinct 
 brownish line along the edges of each row of scales, appearing wavy or 
 serrated as it follows the scales; about 10 of these longitudinal stripes 
 are present; males with the lines interrupted, appearing a>^ series of 
 dots and further marked by about 9 dark cross-bars; adults with a dark 
 blotch below the eye, sometimes confluent with it. Oviduct free from 
 anal. Head 32; depth 3 J. D. 7; A. 9; scales 35-10. L. 2^ inches. 
 Lake? and sluggish streams from Ohio to Iowa. 
 
 (Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 353; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila. 
 ISTT,"!)?.) 
 
 554. Z. brachypterus Cope. 
 
 « Base of the first dorsal ray behind the vertical line equally dividing 
 the base of the anal ; ventrals not reaching base of anal. Scales large. 
 Head wide, with overhanging supercilia ; iuterorbital width twice the 
 diameter of the orbit, which enters the length of the head 2J times. 
 Color uniform olivaceous, the scales with brown edges; cheeks silvery; 
 no spots on the head. Body stout. Head 4J, D. 7; A. 8. Scales 
 30-lf. Lenj^h 2." {GopCj MSS.) Trinity Eiver and other streams in 
 Texas. 
 
 * Professor Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 353, mentiona three more species of 
 this geu'is, which have not since been recognized, besides two (Z. lateral'^ and Z. zona- 
 tus) which are evidently identical with Z, notatus, and another, Z. Uncolatus, which 
 Professor Putnam informs us is identical with Z. noUii. 
 
 Z. nottii Agass. 
 
 '•The darker continuous longitudinal lines alternate with fainter inteirupted ones. 
 Males with distinct transverse bands ; dark olive above, fading upon the sides ; sil- 
 very bolow. Operculum, throat, and space in advance of*the eye oi'ange color." Mo- 
 bile, Ala. 
 
 Z, gutlatua Agass. 
 
 "A largo dark spot upon the centre of each scale on the back and sides, forming 
 longitudinal rows of disconnected dots. The transverse bars of the male are mnch 
 narrower and nearer together than in Z. Uncolatus (nottii). Dark olive above, fading 
 upon the side. Abdomen silvery." Mobile, Ala. 
 
 Z. heroglyphima Agass. 
 
 "Anterior and upper parts of the body sprinkled with dark dots, i)as8ing into longi- 
 tudinal rows backwards. Light olive above ; silvery on the sides and below." Mo- 
 bile, Ala. 
 
 ,ili!:;fi-t 
 
 
 >» f*' , 
 
 
lii 
 
 II. 
 
 
 
 
 fl-^l 
 
 
 ,:■ V' 
 
 ^*i!^A '"'. 
 
 
 342 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 SliS. Z. sciadicus (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Body short and stout. Eye equal to snout, 3J in head, 1§ in inter 
 
 orbital space. Fins small. Coloration uniform olivaceous, without spots 
 
 or lines. Head 3J. D. 10; A. 12; scales 39-13. L. 2 inches. Platte 
 
 lliver. {Cope.) 
 
 (Fundulua aciadicua Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1865, 78: Ha^lochilua Hciadkm 
 GUnther, vl, 316.) 
 
 5tSG. Z. chrysetus (GUnther) Jor. 
 
 Head depressed anteriorly. Snout shorter than the eye, which is 31 
 
 in head and IJ in interorbital space. Fins moderate. Light olive- 
 
 colored, with narrow, dark, vertical streaks on the sides; caudal with 
 
 bauds of brown dots. Head 3J; depth 4. D. 9; A. 11; scales 34-12. 
 
 Charleston, S. C. {GUnther.) 
 
 {Haplovhilus chryaotus GunthdT, vi, 317.) j- 
 
 S57. Z. zonatus (Mitch.) Jor. 
 
 Eye large, 2^ in head. Dorsal almost reaching the caudal, which ia 
 lanceolate. Sides with 12 black cross-bars ; dorsal and anal dotted with 
 black; other fins immaculate. D. 7; A. 10. Head 4 J in total leugth. 
 South Carolina. {GUnther.) 
 
 (lEaox zonafua Mitch. Traaa. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 443: Fundulua zonatua C. &. V. xviii, 
 196: Haplovhilua zonatua GiintheT, \i, 316.) 
 
 35§. Z. cingulatus (C. &. Y.) Jor. 
 
 Anal rather larger than dorsal; sides with ten or twelve broad, well- 
 defined, vertical dark bars, nearly as broad as their interspaces; dorsal 
 with a large black spot posteriorly, immediately in front of which is a 
 white one; other fins immaculate. D. 8; A. 9. Head 3|. Coast of 
 New Jersey. {GUnther.) 
 
 (Fundulua cingulatua C. & V. xviii, 197 (D. 8; A. 10): Hydrargyra luoiw Bairtl, Ninth 
 Smithsonian Rept. 1855, 344: Haplochilua luciw GUnther, vi, 316.) 
 
 160.— I.1TCANIA Girard.^ 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1859, 118: type Lucania venuata Grd.) 
 
 Mouth moderate, the snout not produced ; both jaws with a single 
 series of conical teeth? Scnles rather large. Dorsal and anal rays iu 
 moderate number, the dorsal in advance of the anal; anal flu not 
 modified in the males. Very small fishes. (A coined name without 
 meauing. 
 
 • GIRARDINICHTHYS Bleeker. _- _^^^ 
 
 (Limn«r(7«s GUnther.) ? j 
 
 {Bl&okoT, CyTpxin, 1860, 431: typ\j G-irardiniohthya innominatua.) 
 
 Body stout. Mouth small, the upper jaw very protractile. Teeth small, subcylin- 
 drical, in a single series iu each jaw. Scales rather small. Dorsal and anal fins long, 
 
49. CYPRINODONTID^ — LUCANIA. 
 
 343 
 
 559. L. venusia Grd. .. ' , ^ v -w "■..:.., t. , ... c.; •>..,■ 
 Body oblong, much as in Zygonectes. Dorsal midway ot body, mod- 
 erately elevated, much in front of anal. Snout rather pointed. Brown- 
 ish sliylitly spotted. Head 3^; depth 3^. D. 13; A. 11; Lat. 1. 27. 
 L. U inches. Indianola, Tex. (Girard.) 
 
 (Limia venusta Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 71, 1859; Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1859, 118; GUuther, vi, 310: Lucania affinia Giiard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci.Pliihv. 1859, 118.) 
 
 560. L. parva (B. & G.) Beau* 
 
 Form elongated. Head less than one-fourth the length (with the 
 caudal). Eye 3 in head. Coloration plain. D. 10; A. 10; V. G; L. 
 transv. 8. Very small. Long Island. {Giinther.) 
 
 (Cuprinodon parvus B. <& G. Ninth Smithsonian Report, 1855,345: Cyprinodon par- 
 
 f,w GUiitlier, vi, 307.) 
 
 561. L. goodei Jordan. 
 
 Body elliptical, rather elongate, the back considerably elevated to a 
 point just in front of the origin of the dorsal fin ; the caudal peduncle 
 rather deep and compressed. Head short, comparatively narrow, and 
 bluntly pointed. Mouth small, terminal; both jaws with rather large 
 conical canine-like teeth, apparently in a single series. Eye large, near 
 the middle of the side of the head, its diameter contained 2 J to 2^ times 
 iu the length of the head, about equal to the width of the interorbital 
 space. Scales large, their exposed surfaces higher than long, in about 
 30 (29 to 32) longitudinal and 7 vertical series; humeral scale like the 
 others. Fins large, especially in the males; origin of dorsal about mid- 
 way between snout and base of caudal, conspicuously in advance of 
 anal; height of dorsal fin in the males two-thirds the length of the head, 
 about equal to the length of the base of the liu ; anal tin similar and 
 nearly as high and long, beginning nearly under the middle of the 
 dorsal; caudal moderate, subtruncate; ventrals long, in the males 
 
 each with 20 or more rays, nearly opposite each other; anal fin not modified in the 
 male. Intestinal canal short. Moiiico. (Girardinus; /^Ov?, fish.) 
 
 (j. innominatua Bleeker. 
 
 Head thiclc, the snout obtuse, the mandible being directed vertically upward; neck 
 arched so that the upper profile of the head is concave. Eye 5 iu head, i the width 
 of interorbital space. Olivaceous, with brown cross-bauds, which are sometimes 
 conJiuent. Head 4 ; depth 3^. D. 20; A. 22; Lat. 1. 44. Vicinity of city of Mexico. 
 (liiinthtr.) 
 
 (Lucania sp. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 114; Bleeker, Cyprin. 484: 
 Limnurgua varkgatus GUuther, vi, 309.) 
 
 * Dr. Beau iuforms us that this species, tlio types of which he has examined, is a 
 Ltuania. 
 
 
 ■^1 
 
 iV 
 
 m 
 
 ttn 
 
 ■ ■ i 
 
Ill 
 
 
 if ■• 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 344 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 reaching the front of t Je anal, in the females reaching the vent; pecto- 
 rals reaching past front of ventrals in both sexes. Color olivaceous 
 the scales with dark edgings; a very distinct black band in botli sexes 
 rnnning through eye and snout straight to the base of the caudal 
 whore it ends in a round black spot ; this baud is about as wi<l(3 as a 
 series of scales, although developed on parts of two series; a conspjcu. 
 ous black band in both sexes along the lower edge of the caudal pedun- 
 cle, from the root of the caudal to the vent, dividing and passing ou 
 each side of the anal fin; fins in the female plain; in the male, basal 
 half of dorsal and anal jet black, outer half pale with a black edge- 
 pectorals and especially ventrals also dark-edged ; caudal ftn faintly 
 mottled ; vertical fins with more or le|8 red in life. Head 4; do])tli 4;^. 
 D. 9; A. 9. L. l,i inches. Arlington River, Florida, a tributary of the 
 Saint John's. , 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 240.) 
 
 161.— GAIUBIJSIA Poey.» 
 (Heterandria AgSiHsiz.) 
 
 (Poey, Mem. Cuba, i, 382, 1851: type Gambmia punctata Poey, from Cuba.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate. Mouth medium ; both jaws with a baud 
 of conical teeth ; snout not produced ; the lower jaw prominent. Eyes 
 
 • PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS Bleaker. 
 (Paoiliodes Stcindachner.) 
 
 (Blocker, Iclithyol. Iml. Prodr. Cypr. 1860, 483: type Xiphophorits himaciihtus Ilockcl.) 
 This genua haa the general cliaracters of Oambuaia, differing in the lur<for size of 
 the dorsal fin, which haa 14-16 rays instead of 6-10. Mexico. {ipEvdoi, false; Aijj/to- 
 phorus.) 
 * Anal process ending in a small hook. 
 
 P. iimaciilatua (Heckel) GUnther. 
 
 Each scale with a brown creacent; a black spot behind upper end of gill-opening, 
 and a round blackish apot on upper half of root of caudal. Head 4^; depth 4^. B. 6; 
 D. 14; A. 10; scales 29-8. L. 4 iuchea. Mexico. (GUniher.) 
 
 {Xiphophorua bimaeulatus Heckel, Sitzgaber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, 169; Giinther, 
 vi, 332.) 
 ** Anal process without hook. 
 
 P. reticulatua Troschel. 
 
 Coloration aa in the preceding; caudal fin entirely blackiah. Depth 6 in total 
 length. D. 16; A. 8. Mexico. {Giinther.) 
 (Troachel, MliUer's Reise Mexico, iii, App. 104; Giinther, vi, 333.) 
 
 BELONESOX Kner. 
 
 (Kner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiaa. Wien, 1860, xl, 419: type Beloneaox belizanua Kner.) 
 
 Cleft of the mouth much developed laterally, the jaw bones being much produced. 
 The int«rmaxillarios form together an elongate triangular plate, but are not ancby- 
 
40. CYPRINODONTIDiE — GAMBUSIA. 
 
 345 
 
 normal. Scales large. Dorsal and anal fins both rather short, the anal 
 more or less in advance of the dorsal ; anal fin of the male modified into 
 a long introraittent organ, and much advanced. Intestinal canal short. 
 Braiichiosteg^^s C. Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of Mexico, 
 Cuba, and the Southern States. The numerous species are imperfectly 
 
 known. < •*■«.-....;; .^-.-.'^ ;..■; .■■-'- ' ■•' -■ ■:. -^ -- ":'";^- 
 
 ("The name owes its etymology to the provincial Cuban word Gambimno, which 
 BiiriiKit's nothing, with the idea of a. joke or farce. Thus one says 'to tish for Gambu- 
 $inos' when one catches nothing." — Poey.) 
 
 563> O. patruelis (15. & G.) Girard. 
 
 Snout broad, subspatulate, the lower jaw projecting. Eye longer 
 than snout, 3 in head, IJ in interorbital space. Anal process in ^ 
 longer than head, not curved at its extremity. Caudal peduncle rather 
 elongate. A faint dark line across upper part of trunk; sometimes 
 series of dark dots on sides of body; an oblique dark band below orbit; 
 caudal with dark spots; coloration sometimes uniform. Head 3§; 
 depth 4. D. 8; A. 9; scales 32-8. South Carolina to Mexico; abun- 
 dant iu lowland streams. 
 
 (Ileterandria holbrooki Agassiz MSS. : Gambusia holbrooJci Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Pliila. 1859, 61: Gambusia holbrooki Giinther, vi, 334: Jleterandria patrudiH B. & 
 G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 390; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Suiv, Ichth. 72.) 
 
 S63. G. hamilis Giinther. 
 
 Slender; anal larger than dorsal, and much anterior to it. Olive; 
 dorsal and caudal with narrow blackish cross-bars. Head 4^. D. 6; 
 
 A. 9. Matamoras. (Oirard.) 
 
 (Gamhnaia graoilia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 121, preoccupied; 
 Giinther, vi, 335.) 
 
 561. G. arlingtonia Goode & Bean. 
 
 Uniform brownish olive; fins with a few blackish dots. Snout 
 broad. Lower jaw projecting. Eye longer than snout, 3 in head. Dor- 
 sal inserted midway between posterior margin of eye and tip of tail. 
 Pectorals reaching ventrals; ventrals to vent. Head 3J; depth 4. D. 
 9 1 A. 11; V. 6; Lat. 1. 33; L. trans v. 11. Arlington Elver, Florida; 
 known from females only, and very likely a Zygonectes. 
 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1879, 118.) 
 
 losed together. Mandible long, somewhat prominent; both jaws with a broad band 
 ofcardiibrm teeth. Scales rather small. Anal in advance of dorsal, modified iu the 
 male into an intromittent organ. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short. Car- 
 nivorous. Mexico. (Belone ; Esox. ) - 
 
 B, helizamia Kner. * 
 
 Slender. Olivaceous ; sides with series of brown dots ; a black spot at root of caudal. 
 Head 3; depth 5^. D. 9; A. 10; scales 00-18. Mexico and Central America. (^Kner.) 
 (Kner, 1. 0.; GUnther,Ti, 333.) 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 ^^:.M 
 
 E"*''N 
 
 
 . ^1 
 
 -Mipi 
 
I 
 
 
 t ■ -. 
 
 
 346 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 d>69. O. afflnis (B. & G.) Grd. 
 
 Body moderately stout. Dorsal and anal fins similar in size and 
 
 shape, the latter not much advanced. Coloration plain; dor.sal and 
 
 caudal dotted with black. Head 4j depth 3^. D. G; A. 8. Texas. 
 
 (Oirard.) 
 
 (Hctcraiidria affiiiia B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 390; Girard, U, S. 
 Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclitli. 72; Guuthor, vi, 336.) 
 
 966. G. nobilis B. & G.* 
 
 Body very deep, elevated in front of dorsal. Anal much smaller 
 than dorsal. Ventrals very small. Coloration plain. Ilead 3A; depth 
 3J. D. 8; A. 7. L. 2^ inches. Texas. {Oirard.) 
 
 (Hctcrandria nobilis B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 390; Girard, U.S. 
 Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith. 71 ; GUuthor, vi, 335.) 
 
 (Two other species from the Rio Graude region, G. apeciosa and G. senilis, are briefly 
 and probably unrecognizably described by Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Itioi) 
 121). 
 
 163.— inOLLIENESIA Lo Sueur.f 
 
 (Limia Pt oy.) 
 
 (Le Suenr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 1821, 3: type Mollieneaia latipinna Le 
 Sueur.) 
 
 Body rather stout. Mouth small; mandible very short, its bones not 
 
 united, the dentary being movable; both jaws with a narrow baud d 
 
 small teeth, besides an outer series of long, slender, movable teeth, 
 
 which are curved and slightly compressed, placed on the outer edge of 
 
 the jaw. Branchiostegals usually 5. Scales rather large. Anal fin 
 
 * G. gracilis (Meckel) Gtlir. 
 
 Anal process twice as long as head; the extremity bent. A dark band from upper 
 end of gill-opening to the caudal. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 9; scales 29-7. Ori- 
 zaba, Mexico. (GUnther.) 
 
 {Xiphophorus yracilia Heckel, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, i, pt. 3, 300; Giiu- 
 
 ther, vi, 336.) 
 
 tXIPHOPHORUS Heckpi. 
 
 (Heckel, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wisa. Wien, 1848, i, pt. 3, 163: type Xipliophorus helleri 
 Heckel.) 
 
 This genus differs from Mollieneaia chiefly in the structure of its caudal fin, the lower 
 rays of which in the males are prolonged into a long sword-shaped appendage, which 
 in the adult is sometimes as long as the rest of the fish. Anal of the male modified 
 into an intromittent organ, one or two of the enlarged rays being provided with hooii- 
 like processes. Bianchiostegals 5. (Iz^o?, sword; ^o/3£a}, to bear.) 
 
 X. helleri Heckel. 
 
 Sides with blue and yellowish-green bands or dark spots. Prolonged caudal ap- 
 pendage of the male nearly as long as the body, yellow, with black edges. Anal pro- 
 cess with numerous hooks. Head 4^-; depth 3|. B. 5; D. 13; A. 9; scales 29-S. 
 Mexico. (GUnther.) 
 
 (Heckel 1. c; GUnther, vi, 349.) __„ „„„ ,j,,„ v.r«. ^ , ?, r 
 
 TTTT' 
 
49. CYPRINODONTIDJi — PCECILIA. 
 
 347 
 
 behind the dorsal, the anal of the male being modified into an intromit- 
 teut orpin ; caudal fin alike in the two sexes ; dorsal fin highly elevated 
 iu the male, its base elongate, of twelve or more rays. Intestines elon- 
 gate with numerous convolutions. Small mud-eating fishes, of varie- 
 gated colors, found in Cuba, Mexico, and our Southern States. (Dedi- 
 cated to Monsieur Molllcn, French minister of finance, a patron of 
 p6ron, the friend and scientific associate of Le Sueur.) 
 
 J67. !»'• lalipinna Lo Sueur." 
 
 Body short and deep, compressed. Eye equal to snout, 3J iu head, 2 
 iu interorbital space. Inner teeth almost obsolete; outer series large, 
 freely movable. Dorsal fin in the males greatly elevated, in the females 
 moderate. Greenish, silvery below; a row of dark spots along each 
 series of scales, and the lower part of the trunk also with a series of 
 rouml brown spots; each scale with a silvery hinder margin; dorsal fin 
 in S with 4 or 5 brown lines interrupted by the rays, and with a row of 
 vertically ovate spots on its upper half; caudal membrane with black 
 (lots, the lower half of its hinder margin black. Female less spotted. 
 Head 3 J; depth 3 J. B. 5; D. 13 ; A. 7; scales 27-8. L. 2 J inches. 
 Florida to Mexico; abundant in streams of the lowlands. 
 
 (Le Sueur, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1821, ii, 3; Guntlier, vi, 348: Pacilia mulH' 
 lineata Le Sueur, L o. 4 : raecilia Uneolata Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith. 70 : 
 LimiapcceilioidegGvd.U. S. Mex, Bouud. Surv. Ichth. 70: Limia matamorenais Grd. 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 116.) 
 
 103.— P€B€ILIA Bloch & Sclineider. 
 
 iLimia Poey.) 
 
 (Bloch tfc Schneider, Systoma Ichthyologiaj, 1801, 452 : type Poeoilia vivipara Bloch & 
 Schneider, from Surinam.) 
 
 This genus differs from Mollienesia only in the smaller size of the 
 dorsal, which has usually nine or ten rays and is nearly opposite the 
 aual in the female, but behind it in the male. The numerous species 
 
 — - — - - — , i^ 
 
 ♦if. formosa (Grd.) Gthr. 
 
 Body rather stout. Snout short. Fins diflferent in the two sexes. Olivaceous, 
 scales Avith brown spots ; doraal fin with transverse series of blackish spots ; other 
 fills immaculate. Head 3^ ; depth 3^. D. 12; A. 10. Palo Alto, Mexico. (Girard.) 
 
 [Limia formosa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 115; Giiuther, vi, 349.) 
 
 if. jonesi Gthr. 
 
 Brownish, each scale with a black margin ; a black band between eye and scapula; 
 a round black spot on upper half of root of caudal ; anal with a black line along each 
 ray; other fins plain. Eye shorter than snout, 4 in head, 2 in interorbital width. 
 Dorsal (in female) much longer than high ; anal small, opposite middle of dorsal. 
 D.12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 29; L. transv. 9. Yolcanio lake, Huamantla, Mexico. {Gunther.) 
 
 (Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, 370, 1874.) . - 
 
 
 11 
 
 l"^, ' ' 
 
 ■^:/ii 
 
 11 
 
 m 
 
 V 
 
 ( ri 
 
 * 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 4^ if 
 
 ". "'SI 
 
' n 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 '.i -"' 
 
 
 
 liiii'- 
 
 348 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOaY— jy. 
 
 iuliabit the West Indies, Mexico, auJ South America. {Kouih):;^ varie- 
 gated.) 
 
 * Brauchiostegals 5. (Pwcilia.) ' - ■ 5 ' 
 
 56§. P. couchianit (Girard) .Tor. & Gilb. 
 
 Body short, back convex; head small; scales very large. Brownish 
 each scale with a large brown spot ; an obscure black lateral bund ; fins 
 idain, except the dorsal, which has a few black si>ots,. Ilead 4. I). 9. 
 A. G. Nuevo Leon, Mexico. {Girard.) 
 
 (Limia couchiana Grd. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 116: Pcecilia couchii GUnther 
 vi, 347.) 
 
 164.— CilBARDINirS Pocy." 
 
 (Poey, Mom. Cuba, i, 383, 1851 : type Girardinm metallicua Poey, from Cuba.) 
 
 Body moderately slender; mouth small; mandible very short, its 
 bones not united ; snout short ; both jaws with a single series of slen- 
 der, movable, pointed teeth ; scales rather large ; anal fin more or loss 
 in advance of dorsal, in the male modified into an intromittent organ; 
 intestinal canal elongate ; mud eating. Very smaH fishes, the smallest 
 
 • PLATYPCECILUS GUnther. 
 
 (GUnther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, o59, 1866: typo Platypacihia maculaiu8 Qunthfr.) 
 Small lishes allied to Girardinua, but with the origin of the anal fin behind that of 
 the dorsal. Mexico, (ff/laru?, broad; ttoikiXoS, P<jecilu8= Pcecilia.) 
 
 P. maculatus Gthr. 
 
 Body much compressed and elevated. Caudal pidiincle shor j and deeji. Olivaceous, 
 a roundish black spot on middle of root of caudal ; a black spot on middle of side of 
 body; dorsal often spotted with black; margins 01 ana' and caudal black. Head 3J; 
 depth 2^. D. 10 ; A. 9 ; scales 25-8. L. 1^ inches. Mexico. (GUnther.) 
 
 (GUnther, vi, 350.) 
 
 GOODEA Jordan. 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 299 : type Goodea atripinnia Jor.) 
 
 Form of Fuiidulua, but with the intestinal canal elongate, the dentary bones loosely 
 joined, and the teeth slender, raov.ible, triompid, attached in a single series on tlie 
 outer edge of the jaws, not clo" •',, ,et. Fins small, the dorsal and anal similar, the 
 dorsal slightly in advance of au:U. No spines. Scales moderate. Limnophagous. 
 Sexual changes, if any, unknown. Mexico. (Dedicated to G. Brown Goode.) 
 
 G. atripinnis Jordan. 
 
 Bluis'ii above ; sides nearly plain ; a silvery streak along each row of scales. 
 Vertical fins chiefly black, especially on lie distal half. Body oblong, compressed, 
 the back nearly straight, the caudal pcd-mcle deep. Head short, broad, depressed. 
 Month small. Lower jaw projecting. Teeth loosely inserted, not close together. Eye 
 3i in head, a little more than half the width of the iuterorbital space. Humeral 
 scale somewhat enlarged. Fins small. Dorsal slightly in advance of anal. Caudal 
 small. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 12 ; A. 13 ; Lat. 1. 38 ; L. transT. 13. L. 4 inches. 
 Guanajuato, Mexico. From a salt lake in a volcanic basin. '• ■'"-'• 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 299.), 
 
60. UMBRIDiE. 
 
 ■"-;"- 
 
 349 
 
 verteb-'ate animals known, found in the fresh waters of the warmer 
 narta of America. (Dedicated to Cliarles Girard.) 
 
 569. O. formosus Grd. 
 
 Ijody short. Snout very short. Anal smaller than dorsal. Brown- 
 ish olive, with a black streak from the snout along the middle oif the 
 side crossed by 6 or 8 brownish-black vertical streaks ; a black sj»ot at 
 bases of caudal, dorsal, and anal. Uead 3^ ; depth 3^. D. 7; A. 9; 
 Lat. 1. 28. L. 1 inch. South Carolina to Florida j said to be the small- 
 est known lish. 
 
 (Ginird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 62; Gllnther, "i, 354.) 
 
 570. O. oecidentalis (B. & G.) Grd. 
 
 Brownish above, with a black literal strijie; a black line along lower 
 
 margin of tail. Fins unicolor. Head 3^ ; depth 3^. D. 7 ; A. 7. Gila 
 
 Basin. {Girard.) 
 
 [Etternndna ocoidvntaUs B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1853, 390; Girard, U. 
 S. Mex. Hound. Ichth. 73 ; Gilnthor, vi, 354 : Girardinua sonoriennis Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. Id59, 120 : Girardinua aonoriensis Giiuther, vi, 355. ) 
 
 Family L.— UMBRIDiE. 
 
 {TJie Mild Minnows.) 
 
 Body oblong; broad anteriorly; compressed behind. Head large, 
 datteued above. Mouth moderate, the maxillary without distinct sup- 
 plemental bone. Bands of villiform or cardiform teeth on premaxil- 
 laries, lower jaw, vomer, and palatines ; premaxillaries not protractile. 
 Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the broad, short maxillaries, 
 which are toothless; lower jaw the longer. Gill-openings wide; the 
 membranes scarcely connected ; gill-rakers little developed ; branchios- 
 tegals 6-8. Scales moderate, cycloid, covering head and body ; lateral 
 line obscure or wanting. Dorsal flu moderate, posterior, in advance of 
 anal ; ventrals small, close to anal ; pectorals inserted low ; caudal fiu 
 rounded. Stomach without blind sac; no pyloric cceca ; pseudobranchite 
 hidden, glandular ; air-bladder simple ; oviparous ; sexes sunilar. Car- 
 nivorous fishes living in mud or among weeds at the bottom of clear 
 sluggish streams and ponds, extremely tenacious of life, like the Cypri- 
 nodanUdcB. Genera 2 ; species 3, Umbra crameri of Austria, and the 
 following. The family is very close to the Esoddcu, differing mainly in 
 the smaller morth and weaker teeth. 
 
 (Umbridm Giiuther, vi, 231, 832.) 
 
 .-i .:■ .m 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 
 
 'i 
 
I III 
 
 i j ( 
 i 1 T)l 
 
 
 [<■'■ *■ 
 
 i;-(-*'i 
 
 1 ■ 'i ■! 
 
 jhi.: ,(Ii, 
 
 
 350 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 Pectoralanarrow, with few (12-15) rays; ventralraysB; scales moderate. Umbra 165 
 ** Pectorals broad, with many (33-36) rays; ventral rays 3; scales small.. Dallia m 
 
 165.— ITJniBRA MUlIer. 
 
 Mud-fishes. 
 (Melanura Agas£>iz.) 
 
 (Kramer ; Miiller, AbLandl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Borl. 1842, 188 : type Umbra crameri 
 MUUer.) 
 
 Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without 
 radiating striae j no lateral line. Head shortish, little depressed. Eye 
 rather small. Cleft of mouth moderate. Ventral fins 6-rayed, below 
 or slightly in front of dorsal ; anal fin much shorter than dorsal. Pec- 
 torals rather narrow, rounded, placed low, with 12-15 rays, which are 
 much jointed. Caudal rounded. Preopercle and preorbital witli mu- 
 cous pores. Branchiostegals 6. Gill-rakers short, thick. Size small. 
 Two species, very similar to each other, inhabiting the waters of the 
 United States and Austria. (Latin, umbra, a shade.) 
 
 571« U. limi (Kirt.) Gthr. — Mud Minnow; Dog-fish. 
 
 Dark-green or olive, mottled, sides with irregular narrow pale bars, 
 these often obscure or wanting ; a tlistinct l)lack bar at base of caudal ; 
 whitish stripes sometimes present along the rows of scales. Head ^ 
 in length} depth 4|. B. C; P. 14; D. 14; A. 8; V. G; Lat. 1. 35; L. 
 transv. 15. L. 4 inches. Vermont to Minnesota and South Carolina. 
 Abundant northward in weedy streams and ditches. " A locality which 
 with the water perfectly clear will appear destitute of fish will perhaps 
 yield a number of mud-flsh on stirring up the mud at the bottom and 
 drawing a seine through it. Ditches in the prairies of Wisconsin, or 
 mere bog-holes, apparently affording lodgment to nothing beyond tad- 
 poles, may thus be found filled with Melanuras.^ (Baird.) 
 
 {Hydrargyra limi Kirtland, Bost. Jonrn, Nat. Hist, iii, 277 ; Melanura annulata Ag. 
 Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, ISM, 1115 : Umhra limi Giinthor, vi, 232: LeueiaempygnKrnslh 
 Kay^ Now York Fanna, Fishes, 214 : Umira pygmoia Jord.'in, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, .'JJ ; 
 the eastern form, pygmwa, usuaLy slightly differing in proportions.) 
 
 W: 
 
 M 
 
 166.— DALLIA Bean. 
 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1879, 358: typo Dallia pcctoralis Bean.) 
 
 Body oblong, covered with small, partly embedded cycloid scales; a 
 trace of lateral line; a line of mucous tubes below eye. Eye small. 
 Cleft of mouth moderate. Villiform or almost cardiform teeth on jaws, 
 vomer, and palatines; those on premaxillaries enlarged. Ventrals in 
 
61. ESOCID^. 
 
 'Lrr .r<^'-^-^:i'y\^mTi 
 
 351 
 
 ■m 
 
 frout of dorsal, composed of 3 rays ; base of anal about as long as that 
 of dorsal; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fin rounded, with a somewhat 
 fleshy base, with 33-36 rays. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Streams of 
 Alaska. (Dedicated to W. H. Dall.) 
 
 3T9. D« pcctoralis Bean. 
 
 Body dusky brown, mottled with whitish. Belly whitish, often 
 speckled ; fins with dark spots. Body rather elongate. Eye small, 6 
 or 7 in head. Pectoral about half as long as head; ventral one-third; 
 anal beginnings opposite front cf dorsal and ending nearly opposite its 
 hist ray. Scales on belly very smrM. Head 4; depth 5. D. 12; A 13; 
 P. 34; V. 3; scales 11-77-11. L. 8 inches. Saint Michael's, Alaska. 
 (Bean, Proc. U. ». Nat. Mua. 1879, 358.) 
 
 Family LI.-ESOCIDiE. 
 
 {The PiJces.) 
 
 Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed. Head long ; 
 the snout much prolonged and depressed. Mouth very large ; its cleft 
 forming about luilf the length of the head ; lower jaw the longer j upper 
 jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by the maxillaries, which 
 are qnito long and provided with a supplemental bone ; premaxillaries, 
 vomer, and palatines with broad bands of strong cardiform teeth which 
 are more or less movable; lower jaw with strong teeth of different 
 shes; tongue with a band of small teeth. Head naked above; cheeks 
 and opercles mo/e or less scaly; gill-openings very wide; gilT-mera- 
 braiies separate, free from the isthmus ; gill-rakers tubercle like, toothed ; 
 branchiostegals 12-20. Scales small ; lateral line wea'«;, obsolete in 
 young specimens, developed in the adult. Dorsal posterior, opposite 
 and similar to anal ; caudal fin emarginate ; pectoral fins small, inserted 
 low; ventrals rather posterior; vent normal; no adipose fin; no bar- 
 bels; stomach not ccBcal, without pyloric appendages; pseudobranchijw 
 frlandular, hidden ; air-bladder simple. Fishes of moderate or large size, 
 inhabiting the fresli waters of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and 
 North America. Genus 1 ; species about G, one of them cosmopolitan, 
 the rest all confined to America. The species are all noted for their 
 greediness and voracity. 
 
 (iSwcida aiiuther, vii, 226-230.) -.- 
 
 r, -.'f 
 
 
 
 
 i > 'i 
 
 ^. ''I 
 
 1 1 I , J 
 . , f 'li 
 
 ^ 1 
 'i 'S.'l 
 
352 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 167.— ESOX LinnaeiiB. ' . 
 
 Pike8. 
 (Liijuaius, Sj'stema Naturaj : typo, Esox luciua L.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. (Latin, esox, a pike; Greek 
 
 ^ffo? ; probably from ^<r«c, equal ; o'^y?, shari).) 
 
 a. Checks as well as opercles entirely scaly ; braucliiostegals 11-14 ; color greenish 
 reticulated, (PUoreUus* lint.) 
 
 h. Brauehiostcgals normally }2. 
 
 573. E. ain«ricanas GmoVm.— Banded Pickerel. 
 
 Bodj' short and robust ; head heavy, with blunt short snout, ; eye 
 rather large, abjut 5 in head, its diameter nearly half the length of the 
 snout, its posterior margin scarcely behind middle of head; upper 
 branch ioste gals scaly. Dark green ; sides with about twenty distinct 
 blackish, curved bars, sometimes obscurely- marked, but not distinctly 
 reticulated ; a black bar below eye, another from upper edge of opercle 
 through eye to snout. Head 3|; depth U. B. 12-13; D. 11; A. 11; 
 Lat. 1. 105. L. 12 inches. A small pickerel, abundant frou, M. "hii. 
 setts to Florida, in streams east of the mountains. 
 
 (Eaox lucina, /j americanna Gmelin, Syatema Naturu!, 1788, 1390: Exox nigcr Le Suoiir, 
 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 415: Esox fandatus Dokay, Now York Fauna, Fislus, 
 224: Ehox oniatun Storer, Fish. Mass. 313: Eaox nigcr Giiuther, vi, 2'Zd: Esox ravendi 
 Holbr.Ich.S.C. 18(50,201.) 
 
 574. E. saluioneiis B.a,f.— Little Fickercl. 
 
 Body moderately stout, somewhat compressed ; head rather short, 
 longer than in E. americanus, but shorter than in E. reticiilatiis, the eye 
 being exactly in the middle of the head ; eye large, less than 3 times iu 
 snout, about in head; caudal wed forked. Color green or grayish; 
 sides with many curved streaks, sometimes forming bars, but more 
 usually I'oruiing marmorations or reticulations, the color extremely vari- 
 able, sometimes quite plain ; sides of head usually variegated ; a darL 
 bar downward from eye, and one forward ; base of caudal sometimes 
 mottled; other tins usually plain. Head 3J; depth 5-6. D. 11; A. 11; 
 Lat. 1. 105. L. 12 inches. Mississippi Valley and southeastward, a 
 small species very abundant in the small streams and bayous of the 
 South and West, _.- . --^ ._:^^;-,;i_,.^ ,,^- — ,i:,__^.^'^- 
 
 (Rafuiesiine, Ich. Oh. 1820, 70; Jordan, Man. Vort. od. 2<1, 268: Eaox umbrosua Kirt- 
 land, Cleveland Annals of Science, 1854, 71) : Eaox umbroaua Copo, Trans. Am. Pli i 
 Soc. Phila. 18G(), 401): Eaox cypho Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 181)5, 79: f v - 
 eypho Gilnther, vi, 230: Eaoxporoaua Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 180(5, 408. Ti ^i 
 form {cypho =poro8u;.), distinguished mainly by the arched back and steep profile, is 
 probably a variety or accidental form of the preceding.) 
 
 * Hatiuesque, Ich. Oh. 1620, 70 : type E»ox vitlatua Raf. (A llatinization of jpiokwel) 
 
 
61. ESOCID-E — ESOX. 
 
 353 
 
 
 W. Branc'iiostegals 14-16. 
 
 5*5, K. reticulatlis Le Sueur. — Common Eastern Pickerel ; Green I'ike. 
 
 Body rather slender, deepest uear the middle and tapering backward 
 toil slender caudal peduncle ; head long, the snout prolonged, so that 
 it is not much shorter than the rest of the head; eye small, about 3^ in 
 snout, <S in head; caudal well forked. Color green of varying shades, 
 Hides with golden lustre, and marked with numerous dark lines and 
 streaks, which are mostly horizontal, and by their junction with one 
 another produce a reticulated appearance; a dark band below eye; fins 
 i)liiin. Head 3| ; depth G. B. 15 ; D. 14 ; A. 13 (counting developed 
 ravs only as in other cases) ; Lat. 1. 125. L. 24 inches. IVIaine to Ala- 
 bama, everywhere east of the mountains, not found west of the AUe- 
 
 jihanies. 
 
 (Lc Sncnr, .Tourn. Acad. Nat. Sfi. riiila. i,440, 181« ; Giiuthcr, vi,2-i9; Storor, Fish. 
 Miis.s. liU.aiul of all authors: J'Jsox affinis Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1800,11)8: Eaox phalc- 
 riitus Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, AW.) 
 
 flfl. Cliecks scaly; lower half of opercles bare; branchinstegals 14-lG; species light- 
 spotted on a darker ground. (Enox.) 
 
 576. E. Iiicius L.—Pike. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, the back little eknated ; head rather long, 
 the eye exactly midway in its length. General color bluish, or greenish 
 i>ray, with many whitish spots which are usually smaller than the eye 
 and arranged somewhat in rows; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with 
 roundish black spots ; young with the white spots coalescing, forming 
 oblique cross bars; a white horizontal band bounding the naked part of 
 the operculum. Head 3^; depth 5; eyeCJinhead. B. 15, in the Amer- 
 ican var. estor (13 or 14 in European specimens); D. 17; A. 14; Lat. 1. 
 123. L, 2-4 feet. Fresh waters of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, 
 ad Xortli America; in the Eastern United States south to Northern 
 ' .'.:)', very abuiulant. 
 
 , Ymu- hirius L. Syst. Nat. ; Giiutlier, vi, 220, and of aiithors gonernlly ; Eaor entor Le 
 Piiciir, .louni. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 413, 1^18 : A'soar cxtor Giinther, \i, 228 : Esoxdcpran- 
 (/(MGiiiithor, vi,229: J&'sox boceus Agassiz, L. Siiperior, ;U7.) 
 
 aaa. Lower '.iilf of cheeks as well as of opercles hare ; hrancliiostegals 17-19; black- 
 spotted on a lighter ground. (il/u»t'«/oH(/H«* Jordan.) ;„__:^ 
 
 itH, E. nobilior Thompson. — Mmkallunge. 
 
 General form of E. luciiis, the head a little larger proportionally ; 
 eealy part of cheeks about as wide as eye ; the scales on both cheeks 
 
 •Jordan, Rept. Ohio Fish. Com. , 1877, 91:/: type Esox nobilior Thompson. (Latin, 
 
 maaca, mask; longm, long.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 23 - 
 
 
 ' ii 
 
 
 '- I T* -I 
 
 ;Vs^li|Si 
 
 5-5' r< 
 
 
354 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— jy. 
 
 • 
 
 .and opercles in about 8 rows. Color dark gray ; sides with rouud blackish 
 
 spots on a ground color of grayisb silvery ; belly white ; fins spotted 
 
 with black. Head 3'^ ; depth G. B. 18 ; D. 17 ; A. 16 ; Lat. 1. 150. l. ^ 
 
 to 8 feet. A magnificent fish, by far the largest of its family, fouiuyn 
 
 the Great Lake region and northward. 
 
 (Emxentor Dokay, N. Y. Fiuma, Fishes, 222, and of various authors, not of Lo Sueur- 
 Thompson, Proo, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IboO, iii, 163; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat, Miis. x 54 
 and of most lato writers.) 
 
 MJ,|.. 
 
 Order O.-APODES.* 
 
 (The EeU.) 
 
 Scapular arch free behind the cranium; no prtecoracoid arch. Air- 
 blauder, if present, with a pneumatic duct. Ventral fins wanting, 
 Maxillary and premaxillary more or less connate with other bones or 
 with each otijer, sometimes entirely wanting. Pharyngeal and oper- 
 cular apparatus often deficient. Vertebrre in increased number. Ver- 
 tical fins without spines, usually confluent around the tail. Gill open 
 ings usually narrow, separated by a broad isthmus, sometimes close to- 
 gether or confluent. No pseudobranchiae. Body eel-shaped; naked, 
 or with rudimentary scales. 
 
 As here understood, this order includes most of the old order of 
 Apodes, excluding as separate orders the Olanencheli {QymnotUhv) and 
 the IchthyoccplwM {Monopteridw). It thus includes the Ilolostoml, En- 
 cheJycephali,, and Colocephali of Cope, which may be united provision- 
 ally until the osteology of vairioua aberrant forms is made known, (a, 
 l)rivative; rroo?, foot.) 
 
 {Symbranchidcv ami Murwnida; GiiuthoT, vWi, 12-li'}.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OP APODES. 
 
 •Vent nincli behind head; jaws not greatly produced; dorsal without spines, 
 t Muscular and osseous systems well developed. 
 a. Preoperclo Avauting; lower pharyngeals wanting; gill-openings very small. 
 
 Muu/ENiDvi;, :>t 
 aa. Preoperele present ; lower ]»haryngcal8 present. 
 
 h. Gill-openings well separated Anguillid.e, rA 
 
 bb. Gill-openings contiguous; mouth very large, Avith small, sharp toetli. 
 
 Synaphobranchid.e, r)4. 
 tt Muscular and osseous syetems feebly developed; gapo very wide; stomach ex- 
 tremely distensible SACCOPnAUYNOiDii:, Tw. 
 
 ••Vent under the poetorals; both jaws produced into a very slender beak; body ex- 
 tremely slender; middle of dorsal with spines NEMlcllTHYiDiE, 56. 
 
 • Called Encheli/oephali iu the analytical table on poge 81 
 
52. MUR^NIDJS — MURiENA. 
 
 Family LIT.— MUR^NID^. 
 
 355 
 
 ' {The Murwnas.) 
 
 Body elongate, eel-shaped, naked. Head subconical, elevated at the 
 occiput, the snout rather slender; skull less developed than in fishes 
 generally, the opercular bones rudimentary, the preoperculura generally 
 wanting. Premaxillary rudimentary or wanting. Ethmoid very wide. 
 Maxillslry, symplectie, pterygoid, basal-branchihyal, superior and in- 
 lerior i)haryngeal bones all wanthig, except the fourth superior pharyn- 
 (real which is jt'.w-lflve, and supported by a strong superior branchihyal. 
 Twth various". Gill-opening reduced to a small slit or foramen. Ven- 
 tral fnis noni. Pectorals usually wanting ; dorsal and anal low, conflu- 
 ent around the tail, somethnes wanting. Skeleton well ossified. Mus- 
 cular system well developed. Genera 5 or G ; species about 110. Abun- 
 dant in warm seas, often reaching a large size. 
 
 {MHrwnida; cnfjyaclnsto! Guuthor, viii, 93-13C: order Coloccphali Cope, Trans. Amer. 
 I'hil. Soe. 1870,456.) 
 
 a. Pectorals uone ; vertical fiiis well developed ; nostrils round ; teeth all acute. 
 
 MURiENA, 168. 
 
 16§.— IflirRiEIVA LiuntEUS. 
 
 (Artedi ; Linn. Syst. N^at. : type Murwna helenw L.) 
 
 Pectoral fins none; dorsal and anal fins well developed. Posterior 
 nostril round, with or without tube; anterior nostril with a tube. 
 Teetli well developed, acute. Tongue not free. Ko lateral line. Body 
 usually moderately elongate. Species very numerous in warm seas. 
 (lu'ipaiva, the ancient name of Murwna hclcncc; from /lOfwvy a sweet oil.) 
 
 fl. Posterior as well as anterior nostrils tubular. (Munena.) 
 
 .5T». M. inclanotis (Kaup) Gthr.— Moray. 
 
 Brownish black, everywhere with numerous round yellowish spots, 
 most of which are smaller than the eye, these sometimes confined to 
 the head and trunk; a largo round black spot around the gill-opening; 
 angle of mouth black. Nasal tubes subequal in length, shorter than 
 the eye. Maxillary teeth biserial, and in young examples ma^idibulary 
 teeth also. Canine teeth somewhat knife-shaped, of moderate length. 
 Mouth capable of being completely shut. Gill-opening narrow, not 
 Avider than the small eye. Snout of moderate length. Cleft of mouth 
 of moderate length, about 2J in length of head. Tail longer than body. 
 Head 2J in length of trunk. West Indies, &c. {Giinther.) Specimens 
 
 I,' 
 
 :-i 
 
 
 1 > »j 
 
 /)•! 
 
 y^J"^. 
 
 .? :; 
 
 Ml 
 : • t\ -» 'j 
 
 t^ 4.14 
 
 >"^.1 
 

 I 
 Hill 
 
 I 
 
 .•i 
 
 ;i A 
 
 3' 
 
 . ■■■ill 
 
 356 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 probably belonjjing to this species latelj' obtained at Charleston, S. C. 
 by Mr. R. E. Earll. 
 {Limamunvna mdanotis Kaup, Aalc Ilambnrg Mus. 27; Gilntlier, viii, 1)8.) 
 
 aa. Posterior nostril without tube. (Gymnothorax* Bloch & Schneider. ) 
 579. M. inordax Ayres.— Cojjfliej- i'c/. • . , 
 
 Dark brown, vaguely reticulated with narrow, paler niarldn^s ami 
 spots; a round dark blotch about gill-opening; lower side of head ami 
 throat with about 15 dark lengthwise strejiks; belly with siniilar 
 streaks running crosswise; a dark line on each side of base of anal 
 with short cross-branches. Snout short, narrow, and pointed. 0(!ci]) 
 ital region becoming fleshy and much elevated w'ith age. Tail form. 
 ing about half the total length. Head 7 in length. Tube of anterior 
 nostril half as long as tlie eye; posterior nostril with a slight border. 
 Eye above the middle of the gape, 2J in snout, which is G^ in rest of 
 head. Gill-opening slightly larger than eye. Sides of upper jaw with 
 two series of teeth posteriorly, the outer series of small, close-sot, re- 
 curved, trisingular teeth, which are iuiniovable ; inner teeth rbout 5, 
 similar, but larger, dei)ressible; a groove between the two s«^ries; in 
 front of these, continuous with the outer series, are 3 fixed, knife- 
 shaped teeth, then a movable tooth, then 3 fixed teeth ; on the middle 
 line of vomer 3 depressible fangs, the posterior the largest of the teeth; 
 in the lower .law a single series, corresponding to the outer series in 
 the upper jaw, some of the front teeth enlarged and fixed. Eeaclies a 
 length of 5 feet. Point Concepcion to Capo San Lucas ; abundant 
 about tlie islands, and remarkable for its ferocity. 
 (Ay res, Proc. Cal. Acatl. Nat. Sci. 1859, 30.) 
 
 5§0. M. oc«13ata (Agassiz) Jonyns. 
 
 Teeth uniserial, some of them slightly serrated. Mandible with 12-11 
 teeth on each side, the two anterior being canines of moderate size; 
 "intermaxillary" teeth not much larger than "maxillary"; there are 
 no teeth on the mesial lino between the "intermaxillary" teeth. Tho 
 mouth can bo shut completely. Anterior nasal tubes short. Snout 
 short, thi(;k. Eye rather small. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, 
 exte iding beyond eye. Tail longer than the body. Head about half 
 as long as trunk. Brownish, with numerous, small round white spots 
 irregularly disposed, the largest about as largo as the eye. Dorsal iiu 
 
 * Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichtli. 525, 528; originally equivalent to Murma. 
 (yv/uvo?, naked; Oopa'i, chest; in allusion to the absence of pectorals.) 
 
63. ANGUILLID^. 357 
 
 with subalternate large wliito and black spots ; anal (and dorsal) with 
 a broiid black margin. {Giinther.) Florida and Texas southward. 
 
 iQijmnnthorax occllatm Agussiz, Spix Pise. Brasil, 91; Giintber, viii, 102: Neomurccna 
 nitfromflrj/irta/a Giranl, U. y. M»;x. Bouud. Surv. Ichth. 7(3.) 
 
 Family LIIL—AXGUILLID^. 
 
 _.., .., {The TrueEch.) 
 
 Body elongate, serpentiform, naked or covered with imbedded scales, 
 lleatl conical, the snout not much i)roduced, sometimes very blunt. 
 I'reoperculum i)resent. Premaxillaries present, 8ei)arated on the me- 
 dian line by the ethmoid. Maxillaries wanting or connate with the 
 jjreinaxillary, which forms the border of the mouth. Superior uranchi- 
 hyals and inferior and superior pharyngeals well developed, the latter 
 of three bones. Teeth various. Gill-openings separate, not very small 
 (except in Slmenchelys). Ventral fins none; dorsal and anal low, usually 
 confluent around the tail; pectorals generally present, placed raiher 
 high. Vent not far from anal fin. Skeleton ossified. IMuscular system 
 Avell developed. Ueart not far behind gills. As here understood, this 
 family includes a wide variety of forms, which have been often arranged 
 in several families. It is probable that some division will bo found nec- 
 essary, but we have not the data on which to make it. Genera about 
 20; species about IGO. In all warm seas, many of them ascending 
 rivers. 
 
 {AnyuilUdcr, part; Gtbr. viii, 2:}-90.) 
 
 a. Tongue not free anteriorly. 
 b. Etui of tail not surrounded by tbo fin; nostrils labial. (Ophisurince.) 
 c. Poctoral fins wanting (rjiroly rudimentary); teetb small, eon ical.C(ECULA, 1C9. 
 
 CO. Pectoral fins present ; teetb acnto OPHICHTHYS, 170. 
 
 bb. Eud of tail surrounded by tbo fin. 
 rf. Nostrils labial. (^Myrinw.) 
 
 e. Teetb granular MYKicnxnYS, 171. 
 
 d(l. Nostrils superior or lateral. (Mura-nesociiiw.) 
 
 f. Pectoral fins present ; dorsal and anal rudimentary Neoconger, Hi*. 
 
 aa. Tongue free anteriorly ; pectorals present ; nostrils not labial. 
 • g. Suout subcouical. 
 
 h. Body scaleless, (Congrino'.) 
 i. Jaws with nu outer series of close-set teotli; lower jaw not pro- 
 
 '^''"" Ejecting. CoNOKU, 17:^. 
 
 hh. Body with rudimentary, linear, imbedded scales, arranged at rigbt 
 angles witb each other. {Anguillina;.) 
 
 j. Teeth in bands; lower jaw projecting Anguilla, 174. 
 
 gg. Suout very short and blunt; body scaly; mandible very strong. 
 (Simenoheljiinw. ) 
 k. Teeth blunt, incisor-like in one series ; gni-o]»pning a very 
 short longitudinal slit Simencuelys, 175. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 m I 
 
 im 
 
358 CONTRILUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 IS,: 
 
 169.— CffiCUIiA Valil. 
 
 {Sphagebranchm Bloch & Schneider.) 
 
 (Vahl, Skrivt. Naturh. Selak. iii, 1794,149: typo Cceoula pterygeraV ahl=zi Dahnhk 
 polyophthalmua IJleeker.) 
 
 Body extremely slender. Teeth equal, small, conical, on jaws aud 
 vomer. Nostrils labial. Tongue not free at tip. Pectoral fins wanting 
 or rudimentary ; dorsal fin present. Extremity of tail fret. Gill- 
 openings small, separated by a narrow isthmus. Eyes small. (Latin 
 ca'cus, blind.) 
 
 9§1. C. scuticari$i (Goodc &. Boau) J. & G. 
 
 Brownish, paler below. Teeth small, conical, in two series on jaws 
 and vomer. Gill-openings close together. Dorsal fin beginning far iu 
 advance of the gill-opening, a little nearer the tip (»f the snout than the 
 gill-opening, at a distance from the former equal to three times the 
 length of the snout. Head 8^ in distance from gill-openin<» to vent, 
 and 8 iu tail. Snout pointed, G in head. Pectorals extremely small, 
 their length less than 3^0 the total length. {Goode <£• Bean.) 
 (Sphagcbranchua 8cu(icaris Goodo & Bean, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mua. 1879, 344.) 
 
 170.— OPIIICHTHYS AM. 
 
 (Ojyhisurus Lac6p6de.) 
 
 (Alil, Special. Ichtli. 1789, 9.) 
 
 Body elongate, naked. Teeth all pointed ; vomerine teeth present. 
 Nostrils labial. Tongue not free at tip. Dorsal and anal fins present; 
 l)ectoral fins developed. End of tail not surrounded by the fin. Spe- 
 cies very numerous, found in all warm seas, {oi/'c;, snake; t/<?u?, fish.) 
 
 •Canine teeth very distinct. (Mi/8trio2)hi8* Kaui).) 
 tTeeth iu each jaw in a double series, 
 
 582. O. punctifer (Kaup) Giinthcr. 
 
 Snout narrowed, short, spoon-shaped, twice as long as the eye. Cleft 
 of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, fixed, unequal in size, those 
 of the premaxillary in a single arched series, the foremost being the 
 longest of all the teeth; outer series of teeth in jaws witb canines; 
 vomerine teeth triserial, rather small. Lips not fringed. Gill-openings 
 wide. Origin of the dorsal fin at some distance behind the pectoral, 
 which is well developed. Tail somewhat longer than the body. 
 
 * Kanp, Apodea, 1856, 10: type Ophiaunia roatcllatua Rich. {f.tv(jrpov, siwon; o^ii, 
 snake ; from the form of the snout.) 
 
 
53. ANGUILLIDCE OPniCIITHYS. 
 
 359 
 
 Brovmisli, witli numerous small roundisli black spots. {"Giinther.) 
 ^Vest Indies, north to West Florida. 
 
 fCrolalopniii punclifcr Kuiip, Abliaudl. Naturwiss. VertMn Ilamhiir}^, iv, 2, 1860: 
 ^lacrodonoplm viovdax Pocy, Repf,. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 25*i, 18(58: Crolalopnia mordax 
 Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 187!), 154; Giiuther, viii, 50.) 
 
 »*Notlistinct canine teeth; snout moderate. (MuramopHiH" ho Snenr.) 
 t Teeth in the lower jaw iu a double series; cleft of mouth wide. 
 
 jgS. O. triserialis (Kaup) Giinther. 
 
 Body with larger and smaller roundish black spots, alternating; 
 head with many small black spots above and below j belly plain; head 
 and body with longitudinal streaks. Gill-openings curved, well sepa- 
 rated, a little longer than pectorals. Ilead with longitudinal wrinkles, 
 its loiiyth two-fifths the distance from the gill-opening to the vent. 
 Mouth wide, its cleft more than one-third the head. Eye moderate, 1§ 
 iu snout. Teeth pointed, fixed, all biserial, except those on vomer, 
 which are uniserial. Pectoral flu 3^ in head, the dorsal beginning 
 above it.s terminal portion. Tail rather longer than body. Southern 
 California to Brazil. (Described from Garrett's type of 0. califormensis.) 
 
 {MnnniopHifi IrinvriaUs Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 12; Giinther, viii, 58: OjihiHurm californi- 
 cim'» (iarrott, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 06.) 
 
 {{Tct'tli iu lower jaw in one series. {Herpetoichthya Kaup.) 
 
 581. ©. occllatus (Le S.) Giinther. 
 
 A series of round white spots along the middle of the side of the 
 body and tail; dorsal fin with a black edge; some white dots on the 
 back behind the head and a white line across the occiput. Length 
 of the head rather less than one-third of the distance of the gill- 
 opening from the vent. Snout pointed, the upper jaw projecting be- 
 yond the lower. Cleft of the mouth wide, two-fifths the length of the 
 liead. Eye of moderate size, two-thirds of the length of the snout, and 
 situated in the anterior third of the head. Teeth pointed, fixed, un- 
 equal in size; the intermaxillary teeth largest, arranged in* a curved, 
 transverse series; maxillary teeth in a double, vomerine and mandibu- 
 lary teeth in a single series ; only the anterior inandibulary teeth form 
 a sliort, double series. Length of the pectoral fin rather more than 
 one-third that of the head; dorsal fin commencing opposite the poste- 
 rior third of the pectoral. Tail longer than the body. {Giinther.) 
 West indies, north to West Florkla. 
 
 (Munrnopsia oceUatua Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 108; Giinther, viii, 
 ()8: Uerpctoichthya ocellatua Goodo «fc Hean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mun. 1870, 155.) 
 
 *Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 108: type Muranopaia ocellata Lo S. 
 {nvpatva, Murosna; o^ii, appearance. ) 
 
 ''S4; 
 
 m: 
 
 tp 
 
 ■ ff 
 
 m 
 
 Is 
 
 ihi 
 
 u^' 
 
 <~ *w*« 
 
 m 
 
WfliriimMlrilllf 
 
 <1 
 
 r ^ 
 
 
 SCO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH iVMERICAN ICHTHYOLO( V ly^ 
 
 171.— IflYKICHTHlS Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Thila. 1859, 58: type Myrichthya txgrinm Grd.) 
 - Pectorals present; dorsal inserted in advance of base of pectorals at 
 a point nearer to them than to the eye. Head lavge ; the lower jaw 
 shorter than the upper. Teeth granular, disposed in elongated patches 
 on the jaws, palatines, and nasal bones. Eyes well develop(Hl. Gill- 
 openings lateral, moderate. Body naked. IVostrils near the end of tbe 
 snout, the upper very small, opposite the lower, which are consi)icuou.s 
 and tubular, {fwpo^, Myrus, an ancient name of Murwna; i'^'V'j?, fish.) 
 5§3. in. tieriiius Grd. 
 
 ~ Brownivsh above, throat and belly dull whitish ; roundish, dark brown 
 spots on the body in four longitudinal series ; belly plain ; throat with 
 whitish spots; spots on head smaller and deeper in color. Fins oliva- 
 ceous ; pectoral and anal plain ; dorsal spotted like the body, white- 
 edged. Body subcylindrical, somewhat compressed, tapering backward. 
 Pectorals broader than long. Head 12 in length. Cleft of mouth ex- 
 tending beyond eyes. Teeth unequal, in many series; three series on 
 the front of the dentary bones; two on the upper jaw and two on the 
 shaft of the vomer. Length 2 feet. (Girard.) Adair Bay, Oregon, not 
 found by recent collectors. 
 (Girard, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 58.) 
 
 173.— NEOCONGER Girard. 
 (Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Ichth. 1859, 77: type Neoconger mucronatus Grd.) 
 
 Scaleless. Pectoral fins present: dorsal and anal fins rudimentary, 
 passing around the tail, towards the end of which they are more devel- 
 oped. Cleft of the mouth extending beyond the small eye ; maxillary 
 teeth slender, in several series; vomerine teeth uniserial, forming a patch 
 in front; posterior nostrils near the anterior rim of the orbit, anterior 
 near the Uip of the snout; tail not much longer than the body. Gill- 
 openings vertical, rather large. Gulf of Mexico, {vioi;, new; xoy^poi;, 
 Conger.) > sv.Mi, , 
 
 586. IV. mucronatus Grd. 
 
 Dark reddish brown above, paler below; head small, slender, pointed; 
 upper jaw the longer; dorsal fin beginning just in front of the vent, 
 forming a membranous ridge uutil near the tail, where it expands and 
 becomes fin-like ; pectorals small. Coast of Texas. {Oirard.) 
 
 (Girard, TT. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtli. 1859, 77; GUnther, viii, 49.) 
 
 
53. ANGUILLID^ — ANGUILLA, /• > , 361 
 
 1T3.— AWGUIE,r,A Thunberg. 
 
 'r 
 
 Eels. 
 
 (Thnnberg, Nouv. M6m. Stockh. aoout 1791: type Afurwna anguilla L.) ■ . 
 
 Body elongate, compressed behind, covered with imbedded scales, 
 which are linear in form, and placed obliquely, some of them at 
 right anfjles to others. Lateral line well developed. Head long con- 
 ical, moderately pointed, the rather small eye well forward and over 
 the angle of the mouth. Teeth small, subequal, in bands on each jaw 
 and a long patch on the vomer. Tongue free at tip. Lips rather full, 
 with a free margin behind, attached by a frenum in front. Lower jaw 
 projecting. Gill-openings rather small, slit-like, about as wide as base 
 of pectorals and partly below them. Nostrils superior, well separated, 
 the anterior with a slight tube. Vent close in front of anal. Dorsal 
 iuserted at some distance from the head, confluent with the anal around 
 the tail. Pectorals well developed. Species numerous, in most warm 
 seas, ascending streams, but mostly spawning in the sea. (Latin, angu- 
 illa, an eel.) . 
 
 5§7. A. rostrata* (Lj Sueur) Dekay. — Common Eel. 
 
 Brown, nearly jilain, often tinged with yellowish; paler below. Dis- 
 tance from snout to dorsal about one-third the length. Distance between 
 anal and front of dorsal about equal to the length of the head. Head 
 8| in length, 2^ in distance from gills to vent. Pectoral shorter than 
 mandible. L. 50 inches. Atlantic coast of the United States ; very 
 abundant from Maine to Mexico; ascemliug all streams and resident 
 throughout the Mississippi Valley. Also recorded from China. 
 
 (Murwna rontrata and hoatoniensis Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 81 : An- 
 gmlla bonlonivtms Giinther, vii, 31. Yar. T tcxana Kaup, from the Gulf of Mexico ia 
 cliaraotcrized by its thicker lii)8: Anguilla tcxana Kaup, Apodal Fish. 45: Anguilla 
 lyrannua Grd. U. S. Max. Bound. Surv. Icbth. 75.) 
 
 * Another species has been accredited to our coast, viz : 
 
 A. vuhjaria Raf. — European Eel. Distance from snont to dor8<al 3f in length. 
 Distance from front of anal to front of dorsal, about a third longer than the head. 
 Head 9J in length. Pectoral about as long as the mandible. Vertebras 45 -f- 70. Coasts 
 of Europe, perhaps straying to our coasts. " I have examined an example from Now 
 Jersey; it is in the Liverpool Museum (Giinther)." 
 
 (Mura-na anguilla L. Syst. Nat. ; Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 37 ; Turton, 
 Brit. Fauna, 87; Giinther, viii, 28: Anguilla acuiiroatris Riaao, Eur. Mdrid. iii, 198.) 
 
 5;-H 
 
 
 
 t If 
 
 
 v: -M 
 
m 
 
 i • 
 
 *'. v\ 
 
 i ' I 
 
 362 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY-~iv. 
 
 1»4.— COWOEB* Cuvier. 
 
 Conger Eels. 
 
 (Cuvier, Rogiio Aniin. II, 1817: typo Murana conger Linn, etc.) 
 
 Body formed as in Anguilla, the skiu scaleless. Head depressed 
 above, anteriorly pointed. Lateral line present. Mouth wide, its clei't 
 extending at least to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in the outer 
 series in each jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting-edge. No 
 canines. Band of vomerine teeth short. Tongue anteriorly free. Ver. 
 tical fins well developed, confluent around the tail ; pectoral fins well 
 develo])ed; dorsal begiiniing close behind pectorals. Gill-opeuiiifrs 
 rather large, low. Eyes well developed. Posterior nostril near eye- 
 anterior near the tip of the snout, with a short tube. Lower jaw not 
 projecting. Skeleton different in numerous respects from that of An- 
 guilla. Vertebne about 50 + 100. In most warm seas. 
 
 The name Leptocephalus was first given to a peculiar band-shaped, 
 pellucid, worm-like animal, the type of a considerable group of fishes, 
 the Lcptocephalidw or Jlelmiohthyidw, which has been made to constitute 
 a distiuct order, Lemniscati. It has, however, been satisfactorily shown 
 by Cams, Gill, Giinther, and others, that these singular fc are not 
 distinct species, but are early stages in the development of „i fishes, 
 Leptocephalus morrisil, of Conger nigcr, and the others of various An- 
 guilloid, Stomiatoid, and Clupeoid forms. (See Giinther, viii, 13G.) It 
 is thought by Dr. Giinther that the Lei)tocephalid forms are probably 
 "indiv'luals arrested in the development at a very early period of their 
 life, yet continuing to grow to a certain size, without corresponding 
 development of their internal organs, and perishing without having at- 
 tained the characters of the i^erfecfc animal." [xoyypo-:^ Conger, the an- 
 cient name of the Conger Eel.) 
 
 «5§§. C. nigcr (Risso) J. & G. — Conger Eel. 
 
 D irk brown above, lower parts soiled white; dorsal and anal pale, 
 "witii a black margin (sometimes uniform black) ; pectorals dusky, edged 
 with paler; pores of lateral line whitish. Dorsal inserted over the pos- 
 terior margin of the pectoral, or slightly behind it ; pectoral one-third 
 
 *Tho prior name Leptocephalus (Gmeliii, Syst. Nat. i, 1150, 1788: type Leptocephalus 
 morrisi Gmel., an arrested larval form of Conger) should, in strictness, supersede Con- 
 ner. The use of the term for the adult normal fish would, however, load to confusiou, 
 as Leptocephalus has for ue.trly a liundrod years been applied to various singular 
 organisms, lately shown to be undeveloped forms of eels and of certain laospondyU, 
 
 1.. 
 
53. ANGUILLIDiE — SIMENCHELYS. 
 
 3G3 
 
 as lon{? as the head. Teeth in a sinj^le series on the sides of the jaw, in 
 a broad patch at the tip. Cleft of mouth extendin<; to beyond the mid- 
 dle of the rather large eye. Jaws equal or the lower included. Dis- 
 tance from snout to >cut three times the length of the head. Head 7^. 
 1^.50 inches. Europe, to Soutli America an«l East Indies, frequently 
 takou on our Atlanlic coast. We arc unable to detect any ditterence 
 between American and European exami)les. It sometimes reaches a 
 leugth of 8 feei . 
 
 {Annuilla conger L. SyHt. Nat. : Murwna nigra Kisso, Iclith. Nice, 1810, 93: Conger rul- 
 ^aris C'uvior, Eoyiic Anim. 1817: Anguillaoctanka Mit(?hill,Journ, Acad. Nat. Hci. i, 407: 
 Conger occidentalia Dokay, N. Y. Fauna, FiHlies, ;U4, 1842: Conger vulgaria (Jiilnther, viii, 
 3d: Conger ooeanivua (jil\, liopt. Com. FishciieH for 1871-72, 811.) 
 
 179.-SIIfIEN€IIELYS Gill. 
 
 Pug-nosed Eels. • 
 
 (Gill MS. ; Goode «fe Bean, Bull. Ehscx lust, xi, 1879, 27 : tyi)o Simcnchclys })arasilicHa Gill.) 
 
 Body eel-shaped, covered with linear imbedded scales, disposed at 
 riglit angles as in Anguilla. Lateral line present, faint. Head very 
 short, rounded, very blunt anteriorly, slightly compressed. Mouth 
 small, entirely anterior. Premaxillaries and maxillaries of each side 
 side coalesced and separated from thost of the other side by the eth- 
 moid. Jaws equal, their edges hard, provided with a single series of 
 small, rounded, close-set, incisor-like teeth. No vomerine teeth. Tongue 
 broad, somewhat free anteriorlj'. Mandible very deep and strong. 
 Operculum sabre-shaped. Gill-openings ve^y small, inferior, longi- 
 tudiual, well separated, situated in front of the pectorals and below 
 them. Both nostrils large, the anterior with a slight rim, but no tube. 
 Lips full. Pectorals short ; vertical tins coniluent around the tail, the 
 dorsal beginning not far behind pectorals ; vent in front of anal, near 
 middle of body. One species known, probably the typo of a distinct 
 family. (Tj/i*;?, img-nosed; ey^^Xw., eel.) 
 
 5§0. S. parasiticus Gill. 
 
 Dark brown, nearly plain. Eye rather large, anterior, but behind the 
 angle of the mouth, scarcely shorter than the snout. Head \ length of 
 trunk ; about ^ distance from snout to origin of dorsal ; width of gill 
 slit equaling diameter of orbit ; interorbital space nearly half length of 
 head. Vent not much in advance of middle of body. Dorsal begin- 
 ning just behind tips of pectorals; fins rather low. Off-shore banks, 
 south of Newfoundland ; abundant. Individuals have been found bur- 
 rowing in the flesh of the halibut. 
 
 (Gill, MS. in Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst, xi, 27, 1878.) 
 
 « 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 ImM 
 
 
3G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 if 
 
 
 Ih 
 
 Ill; ' 
 
 iij''!' 
 
 %4 
 
 Family LIV.— SYNAPHOBRANCHID^. 
 
 {The Si/naphobranchoid Eels.) 
 
 Body eelsbaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at riftt 
 augles, as in Anguilla. Lateral line present. Head long and pointed 
 the snout produced. Mouth very long, the eye being over the middle of 
 its cleft. Jaws about equal ; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in oach 
 jaw, becoming a single series anteriorly; those of inner series in upper 
 jaw and of outer series in mandible somewhat enlarged ; vomerine teeth 
 in a imrrow band anteriorly. Gdlopenings inferior, horizontal, close 
 together, convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but 
 separated by a considerable isthmus within. Tongue long, free only at 
 the sides. ^Nostrils large, the anterior with a short tube, the posterior 
 before the lower part of the eye. Pectoral w ell developed ; dorsal low, 
 beginning behind vent; anal longer than dorsal, rather high, its rays 
 slender, branched, not imbedded i;i the skin; vertical fins confluent 
 around the tail. Vent near the anterior fouri;h of body. Muscular and 
 osseous systems well developed. Stomach very distensible. Deep-sea 
 fishes; a single genus with 4 species known. 
 (^MurwiUdw, group Synaphobranchina GiintUcr, viii, 22-23.) 
 
 170.— SYWAPIIOBBANCIIUS Johnson. 
 
 (Johnson, Proc. Zoijl. Soc. London, 1862, 169: typo Synaj)hohranchii8 k( ipit Johnson = 
 Mnraua pinnata Gronow.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. (ffuvuv''5?i> joined; l^i'ayp^^ 
 gills.) 
 
 590. S. piilliatus (Gronow) Giinthor. 
 
 Uniform brown, rather darker below ; the vertical fins darker behind, 
 light-edged anteriorly; inside ot mouth blue-black; gill-openings dark. 
 Jaws subequal in length, sometimes the lower, sometimes the I'ppor the 
 longer; the upper with a projecting lleshy il[;; nia-xillary reaching to 
 opposite gill-openings, whi(!h are rather longer than the la'.ge eye. 
 Ilead 3^ in distance from snout to dorsal, 2^ in distance to anal, 83 in 
 length. Eye broader than interorbital space, rather nearer ti}) of snout 
 than end of maxillary. Pectoral slender, longer than snout. New- 
 foundland to Madeiru, "a common resident of the aeep waters of the 
 off-shore banks in 'JOO to 300 fathoms, where individuals are often taken 
 on the fishermen's trawl lines." 
 
 (Murmna pinnata GronoWy Byst. Ich. oil. Gray, 1854,19; GUuther, viii, 22; Ooodo & 
 Boau, Bull. Easor lust, xi, 1879, 20.) . 
 
50. NEMICHTIIYIDiE. 
 
 Family LV.— SACCOPHARYNGID.E. 
 
 ^ .. . , (^The Gulpcrs.) y ' 
 
 Jliiscular system verj feebly developed, with the bones very thin, soft, 
 and wanting in inoiganie matter, connected by a lax, easily torn fibrous 
 tissue. Head and gape enormous. Snout very short, pointed, flexible, 
 like an ai)pen(lage overlapping the gape. Eye small. Maxillary and 
 iiiamlibiilary bones very thin, slender, arched, armed with one or two 
 series of long, slender, curved, widely-set teeth, their i)oints being 
 directed inwards; palate toothless. Gill-openings wide, at some dis- 
 nmce from the head, at the lower part of the sides ; gills very narrow, 
 free, and exposed. Trunk of moderate length. Stomach distensible in 
 an extraordinary degree. Vent at the end of the trunk. Tail band- 
 lilio, exceedingly long, tapering into a very fine filament. Pectoral 
 present, small. Dorsal and anal fins rudimentary, the former smaller 
 tlian the latter, and indicated by a groove bordered by a whitish line on 
 piicli side, and commencing at a short distance behind the head; a short 
 tine ray occasionally visible towards the end of the trunk. Anal rays 
 distinct, commencing behind the vour, and visible for some distance. 
 One species known, from the North Atlanti.'. 
 
 {Miinriiklm, group S(iccoj)har!jn(jina Giinflior, viii, 22.) 
 
 lT».-SACCOPIIAKYWX Mitchill. 
 
 (Mitoliill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Itist. N. Y. i, IS'24, KvJ: typo Saccojjhariiiir flagellnm Mitch.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. (Latin, soccus, sack; 
 pharyn-F, pharynx.) 
 
 591. S. flagcElum MUcli. 
 
 Uniform deep black. Three specimens have been found float lug in the 
 North Atlantic, with their stonuichs much distended, they having swal- 
 lowed some other fish, the weight of which many times exceeded their 
 own. {Giinthcr.) 
 
 (Mitdiill, Ann. Lyo. N.at. Hist. N. Y. i, 1824, 82; OUntlier, viii, 22: Ophlognathui 
 ompuUanm Ilarwood, Pliil. Trans. 1827, 277.) 
 
 Family LVI («).— NEMICIITIIYIDiE. 
 
 '■.,■:. .■!-:> 1. ,:■:..„ 1 .L - . iit =*."!:■..■■.. ■ .■■-■■■ 
 
 Body excessively slender, not strongly compressed, deepest near the 
 mi(Ufle, tapering backward to the long and very slender filament like 
 tail, and forward to a very long and slender neck, which is abrui 
 
36G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy 
 
 m:-. 
 
 '-m 
 
 enlarged at the occipital region. Ko scales. Lateral line obsolete 
 Head resembling that of Belone, the head proper small, short, and rather 
 broad, with flat top and vertical sides. I^ostrils large close togothorin 
 front of the eye, without tube or flr.p. Jaws excessively prol()n<r(.(i 
 almost needle-like, the upper the longer and somewhat recurved. Teotli 
 in both jaws small, very numerous, close-set, retrorse. Gill-op('riinrr«j 
 rather large, running downward and forward, sep.arated by a narrow 
 isthmus. Pectorals well developed. Vent close behind pectorals, the 
 abdominal cavity extending far behind it. Anal fin beginning near the 
 vent, higher than the dorsal, becoming obsolete on the caudal fllanient. 
 Dorsal beginning close behind occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded 
 by a long series of very low spines, which are slightly connected bv 
 membrane, their height rather less than the length of tlie interspaces • 
 on the tail, the spines again give place to soft rays. The soft rays of 
 the fins are connected by thin membrane instead of being imbedded in 
 thick skin, as in eels generally. Color translucent, the lower parts 
 dark, the back pale. Stomach not distensible. Muscular and osseous 
 systems well develoi)ed. Abdominal cavity extending far behind the 
 vent. One genua known, with three species ; singular inhabitants of 
 the deep seas. The position of this family among the Apodes is jxTliajts 
 open to question. A second genus, Cyema Gthr., with shorter, soft body, 
 posterior vent, and shorter vertical fins surrounding the tail, perbaps* 
 belongs to this family. 
 (Murwnidw, group Nemichthyina Gilntlior, viii, 21.) 
 
 178.— NEMICHTHYS Richardson. 
 {TA'ptorlujnchus Lowo: Bclonopsin Brandt.) 
 (Richardson, Voyage Saniarang, 1848, 10: typo Ncmichthya acolopacem Rich.) 
 Characters of the genus included above. (v^7/ia, thread; <>^'y?, flsb.) 
 
 50?. N. scolopaccus Rich. 
 
 Head comparatively stout, its depth one-seventh its greatest length. 
 Eye moderate, less than one-tuird the length of the head without suout. 
 Length of pectoral fins slightly less than height of the anal, which is 
 less than the height of the body and rather more than the greatest deptli 
 of the head. Pale above, belly and anal fin blackish^ the color not 
 abruptly changing, the back somewhat speckled. L. 36 inches. At- 
 lanj;ic Ocean, in deep water; many specimens lately taken with the 
 beam-trawl off the New England coast. 
 
 (Richardson, Voyage Snmarang, 10; Giinther, viii, 21: Lcptorhynchna Icnchtcnhrgi 
 hovi'ii = Bcloii02)sie leuchteiihergi Brandt, M<5m. Ac. St. Petersb. Sav. fitraiig, lt04, 
 171-174.) 
 
 Air-bladder, 
 
PUYSOCLISTI. 3^7 
 
 J93. !V. avocetta Jordan & Gilbert. - > 
 
 Heatl slenderer, its depth one-ninth its greatest length. Eye large, 
 one-third the head, without snout. Length of pectoral scarcely greater 
 than height of anal, which is scarcely less than the greatest depth of 
 the body, and more than the greatest depth of the bead. Translucent; 
 l,cllj' with close-set dark spots, its lower edge and anal fin black, the 
 back abruptly white and unspotted. L. 22 inches. Head 10; depth 3b; 
 depth of anal 64 in length of body. Tuget's Sound; one example 
 known, differing in some slight respects from all Atlantic specimens 
 examined. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mii8. 1880,409.) ; 
 
 SUBCLASS PHYSOCLISTI. 
 
 ' {The Physoclistous Fishes.) 
 
 Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct, in the adult. Parietal 
 bones separated by the supraoccipital. Ventral fins usually thoracic or 
 jugular, normally with 1 sj)ine and 5 soft rays. Pectoral fin normally 
 inserted high, with vertical base. Vertical fins usually with spines, 
 rremaxillaries normally forming the entire border of the upper jaw. 
 Tail houiocercal. {<puao^, bladder', xhiffrdg, closed.) 
 
 ANAI.Y8IS OF THE ORUEB OF PUYSOCLISTI. 
 
 a. Scapula suspended to tbe .anterior vertebnc ; maxillary distinct ; superior brau- 
 cliibyals an<l pbaryngeak present ; inferior pluirynf^eals not united; no 
 interclavieles ; body elongate ; ventral fins abdouiiual or wanting. 
 
 Opistiiomi, p. 
 aa. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal. 
 6. Lower pharyngeals co-ossilied ; fins without spines; veniral fins abdominal; 
 third and fourth superior pharyngeals much enlarged. 
 
 Syxkntognatiii, Q. 
 
 W. Lower i)haryngoal8 separate (or if united, fins with spines and veutrals thoracic). 
 
 c. Gills tufted ; superior branchihyals and pharyngeals and basal branehihyals 
 
 wanting; ventrals, if present, abdominal LoPHonRANCiiii, R. 
 
 <x. Gills pectinate. 
 d. Superior branchihyals and jjlmryngeals reduced in number ; ventrals abdom- 
 inal llKMinUANCUII, S. 
 
 (Id. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals normally developed ; ventrals mostly 
 thoracic or jugular. 
 €. Rones of the Jaws not united. - _ 
 
 /. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill-openings In front of them. 
 
 g. Cranium normal Acantiiopteri, T. 
 
 gg. Cranium anteriorly twisted ; both eyes on the same side of the head. 
 
 Hktkimsomata, U. 
 ff. Pectoral fins pediculate, their basal bones reduced in uniu r and elon- 
 gate; gill-openings in the axils Pediculati, V. 
 
 ee. Bones of the jaws co-ossified ; the dentary with tlie articular, and the pre- 
 maxillaries with the maxillaries Plkctounatiii, W. 
 
.le:-^. 
 
 ^mi 
 
 I 
 
 i ■'■'I 
 
 368 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 Order P -QPISTIIOMI. 
 
 {The ISphuj Eds.) 
 
 Scapular arch suspended to the anterior vertebra}. Superior idiarvn- 
 geals and branchihyals ossified, the third pharynjreal a littli; larfiw 
 the fourth small. Three basal branchihyals ; inferior pharvii<f('iil.s 
 distinct; maxillary bone distinct; 8upraoccii)ital separatin<? parietals- 
 no interclavicles ; symplectic present; prajcoracoi*! wanting?; i)aiietals 
 separated by the supraoccipital ; air-bladder, if present, without pnon- 
 maticduct; dorsal with spines; ventrals, if present, abdoiriinal. Tlio 
 tishes of this order dlflfer from other Physodiati and agree with the 
 Eels in having the scapular arch free from the cranium ami attailu'd 
 to the anterior vertebra}. Two families are known. (orrtV^^Tj, backward; 
 (hixoq^ shoulder.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF OPISTHOMI. 
 
 a. Ventral fins wanting; dorsal fm Avitb tho soft portion well developed. 
 
 MASTACKMHKLlDyK, 50 (J). 
 
 aa. Vent''al fins abdominal, of uuineroiis spines and soft rajs; soft portion of tliodor- 
 sal lin obsolete Notacantuiu.!;, r)G(c). 
 
 Family LVI (?>).— MASTACEMBELIDiE. 
 
 [The Spiny Eels.) 
 
 Body elongate, eel-like, naked or covered with very small scales, 
 Mouth obliciue, of moderate size, either the snout or the chin being 
 produced in a fleshy api)endage ; lower jaw little movable; upper jaw 
 not protractile. Teeth small. Gill-openings restricted to the resion 
 below the convexity of the operculuu), the upper ])art of the oper- 
 culum being covered by the skin of tho scapular region ; gill-iiieiii- 
 branes free from the isthmus ; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. I'seii- 
 dobranchia} small or obsolete. Tail isocercal. Dorsal lin very long, 
 the anterior part composed of low, free spines, tho posterior of soft 
 rays; anal fin with or without spines; caudal fin separate or not, 
 Ventral fins wanting; pectorals small. Air-bladder present. Brim 
 chiostegals 0; i)yloric coeca 2 (in Mastacemhchis). Fishes of the fnsli 
 waters of the East Indies. Genera 2; species about 14. We follow 
 Dr. Bean in attaching provisionally to this family a singular fish fioin 
 
66 (&). MASTACEMBELID^ — PTILICHTHYS. 369 
 
 tho >'ortl' Pacific, the osteology of which is nnknowii, and which may 
 
 jcaWy he\oi\g to the AcanthoptcH. 
 
 {ilastacembcUdm Oilntlur, iii, 539-543.) 
 
 Scales nono or nidimontary; body very elongate, tapering backward to a point. 
 
 (Ptilichthytnee.) 
 b. Lower jaw with a projecting fleshy appendage at tip; gill-membranes broadly 
 uuited Ptilicutuys, 179., 
 
 1T».— PTILICHTHYS Bean. 
 
 (Bean Free. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881: type Plilichthys goodei Bean.) / ■ 
 
 Body extremely elongate, serpeiitiform, little compressed, tho tail 
 tapering to a point. Skin naked, or with a few thin, loose, scattered 
 scales; no lateral line. Head unarmed, rather small; upper jaw not 
 protractile; snout short; mouth oblique; lower jaw projecting consid- 
 erablj' beyond the upper, with a protruding fleshy appendage at tip. 
 Maxillary reaching the front of eye. Mandible little movable. Both 
 jaws with fine, close-set, sharp teeth, in one row, the posterior teeth a 
 little the largest ; no evident teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-open- 
 ings restricted to below the most convex part of the opercle ; tlie mem- 
 branes broadly united below, free from tho isthmus. Gills 4, a slit 
 behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiaj very small, almost obsolete. Gill- 
 rakers short and stout. Pectorals short; ventrals wanting; dorsal 
 lieginning close behind the nape; the anterior portion for about half 
 the length of the body composed of very low, stiff, free spines, hooked 
 backwards, the posterior portion higher, of slender soft rays oouneoted 
 by tbiu raembraue. No caudal fin, the tip of the tail free. Anal sim- 
 ilar to the soft dorsal, without spines. Vent at considerable distance 
 from the head. North Pacific. {rrtXov, quill ; i-^Ou^ fish.) 
 
 5M. P. goodei Bean. 
 
 Orange or yellowish, tho body with a blackish longitudinal stripe, the 
 analdarker in color than the dorsal. Eye rather large, as long as snout, 
 5 in bead; cheeks and opercles long; pectoral flu half as long as tho 
 head; soft dorsal and anal deeper than tho body posteriorly, the anal 
 a little lower than tho dorsal. Vent near the end of the anterior third 
 of the body ; distance from the vent to the beginning of the soft dorsal 
 3J times the length of the head ; length of head twice its greatest depth, 
 5JiQ the distance to the vent; appendage of mandible half as long 
 as eye ; free tip of caudal two-thirds eye. Dorsal spines 90 j soft rays 
 of dorsal 145; of anal about 185; P. 12. L. about 12 inckes. Aleutiaa 
 Islands. 
 
 (Boan, ProcU. S. Not. Mns. iv, 1881.) 
 
 Bull. Nat Mus. No. 1« 24 
 
 
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 i 
 
1 i< 
 
 
 370 CONTKimrnoNS to N()I{Tlt AMRUICAN IfltTltVOl.OrJV— ly. 
 
 Family LVI (r).—N()TA('AN'rini)/K. 
 
 Uodv otonfruto, HOUunvliuioompnvsHod, t'ovoiiMl wtili Voi'.VfinnllHcnli.N, 
 h«*ud Hi»i»l\ : liihMul \\\)y\ prosrnl. Ilnnl hIioiI, 1Ih> niioiiI |tin||ii(|i„ 
 boyond (tio iDoutli. \\\\\vU \ho\' uun\o\i\\oH\7{\ liotiirotidi) : hntli inwHwitli 
 it mnioH of wlt'iuliM', t'lom> Ht»| t(M>lh. I'j.vo liihMiil, rullicr Htmill. Ojn 
 opotMiifis witlo. not n»s(ii('l«Ml nhovo, <Im> nuMnltriiiu'H not uiiiliMl, ||,,,, 
 1h>n» (ho iHthimis. pH«Mul«)l»riiin'liin» noiio. (}ill ihIumh loti|r, nIcihIih 
 (lil)s 4, II slit hi>)iii)il (ho i'oni'lh. Pot-mil On Hlioii, tiioilititi, ootii|ii)siH|of 
 n I'ow vovy mIioiI (Voo Hpino.s, wKIi BoinolimoH u Hiiifilo hoI'I iii\. Aiml 
 lUi \«MV lon^i, moiKMUloly liiyli, hoyimiiiifx lUMir llio iiihldio ol' t|it> |,,),iy 
 M\\{ o\(onilinf> ulony; (ho lowor siWo of (ho Itnml liko (nil, ooiilhit'iil wiih 
 (hOvmnnllo:\U(li»l ; iuitoii«»ily >vi(hiMiinoi(»iiHH|»liioH. Vondnln iilMloniinnl, 
 noiuly nio«lii»n, of 'J-4 iiiin(ioiiln(o iiikI uhoiil H null iiiyM; (he Htm vciv 
 oUvHO (oonoh olhoi', ittul oHott ooiiiphMoly iitiilod. PooIoiiiIm hIiuiI.i imv,] 
 mdioi- hifih. (5ouom 2^ npooioH »iltotil(l| (loop wiilor (IhIioh, I'oiiinl in 
 mos( sorts* 
 <xVrt,'rt.<rti»'A» (?nnthor, iii, r<.|4.) 
 
 <». Dov'sal Bi>itt(»« U-W ; wtottt. \vi( I»o»t ph>b«»Rfl« NoTAOANTIU'h, iw), 
 
 IRO.-NOTAl'ANl'llirM lUoH.. 
 
 { .itsinthontitux \\Uw\\: Compiiloiion (''uliiiclnR.) 
 
 ifiMfis vfisiis lUocli. ,\iiNl;iiuli»ol(o l'i.Hchi>, \ii, lit : rt(/c (Jill ) 
 
 Snottt tto( pixMlnood into it piH>bt»soi,s. Dofssil Mpiiios 12-15. ('Inn 
 ntMvrs o( the jfiMius olhoi'>vi.HC inoliuiod tibovo. (k'tSt"?^ buck; «xuw,'a, 
 spiuo.) 
 
 ftliS. N. rltotniillKi Hlooh. 
 
 i\>lor plitiii, or with tbi.sUy biviul.s on tho baotf. t^lrat ftptno of tlio dor 
 sal opposite tho vontral lh» ; in> no('( my in tho iixll of tlu^ IumI Npiiio, 
 Voutmis oloso tojiothor, lunl Joitiod by tho intoititil bonloi- ol' (Ikmi hum 
 branos. IVotoruls 13 tintos in tho lonj»'(h of (ho ll.sh ; voiiliiilH l'l' 
 Umos itt loit^th. Uojul S itt longlh; doptli 12. li. 8; I). \ ; A. XIII, 
 lir»; C. S.; V, 17; V. Ill, S. Lsit. 1. 100. {Vah^nvinnu's.) Coast of 
 GiXHMibuid. ThivS or soino othor olosoly rohitod spooioN hn.s boon li JHy 
 trtkon in dcvi* walor olV tho ooast of N<»\v ICnjjhunl. 
 
 (" Xota,<inlh*if chfmt)U:i lUoch, .\\\\\. «loi lUihm. UoNoHm'h. I7H7 " : .htiiillnniolns mmi 
 l^Utch, Ausl. I (jH'ho, xJi, 114; .It^iHthofiotus tnisuK Hlooh A iSvhtH'iiln-, M,vhI. li lilli. ;fJU; 
 S<>Ut<viKt},H* »rtj«w« ("nv. A Vivl. viii, Mu : yotiKimlhuH nnmH Oitiitlior, iii, D4 : Campylo- 
 4»n /«bricii Kcinli. Vidouiik. !i«J»k. Aflmuai. ISM, 1)10.) 
 
ht. AanmwMVMnnuAf.. 
 
 a7i 
 
 OiMMOH q-SYNI^NT()(iNATin. 
 
 |,(»\vi'i' pliinviiwiil Immm'm rnlly iiiiifoil ; poroiiil mihI IliinI Hiiporior |»l»)i« 
 iviiir*<iil!^ Miiicli ('IiIimuimI, oviiI, tiot till iciihili'd III tlin cDiiiliirii, Rrixlini; 
 pMKCHHCHlnrwiiidH; llM>r<iiii'tli wtiMliiiK. Vciilriil (liiHiilMlofiiiiiiil, wifhoiif, 
 Hiiiiio, ll'*^ '".VS liMM'o Mum /"». Hciipiiln. HiiM|M>iMlr<l to llio vniu'uuu l»y a 
 jHiMl tciiiponil Ihhk^, wliicli 1h HlnidiM- tiiiil i'iir'('ti.l('. l'Hti«^li^l lioiio miik-Ii 
 i(diiiM>il. Hiipnirliivii'U^ iiitt.diHiiiiri; no iiittMrhivicIt^ MaHiHorrj-fUiiMifi 
 (liiiilil)^ in IVoiii, IhiI. uilhodli itiiiHnilni tiilxs V\\\h williortt MpiiicM. Ail*' 
 lilmldci iiHiitilly liirgi^ willioiM. piMMinmti*'. dm 1.. TIiIh onirr jfn'linl«'s 
 „iilv llio rmiiily <'i' HroiiihrrvHitrhliVj nml iniirkH llio fcntriHitiori (Vom the 
 / 7/ (/,«)« ^»mt to the Aconthnpffri. IIh n^latioiiH with thr llaiflnmlMis very 
 iiilimiiln. (rrMv, trO^rthnrj twr»T, williin; ^i"i!'A(?, .j»i.w.) 
 
 [I'lmontoml |jt. filially SmmhviPMvhUm Uiltitlior, vl, idlKJ-aJH, ; 
 
 Family LVIl.— S(;()MhKU,KS( )(!I IM^i. 
 
 [The (Jar jMim and f<V}/infiflHlirM,) 
 
 Holly olilotig or (Ooiif^ato, coviMril with (myeloid hcjiIch, whii'h art*: iihiI' 
 iiljy ilrciiliioiiH. Iiat(;i'al liiii^ iiiniiiiij; very low, aloii)i( the HideH of the 
 hilly. Head more or Whh Hi'.aly, iiHiiiilly witli vertienl Hiden. MoiiMi 
 viiriiiiiM, tli(\)nwH beiiifr ot'ti'ii pridon^ed intoti. iii-ali. I'rrriDixilinrien not 
 prill nirlile, hinged at> biiHi^ rneHially; margin of the npper jaw ehictly 
 iiiriiiril l)y Hie ttriMiiaxilhirieH ; tlie nhott inuxilhirieH oi'U'.n eiiteriri;^ the 
 liiti'iiil margin ; inaxilliiry oftrii aHeliyrioned with flie firernaxiMary ; it« 
 iilp^ Hlippiii|{ niidiM' th(^ front, of the jMeorliitiil. Dentition varioiiK. 
 Dormil tin witliont/ Hpinew, iiiHi-rted on Mie powterior ptirt of Hie body, 
 opposili' the aniil and nHiiiilly Hiinihir to it'. Vetitriil^ iilHloniiniil, of Hev- 
 I'l'iil Moi'l, rnyH, UHiiiiIly iiiMerted poMterloily. No iwlipoHe fin. I*ee,t<»ral 
 llii iiiNerted hi^h, HoinetinieH iiHcd hh nn or^an of tli^ht. C/aiidal fin 
 UHUiiIiy forked, Hie h>w«'r h)l)e th<', hintjer. Vejit ehme, in front of anal. 
 Niwtrils lar^fe, doable, near the ey<^ Lower |iharyn(;ea]H fully iinit^Ml. 
 (lill iiKMiibraneH not nnited, free from the iHthmnH. l*Hetidobranehi;e 
 liiiliiiMi, glandular. (lillrakerH variouH. (iillH 4, a Hlit Iw^hind thn 
 fourth. Air-bla<lder UHiially iar^e, HometimeHeeJInlar. Iiit^^-Htinal eanal 
 usually Himplo, without cu;ea. Carnivorous. One genuH {Zenarchrp- 
 
 
 mi 
 
 ^-■m 
 
 » ' > *a 
 
 
asm 
 
 
 372 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY^iv^ 
 
 terus) viviparous, the other oviparous. Genera about 8, species ico- 
 abounding in all warm seas, some of them entering fresh waters. 
 
 (Soomberesocidce GUnther, vi, 233-298.) 
 
 "Jaws with sharp, wide-set teeth; both jaws prolonged, forming a beak; ^n\cu 
 none. (Belonince.) 
 
 a. Gill-rakers none j no teeth on vomer or palatines T ylosurus l8i 
 
 *• Jaws with very small teeth, or none. 
 
 b. Maxillary anchylosed to premaxillary. 
 0. Both jaws more or less prolonged ; dorsal and anal with finlots. (Scomhert. 
 
 aocina.) Scombeuksox, itj;) 
 
 CO. Lower jaw only produced ; no finlets. (ITcmirhamphtTKe.) 
 d. Anal fin of the male not modified ; species oviparous. /• - 
 
 Hemirhamphus, 183. 
 bb. Maxillary separate from premaxillary; neither jaw producrl; no finlets ■ 
 pectoral fins elongate. (Exocaelirxe.) 
 
 e. Ventrals anteriorly placed, not reaching to the anal. Halocypselus 184. 
 ce, Ventrals posteriorly placed, reaching past front of anal. 
 
 f. Chin without barbel Excca-:Trs, 185. 
 
 ff. Chin with one or two barbels or fleshy appendages. Cypselukus, 180. 
 
 181.— 1«/.OSURlJS Cocco. 
 
 Gar-fishes. 
 
 (Cocco, Lettere in Giomalo Sci. Let. Sicilia, xvii, 18: type Tylosuriu' cantraini 
 * Cocco = Esox imperialia Ra{.) y 
 
 Body elongate, very slender, not much comi)ressed. Both jaws pro 
 longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer 
 in young fishes, the very young resembling Hemirhamphus. Both jaws 
 armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, besides which is a series of 
 longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth. No teeth on vomer or 
 palatines. Maxillaries grown fast to premaxillaries. Scales small, de- 
 ciduous. Lateral line running along the side of the belly, becomiiij!; 
 median on the tail. No finlets. Doi^al fin usually elevated anteriorly. 
 Caudal fin short, truncate or forked. Pectorals and ventrals small, the 
 latter inserted behind the middle of the body. Gill-rakers obsolete. Air- 
 bladder present. Ovary single. Bones usually green. Size compara- 
 tively large. Specie^- uumerous. Voracious fishes, found in most seas. 
 This genus differs from Belonef {Belone vulgaris Cuvier) in the absence 
 of gill-rakers and vomerine teeth. (ruAo?, callous; ovpd^ tail; in allusion 
 
 • We are informed by Dr. Vinciguerra, of Genoa, that the gill-rakers are obsolete 
 in Tyloaurua imperialis, as in all the American species formerly referred to Belone, 
 
 t Cuvier, R5gne Auim. ii, 1817: tyyie £sox belone h. ■= Belone vulgaris Vhmh^. 
 {fieXovrf, nn ancient namu of some fish whoso "belly splits to allow the escape of tbe 
 eggs, the wound afterwards healing," doubtlesb Syngnathua; ftiXoi, a dart.) 
 
67. SCOMBERESDCIDiE — TTL0SURU8. 
 
 373 
 
 to the caudal keel, on wliich the genus was originally based, a character 
 of little importance.) 
 
 Caudal peduncle not keelod. 
 
 b. Posterior rays of the dorsal prolonged, longer than the anterior rays. 
 
 596. T. Mana{C.&V.)J.&Q. 
 
 Olive green above, silvory below, sides with a row of obscure dusky 
 blotches in the young ; i)osterior portion of dorsal fin black. Snout a 
 third longer than the rest of the head. Maxillary hidden by the pre- 
 orbital. Dorsal beginning opposite front of anal, its posterior rays much 
 elevated, their tips reaching beyond base of caudal. Anal fin slightly 
 falcate, the last rays very low. Tail compressed, deeper than broad. 
 Head 3 in length. D. 20 ; A. 27. Virginia to the West Indies and the 
 west coast of Mexico, occasional on our coast. 
 
 IBclonehiana Cuvier & Valenciennes, xviii, 432: Bclonc hians Giinther, vi, 248.) 
 
 JJ. MuWlo and posterior rays of dorsal short, subeqnal. 
 
 c. Dorsal and anal long, each with more than 20 rays. 
 
 597. T. latimanus (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 Green above, white below. Head and body elongate. Eye lOJ in 
 head. Beak twice as long as the rest of the head. Pectoral rather 
 long and pointed, broader and shorter than in T. longirostris. Bones 
 uot green. Caudal forked. B. 24 ; D. 24 ; A. 25. Cuba ; occasional 
 on our Atlantic coast. (Buzzard's Bay; Goode.) 
 
 (Belone latimana Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 292, 18(50: Belone latimanus Giinther, vi. 249: 
 
 Bdone latimana Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 6.) 
 
 cc. Dorsal and anal shorter, each with less than 20 rays. 
 (J. Tail compressed, deeper than broad. 
 
 ! 5a§. T. notatUS (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 Green above, yellow below; vertical fins bluish, their tips tinged 
 with orange. Free portion of tail compressed, deeper than broad. 
 lleatl flat abov**. with deep scaly median groove. Superciliary region 
 striated. Base of premaxillaries depressed ; maxillary hidden by the 
 preorbital. Teeth moderate, wide-set; no vomerine teeth. Eye less 
 than interorbital space, f the postoxbital part of head. Body broad, 
 Bubcylindrical. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head ; veiitrals 
 very small; anal scaly at base; caudal slightly emargiuate. Scales 
 
 ; rather large. Head 2 J. D. 13; A. 14. (Giinther.) West Indies, north 
 
 i to West Florida. 
 
 {Bdone notata Poey, Mem. Cnba, ii, 293, 1860: Belone notata Giinther, vi,248: Belone 
 ,.;:ta/s Goode «fc Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 151.) 
 
 dd. Tail depressed, broader than deep. 
 
 ill 
 
 i 
 
|l v> 
 
 mmm 
 
 374 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—iv 
 599. T. longlrostrls (Mitchill) J.«fe G.— Gar->ft; BiU-ph; Xcedh-Jinh. 
 
 Olive green above, silvery below; a silvery lateral stripe; a dark 
 spot above root of i)ectoral ; fins nearly plain. Free portion of tail 
 moderately depressed, not keeled. Head long, flat above, witli a 
 broad, rather shallow, scaly median groove. Top of head not ruTos,. 
 usnally faintly striate. Maxillary rather more than half hidden by the 
 preorbital. Teeth moderate; no votnerine teeth. Gill-rakers obsolete 
 Body subcylindrical, its depth less than the length of the pectoral 
 which is about equal to the postorbital part of the head. Ventruls a 
 little nearer the head than the caudal ; dorsal and anal somewhat fal 
 cate; caudal fin truncate, or slightly eniarginate. Scales thlu and 
 small, deciduous. Head 2^ 5 snout 4. D. 15; A. 18. L. 4 feet. Maine 
 to Brazil ; very abundant on our Atlantic coast. It often ascends rivers 
 far above tide- water. 
 
 (Esox longiroatria Witch. Amor. Month. Mag. ii, 322, 1817: 7?e?one frMnmfa Le Sunir 
 Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 126, 1821 : Bdone trunoata GUnther, vi, 244 : licloneicn- 
 tator Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 30.) 
 
 aa. Caudal peduncle keeled. 
 
 eOO, T.exilia (Grd.) J. &G.— Needle-fish. •' 
 
 Translucent green, silvery below; an olivaceous vertebral streak and 
 a bluish lateral band; fins plain. Body very slender ; headlong. Eye 
 more than a third of the postorbital region. Maxillary not neariy all 
 hidden by the narrow preorbital. Top of head flattish, with a broad 
 scaly groove. Pectoral fin shorter than jwstorbital part of head, its 
 length more than gro.itest depth (f body; ventrals short, a little nearer 
 head than caudal; dorsal and anal falcate, rather low, the anal begin- 
 ning before dorsal and ending in front of its last ray; caudal tin 
 unequally lunate. Scales very small and thin. Head 3J. D. 15; A. 
 17. L. 3 feet. Coast of California, from Point Coucepciou southward; 
 abundi^nt. 
 
 {Belone exilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 1854, 149: Belone exilia Girard.U.S, 
 Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 158: Belone exilia Giiuther, vi, 238.) 
 
 l§a.— SCOITIBERESOX Lacdp6de. : •. 
 
 ■■■('•- f*' •' v ':■ ',. _. : : ,\ ' i :,;, ."i ■ i ■, ,:;•■' 
 
 aa. Jiiws scarce 
 
 (5nj/m Rafinesque: Grammiconotus Costa.) 
 
 (Lac6p^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, .344, 1803: type Scombercaox camperi Li&c.^^Eaoxtaum | 
 Walb.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, deciduous scales, 
 
 Jaws more or less prolous-d, sometimes forming a beak, jjrovided] 
 
 of California i 
 
67. SCOMBEBESOCID^E — SCOMBEBESOX. 
 
 875 
 
 ffith very feeble teeth; lower jaw tlio longer. Maxillaries joined to 
 nreiuaxillaries. Tectorals and ventrals small; dorsal small, opposite 
 ■inal" last 4-0 rays of dorsal and anal detached, forming flnleta. No 
 nvlonc cffica. Air-bladder large. Gill-rakers numerous, long and slen- 
 der. Size rather small. Species 2 or more, ranging widely in the open 
 sea. {Scomber; Esox.) .- , .,.,. - * , 
 
 a. Jaws produced in a beak. "' ' ' • .. • . 
 
 60l« S.saurMs(Walb.) Fleming.— ^awri/; Skipper; Bill-fish. 
 
 Olive brown above, sides and below silvery; a distinct silvery band 
 as broad as the eye bounding the dark of the back. Head broad above, 
 narrowed below, tapering anteriorly to the very slender pointed beak; 
 snout longer than the rest of the head. Fins all small; caudal flu 
 forked; ventrals midway between base of caudal and front of eye. 
 Uead 3^ in length; depth 9. D. 9— VI; A. 12~VI; Lat. 1. 110. L. 
 18 inches. Atlantic Ocean; rather common on both coasts, aiul found 
 
 in the open seas. 
 
 [fyoxsaurm Walbaum, Artedi, Pise, iii, 93, 1792: Scombereaoi camperi Cuv. & Val. 
 xviii, 4C4: ScombcrcAOX acutellatum Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 132, 1821; 
 Fleiuiiij;, Brit. Anim. 184 ; Giinther, vi, 257 : Scomber euox atortri Storer, lliat. Fish. Mass. 
 ;il5: ticoHiftcresox ronde/e<i GUutUer, vi, 257.) v: ' 
 
 da. Jaws scarcely produced, not forming a beak, 
 
 603. §• brevirostris Peters. 
 
 Dark green above, silvery below ; sides with a lateral silvery stripe, 
 bounded above by a dusky streak; upper fins mostly dusky; lower 
 pale. Body much elongate, compressed, widest above, the abdomen 
 and lower edge of head trenchant. Upper jaw conical, not produced, 
 oudiug in a very acute tip; lower jaw slightly longer, its tip produced 
 lor a very slight distance, and flexible; triangular portion of premax- 
 illaries as long as broad; snout a little more than half length of rest of 
 head; iiiterorbital space flat; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Teeth 
 very minute, in a single row in each jaw. Eye large, in front of middle 
 of head. Pectoral fin somewhat emargiuatc, ^ length of head; ven- 
 trals small, far back, slightly nearer tip of snout than tip of lower lobo 
 of caudal; dorsal inserted slightly behind front of anal; both flns low, 
 the Unlets small; caudal widely forked, the lobes equal. Scales small, 
 (leciduons, those on top of head forming an elliptical patch. Head 5^; 
 depth 9. D. 9— VI; A. 12— VI; Lat. 1. ca. 125. L. 14 inches. Coast 
 of California, rare. 
 
 (Petei-8, Monatsberiiibt Akad. Wiss. Berl. July, 18GG, .'>21 : 1 ScombcreaoxaairaGiimthoT, 
 vi,258.) 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 \\ 
 
 1-. 'I' 
 
 1- " n 
 
 v4l 
 
 K^ 
 
 
 
 . 1 i"f 
 
 
 i }■ 
 
 
 1^ ) 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 
 ^^K 
 
 376 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOOY^iy. 
 
 I > . IHS.-HRiTIIKIIAIflPIIVS Cnvier. 
 
 Half-beaks. ' 
 
 (Cnvior, UiV>" Anlni. ii, 1H17: tyjui Hemirhampkua commergoni Cuvi«r.) 
 
 Body olongiite, compressod, tlio doraal outlino parallel with that 
 of the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender 
 beak, bf/nlered with membrane; premaxillarieH forming a tiiiinfjular 
 plate, the teeth of which lit against the tootluul portion of tlio man. 
 <lible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. Teeth feeble, soiiiotinics 
 tricuspid. (Jill-rakers rather long. Head covered above willi lurfrp 
 shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No Unlets; caudal liu 
 more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal siinijar 
 not modi(U><l in the nnUes. Oviparous. Air-bladder large. No pylorie 
 cojca. Young with the lower jaw short. Species numerous, in all warm 
 sesus, going in large schools. Size comparatively small, (^/k, half- 
 /5d/ivf'(»?, beak.) 
 
 a. rcctoraltins short; vcntruls luoiU'nito. {HemirhamphuB.) 
 603. II. uaiifascintus Kuii/nni. . 
 
 Greenish, sides with a well-deliued silvery band, narrower than the 
 eye, about as broad as a scale. Tip of lower jaw red. Lower jaw (from 
 end of upper jaw) 4^5^ in total length from its tip to base of caudal 
 Head (without nuiiulible) 4J in length from tip of upper jaw\ Pre- 
 maxillaries broader than long. Eye about equal to interorbital space, 
 § postorbital part of head. Ventrals nearly midway between eye and 
 base of caudal. Dorsal and anal sctaly. Caudal moderately forked, the 
 middle rays being longer than the eye. Back not compressed. Head 
 (with lower jaw) 2'|-3; depth 7^. D. 14; A. 15; Lat. 1. 54. L. 12 
 . inches. Capo Cod to Panama and Indian Ocean ; common ou our 
 South Atlantic coast. 
 
 (Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acail. Sci. Inst, Bonon. 1842, v, 320, tab. 25; Gilulher, vi, 
 !M)2: Heinirhamjthtie riohardi Cav. et Yah xix/26.) 
 
 BOl. H. rosie Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Green, with a silvery lateral band, rather broader than a scale. A 
 triple vertebral streak. Lower jaw dark reddish brown. Lower jaw 
 (from tip of upper) 4A in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head 
 ■without mandible 3*- in length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillaries 
 about as broad as long. Eye less than interorbital space, about half 
 postorbital part of head. Ventrals rather nearer tip of caudal than 
 eye, midway between base of caudal and gill-opening. Dorsal and anal 
 
67. SCOMBERESOCID^. — IIAL0CYPSELU8. 
 
 377 
 
 fins not scaly. Ciiiulal moderately forked, the middle rays beinj:f twl(!0 
 the length of the eye. Peetorals nhorter than imstorbital part of 
 head. VeiitralH a little shorter. Baek broad. Head (with lower 
 jivw) -rl- ^^' ^'^5 ^' ^^i ^^•*'^* ^* ^^* Southern California, not very 
 common, 
 (jordun & (lill>ert, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mu8. 1880, 33.^..) 
 
 an. IVtffHivl fiiiH v»)ry long; ventralH vory short ; body very Blonth-r. {Euhptorham- 
 j^Aua-Gill.) 
 
 eo*. H« lo^Kirosl*"*" Cuvicr. \ ■ 
 
 Olivaceous, sides silvery. IJody extremely slender and elongated, 
 inucli compressed, almost band like. IJaek thin, subearinate. Lower 
 jiiw very slender and long, niueh longer than the rest of the head. 
 TcetU very feeble. Eye large, about equal to snout. Pectoral fins 
 loii^' and slender, half as long as mandible, more than one-fonrth the 
 length of the rest of the body. Upper rays of pectorals broad an<l 
 (omprossed. Ventrals not longer than eye, ins(!rted far ba(;k. Caudal 
 I'm iuH'(iually forked, the lower lobe the longer. Head (J)j; dei)th 10. 
 Maiulible about 3. D. 22; A. 19; V. 0. L. 18 inclies. Ca[)e Cod to 
 Indian Ocean, in the open sea; rare on our Atlantic coast. -. 
 
 (CiiviiT, Ut'^f^no Aiiiiii.; Giliitlicr, vi, 270: Ilvmirhamphuit vian-orhfinvhuH Giinthor, vi, 
 •270: EiilptoHiamphua longirostris Putnam, Proc. 13o8t. 8oc. Nut. Hist. Icj70, 238.) 
 
 ... ■ vi,ry;'r li4._llAl,0CYPSEHJS Weinland. 
 
 (Woiiilaud, ProcBost. Soc. Nat. Iliat. 1859, vi, 385: "typo Kxocwtun mem<jaiitcr Mitch.") 
 This genus diflfers from Exoccetus mainly in the anterior position and 
 small size of the ventral fina, which terminate in advance of the anal 
 flu, aiul are not used as organs of Uight. Species not very numerous. 
 (al,-, sea; z^sAo?, a swallow.) , 
 
 606, II. cvolans (L.) Wcinl. ' z^- 
 
 Olivaceous above, with dark specks; silvery below, with a bright blue 
 lustre. Pectoral ftns black above and behind, the lower border whitish. 
 Snout obtuse and short, % the diameter of the eye. Eye not large, 4:^ 
 itt head, less than the width of the broad, rather convex, interorbital 
 space. Distance from snout to first ray of ventral about equal to dis- 
 tjuico between root of ventrals and last ray of dorsal. Pectoral fins 
 long, A the length of the body, reaching the root of the caudal ; second 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185l>, 131: type Euleptorltamphua breroorti Gill= 
 nemirhamphu8 longiroair'm Cuvier. {evXeTtroi, very ulendcr; /jaj^cpoif beak.) 
 
 i 
 
 ■Hi<: 
 
 i ' 
 
 f 
 
 
 <. 
 
 'i 
 
 ' •?!■' 
 
 ; W 
 
 L. : *i^ 
 
 |K 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^M 
 
 -" :-l 
 
 .1.11 -3-1^*1 -I 
 
 Is *} 
 

 F 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 { t 
 
 1 '! 
 
 ml 
 
 
 m 
 
 378 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 ray of pectoral divided, third ray longest. Ventral fins not reachinj; 
 nearly to vent. Dorsal inserted a little in advance of front of anul its 
 anterior rays not half so long as the head ; 20 scales in front of dorsal 
 and G between dorsal and lateral line. Gill rakers long and slender. 
 Head 4; depth 5^. D. 13; A. 13. Lat. 1, 42; Vert. 25 + 19. In mo^t 
 warm seas, not rare on our Atlantic coast, where it spawns in suiniuer. 
 
 (Exocwtua erolana L. Syst. Nat. i, 521 : Exocatun ctoJans Giintbor vi, 1>8;2: Ejcocatut 
 evolana Liitken, Vidcnsk. Meddel. ITatiirb. Foren. 187G, 102; Weiuland, 1. c.) 
 
 607. II. obtusarostris (GUntber) J. & O. 
 
 Very similar to 11. evolans^ but with the dorsal fln inserted above or 
 
 behind the lirst ray of the anal ; the distance from the snout to the first 
 
 ray of the ventrals less than the distance betw^een the root of the veu- 
 
 trals and last ray of the dorsal , 7 to 8 rows of scales above the lateral 
 
 line; lins more distinctly marked. D. 13; A. 13. Lat. 1. 40. {Liitken.) 
 
 Tropical seas, north to Louisiana. 
 
 (Esocu'lHn obtiiHiroHtris Giinther, vi, 283: Exocxtua ohtusiroatris Liitken, Vidonsk. 
 Meddel. Nutiirh. Foreu. 1870, 102.) 
 
 185 .-EXOCaiTUS Linnffius. 
 
 Flying fishes. 
 (Artedi; Liniiieua, Syst. Nat. : typo ^jrocaius i'o/i<ans L.) 
 
 Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed. Head sliorf, 
 blunt, narrowed below. Mouth small. Jaws very short, about equal. 
 Chin without bi*''bel. Maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries. 
 Teeth very feeble or wanting. Eyes large. Gill-rakers moderate. 
 Scales large, deciduous. No tinlets. Dorsal fin short, oi)posite anal. 
 Caudal widely forked, the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral tin.s very 
 long, reaching i)ast the beginning of the anal, ami serving as organs of 
 flight, their groat size enabling these fishes to sustain themselves in the 
 air for some time.* Ventral fins *largj, posteriorly inserted, also used 
 as organs of flight. Air bladder very large. No pyloric cocoa. Species 
 numerous in all warm seas. [i~d)xoiroq, sleeping out; the ancient name 
 of these fishes, which were supposed to come out on the beach to sleep 
 at night ) 
 
 * Tbeso iiab(<8 are enabled to suataiu tliaaisolves in the air for upwards of a minute. 
 Tboir movements are fcxcoodingly rupii*. Tbeir impulse, apparently, comes iiiaiiily 
 from tbo strouij; tail, wbicb lias a sculling motion in tbo water, by wbich tliey acquire 
 a great veloci ' v. Wbeu tboy iirst emerge from tbo wat^r, Ibe pectorals are Ritrciui mid 
 vibrato rapidly, iko tbo wings of an insect, and tbe ventrals are closed. Tlie motion 
 of the pectoral issimultane"- ,; witb the motion of ibe tail, and is probably caiisrd liy 
 the latter. Wlien tbey reaeb a borizontfil position in tbe air, tlio pectorals and \tii- 
 trals are sxiroad, and aiti)i'rently used only to retain tbe impulse previously reoeived. 
 
57. SCOMBEUESOCID^ — EXOCCETUS. 
 
 379 
 
 508. E. californlcus Coopor. — Fbjlng-fish; P'olador. . = ;. 
 
 Steel-blue above and on both sides, belly abruptly silvery. Pectorala 
 bluckisli, with the posterior edge paler ; an obscure oblique pale band 
 across lower iiart; caudal plain dusky; ventrals pale, partly dusky; 
 dorsal rather pale, with a dusky blotch above. Body stoutish. Lower 
 jaw rather the longer ; both jaws with minute teeth. Eye large, rather 
 loii'nn- than snout, 3 iu head, nearly equal to the diameter of the slightly 
 concave interorbital space. Pectoral tin reaching i)ast the dorsal 
 and falling just short of the caudal. Second ray of pectoral divided, 
 the tliird longest. Ventrals about reaching middle of anal, their length 
 3J iu body, their insertion midway between middle of opercle and base 
 of tail. Anterior rays of dorsal half the length of the head ; 43 rows of 
 scales between occiput and dorsal, 7 between the dorsal and the lateral 
 Hue. Head 5; depth G; ]). 12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 58. L. 18 inches. 
 Southern California ; very abundant in summer about the Santa Bar- 
 bara Islands. 
 
 (Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. 1864, 93; GiUither, vi, 295.) - • 
 
 609. £• novcboracnnsjs Mitchill. 
 
 Dark bluish above ; iiectorals blackish, with the lower edge pale, in 
 the young with two black bars; ventrals mesially blackish, the edges all 
 white; caudal lobes mesially dusky, the edges pale. Head short; snout 
 very blunt, shorter than the very large eye, which is narrower than the 
 broad, concave, interorbital space. Pectoral fins very long, reaching 
 past the base of the caudal ; second ray of pectoral divided ; ventrals 
 reaching considerably i)ast anal; their inserriou midway between the 
 preoperclo and the base of the caudal. Dowsal fin inserted opi)08ite 
 aual. Head4§; depthSJ. D. ll;A.9. Lat. . 42-48. North Atlantic; 
 not rare on our coast. 
 
 (Mitcliill, Aiucr. Month. Mag. ii, 233, 1S17; DoKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 230; 
 fCuv.& Val. xix, 99.) 
 
 610. E. inclanuriis Cuv. & Val. 
 
 Bluish above, silvery below, the pectoral fin blackish, except a por- 
 tion of its middle and inner edge; ventrals plain or nearly so. Head 
 of moderate length, not very blunt, the interorbital space broad wiu.r 
 than the eye and somewhat concave. Eye very large, longer than 
 snout, 3 iu head. Pectoral fin 1% in length, reaching past the base of 
 the last dorsal ray and the tip of the last anal ray. Vnntrals inserted 
 midway between the posterior edge of the eye and the middle of the 
 base of the caudal, their tips reaching nearly to the base of the last 
 
 liiij^l 
 
 
 1 
 
 • 4 
 
 ■mi 
 
 w 
 
 N'r, '. 
 
 r 'I. 
 
 
 

 n ^ I 
 
 380 CONTIlinUTIONS TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOaY — ly. 
 
 auiil ray ; socoiul ray of i)ectoruI llu divided. Dorsal (In low, itH insertion 
 nearly opposite front of anal. IImuX 4; depth 0. D. 11; A. 9; Hcalcs 
 C-52-3. North Atlantic ; occiasional on our (;oaHt. 
 
 (Tf (-nv. iSt. Viil. Hist. Niil. I'oiHs. xix, lOl ; siiid t«» huvo a Muck blotch on tli« iiiipor 
 part of tlu> biiNt^ ol'tli*^ tail, n-culliiiK Mi*> t'.Dlorutioii oiHpvuiuH o( Sarguii, a reutiitu not 
 noticed by uh on any ol'onr llyiug-titih.) 
 
 Oil. E. cxilicilN (•nu^Iin. 
 
 Uluifsh above, silvery Inflow, sides with (Ive broad, transverse bars- 
 I)ectorals and ventrals irrefjfularly banded and blotehed with blue and 
 black. IJody very slender; snout short, ,\ length of head. Dorsal and 
 anal fins similar and opposite. Ventrals inserted slij^litly behiml tlie 
 middle of the body; jieetorals I'fj in length of body; second ray of pec 
 torals extendinj^ beyond llie membrane in a spine-like process. Ven- 
 trals 3 in length. Head G in total length with caudal. D. 12; A. IL'. 
 Lat. 1. 48. {(hxxic.) Atlantic Ocean; a small sjjecies, possibly the 
 young of some other. 
 
 (Omolin, Syst. Nut. i, MOO, 17H8 ; GUntbor, vi, 21)1 ; Goo(h), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mim. v, 
 64.) , 
 
 180.-rVPSEL.URVS SwaiuHou. 
 
 Bearded Flying-Jishes. 
 
 (Cypsiluriin Swainson, Classilication of Fiybos, 18U9, 290: typo ExocoDttia nuttalH Lo 
 Sueur.) 
 
 This genus dillers from E.rocaitm in the presence of one or more bar- 
 bels or cutaneous api)endages of delicate texture on the tip of tlie n).in- 
 dible. The species are all of snnill size, and it is jjossible that in soiuo 
 of them these appendages are lost with age. (Kui/'chii^ a swift or swal- 
 low; odfHx.^ tail.) 
 
 01 !l, C. riircntiis (Mitch.) Wciulaml. 
 
 Barbels 2, ribbon-like, usually little if any longer than the eye. Eye 
 large, narrower than the broadly, slightly concave, interocular space. 
 Adult nearly plain; young with three broad, black bands across the 
 belly in front of the ventrals; operculum jind i)ectorals marbh'd with 
 black; lower cauilal lobe with three blackish cross bauds; postoiior 
 part of venlral and lower part of anal black. Ventrals and pecjtoials 
 rea(!hing past base of caudal ; ventrals inserted nearer the root of the 
 caudal than the snout; dorsal very high, higher than the body, the 
 longest rays not reaching the caudal. Anal not low. llcad 4 iu 
 
 imm:: 
 
 f*- 
 
 > 
 
LOPIIODRANCnil. 
 
 381 
 
 length, not very short nor very blunt. D. 13; A. 9. Atlantic Ocean; 
 not very <!(nninon on our coasts. 
 
 (Exocalun furmtuH Mitoli. TraT\H. Lit. and Phil. S«)c. i, \\\), 18ir>; Exocattwt fiircnhiit 
 Oiliitlici", vi, 2815: Hxorwtuit niitlaUi Lo Sihmit, Joiini. Aciul. Nat. Sci. IMiila. 1H21, 10: Kx- 
 ffialuinultallii (HU\t\uir, vi,28(>: ICxocvBtiiH furcatun lAUktm, Vitluiidk. MoiUlel. Nutiirh. 
 Forcii. Iri7(i, 100; VVoiiil. 1. r.) 
 
 6I3> €. comatlis (Mitch.) Wmuland. 
 
 Grooiiisli above, paler below ; ventrals soinewhat <lusky ; lower edge 
 of pectorals pale. JJody moderately elongate ; head niedinin ; eye very 
 liuge, loos*''' than snout, about 3 iti lu^ad. H;irb(d very loiif?, ribbon- 
 like, rciiehin}^ in the adult aw far as the base of the ventrals ; a small 
 Niiniliir barbel, shorter than the ey<5, on each side of it at base. IN^itoral 
 (ins rciichinf? to last ray of dorsal, the third ray lon}i;est, the second sjdit. 
 Insertion of dorsal nearly midway between vc^ntrals and anal; ventrals 
 siijjlitly nearer j?ill-oi)enin}?s than base of caudal, their tii)s nearly reac^h 
 infj end of anal, which is smalhu* than dorsal ; (caudal well forked, the 
 lower lobe h)ngest. Head 4; depth lijj. 1). 12; A. 0; Lat. 1.47. L. 8 
 inches. [IMtken.) Atlantic Ocean; occasional on our coast. 
 
 (ExocirtiiH wmaluii Mitch. TraiiH. Ijit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 4'18: ICxocmlim mmatHH 
 OiintliiT, vi, 128(1: Kxixujctiut onmatiin l)(>Kay, Now York Kaima, l''inh<w, 'JIM : KxovmtuK op- 
 jienf/icM/'i^i"* Wood, .lourii. Acad, Na(. H(!i. Pliila. \HiA,W.\: ExocmIuh voinalua Liitkun, 
 VUlousk. Mcddel. Natur. Foriui. 1870, 10(5, ilg. 1, 
 
 OttDEB R.-T/)Pir()iuiANcn[r. 
 
 {The Lopliohranchs.) 
 
 Gills tufted, not laminated, composed of small rounded lobes atta(;hed 
 to the gill-anjhes. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-tcn>- 
 porui. Superior branchihyals md pharyngeals, an«l basal braiujhi- 
 liyals wanting or wot ossilied. Mouth very small, bounded above by 
 the prciaaxillaries. 'ost-temporal simi>le, co ossirted with the crannim ; 
 basis of the cranium .^itnple. Pectoral fins with elevated l>as(ss. Inter- 
 davicles well dovelopc . Anterior vertebrae modi(ie<l, the diapophyscs 
 miicli expanded. Air-bhuhhT simple, without air-duct. Snout pro- 
 duced, bearing the small toothless mouth at the end. Gill covers re- 
 duced to a largo simple plate. Skin with bony plates. Muscular 
 system little developed. The families mentiotuMl below have neither spi- 
 nous dorsal, nor v^entral fins; the Solcnontomathlw of the Indian Ocean 
 have all the llns well developed. (A«v''(>?, crest; i3f)d)-^ta, gills.) 
 
 (iop/iotranc/iifGUnther, viii, 150-'20o.) — ■ - ' •' ' 
 
 4 . V 
 
 'tal 
 
 
 
 ■''^^i 
 
 
 ]v^-rS 
 
 m 
 
 ^1 ^i 
 
 y- 
 
 ■ -i 
 
 1 
 
 • '1 
 
 \ ' 
 
 ♦■ f 
 
 t i 
 
 '^'4 
 
 i>. 
 
 ■71 
 
382 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. — ly. 
 
 'i.tif'T'' iBiPI"''M Jill 
 
 :l 
 
 ^" ' ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF LOPIIOBRANCniI. .•. ■ 
 
 a. No spinous dorsal fin ; no ventral fins ; gill-openings narrow. );.'< 
 
 6. Axis of head in a line with that of the body S vngnatiiip^e 58 
 
 bh. Axis of the head forming an angle with that of the body..HiprocAMPiD^ 50 
 
 Family LVIIL— SYNGNATHIDiE.: 
 
 The Pipe- fislics. ;,. 
 
 Body elongate, very slender, covered with bony plates. TIead slender 
 its axis continuous with that of the body. Snout long, tube-like, bear- 
 ing the short toothless jaws at the end. Gill-openings reduced to a 
 small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle. Tail long, not 
 prehensile, usually provided with a pmall caudal fin. IMale fishes with 
 an egg pouch, usually placed on the under side of the tail, souietimes 
 on the abdomen, and formed of two folds of skin which meet on the 
 median line. The eggs are received into this pouch and retained until 
 some time after hatching, when the pouch opens, permitting the yorni" 
 to escape. Dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays only; pectorals 
 present, small; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually present. Genera 
 10 or more; species 1130. Small fishes, found in all warm seas, somo 
 times enterinfif" fresh waters. 
 (Syngnathiilce, group Si/ngnathina Gilnthor, viii, 153-193.) 
 
 a Humeral hones united below; caudal fin present; pectoral fins well devolopod; 
 dorsal nearly opposite the vent Siphostoma, 187. 
 
 1§7.— SIPHOSTOIfIA* Eafiuesque. 
 (iSi/nf/nffY/jws of most recent authors.) * 
 
 (Rafinesquo, Caratteri di a^cuni Nnovi Genori, 18, IHIO: type Sipionathua pelafiiniiiLf) 
 Body elongate, very slender, six or seven angled, not compressed, 
 tapering into a very long tail; the dorsal keels of the trunk not contin- 
 uous with those of the tail. Head slender, tapering into a long tuk'- 
 like, sub terete snout, which bears the very short, toothless jaws at the j 
 Olid. Humeral bones firmly united with tlie " breant-ring.'' Body cov- 
 ered with a series of bony, keeled, radiated i)lates, arranged in linear j 
 soVies. Dorsal fin distinct, rather short, opposite the vent, which is 
 near the middle of the body; caudal fin present, rather small; anal fin 
 
 •The genus Sifngnaihua of LiniKsna, originally equivalent to the modern orderofj 
 Zophobranchii, was first subdivided by Rafinesquo in 1810. The name Siphostoma wmI 
 given to S. pdagiem, and its relatives, the Sgngnathua of late writers, that of Tiphltl 
 to S. t'lphle, the Siphonostoma of late writers, while Sijngnathua was retained for &| 
 cequoreua and its relatives, the group now usually called Nerophia, ,. 
 
 minute, 
 
 Male fisl 
 
 by two c 
 
 iishes. ^ 
 
 among t 
 
 jfeniis an 
 
 is very di 
 
 a. Breast si 
 b. Atlai 
 
 614. S. fv 
 « 
 
 Olivacec 
 
 dorsal witi 
 
 Occiput us 
 
 covering 4 
 
 Belly in fei 
 
 body. Lat 
 
 D. 35-40. ; 
 
 described fr 
 
 {ffpignatliiia , 
 Gilb. Proc. U.' 
 jKckianiis G'diit 
 Faima, Fish. ;) 
 
 on. s. loiij 
 
 Color of o 
 feiiialos, nuic 
 Ivoeled. Dor 
 from snout 
 
 'S. ttffinia (GUnt 
 
 "Tliolougtho 
 
 j Head iic.-u-ly one 
 
 I line of flu, snout 
 
 I Anfcrior part of 
 
 ' VI- than hodj- 
 
 I Vi'ut below the 
 
 I ''«<l,v-riii«8. Can 
 
 I Willi iii(li,stiuet . 
 
 I Total lon;,'thG ii 
 
 [fiu 2 inches. Lot 
 
 Aiiofhcr form o 
 
 Iti'iiialcs very high 
 
 jlliohead. bccipi 
 
 p'Ks. Distance 1 
 
 |Hai'lc carina. Ho 
 
 {Siphonoatoma sp 
 

 58. SYNONATDID^^SIPnOSTOMA. 
 
 383 
 
 minute, close behind vent; pectorals develojied, aliort and rather broad. 
 male flslics with an egg-pouch along the under side of the tail, formed 
 by two cutaneous folds, and splitting lengthwise to extrude the young 
 flsUes. Species numerous, inhabiting all warm seas; abounding iu bays 
 anion"" the sea-weeds, and entering the rivers. The species of this 
 (Tcnns are subject to many variations, and their proper discrimination 
 is very difficult, {anpov, tuhc, (rzo/ia, month.) 
 
 a Dreast shields not covercdby skin; lAver jaw projecting. (Siphostoma.) > :x- 
 
 6. Atluutic coast species. 
 
 G14< S. fiBSCUm (Storer) J. & G.— Common Ptpc-fiah. 
 
 Olivaceous; sides mottled and blotched as in other species; base of 
 dorsal with darker spots. Mnzzle shorter than the rest of the head. 
 Occiput usually more or less keeled Dorsal fin longer than the head, 
 covering 4-4-5 rings. Distance from snout to dorsal 3 in total length. 
 Belly in females scarcely carinate. Tail ofie-third longer than rest of 
 body. Lateral lino and upper caudal edge not continuous. Head 9. 
 1). 35-10. Rings 18-1-37. L. 10. Atlantic coast, common northward; 
 ilescribed from specimens from Wood's Holl, Mass. 
 
 [Stjngnatliiia fu8cu8 Storor, Ropt. Fish. Mass. 1838, 102: Siphonontoma fusctun Jot. & 
 Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 22: S;ingnathH8 pecklanua Storer, 1. c. 1(»;J: Sjingnathus 
 mdhinns Giinthor, viii, loT: Sifnfjnathns fasciatits and viridvuvvna DeKay, New York 
 I'amiii, Fish. 319-321: 1 Si/ngnathits affiitis* Giluther, viii, 1G4; I'rom Louisiana. ) 
 
 G15. S. louisinaiiE (Giiuthcr) J. & G. 
 
 Color of other species; base of dorsal spotted. INIuzzlo longest in 
 females, much longer than the rest of the head. Oceii)ut somewhat 
 keeled. Dorsal fin shorter than the head, on 3-|-5 rings. Distance 
 from snout to dorsal 2J in total length. ]3elly iu females scarcely 
 
 'S. affinis (GUnther) J. & G. 
 
 "The leiigtli of the siu.nt is a lltMo h^ss than that of the remaining part of the head. 
 
 Hond nearly one-ninth of the total length. A distinct ridge runs along the nitMliau 
 
 j line of the snont and nnchal shields, yupraorbital ridge contiiuied over the temples. 
 
 I Aiitiiior part (^f the opiirculnm with a faint ridge. Shields withont spinels. Tail 
 
 Idiigrr than body. Caudal pouch half as long as tin* body. Lateral line interrupted. 
 
 I Vcut bolow the posterior third of the dorsal, which occupies l> rings, r> of which are 
 
 body-rings. Caudal iin w<dl develop«ul ; anal fin rudinieufary in the male. Back 
 
 wKli intlistiuct brown cro.'iS-bars ; a brown band from t\w eye along the Ruont." 
 
 Total length C inches. Head 10 lines. Trunk IJ inch. Length to origin of dorsal 
 
 [fiuiJ inches. Louisiana. (GUnther.) 
 
 Another form or species has the body stouter and the color darker, the dorsal in the 
 [feiualt's very high, and blhckish, with paler spots. Muzzle about e<iual to the rest of 
 jtlie head. Occiput somewhat cariuated. Dorsal flu shorter than tho head, oii 3-J-5 
 jriujrg. Distance front suout to dorsal 2^ in length. Belly iu tho females with a sharp 
 Iblaek carina. Head 7. D. 30-31. Rings 15-f 33. Saint Johu'a River, Florida. 
 {Sipkonostoma sp. Jordan, Froo. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1880,22.) 
 
.11 
 
 i;%^-w- 
 
 
 
 ! ;>■ '• 
 
 
 
 ii ' : ' 
 
 
 Mi 'iri 
 
 ■'N, « 
 
 wm 
 
 8.-^ 
 
 t, ♦ 
 
 384 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOOY— ly. 
 
 cariiiated. Tail ono-flfth longer tban the rest of the body. Lateral 
 
 line and upper caudal edge not continuous. Head 7. I). 33_37 
 
 Kings 18 -f 33-20 4- 38. L. 12 incites. Virginia to Texas; described 
 
 from specimens from Beaufort, N. C. 
 
 {Si/ngnathiia louisianw Gilnthor, viii, IGO: Siphonoatoma louUiance Jordan, Proc. U. 8 
 Nat." Mas. 1H80, t>2.) 
 
 bb. Pacific coast spocioa. 
 
 610. S. californiensc (Storor") GiU.— Big Pipe-fish. 
 
 Olivaceous, varying to brownish red, yellowish below, head and body 
 viirionsly marbled and speckled with whitish, the markings posterioilv 
 taking the form of short horizontal grayish stre.aks, anteriorly often 
 forming narrow bars; usually a brownish lateral band. Top of head 
 not carinated. Snout very long, from 1^ to 2 times the length of the 
 rest of the head, its len.i^th proportionately greater in the adult, and 
 usually greatest in males. f)or8al shorter than head. Lateral line not 
 continuous with upper edge of tail. Belly not carinated. Opercle with- 
 out ridge. Dorsal rays 42 (varying from 38 to 44). Rings 20 + 4G 
 (those behind the vent varying from 40 to 48 in number; 40 to 43 in 
 \ax. (friscoVmcatmn ; 40 to 48 in var. calif ornivnsc). L. 14 to 18 inches, 
 much more than in our other species. Pacific coast of United States, 
 everywhere common, especially northward. 
 
 {Sijngnalhus califonmnsis Storoi", Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 73, 1845: Siinfinatht 
 californicnuis G\\l, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IHd'i, 28:5: SnnnnatliKS fjriacoliiuvtiis Ayren, 
 Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 14: Syngnttthtts grisvoUiieatim Giiiitlu'i", vii', KiO: Sjinyna- 
 thus abhotti Girard, U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fisli. 310: Synynathua caUfoniiensis iiiviml, 
 U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 344.) l/jL ' / (A. Qljt^ f x, <t/, 
 
 617. S. Icptorhynchust (Girard) J. & G. ^ti-tvMJ-fv^ i <r o 
 
 Yellowish brown or blackish, spotted or vermiculated. Head raised 
 above, but usually not carinated. Snout l^-lj times the length of tho 
 rest of tho head. D. 30-35. Rings 17+37-43. L. 10 inches. Other- 
 
 * Another form or apccica, occnrring at Monterey and Santa Barbara, ngreos T\'ith 
 tlio prccedin<5 in si/o, color, plates, fin-rays, «!k,c., bnt dilFora in having tho siiout short 
 not longer than tlio rest of tho head. Tlio eyes aro rather BUialler than in S. califor- 
 nienae, and tho kCula aro perhaps h-ss sharp. 
 
 t Another coiiunon forni,»\vhich is probably a variation of this species, is — 
 S. dimidiainm Gill. 
 
 Similar to S. leptorhynchua, bnt with tho snont very short., scarcely as long as tho! 
 rest of the head. Head slightly crested above. D. 30; ripgs 15-f-38. L. 8 inches.! 
 Coast of California, chiolly sonth of Point Conccpciou. 
 
 {Syngnalhita breviroatria Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 156 (naino prcoc- 
 cnpied): Syngnathiia dimidiatiia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 284: Syngntttki\ 
 dimidlatiiB GUuthor, viii, 65.) 
 
59. HIPPOCAMPIDiE. 
 
 5^5 
 
 \risP essentially as iu S. californicnss. Nuchal plates somewhat keeled 
 invar, leptorhynchus ; not keeled in var. arundinaceum. Coast of Cali- 
 foiiiiii. chielly south of Point Concepcion ; abundant. 
 
 I S^iiyiKilhiM IvptorhifiichiM {iirar(\, Proc. Acud. Nut. Sci. Pliila. 1854, ir>(5: SungnafhttR 
 jfptorliiliicli lid Ciiraril, U. S. Pac. K. U. Siirv. Fish. ;M(i: Syngnathm UptoihiinchnH iiiW, 
 Proc. Aiiid. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 18G2, 284: Syngnathna arutidlnuceua Giranl &. Gill, 11. cc.,) 
 
 (1(1. Breast Khiohls covered by loose skin ; lower jaw iucliidod. {DcrmaioHtclhus" Gill.) 
 
 6l§> 8* punctipinne (Gill) J. & G. 
 
 Brown; dorsal tin speckled. Body comparatively robust Snout 
 moderate, a little longer than the rest of the head. Eye large. Occi[)ut 
 with a raised keel; joint between the occiput and the first dorsal shiehl 
 more p<n'fect than usual, so that the head can be placed at an angle with 
 the body. Greatest depth {".bout equal to length of post-orbital part of 
 hciul. Skin on breast and anterior ventral plates thin, showing the 
 striation of the bones. Tail twice as long as trunk. Head 8; I). 41 ; 
 rings 19+39. L. 12. San Diego, Cal. Only the original types known. 
 
 [DermatoHtethua puncUpinniii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 1802, '263.) ' 
 
 Family LIX.— HIPPOCAMPIDiE V ' 
 
 J {The Sea Horses.) 
 
 Syngnathoid fishes destitute of caudal and ventral fins, and with the 
 tail prehensile. Form of the body and head singular; in the typical 
 geuera the body is compressed, and the head, which is idaced nearly 
 at right angles with the axis of the body, is surmounted by a bony 
 crest. These little fishes have thus a remarkably horse-like physiog- 
 nomy, like that of the conventional "knight" at chess. Mouth very 
 small, terminal. Dorsal fin median, of soft rays only; anal fin minute; 
 })ectoral short, with a broad base. Gill-openings very small. Egg-pouch 
 of the male usually at the base of the tail. Genera about 4; species 
 about 30, most of them belonging to Hippocampus. Fishes of the open 
 seas of warm regions. They attach themselves by their tails to sea- 
 weed and other floating substances, and arc often carried to great dis- 
 tances by currents. 
 
 {SjngnathUlm, group Hippooampina GUntlior, viii, 194-206.) - - - 
 
 a Body compressed ; occipnt with a narrow bony crest, which is surmounted by a> 
 "coronet" ; shields with tubercles or spines Hippocampus, 188. 
 
 "Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 283: type Dermatoatethm punctipinnis GilU 
 
 (3£/)/(«, skin; dreOo?, breast.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 25 
 
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 386 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOOT — ly. 
 
 1§8.— HIPPOCAIWPIJS Rafinesque.* 
 - Sea Horses. 
 
 (Rafinesquo, Iiidice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810, 37: typo Syngnathus hippocampus L. =; 
 Hippocampus heptagonus 'Rai.) 
 
 Body strongly compressed, the belly gibbous, tapering abrui»tly to 
 a long, quadrangular, prehensile tail. Head with a distinct cnrvtd 
 neck, pljiced nearly at a right angle with the direction of the body 
 surmounted by a compressed occipital crest, on the top of which is an 
 angular, star-shaped coronet; top and sides of the head with spines. 
 Body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on the 
 body each with G spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4. Pectoral 
 fins present; anal minute, usually present; dorsal fin moderate, opposite 
 the vent. Egg-pouch in the male a sac at the base of the tail, termi- 
 nating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm seas. {l-::6/.a!ir.u^^ 
 the ancient name, from f;r?ro?, horse; xd/x:zo^^ a wriggling sea-monster, or 
 a caterpillar.) ... 
 
 619. H. heptagonns Raf.—5ea florae. 
 
 Yellowish brown ; eyes and cheeks with radiating wavy lines of llj,'Iit 
 Ijrown ; snout with a narrow white cross-band near its middle (Jidc 
 Goode) ; sides with a few small pale spots ; dorsal dusky above. Tuber- 
 cles of body and tail i)rominent, slightly recurved, usually provided 
 with slender filaments, the tubercles of each alternate or each third ring 
 on the back usually larger than the others. Occipital crest very high, 
 with 5 tubercles, the anterior with long filaments. Snout as long as the 
 opercle, which is marked with radiating striae. D. 18; P. 18; A. 4. 
 Rings 11 ■+• 36. L. 5 inches. Warmer parts of the Atlantic ; north to 
 England and ^Newfoundland ; rather rare on our coast. Very abundant 
 in the Mediterranean. European examples exaniined by us are pro- 
 fusely spotted, the snout plain ; ours is possibly a different si)ecies. 
 
 (Sgngnathua hippocampm L. Syst. Nat. ; Rafinesquo, 1. c. 37 : Hippocampua auliquorum 
 Leach, ZoiJl. Misc. 1814, 104: JUppocampua antiquorum GiinihoT, viii, '200: Ilippocampui 
 ■antiquorum Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1878, 45: Uippocavtpus hrcvirosMs Cuvicr, 
 Regno Auiin. : Hippocampua hudaoniua DoKay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 322 : Bippocampm 
 hudaoniua Storcr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 416: i Uippocampua ladcaudatua GUuthcr, viii, 205, 
 "tail without knobs.") ■ v . ;^^?, -. 
 
 «20. H. ingcns Gr<l. ' "'" '~"":^"V"' Z:'^'^''^'^'^ ---<.-- 
 
 Chestnut brown, mottled with darker, and dotted with white. Body 
 rather slender, its depth about equal to the distance from snout to ]tos- 
 
 * = Hippocampue Leach, Zool. Misc. 1814, 103. 
 
60. CENTRISCID^. 387 
 
 teiior margin of orbit j tail longer than head and body together; snout 
 rather shorter than operclo ; supraorbital spine nearly half diameter of 
 eye* coronet well developed, with five spines. D. 19; A. 4. Kings 10 
 ^.38. San Diego, Cal, and southward; reaching a length of nearly a 
 
 toot. 
 (Giriinl, U. S. Pnc. R. R. Surv. Fishes, 1858, 342.) "' ' ' • -' •;- 
 
 .■.:..^ ■',>:: •-::^^ ■■-■■ .:v^,;.^■■^^ 
 Order S.-HEMIBRANCHIT. 
 
 {The Hemibramlis,) :^...'r--^'-i\-, '['-.f/. 
 
 Superior branchihyal and pharyngeal bones reduced in number ; in- 
 ferior pharyngeals separated. Ventral fins abdominal or subabdominal. 
 Moiitli bounded above by premaxillaries only ; interclavicles developed. 
 >fo pneumatic duct to the air-bladder. [Cope.) There are also several 
 striking peculiarities in the structure of the shoulder girdle and the skull, 
 by which these fishes differ from the Acanthopteri, with which grouji un- 
 der one name or another they have usually been combined, (^//j, half; 
 jjpdr/ta, gills.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF FAMILIK < OF UEMinRANCHII. :• 
 
 •Bones of head produced iuto a loug tube, which hears tlie short jaws at its end. 
 a. Body short, compressed, scaly ; no teeth ; 8i)iiious dorsal present. 
 
 Centriscid.e, CO. 
 aa. Body elongate ; teeth present. 
 
 b. Dorsal spines none ; a long caudal filament ; no scales Fistulauiid^e, G1. 
 
 66. Dorsal spines present, disconnected ; no caudal filament. 
 
 c. Body covered with ctenoid scales Aclostomatid.e, ()2. 
 
 cc. Body scaleless, with bony shields Aulobhynciiid/E, G'.]. 
 
 ** Bones of head moderately produced ; ventrals I, 1 ; dorsal preceded by free spiui-s ; 
 body scaleless, naked or mailed Gasterosteio^, 61. 
 
 * Family LX.— CENTRISCIDJE. V • 
 
 {The Snipe-Jishes.) 
 
 Body compressed, oblong or elevated, covered with small rough scales; 
 no lateral line ; some bony strips on the side of the back and on the 
 margin of the thorax and abdomen, the former sometimes conUueut iuto 
 a shield. Bones of the skull much prolonged anteriorly, fori'iing a long 
 tube which bears the short jaws at the end ; no teeth. Gill-openings 
 wide ; branchiostegals 4. Two dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the 
 second of which is very long and strong ; soft dorsal and anal moderate ; 
 ventral fins small, abdominal, of 5 soft rays ; pe(;torals short ; caudal fiu 
 emargluate, its middle rays not produced. Air-bladder largo ; pseudo- 
 
 ':4'- 
 
 
 
 „« 
 
iir 
 
 f 
 
 
 I 
 
 388 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV 
 
 branchiae pieseut. Gills 4, a Hlit behind the fourth. No pyloric ((Bca • 
 intestinal canal short. A single genus of three or more species, chiedy 
 of the Old AVorld, one of them straying to America. 
 (C'enfnVft/a part, genus Cen<n«c«8 GUnther, iii, 518-5114.) 
 
 1§9.-CENTBISCUS LiuniEus. 
 
 • ; Snipe-Jishea. 
 
 (LinnsDUS, Syst. Nat. 1753: type Centriacus scolopax L.) 
 
 The characters of the genus are included above. {xsvrpifTxo^^ an 
 ancient name of some spinous fish ; from xivrpw^^ a spine.) 
 
 631* C. scolopax Linu. — Snipe-fish; Trumpet-fish; Bellotcs-fish. 
 
 Eoae red or reddish olive above, silvery on the sides and belly, Body 
 strongly compressed and somewhat elevated, covered with small itiiated 
 scales, each stria terminating in a rather strong spine ; second tlorsat 
 spine very strong, serrated posteriorly, its length about ^ total leiifjtli 
 of fish ; snout several times longer than the rest of the head. Head 2i 
 in length ; depth 3 J to 4. D. V-12 ; A. 20. Mediterranean Sea ; occa- 
 sional northward; accidental on our coast. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, iii, 518.) 
 
 Family LXL—FISTULARIID^. 
 
 {The Trumpat, fishes.) ^ , . 
 
 Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. 5fo 
 Scales. Bony plates present on various parts of the body. Head 
 very long, the anterior bones of the skull much produced, forming a 
 long tube, which terminates in the narrow mouth; both jaws, and 
 usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth ; membra lie 
 uniting the bones of the tube below, very lax, so that the tube is capa 
 ble of much dilation. Branchiostegals 5-7 ; gills 4, a slit behind the 
 fourth. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers ob- 
 solete. PseudobranchisB present. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal fiu 
 entirely absent; soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin 
 opposite it and similar; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced 
 into a long Jlament ; pectorals small, with a broad base, preceded by ii 
 smooth area as in Oasterosteidcc ; ventral fins very small, wide apart, 
 abdominal, far in advance of the dorsal, composed of C soft rays. Py- 
 loric coBca few ; intestines short. Vertebrae very numerous (4 + 49 + 33). 
 Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the Sticklebacks in structure, but 
 
61. FISTULAllIID^ — FI8TULARIA. 
 
 389 
 
 with prolouged snout autl different ventral fins. A single genus, Fiatu- 
 laria, with two or more species. 
 (Fintularidic, part, genus Fistularia Giinther, iii, 529-535.) 
 
 190.— FISTIJLA«IA Linuiciis. 
 Trumpetjinhes. 
 
 ( LiuniL' us, Syst. Nat. 1758: typo yia/nJarJa /aftaccaria L.) ■. 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, charac- 
 teristic of this genus, are thus enumerated by Dr. Giinther: 
 
 "1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the 
 skull (conflusnt neural spines). 
 
 "2. The p.Tiir of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones, 
 separated processes of the occipital bone — similar to those we have 
 observed in Mugil, where, however, they are not separated from the 
 oeciitital, and arise more outwardly than in Fistularia. These shields 
 are the longest, provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged 
 aud extends far backwards between the muscles of the back. This 
 ri(l<?e is flexible, and does not interfere with the lateral movements of 
 the lish; it appears to serve as a base for the attachment of muscular 
 tibres. 
 
 ",*). The narrow shield on the side is the coracoid, and composed of 
 two bones, the posterior of which is somewhat dilated and llxed to the 
 lateral dorsal shields. 
 
 "4. The ventral shields are the pubic bones; their posterior half is 
 broadest, porous inferiorly ; they are narrower before the middle, leav- 
 ing a free lanceolate space betvyeen them, and are again a little widened 
 anteriorly, where they join the humerus and urohyal." {G'dnilicr, iii, 
 532.) (Latin, fistula, a tube or pipe.) . 
 
 «. Skiu covered with dermal ossifications, • 
 
 622— F. tabuccaria Liuu. — Trumpet-jlah. 
 
 lieddish brown above, variegated with numerous blue spots on the 
 sides aud back. Mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw the longer, over- 
 lapping the upper; snout niuch prolonged, tapering but little forward; 
 its edges with fine serrations or none. Margin of orbit with sharp com- 
 pressed points in front and behind. Mandible about 4 in snout; snout 
 3f ill length of body. Head 24. D. 14; A. 13. Warm seas; occa- 
 sional on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 (Liun. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iii, 529.) 
 
 r: 
 
 ^m 
 
 
 ' .ii 
 
 
 
 J. 
 
 f'kmM 
 
 :^^^ir 
 

 ! 'f' 
 
 
 390 CONTRIBUTIONS 10 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 aa. Skin amooth, Tvitboiit dermal ossifications. 
 623. F. Kcrrata Ciivier. 
 
 Grayisb ; sometimes with a series of blue spots along the back or sldos- 
 head silvery below. Form much as iu the preceding, but head and body 
 broader and more depressed ; edges of snout more distinctly serrated 
 a foramen in the axil of pectoral. Snout 3^ in length. Head 2S. n. 
 14; A. 13. Warm seas J rare northward j perhaps the same as the pre- 
 ceding. 
 (Cuvier, Rt*gne Anim. 1817; Giiuther, iii, 5U3.) 
 
 4^ Family LXIL— AULOSTOMATIDiE. 
 
 {The Flute mouths.) 
 
 Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales. Lat- 
 eral line continuous. Head long ; mouth small, at the end of a lou" 
 compressed tube. Lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the syinphy. 
 sis. Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triiuinnhir 
 with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands, on lower jaw and 
 vomer. Branchiostegals 4. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Psendo- 
 branchia} well developed. Gill-rakers obsolete. Gill-membranes sepa- 
 rate, free from the isthmus. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal pres- 
 ent, of 8-12 very slender free spines. Soft dorsal and anal rather loiij;, 
 similar, posterior. Caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest, but 
 not produced into a filament. Ventrals abdominal, of six rays, all articu- 
 lated. Pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of them scaly. Two 
 pyloric cceca. A single genus, with two species, found iu troi>ical seas. 
 (^FistuXaridos pt. genus Auloatoma Giiuther, iii, 5:]r>-538.) 
 
 191.-AVl.OSTOraA Lac6i)cdo. 
 
 (Lacdpftde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, :{57, 1803: type Fistularia ehincnaia L.) 
 Characters of the genus included above. («u/'c tube; aru/ia, mouth.) 
 
 634. A- macnlatum Val. 
 
 Olivaceous, with one or two series of brown or blue dots along each 
 side of the back; another irregular series from the preoperculum aloug 
 each side of the belly to the anal fin; three or four silvery lines on each 
 side of abdomen, replaced on the head by irregular oblique streaks; 
 anterior part of dorsal and anal with a horizontal black streak; caudal 
 fin usually with two round black spots; ventral fins plain. D. X-23; 
 A. 25; V. 0. {G'dnther.) Caribbean Sea, north to Southern Florida; 
 probably identical with A. cMncnse. ^ ^ *' 
 
 (Valenc. iuCuv. Regno Animal, 1817: Auloatoma coloratum Milller & Troscb. Schomb. 
 Hist. Barbad. 1848,.G73: Atilmtonia coloratum Glintber, iii, 53G.) 
 
 1! ' • 
 
63. AULORIIYNCHID^ AUL0RHYNCHU8. 
 
 391 
 
 Family LXIII.-AULORHYNCHID^. 
 
 ^i!^- 
 
 Bo;ly elongate, nearly cyliiidiicil, with a very slender, depressed cau- 
 dal peiluncle. Skin naked, with a few series of partly caucoaled i)late8. 
 Mouth terminal, small, at the end of a tube whieli is about as long as 
 the rest of the head ; teeth very small ; branchiostegals 4. Gill-mem- 
 branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus. Dorsal fin with many 
 small, low, free spines, each of which is depressible in a groove ; soft 
 dorsal short, elevated in front ; anal similar to the second dorsal, pre- 
 ceded by a single spine ; caudal flu small, forked. An oblong, naked 
 area in front of the pectorals. Ventrals thoracic, but inserted some- 
 wbat behind pectorals, I, 4, or I, 5. Genus 1 ; species 2. Small fishes 
 of the North Pacific, intermediate between the Sticklebacks and the 
 Trumpet-fishes. 
 
 {Aulorhyitchidw Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1832, 2:i3,) 
 0. Ski u of bead nuked ; ventrals 1, 5; pectoral fins oinurjfiuato.. -AuLOUiiYxcnus, 192, 
 
 103.— AULORUVNCIIUS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18GI, 1!)9 : type Anlorhynchiinjlavidua Gill.) 
 
 Body very long and slender, almost cylindrical; caudal peduncle 
 elongate, tapering, much depressed, espe(!ially posteriorly. Skin naked, 
 with a series of small, rugose shields, one on each side of the lateral line, 
 one on each side of the dorsal fin, and a double row on the lower edge 
 of caudal peduncle. Lateral line present. Head not mailed. Mouth 
 small, horizontal, at the end of a tube which is slightly longer than 
 the rest of the head. Premaxillary bones much expanded, with long 
 and slender processes; lower jaw projecting, with a flap at symphysis. 
 Teeth in the jaws rather sharp, almost in one series; palate tooth- 
 less. Dorsal spines numerous, entirely separate, equal and very short, 
 the first inserted above the pectorals. Dorsal and anal fins posterior, 
 nearly equal, oblong, elevated in front; caudal fin small, emargiuate; 
 liectoral fins emargiuate, the upper an<l lower rays longest; ventrals 
 not much behind pectorals, each with 1 spine and (4) 5 rays. (awAo?, 
 a tube; ^o/yoi;^ suout.) , . . ^. ?;• 
 
 0. Lateral shields imbedded, not sxnnous. (Aulorhynchtis.) 
 
 625. A. navidus Gill. 
 
 Tawny, with about 20 darker cross blotches on the back ; minutely 
 puuctulate above; opercula and ante-pectoral region with bright golden 
 or coppery lustre, bordered above by a blackish band. Gill rakers slen- 
 
 
 
 h ^'Vi 
 
 
 
 M 1 
 > *l 
 
N 
 
 
 m 
 
 I ■■VI 
 
 
 * '!< 
 
 392 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 (ler. Dorsal spines minuto, much shorter than pupil. Caudal peduncle 
 louger than head. Head 4; depth IG. D. XXV-9; A. I, Oj y. I 5 
 Pacific coast, from Monterey northward ; not rare. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acml. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G1, 1G9: Auliacopa «pinc8ccn« Peters, Berlin Mo- 
 natsberichr, 186(> ; Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. V, 153.) . ^, ., ^ ,., .. 
 
 Family LXIV.— GASTEROSTEIDiE. 
 
 (The SticJclebacJcs.) 
 
 Body elongate, somewhat compressed, tapering behind to a slender 
 caudal peduncle. Head rather long, the anterior part not produced into 
 a tube. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower jaw promi- 
 nent. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band in each jaw ; no teeth on 
 vomer or palatines. Premaxillaries protractile. Preorbital rather 
 broad; suborbital plate large, often covering the anterior part of the 
 cheeks, forming a connectioa with the preopercle. Branchiostegals 3. 
 Gill-membranes broadly joined, free from the isthmus, or not ; gill-rakers 
 moderate or rather long. Opercijes unarmed. Skin naked or with ver- 
 tically oblong bony plates ; no true scales. Dorsal fin preceded by two 
 or mor » fvee spines ; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine ; 
 ventral fins subabdominal, consisting of a stout spine and a rudimentary 
 ray. Middle or sides of belly shielded by the iiniominate bones. Pec- 
 torals short, unusually far behind the gill-openings, preceded by a 
 quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining skin. Caudal tin 
 narrow, usually lunate. Air-bladder simple; a lew pyloric ccjeca. Gen- 
 era 3, Gasterooteus, Apeltes, and Spinachia. Species about 20. Small 
 fishes inhabiting the fresh waters and arms of the sea in Northern 
 Europe and America ; noted lor their pugnacity. They are exceedingly 
 destructive to the spawn and fry oi" larger lishes 
 
 " It is scan^ely to be coucdved what damage these little fishes do, and 
 how greatly detrimental they are to the increase of all the flsl.es anion}; 
 which they live, for it is with the utmost industry, sagacity, and greedi 
 ness that they 8?ek out and destroy all the young fry that come their 
 way." {Gihither.) Most of tha Sticklebacku build elaborate nests which 
 the male fish defends with much spirit. 
 
 {Gasteroatekla Qilnthct, i, 1-7.) 
 
 a. Innoniinato bones joiued. f«>rming a triajigulur or lanceoluto plain on tlio incliim 
 lino of the abdomer OASTKiiosTF.rs, I'.W. 
 
 aa. Innominat«» bones wKiely wrparated, formiijg a bouy ridge on each ,idi', betwicii 
 which arc the voutrul tin Apelti's, I'M. 
 
 
 aimi»aJia<M 
 
Ill 
 
 64. GASTEROSTEIDiE — GASTEROSTEUS. ^ • 393 
 
 193.— OASTEROSTEUS Linnrons. s 
 
 ' SticklehacJcs. 
 
 (/Vi'tetli; Liunaeiis, Syst. Nat. X, 1758 : typo GosterostcMS acttZeo<u« L.) 
 
 Sticklebacks with the innomiuate bones coalesceut on the median line 
 of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, terming a triangular 
 or limceolato plate. Tail slender, keeled or not. Skin naked or variously 
 covered with bony plates. Dorsal spines 2-10 in number, variously de- 
 veloped. Species numerous. Fresh waters and shores of all northern 
 regions. {yoLarijp, belly ; dariov, bone.) 
 
 The group may be divided into the following sections, which are 
 perhaps of generic value : 
 
 (I. Gill-nicinbranes posteriorly froo from tt -«- Isthmus. 
 
 b. DoiHal spines 7-11, divergent ( Pi/gosteua Bre voort) pttngitius. 
 
 bb. Dorsal spines .'), in a rij^ht line { Eiica Ha J onhiu) inconstana. 
 
 m, Gill-ui»iUil>i'*'Q6'*^ot^''*'0 from tlio Lstlimus ; body more or less mailed {G aster out tus). 
 "' mivrovcphaltw, biacukatoa, atkinni, aculcatim. 
 
 (I. Gill-membranes posteriorly free from tlio isthmns. 
 4. Dorsal spines 7-11, divergent (P//j/08tett«* Brevoort). 
 
 636« G. pungitius L. — Nine-apincd Sticldcbaclc. 
 
 Olivaceous above, profusely punctulate, irregularly barred with darker, 
 
 silvery below. Body very slender, somewhat compressed, tapering into 
 
 tbo very long and slender caudal peduncle, which is much depres.sed and 
 
 stroiifily keeled^ broader than deep. No dermal bony plates ; skeletal 
 
 plates not all covered by skin. Post-pectoral plate well developed, 
 
 striated. Head shortish, the snout rather blunt. Thora<nc processes 
 
 well developed, widely divergent, forming a U-shaped ligure Dorsal 
 
 spines moderate, the anterior diverging to the right or left at various 
 
 iiiigles, the posterior more nearly erect. Anal 8i)ine large, larger than 
 
 the dorsal spines. Innominate bone feeble, lanceolate, not cariiiated, 
 
 its edges raised. Ventral spines moilerate, serrulate, their length more 
 
 til III one third that of the liead. Gill-rakers long and slender ; gill- 
 
 iiiembraiies free from the isthmus posteriorly. Head 4; depth 5-0. 
 
 1). IX, 1, ; A. 1, 8. L. 3 inches. Northern parts of Europe, Atlantic 
 
 coasts of America, Great Lakes, and northward; a widely distributed 
 
 species, found in both fresh and salt water. ^ 
 
 (LinnuMis, Cyst. Nat.; Guntlier, i, (i: GaHtcroHteua occidentalU Cuvior & Valenoiounrs, 
 iv, .'i(t9: Oastvruatoiia dclcayi Agassiz, Lake Superior, ;U1 ( Massachusotts) : Gaatf oateitg 
 
 •lirovix rt, MSS. (Jill, Canadian Naturalist, Au;!,usf, WC)^^: type Gmtvroattua occirfpw- 
 talii C. Si, \. = Gaaivroatcua j}uiiyiiiua L. {itvyi), ruuip; odreoy, bune.) 
 
 I|)fvf;4ii|^r 
 
 
 
 
 !>i , ,11 
 
 ,' >■> . 
 
 M - " 
 
 *.: r.K 
 
 :,;.vt^ 
 
 ti 
 
 ■717^7 , 
 
 
:* v^'v^*^ ''f,»r.r,~,vr- ^v^'." 
 
 ' 'A- 
 
 
 fa^ 
 
 
 w 
 
 394 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITlIYOLOaY— iv. 
 
 ndmlomiH A;i;a8siz, Liiko Superior, IWO, :U0: Oautcrohtcua concinnua Richanlsou, Pann. 
 IJor.-Anicr. Fishes, 57 ^SaHkutcluiwiui River aiidUreat Hear LaUo; D. VII-I,<»; A.I BV 
 dasteroHtvun inmueiiHiH Storor, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist, i, 404 (Main« ; D. Vll-j^y. / 
 I, H). Th'i two last, porhapH roprosout a disliuot siilmpecioa, tlistiiiguibluul by the 
 presence of 7 IVoo ilorsal spiiu-s.) 
 
 Subs, bruchypodn Uoan. 
 
 Siiuiliir to pungitim, but the ventral spines very short, tlioir Iciifrti, 
 a Httle less than one-third that of the head. D. X-I, 10; A. I ]o 
 Ballln's Bay to Ahiska; abundant. 
 (Hcan, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xv, 1-21), 1H79.) 
 
 bh. Dorsal spiiu-s about .'>, iu a right liuo (Eucalia * Jordan). 
 9*H. (i, iiBCOnr .ns Kivt. — Urook Stivlclchaek. 
 
 Males in spiiufr jot black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and 
 young olivaceouH, nu>ttled, and dotted with blaek. Body niodciiitolv 
 elongate, little compressed, the caudal peduncle comi)aratively stout 
 not keeled. sSkin smooth, entirely destitute of dermal i>lates, the skele- 
 tal plUes covered by it. Innominate bone small, lanceolate, covered h\ 
 the skin. Space in front of pectorals snmll ; thoriu^ic processes very 
 slencUn- and widely separated, (!overed by skin. Gill niembriuu's some 
 what free posteriorly; gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines four or live, low, 
 subecpnil, iu a right line, a cartilaginous ridge running along the biiseot' 
 the flu; anal spine similar to dorsal spines; ventral spines short aiid 
 sharp, serrated. Head o.] ; depth 4. D. IV-l, 10; A. 1, 10. L. li._i iiielies. 
 New York to Kansas and CJreeidand, in fresh Avaters only; abmuhuit 
 in the Great Lake region. 
 
 (Kirtland, Host. Jonru. Nat. Hist. iii. !27:i, 1841: (JaHfvroHieitH inicro,w8 Cope, Piw. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IHli,''), 81: Ijueulia iiironntdiin Jonhux, Troc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'iiilii, 
 1877, tJi) : (iaHtn-onteiiH pygmwuH Agassiz, T,ak(^ Superior, 18.'')(l, U14, tVoin Lake Suijcridi; 
 this is perhaps a distinct species, ditVering in the small uunilier of lin-rays; 1). Ill, 1, 
 (?; A. I, (i. I'JuiHiUa imoiiHfaus var. caijutja .Jordan, Man. Vert. 187(i, *.i4!' ; Hi)e(iiinMis 
 from Cayuga Lake, N. Y., with compr«'ssed and elevated btidy, slenderer tail, and 
 higher spines : f (lasteroalcua williamaoiiii Girard, U. S. Pac. R. K. Exp. and Surv. x,i)4.) 
 
 aa. Gill-nienibrancs not free from the iathuius; body uiorc or less uiailcd. {(lankm- 
 teiin. ) 
 0. Tail naked, not keeled, t 
 
 * .Jordan. Man. Vert. E. U. 8. 1^7(5, 248 : typo Oaateroateua invouatana Kirtland. {ti\ 
 well; «a/l/'(V, nest.) 
 
 t Olivaceous brown, darker above; sid^s spotted with blaek; belly yellowish; luiul 
 3 in length; depth rt in total length; eye HJ in length of head ; tipof lirst dorsal 
 spine not n'aehing the base of the second. ]). III-I, ll>; A. 1,7. ((linrd.) William- 
 son's Pass, California. This form may dill'er from (K iniviiatttna in the suialU'r lunulur 
 of tloixal spines. 
 
 t Several recent writers liaA'e in<licated i heir belief that the naked tailed (ilicldi- 
 backs are simple varieties <»f tln^ oidinary species. This nuiy \h\ true, but we linvo 
 not yet met with distinctly intermediate forms, either on the Atlantic or Paeilio coast, 
 
G4. GASTERObTEIDyE — GA8TEROSTEU8. 
 
 395 
 
 (j.2§. <». niJcrocepEaalus (liranl. 
 
 OlivatH'ons, Hilvory below; .skin thickly puu(;tuliito ; males bluekisli in 
 spiiii}.', with coppery or {;fohlen luHtre. liody short, deei), moderately 
 (Oiiipn'sscd. (Jaiulal i)eduiicle rather deep and coin[)rcssed. Posterior 
 njiri of body unarmed. Processes Ironi shoulder-girdle below widely 
 (livcrfiiiig, leaving a triangular area on the breast; naked area in iront 
 of pectorals small. Ventral spines serrate, without distinct basal cusp. 
 Spines of soft dorsal and anal small. Innominate bone lanceolate, twice 
 lis long iis broad. Dorsal spines attached to bony plates, as in 0. aeu- 
 icdtus. Dead .S ; depth 3;/. I). II-I, 11; A. I, 8. Lateral plates, 4 to (J. 
 Piicifn! coast of the United States, ascending streams, abuixlant south- 
 ward. 
 
 ((iiiiinl, Proo. Acad. Niit. Ri'i. Pliila. IRHl, \'V\: OnHivroMniH pIrhriuH and inopinatua 
 Girard, 1. c 117: (laHteronhux puyctli, (Jiravd, II, 8, I'uc. U. 1{. Siirv. Fish, d^.) 
 
 621>. O. I»ia«"«il<*ntcjs Sliaw. 
 
 Oioiscly related to the [>receding, but rather larger; the innominate 
 bone triangular, two-thirds as broad as long. Ventral spine with a 
 distinct basal cusj) on its outer edge. !). II-I, 12; A. T, 0. Northern 
 Eiu'oiu' and United States fiom Cape Cod northward. Considered by 
 
 most European writers as a variety of G. aculeatm. 
 
 (Shaw, (ion. Zool. iv, 008, 1805; Giiuihor, i,.^): GmlvroHivm (jjimntintH Cuvior, R^.gue 
 Aiiini.: Ga8t<rn»h'UH hiiirim Cnv. iti Va\.\v, 481: CuHlerontcHHcuvieri Glriirtl, Ikwt. .Jonru. 
 Nat. Hint, vi, 2.')4 ; (!aiiki-ontriin uculcatitH tracliiiniH (iomh' & Hoan, Bull. Essox lust. 1^79, 
 ,i; CtiKkrontviiti whvallaiidi I'lit.nain, Piou. Essi-.k lust. 1607,4.) 
 
 (1(1. Tail kticlod, armed with i)late8. 
 no. U. lltkillNll liuan. 
 
 Roddinh, silvery below and with dark bands across the body. Body 
 Hloinler, as in O. pum/itins. Lateral pli'tes 15 in u'lmber, the postericu* 
 viry thill, covered by skin. Tail keelel. Ventral spines long, nearly 
 oiMpiite r(^aching the vent; dorsal spines in a straight line. Read '.iff 
 ill length; depth 5. 1). 11-1,11; A. I, 8. {Bean.) Sehoodic Lakes, 
 Miiiiic. 
 
 (lloiHi, Proc. IT. 8. Nat. Mus. 1870, 07.) 
 
 63li 4il. nC'Ulciltllf^ L. — Comtnon SllcklahaeJ, ; nar»nf icicle, 
 
 Daric greenish above; sides silvery, or ytdlow; inLMubranes of ventrals 
 olteii red. Head rather long. Caudal ]>edunele very slender, covore<l 
 with ])lates siuiilar to those on the body, and provided with a conspicu- 
 0118 keel. Processes from shoulder girdle below, covering most of the 
 iireast, leaving a narrow uiikeu area between them. ()[>er(;le linely stri- 
 ate. Large rugose bony plates on ea(!h side of base of <lor.ssil spines, 
 tbo hitter joined to tUeui by a hinge and capable of being flrndy set, like 
 
ih "• 
 
 r 
 
 
 ^T 
 
 if. 
 
 . XL 
 
 ■I 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 ■4r 
 
 ,i i ,•'' 
 
 396 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 tho spines of cat-fish. Naked area iu front of pectorals large. Pelvic 
 bone lanceolate. Ventral spine with a basal cusp. Spines all her/ate 
 those of anal and soft dorsal small. Head 3^; depth 4.J. D. II-I 13. 
 A. I, 9. Lateral plates 33. L. 4 inches. North Atlantic; very abuiul. 
 ant on both coasts. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nut. Giluthor, i, 4: Gantcroaiem novehoracensla Cuv. & Val. iv, .W2: Qq,. 
 teroateua hiaculcatua Storcr, Hist.Fisli. Mass. 40; GaHteroatc.iia hiacuhatan ct nordmrnccnm 
 DeKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. (55, 0(5: Gaateroateus nUjvr Cnv. «fc Vul. iv, .')()4; (;„j. 
 teroatemi trachiirua Cnv. & Val. iv, 481: Gaateroatvua biapinoaua Walbaum, AitcUi Pise 
 1792, 450, the oldest Amurican name.) 
 
 Mubsp. cataphractus (Pallas) J. & G. — Salmon-killer; Stickleback. 
 
 Extremely similar, but more robust, the body and head a little shorter 
 
 and deeper. Caudal keel very strong. San Francis o to ^Vluska ami 
 
 Kamtschatka; very abundant northward. 
 
 (Gaateracanthua catapliractua Pallas, Mdm. Acad. Potersb. iii, 'A25, 1811: Gastemtem 
 oholariua Cnv. & V.al. iv, 500: Gaateroatetia aerrataa Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci, 
 lh55, 47: Gaatcroateus intirmediua Gir^iid, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185(5, 135: Uankr. 
 oateus tnaculptus Rich. Last Arctic Voyage.) 
 
 194.— APELTES DcKay. 
 
 (DoKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 67, nomcn nudum: type Gaateroateua qundracm 
 Mitch.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, tho back elevated 
 
 at the beginning of the soft dorsal iln, thence declining iu nearly a 
 
 straight line to the tip of the snout. Tail very slender, not keeled. 
 
 i!Jo bony dermal plates ; tho skin naked. Innominate bones not joined 
 
 on the median line but separated, forming a bony ridge on each side of 
 
 the abdomen, below which the strong ventral spines are dei)ressible. 
 
 Chest mostly bony; bare area in front of pectorals small, but distinct 
 
 Gill-rakers rather short. Gill-membranes attached to the isthmus, 
 
 without free edge. Free dorsal spines 3, strong, the first the longest, 
 
 directed to one side ; the next two directed toward the other side at 
 
 different angles; attached spine of dorsal and anal well developed; a 
 
 bony ridge on each side of the spinous dorsal, (a, privative; -tirij, 
 
 shield.) 
 
 638. A. qnadracus (Mitch.) Brovoort. 
 
 Brownish olive Jibove, mottled with darker; silvery below; male 
 almost black; ventrals with tho membrane red iu spring. Head i in 
 length; depth 4. Caudal peduiude very long and slender, about 5 in 
 lengtli. D. Ill — T, 11; A, T, 8. L. 1.} to 2h inches. Atlantic wKistol' 
 the United States; V(iry abundant northward. 
 
 {GaateroateuH quadracua Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. i, 4H0, 1815; Gasterostm 
 apeltea Cnv. & Val. iv, 505; Gaalcroakua quadraona GUuthur, i, 7.) 
 
ACANTHOPTERI. 
 
 397 
 
 Order T.-ACANTHOPTKRI. 
 
 {The Spiny-rayed Fishes.) 
 
 Crauiiiin normal, symmetrical ; tbo maxillary bone distinct from the 
 nreinaxillary, which forms the border of the mouth. Bones of the 
 iiiaiidihle distinct. Gills normal, laminated, rarely reticulated. Gill- 
 opeiiiiigs in advance of the pectorals. Opercular api)avatus complete. 
 Basal bonos of pectorals not enlarged. Pharyngeals well developed, 
 the third superior pharyngeal usually largest. Lower pharyngeals 
 separate or united. Ventral lii;s variously placed, often wanting, nor- 
 mally thoracic and sixrayed, the first ray 8i)inous. Anterior rays of 
 dorsal and anal normally developed sm spines, but often soft and artic- 
 ulate. Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct. The most ex- 
 tensive of the orders of fishes, comprising a great variety of forms. 
 
 [axayOa, spiue; -T£f>i>'^,ixU.) 
 
 {AcanlhoiJf'^flKjii, Pharynyofinathi, antl Anacanthini Giiiithcr, i, ii, iii, Iv. cxchisivc of 
 various lainiUes. Orders Pcrcesocts, Fcrcomorpln, and PkarijtKjognalUi Copo, Traus. 
 AmiT. Phil. «oc. 1870, 456.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF ACANTIIOI'TERt. 
 
 A. Voiitral tins abdominal; doraala two, well sopai'atcd. {Perccaoccs.) 
 
 B. Donfitiou strong ; vortcbrm '24 SPUYiiiENiDiE, 67. 
 
 BB. Dentition feeble ; vertcbric more than 24 ; earnivorons Atuerinid^, 06. 
 
 BBB. Dentition feeble; vcrtebriBt>4; linmophagous MuGILlD^, 65. 
 
 AA. Ventral tins, if jjresent, thoracic or jugular. 
 C. Ventral region an ithout suekiug-disk. 
 D. Suborbital without bony stay. 
 E. Ventral lins present, the rays in normal number,* I, 5. 
 F. Lower pharyngeal bones separate (except in certain Sciwiihlw)', gills 4, 
 
 a slit behind the last. 
 G. Gill-menilrancs free from the istlimus. 
 H. Spinous dorsal transformed into a lamellated sncklng-disk, situated 
 , on the top of the head. 
 
 EcnKNKIDID/E, 70. 
 HH. Spinous dorsal not transformed into a sucking-disk. 
 I, Scales small or obsolete, mostly cycloid ; spinotis dorsal compar- 
 atively little developed ; caudal 
 peduncdo slender,! the tin widely 
 forked. t {ScomhriJ'onn liahos.) 
 K. VcitebriB more than 24 or 25; no free anal spims. 
 
 L. Spinous dorsal represented by free spines; caudal not forked; 
 ' body elongate, fusiform. 
 
 ELACATIDiE, 71. 
 
 •Except in certain StromatcUlcr, Acanlhurt()a', and T<vntei(l(v. 
 t Except in PomatomidcB, JilacatidoOf and somo tStromatvutai, 
 

 •u 
 
 398 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 LL. Spinous dorsal well developed, depressiblo in a gronv 
 — Scales miuuto or wanting ; premaxillaritN nou-pro- 
 
 -, traetile Scomiuud.k, 74^ 
 
 » Scales of moderate si; ; premaxillaiii's jjnitijvc^ 
 
 tile NoMi:ii).i.;, 7R('j) 
 
 LLL. Spinous dorsal littlo develop*-. .r not di.s(in<;iii,slial)l,. 
 
 from the 8ot't parts; no (inlets. 
 M. QSsopliagns without tooth-like process. CouYni.KMDj,; ;(j 
 
 MM. Oesophagus with tooth-liko process... Sthomatkid.j; 77 
 KK. Vertebra) liH ("24-26); two free anal spines (sonictinies obso- 
 ■ lete). 
 
 N. Scales minute or obsolete, cycloid; tail widely forked. 
 
 CAItAXdlD.*, 7,-,. 
 
 NN. Scales small, weakly ctenoid; tail little forked. 
 
 PoMAToAiin.i:, 7fi, 
 II. Scales well developed, mostly ctenoid;* caudal peduncle not 
 
 especially slender. 
 O. Pectoral with the lower rays detached and filiform- 
 
 two short, separated dorsal fius; 
 head with muciferous system well 
 ^ developed. 
 
 POLYNEMIIU:, 68, 
 
 00. Pectoral fin entire. 
 P. Throat with two barbels; dorsals two; scales large. 
 
 MULLID^, 90. 
 PP. Throat without barbels. 
 Q. Skull cavernous; anal spines I or 2; lateral lino 
 
 extending on the caudal fm; hoad 
 scaly ; no teeth on vomer. 
 
 Sci.i;xii)/E, 91. 
 QQ. Skull not especially cavcrncms. 
 R. Anal tin c<mii)uralivoly short, with less than Kit 
 soft rays; vomer mostly with 
 teeth. ( Perciform lishes. ) 
 
 S. Scales caducous; dorsal fins two, the first short; 
 mouth very oblicpu'. 
 
 Apogoniixi:, 89. 
 SS. Scales adherent. 
 T. Aual spines 1 or 2; dorsal fins 2; pscndo- 
 braucJiia3 small or obsok'tc. 
 
 ri;iiCiD.E, W, 
 TT. Anal spines 3t or more (rarely obsolete). 
 U= Pseudobrancliiffi small, covered by the 
 skin, or obsolete. 
 V. Vomerine teeth ; lateral line present. 
 
 Et.assomatid.k, 8.T(/)). 
 
 VV. 
 
 Vomerine teeth none ; lateral line obso- 
 
 lete C'KNTRAUCIIID.F,, '^, 
 
 UU. Pseudobranehiic well developed. 
 - W. Maxillar.v not slipping under prcor- 
 bital for its whole length. 
 
 •Small or wanting in some Urunoecopidw, Trichodoiiiidw, and IroHtvulw. 
 
 t Except in some Sparido . I'riacanlkidcr, i'cntmrchida; etc. 
 
 t Obsolete in somu Sei'iauid'O] more than three iu some Venirarchida. 
 
t«-). 
 
 ly the 
 
 ut. 
 
 83 (h). 
 
 1 prcor- 
 
 FAMILIES OP ACANTHOPTERI. 
 
 399 
 
 ,, ' ' , I Moutli nearly vertical; at'ftl fiu lonj;; 
 
 v.,<;i, . ■ whole head closely scaly. 
 
 ,.■ . . PRIACANTIIIDiE, 8() ('')• 
 
 .... tt Mouth nearly horizontal; anal (in 
 
 . ,: rather short Skkuanii)^, 80. 
 
 WW. Maxillary with its upper edyo for its 
 whole length slipping under the 
 
 preorbital Si'AitlDiE, 8H. 
 
 BR. Anal fin elongate; pseudobranchiiu jircHcnt; 
 spinous dorsal little di)V('lope<l. 
 X. Dorsal spines present; sholeton well 
 ... . - ossified. 
 
 Y. Pectoral lins broad, procnrreut for- 
 wards. 
 
 t Body scaly ; slit behind fourth gill 
 small; eyes superior. 
 
 llHANOSCOPIDiE, 103. 
 U Body naked; eyes lateral. 
 
 TiucnoiJoxTiD.i;, 102. 
 YY. Pectoral fin narrow, not. procur- 
 rent; body .scaly. 
 
 Latimd.k, 101 (6). 
 XX. Dorsal spines obsolete ; skeleton 
 more or less cartilaginous. 
 
 IcosTKii).*;, 101. 
 GG. Gill-mombranes united to the isthmus, restricting the gill-openinga 
 
 to the sides. 
 Z, Body not elevatiid ; lateral lino 
 obsolete; spinous dornal short and 
 weak ; inner rays of ventrals loog- 
 
 est Goniii)^, 104. 
 
 ZZ. Body elevated; lateral line 
 present; spinous dorsal well de- 
 veloped {VhwtodoHliform fishes.) 
 a. Teeth setiforni, in many rows ; 
 vertical finsdeusely scaly ; tail 
 unarmed. 
 6. Dorsal fin divided. 
 
 EiniiPPiD/E, 1)7. 
 tb. Dorsal fin continuous. 
 
 ClI/ET()DOXTII>iE, 1)8. 
 
 aa. Teeth inci.sor-lik<!. in one 
 row; tail with 1 or more 
 spines on each side. 
 
 AcANXiiump.i;, 99. 
 FF. Lower pharyngeals united. {Pharyngoonathi.) 
 c. Nasal openings single on each side; scales mostly ctenoid. 
 d. Qills '>ii, last slit small or obsolete; pseudobiiinehiie present; aual 
 
 > • I' spines 2 PomaCIcntuid/K, 9G. 
 
 dd. Gills 4, a slit hehind the last; pseudobrancliiie olL-^oIefe; anal 
 
 spiues 'i or more. . -ClcillJD/E, 95. 
 cc. Nasal openings 2 on each side ; anal spines 3; scales mostly eycloid. 
 e. Vivijjarous; dorsal fin with a scaly sheath ; anal rays slender and 
 
 numerous EMinoTociu^:;, 93. 
 
 *'' ee. Oviparous; auul raya rather few. 
 
 'm 
 
 i if ■ 
 
 m 
 
I ! 
 
 400 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN lOHTlIYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 /. Teotb villiforin; proinaxillariea cxtronioly protractiU'; f;i]lH4 
 
 slit behind last; pBeudolinmchia. 
 
 concealed Geukid.i;, yy. 
 
 ff. Teeth not villiform; proraaxillarieH moderately protractile; jriu^ 
 
 3i; last slit obsolete; pscinloldan- 
 
 chia)welldeveloi>ed.LAiJuii).i;.y.i 
 
 EE. Ventral fins, if present, with the rays in more or less than the uoruuil 
 
 mimber (I, 5). 
 h. Ani^l fm present, 
 t. Body compressed and elevated ; the scales very small, or uono, 
 j. Dorsal spines indistinct. 
 
 fc. Ventral rays 4-6 Bkamii>,i:, ao. 
 
 fcfc. Ventral rays abont 15 Lampkidid.k 78. 
 
 jj. Dorsal sjnnes well developed ; ventrivls rays about 1,7. Zkmd/K 81. 
 a. Body not specially elevated. 
 
 I. Vontrals thoracic (if present). 
 j». Ventrals with more than 5 soft rays; scales ctenoid ; head 
 
 armed. 
 
 n. Vent normal BEnYciD/E, 82. 
 
 nn. Vent in front of vontrals; dorsal spines few. 
 
 Apiiuki)()Di:uii)/e, 83. 
 •mm. Ventrals few-rayed or Avaiitinj;; scales small orwaiitiii". 
 0. Upper jaw produced into a sword; dentition feeble- 
 
 gills reticulated... Xii'Hiii)/K, 7:>, 
 00. Upper jaw not produced ; dentition very stroiiij;; body 
 
 elongate TiitciiiuiuD/E, 7;!. 
 
 21. Ventrals jugular (if present). 
 
 J). PseudobranchiiB present. (Z^/cnjiJi/orm fishes.) 
 q. Dorsal with many spines, sometimes entirely spinouH. 
 
 BlknxMid.e, 11;{. 
 qq. Dorsal with few spines or none, 
 a. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus. 
 
 Z0AUCID4J, 115. 
 
 ««. Gill-membranes broadly united, free from the 
 isthmus; ventrals none. 
 
 CoxonoGADin.E, llfi. 
 
 «m, Gill-mombrancs separate, free from the istlimiia. 
 
 I t. Ventrals filamentous, at the throat ; jaws with 
 
 teeth OniiDiiD^E, 118. 
 
 %t, Ventrals none; jaws toothless. 
 
 Ammodytid/E, 69. 
 j[j|p. PseudobranchiiB obsolete. 
 
 M. Dorsal without distinct sjtiuous part. 
 V, Vent at the throat ; ventrals none. 
 
 FiEUASFEiunj:, 117. 
 «i'. Vent posterior. 
 IP. Scales cycloid ; caudal fin present. 
 
 Gadii)^, 120. 
 tow. Scales spinous, keeled; no caudal fin; 
 the tail attenuate. 
 
 Macrtjuid.e, 121. 
 MM. Dorsal fin with a distinct spinons part, 
 composed of a few spines; ven- 
 trals I, 2; gills :5, the gill-mom- 
 branes broadly united to the 
 isthmus BATRAcniD.^;, 112. 
 
.'.-.r- 
 
 65. MUGILID^. 
 
 401 
 
 hh. Anal fin none; skeleton not ossified; caudal mdimontnrv, or not in 
 
 the lino of axis of body, 
 
 TUACIIYPTICKID^:, 100, 
 
 DD. Suborbital vitb bony stay. (Cottiform fisbos.) 
 
 V. Head not mailed. 
 ' X. Slit bebind f()urtlijr''l largo; body evenly 
 
 ' ■ " scaled CmiMD.i:, 10r». 
 
 XX. Slit bebiud fourth gill small or wanting. 
 y, Gill-membiaues separate, free from 
 iHtbmus; ventral fins normally 
 formed, mostly I, 5. 
 
 SCOISP/ENID/E, 100. 
 yy. Gill-membranos broa<Ily joined, at- 
 tached to the isthmus or not; 
 ventral fins \ ariously imix-rfect. 
 COTTID^, 107. 
 w. Head mailed, externally bony. 
 
 z. Ventrals few-rayed, close together; 
 last gill-slit obsolete. 
 
 Agonip E, 107 (ft). 
 gz. Venl.als 1, 4, or I, ^, i ually wide 
 apart; last gill-slit large. 
 
 .Tkiglid^, 108. 
 
 CC. Breast with a sucking-disk. 
 
 a. Gill-openings narrow; spinous nor- 
 sal little developed; sucking-disk 
 formed of the united ventral fins; 
 pyloric c(Bca numerous; subor- 
 bital with a bony stay. 
 ft. Skin smooth; vei-tebraj very nu- 
 merous LlPARIDIDiE, 103. 
 
 ftft. Skin tubercular; vertebrio rather 
 few C YCLOPTKUi n^:, 1 10. 
 
 aa. Gill-oponingswide; s[)inouH doreal 
 wanting; sucking -disk between 
 the ventral fins; no pyloric co'ca; 
 body naked.. .(iooiEnocwAi, 111, 
 
 
 Family LXV.— MUGILIDiE. 
 
 {The Mullets.) 
 
 Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with ratber large 
 cycloid scales ; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the 
 middle of each scale so as to form lateral streaks. Mouth small, termi- 
 nal. Jaws with small teeth, or none ; premaxillaries protraiitile. Gill- 
 openings wide, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Bran- 
 chiostegals 5 or 6. Gill-rakers long and slender. Gills 4, a slit behind 
 fonrtb. PseudobranchiiB large. Two short dorsal flus, well separated, 
 tlie anterior with 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is much shorter 
 tban the others; second dorsal long' r than the first, similar to anal; 
 Bull. Xat. Mus. No. 10 20 
 
 mm 
 
rr-^ 
 
 I ' i,'. ■ 
 
 
 
 402 CONTIIIIJUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIlTnYOLOGY iv. 
 
 anal spines 3, rapidly graduated ; ventral fins abdominal, not far baci- 
 attaclied to the elom^ate coracoid bone, coin])osed of one spine and iue 
 rays; caudal forked. Air-bladder large, simple. Intestinal canal loinr 
 Peritoneum usually black. Vertebra? 24. Genera 3; species 70-,so- 
 iidiabiting the fresh waters and coasts of warm regions, fecdiiur „„ 
 organic matter contained in mud. A considerable indigestible portion of 
 the latter is swallowed, and in order to prevent larger bodies from pass- 
 ing into the stomach, or substances from passing through the {fjll-opon 
 ings, these tishes have the organs of the pharynx modiliod into a 
 iiltering apparatus. They take in a qujintity of sand or nuid, and 
 after having worked it for some time between the pliaryngeal bones 
 they eject the roughest and indigestible portion of it. The npptr 
 jdiaryngeals have a rather irregular form ; they are slightly arched, the 
 convexity being directed towards the pharyngeal cavity, tapering an- 
 teriorly, and broad posteriorly. They are coated with a thick, soft 
 membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin of the bone, and is 
 studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is pro- 
 vided with a series of long gill-rakers, which are laterally bent down- 
 wards, each series closely (itting to the sides of the adjoining aioli- 
 they constitute together a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit 
 for the water, retaining at the same time every solid substance in tlie 
 cavity of the pliarynx. {Gunther.) 
 
 The Mugilidce, AtHerinidw, Sphyrccnidw, and OpldocephalUhc compose 
 the group or suborder of PcrceHoces, thus characterized. Ventral lins 
 abdominal ; branchial arches well developed, the bones all present ex- 
 cept the fourth superior branchihyal. Third superior pharyngeal nnich 
 enlarged ; lower pharjngeal distinct. Scales cycloid. Pectorals ele- 
 vated, about on a level with the upper posterior angle of opercnlnni; 
 spinous dorsal usually present. (Latin, Perca, a perch; Esox, a pike— 
 the group being intermediate in its position between the Percoidsaud 
 the Uaplomi.) 
 
 (MiKjiluJw Giiutber, iii, 409, 467.) 
 
 •Jaws with a series of oilia, bafc without true teeth; jiart of the stomach mnscnlar, 
 gizzard-like , Muun-, 195. 
 
 193.— mUOIL LinucDUs. 
 
 {Mullets.) 
 (Arto'.li ; LinuaDiis, Syst. Nat. : typo Mugil cepkalua L.) ^ 
 
 Body oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large cycloid scales. 
 Jiead large, bhintishj convex above, scaled. Mouth small. Jaws tooth- 
 
•^i*'^''r,'wryr 
 
 ii^-i.Uj 
 
 65. MUGILID^ — MUaiL. 
 
 403 
 
 'Hi ': 
 
 ](.<is usnally provided with short, flexible i.'ilia resembling teeth ; lower 
 jaw forming an angle at the symphysis. A portion of the stomach mod- 
 itied to form a muscular gi/.zard. Species very numerous, found in 
 jrreat schools near the shore in all warm regions. (Latin Mugil, the 
 aucient name, from mulgeo, to suck.) 
 
 •Ailiposo pycUd well developed. 
 
 a. Scales medium (40-42 series); sides with dark stripes; anal rays III, 8. 
 
 633> IW. mcxicanus Steindachner. — California Mullet; Macho. 
 
 General form, coloration, and appearance of M. alhula, the head 
 rather longer, broader, and more depressed ; interorbital space about 
 half length of head. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal with small scales, 
 the posterior part of the fin naked. Eye rather small; the adipose 
 eyelid very thick. Bluish above ; sides silvery, with dark stripes along 
 the rows of scales. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 1 V-I, 8 ; A. Ill, 8 ; Lat. 
 1, 42. Pacitic coast, chiefly south of Point Concepcion ; abundant j very 
 close to the next- of which it is probably a variety. 
 
 (. steindachner, Ichth. Boitriige, iii, 58, 1875.) 
 
 634> IVI> albula l,.— Striped Mullet. 
 
 Body rather elongate, little compressed, snbterete. Snout not broad, 
 moderately depressed. Mouth moderate, the lips thin, the maxillary not 
 nearly covered by the preorbital ; angle made by the dentary bones ob- 
 tuse, or nearly a right angle. Spauv. at the chin between the nuindib- 
 iilary bones oblanceolate, acutish anteriorly. Scales comparatively 
 small, a few on the dorsal and anal fins. Pectoral fins placed little 
 above the axis of the body. Coloratiou dark-bluish above ; sides sil- 
 very, with conspicuous darker lateral stripes ; a dusky blotch at base 
 of pectorals. Head4J; depth 4. D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 8; scales 42-l.S. 
 Atlantic coast of United States ; very abundant southward, where it 
 is much valued as a food-fish. 
 
 (Linu. Syat. Nat. : Mugil plumieriBloch, Ansl. Fisch. taf. 39(5: Mngil lineatua Ciiv. & 
 Vul. xi, 98: Mugil lineatua Gthr. iii, 417: Mugil herlandieri Grd. U. S. Mex. Uoiiiid. 
 Siirv. 20, fig. 1 — fig. 4 represents the young of M. brasilienaia. ) 
 
 aa. Scales larger (3S series); sides without conspicuous dark stripes; anal rays III, 9. 
 
 635. m. brasiliensis Ag. — JFJiite Mullet; Liza. 
 
 Body oblong, rather compressed. Snout moderate. Mouth mod- 
 crate ; the maxillary mostly concealed under the preorbital ; angle made 
 by the dentaries about a right angle. Space at the chin between the 
 mandibularies somewhat club-shai)ed. Scales comxjaratively large j soft 
 
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 IMAGE EVAI UATION 
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 404 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 dorsal* and anal fins covered with small scales; pectoral fins mostk 
 naked, inserted liigli. Coloration bluish above ; the sides silvery, without 
 conspicuous dark 8triy>es, but with shining streaks along the rows of 
 scales ; a dusky blotch at the base of the pectoral ; tips of caudal und 
 soft dorsal blackish. Head 4 ; depth 4. JD. IV-I, 8 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 
 38-12; vert. 11 + 13. Cape Cod to South America, .ind Lower Califor. 
 nia; abundant ; on our Atlantic coast, usually reaching a smaller size 
 than Mugil albula. 
 
 (Agassiz Spix. Pise. Brazil, 234 : Mnrjil etirema and Mujil petrosua Cuv. «& Val. xi 
 87, 8i); Giiiither, iii, 431: Mugil Uiieataa Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.) 
 
 Familv LXVL— ATIIERINID.E. 
 
 ■ (Tltc Sllvermles.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with cycloiil 
 scales of moderate or small size. No lateral line ; some scales often 
 with rudimentary mucous tubes. Cleft of the mouth moderate. Teeth 
 small, on jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines, rarely wanting;. 
 Premaxillaries protractile or not. Opercular bones without spines or 
 serrature. Gill-openings wide,, the gill -membranes not connected, free 
 from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behiml the fourth. Pseudobraiichi;e 
 present. Gill-rakers usually long and slender. B ranch iostegals T) or 0. 
 Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3-8 feeble, flexible spines, the 
 second of soft rays. Anal with a weak spine, similar to the solt dorsal, 
 but usually larger. Ventral fins small, abdominal, noc far back, of 1 
 small spine and 5 soft rays. Pectorals moderate, inserted bigh. Air- 
 bladder present. 'No i>yloric coeca. Caudal and abdominal vertebrre very 
 numerous. Carnivorous fl^vshes, mostly of small size, living in great 
 schools near the .^hore in temperate and tropical seas ; a few species in 
 fresh water ; nearly all the species have a silvery band along the side. 
 Genera about 8 r species CO. 
 
 (JtAerinirfo; pt. Gilntbcr, iii, 391-407.) 
 
 a. Premaxillaries freely protractile (their skin not continuous with that of tlic fore- 
 head). 
 6. Prcmaxillary narrow, its edge nearly straight; teeth on vomer.. Athkuina, lOii. 
 66. Prcmaxillary broad posteriorly, its edge curved ; no teeth on vomer. 
 0. Teeth none Leuukstfies, 107, 
 
 ' Dorsal and anal partly naked, pectoral wholly bo in specimens from North Caro- 
 lina ; dorsal and anal densely scaly, ^eutural mostly scaly iu specimens from Acapitkc^ 
 Mux., otherwise similar. 
 
 H* 
 
 w 
 
6G. ATHERINIDiE — LEURESTIIES. 405 
 
 fc. Toeth in bands. > ^ .; / ; *> , . v ,s ■>' 
 
 d. Jaws produced in a short beak Labidesthks, 198. 
 
 (Id. Jaws not produced, the lower short Menidia, IDS). 
 
 ga, Fremiixillaries not tr>;ly protractile (skin of the preuiaxillaries ui'JsiaUy contiuu. 
 ous with that of the forehead). • ;' 
 
 c. Teeth iu villiform bauds ArnERiNOi'Sis, 200. 
 
 ee. Teeth in a single series, each one bicuspid AxuEKiXors, 201. 
 
 Id6.— ATIIERinrA Linnuius. 
 
 Friars. 
 (LiniLDiis, Syst. Nat. xii, 17GG: type J//teri»ja /w'/)»e/it« L.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique; jaws 
 about equal, their edges nearly straight ; maxillary extending to the 
 front of the eye. Premaxillaries narrow posteriorly, anteriorly protrac- 
 tile. Villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species 
 imiiieroiis, mostly European. (aOs/n-^r^, the ancient name, from dOi^p, a 
 kirbor spike, from the form of body or the numerous bones; possibly 
 from aOepi'Eiv, to despise, from their diminutive size.) 
 636. A. Carolina Cuv. «fe Val. 
 
 Very similar to the European A. Jiepsctus, but with the head smaller 
 ami the body slenderer. Depth O;^ in total length, with caudal. 1). 
 VIII-1, 12 ; A.I, 15. L. 4 inches. South Carolina ; not seen by recent 
 writers. {Cuv. <fc Val.) 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. X, 445, 1835.) 
 63?. A. veil ana Goodo & Bean. 
 
 Snout obtuse, top of head broad and very flat ; cleft of mouth some- 
 :vliiit oblique ; jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary extending beyond front 
 of orbit. Teeth very small in the Jaws and on the vomer. The silvery 
 band occupies the third row of scales, its width less than half the diame- 
 ter of the eye. Diameter of orbit contained twice in length of head, 
 greater than interorbital width and more than twice the length of the 
 Kiioiit. Spinous dorsal beginning behind the vertical from the tips of 
 the ventral fins. Head 3^ in length; depth 4§. D. V-T, 9; A. I, 10; 
 Lat. 1. 30 ; L. transv. O.J. ( Goodc tfc Bean.) Clear Water Harbor, Florida. 
 
 (Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. ii, 342, 1879.) 
 
 197.— LEIJBESTHES Jordan & Gilbert. 
 (Jtmlan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 29: type Alherinopsis tenuis Ayres.) 
 
 This getuis agrees with Menidia in every respect, except that the teeth 
 are obsolete. But one species is certainly known. {Xeupo^^ smooth ; 
 i'jOuo^ to eat.) T-T- - 
 
 U§. L. tenuis (Ayres) J.&Q. 
 
 Clear hyaline green, with the lateral silvery streak very distinct, 
 wider than eye, on IJ rows of scales ; edges of scales above bordered by 
 
 
 ' '^;.'f« til 
 
 ■ i • 
 
 *:■;■;•--:} 
 
I 
 
 0t 
 
 
 i 
 
 406 COXTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKUICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— jy. 
 
 (lark imiiita. Scales small, smooth, and firm, closely iinbricalcd, tlHr 
 c'.ljjcs cronato. Maxillary not reac^hinj? to pupil. Promaxillary v((iy i,,.,, 
 tractile, tMirved, its posterior portion broad. Lower jaw shorter tlmu 
 upper. First dorsal (in over front of anal, much nearer base of caiuliii 
 than snout. Eye equal to snout. Mead U; depth 5. D. V_i, «». ,\ j 
 22 1 Lat. L75. L.o inches. CoastufCalifuruia^ abundant in ^auDieiro 
 
 {Athcnnopnia tenuis Ayrcs, Proc,. Cal. Aciid. Nat. Sci. 18(50, 76.) 
 
 10S.-L.ABII>ESTIIE}Si Copo. 
 
 ((\)]>o, I'roc. Amor. Phil. Soo. I'hila. IS7(), •t.').'): typo dhiroxloma Himtlum Ci)]w.) 
 
 This }j:enus dill'ers from MeniiUa chietly in the i)rolon}::ation of tlw^ jaws 
 both of whiiih are i)roduced into a short depressed beak. (As,}!,-, a pair 
 of forceps; itrOiut^ to wiL) 
 
 6't^« L. nIi'^ciiIiin Copo. — lirook Silnrmle; Skipjack, 
 
 Pale olive green, translucent; lateral silvery band, very dislinct, 
 
 scarcely broatier than piipil, bounded above by a dark lino ; back dotted 
 
 with black. 15ody eUmf^ate, very slender, compressed. Head Ion-,', Hat. 
 
 tish above, narro" below. Snt)ut vslender, conic. Premaxillaries broad 
 
 posteriorly, very protractile, i)roduced forwards, the snout louf^cr than 
 
 t he lai jjfc eye. Edjje of upper jaw strongly concave. Teeth very slender 
 
 mostly in one series, forming a narrow band in front. Scales siuall, 
 
 thin, with entire edges. Spinous dorsal very small ; soft dorsal short. 
 
 Anal lin long ; caudal forked; pectorals moderate. First dorsal inserteil 
 
 somewhat behind the vent. Head 4.}; depth 0; eye JJA in head. 1). 
 
 I V-I, II; A. I, 23 ; Lat. 1. 75. L. 3^ inches. I'onds and slu{,'};isli 
 
 streams; iMichigan to Iowa and Tennessee; locally abundant; a vory 
 
 graceful little llsh. 
 
 (ChiroxUmin m(rHtn:n Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. 1865, 81: Laiidcallivs sknht 
 Copo, IVoo. Amor. Pliil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 40.) 
 
 
 190.— I?IElViDIA* Duiaparto. 
 
 Silversidcs. 
 
 ^^Argi/rea DoKay : HasiUchthya Grd. : Lahidcathca Cope.) 
 (Bouap.irtc, Fauna Italica, about 1810: typo Alhirina menidia L.) 
 
 Body elongate, more or Jess com]>ressed. Head oblong, compressed. 
 Mouth small, the gape curved, very oblique, usually not reaching the eye; j 
 
 • Chirostoma Swainsoii, Clussin. Fishos, etc. 1H3U, 243 {=Atlu'rinoidca DlcMiker^ Alhm- 
 nirhthyii \lh^t}\wr ^^ LoUrotftuUhim (ird., all tliow> noiiiiiial umiora based on tlio snnie tjju', 1 
 Aihtrina humhohiliana Cnv. & Val., IVoiii Mexico), iHdiHtinKuiNliodfroin il/cHirtiVi by tin 
 very lonj? and strong niandiblo which protrudoa beyond tho nppor jaw. There (ire »j 
 few voniorino teeth, and tho pruiuaxillury la oxtromoly protractile. 
 
6«; ATllEUINID^. — MEN1DI\. 
 
 407 
 
 ihnlhvs sicciiliii 
 
 lower jiiw short; inaxilljiry slipjiitif; o.utitrly lunlor pn orbital; jaws canli 
 with ;i l>;n><l o*" «i'ni*l*'j usually villifonn teeth. I'remaxillarieM very freely 
 ,.,)(,ac(ile», their spines eomparatively loii^', nearly ecpial to tho eye, 
 txtoiidiii^' baekwiud beneath a f'ohl of skin \vlii<'.h eonnects the bases of 
 tho maxillaries; posterior part of preniaxillaries broa<l. No teeth on 
 vomer or palatines. Scales ent ire, or with the edges erenate or hu^iniato. 
 giK'eies nuMKUous, of niodcMato or simill size, some of them entering; 
 fix-ah waters. (ManiiJia, an old name of some small silvcay lish, fr<?m 
 ;,,/);, tho moon.) 
 
 «10. IW. boNcKC. &V.)J. & a. 
 
 Clear transparent gnuMi; sides with a well defined silvery bind, «| 
 (liiiiiK'U'i'ol the eye ; back and ehin with large, blaek (b>ts. ICyii large, '.iff 
 ill iioiul, a little longc'r than snout. Scales (Irm, their edg(!s strongly 
 cri'iiiilc, Ihose on the back laciniate. Ui)per jaw the longer. I'Mrst dor- 
 sal very feeble, over the beginning of the anal, rather nearer the tip of 
 the eaiKlal (han the snout. I)istan(;e from ilrst to seeoml dorsal jj length 
 of head. Pectorals reaching ve.iirals, nearly as long as the head. 
 VeiiUiils falling far short of tho bast? of the first <lorsul; second dorsal 
 very short. Tt^eth short, even, forming a inirro'y villifonn band. J lead 
 4|; (le;»th 5.}. J). IV-f, .S; A. 1, 'J2 ; scales d;"*-?. L. r>inche8. Atlantio 
 Coast of the United States, <!hielly southward; abundant. 
 
 {Alhcniia mctiidia Jiimi. Syst. Nut,.: Alhcriitahosci Cnv. ct Val. x, 'Km, IHH,'): Athcrina 
 vwtiilhi Dclvay, Now York I'^auiiii, Fish. 11"^: AUivrinivlilhyi mvnidia ot uolala (Jiiiiliicr, 
 
 iii, -lo;;.) : ■ , 
 
 ttll. M. vsiK^^wn* ((iooilo &. Iloan) J. & O. 
 
 Silvery streak occupying tho lower two-thirds of the third and tho 
 upper two-thirds of thy fourth series of scales. Eye 3 in head, as long 
 as lower jaw, greater than snout and less than interorbital width. I'rc- 
 maxillaries freely protractile ; teeth rather strong. Scales laciniate on 
 tho buck, ncyrly entire laterally. First dorsiJ ijiserted opi)osite tlio 
 space bctvyfcon the anal tin and the vent, nearer base of eau<lal thaa 
 snout. Pectoral about as long as head. Caudal slightly foiked, tho 
 lobes ccpial. Vertical tins excessively scaly. Head 5; depth IV^ 1). 
 V-1, 7; A. I, 18; scales 48-7. L. t inches. Virginia to Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 {Chirostoma ragrana Ooodo & Uoau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. IWT'J, 148.) 
 
 619. W. notata (Mitch. ).T. & 0.—.Si7i'cr«ido. ., 
 
 TraiKsparent green, with a lateral silvery band lialf the width of tlie 
 
 •We hiiVH boon able to verily this clmructor on only n few of the foreijjn HpocieH. 
 Wo are tiieroforo uncertain whether Ihc bulk of the Hpeciea referred by Dr. Giiuthcf 
 to "Alhcrinicktliya" belong to Menidia or to AtherinopaiH. 
 

 rl--- 
 
 
 408 CONTUinUTIOMS TO NOUTIl AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGV— ly. 
 
 eyo; ftcalcs above with spots nlonfj their od^jes, so thiit; their outlines 
 sire eleinly (lellned ; ehiii speekUul. HeiUeswith entire edj^es. livola,,,,. 
 .'^.^iii head, iil)<)iitiish)ti}j:!is the snout. Jhwh equal. Fir.st <h)r.sal liir^cr 
 than in M. bosci, inserted in front of th(^ anal, over the vent, ahout mid. 
 Avny between snout, and base of (;audal. I>istan(!e between dorsals X 
 h'njjth of head. IVeloral searetdy shorter tlnui head, rea(!hiii^' ])a,st bn,,,,, 
 of ventrals, which do not reach the ven*, or the front of tlie dorNuj. 
 Body slenderer, and more compressed than in M. bos:;i. Teeth jn f,>^y 
 Beries, some of them larjjer. Head 5; dei)th 0. D. IV-I, 8; A. I 23- 
 scales l(!-1(). \,. 5 inches. Atlantic coast of United States, chicHy 
 jiorthward; abundant. 
 
 (iJ'fwi.frt nolata Mitcliill, Trims. ]At. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1811, 440: Alhmm, mtaia 
 Dtikiiy, Now York ruuna, V'wh. Ill: Alherina mcnidla Oav. ot Viil. x, 402: CklroHlonui 
 itotatiim oi iiuMt Kjccnt writciu.) 
 
 «.|;i. :?I. l><>D'y!tiii3i (Cope) .T. & O. 
 
 Pale olive, with a silver band on 2J rows of scales. I3ody stouh'r (hiiu 
 nstial. l"'irst <lorsaI far in advance of second, inserted over the vont 
 slightly neisrer base of caudal than snout. ICye lar}i;e, .'{ in head. .Man- 
 dible slightly i)rojecting. Si'ales not described. Head 4] ; depth G. 
 D. V-I, 11; A. r, IS. h.2S inclios. J'otouiac Jtiver. {Cop<;.) 
 
 (^/l.')•().s^(M(( lieryllhium Co|u«, TraiiN. Am. Phil. Sv)c. IbOO, 4015.) 
 
 01 r,. ITI. I>B*3»sJlliie8Ssa« (Q<i«».v «fc Ouininrd) .7. I'i O. 
 
 Olivaceous, the silvery lateral stripe less th.iu half the diameter of the 
 eye ; scales on back coven^d with dark dots, y^ali^s all entire. Cldt 
 of mouth reachiiijjf to nearly opposite eye. Jaws eijual. Teeth not 
 formiu}^ a dose band. First dorsal inserted over the fru.it of the anal, 
 iienrer the base of the caudal than the snout. Pectoral as Jonsr as tlio 
 head, reaching well i)ast root of ventrals, which reach the vent. Kyo 
 ^sVinhead. Head 4; depth 5. I). IV-F, 1); A. 1,131; scales 40-8. L 
 ',\ inches. I'Morida to IMexieo and Brazil. Described from a speciincu 
 obtained in S.iint John's Kiver, Florida. „ 
 
 (^ AlluniKt brasH ii'iinin ()\wy & O.iimanl, V»)y. Uran. PoisH. :?:?2: Atherina bran'.lknsii 
 Ouv, i*;: Val. :;, -107: AHicrinichlhi/H hranHiciwiK iiiinihi'V, iii, -llM.) 
 
 01.t. Itl. iX'ClillseiEo; (Ooodo & Ilean) .1. A; G. ^ „.., 
 
 Silvery streak occupyin.y; the fourth and upper half of the llfth row 
 of scales. Kyo 3 to J.V in head, about equal to the snout and the inter- 
 orbital width. Mouth very protractile; lower .jaw long, more than 
 one-third the lenjjfth of the head. Scales not described. First dorsal 
 tin far in advance of the anal fin, in front of the vent, about niidwiiy 
 
Ill bran'.Uenm 
 
 60. ATITEniNID/E ATI1ERINOP8. 
 
 409 
 
 IhHwi'CII Imsci of ciUKlul and Hiiont. Ciuuliil deeply forked, its lobes e(iiml. 
 ncad 4; depth 5. 1). V-I, H; A. I, 15} Hcali!8 -'VS-U. L. 1 mches. 
 I-'lorida. {(hKuhut lU u.) • 
 
 iChiiokloma iicniiigulw iiowU^ & IJom, I'roc. II. ft Nivfc. Miih. 1871), 14H.) 
 
 itOO.- ATIII':ill!«OI'HBN (Jirara. 
 
 rcHcUiliUo <U.l Rcif. 
 
 (Girnnl, Pr<»;\ Acal. Niif. ftni. IMiilii. 1851, I'M: tyixi Aihv.rinopmH mliforn'''ni>ln Gnl.) 
 
 This {jeims differs from ^f^;nu^'m in tlu; noii piotraetility of the upper 
 jiiw. The spiiK'S of the [)reinaxillaries are very short, immh shorter 
 than tlie eye, aii<l they 'ire covered by a slciu whielj is eontliiuons with 
 that of the lorehead, btiii;^ only capable of .<neh motion as is ]>ermitte<l 
 bvllx^ extJMision of a fold of skin between the Jaws and the frontal 
 irjfioii. SpeiMes reaehinjif a (tonsiderable si/e ami having iniportaneo U8 
 fi)i)(l lislies. {afhfitvTj, Atherina; ". ':r, appearan(;e.) 
 
 (>I6. A. «':i!iir««"CBi**D8»<.i«< (limn!. — CnUforma Smelt. 
 
 Traii^liiet'nt gieenish, a bnrni.shed lateral stripe whi(!h is rather 
 |iliiiiiluHMis than silvery, some yellow on t!ie opercles. liody elongate, 
 littlccoiiipressed. Maxillary naircnv, not rea»'-hing to tin; eye, not slip- 
 piii^MUider the i>reorbital. .lawseviMi; teeth small, pointed, in narrow 
 biMids; inner series of ui'.per jaw <!idarged. dill rak(us very long an<l 
 sh'iKli'r. Scales erenate, somewhat rough, but not la(;inij;.ie. I'irst dor- 
 sal large, inserted in front of anal nearer base than snout; secoiul dor- 
 salinscrted in front of middleof anal, which has a scaly sheath. Pee- 
 toriils nearly as long as head, not reaching to ventrals, the latter J.alf 
 way to vent. Eye small, 5 in head. IIea<l 4;j'; depth 5. J). IX-I, 12; 
 A. I, L*l»; scales 77-l.'{. L. 18 inches. i*a(rili<; coast cf United States; 
 very abundant; a food-fish of consi<lerable importaiu;e. 
 
 {(iiiiinl, Troc. Acsid. Nut. Sci. Pliila. lrtr>4, l:!4; (iiriml, U. ft. I'ac. U. U. Surv. Fish. 
 X, lO;!: J(/i()i;(it7i///i/«(Y////()>')iii'nNi«{jliin(lu'r, iii, 4(Ki. ) 
 
 aOl.— ATIIEB!WOP.S SlciiKliiclinor. 
 (Stcindiicliiior, l^'litli. lJcitril;j;<(, iii, 01, 1875: typo Athcriiiopsiii affum Ayn-n.) 
 
 Teeth hljid, airinged In a single row in each Jaw. Otluu wise as in 
 AtheriiuqfsiH. One Si«'cie8 known. (a%nvij, Atherina; w^S appearance.) 
 
 Cn. A. adiiiiM (AyroH) Stoijuiachncr. — Little Smelt. 
 
 Clear hyaline green, a silver.N lateral band, TJ scales wi<le, narrower 
 than cyo, bordered above by a ]>ur]>!ish line. Back and sides thickly 
 punctate. IriH uiid opercles with bright yellow. Maxillary not reaching 
 
 I 
 
 if ■ ( ! 
 
 U; >^ 
 
 ^Inl'llPt WM 
 
 
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 ^:''il|| 
 
 
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 ■i 
 
 it \ ^ 
 
 * :t 
 
 * I*'/ 
 
 ■ U 
 
 'wiJT". 
 
•T" 
 
 i 
 
 
 410 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 pupil. Lower jiiw slightly shorter than upper. Teeth close-set, incisor. 
 liice, Y-shsiped, the forks divergent; those in lower jaw hirgest and luost 
 movable. Eye hirge, not longer than snout. Spinous dorsal moderate 
 inserted over the vent, its origin midway between jmsterior angle of oi,. 
 ercle r'nd base of caudal. Pectoral about as long as the head, rcacliinjr 
 ventrals, the ventrals not to vent. Body stouter than in related species. 
 Scales firm, crenate. Peritoneum dark. Head 5; depth 4^. D. VI-I n- 
 A. I, 22; Lat. 1. 54. L. a foot. Pacific coast of United States, with 
 Atherinopsis caH/orniensis, and equally abundant. 
 (^AUieriiiopHw affinis Ayres, Proc. Cul. Acad. Nut. Sci. 1830, 73.) • 
 
 Family LXVII — SPHYR^NIDiE. 
 
 {The Barracudas.) 
 
 Body elongate, subterete, covered with smal! cycloid scales. Ilcjul 
 very long, pointed, pike-like, scaly above and on sides. Mouth horj. 
 zontal, large. Jaws elongate, the lower considerably i)rqjecting ; upjjor 
 jaw non protractile, its border formed by the premaxillaries, behind 
 which are the broad maxillaries. Large, sharp teeth of unecinal size 
 on both jaws and on palatines; none on the vomer; usually a very 
 strong tooth near the tip of the lower jaw. Openndar bones without 
 si)ine8 or serratures. Gill-openings wide, the gill -membranes not united, 
 free from the isthuuis; gill-rakers very short or obsolete. Brancliioste- 
 gals 7 ; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Psuedobrauchia3 well developed. 
 Air-bladder large, bifun'-ate anteriorly; many pyloric cceca. Lateral 
 line well developed, straight. Pectoral fins short, placed in or below 
 the line of the axis of the body; ventrals I, 5, abdominal, in advance 
 of the mi<ldle of the body ; first dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather .stout 
 spines; second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and oppo- 
 site to it; caudal fin forked. Vertebne 24. A single genus of about 15 
 species; voracious pike-like fishes, inhabiting nearly all temperate and 
 tropical seas. 
 
 {Sjih yrcenidw GiintheT, ii, ^34-'M\.) 
 
 aoa.— SPHWRiElVA BlocU. ; / 
 
 Barracudas. 
 (Artedi; Bloch, Ichth. : tyjto Esox sphyrwna GmcH.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. {ff<f>6pacva, the ancient name, 
 " hammer fish," from a<popii^ a dart.) 
 
 • Pectorals not reaching nearly to front of dorsal. 
 
67. SPnYRiENIDiE — SPHYR^NA. 
 
 411 
 
 <H§. St ai'ffcntca Gtd.— Barracuda. - " 
 
 Brownish, with bluish lustre; bellj' white, scarcely silvery. Body 
 
 clougiite, little coujpressed. Lower jaw much produced, fleshy at tip. 
 
 Eye 10 ill head. Maxillary not reaching front of eye; about 3 in head. 
 
 Teeth moderate, little compressed. 8i)inous dorsal inserted a little 
 
 nearer snout than caudal, just in front of ventrals, well behind the end 
 
 of the pectorals, which are a little longer than tlio ventrals and less 
 
 Jiaa one-tenth the total length. Scales very small. Head 3 J ; depth 
 
 7J. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 8; scales in 238 series, IGO in the lateral line. 
 
 L. 3 feet. Pacific coast, from San Francisco southward; abundant; au 
 
 important food fish. 
 
 (Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 144; Stcindaclincr, Ichth. Beitr. vii, 1; 
 GQutbcr, ii, :{38.) 
 
 619. S. spcf (Ilaiiy) Lacdpfedo. — Barracuda. 
 
 Olivaceous, silvery below ; young with dusky blotches across the back 
 and along the lateral line. Body rather slender, with rather large 
 scales. Marillary not reaching eye; 2J in hesd. Teeth moderate. 
 First dorsal inseited cl'ghtly in front of base of ventrals, nearly midway 
 between snout and base of caudal, much behind the end of the pectorals. 
 Space between dorsals about one-sixth of the total length. Pectorals 
 about as long as ventrals, 12 in total length. Eye 8 in head. Lower 
 jaw with a fleshy tip. Head 3; dei)th 8. D. V-I, 9; A. 1, 9; Lat. 1. 
 130-150. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to the Mediterranean (the common 
 European species) ; not rare on our coast. 
 
 {Emx npel Haiiy, Encyolop. Method. Poiss, iii, 7187 : Sphyrwna vulffaris Giinthcr, ii, 
 334: Ehox ftphyrwim Giiiul. Syst. Nat. 13H9: Lacdpfede, Hist. Nat. PoiHs, v, ;J2(i: fSphy- 
 rama bonalis DcKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 3U : Sphyra^na borealia Goodo & B(;aii, 
 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1871), 14G. Moro than one apeciea has been confounded under 
 the above names.) 
 
 "Pectoral reaching front of spinous dorsal. 
 
 6-50. S. gua^uancho Cuv. & Yal. 
 
 Origin of first dorsal fin in front of the middle of the body, more or 
 less in advance of the tip of the i)ectoral8. Ventrals in front of the 
 dorsal. Fifth dorsal spine midway between tip of snout and base of 
 caudal. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head. Inter8i)ace be- 
 tween dorsals 5^ in length. Eye C in head. Opercle with 2 points. 
 Head 3,^; depth?. D.V-I,9; A. II, 8; scales 14-110-17. L. 18 inches. 
 Cape Cod to Florida and Cuba. {Goode tfc Bean.) 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. iii, 342; Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 146: Sphyrtena 
 guayuanche Poey, Memorias, ii, lG(i.) 
 
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 412 CONTKIIHITIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 
 
 0''SI. S. piciidil lilocli & Sclinoiikr.— /'tcH(/a ; JJarracuda. 
 
 Ori«;iii of lirst dorsal opposite vontrals, far in advance of tlic niuldi,, 
 
 of the body, at the tip of the pectorals. Interspace between dorsals one. 
 
 fifth of total len<;th. Pectoral fins one-eleventh of total len}j;th. Scales 
 
 larj-e. Head ll.\ in total length; deptli "\. 1). V-I, 9; A. I, J); scales 
 
 O-S-MS. Vertebra) 113 + lli. L. 3^ feet. {0 anther.) West IikIIi-s 
 
 north to Florida. 
 
 (Bloch & .S"lmci(l('r, IHOl, 110: Sphi/ra'na barracuda Ciiv. &. Vol. iii, 3i;{j Ciintlur 
 ii, ;J3v5; Gootle & Beuu, Proc. U. S. Nut. Muh. 1H7U, 14(5.) ' 
 
 Family LXVIIT.— POLYNEMIDiE. 
 
 {The Threail-Jins.) 
 
 Body oblong, eompresse*!, covered with rather large scales, which aro 
 feebly ciliated or smooth ; lateral linecontinnous, extending on (he cau- 
 dal lin. Head entirely 8(;aly ; snout conic, projecting over the horizontal 
 mouth, which is rather large, the maxillary extending to beyond the eye, 
 Eye lateral, anterior, large, with a largo adipose eyelid. Villilbrni teeth 
 on jaws and palatines and usually on vomer also. Pseudobranchiic con- 
 cealed. Ihanchiostegals 7. Gill-membranes separate, free from istli- 
 nuis. (tills 4, a slit behind fourth. Dorsal flna 2, well separated, as 
 in the Pcrcesoces^ the first of about 7 feeble but rather high spines, the 
 second rather larger, of soft rays. Anal fin similar to the soft dorsal, 
 sometinuvs larger; caudal fin widely forked; second dorsal, anal, and 
 caudal fins usually covered with small scales; vcntrals I, 5, thoracic, 
 but placed well behind the pectorals ; pectoral tins moderate, placed 
 low, divided into two parts, the lower and anterior portion composed 
 of several filiform articulated appendages, free from each other, organs 
 of touch, liones of skull with a Avell-developed muciferous system, as 
 in Sci(vni(hv. Basis cranii double, with tube ; post-temporal bil'iucale; 
 scapula with median foramen ; superior pharyngeal bones 4, third 
 largest, narrow, directed forward. Basal pectoral bones divided ; two 
 normal, supporting the fln, one longitudinal without rays, and one a 
 plate on the eoracoid, supporting elongate rays. Stomach ccecal, with 
 a few pyloric appendages. Air-bladder various, sometimes wantinj,'. 
 Vertebr{e24. General; species 25. Tropical seas. A singular group, 
 in some respects intermediate between 8ci(vnifl(c and Mugilklcc, but not 
 closely related to any other of our fishes. Most of them aro valued as 
 food fishes. 
 
 (PoJifimnidw Giiiithcr, ii, 319-333.) 
 a. Vomer with tooth; prooperclo sorrato; anal flu not much larger than rppotkI dor- 
 sal POLYNE.MUS, 'M. 
 
 p:*. 
 
G8. POLYNEMIDiE P0LYNEMII8. 413 
 
 »08.— POLYMEIWITS LinniouB. 
 
 (7Vi<7tWi«M Klein; Gill.) : ■ 
 
 (^,111. Svst. Nut. : type /Wi/H«*mM«;»rtraf/»«fl'M« Linn.) 
 
 Teeth in villilorm bsiiulH cm both JawH, vomer, pjilutinos, and i)tery- 
 gom-s. {'ivopt'iclo Hliaiply scrratiMl on its posterior margin, its anjflo 
 with a .scaly llap. Scales rather small, finely ctenoid. Fir.st dor.sal 
 with 7 or 8 feeble, rather hifjh si)ines, the first and last short. Soft 
 dorsal ami anal tins about e(pial to each other; pectoral filaments 3 to 
 t). Pyloric cieca in cjreat number. Species numerous in warm .seas. 
 ^-ok>-, many; w77/*a, thread; from the numerous i)ectoral api)endages.) 
 • I'ectorul apiMJuduges 7. --y'- •:.^- -:• ■ir:i'\- '' .■":■'^■ 
 
 ^it9> P- pU^ntlisri (Jm\) Gthr. 
 
 Silveiy; pectoral fins black. Maxillary extendinpf backwards past 
 
 eye to ba.se of mandible. Pe(;toral filaments about as lon<f as the fin. 
 
 Spinous dorsal high; soft dorsal similar to anal, its last ray in-oduced. 
 
 Iloiul :n in length; depth about 3A. D. VII-I, 12; A. 11, 13; scales 
 
 (1-58-10. West Indies; occasional on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 [PoUnUu'tyhiH plnniUri La<\ v, i>l. 14, f. '.I; Giinthor, ii, 321: Trivhidion plamieri Gill, 
 Prof. Ac. ^at. 8ci. IMiilii. IHtU, '^/U.) 
 
 *• Pectoral iipiusndagcH H. , * ► ' • 
 
 650. P. oclolills (Gill) J. & G. 
 
 Silvery, vertical fins pnnctulated with black; i)ector'.il fins black. 
 Pectoral filaments short, reaching middle of interspace between dor.sal 
 fiiis. Maxillary 2;| in length of head. Eyes large, about 4 in head. 
 Head ;U in length; depth about 3J. D. VIII-I, 11; A. II, 14; scales 
 (J-G()-10. New York ; one specimen known. 
 
 {Tfkhidion ovtojllis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliila. 1861, 280.) , ' 
 
 631. P. oclonomus Grd. 
 
 Ihownish, sides silvery ; fins white. Pectoral filaments very long, the 
 longest reaching i)ast the front of the anal fin. Eye 4 in head. Head 
 3.J; depth 3^. D. VIII-I, 12; A. II, 13; scales 6-01-10. {Oirard.) 
 Florida to Texas. 
 
 (Giiani, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 181)8, 1G7; GUnthor, ii, 320: TricUidion octo. 
 WHIMS Gill. Proc. Acad. Nut. Sifl. Phila. 1861, 286.) 
 
 
 
 
Illll 
 
 J I 
 1 
 
 111 
 
 
 414 contributions: to north American iciiTHYOLoaY— ly 
 
 Family LXIX.— AMMODYTID^. 
 The Sand Launces. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Ilead 
 long. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw consider. 
 ably projecting, the syinphysia produced. No teeth in jaws. Gill. 
 openings very wide; gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmns. 
 Branchiostegals G to 8. Pseudobranchiae large, lamellate. Gill-rakers 
 long and slender; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Opercles well de- 
 veloped, witliout spines or seiratures. Ej'e moderate. Premaxillaries 
 very protractile. Maxillaries long and slender. Lateral lino running 
 along side of back. Spinous dorsal absent (or represented by a few 
 weak spines) ; soft dorsal very long Jiud low, fragile, extending from 
 behind the head to near the base of caudal. Caudal fin small, forked. 
 Anal similar to dorsal, but smaller. Vent somewhat behind middle of 
 body. No ventral fins. Pectoral fins inserted low. No air-bladder. 
 Pyloric coeca usually 1. Genera 4, species 8. Small fishes swimming in 
 large schools and often burying themselves in the sand. Found along 
 the coasts of northern regions. 
 
 (Ophidiidce group Ammodytina Giinther, iv, 384-388.) 
 
 • Body with many traiiyverse, oblique folds; a longitudinal fold of skin a'ong sides 
 of belly ; vomer unarmed. 
 
 a. Dorsal fin without spines Ammodytes, 204. 
 
 aa. Dorsal fin preceded by 7 small free spines ArgykoT/ESIa, 305. 
 
 S04.-AI?IJfIODYTC:S Linnseus. 
 
 Sand Launces. 
 
 (Artedi ; Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Ammodytes toUanus L.) 
 
 Body elongate, lanceolate, the skin with many transverse folds run- 
 ning obliquely downward and backward, the small cycloid scales 
 mostly placed in cross-series between them. Lateral line concurrent 
 with the back. A fold of the skin along each side of the belly. Vomer 
 not armed with a bicuspid tooth. Color silvery. Vertebrae G3. («/i/i«f, 
 sand; 8uw, to dive.) 
 
 652. A. americanus DeKay. — SandLaunce; Sand Eel; Lant 
 
 Olivaceous above, silvery below ; sides with a steel-blue stripe. Pec- 
 toral fins much longer than snout, reaching front of dorsal. Lateral 
 folds 125-130. Depth equal to length of mandible, which is 2^ in head. 
 
immingm 
 
 69. AMMODYTID^ — AROYROT.fiNIA. 
 
 Iletul t'J; depth about 10. D. GO; A. 2S. Newfouudliind to Capo Ilat- 
 teras Jibiuuhint. Scarcely diirereiit from vl. tofttauMS o' EJiirjpe. 
 
 (DcKiiy, Now York Fuunii, Fish. lH4si, 317; Giiutbor, iv, 3c>C; Storor Hist. Fitb. 
 llas».) 
 $33. A. pcrsonatas Gril.—Sand Launce. 
 
 Clear hyaline green ; sides silverj'. Pectoral fin half lenj:fth of head, 
 reachiiif? past the front of the dorsal. Lateral folds 130-150. UeJid 4^ ; 
 depth 0. Kyo 2 in snout, (i in hea<l. D. 54; A. 24. L. G inches. 
 Monterey to Alaska, very abundant; probably also a variety of A. 
 Uhianus. /^,v - ,y^''^^-^f<'.. /-A ^•'- ' J - ■'^- .-4;/.^^. /^/ 
 
 (Giranl, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 137 ; GUnther, iv, 387.) /(^^>57 
 631. A. ainscanus Cope. 
 
 Dorsal inserted above middle of pectoral. Maxillary reaching front 
 of orbit. Mandible less than depth of body. Head 4^ ; depth 0. Eye 
 2 in snout, G in head. Lateral folds 182. D. 02 ; A. 31. L. 6 inches. 
 Sitka, Alaska. (Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1873. Probably also a forra of -4. toUanus.) 
 
 635. A. dub^us Reiub. 
 
 8kiu with about 150 very distinct folds. Dorsal fin inserted over 
 posterior third of pectoral. Ilead G ; deiith equalling length of mandi- 
 ble, 2^ in length of head. D. 05; A. 34. Cape Cod to Greenland. , 
 
 [Oiinther.) 
 (Keinhurdt, Dausk. Vidcnsk. Selsk. Afbandl. 1838, 132; GUntber, iv, 387.) 
 
 305.— ARGYRClTiENIA Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amor. 18G1, 40 (not characterized): type Amnodytes 
 vittatm DeKay.) 
 
 This genus is supposed to differ from Ammodytes in the presence of a ^ 
 
 rudimentary spinous dorsal, composed of about 7 minute free spines. 
 
 (a/jj-yp?, silver; ratwj'a, ribbon.) ' , 
 
 656. A. vUtata (DeKay) Gill. 
 
 Greenish olive above, with a broad silvery band along the sides, w hich 
 is margined above with blackish ; silvery below. Body oblong, some- 
 what compressed, slender. Head small and pointed, flattened and 
 grooved above, compressed beneath. Eyes large. Snout terminating 
 in a bifid tip. Mouth rather large, protractile, toothless. Lower jaw 
 longest. D. VII, 54; A. 28. Sag Harbor, New York. {DeKay.) It 
 has not been seen since its description by DeKay, and its existence 
 is extremely doubtful. 
 
 {Ammodytes vittatus DcKay, Now York Fauna, Fiab. 1842, 3!8.) 
 
 
 f2 
 
. -.M.t!' 
 
 mi 
 
 416 conjRibutions to north American ichthyology ly. 
 
 Family LXX.—ECHENEIDTD^; 
 
 ' {The Remoras.) . 
 
 Body fusiform, eloiiffato, covered with minute, cycloid scales. Mouth 
 wide, with villiforin teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and usually on 
 tongue. Prernaxillaries not protractile. Lower jaw prqjectiuf,' boyoml 
 iipper. Spinous dorsal modified into a sucking-disk, which is placed on 
 tlie top of the head and neoh, and is comi)osed of a double series ot 
 transverse, movable, cartilaguious plates, serrated on their posterior or 
 free edges. By means of this disk there fishes attach themselves to 
 other fishes or to floating objects, and are carried for great distances in 
 the sea. Onercles unarmed. Pectoral fins placed high; \entral tins 
 present, thoracic, and close together — I. .T; dorsal ami anal fins 1oii<t 
 without spines, opposite each other; caudal fin emargiuate or rouiukMl. 
 Branchiostegals 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-rakers short- 
 gill-membranes not united, fiee from the isthnuis. PseudobrauduiB ob- 
 solete. Several pyloric appendages. No air-bladder. No flulets. No 
 caudal keel. Vertebrje more than 10 + 14. Genera 2; species about 
 10, found in all seas, all having a very wide range. 
 
 t 
 
 (5c'0JH&m/rp part : giMius jKc/)CHCJ8 Giintiicr, ii, 37G-385.) 
 
 a. Rays oT jioctorals normal 
 
 o«. Raya of pectoral liiis stiff, broad, ossecaa. 
 
 EcuKXEis, 20G, 
 
 ... RUOMyoCIUULS, WI7, 
 
 a©6.— ECHEWJCIS Liniia>u8. 
 
 (Artedi ; Linn. Syst. Nat. : type ^c/icjim ?>attcm/c8 L.) 
 
 Pectoral rays soft and flexible. Characters otherwise included above. 
 {l-j^sviji-y an ancient name, from 'i^^, to hold back; vao?, a ship.) 
 
 o. Be ly very slender; vertebra) 14 -j- 16. (Ethcnek.) 
 
 657. E. naiicrates L.— P('<;af7or. ■, 
 
 Brownish; belly dark like the bock^ as usual in this family; sides 
 with a broad str'pe of darker edged with whitish, extendirg tlirou{:li 
 eye to snout; caudal black, its outer angles whiti'-h; pectorals and veil- 
 trals black, sometimes bordered with i)alo; dorsal and anal broadly 
 edged with white anteriorly. Body elongate, subterete, slender. Disi; 
 long. Dorsal and anal fins longer than the disk; inner rays of ventral 
 fins niirrowiy adnate to the abdomen; caudal bevroming emargiuate witli 
 age. VertebrcB 14-f 10. Vertical fins low; pectorals 2 length of head, 
 rather long and acute. Lower jaw projecting, with the tip flexible. 
 
70. ECHENEIDID^ — RHOMBOCHIRUS. 
 
 417 
 
 ^jjxiUai-y barely reaching verf ical from nostril. Head 5 J in length j 
 disk 3|; width between pectorals about 7^. D. XXI-XXV — 32-41; 
 X. 34 (32-38). In all wai m seas, north to Cape Cod and San Francisco. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat.; GHuther, ii, 384: Leptecheneis naucrntea Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sil phila. 1864, CO. Echenew naucrateoidea Zuieiiw, Nova. Acta. Acad. Sci. Imp. Pelro- 
 nyl. ir, 279? Lepiecheneia naucrcicoides Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 61, Ech- 
 ifjjojjicauda Mitch. Amer. Monthly Mag ii, 244. Echeneia Uneata Violhr. I'^htlx S. C. 
 1360 102, and Eclieneia liolbrooki, Gliuther, ii, 382, are namea applied to speciuiens with 
 thodisk comparatively long, but with only 21 lamiuiB.) 
 
 ja. Body rather robust ; vcH;ebra) 12 + 15. (i?e»»wa * Gill.) 
 I Dorsal raya about XVIII-23. 
 
 63§. E. remora L.— iJemora. 
 Uniform dark brown. Body and tail comparatively robust, the latter 
 compressed. Pectoral fins rounded, short, and broad, their rays soft 
 and flexible; ventral fins adnate to the abdomen for more than half 
 the length of their inner edge. Tip of lower jaw not produced into a 
 flap. Vertebrae 12 + 15. Head broad, depressed Disk longer than 
 the dorsal or anal fin. Maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit. 
 Caudal lunate; vertical fins rather high; pectoral f length of head. 
 Head 4; disk 2^; width between i^ectorals 5J. D. XVIII— 23; A. 25. 
 Warm seas, north to New York and San Francisco, usually found at- 
 tached to large sharks. 
 
 [Echeneia remora L. Syst. Nat. : Echentia jacobwa Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, 
 P): Echeneia remora GUnthcr, ii, 378: Eemwa jacohaa Gill, Proc. A.cad. Nat. Sci. Phila^ 
 
 M, Dorsal rays about XVI-30. (Remoropaia Gill.) 
 
 639. £. bracEiyptcra Lowe. 
 
 Light brown, darker below; fins paler; body robust, the greatest 
 depth nearly twice the length of the short pectoral fins; disk shorter 
 than base of dorsal, rather broad ; upper jaw angular. Caudal nearly 
 truncate. Head nearly 4; width between pectorals 6^. D. XVI — 30; 
 A. 26. Warm seas, north to Massachusetts. 
 
 {Echeneia hrachyptera Lowe, Proc. Zoot. Soc. Lond. 18^19, 89: Echeneia quatuordecemlani' 
 ii!fl(M« Sloror, Hist. Fish. Mass. 40G: Echeneia hrachyptera GUuther, ii, 378: llemoropai» 
 hracligpterua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 1804, CO.) 
 
 90Y.-RIIOIIIBOCHIRUS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1833, 38: type Echeiieia oattoohir Cuv.) 
 
 This genus agrees with Remora in every respecjt excepting the struc- 
 tare of the pectoral fins. These are short and broad, rhombic in outline, 
 
 •Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 239: type Echeneia ren^ora L. {Remora, an 
 toeipntnan ■, "holding back.") 
 
 Bull. Nat. MuB. No. 10 27 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hi 
 
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 k'.-v^i t .!> .it !''■( 'its 
 
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 HI 
 
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0^ 
 
 
 418 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— -ly. 
 
 the rajs all flat, broad {ind stiflF, being partially ossified, although showintr 
 the usual articulation ; upper rays of pectoral broader than the others 
 One species known. (/(J«/i/9«?, rhomb; x^'Pi band.) 
 
 660. K. osr.eochir (Cuvier) Gill. 
 
 Light browu; underside of head, ventral line, part of ventrals and a 
 
 spot on pectorals pale. Mouth very small, maxillary not nearly reaching 
 
 to the line of the orbit. Disk very large, broader and rougher than in 
 
 Echeneis rernora, extending forwards beyond the tip of the snout. Can- 
 
 dal fin emarginate, with rounded angles. Head 4| in length; disk 21 • 
 
 width between pectorals 5. D. XVIII— 21 ; A. 20; P. 20. West Indies 
 
 north to Cape Cod; parasitic on species of Tetraptv.rus. 
 
 {Echeneia oateochir Cuvier, Rfegne Anim : Echeneia oateochir Gttnther, ii, 381 : £c/ien«ij 
 ietrapturorum Poey, Memorias, ii, 25C.) 
 
 Family LXXI.— ELACATID^. 
 
 {The Crab-eaters.) 
 
 Body elongated, fusiform, subcylindrical, covered with very small 
 smooth scales. Head rather broad, low, pike-like. Mouth rather wide 
 nearly horizontal, the maxillary about reaching front of eye; both 
 jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with bands of short, sharp teeth; 
 lower jaw longest. Premaxillaries not protractile. First dorsal repre- 
 sented by about eight low, stout, equal, free spines, each spine Impressi- 
 ble in a groove; soft dorsal long and rather low, somewhat falcate, sim- 
 ilar to and nearly opposite the anal? two weak anal spines, one of them 
 free from the fin ; ventrals thoracic, 1,5; caudal fin forked; no caudal 
 keel; no finlets; no sucking-disk ; no air-bladder. Branchiostegals 7. 
 Pyloric cojca branched. Vertebrae more than 10 + 14. A single genus 
 with probably but one species, a large, strong, voracious fish, found in 
 all warm seas. {Scombridw part, genus Ulacate, Giinther, ii, 375.) 
 
 30§.— EliACATE Cuvier. 
 
 (Cnvier, R?>gne Anim. ed. 2d, 1829: type Elacaie malabaricti Cnv. = Gasteros'em 
 canadua L. ) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. (jyAazarij, a spindle or an 
 arrow, from the form of the body.) 
 
 « 
 
 661. E. cannda (Linn.) Gill.— Crab-cater ; Cohia. 
 Olive browuj sides with a distinct broad band of darker, and a less j 
 
 distinct band above and below it; below silvery. Head much depressed, j 
 Mouth moderate, the short maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pectorals | 
 broad and falcate ; caudal deeply emarginate, the upper lobe slightly 
 
72 XIPHIID^ — XIPHIAS. 419 
 
 the longer. Lateral line wavy and irregular, utscending posteriorly. 
 Head 4i in length; depth 5§. D. VIII-I, 2G; A. II, 25. L. 6 feet. 
 In all warm seaa, occasional on our Atlantic coast in summer. 
 
 (Gasteronteus canaduA Linn. Syst. Nat. : ElacaieatlanticuaCwv. & Val. viii,334: Elacate 
 niflia Giiiitlier, ii, 375 ; Holbrook, Ichth. S. Car. 97.) 
 
 Family LXXII.— XIPHIIDJE. 
 
 {The Sword-fishes.) 
 
 Scombroid fishes of great size, with the body elongated, naked or 
 covered with rough rudimentary scales, and the upper jaw very much 
 prolouged, forming a "sword," which is composed of the consolidated 
 vomer> ethmoid and premaxillaries. Teeth small and rudimentary, or 
 wanting. Dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, continuous in 
 the young, without differentiated spinous part, the posterior portion 
 much smaller than the anterior. Anal fin similarly divided in the 
 adult. Caudal peduncle slender, keeled. Ventral fins thoracic, incom- 
 plete or entirely wanting. Caudal fin widely forked in the adult. Gills 
 of peculiar structure, the laminae of each arch joined i^to one plate 
 by reticulations. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth ; gill-membranes separate, 
 free from isthmus. Pseudobranchia) present. Brauchiostegals 7. Air- 
 bladder present. Pyloric coeca very numerous. Very young individuals 
 differing much from Ihe adults; the fins high, both jaws prolonged into 
 a beak, and the head armed with long spines. Genera 3; species about 
 5; powerful fishes, inhabiting the open seas, most of them valued as 
 food. {Xiphiidce GUnther, ii, 511-514.) 
 
 a, Ventral fins entirely wanting ; teeth none. (Xiphiin(B) Xiphias, 209. 
 
 dfl. Ventral fins present; teeth small. {Umtiophorinte.) 
 
 b. Ventral rays united into one ; dorsal fin low Tetrapturus, 210. 
 
 bh. Ventral rays three ; dorsal very h'gh Histiophorus, 21 1. 
 
 900.— XIPHIAS LinntBus. 
 
 Sword-fishes. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Xiphias gladiua L.) 
 
 Sword-fishes without teeth and without ventral fins. Body somewhat 
 compressed. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning opposite the gill- 
 openings, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the 
 body ; second dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second 
 anal. In the young, teeth are present and the two dorsal fins are con- 
 nected, the fin being elevated as in the species of Eistiophorus. First 
 auul similar to first dorsal, but smaller, less falcate, and far behind it} 
 
 I '*': !'■' 
 
 ar^ls! 
 
 .' ^ 
 
 K' 
 
 I 1 
 
11 :' 
 
 ! 'ft ,• 
 
 'v4 t 
 
 
 m: 
 
 
 i|l4 
 
 Hi*- 
 
 420 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 pectoral fins moderate, falcate. Skin naked, more or less rongb es. 
 pecially in the joung, which have rudimentarj' scales. Swoixl ilattenod 
 Caudal keel single. Intestines long, sinuous. Air-bladder simple. Pel. 
 vie arch obsolete. Fishes of great size, reaching a weight of 300 to 4(K) 
 pounds, the flesh valued for food, (ctf {'«?, the ancient name of Xiphkn 
 ffladius, from cfV'"?> a sv/ord.) 
 
 662. X. gladius L. — Common Sword-fish. 
 
 Very dark bluish above, dusky below; "sword" almost black above 
 below lighter. Cleft of mouth extending beyond eye. Head about 2\- 
 depth about 5J. Snout 3 in length. D. 40-4; A. 18-14. Vert. 14 -f 12. 
 Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts ; also in the Pacific, north to the Santa 
 Barbara islands. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat. ; GUnther, ii, 511 ; Storer, Fiab. Mass. 1867, 71. 
 
 aiO.— TETRAPTUBUS Raflnesqne. 
 Spear Fishes. 
 
 (Rafiuesque, Indice d'ltliol. Sicil. 1810, 30: type Tetraptums belone Eaf. of the Medit- 
 erranean, ) * 
 
 Sword-fishes with small teeth in the jaws and on the palatines, with 
 the ventral fins represented each by a single spine, and with the dorsal 
 fin not greatly elevattd, divided in the adult, its height not greater 
 than the depth of the body. Body much compressed. Skin with rudi- 
 mentary embedded scales; sword rounded; caudal keel double. Air- 
 bladder sacculated. Vertebrre 12 + 12. Intestine short, straight. 
 {rerpa, four; Ttrepdv, wing; ffupd^ tail, from the wing-like caudal keels.) 
 
 663. T. albidus Pocy.— /?i7i-^s^ ; Spear-fish; Agvja Blanca. 
 
 Dark blue above ; whitish beneath; fins dark blue. Nape elevated, 
 the greatest depth of the body opposite the opercle. Eye midway be- 
 tween opercle and tip of lower jaw. Dorsal inserted in front of base of 
 pectorals. Caudal forked at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. Head (to 
 end of upper jaw) 2|; depth 7-8. Length of caudal lobes 4J. D. Ill, 
 39-G; A. II, 13-C. Length 7 to 8 feet. {Poey.) Cape Cod to West 
 Indies ; not rare on our coast. 
 
 (Poey, Mem. ii, 2'M: f Tetrapturus belone Raf. Histiophorue belone GUnther, ii, 513.) 
 
 664. T* anipliis Pooy. — Aguja de Casta. 
 
 Color dark blue ; paler below, with bluish cross streaks. Body stouter, 
 more convex at the nape, the greatest depth being behind the oper- 
 cle. Caudal forked at anangle of 90 to 100 degrees. Dorsal inserted 
 
 ._Jk__: 
 
73. TBICHIUEIDiB. 
 
 421 
 
 rather behind base of pectorals. Head 2f ; depth 5. Length of caudal 
 lobes 3^. D. Ill, 38-7 J A. II, 13-7. Length 8 feet. {Poey.) West In- 
 dies north to Florida j perhaps a form of the preceding. 
 (Poey, Mcmorias, ii, 24;{.) 
 
 911.— IlISTIOPHORVS Lnc6pMe. 
 
 Sail-Jishes. 
 
 llttiophorus LacAfihAe, Hist. Nat. Pojss. iii, 1802,374: type latiophorus gladi/er Lac.= 
 
 Scomber gladiua Brou88onet. ) 
 
 Sword fishes with small teeth on the jaws and palatines, with the ven- 
 tral fins present, of 2 or 3 rays, and with the dorsal iins extremely high, 
 contiguous, its height much greater than that of the bodyj anal flu 
 divided. Body slender, much compressed, covered with elongate scales. 
 Intestines short, nearly straight; air-bladder sacculate. The sword is 
 usually shorter than in Xiphiaa^ and the lower jaw more developed. 
 The skin is also rougher. Large fishes of the warm seas. {1(tt:ov, sail; 
 iftipiui, to bear.) 
 
 665. II« gladius (Brouss.) GtliT.—Sail-Jiah. 
 
 Membrane of dorsal fin with numerous small spots. Dermal produc- 
 tions lanceolate. Upper profile of head descending in a straight line. 
 Snout longer than the rest of the head. Head 4 in total length ; depth 
 7 or 8 in the same. D. 4G-7 ; A. 10-7; V. 2. Vertebrse 14-f 10. {Oun- 
 ther.) Atlantic and Indian oceans ; occasional on our coast. 
 
 (Scomler gladiua Brouas. M^m. Acad. Sci. 1786, 454 ; Gilnther, ii, 513 : Hiatiopherus 
 indkua Cuv. & Val. viii, 293 : Riatiophorua americanua Cuv. & Val. viii, 303.) 
 
 Family LXXIII.— TRICHIURID^. 
 
 {The Hair-tails.) 
 
 Scombroid fishes with the ventral fins imperfect or wanting and the 
 spinous and soft parts of the dorsal not differentiated. Body extremely 
 elongate, compressed, naked. Mouth wide, the jaws armed with strong 
 unequal teeth. Premaxillaries net protractile. Pseudobranchise pres- 
 ent. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill-membranes separate, free 
 from the "sthmus. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin very long, low, 
 usually continuous, tbe rays all similar. Caudal fin small or absent; if 
 present, forked. Anal fin very long and low, sometimes scarcely rising 
 above the surface of the skin. Ventrals thoracic, rudimentary or want- 
 ting. VertebrsB of abdomen and tail in greatly increased number. Air- 
 bladder present. Pyloric cceca numerous. Genera about 5 ; species 12, 
 
 Mi 
 
 .Hi 
 
 
 ^Hffi 
 

 V 
 
 If * 
 
 1^ -■ *'i 
 
 
 i'a ?r 
 
 
 
 422 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 in the tropical seas. Very close to the Scomhridcc, from which grom» 
 as here understood, the Trichiuridcc differ chiefly in the non dift'erenti 
 ation of the dorsal spines. {Trichiuridcc jiart; Giinther, 312-319.) 
 
 "No caudal fin ; tail taporing to a point; dorHal iiu single; no ventral iiiiR. 
 
 TKicmunu8,2l2. 
 9ia.— TR1CIIIURV8 LinniBus. 
 
 Hair tails. 
 
 (Leptiirus Artedi; Gill.) 
 (Linninus, Syat. Nat. xii, 176(5: type Trichiurus lepturus L.) 
 
 Body extremely elongate, band-like, the tail very slender, taperhi" to 
 a fine point, without caudal fin. Hejid long, with a very wide mouth 
 the jaws armed with unequal and very strong teeth ; upper jaw with 
 about four long, strongly compressed barbed teeth ; teeth on the pahi- 
 tines, none on the vomer. Lower jaw longest, preorbital covering cleft 
 of mouth posteriorly. Dorsal lin single, low, occupying the whole of 
 the back, the spines not distinguishable from the soft rays ; anal very 
 long, its base more than half the length of the body ; composed of de- 
 tached spines, which are very short, nearly hidden in the skin, the ante- 
 rior directed backwards, the posterior forwards ; ventml fins wanting 
 or reduced to small, scale like appendages; pectorals small. No scales. 
 Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the belly. VertebroB 39 -f- 120. 
 Color silvery. Voracious fishes of the high seas ; reaching a consider- 
 able size, {rpcxiovy a little hairj oupd^ tail.) 
 
 a. Ventral tins entirely wanting in the adult. (Trichiurm.) 
 
 666. T. lepturus Lhm.—IIair-iail. 
 
 Uniform brilliant silvery ; dorsal dark-edged. Snout long and pointed, 
 about as long as pectoral ; maxillary reaching nearly to pupil, concealed 
 by preorbital. Head about 7 J in length ; depth about 16. Eye 2 in 
 snout. D. 135; A. about 100. Warm seas, north to Virginia and 
 Lower Galiibrnia. 
 
 (Linn. Syat. Nat. xii; Giinther, ii, 346.) 
 
 Family LXXIV.-SCOMBRIDJE. 
 
 {The Mackerels.) 
 
 Body elongate, not much compressed, covered with minute cycloid 
 scales, or else wholly naked; the scales anteriorly sometimes forming a 
 corselet. Lateral line present, its course undulate. Head subcouic, 
 
74. SCOMBRID^ — SCOMBER. 
 
 423 
 
 nointed anteriorly. Mouth rather large; preraaxillary not protractile; 
 maxilltiry without supplemental bone ; jaws with sharp teeth, large or 
 small. Vomer and palatines toothed or not. Prcoperde entire ; opercle 
 unarmed. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not united, free from 
 the isthmus. Gill-rakers usually long. Pseudobranchiai present, large. 
 A slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first 
 of rather weak spines, depressible in a groove, the second similar to the 
 anal; «inal spines weak; last rays of dorsal and anal usually detached 
 and separate, forming series of flnlets ; caudal peduncle extremelysleudor, 
 usually keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate; ventral fins 
 moderate, thoracic, 1, 5. Vertebra} in greater number than in Carangidcc, 
 the uuinber more than 25. Pyloric cajca numerous. Air bladder fre- 
 qiieutly absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant. General?; species 
 about 70, Fishes of the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all 
 having a wide range. Most of them are valued as food-fishes. 
 (Scombrido! lit. aud TrichiuridcB jit. Gliuther, ii, 349-373.) 
 
 a, Fiulots present; dorsal spines less than 20. {Scombrinw.) 
 b. Spinous dorsal short (of less than 12 spines), remote from the second. 
 
 c. Vomer and palatines with teeth; corselet obsolete Scomber, 213. 
 
 cc. Vomer and palatines toothless; corselet well developed Auxis, 214. 
 
 Ih, Spinous dorsal long (of more than 12 spines), contiguous to the second. 
 d. Caudal keel present. 
 e. Corselet imperfect or obsolete; teeth of jaws strong; minute teeth on 
 
 vomer and palatines Scombeuomouus, 215. 
 
 ee. Corselet developed. 
 /. Palatine teeth strong ; vomer toothless; vertehne normal... Sarda, 216. 
 /f. Palatine teeth villifonn. 
 g. Vomer with teeth; vertebrae normal, the lower foramina small. 
 
 OUCYNITS, 217. 
 gg. Vomer toothless; abdominal vertebria with the lower foramina en- 
 larged aud a portion between the vertebraj proper and the hiomapophy- 
 868 developed in the form of a net-work or trellis Euxnyi.NUS, 218. 
 
 913.— SCOIIIBER Linna)ua. 
 
 Mackerels. 
 
 (Linnffius, Syst. Nat. 1758: type Scomber acombrua L.) 
 
 Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal pe- 
 duncle slender, with two small keels on each side. Mouth wide, with 
 a single row of rather small, slender teeth in each jaw and on the vomer 
 and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital. Scales 
 very small, not forming a corselet. First dorsal of 7-12 feeble spines, 
 separated from the second by an interspace greater than the base of the 
 fin; second dorsal small, followed by 5-9 detached flnlets; anal similar 
 to second dorsal, with similar flnlets ; pectorals and ventrals small, the 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 j-t £.t r 
 
mm 
 
 triii 
 
 
 m 
 
 5 ;\ 
 
 1; :^' ' 
 
 424 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly, 
 
 former on a level with the eyes; caudal fin small, widely forked. Pyloric 
 appei:da}j[eH exceedingly numerous. Air-bladder usually wanting. Specie 
 few, widely distributed, everywhere highly valued for food, {txoiiftpur 
 IjhUii Scomber, the ancient name of the common mackerel.) 
 
 a. Alr-bI»i1«1or prusotit, Htuitll. 
 
 667* 8. pneumatophorusDolaRuche.— CAubA/aoA;ere2; Tinker Mnokcrel ; Eatttr 
 Atavkerel. 
 
 Blue, with about 20 wavy, blackish streaks, whi(!h extend to just Iw- 
 
 low the lateral line| sono of these form reticulations, and incloso i)alo 
 
 spots of the color of the back ; belly and sides silvery ; a black axillary 
 
 spot. Head rather pointed. Maxillary reaching front of pupil. Eye 
 
 4 in head, nearly equal to snout; pectoral f length of head. Head 33' 
 
 uei)th 5. D. IX— I, 12— V; A. I— I, 11— V. Lat. 1. 200. L. 1 foot. 
 
 Atlantic and Pacific, north to Maine and San Francisco; common iutbo 
 
 Mediterranean and in Southern Galiibrnia; irregular in its appearance 
 
 on our Atlantic coast. 
 
 (Do l)v Roche, Ann. Mus. Nnt. Hist, xiii, JllT); Oilntlior, il, 359: Smnihet' grex Witvh. 
 Trans. Lit. & I'bil. 8oc. N. Y. IHL'i, 422: Scomber dckatji Storcr, Finh. Miihh. 1867,52; 
 Scomber die.go Ayrcs, Proo. Cftl. Acnd. Nat. Sci. i, 1)2, IKW; Scomber colias pt. Stein- 
 (lachner, nee Scomber colias of GUuther aud C. & V., whieh haa but 7 durual upiues.) 
 
 aa. Air-bladder wanting. 
 
 60§> S. ss*oinbru8 L.— Common Mackerel, 
 
 Lustrt IS diJtk blue above, with about 35 wavy, blackish, transverse 
 
 streaks; below siiv^ry; base of pectorals dark. Snout rather long and 
 
 pointed, compressed. Mouth large, maxillary extending to anterior 
 
 margin of orbit. Ventrals and pectorals short, the former nearly half 
 
 length of head. Eye less than siuMit, 5 in head. Head 4 in length; 
 
 depth 5^. D. XII— 1,10— V; A.I,11— V. L. 18 inches. North Atlantic; 
 
 abnndant on both coasts, aud occasionally tjirayiug to the Pacific. A 
 
 well-known food-fish. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat.: Scomber scomber GUuther, il, 357: Scomber vwiirtHa Storer, Hist. 
 Fish. Mass. 54.) 
 
 914.— AVXIS Cuvicr. 
 
 Frigate Mackerels. 
 
 (Cuvier, R^gne Anim. 1829, ii : typo Scomber roohei Risso. ) 
 
 Body oblong, i)lump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly covered with 
 small scales, those of the pectoral legion enlarged, forming a corselet. 
 Snout very short, conical, scarcely compressed. Mouth rather small, 
 
74. SCOMBBIDiE — SCOMBEKOMORUS. 
 
 425 
 
 the jaws equal. Teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on tlic jaws 
 only. Tail very slender, dei>rc8Hod, with a rather largo keel on each 
 side. I'irst dorsal short, separated from tlie second by a considerable 
 jiit^i^pare. Second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 fiidets. 
 IVctoriils and ventrals small. Ko air-bladder. Brancihiostogals 7. 
 I'vloric c(eca dendritical. Gill -rakers very long and slender, numerous. 
 Vertcbnc peculiarly modilied, essentially as in EuthyimuH. (a3c«T, an 
 aucieiit name ol' a young tunny, from ai^'w, to grow.) 
 
 , A> rochcl (RiHH(f) GUnthor. — Friyat^ Mackerel, 
 Blue, variegated with darker above, becoming i)lain with age; belly 
 silvery. Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at cau- 
 dal peduncle. Eye as long as snout, 5 in head. Opercle very broad. 
 Scales of corselet and along anterior dorsal region i;omparatively large. 
 Maxillary almost entirely concealed by preorbital. Dorsal spines rather 
 stiff; space between dorsals four-fifths length of head. About 33 gill- 
 rakers below angle. Tectoral reiiching i)ast middle of first dorsal. Head 
 4; depth 4^. D. X-12-V1II; A. 13-VlI. Vert. 39. Mediterranean to 
 the East Indies; lately api)eariug in great numbers on our Atlantic 
 coast. A food-lish of little va'uo. 
 
 {Scomher rochci Ilisao, Ichtli. Nico, IHIO, 1(55; Gllnflier, ii, 309: Scomber li»u$ Rafln> 
 esquo, t'aratteri, etc. iBlO, 45: Auxia vulgaris Cuv. & Vul. viii, 13U.) 
 
 ai9.-SCOITIBEBO]IIORUS Locdpiide. 
 {Cybittm Cuvier.) 
 
 (Lacdpfcdci, Hist. Nat. Poisa. iii, 292, 1802: typo Scomheromoraa plumierii hac.=Scom' 
 her regalia Blucli. ) 
 
 Body elongate, naked or with rudimentary scales, which do not form 
 a distinct corselet. Uead pointed, comparatively short and small. 
 Mouth wide, the strong teeth in the jaws often compressed or knife- 
 shaped; villiform or sand like teeth on the vomer and palatines; max- 
 illary not concealed by preorbital. Spinous dorsal low, of 14-18 feeble 
 spines. Soft dorsal and anal short, similar, somewhat elevated and 
 falcate, each followed by 7 tolOfinlets; ventrals small; pectorals moder- 
 ate, near the level of the eye. Air-bladder present. VertebrsB normal. 
 l'i«h<>s of the high seas ; graceful in form and beautiful in color; among 
 the best of food-fishes. (*rzo/i/9^«<;, Scomber; 6iwpo<;y near.) 
 
 6T0t 8. concoloc (Tjockington) J. &, G. 
 
 Male dark steel-blue, the sides silvery, without streaks or spots; 
 female with two alternate soiica of brown spots, the silvery on sides 
 
 Ii 
 
 i !»!^:' 
 
 >?.' 
 
 1 '1 
 
 
 
 i 
 

 i.m 
 
 'Ui{ 
 
 426 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly, 
 
 clouded with dusky; fins nearly plain, dark. Mouth slightly oblifnu, 
 tlio nia.xillaiy reaching to luvsterior margin of pupil. Teeth of Jiiw^ <:„ii,. 
 I)aratively small, subconical, little cotnpressed; those of vomer and pain. 
 tines minute and granular. Eye 5.^ in head. Pectoral lins 8 in Icnirtb 
 inserted rather above axis of body; ventral fins small; spines ot dorsal 
 slender and fragile, the longest one-fourth as long as the head ; dorsal 
 flns separated by an interspace equal to one-third the length of base i.f 
 spinous dorsal; caudal shorter than head, its lower lobe longest. Gil;. 
 rakers long, 18 below angle. Head about 5; depth rather less. D. 
 XVII-lC-VIir; A. I, 10- VIII. Monterey Bay, California; rare. A 
 food- fish of high quality. 
 (C/iriomiira cojico/or Lockiugton, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1879.) 
 
 071. S. mnetllatUS (Mituh.) J. & G. — Spanish Mackerel. 
 
 Bluish and silvery above with bright reflections ; sides with numer- 
 ous bronze spots which are nearly round and about as large as the pupji. 
 Spinous dorsal white at base, dark above and on the anterior half of 
 the flu. Caudal keel well developed, with a smaller keel above and 
 below it. Head small and pointed. Mouth rather large, obliipic; max- 
 illary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Teeth large, compressed, 
 about 32 in each jaw. Gill rakers few, slender, about 12 below angle. 
 Interspaces between dorsals shorter than eye ; caudal as long as head. 
 Head 4^ in length ; depth r»J. D. XVIII-18-IX ; A. II, 17-VIII. Coasts 
 of iforth America, north to Cax)e Cod and Lower California; one of our 
 most valued food-fishes. 
 
 {Scomber maculattis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phi], Soc. N. Y. i, 4*Jfi, 1815: CybiummacU' 
 latum Giiuther, ii, '.i72: Cybium maoulaium Ilolbrouk, Ichth. S. Car. (iO.) 
 
 672. S. regalis (Bloch) J. & G.—Cero. 
 
 Silvery; sides with a brownish, broken, longitudinal band, above and 
 below which are numerous brownish spots, persistent in the adult; an- 
 terior portion of spinous dorsal black. Body rather elongate, its dorsal 
 and ventral curves about equal. Lateral line descending obliquely, 
 slightly undulate along the tail. Mouth large ; maxillary reaching to 
 below eye. Teeth triangular, strongly compressed, about 20-16. Pec- 
 toral scaly. Head 4 in length ; depth ^. D. XVII-1, 15-VIII ; A. II, 
 15-VIII. Cape Cod to Brazil; not common on our Atlantic coast; 
 reaches a weight of 20 pounds. 
 
 {Scomber regalia Bloch, Ausl. Fische.taf. 3113: Cybium regale GUnther, ii, 372: Scorn- 
 heromorua plumierii Lac. iii, 21)2: Cybium acervum C. &, V. viii, 1831, 186: Cybium rejalt 
 Poey, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 4.) 
 
74. SCOMBRID^— 8ATIDA. 
 
 427 
 
 4?8. S. caballO (Cuv. & Vul.) J. & Q.— Sierra. 
 
 Sides of body with indistinct darker yellowish spots; adult immacu- 
 late; Pj'inons dorsal without black blotch anteriorly. Eyo large. 
 M(Mitli large, maxillary reaching to below eye. Lateral lino descend- 
 in;? abruptly below the second dorsal. Teeth triangidar, strongly com- 
 pressed, ;d)out .30-25. Tectoral scaly at base only. D. XI V-1, 15-VIII ; 
 A. 11, 1«'>-VIII. (Poey.) Warm pnrts of the Atlantic; occasional on 
 our coast ; reaches a weight of 100 pounds. 
 
 (dibiiim (ubaila Cnv. «& Val. viii, IHHI, 187: Cijhium cahaUa OHnther, ii, ^3: Cybium 
 0Mculatum C. & V. viii, 191 : Cybium caballa Poey, Proe. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1878, 4.) 
 
 910.— SARDA Cuvicr. 
 
 Bonitos. 
 
 (Pelamya Cuv. & Val. 1831, precccupied iu Horpetology. ) 
 
 (Cuvicr, Ri'^gne Auim. od. 2d, ii, 1829: tyjie Scomber pelamya Brilnnich=- 5comJer aarda 
 Bloch.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral 
 region forming a corselet. Caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled. 
 Head large, pointed, compressed. Mouth large. Teeth in the jaws 
 ratber strong, conical, slightly compressed; similar teeth on the pala- 
 tines, but none on the vomer ; maxillary not concealed by preorbital. 
 Gill rakers long and strong. First dorsal long and rather low, of 18-23 
 ratber stout si)ines, which are gradually shortened behind; iuterval 
 between the last spine and the second dorsal short; second dorsal small, 
 followed by 8-9 fiulets; anal fin similar, usually with one less finlet; 
 paired tins small ; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil. No 
 air bladder. Pyloric ccBca very numerous, dendritical. Vertebrae nor- 
 mal. Fishes of rather large size, with metallic coloration. (Latin, 
 mrda; Greek, adpoa, the anr'ipnt name of the typical species, also known 
 as Amia, Pelamys, etc. ; so called from its being taken in the neighbor- 
 hood of the island of Sardinia; hence also the diminutive aapdivrj, the 
 Sardine.) 
 
 674. S. inediterrancn (IJloch & Scbncidex) J. & O.—Bonito; Skip-jack. 
 
 Dark steel-blue above, with numerous narrow, dark stripes from the 
 back obliquely downwards and forwards ; silvery below. Body elongate, 
 scarcely compressed, robust ; corselet distinct, small, not extending be- 
 youd pectoral. Teeth moderate, slightly compressed. Gill-rakers rather 
 small, 13 below angle. Maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Head 3^ ia 
 length; depth 4. D. XXF-1, 13-VIIIj A. 1, 13-VIIj P. 10. L.2J feet 
 
 ii |i 
 
 I' >i'i I *■;■ 
 
 mm 
 
 
 
HP 
 
 i 
 
 
 ■»'-ii 
 
 428 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY^lv. 
 
 Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; abundant; a food-flnh of rather low 
 gra<Iu. 
 
 {Scomber pclnmyn HrUnnioh, Ichth. MuhhII. 17(>8, GO, not of L. SyHt. Nat. : ,%„i^,. 
 mdilcnancun Hliuh & Schn. 1H<)1, 23: Pelainya aarda StoTov, Viah. Moss. (U; i'e/aj,. 
 $arda GUiith(<r, ii, ;Ui7: Sarda pelamya Uill.) 
 
 eV.t. S. chllcnNis (Cnv. & Val.) J. & Q.—lionUo ; Skip-jack; Tana. 
 
 Dark uiotallic blue; sides dusky; about 5 biackish stripes riuinin" 
 oblicjuely upward aud backward from the pectoral region to tlio ii|,i,,.i. 
 tidgo of the tail, these variable in number and direction. Ucud poinU'd 
 conical, naked. Maxillary reaching posterior border of eye. IN^jtorals 
 l)laced just below the level of the pupil, scarcely half as long as liciul. 
 Gill-rakers long, strong, about 18 below angle. Corselet niodoratelv 
 developed. Uead 3^; depth about 4. D. XVIII-I, 12-VlU; A. II, 
 11-VI. L. 2-3 feet ; weight IG pounds. San Francisco to Patagonia 
 and Japan; abundant northward in summer; very similar to the pre- 
 ceding but with the spinous dorsal always shorter. 
 
 (Pelamya chilenaia Cnv. & Val. viii, Hi'.\: Pelamya lineolata Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Strv. riah. lUG: Pelamya chilenaia GUuthcr, ii, lOG: Pelamya orientalia GUnthur, ii, lOfi.) 
 
 aiT.-ORCYRiUS Cuvier. 
 Tunnies. 
 
 (Thynnua Cnvier, 1817, preoccnpiod in entomology.) 
 (Cuvipr, Rbgne Anim. 2d ed. 1829: type Scomber thynnua L.) 
 
 Botly oblong, robust, with very slender caudal peduncle. Head con. 
 leal. Mouth wide, with one series of small, conical teeth in the jaws and 
 bauds of minute villiform or sand-like teeth on the vomer and palatines. 
 Scales present, those of the pectoral region forming an obscure corselet. 
 First dorsal of 12-15 spines which grow gradually shorter backward, the 
 iutervjil between last spine and second dorsal slight ; secoL .1 dorsal and 
 anal short and rather high, each with 8-10 finlets ; ventrals moderate; 
 pectorals moderate or very long, rather below the level of the eye. Ver- 
 tebrsB normal, the lower foramina very small. Fishes of the open sens ; 
 often attaining a very great size, {dpxuvoi;, an ancient name of 0. thyn- 
 nus.) 
 
 a. Pectoral fins sabre-sbapod, reaching beyond end of second dorsal. {Albicores.) 
 
 676. O. alalonga (6mel.) Risso. — Albicore; AUUnghi; German. 
 
 Bright metallic steel-blue; belly bluish silvery; flns colored like tbe 
 body ; pectorals blackish, with silvery lustre. Body little compressed, 
 regularly elliptical, its weight great in proportion to the length. Tail 
 
74. SCOMBRIDiE — EUTIIYNNUS. 
 
 429 
 
 strongly keeled, broiuler than deep. Corselet indistinct. Scales rather 
 
 large. Pectoral reaching beyond second dorsal and anal, inserted a 
 
 little below level of pnpil, its base a little wider than the large eye; 
 
 vcntrals short. Head li\; depth 3J. D. XIV-II, llf-VIII; A. II, 12- 
 
 VII. h. 3 feet; weight 15-20 jmunds. Iii all warm seas, in the open 
 
 (H;ei«i; abundant in summer in the Mediterranean and about the Santa 
 
 Uarbara Islands; occasional on our Atlantic coast. 
 
 (Scomlicr alatunga (»nui\. SyHt. Nut. 17SH, W\0, minprint for alalonga, fide Cuv. & Val. : 
 Thmnun olalovf/a Cuv. &, Viil. viii, I'JO: ThijnnuH panficua Cuv. & Val. viii, 1311: 
 Jhiinnu»(ill>nrora, alalonfja, and pacijicus Vtilntlu'r, u, 'MV-i/MCi: Orojnus pacificuaCoopvr, 
 proc. C'al. Acad. Nut. Sci. 18U3, 75: Orcyniu genno LUtkou, Spulia Atiantica, IBHO, 473.) 
 
 a, Pectoriil fiiiH comparatively uhort, not reaching beyond the end of the Bpinous dor- 
 sal. {Tunnita.) 
 
 J7V. O. Ihyniius (Linn.) Poey. — Tunny; Horse Mackerel ; Albicore. 
 
 Dark blue above; below greyish with silvery spots. Mouth rather 
 large; posterior margin of preoperclo somewhat shorter than inferior. 
 Eye small. Dorsal and anal falcate; caudal very widelj-^ forked; pec- 
 torals reaching nearly to end of spinous dorsal. Head 3^ in length ; 
 depth 4. D. XIV-I, 13-IX; A. 1, 12-VIII. North Atlantic, on both 
 coasts; the largest of the Scomhrida;, reaching a length of 10 feet or 
 more and a weight of half a ton. 
 
 (Scomber thynnua h'mn. Syst. Nat.: Thyvnva aeeundo-doraalia Stnvf^T, Fish. Mass. 65; 
 Uynnus thynnua O'inthor, ii, 3(W: Tnynnu^ rulgaria C. &V. viii, 58: Thynnuabrachyp- 
 terwsand corctti Giinther, ii, 363.) 
 
 9X§.-12IJTI1¥NI«VS LUtken. 
 
 Little Tunnies. 
 
 {Thynnua Liitken : Thynnivhthya Oiglioli ; both names preoccnpied.) 
 (Liitkon MSS. in Epist. Feb. 1881 : type Thynnua thmnina C. &. V.) 
 
 This genus differs from Orcynus, according to Ltttken*, " (1) in the 
 absence of teeth on the vomer ; (2) by the complete absence of scales 
 outside of the corselet, while in the Orcyni of the same size the 
 skin is covered with small scales; the limits of the corselet in the 
 Tunny and Albicore are obscure, so that it cannot properly be said 
 that they have distinct corselets; and (3) by an important osteological 
 character, namely the peculiar development, in the form of a net-work or 
 trellis, of a portion of the abdominal part of the backbone, between the 
 vertebrae proper and the htemapophyses. This organization is common 
 to Th. thunnina {alliteratus) and Th. pelamys, and is found modified in 
 
 "Spolia Allaniioa, 1880, 596. 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 
 7W 
 
 
 
 :l 
 
 
 .y 
 
 8 
 
 .tM.' 
 
 
 ,,^Kr: ''V-:if|ttl''^'l 
 
 «--Y'«r 
 
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 Jim:' 
 
 ll ', ■«'■' 
 ' ■■.'-■'■ ' 
 
 'fi:{ ' ■ 
 
 IP' " 
 Ti'S.:.- 
 
 
 f- 
 
 \:i' iiJi' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■, ^ 
 
 r. ' ■!( * ■ 
 
 
 
 
 fflHll 
 
 til ■ 
 
 IHi 
 
 |; 
 
 ''■vr. 
 
 mr 
 
 c^/'^^^ 
 
 430 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 the genus AuxisJ^ Species of smaller size than the Tunnies, mostlv 
 pelagic. {Baird.) (ew, true; Ouvvu<:, tunny.) 
 
 678. E. alliteratns (Raf.) J. & G.— Little Tunny; Albicore. 
 
 BluibU above with wavy, blackish, longitudinal streaks; silvery 
 below. Inferior margin of preoperculum half longer than posterior. 
 Dorsal spines moderate ; pectorals reaching the vertical from the nintii 
 dorsal spine. Head 32 in length ; depth 4',. D. XV-I, 12-VlII; A. I 
 12-^ 'II. Atlantic Ocean ; occasional on our coast. 
 
 {Scomber alliteratns Raf. Caratteri di Alouni'Nnovi Geueri, 1810, 46 : Thynnus aMnin 
 thunnina, and brevirostria Giliitber, ii, 363-;{65.) 
 
 670. E. pelainys I'L.) LUtkon. — Oceanic Bonito. 
 
 Back bluish; on each side of the belly 4 brownish longitudinal bands. 
 Length of posterior margin of the preoperculum 1§ in that of the in- 
 ferior. Pectorjil reaching the vertical from the tenth dorsal spine; dor- 
 sal spines rather feeble. Head 3J ; depth 4 (to fork' of caudal). D. 
 XV-I, 12 + VIII; A. II, 12+711. {OUnther.) Tropical seas; occa- 
 sional on our Atlantic coast. 
 
 {Scomber pelamtj^ L. Syft. Nat.: Thynvtis yclamys GiintUor, ii, 365: Thynnm pehmiji 
 Cuv. ot Val. viii, 113.) 
 
 Family LXXV.— CARANUID^. ^ 
 
 The Plot fishes. • ^ 
 
 Scombroid fishes, with the body more or less compressed and often ele- 
 vated, sometimes naked, or more usually covered with small, thin, cycloid 
 scales. Head compressed, the occipital keel prominent, usually trench- 
 ant. Mouth of varying size, the dentition various, the teeth generally 
 small ; premaxillaries usually protractile ; maxillary with or without a 
 supplemental bone ; preopercle urually entire in the adult, in the very 
 young armed with three or more spines.* Lateral line complete, anteri 
 orly arched, the posteri r part straight, sometimes armed with bony 
 plates. Dorsal fins more or less separnted, the spinous part rather weak, 
 the spines usually depressible in a groove; anal fin loiig, similar to tlie 
 soft <lorsal, alwuys preceded by two stiff spines, usually separate, bnt in 
 the j'oung often more or less connected with the flu or with each other; 
 these sometimes disappear with old age, and sometimes the spinous dor- 
 sal also vanishes; often a procumbent spine before the dorsal iiu; ven- 
 tral f' thoracic, well developed, 1,5; caudal peduncle very slender, the 
 fln w»v,ely forked; jiectoral fins narrow. Gill-openings very wide, the 
 membranes usually not united, free fiom the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit 
 
 * For an account of the trausformntions of various members of this family, see Lilt- 
 keu, Sjiolia Atlaniioa, 1880. 
 
75. CARANGID^— TRACHUJJUS. 431 
 
 behind the last. Gill- rakers usually long. Brancbiostegals commonly 
 I Ail-bladder present, often bifurcate behind. Pseudobranchire lar^^e, 
 present in all our genera, sometimes disappearing with age. (Esopha- 
 gus unarmed. Pyloric coeca generally numerous. Vertebrae fewer than 
 in tlie Scombridcv, about 25 in number. Coloration generally metallic 
 5 ami silvery. Genera 25; species about 130, abounding in warm seas, 
 often n'oviug northward in summer, like the Scombridw. Most of the 
 species are widely distributed, and nearly all are valued as food. 
 (Carangklat pt. GUuther ii, 417-485, exclusive of certain genera.) 
 
 •Lateral line armed with bony keeled platea, at least posteriorly. {Caranginre.) 
 
 ij. Annaturo of lateral lino extending its whole length Tkacuukus, 219. 
 
 (10. Annaturo of lateral line on ita straight posterior portion only. 
 
 ]). Dorsals and anal each with a detached (inlet Decapteru8, 220. 
 
 hb. Dorsal and ani'l without fiulets. 
 
 c. Spinous dorsal developed Caranx, 221. 
 
 cc. Spinous dorsal rudimentary or disax)x>()i>'i'lng with ago ; scales rudim'^ntary. 
 
 BLEPIIAR13, 222. 
 
 "Lateral lino unarmed. 
 
 d. Premaxillaries protractile, 
 e. Anal iin about equal to the soft dorsal, its base longer than the abdomen ; 
 tail not keeled. 
 /. Thoracic region trenchant ; body excessively compressed. 
 
 y. Dorsal outline more convex than the ventral outline ; profile very steep; 
 head very short and high ; preorbital very deep. {Seleninw.) 
 
 Selene, 223. 
 gg. Dorsal outline less convex than ventral ; profile not atecp ; preorbital 
 
 moderate. (Chloroscomhrinos.) CliLOROSCOMnRUS, 224. 
 
 ff. Thoracic region not trenchant; body moderately compressed. {Tra- 
 chynotiiKX.) 
 
 h. Forehead convex . Traciiynotuh, 22.'>. 
 
 ee. Anal fin much shorter than the soft dorsal, its base not longer than the 
 abdomen ; tail keeled. {Svriolinw,) 
 i. Finlets none. 
 
 j. Dorsal spines free, in adult Naucrates, 226. 
 
 jj. Dorsal spuies connected by membrane Seriola, 227. 
 
 it. A two-rayed finlet behind dorsal and anal Elagati8, 228. 
 
 dd. Premaxillaries net protractile ; dorsal and anal with finlets; maxillary 
 very naiTow, without distinct supxilemental bone. {Scombroi- 
 dinw.) ScoMEROiDES, 229. 
 
 iil9.— TKA€HVRVS Raflnesqne. 
 
 SaureJs. 
 
 (Rnfinosqiic, Indiced'Ittiologia Siciliaua 1810, 20 : type Scomber traohuriis L. = Trachtmu 
 saurus Raf. ) 
 
 Bo.\, rather elongate, somewhat compressed, not elevated, tapering 
 to a slender caudal peduncle, which is as broad as deep. Scales iiresent, 
 not very small. Lateral line armed throughout with i)lates, those on the 
 caudal peduncle larger and spinous; an accessory dorsal branch to the 
 lateral line. Snout rather long. Mouth moderate. Minute teeth mostly 
 
 
 wj 1%?'^^! 
 
 m-' 
 
 T7f« 
 
 i. ■ 
 

 tP ■. 
 
 |i>' 
 
 NO: 
 
 pi: 
 
 432 CONTP.IBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOaY— ly 
 
 in single series on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Dorsals two, the first 
 preceded by a procumbent spine. No flulets. Two strong spines before 
 the anal, connected by membrane. Pyloric cceca numerons. In aii 
 warm seas, {rfm-^oopoz, the ancient name of T. sauriut; from rpayu- 
 rough; oupa, tail.) 
 
 6§0. T. symmctricus (Ayres) Giranl. — Horse Maokerl. 
 
 Similar to T. saunis, but slenderer and less compressed. Arch of 
 lateral line longer, as long as straight part, the junction of the two much 
 beyond tip of pectoral ; plates on the anterior part small, crowded, their 
 height less than half eye. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. VIII-I, 31; \, 
 Il-l, 27 ; Lat. 1. 48 + 47. Coast of California, from San Francisco south- 
 ward ; very abundant in summer. 
 
 {Cararx tymmetricua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1855, 62; Girard, Pac. R. R 
 Surv. Fish. 107.) 
 
 981. T. saMrils Rnf.— fforso Mackerel; Ship Jack; Sanrch 
 
 Greenish, sides silvery ; a dusky opercular spot. Body more com- 
 pressed and deeper than in the preceding. Head rather long. Mouth 
 moderate, the maxillary reaching the front of eye. Eye large, equal to 
 snouty 4 in head ; arch of lateral line short, reaching scarcely beyond pec- 
 toral, 1^ in straight part, the plates high, nearly as high anteriorly us 
 posteriorly, their heiglit more than half eye. Head 3^ ; depth 4. 1). 
 VIII-I, 29; A. II-I, 28; Lat. 1. 40 + 37. L. 1 foot. Southern Europe; 
 occasional on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 {Scomber trachurua Liuu. Syst. Nat. i, 17r>B : Caranx trachuriia Lacdpbde, iii, 63 : f Car- 
 aiuromorua phimierianua Lac6p. Hisit. Nat. Poiss. iii, 84 : ISelar japanicua Bleek'sr, Vorh. 
 Bat. Gen. xx, vi, Japan, pi. 8: Trachurua aaurua Rnfincsquo, 1. o. 5iO: Trachurua iravhum 
 GUnthoi, ii, 41U. 
 
 330. DECAPTERIJS Blcuker. 
 
 Mackerel Scads. 
 
 (Bleeket. Natniirk. Tydachr. 18.')5, v, 417: type Caravxktirra Cnv. & Val.) 
 
 Body elongate, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform. Head 
 short, pointed. Mouth rather small ; jaws about equal, the dentitiou 
 feeble. A supplementary maxillary bone. Premaxillaries protractile. 
 Scales moderate, enlarged and spinous along lateral line posteriorly; 
 second dorsal and anal each with a single detached flnlet; free anul 
 spines very strong. Abdomen rallier shorter taan anal fin. Gill-rakers 
 long and slender. Species numerous. (fhx<i?, ten ; nveptiv^ fln ; there being 
 ten fins, counting the spurious flnlets and excluding the free spines.) 
 
 689. D. piinctUtUS (Agasaiz) Gill. — Scad; Bound Robin. 
 
 Bluish above, silvery below; a dark opercular spot. Eye rather 
 small, shorter than snout, about equal to tiio width of cheeks or tho in- 
 
 w- 
 
^i 
 
 7& CARANGID^ — CARANX. 
 
 433 
 
 terorbital space. Maxillary reaching front of eye. Teeth on vomer and 
 jxlatini's, none on tongue; teeth in jaws in single series. Lateral line 
 little arched ; arch of lateral line nearly as long as etraight part. Scutes 
 Duraerous, deep, crowded, about 40. Pectorals short, shorter than 
 Ijead. Breast, cheeks, and top of head sc^ly. Depth 5 in length; 
 mAiff. D.VIIl-I, 30-1; A. 11-1,24-1. L. 12 inches. New York to 
 the West Indies ; not common on our coast. 
 
 I iCaranx punotatua Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bros. 1829, 108 : Caranx punctatua QUnther, 
 il,42(i.) 
 
 I§8. D> macarellUS (Cnv. & Val.) Gill.— Mackerel Scad. 
 
 Silvery, plumbeous below; a small black spot on the opercle. Lat- 
 eral line nearly straight. Head 5; depth 6. D. VIII-1, 33-1; A. II — I, 
 21-1; scutes 25. {OUnther.) Warm parts of the Atlantic, northward 
 to Cape Cod ; scarce on our coast. 
 
 (Caranx maoarelltia Cuv. & Val. ix, 40: Ccranx macarellua GUnther, ii, 426.) 
 
 991.— CARANX Lac^pMe. 
 Crevalles. 
 
 [Caranx, Carangops, Carangus, Paratractus, and Trachurops Gill ; Caranx, Gnathanodon, 
 Selar, Carangoides, Carangichthya, etc. Bleeker.) 
 
 (Commerson ; Lacdpfede Hist. Nat. des Poiss. 1802, iii, 72 : type Scomber apecioaua 
 Forsk&l.) 
 
 Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back sometimes considerably 
 elevated, sometimes little arched. Head moderate or rather large, more 
 or less compressed. Mouth moderate or large, oblique; maxillary with 
 a well developed supplemental bone, excending to below the eye. Pre- 
 maxillaries protractile. Teeth variously developed ; sometimes minute, 
 granular, and deciduous {Garanx)y sometimes with an outer row of 
 stronger teeth (/t?e?ar, etc.) or with small canines (Carangus); villiform 
 teeth often present on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Gill-rakers long. 
 Eye large, with an adipose eyelid. Dorsal spines rather low, connected ; 
 second dorsal long, elevated in front; both fins depressible in a groove. 
 Anal lin similar to second dorsal and nearly as long, preceded by two 
 rather strong spines, its base longer than the abdomen. Caudal fln 
 strongly forked, the peduncle very slender. Ventral fins moderate ; 
 pectorals falcate; no flnlets. Scales present, usually ver^ small. Lat- 
 eral line wifh ite posterior portion armed with strong bony plates, which 
 gi'ow larger on the tail, each plate armed with a spine; a short dorsal 
 branch of lateral line, usually present. Preopercle entire in the adult, 
 serrate in the young, usually with a mombranaceous border. Species 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 28 
 
 
 * I.J 7 * ' 
 
 •I 
 
 
 
 
l! <* 
 
 TT 
 
 lii'. 
 
 43^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIVOLOGY— ly 
 
 very imrnerous in all warm seas, most of tbem valued for food. As her 
 
 underHtood, this genus includes a considerable variety of forms, diflerinrr 
 
 iu the dentition and in the shape of the body. Its nieirbers sccin how 
 
 ever, to form an almost unbroken series from one extreme to another 
 
 {xdpa, head. "A cause de I'espece de prominence que presente leur tite 
 
 de la force de cette parti j, de I'eclat dont ello brille, et d'ailUMirs jKuir 
 
 annoncer la sorte de puissance et do domination quo plusieuris osseux 
 
 de ce genre exercent sur un grand uonibre des poissoDs que frcqucuteut 
 
 les rivages" Lac6pede). 
 
 Our species may be divided aa follows : 
 
 o. Teeth present, Hiiiall, nearly uniform, or the outer somewhat enlarged; no canines 
 (*>/«>• meeker.) 
 
 h. Body fuHifonn, elongate crumcnophthalmui. 
 
 bh. Body ovate or subfuKiform. 
 (!. Dejith oue-third or less than one-third the length to base caudal. 
 
 piHqiwtue; cahallm; cihi. 
 
 cc. Depth more than one-third the length bcaui; fakatm 
 
 aa. Teeth unequal; lower jaw with small canines. {Carangun) faUax; hipput, 
 
 a. Teeth present, small, nearly uniform ; the outer row sometimes enlarged ; no cuuiniH, 
 {Stlar* Bloeker.) 
 ft. Body fusiform, eWgate. (TrachuropB G\]\,) 
 
 684. C. crumenophthalmus (Bloch) hac.—Goggler ; Big-ciivd Send. 
 
 Bluish olive above, silvery below, a faint opercular spot. Body ob- 
 long-elongate, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head elongate, 
 rather pointed, the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary reaching i)ast tlio 
 front of the eye, which is very large, longer than snout, about 3 in head. 
 Eye much deeper than the cheeks and greater than the interorbital 
 width. A single series of small teeth in enijli jaw ; very weak teeth on 
 vomer and palatines ; a patch of teeth on tongue. Shoulder-girdle near 
 isthmus with a fleshy projection, in front of which is a deep (nnss-fur- 
 row; adipose eyelid largely developed. Scales comparatively large. 
 Cheeks and breast scaly. Gill-rakers long, numerous. Lateral line 
 scaixjoly arched, its scutes weak, but little carinated. Dorsal s[)ine3 
 slender ; free anal spines strong ; pectorals falcate, nearly as long as 
 head. An angle at lower posterior part of opercular region as iu Clupca. 
 Head 3^; depth 3^. D. VIH-I, 26; A. II-I, 22; scutes 35. Cape Cod 
 to Madagascar; abundant in tropical seas. 
 
 (Scomber cnDnenophthalmns Blooh, taf. 34:1; Gilnthor, 11, 4*29: Trachuropa crumennh 
 thalmua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 4:11.) 
 
 66. Body ovate or subfusiform. 
 
 0. Depth ouo-thlrd or less the length to base of candal. 
 
 '' ^Bleekor, Notuurk. Tydschr. 1865, ▼, 417. 
 
75. CARANOIDiE — CARANX. 
 
 435 
 
 |g9. C. pisquctus Ciiv. & Val.— Crcm/W. 
 
 Greenish olive, golden yellow below ; a black blotch on opercle. Body 
 
 oblong, moderately elevated, the dorsal and ventral outlines about 
 
 equally anjhed. Profllo forming a uniform curve. Snout rather sharp. 
 
 Mouth slightly oblique, a little below axis of body. Maxillary reaching 
 
 about to middle of orbit. Teeth comparativt.y largo ; a aingle series in 
 
 lower jaw ; ui)per jaw with an inner series of smaller teeth ; no canines j 
 
 tcetU on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye rather small, shorter Iian 
 
 5nout, 3i in head. Gill-rakers long, numerous. Pectoral as long as 
 
 lieatl, barely reaching anal, its broad basal part half its length. Scales 
 
 moderate; cheeks and breast so-ily. Top of head naked, with se-Mes 
 
 of mucous pores. Lateral lino with a weak arch anteriorly, which is 
 
 about half length of straight portion. Lateral scutes numerous, devel- 
 
 o|)e(I • whole straight part of lateral line. Head 3;^; depth 3. D. 
 
 VIII-I, 24 ; \. II-I, 19 ; Lat. 1. 50 (scutes). L. 1 foot. Cape Cod to 
 
 West Indies; the mos^t abundant of the Carangidw on our Atlantic 
 
 coast northward. 
 
 (Ciiv. & Viil. ix, 1)7 : Caranx hippos Holbr. Ichtli. S. C. 1830, 90 : Paratraotun pisque- 
 toGiil, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IdG^, A32: Caranx vhryaoa GUuthur, ii, 445.) 
 
 6§6. C. caballus Qilnthcr. 
 
 Greenish above, silvery below ; a black blotch on the opercle, none 
 elsewhere. Form of 0. pisquctus ; rather elongate, not greatly com- 
 pressed; the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly and nearly equally 
 arched ; a low occipital carina; a prominent supraocular ridge. Scales 
 comparatively large, the scaly sheaths of the vertical tins well developed. 
 Cheeks and upper part of opercles scaled ; breast scaled, jaws naked. 
 Teeth in a narrow band above, those in front somewhat enlarged, those 
 of lower jaw mostly in one series ; feeble teeth on tongue, vomer, and 
 palatines. Mouth rather small, the jaws nearly equal ; maxillary r«;ach- 
 ing front of pupil. Eye large, 3J in head, the adipose eyelid unusually 
 developed. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and slender, 28 below angle. 
 Curve of lateral line low, the straight part beginning under first ray of 
 second dorsal, at a distance rather more than length of head; length of 
 arch 1§ in straight part. Scutes of lateral line strong. Pectoral fins 
 very long, slender, and falcate, their length considerably more than that 
 of the head ; a little less than 3 times in length of body, their tips reach- 
 iug fourth anal ray ; the broad basal part forming little more than one- 
 third the total length of the fin ; ventrals short ; a concealed spin& 
 hcforo dorsal; second dorsal and anal a little elevated in front, the long 
 
 '•jH;S 
 
 " :r'i^'41 
 
 
 V.' 
 
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 430 coNTurnuTioNS to north American icnTiiYOLooY— iv. 
 
 est ray nearly lialf length of head, the last rays of tho fln scarcely risinu 
 above the 8(;aly sheath. Head 4; depth 3J. D. VIII-I, 24; A. II,t 
 Ul; Lat. 1. 41 (developed scutes). San Diego, Oal., to South America 
 (Description from original types of T. boops,) 
 
 ( Tmch'nu hoopg Oiranl, U. 8. Pao. R. H. 8arv. Fish. I8r»9, 108, not, Caranx bnnnK nf 
 C. & V. : Caranx cahallun ailutUer, Trans. Zool. 8oo. Lonrt. 1861), 431 : Caranx gimrd 
 • 8tcindaolinor.) 
 
 6§Y. C. cibi Poey. 
 
 Dusky bluish, golden below, without spots. Body rather elongate not 
 elevated, muzzle pointed. Profile regularly curved. M axillary roacliincr 
 front of eye. Teeth villifotm on jaws, vomer, and palatines. llrciUit 
 and vertical flns scaly. Last spine of dorsal short, strong, freo. V{x- 
 torals as long as depth of body, falcate ; ventrals short. Eye 4i ju 
 head. Head 3Jj depth 3. D. VIII-I, 25; A. II-I, 22. West liulie.s, 
 north to Florida. 
 
 (Poey.Memorios, ii, 224, 1858.) 
 CO, Depth more than ono-third the length. 
 
 68S. C. bcani Jordan. 
 
 Silvery, bluish above; no black spot on opercles or flns; spinous 
 dorsal and sixil dusky. Body ovate, deep and compressed, somewhat 
 elliptical ; the profile anteriorly not elevated, forming an even curvo con- 
 tinuous from tho snout to the base of the dorsal, the snout therefore not 
 blunt. Top of head not much compressed. Premaxillaries on tho level 
 of the lower edge of tho pupil ; maxillary not reaching to opposite tho 
 front of the pupil. Teeth rather small, in a narrow band on eju;l: jaw, 
 without distinct canines; villiform teeth on tongub, /omer, and palatini. 
 Cheek about as deep as the eye, which is rather small, considerably 
 shorter than snout ; adipose eyelid little developed. Gill-rakers loiijj. 
 Breast entirely scaly ; soft parts of the vertical flns densely covered with 
 small scales. Pectoral fln falcate, a little shorter th«in the hond, reach- 
 ing past the front of the anal ; caudal equally forked. Plates of lateral 
 line small. Head 3J^ ; depth 2^. D, VIII-I, 27 ; A. II-I, 23 ; Lat. 1. 28. 
 Beaufort, North Carolina. 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 486.) 
 
 680. C falcatus Holbr. 
 
 Greenish above with blue reflections^ sides and below golden or 
 silvery ; caudal fln yellow, inner edge of upper lobe black ; a black axil- 
 lary spot, opercle faintly blotched. Body oval, much compressed, with 
 the axis nearly midway between the back and belly; profile very con- 
 
75. CARANOIDiE — CARANX. 
 
 437 
 
 Blow golden or 
 
 yfx. Month very small, oblique, tlio maiJllary scarcely reaching the 
 middle of the orbit. Uead sniall, short, about as deep as long. Eye 
 l^rge as long as snout, 3^ in hetul. Gill-rakers shortish, rather strong, 
 <)0 below arch ; anal spines sniall, the second longest; upper lobe of the • 
 caiulul falcate, more than a third longer than the lower. Lateral scutes 
 iiiiraiTOUS, very strong. Teeth rather strong, in one scricH in each jaw ; 
 toi'th on tongue few or none; those on vomer and palatines minute, 
 deciduous ; scales small ; cheeks u'lked, breast scaly; lateral line strongly 
 arched, the arcjh about one-third the straight portion ; scaly sheaths of 
 dorsal and anal very high, extending the whole length of fin. Pectoral 
 falcate longer than head, reaching aim!. Ileiid 4J; depth 2^. D. 
 VII-l, 28; A. II-I, 25 J Lat. 1. (scutes) about 50. West Indies north- 
 ward; not cttmmon. 
 
 (Holbrook, Iclith. R. C. 1860, 94 : Caranx amhlyrhi/n chits Oiintlicr, i\, 441, pt. not 
 ofC. &V.: Caranjopn falcatua Gill, Proo. Acad. N.*t. 8ci. Phila. 1H(W, 431.) 
 
 M.Toetli unequal ; lower Jaw with small caninos. {Carangm * Qrd.) 
 
 690. C. fnllax C. & y. 
 
 Bluish, sides golden or silvery, a very small, black opercular spot. ,. 
 Form of C. hippua, but the profile not so strongly arched. Teeth as in 
 C, hippus. Breast entirely scaly ; anterior part of soft dorsal flu black ; 
 DO spot on the pectorals. Scutes present on whole of straight i)art of 
 liiteral line; arched part of la^eral lino 1| in straight part; an abrupt 
 angle at junction of the two parts. Pectoral shorter than head, max- 
 
 i illary reaching posterior edge of pupil ; cheek and ui>per parts of opercles 
 scaly; scaly sheaths of fins little developed. Head 3f ; depth 2^. D. 
 
 I VIII-I, 22; A. II-I, 10; Lat. 1. 35 (scutes). Warm seas, north to South 
 
 I Carollua ; not common. 
 
 (Cuv. & Viil. ix, 95: Caraux Aiji/jos GUutlier, ii, 449: Caraiix richardi Holbr. Icbih. 
 
 J8.C. 1860, 9(3.) 
 
 !69l. C. hippus (L.) Ollnlhcr.—Ctevalld ; Horse CrevalU. 
 Oiiviiceous above ; sides and belov/ silvery or golden ; a distinct black 
 
 I blotch ou opercle and one on lowor rays of pectorals, the latter some- 
 times wanting ; axil of pectoral dusky ; anterior edge of dorsals black ; 
 
 I upper edge of caudal peduncle dusky. Body oblong, the anterior pro- 
 
 i file very strongly arched. Head large and deep. Mouth large, low, and 
 nearly horizontal below axis of body; lower jaw included; maxillary 
 
 I extending to nearly opposite posterior border of eye. Teeth in upper 
 
 'Girard, U. S. M«x. Bound. Surr. Ichth. 1829, 23; tyx/e Scomber oaran^iwBloch; name 
 I a modification of Caranx, 
 
 hi ' 
 II 
 
 . m 
 
 ■ Mr 
 
 i'l 
 
 
 * > f 
 
 .^ I.; 
 • ' -' M 
 
 ' - 1 
 
 I. . 
 
 , 1 
 
 ft ■ «w 
 
 1-^ 
 
 
 /• -f 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 IE 
 
 
 ::-' Aim 
 
 ■ . *'- TffliEli 
 
 ' ' /HH 
 
 
 
»f* 
 
 r 
 
 
 i1 '' 
 
 438 CONTnillUTIONS to north AMERICAN ICIlTIIYOLOOY^iv 
 Jnw In n hroiul vllliform band; an ontor Rorloa of U^rgo, wide sot 
 
 coni. 
 
 Hillc 
 
 uiul 
 
 cal ti^eth; teeth of lower jaw in one row, a (lintinet (ianine on oicU 
 
 of synipliyHls; villiforin teeth on vomer, pahitineH, ptcMypdds 
 
 tonjjne. LaU^ral lino with a wide arch, its length J^ that of Htmiifht 
 
 part; i»lateH not coverinjjf all of Htraight part. Dorsal Kpincs sliort 
 
 rather stojit; proounibent npine olwolete. (Hill-rakers Htout, not vcrv 
 
 long, 15 below angle. Occipital keel Hharp. Eye not vny larm, 
 
 longer than Hnont, 4 in hejui. Pectoral falcat<ii, longer tliiin licad 
 
 llreast naked, with a sniall i)ateh of scales in front of veninils only 
 
 Candal 1oIh>s e<puil. Head .'4; depth Ji^ ; Lat. 1. (scntes) about 3o 
 
 D. VIII-I, 20; A. ll-l, 17. CajH) Cod to West Indies; connaou soutli. 
 
 ward. 
 
 {S(M}mhn hipiHM \j, Synf,. Nut: Cantniinit /if/>;wwOill, Proo. Acinl. Nat. Sci. Pliilii. ISfi? 
 4:W: Citmnx tleffUHor Holltrook, It-hfli. S. V. IW5(), 87: (.'rtrnru rnn/HiM (Jllutlu«r, Trnm 
 Zo«">I. Soc. liOiKl. IH<)(), 4;W: Scomber r» ran tjii it Illooli, tiif. il4(): iSVom/xr r/in/dim Mitcliill 
 Trans. Lit. and riiil. 800. N. V. i, 'I'Jl: (\trnnniin ckriiHOn Oill, I'rod. Acml. Ntit, Sri 
 Phila. 1H(V2, 4H4: Caranffu« enculontuM GnX. U. 8. M«x. tktuiul. Siirv. Iclith. Z\: Varant 
 car(ingu$ UUuther, ii, 448.) 
 
 999.-BI.EPIIARBS Cuvior. 
 Cobblcrjitthcs. 
 
 (GailiM Lac^pbdc, precHiCupiod: iSc.vn>, Ilynnin and GalUchthyti Cuv. & Val.: likpha- 
 
 richthyH QUI) 
 
 (Cuvior, R^gllc Anini. ii, 1817: typo Xr»g cilinriH Uloidi.) 
 
 BiMly rhoinlM)id, deep, strongly conipressed, more or less ('oiiii)let('Iy 
 covoixmI with niiniite embedded scales, sometimes apparently naked; 
 those ou the straight portion of the lateral lino enlarge<l, bony and 
 spinous, as in Caranx, but less developed. Month moderate, with 
 bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue. First 
 dorsal fin little developed, the spines short and rudimentary, mostly 
 disappeiiring with age; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other; the 
 first five or six rays of each flu elongate and flliform in the young, bo 
 coming shorter with age; ventral fins elongate in young; on flnlets. 
 Caudal peduncle narrow ; the caudal widely forked. Gillrakers mod 
 erate, stout. This genus is not essentially ditferout from Camm. 
 Warm seas. (,5,l£ya/»«»f, cilium.) 
 
 602. B. crinitus (Akorly) Dckay. 
 
 Bluish above, golden yellow below; a dark blotch on operclo; a 
 black spot on orbit above ; a black blotch on dorsal and anal in IVont. 
 Bo<ly oval, much compressed, highest at the elevated bases of dorsal 
 and anal flus. Preorbital very deep. Mouth nearly horizontal in the 
 
 >^ 
 
75. CARANOIDif: — SELENE. 
 
 439 
 
 idiilt, very obllquo In tho youiiff. I'^irHt rayH of dorsal and anal flla- 
 
 n)(>ntou«» cxccM'dinfily lon^j lun'oniin^ Hliortcr with ngv. Lateral lino 
 
 with a wido an-Ji, tho onrvcMl portion abont ecpial to Htrai^ht. Hcaly 
 
 hIkivHi of tins lirtlc dov^^loI^ed. H(int<(H beoonio Htronjjor and blnnttT 
 
 ttjtli a},'0. V(?ntral < broad. Occipital kcol sharp. Pectorals hni}j an<l 
 
 fiilcatc, lonf,'t'r than head. Head .'{^ in leni;th; dopth \\ to 2. D. Vf-l, 
 
 10; A. Il-I» 1'5. Scntes 12. (^ape Cod to Sonth Anieriiia; not very 
 
 iibiindiiMt northwardrf. 
 
 (/AMnn-inilm Akrily, Kwwv. Jour. Sol. xi, 141; Dok. N. Y. Fininn, FIhIi. 123: Caranx 
 M/orGiliillior, ii, AM.) 
 
 9ii;t.-l§l':LGNE Lucdpudu. 
 
 Moon Jlnhea. 
 {ArgyrloniinlAivAy^hiVt'. Vomer CawU'T.) 
 f;,„coj)Nl)', Ili«t. Nttt. I'()iHH, iv, .'ifJO, IHOIl: typo Sclcnc aryentea Lac.) 
 
 Ilody very doHc^ly coniprcsscd and nnich elevated, tho profile very 
 obliqiit^or nearly vertical ; ed;?esof body <;very where trenchant, especially 
 iiiitoriorly. Head short and vtny decq), tlni opcrcle very short, ami the 
 prcorbital extremely deei>; an abrupt anjjfle at the occipital n^gion. 
 Moiitii rather suuill; ))remaxillaries ])rotractile, fitting into a notch 
 l)ctwcca tlie bases of tho maxillaries; nuixillaries broad, each with a 
 siipplcJiiental bone. Tongno narrow, free. Teeth niinnte, on jaws, 
 toii{,Mio, vomer, and ])ah<tines. Gill rakers long and slender. Si)in(;s of 
 tins usually weak, more or less filamentons in the young; free anal 
 spiiiea immovable, sonmtimes obsolete in tho adult. Soft fins falcate 
 ornofc. Nofinlets. Head naked. Scales minute. Lateral line unarmed. 
 Coloration silvery. (te-I'?."?, tho moon.) 
 c, Soft (loiHivl tuul aiml with tho anterior raya nnu-li produced in tho adult. (Sdene.) 
 
 693. S. vomer (L.) Llltkon. — Bfoon-Jinh; Look Down; JTorec-htad. 
 
 Bhiish above, sides and bdow silvery with golden reflection.s ; ante- 
 rior edge «)f soft dorsal black; axil dusky. Diameter of eye, length of 
 operclc, and distance from eye to i)rofile about equal ; eye 2 in maxillary, 
 2J in preorbital ; mandibles very deep, the dentary bones thin, ai)proxi- 
 inate; one or two of tho dorsal spines greatly elongate and filamentous 
 ill the young, short in tho adult ; ventrals variable in length, usually 
 about as long as the eye in tho adult, variously elongate in partly grown 
 specimens. Head 3 in length; long dorsal rays 2; pectoral 2'}; long 
 anal rays 2^; depth 1^. D. VII-I, 22; A. II-I, 20. Warm seas; 
 rather common southward, north to Long Island, and Lower California. 
 
 (Zeus vomer L'na. 8yHt. Nat.: Zeus capillaris Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 
 
 ■<t . ■ -III 
 
 
 h ^ii 
 
 
 pi»3 
 
 
 
M 
 
 i. : 
 
 
 I i 
 
 I, . 
 
 I'! 
 
 440 UONTHlUL'riONS TO NOlMll AMUUICAN ICHTIIYOLOOY— IV. 
 
 Arpfiirh>i»HK f'xti'iflvH* l,iti<UliiHlitii, I'ttM'. Tul. Aftnl, Nikt. Hcl. |M7(l; 'V/r«i'(i)(/cii((yi(ii,|„|,, 
 Aliil <4tf;,vH«>iii(«t<Timi<r(|mrlly gi-owit) itf itiimt mooiit wri(«>tii. MhlttMi, H|Mi|iik Atlnniii. 
 IMHt, n47. in whioli nt«Mii(«li- tli*^ Htn^fN or Hiowtli of MiIn hiiiI oMi«<r N|ii<(>lt'M nnt f|,|| 
 •l<>m>i-iltiMM ■ 
 
 Mil. AU ll«> <)ii'> M>r.v low, nonooriho vwyn pmiliitunt or niikiiiiMitoiin hi llio inlnli, m„ 
 
 601. n. n««ll|»lilill« iMi(><1i.) MI(Uon.-7f.Hw HkA. 
 
 <lix»oniHh iihovo, bt'i.iw h:o|»Ioii or mIIvim-.v. Yoiiiik with ii MmK Itloid, 
 
 (It <M'i|aJn of Nti'iiiglH piii't of lii(<M'itl Un«>. lto«ly oltloti^, ilintuhji', iii^^ 
 
 o)i.«vii(o«l thiin iti (ho othrr MpiM'ioM; prollh^ initoriorly iumiiIv \<Mtiiii| 
 
 hi^hoNi i)hov<> (ho (\V(\ nnout noinowhiit pnitniiliii^, belly ninst hhIkmI 
 
 in thi\v<>iin^: ntoiilh «)hlii)iio; tniixilliiry nMohiiiK: viMiictil iVniii trout (if 
 
 orbit. Vontnil (Ins niinnio; Uorsnl nn<l nnul vt»ry low, j'Mpcrinlly in iii„ 
 
 ft«lnl(, (ho lonp: rivyH ili.Mipponrinij: vory onrly ; pooloriilM I'uloiito, iilxntl mm 
 
 \\n\ir DM hoiul. Iloiiil l\\ in lonKth; <lop(h l||. U. \'III-I,'JI; A. IM, 
 
 17. Tropioul Antoriou, nordi (o t^tipofoU; not vory ooninion oiioiir 
 
 otNists. 
 
 (7fwx it.'M;)(M»M MttrU. Tmnn. T,lt. * I'till. Soc. N. Y. lH|fi, :W4: .(»7/j/M(mt(« «(•(/;,(,. 
 nh iJU<<<t\oi. ii, l,v.» : Vomn' htttwoi V\\\ . A Vul. Is, |HI» : Vomvv hiou>tt( Dokitv . Ni«w Ymk 
 l''n\u\u. ('iHli. Vil i I.lltkiMi, Spoliiv Aditntico, IHMO.rCt: Inmrt fwr^Ki I'oitt", I'me, Acml, 
 Nftt. Soi. rhilii. If^'O, tU': .(fj/i,»>»<i>ii»«« ttftim(j<ti/«WM(t llutotioltlor.) 
 
 It •. 
 
 tt«l.rill.OltOMOITIIIItliSI (ilmrtl. 
 ( ■WtViM);»f«ryr AhiibhI/, jtn'ooonplod.) 
 (Gimnl, r«Mo. Ao.nl. Ntvt. »«'(. riiUi*. IHoH, UVi^t typo Srrioln atmoitolUn V\i\\ &\\\\. 
 
 Boily oblong ovato, olosoly otunpro.ssod, bn( no( olovatod ; (lio iiIkIoiiumi 
 pixMninont «n(oriorly, i(» ourvo boinjr nmoh groiitorthnn (hoourvo of tlio 
 l>rtok. (Voipu( un^l (hornoio ro);ion (itMiohunt. (^uuliil j)o«lun(>KMm 
 iuvn»\v, tho (in \vi«loly forUod. Soalos Nnuill, Nino<»(li. Ijiiloral linoinciicd 
 in (V«>n(, nnarnioil. lload nonrly nakod. Proorbiial low. Moudi mflur 
 sntall, ol>li!ino, lowor jaw soarooly piH)joo(lnj;f ; uppor Jaw jirotriu'tih'; 
 maxillary bix>!id, omarginaio bohiiul, \\\[\\ a largo mipplonion(iil bono, 
 .TaWvS, vonuM*, and ]>a1atiiu\s wi(h I'ooblo tooth, nioHtly in winglo soricii. 
 First dorsal of fooblo spinos, oonnootod by n»on»brano; si'oond dorsjil 
 and anal long and low, vsiniilar, ntuoh longor (han tlu^ shoH nhdonion. 
 No t\nlota. Anal spinOvS strong. Vontrals snaill; i)octor«ls luloato. 
 Gill-rakors long. (xHwfio<:, grocn; «rxo/i(?/»(»c, niaokoitil.) 
 
 • Cuvier. Kogiio Auiu). ii, 1817 : typo I'oma' bi-owni Cuv. ~ ZctM Mtijiinnh Mitchill; 
 (Latin tx>M«r, a plowshanv) 
 
7n. OAnANOtl)^, — TnACtlYNOTlTN. 
 
 441 
 
 1011, (*. chrirMiriiM (l<.) (till. 
 
 iiIhivo; <liii'k o|M>i'«Miliir iiimI itxIlliMy hp<iIm; iiiHidoot' inoiiMi lihu^k. HomI 
 
 r,itli<<i' (liM>prr lliiiii loii^;; opon^lom vtM-y Htimt ; niioiiI Hliott. Miuilli v(*fy 
 
 olilii|ii«; iiiiixilliMy nMUfliiiiK Hiitrrior iiiiir);ln of (\V(t; t^yn VM-y lArKn^ 
 
 loiiK^'f ""1^" '*'i<*ii(9 i^lHMit. .'( ill IhmkI. rtiiidiil pcdiiiirlo loii)xi>r tlnin 
 
 ili^np, iiH illiinM>t«>r )<'HM (tiiiti Mutt of tlit^ <\vo; vciitrtilM vit.v niimiII, llttiiif; 
 
 iiitoii Uioovo ill wliioii Mio VMiit, \h niliiiitcd; prctonilK loii);, r)ilf'tit<', lum- 
 
 Ihiiil llioliMitfni. liciul .'l<{ ill Irii^IJi; iti^pMi 2h. I>. VIM — I, 'JO; A. 
 
 Il^l, LMi. (Hipo <'ii(l to liowoi- Oiilii'oriiiii himI IimIIii; ('oiiiiimmi cm (nir 
 
 HtMitli Atliiiitio (MMint. 
 
 (Sitimlur i<hrjiiiiirini filiiii. Wysf. Ni»l.! ^f^l^rll|l^rrl^r rhrfi^urun (Jlliiflifr, II, IIMi: KrrUilit 
 „i«m»/M'''''H'iiv. .V Viil. lx,«ill: Svrliihu'hhih IIoHikki!;, Ii-IiMi. H. 0, HWl, 711: (Jlilor- 
 o,nmlirnii ciiiiHoHit ^^ti\. IcIiMi. II. H. M«<x. IIoiiimI, Hiirv.ill.) 
 
 •aft.— TIIAIJIVI^OTIIM l.luY.l.^<|0. 
 
 I'onipanofi. 
 
 {lUtlhrnhpmnn llolltroiik : lUtlloiltm iWrwrtX.) 
 (t.n)'<<|ii'«i)(«, Hint.. Nut. Poinn. II, IHOO; \.y\w i'hirUnhn filminm Mlot^li.) 
 
 ilod.v <M)iiipn*HNi><l, iiioil<>ni.i(>l,Y (di^viittMl, tlin Kcnrnil (Mitiinc ovale. 
 ('luiiliil prdiiiM'in Mliort, uiid nitlirr Hlfuidcr. AImIoiik'Ii not. trciiciKUit, 
 Nlioiicr lliiiii tli() iiiiiil fill, liciid iiiodtfriit<^l,v (u>iiiprcHH«'d, M'vy tdiiiit, tint 
 Hiioiil idii'iiptly ti'iiiMMito. Moiitli iM'iii'ly liori/oittui, tJM) itiiixillii.iy iciMdi- 
 iiii; tlin tniddli^ of tlio (\vo; piriiiiixllliuicH protriM'tilr; iiiiuiilnry wiMi- 
 oitl «liMliiirt> Hiippl(MiM>iit)il lioiu^ .liiwH, votiirr, iitid piiliMJiicH wiMi l»widH 
 III' villirurtii t<M^tli, tv'liicli \u'{\ dcc.ldiioiiH willi h;;o. Vii'U]H\vvh'> ciitln; in 
 lli(> iidiilt. (iill rnJioiH HJiort. Oill-iiiotiiiiniiM-s coiiHidcnildy iiiiltc.4i. 
 HpiuoiiN doiHiil n-prcHontcd l»y Mix lutlHT low HpiiicH, wlilrJi an» vAtu- 
 wvW\\ by iiKMiilnaiKi in ilit) yoiiii^ and urct iVoo In Mic. adult. In old 
 H|M>('iiii(iiiH IIm^ HpincH appear Htnati on mtc.oiiiit of cticroacdnncntH of \hv. 
 tloNii, and iillOnatoiy ofdMi dlHiippcar. Hocond doi-Hal lon^;, ch-vattMl In 
 fitiiit; niial oppoNitt^ (o it, and Hindlar in form und hI/.c; two Htont, n(;arly 
 freoNpiiH'H in front of anal, and one (;onn<>(;t4!d witii ttic fin, tliene often diH- 
 upiHMirin^witli ii(;e. HcalcH Htiiall, hiiiooMi. Lateral line unarmed, litMn 
 arched; no (raiidal keel. *'Wlieti extremely yoiin^ tlie- pr(^oi»ereiilum Ih 
 urmt'd at the aii^cle with three large HpineH, an<l Hinsiller ones alM>ve ami 
 below. The NpinoiiH dorHal Ih clevelojied hh a perfect fin, and teeth are prcH- 
 entoii tliejawH and palatine arch. In thin Htagc the HpecieH has never 
 l)c«n (Iea(!rlbod by previouHnaturaliHtH, ami <;onHefpiently ban received no 
 name, us tho correspouding stage of Naucratea {Nauclerm) haH. At an 
 
 
 a,' 
 , .'4*Mil 
 
 
 4 
 
 V ■ 
 
 ■i • 
 
 f • '■ ek 
 
 a * 
 
 
 t . 
 
442 C0XTRIBUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 early period the preopcrcular r.pines are absorbed into the substance of 
 the preoperculum and disappear. The spinous dorsal and tljo teeth are 
 still retained. In this condition it remains for some time, M,e spinous 
 dorsal, however, gradually losing its relative size, while the soft vortical 
 fins increase. In this stage the species belongs to the genus DoUodon 
 of Girard. At a later period the membrane connecting the dorsiil spines 
 has become obsolete, and the species then represents the genus Trachi- 
 notu8j as understood by Cuvier and Valenciennes, and others. Finally 
 in old age, the teeth of the jaws, palate, and pharyngeal bones have fallen 
 out, and the lobes of the dorsal, anal, and caudal iins attairtod their 
 greatest extension and become pointed. This final stage l:as been made 
 known by Holbrook under the new generic name of Bothrolicmm^ (Gill 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 440). The pseadobrauchiie also dis- 
 appear in old specimens. The species of Tmchyiotuis are among those 
 most highly valued as food-fishes, {rpox'j^, rough; vcotu-, back.) 
 
 a. Body witliont dark bands. 
 
 b. Vertical fins without black. 
 
 69«S. T. carolinus (L.) Gill.— Common Pompano. 
 
 Uniform bluish above, sides silvery, golden in the adult, without 
 baitds ; fins plain silvery or dusky. Body oblong ovate, elevated, pro 
 file forming a gentle curve from the middhi of the back to the snout, 
 where it descends abruptly. Dorsal and anal falcate, their lobes reach- 
 ing when depressed nearly to the middle of the lin ; pectoral reaching to 
 opposite the vent. Gill-rakers short, slender in the young, becoming 
 thick in the adult. Head 4; depth 2^. D. VI-I, 25; A. II— I, 23. L. 
 13 inches. West Indies, north to Cape Cod ; the most valued food-fish 
 of our southern waters. 
 
 {Gaatcrosteua carolinm Linn. Syst. Nat.: Trachynotua pampanua GUnther, ii, 484; 
 Bothrolcemua pampanua Holbrook, Ichtb. S. C. 18G0, 81.) 
 
 ih. Vertical fins largely black. 
 
 «97. T. ©vatus (L.) Gthr. 
 
 Bluish, sides silvery; lobes of the dorsal and anal more or less black. 
 Body comparatively deep. Head about 4. Depth 1% to 2. D. VI-I, 
 19 ; A. II — I, 18. In all warm seas ; north to Virginia on our Atlantic 
 coast. 
 
 {Gaateroateus ovatwe L. Syst. Nat.; Gilatber, ii, 481.) 
 
 69S. T. Koreensis C. «& V. 
 
 Dorsal, anal, and caudal lobes black. Snout obliquely truncated; 
 maxillary reaching to below the centre of the eye; anterior rays of dor- 
 
^^5?^ 
 
 75. CABANGIDiE — NAUCRATE8. 
 
 443 
 
 gal and mal extending beyond the middle of the fins when depressed. 
 Heatl 4J in total length; depth, 2^; caudal lobes 4. D. VI— 1,20; A. 
 II-I 17. Florida to Africa. {G'unther.) Not evidently difl'erent from 
 the preceding. 
 (Cuv. &. Val. viii, 419; GUntlier, ii, 483.) 
 
 aa. L" ily with vertical dark bands. 
 
 e09. T. Klaucus Cuv. & Val. 
 
 Bluish, sides golden, with four narrow blackish vertical bands, the 
 first under the first dorsal spine, the second under the fifth, the others 
 under the soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins falcate, much elevated ante- 
 riorly, reaching beyond base of caudal ; caudal lobes elongate. Head 
 3|; depth 2. D. Vl-1, 19; A. II-I, 18. Pyloric cceca 13. Tropical 
 sejis, north to Virginia and Lower California. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. viii, 400; Giliither, ii, 4S:J; Ilolbrook, Ichth. S". C. 192.) 
 
 I '•; 
 
 ;.# 
 
 
 '•■' -V '■ 
 
 936.— NAIJCRA.TES Raiiuesque. 
 
 Pilot-fishes. 
 
 (^ouoZerusCuvier; youug.) 
 
 (Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alciini Nnovi Genori, &c., 1810, 44: typo NaucraUa conductor 
 
 Raf. = Gastcroateus doctor L. ) 
 
 This genus differs from Seriola only in the reduction of the spinous 
 dorsal to a few (4 or 5) low, unconnected spines. The young {Ifauclerus 
 Cuv.) have the spines of the dorsals connected by membrane, and a more 
 or less distinct strong spine at the angle of the operculum. A single 
 species, in the open seas, (vawz.oarij?, ruler of the ships, i. e. holding ships 
 fast — a name apjplied by the ancients to Echeneis and other fishes.) 
 
 700. N. ductor (Linn.) Raf.— P;?o<-/8/i; Romero. 
 
 Bluish, with five to seven dark vertical bars. Body rather elongate, 
 
 little compressed. Snout rather blunt. Mouth terminal, oblique, small ; 
 
 maxillary scarcely reaching orbit. Caudal keel large, fleshy; pectorals 
 
 short and broad; ventrals rather large. Head 4 in length; depth 4. 
 
 D. IV — I, 26 ; A. II — I, IG. In all warm seas ; occasional on our Atlaiitic 
 
 coast. 
 
 {Gaateroateua ductor Linn. Syst. Nat. : Naucratea noveboracenaia Cuv. & Val. viii, 325; 
 Gttutlier, ii, 374.) 
 
 
;■ hi 
 
 4-i'l CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTIIYOLOGY^iy. 
 
 .' K 
 
 
 '■•r^' 
 
 ■• ■■•y 
 
 ill-' « i 
 
 SSY.-SGRIOLA Cnvicr. 
 
 Amber-JinhM. 
 {UaUUractiu Gill.) 
 (CavicT, Ri^gno Anim. cd. 9, ii, 18iK): typo Coraiw dHHMWN Risso.) 
 
 Bodj' oblong, modemtely coini)ro88iHi, not olovttttHl. Occiput and breast 
 not trenchant. Hwul usually nioro or loss conical, not very blunu 
 Mouth eoniparativoly largo, with bri>ad bands of villiform tooth on both 
 jaws, tongue, vomer, and palatinos; a briNul, 8tn>ng, suppleiuontal niaxil. 
 illary Iwne; premaxillarioa protnurtile. Scales sunill. Lateral lino 
 8e4UX!el,v arcluHl, forming a kot^l on the caudal i>edunole, not arnioil with 
 lH)ny ])lates. Sides of head with seniles. First dorsal with about sovou 
 low sp OS, counecteil by membrane ; second dorsiU very long, olovattnl 
 in fi*ont ; anal similar to the soft dorsal but not nearly so long, shorter 
 than the alHlomen, juxhumUhI by two very suuill fhni spines, which dis- 
 appear in old ilshes; no llnlols; ventral ttns voi-y long; pectonds vshort 
 and broad. Gill-mkors nuHlemte. Species of moderate or larjje sizo, 
 often gracefully coloivd; most of them valued as f(HHl-tlshos. This 
 genus should pi-obably ha united to yancrates. (Nmo/rt, the Itnliaii 
 name of ^\ dumei^!!L) 
 
 TOI. S. Inlnndl Cuv & Ynl—Yvnow-ML 
 
 Bright steel-blue above, sides dull silvery, an irivgular yellowish 
 lateral band; llns ilusUy yellowish green; ciimlal dull yellow. HoiJy 
 ivgularly fusiform, st)mo\vliat compivssod, tapering to the sharp snout 
 and siender wiudal pod.mcle. Maxillary ivach ing fmnt of pupil. Month 
 not very large. ill rakers long and strong. Head naked, except on 
 the cheeks. Fins scaleloss. Caudal keel moderate ; caudal Uduvs noarly 
 eqiml. Spines of ntoderate development, the five anal spines disappear 
 ing with ago. Pectorals shorter than vcntrals, vliich aixi half lenjilh of 
 head; longest dorsal ray I ho'ght of body. Pyloric cummi very nniuor 
 ous. ne;;d 4; depth 4. I). V to Vll-1, .W; A. 11-1,21. L. .Meet. In 
 most warin sea^; abundant in summer about the Santa liarbani Islituds 
 
 s; 
 
 also (K'casional on the South Atlantic coast. An excellent footl-llsh. 
 
 (Guv. &Vul. ix, yiW, IKW; GHnthcr, ii, 4(Ul: Snioln mirmUtata Srhlogo!, I'nun, 
 Japan. PoiiM. 115, pi. (ii>) 
 
 TO)l. 8. rlvoliltnit On\ . •!&. Vnl.— /fixjl- Salmon. 
 
 (3olor ur.iform ; an oblique black band l\'om the nape tlimugh the oyc 
 to the pivorbital. Snout conicjil, 1 J times the diameter of t he eye. Max- 
 illary not rcaching the vertical from coutro of pupil. Back, nock, and 
 
i ■;; 
 
 75. CARANGID-E — SERIOLA 
 
 445 
 
 ftlHiomon alijjlitly pompi"csar<\. Voutmls rtMc!uii{j vont; soft dorsal 
 f;il('j»to. its luM{?Vir in lonfjjth. Scalos small. IVpth .'V|; IuvkI 4. 1>. 
 VII, I. '29', A. II, I, HI ; Lrtt. 1. rtbout 131. {Oiinther.) i'ojust of Hraztl 
 
 to Florida. 
 
 ■ Chv. iS: V^ivl. ix. 207 : Si^riohi h'niaricHit;!' f^iMht^r, ii, 4'M: Striola f»<)M«ir»>ii.'»i/f Om>«lo iV 
 H,<»u. rnu\ U. 8. Naf. Mus. ii. 187l>. Vii): f Seriolahow" Ciiv. & Vul. ix, iiOl*; Liltlvini, 
 Siwli* Alliu>ti*'«» 188(), WM: Utriula jalcaUit CJiluthor, ii, 41)4.) 
 
 }0S. §. stcnrnsil Ooodo «.<& Honn. 
 
 Color bluish aUovo, whitish boiieath, a band of uTiHMiish ytilow jis 
 \vid«^ n*' tho oyo extondinfj fmin tho proopori'lo to tho oxtriMuity of Mu> 
 tail; tins {fix^ouish; tnuos of bands on tho «>i)on*lo. Hotly subfnsiforni, 
 highest at orijjin of socond tlorsal, thcnci" taporinjj ovt'nly to snt)ut and 
 tail. Caudal ihmIuiu'Io soiaowhat dopwssod, with lateral oarinai and 
 stwnj?^''''"'*^'^'*''^** {{roovos above and below; nnixillary iTaehinj; vertie^il 
 (torn middle of orbit* Teeth viUiforin in jaws, on vonuvi, palatines, aiul 
 inouo nietlian awd two lateral series o»i ionjjfuiv Scales small on tho 
 oheeks, none on lin»b of preo»'i»veie or the rtMuainder of the hea«l. Head 
 ;{iinlenjjth; depth 4j{. Eye (5^ in head. D. VII-I, 31$; A. II-I, 10. 
 [Cnmie i('- licnn.) Gulf of Mexii^o, north to Pensaeohu 
 
 (l^HHlo A Hoivn. V. S. Nut. Mus, 1871). ■1>^ ) 
 
 TOI. S. T.onnta (.Mitoh.) 0. A: V.—liuddcr Finh. 
 
 llliiish above, white below; sides with about lm>ad blaek bars, 
 
 Ihc fonninj; thive larjje blotches on the dorsal an<l two on tho anal; 
 
 thi> bars jjrowiu}; faint or disappearinjj with ajje; an oblique dark 
 
 band fix>m the spinous dorsal tt) the eye, the space above this olivaceous; 
 
 spinous dorsal black; ventrals niostly black. Head lonjjer than dwp; 
 
 pixUUc desccudiu}' in a gentle curve; top of head to base of dorsal fbi 
 
 wmpix'ssed. Mouth iu\i:'ly horizontal ; nuixillary irachinj; to beU>\v tho 
 
 miihlle of orbit. IVctorals small, wumled, as lonjr as the eye and snout ; 
 
 v»>ntmla two-Miiixls length of hea«l. Vent beliind middle of body. 
 
 Head 3i in length ; depth, 3^. l\ VIl-I, 38 ; A. ll-I, L*!. L, 30 inchea. 
 
 Oai>oOo«l to Florida; rather coinnum. 
 
 (Stomyr sotctlun Mitch. Trinm. I.lt. niid Phil. Soo. N. Y. lHir», 427; Gllntlior, ii, 4(V>: 
 Aiio/n <vn)/»»»fM«iV lloll). lohth. 8. V. lHtU),7ii; l\x»m8«>ntl» Camlinn, wants tho vorticnl 
 li;m(l«, lint is not othi<rwi:<o ohvtously tlitV(<n<nt ; lliis iii duubtlvsa duo to iucrunturd 
 .ij!:<\ «« HoU>i\wk*H typo WIV8 ovor two foot in h-ngth.) 
 
 »J«. §. ftesclntn (Hlooh) Cr.v. A Vttl. 
 
 l^rtHMiish alM>ve, yellow below ; body with sixteen narn>w and somtv 
 wimt irregular brriwn cmasbands, arranged in pairs; those between 
 
 * Hotly doopor, oyo Inrjjfcr, spvnos stoiUor, and oandul hnmdor than in S. dnmfrili. 
 D. VII-I, ai; A. II-I, SiO. Sllvwy wLu » brown tou»iH>rftl band. South Carolina. 
 lOw. ^ Val.) 
 
 
 
 
 f -I 
 
 
 ■ vN. 
 
 h 
 
 '■if'' '1 
 
 
 
 S 4 fi ' 
 
 «« 
 
 ' ' **' 
 
 * Mgfcfc^ 
 
 ■* r "l 
 
 "^^^^^^^^1 
 
 ^^p 
 
 ^HH 
 
 I'Ni- 
 
 '''HUbiM 
 
 .>^mm 
 
 
,fli 
 
 yM-i ^ 1:. - . 
 
 446 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 the soft dorsal and anal extend on those fins, forming fire blotches on 
 
 the former and three on the latter; a blackish band between the eyes- 
 
 ventrala black. Head short, deeper than long ; profile convex. Dorsal 
 
 and anal fins not elevated. D. VII-I, 30 j A. II, 20. {Cuv. & Val] 
 
 Coast of South Carolina. 
 
 (Scomber faaciatua Bloch. Iclith. taf. 341; Gliiithor, ii, 4t)4; Cuv. «& Val. ix 21t- 
 Zonichthi/s" faaviatus Swuiuson, Class. Fish. 1839, 248.) 
 
 3a§.— EliAUATIS Bennett. 
 
 Yellow Taih. 
 
 (Seriolichtinja Bleeker: Decapiua Poey. ) 
 
 (Bennett, Narrative of a -whaling voyage, ii, 283, 1840 : type Seriola bipinnulata, Qnoy 
 & Gaimard.) 
 
 Second dorsal and anal long, each with one detached finlet composed 
 
 of two rays. Otherwise as in Seriola.. {ijXaxdrrj, a spindle.) 
 
 V06. E. pinnulatns Pucy. 
 
 Bluish, with two longitudinal bluish bauds, yellowish below. Body 
 fusiform, very elongate. Cheeks scaly. Maxillary reaching a little be- 
 yond nostrils. Eyes 7 J in head. Caudiil keel feeble ; caudal lobej' i ^ 
 long. Pectorals pointed, halfas long as head. Fins not scaly. Two rajs 
 connected by membrane in each finlet. Head43; depth 5J. D. VI-I, 
 26-11; A. ir-I, 17-11. L. 2 J feet. {Poey.) West Indies, north to 
 Florida: rare. 
 (<SerJo?a2)t»m«/«<a Poey, Momorias, ii, 233, 1858.) 
 
 '3a».— SCOmBIBOIDES Lacdpi^de. 
 
 Leather-jacJcets. 
 
 (Lacdpfcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 52,1802: type Scomberoidcs noeli Lac.) 
 Body compressed, oblong or lanceolate. Caudal peduncle slender, 
 not keeled. Head short, compressed, acute. Occipital keel sharp. 
 Mouth rather large, with small sharp teeth in bands on jaws, tongue, 
 vomer, and palatines, and sometimes on the pterygoids. Jaws about 
 equal, the upper not protractile ; maxillary very narrow, without dis- 
 tinct supplemental bone. Gill-rakers rather long. Scales small in our 
 species, linear, and extremely narrow, embedded in the skin at diO'ereut 
 angles. Lateralline unarmed. Dorsal spines rather strong, 3 to 7 in 
 number, nearly free in the adult; second doisal very long, its posterior 
 rays penciliated and nearly or quite disconnected, forming fiulets; uual 
 
 * The genus ZonichthyH Swainson, 1. c, based on tliis species is cbaraoteriKed by the 
 deep hood, its depth at the ooc>put being greater than its length. {Zovoi, z,ouo; i]fiv(, 
 fish.) 
 
7G. POMATOMIDJE. 
 
 447 
 
 rather longer than soft dorsal, much longer than the abdomen, its last 
 j^ys forming similar finlets ; anal spines strong j ventral fins depres- 
 sible in a groove; pectoral fins very short. Species numerous in the 
 tropical seas. The American species belong to the subgenus or genus 
 OligopU'GS, characterized by the toothless pterygoids and the peculiar 
 gcales. The dorsal spines are seven in Scombroiclcs proper {Chonnemua 
 Cuvier),,the pterygoids are armed with teeth, and in most of the species 
 the scales are normally developed. {^xt)/i,3po^j mackerel; e{(5«?, like.) 
 
 a. No pterygoid teotli; scales linear, embedded (OUgopUtea* Gill.) 
 
 TOT. S. OCCldcntalls (Liun.) J. & Q.— Leather-jacket, 
 
 Blnish above, bright silvery below; fins yellow. Body lanceolate, 
 glendar. Eye as long as snout, about 4 in head; opercles short. 
 Maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit. Scales very long and 
 oarrow, embedded in the skin, placed obliquely at angles with each 
 other, their appearance unlikeordinary scales. Fins low; pectoral as 
 long as eye and snout; caudal very deeply forked, the lobes equal. 
 Head 5 in length; denth 4. D. V, 1,20; A. 11— I, 20. Both coasts of 
 Central America, and West Indies, north to New York and Lower Cali- 
 fornia; not rare southward. 
 
 [Gaatci'oatem occidenfalis Linn. Syst. Nat.: Chorinemna occiilen talis GUuther, ii, 47.5; 
 OligopUles oooifkntalis GU\, Troc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Philj«. 186J, lOG.) 
 
 Family LXXVI.— POMATOMID^. 
 
 {The Blue-fishes.) 
 
 Body oblong, comj^ressed, covered with rather small scales, which 
 are weakly ctenoid. Caudal peduncle rather stout. H(^ad large, com- 
 pressed Mouth large, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary 
 DC '■! ,Hng under 'he preorbital, provided with a large supplemental 
 '")i, ' ver jaw projecting; bands of villiform teeth on vc/nor and pal- 
 atines, i ' '0 on the vomer forming a triangular patch; jaws each with a 
 Ringle series of very strong, compressed, unequal teeth, widely set; upper 
 )aw .vith an inner series of small depressed teeth ; villiform teeth on the 
 base of the tongue. Occipital keel strong ; free edge of preopercle pro- 
 duced and serrated. Gill -membranes free from the isthmus, not united. 
 Brancbiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchise 
 Irgo. Gill-rakers slender, rather few. Opercle ending in a flat point. 
 llik.)ks and opercles scaly. Lateral line present, unarmed. Dorsal 
 
 *Gill Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 166: type Oaaterosleua occidentalU L. 
 (o,li/os, few ; oaXirtfi, attaed.) 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 ^i3^^^ 
 
 fyy^^M^'-' 
 
 km 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
'. " - ,1- 
 i* - ■ 
 
 1.-.: 
 
 448 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHTOLOGY— -ly. 
 
 fins 2, the anterior of about 8 weak, low spines, connected by mfimbrano 
 and deprossiblo in a groove ; second dorsal long, similar to the eloncate 
 anal, both fins being densely scaly ; fln-rays slender. Two very small 
 free, anal spines, sometimes hidden in the skin. Ventrals thonunc I 5 
 Pectorals rather short. Caudal flu forked, the lobes broad. Aii-biad. 
 dor simple, with thin walls. Pyloric ccoca very numerous. Yort^bne 
 104-14, as in Carangidcc. A single species, found in nearly j^ll warm 
 seas. This family is closely related to the CarangidtBj from which groan 
 it is an oflshoot toward the Percoids. 
 
 {CarangidtB, gouus Timnodon Qiinthor, ii, 479-480.) 
 
 980.— POItlATOMirS Lac6pesde. 
 
 Blue-fish, 
 
 (^Temnodon Cuvior.) 
 
 (LacdpMp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 430, 1802: typo Pomatomm akih l-tao. :=Ga»terostnu sal 
 tutrix h.) 
 
 Characters of t u« genus included above, {izw/ia, operculum ; To/ui? 
 cutting; from the serrated preopercle.) 
 
 1'0§. P. snitator (L.) Gill.— />/wc-^«ft; Qnen-jUh; Skip-jack. 
 
 Bluish or givenish, silvery below; a black blotch at base of pectoral. 
 Body r«>bust, moderately Compressed ; belly compressed to a bluntish 
 edge. Head deep ; top of hejul and a ridge on each side above tbo 
 cheeks naked. Cheeks much longer than the opercles. Pectorals placed 
 rather low, their length a little more than half that of the head. Head 
 3J; depth 4. D. VIII-I, 25; A. 11-1,20; Lat. 1.95. L. 3 feet. Atlantic 
 and Indian Oceans; of late years very abundant on our Atlantic coast; 
 a large, voracious flsh, extremely destructive toother fishes; valued for 
 food. 
 
 {Perca mltatnx L. Syst. Nat. xi, 17()0, i, 293: Gasteroaleua saltaMx L. Syst. Nat. xii, 
 1766: TcmvodoH mllator Cuv. & Val. ix, £25: Tcmnodon naltaior Storer, Hist. Fish. 
 Iilu88. 300: Tcmnodon saUator Gilnthor, ii, 479.) 
 
 Family LXXVI (&).— NOMEID^. 
 
 ( The Nomeids.) 
 
 Scombroid fishes with the body oblong, more or less compressed, 
 covered with cycloid scales of moderate size. Vertebra) more thaa 
 10 -f 14, as in Scombndcc and Stromatcidac. Mouth large or small, 
 usually with minute teeth; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary narrow. 
 Gill- membranes separate, free from the isthmus; pseudobranchioe large. 
 No tooth-like processes in the oesophagus. Preopercle entire, or crenu- 
 
77. 8tromateid;e. 
 
 449 
 
 lute. Lateral line unarmed. Ventrals thoracic, l, 5, sotnotinjoa depress- 
 ible in a deep groove in the abdomen. Dorsal fins separate ; the spines 
 usually feeble, connected by membrane. Soft dorsal lon;^, sometimes 
 flith linlets; anal tin similar to soft dorsal, without free s])ines; caudal 
 pBilutide shuuVer, the flu widely forked. Pyloric cieca numerous, (rcn- 
 era 5 > species about 10. Fishes of the tropical seas. 
 (Scomhridw, jjroup Nomeina Oilnthor, ii, 387-;K)2.) 
 
 i, Cluft <>f mouth narrow; veutrnlH roccivoil in a «loop ^jroovo in tlio abdomnn. 
 
 NOMKUS, 231. 
 aSl.-NOItlEUS Cuvicr. 
 
 (Ciivior, R^jJ;no Aniin. 1817; typo Gohiuit gro!>ovU (iinolin.) 
 
 Body oblouff, rather comiirossed, covered with rather small cycloid 
 scales. JTead Hattish above; occipital crest little developed; cleft of 
 the mouth narrow. Teeth small, in a single series in the jaws; teeth 
 on the vomer and palatines. Pseudobranchia) large. First dorsal with 
 10 or 1 1 spines ; second dorsal and anal very long, similar to each other, 
 ffjtliout (inlets ; anal flu with 3 rather strong spines, none of them free ; 
 caudal lin not deeply forked ; ventral lins long and broad, attached to 
 the belly by a membrane, depressible in a deep furrow in the abdomen. 
 Lateral line running high. Air-bladder present. Pyloric c<Bca very 
 numerous. Vertebrro 10 + 25. Warm seas, {vo/xshi;, pastor; early 
 travellers having compiled the fish to a mullet, herder or berger in 
 Dutch.) 
 r09. I¥. SfronovH (Gmel.) Gthr. 
 
 Brownish above, silvery below, the sides below with large round 
 
 brown spots; ventrals black, with silvery edgings; anal with 3 brown 
 
 spots. Maxillary reaching to below the front of the eye; vimtrals 
 
 reaching front of anal, pectorals still further. D. X-I, 20; A. Ill, 
 
 26. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans; north to 
 
 Florida. 
 
 {CoUm gronovli Gmelin, Syet. Nat. 1788, 1205: Nomcus mauritU Cnv. &, Val. ix, 243: 
 Glinther, ii, 387.) 
 
 Family LXXVIL— STROMATEIDiE. 
 
 {The Broad Shintirs.) 
 
 Scombroid fishes, with the body compressed and more or less ele- 
 vated, covered with small or minute cycloid scales. Profile anteriorly 
 blunt and rounded. Mouth small. Premaxillaries protractile or not. 
 Dentition feeble ; no teeth on vomer or i)alatine8 j (esophagus armed 
 Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 10 29 
 
 »• M^^i 
 
 
 'fm 
 
 1 
 
 
 lil 
 
 It. 
 
 f 
 
 » 
 
 ?^ 
 
 
 
 

 4 
 
 
 t.^ 
 
 1 
 
 5 .| 
 
 ' ; 
 
 8-1 t , t 
 
 450 coNTiiimrnoNs to north American ichtiiyolooy — ^iv. 
 
 with miiiuMous lioniy, biirbod or hooked tootli. dills 4, a slit Itchind 
 
 tho Ibiirtli. (iill-iiiciubnincs oiilicr IVoo or more or less JoiiH-d i„ tli« 
 
 istUums. (lill-r.ikcrs rather Ion;;. I'soudobranchiie presont. (!h(>(\lis 
 
 8oaly. PrcoporcUuMitlro or sorrato. Lateral lino well developed, d,,,. 
 
 sal (In single, lon^, with the spines few or weak, often obsolete ; anal fin 
 
 lon;jf, similar to the soft dorsal, nsiially with three snniU spines, whinii 
 
 are often depressiblo in a fold of skin; ventrals thoracic or in;,MiI;u 
 
 normally 1, 5, bnt sometimes reduced or aUo;;ether wantin;;; caudallin 
 
 lunate or forked. Usually no air-bladdiT. Pyloric cceca coiniiioidv mi. 
 
 niero.ts Vertebrannore than 10 -fit. (leiuira about 5; species 25-;{o. 
 
 Sujall IIsIh's, f«)und in most warm seas. The two std)fami!ies, bolli rcpro 
 
 sonted in our waters, diil'iM* wi<lely from each other in general iippcar- 
 
 ance, but ajxree iti the singular character of teeth in the (esophagus. 
 
 {S<n)mhruliv and Carangidw, pt. Oiluthcr, ii, ;U)7-4lM, 48.'). Oonoru Siromakua, Ccntro- 
 h>pbu8, and I'ammclns.) 
 
 •Vi'iitral <lus iiiiimto or alwonfc; opercular bonos ontiro; sralos luiimto; caudid fm 
 forki'd; ])roiiia\illarios nof. protracfcilo. (Stroinntcimr.) 
 a. Caudal peduuclu uut koulud; gill-tuuiubraucH i'ruo from tho iHtluiiiiH. 
 
 Stuomatkhs, 23'J. 
 
 •' Vontral tins woll dovolopod; V.I, 5; soalos innilorato ; pnmiaxillnricH protnvdilo; 
 
 caiidal lunato. {l'vn(roloi>hiniv.) 
 
 b. Dorsal wpiiuvs »h(»rfc and Htout; preopordo, intoroperdo, and Hubopcircln fluolv 
 
 w'rrato Lnais, m 
 
 aS4.-SirilOITIAVCVS Linna^nH. 
 
 irarrcst Fkhcs. 
 {PcprihiH and lihombun Cnvior: PoronotuH (lill.) 
 <Artcdi; Linnanis, Sysfc. Nat. : typti StroinaUms Jlatola L.) 
 
 Body ovate or suborbicular, strongly compressed, tapering into ii 
 slender caudal peduncle, whicli is not keeled or shielded. Head short, 
 compressed, the protile obtuse. Mouth suuill, terminal, the jaws sub 
 equal. Prenuixillaries not i)rotractile. Jaws each with a single series 
 of weak teeth. Scales very small, cycloid, silvery, looselv inserted, 
 extending on the vertical fins. Opercular bones entire, (lillineni 
 branes separate, free from the Isthmus; gillrakers moderate. Lateral 
 line continuous, concurrent with the back. Dorsal llu long, nioro or 
 less olevat* d in front, i)receded by a few indistinct spines— usually one 
 or more ]> ocumbent spines in front of dorsal and anal, each of these 
 with a free point both anteriorly mid posteriorly; anal fin similar to 
 dorsal, or shorter, usually with three small spines; ventral fins wanting 
 in the adult, a rudiment sometimes visible in the young; a single small, 
 
77. STROMATEID^. — STROMATEUS. 
 
 ArA 
 
 sliiirp spine, nttmihed to tho pnbic boiK^, often oc<!Up.vinff tho pincc of 
 ilio veiitmlH; pectomlH loii^ an<l narrow. <)au<liil \vi(]<>l,v forked. H])c- 
 (iPH iiiuncrouH. {rrrpw/iarto^, an anciunt natrio of Home brijfhtly (colored 
 lisli ill the Ited Sea; from nrfxh/in, a bedqnilt.) 
 
 „ Vriitnil ihis obHoIoto ; ])«<lvio ^pill(^ pn^mMit. 
 
 ii. Doi'Hiil aiifl (inal IhiH ialciitci, tlK^i*' unlcrinr rayn tniiili lon^rr than ili« head; 
 l«»(ly Hiihorliic.iilar. (lihoinhiiH* Lar/^pnlo.) 
 
 flO. f*. lll«|»ldotQI.% (I/.) .1. & (l.—Ilarvmt FIbIi. 
 
 (Ireenisli above, golden-yellow ix'low. Body Hiiborbienliir, bonnded 
 liycvcn curveH. Month very Hinall, oblicine, nuixillary reuchinff front 
 of orbit. No pores alonj; tiie Hides of ihii ba(^k. Ptujtorals shorU'r than 
 liciul, rciiehing half way to eandal ; soft dorsal and anal fins falcate, the 
 loii;jfcst rays of anal nearly lialf lenj^thof bcdy; (;aiidal lobes eqnal 
 SaloH tliin and de(!i<liioMs, not very small. ]I(^a<l 3; d<4)th li^. J). 45; 
 ,\. 40; liiit. 1. about 00. Vcrtobrui 15-f 15. Capo Cod to South Amer- 
 ieii; (ioinmonost southward. 
 
 [Chwioihm alcpidotm L. 8,VHt. Nat. : S/rrnopttfx ijariUnii HI. & Schii. 1801, 41)4 : Rhomhut 
 liiH(;i'/)i«ni» Cuv, & Val. ix, 401 : StmmuteuH (ianU'ttu{i\\\\i\\i'r, ii, IIOU. ) 
 
 U\, DorHal and anal fliiH not i'alcatc;, tlu^ir anterior rayH Hliortur than tlio head ; form 
 ovato. 
 c. No 8<U"i«H of larjxo port'H alonj; tlio Hich'H of tho l»ack. 
 
 fll. S. loinBiflDifilius AyrcH.— (V«7(/"«rn(rt I'ompatio. 
 
 Bluish abovi^, bri{^ht!y silver^' below; iins ]>nnctnlate; anterior lobes 
 of dorsal and anal dusky-ed|jfed. Body ovate, blunt anteriorly, with a 
 short, slender tail, the caudal tin widely forkc^d. Mou. . very small, 
 temiiiial, the maxillary extending to the eye. Teeth very feeble. (Jill- 
 iiikers short, slender, less than hali" diameter of «'yo. ICyesmall. One or 
 L'prociunbent sjunes before the dorsal; lonj^est rays of dorsal ^ of head; 
 piiliic spine small; pc^ctorals lonjjer than head; no i)oreH ahmg base of 
 dorsal. Spines of dorsal and anal very small or entirely obsolete. S(!ale8 
 small, silvery, deciduous. Head 4 ; depth 2. 1). JIT, 4(5; A.III, 40. L. 
 lOinclies. Pacific coast of United States; abundant in suinincir; highly 
 prized as a food-fish. 
 
 (PoyouotiiH HimiUimuH Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ISoO, 84.) 
 
 n. Aspries of larno pores along tho hawi of tlio doiHiJ fin. {Poronotuii\ Gill.) 
 713. ilii. ll'incantBlll!^ Pock. — I)oUa>'-Jinh; Jlaivcst-JlHh ; liuiicr-finh; La raiidlc. 
 
 Bluish above, below silvery. Body oval, much compressed. Dorsal 
 
 'Lacijpodc, Hist. Nat. PoIhh. ii, 321, 18()0: typo Chwtodon alepidoUiB L. (^(jonftoi, 
 rliDiiib. ) * 
 
 tfiill, Cat. Fisli. East Coast N. Am. If^l, 35 (not characterized): typo Stromateua 
 lriaraH</i«« Peck, (jr opt}?, pore; rairo?, back.) 
 
 ii 
 
 5.- '•';., d 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 r.iH 
 
 'lit 
 
 
 
 
 J'J' 
 
 %w& 
 

 V ! 
 
 V'- 
 
 ■it 
 
 
 
 -if' r^ 
 i. 
 
 It 
 
 1 <" 
 
 ji 
 
 452 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICFITHYGLOOY-— iv. 
 
 and veiitrnl outlines about equally curved. Snout very blunt, rouiMh^ 
 in proille. Mouth SLiall, the niaxillaiy not reaching the orbit, ('uiidai 
 peduncle very short; anterior rays of dorsal and anal little i'lcvatwl 
 Lateral line high, a series of conspicuous pores above it near tU{\ base 
 of the dorsal. Pet'-torals much longer than head. Gill-nikcrs latlui 
 long, 5 diameter of the eye, which is 4 in head. Head 4; depth li.'. 
 D. HI, 45; A. HI, 38. L. 10 inches. Maine to Cape Hattcras; very 
 abundant. 
 
 (P»?ck, Muui. Auiur. Aoad. ii, 48: Ithombua cryptonm Cuv. & Val. is, 408; Giiiithor n 
 398.) ■ ' ' 
 
 383.— LIRV8 Lowo. 
 
 Eudder-Jinhes. 
 
 {Palinuru8 DeKay, proocciipiert in Crustttcoa: Palinunohthija Gill: Pammclm GUnther.) 
 
 (Leirus hosvo, Prrto. Zool. Soc. Loiid. 1839, 82: typo Leiriia bennotti Lowo = Ccntrolophio, 
 ovaliaC. & V.) 
 
 Body ovate, compressed, more elongate and less compressed than in 
 
 Stromatem. Profile very blunt and convex. Mouth moderate ; inaxil 
 
 lary narrow, with a small su[)plemental bono; i>romaxillaries protii\'! 
 
 tile, little movable. Jaws nearly eipial, eiujh with about one series of 
 
 small, slender teeth ; no teeth on vomer or palatines, rreoperculmn 
 
 interoperculum, and suboperculum finely serrated. Gill-rakers Ion;;; 
 
 gilj-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Scales small, smooth; 
 
 larger, thicker, and more adherent than in Stromateiis, Cheeks scaly. 
 
 Fins rather low; dorsal fin long, preceded by C-8 short but ratlier 
 
 strong spines, the Last ones connected by membrane, the others nearly 
 
 free; anal fin similar but shorter, preceded by 3 spines, which, like tlie 
 
 dorsal spines, are nearly imbedded in thick skin ; vortical fins doiiscly 
 
 scaly towards their bases; caudal fin emarginato; caudal peduncle 
 
 stout; ventral fins large, thoracic, 1,5; pectoral fins moderate, rounded 
 
 or falcate. Two species, differing from the European genus CentrohpJm 
 
 chiefly in the development of the dorsal spines^ which in the latter genus 
 
 are indistinguishable from the soft rays, {htpo^, thin.) 
 
 713. £•. perciformis (Mitoh.) J. & Q.—Rudder-flah. 
 
 Blackish grtien, everywhere dark, the belly scarcely paler and not 
 silvery. Eye rather large, with an adipose eyelid, its diameter nearly 
 equal to the snout, 4.J in head. Maxillary reaching to opposite frout 
 of pupil. Top of head naked, covered with small mucous pores. Pec- 
 torals nearly as long as head. Head 3^; depth 2 J. D. VII, I, 21; A. 
 
78. LAMPRIDIDiE — LAMPRIS. 
 
 453 
 
 III, 1f>; Tjat. 1. 75. L. 1 foot. Maine to Capo Ilatteras; rather com- 
 mon northward. 
 
 (Coriiphmna prrmformis Mitch. Amcr. Moiitli. Mag. ii, 1818,244: PalinuruH pcrciformit 
 Ih'Kny. Now York Fanna, FIhIi. 184ii, 118: I'alinuriclUhyii perciformiti Hill, Pioc. Acad. 
 ,\at. IS*:'- I'liiltt- 1H60: Pammdm pcrcifornm Giliither, ii, 485.) 
 
 Family LXXVIII.— LAMPRIDIDiE. 
 
 (The Opalis.) 
 
 Body ovate, compressed, and elevated, covered with minute, very 
 deciduous, cycloid scales. Head small, rather pointed. Mouth small, 
 terminal, without teeth, its angle with slits in the skin to permit the 
 motion of the jaws, as in Orcynus. Premaxillaries protractile. Opercu- 
 lar bones entire. Dorsal fln single, very long, elevated, and falcate in 
 front, without distinct spines ; anal long and low, not at all falcate ; 
 both tins depressible in a groove; ventral flns thoracic, but behind the 
 pectorals, composed of 14 to 17 rays; pectoral flns large, falcate, their 
 bases horizontal; caudal fln moderately forked, its peduncle short and 
 slender, without keel. Lateral line present, much arched in front. 
 Brancliiostegals 6. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus. (Esophagus 
 not armed with spinous teeth. Air-bladder large, bifurcate behind. Py- 
 loric appendages very numerous. Vertebrte 45. Fishes of large size 
 and gorgeous coloration, inhabiting the open Atlantic. A single genus 
 witb one or two species. 
 
 (Scombridw, genus Lampr'u, Glintber ii, 415, 410.) 
 
 934.— liAIVIPRIS Retzius. 
 Opahs. 
 
 (Retzius, Nyn Ilandlung, iii, 91, 1799 : typo Zeua guttatun Brlinnich = Zeua luna Gmelin.) 
 Characters of the genus included above, {kainrpu^^ radiant.) 
 
 714. Ii. gnttatns (Brilnnicb) Rotz. — Opah; Eing'Jiah ; Sun-fish. 
 
 Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on the belly; everywhere 
 with round silvery spots; head, opercles and back with ultramarine tints, 
 jivws and flns vermilion; flesh red. Longest dorsal ray shorter than 
 pectorals, which are nearly as long as the head. Anal very low in 
 front, a little higher behind. Head 3^; depth If. D. 54; A. 40; V. 
 14-17. Vert. 23-f22. L. 3-4 feet. {Lowe.) Atlantic, occasional ofif 
 Newfoundland. One of the most gorgeously colored of fishes. 
 
 {Zeus guttatna Briinnicli, Danako. Sulslc. SIcr. iii, 1788, 398: Zeua luna Omclin, Syst. 
 Nat. 1788, 1225: Lampfin luna Uiiuther, ii, 416; Cuv. & Val. x, 39: Lampria lauta Lowe, 
 Fish. Madeira, 27.) 
 
 •»:'^! 
 
 ill 
 
 
4 
 
 •! 
 
 » ; f ' 
 
 
 454 CONTUIBUTIONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOOY— IV 
 
 Family LXXIX.— CORYPITiENID^E. 
 
 {The Dolphins.) • 
 
 Itody oloiifjato, corn pressed, covered with smjill cycloid scales, (i^.f^ 
 of the month wide, obliiiiiu, the lower Jaw projecting?. Cardilorm t«M'tli 
 in the ,juw» and on the vomer and palatine boncHj a i)atch of vijlirorn, 
 teeth on the tongue; no teeth on the (esophaguH. ()per(!ular hones 
 entire. Skull with a crest, which is much more elevated in tin; iidnlt 
 than in the jonn/jf. A sinj^le, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated 
 extending from the nape nearly t^ the caudal iin; anal siniil;ii-, but 
 shorter; both without distinct spines; pectoral fins very short iind 
 small ; ventrals well developed, thoracic, I, 5, partly received into a 
 groove in the abdomen ; caudal fin widely forked. Lateral line i)r(>,s('iit. 
 Gill mend)ranes free from the isthnuis. liranchiostegals 7; no jisciido 
 branchiae No air-bladder. Pyloric appendages very numerous. V'ertc 
 bne m(n*e than 10 + 14. A single genus, with six or eight species. Very 
 large fishes, inhabiting the high seas in warm regions, noted for tlioir 
 l)rilliant and changeaWc colors. To this family belongs the Dolpliin 
 or Dorade of the ancients, Corypha'na hippiirus L. 
 {Scombridw: gouuH Corj/phwna Giiiithur, li, 404-408.) 
 
 933. CORVPIIiENA Linnimis. 
 
 Dolphim. ' 
 
 (Lamptigus C &V.', young or crcstless forms.) , 
 
 (Linnipns, Syst. Nat.: typo Cor!n>hwna hq)piiru8 L.) 
 
 Characters of the genus included above. The species are not well 
 known, having been unduly nndtiplied by authors, {xopt'xpatvaj the name 
 apidied by Aristotle to Coriiphwna hippurus^ from xm^oo?, helmet; ^«cvw, 
 to show.) 
 
 •Jiff. C. piinctulnta (Cnv. mid Val.) Gihr.— Spotted Dolphin. 
 
 Sea-green, silvery below, with scattered black spots on the sides and 
 
 back ; a series of distant rounded spots along the base of the dorsal 
 
 fln ; head with brown st^'nes. Body elongate, compressed, taporin"; 
 
 gently backwards; profile very convex, snout blunt. Mouth large, 
 
 oblique; maxillary reaching middle of orbit. Pectorals short, falcate; 
 
 ventrals long and rather narrow. Eye large, nearly as long as snont. 
 
 Head 4 J ; depth about a. " D. 51 ; A. 25." Warmer parts of the 
 
 Atlantic, occasional on our coast. 
 
 {Lampuffus jmnctulatua Cxiv. aud Val. ix, 327: GUntber, ii, 408: 1 Coryphcena cquiscli 
 L. Syat. Nat.) 
 
80. BRAM1.')/B — PTERACLI8. 
 
 455 
 
 ii 
 
 710. r> Aueurl Ctiv. &. Vol. 
 
 This s|)(;cieH appearato differ from thopr(ice<1iiif;in tlio iiKTcuHod iiuin- 
 iHToriiii rays. Tlio clovatod crest represented in DeKny's fl^^nreof his 
 ^^i\(jlobiecpH^ is a character of very old individuals. "D. 04; A. 20." 
 (Ci/r.«tKa/.) "D. 0.'J; A.29." {DeKay.) Atlantic coasts of the United 
 Stiitos; rare. 
 
 (Cuv. &, Vttl. ix, 302 : Coryphwna glohlrrpit DoKay, Now York F»unn, Fi«li. 1842, 132.) 
 
 Family LXXX.— BIlAMIDiE. 
 
 {The liramoldH.) 
 
 Body oblonpfor elevated, compressed, covered with cycloitl or spinona 
 scales. Mouth wide, oblique; the jaws, vomer, an«l palatines provideil 
 with sm dl teeth. Promaxillaries protractile. Snout more or less ob- 
 tii8« and convex. Dorsal and anal ftns very lon^, both more or less 
 elevated; ventrals thoracic or juf?ular, the nund)er of rays usually not 
 1, 5. Branchiostegals 7. I'seudobhinchia', i>r(^sent. Pyloric append- 
 ages few. Vertebno more than 10 + 14. Genera 4 ; species about 10, 
 ii)habitin{; the open seas. 
 
 (Scombridw : g(Mi«ra Jirama, Taracteit, and rteraclin VA\\\{\xv)T, ii, 408-411.) 
 
 •Dorsal fin very l)ij?h, extending from the forehead to the euudal fin, romj»oHed of very 
 sleiwler, inurticulatuMpineH; anal tin tiiniilar; ventral fins jngnlar. (Pteraelinw.) 
 
 a. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with Hinall teeth ; air-bladder very Hmall. 
 
 I'tkuaclis, 23G. 
 
 936.— PTEKACL18 Gronovins. 
 
 (GronoviuB, Act. Hoi vet. vii, 44, 1772: type Coryphwva velifera PalhiH.) 
 
 Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate-sized cycloid, lobat^ 
 or omarginate scales. Eye large. Dorsal liu very much elevated, ex- 
 tending from the forehead to the base of the caudal, composed of filiform 
 spines, its form triangular, its base scarcely less than the total length 
 of the flsh ; anal fln similar in form, also composed of slender fniglle 
 8i)ines ; ventrals jugular, nearly un.ler the eye, long, of 4-0 slender rays. 
 PsondobranchijB present. Air-bladder very small. Most of the species 
 of this singular genus inhabit the Indian Ocean, (rre/x)^, fin or wing; 
 xktiu), to close. " The name indicating the double rows of scales which 
 embrace the bases of the two vertical iins.") 
 
 717. P. carolinus Cnv. & Val. 
 
 Silvery, with bluish reflections. Mouth larger, scales larger, and 
 fourth ray of the dorsal stouter thaii in other species. D. LII j A. LXI V. 
 
 I !i. 
 
 ! 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 f. 
 
 1':^ 
 
 .1 
 
 l^u-,->. 
 
m 
 
 %i,-l 
 
 I t 
 
 456 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 Coast of South Carolina; known only from a mntilated specimen t inches 
 long, evidently the j'oung of some pelagic species. 
 (Cuv. & Vul. ix, 368; GUnther, ii, 411.) 
 
 Family LXXXI.— ZENID^. 
 
 (The Dories.) 
 
 Body short, deep, much compressed and elevated, naked, or covered 
 with minute scales, or with bony protuberances. Teeth small, in narrow 
 bands or single series, on the jaws and vomer and sometimes on the 
 palatines. Mouth rather large, terminal, the upper jaw protractile. 
 Eyes lateral. Opercles and other bones about the head often armed 
 with spines. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill-membranes little united, free 
 from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiae large. Air-bladder large. Gill- 
 rakers usually short. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal tin emar 
 ginate, or divided, the anterior part with strong spines, the posterior 
 part longer ; anal flu with or without spines ; ventral fins thoracic, their 
 rays I, 5 to I, 8 ; caudal flu usually not forked. Lateral line obscure 
 unarmed. Pyloric coeca exceedingly numerous. VertebraB about 32. 
 Genera 5; species about 10; flshcs of singular appearance, inhabitiug 
 warm seas. 
 
 {Scombridw, group Cyttina, Giinther, ii, 393-396: Cyttidw Giiuthor, Intr, Stu i]i. 
 
 450.) 
 
 a. Scales minute or wanting ; anal spines very strong ; no palatine teeth. {Zeninw.) 
 i. Anal spines 3; bases of both dorsals armed with sxiiuous plates. Zexopsis, iiXi, 
 
 33Y.-Zi:^'OP8IS Gill. 
 
 .(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 125: type Zeua nebuloaus Temminck & 
 Scblegel, from Japan.) 
 
 Body ovate, much compressed, without scales, not warty. Head 
 deeper than long, its anteiior profile steep. Mouth rather large, upper 
 jaw protractile; teeth small, on jaws and vomer, none on the palatines. 
 Various bones of the head and shoulder girdle armed with spines. 
 Series of bony plates along the sides of the belly and the bases of tho 
 dorsal and anal, each plate armed with a strong spine. Eye larjje, 
 jjlaced high. Gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines very strong, usually 10 
 in number. Anal spines 3. Ventral fins long, mostly I, 7. Caudal 
 peduncle slender, the fin not forked. Two or three species known, differ- 
 ing from Zeus, mainly in the presence of 3 anal spines instead of 4. Pe- 
 lagic. (Ce6?, Zeus; w^c?, appearance. Zeus is from Ceu?, Jupiter.) 
 
82. BERYCID^. 
 
 457 
 
 Z. ocellRtas (Storor) Gill. 
 Color silvery, nearly plaiu ; a black lateral ocellated spot in life, (lis- 
 apiK'aiing in spirits. Body short, deep, compressed. Skin wholly 
 iiaiced, except for the bony bucklers, which are armed each with a central 
 spiue hooked backwards and marked with radiating ridges; 7 bucklers 
 along the base of the dorsal, the 5th and Gth largest ; 2 on the median 
 line iu front of the ventrals, the second largest; one median plate, and 
 1) pairs between ventrals and anal, and 4 along the base of the anal. Top 
 of the head with rcnghish ridges, but without spines; a spiue at the 
 base of each d^r.tary bone; the broad maxillaries each with a supple- 
 mental bone; teeth nearly obsolete. Eye large, much nearer the gill 
 oiKsning than the tip of the snout. Gill-rakers short. Caudal peduncle 
 very slender, the caudal flu short and rounded; pectorals very short; 
 ventralvS large, the rays I, G, the first soft ray closely appressed to the 
 spiue; aual spines short and stout, the soft rays, like those of the dorsal, 
 low; dorsal spines filamentous. D. IX, 26; A. 111,24. Pv'ilagic; one 
 specimen taken at Provincetown, Mass. (Description from the original 
 type.) 
 
 [Zeus occllatiia Storor, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hiat. vi, 888; Gill, 1. c.) 
 
 Family LXXXII.— BERYCID^. 
 
 {TJie Squirreljislies.) 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered Avith very strongly ctenoid 
 or spinous scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, covered by thin 
 skin. Eye lateral, usually la^ge. Mouth more or less oblique. Pre- 
 maxillaries protractile ; maxillary rather large, usually with a supple- 
 mental bone. Bands of villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer 
 and palatines. Opercular bones usually spinous ; frequently every mem- 
 brane bone of the head strongly serrated. Branchiostegals mostly 8. 
 Gill -membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind 
 the fourth. Pseudobranchise present. Gill-rakers moderate. Cheeks 
 and opercles scaly. Ko barbels. Dorsal fin long or short, usually with 
 stroiig spines ; anal with 2-4 spines ; ventral fins thoracic, usually I, 7, 
 the number of rays greater than 1, 5 ; caudal fin usually forked. Pyloric 
 cceca uumerous. Genera 5-C; species about 50. Rough-scaled and 
 brightly colored fishes of the warm seas; two species straying to our 
 
 
 vti- i-:\' 
 
 
 
 •>■ k 
 
 .? t^'. 
 
 •■ It ..J 
 
 :l 
 
 u i . - . 
 
 » J. 
 
458 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 coast. Many of them inhabit considerable depths in the ocean. The 
 young often difter widely in appearance from the adult. 
 
 (/ier^cidte GUuther, i, 8-50 ; exclusive of certain genera.) 
 
 a. Dorsal fin continuous, the spinous part short ; anal spines 3 ; abdomen Rorratcd 
 
 HoPLOSTETllfS, 238. 
 
 aa. Dorsal fin deeply einargiuate, the spinous part long ; anal spines 4. 
 
 HoLocEXTitus, 2;i0, 
 
 \\->; 
 
 
 !■:■■ 
 
 i»-i ■■! 
 
 i.,ii. 1 
 
 238.— HOPILOSTE THUS Cuv. & Ya\. , . .^,.; 
 
 (Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poias. iv, 469, 1829: type Hoplostcthus mcditena- 
 neua Cuv. & Val.) 
 
 Body short and deep, much compreased. Head short, compressed 
 very blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous iinicoiw 
 cavities. Eye very larf^e. Mouth very oblique, the jaws equal wiien 
 the mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with a distinct sup- 
 plemental bono, which reaches the posterior border of the eye. Toeth 
 very tine, villiforin, on jaws and palatires, none on the vomer. Sub- 
 orbital with radiating ridges and a few spines; a vertical ridjjrc on tbe 
 front of the opercle. Opercle little developed, its spine small or obso 
 lete; a strong spine at the angle of the preopercle; the long verticnl 
 limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill-membranes separate, free 
 from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. Scales moderate or small, 
 ctenoid ; lateral line present, its scales enlarged ; abdomen with a series 
 of bony plates each, ending in a retrose spine. Dorsal tin cor»tinuons, 
 short, the spines graduated, G in number; anal with 3 graduated spines; 
 caudal forked, its rudimentary rays spinous; pectorals low, rather long; 
 ventrals I, G, rather short. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric ca^ca numerous, 
 Vertebrre 114-15. Deep-sea fishes. {oTtXo^, armed ; (ttsOo^, breast.) 
 
 Y19. H. iiicditerraneus C. & Y. 
 
 Silvery, rosy in life ; fins scarlet, peritoneum and inside of mouth 
 black. Eye very large, much longer than snout, forming about ono-tliir( 
 the length of head. Abdominal plates 9-13 in number. Body aboviMviti 
 very small rou^iish scales ; sides nearly or quite naked (in the young 
 example seen;, scaly in the adult. Pectorals reaching flr.st soft ray ot 
 anal; ventrals to vent; fins rather low. Head 2A; depth V}. 1). VI, 
 IG; A. Ill, 8; Lat. I. 28. Length of ai)ecimen 3 inches, lately dredged 
 b}' the U. S. Fish Commission off" Chesapeake Bay. Coasts of Southeiii 
 Europe. 
 
 (C. t V. iv, 431); Gilnther, 1, 9: Travhiohlhys spcciosus Lowo, Fish. Madeira, 651.) 
 
82. BERYCIDiE — HOLOCENTRUS. 
 
 SI39.— IIOLOCENTRUS Blocb. 
 
 459 
 
 Squirrel-fishes. 
 
 {Ehynchichthys Cuv. & Val. ; youug. ) 
 
 (Arieui ; Bloch, AuoL Fisclio, iv, 01, abont 1787 : typo Holocentnia sogo Blooh.) 
 
 Body oblong, moderately compressed, the veutral outline nearly 
 straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head com- 
 pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong 8i)ine above, 
 below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at the angle 
 of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, sub- 
 oi)ercle, occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate. 
 jlouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in the adult ; in the 
 young (which constitute the supposed genus Rhynchichthys), the snout is 
 much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental bone. 
 Eje excessively large. Scales large, closely imbricated, the posterior 
 margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal deeply emar- < 
 ginatc, the spines usually 11, depressible iu a groove; soft dorsal short 
 and high ; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite small, the third 
 very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely forked; both 
 lobes with the rudimentary rays spine-like ; ventrals large, I, 7, the 
 spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable for the development 
 of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface of the body, (oxor, 
 wboliy; xivrpov, spine.) 
 
 730.11. pcntacaJitJlBlS (Blocli) Vaill. & Boo.— Sjuirrel-Jiah. 
 
 Chiefly bright red, with shining longitudinal streaks; tins not black. 
 Month small, the maxillary scarcely reaching middle of orbit. Soft 
 dorsal as high as the body ; ventrals much longer than pectorals, reach- 
 ing vent. Head 3J in length ; depth 3^. Eye about 2^ in head, D. 
 Xi, 15; A. IV, 10; Y.I, 7; Lat. 1.50. Vertebra) 11 -f l«. Ooeca 25. 
 West Indies ; .accidental on our coast ; once taken at Newport, R. I. 
 "Its bright color and nervous^arting motions rendering it one of the 
 most conspicuous denizens of the rock-pools. The local name refers to 
 the erunting noise uttered by them, which rescnbles the bark of a 
 squirrel." (Goode.) 
 
 (liodianuH pentaoanihu8 * Bloch, Aiisl. Fische, iv, 40, taf. 225 : Holocentnia nogo Blonh, 
 Aiml. Fiscli(>, iv, (U, taf. 232: I'erca rufa Walbatim, Artedi, Pise. 171)2, a.")l ; Holo- 
 ceiitnm Umnipiiine GUuther, 1, 28'; Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. 8ci. au Mox. 144.) 
 
 'Opercula squamosa. Auteriora 5 spinis pone hoxTida." {Block.) 
 
 : i 
 
 V 
 
 i:fi 
 
 ^jpj 
 
 V 
 
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 f^M 
 
 * 
 
 
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 ^^H 
 
 r. 
 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 ■f^-i ! 
 
 i,^ri 
 
 y 
 
 ) M- f- 1 
 
 L^^l 
 
 
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 nn 
 
 « 
 
 '^] :1j 
 
 ^H 
 
 Jis 
 
 M^'^^' 
 
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 ■ 
 
 mf'^ 
 
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 ^SB 
 
 4G0 CONTIiinUTlONS TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOnY-~iv. 
 
 Family LXXXIII (a;.— APIIUKDODElUL).E. 
 
 {The Vinitc PcrchcH.) 
 
 Body oblong, clovat(Ml ut. tho ojwso of tlH5 dorHiil, coinprivsH«>(| li(>liiii,i 
 the head thick and deprosstMl, the proiUo eoncjivo. C.iuual pcdniulc 
 thick. Mouth moderate, iso.newhat oblique, the lower jaw pntjoctin"- 
 maxillary reaching: to anterior l»order of the eye. Teeth in villjforin 
 bandn on .jawH, vomer, pi^atines, and pterygoids. Premaxillarirs not 
 priftractile ; maxillarieH .small, witliout evident Hupplemental bono, 
 Preopen;le and prorbital witii tluiir free edges sharply Nerrate; npordu 
 with a spine. IJones t)f skidl sonu>what cavernous. Hides of (Ik^ heiui 
 sc^ily. liower pharyngeals narrow, sei)arate, Avith villiforin tvctli. 
 (}ill-mend)ranes slightly Joined to the isthmus anteriorly. (Jill rakers 
 tubercle-like, dentate. Pseuilobranchiu^ obsolete, dills 4, a small slit 
 behind the fourth. P»raniihiostegals 0. Scales moderate, slron),'ly 
 ctenoid, adherent. Lateral line impi'srfector wanting. Vent always an 
 terior, its posititni varying with age,* from Just behind the ventral llns 
 iu the young, to below tlu> i>reopercle in the adult. Dorsal thi .siii;f|(>, 
 median, high, with but l\ or 4 si)ines, which are rapidly gra<lnatetl, tlin 
 ttrvst being very short. Anal small, with li slender spines; ventral tins 
 thoracic, without distinct spiiu», the nund»er of rays usually 7; caudal 
 tin rounded behind. Air-bladder simple, largii, adhei*cnt to the walls 
 of the abdomen. Vertebrae U-f-lH. Pyloric cieca about 1L». A singlo 
 genus, with probably but one species. Coidined to the United States. 
 
 (Jj)A>'<!rfodcrirf(r Gliuthor, 1, 271.) 
 
 910.— APIIREDODF.RIJS Lo SiuMir. 
 Pirate VervhcH. 
 
 (Lc Snoui'; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nut, Poiss. ix, 44r», l8y;J: typo Aphre(lo<Uru» fiihlmmLi 
 Suour = iS(X)/(»/»»i« «(i.vrt»M« (lilliaiiiN.) 
 
 Characters of the genus incbn'ed strove. (d^iHln^, excrenuMit; (V/n;, 
 
 the thmat, fixim the position of the veitt; heneo nioro correctly Apk- 
 
 <lodcrn,'<.) ■ - 
 
 mi. A. NiiyitililH ((lilliamN) OoKuy. — I'iratv Perch. 
 
 Color dark olive, proflisely speckled with dark points which oftoii 
 nuiko bljudvish str\>aks along i-ows of scales; two blackish bars at huso 
 of oaudal, between which is a light bar. Head Jl; dej)th 3. ]). Ill, 11 
 
 ^This siugular fact was first noticed by Profossui- S. A. Forces. 
 
83. ELASSOMATIlliT: — ELA880MA. 
 
 4GI 
 
 (IV, 10); A. ir, (5; V. 7; U. 0} Lat. 1. 47-58. L. 5 IiicIioh. 8Inj;f?i;0i 
 utrcivi"^ and bayoiiH from Now York couHtwiHo to rj«)uiHijiim, and Miron^li- 
 „iit tli<^ MiHHiHHippi HaHin in lowlands and Htn^aniH with alluvial bot- 
 toms; loiJally abundant, vaiiablo. The Hinffiilar vaiiationH in tho posi- 
 jion of the vonl havo given riwc to novcial nonnnal Npoc-ics and a nonil- 
 iial {ictiUH. 
 
 (.Wf*/""'" "".'M'"*"' '''"''''""t .lourn. Adiid. Nut. Hr\. riiila. iv, HI: AphwAodcrM ijlUb:)- 
 ,«.i('. iV V. ix,4'lH: Slcniotrrmin inolcpdi N^ilmm, IJnll, Illn. Nut,. Miih. \,'X), 1H70: Apliro- 
 ilcdinmrookkinnH.UK-Aixii, rn>n. Acad. N/it. 8()i. IMiila. iH77,('iO: AMti'rnol.'nmia vwmlnnia 
 jdiilaii, Hitli. U. 8. Nat. Muh. x, 52: AphoihdvniH innltiph .tonlaii, Man, Vort. nd. 2, '*''!'.); 
 liiiiillx r, i. 271. Vnr diMcription of variat.ioiiH In tlio |Hmitioa of tho votit, hoo Jordan, 
 111,11. III. Lab. Nat. Hist, li, 4*3, 1H7H.) 
 
 Family LXXXIIi (6).— ELAySOMATlD/K. 
 
 {Tho Wa/tsmncH.) 
 
 ]\m\y oblonj;, coinprc88C<l, covered with rather large, eyeloi*! HcalcH. 
 Moiilli Hinall, terminal, the lower Jtiw proj(M',tint?; both jawH with rather 
 stroll}; eonic teeth in few HcrieK; no teeth on vomer or palatines; ni»p<'r 
 jaw very protractile. Jtonen of head with entire edgcH. OluickH and 
 o|U'i('leM scaly, (lill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmns; 
 jriliriikers tubercle-like. Lower pharyngeals narrow, separate, with 
 slinr|) teeth. Branchiostegals ai)i)arently 5. Jiateral lino obsolete. 
 Vent normal. Dorsal lln single, snuill, with about 4 spines; anal with 
 ;i spines; ventrals thoracic I, 5; caudal rounded. pHeudobran(5hlj« 
 iioiu'. Vertebral 21. One species known, a very singular little flsh, 
 Olio of the smallest known, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United 
 States; ititermediate between tho Aphrvdodcridxv aiid Ccntrarchidw. 
 
 941.-EI.A880IfIA .Ionian. 
 
 (jnrtl.m, Ilnll. IT. 8. Nat. Muh. x, 50, 1877: typo IClasHoma znnata .Jnriltiu ) 
 Characters of the genus included above, [i^airaomfia, a diminutioH.) 
 
 Vi*i, E. xocanluin Jordan. 
 
 Color olive green, everywhere ftnely punctulato; sides with about 
 eleven parallel vertical bands of dark olive, about erpial in width, nar- 
 rower than the eye; tl.e bands about as wid(5 as the pale interspaces; 
 !i conspicuous roundish black spot, nearly as large as the eye, on tli<^ 
 man just above tho axis of the body, under the beginning of the 
 (lors;il; soft llns faintly barred; a blackish bar at base of (;audal. 
 IJody ol)long, compressed, the nape rather broad and dei»ressed. Head 
 narrowed forward. Eye largo, 3 iti heatl. Mouth small, oblique, the 
 
 ii ' 
 
 ■in 
 
 > 'H. 
 
 \"U 
 
 fvM'At 
 
 
 ' f 
 
 " 'Vi 
 
 t -1 
 
 a 'it 
 1 ' til 
 
J 
 
 i 
 
 1 fr I- 
 
 ■. ■■ ' 
 
 
 
 402 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERIC.VN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 maxillary scarcely reaching pupil. Teetli in jaws stout, conical, sliffbtlv 
 curved, in two or three rows. . Head 3; depth 3J. D. IV, lO; j^ jjj 
 o; B. 6; scales 42 + 19. L. 1^ inches. Smallest of our spi nous-rayed 
 fishes, inhabiting sluggish streams and bayous, from South lUiuols to 
 Texas and Alabama. 
 
 (Jordan, Bull, x, U. S. Nat. Mus. 50, 1877; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2,248; Jordan 
 Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 47; Hay. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 1880, .fjOO. ) ' 
 
 Family LXXXIV.— CENTRARCHID^.* 
 
 {The Sun-fishes.) 
 
 Percoid fishes with the body more or less shortened and compressed' 
 the regions above and below the axis of the bodj' nearly equally devel- 
 oped, and corresponding to each other, and the pseudobrancliiae im- 
 I)erfect. Head compressed. Mouth terminal, large or small. Teetli 
 in villiform bands, the outer slightly enlarged, without canines; teetli 
 present on premaxillaries, lower jaw, and vomer, and usually on pala- 
 tines also, sometimes on tongue, pterygoids, and hyoid. Premaxilla- 
 ries protractile; maxillary with a supplemental bone, which, in one 
 genuS; is sometimes minute or o'jsolete. Preopercle entire or some- 
 what serrate; opercle ending in two flat points or prolonged in a black 
 flap at the angle. Preorbital short and deep ; first suborbital narrow, 
 the maxillary not slipping under its edge. Gills 4, a slit behind the 
 fourth. Pseudobranchiae small, almost glandular, nearly or quite cov- 
 ered by skin. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Bran- 
 chiostegals C or rarely 7. Gill-rakers variously formed, armed with 
 small teeth ; lower pharyngeal bones separate, their teeth conic; or 
 sometimes paved. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Body fully sculod, the 
 scales usually not strongly ctenoid, rarely cycloid. Lateral line present, 
 usually complete. Dorsal fins confluent, the spines C-13 in number 
 (usually 10), deprcssible in a shallow groove; anal spines 3-!). Intes- 
 tinal canal short. Pyloric cceca 5-10. Vertebrae about 30. (coloration 
 usually brilliant, chiefly greenish. Sexes similar; changes with age 
 often great. Fresh- water fishes of North America; genera 10; species 
 about 25, forming one of the most characteristic features of our fish 
 fauna. Many of the species build nests, which they defend with much 
 courage. All are carnivorous, voracious, and gamy. All p-ro valued as 
 food in direct proportion to the size which they attain. 
 
 *Wo aro iudcbtod to Mr. Chaa. L. McKay for the results of his studios of this family, 
 5u tho advance of tho publication of a uionograpli of the group. 
 
 
84. CENTRARCIIID-iE — CEN'»'EARCHU8. 463 
 
 This is a very natural and peculiar group, but its claim to recognition 
 ag a distinct family is questionable, as the only character of importance 
 which separates it from SerranidcB is the rudimentary character of the 
 pseudobranchifB. There is a strong analogical resemblance between 
 the Gentrarchidce and the Cichlidce. 
 
 (Percidw, group Grijitina, pt. GUnther, i, 256-2G1.) 
 
 a Dorsal fin scarcely larger than anal; gill-rakers very long and slender. 
 5. SpiiK'WS dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12; anal spines usually 8. 
 
 Centraucuus, 242. 
 hh. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines r>-8, anal spines 6. 
 
 POMOXYS, 243. 
 
 art. D«rsal fin much larger than anal ; gill-rakers shorter. 
 
 c. Body comparatively short and deep; dorsal fin not deeply divided. 
 d. Tongue and pterygoids with teeth ; mouth large. 
 e. Scales ctenoid ; caudal emarginato. 
 /. Operculum emarginate behind; anal siiiues 5-7. 
 
 g. Branchiostegals 7 Archoplitks, 244. 
 
 gg, Branchiostegals 6 Ambloplites, 245. 
 
 ff. Operculum ending in a black convex process or flap ; anal spines 3. 
 
 ClI^NOBKYTTUS, 246. 
 
 ee. Scales cycloid; caudal fin convex Acanthauchus, 247. 
 
 d. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth small. 
 
 ft. Caudal fin convex ; operculum emarginate behind. 
 {. Dorsal fin continuous ; dorsal spines normally 9; anal spines 3. 
 
 Enneacanthus, 248. 
 it. Dorsal fin angulated, some of the middle spines higher than the 
 
 posterior ones; dor-al spines 10; anal 3 Mesogonistius, 249. 
 
 hh. Caudal fin emarginate; operculum prolonged behind in a convex 
 
 process or flap, which is always black Lepomis, 250. ^ 
 
 cc. Body elongate; dorsal fin low, deeply emarginate; mouth large; caudal emar- 
 ginato MlCUOPTEKUS, 251. 
 
 343.— CCNTRARCHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. 
 
 (Cuvior & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, ()2. 1829: type Lahrua irideua Lacdpbde.) 
 Body short and deep, compressed. Month moderate, the lower jaw 
 the longer; maxillary with a well-developed supi^lemental bone. Teeth 
 on vomer and pcalatines. Opercle emarginate behind. Gill-rakers seti- 
 foriii, very long, finely dentate, in large number (20-30 of the large ones). 
 Fins large; the dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft por- 
 tion of the latter longest and most posterior, the two fins being obliquely 
 opposed; dorsal flu with the spinous part longer than the soft part, of 
 about 12 spines, which are not rapidly graduated; anal fin with about 
 8 spines. Scales large, not strongly ctenoid, {xeurpov, spine ; apxo^, 
 anus, from the development of the anal spines.) 
 
 733. C. niaeroiitcrus (Lac.) .Tor. 
 
 Body ovate, strongly compressed. Head small. Mouth moderate, 
 very oblique, the maxillary reaching pupil. Preopercle and preorbital 
 
 
 I 
 
 I. k m 
 
 
 ' • .rf''i-l 
 
 mm 
 
 ' * • i " ■ 
 
 1' ?, '" ?i 
 
 \V: 
 
i 
 
 
 464 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv 
 
 finely serrate ; 5 or 6 rows of scales on cheek. Fins liigh ; ventral spine 
 reaching? beyond the vent. Mandible about half the length of the Lead 
 Color green, with series of dark-brown spots on sides, below lateral line 
 forming interrupted longitudinal lines; belly yellowish; a dusky oper- 
 cular spot; fins with reddish or brownish markings; the dark colors 
 on vertical fins forming reticulations around paler spots; conspicuous 
 ocellated black spot usually present on last rays of dorsal fin, especially 
 distinct in the young, disappearing with age. Head 3^; depth 2. D. 
 XI or Xir, 12; A. VII or VIII, 15; scales 5-44-14. L. G inches. 
 North Carolina to South Illinois and southward; abundant in lowlaud 
 streams. 
 
 {Labrua maeropterua Lacdpfede, Hist. Nat. Poisa. iii, 447, 1802; Jordan, Bull. U. S. 
 Nat. Mus. X, aO: Labrua indeua Lac^p^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 716, 1802: Centrarchm 
 irideua Holbr. Ichtli. S. C. 1800, 18: C'ientrarcliua irideua Gilnthor, i, 257: Centranhus 
 irideua Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 30.) 
 
 948.— POMOXYS Rafinesque. 
 Crappies. 
 
 (Pomoxia Raiinesque, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 417, 1818: type Pomoxia annulam 
 Raf.) 
 
 Body more or less elongate, strongly compressed, the snout projecting. 
 Mouth large, oblique ; maxillary broad, with a well-developed supple- 
 mental bone. Teeth on vomer and palatines ; few or none on tongue. 
 Low?r pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth. Gill-rakers long and 
 slender, numerous. Opercle emarginate; preopercle slightly dentate. 
 Scales large, moderately ctenoid. Fins large, the anal larger than the 
 dorsal, of 6 spines and about 17 rays ; dorsal with 6-8 graduated spines, 
 the spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part; caudal fin emarginate. 
 Sranchiostegals 7. {-w;ia, oi)ercle; «Cw?, sharp; the opercle ending in 
 two flat points instead of an " ear-flap.") 
 
 a. Dorsal spines f). (Pomoxya.) 
 
 724. P> annularis Raf. — Crappie; Bachelor; Neto Light; CamphellUe. 
 
 Body elongate. Head long, the profile more or less strongly S-shaped, 
 owing to the projecting snout, depressed occipital region, and very 
 prominent thickened ante-dorsal area. Mouth very wide, the maxillary 
 reaching past the pupil. Scales on cheeks in 4-5 rows. Eye large, 4 
 in head. Color silvery olive, mottled with dark green, the dark marks 
 chiefly on the up|)er part of the body and having a tendency to form 
 narrow vertical bars; dorsal and caudal fins marked with green; anal 
 fin pale, nearly plain. Fins very high, but lower than in P. sparoides. 
 Head 3 j depth 2^. D. VI, 15 j A. VI, 18 ; Lat. I. 36-48. L. 12 inches. 
 

 84. CENTRARCHID^ — ARCHOPLITES. 
 
 465 
 
 
 Variable. Mississippi Valley, &c.; abundaut soutliward, cliiefly in 
 slnggisli streams ; valued as a food-fish. 
 
 (Bafincsqiie, Amer. Monthly Mag. 1818, 41 ; Raf. Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818, 
 417- Raf. Icbth. Oh. 1829, 33; Jordan & Cojieland, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 187C : 
 VonMyx sioreriua, hrevicauda, intermedius, anul i)rotacantliu8 Gill, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. 
 Phila. 18'A G4-6G: Ctntrarchua nitidua GUnther, i, 257.) 
 
 Off. Dorsal spiuea 7 or 8. {Hyperistiua" Gill.) 
 
 ytjj, p, sparoldes(Lac.)Grd. — Calico Baaa; GraaaBaaa; Barfiah; Slrawheiry Baas. 
 Body oblong, elevated, much compressed. Head long, its profile not 
 strongly S shaped; the projection of tbe snout and ante-dorsal region 
 and the depression over the eye being less marked than in P. annularis. 
 Mouth smaller than in P. annularis, the maxillary reaching about to the 
 posterior edge of pupil, the mandible shorter than pectorals. Scales on 
 cheeks in G rows. Fins very high ; anal higher than dorsal, its height 
 4-5 times in length of body. Color silvery olive, mottled with clear 
 olive-green, the dark mottllngs gathered in irregular small bunches, and 
 covering the whole body ; vertical fins with dark olive reticulations sur- 
 rounding pale spots; the anal marked like the dorsal ; a dusky opercular 
 spot. Head 3 ; depth 2. D. VII or VIII, 15; A. VI, 17 or J 8 ; Lat. 1. 41. 
 L. 12 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to New Jersey, 
 and southward to Florida and Louisiana ; chiefly in lowland streams and 
 lakes ; a handsome fish, valued as food. 
 
 (Lahrua aparoidea Lac6p. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1802,517; and iv, 717: Centrarchus 
 sparoidea C. & V. iii, 8, 1829: Centrarchus hexacanthua C. & V. vii, 458, 1831 : Centrar- 
 chus hexacanthua Giinther, i, 257: Pomoxya hexacanthua Holbrook, Ichth. 8. C. 29: 
 Pomoxya nigromaculatua Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 247, and Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 37, 
 based on Cantharua nigromaculatua Lo Suenr MSS., noticed by C. & V. iii, 8.) 
 
 344.— ARCE^IOPIiBTES Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 165: type Centrarchus interruptus G'rard.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated. Mouth large, oblique, 
 ho broad maxillary with a well developed supernumerary bone. Teeth 
 on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids ; lingual teeth in two 
 patches ; pharyngeal teeth pointed. Gill-rakers long and strong, com- 
 pressed, numerous, about 20 in number, some of them on the upper por- 
 tion of the arch. Branchiostegals 7. Operculum emarginate, the lower 
 pomt much the larger, striate, the ridges terminating in small spines; 
 preopercle, interopercle, subopercle, suborbital and preorbital with their 
 inferior edges conspicuously serrate; dentaric^s and preopercle with large 
 D'.uciferous depressions or pits. Dorsal fin with about 13 spines; anal 
 
 • Gill, Amor. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1834, 92 : typo Centrarchus hexacanthua C. & V. {vTinp, 
 bigb; idnov, Bfiih) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 30 
 
 l\ ;i^ 
 
 
 ''<• 
 
 
 ',tfl 
 
 ' "■''* iS 
 
 
 ?^, 
 
 
 i 4m 
 
 t 
 
 ■Eii" 
 
 MM 
 
466 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 usually with 7 spines. Caudal emarginate. Scales strongly ctenoid 
 California. (a^;^o?, anus ; orrAjrij?, armed.) 
 
 736. A. iiiterruptns (Grd.) Gill.— Sacramento Perch. 
 
 Body oblong-ovate, compressed, the back cousiderably elevated ante- 
 riorly, depressed over the eye, the snout projecting at an angle. Mouth 
 terminal, very large, the maxillary very broad, extending beyond pupil. 
 Eye very large, 4 to 5 in head. Scales on cheek in about eight series 
 Dorsal spines rather low, strong; anal spines similar. Pectoral short 
 barely reaching anal. Color blackish above, sides silvery, with about 
 seven vertical blactish bars, irregular in form and position and more or 
 less interrupted; a black opercular spot; fins nearly plain. Head 28- 
 depth 2J. D. XEIF, 10; A. VII, 10; scales about 7-51-14. L. 12 inches. 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers; abundant; the only fresh-water 
 percoid \^ dst of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 {Centrarchns interruptua Girard, Proc. Acac*.. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 129: AmhlopUtes 
 intcrruptu8 Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 10: Centrarchus interruptm Giinther 
 i, 237 : Centrarckus maculosus Ayteti, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1854, 8.) 
 
 34S.— AlflBIiOPIilTGS Rafiuesque. ' : > 2 „ 
 
 Bock BasH. - 
 
 (Rafinesque, Ichth. Oil. 1820, 33: i^]}e Lepomia icthcloidca 'Raf.=Bod'iamtariq)eatns'Rsit) 
 
 Body oblong, moderately elevated, compressed. Mouth large, the 
 broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone ; lower jaw 
 projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids ; lingual 
 teeth in a single patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp. Branchiostegals G. 
 Opercle ending in 2 flat points ; preopercle serrate at its angle ; other 
 membrane bones chiefly entire. Gill-rakers rather long and strong, 
 dentate, less than 10 in number, developed only on the lower portion 
 of the arch. Scales large, somewhat ctenoid. Dorsal fin much more 
 developed than the anal fin, with 10 to 11 rather low spines; anal spines 
 normally 6. Caudal fin ems'iginate. {a/iiSluq, blunt; ok^ttj^, armed.) 
 
 73T* A. rupestris (Raf.) Gill. — Common Rock Baaa; Bed-Eye ; Gopgle-Eye. 
 
 Body oblong, moderately compressed. Head large, the profile little 
 depressed above the eye. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to 
 opposite posterior part of pupil. Eye very large, 3 J in head. Gill 
 rakers few, about 10 developeu. Scales on cheeks in 6 to 8 series ; pre- 
 opercle serrate near its angle. Color olive green, brassy-tinged, with 
 much dark mottling ; the young irregularly barred and blotched with 
 black, the adult with a dark spot on each scale, these forming inter- 
 
84. CENTRARCHID^ — CH^NOBRYTTUS, 
 
 467 
 
 rupted black stripes; a black opercular spot ; dark mottlings on the 
 soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Head 2^ ; depth 2-2J, D. XI, 10; A. 
 VI 10; scales about 5-39-12. Cceca 7. Vert. 14+ 18. L. 12 Indies. 
 Verniout to Great Lake r«gion and Manitoba, south to Louisiana ; very 
 abundant west ot the Alleghanies. 
 
 (Bodianm rnpestris Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. 1B17, 120: Centrarchus ceneus C. & V. iii, 
 84: Centrarchus mneus GUnthor, i, 25G; Jorrlan, Man, Vert. od. 2, 237: Ambloplites cavi- 
 /ro»8 Copo, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1838, 217, ia probably a young specimen of this 
 
 Bpecies.*) 
 
 346.— CH/i:]V€3RVTTlJS Gill. 
 
 War-mouths. 
 
 (Calliuma Ag. not of Raf.) 
 
 (Gill. Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts, 1864, 92 : type Calliurua viclanops Grd. = Pomotia gulosus 
 Cuv. & Val.) 
 
 This genus has the general form and dentition of Ambloplites with the 
 
 convex opercle, 10 dorsal and 3 anal spines of Lepomis. Preopercle 
 
 entire. Branchiostegals 6. Caudal fin emarginate. Scales weakly 
 
 ctenoid, (x'^^'-'^j to yawn ; Bryttus, i. e. Lepomis.) 
 
 a. Dorsal beginning above the opercular spot. 
 
 y2§. C. anIisJius UaKsiy.— Goggle Eije. 
 
 Body heavy, deep and thick, stouter and less elongate than in the 
 next. Head deep. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching nearly to pos- 
 terior margin of the eye; the supplemental bone strong. Scales on 
 cheeks in 7 or 8 rows. Opercular flap broad. Eye small, 4J in head ; pre- 
 opercle and mandible with large mucous pits. Dorsal beginning directly 
 over the opercular spot, which is above base of pectoral ; spines of dor- 
 sal very stout, the longest as long as from snout to middle of eye. Color 
 in life dark olive-gree ^ above ; sides greenish and brassy, with blotches 
 of pale blue and bright coppery red, the red predominating ; belly bright 
 brassy yellow, profusely mottled with liright red; lower jaw chiefly 
 yellow ; iris bright red ; opercular spot as large as eye, black, bordered 
 with copper color; 3 or 4 wide dark red bands radiating backwards 
 from eye across cheeks and opercles, separated by narrow pale blue inter - 
 
 * A.cavifrona Cope. 
 
 Physiognomy more of Centrarchus. Month largo, very oblique, the maxillary 
 reaching beyond the middle of the pupil ; chin prominent. Outline of cranium cou- 
 cavo. Eye large, 3 In head. Scales of cheeks very few, minute. Mucous cavities 
 largo. Siivory, dusted with dark points; scales with a narrow vertical dark shade 
 at liase ; soft fins dusky; a small black opercular spot. Depth 2^. D. X, 18 ; A. 
 VI, 11; scales 7-38-13. Roanoke River, Virginia. {Cope.) 
 
 -M- 
 
 v^Ml 
 
 m 
 
 
 :%■ ^1 
 
 7 '■'»L<^J«fl 
 
 
 i 
 
 If. 
 \l 
 
 I i 
 
 h 
 
468 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — Iv. 
 
 spaces; upper fins chiefly black, mottled with orange and blue; lower- 
 fins dusky ; a small black spot on last rays of dorsal ; color in spirits 
 very dark, the reddish shades becoming b!ack ; young with vertical 
 chains of spots. Head 2% ; depth 2^. D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 
 G-40-12. L. 10 inches. Lake Michigan and Uijper Mississippi Valley 
 abundant. 
 
 ' (GlossopUtea melatuyp8 .lor. Man. Vert. ed. 1, 1876, 223, 317: Chanobryttua guloms Jor^ 
 dan, Man. Verf. ed. 2, 1878, 237 : ChwnobryUua gulosus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 
 N. Y. 1876, 359, not Pomotia guloaua C. «& V. ; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas, 1681.) 
 
 aa. Dorsal fin beginning behind the vertical of the base of the pectorals. 
 
 739. C. gfulosus (C. & V.) Jor. — War-mouth; Red-eyed Bream. 
 
 Verj^ similar to the preceding; the body more compressed and more 
 elongate, the profile less steep. Scales of cheeks larger, in about G-8 
 rows. Opercular spot smaller. Eye 4.J in head. Dorsal beginning 
 behind base of pectoral ; pectoral short, barely reaching anal. Color in 
 life clear olive-green clouded with darker, usually without red or blue; 
 a dusky spot on each scale more or less distinct ; vertical fins mottled 
 with dusky ; a faint spot on last rays of dorsal bordered by paler ; 3 
 oblique dusky bars radiating from eye; belly yellowish. Head 2J; 
 depth 2^. D. X, 9 ; A. Ill, 8 ; scales 6-43-11. L. 9 inches. Virginia 
 to Texas ; abundant only southward. Close to the preceding, but dis- 
 tinguishable by the posterior insertion of the dorsal. 
 
 (Pomotia guloaua Cuv. «fe Val. iii, 367, 1839 : Centrarc lua guloaua uiul viridiaC. & V. vii, 
 437, 460, 1831 : Centrarchua guloaua Giinther, 1, 258 : Calliuru« floridenaia Holbrook, Journ. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 53: Sri/<^«8/oneJen8i«Giinther, i, 260 : Lepomia gillii Co\)e., 
 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 225 ; Chwnobryttua viridia Jordan, Ann. Lye. N.it. 
 Hist. N. Y. 1876, 360: Chanobryitua viridia Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 238: Callium 
 melanopa Girard, IT. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 11 : Bryttua melanopa Giinther, i, 2(10: Zr- 
 pomia charybdia Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 21.) 
 
 24T.— ACANTHARCHUS Gill. ' 
 
 (Gill, Amer. Jonm. Sci. Arts, 1834, 92: type Centrarchua pomotia Baird.) 
 , Body oblong, robust, not much compressed or elevated. Mouth not 
 very large, the broad maxillary with a well developed supplemental 
 bone ; lower jaw projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids, 
 and tongue ; lingual teeth in a single patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp. 
 Gill- rakers few, rather long and strong. Opercle emarginate ; preoper- 
 cle entire. Scales cycloid, large. Lateral line complete. Dorsal spines 
 usually 11; anal spines 5; caudal fin rounded behind. (azav<?a, spine ; 
 apXov, anus.) . ' . 
 
84. CENTKARCHID^ ENNEACANTHUS. 
 
 469 
 
 ¥30* A« pomotis (Baird) Gill. — Mud Sun-fiah. 
 
 Body oblong, moderately compressed. Snout short. Mouth wide, 
 the gape short; the maxillary reaching posterior part of orbit. Eye not 
 very large, 3 J to 4 in head. Cheeks with about 5 rows of scales. Dor- 
 sal spines low ; the longest about as long as from snout to middle of 
 pupil. Color very dark greenish ; body usually with five rather indis- 
 tinct blackish longitudinal bands along the sides ; cheeks with dark 
 bands, which run nearly parallel, the lowest passing across the maxillary 
 around the front part of the lower jaw. Fins plain dusky. A black 
 opercular spot. Head 2§ ; depth 2. I). XI, 10 ; A. V, 10 ; scales G-43-12. 
 L. 4 inches. Southern New York to South Carolina, in sluggish streams 
 near the coast. 
 
 [Centrarchm pomoiia Baird, 9th Smithson. Rep. 1854, 325; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 
 2 ',i!J7: Centrarduia pamotia, GUuther, i, 250.) 
 
 348.— ENNEACANTHUS GiU 
 
 HemiopUtva Cope: Copelandia Jordan.) 
 
 (Gill, Arn. Journ. Sci. Arts. 1864, 92: type Pomotia oheaua Grd.) 
 
 Body rather short and deep, compressed. Mouth small ; the supple- 
 mental maxillary bone well developed. Teeth on vomer and palatines, 
 none on the tongue. Opercle ending behind in two flat points, with a 
 dermal border. Preopercle entire. Scales rather large, the lateral 
 line sometimes interrupted. Dorsal fin continuous, normally with 9 
 spines ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, with 3 spines ; caudal flu con- 
 vex behind. Branchiostegals G. Species of small size and bright color- 
 ation. Abnormal variations in the number of dorsal and anal spines 
 have given rise to the nominal g&nQVSL Hemioplites and Copelandia. 
 (ewea, nine; azav<?a, spine.) , 
 
 731. E. eriarchus (Jordan) McKay. 
 
 Body rather elongate, the profile forming a nearly uniform curve. 
 Eye large, 3 in head. Mouth moderate, " maxillary reaching slightly 
 beyond front of pupil ; its supplemental bone well developed. Scales 
 on cheek in about 3 rows. Soft dorsal high, its longest rays equal to 
 distance from snout to front of opercle ; anal fin very large, with strong 
 spines. Pectorals reaching beyond anal spines; ventral spines reaching 
 anal. Lateral line incomplete. Olivaceous; vertical fins with round 
 (blue?) spots. Head 2f ; "depth 2^. D. X, 9 ; A. IV, 8 ; scales 4-33-10. 
 L. 3 inches. Menomonee Eiver, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; but one speci- 
 men preserved. It is probably an Enneacanthus with an abnormal in- 
 
 ■ *■ r 
 
 :■:■'■ ^- m 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 hi 
 
 J". 
 
 >i 
 
 
 
».«' 
 
 
 470 CONTUIBUTIONS TO NORTn AMERICAN ICHTnTOLOOY— iv. 
 
 crease in the number of spines. Spe ' "m***?.^-,!^.- ajju^vlanH with the same 
 
 numbers are occasionally foun('t 
 
 {Copvlandia eriarcka Jovdau, Proc Ai , Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 56; McKay, Proc. U 8 
 Nut. Mns. 1881. J ' ' * 
 
 ■yaa. E. obesMS (Bair'^'^;".i. 
 
 Body oblongo^'^/f elliptical. Scales large, little crowded. Dorsal 
 spines 2J in h> ^rVs long as from snout to jwsterior margin of eye. Anal 
 flu large* Jrfitral spine not reaching vent, its first ray not reaching tlio 
 base of vue last anal spine; caudal fin moderate, about as long as from 
 snout to middle of opercle; opercular spot rather large, more than halt' 
 the size of the eye, velvet black, bordered with purple. Eye 3^ in head- 
 cheeks with four rows of scales. Color olivaceous, with 5-8 well-defined 
 dark cross-bars ; spots on body and fins i)urplish or golden ; cheek 
 with lines and spots ; a dark bar below eye. Head 2§ ; depth If. D. 
 IX, 10; A. Ill, 10; scales 4-32-10; the pores developed usually on 
 about 20 scales, but sometimes on nearly all of them. L. 3 inches. 
 Massachusetts to Florida, abundant in sluggish streams near the coast, 
 
 (PomotiB ohesiia Baird, 9th Smiths. Kopt. 1854, 324: Briittu8 oheuus Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. So. Phila. W.VJ, 5.3; Jortlan, Man. Vert. 245: Bryltua faaoiatua Holbrook, Journ. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18,j5, 51: Bryttua faaciatua GUnther, i, 260; Cope, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 1878, 65: Pomotia guttatua Morris, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185!t.) 
 
 733. E. ffloriosus (Holbr.) Jor. 
 
 Body oval, moderatelj^ compressed, the profile concave above eye. 
 Opercular spot scarcely larger than pupil. Caudal about as long as 
 from snout to anterior margin of preopercle. Color olive-green, yellow- 
 ish below, speckled above with golden; no vertical bands; fins rosy, 
 with golden spots, often a dusky spot at base of caudal. Head 2|; 
 depth IJ. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 10. L. 2^ inches. Maryland to Florida, 
 in clear sluggish streams. t 
 
 {Bri/ttua glorioaua Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 51: Bryttua glormat 
 Giiuther, i, 260; Uhler & Lugger, Fishes Maryland, 112.) 
 
 YSl. E. Slmulans (Cope) McKay. 
 
 Body comparatively elotigate. Mouth moderate, very oblique, the 
 maxillary reaching just past the front of orbit. Dorsal spines medium; 
 soft rays in the males somewhat elevated, reaching to or beyond (var. 
 pimiiger) the base of the caudal; the longest soft ray as long as from 
 snout to front of opercle, or (var. pinniger) as long as head; fins iu 
 females all lower ; pectoral fin reaching nearly to middle of anal. Eye 
 34 in head. Lateral line usually, but not always, complete. ' Color dark 
 olive; young with traces of vertical darker bars; ear-flap small, with a 
 
84. CENTRABCIIIDiE — MESOGONISTIUS. 
 
 471 
 
 blae border, and a pearly spot in front; a dark bar abont width of 
 
 pupil t'xteuding obliquely downwards below eye ; sides of bead, whole 
 
 body imd vertical fliis, in the males, with round bright blue spots ar- 
 
 rau{,'fd in irregular rows, these spots most distinct on the cheeks and 
 
 opercK's and on the lower part of the sidtis; females duller, with larger 
 
 and fiiiuter spots more regular in position. A dark bar below eye. 
 
 Head li;^; depth 2^. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9 (occasionally D. X, or A. IV, 
 
 in abnoruial specimens) ; scales 3-30-9. New Jersey to North Carolina; 
 
 abundant near the coast. 
 
 (Hemioplitea simulann Cope, Journ. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 218; based on speci- 
 men with 4 anal spines: Jinneacanthus margarotia Gill & Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 X, 28, 1878: Ennt acanthus guttaiua Cope, Jouni. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 18G9, 219: 
 Enneacanthiia pinniger J or&.va, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 27, 1878, a southern form, dis- 
 tinguished by the larger size, brighter color, and larger lius, all doubtlesa the result 
 of more favorable surroundings.) 
 
 349.— mESOGONISTIVS Gill. 
 
 Banded Sun-fishes. 
 
 (Gill, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 18G4, 92: type Pomotia chatodon Baird.) 
 
 Body short and deep, compressed. Mouth small. Teeth present on 
 vomer and palatines, none on the tongue; supplemental maxillary bone 
 biiiall. Gill rakers rather strong, dentate. Opercle ending in two flat 
 Doiiits, with a dermal border; preopercle entire. Scales large. Dorsal 
 with ten spines ; outline of the fln angulated, the middle spines being 
 much longer than some of the posterior ones; anal ftn much smaller 
 than the dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin posteriorly rounded. Size 
 small. (/i£<TM?, middle; ijwvra, angle; OffTtov, sail.) 
 
 T3t(. M., chsetodon (Baird) Gill. — Black-handvd Sun-fiah. 
 
 Body suborbicular, compressed. Head moderate, the profile nearly 
 coQcurrent with the dorsal curve. Mouth very small, the maxillary 
 reaching nearly to the eye. Eye large, 3 in head. Cheeks with 3-4 
 rows of scales. Fins rather large; dorsal fin high in front, the middle 
 portion depressed. Lateral line continuous. Coloration clouded straw- 
 color, the sides with 6-8 conspicuous but rather irregular black vertical 
 bars, the first through the eye, the second in front of pectorals, inter- 
 rupted on the operculum, the third at the front of the dorsal covering 
 the membrane of the first three spines, and forming a medial black 
 stripe on each ventral fln, the fourth at front of soft dorsal, the flfth 
 opposite its last ray, the last at the base of the caudal; black oper- 
 cular spot, with a crescent-shaped paler centre. Fins mottled. Head 3 j 
 
 I" '^Aa'l.i't"'I^i-3i' I 
 
 I' 
 
 ■?l!f'!!:.!1' 
 
 Wn 
 
 ,•.-< --i 
 
 
 i 
 
 -.4 
 
 }. .*j 
 
 ^ If 
 
472 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 depth 1%. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 12; scales 4-28-10. L. 3 inches. Ne\T 
 
 Jersey to Maryland, in sluggish streams. A handsome little fish. 
 
 (Pomods chwtodon Baird, Ninth Siuithsouiun Rei)ort, 1854, 324: Pomotis chwtodon 
 GUuther, i, 263; Jordan, Man. Vort. ed. 2, 245.) 
 
 h.' 
 
 h^[l. \ 
 
 !■!' 
 
 aaO.— LiEPOmiS Rafiulsque. -i 
 
 Sun-finhcs. ' 
 
 (Ichthclls, Pomotis and Apomotis Eafinisqno: Bryttua Cuv. & Val. : Xenotis, Xystro- 
 ]}lUm and IlcUoperca Jordan: Eiqtomotis Gill & Jordan. 
 
 (Rafineaqno, Journal de Physique, 1819, 402 : type Labrus auritus L.) 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back in tlio 
 adult somewhat elevated. Mouth moderate or small, the jaws about 
 equal; maxillary narrow, the supplemental bone small or reduced to a 
 mere rudiment or altogether wanting. Teeth on vomer, and usually on 
 l^alatines ; none on tongue or pterygoids ; lower pharyngeals narrow, 
 the teeth conic or paved. Gill-rakers mostly short; preopcirculum 
 entire; opeiculura ending behind in a convex flap, black in color, 
 which in some species becomes, grcatl.y develoi)ed with age. Brancliios- 
 tegals i>. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin continuous, with ten spines ; 
 anal with three spines; caudal fin emarginate. Coloration brilliant, 
 but evanescent. A large genus, one of the most difficult in our fish 
 fauna in which to distinguish species. The form of body, development 
 of ear-flap, and hei;^ht of /jpines vary greatly with age. The number 
 of fin-rays and scales are assentially the same in all. (AeTTJc, scale; ;rw/xa, 
 operculum, a character supposed to distingush the genus from Sparvs.) 
 
 The species may be subdivided as follows: 
 
 * Lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth mostly conic, 
 a. F^.aryngeal teeth all, or nearly all. slender, acnto. 
 ft. Supplemental maxillary hone well dovel(>ped; piilatine teeth present; gill- 
 rakers stilTund ratluir lon;^;. (Apomotis Maf. ) . cyanelliis, symmetricus, phenax, 
 hi). Supplemental maxillary rednced to a slight rudimevit. 
 
 c. Gill-rakefM stiff, not very short; palatine tcoth nsnally present. (Lepomi»,) 
 • d, Gill-rakers comparatively long and slender; ear-Map shoi-t. 
 
 iachyriis, macrochtrus, mystacalis, elovijatita, hturimts, punctattts, vn.iiatiis, 
 dd. Gill-rakers short, thickish ; cariiap very long ami narrow in the adult. 
 
 auritM. 
 cc. GilT-rakors weak and floxihlo, very short ; nn palatine teeth. (Xctotis Jordan.) 
 ' megalotit), marpinatm, homhifrom, 
 
 ilib. Snpi)lemontal maxillary ohsolete ; gill-rakers slender. {Jldioperca.) 
 
 e. Palatine tet lU present ..hiimiUs, 
 
 ee. Palatine teotl: none ; a black dors:il patch paUidas. 
 
 aa. Pharyngeal teeth mostly bluntly e»nio. (X jatroplitca Jotian.) 
 
 heron, tnryorus, alhnhs, 
 
 ••Lower pharyngeals broad, with the teeth paved, nearly spherical, truncate above. 
 
 Jiupomotia Gill & Joiuuu) notaUis, holbrooki, gibboBiis, Urii«, 
 
84. CENTRARCHIDiE — LEPOMIS. 
 
 473 
 
 a Pharyngpal teeth all or nearly all Blender, acnte ; lower pharyngeals narrow, th« 
 teeth mostly conic. 
 b. Supplemental maxillary evident ; palatine teeth present ; gill-rakers stiff and 
 rather long. {ApomoHa * Bailncsque.) 
 
 fStJ. Ij« cvandiMS Kaf. — Bed-eye; Dive-spotted Sun-fish. 
 
 Bodv oblong, rather elongate, becoming short and deep with age ; 
 
 niodt itely compressed. Head large, with projecting snout. Mouth 
 
 K large, the maxillary broad and 6at, with a small supplemental 
 
 boue, reaching nearly to the middle of the eye ; lower jaw projecting. 
 
 Dorsal spines quite low, the highest scarcely longer than snout (in the 
 
 adult, longer in young). Scales small. Opercidar spot small, less than 
 
 eye, broadly margined, the black confined to the bony part. Pectoral 
 
 short, not reaching anal. Color variable, the prevailing shade green, 
 
 with a strong brassy lustre on sides, which becomes nearly yellow below ; 
 
 each scale usually with a sky-blue spot and more or less of gilt edging, 
 
 giving an appearance of i^ale lateral streaks; besides these marks, dusky 
 
 or obscure vertical bars are often present, and the sides are sprinkled 
 
 with dark dots ; vertical fins marked with blue or green, the anal usually 
 
 edged in front with pale orange; usually a conspicuous black spot on 
 
 posterior base of dorsal and anal, these often obsolete ; iris red ; cheeks 
 
 wI'lU narrow blue stripes. Scales on cheeks in 8 rows. Head 3 ; depth 
 
 2.J. D. X, 11; A. in, 9; Lat. 1. about 48 L. 7 inches. Very variable. 
 
 Great Lake region to Mexico; very abundant south westward ; asceud> 
 
 ing smdl brooks. 
 
 (Raf. Journ. do Physique, 1819, 420 : Icthelh meJanops Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, m : Cal- 
 Vmrus longuliis, diaphanus, formosus, and vdcrops Girard, U. 8. Pac. 11. R. Surv. Fish. 
 and U. S. Mex. Bound, Surv. Ichth. 1859: lirifttua signifer Grd. U. S. Pac. li. R. Surv. 
 F'sli. tiO : liryttns lojigulua Giinther, i, 260 : Lepomia microps, mineopaa, and vidanops 
 vJope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1868 223, 224 : Apomotia cyanellus Jordan, Man. 
 Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2,239.) 
 
 737. L. syillinetricus Forhes, sp. nov. 
 
 Color dark, most scales with a vertical dark bar at base ; cheeks mot- 
 tled, not striped ; sides with about 10 vertical bars, widest forward ; 
 pectoral fins pale ; ventrals dusky in the male ; dorsal fin in the female 
 with a dark ocellated 8i)ot on its Last ray. Body short, deep, with reg 
 iilar outlines. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw longest, the maxillary 
 reaching the front of the pupil ; supplemental maxillary present. Pala- 
 tine teeth present ; pharj ngeal teeth rather blunt. Gill-rakers stiff and 
 long. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Opercular angle not prolonged, 
 
 • RaOnesque, Journ. de Physique, etc., 1819, 420 : type Lepomia cyanellus Ruf. ; a, 
 priujitivo; »©/<«, operculum; ovi, ettr=roripomi« Raf. 18ii0. 
 
 ■. 
 
 « 'It! 
 
 i; 
 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 
 ;, 1 
 
 .< » b-: 
 
 iw 
 
, W I-- 
 
 
 
 474 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 its black spot higher than long, shorter than eye with a narrow pale 
 border. Spinous dorsal rather low, two-thirds height ot soft, the loujr. 
 est spine as long as from snout tc middle of eye ; caudal peduncle sborf 
 and deep ; caudal slightly emarginate ; pectorals and vcntrals reachinr; 
 vent. Head 2§ ; depth 1%. Eye a little longer than snout, 3| in head. 
 D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 6-34-14. L. 2J inches (adult). Types 15 
 specimens, in Illinois Laboratory of I^atural History from Illinois Iliver. 
 (^rfies MSS.) , ; 
 
 'J'3§. 1.. plieiiax (Cope & Jordau) McKay. 
 
 Appearance of Lepomis pallidus. Body rather short and deep ; snout 
 short, projecting, forming an angle over the eye. Mouth inoderate, the 
 lower jaw slightly the longer, the maxillary reaching middle of eye, the 
 supplemental bone strong. Eye moderate, 4J in head. Opercular spot 
 larger than eye. Scales on cheek in 7 rows. Gill-rakt^rs very long. 
 Dorsal spines short and strong, as long as from snout to middle of eye* 
 pectorals long ; soft dorsal high, anal higher. Color in spirits nearly 
 plain olive-green ; no black spot on dorsal or anal. Head 2 J ; depth 2^. 
 D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 } scales 6-43-14. L. 6 iuches. Beaseley's Point, 
 Kew Jersey. 
 
 (Apomotia phenax Cope «fe Jordan, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 26, 1877; McKay, Proc. 
 U. S. Nat. Mils. 1881.) 
 
 hb. Supplemental maxillary reduced to a slight rudiment. 
 
 c. Gill-rakers stiff, not very short ; palatine tooth usually present. {Lejyomis.) 
 d. Gill-rakers comparatively long and slender; ear-ilap short. 
 
 939. Li. iscliyrus Jor. & Nelson. 
 
 Aspect of L. pallidus. Body elongated, robust, much elevated. 
 Mouth wide, the maxillaries reaching middle of orbit. Palatine teeth 
 present. Occiput prominent ; top of head flat and short, forming an 
 angle with tlio descending profile. Scales on cheeks in 6 rows. Fius 
 high, the .'iorsal spines rather low and very strong, the longest as long 
 as from tip of snout to middle of orbit. Opercular flap large, with a 
 broad pale edge, entirely surrounding the bl.ack. Eye large, smaller 
 than opercular spot, 4J in head. Color dusky, mottled with orange and 
 b'ue; cheeks with wide obscure blue bands; a dusky spot on dorsal 
 and anal behind; belly and lower fins coppery yellow; lower jaw and 
 lower parts of head leaden blue. Head 2§ ; depth, 2^. D. X, 12; A. 
 Ill, 10 ; scales 5-46-14. L. 7 inches. Illinois Eiver. T^ TT^ 
 
 (Ichthclia aquilenaia Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 37 (not Pomoiia aquiknm 
 B. «fc G.); Jordan & Nolsou, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 25, 1877.) 
 
84. CENTRARCniDJE LEP0MI8. 
 
 475 
 
 9410. L. inacrochirus Rnf. > 
 
 Brigbt steel-blue, with many bronze orange spots, wbicli cover nearly 
 tbe whole surface, so arranged that the ground color forms a series of 
 vertical chain-like bars, very conspicuous in life ; vertical fins mottled 
 with bronze and usually more or less edged with pale orange ; sometimes 
 a faint black dorsal spot; no distinct blue stripes on cheek, but the 
 sitlos of the head shaded with purplish. Opercular flap small, black, 
 luargined with pale. Body rather elongate, the head somewhat acute. 
 Pectoral fins reaching beyond ventrals to anal. Gill-rakers rather long 
 and slender, strongly toothed, 11 developed. Supplemental bone minute. 
 About 7 rows of scales on cheeks. Head 3; depth 2 J. D. X, 12; A. 
 Ill, 10; scales about C-42-15, L. 5 inches. Ohio Valley; a small, 
 bamlsome species. 
 
 (Raf. Journ. de Physique 1819, 420; Jordan, Man. Vert, ed, 2, 239: Lepomia nephelut 
 Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G8, 222.) 
 
 741. L. mystacalJs Cope. 
 
 Body deep, comi)re8sed. Eye large, 3J in head. Dorsal spines 
 robust, little shorter than the soft rays; paired fins long; maxillary 
 extending somewhat beyond frort of orbit; four rows of scales on 
 cheeks; opercular spot short without border. Gill-rakers slender. 
 Dusky, sides silvery, with irregular, short, dark vertical bars ; a palo 
 baud from mouth across preopercle, a dark line below this, then a silvery 
 baad; lower parts and most of vertical fins yellow." Head 3g; depth 
 2. D. X, 12 ; A. HI, 12; scales 7-51-15. East Florida. {Cop^.) 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. See. 18^7, G6.) , >. - y- . • \ 
 
 742. L. clongatUS (Holbr.) Gill & Jor. 
 
 Body rather elongate, compresses Front steep. Caudal peduncle 
 
 long. iVIaxillary extending to front cf eye. Eye large, 3 J in head. 
 
 Scales on cheek in C ro s. Opercular flap moderate. Fins high, the 
 
 longest dorsal fin as louj^ as snout and eye. Dusky above, yellowish 
 
 below, with faint dark vers ^al bars on the sides, and a dark blotch on 
 
 the tail behind the dorsal fin; cheeks with pale bluish lines; fins plain. 
 
 Head 2§ ; depth 2 J. D. X, 11; A. HI, 9. L. 4 inches. South Carolina 
 
 to Florida. {HolbrooJc.) 
 
 {Pomotia dongatua Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nnt. Sci. Phila. ISSf), 47: Pomotia elongatus 
 G'.iuther,i, 2(52: 1 Lepomia OjMlialmieua Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1808, 224.) 
 
 713. li. inili'inns (Grd.) McKay. 
 
 Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the form precisely as in L. cya- 
 nellus. Mouth rather largo; maxillary about reaching front of eyej 
 
 r 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 • .iulti 
 
 H 
 
 
 'C 
 
 «Jf.< 
 
 
 

 
 476 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 teeth on vomer and front of palatines. Gill-rakers moderate, or 10 de- 
 veloped. Supplemental maxillary scarcely appreciable. Eye oqual to 
 Jnterorbital width. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Spinous dorsal rather 
 high, the longest spine about as long as from tip of snout to pupil; pec- 
 torals short, scarcely reaching vent. Scales small, reduced on breast. 
 Dark greenish ; a black spot on dorsal as in L. cyanelltis. Ilead 2^ • 
 depth 3. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-42-15. Texas. 
 
 {CaUiuriie murimi8 Grd. U. S. Pac. K. R, Surv. Fish. 1858, 18, pi. 7, fijr, 1; the other 
 pecinieiis oxaininod by Girard belong to L. cyanvllua : lirtjttm murinus Giiiithtr i 
 GO; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1881,88.) ' ' 
 
 8 
 
 2G0 
 
 I&IU 
 
 7'4'i. L. piinctatus (Cuv. &. Val.) Jor. « 
 
 Body deep, compressed, the profile steep ; an angle above the eye. 
 
 Mouth moderate; maxillary reaching past anterior margin of eye; sup- 
 
 jdemental maxillary present, small. Palatine teeth present. Gill-rakers 
 
 rather long, stiff, and strong. Opercular fla]) small, short, and deep 
 
 shorter than eye. Eye large, 4 in head. Scales on the cheeks in 7 
 
 rows. Dorsal spines high, the middle ones highest, nearly as long as 
 
 snout and orbit. Olivaceous, with numerous small deep brown spots 
 
 smaller than pin-heads, resembling lly-specks; these are most distinct 
 
 on the lower part of the sides, where they form lines along the rows of 
 
 scales, and on the opercies; sometimes they cover the whole body. Fins 
 
 plain dusky. Head 3; depth IJ. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 10; scales 0-40-13. 
 
 L. 5 inches. Streams of Florida; a handsome species, known at sight 
 
 by the peculiar coloration. > 
 
 (Bryttus pnnctatiw and reticnlatvs Cuv. & Val. vii, 402; Jordan, Proc. IJ. 8. Nat. 
 Mus. ii, tJ24, 1879: Lcpomia apiatua Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Pbila. 1877,65: Lqn- 
 opomna apiniua Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 'lb, 1877.) 
 
 743. li. miuinlus Jordan. 
 
 Body oblong and somewhat regularly elliptical. Mouth rather large. 
 Opercular flap short and broad, entirely black. Scales of cheek in 
 4 series. Eye large, 3^ in head. Giil-rakers shortish, but stitt'.and 
 rough. Palatine teeth present. Dorsal si)ines rather long, as long as 
 from snout to posterior edge of pupil Pectorals long. Color dark, a 
 scarlet spot on each scale, forming red longitudinal stripes ; a dusky 
 mark on each side of each red spot; belly largely orange red; fins dark; 
 no dorsal spot; iris red. Head 2^; depth 2|. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 1»; 
 scales 4-40-11. L. 4 inches. Alabama to Texas 3 not rare; a small, 
 brightly colored species. 
 
 (Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 2(5, 1877.) 
 
84. CENTRARCHID^ LEPOMIS. 
 
 477 
 
 dd. Gin-ral^«"'8 sliort, tbickish ; car flnp in the adult very long and narrow. 
 746. I" aurltus (L.) Raf.— Long-cared Sun-fiah. 
 
 Body elongate, not much elevated. Snout moderately prominent. 
 Mouth rather large, oblique, the maxillary reaching past front of eye. 
 Cheeks with rather small scales, in about 7 rows. Scales of breast very 
 small. Palatine teeth few, rather large. Gill-rakers quite short, not 
 much longer than in Lepomis megalotis, but stift* and rough, set v.ide 
 apart, diminishing in size Jrom the angle forwards. Opercular flap 
 very long (longer in the adult than on any other of the Suu-flshes 
 except Lepomis megalotis), narrow, usually not wider than the eye. In 
 the young the flap is variously shortor, but always narrow; lower 
 margiu of flap usually pale. Dorsal spines rather low. Color olive; 
 belly largely orange red; scales on the sides with reddish spots on 
 a bluish ground ; vertical fins chiefly orange or yellowish ; head with 
 bluish stripes, especially in front of eye; fins becoming dusky in spirits; 
 nodjjsky blotch on last rays of dorsal and anal. Head (without flap) 
 3 in length; depth 2J. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 47. L. 8 inches. 
 Maine to Louisiana; abundant in all streams east of the Alleghauies; 
 the typical form, above described, chiefly northward. 
 
 (Lahriis aiirituH Linn. Syat. Ntit. ed. x,283, 17r;8: LahruH auritun Linn. Syst. Nat. cd. 
 xli, 475, 17'T): livjittHa unieolor Cnv. & Val. vii, 464: Pomolis ruhricauda Storer, Bo8t. 
 Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 177: PomoHs appendix Storor, Hist. FisL. Mass. 1867, 14.) 
 
 Var. solis (Cnv. & Val.) McKay. 
 
 Similar to the preceding, except that the scales on the cheek are 
 
 larger, in 5 or 6 rows; the scales on the breast are not very small, and 
 
 there is usually a dusky blotch on the last rays of the dorsal. Virginia 
 
 to Louisiana, in streams coastwise; abundant, replacing the true auritua 
 
 in the streams of the Southern States. 
 
 {Pomotis soUh Cnv. & Val. vii, 408: Jchthdia ruhr'icaitda Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 1860, 
 15; McKay, Proc. V.. S. Nat. Mua. iv, 89.") 
 
 cc. Gill-ralvors weak and flexible, very short ; palatine 1 eeth none. ( Xenotia * Jordan. ) 
 
 Ti?.- L. meg^alotis (Raf.) Cope. — Long-eared Sun-fiah. 
 
 Body short and deep, compressed, the back very strongly arched ; the 
 
 profile very steep, usually forming an angle above eye, but sometimes 
 
 full and convex. Mouth small, oblique, the premaxillary rather below 
 
 the eye, the maxillary extending to opposite middle of eye. Scales on 
 
 cheek rather large, in about 5 rows. Dorsal spines very low, not much 
 
 longer than the snout. Opercular flap in the adult very long and broad, 
 
 with a broad or narrow i)ale blue or red margin, the margin sometimes 
 
 •Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1677, 76: type Pomotia fallax B. & G. (€f koS, 
 wonderful; ouS, ear.) 
 
 '3 ' 
 
 •'7 
 
 •!, 
 
 
 » ,' >i 
 
 '''^ 
 
 '. 'U 
 
 
 k 
 
 "F ■ 
 
 ,,^^^> 
 
 ;Pi 
 
 iMKi^sl^ 
 
 -'•M 
 
 * I't ''I 
 
478 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 Ik- • 
 Ik 
 
 II • 1 
 
 li^* : 
 
 ■4, 
 
 very broad, sometimes almost wanting ; the flap half or more longer 
 than the eye in the adult, much shorter in the young, its dovelon- 
 ment subject to great variation. Brilliant blue and orange; the back 
 chiefly blue; the belly entirely orange, the orange on the sides in spots 
 tbe blue in wavy vertical streaks; lips blue; cheeks orange, with bright- 
 blue stripes; blue stripes before eye; iris red; soft parts of vertical tins 
 with the rays blue and the membranes orange; ventrals dusky. Head 
 ■without flap, 3 in length; depth 1§-2J. D. X, 10; A. Ilf, 8; scales o- 
 38-14. L. 6 inches. Michigan to Minnesota, South Carolina, and Mex- 
 ico; very abundant in most streams. One of our most brightly-colored 
 fishes. Extremely variable: the young are often elliptical in form, and 
 the size at which the characteristic ear-flap is developed varies sieatly 
 with different individuals. We have thus far failed to distinguish any 
 tangible varieties. Some Southern specimens have the ear-flap lon'^er 
 {faUax)', some l!fortheru ones have the scales rather larger {imcriptim) 
 or the margin of the ear-flap broader than usual {peltantes), or wantinj,' 
 altogether [lytlirocliJ^ms). Some Southern specimens (hreviccps) have a 
 dusky spot on the !nst rays of dorsal. These characters gradually dis- 
 appear on examination of a large series. 
 
 ( lehthelis megaloiia Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820,29 : Xenoiis megalotu .Jordan, Man. Voit. ed 2, 
 242: Ichthells aiirita Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 29, not Labriia auritus L. : Lcpomis auritun Cope 
 Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G8, 220: Xenotis lythrochloria Jordan, Bull, U. S.Nat. 
 Mils. X, 40: Pomoiia vitida Kirtland, Boat. Jouru. Nat. Hist, iii, 472: romotix fnUnx 
 Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 24: Pomotia fallax Girard, U. 8. 
 Pac. R. R. Surv. Fisli. 27: Pomotia ruhricauda GUuther, i, 262: Pomotin brvviceps B, & 
 G. Proc. Acad. Nar,. Sci. Phihi. 1853, 390: Pomotia popel Girard, U. S. Pac. R. I{. Surv. 
 Fish. X, 2(5: Pomoiia aanguinolcniua Af;as8. Aiiier. .Joiim. Sci. Arts, 1854, 302: Xenolisnolk 
 Jordan, Ball. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, 22, uot Pomotia aolia C. & V. : Pomotia conveiifrom 
 Baird «fe Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 24 : Xcnotia aurcolua Jordan, I5iill, 
 U. S. Nat. MnH. x, 41: Pomotia inscript ua Agassiz, Amer. Jonrii. Sci. Arts, It'.'-.l, :i(y: 
 Xcnotia inacriptua .Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 42: Lcpomia peliastea Cope, Proc. 
 Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 454; McKay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. iv, Sd.) 
 
 74§. li. margnnatus (Holbr.) McKay. 
 
 Body short and deep. Snout shorter than the diameter of the eye, 
 
 the maxillary extending to tbe orbit. Paired flns rather long. Color 
 
 olive, with darker vertical bars; head and body with numerous blnish- 
 
 green spots; opercular appendix bordered with green. Head 3; depth 
 
 2. D. (IX) X, 12; A. Ill, lU. Fiwr'da. {Holbrool:) 
 
 (^Pomotia marginatiia Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 49: Pomotia margi- 
 nnina GUuther, i, 2(54.) 
 
 749. L. boanbifi'ons (Agass.) Jor. 
 
 Body rather short and deep, with the profile very steep and the back 
 very much arched, the greatest depth of the body being over the 
 
 mi^.- 
 
84. CENTRARCHID^ — LpPOMIS. 
 
 479 
 
 opercles; opercular flap very small, uumargined. Eye large; a slight 
 angle in front of the eye. Gill-rakers unknown. Mouth moderate, 
 placed very low; the premaxillaries entirely below the eye; maxillary 
 extending back to the middle of the pupil. Dorsal spines moderate, 
 the last ones somewhat shortened. Anal fin large; i)ectoral8 and ven- 
 trals reaching anal. Scales of cheek in 5 rows. Light brown; fins 
 pale, unspotted. Scales of belly and sides dotted with golden orange. 
 Head 2|; depth 2^. D. X, — ; A. Ill, — ; scales 5-?-ll. L. 4 inches. 
 {Agassiz.) Tennessee River. Known to us from the original descrip- 
 tion and from a tracing of a drawing received from Professor Bliss. 
 yVomoUahombifrona Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 303.) 
 
 flflo. Supplementary maxillary obsolete : gill-rakers sleuder, rather stiff. {HcUoperca* 
 Jordan.) 
 i. Palatiue teeth present. 
 
 750. L. hamilis (Grd.) Cope, — Red-spotted Sunfiah. 
 
 Body oblong. Scales large. Spines rather high. Profile not very 
 steep. Eye 3 J in head ; mucous pores on head very lai'ge ; opercular 
 flap rather long, broad, with a very broad red margin which entirely 
 surrounds the black. Gill-rakers rather long, blunt, 8-10, well de- 
 veloped; cheeks with about 5 rows of scales. Bluish, with conspicuous 
 greenish spots and mottlings posteriorly ; sides with many conspicuous 
 ronnd salmon-red spots; usually a faint black spot on last rays of 
 dorsal; belly and lower fins red. Head 2^; depth 2^. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 
 9; scales 5-34-11. L. 3 inches. Kentucky to Kansiis and Texas; lo- 
 cally abundant; a small, highly-colored species. 
 
 (Brijtius htmiliH Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 201; Girard, U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fish. 18.'j8, 21: Lcpomis anaijaUinus Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
 18C8, 221: Lepomis anagallinua Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 3, 240: ? BrijtluH oculatus\ Cope, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ]8()5, 83: ? Lepomis oculatus Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Phila. 18(58. 221. 
 
 (M, Palatine teeth none ; a black blotch on last rays of dorsal. 
 
 751. L. paltidus (Mitch.) Gill & Jor. — Blue Sutifish ; Copper-nosed Bream; Dol. 
 
 lardce. 
 
 Body comparatively short and deej), compressed ; the young slender, 
 the adult nearly orbicular. Caudal peduncle rather slender. Head not 
 
 "Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876,355: type Labrvs i)aUidu8 Milch. {rfXiov, 
 sun; TTFpHtj, perch.) 
 
 \L, oculatus Cope. 
 
 Similar to L. humilis, but tho body deeper, the caudal peduncle and fln forming 
 but ouc-third of the length. Head short; opercular flap long, with a black spot aa 
 large as eye, surrounded by a broad pale margin ; body without rod spots. Depth 2^. 
 Scales 5-32-11. L. 3. (Cope.) Minnesota. 
 
 In. 
 
 \\ 
 
 It 
 
 
 
 HH 
 
 :■'»■; ij 
 
 
 ^^Hl 
 
 <^^ ^\ 
 
 
 ^^BtJ 
 
 *> i 
 
 
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 m 
 
 Ill' 
 
 m 
 
 
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 jrs' 
 
 h 5^^ 
 
 iWiP 
 
 ' . i • ' 
 
 >:- ■ ^ Hi 
 
 Ax 
 
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 It 
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 h 
 
 ,* ^' 
 
480 CONTRIBUTIONS TO Js'ORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 larjEfe, the projecting snout nsnally forming an angle above eye. Mouth 
 quite small, oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely reacli- 
 ing the front of the eye. Five rows of scales on cheeks. Opercular 
 flap very short in the young ; in the adult rather long and wide, witliout 
 pale edge. Gill-rakers moderately long, nearlj^ terete, bent slifrhtiv 
 downwards, about 10 well developed. Dorsal spines strong and hifrj, 
 usually longer than snout and eye. Ventral fins reaching anal ; pectorals 
 reaching past anal spines. Olive green; adults dark; young more or 
 less silverj', with a purple lustre in life; sides with undulathig, often 
 chain-like, transverse greenish bars, which become obsolete in the adult- 
 no blue stripes on cheeks ; a dift'use black blotch at base of posterior 
 rays of dorsal and anal, often obscure in young; no red on fins; very 
 old si^ecimeus often with the belly coppery red. Head 3 ; depth 2. D. 
 X, 11; A. Ill, 10; Lat. 1. 44. L. 8 inches. Great Lakes to Florida and 
 Mexico ; very abundant ; one of our most widely difiused and variable 
 species. 
 
 (Lahrus palladHs Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 18L^), 407 ; Jordan, Man. Vert. 
 241: Labrua appendix Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag. 247, IHlCJ (not Pomot'is appendix of 
 authors): Pomotis incisor C, & V. vii, 4(')(): Pomot is incisor Gilnther, i, 2(59: IcIitluJiH in- 
 cisor Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 12 : Pomotis f/ibbosus C. & V. vii, 4(57 : Pomotis spcciosna, and 
 aqiiilcnsis B. «fe G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 24 : Pomotis speciosus Giinther, ', 2(ii!: 
 Pomotis luna Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish, x, 22 : Lcponm longispinia, mcqalotis, and 
 ardcsiacus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H6H, 220, 222 : Lepom is purptiraacens Cope, 
 Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phi hi. 1H70, 453: Pomotis obscurm" Agasmz, Amer. Journ. Sci. 
 Arts, 1854, 302: Lepiopomus obacurus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 1876, 317, a deeply 
 colored variety, from the Tennessee Basin and southward.) 
 
 CO. Pharyngeal teeth mostly bluntly conic. {Xysiroplitesi Jovian.) .. 
 
 II ' 
 
 [#■■■ 
 
 
 VSa. L.. heros (B. .fe G.) McKay. 
 
 Appearance of Lepomis pallidus. Body robust, deep ; the front steep, 
 the projecting snout forming a considerable angle at the eye. Caudal 
 peduncle rather long. Mouth moderate. Eye large. Scales on cheeks 
 ill 4 or 5 rows. Opercular flap broad, about as large as eye, with an 
 orange margin below and behind. Spines strong and rather high. 
 
 *The life colors of ^'Lepomis obacurus" are as follows:- 
 
 Dark green above, the . shoulders and front of back with distinct greenish-black 
 spots; sides with Avide dark-green bars; chest bright coppery-red, spotted with l)!iU'k- 
 ish and orange ; sides of belly with blackish und carmine ; face, lower jaw, and lower 
 p.irts of head of a peculiar bright leaden l)l»e; cheeks orange and lead-blue, not 
 striped; opercular spot large, all black; vertical fins dark blue-green; a black spot 
 ou last rays of dorsal and anal. 
 
 t Jordan MSS. Cope, Proc. Amor. Philos. Soc. 1877, 66: typo Xyatroplitcs gillii Jor- 
 dan =i?n/t/M« a/6ii/M8 Grd. (^vSvpov, a scraper — gill-rakor; OTtXirrfi, armed.) 
 
 liU-l' 
 
84. CENTRARCHID^ — LEPOMIS. 
 
 481 
 
 Pectoral fins long. Olivaceous, plain in spirits; belly silvery ; cheeks 
 
 not striped; visually a faint, spot on last rays of dorsal, and so.netiines 
 
 of anal also. Head 2|; depth 2. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 5-30-15. 
 
 Texas; one specimen known; distinguishable from Lepomis pallidvs only 
 
 by the blunt teeth. 
 
 (Pomolis heron Baird &, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 25: Pomotis hcrwt 
 GTi\- U- i^' Mox. Bound. Surv. Ichtk. 6: XijatropUtea heroa Joruau, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 
 244.) 
 
 r58. L. curyorus McKay. 
 
 Body very robust, compressed; form nearly oval; dorsal witline 
 more convex than ventral; profile steep, convex. Mouth oblique, 
 small; maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth stronger than 
 others; teeth on front of palatines. Lower pharyngeals with the rather 
 long posterior spur turned up, stoutish ; the inner angle rounded, some- 
 what obtuse. Teeth stout, very much blunted, not close set; the inner 
 considerably stronger and less blunt than the rest. Gill rakers short, 
 stout, about eight in number, the inner surface roughened. Maxillary 
 with a small but perfectly distinct supplemental bone. Eye very small, 
 considerably less than length of snout. Scales on cheeks in 6-7 rows. 
 Opercular flap nearly as long as snout, surrounded by a very broad, 
 mler, membranous margin; scales on the opercle large, in 5 rows. 
 Dorsal spines low, the longest as long as from snout to eye; much 
 lower than soft rays. Caudal peduncle and fin short and broad; ven- 
 trals and pectorals short, reaching vent. Scales on breast larger than 
 those on cheeks. Head 3^; depth 2|. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 10; scales 6- 
 43-14. L. G§ inches. Lake Huron; one specimen known. 
 
 (McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 89.) 
 
 73i. L. albuliis (Grd.) McKay. 
 
 Body elongate, rather deep mesially. Caudal peduncle rather elon- 
 gate. Snout projecting, forming an angle above eye. Mouth wide* 
 the lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching just past front of pupil. 
 Eye as long as opercular flap, 4 J in head ; flap moderate, broad, with a 
 very wide pale edge below and behind. Dorsal spines moderate, as 
 long as snout and half of orbit. Five rows of scales on cheek. Lower 
 pharyngeal teeth blunt, almost paved. Light olive, uniform in spirits; 
 traces of dusky mottlings on last rays of dorsal and anal. Head 2i; 
 depth 2. D.X, 10; A. Ill, 0; scales 0-42-13. L. 5 inches. Florida to. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 31 
 
 
 ^^1 
 
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 f V. 
 
 
 
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 482 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTITYOLOGY— iv. 
 
 Texas; not coiiiiuoii; like the pieoedinif Hpeciea, intermediate Ix'twcen 
 
 Lrpomin proper ami FjitpomoCtH. 
 
 (I>r;illiis (ilhiiliin (Jrd. I'rtic. Anul, Nut. Sci. Philii. 1K'>7; fJininl, U. R, Pn,-. I{ v 
 Snrv. \, 11>: llriitliiH (ilbiihtM (iiintlwr, i, VJ.V.t: XiiHfroiilitiH i/ilH Joulim, Piill. II. s. Nit 
 MiiH. X, V.M, 1H77; MrKiiy, Prur. V. 8. Nat Miih. 1hh|, Hl».) 
 
 •" L<)\v«'r iiliaryiifri'iilH Im-oihI ; iilinrviijO'nl U'otli ]>av«<(l, Hiilmphrricitl in furin, trnnrnfe 
 atidvc. {luipomoliH (Jill A Jordiin,*) 
 
 T.ia. JL. Eiol^rookl (f*uv. A Va\.) McKay. 
 
 Body robust, elevate<l, tlie snout nitlier produced. Eye lnifro 4 j„ 
 
 heiul; maxillary reuehiii}; fiont of orbit. Dorsal tin liifjrii, flic spjnos 
 
 about as liij>li as the soft rays; peetoral fins very lonjf. (Mici'ks wjtli o 
 
 ro\vs«>f scales. (I ill-rakers rather lon^, obtuse, stron^jly toothed. Opcr 
 
 cular llap short, broa«l, with a broad oran/jje margin beh)\v and hcliiiul. 
 
 No palatine teeth; pharynjjeal teeth paved. Dusky olive, silvery he. 
 
 low; throat yellow; tins dark, with yellowish rays; no black dorsiii spot. 
 
 Head .'Vn'; depth 2.^. D. X, ll>; A. HI, 11. L. 10 inches. South Caro 
 
 Una to Florida; abundant. 
 
 (I'omolin liolhrtMki Cav. &■ Vul. vii, JfiJ), tft3l : Pcmods apeeionun Ilolbr. .Tonm. Acod. 
 Nat. Sri. Piiiia. IHTki, 18: I'omoth miirolophiiH iU\nl\\M; i,2()4: 1 Xi/HtropliltH IniiiiimdiiiiH 
 (•oju', Pror Amcr. I'liil. Soe. Phila. 1877, G!i: ICnpomoth holhntuki .Ionian, I'ror. I', .s. 
 Nut. iM.m. ii, 1H71), '2-^4.) 
 
 Y<SG. L. iiotutoa$« (Aju;a8H.) McKay. 
 
 Body robust, elon{;ate, the snout i)rojectin}T:, the profile sc^ai-cely {gib- 
 bons. JNlouth ratluu* wide, obli<pu', reach':;j:f the front of ey<'. Eye 
 rather large. Opercular flap wide and rounded, shorter than in I,, gil). 
 boHua, with a rather wide pale border all around. Scales very lar;,'('; 
 4 rows on cheek. Spines rather hij?h and strong, the longest dorsal 
 spine as long as from muzzle past middle of i)upil. Soft fins liijjli. 
 (j ill-rakers short and not very ytilf. Tharyngeal teeth [)aved. Color 
 j)ale olive, mottled; a faint dorsal spot. Head 3; depth 2^; 1). X, 11; 
 A. IH, 11; scales 4-35-13. L. S inches. Illinois to Alabama. 
 
 {Pomotiii iiotatua Ag. Amor. ,T«mrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 302: Eupomotis pallidus Jordiiu, 
 Bull;,U. S. Nut. Mas. x, 21, 1877; not I'omoth pallidus Aga'ss.) 
 
 . 7S7, li. lyihtoosBDS (L.) McKay. — Common Sun-finh ; Bream; Pumpkin-seed; Suntui. 
 
 Body short and deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex; usuiillv 
 
 an angle above tVe eye. Head rather small. Mouth small, oblique, 
 
 the maxillary scarcely reaching the front of the eye. Dorsal spiues 
 
 rather high, as long as eye and snout; the soft rays higher. Pectorals 
 
 •Gill & Jordan, Fiold and Forest, 1877, ii, 190: type Sparue aureus Wolbaum-Pfrco 
 gibbom h, (eu, well; ffS/i/o:, oporcle; ot'?, ear.) 
 
84. CENTRA lirillD.f: — LEPOMI8. 
 
 483 
 
 lone. Scaloa largp; 1 rows on clM'ck. IMunytij^cal toctli all tnmciito, 
 l);iv('(l. Color ^ri'i'tiiHliolivci ubovc, hIijuUmI with hliiisli, t ho hmIoh spot- 
 ted iiiid blotcJu'il with oninjfo; Ixdiy oniiifxc-yollow; choi'ks oraiifjt', 
 with I>I'>'' wavy HticakH; lowor fins oraiij;*', upper bhuHh and orunfjfo- 
 Ki)ott»'<l. Opercular flap ratlu^r Hinall, the lower poHterior part always 
 bri'dit searlet, a mark which (listin|ruislicH this species when adult at 
 once IVom all our other hij^licolored sun fislu's. Head •i\; d(4>tli 2. J). 
 X 11; A. Ill, lOj Ijat. 1.47. L. H imdies. (Ireat Lake rcfjion to Maiiu; 
 iitul southward to Florida, east of the Alicj^hanies; found only in the 
 iioi'tliern ])arts of the MiFsissippi Valley. One of our most abundant 
 and liuniliar fishes. 
 
 (I'cmi (jihhoia li. S.VHt. Nut. ihI. xi, 2l);i, 17(i0 (after Pcrcn flnrfalili» gihhma, rrntre 
 htlio, of VntvHhy): Spiinm uurcua Wall>., Aitciii. I'i.o. l?!);?, \IW (aHU'T "({oldCiHcIi" 
 of SclHipIl): I'omoliM viili/ariH Ouv. & Val. iii, !•!, IH'/.): Morone maciilata Mifchill, Kf- 
 piiH, ill piirt, Finl». N. Y. 1H14, IH: I'omot'iH vuhjuriH Hdlltr. Ichtli. H. (-'ar. H: J'oiiwHh 
 tiiUmrix StDi'tT, Fisli. MaHH. 12: VomuliH uurituH (HhiiXiw, i, 2<>1: Eupomotu anrvus ,]ov- 
 ,1.111, Mini. Vort. a-Jl.) 
 
 r.lS. L. llriis McKay. 
 
 "This species resembles P. inmnor {L. pallidum) In the outline of tlio 
 body, the nature and coloration of the scales, and in the size and form 
 of the fins, but it differs greatly from it by its large mouth, the frc^e 
 cxtroinity of the upper jaws reaching the vertical line of the middle of 
 tlio (\ve, by the presence of teeth upon the i)alate, ai'.d l)y the ventral 
 fins being placed immediately uuih^r the pectorals. The black oper- 
 cular appendage, which Is very short, has a narrow orange border be- 
 hind; there is a black spot at the base of the posterior rays of the 
 dorsal; both dorsal and anal are marked by one or two dark stripes; 
 theciuulal is crossed by several dotted vertical lines; there are eight 
 or nine dusky bars across the sides between the head and tail. This 
 species be<- •• < the same relation to PomotiH that Pomoxin bears to the 
 true CcntrarchuH in the size of the mouth and the form of the body, 
 iind I have no doubt it will some day become the type of a distinct 
 genus." (Agassiz.) Tennessee lliver, at Huntsville, Ala. We are 
 informed by Professor Bliss that the types of this species have the 
 pharyngeals paved. 
 
 {PomoUs paUidus AgasNiz, Anier. Jonm, 8ci. Arts, 1854, 303, not Labrus pallidH$ 
 Mitch.; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 89.) 
 
 ^mU: 
 
 V. m 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 MM 
 
 -t ^ ;■ ■■*■■ i> 
 
 ■•■M 
 
 i 
 
 flf 
 
 
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484 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 w^'-l 
 
 m' 
 
 K I 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 I J 
 
 ■ 
 
 '' I 
 
 V 
 
 
 ^- — 1 
 
 i 
 
 «' m 
 
 
 •SI.— IfllCROPTKKrS Lnc<;pMe. 
 
 Black Baas. 
 
 (Huro and GryateH Cuvicr and Valcuciennes: CalliuruH, Dioplitcs, Lepomu, etc. Rafin. 
 
 esiiuo.) 
 
 (Lnfdp^dp, Hint. Nat. Poiss. iv, 325, IHO'i: typo Microptertm (Momien Lac.) 
 
 Body elongatci-ovate, compressed, the bsuik not much elevat<»d. ripiul 
 oblong-conic. Mouth very hirge, obli(iue, the broad ma.viUary roacliin.r 
 nearly to or beyon<l the posterior margin of the eye, its supplenicntal bone 
 well developed. Lower jaw prominent. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala 
 tines; usually none on the tongue. Preoporcle entire; operculum eud 
 lug in two liat points, without cartilaginous flap. Uranchiostcgals nor- 
 nuilly (). Scales rather snuill, weakly ctenoid. Lateral line continuous. 
 Dorsal flu divided by a deep notch, the spines low and rather lii'cblo 10 
 in number; anal spines 3; the anal fin much smaller than the dorsal- 
 caudal lin emarginate. Size large. Two si)ecies, among the most im 
 portant of American " game-flshes." {/uxpo^, small; nrsfwv^^n', the dor- 
 sal flu in the typical specimen having been injured, its po.sterior rays, 
 detaclied and bitten oft" short, were taken by Lacepedefor a separate fui.) 
 
 a. Mouth very kirge, tho maxillary in the adult extending beyond the orbit; scales 
 rather large, 65-70 iu the lateral line; 7-8 series above lateral line. 
 
 Y39> m. salmoidcs (Lac.) Hen.shall. — Large-mouthed Black Bass; Oswego Bass; 
 Green Bass; Bayou Bass. 
 
 Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age, moderately com- 
 pressed. Head largo. Mouth very wide, the maxillary in the adult 
 reaching beyond the eye; iu the young shorter. Scales on the cheelc 
 iu about 10 rows; scales on the trunk comparatively large. Lingual 
 teeth sometimes present. Dorsal fin very deeply notched. Colora 
 tion of the young dark-green above; sides and below greenish-silvery; 
 a blackish stripe along the sides from opercle to the middle of the 
 caudal fln; three dark oblique stripes across the cheeks and opercles; 
 below and above the lateral band some dark spots; caudal tin pale at 
 base, then blackish, whitish at tip; belly white. As the fish grows 
 older the black lateral band breaks up and grows fainter, and the color 
 becomes more and more of a uniform pale dull green, the back being 
 darker; a dark opercular blotch usually present. Head 3^; depth 3. 
 D. X, 13; A. Ill, 11; scales 8-G8-16. L. 1-2 feet. Elvers of the 
 United States, from the Great Lakes and Red River of the Is^orth 
 to Florida and Texas; everywhere abundant, preferring lakes, bayous, 
 
 ■ Mb 
 
84. CENTRARCIIID^. MICR0PTERU8. 
 
 m 
 
 and shiKn'**'' wators. Tt prrows to a larger size than tho next specioa, 
 
 •umI i« it'i>'l'lv distiufjuiNlMHl by its coloration and the larjjer mouth and 
 
 larger H<aU's. Both species vary irnieh with ditt'erent waters. 
 
 (Labrun mlmoidrn Latdinidi', lliHt. Nut. Pt»iH«. iv, 71(1, 1H()2: Lrpomin pallida R:if. 
 Tclitli. f'li- •"*» I'^J^t'; Jonlun, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hint, xi, 314, l^"?? : CichUi Jtoridana I,o 
 Sueur, Joiirn. Acud. Nut. Sci, Philu. 1H22, SiSO: //»«ro nigricam V. &. V. ii, 1*24: Z/mio 
 ii,-,,^,(.(„i« (Jiintber, i, 2.'>5: MicropleruH iiiijnvaHH (Jill, I'lof. Auut. Amm<)<'-. Ailv. Sfi. 1H7U, 
 70 (iiiiil of most late writoiM): DioplitcH nuvvennin Ord. IJ. iS. Misx. Bound. Ichth. \\\ 
 }jUroptirus salmoidvs IleuHbuU, liouk of the Black BasH, IHHl, 11(>, ) 
 
 aa. MoiKli smallftr, the maxillary in the adult not extendin}? beyond orbit; scalns 
 Hitialler, 7i2-75 iu thu lutural lint;; 10-12 Hcries abovu thu laiurul Hue. 
 
 y60. iW» dolomieu Lac. — Small-mouthrd lilack Basn. 
 
 Body ovatefiisiforin, becoming deeper with age. Head large. Mouth 
 large, but smaller than in M. mhnoidcs, the maxillary ending consider- 
 ably iu front of the hinder njiirgin of the orbit. Scales on the cheek 
 minute, in about 17 rows; scales on the trunk comparatively small. 
 Dorsal lin deeply notched, but less so than in M. salmoidcH, the ninth 
 Hpiue being about half as long as the longest, and not much shorter tlian 
 tlie tenth. Coloration quite variable, the young dull golden green, with 
 bronze lustre; darker spots along the .sides, which tend to form short 
 vertical bars, but riever a dark lateral band; 3 bronze bauds radiating 
 fi-oni eye across cheeks and opercles; a dusky spot on ])oiut of opercu- 
 lum; belly white; caudal fin yellowish at base, then black, with white 
 tips; dor.sal with bronze spots, its edge dusky. In some waters the tin- 
 markings are obsolete, but usually they are very conspicuous in tho 
 young. Southern 8i)ecimens usually have the scales of the lower part 
 of tbe sides with faint dark streaks; adult specimens have all these 
 marks more or less wholly obliterated, and become ultimately of a uni- 
 form dead green, without silvery lustre. Head 3J; dei)th 3^. D. X, 13; 
 A. Ill, 10 or 11; scales 11-74-17. Elvers of the United States, from 
 the Great Lake region to South Carolina and Arkansas; abundant, 
 frequenting running streams, and preferring clear and cool waters; its 
 southern limit is bounded by the presence of such waters. As a game 
 fish this species is usually more highly valued than its congener.* 
 
 (Lacdpfedc, Hist. Nat. Poiss, iv, 325, 1802; Henshall, Book ot the Black Bass, 1081, 
 H: Bodianiis achigan Rat". Aiuer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 120, 1817: Gryxtai 
 lalmoides C. & V. iii, 54: Gryates aabnonoidts Giinther, 1, 252: Miciopterua aalmoide^ 
 Gill, Proc. Auier. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1873, G7, and of many American writers: Callinrna 
 pmictulatua lint. Ichth. Oh. 2G: Gryaiea faaciatua Giinther, i, :;i58: Centrarchua ohacurua 
 GUnther, i, 258.) 
 
 •Both this species and the preceding are popularly known in the Southern States 
 by the grossly erroneous name of " Trout." 
 
 % 
 II 
 
 ^'^ 
 
 J 
 
 i - 
 
 ■ T 
 'A ■: 
 
 • 4 " 
 
 '^ Vf 
 
 1 • ' 'f('\ 
 
 1 ». 
 
 H M 
 
486 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy. 
 
 :.C'. . 
 
 1:' 
 
 ■ Family LXXXV.—PERCID^. 
 
 {The Perches.) ■ " - s . • 
 
 Bo^ly more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or less 
 completely with rather small, ctenoid, adherent scales. Lateral line 
 nsnally present, not extendin.*? on the caudal fin. Mouth terminal or 
 inferior, small or large, the premaxillaries protractile or not ; maxilUiries 
 large or small, without distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and 
 palatines with bands of teeth, which are usually villiform, but some- 
 times mixed with ctiuines; occasionally the teeth on the vomer or pala 
 tines are absent. Head naked, or more or less scaly ; preopercle entire 
 or serrate ; opercles usually ending in a flat 8j)ine. Branchiostcgals (i 
 or 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill-membranes free or connected, 
 not joined to the isthmus ; gill-rakers slender, toothed ; pseudobrancliiie 
 i^'mall, or glandular and concealed, or altogether wanting ; lower jdiaryii 
 geals separate, with sharp teeth. Fins geherallj^ large ; two dorsals, 
 the first of G o 15 spines ; anal fin with one or two spines (three in 
 Perelcliihys, a fieuh-water genus from Chili). Ventrals thoracic, I, 5; 
 pectorals often very large ; caudal lunate, truncate or rounded. Anal 
 papilla often present. Air bladder small and adherent, often entirely 
 wanting. Pyloric cteca few. Vertebra?, 30 to 45. 
 . Genera about 22; species, 90 to 100; inhabitants of the fresh waters 
 of cool regions, most of them being American and nearly all belonging 
 to the fauna of the United States. The great mnjority of the speeies 
 belong to the subfamily of Ethcostomatina; the Darters, all the species 
 of V li'.ch group are American. They are among the most singular und 
 interesting of our fishes. They differ from the typical Pcrehuv in their 
 svnil) size, briglit colors, and large fins, and uk re technically in the 
 rudimentary condition of the pseudobranchiie and the air bladder, both 
 of which organs are usually inappreciable. The preopercle is unarmed, 
 and the numl)er of branchiostegals i.^ six. An anal papilla is likewise 
 develoi)ed, as in the (lohiida', to which group the Darters beara(!<msid- 
 erable superficial resemblance, which, however, indicates no real aflinity. 
 The relations of the Darters to the Perches have been aptly expressed 
 by Professor 8. A. Forbes: 
 
 "Given a supply of certaih kinds of food nearly inaccessible to tne 
 oulinary fish, it is to bo expected that some fishes would becouje 
 especially fitted for its utilization. Thus the Ftheostomatimx as a group 
 
 
85. PERCIDiE. 
 
 487 
 
 are explained in a word by the hypothesis of the progressive adapta- 
 tion of the young of certain Percida to a peculiar place of refuge and a 
 peculiarly situated food supply. Perhaps we may without violence call 
 tliese the mountaineers among fishes. Forced from the populous and 
 fertile valleys of the river beds and lake bottoms, they have taken 
 refii'^e from their enemies in the rocky highl mds, where the free waters 
 play in ceaseless torrents, and there they have wrested from stubborn 
 nature a meager living. Although diminished in size by their constant 
 struggle with the elements, they have developed an activity and hardi- 
 hood, a vigor of life and a glow of high color almost unknown among 
 the easier livers of the lower lands. * * * Notwithstanding their 
 trivial size, they do not seem to be dwarfed so much as concentrated 
 fishes.' (Am. Nat. 1£80, October, pp. 69' ':'02.) 
 
 The colors of the EtheoHtomotitKC are usually very brilliant, species of 
 PoeciliohthyH, NothonotuH, and Biplenum being among the most brilliantly 
 colored fishes known; the sexual differences are often great, the females 
 being as a rule dull in color and more speckled or barred than the males. 
 Most of them prefer clear running water, where they lie on the bottom 
 concealed under stones, darting, when frightened or hnngry, with great 
 velocity, for a short distance, by a powerful movement of the fan-shaped 
 pectorals, then stopping as suddenly. They rarely use the caudal fin 
 in swinnning, and they are seldom seen moving or tloating freely in the 
 water like most fishes. When at rest, they support themselves on their 
 expanded veutrals and anal fin. All of them can turn the head from 
 side to side, and they frequently lie with the head in a curved position 
 or partly on oni? side of the body. The si)ecies of AmmocryphK and 
 perhaps some of the others i)refer a sandy bottom, where, by a sudden 
 plunge, the fish buries itself in the sand and remains quiescent lor 
 hours at a time, with only its eyes and snout visible. The others lurk 
 in stony places, under rocks and weeds. Although more than usually 
 tenacious of vitality, the Darters, from their bottom lile, are the iirsc 
 to be disturbed by impurities in the water. All the Darters are car- 
 nivorous, feeding chiefly on the larviB of Blptcra, and in their way vora- 
 cious. All are of small size; the largest (Pcrcina) reaches a length of 8 
 inches, while the smallest {Micropcrea) is i)iobably the smallest si)iny- 
 rayed fish known, barely attaining the length of an inch and a half. 
 Tliey are of too small size to be used for food, although, according tt> 
 Raiinesque, "they are good to eat, fried." 
 
 The Peroina; iive represented hi America by two genera, and in Euro;>e 
 hy the same two and three others — Acerinaj Percarina, and A8£ro — tho 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
 , plv llf if 
 
 • Ji-j 
 
m 
 
 488 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 latter boaiing a strong external resemblance to the EtlicostomatUm and 
 serving as a connecting lijik between tbeni and the more typical forms 
 {I'vrchlw part.GlintluT, i, 58-78; Keneru I'erca, Luviopirca, I'ikoma, liohumma ^'ce. 
 rina, rircarina, A8j>ro, Pcrtivhtliya, ami PvrviUa.) . ->, , 
 
 • Aiiiil HjtiiioH OHO or two. 
 
 a. I'setuloliraiu'bia- ImiM'ifoct or wanlinj?; preopercloontire; branchiostegals 0. [Etbe. 
 
 ontomafiiiw.) 
 b. rrnwaxillarios protraoUU'. 
 
 c. Body oxtrcmoly clougato, siibcyliiulrical, traiisluri'nfr, tlu-. belly at least naked- 
 
 lateral line c'cniipleto; j{ill-nieinbran«'8 broadly united, 
 r?. Anal Hpiiio single ; anal liu nearly as large as secoud dorsal. 
 
 AMMOCRYI>TA,8rtO, 
 
 dd. Anal spines two; val fin small Jua 253. 
 
 cc, Boily less («longAtfl, . que, cbielly scaled. 
 e. Anal spine obstMire, normally .single. 
 ,/'. Lateral line eomplcte, or wanting on a few scales only . . Bolkosoma, %i, 
 
 ff. Lateral lino incomplete Vaillantu, 255. 
 
 ■^c. Anal spines two, tbe lirst conunonly tlie longer. 
 
 II . (.ilill-nn'mbranes more or less broadly united; belly avUIi ordinary scules. 
 
 h. Maxillary bone normal Ulockntiia, i^A 
 
 hh Maxillary adnate to tbe pn'orbital Dii'LKsiuy, 257, 
 
 yy. .fill-nnnibranes scarcely connected. 
 
 i. Belly witb enlai'ged cadnccms plates Cottooahtek, a.W. 
 
 ii. Belly w II bout enlarged caducous plates Imostoma, 259, 
 
 lib. rrouiaxillarics not jirotractih". 
 
 j. Lateral line-complete. 
 
 k. Ventral line witb a series of enlarged, spinous, caducous scuIch 
 or (if tbese are lallcn) a naked striji. 
 
 I. Moutb small, inferior, lienealb a i)ig-likeKnout..rKi(ciNA,200. 
 
 II. Moutb larger, the snout not projecting beyond it, 
 
 Alvoudus, 2(il. 
 Icli. Ventral lino without caducous scales. 
 
 7H. G Il-membranes scarcely connected. 
 
 n. Anal tin larger than second dorsal Hadiioi'Tkims, 2ii2. 
 
 nn. Ana! liu smaller than second dorsal. .Notiionotis, 2G;{. 
 
 >H»»i. (Jill-membranes broadly connected .. .Naxostoma, 2li4. 
 
 jj. Lateral line i)resent, incom])let<'. 
 
 0. Gill-membranes broadly united Etiikostoma, 2(i5. 
 
 00. Gillniembraues separate or nearly so. 
 
 IVKciMniTiiYS, 2'in, 
 
 jj). Lateral line olisoleto . . . : Mkijoimouca, 2(i7. 
 
 «a. PscUdobrancbia) well developed; iireopercle serrate ; brancbiostegalsT. (' (rdiKV.) 
 
 p. Canine teetb noiw ; body oblong Pkiua, 2(K 
 
 j)l). Caniuo teeth in jaws aud pahuines; body tlongatc. 
 
 SXIZOSTKUIUJI, 269, 
 
 a-ia.-AIfllUOCBYPTrA Jordan. 
 iSand Darter H. 
 (* rieuroleph Agas^iz; not Plvurolcpis Egerton, a genua of extinct Onnolds.) 
 (.Ionian, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, (5, 1877: type Jmnmrjipta ftrani .lordan.) 
 Body slender and elongate, sub-cylindrical ; pellucid in lifo. Head 
 
 * Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool. i, 5, IS&i: type Elheosfoma ju Unddiim Buird MSS. 
 
85. PERCID^ — AMMOCRYPTA. 
 
 489 
 
 slender. Month rather wide, terminal, Ijorizmital, the lower jaw in- 
 cIikUhI; preinuxillaiioH very i)rotractile ; teeth on the vomer. Scales 
 tiiiii ctenoid, little imbrii^ated, present ulonj;- the re{;ion of the lateral 
 line ik'id on the tail, sometimes wantiny; on the back or belly ; lateral line 
 complete. Head scaly or naked; no ventral plates; the belly naked. 
 Oill-ineinbranes considerably united, t'ornunj;an anyle at their junction. 
 Dorsal tins moderate, about e«puil to the anal tin and to each other; 
 (lorsa! with about ten spines; anal spine single, weak. Vertebrae 22 
 ^ 32 A. pellueula). Darters of moderate or rather lar^fe si/e, inhabi- 
 tiu" tlie sandy bottoms of clear streams, where they bury themselves 
 entirely ex(!epting the eyes ami snout. Ctdoration translucent, with 
 bright reilections. (M/i/tor, sand; xfiu-Ta^, concealed.) 
 
 a. Cli('tU« i>ii<l oi>«rc.l«'8 nuked; Itody imperfeclly neulu^. 
 
 701 > A. benni Jordan. 
 
 Body greatly elongated, sub-itylindriiial, transparent. Head rather 
 large, heavier than in A. pdlucida. Mouth rather wide, nearly termi- 
 nal ; the upper jaw somewhat th'.; tong«'r; outer teeth strong, hooked. 
 Opercular spine obsolete. Head entiiely naked. Body Uiiked, except 
 the caudal peduncle, which i.s sparsely <;overed with thin, imbedd(>d 
 scales, aiul a series of rather huge scales along the sides, on wlii<;h the 
 lateral line runs. Dorsal tins high, wide apart, about e(|ual in height to 
 the anal tin and to each other; caudal tin emarginate. (-olor trans- 
 lucent, without bars or spots, the lateral line shining-golden in life. 
 Spinous dorsal with a large black spot on tlie membraiu', anteriorly, 
 another lu'ar th(i middle, and some small ones behind; other tins with 
 their nienduanes dusted with dark points. Head 3>^; depth 7h. D. X~ 
 10 ; A. I, fl ; Lat. 1. 05. L. 2.^ inches. Louisiana and M'ssissip[)i. 
 
 {Ammovrynta heanii .Tnrdnti, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. s, .'), 1877 •.,Amv\ocnjpta gvlida Tlay, 
 Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mua. IdHO, 41)0 — iipparcntly the young; the Hize sinuliur uud the tins 
 lower.) 
 
 oa, CUct'ks and oporcles Hcnly. 
 
 lO'l. A. peliucS«la (Hiiird) .T. & Q.—Snnd Dartor. 
 
 Translucent; scales with line black dots; a t^eries of sn«a11, s«piarish 
 olive or blui.sh blotches along the back an«l another along each side; 
 lateral spots connected by a gilt band. Bod.> slender; head stout. 
 (!lieeks, operdes, and temporal region scaled ; the scales imbediled ind 
 more or less cycloid. Neck above thinly scaled or naked ; 8(;alesof body 
 not very rough, those ttlong lateral line and caudal i»ednncle most 
 closely imbricated; belly entirely nalud; opercJe ending in a short, Hat 
 
 'B^ 
 
 
 ri' 
 
 ,■>. • .- 
 
 
 lii 
 

 it' \ ■■ 
 
 490 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 Hpiue. Maxillary barely reacliing to opposite the* large eye; eyes Iiiirii 
 
 up, separated by a narrow, grooved space. Pectorals short, rcadiin.r 
 
 tips of ventrals, half way to vent. Head 4^; depth 7. D. X-10- a. 
 
 I, 8; Lat. 1. about 75, about G series of scales above it. L. ,'{ incjics. 
 
 Ohio valley and northwestward ; abounding in clear sandy streams ; one 
 
 of the most interesting of our fishes. * 
 
 {Etheo foma pellmMum Kainl MSS. : Pleurolep'w pclliicidiia Agassi/,, Bull. Miis. Coinp. 
 Ztxil. i, r>, 18();t: rhuroh'pix ptUucidKx Vaillant. l{ocli('nhcs sur Etlu'o.stom. in Nouv. 
 Arcliiv. Mils. 1874, i;!8: rieiirolcpix j)elhi(idun Jon\au, Man. Vert. i:d.'2,'2VJ: I'hurokm 
 peUuvhlnH .Ionian & Copolaiul, Aiucr. Nat. 1877, 8(5.) 
 
 763. A. nspi'clla .Jordan. 
 
 Head long, rather slender. Eyes very large, high up and \ .>ry close 
 together. Mouth not large, sub-terminal, horizontal. Cheeks and oi^t- 
 cles with i)ectinated scales. Opercular siiine well develoi)ed. Sciiiiuiia- 
 tion nnich more complete than in A. pellucida, the scales small and 
 quite rough, largest posteriorly. Throat and belly naked, the S[»a(;e 
 between the ventral tins scaled. Back of neck sc^aly. Fins large, the 
 dorsals well separated; the spinous high, highest in front; second dor- 
 sal smaller, smaller than anal; anal spine high, flexible; caudal lunate. 
 Coloration clear (divaceous, sides with 8 to 10 dark squarish Idotelu's, 
 quite small and far apart; a blackish shade finward from eye, and a 
 dusky shade across ojiercle. Said to present in life "alniOvSt all the 
 colors of the rainbow." Head 4J ; depth 8. I). I X-10; A. T, 8; Lat. 1. 
 98, ten series above the lateral line. L. 4 inches. Illinois to Alabama. 
 in sandy streams; a much larger and rougher speides than the i)rccedin}r. 
 
 {Vlcurolepix nuprdhm .Jordan, Bull. Ills. Lub. Nat. Hi»t. 2, ;18, 1878; Pkiirolqik oh- 
 prcllus Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 404. ) 
 
 253.— I«A .Jordan & Brnyton. 
 
 (Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii,88, 1878: typo /Vm7iV/i7/(t/.v WOths Topi!, ) 
 This genus dilVers from Aminocrypla chiefly in the presence of twowcll- 
 develoi>cd si»ines in the anal fm. The anal lin is proportionately smaller, 
 and the scales are larger and rougher, more fully covering the hody. 
 The sipiamation of the head is more conqdete than in any other ginus. 
 Spe(!ies slender, translucent in life, (n*?, an arrow or dart.) 
 
 764. 1. vitrca (Cope) J. & B. 
 
 Form of Ammocrypta. Dead slender, acununate; mouth not very 
 Famuli; tenq)oral region scaled; cheeks and opercles covered with larj^e, 
 imbricated, very roughly ctenoid scales, these scales extending forward 
 to the maxillary and backward to edge of operclo and on suboijcrclej 
 
85. PERCID/E — BOLEOSOMA. 
 
 491 
 
 thefi'<'We opercular spine is almost hidden by them. Middle and lower 
 i)art of the sides of Jhe body covered with hirj^e, imbricated, very rou^h 
 scales, these less closely set below; breast uaked; behind the ventrals 
 the niMhlle line of the belly with some small scales, behind which is a 
 nuked space bounded by small imbedded siuiles, and extending as far 
 as the vent; back from mi<ldle of first dorsal forward naked, jjosteriorly 
 more or less scaly. Fins low and small, the second dorsal larger than 
 the first or the anal; the spines slender; anal spines short; i)ectoral 
 fliis long and narrow. Translucent, with small dark spots on back and 
 sides, besides liner specklings ; fins (dain. Head 4.^; depth 7. 1). Vlt 
 to IX-11 to 13; A. J I, to 8; Lat. 1. GO. L. 2 inches. Neuse Kiver, 
 North Carolina; locally abundant. 
 
 (I'lrrHichthya ritreus Copo, Proc. AiiK^r. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 2611; Jordan & 
 Braytoii, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xli, 82, 1878.) 
 
 ■ I 
 
 
 - 1 " 'ti 
 
 994.-BOLX;OSOIVIA DcKay. 
 
 Tessellated Barters. 
 
 (Arlina and Ealrella Grd.) 
 
 (DoKay, Now York Fauna Fish. 1842, 20: typo Bohosoma tessellatum DcKny = EthcoS' 
 tovia olmatedi StoriT. ) 
 
 Body moderately ehnigate, fusiform, not translucent. Head small, 
 narrowed forwards, the profile convex. Mouth sin all, horizontal, tiie 
 lower Jiiw included; T)remaxillaries lu'otractile. Maxillary not adnato 
 to preorbital. Vomerine teeth present. Scales large. Lateral lineccn- 
 tiuuous (rarely wanting on two or three scahvs). IJelly with onlinary 
 scales. Gill-membranes narrowly connected. Dorsal spines 7-10, slen- 
 der; soft dorsal much larger than anal; anal normally with a single, 
 short, slender spine, the first soft r.iy simple, but articulate. Vertebno 
 {B. nignini) 17 + 20. Coloration olivaceous and speckled, the males 
 blackish in spring. Size small. {i3(i^t^, a dart; a<btj.a, body.) 
 
 0. Dorsal spiiios normally 0. 
 
 h. CJit'cks H(!,aly ; Ntuiond tlornal with 11^ or 14 rays olmatedi. 
 
 66. C'IicoUb ami breattt normally naked (occasionally fully scaled), 
 c. Body fusiform, with Hlcnilor (Miudal pcdnnc'lo; fins nioil(>rate; second dorsal 
 
 with 11 or 12 rays; lateral line usually not quite complete..... nii/rum, 
 
 _'. cc, body robust, compressed; tins very liigh. — 
 
 d. 8«'cond dorsal with 11$ rays; lateral line with about 4' scales effnlgena. 
 
 dd. Second dorsal with 10 rays; lateral line about !>5 rcxillare, 
 
 aa. Dorsal spines 7(f) mojms. 
 
 ■:,. ,. 
 
 in 
 
 , 1 ' • 
 
 
 ^--- 
 
 '% 
 
 
L' ./ A* 
 
 1* 'r 
 
 492 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 a. Dorsal spines normally 9. ' • , 
 
 ;, b. Chocks scaly; second dorsal with 13 or 14 rays. t . 
 
 "76.5. B. oSimstedi (Storer) Agassiz. '; :.~^ ' 
 
 Body sleuder, little compressed, with long caudal pedi tele. Head 
 slender, rather jiointed. Cheeks and opercles scaly; space before dor- 
 sal naked; breast naked. Fins verj' high, pectorals reaching past tips 
 of veutrals. Coloration olivaceous, tessellated above; sides with 
 blotches and zigzag markings; fins speckled or somewhat barred* 
 head not speckled, dusky in males; usually a black stripe forward from 
 the eye and another downward. Head 4; depth 5.J. D. IX-14; A. I 
 9; Lat. 1. 50. L. 3.J inches. Great Lakes to Georgia and Massaclui- 
 setts; the commonest eastern sjiecies. A southern form, var. macula- 
 ticeps, has the cheeks scaly above only, and is more speckled; var. atro- 
 maculatum, found eastward, has the breast closely scaled. 
 
 {Eiheoatoma olniHtcdi Storer, Bost. Joiiru. Nat. Hist. 1842,61: Boleosoma tr.HnvUnUtni 
 DeKay, Now York Fauna Fish. 1842, 'JO; Agassiz, Lake Superior, 291); Giiuthcr, 1,77; 
 Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1HU8, 1213; Vaillant, I.e. 79: Bolconoma mavnlaliceps 
 Cope, Proc. Aincr. Pliilos. Soc. 1870, 2(.i9: Estrvlla atroniavulaia Girard, Pioc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'S9, GG.) 
 
 ib. Cheeks and breast (normally) naked. 
 
 d. Body fusiform, with slender caudal pcdimcle; fins moderate; second dorsal 
 with 11 or 12 rays; lateral lino usually not quite complete. 
 
 766. B. laagTiaBn (Raf.) Jor. — Johvn:j Darter. 
 
 Body fusiform, slender. Head conical, moderate, the snout some- 
 what decurved. Mouth small, lower jaw included. Cheeks an<l breast 
 naked (speciniens occasionally found with these regions closely scaly); 
 opercles scaly; space before dorsal mostly scaled. Fins hij^h, but 
 smaller and lower than in the other species. Coloration pale oliva- 
 ceous; back much tessellated with brown; sides with numerous small 
 W-shaped l)lotches; head speckled above, mostly black in the males; 
 a blick line forward from eye, and sometimes a line downward also; 
 iius barred; males in the spring blackish anteriorly, sometimes almost 
 entirely black. Tubes of the lateral line obsolete on the last 4 or 5 
 scales. Head 4J; depth 5. D. IX-12; A. I, 8; scales 5-51-9. L. 2J 
 inches. Ohio Valley, Great Lake region, and Upper Mississippi; very 
 abundant where found. It perhaps varies into Ji. olmstedi, but may be 
 distinguished, as far as we have seen, by the shorter dorsal. 
 
 (EthcoHtoma uiffra Raf. IcliMi. Oli. 1H20, ',V7\ IMcoaoma vutnilatum Agasaiz, Luke Su- 
 perior, 18.'"»0, WQ'y. lioUioaoma breripiuvc (Jaitv, Proc. Arier. Philos. Soc, 1870,208; Giiu- 
 thcr, 1, 77 : liolconoma mututum Vaillant, 1. c. 88 : f PccciUcMhua wc»(rttn Cope, Proc. Aciid. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 18o4, 232: liqlcotoma maculatuJi) Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 224.) 
 
 %m.:m;^i 
 
 . if, 
 
86. PERCID^ — VAILLANTIA. 493 
 
 dd. Body rohnst, compressed ; fins very high. y «> 
 
 e. SlcoiuI dorsal with 13 rays; lateral line about 40. •. 
 
 767. B. effaaUffens (Grd.) Cope. 
 
 ]5o(ly rathijr slender; caudal peduncle not contracted ; opercular spines 
 
 rudimental ; muzzle abruptly decurved. Eye 3J in head. Fins very 
 
 hi<Th; caudal very much rounded; vaut'^als reaching anal; i)ectoral8 
 
 still loii};:er. Color brown, with traces of nine spots on the side; muzzle, 
 
 cbin, and spot below the eye black ; fins black, the second dorsal and 
 
 caudal with white specks. Head 4^; depth 6J. D. IX-13; A. II, 8j 
 
 scales 5-40-6. L. 2^ inches. Maryland to North Carolina. {Cope.) 
 
 (Arlina effnlgetiH Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 64; Cope, Proc. Am, 
 Pbilos. Soc. 1870, 289.) 
 
 «•. Second dorsal with 10 rays; lat. 1. about 35, 
 
 fOi* B. vcxillare Jordan. 
 
 Body rather short «nd stout; caudal peduncle not contracted; 
 opercular si)ine moderately developed; space in front of dorsal fin 
 naked; muzzle moderately decurved; eye moderate. Second dorsal 
 verj high, higher than long; pectorals and ventrals long, nearly reach- 
 ing anal. Coloration olivaceous, the sides with traces of vertical bars; 
 first dorsal, ventrals, and anal black ; second dorsal and caudal strongly 
 barred with pale in fine pattern; head black in the male; lateral line 
 complete. Dead 4; depth 41. D. VIII-10; A. I, 7; scales 4-35-G. 
 L. 2| inches. Rappahannock River, Warrenton, Va.; a single speci- 
 men known. 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. (I. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 237.) 
 m. Dorsal spines 7. 
 769. B. li?sopMS Cope. 
 
 Body stout, the back rather elevated; the caudal peduncle somewhat 
 contracted; muzzle somewhat decurved; mouth termin.al. Dorsal fins 
 much elevated. Color light brown, with six small dark dorsal spots, 
 ami ton similar small spots ahmg the dorsal line; a bar around muzzle 
 a!id one below ej'e. I). VII-14; A. 10; scales 5-47-8. L. 2J inches. 
 Loyalsoc Creek, a tributary of Allegheny River. {Cope.) One speci- 
 men known, perhaps an accidental variation. 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 270.) 
 
 ' "^ il59.— VAILL.ANT1A Jordan. 
 
 (Jordan, Bull. U. 8 Nat. Mns. xii, 89, 1878; type liohomma mmurum Forbes.) 
 
 This genus agrees with BoleoHoma in all respects, except that the 
 lateral line is incomplete, usually ceasing near the middle of the body. 
 (To Leon Vaillant, author of an excellent monograph of these fishes.) 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 
 t . : I 
 
 • 1.' 
 
 r- ' 
 
 
 * . 
 
 
 
 
 y^'] 
 
 
 ■i< .' I 
 
 
 -', t 
 
i 
 
 494 CONTRmUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICITTIIYOLOOY — ly. 
 
 7TO. V. enniura (ForbcH) .Tor. 
 
 Body sloinlcr, olonjjiito, witli long candnl peduncle. Back .soincwiuit 
 elevated. Head small, rather slender, the Hnout HlM)rter tlciii (.y,> 
 8troii;;ly decurved. Mouth inferior, hori/ontal, mnall, the inaxillaiv 
 exten<lin{j to the nii<ldle of the eye. (Jill inembraneH little connect*'!!. 
 Cheeks, operdes, and breast closely covered with rather larjje scales- 
 median lino of neck naked; open'uhir si)ine strong; scales moderate- 
 lateral line quite short, nearly straight, reaching to the middle of the 
 spinous dorsal, developed on 20 to 30 st-ales. Fins small, the dorsals 
 well apart; first dorsal larger than the second, which is larger tliaii the 
 small anal. Coloration as in .Jiolconoma, olivaceous, the back spottcMl 
 and tessellated; sides with about ton irregular spots; a dark spot on 
 opercles. Ih'ad spott;\ above; a black lino across the muzzle; no bar 
 below eye ; dorsals and cautlal tin linely barred. Head 4.',; dej)th a.i 
 1). X-10; A. 1, 8; scales 5-;jO-10. L. 2^ inches. Jiivers of Illinois. 
 (liolvoHoma camura Forbes, Dull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 40, 1H7H.) 
 
 771. V. cliloroNOina Hay. 
 
 Body slender, cooipn^ssed, the dorsal region mucli arched. Caudal 
 peduncle h)ng and slender, the body abruptly contracted at the vent. 
 Head small, convex in i)rolilo. Cheeks and opercles scaled, lireast 
 scaled or naked. Dorsals separated by a distance equal to half the head, 
 about equal to each other, larger than the anal. Lateral line developed 
 on 4 to 20 scales. Creenish yellow, with numy blotches and zigzajf 
 markings of brown ; a row of about 10 of these blotches along each .«iido, 
 nu)st distinct on caudal peduiude; about 8 square brown dorsal spots. 
 Top of head, opercular spot, and subocular spot, black. A black streak 
 from eye to snout. Head 4A; depth 5|. D. IX-11; A. I, 7 or I, 8; Lat. 
 1 50 to 00. L. 2 inches. Eastern Mississippi; apparently not different 
 from the preceding. 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S Nut. Mua. 1880, 41)r>.) 
 
 956.— III.OI'EIVTRA Jordnn. 
 
 (Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 223, 1878; type Arlina atripinitin Jor.) 
 
 Body nu>derately elongate, little compressed. Head short, thick, with 
 tumid cheeks. Mouth small, horizontal, tho lower jaw included. Pre- 
 maxillaries protractile, little movable; maxillary movable, not joined to 
 the preorbital except at its root ; vomerine t«eth present, small. Gill- 
 ra*-mbraiu's more or less'roadly connected. Sralea moderate. No ven- 
 tral plates. Lateril line complete or incomplete. First dorsal with 12 
 
ST). PBRCIDiE — ULOCENTRA. 
 
 4r5 
 
 spinps; anal smallor tbtin Hccond dorsiil, with two wclldovolopcd siiiiics, 
 the t\rs* tliolongor. Small Hppcics, rather brijihtl.v colored. («*u^o^, com- 
 plete; xsvr/x'v, Hpiiie; the development of the anal spines diHtinj^uiMhin^; 
 it from /^'it'0«o/Ma.) v ♦ "^ 
 
 179. !'• phBox (Copt") J. «& G. 
 
 Vermillion red, with faint small brown dorsal Hpota; a sorfes of .similar 
 bine spots alonj? tll(^ lateral line. SpinouH dorsal with a dark bine bor- 
 der; second dorsal with a dark shade; eandal cross-barred. IJody rather 
 fitoiit. Head compressed. Month terminal, the premavibaries freely 
 protractile ; opercnlar sj)ine strong?. Cheeks and opereles nak<'d. IJreast 
 and neck scaleless or nearly so. Scales rather larpje, the belly scaled 
 liko the sides. (Jill inentbranes not described. Lateral line strai^dit, 
 roacliiiijr middle of second dors.al. Anal tin small, other tins larjic J), 
 X-lli; A. II, T); scale8r)-5li-S. L. 2 inches. Trinity River, Texas. ^Cope.) 
 (/J(»/((M(»mrt j>/if«x Cope, Dull. U. 8. Nat. Mu8. xvii, 30, 18H0.) 
 
 TT8. I', stitfllliea Jordan.— <Sp«;fc. 
 
 body slender, formed as in Tioleosotna. TTead narrow and thin, the 
 snout somewhat pointi^l, obli(|nely trnncate in i)rofHe. Month narrow, 
 horizontal, snbinf<Mior, its cleft nearly reaching eye; premaxillaries little 
 protractile. Lateral lino extendin;jf to opposite middle of seisond dorsal. 
 Scales rather larfje. Opereles, cheeks, and neck s(!aly; breast naked, 
 (lill-membranes not very brojidly joined; opercular spine sharj). Fins 
 rather large; eandal emarginate. Olivaceous, tessellated and si»e<!kle(l 
 above; sides with about 8 W shapcMl dark green blotches below th(» lat- 
 eral line and various duller oni's above; upper parts in the larger speci- 
 men.s sprinkled with wmall orange sjxjts, which are more conspicuous 
 after death, when the green has faded. Fins mottled; spinous dorsal 
 with a band of orange-red a!)ov;>, and one or two narrow dark ones below 
 it. A dark stripe forward and another downward from eye. Head 4J ; 
 depth 5. 1). X-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-40-7. L. 2^ inches. Georgia to 
 Louisiana; rather common in the ponds and streams of the hill country, 
 
 (Pohonoma stigmceum Jordan, Anu. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 311.) 
 
 aa. Lateral lin« complete. _, , . 
 
 YTi. 11. atripinnis Jordan. . ' 
 
 Body rather short, somewhat compressed behind. Head extremely 
 
 short and deep, the snout very short and abruptly rounded, as in Dip- 
 
 lesium. Eye large. Mouth amall, with equal jaws. Cheeks and oper- 
 
 
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 "i 
 
 
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 49G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly, 
 
 cles acaly ; the cheek scales small and closely set ; a triangular series 
 of scales on temporal region; throat smooth; neck above closely 
 scalj' ; belly closi-ly scaled. Fins large; spinous dorsal high the 
 second still higher, but smaller than the first, its base about equal to 
 the length of the head; dorsal fins contiguous, slightly connected. 
 Color olivjM;eous ; head abovj^ entirely black ; back with 8 dark cross. 
 bars; about 11 bar-like blotches, somewhat indistinct, arranged alon'^ 
 the lateral line ; fins chiefly black; membranes of the second dorsal 
 and ventral fins entirely black, that of the spinous dorsal with a broad 
 black horizontal bar at base, above which are numerous distinct black 
 oblique streaks ; anal with a broad black bar ; caudal and pectoral fins 
 largely dusky. Females and young probably paler. Head 4^ ; depth 
 4}. D. XI[-10; A. 11, 7; Lat. 1. (not counted). L. 2J inches. Cum- 
 berland River; but one si)ecimen known. >- 
 
 (ArUna alrijjinnia Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1877, 10; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 
 
 2, -22.3.) 
 
 ■/■■••• • ' t 
 
 77S» U. simotera (Cope) Jordan. • 
 
 Body short and rather deep. Head small ; the snout very obtuse, as 
 blunt as in Diplesium. Cheeks, opercles, and breast scaly. Dorsal flus 
 well separated. Back and sides each with a series of quadrate blackish- 
 green blotches ; belly saffron-color; upper parts sprinkled with red 
 spots ; first dorsal margined with orange-red; a row of oval red spots 
 across the middle of the fin ; second dorsal with the membrane chiefly 
 blood-red; a black spot on occiput and opercle; a dark stripe downward 
 and one forward from eye; caudal fin l)rown, barred. Head 5; depth 
 4. D. X-11 ; A. ir, 7 ; scales 10-52-12. L. 3 inches. Headwaters of 
 the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers; an elegant and peculiar species, 
 carrying to an extreme the gobioid appearance of these fishes. 
 
 {Hijostoma mnoterum Cope, Jonrii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18(58, 215: Hjiontomasimotenm 
 Vaillaut Reclierclies, lUO: Dijtiemum aimoterum Jordan, Man. Vert. od. 2, 223.) 
 
 lu; ■?...: '^^ 
 
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 9J7.-DIPI.ESIVJVI Raflnesqne. 
 
 (Hyostoma Agassiz.) 
 
 {Diplesion Raflnesqne, Ichtli. Oh. 1^30, 37; typo Etheoatoma blcnnioides Raf.) 
 
 Body elongate, subterete. Head very short and blunt, with tumid 
 cheeks; the profile very convex. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Pre- 
 maxillaries protractile, little movable, joined to the forehead mesially 
 by a slight frenuni ; maxillary not protractile, adnato for most of its 
 length to the fleshy skin of thei)reorbital; lower jaw very short; teeth 
 
85. PERCID^ — COTTOGASTEH. 
 
 497 
 
 in jaws strong ; no teeth on vomer or p.ilatines. Gill-membranes broadly 
 connected. Scales moderate, rough. Lateral line complete ; no enlarged 
 ventral plates. Dorsal fins large, the spinous dorsal longer and lower 
 than the second, of about 13 spines ; anal smaller than second dorsal 
 with 2 strong spines. Vertebrae {D. blennioides) 19 +22. Coloration 
 largely green. ('Jc?, two ; rUaiov, near; dorsal fin nearly divided in two.) 
 
 776. D. blcnnioides (Raf.) Jor. — Green-aided Darter. 
 
 Body stout, elongate, little compressed ; profile very convex. Eyes 
 lar'^e, high up and close together; a longitudinal furrow between the 
 eyes. Mouth small, horizontal, quite inferior; upper jaw concealed in a 
 furrow under the snout. Scales moderate; those on the belly large, not 
 caducous; cheeks with fine scales; opercles with large ones ; neck scaly; 
 chest naked. Anal pa^pilla very large. Anal spines strong ; caudal fin 
 emarginate ; lower rays of the pectorals, and the rays of the ventralsand 
 anal enlarged and fleshy in the males. Color olive green, tessellated 
 above; sides with about eight double transverse bars, each pair form- 
 ing a Y-shaped figure ; these are sometimes joined above, forming a sort 
 of wavy lateral band ; in life these markings are of a clear deep green; 
 sides sprinkled with orange dots; head with olive stripes and the usual 
 dark bars; first dorsal dark orange brown at base, blue above, becoming 
 pale at tip; second dorsal and anal of a rich blue green, with some red- 
 dish; caudal greenish, faintly barred; young and female specimens are 
 more or less dull, but the pattern is peculiar. Head 4J; depth 4f. D. 
 XIII-13; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 65 to 78. L. 3-5 inches. Pennsylvania to 
 Kansas, south to Alabama; one of the handsomest and most abundant of 
 the Darters. 
 
 {Etheostoma hlennioides Raf. Journ. de Physique, 1819, 419: Pileoma cymatogramma 
 Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 327: Hyoatoma cymatoijrammum Vaillant, 
 1. c, 102; Jordan, Man. Vert. 222: Hyostoma blennioperca Cope (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Phila. 1868, 214) is a form larger than usual and with rather smaller scales : Hyostoma 
 newmani Agassiz (Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 305) is slenderer, with rather larger 
 scales on the hody and on the cheeks. Both grade into the common form. ) 
 
 39§.— COTTOOASTER Putnam. 
 
 (Rheocrypta JoT{[an.) ' ' 
 
 (Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1S63, 5 : type Boleoaoma ti^aaellatum, Thompson, uot 
 ofDeKay.) ,;..,..:;■-.;:; ,!:,"■.: _ A^ , J--v-:^i-.v^,^.U- '-.^.^-----ir^- 
 
 Body rather robust, little compressed. Head moderate, bluntish. 
 Mouth small, the lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxil- 
 lary not adherent to the preorbital. Teeth on vomer. Gill-membranes 
 nearly separate. Scales ctenoid ; those of the middle line of the belly 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No.16 32 
 
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 (716) 873-4303 
 
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 498 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 enlarged and spinous, falling off at times, leaving a naked strip; lateral 
 line continuous. Dorsal fins large, the second usually smaller than tbo 
 first and smaller than the anal. Anal spines two, strong, the first the 
 longer. Size moderate. 
 
 (HOTToi, sculpin; yadiTT^Pfhelly.) ^ ' ■ -'-y' 
 
 777, €. cop«landi Jordan. 
 
 Body rather slender and elongate. Head rather large and long, 
 somewhat narrowed, resembling that of Boleosoma, Mouth small, hori- 
 zontal, subinferior. Eye large, 3^ in head. Cheeks naked; opercles 
 and neck each with a few scales ; throat naked. Ventral plates well 
 developed; scales moderate, strongly ctenoid. Color browniJi oli\e; 
 a series of rather small, horizoutally-oblong, black blotches along the 
 lateral line, forming an interrupted lateral band; back tessellated; 
 blackish streaks forward and downward from eye; ventral fins dusky 
 in the male; vertical fins with dusky specks; a black spot on anterior 
 rays of spinous dorsal. Head 4J; depth 5J. D. XE-10; A. II, 9; Lat. 
 1. 5G. L. 2^ inches. White River, Indiana ; abundant near Indianapolis. 
 
 (Rhcocrypta copelandi Jordan, Bull U. S. Nat. Mas. X, 9, 1877: Bheocrijpia copelandi 
 Jordan, Man. Vert. 222.) . r 
 
 TYS. C. putnami J. & G. (nom.sp.nov.). 
 
 General form of the preceding. Mouth Large, the maxillary reaching 
 
 to the pupil. Snout convex. Cheeks naked; opercles closely scaled j 
 
 chest naked; neck above scaly; scales large. Tessell&ted above; sides 
 
 with ten sq lare blotches, which are small and slightly connected by a 
 
 dusky baud; spinous dorsal with a brown median band; second dorsal 
 
 and caudal barred; entral in the males dusky; a dusky stripe down 
 
 ward and one forward from eye. Head 4 ; depth 6. D. XI-11; A. 11,8: 
 
 Lat. 1. 44. L. 3 inches. Lake Chan)plain. (Described from No. 1314, 
 
 U. S. Nat. Mus.) 
 
 {Boleosoma teasellatum Thompson, Appendix Hist. Vermont, 1S53, 31; not of Dekay: 
 Cottogaater tvasellatua Putnam, Bull. Mus. Couip. Zool. 1863, 5.) 
 
 3;i9.~iniOSTOIIIA Jordan. 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 49: type Badropterua ahvmardi Grd.) 
 
 Body robust. Head large. Mouth comparatively large, horizontal, 
 the loweT- jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary not aduate 
 to preorbital. Belly without caducous plates. Fins as in Alvordiim, the 
 anal larger than the second dorsal, {etfxt^ to move; o-Tofia, mouth.) 
 
 TY9. ff. sBiumardi (Grd.) Jordan. 
 Body stout, heavy forward, compressed behind. Head broad and 
 
85. PEECIDiE — PERCINA. 
 
 499 
 
 thick. Eye large, 3 J in head. Mouth large and broad, the lower jaw wide, 
 a little shorter than ihfi upper; maxillary reaching to the eye. Cheeks, 
 opercles, and neck scaly; chest naked; belly naked anteriorly, scaly for 
 a distance in front of the vent; scales rather large. Dorsal fins large, 
 the first larger than the second, which is smaller than the anal, though 
 longer; the two dorsal fins well separated; anal fin large, very deep, in 
 some specimens (males?) reaching to the caudal; anal spines strong, the 
 tirst the larger. Color dark, densely but vaguely blotched with darker; 
 sides with 8-10 obscure blotches, the anterior ones bar-like; a large black 
 spot on base of spinous dorsal behind, and a small one in fiont; second 
 dorsal, caudal, and pectorals barred ; a very strong black suborbital bar, 
 and a faint dark line along muzzle. Head 3|; depth 5. D. X-15;A.II, 
 11; scales 6-56-11. L. 3 inches* Wabash, Illinois, and Arkansas Rivers. 
 
 (Hadropterm ahnmardi Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1659, 100; Jordau, Proo. 
 Acad. Nat Sci. Philn. 1877, 49; Jordau, Mau. Vert. 222.) , ' 
 
 360.— PERCINA Haldeman. 
 
 ' ' ,vrvV' Log Perches. 
 
 {Pileoma DeKay.) 
 
 (Haldeman, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. viii, 330, 184*: type Perca nelulosa Hald. = 
 Scicena caprodes Raf. ) 
 
 Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small ctenoid 
 scales. Lateral line continuous; ventral line with enlarged plates, 
 which fall off, leaving a nake ,i strip. Head depressed, rather pointed, 
 the mouth being small and inferior, overlapped by a tapering, sub- 
 tnucate, pig-liko snout ; upper jaw not protractile. Teeth on vomer 
 and palatines. Giil-membranes scarcely connected. Dorsal fins well 
 separated, the first the larger, of 13-15 spines; the second dorsal rather 
 longer than the anal, which has two spines, the first of which is usually 
 the shorter. Air-bladder and pseud obranchiro present, rudimentary. 
 VertebroB (P. caprodes) 19 + 22. General pattern of coloration olivace- 
 ous, with dark vertical bands alternately long and short. (A diminu- 
 tive of Perca.) 
 
 '>'§0. p. caprodes (Raf.) Grd.—Xo/7 Pcrc/i; liockjiah; nog-molly; Hog-fiah. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed. Head long and pointed, depressed and 
 sloping above. Mouth small, quite inferior, the maxillary not reaofc- 
 ing nearly to the front of the eye. Cheeks, opercles, and neck scaly ; 
 chest naked. Fins rather low. Color yellowish-green, with about 15 
 transverse dark bands from the back to the belly, these usually alter- 
 uating with shorter and fainter ones, which reach about to the lateral 
 
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 500 CONURIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 line; a black spot at the base of the caudal; fins barred. Heall 4> 
 
 depth G. D. XV-15; A. II, 9; Lat. 1. 92. L. 6-8 inches. Great Lakes 
 
 and streams of the South and West; the largest of the darters. 
 
 (Scicena caprudeg Rafinesqne, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 534: Pileoma semifaseialum 
 DcKay, New York Fauna Fish. 1842, 16: Etheontoma caprodes, nebuloaa, semifmmta 
 and bimaculata Storer, Synop. Fish. N. A. 270-272; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
 1859, 66: Pileoma aemifaaciatum Giinther, i, 76: Pileoma caprodea Vdllant 1. c. 4:{' 
 Jordan, Man. Vert. 220: Pileoma carbonaria Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. 
 Phila. 1653, 387: Pileoma carbonaria GUnlher, i, 76: Pileoma carbonaria Girard, 1859 
 10: Percina carbonaria Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.. Sci. Phila. 1859, 67; the latter a 
 variety from Texas with the fins mostly higher. ) 
 
 Var. manitou Jordan. ■ 'v- ;'■>.? 
 
 Space in front of spinous dorsal naked ; lateral bars short, more or 
 less confluent, each one not meeting its fellow of the other side across 
 the back; otherwise essentially as in the preceding, with which it inter- 
 grades. Chiefly northwestward; abundant in Wisconsin. Examples 
 intermediate between caprodes and manitou from Potomac River {Bean; 
 Jouy) and Illinois {Forbes). 
 (Tercina manitou Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 53.) 
 
 961.— AI.VOKDIUS Girard. 
 
 Blade-aided Darters. 
 
 (Etheoatoma Agassiz; not of Rafinesque.) 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 68: type Alvordiua maoulatua Girard.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, little compressed. Mouth rather wide, ter- 
 minal, the lower jaw included, the snout above not protruding beyond 
 the i)remaxillaries, which are not protractile. Teeth on vomer, and 
 usually on palatines also. Gill-membranes separate. Scales small, 
 ctenoid, covering the body. Belly with a median series of enlarged 
 spinous plates, which fall off, leaving a naked strip; sides of bead 
 scaly or not. Lateral line complete. Fins large, the soft dorsal smaller 
 than the spinous or the anal. Anal spines 2; dorsal spines 10-15. 
 Vertebrae 23 -\- 22 {A. aspro); 17 -j- 22 {A. evides). Coloration bright; 
 sides with dark blotches. The most active and graceful of the darters. 
 
 (Dedicated to Maj. B. Alvord, who discovered "Jh'ordiua maculatua" at Fort Gratiot, 
 on Lake Huron.) 
 
 a. Vertebrro more than 40; dorsal spines 11 to 15; palatine teeth present. (Alvor- 
 diua.) 
 h. Cheeks, opercles, and ante-dorsal region entirely scaleless ; head very long and 
 
 large; lat. 1. 75-80 macrocciihahw, 
 
 hb. Cheeks covered with fine scales ; opercles with larger ones. 
 c. Head very slender, with long acnminate niuzizle; jaws nearly equal; space be- 
 fore dorsal scaled; lat. 1. 65-70; lateral blotches small, quadrate. 
 
 phoxocephahtt. 
 00. Head stouter, with wider muzzle; lower jaw included a$pro, neviaemis. 
 
85. PEKCID4I ALVORDIUS. 
 
 501 
 
 lal ; space be- 
 
 Ui. Cheeks naked ; opercles scaly above only ; space before dorsal naked ; muzzle 
 blunt. 
 
 (f. Ventral shields moderate ; colors dull, plain crassuH. 
 
 id. Ventral shields very large, 4 or 5 times the size of the ordinary scales ; colors 
 
 brilliant variatns. 
 
 aa. Vertebrae less than 40 ; dorsal spines 10 or 11; palatine teeth obsolete ; males wi^h 
 the lower fiuo tuberculate in spring. {Ericosma Jordan. )....e«t<ie«,/o«datu«. 
 
 a. VertebrjB more than 40 ; dorsal spines 11 to 15; palatine teeth present. {Alvordim.) 
 
 b. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaleless ; head very long and large ; lat. 1. 75 to 80. 
 
 7§1, A. macrocephalus (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Body elongate. Hend long aud large ; mouth rather large, maxillary 
 reaching to opposite anterior margin of orbit. Eye shorter than snout, 
 ^ in head. Yontral shields twice as large as other scales. Head.^ neck, 
 aud chest without scales. Color light brown, with a ?,lightly undula- 
 iJDg whitish band from upper angle of opercle to caudal peduncle ; back 
 with dark quadrate spots ; sides with 9 blackish longitudinal spots, 
 alternating with smaller ones; streaks downward and forward from 
 eye; vertical fins somewhat barred; spinous dorsal with a median 
 blackish band ; head spotted above. Head 3J; depth 7. D. XV-13; 
 A. II, 11; scales 11-77-15. L. 3 inches. Ohio Valley; not very common. 
 
 {Etheosioma macrocejahalum Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1866, 401; Jordan, Man. 
 Vert. cd. 2, 220.) '•.;,:V. ■v^'ir.v.yv'r V ■' ^ ■ ' -.'' ■ " 
 
 ift. Cheeks covered with fine scales; opercles with larger ones. ' 
 
 c. Head very slender, with long acuminate muzzle ; jaws nearly equal; space be- 
 
 fore dorsal scaled; hit. 1. 65 to 70; Lateral blotches small, quadrate. 
 
 7§3. A. p3lOXOCephaluS (Nelson) Cope <^ Jordan. 
 
 Body rather slender, compressed. Head extremely long, narrow and 
 tapering, the snout very acuminate. Mouth large, the maxillary reach- 
 ing to the eye ; the lower jaw unusually narrow and long, scarcely shorter 
 than upper. Eye about equal to snout, 4^ in head. Cheeks, opercles, 
 and neck with small scales; chest naked. Color yellowish brown, some- 
 what 83 in A. anpro, but the lateral spots smaller and more numerous, 
 quadrate in form ; a small blackish spot at each end of the lateral line. 
 Head 4; depth 5 J. D. XII-13 ; A. II, 9; scales 12-08-14. L. 4 inches. 
 Indiana to Kansas ; not common. 
 
 {EthcoHtoma lihoiocephalum Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1, 35, 1876; Jordan, 
 Man. Vert. Ed^.id, 221.) 
 
 cc. Heatl stouter, with wider muzzle; lower jaw included. 
 7§3. A. aspro Cope & Jordan — Black-aidrd Darter. 
 
 Body rather elongate, fusiform, compressed behind. Head moderately 
 elongate, less pointed than in some of the species. Mouth moderate, 
 the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching just past the front of the 
 eye. Bye about equal to snout, 4 in head. Gill-membranes little con- 
 
 in 
 
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502 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 
 
 nected. Lateral line straight, prolonged forwards to the eye. Opercles 
 with rather large scales ; cheeks covered with very small cues, which 
 are sea I'cely visible; breast naked; neck naked, or more or less scaly 
 body otherwise entirely scaly, the scales small and rcugh. Straw-yel- 
 low or greenish, with dark tessellations and marblings above, and about 7 
 large dark blotches along the sides, which are partly confluent, thus form- 
 iug a moniliforra band ; lins barred. Ilead 4 ; depth G. D. XIII to XV- 
 12 ; A. II, 9 ; scales 9-65-17. Ohio River to the Upper Missouri, chiefly 
 northward; one of the most curious and elegant of the darters. Its 
 coloration varies much in intensity with differences in surroundings. 
 Specimens from the Ohio Valley slenderer than the typical form, with 
 narrower head, scaly neck and jialer colors, form a slight variety ap- 
 proaching xi. phoxocepJialus. 
 
 {Elheoatomahlcnnioides Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat.Hist. 1839, 340— notof Rafinesque: 
 Ethcostoma blennioidea Vaillaut., 1. c. 7)7 ; Cope & Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 
 1877, 51: Alvordiii8 maculatm Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 220, probably uot of Girard, 
 
 who describes the head as scaleless.) 
 
 ■,•'■.-■ 
 
 784. A. nevisensis (Cope) Jor. 
 
 " This is an elongate flsh, with muzzle obtuse in profile, as well as wide, 
 viewed from abov^c. Cheeks, operculum, and middle dorsal line scaled. 
 Ventral line without spinous scales ; one only being present in the sym- 
 physis of the 'coracoids'. Anal fln with base a little shorter than spi- 
 nous dorsal; the species may really be a Pccciliehtkys. First dorsal 
 moderately elevated ; second, peculiar in spinous ray, well separated 
 from the first dorsal. Caudal fin slightly forked. Ground color above 
 yellowish, crossed by 9 dark chestnut quadrsite spots on the median line, 
 which are wider than their interspaces and are connected at their ends 
 by an undulate chestnut band. Below the latter a similar longitudinal 
 band on the anterior half of the body. Six quadrate black spots on the 
 sides, with a small spot between each. A dark band from end of muz- 
 zle to scapula ; below it on operculum, a silver spot. A black bar below 
 eye. Belly white. Caudal and second dorsal distinctly, pectoral and 
 ventral faintly black barred. A series of black spots along middle of 
 first dorsal." Head 4^ ; depth 4^ D. XIII-I, 12 ; A. II, 8; scales 8-53- 
 11. L. 34. (Cope.) Maryland to North Carolina. 
 
 {Hadropterus mactilatiia* Grd, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859; not Alv. maculatus 
 Grd. : Elheosioma nvviaenae Cope, Proc. Anier. Philoa. Soc. Phila. 1870, 2()1.) 
 hbb. Cheeks naked ; ojiercles scaly above only ; space before dorsal naked ; muzzle blunt. 
 d. Ventral shields moderate ; colors dull, plain. 
 
 *Th9 types of this species, lately examined by us, seem to bo identical with A. neri- 
 senais ; cheeks with rather large scales ; middle of breast with scales ; ventral platea 
 large. Scales 7-56-18. D. XIV-12 ; A. II, 9. Maryland. 
 
85. PEECID^ ALVORDIUS. 
 
 503 
 
 T§5t A. crassus Jordan & Brayton. • , . .^ ... 
 
 Body stouter and more compressed than in A. aspro. Head stout; 
 mouth as in A. aspro, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth 
 slightly enlarged. Cheeks entirely naked ; opercles scaly; breast and 
 anterior part of neck scaleless; ventral shields moderate. Coloration 
 essentially as in A. aspro, the blotches rather faint and band-like, Dei»th 
 5; heail 4. D. XI-12; A. II, 8; scales 7-54-7. L. 3-4 inches. Rivers 
 of North and South Carolina. 
 
 {Etheosloma macnlatiim var. Copo, Proc. \cad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1870, 2(51 (not ITadrop- 
 (erm mavulatns Grd.); Jordan & Brayton, Bull, xii U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 12.) 
 
 dd. Ventral shields very large, 4 or 5 times the size of the ordinary scales; colors 
 brilliant. .'--■. ■':;'■■::■' \." " -' ■_ ^''-'^v^.v: 
 
 '?§«. A. variatus (Kirt.) Jor. 
 
 Body moderately elongate ; deeper than in A. aspro. Head rather 
 short and stout. M< nth large, the maxillary reaching the eye; lower 
 jaw seal cely shorter than upper ; outer teeth somewhat enlarged. Eyes 
 moderate, about as long as snout, 3^ in head. Head naked, with the 
 exception of a few scales on the upper anterior part of the opercle ; 
 neck and breast scaleless. Vential shields larger than in any of the 
 o^her species; four times as large as the other scales, G to 8 in number, 
 with strong radiating points. Coloration bright olive, the back with 
 short brown cross bars ; the sides with broad brownish shades; black 
 blotch on neck and on opercle ; blackish bars downward and forward 
 from eye ; flns barred, the spinous dorsal with a black band. Accord- 
 ing to Dr. Kirtland, the males are further variegated with blue, green, 
 and orange. Head 3^; depth -5. D. XII-12; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-9. 
 Ohio and Pennsylvania. , ,, , : .^ ... , 
 
 {Fiheofitoma variafum Kirtland, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. 1840, 274: Etlieostoma pelta- 
 um Staiiffer MSS. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 18J4, p. 'i'.Y.i : f Alvonlhis iiutculatua 
 Oirard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, C8: Ethcostoma jitUalum Vaillunt, 1. c. 61: 
 Ahordiua peltatus J oidan, \. c. ''■i20.) -.-. , « ms ,, 
 
 aa. Vortebnu less than 40; dorsal spines 10 or 11; palatine teeth obsolete; males with 
 tLo lower iins tuberculate ill spring. {Erkonma'' Jordan.) , 
 
 ViT. A> evides Jordan & Copoland. 
 
 Body moderate, somewhat compressed. Head heavy, the profile 
 
 rather convex. Eye rather large, high, 3i in head. Mouth moderate^ 
 
 somewhat oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching front of 
 
 eye. Cheeks, neck above, and throat naked ; Opercles with rather Ifirge 
 
 scales; ventral plates little enlarged. Fins large; second dorsal lower 
 
 ' Eritoitma Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 8, 1877 : typo AhordiuH ecUlva Jordan &, 
 Copolaud; (/)^j, spring-time; Koi/^eoa, to adoru.) 
 
 ) 1 
 
 h 
 
 h'K 
 
 
 V 
 IT 
 
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 r4 
 
 tut' • ■»-< 
 
 1 1: "4 ., 
 
 mM 
 
 

 li.,'''''. ■• 
 
 504 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY Jv, 
 
 than anal, but with longer base. Coloration extremely brilliant • dark 
 olivaceous above, tessellated with dark ; sides with about 7 broad trans- 
 verse bars extending from below the lateral line on one side across the 
 back and down the other side ; these bars are wider than the eye and 
 are connected along the lateral line by a faint black stripe. In the female 
 these bars are black and the intervening spaces yellowish. In tlie male 
 the bars are of a dark rich blue-green with metallic lustre ; the con- 
 necting longitudinal line greenish-bronze; just above this line is a 
 luminous yellowish streak, and above iu each of the interspaces between 
 the burs is a bright blotch of bronze-red ; entire lower parts of the body 
 of a bright clear yellow, which becomes on the under side of the head 
 throat, and branchiostegals a bright orange-red ; blackish green streaks 
 downward and forward from eye ; cheeks orange-red, the color of iron 
 rust ; dorsal fin orange-colored, with a bright bronze edge, a blockish 
 spot on the last rays; second dorsal and caudal pale orange; two bright 
 yellowish spots at base of caudal ; anal bronze, with a blue-black shad- 
 ing ; ventral fins dark blue-black ; pectorals faintly orange. Males with 
 the rays of the ventral and anal fins covered ;vith small corneous tuber- 
 cles, exactly as iu some Cyprinidcc. Female and alcoholic specimens 
 show little of the bright colors, although the same pattern is preserved. 
 The spinous dorsal has u dusky spot on its posterior rays, and the fins 
 are destitute of the dark bars found iu the other species of Alvordius, 
 Head 4^; depth 5^. D. XI-10; A. II, 8; scales 9-03-9. L. 2-3 inches. 
 White Eiver, Indiana j locally abundant ; one of the most brilliant of 
 
 fishes. ■ '-"r ^v---:.^'?:- '.1 /^'•■•-•':^-/- ,•' ....._,. 
 
 (Alvordius evidea Jordan & Copelantl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 51: Ericoma 
 evidea Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, 8, 1877.) 
 
 ;,»■!'•■ 
 
 Y§§. A. fasciatus (Grd.) Jor. < 
 
 "It has the same blenuioid aspect as its congener {Alvorduis aspro) ; 
 the total length of the specimens observed measuring about two inches 
 and a quarter, the head entering in it fourtimes and a half. The eye is 
 of medium size, subcircular; the diameter being contained 4 times in 
 the side of the head. The first dorsal is lower and longer than the 
 second, to which it is contiguous. The anal is well developed, rather 
 deeper than the second dorsal but shorter upon its base. The caudal 
 fin is subtruncated. The ventrals and the pectorals a^e of moderate 
 development, their tips being nearly even. The rays are D. X, 12 ; A. 
 I, 8; the scales are small, deeper tliau long, posteriorly rounded off and 
 minutely pectinated, whilst their anterior margin is truncal* d, exhihit- 
 ing numerous radiating ridges upon the latter section only. Their im- 
 
51: Eiicosma 
 
 85. PERCID^ — HADR0PTERU8. 
 
 505 
 
 brication takes place after the fashion of the Sciienoids ; instead of 
 loDgitudiual series, they constitute transverse oblique series. As to the 
 coloration, it is but imperfectly preserved. Transverse bands of deep 
 chestnut alternate with white or yellowish ones. These bauds or fas- 
 cia are better defined below the lateral line than above it, where tliey 
 are soinetimes interrupted. The head is brown, with a vertical black 
 streak across the orbits. The fins are yellowish, uuicolor, except the 
 first dorsal, which is margined with black. During life we imagine this 
 fish to be one of the i>rettiest inhabitants of the fresh waters of this 
 continent." ( Girard.) Chihuahua River, Mexico. The tyi>es of this spe- 
 cies are lost, but it is doubtless closely allied to A. evides. 
 {Di^le»ion faaciatus Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. WZ9, 101.) <« ? 
 
 363.— HADItOPTERVS Agassiz. :.v'-v^v* 
 
 {Efypohomus Copo: Plesioperca Vaillant.) 
 
 (AgaBsiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 305: type Hadropterus ni(jrofa»ciatua Ag.) 
 
 This genus differs from Alvordiua only in the absence of the caducous 
 
 ventral plates, the belly being covered with persistent scales, similar to 
 
 those on the sides. {uSp6(;, strong ; nrepov, fin.) 
 
 a. Anal iiii large, not smaller tiiau the second dorsal. ' ' '• 
 
 h. Scales small, more than 75 in the lateral line; body elongate, little compressed ; 
 D. XV-15. (flypoftoniMs* Cope.) . , 
 
 TSO. M. aurantiacus ((!ope) Jor. ; , v,/v<: . ■ ; ,; 
 
 Form elongate ; caudal peduncle slightly contracted ; orbit smaller 
 than length of muzzle, 4 in head, excluding the opercular spine ; man- 
 dibles shorter than muzzle ; cheeks and operculum covered with small 
 scales; scales very small, covering the ventral line; gular region 
 smooth ; third dorsal ray longest, fin outline rapidly descending poste- 
 riorly; first anal ray below first of second dorsal; caudal flu even. 
 Golden-brown above, with a series of small round brown spots nearer to 
 the basis of the dorsal tin than the lateral line ; the latter traversed by a 
 broad black band, which i)asses on sides of head arwmd muzzle ; below 
 bright citron-yellow ; fins unspotted. Head 4J; depth G. 1). XV-15; 
 A. n, 11; Lat. 1. about 85. L. 4^ inches. {Cope.) Headwaters of Ten- 
 nessee River. 
 
 {CottopoBte}' aurantiacvs Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, 211 : Uypohomus 
 awmtiaiius Cope, Pi'oc. Amer. Pliilos. Soc. 1870, 451 : Hadropterus auraitliacua Jor- 
 dan, Man. Vert. 221.) 
 
 bb. Scales large, less than CO in the lateral line ; body robnst, more or less compressed ; 
 ilorsal XII-12. (Hadropterust) 
 
 "Hypohomua Cope, Pfoc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1870, 451: type Cottogaater auraniiacua 
 Cope, (uffoj, below ; 6yUo$, uniform.) 
 t Pleaioperca, Vaillant. 
 
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 ll 
 
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 f 
 
 
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 lAri 
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 50 S CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAIT ICnTnYOLOGY--lv 
 790. II. nigfrofasciatus Agassiz. — Crawl-a-hottom. 
 
 Head and body stout and heavy, the body ccrapressed. Mouth moder- 
 ate, the maxillary reaching front of eye; eye moderate, 4 in i^a^j 
 Scales rather large. Fins all large. Breast usually naked, but some- 
 times closely scaled; scales on the median line of the belly somewhat en- 
 larged, but not caducous nor especially spinous. Dark olive above with 
 blackish markings; sides with vertical bars, somewhat diamond-shaped 
 but quite narrow; these acute above and below, more or less confluent 
 lilong the middle, about 12 in number; the bands dark greenish, vary- 
 ing to jet black, most distinct near the middle of the body and broadest 
 bebind; inner half of each of the vertical fins black; outer half more or 
 less speckled and barred; top of head black, a black band through eye 
 and snout, and a dark vertical shade below tlie eye; a small black spot 
 between two smaller ones at base of caudal fin. Head 4; depth 5. D. 
 XIl-12; A. II; 10; scales 7-58-15. L. 4 inches. Rivers of the Southern 
 States from South Carolina to Louisiana; one of the largest of the 
 darters. 
 
 (Agassiz, Amor. Jonrii. Sci. Arts, xvii, C05, 18o4; Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. X. 
 Y., 1877, 310: Plcniopcrca ancepa Vaillaut, 1. c, 37: Alrordim apillmani Hay, Proc. 
 U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 491, from Cliickasawha Ilivor, Mississippi, specimens with the 
 eye larger, the snout more pointed, the iins higher, and the color very dark.) 
 
 '"^, 
 
 1^ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 m 
 
 -.-t 
 
 363.— NOTHONOTVS Agassiz. 
 
 Blue-hreasted Barters. 
 
 (Agassiz, Bull, Mus. Comp. Zoiil. 1863, i, 3: typo Etheoatoma maculatum Kirtlaud.) 
 .. Body robust, or rather elongate, compressed. Mouth terminal, mod- 
 erate ; the lower jaw somewhat included ; premaxillaries not protractile ; 
 mp-xillary movable. Teeth strong, i)resent on vomer and palatines. 
 Gill- membranes scarcely connected. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid; 
 those of the middle line of the belly not enlarged, i)ersistent. Lateral 
 line well developed, nearly straight. Fins large, with strong spines; 
 first dorsal longer and larger than the second with 10 to 15 spines ; anal 
 with two strong spines, the anterior usually the larger. Coloration 
 often brilliant. {voOix;, prominent; v&to<;, back, in allusion to the large 
 size of the dorsal fins, the name given in opposition to Catonotus.) 
 
 a. Head short, the muzzle abruptly decurved; lat. 1. 52; dorsal spines 10 to 12: fins 
 dark-edged. 
 
 vol. Rf. camurus (Cope) Jor. — Blue-hrcaated Darter. 
 
 Body stout; head short; muzzle abruptly decurved, the mouth some- 
 what inferior; lower jaw included. Caudal broad, truncate. Males very 
 
85. PERCID^ — N0TH0N0TU8. 
 
 507 
 
 )ng spmea; 
 
 dark olive or blackish, with an obscure band of a paler shade ; belly 
 paler ; breast and throat deep rich blue ; sides profusely sprinkled with 
 crimson dots; these spots someiiines arranged in short longitudinal 
 series of threes and fours; series of olivaceous lines along the rows 
 of scales ; first dorsal with a black spot at base in front^nd a crim- 
 son one on the margin between the first and second rays ; second dor- 
 sal cauilal, and anal crimson, bordered with yellow, which again is 
 bordered with black or dark blue on the edge of the fin; the crimson is 
 deepest next the yellow; pectoral and ventral fins with a broad red mar- 
 gin. Famales less distinctly' marked; olivaceous, somewhat barred. 
 Head 4; depth 4^. 1). XI-13; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-8. L. 2J inches. 
 Ohio to Tennessee in clear streams ; one of the most elegant members 
 of tliis most beautiful genus. 
 
 {Pwcilkhthya camurua Copo, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pliila. 1H70, 2G5: Kothonotua 
 camurus Jordan, 1. c. 225.) 
 
 flfl. Head rather long and iioiuted; muzzle 7iot tlecurved. '., 
 
 b. Dorsal spines 10 to 12. - 
 
 c. Scales small ; lateral line 55 to 65 ; fina not dark- edged. 
 d. Body slender. 
 
 798. N. sangiiifluus (Cope) .lor. , 
 
 Body elongate, with dorsal line not elevated, and the caudal peduncle 
 very deep. Head flat, acuminate, the front descending very gradually, 
 the mandible rising as gradually to itsextremity; orbit rather large, equal 
 to suout, 4 in head; end of maxillary reaching front of pupil; teeth 
 of outer row larger. Fins generallj'. especially the caudal, short ; latter 
 slightly rounded; first dorsal much elongate; first anal spine very 
 large. Coloration above black, shading to dark olive below, and with 
 a narrow, wavy, leather colored dorsal band; throat turquoise blue; 
 sides and dorsal region marked with small circular spots of bright crim- 
 son, irregularly disposed, and in considerable number; first dorsal 
 uncolored, with a black spot at base anteriorly and a dark shade througli 
 the middle; second dorsal blood-red, without border; caudal with two 
 large crimson spots confluent on the middle line of the tail at its base, 
 without border ; pectorals and ventrals not red-bordered ; i'emales dull, 
 with the fins black-barred and not crimson. Head 4 ; depth 5^. I). XII- 
 12; A. II, 9; scales 9-58-10. L. 2 J inches. South Fork of Cumber- 
 land River, Tenn. (Cope.) 
 
 {Pacilichthys sangiiiflmis Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870,264: Kothonotua 
 ianguijluua Jordan, Man. Vert. 226.) 
 
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 If 
 
 t ! 
 
 508 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 dd. Body comparatively deep, compressed. " ?' "•:',' 'itrs. . ^ 
 
 703. IV. maculatns (Kirtland) Ag. 
 
 Body model ately elongate, deep, and compressed. Head long and 
 rather pointed. Mouth rather large ; jaws equal. Dorsal fin elevated 
 the longest rays reaching caudal. Olive green ; sides with rather large 
 spots of brilliant carmine ; vertical fins more or less barred with red 
 and white. Head 4 ; depth 4f . D. XII-13 ; A. II, 8 ; Lat. 1. GO. L. 
 2J inches. Mahoning Eiver, Ohio ; not yet recognized elsewhere. 
 
 (Ethpostovia niaculata Kirtland, Boat. Joum. Nat. Hist. 1840, 276: E. maculata Storer 
 Synopsis, 270: Nothonotus maculatua Agassiz, Bull. M. C. Z. 1863, 3: Nothonotus macu- 
 Za<M« Jordan, Man. Vert. 225.) ,- .■- 
 
 cc. Scales larger ; lateral lino 43 to 47 ; body stout. ' 
 
 794. N. rufllineatus (Cope) .Jor. 
 
 Stout, the dorsal line elevated and descending regularly from the base 
 of the first dorsal to the end of the muzzle. Muzzle short, regularly 
 conic, about equal to eye, which is smaller than usual, 4J in head. 
 Dorsal well developed ; caudal peduncle deep ; caudal fin small, trun- 
 cate. Scales large. Color pale olive, with numerous narrow lonj>i- 
 tudinal lines, each on the adjacent margins of two rows of scales; these 
 lines include a number of quadrate spots of a mahogany or brick-red 
 color, which alternate with each other, but are not regular in position 
 or number; pectoral region bright turquoise blue; belly bright reddish 
 orange; head with two longitudinal mahogany-colored bands, and a spot 
 of the same below the eye; five red spots on each side of the head, one 
 on operculum, preoperculum, suboperculum, and on each lip; fins all 
 broadly crimson-bordered, the anal and caudal with narrow black 
 edging ; two orange areas at base of caudal ; anal vermilion, with yel- 
 low base and black margin on posterior half. Females more olivaceous, 
 obscurely barred and with the fins speckled. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D. 
 XI-12 ; A. 11, 8 ; scales C-45-7. L. 3 inches. French Broad lliver. 
 Warm Springs, N. 0. (Cope.) 
 
 (Poecilichthys rufiHiuatua Coiw, rroc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 267.) 'I' 
 
 lb. Dorsal spines 14 ; scales small; lat. 1.53; bock not arched, ' 
 
 791. IV. vnlneratus (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Body fusiform, stout. Caudal peduncle very deep. Dorsal outline 
 scarcely arched : top of head gently and regularly curved to iL e end 
 of the muzzle, much as in N. sanguiflmis. Orbit four times in length of 
 head, equal to muzzle. First dorsal not low; caudal truncate, r'^'nded ; 
 anal small ; scales small. Color light olive, with about eight vertical 
 
85. PERCIDiE — NANOSTOMA. 
 
 509 
 
 dkar olive bars on the sides, which are inteirnpted above Ihe lateral line j 
 a few irregular crimson dots on the sides. Fins uniform, transparent, 
 except the first dorsal and caudal ; the former has a median series of 
 red spots, the latter is pale orange, with a black margin ; no cross-bars 
 ou flus in the .aale ; second dorsal with a black n»ar>jin. Head 4 ; 
 depth 4.^. D. XIV-13; A. II, 8; £cales 8^-53-9. L. 2 inches. French 
 Broad River. {Cope.) 
 (/'cEcinc/i^/iys vuinem<«« Uope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.Phila. 1870, 200.) ".^ 
 
 • Species incompletely described. ' . •, 
 
 The following species have not been recognized since their original 
 description. Thej^ perhaps belong to Nothonotm. 
 
 T96. N.MesscllatMS (Storer). 
 
 "Body oblong. Head gibbous, less than one-fourth the length of 
 the body. Lateral line straight. Top of the head and upper portion 
 of the sides of a greenish-brown coior; 8 or 10 transverse bluish bands 
 on the sides ; the intervals between these bands are yellowish, and in 
 the centre of each is a bluish rhomb; a black blotch at the base of the 
 tail; the lips, opercles, and rays of the first dorsal gamboge-yellow. 
 D. XlI-13; P. 13; V. I, 5; A. II, 10. L. 3 inches. Florence, Ala. 
 Caught in running water." (Storer.) 
 
 (Etheostoma te«8ellata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845: E. teasellata Storer, 
 Synopsis, 273. ) 
 
 TOT. N.T cincre as (Storer). 
 
 "Body oblong, compressed. Head gibbous directly over the eyes. 
 The upper portion of the sides is of a light yellow color, crossed longi- 
 tudinally by 3 or 4 cinereous interrupted narrow bands, one or two of 
 which commence at the snout, the others back of the head, and are 
 lost anterior to the tail ; between these bands is a series of longitu- 
 dinally-arranged oval blotches, of a similar color, and from these bands 
 descend obliquely backward and downward to the abdomen narrow 
 transverse lines; lower portion of the sides yellowish-white; first dor- 
 sal margined with red; second dorsal and anal variegated with red 
 dots. D. XI-13; P. 15; V. I, 5; A. II, 8. L. 3-4 inches. Florence, 
 Ala. Caught in deep, still water when fishing for perch." (Storer.) 
 
 {Etheostoma cinerea Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845: E. cinerea Storer, Synop- 
 
 364.— MAMOSTOmA Putnam. 
 
 sis 273.) 
 
 (Putnam MSS. Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 7, 1877 : type Pcecilichthya zonalU Cope. ) 
 
 Body fusiform, not greatly compressed. Mouth small, subinferior, 
 
 M •:;;?' ■ 
 
 ' : t^'f*/ 
 
 ■*'. •»-• 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 -^ '' * 
 
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 P 
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 510 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 the preuiaxillariea not protractile. Vomerine teeth very feeble or 
 wanting. Scales large. Gill-membranes broadly connected; no en- 
 larged ventral plates. Lateral line complete. Dorsals well separated 
 the second larger than anal, higher and shorter than spinous dorjsai- 
 dorsal spines about 10; anal spines 2. (v'avoc, small; ffro/^a, mouth.) 
 
 a. Cheeks, oporcles, and throat closely scaled. 
 IDS. N. zontalc (Cope) Jor. 
 
 Body slender, somewhat compressed. Head small, rather short; the 
 month small, subinforior. Snout decurved, rather obtuse, maxillary 
 not reaching front of eye. Cheeks, opercles, neck, and throat closely 
 sealed. Eye rather large. Teeth very feeble, those on the ^ omer not 
 evident ; probably none on the palatines. First dorsal well developed 
 sei>arated from the second, vvhich is higher and shorter than the spin- 
 ous dorsal, and considerably larger than the anal; caudal emafginatc. 
 Bright olivaceous above, golden below; 6 dark-brown quadrate dorsal 
 spots, which connect by alternating spots with a broad brown lateral 
 band, from wliich 8 narrower dark-bluish bands more or less completely 
 encircle the belly; iiaired, anal, and caudal fins golden, brown-spotted; 
 middle half of the first dorsal crimson; a series of round crimson spots 
 near the base of the second dorsal; occiput, a band on muzzle and one 
 below eye black ; a black spot on operculum and one at base of pec- 
 toral; females duller and speckled with ventrals barred and laie-al 
 bars feebler. Head 4^; depth 5. D. XI-12; A. II, 7; scales 11-50-12. 
 L. 3 inches. Mississippi Valley, in clear streams; rather rare. 
 
 (Pcecilichlhun zoiialis Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 16()8, 212; Jordan, Man. 
 Vert. JWo: 2^"anoatoma vincti^ea Jordan. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. ii, 236, 1^79; thel'eiuule.) 
 
 TOO. IV. elegans Hay. ;., , 
 
 Body stout, somewhat compressed. Head short and deep, with 
 swollen cheeks. S?iout abruptly decurved. Mouth subterminal, hori- 
 zontal, small, the /naxillary not reaching the front of the eye. Eye 4 
 in head. Latenal line nearly straight. Cheeks, opercles, and back of 
 neck scal,y; chest and region iust behind ventrals naked. Spi.ions 
 dorsal half as high as long, a little longer than the head; soft dorsal 
 % as long as head and § as high ns long; anal § length of head, as high 
 as long; pectoral fins very large, reaching beyon<l ventrals to vent. 
 Color purplish ; G large quadrate black blotches along back and 8 broad 
 transverse bars along sides fainter, these alternating with dark sjwta; 
 many of the scales above with jet-black spots forming longitudinal 
 streaku; two black spots at base of caudal; a few black spots behind 
 
85. PERCIDiE NANOSTOMA. 
 
 5J1 
 
 eye* dark spots downward and forward f''om eye: ventral and anal 
 fius indigo-blue; pectorals with Wue; a bar of deep orange-red along 
 base of boL'u dorsals. Head 4; depth 5. D. X-12; A. II, 8; scales 5- 
 42-6. L. 24 inches. Chickasawha Eiver, Mississippi. (Hay.) 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 493.) 
 
 aa. Checks, opercles, nnvl breast entirely scalelcss. 
 
 800. N. thalassinum Jordan & Brayton. 
 
 Body rather stout, compressed behind, the back somewhat arched. 
 Head large, the snout rather blunt and convex in profile. Eye large, 
 liigli up, longer than muzzle, 3 J in luad; interorbital space rather nar- 
 row. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxilla *y reaching to the 
 orbit. Upper jaw slightly longer than the lower. Head entirely naked ; 
 throat naked ; neck naked anteriorly. Fins all large ; membrane of the 
 lirst dorsal continued to the base of the second; longest dorsal spine 
 scarcely shorter than the soft rays, the base of the spinous dorsal a 
 little longer than that of the soft dorsal: anal not much smaller than 
 the soft dorsal, its first spine the longer; caudal fin deeply lunate; pec- 
 torals reaching nearly to vent. Male, in life, with the body dark green 
 and blotched above; sides with 9 dark blue-green vertical bars, the 
 five next the last most distinct; spinous dorsal reddish at base, then 
 a broad black band, the uppermost third of a bright ferruginous red; 
 second dorsal blackish at base, reddi3h above; caudal with 2 orange 
 blotches at base, black mesially, jitile oranre distally; anal fin of a 
 brilliant blue-green color at base, pale at tip; ventrals greenish; head 
 mostly grass-green ; the streaks forward and downward from eye dark 
 green; females duller and more speckled. Head 4; depths. D.Y- 
 11; A. n, 8; scales 5-43-5. L. 2^ inches. Salude Eiver, South Caro- 
 lina; abundant. 
 
 (Xuthonolaa thalamtms Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 13, 1878.) 
 
 801. N. tessellatiim Jordan. 
 Color olivaceous, the markings obliterated in the type. Body fusi- 
 form. Head broad and heavy, entirely naked. Mouth moderate, hori- 
 zontal, the lower jaw included, the maxillary extending to opposite 
 front of eye. Anal higher than second dorsal, but not so loiig, its 
 spines strong. Gill-membranes broadly united. D. X-12; A. II, 8; 
 hat. 1. 48. L. 2J inches. Allegheny River; only the type (1199, U. S. 
 Nat. Mus) now known. 
 
 {Hadropterut tetiellatua Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. it, 7, 1877.) 
 
 
i 
 
 i4 s ' ni 
 'II ; 
 
 512 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 §03. IV^ inscriptum .Tonlnn & Brnyton. 
 
 Body rather stout and deep, strongly compressed. Caudal peduncle 
 rather deep. Head large, rather obtuse, the profile quite gibbous a 
 considerable angle formed opposite the eyes, which are high up and clo8e 
 together. Eye about equal to snout, 3.} in head. Mouth moderate 
 slightly oblique, the maxillary resiching eye, the upper jaw the loiifjer. 
 Head entirely scaleless ; neck above scaly ; breast naked ; belly cloHcly 
 scaled ; scales large. Fins large; spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal 
 which is somewhat larger than the anal; the two dorsals conne(!ted hy 
 tnombrane; dorsal spines a little more than half the length of the head* 
 pectorals large. Color olive, with a bright scarlet spot on ea(di scale 
 these forming continuous lines along the rows of scales; 3 nark blotches 
 across the back ; one in front of dorsal, forming a black spot on the ante- 
 rior spines; one between the two dorsal flns, fornung a similar black sjjot 
 on the last rays of the spinous dorsal ; and one on the caudal peduncle, 
 behind the second dorsal ; sides with about irregular dark-olive blotches 
 just below the lateral line; edge of spinous dorsal black, below thisbrijjfht 
 orange-red, a dusky bar at the base; entire anal flu, cheeks, oi)ercles, and 
 a bar below the eye bright blue; fenmles without red spots, the sides 
 blotched. Head 4'^; depth 4^. I). XI-12; A. IF, 3; scales 5-40-:). L. 
 2i inches. Oconee lliver, Georgia; one of the most beautiful of the 
 group. 
 (NothonoUts {;i«cW^)/i(8 Jordan «fe Pmyton, Bull, IT. S. Nut. Mus. xii, 34, 1878.) 
 
 SeS.-ETHEOSTOIVIA Rafmosqiio. 
 
 (Ca/onotttfl Agassiz.) »j 
 
 (Riifiucsquo, Jonrn. do PliyHiqiio, 1819, 419: typo FAheostoma flahdlari» Raf.) 
 
 Body elongate, comi>ressed. Mouth terminal, more or less oblique; 
 upper jaw not protractile. Vomerine teeth present; teeth in the jaws 
 st'-ong, the outer series canine-like. Opercular spine well developed. 
 Gill-membranes broadly united. Scales rather large. Lateral line 
 incomplete; an enlarged, black humeral scale. First dorsal fin low, 
 considerably lower than the second dorsal, of 7 to 9 subequal spines, 
 which, in the males, end in little fleshy knobs; anal flu smaller than 
 the secoiul dorsal, with U spines, the first of which is always the larger. 
 Vertebrn3 (7^. Uneolattim) 14 -+-21; size small. Coloration dark. The 
 species are extremely quick in their movements, and their coloration, 
 although not gaudy, is very elegant. 
 
 (Th« word Ethcoatoma is stated by Railncsquo to mean "various mouths," tho species 
 known to him — i. e,, I'ercina oaprode-s, Diplesium blcnnioides, and Etkeoetoma Jlabdlarc— 
 
^'I'W 
 
 85. PERCIDiE — ETHEOSTOMA. 
 
 513 
 
 heitiR H*' (litTfTt^nt, in respect to tho form ot »he mouth, that h« conceived thftt they 
 luiilbt beloi'J? ♦*> diirercnt Mubgenura. T lie etymology of the word is not evident.) 
 
 Head entirely naked; lateral lino short; lovrcr jaw i)roniinent, 
 b. Body with longitudinal dark HtripcH. 
 
 §J3. V" llacolntMm (Ag.) ,1 or.— Sir i-pcd Darter. • 
 
 l}o(ly olongatP, compreaaed, the back scarcely arched. Head long 
 and rather pointed, entirely destitute of scales. Mouth rather larj^e, 
 tcrmiiial, oblique, th(5 lower jaw the longer. Eye moderate, longer than 
 the siumt, about 4 in head. Opercular spine strong. Fins all low, the- 
 first d«>rsiil in the males about half as high as the second; higher in the 
 females; caiuial large, rounded. Anal spines longer in females than in 
 the males; dorsal and anal spines pointed in the female, in the nuile with 
 tliicken«'d tieshy tii)s. Scales moderate. Lateral line extending about 
 toend of th'st dorsal. Neck and throat n",ked ; scales on sides extending 
 up to the base of the dorsal tin. Color dark; each scale with a dark 
 Rjiot, those forming a series of conspicjuous longitudinal lines along the 
 rows of scales; second dorsal and caudal conspicuously cross-barre<l ; 
 head blackish, with dark stripes radiating from eye; males further 
 marked with conspicuous dark cross bars. Head 4; depth 5. D. VIII- 
 12; A. 1 1, 8 ; scales 7-53-7. L. 2^ inches. Minnesota to Indiana ; abound- 
 ing in clear or rocky streams; one of the most singular and handsome 
 of the darters. 
 
 {CatonotuH linrolatuii AgaMve, Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts. 1854, 305: Catonotus lineolatus 
 Viiillaut, 1. c. 118. ) 
 
 W, Bo;ly not striped. 
 
 §04. E. flubcllare Raf. 
 
 Very similar to the preceding, but rather more elongate and lens 
 compressed. Head rather larger. A narrow strip along base of spinnijs 
 dorsal not scaled. Coloration paler, there being little or no trace of the 
 longitudinal stripes, so conspicuous in E. Kneolatum; the males with cioss 
 blotches, the iemales nearly plain olivaceous; second dorsal and caudal 
 fins barred ; black humoral spot conspicuous. Lateral line usually vei y 
 little developed ; lower jaw less projecting than in U. lineolatum. Head 
 4; depth 5. 1). VIII-12; A. 11,8; Lat. 1. 46. Length 2J inches. West- 
 ern New York to Ohio Valley ai;d North Carolina; very abundant iu 
 the tributaries of Lake Ontario. 
 
 (Raflnes^iue, Journ. de Thys. etc. PnriR, 1810,419: Catonotus flahel1atHi> VaiUant', 
 Rcchorchcs, 1873, 121: Catonotus fasdatua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851), (??: 
 Oligocfphaliis humiralis Oirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 183U, GO: ICatonotug 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mils. No. 10 33 
 
 
 4;! Vi, !i 
 
 h 
 
 •>7 
 
 
 .'i- ■■: 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 
\ t < ' 
 
 514 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy. 
 
 iennicoffi* Putnam, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. 1B63, 3: Etlwontoma linsleyi Rforor Pro 
 Soc. Nat. Hist. IHol, 37: Catonotiu flabellatits Vnillant 1. p. 121: Calonotm Unul " 
 Vuillant, Roclierches. 1&/3, 125: JCtlieostoma flahellare Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2 227 \ 
 flaCliocks,opcrcleH, neck, and throat closely scaly ; jawseqnal; lateral line nearly com- 
 plete. 
 
 §05. E. squamiceps Jordan. 
 
 Body rather elougute, considerably compressed, the caudal peduncle 
 deep. Head large; the jaws comparatively short and equal. Lateral 
 line wauling only on a few of the posterior scales, and with occa- 
 Hional tubes behind the continuous series. Spinous dorsal low and 
 ♦short, the spines about equal, less than half the height of tho second 
 dorsal ; bases of the two dorsals about equal, slightly connected bv 
 membraiie. Color dark, without spots, stripes or bands, in sjjirit.s- 
 male mottled, with about C cross-blotches ; vertical fins cross-barred ; 
 lower fins black in the male, pale in the female; a large black humeral 
 spot. Bead 3^ ; depth 5. D. lX-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-50-G. L. 2| 
 inches. Ohio Valley ; not common. 
 (Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 11, 1877.) ' ; ' 
 
 966.-Pa:CIl.ICHTHYS Agassiz. 
 
 Bainbow Barters. •< ? 
 
 {Oligoceplalua, Boleichthijs, Aj)Iesion, and Alrarius Girard: Antatichthys Vaillant; 
 
 Hololepit Agassiz.) 
 
 (Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 304: type Poecilichthya ranatus Aga8si/,=£'(/ieo«- 
 ioma cairulea Store r. ) • ■: ■-: 
 
 Body variously robust or elongate, usually comprot^sed. Head rather 
 large. Mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, terminal or nearly so; vo- 
 mer with teeth ; piemaxillaries not protiactile. Gill-membranes scarcely 
 connected. Scales rather large, those on the belly similar to the orhers. 
 Lateral line wanting posteriorly, its tubes beginning at the orbit. Dor 
 sal spines 6 to 11, the middle ones highest and more than half the lieijjlit 
 of the soft rays ; second dorsal larger than spinous dorsal or anal ; a;:ai 
 with two spines, the first usually the larger. Vertebra in P. cwndcvs, 
 15 -f 18; in P eos, 15 + 21. Size small. Coloration usually brilliant. 
 (-outAo?, variegated ; r/ffh-:, fish.) 
 
 * The original types of Catonotua kennicoHi, now in poor condition, show the follow- 
 ing characters: 
 
 Color plain, withont trace of lines or spots ; pectorals, caudal, and both dorsals 
 checkered wit'.i black. Black humeral spot large. Cheeks, opercles and breast imlud. 
 Scales rather largo. I^ateral line extending to below inidille of second dorHal. Gill- 
 juenibrancB Ibrniiug an angle with each other. Pectorals a little shorter than iioad. 
 Head 3J; depth 5^. D. Vlll, 10; A. 11, 5; scales r)-40 6. From Southern TMiiiois. 
 
low the follow- 
 
 85. PERCIDiE PCECILICIITHY8. 
 
 515 
 
 a. Dorsal spines 8 or more ; anal spines well devoloppd. 
 
 b. Humeral re<rion with an enlarged black scale-liko process. 
 
 c. CliP"'i8 and opereles naked ; nape naked ; body striped , rirgatiis. 
 
 cc. Cheeks and nape naked; opercles scaly .acxatUia. 
 
 ccc. Checks, opercles, and nape more or less scaly punctulatus, arteaia:. 
 
 hb. Humeral scale obsolete or wanting. 
 
 d. Opercles and cheeks naked; preopercle cremilate; anal spines very long. 
 
 Je^ndus. 
 d(h Opercles scaly ; preopercle strictly entire. 
 
 e. Lateral line nearly straight. 
 
 /. Cheeks naked; or with only 3 or 4 small iml)edded scales close behind 
 
 eye cwruleus, spectabilix. 
 
 //. Cheeks evidently scaly, at least above mprigenia, jcHHioi, 
 
 ee. Lateral line forming a slight curve above the pectorals ; dorsals sub-eqnal. 
 
 Dorsal spines 9 or 10. (Boleiohthi/s Girard.") 
 
 g. Cheeks scaly bufhriaiiua, barratti, fiisiformifi, erochroits, eos, 
 
 gf). Cheeks naked exilia, tcarreni, graciliit. 
 
 flfl. Dorsal spines G ; fnal spines obsolete? {Alvarius) lateralis. 
 
 a. Dorsal spines 8 or more ; anal spines well developed. 
 
 h. Humeral region with an enlarged scale-like process, which is always black, 
 c. Opercles, cheeks, and nape naked ; body striped. 
 
 §06. P. vircatus Jordan. 
 
 Body slender, siibfuailorm, compressed, the back somewhat elevated, 
 tbe caudal peduncle rather deep. Head long, rather slender and pointed, 
 little compressed, the snout but little decurved. Mouth rather large, 
 somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching to the pupil, the lower jaw 
 scarcely shorter than the upper ; teeth small, even, in several rows. 
 V,}G rather large. Posterior border of preopercle above, obtusely cre- 
 uate. Scales rather large; lateral line distinct, on about 20 scales; 53 in 
 a lengthwise series. Head naked ; nape and breast naked. Color green- 
 ish, each scale with a small blackish spot, forming conspicuous lateral 
 stripes, as in Etheostoma lineolatum ; back and sides with cross-blotches; 
 liunieral scale largo and black; dorsal and caudal fin faintly barred. 
 Head 3§ ; depth 5. D. IX-10 ; A. 11, 8. Rock Castle River, Kentucky ; 
 resembl 'S the species of Etheostoma. 
 
 (Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ii, 236, 1879.) 
 
 cc. Cheeks and napo naked ; opercles scaly. 
 
 §07. P. §axat9lis Hay. 
 
 Body rather slender. Head pointed, the profile descending in a 
 gradual curve. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to opposite front 
 of pupil. Eye equal to snout, 4 in head. Cheeks, breast, and throat 
 naked; opercles with a few large scales. Lateral line little arched, its 
 tubes on about 35 scales. Doisals well separated, the second shorter 
 and higher than first. Greenish, with darker tessellations; a black 
 
 ■\Vi 
 
 y*\\ 
 
 
 
 »!■ 
 
 ♦ t,'( 
 
 1.1 
 
 'bUi 
 
 .43 
 
 ii 
 
 
 'HH 
 
 
 
 '^-^.i'l 
 
\v. 
 
 
 516 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 humeral scale, a black streak downward and forward from eye; oporcles 
 mostly black. Head 4; depth 5. D. XI-10; A. II, 7 ; scales 11-50-5, 
 L. 1^ inches. Chickasawha Eiver, Mississippi. {Hay.) 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 495.) 
 
 000. Checks, opercles, and uape more or less scaly. 
 
 S0§. P. pnnctalatus Ag. 
 
 Body, elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. Head slender 
 rather long and pointed, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique tlie 
 jaws about equal, the maxillary extending nearly to opposite middle of 
 eye. Scales quite small; a few imbedded scales on upper part of cheeks 
 and behind eye; neck mostly covered with small scales; throat naked. 
 Fins rather small, the pectorals short. Color, in life, not known; in 
 spirits, the sides of the body clouded or reticulated with darker; a con- 
 spicuous black humeral spot; first dorsal dark at base, then pale, with 
 a narrow dark border; the other vertical fins similarly colored, the dark 
 colors probably blue in life; females with the sides and Acs speckled. 
 Head 4; depth 4^. D. X-11; A. II, 7; scales O-CO-20. L. 2J inches. 
 Missouri to Texas. 
 
 (Agassiz, Amer. .Jonm. Soi. Arts, 1854, 304: lioleichfhys jphipplei GiravA, Proc. Acad. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101: Xothonotua puuctulatm Agaasiz, Bull. Mus. Coiup. Zool. i. 3, 
 18G3.) 
 
 809. P. artesise Hay. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed. Head large. Mouth large, terminal, 
 nearly horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching 
 to opposite front of pupil. Palatine teeth in a broad band. Eye equal 
 to snout, 4^ in head. Cheeks entirely covered with small scales; oper- 
 cles with large scales; scales along back very small. Lateral line ex- 
 tending to end of second dorsal, on about 45 scales. Dorsals contig- 
 uous; first dorsal as long as head, its height less than half its length; 
 solt dorsal considerably higher; anal a little over half length of head; 
 pectorals reaching tips of veutrals, much smaller than in P. carukus. 
 Yellowish-olive, with transverse oblique bars of darker, and sprinkled 
 with small blotches of carmine; pectorals and ventrals dull blue; dor- 
 sals with a broad band of carmine along their middle, bordered on each 
 side by orange; tips of dorsals dull blue, as is the base of the soft dor- 
 sal; base of spinous dorsal with several carmine spots; anal mostly 
 crimson, tipped with blue; caudal blue, then orange, carmine orange, 
 and tipped with blue; a black humoral scale. Head 3^; depth 5. D. 
 
'»! \>r 
 
 85. PERCIDiE — PCECILICHTflYS. 
 
 617 
 
 XI-13; A. II, 7; scales 8-5G-11. L. 23 inches. Torabigbee River, 
 Mississippi. {Hay.) 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 494.) 
 
 bb. Humoral scale obsolete. 
 
 d. Operoles and clieeks naked; preopercle crenulate; anal spines very long. 
 
 §10. *P' lepidus (B. & G.) Grd. 
 
 Body rather stout, compressed, tapering backwards. Head sub- 
 couical. Mouth moderate, with equal jaws; maxillary reaching front 
 of orbit. Eyes large. First dorsal rather low ; dorsal fins somewhat 
 connected. Head, as well as throat and neck, entirely scaleless. Color 
 olivaceous, with some dark (blue?) bars; seal .s dusky at base; dorsals 
 and caudal mottled or barred. Head 4^; depth 4<|. D. IX-11 ; A. 11, 
 G; scales in about 50 series. L. 2^ inches. Texas. 
 
 {BoUmoma lepida B. «fc G. Proc. Acad. Nut. 8ci. Phila. 388, 185;}; Girard, U. S. Mex. 
 Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 11: Ol'ujoccphalua lepUlua Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 
 li^yl), G7: Bolvoaoma lepidum GuntUer, i, 77.) 
 
 dd. Opercles scaly; preopercle strictly entire; anal spines moderate. 
 
 e. Lateral lino nearly straight. 
 
 /, Cheeks naked, or with only 3 or 4 small imbedded scales close behind eyo. 
 
 §11. P. CflEI'USeMS (Storer) Agassiz. — Blue Darter; Rainbow Darter; Soldier-fish. 
 
 Body robust, rather deep and compressed, the back somewhat ele- 
 vated. Head large, compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, 
 the lower jaw somewhat included, the maxillary reaching front of orbit. 
 Palatine teeth in one row. Neck and breast usually naked. Fins all 
 large; dorsal fins usually slightly connected. Males olivaceous, tessel- 
 lated above, the spots running together into blotches; back without 
 black lengthwise stripes; sides with about 12 indigo-blue b.ars running 
 obliquely downwards and backwards, most distinct behind, separated 
 by bright orange interspaces ; caudal tin deep orange, edged with bright 
 blue; anal flu orange, with deep blue in front and behind; soft dorsal 
 chiefly orange, blue at base and tip; spinous dorsal crimson at base, 
 then orange, with blue edgings; ventrals deep indigo; cheeks blue; 
 throat and breast orange; females much duller, with little blue or red, 
 the vertical fins barred or checked; young variously marked. Head 
 3:|; depth 4^. D. X-12; A. II, 7; scales 5-45-8, the lateral line devel- 
 oped on about 30-35 scales. L. 2^ inches. Mississippi Valley; very 
 
 *Four more nominal species of this typo are described by Girard (Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Pliila. 1859, 102) under the names Apleaion potsii, Oligoccphalus (frahami, O. leone^n- 
 «i«, and 0. pulchcUiis; the first from Chiliiinluia, the next two from Texas, the latter 
 from Canndian River. A. potail has Y>. X-I, 11; O. grahami haa D. IX-13; A. II, 8; 
 0. konvima D. IX-10; A. II, 7; O. pulcluilua A. II, G. All are probably identical with 
 r. lepidus. 
 
 •«<. 
 
 
 .1 - > • ti 
 
 a 1 ' *?»1 
 
 

 I 
 
 I 
 
 518 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— iv. 
 
 abund.aiit in river channels. One of the most gorgeously-colored darters 
 but less s:raceful than most or them. 
 
 {EtlicoHtoma cwntlea Storor, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nut. Hist. 184r), 47: PacilichthiiHctrruknt 
 Ajiassiz, BnU. Mns. Coinp. Zool. i, 3, IH'iii: Pmcllichthya variatua Jordan, Man, Vert 
 ed. 2, 226: Aiitalivhtliij8 pulvluilluii Yuilluut, 1. c, 113.) 
 
 813. F. spectabilis AgasHiz. 
 
 Very similar to the preceding, but more elongate and rather more 
 compressed; the colors similar, but the upper portion of tlie sides with 
 distinct blackish stripes along the rows of the scales, and tlie {•round 
 color of the back and sides having a peculiar whitish or bleached an 
 pearance. The two dorsal fins usually well separated. Scales usuallv 
 present below and behind eye. Head 4; depth 4J. D. X-12; A. II 7- 
 scales 5-40-7 ; Lat. 1. on 20-25 scales. L. 2-3 inches. Mississijtpi Val- 
 ley : rather less abundant than the other, and ascending small or even 
 muddy streams. Probably merely a brook variety of the preceding, 
 from which it is not always to be distinguished with certainty. 
 
 (Agaasiz, Amor. Juurn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 304; Jordan, Man. Vert. od. 2, 227.) 
 
 ec. Clieelis evideutlj' scaly, at least above. ■- , 
 
 813. P. asprisenis ForboH. 
 
 ' Body rather stout, compressed. Head small and pointed. Eye large, 
 longer than snout. Mouth terminal, oblique, the jaws even. Breast 
 always naked; opercles scaly; cheeks closely scaled, the lower fourth 
 rarely bare. Dorsal fins usually separated. Coloration mottled green- 
 ish ; the spinous dorsal dusky behind, in life with a broad band of blue 
 and crimson ; soft fins speckled. Head 4; depth 4^. D. XI-12; A. II, 
 8; Lat. 1. 49, the tubes developed on 34-41 scales. L. 2^ inches. Illi- 
 nois Kiver. ■ 
 (Forbes, Bull. III. Lab. Nat. Hist, i, 41, 1877; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 404.) 
 
 814. P. Jessise Jordan & Brayton. "^ 
 
 Body fusiform, rather deep and compressed. Head rather large, 
 moderately pointed. Mouth rather large, terminal, the upper jaw 
 slightly longest. Cheeks scaly above, the greater part naked; operelos 
 scaly; throat naked; neck above scaly. Lateral line extending nearly 
 to end of second dorsal. Fins moderate. Chestnut colored above, with 
 about 9 quadrate bar-like blotches of a dark-blue color along the sides, 
 and about 5 dark cross- blotches on the back; fins mottled with chest- 
 nut; a ytdlow or orange band across the dorsal; second dorsal and anal 
 speckled with golden. Head 4j depth 5. D. Xn-12j A. 11, 9; scales 
 
85. PERCID^ — P(ECILICHTHYS. 
 
 519 
 
 ^7-7, the tubes of tbe lateral line on about 35 scales. L. 3 iucbes. 
 Chickainauga Kiver, Georgia. 
 
 (Jonliin, Mau. Vert. ed. 2, 1878,227; Jordan & Drayton, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii^ 
 
 Sy.ltiTH.) 
 
 te. Lateral lino forming a alight cnrvc above tbe pectoralo; dorsals subcqnal; dorsal 
 spines 9 or 10. {IJoleiclUht/a* Grd.) 
 g. Cheeks scaly. 
 
 §15. P. foMtlerianus Hay, (sp. nov.). 
 
 Bod J' elongated, contracted behind ventral flns; dorsal region ele- 
 vated. Mouth horizontal, small; maxillary extending to opposite 
 anterior edge of pupil. Opercles \rith 2 rows of scales along lower 
 edge; cheeks densely scaled; lateral line running high, extending to 
 opposite end of anterior dorsal, on jl3 scales. Pale greenish, yellow 
 below; .above and on sides much raottleil with brown; about 10 square 
 blotches along back; a dark spot on opercle, one behind and one below 
 eye; a streak on snout between eyes; dorsals with dark markings; a 
 red streak along margin of spinous dorsal; anal fin nearly wiiite; cau- 
 dal bi'rre.'l. Head 4 in length; depth 5|. Eye 3^ in head. Caudal 
 peduncle '.^ in body. D. IX-11; A. II, 0; scales 3-44-12. Black 
 Eiver, Mississippi. {Hay MSS.) 
 
 816. P. barr.-^tti (Holbr.) J. & G. 
 
 Body comparatively short, chubby and compressed. Head father 
 large. Mouth large, oblique; the jaws equal, the teeth rather strong. 
 Eye large, 3 in head. Scales large, varying in number. Lateral line 
 beginning at the eye, arched high over the pectorals and ceasing about 
 midway of the body, developed on about 20 scales. Opercular spine 
 strong. Dorsal flns moderate, about equal, separated by an interspace. 
 Color greenish, with dark specks; fins mottled; a dark lire downward 
 aud one torward from eye; a series of rather small greenish blotches 
 along each side and on the back. Head 3f ; depth 4^. D. X-12; A. 
 n, 7; lateral line 45-55. L. 2 inches. Maryland to Illinois and south- 
 ward ; chiefly in streams of the lowlands. 
 
 {Doh'osoma b'arratti Holbr. .Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 56: Hololcpia barrntii 
 Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. IHi'A, 233: UoMepw barratti Vaillant, 1. c. 127: Bo- 
 Idchthjia clcfiana Jordan, Anicr. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. 1876, 308: Bolcivhihjis dedans 
 Jordan, Man. Vert. 404, and i^robably of Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 
 104.) 
 
 •JSo/eit7i//u/8 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Phila. 1859, 103: type Boleichthys cxiiis 
 Grd. {/Jo\ti, dart; ixOvi,i\Hh.) 
 
 
 I 
 
 
i 
 
 
 520 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 SIT. P. fusfifornais (Grd.) J. <& O. 
 
 Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Head rather long 
 and uat row ; muzzle short, decurved, shorter than the eye. Mouth coni- 
 jKiratively large, terminal; maxillary reaching past front ot eye. Eyes 
 )arge, 4 in head. Opercular spine strong. Lateral line begiiuiing at 
 the eye, on about 12 to lo scales. Neck scaly ; belly and thront scaly. 
 Olivaceous, dotted with dusky points ; second dorsal and anal speckled. 
 nead 4; depth 6. D. X-9; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 55. L. 2 inches. Masija- 
 chusetts to New Jersey. 
 
 (lioUoHoma fnsiformis Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1854, 41: ITohlepin fu»[- 
 formis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 1804, ii:J3 : Uololvpia fiusiformis VaiUunt, 1. c. 
 131; lioleidtthys fuoi/ormis Jordan, Man. Vert. 2*<i8.) 
 
 §1§. P. ca-oclirous (Cope) J. «fe G. 
 
 Body elongate, compressed; the dorsal outline curved, the ventral 
 
 Hearly straight. Head long, decurved and narrowed in front. I\Ioiuh 
 
 siibinferior ; the maxillary reaching past front of eye. Eye 4 in head 
 
 greater than length of snout. Opercular spiue strong. Lateral line 
 
 developed on about 16 scales. General color rather dark; bhuikisli 
 
 above ; a black streak on muzzle and one downward from eye ; a dark 
 
 band, irregularly notched, along the sides, besides dark specks ; caudal 
 
 barred; the sides along the lateral baud marked bj' red dots in life. 
 
 Head 4; depth C. D. lX-10 ; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. 43. L. 2 inches. Streams 
 
 tributary to Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. {Vaillant.) ■ 
 
 {Bololcpia crochrous Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1834, 233: Hololcpia nochroui 
 Vaillant, 1. c. i33: Boleichthya crochroua Jordan, Man. Vert. 228.) 
 
 819. P. COS Jordan & Copeland. 
 
 Body elongate, slender, somewhat compressed, especially behind, 
 rather heavy forwards, with very long and slender caudal peduncle. 
 Head long, rounded in front. Mouth small, little oblique, the upper 
 jaw a very little the long^ r. Dorsal fins high, about equal ; caudal trun- 
 cate, (.'heeks, opercles, and neck closely scaled. Breast naked, or with 
 a median series of small scales. L'lteral line developed on 22 to 20 
 scales. Color dark olive, with darker markings ; 10 or 12 dark dorsal 
 spots or bars, and as many short dark-blue bars across the lateral line 
 nearly opi»osite the dorsal bars, but not continuous with them ; the in- 
 terspaces between these bars, as well as most of the ventral region, 
 bright crimson in the males, nearly plain in the females ; lower parts of 
 the sides, cheeks, etc., with various sharply defined but irregular black 
 markings ; second dorsal, caudal, and i)cctoral8 strongly marked with 
 
 "■W^i 
 
85. PERCIDvE PCECILICHTHYS. 
 
 521 
 
 wavy bands; first dorsal bright bbie in the males, with a broad median 
 band of crimson; speckled in the females; top of head dark; black 
 streaks downward and forward from eye. Head 4; depth 5^. D. IX- 
 11- A U, 7; Lat. 1. 58. L. 2^ inches. Indiana to Minnesota; abun- 
 dant in clear cold streams ; one of the prettiest of the darters. 
 
 (Bokichthiis V03 Jordan &, Copeluud, Troc. AcwI. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 46: liolcichthyt 
 (OS Jordan, Man. Vert. 22f.) 
 
 gg. Cheeks naked ; opercles scaly. 
 
 §30. P. csllis (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Uody compressed, tapering towards the caudal peduncle, which is 
 slightly cont. acted. Eye large, subcircular, 3J in head ; maxillary 
 reaching anterior edge of pui>il. Lateral line nearer the dorsal than 
 the abdoniiual outline; jjcctorals extending further than the ventrals. 
 Yellowitsh-brown, speckled with grayish -black, dorsals and caudal 
 barred; a dark spot on the occipital region and a streak in advance of 
 as well as beneath the orbit. Head 4^ (with caudal). D. X-10; A. IF, 
 8. L. If inches. Little Muddy River, a tributary of the Upper Mis- 
 souri. {(Hrird.) Differs from P. eos in the naked cheeks. 
 
 {Bokichilnj^ exUis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 103.) 
 
 §21. P. warffCMi (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 "Resemiiles P. exilis more than any of its congeners by the shape 
 of the body and the general appearance. It difi'ers by a more compact 
 body, a proi>ortionally shorter head, smaller scales, au<l the number of 
 fin rays. Giound color yellowish-brown, the middle of the flanks macu- 
 lated with transverse spots of blackish ; the bellj' exhibiting a rather 
 orange hue ; the iirst dorsal has a series of vertically elongated black 
 spots resembling a dark baud across the middle of the fin ; the second 
 dorsal and caudal are transversely multilineated. A black streak may 
 be seen in advance of the orbit and another beneath it." D. IX-1 1 ; A. 
 11,9. L. 2 inches. Cannon Ball Eiver. {Girard.) Perhaps identical 
 with the preceding. 
 
 (Doleichthya waircni Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18£9, 104.) 
 
 §22. P. graciflHS (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Slender and graceful ; first dorsal lower and longer than the second ; 
 aual ranch deeper than long; tips of the ventral fins extending a little 
 further back than those of the pectorals. Olivaceous, spotted with 
 blackish ; second doi:sal and caudal barred ; a longitudinal black streak 
 in advance of the orbits and a vertical one beneath them. Head 4J 
 
 m 
 
 It ',1 
 
 i'3 
 
 I r* 
 
 r 
 
 <* tj 
 
 r: 
 
 r 
 
 i: 
 
 - r 
 
 t, > /vi 
 
' 
 
 522 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOOY— iv. 
 
 (with caudal). D. X, 10; A. 8. L. 1 J inches. Rio Seco and llio Lcoria 
 Texas. [Girard.) The types of this specits, examined by um, have the 
 lateral line incomplete and the i>remaxilhiiie8 not protractile. 
 i UolcoHoma gracile (jivatd, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbila. 1859, 103.) 
 
 •* Dorsal spines 6; anal spinoii obsolete f (JirariiM* Girard.) 
 
 §33. P. lateralis (C.rd.) 3.&.G. 
 
 "A representative of the Etheostomoid family was procured by the 
 United States and Mexican Boundary Commission at the Itio (iramle 
 del Norte (Itio Bravo). It constitutes a new generic type allied to 
 Catonotm, and to which we have applied the name of AlvariuH^ rvith the 
 following characters. Head elongated and tapering. Mouth tenujimi 
 large, not protractile; lower jaw longer than the upper. Teeth very 
 minute. 0[)ercular apparatus, cheeks, and throat scaly. Fir.st dorsal 
 nearly equal in height to the second, from which it is quite distinct. 
 Anal fin nuich smaller than the second dorsal ; caudal fin triuicated • 
 live soft rays to the ventrals. Ventral scales uniform." Body sleuder 
 elongate. Head subcouical and tai)ering forward. Eye equal to snout. 
 4 in head. IMaxillary reaching pupil. First dorsal about equal to second 
 and separated from it. Anal smaller than second dorsal, the last rays 
 of the two fins opposite each other. Scales very small. Lateral line 
 median. Brownish, back si)otted ; sides with a narrow blackish streak, 
 which extends around the snout; first dorsal with a black spot on its 
 upper posterior edge; caudal transversely barred. D. VI, 10; A. 8. L. 
 1^ inches. Rio Grande. [Girard.) 
 
 {Alvariu8 lateralis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101.) 
 
 ml ' 
 
 
 267.— MICBOPEBC A Putnam. 
 
 (Putnam, Bull. Mus. Corap. ZofJl. I, 18153, 4: typo Microperu^ punctulata Putn.) 
 
 Body rather short, compressed. Mouth moderate, the jaws about 
 equal. Premaxillaries not protractile. Vomerine teeth present. Gill- 
 membranes scarcely connected. Scales large. Lateral line obsolete. 
 Dorsal fins small, subequal, well separated, the first with six or seven 
 spines; anal fin much smaller than second dorsal, with two well-devel- 
 oped spines. Color greenish, with dusky markings. Size very small, 
 probably the smallest of the spiny-rayed fishes. (/i«/>o?, small; -epxr^, 
 Ijerch.) 
 
 824. M. prcBlnaras Hay. 
 Body short and stout. Snout conical, pointed; jaws equal; month 
 
 *^/mri«s Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101: type Alvariua lateralis. (A 
 coined name without meaning. ) 
 
 
85. PERCID^ — PERCA. 
 
 62S 
 
 rmall, «li{?litly oblhiue, maxillary reachiug front of eye. Eye small, 4 
 iu head. CUeeks and «p«irele8 with large scales. Opercular spine well 
 developed. Scales large, the tubes of the lateral line developed on two 
 of them; dorsals well separated. Anal spines slender, high; pectorals 
 aud ventrals reaching about to vent. Olive, speckled with brown; ten 
 browuish spots along the sides; black streaks downward and forward 
 fi-om eye; dorsal tins mottled. Head 4; depth 4^. D. VIII, 11; A. 
 11,0. Lat. 1. 36. L. l.J inches. Alabama and Mississippi. 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 498.) 
 
 925. Ifl. ^unctalata Piitnum. — Least Darter. 
 
 Body rather short and deep, somewhat compressed, the back arched. 
 Caudal peduncle rather long. Head moderate. The snout somewhat 
 decurved. The mouth moderate, terminal, oblique. Ch'^eks naked. 
 Operclos somewhat scaly. Opercular spine very small. iNeck and chest 
 naked, ^o trace of lateral line. The usual series of tubes along the tem- 
 poral region. Scales quite large, strongly ctenoid. Vertical fins short. 
 Anal spines strong, the first usually the largest. Coloration olivaceous, 
 the sides closely speckled and with vague bars and zigzag markings ; sec- 
 ond dorsal and cjiudal barred ; dark streaks radiating from eye ; a dark 
 humeral spot. Head 3|; depth ^. D. VI- VII, 10; A. II, 0; Lat. 1. 
 34. L. 1 ^ inches.' Smallest of the darters, and one of the smallest of 
 fishes, aboiinding in the clear streams of the Northwestern States. 
 
 (Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 18G3, 4; Jordan, Man. Vert. 229.) 
 
 'A' 
 
 J, 
 
 '1 
 
 1 
 
 rl 
 iff if 
 
 1 
 
 20§.— PERCA Linnaeus. 
 
 Perch. 
 
 (Arlefli: LinnsEus, Systema Natnrro : type Perca JluviatUia Jj.) 
 
 Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the back elevated. Cheeks 
 scaly; opercles mostly naked; the operculum armed with a single 
 spine. Preopercle and shoulder girdle serrated. Mouth moderate, 
 terminal ; premaxillaries protractile ; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, 
 vomer, and palatines; no canine teeth. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-mem- 
 branes separate; pseudobranchiaj small, but perfect; no anal i)ai)illa. 
 Scales rather small strongly ctenoid. Lateral line complete. Dorsal 
 tins entirely separate, the first of 12-15 spines; anal fin with two slender 
 spines; caudal emarginate ; air- bladder present. Pyloric ccecaS; ver- 
 tebrjE {P. fluviatiUa) 21-|-20. Fresh waterij of northern regions; three 
 species now known: P. fluviatilis in Europe, P. schrencM in Asia, and 
 P. americana. This genus has long been considered the type of the 
 
 
 I ■" • 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
It 4 
 
 I I 
 
 III 
 
 524 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH Ai.EFICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 spitiy-rayod lishos, and in many systems it has been placed firsl in the 
 series of tishes. (-^/>«'j, Pcrca, the ancient name of P.Jiuviaiilis^ fVom 
 
 rjfntx;^ dusky.) 
 
 826. P. aincricnna Sohraack.— FcJ/ow Perfft; American Perch; Itingrd Pir,h. 
 
 Back dark olivaceous ; sides golden yellow ; belly pale; sides with 6 
 or 8 broad dark bars, which ext< nd from the back to below the axis of 
 the body ; lower lins largely red or orange ; upper tins olivaceous ; usually 
 no ilistinct black spot on anterior or posterior part of spinous dorsal. 
 Back highest at origin of spinous dorsal, which is more or less behind 
 insertion of pectoral ; profile convex from dorsal to occiput, thonoe con- 
 cave anteiiorly, the snout projecting. Month somewhat obliipie, max- 
 illary reaching opi)Osite middle of orbit. Cheeks closely scaled tlirouoh- 
 out, the s.'ales imbricated ; opercular striie and rugosities on top of head 
 well marked. Pseudobranchiju quite snuill. Gill mkers stout, short- 
 ish. IIciMl 3\ in length; depth 'M^. I). XIII-I, 14; A. II, 7; scaUvso- 
 55-17. Fresh waters of the Eastern United States; chielly northward 
 and eastward ; abundant. 
 
 This species has been recently considered as a slight variety of the 
 European Pcrca Jfuriaiilis. It is, howeve:, distinguished by the follow- 
 ing characters : The head in P. amerieana is rougher, the opercle more 
 strongly striate, the bones ge.k;»rally with finer and more numerous sernv; 
 the preorbital is serrate, the scales on the cheeks are larger, imbricated 
 and distinctly ctenoid ; the nuixillary extends to opposite the middle of 
 the pupil. The gill-rakers are stout, the longest but thr(»e times as \\v^\\ 
 as broail The i)seudobranchia', are much snuiller than in P.JhivintiUji. 
 Firist spine of the dorsal over or behind the posterior edge of the opercio, 
 a series of scales downward from it reaching about to bavse of pectoral. 
 In P.Jfuvi,(tilitt the dorsal is further forward, and the anterior spines are 
 considerably highcv than in P. amrncava. The scales are usually lar}jor 
 in the American species, the dark bars are more sharply defined, and the 
 black spot on the membrane of the last dorsal spines, well dellnetl in P, 
 JJui'iatiliH, is usually wanting. The most important characters, ihe dif- 
 ference in the insertion of the dorsal, and in the gill-rakers and pseudo- 
 branch iu", have not been noticed by those writers who havnj dccidul 
 that our species is identical with the European. 
 
 >«« atncricniia Schrnnok, nbont 1790, fhlo Gill: Botlianus flarcK^ns Mif<'h. Trnns. 
 ^ &• Phil. Hoc. N. Y. Iril.'), 4'il : Verca flarcavcm HoU rook, Iciith. S. C. IHfid, 2: /Vr(« 
 flareawtt8, aoiita, and j;r«<;»7«« (Jiiiithor, ', 59-60: Perca fluviatUis var. Steiudachucr, 
 Sitzun(jHl>cr. Wioucr Akad. 1878.) 
 
85. PERCID^-r-STIZOSTEDIUM. 525 
 
 969.— STlZO$«TEDIlTITI Knluiosqiie. 
 
 Pike Perches. 
 {Lucioptrca Cuvier: Cenlropomm Bicekcr.) 
 (gtizostct^ion Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 2'^: type Perca mlmonca Haf.) 
 
 Boily slotulcr, elongate, fusiibiin. Head subconit'al, 'ong. Cheeks 
 and opontles more or less scaly ; top of the head with some scales. 
 Mouth lar<je, the jaws about equal; preniaxillaries protractile, little 
 lUOvaWe. Teeth iu villilbnu bands, the Jaws aud ])alatiiies with louj?, 
 sharp caninevS. Gill rakers slender, strou}?; f?ill -mciubranes separate, 
 rrcopcrcle serrated ; onercle with one or more spines, ternnuations of 
 riuliatiii,iX striin. Dorsal tins separate, the first with 12 to 15 spines; 
 anal s|)iiies 2, slender; ventral tins not close tojrether. Scales small, 
 stronjily ctenoid ; lateral line continuous. Pseudobranchia'! well devel- 
 oi)ed. Pyloric co'ca 3 to 7. Large carnivorous fishes of the fresh waters 
 oi Xorth America an<l I'iUrope; two stronjjly inarked species on vavh 
 continent. (rt-rtCio, to prick; r^rs^tov, a little breast j "the name means 
 pungent throat," according to Raflnesque.) 
 
 a. Pyloric croca 3, suboqnal, all about as long as tho stomach. (Stizoateilhim.) 
 
 §8T. S. vitrouin (Mitch.) 'Toi'lniiA Copolautl. — Wall-eyed Pike; Dory; Olrt»s-eye; 
 Yellow Pike; liliie Pike; Jack Salmon. 
 
 Dark olive, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indis- 
 tinct obli(iue lines ; sides of head more or less vermiculated ; lower jaw 
 fiosli colored ; belly and lower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large 
 jet black blotch on the membrane of the last two or three spines, other- 
 wise nearly plait. ; second dorsal and caudal nu)ttled olive and yellow- 
 ish; base of pectorals dusky without distinct black blotch. Body slen- 
 der, heconiiug compressed with age, theba(;k more arched than in S.cn- 
 mdcnsr. Dorsal spines high, nuu'e than half length of head; soft dorsal 
 nearly as long as si)inous dorsal. Head ;V^ ; depth about 4A. Eye shorter 
 than snout, 4A~.")ni head. D. XIII-I, 21 ; A. 11, 12; Lat. I 00. Pyhnio 
 Circa '\ rather long. Cireat Lake region, Upper ]Mississii)pi, and some 
 Atlantic stre.iujs, north to the fur countries; an abun«lant and valued 
 food tlsli, reaching a length of nearly 3 feet and a weight of 10 to 20 
 pounds. 
 
 (Ten-a rilren Mitch. Sup. Aincr. Month. Mag. ii, 247, 181fi: Luriopcrm amerieana 
 Cuv. tSj Viil. ii, liii] Lncioperea americntta Giiiithcr, i,74; .Ionian, Hull. 11. 8. Nat. Muh, 
 x, 411: I'aca saliHouea IJaf Amur. Mouth. Mag. v, ;r)4, l8ltJ: Stizoale hinm sahnontHm 
 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 -* 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 •* <i 
 
 « 
 
 > 
 
 L 
 
 1 
 
 .^ 
 
 •,rt? 
 
 .^ 
 
 V-i 
 
 
 m - 
 
 
 >• m 
 
 Ah 
 
ym'imtma »ii«*,«ft 
 
 ij 
 
 jii 
 
 526 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH JlMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, 47: Sfhosfethium vitreum var. salmoneum Jordan Man 
 Vert, ii, 2:50, the "Blue Pike," a local variety iu Ohio and southward ; bluer, with tbo 
 body shorter and deeper, the size Hmaller.) 
 
 aa. Pyloric cceca small, unequal, 4 to 7 iu number. (Ciinopcrca Gill & Jordan.*) 
 8a§. S. canadensef (Smith) Jot.— Sanger; Sand-pike; Gray-j)i1ce; Ilorn-Jlsh. 
 
 Olive gray above, sides brassy or pale orange, with much dark mot- 
 tling ; young pale orange with large dark lateral shades ; spinous dor.sal 
 with 2 or 3 rows of round black spots; no distinct black blotch on 
 the i)osterior part of the fln ; a large black blotch at base of pectorals • 
 second dorsal with r^bout 3 rows of irregular dark spots ; cpudal dusky 
 and yellowish. Body elongate, more terete than in the preceding. Head 
 quite i)ointed, depressed, about 3J in length ; depth 4^-5. Eye small, 
 5 in head. Opercular spines varying in number and size. D. XIII-1 
 18; A. II, 12; Lat. 1. 95. Pyloric coeca 4-7, smaller than in 8. vitreum, 
 L. 15 inches. Great Lake region, Upper Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. 
 
 (Luciopcrca canadensis C. H. Smith, MSS. in Griffith's edition Cuvier's Animal King- 
 dom, X, 27,'), 183U: Lucioperca canadensis Gilnther, i, 75: Luciopcrca grisca DcKay, N. 
 Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 19; Luciopcrca grisca Giinther, i, 7(>; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. 
 Mus. X, 48 : Luciojyerca boi'ea Grd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857.) 
 
 t : 
 
 Family LXXXVI.-SERRANID45. ,: 
 
 {The 8ea Bass.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with adher- 
 ent, ctenoid (rarely smooth) scales of moderate or small size. Month 
 horizontal or little oblique, usually large. Premaxillary protractile. 
 Maxillary broad, with or without a supplemental bone, its i)osterior part 
 not slipping under the edge of the preorbital. Jaws with bands of toeth, 
 some of the teeth sometimes enlarged and canine like ; no incisors uor 
 molar teeth; vomer and palatines with bauds of villiform teeth; tongue 
 sometimes with teeth ; pterygoids toothless. Gill-rakers usually stiff and 
 rather long, armed with teeth. Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth. 
 Pseudobranchia) large. Lower pharyngeals separate, rather narrow, 
 
 ** Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 48 : type Lucioperea canadensis Smith, xvov, dog; 
 TtFp-HTj, perch. 
 
 t Three varieties of tliis species may usaally bo recognized: 
 
 a. Var. canadcnse, of the St. Lawrence region, with the opereles and bones of the heai! 
 
 considerably rougher, the number of opercular spines, which are merely the free 
 
 ends of the slriie, increased ; the head is also more closely and extensivelysc.ily; 
 
 0. Var. griseum (Delvay ), the common form of the Great Lake region, described above; 
 
 and 
 c. Var. borcum Grd. from the Upper Missouri region, with the head slenderer. 
 These forms interg^radc and are doubtless varieties of the same species. 
 
■ ^l'* 
 
 
 86. SERRANID.E. 
 
 527 
 
 ^itli pointed teeth. Gill-membranes separate, free from the IstLnius. 
 Bran<;liiostegal8 7 or 6. Cheeks and opercles scaly; preopeicle with 
 its posterior margin usually more or less serrate; opercles usually ending 
 in one or two flat points or ejins. !Nc8trils double. Lateral line con- 
 tiniions, single, not running upon the caudal fin (except in Ccntropomns). 
 Skull without cranial spines, not cavernous. No suborbital stay. Dorsal 
 fin variously developed, continuous or divided, the spines generally stitf. 
 Anal fin rather short, with 3 spines, which are rarely reduced in number 
 or obsolete. Ventrals separate, throacic, 1, 5. Pectorals well developed. 
 Caudal fin truncate, rounded, or moderately forked, its peduncle stout 
 and not keeled. Vertebra; about 25. Air-bladder present, usually rather 
 small, and adherent to the walls of the abdomen. Intestinal canal 
 short, with several or many pyloric appendages ; the stomach ccecal. 
 
 Genera 40; species about 300. Carnivorous fishes, chiefly marine, 
 and found in all warm seas ; a few in fresh waters. 
 
 As here understood, the Serranidcc comprises the most of the family 
 
 of Pcrcid(V as understood by Giinther and others, exclusive of those with 
 
 imperfect pseudobranchi{e, those with one or two anal spines and with 
 
 the number of vertebrae increased, those in which the whole length of 
 
 the maxillary slips under the preorbital, and the forms related to 
 
 Priacanthns. Even after these eliminations the family is considerably 
 
 varied. The definition of genera in this group oflers many difiiculties. 
 
 (Pcrridw, grouiis Perdna, Scrranlna, exclusive of certain species, GUnther, i, Gl-2'20: 
 Scrranidw, Labracidw, Centropomidw, Gill.) 
 
 *Anal spiucH strong; dorsal spines several. 
 tUranchiostogals seven. 
 a. Teeth all villiforin, without canines. 
 b. Candal fin deeply forked ; dorsal divided, 
 c. Tongue toothless ; supplemental niaxillarj' present. (Ceniropominw.) 
 
 d. Second anal spine strong Ckntropomcs, 270. 
 
 ce. Toiiguo with tec ♦^^h; supplemental maxillary wanting. {Labracina;.) 
 
 c. First dorsal with 9 8j)ine8 Roc ';n8, 271. 
 
 hb. Caudal fin not forked. 
 
 e. Tougue toothless ; head scarcely armed. 
 
 /. First dorsal of 10 spines, depressiblo in a groove.. Steueolepis, 272. 
 ee. Tongue with teeth ; head well armed. 
 
 g. Dorsal continuous ; a rough ridge on the opercnlum. 
 
 POLYPUION, 273. 
 aa. Teeth not all villiforra, some of them mom or less enlarged and canine like. 
 
 (Scrraninw.) 
 h. Maxillary without distinct supplemental bone ; lateral canines 
 
 usually stronger than those in front Sehranus, 274. 
 
 hh. Maxillary with a distinct snpplemental bono ; anterior canines 
 strongest ; inner series of teeth depressiblo. 
 i. Cranium above with three parallel raised crests ; anal rays 
 about III, 11 TIJI80TU0PI8, 275. 
 
 <'. •■ 
 
 
 ^•.:m 
 
m^ 
 
 528 CONTUIUUTIONS TO NOUTIF AMKKUWN K IITHY()1,(U)Y 
 
 -IV. 
 
 ft 
 
 «• 
 
 
 i. Crnnintii wUli only tho in*>iliiin vrvnt, dovrlopod ; miul 
 
 nhoiil HI, !l Kpinki 
 
 hhh. Maxilliiry iiiikiKtwii; " pyloric cd'cn iniiiiiiin'iiMi'. 
 
 rilOMicnopM .J77 
 
 ft nnnirhioN<i>jfnlN ('•; «li>r«al Hpinos 10, tlut tliiril lllatiimitotm ""lim/jth 
 
 •* Auul Hpim's olmulcto or rodncod to a; hchIch very miiall, mnootli. {Itliniiliiinn,) 
 
 j. OorNnl HpinoN *i or Uonly Khyi'tk tH,a7|). 
 
 »»0.— rERITltOI»OI?HJN LiMi^podo. 
 {Oryhthroj- HlocUcr. ) 
 (Lno^^pi'^dc, MiH«.N«t. Poijw. iv,21H, 180'^: typt> Mount iiinlMmrtlh Mlocli.) 
 
 Hody oloMpito, oovoi^hI with rntluM* Hinnll, ctoiuiid hcuU's. \\viu[ 
 oblonff conical, tlc|)rcss(Hl, lower jiiw projcctinff ; teotli on jaws, \ oino- 
 an«l palatines, all villiforni, wiihout canines; tonfjnc Hniootli. IMiixillarv 
 with a strong snpplcincntal bone. Prcopcrclc .serrated; t wo si rorijjvr 
 spines at its angle; <»perele wiihont tnie spines; pronbital and supra- 
 HcapnliU' nsnally serrated. Dorsal Ibis entirely sepsiraied; the first witii 
 8 spines; the Ibst and second spines nsnally innch shorter than tlio 
 thinl. Anal tin short, with ,'1 spines, the second of which is lonj>; ami 
 stronja:. Can«lal tbrke<l. Lat<Mal line eonspicno is, extending on the 
 cundal tin. Hranehiostegals 7. Species nninerons, inhabiting tropical 
 seas. According to Proi'es.sor ( I ill the skeleton of ( 'ni t rofiom t( s {WlWrs 
 so widely tVoni that ol* the other Scrrnnoiih that it shoidd constitute a 
 separate tainily. (xfvr/u»v, si)ino; rrto/ia, opercnbiin.) 
 
 a, I.at, I. about 70; Imdy «<lon,u!it«\ 
 
 liTO. r. uiGd«><«iinnli!4 JMoch.) Cuv. v"l- Vn\.~lioh<ilo. 
 
 Silvery, greenish above; lateral line bh «'k, very distinct; dorsal and 
 
 cundal dusky; other tins yellowish; ventrals without <lnsky area. Pic 
 
 orbital nearly entire. Thiitl dorsal spine longer than the tbnrth; second 
 
 anal spiiu* coinparatively short, about as long as third. Air bladder 
 
 anteriorly with two long, slend«'r, backward directed horns. Head,'!; 
 
 depth 4.\. 1). VIl-I, J); A. Ill, (J; Lat. 1. 70. A large foodtlsh, abundant 
 
 in the West Indies; ranging northwanl to liower Calilbrnia, Florida, 
 
 and Texas. 
 
 (I'Jrirt'Hrt Hmh'i-inuilh WUwh. Tolitli. aO;<; GUnthcr, \, 7U; Valllaiit & noooiirt, MisN. Sci. 
 au Mex. iv, 17: Centropomun viridk liookin^ton, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nut. 8ci. 1H77, 10.) 
 
 3l»l.-HOC€lIS Mitchill. 
 
 (taftraj" Cuvlrr, IH17; prtMiccupiort tii CMrida..) 
 
 (Mitchill, Ropf. part., Fish. N. Y. 1814, )& : type Koccut Btriattm Mitcli. ~ Sdo'iia lith 
 eata Hloch.) 
 
 Body obloug or ovate, compressed and more or loss elevated. Head 
 
m. HVMUAmVtJP. — ROCCtJS. 
 
 520 
 
 poiiicrtl, Hciily almvo and on hUXoh. Mrntli mtlicr larjjfo, nearly liori/.on* 
 tnl ; tlHVJ'*'^^'* '''n""^> *^'* tlio lower projcctinK. PronjaxillariciH protnuj- 
 tile; iiiiixillarioH lar(?«s witliont HuppliMnontal botu', only the (m1{(o of the 
 anterior part. slippInK under tL« preorbital. Teeth all vlllironn, in 
 lmn(l», on Jaws, vomer, palatin<>H, and tonKn(\ Ey<^ larjce, orbital rid^i 
 IV little elevated. I'reopereh^ serrate behind and below; the teeth of 
 jt« lower niarjfin HoinetimeH enlar^fe*!. Opensle with two Hat HpincH. 
 Prcorliital narrow. Pw^ndobranehia? lar^e. Scales large. HreaHt 
 scftly. Dorsal (Ins separate or eoinieeted at base, the anteri«>r with }> 
 gtroiiK Hl>i"««' Anal spines well developed. Caudal th' Innate. Pec- 
 tomlH Hinall. Hpeeios abont 0, in Anieriea and Knrope, inhabiting both 
 fresh aiH* salt waters. (Ninne (b'rived from the vernaenlar " lioek-flsh. ') 
 
 fl, 8<»rrii' on lowor «Mlf(« of pr(M»i)i<rcl(< Ninnll, not dircrtod forwftnlH. 
 
 6, Troth on ••hho of toiigin^; anal Hpiii('M)jra«limhMl ; lowor Juw projf^rfinn; Acnlos 
 on (iliookn iiliiioHt cycloid ; dorHal fluH Hcpariito. 
 0. TccMi on biiHo of iongnc in two luitchcM ; body ulongutci, little coinprowied. 
 (RoccHH Mitddll.) 
 
 §30. K> llncnlUS (Dloch) <><ll-— ''*''>'{/>''rI HaHii ; Rook-fioh; Hock. 
 
 Oiiviiceoussilvery; aides and below silvery white or brassy; sides 
 marked with 7 or <S longitndinal dark bands, one of whieh rnns along 
 tho lateral lino; the stripes ustially eontintions. liody elongatt^, little 
 elevated; the young slender; axis of body about in tho middle of the 
 (k^pth of the body. Mouth large, obli«pu'; the large maxillary rea(;hing 
 to bcK w the middle of orbit. ICye about half length of snout. Pec- 
 toral Hiiort, l.^ in head. Spines slemh^rer than in the ')ther species; the 
 Hccoiid iiiial Hpino | length of IumuI. Ileiid .'{jj in length; depth .'JjJ. D. 
 IX-1, 1L>; A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. 05. L. 3-4 feet. Atlantic coast; entering 
 rivers; one of the largest and finest of our game fishes. 
 
 {Sciwna linvnta Hloch. Ic.lith. ix, 53 : Kocxtuh linrntun Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philn. 
 IHGO, (M : Ltthrax lineatm Holbrook, Icli. H. C. 1U60, 24 : Labrax HtifatuH (>lliitlM!r, i, ()4.) 
 
 ec. Tuotli on \mm of tongno in n singlo patch ; body oblong, coinproHHcd. {Lejnbenia* 
 lluf. ) 
 
 831. R. nhrysops (Raf.) G\\\.— White lian*. 
 
 Silvery, tinged with golden below tho lateral lin«> and with reddis!i 
 above; sides with blackish or dusky longitudinal lines, 4 or 5 above 
 the lateral lino, one through which the lateral Hue runs, and a variablo 
 number of more or less distinct ones below it, tho latter sometimes 
 more or loss interrupted or transposed. Dorsal outline much curved ; 
 
 'Raftiicsqne, loh. Oh. 1820, i'A: typo Perca ehrytopB. (\eKii, scalo; /it/ija, Btttli"} 
 from " tho scaly bases of the flns.") 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 34 
 
 V 
 
 mm 
 
 ^ ''is^^^M 
 
 ^ip 
 
 
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 ■s ii 
 
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 W" 
 
 
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 I^HM^^^^^^^^^^H 
 
 I , 
 
 wH^^^^I^I 
 
 ./' . 
 
 ^^^^^H^^H 
 
 ■-»* i 
 
 
 
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 '• f\ 
 
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 :,':': '.Wfji!^^ 
 
 fj 
 
 t-_ 
 
 
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 • ■ X i i -JC* T 
 
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 -fS^BfPf^WfM 
 
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 ) -'•J 
 
 
 
 
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 li' I' 
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 III 
 
 530 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOCY— jy. 
 
 second anal spine J length of head. Axis of body rather below the 
 middle of its depth. Head conical, slightly depressed at the nape 
 Mouth small, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching middle of punji 
 Head about 3^ in length; depth about 2J. Eye large, its diameter 
 equal to the length of the snout. D. IX-I, 14 ; A. Ill, 12 ; Lat. 1. 55. 
 L. 15 inches. Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley, and northward. A game 
 fish of some repute. 
 
 (Perca chrysopa Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 28: Ldbrax multiUneatua Kirtland, Boat. Jonr 
 Nat. Hist. V, 21: Boccua chnjJop8 Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G0, 118: Lahrax 
 osculaiii, muUilineata, and notata Giinther, i, 65, 67 : Labrax albidua Dekay, New York 
 Fauna, Fish, 1842, 13.) , ' _., . 
 
 bb. No teeth on base of tongue; second anal spine enlarged; jaws equal; scales on 
 cheeks ctenoid; dorsal fins somewhat conuecied. (i/orowe* Gill.) 
 d. Sides striped with black. ' 
 
 832. R. interruptus (Gill) J. & O.—YeUow Baaa. 
 
 Brassy, tinged with olivaceous above ; sides with 7 very distinct lon- 
 gitudinal black bands, darker than in the other species, those below 
 the lateral line interrupted posteriorly, the posterior part alternating 
 with the anterior. Body oblong-ovate, with the dorsal outline much 
 arched. Head depressed, somewhat pointed, its profile concave. Eyes 
 large, their diameter equalling length of snout. Mouth somewhat 
 oblique, maxillary nearly reaching middle of orbit. Spines very robust; 
 second anal spine f length of head. Dorsal fins little connected. Head 
 3 in length; depth 2§. D. IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. 50. L. 1 foot. 
 Mississippi Valley, chiefly southward; north to Illinois. 
 
 {Labrax chryaopa Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 29, not Perca chnjfopt 
 Raf. : Morone interrupta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. ? ', Phila. 1860, 118.) 
 
 dd. Sides not striped with black. •• 
 
 §33. K. amcricanus (Gmel.) J. & G.— White Perch. •'"- '^ " 
 
 Olivaceous ; sides silvery, with faint lighter streaks. Body oblong. 
 ovate; dorsal outline much arched; the head depressed above eyes, 
 and rather pointed. Mouth rather small, somewhat oblique, maxillary 
 nearly reaching the vertical from the middle of the orbit. Eye mod- 
 erate, its diameter about equal to length of snout. Si)ines strong, the 
 secc nd anal spine nearly ^ length of head. Dorsal fins considerably 
 connected. Head 3 in length ; depth about 3. D. IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 9; 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 18G0, 116: typo Perca americana Gmc\. Mor»)<e 
 Mitch. Rcpt. Fifih. N. Y. i'814, 1^.; is properly a synonym of Peroa. (Meaning, if uuy, 
 unknown.) 
 
 iii : 
 
 11 
 
86. SERRANID^ — STEREOLEPIS. 
 
 531 
 
 Lat. 1. iJO. Length scarcely a foot. Cape Cod to Florida, abundant, 
 ascending all streams coastwise. 
 
 (Perra amcncana Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, pars iii, 1308, 1789: Labrax rufua Storer, Hist, 
 pinh. Mass. 9: Morone americana Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 116: Perm mu- 
 cronata Kaf. Arneip Month. Mag. ii, 205 : Labrax mmericanua Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 5 : 
 labrax rufus and pallidua 6Unther,_i, 65, 67.) 
 
 
 1 iii-it 
 
 373.-STEREOL.EPIS Ayres. 
 Jew Fishes. 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 28: type Stereolepia gigaa Ayres.) 
 
 Body oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed. Head robust, 
 the profile steeply elevated, the forehead broad and tiattish. Edges of 
 preopercle and interopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age. 
 Crown, cheeks, and opercles scaly ; snout, preorbital, and jaws naked. 
 Scales small, not strongly ctenoid, their surface rugose with radiating 
 strife. Mouth large, wide, placed low ; lower jaw prominent. Maxil- 
 lary with a well-developed supplemental bone, extending to below the 
 eye. Preorbital wide, only the anterior edge of the maxillary slipping 
 nnder it. Teeth all villiform, in broad bands, on jaws, vomer, and pal- 
 atines. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchiae very large. Gill-rakers 
 very strong. Dorsal fin with 11 low, stcut spines, the last spines very 
 much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible in a deep groove. 
 Anal flu similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout spines ; caudal fin 
 broad, nearly truncate; pectorals moderate; ventrals long. Pyloric 
 coeca about 7. Size enormous, among the largest of Percoid fishes. 
 ((TT£|0£«?, firm ; As^t?, scale.) 
 
 §34. S« gfigas Ayres. — Jew-fiah; Black Sea Baaa, 
 
 Brownish with large black blotches, becoming with age nearly uni- 
 form greenish black; vertical fins in the young with a conspicuous 
 pale edge ; ventrjils black. Body and head robust ; region from occi- 
 put to dorsal carinated. Soft parts of vertical fins scaly ; spinous part 
 naked ; first dorsal spine prominent, curved. Ventrals reaching vent, 
 one-fourth longer than the pectorals. Head 3; depth 3. D. X-1, 10; 
 A. HI, 8; Lat. 1. 115. Pyloric coeca 7, long. L. 5 feet. Coast of 
 California from San Francisco southward, not rare. 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1859, 28: Stereolepia oalifoiniciu Gill, Proo. Acad. Nat. 
 Sti. Phila. 1863, 330.) 
 
 M 
 
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 'M 
 
 i-c 
 
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 * 532 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly, 
 
 9T3.— POLTPRION Cnvier. 
 iSfone Ba88. 
 (Cuvier, R^gne Anira. ii, 1817 : type Polyprlon cemium Val.) 
 
 Body robust, moderately elevated, covered with small, firm scales 
 which extend on the vertical fins. Mouth large, the lower jaw jjio. 
 jecting. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, aud 
 tongue. Preopercle serrate; orbital region with spinous projections- 
 a strong, rough, bony longitudinal ridge on the opercle. Dorsal flu 
 continuous, low, with 11 strong spines j caudal rounded; anal with 
 3 spines, the third the largest; ventrals large; pectorals short. 
 Spines of anal and ventrals somewhat serrate on the anterior edge. 
 Vertebree 13 + 13. Pyloric cceca about 70. Branchiostegals 7. (-o/.u,-. 
 many; 7:pi(uvj saw.) 
 
 §3<'S» P. oxygrenins (Schn.) J. &G. — S'.oneBass; Wrcck-fiah; Cernier. ' 
 
 Grayish brown, the caudal edged with white; young clouded with 
 light and dark. Body robust, somewhat compressed; the back ele- 
 vated. Mouth rather large, the scaly maxillary extending to opposite 
 
 V.' 
 
 tlie posterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw the longer. Supraocuhir 
 region, scapula, suprascapula, preopercle, and a ridge on opercle spi 
 nigerous. Anal spines short, serrate anteriorly, the third much the 
 longest. Head 3 ; depth 2 J. D. XI, 12; A. Hi, 8; L. 6 feet. A very 
 large fish of the coasts of Southern Europe and Africa ; a single young 
 specimen lately obtained in deep water by the United States Fish Com 
 mission. It resembles Stereolepis, but is much rougher. 
 
 (AmplUprion amei'icanua Bloch & Schneider, 205, t. 47, 1801; erroneously ascriho;. to 
 America {nomen ineptum ? ): Epinephelua oxygeneio8 Bloch & Schneider, 301 : PoUiprm 
 cernium Valeucieunea, M6m. du Mus. xi, 265: Polyprlon cernium Cuv. «fc Val. iii, 21,i)l. 
 42 : Polyprlon cernium GUuther, i, 109 : Polyprlon cemium Day, Brit. Fish. 17. ) 
 
 a74.-SERRANUS Cuvier. 
 
 . •-. ■ . If;- 
 
 Sea Bass. - 
 
 (Curier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 210, 1828: type Perca 8criba L.) 
 
 Body oblong or moderately elongate, covered with rather small, 
 ctenoid scales. Scales of the lateral line quadrilateral or subtriangu- 
 lar, ctenoid. Head oblong. Mouth wide, oblique. Maxillary with- 
 out supplemental bone. Outer series of teeth more or less enlarged 
 and canine-like, the caniiies sometimes very small, sometimes large, 
 commonly numerous and developed along the sides of the lower jaw. 
 
86. SEREANID^ — SERRANUS. 
 
 533 
 
 as well as along the front ; teetli mostly fixed. Preopercle serrate be- 
 hind ; opercle ending in li flat spines. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Gill- 
 rakers shortish, stout. Fins little scaly. Dorsal fin continuous or 
 einarg'nate, with 10 strong spines and 11-15 soft rays. Anal spinas 
 well developed. Caudal fin lunate or truncate. Occipital crests little 
 (1 veloped. Pyloric coeca few. Vertebraj 10 + 14. Species very nu- 
 merous in warm seas. Several modern genera are here included, some 
 of which may perhaps merit restoration. 
 
 The typical species of Centropristis differs from Serranus scriba and 
 its relatives in numerous respects, notably in the scarcely differentiated 
 canines, the broader bands of teeth, the broader head, the stronger 
 serrae on the opercle, the nidimentary dorsal groove and nearly naked 
 spinous dorsal (in Serranus proper, of which we have no typical species, 
 there is no trace of a groove and the dorsal is more scaly), the larger 
 scales, and the shorter soft dorsal. Ea<;h of these characters is al..ired 
 with some of the species now referred to Serranus, and any line of divi- 
 sion of the two groups is simply arbitrary, at least until the species are 
 better known. 
 
 [Serran or serrano, a vernacular name ; from the Latin serra, a saw.) 
 
 • Caudal trilobate or trifnrcate. 
 t Dorsal spines simple. (6'e)ifro/jri«tJ8* Cuvler.) 
 
 §36« S. atrarius (L.) J. & G. — Black Fish-; Black Sea Bass. 
 
 T^usky brown or black ; more or less mottled, with traces of pale longi- 
 tudinal streaks along the rows of scales ; young greenish, often with a 
 dark lateral band, sometimes broken up, forming cross-bars ; dorsal fin 
 with several series of elongate, whitish spots, forming interrupted lines ; 
 other fins dusky, mottled. Body ovate, robust, the back somewhat ele- 
 vated; axis of body below the middle of the depth. Head large, thick, 
 little compressed, somewhat pointed; top of head naked; cheeks and 
 opercles scaly ; scales on cheeks in about 11 rows. Mouth oblique, low, 
 rather large, the i)remaxillary below the level of the eye ; lower jaw 
 prominent; maxillary broad, its upper edge anteriorly slipping under 
 the edge of the broad preorbital, which is nearly as wide as the eye. 
 Eye large, wider than interorbital space, less than snout, 4^ in head. 
 Gill-rakers long. Canines very small, scarcely differentiated. Teeth 
 all fixed, the bands rather broader than usual. Dorsal spines rather 
 
 "Cuvier, Regno Anim. ed. 2, 1HS9: type Cenb'opristia nif/ricatta Cuv, = Perca airaria 
 L. (^fiVr/aov, spine; irpiortfi, saw.) 
 
 'iwi 
 
 ** '** Vj 
 
 t- * *» /J 
 
 J. 
 
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 e'-', 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
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 III ' 
 
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 f 
 
 1 
 
 534 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOITH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 strong, not filamentous, the middle ones ratber higher than tlio poste 
 
 rior, which are considerably lower than the soft rays, the highest spjue 
 
 as long as from snout to middle of eye. Anal short and In'gh, its spin,.,, 
 
 graduated. Pectoral very long, 1| in head, reaching vent. Vcntrals 
 
 long, nearly reaching vent, inserted below front of base of pootorals. 
 
 Caudal slightly double concave ; fins little scaly, except at base ; a rudi. 
 
 mentary groove at base of spinous dorsal, over which scales do not 
 
 pass. Head 2'} ; depth 2§. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7 ; Lat. 1. 50 ; coeca 4-7. 
 
 L. 12 inches. Cape Cod to Florida ; generally abundant. 
 
 (Perca airaria L. Syst. Nat. : Centropristis nigricans Cuv. & Val. iii, 37 : Ccntropristii 
 atrariua Giiutber, i, 86: Centropriatis atrariua Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 42.) 
 
 tt Dorsal spines produced in long filaments. {Triloburus* Gill.) : •;, 
 
 §3Y. S. trifurcus (Liun.) J. & G. 
 
 Grayisli, with purple reflections; sides with G dusky gray vertical 
 bars meeting across the back; silvery below; head bronze, with blue 
 streaks in front of eye; dorsal shaded with olive, a large irregular 
 black spot near its middle ; dorsal filaments red. Body slender, httle 
 elevated, subfusiform. Mouth large, nearly horizontal, maxillary reach- 
 ing to opposite middle of orbit. Preopercle finely and evenly sermted. 
 Most of the dorsal spines and the three lobes of the caudal produced 
 and filamentous. Head 3 ; depth about 4. D. X, 11 ; A, HI, 8 ; Lat. 1. 
 about 55. South Atlantic coast ; not very common. 
 
 (Perca trifurca Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 489: CentroprUtU trifurca Holbrook, Ich. S. Car, 
 1860, 49: Anthias fitrcatua GUntber, i, 91.) 
 
 •* Candal Innate or truncate. ' ; 
 
 , ► - t Serrjfi on lower limb of preopercle small, not antrorse. 
 a. Canine teeth small. 
 
 I 
 
 6. Dorsal lin continuous, none of the spines elevated. 
 *' ' c. Sena? at the angle of the preopercle forming one or two grotips of 
 
 radiating spines; soft dorsal rcther short. (Diplectrum t Holbr.) 
 
 §3§. S. fasetcularns Cuv. & Val. — Squirm Fish; Serrano. 
 
 Brownish above, silvery below, sides marked with 7 or 8 longitudinal 
 dark-blue lines ; head marked with blotches and lines of dark blue; 
 three or four distinct blue stripes across top of head ; two across pre- 
 orbital, the lower forked ; fins barred with blue and palo yellow. Body 
 elongate, not elevated. Head naked above ; mouth rather large, maxil 
 lary narrow, nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit. Dorsal and 
 
 • Gill, Cat. Fishes East Coast N. Am. 1831, 30 ; not characterized : type Perca trifurca 
 L. (rpc??, three; A.oyS6?, lobe, ; ovpd, tail.) 
 
 f Holbrook, Ich. S. C. ed. 1, 32, 1859: type Serranus faseicularis C. & V. (fir?, 
 two; TtXfjxrpov, spur.) 
 
86. SERRANID^ — 8ERRANUS. 
 
 535 
 
 ak, Ich. S. Car. 
 
 anal spines slender, rather low, the former continuous with the soft 
 rays; second anal spine small; caudal deeply cmarginate; pectoral.s 
 shortish, reaching tips of ventrals. Serra) of preoi^ercle forming two 
 (liverglii;; groups of long spines at its angle; lower limb of preoperclo 
 entire. Head 3; depth 4. D. IX, 12; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. about 05. West 
 Indies, north to South Carolina; not rare. 
 
 (Cuv. & Vivl. ii, 245: CenlroprUtia fascicularia GUntber, i, 83: Diplectrum fasdculare 
 Holbrook, Icth. S. C. 18(j0, :».) 
 
 cc. Serrii* of proopfirclo simplo, {UaUperca* Gill.) 
 d. Soft dorsal of more thau 13 ray«. 
 
 g39. S. Mibllffarliis (Copo) J. & G. 
 
 Chocolate-brown; cheeks, intcropercle, maxillary, and mandible with 
 a coarse network of white lines; yellowish below; body with 5 vertical 
 cross-bands, 2 on the caudal peduncle and 2 above anal fin; pectoral 
 and caudal with small brown spots; second dorsal and nnal brown, 
 with rows of small white spots. Form elongate-oval. Head narrow, 
 conical; profile regular; mandible projecting; opercle with three points; 
 maxillary smooth : cheeks and opercles scaly, th(»3e on the latter ininnte ; 
 scales on the vertex ceasing behind posterior mfirgin of pupil. Median 
 dorsal spines subequal ; median anal spines extending beyond base of 
 anal fin; caudal truncate. Teeth and armature of preopercle not de- 
 scribed, but doubtless much as in 8. atrarius. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8; 
 scales 5^8-18. Pensacola, Fla. (Cope.) 
 
 (Centrojyriatis aubligarius Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, .) 
 
 bb. Dorsal fin emarginatc, some of the anterior spines being elevated ; soft dorsal 
 long; preoperclo simply serrate. {Paralabraxi Girard.) 
 
 §40. S. clatlirntus (Grd.) Steiml.—iJoffc i7a«8; Cabrilla. 
 
 Grayish green, with obscure, broad dusky streaks and bars, which 
 form reticulations on the sides; sides often mottled or shaded with 
 bluish or yellowish, but usually without distinct spots; a broad dark 
 shade near axis of body, below which the color is nearly i)lain silvery 
 gray. Preorbital narrow, its least width slightly more than half the 
 diameter of the orbit. Maxillary broad, much expanded' at tip, its 
 greatest width two thirds diameter of eye. Gill-rakers rather long, 22 
 below the angle. Pectorals long, 1^ in head; ventrals If in head; 
 third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines about equal, the second spine 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186i, 236: type Serranus bivittatm C. & V. (dX?, 
 sea; ■n'spxtj, percb.) 
 
 f Girard, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 131: type Labraxnebul\ferGixA.^=AtraciO' 
 perca and 6o»toperca Gill, (jf apd, near; Aa^prt|, iaftrox.) 
 
^^mmmm 
 
 \V.] 
 
 wi 
 
 t'|r 
 
 EV,, 
 
 536 COXTItlllUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 half tho loii^th cf the third, tho third Iohs than length of Hiioiit and 
 orbit; second anal spine longest. Top of head mostly nake<l; a f^^ 
 gcaleH along the median line behind the pnpll. llead 3; depth 3^; eye 
 Ifj in 8nont. D. IX, I, 13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 73. L. 18 incheH. Coiujt 
 of California; abnndant southward. 
 
 {Labrax clathmtuH (inl. Troc. AchiI. Nat. Sci. Pliilii. 1854,14:1: Paralahrar clalhrattu 
 0«l. U. 8. rue. U. R. Siirv. :J4 : Paralabrax clathratuH GUiithur, i, Gi : Atractopirca dath- 
 rata Gill, Pioc. Acml. Nut. Scl. Philu. 1K51, 165.) 
 
 §41. 1^. inuculofasciatUJS Htmndachnor.— Cafrri/fa. 
 
 Olive brown, everywhere above thickly covered with dark hexagonal 
 
 or roundish spots, which cover more space than the ground color, the latter 
 
 forming reticulations around them ; spots on back more or less confluent 
 
 most distinct and tinged with orange on sides of head, branch iostt'jjals 
 
 and base of pectorals; about 7 oblique dusky cross-bars along tho sides 
 
 in whi(!h the spots are deeper in color and more confluent ; a bluisli stripe 
 
 from eye across cheeks; lips plumbeous; lower side of head yellow 
 
 epihous dorsal dusky, the membrane of third spine black ; soft dorsal 
 
 with bronze spots; caudal with confluent dark spots at base and brouze 
 
 spots at tip; other fins mottled with bronze and dusky. Preorbital very 
 
 wide, wider than eye ; maxillary narrow, reaching middle of pupil, its 
 
 width about half that of eye ; gill rakers short, 14 below angle of arch • 
 
 pectoral short, 1^ in head; ventrals 1^; third and fourth dorsal .spines 
 
 elevated, the second two-fifths the height of the third, which is longer 
 
 than snout and orbit; second anal sj ino shorter than third ; top of head 
 
 scaled on the middle line to opposite front of pupil, naked on sides; eye 
 
 half as long as snout. Head 3; depth 3. D. X, I, 14; A. HI, 7; Lat. 
 
 1. 9(ii (72 pores). L. 12 inches. Coast of California, abundant from San 
 
 Diego southward. 
 
 (StoiiulachiuT, IclitUyol. Notizon vii, 9G'J, 18G8; Vaillunt & Bocourt, Miss. Sci, au 
 Mex. iv, 72, 1874.) 
 
 §49. S. nebulifer (G.ily Steind.— Joftnflj^ Verde. 
 
 Greenish with irregular pale and dark mottlings and traces of dark 
 oblique crossbavs, the colors having a washed or faded appearance; flns 
 dull bluish black, mottled ; lower side of tail with wavy whitish streaks; 
 under side of head salmo;i color; preorbital, suborbital, and cheeks pro- 
 fusely marked with round orange spots ; a dark streak downward and 
 backward from eye; caudal mottled. Preorbital very broad, its least 
 width about equal to the diameter of the eye; maxillary rather narrow, 
 half as broad as the eye, reaching middle of pupil ; gill-rakers shortish, 
 
88. SERRANID^. TRISOTROPIg. 
 
 637 
 
 Miss. Sci. aa 
 
 about W on lower part of arch; pectonilrt rather short, about | the 
 length of the head; veiitrals 2-2^ in head; 11 rHt 2 dorsal npinen vfry 
 8liort, the third very hi|,'h, much hijjher than any of the others; seeontl 
 spine one-third to one-fourth length of third, which is lonj?er than 
 snout and orbit; second anal spine as long as third; tojxif head closely 
 scaled to beyond front of eyes, llead 2.^ ; depth ^ ; eye less thar'. half 
 the snout. 1>. X, I, 14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 8(>. L. 18 inchcR. Coast of 
 Californiii, from Monterey southward ; abundant. 
 
 ( /xi/mix M'/v/Wi/tr Oirard.Proc. Aca<l. Nut. Hr\. Phila. 1K'>4, 142: Parafabrnx nthulifcr 
 Oiriinl, II. S. Pile. K. U. Kurv. x, Ull, pi. xii: I'aralabrax. iicbuli/vr GUnthvr, i,G'2; Htuin- 
 Oy^jhucr, Ichtbyol. Beitriij^o, iii, 1.) 
 
 ♦t Sorrii'oii lowor «dg« of prooporclo, largo, spur-liki;, dircctod forward. ( ricoiropoma" 
 Cuvier.) 
 
 843. S. ftilorurus (C. & V.) J. & 0.— Negrito. 
 
 Coh)r uniform blaykish, strongly tinged with violet; pectoral and 
 camliil yellow. Mouth rather large, the maxillary without supplement.il 
 bone, extending to the front of the pupil; lower jaw jjrojecting; nine 
 rows of scales on the cheek ; preopercle finely serrate above, its lower 
 inar{,'iu withseveral antrorse teeth. Body elevated, somewhat com- 
 pressed. Pectoral long, extending beyond ventrals ; caudal forked ; sec- 
 ond and third spines of anal about equal. Head 2ij ; depth 2^. I), 
 X, 15 ; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. about 05. West Indies, north to Garden Key, 
 Florida. 
 
 {Pkctropoma ohloruritm Cuv. & Viil. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 400, 18"28: /'. chlorurnm 
 Giiiither, 1, 107: P. chlorurum Vuill. & Boc. Miss. 8ci, Mex.lv, 104: Plecfropoma nigri- 
 cans Pooy, Momorias Cuba, i, 71, 1851 : UypoplectruH nigricans Pocy, Synopsis Pise. 
 Cuben8.290.) 
 
 975.— TRISOTROPIS Gill. 
 (Parepinephelus Bleeker.) 
 
 (Gil!, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 104: typo Perca guttata Bloch.) 
 
 Characters of Epinephelm, except that the lateral crests on the cra- 
 nium are well developed, like the median one. "This genus is recog- 
 nizable externally by its oblong form, the peculiar structure of the nos- 
 trils, the form of the fins, etc., but is more especially distinguished by 
 the development of the skull, which differs in a very marked manner 
 
 •Cuvier, R5gno Anitn. ii, 142, 1829: type Bodianua maculattts Bloch. This group 
 has been separated fi'om Serranus on account of the strong antrorse teeth <•{ the lower 
 edge of the preopercle. It has been divided by Professor Gill into several genera, 
 which have been adopted and defined by Professor Poey, but their nec(!88ity is not 
 evident. It is at best an artificial group, and some of the current species (P. afrum, 
 etc.) belong to Epinephelus. {itXrix^pov, spur; na>,ua operculum.) 
 
 
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 11 
 
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 f ; 
 
 
 538 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 from that of Epineplielus. • • • The sknll diflfers from that of Fm. 
 nephelushy the wider interorbital area, rhe parallelism and coutiimation 
 of the lateral crests forward to the middle of the orbits inclosing an elon- 
 gated parallelogram, the surface of which, especially between the orbits 
 is more uniform ; the absence of a frontal crest, the simple curvature or 
 straightness of the naso- vomerine ridge and absence of the angle at tbe 
 suture between the nasals and vomer." {Oill.) The species of this 
 group have the anal III, 11, er III, 12. They reach a very large size 
 and are abundant in the tropical seas. (t/>££t, thrice ; T/jwn?, a koel in 
 allusion to the presence of the three parallel elevated keels on the top 
 of the cranium, Avhich distinguishes this genus from JEpinepheliis.) 
 
 §44. T. brunneus Poey. — Black Grouper ; Abadejo. 
 
 Clear brown, covered with spots of darker brown, irregular in size 
 and form; pectorals reddish; ventrals bluish; other fins dusky; max- 
 illary with a supplemental bone ; preopercle sinuous ; third dorsal spine 
 not a third as high as the body; soft dorsal highest nt its niidclle. 
 Head 3J iu total length ; depth about 4. Eye 7^ in head. D. XI, IG; 
 A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. about 110; coeca 15. [Poei/.) West Indies, nortli to 
 Virginia. 
 
 (Serranus brunneus Pooy, Memorias Cuba, il, 131, 1858 ; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. 
 Nat. Mu8. 1879, 143.) 
 
 945. T. falcutUS roay.— Scamp. 
 
 Brown, with irregular darker spots, none on the heaa or belly ; pe(!- 
 torals edged with blackish and oraiige. Body moderately comi)rosswl. 
 Maxillary reaching vertical from posterior margin of eye; lower jaw 
 much projecting beyond the upper; upper jaw with teeth in a single 
 series, with a short band in front; 4 oanines; lower jaw with teeth iu 
 two series, and with sevenil canines at the symphysis ; teeth on vomer, 
 in an angular patch ; palatine teetii In a single series. Sixth i\orbA\ 
 spine longest ; caudal deeply forked, the external rays nearly twice the 
 length of the middle ones. Head 2J ; depth about 3. D. XI, 17 ; A. 
 111,11'; L. lat. 130; L. transv. f ^. {Qoode & Bean.) West Indies, north 
 to Pensacola. 
 
 (Poey, Momorias, ii, i;)8; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, 140, 1879.) 
 
 ^46. T. inicrolcpiK Goode & Bean. 
 
 Maxillary reaching perpendicular from posterior margin of o.l't; 
 each jaw with two canines: upper jaw with an inner series of villiforw 
 and an outer series of largo slender conical teeth curved inward ; lower 
 
86. SERRANID^ EPINEPHELUS. 
 
 539 
 
 I 
 
 jaw with two series of conical teeth, the inner the hirgest and movable ; 
 vomer and palatines with very small villiform teeth. Preopercle with 
 fine (lenticulations on its posterior mar;;iu and some coarser ones at the 
 aiifjle. Third and fourth dorsal spines highest, the first slightly higher 
 than tiie second. Color not described. Head 2^-2§; depth S^. l>. 
 XI, 18; A. Ill, 10; L. lat. 145; L. trausv. |^. {Ooode & Bean.) 
 Western coast of Florida. 
 (Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 1879, 141.) 
 
 976.— EPINCPIIELIJS Bloch. 
 Groupers*} Merous. 
 
 (Bloch, Tiliih. 1793 ; Bloch & 8chiii>i«ler, Syst. Iclitu. 1601, ^99 : tj'pe Epincphclua ruber 
 Bloch.) 
 
 Body stout, compressed, covered with small ctenoid scales, which are 
 often somewhat embedded in the skin ; 75-140 in the course of the lat- 
 eral line ; scpU-s of the lateral line triangular, cycloid ; soft parts of the 
 vertical tins generally more or less scalj. Top of cranium narrow, with 
 the median crest only developed, the lateral keels being obsolete. Pre- 
 opercle moderately senate behind, its lower limb nearly or quite entire, 
 rarely with an antrorse spine; opercle with two strong spines. Mouth 
 large; umxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Canine 
 teeth few, large, in the front of the jaws; enlarged teeth of the inner 
 series of each jaw depressible. Gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines usually 
 Oorll, not filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than the middle 
 ones. Anal spines 3, the second usually the larger; the number of soft 
 rays 7-9. Caudal fin rounded. Pyloric cceca usually few (usually 1(V- 
 20). Species very numerous, most of them of large size, aboundint; 
 in all the tropical seas, where they are aniong the most valuable food- 
 fishes, (irztveipekoe:^ cloudcd ; In allusion to a supposed adipose mem- 
 brane covering the eye.) 
 
 * Dorsal spines 11. 
 
 a. Pyloric cwca less than 35. 
 
 (Ep'mephelua.) 
 
 §4». E. cnpreolns (Pocy) .1. &, G.—Cabrilla. 
 
 Brown, everywhei*e covered with round dark spots regularly placed, 
 largest bclov, smallest near the dorsal fin, those below about as large 
 as the pupil; two larger black spots at base of spinc.us dorsal, partly on 
 the fin; a few roundish palo spots on the body; fins all spotted; pec- 
 
 • A coiTuptiou of the Portuguese uaine, OarrujMt. 
 
 
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 540 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTE AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 torals and ventrals finely mottled, the pectorals with a narrow pale 
 edge. Body ovate, rather slender, the head long and pointed. Lower 
 jaw slightly projecting j maxillary extending nearly to the posterior 
 border of the orbit; four small canines in front of lower jaw. Pre- 
 opercle slightly emarginate, its edge finely serrate. Scales small, those 
 on cheeks, breast, and top of head very small. Caudal rounded; pec. 
 toral fin extending beyond tips of ventrals, to vent; second anal spine 
 rather strong. Head 2§ : depth 3, Yi. XI, IG ; A. Ill, 7 ; Lat. 1. about 80. 
 Florida to the Caribbean Sea; abundant in the West Indies; an excel- 
 lent food-fish. The synonymy of this species is much confused, and the 
 . name to be adopted is uncertain. 
 
 (fPerca maculata Blocli, Ichth. 181, taf. 343, 1797; not Holocentrua maculatna Bloch 
 Ichth. taf. 242, which is also apparently an Epinephelus: 1 Sparua atlaniicua Lacdn. 
 Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 158, 1802 (based on Bloch.): ISeiranm impetiginosua Miiller A',Tro- 
 schel, Schomburgk, Excurs. Barbadoet", 665: ? Serranus maculatus and inqyetifiinoiui 
 Giiuther, i, 130, 142 : Serranua capreolua Poey, Memorias, li, 145 : Serranus capreolm 
 Vaillant, Miss. Sol. au Mox. iv, 87.) 
 
 8'i§. E. drummond'hayi Goode & Bean. — Hind; John Pu^v.. 
 
 Color umber brown, everywhere densely covered witi^ ^.i.M stellate 
 spots except on the lips and belly; about 40 of these between gill-open- 
 ings and base of caudal; along the sides the spots often coalesce. Pre- 
 opercle evenly serrate. Eye 6^ in head. Caudal truncate or slightly 
 emarginate. Head 2§; depth 2§. D. XI, 16; A. Til, 9 ; scales 32-125- 
 57. Gulf coast of United States. {Ooode & Bean.) . 
 
 (Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 174, 1878.) 
 
 849. E. morio (Cut.) Gill.— ifeoE Grouper. 
 
 Brownish, marbled with ash ; salmon color below ; soft parts of the 
 
 vertical fins margined with blue. Body oval, compressed above; r 
 
 file oblique, gently curved; mouth terminal, large, somewhat oblu 
 
 maxillary reaching beyond eye. Eye about as long as snout, iltox. 
 
 2 J ; depth 3. D. XI, 17 ; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. lOG ; cceca 28. Atlantic coast, 
 
 chiefly southward. 
 
 {Serranus morio C\\y. &,\a\. ii,285: /Serranua morio GUutker, i, 142: Serranus erythro- 
 gaater Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 34.) 
 
 890. E. nig[ritU8 (Holbrook) QiH.— Black Grouper; Jew-fiah. 
 
 Bluish black above, lighter below; no red; no traces of markiifson 
 body or lius. Body oblong, thick, tapering backward. Mouth '!»/Q;e, 
 very oblique, lower jaw projecting. A spine on the lower limb oi the 
 proopercle in front of the angle. Head 2§ ; depth about 2^. H. X, 15; 
 
86. SERRANID^ — PROMICEOPS. 
 
 641 
 
 A. Ill, 9; scales 24-115-52. Gulf of Mexico, north to South Carolina j 
 reaches a weight of 300 pounds. 
 
 (Serraniis nigritus Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 177: Serranus nigritus Gunther, i, 134; 
 Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1878, 182.) 
 
 aa. Pyloric coeca numerous (50-70). (Hyporthodua* Gill.) 
 
 §51. E. niveatMS (Cuv. & Val.) Poey. 
 
 Brownish olive ; sides with many large, light blue spots, which are 
 arranged in about 5 transverse rows ; a large quadrangular black spot 
 crossing caudal peduncle above and running down on sides to below 
 the lateral line. Body oblong, compressed, highest forwards ; mouth 
 large, oblique, maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit ; lower jaw 
 slightly tbe longest; membranes of vertical fins scaled half way up; 
 second anal spine about as long as third and much stronger ; top of 
 head entirely scaled, except in front of nostrils. Eye large, as long as 
 snout. Head 2^; depth 2§. D. XI, 14; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. about .85. 
 West Indies to Florida ; accidental northward. 
 
 (Serranu8 niveatua Cuv. & Val. ii, 380 : Serranua niveatua GUnther, i, 130 : Eyporthodus 
 fiavicauda Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Pbila. 1861, 98, from Newport, R. I.) 
 
 ♦•Dorsal spines 9. (Bodtanua \ Bloch.) 
 
 853. E. piinctatUS (L.) J. & G. — Buttev-fish ; Nigger-flah; Coney. 
 
 Olivaceous yellow or red, ^.-overed with small, round, dark-edged 
 spots of blue ; one or two black spots on the tip of the chin and one 
 ou the caudal peduncle ; colors brilliant and variable. Maxillary not 
 reaching posterior margin of eye ; eye 6J in head ; preopercle finely 
 serrate; its lower limb entire; caudal truncate; skull channelled be- 
 tween the eyes, its upper surface smooth. Head 2^. D. IX, 15; A. 
 111,9; Lat. 1. 85. Pyloric cceca 8. Vertebrse 10 + 14. {Gunther.) 
 Size siriall ; flesh soft. West Indies, north to Florida Keys ; abundant. 
 
 (Perca punctata L. Syst. Nat. x, 291, 1758 : Serranwj ouatalibi Cuv. & Val. ii, 381, 
 1829 (red variety) ; Serranus ouatalibi Gliutlier, i, 120 : Serranua guativere Cuv. «fe Val. 
 ii, 383: Serranua carauno Cuv. & Val. ii, 383: Enneacentrua punctatua Poey, Rep. Fis.- 
 Nat. Cuba, 1868, 288: Enneacentrua punctatua Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. v, 59.) 
 
 9YY.-PROIIIICROP8 Gill. 
 
 (Gill, MSS. ; Poey, Synopsis Piscium Cubensiuni, 1868, 287 : type Serranua guaaa Poey.) 
 
 "This genus has the characters of Epinephelu8j except the cranium, 
 which resembles that of Truotropis by the great interorbital width. 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H61, 98: typo Jlyporthodua fiavicauda Gill = <Str- 
 raiiu«nitieait(«jnv. (vn-o, below ; opOo?, straight; o5ov?, tooth.) 
 
 tBloch Ichthyol; Blooh & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801,330: ty \ta Bodianua gut latua 
 Dloch. (From Bodiano, a Portuguese uauio of various similar ilshes.) 
 
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 54U rONTUIIU'TIONH TO NOKTII AMinJlCAN U'HTIIYoi.^HJY— |v. 
 
 ANV lunv iu»<i«'o tho c\vo woll juIvhiummI. It ftiiiluM' tlilUMM In IIkmIch. 
 titioii and Ity tlic <<\(nMiio tlivittion (if itN p.vlorU^ upiMMula^i'M. 'I'lio I1.4.11, 
 lutein a lai'K«* IxmkI, a littlo tiiirro\V(>r in tlio lowor Jaw ; tli<< <>\t(.niii| 
 margin hI<o\vm a row iiC tiM^Mi a liitto Hti'onw:^', ONpMall.y llir IwoilrNi 
 Itnl (Ikmv aivnodilVoivntiatoilmninoN; (lio cxironir inn(M' N«M'i<>H in Ikih, 
 l\aM .<<oino .Hti'ttn^r^'t' (rolli. Tlio palatint^ an«l vonicrino IrtMli air in iiiu>r 
 hauils. TiMM'OH'a antllhoir divJHlonH ait^ innuniorahlo." (/'"n/.) I'',1h(« 
 wluMxMlio oianlnni Im UoMorlbod an hIioH, bmad, and iiai, tli(« (mmIimIdI 
 »mst vor.v low. Hi/,o (MiorntonM, m In tlio ^jonuH ISUrciflvinH. 'riiin Kcmm 
 and 7V<«<>/n»/»i.<» nIiouUI pi-ohably bo ronHitloitMl aH wnMlonM of l\itiui'i)h 
 fm, (!T/»»», bofoiv; ,'«M/»f»<, Nnndl ; cuv, oyo ; in alhiHion (o llio HliorltirKNot 
 (ho antoiiov part ol' (lio oraniunt, duo (o Mio advanconiont of \\u\ orliit,; 
 
 MAS. !•. itiiawn Poov.— f.'Krtwi. 
 
 Vollowish olivaooouH, with nnniorouH hrowti Mpot«. Ilody nioni nmi 
 pivssoti aln>vo tlian bolow. INbjulli largo, nnixillary iiMurliing Ixwoiul 
 Iho orbit ; pivopcrolo iVobly 8orra((»d ; (»p(MvU^ wKli ."Ulai poiniN; tins 
 all vory low, oaudal roundod. Moad .'l,\ ; dopMi -1. I>. XI, Irt; A. Ill, 
 8. {IW}).) \\o8t lndio«, nt)rth Ur I'lorida; roaohoH a woiglil. »»r lOOm 
 niH> lUMindvS. 
 (Si'n\tnM« tjHaM Tocy, Mom. ii, 141, 1W\H.) 
 
 JltH.-imiiHSfuvloi'. 
 
 (Ouvior. H.V»».> Anitu. od. Vd. il. IHVH: t.v|M> />M/f'i» .ni »•<./<» (1. *• V.) 
 
 lUxly oblong, ovato, oonipnvssod and olovalod, oovorod with nillicr 
 largt* 8oalos. Mouth largo, tho lowor Jaw projooting; tho iniixillarv 
 ixnu'hing to opposito tho niiddio ol' tho oyo. Tooth nuulorato, llai ante 
 rior in tho uppor Jaw oulargod, wIdoNot, but. hanlly I'orndng caiiiiios, 
 rwH>iMMvlo sharply vsorrato ; oporolo with U Htixtug Hpinos. Dorsul 
 with 10 spinos, anal with ,'i; tho thini dctr^al spino tllanHMit()U.s, tho 
 8tHH>iul anal spino Uuigi'at. HranohiostogalH 0. I'InIioh of tho warm 
 seas, soujotinuvs ontoring rivora. (tJi»(")-*(s", a slavoj tho llsh b ing under 
 the lash of tho long doraal spino.) 
 
 931. I>. nuriirn Ouv. vV VaI.— ('M«(H<i/c(r; Conohman. 
 
 YoUowish gray, with two or thivo darker en)ss-bau«lH and faint dark 
 Untgitndinal stn>aks. Operele with two or Ihive strong s])ineH, tho upper 
 ouo the largest ; iH'otoral and ventral Una largo ; third dorsal spine flliv 
 mentous, ivaehing the middle of the caudal ; caudal truncate. I). X, 
 13 ; A. HI, 7 ; Lat. 1. 40. Vert. 10 + 14. Tropical parts of the Atlantic; 
 saitl to have been taken on our cotvst. 
 
 ;Cuv. Jk Tal. iii, US; QUuthor, i, SOU.) 
 
8n. Hr.UUANII»/K — HIIVI'TICIJH. 543 
 
 ay«.~itiivi*TN!iiN aiivi«r. 
 
 Noaff-JhlicM, 
 
 !ChvI<'I*. •tf'K"*' ^"''"' "' ^^^*^ ly\»^ 'inthtiix mifintttinuif UUuh A Hclnmldnr. ) 
 
 Hull V ohhHiK ,<'«>m)»irMH<'(l, rovorni with Hiiitill, hiiiooMi «iiril;<nl(lr(l MmWn, 
 MiMilli ol»ll<|«i«% nillici- \Mm\ \\w IowimJiiw pioitiiiicht, fJio inaxillnry 
 witli II Huppl<'iii<^tiliil lioiHi, n'ii«-liiti(; (oor boyoixt ||m^ I'ltpil ; prcorbitat 
 rivMiot- iiimow; no cniiiiicH; broinl btiiHlM of villirorin IvHh on JawM, 
 V(itii<>r, mill piiJiilhu^H. I'rroprrcJo ci'cmMMit Hliapcd, without, iinulu or 
 H(*rriiliii'<*H, V,H iiiiu-^lii Willi HpinoiiH («'4'tli iiliovc. OptMcJo witli HpincH. 
 DoiNiil ilii with two or thr«'«0»JW Htoiit, HpliM'H, «oiiM'tiiiM'M M^prii(it<Ml hy 
 iuuil«h t'roin tho hoI'I rn..v«; iitiiil Ihi without. HpiiH^, or with Jiii omlHuhh-d 
 rit(li<ii<'iit.; (taiiiliil tin roiiiMlcd iM^hiiid. V<Mitra.lHHniall. IV^r^toraJH Hhorf, 
 1111(1 roi!!uhMl. Troph'al McaM. {fUirtrtxiii;, waHliinj^; from tho ''Hoiifiy" 
 
 HJiitl-) 
 
 ,1, poiHiil ditliioN y, morn or I«>m ooiiimk'IciI wIMi Mm wifl, rnyn, {I'romlrropUtnu" (iiil,) 
 
 N,1A. II. innriiliitiiM llolhr. 
 
 Ollvo brown abov«i, with Hcatt«M<Ml whitiHh miioIh; Im-Iow pnhi Mlato 
 color. iliK'k n>;;iiliirly liirhcd i'loiii Hiioiit. to (^(iiKbil fin. Month larf^c, 
 iniixilliiry cxtrndlng beyond orbit; lower Jaw lonj^er than npfier, and 
 ])i'oji><^tiiiK niiK'.h beyond it in eloHcd month. I'reope.reh^ with 2 Htoiit 
 N|»i!i('H; opereh^ with W. IN-etornlM rather hirjje. Vert leal Hum hlfjii. 
 Doi'Hiil NpineH H]i^lllty eonnected with the Hoft. rayH. Head 'i^^; d«f)ith '<\. 
 1). II, 25; A. IT). North ('iirolina to the WeHt IndhtH. 
 
 (llolhrook, loll. H. C. iHllU, U\ tllliillicr, 1, 17.'».) 
 
 NAO. II. tIfYCorntllN (0111) .J. & 0. 
 
 IlrowiiiKli, irre^^nlarly inaenliiied with li^lit npotN about ah lar^^e nf| 
 the pupil, MieHO f(<Mierally with a bla<;kiHh (centre; the Hpot.H are, Hoimv 
 tiiiu'H eoiiiliicint and are nioHt niinusrouH on the HJdeH, Kye e(pnd Hnoiit, 
 5^ ill length of head. Head .'J; d(ri>ih .'4. I). II, i^O; A. 10. Tropicul 
 Hoiw; iu'.cidi^ntal at Newjmrt, K. I. {(Hill.) 
 
 {I'rumUropkruH dcvoralua UiU, I'loc. Acad. Nut. Uci. I'hilu, lH(i:i, U\i. 
 
 897. R. pltnltOKIIfl Gooili) fi-.'. DnitTi. 
 
 V(»ry lifflit brown, with nuinerouH Hmall brown HpotH; the diameter of 
 tbo larjfCHt, ono-tliinl that of eye; these abHent on abdomen and throat; 
 traces of light niarginH to the vertical flnft. Upper jaw nearly rea<ihing 
 
 
 
 
 *aill, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phlla. 1661, 63: type Bhyptiout maculatiu Holbr. 
 (jf p6, before; ^txfjbi, itmall; itrepbv, fin.) 
 
 X¥y'^n 
 
i 
 
 644 C0NTUIDUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOOY — ly. 
 
 tho vorticnl from imstorior margin of orbit. Ono continnoun dorsal- 
 (lorHnl and anal tins higlior posteriorly, tho longest rays roacliiiijr i>jij,p 
 of candal. Eyo twice the length of siiont. Head more than on(^ tliinl 
 length of body; depth M^. 1). IF, 27; A. 15; Lat. 1. 00; L. tran.sv. 4 
 {Gtxuh <{' Ikan.) Key West, Fla. 
 (Qoodo & IkMHi, rroo. U. 8. Nat. Mu8. il, 311, 1879.) 
 
 Family LXXXVII.— PRIACANTIIIDiE. 
 
 {The Big Eyes.) 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small, firm, rough 
 scales; all parts of the bo<ly and head, oven tho snout and maxilluries, 
 being densely scaly. Head deep. Month large, very obli'jne, the lower 
 jaw pronnnent. Villiform tooth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, notio on 
 the tongue. Prennixillaries protractile. Maxillary broad, without siip. 
 plemontal bono, not slipping under tho very narrow preorbital. Eye 
 very large, forming about half tho length of the side of the \mu\, 
 Posterior nostril long, slit-like. Preoperclo more or less seriated, t)n«or 
 more stnmg spines at its angle; operculum very short, ending in two or 
 thi*ee points behind. (■ ill-membranes separate, free from the istlumis. 
 Pseudobranchiiu large. Clills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill-rakcrs 
 long. Branchiostegals C. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal iln (jontimi- 
 ous, with about 10 spines, which are deprossiolo in a groove; anal spines 
 3, the soft- part long, similar to tho soft dorsal; vontrals large, thonicic, 
 1, 5; pectorals snuUl, rounded; caudal flu truncate or luiuito. Spines 
 of fins generally rough with snuiU sorrjo. Air-bladder large. Pyloric 
 cceca few. Sanill carnivorous ilshes of the tropical seas; mostly rose- 
 colored in life. Genus 1; species about JJO. 
 
 {Porcidai, group Priacan Ihina QHnthor, I, 215-221.) 
 
 980.— PRIACANTHVS Cniver. H -** • 
 
 Big Eyes. • ,^^- ' 
 
 (Cuvior, R^Rno Anini. ii, 1817: type Pnaoanthus macrojththalmua Cuvior.) 
 
 Characters of tho genus included above, {npttuv^ saw; HxavOa, spiue; 
 ft«m the sermture of tho spines.) 
 
 a. Body more thau twice as long as deep; scales small. (Priaoanthm.) 
 
 89§. P. mnrropfithnlnins Cnv. & Yal.—Big Eye. 
 
 Uniform red, fins edged with dusky. Body oblong, compressed, but 
 little elevated. Gape of mouth subvertical, maxillary passing front of 
 
88. SVMIWM. 
 
 545 
 
 pve. TTt'iul coinplotdy scaled. Eyo ul)onfc onolialf loii^tli of IhnwI, iiioro 
 
 tliiin <> titiH'H wiilth of prooibital. Vont rain lonj;, nmrliiii^ front of anal ; 
 
 |H'(!t(»riilH small, not longer tliun oyo. liateral lino followinj; tlio <;nrvcof 
 
 rl„,l,iKk. Iload .Tj; iUiptli L'j}. 1). X, 14; A. Ill, 15; Lat. 1. 85. Wo8t 
 
 liiilies; occiisional on onr coast. 
 (Cuv. iV Val. iii, m; (JilnUior, i, 215.) 
 
 (Id. H^'b ni>t twico 118 long iiH (loop; hciiIch larn;n. (Purndoprfncnnthnii IMcoltur.) 
 
 I«,)9. P. HitllN (iill. 
 
 Kciirly nnifortn orango-rod in life; vertical fins dotted with black; 
 vcntrals black. l^)dy oblong, (ioinpn^HWMl and elevat^'d. Prollle very 
 ohliqnc; snout extremely short; gape of month very obi i<pie, maxillary 
 rt'iiching to below orbit. Eye about one-half length of head. Hpines 
 .,tontor th"n in P. macrophthalmuH. Hcales mu(!h larger and rougher. 
 LiitoriU line running obli(|uely upwards in front, then abruptly tnrnitig 
 (lowiiwanls. Ventrals large, extending beyond origin of anal. I're- 
 oporele and operde coarsi^Iy serrate at anghi and on lower limb; angle 
 ol'pn'opercle with 2 8i)ineN, upper limb simjdy roughened. (Jaudal (In 
 khuuUmI. Jlead2i; depth 1^. D. X, 11; A. 111,9; Lat. 1. 45. Coast 
 of New Kngland ; not <;ommon. 
 
 (Vriacanlhua alius Uill, Troc. AcimI. Nat. Scl. Phila. ISOiJ, 135J.) 
 
 Family LXXXVIIL— SPAKU)^.* 
 
 {The Sparoid Fishes.) 
 
 Body oblong, more or h ss elevated, covered with rnoderatcsized ad- 
 luTciifc scales, which are generally more or leas strongly ctenoid, some- 
 times almost cycloid (''sparoid"). Head large, the skull often with 
 traces of the cavernous structure seen in Souemdw. No suborbital stay. 
 Moutli moderate or large, terminal, low, nearly horizontal. Premaxil- 
 liirios protractile; maxillary without supplementjil bone, for its whole 
 length, slipping into a sheath formed by the edge of the broad preorbital ; 
 teeth villiform, cardiformj incisor like or molar; canines sometimes pres- 
 ent; vomer, palatines, and tongue with or without teeth ; gills 4, a large 
 slit behind the fourth; pseud obranch ice large; gill-rakers moderate; 
 branchiostegals 4-7 ; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. 
 Edfje of preoporcle serrated or entire ; operde usually without spines ; 
 sides of head generally scaly. Dorsal flu continuons or deeply notched, 
 
 • Including 87 rristipomatldce, and 88 Sparidas of the artificial key to familie?, on 
 
 page 77, 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 35 
 
 .1 
 II 
 
 
 >jl 
 
 
 
 
r i 
 
 : ' i 
 
 
 546 CONTRIIUJTIONS TO NORT.I AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. "^ 
 
 the spines strong, usually dopressible into a groove. Anal fin similar to 
 
 soft dorsal, with 3 si)incs. Veutmls thoracic;, I, 5, conunonly with un ac 
 
 ccssory scale-liko appendage. Caudal iin rounded or forlic^l. LaU;ial 
 
 lino continuous, not extending upon the caudal tin. Pyloric co'ca lew or 
 
 many. Air- l)lad«ler present, usually simple. Genera 55; sjuuncs ubom 
 
 450, abounding in the seas of temperate and troi)ical regions. Those 
 
 with incisor teeth only are chiefly herbivorous, the others carnivorous 
 
 The three principal subdivisions giveu below have been often tukcu as 
 
 separate families. 
 
 (Sparidw, Priiitipomatidw and Percidw pts. Gliuthor, i, 17r>-211, 27a-3iVJ, aud 'U2-4i)9 
 exchisivo of certain goncra.) 
 
 a. Teeth all conical aud pointed; no incisors nor molars, preoperclo senat*!; pyloric 
 
 cwcu few; carnivorous. 
 b. Vomer with teeth. 
 V. Dorsal Iin deeply omarginato ; teeth all villiform, in narrow bands. (AVniV/i. 
 
 • ihiiinw) Xknumith Ys, 281. 
 
 cc. Dorsal fin contiinious; canines more or less developed. (Lutjmihia:) 
 
 LUTJANL'8, 282, 
 
 bb. Vomer, palatines, and tongue toothless. 
 d, Doroal fin continuous. 
 e. Caudal (in lunate or forked ; profile convex. (Priatipoma: nw.) 
 f. Mouth small ; dorsal and anal fins naked or scaly at base only. 
 
 POMADASYS, 2S3. 
 //. Mouth large; soft parts of dorsal and anal densely scaly tlmniffliout. 
 
 DlAUAsis, 284. 
 ee. Caudal fin convex ; profile concave. (Lohofina:) • 
 
 h. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth, in front of which are a series of 
 larjger ones ; no teeth on vomer or pal&tim>s. 
 
 Lor.oTKS, 285. 
 aa. Teeth on the sides of the jaws molar ; x»rooporclo entire ; pyloric cceca few ; no (('cth 
 
 on vomer, x^alatines, or tongue; carnivorons. (Nyx/n/Ki.) 
 
 j. Front teeth conical, not at all compressed Spaiuis, 28(1. 
 
 jf/. Front teeth compressed, iucisor-like Diploduh, 287. 
 
 aaa. Teeth in front inci.sor-like ; nonudars; pyloric cceca many ; herbivorous. 
 m. Vomer toothless ; fins mostly scaleless. {GireUina.) 
 n. Incisors tritid; cheekti scaly; operclos naked; doixal 
 
 spines 14 or 15 Girklla, 288. 
 
 mm. Vomer with teeth; soft fins densely scaly ; incisors lanceo- 
 late. (Pimehpterinw) 
 0. Incisors with horizontal backward-projecting roots, tlie 
 band of small teeth behind them narrow. 
 
 PiMELEPTKlUIS, 289. 
 
 00. Incisors without evident roots, the band of small tci'th 
 broad; soft doreal and anal many-rayed, much loiii;er 
 than spiuous doi-sal Scoui'is, 2UU. 
 
 981.— XENI€HTH¥S Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 82: type Xcniohthya xanti Gill, from Lower 
 California.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, compressed ; head conic, little 
 compressed; eyes large, anterior; preorbital rather narrow, oblique; 
 
88. SPARID^ LUTJANU8. 
 
 547 
 
 nreopcrcniiini pectinate behind ; mouth rather small, very oblique ; chin 
 miK'li projecting, a pjore on each side of it at the symphysis ; teeth very 
 small, recurved, in narrow bands in each jaw; vomer with a rhomboid 
 patch of very minute teeth ; palatines nearly toothless ; tongue slightly 
 rough; branchiostegals 7; pseudobranchim present; scales small, Arm, 
 ctenoid ; lateral lino continuous ; dorsal fins separate or connected by 
 a low membrane; the first received into a groove, and composed of 
 about 10 slender but rigid spines ; second dorsal low; anal fins with .'i 
 jjawluatcd spines and 10 to 20 rays ; caudal flu emarginate, with rounded 
 lobes; ventrals with a pointed axillary scale. Pacific Ocean. {^sv<t<;, 
 strange ; izOh-:, fish.) 
 «, Aiml fin not elongate. 
 
 §60. X< californicnsis Stoindachucr. 
 
 Silvery, with continuous dusky stripes along the^rows of scales on the 
 upper half of the body, 3 above the lateral line, 4 or 5 below. Body 
 oblong, not elevated nor much compressed; mouth moderate, terminal, 
 very obli(pie, the lower jaw strongly protruding ; premaxillary in front 
 above the middle of the large eye; maxillary not very broad, reaching 
 opposite front of pupil ; eye 3J in head, longer than snout. Teeth in 
 jaws villiform, in a very narrow band ; on the vomer scarcely appreciabh; ; 
 I'dfje of preopercle finely serrate ; no opercular spine ; ventrals with a 
 large accessory scale ; gill-rakers very long and slender; pseudobranchiic 
 large; scales small, firm, quite rough, covering the top of the head, 
 cheeks, and most of the preorbital, which is rather narrow ; soft parts 
 of vertical fins well scaled; spinous dorsal depressible in a groove, the 
 spines stiff; the two dorsals almost separate; second spine highest, the 
 others regularly shorter ; soft dorsal low; caudal forked; second and 
 third an«al spines high. Pectoral falcate, 3 length of head, reaching be- 
 yond the tips of the rather short ventrals. Head 3 J ; depth 3 J. I). IX- 
 1, 12 ; A. HI, 10 ; Lat. I. 52. Pacific coast, from San Diego southward. 
 Here described from specimens collected by Dr. Streets at Cerros Island. 
 
 (Steindivchner, Ichth. Beitriige, iii, 3, 1875; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 49.) 
 
 3§3.— LVTJANV8 Bloch & Schneider. 
 
 Snappers. 
 
 (Mesoprion CnvioT : ZWacope Cuvier : Oenyoroge Cantor.) 
 
 (Bloch & Schneider, Systema Icht'jyol. 1801, 324: type Lutjanua lutjanna Bl. «fcSchn.) 
 
 Bojly oblong, compressed, the back somewhat elevated; head long; 
 
 mouth large, the jaws with bands of villiform teeth, besides which are 
 
 
 
 r 'S 
 
 '.A 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / '. f 
 
 : m 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 ,< J 
 N ■ 
 
n 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 4i 
 
 *i 
 
 
 i 
 
 548 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 nsually an outer series of larger teeth in eacli jaw, and 2- stronger teeth 
 or canines in the front of the upper law; vomer witli.villiform teeth ; villi. 
 form teeth on the palatines and in one or more patches on the tongue • 
 I^reopercle sometimes with a notch posteriorly, into which a knob on the 
 interopercle fits ( Diacope) ; posterior limb of preopercle finely seirate • 
 gill-rakers moderate, strong ; branchiostegals 7 ; vertical fins not niiuh 
 scaly; dorsal spines 10-12; caudal lunate or forked. Vertebra} 10 4. 14 
 Species very numerous, in all warm seas. {Luljang, the Japanese or 
 Malayan name of some of the species.) 
 
 a. Caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes attenuate. (Ocyurua* Gill.) 
 §61. L.. niclanurr'5 (L.) J. & G. 
 
 Olivaceous, with obhque streaks above the lateral line, and some 
 shining golden longitudinal bands on the side; no axillary spot nor 
 lateral blotch ; flus chiefly yellow, the caudal not black. Body elongate 
 compressed ; head pointed ; lower jaw prominent ; uijper canines well 
 developed ; preopercle without distinct notch ; maxillary reaching to 
 front of pupil ; eye large, nearly as long as snout, 3J in head ; top of 
 head with a Mharp keel ; spines rather slender ; pectorals reaching past 
 tips of ventrals; anal spines graduated, short; caudal deeply forked, 
 the inner rays less than half the length of the outer. Head 3 ; depth 
 3. D. X, 13 ; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. 51. West Indies, north to Florida. 
 
 ( Perca melamira L. Syst. Nat. (after Catesby ) : Sparus chrysurus Bloch, Iclitb. taf. 2C"J : 
 Mcioprion chrt/attrua Cnv. & Val. ii, 459: Meaoprion chryaurua GiiutheT, i, 186: Ocyum 
 melanurua Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1871), 114.) 
 
 CM. Caudal fin lunate. 
 
 h. Vomerine teetb forming a cross-shaped or anchor-shaped patch ; canines well 
 developed. {Luijanm.) 
 
 862. Ii. caxis (Bloch & Schn.) Poey. — Telling; Gray Snapper. 
 
 Greenish olive, each scale with a brown spotj these sometimes con- 
 fluent, forming narrow bands extending likewise across the vertical 
 tins; usually a narrow blue stripe on preorbital and cheeks; joxmg 
 sometimes barred and with the flus dark-edged ; no lateral blotch. Snout 
 long and sharp ; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching front of pupil ; eye 
 large, shorter than snout, 3J in head. Cheeks with about 6 rows of 
 scales ; preopercle with a slight notch at the tip of the interopercle ; 
 teeth strong; canines in upper jaw well developed ; tongue with a sin- 
 
 * Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1862, 236 : type Sparxia chryaurua Bloch. {aoxvi, 
 swift; ovpdf tail.) 
 
88. SPARID^ LUTJANU8. 
 
 549 
 
 cle patch of teetU; nostrils oblong; gill-rakers shortish; spines strong; 
 
 gecond Jiual spine little enlarged. Head 3 ; depth 2^. D. X, 14 ; A. 
 
 jll 8 ; Lat. 1. 48. New York to South America ; common southward. 
 
 (Sparuti caxia Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 284: Meaoprion griseus Cnv. & Val. ii, 409: 
 Ugfobrion griseus GUnther, i, 194: NeonKSiiis emarginalua Girard, U. S. Mex. liouud. 
 Surv. Iclitli. 18; Poey, Kept. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1867, 269.) 
 
 §63« I" blackfordi Goodo & Bean. — Bed Snapper. 
 
 Uniform rose-color; lighter below and on centres of scales; belly sil- 
 very; axil of pectoral dark. Body much compressed, lower profile mu<;h 
 less Jirched than the upper. Preopercle finely serrated, the (lenticula- 
 tious coarser at the angle; a slight emargination above the angle, in 
 which is received a slight elevation on the interopercular bone. Maxil- 
 lary reaching the orbit. Lingual teeth in two patches, the anterior 
 cordate; canines strong, two in front of upper jaw larger than others. 
 Anterior nostril round, posterior oblong. Pectorals elongate, reaching 
 piist the long ventrals nearly to anal. Third anal spine slenderer and 
 slightly longer than the second. Caudal fin forked, the middle rays two- 
 thirds as long as the external ones. Eye about 7 in head, two-thirds 
 width of preorbital. Head 2f ; depth 2f. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 9; L. lat. 
 50; L. transv. -^-. Coast of Florida; a large and beautiful species, be- 
 coming importc^nt as a food-fish. 
 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mas. i, 176, 1878.) ■ 
 
 864. L. stearnsi Goode & Bean. 
 
 Scarlet below, shading into reddish or purplish brown above; plum 
 color on sides and top of head; below lateral line the i)08terior half of 
 the exposed portion of the scales white tinted wiili scarlet; the basal 
 portion reddish and much darker; lower side of head light scarlet; ver- 
 tical fins darker than body ; pectorals and ventrals white-roseate. Head 
 3 in length; depth 3. D. X, 14; A. HI, 8; L. lat. 45; L. transv. -jSf. 
 [Goode & Bean.) Pensacola, Fla. 
 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mue. i, 179, 1878.) 
 
 U. Vomerine teeth in a diamond-shaped patch; canines feeble. {Ehomhoplitea* Gill.) 
 
 865. L» aurorubens (Cnv. &. Val.) Vaillant. — Mangrove Snapper; Baatari) 
 
 Snapper. 
 
 Yermilion-red above, rosy below; sitles with oblong irregular yellow 
 spots; dorsal and pectoral tins red ; ventrals and anal lighter. Body 
 
 *6ill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237: type Centroprisiis aurorvlens C. & V. 
 [fionftoi, rhomb ; bTcXiTrj<i, armed ; in allusion to the form of the patch of teeth on the 
 vomer.) 
 
 ■' ^^' Mil 
 
 
 1^ F? -tf 
 
 
 
 
Iff 
 
 p ■ = 
 I l 
 
 if 
 
 » 
 
 Hi 
 
 f i ; 
 
 1^ 
 
 Mj: 
 
 550 CONTKllll TIONS TO NOKTII AMlUtlCAN ICllTllYOLOaY— ly. 
 
 ohloii); elliptical, !n<Ml«M'nh»ly (*oinpr«»Hso«l, not clrvjitod. Monfli 
 crate, witlioiit distinct caiiiiicH. Toiikiiu \vitii a larj^c ovnl paicji ,|| 
 l«'ctli, besides which are 5 or (I smaller patchcH. Nostrils roiiiiil, i„,.„, 
 to;{eth«'r. l'n»op<»rcle lliiely serrate, its notch obsolete, dill lakcis 
 vor\ lon^° and slender. Dorsal spint^s rather slender; s(M*ond aiialsiiin,. 
 a little lonj^er than the third; candal tin hiinite, its lobes not alt<>niiati> 
 Head M; depth .{. I). XII, 11; vV. Ill, S; Lut. I. M. L. I loot. \v,.«t 
 Indies, north to Month (varolina and Florida. 
 
 (Cfntt'oprhlfH ntirornhvHK Cnv. A Viil. iil, 45: McHoprion ainonilunH (iihilliir, i/.Mi;. 
 CttihopriiilvM itiironihrim 8lnn>r, Mom. Am. Acuil. Ails A Sri. iHKi, ^rtH: HhombotiUt,;, 
 aucoi'M/KHM (tO(Hlt> «& Moiui, Vun\ U. 8. Nut. Mum. 1H71>, IM.) 
 
 una.— FOm ADAM VM l.u<Y<iM<«le. 
 {Priftiitoma Cnvier.) 
 (Lttc<<|)<'ilo, TTlHt. Nut. PoiHR. Iv, Rir), 180*2: typo Sciwna argrnim ForHk.) 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, somewhat compressed, the back ehnalcd or 
 not; month snmll, terminal, low; the nmxillary nsnally not extendliijr 
 to oppo.site the eye, its tip not reachinj; the p(»sterior edj^c) <»t' the hioad 
 preorbital ; pivinaxillaries very protra«'tile; teeth on jaws oidy, in villi 
 form bands, the onter series usnally more or less enlarged; a cciifral 
 jjroove behind the symphysis of the lower Jaw; Iv Mchioste^'iils 7; 
 cheeks and open^les scaly; preoporclo ratlun* thudy a only serrato; 
 
 scales moderate, few, if any, on the dorsal and anal (ins; dor.sal spines 
 nuistly 12, stronj;; jjillrakers feeble ; candal forked. Species nnnicroiis 
 in all warm seas; the ranjfe of variation in form is very great iu this 
 ^enns. (rfi/ia, opercnlnm; cTairw?, ronj^h.) 
 
 a. (1ut«>r tooth couMidorably oiilar^jod, caiiino.tiko. (roiiorfon* C. & V.) 
 
 86.1. P. aioblllH (b.) J. & a. 
 
 Body with 8 yellowish brown cross bands; dorsal spines silvery. 
 Form rather slender; the head conic, somewhat |)ointed, the lower jaw 
 l>rojecting; month moderate, low, oblique; a series of short, stont caniiios 
 ontside the nsiuil band of villiform teeth ; preoperclo strongly sc '^ 
 with two spinous teeth at the angle, the teeth behind directc .i>\vard; 
 chin with a central groove; pectorals narrow, not reac' .^ as far as tips 
 of ventrals, about to vent ; second anal spin*^ -. * j long and stroii},', 
 higher than the soft rays; caudal almost t- .uate. Air-bladder with 
 
 * CnviorA Valoncionnos, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. ' . type Conodon antlUanus C. & V.= 
 
 -TT-MTEK^jrvr-x T^'T j:,rr. .w#?r ■ 
 
88. RPARII).f:--rOMAI)AHVH. 
 
 >561 
 
 two hIh»i< •'•>''"*''" '•'""'• I>. XH,l.'l; A. Ill, 7; hcuIch 0-54-13. West 
 
 jiidioH, north to 'h^xan. 
 
 il'ina iiKhilin L. HvHt. Nut.: Srlirmt ithimirri Illor-li, FcIiUj. vI, (Wl, till'. IMMi: C»nudon 
 i)(i(iBi<n 'illntlior, i, ;MM; (Unioilon antUlunun (Jnv. iV Vul. v, UA\.) 
 
 aa, OuttTttM'Mi iiHMlcriitoly oiiIihhimI, iicft nuiiiio-likK. 
 b, i\\\u\ H\thwn nrtu\\\ni,f^i\. (OrtUoiirlHliH'' (iimnl.) 
 
 N6T- •*• fHlvomiM'UlnlHW (MHchill) J. A (i.—ftaUor'ii Cholrtt; lloijfiiih. 
 
 \\^\\\ lnowii, Hllvcry bdlow; mUn wHli iniincroiiH onniffi' rolun'd and 
 vi>ll()vv . ;M)tM; tlioH() >ibov(^ tlio liitonil liiui in obliijiK^ scricH, \\\o>^v Im>Io\v 
 in liori/.iintiil rown; vt^rlical tliiH with NJuiilar KpntH; lirtid )>IuiHli, uilli 
 V(>II()w spotH; un^l(M)f nioiiMi niid ^iH "x^iobniiK's wiMi onin);«>. Hody 
 obloii;;, ('()inpi'<>ss(>(l, not nuudt (^levat/od. Ifiuitl lon^;. Hnoiit conic. 
 jMoittli low iind Hniall, tlio inuxiilary banOy niai'liin^; to tlut nostrils. 
 Outer tiM^tli sh'ndcr and ratlirr niiort. Ey« In^b, 4.j in head, niiarly 
 midway in its Icn^rth, its <iiani(^tor D di^ptli of tlui broad pn-orbital. 
 j)orsid and anal (Mitiriily naked, with aHhcalii ofMcalfs at basi^; anterior 
 N|)incH of dorsal liiKlxM- than the ])(>sterior, whieli are lowt^r than lluiHoft 
 rays; anal H|>ineM short, ^radnated f pc-etoral inodcMate, niaehin^ past 
 tips of ventrals; (;audal forke<i, tlumppcu' lobe th(^ lon^iT. Ih^ad •'{/(; 
 depth .'{. 1). XN, \i\', A. Ill, lli; ' it. 1. 75; pyloric e(eea 0. L, 1 foot. 
 Atlantic coast, from l«Iew York HouLhwurdj a ibod-llsh of some import- 
 ance. 
 
 (habniH fiihumitcntatun Mitcli. TniiiH. liit. A, Phil. Soc. N. Y. »., 40(5, IHl.^c llmimUm 
 fiilnmariildliiin DnKay, Ntnv York Fauna, KIhIi. H4: I'riHiipomfi Jul romaeuta turn (iilii- 
 tbor, i, 'Ml: I'riiiUpoma fulnomavalalum IloU)r()ok, Ich. H. Car. If)?.) 
 
 §6§. P. riiMciittuN (C'uv. & Vul.) J. & a. 
 
 Sides with irregnlar dark cross-bars; a dark streak on the npper half 
 of the opercidnm, extendinpf on the sides; dorsal fin with two or three 
 Keri«\soi'ronnd(ul brown spo's. Eye 5 in head. Dorsal fin msarlyeven, 
 its spines rather slender; candal (^marj^inate; third anal s]>ine thinner 
 and lonjjer than the second. Head 3; depth 3. D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 
 l.>; Lat. 1. 75; cwca 0. (Inlf of Mexico, north to Lonisiaiui. [Wdnthar.) 
 
 {Pmtlpoma fasdatum Cuv. & Vul. v, 'ifctT): J'rislipoma famiatum GiiuMicr, i, 301.) 
 
 Ih. Second anul spino larger Mian third. {I'omadasrjs.) 
 
 §G9. P. dnvidsoni (St«nndachner) J. & G.—Sargo. 
 
 Grsiyish silvery, dark above, with many dark points; a very distinct 
 black cro8S-ban<l on back and Hides, from between the lifth and seventh 
 
 * Girard, IT. 8. Mox. Bound. Surv. lohth. 1859, Vy : typo Orthopriatis duplex Grd. = 
 Labrus fulvomaculatua iiitoh. {o/jOoi, ovoct; Tr/jidrti, aaw.) ' 
 
 "m 
 
 f^JJ r 
 
 
■1 
 m 
 
 Hi I 
 
 J : i' u 
 
 ! 
 
 
 uh 
 
 
 Sii 
 
 ■ ■- - " {•" 
 
 
 p 
 
 ^S^^^^^^B ' 
 
 
 mil 
 
 552 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 dorsal spines to opposite the lower edge of the pectoral ; edge of opercle 
 and base of pectoral black ; fins otherwise dull yellowish. Body ovate 
 compressed, luucli elevated; a regular and steep curve froiii snont to 
 dorsal. Mouth small, terminal; maxillary not reaching front of eve. 
 Preorbital about as wide ar, eye, which is 4 in head. Outer leetb dis- 
 tant, little enlarged. Gill-raliers moderate. Membranes of dorsal and 
 anai somewhat scaly; dorsal flu deeplj^ emarginate ; second anal spine 
 longer and stronger than third; pectoral long, reaching vent-, caudal 
 forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3f; depth 2.J. I). Xli, 14- 
 A. Ill, 10; scales 10-r;G-22. L. 12 inches. Pacific coast, from Santa 
 Barbara Islands southward. 
 
 {Pristipoma davidsoni Stoiiulachner, Ichthyol. Beitriige, iii, 6, 1875.) 
 
 870. P. virginicus (Linn.) J. & G. 
 
 Golden olive above, silvery below, a dusky oblique bar running from 
 
 nape forward through eye, and another running vertically downwards 
 
 from beginning of dorsal; behind this are several narrow longitiuliial 
 
 stripes of bright light blue ( dj'^ed above and below with black. Body 
 
 ovoid, compressed, and much elevated. Profile very steep. ■Mouth 
 
 small, oblique ; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; outer teeth 
 
 rather strong. Eyes rather large. Second anal si»ine very stronjj, 
 
 longer than soft rays; pectoral long, reaching anal. Head l\\; depth L*|. 
 
 D. XII, 17; A. Ill, 9. South Atlantic coast of United States to Lower 
 
 California. 
 
 (Spams riniiniciis Liun. Syst. Nat, : Prisiipoma rirginicuin Giluiner, i, 288: Anmtrc- 
 mils rirghiicKS Gill, I'rocr. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 18U1, 10(5: AnhotrcvmH tamiaiuii ii'iW, 
 Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IHlil, 107.) 
 
 §71. P. toilinentu8(C.&. V.) J.&G. 
 
 Body rather deep ; snuut obtuse, shorter than eye, which is one-third 
 length of head; mouth narrow, the maxillary reaching front of eye; 
 preopercle serrulate, the teeth at the angle stronger; dorsal spines 
 strong, the third spine longest, half length of head; second anal spine 
 extremely strong, nuich longer than dorsal spines ; vertical tins scaly 
 half their height; caudal emarginate. Two parallel browi) bauds ou 
 each side, one above th^ lateral line, the other from the eye to a brown 
 spot at the root of the caudal; adults becoming uniform in color; tins 
 blackish. Ile*id3§ (in total, with caudal) ; depth 2§. D. XII, 17; A. 
 111,8; scales 9-50-14. {Qiinthcr.) Tropical ..^ uerica, on both coasts, 
 north to San Diego. 
 
 (Priifiiiioma hiUncatum niitl melatwpferHm Cuv. &, Val. v, 271,271?; Prisfipowo wrkn- 
 eptiTum GUutliui-, i, i2ti7: rri»t:poma mclanopterum Stciud. Icbth. Boitr. viii, r>, 1879.) 
 
88. SPARID^ — DIABASIS. 
 
 553 
 
 3§4.— DIABASIS Desmarest. 
 
 Red Mouths. 
 
 (IIwniuloH Cnvier.) 
 
 (Desninrest, Preniifero Decatlo Iclith. (1818): typo Diahaaia parrwDe&m.) 
 
 Body oblong, usually more or less elevated; mouth wide, the maxillary 
 very long, reaching usually to below the eye, its tip extending to the 
 posterior end of the preorbital ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; teeth 
 of the jaws conical, the outer series stronger, curved; lips and inside of 
 the mouth commonly bright red in life ; soft parts of the vertical tins 
 completely covered with scales ; a marked angle formed at the junc^^ion 
 of the spinous and soft parts of the dorsal ; second anal spine enlarged, 
 irouerally larger and longer than the third; caudal forked. Species 
 very numerous. (.5{«/3a«r£?, a crossing; the allusion not evident.) 
 •Sides of the heart with blue striios. 
 §74. D. forinosHS (L.) J. & G.—Btack Grutita. 
 
 Brownish above, sides lighter; top and sides of head with very many 
 (12 or more) narrow wavy longitudinal lines of dark blue, which do not 
 oxteiul on the trunk ; G or !uore of them on preorbital ; fins dusky, with 
 a more or less apparent bluish tint; a red blotch at angle of njouth, ex- 
 tending forward on lower lip. Body oblong, compressed and elevated, 
 highest at origin of dorsal fin ; protile very convex to front of eye, 
 where the long, compressed snout forms an angle with it. Eye posterior 
 and high up; 2 in snout, 4 in head. Mouth large; nnvxillary reaching 
 trout of orbit. Snout with a few scattered scales. Second anal spine 
 much enlarged. Head 22; depth 2^. D. XII, 17 ; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 55. 
 South Atlantic coast of the United States and southward. 
 
 {PfrcafonnoBa hinu. Sysi. Nat.: Jlwmuloii fonnomm CAU\t\wr i, UO.'i: Ilamiilon arcU' 
 atum Cuv. & Val. ix, 481: Jlamiuhn arcutUum llolbrook, Ich. S. C. Id(i0, I'M.) 
 
 " Sides of head without blue stripes. 
 «. Body uot striped. 
 
 §*8. I>. chrysoptcrns (Linn.) J. «fe G. 
 
 Light brown above ; sitles brilliantly silvery ; mouth red posteriori}', 
 
 white in front. Body with general form of preceding, but the back less 
 
 elevated, the profile being nearly straight. Scales of the i)(>ctoral region 
 
 m)t larger than the others. Head 2;^; depth 2i^. D. XIII, 14; A. Ill, 
 
 10; Lat. 1. about 55. {Uoibrool:) West Indies, north to South Carolina. 
 
 (I'i'irn ihrjisoptem Liun. 8yst. Nat. : Ilamulon vhryaopterum Qiluther, i, 313: Hwmulon 
 chnjsoph'nm llolbrook, Ich. S.-C. 1860,121.) 
 
 aa. Body striped or baudod. 
 
 ' (.1 :; 
 
 ,1 
 
 Ik 
 i 
 
554 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iy. 
 
 ! 
 1,1 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 SI '" 
 
 
 §74. D. fremebundus (Goode & Bean) J. & G. 
 
 Pale, with a pair of bands as broad as the pupil extending from the 
 snout, where they unite, following the dorsal line at a distance about 
 equal to their own width, and connecting with the same at the end of 
 the base of the second dorsal, where they reunite ; a second broad pair 
 of bands extending from the snout through the middle of the eye, in a 
 straight line below the lateral line to the base of the caudal ; traces on 
 the head of a pair of narrower bands between the two other pairs- a 
 single stripe on the mesial line of the body, from a point in advance of 
 the eyes to the region of the dorsal ; a very prominent blotch at base of 
 caudal fin ; maxillary extending bejond front of orbit ; dorsal fin mod- 
 erately notched, the fourth spine the longest; second anal spine very 
 strong and longer than the fourth dorsal spine, also longer than the 
 third anal spine; scales very large, irregularlj'^ arranged. Head 3- 
 depth 3. D. XI, I, 15; A. Ill, 8; L. lat. 50; L. transv. -/j,. [Goode 
 (t Bean.) Clear Water Ilarbor, Florida. 
 (Hwmulon fremehunduni Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 340, 1879.) 
 
 §75. D. trivittatus (Block & Scbn.) J. & G.— White Grunt. • - ■ 
 
 Greenish olive, sides with about 4 distinct brownish or yellowish 
 longitudinal streaks running up on sides of head ; the two middle ones 
 broader and golden, running from the eye and muzzle below the lateral 
 line; lips and mouth brilliant red; dorsal and caudal fins grayish brown. 
 Body rather elongate, fusiform, compressed and but little elevated; snout 
 sharp; mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the narrow maxillary reach- 
 ing beyond front of orbit ; eye as long as snout ; second and third anal 
 spines of nearly equal length, the second the stronger. Head 3.J ; depth 
 3i. D. XI 11, 14 ; A. Ill, 8 ; Lat. 1. 70. South Atlantic coast of United 
 States and southward; well distinguished from the other American 
 species by its slender form. 
 
 (Grammistcs trivittatus Blocli &, Schneider, 1801, 188: Scrmnns capeunalihtM. Rnrl.Ab- 
 Laiidl. 18-^0, 288: Haimnlon quadrilineatam Giluther, i, 3IG : Ilaimylum capeuna GooUe, 
 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. v, 53.) 
 
 N'' 
 
 9§.'(.— liOBOTES Cnvier. 
 
 (Cuvior, R^pno Anim. ed, 2, ii, 1829: type Lobotcs erate Cuvier = i7o?oc<'n/cM« smiv 
 nameriHia Bloch.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed and elevated, covered with moderate-sized, 
 weakly ctenoid scales; profile of head concave, the snout prominent; 
 mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips ; upper jaw very protractile, 
 the lower the longer; jaws with narrow bands of villiform teeth, iu 
 
88. SPARIDiE — SPAEUS. 
 
 555 
 
 oeentrus sun- 
 
 front of which is a row of larger conical teeth directed backward ; uo 
 teeth on vomer or palatines; preorbital narrower than eye; preopercle 
 strongly serrate. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal fin continuous, with 12 
 spines which may be depressed in a shallow groove ; soft rays of dor- 
 sal and anal fins elevated; anal spines graduated; bases of soft dorsal 
 and anal thickened and scaly; caudal ^ounded. Air-bladder present. 
 Pyloric coBca 3; vertebrae 13 -f 11. (Ao/3w-£?, lobed; the soft parts of 
 dorsal, anal, and caudal said to resemble one three-lobed fin.) 
 
 876. I" siirinamonsis (Bloch) Cnvier.— Flasher. 
 
 Blackish above, becoming silvery-gray on the sides; often blotched 
 and tinged with yellow; fins dusky gray, sometimes with yellow. 
 Head small. Profile from dorsal to occiput strongly convex, from occi- 
 put to snout concave; maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit. 
 Scales around eye very small, those on opercle large. Eye small, 
 much shorter than snout. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, which do 
 not reach vent; soft dorsal higher than the spinous portion. Head 3; 
 depth 2^. D. XII, 16; A. Ill, 11; L. lat. 47. A large fish, reaching a 
 length of from 2 to 3 feet, and found in all warm seas; north on our 
 coast to Cape Cod. 
 
 {Holoccntnis sitrinamensis Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 31G: Lobotea auctorum Giiuther, 
 i,338; liolbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 169.) 
 
 2§6.— SPABUS Linna?u8. 
 {Pagellus, Chnjaophrya and Paijrua Cuvier; Calamus Swaiiison.) 
 (Linn.Tiis, Syst. Nat. : type Sparua auratua L.) 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, compro ed, covered with moderate-sized 
 scales. Head moderate. Opercles not armed. Cheeks scaly. Mouth 
 rather small, terminal, low. Anterior teeth in the jaws cardiform, the 
 outer series of teeth generally enlarged, sometimes canine-like, not com- 
 pressed. Both jaws with two or more series of rounded molar teeth, 
 w'liieb are sometimes irregularly mixed with slender teeth ; no teeth on 
 vomer or palatines. Dorsal rather low, the spines, 11-13 in number, 
 depressible in a groove; anal spines moderate, the second not greatly 
 developed. Caudal fin forked. Air-bladder simple. Gill-rakers short. 
 Branchiostegals G. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric can^a few. Carniv- 
 orous fishes, mostly of the Atlantic, {a-dpo^^ Sparus, the ancient name; 
 from ffzaipw, to struggle.) 
 
 a, Anterior toeth not canine-like. (Pagellua" C. «fe V.) 
 
 ;' ' ^ m 
 
 'Ciivier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 169, 1830: typo Sparus erythrinua h. 
 {I'tompagcl, a Freuch name of Sparua erylhrinua.) 
 
 
 "''*T, 
 
 
 s. I 
 
 'i 
 
 r i 
 
 
 
 -I 
 
 t 
 
 ''^ 
 
 n't 
 

 it 
 
 556 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ivi 
 
 877. S. milneri (Goode & Bean) J. & G. 
 
 Dull silvery with brown cross-bands. Form of Diplodus argyrops. 
 Diameter of eye equalling length of opercle; eye about 4 iu head, less 
 than IJ in snout. Preorbital nearly as high as long, with the edge nearly 
 straight. Fi\ e series of scales between the preorbital and angle of pre- 
 opercle. Three series of molars in the upper jaw, two in the lower* 
 front teeth not described. Head 3J; depth 2 J. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, lo- 
 
 L. lat. 48; L. transv. 
 
 14' 
 
 {Goode & Bean.) Charlotte Harbor, Fla. 
 
 {Pagelliis milneri Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 134, 1879.) . 
 
 aa. Anterior teeth canine-like. ' 
 
 6. Molar teeth above iu two series. ( Paj/rus * Cuvier.) , 
 
 ti7S, S. pag^rns L. 
 
 Silvery; back rose-colored. Upper profile of the head parabolic; an 
 obtuse prominence before the upper anterior angle of the eye; preor- 
 bital a third higher than long, with an incision in front. Ko procum- 
 bent dorsal spine. Dorsal spines not elongate; second anal sjinie 
 stronger but not longer than the third, one-fourth the length of ilie 
 head; pectoral elongate, reaching the fourth soft ray of the anal. Eye 
 IJ in interorbital space; 1§ in snout. Head 3; depth 2§. D. XII, 10; 
 A. Ill, 8; scales 6-56-10. Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters; 
 occasional on our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 
 
 (L. Syst. Nat.: Spurua argenteua Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 271: Pafirm nilgam 
 GUnther, 1, 466: Pagrua argenteua Goode & Beau, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 133.) 
 
 87l>. S. chrysops li.—Pdrgee. 
 
 Color nearly plain dull silvery; axil dusky; ventrals dark. Back 
 elevated; head large and heavy; eye large, placed high; preorbital 
 very large, its diameter half greater than that of eye; interorbital area 
 very convex. Six strong conical teeth in front of upper jaw, and 8 iu 
 lower; about 2 rows of molars, the inner series larger. Five rows of 
 scales on the widest part of the cheek, 4 on the interopercle; breast 
 scales large. A procumbent spine before the dorsal; dorsal spines 
 rather high; second and third anal spines about equal; caudal forked; 
 l)ectoral long and falcate, reaching the last anal spine; ventrals moder- 
 ate. Head 3; depth 2i D. XIII, 12; A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. 52. South 
 Atlantic coast; abundant; long overlooked by naturalists, lately re- 
 discovered by Mr. E. E. Earll. 
 (Sparua chryaopa L. Syst. Nat.; Goode M8S.) 
 
 *Cuvier, Rfegue Anim. ed. 2, 1817: type Spartia pagrua L. {ndypoi, the ancient 
 name of the typical species.) 
 
88, SPAr.:D^ — DIPLODUS. 
 
 557 
 
 g§0. §• acnieatus (C. &. Y.) GUI. 
 
 Silvery; reddish on the sides, with golden longitudinal streaks; dor- 
 sal and anal fins reddish, ventrals red. Pectoral elongate. Limb of 
 preopercle scaly. Molar teeth small, in two* series in the upper jaw. 
 Bodv rather elongate. A procumbent spine before the dorsal. D. XII, 
 12* A. Ill, 12. {Cuvier & Valenciennes.) Atlantic coast of the United 
 States, chiefly southward; rare; a doubtful species, perhaps the same 
 as the preceding or the next. 
 
 (Cliryxophrya aculeata Cuv. & Val. vi, 137: Chrymphrys aouleatus Giiuther, i, 496.) 
 
 387.— DIPliODIJS Bafinesque. 
 (Sargm Cuvier, 1817 ; preoccupied iu Entomology.) 
 (tEafinesqne, Indice Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, 54: type Sparua annularis L.) 
 
 Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back often ele- 
 vated. Mouth rather small, terminal, low. Incisors broad or narrow, 
 truncate, entire or more or less emarginate, sometimes serrate in the 
 young; a series of smaller teeth behind them. Molar teeth mostly in 2 
 or 3 rows. Ko teeth on vomer or palatines. Scales moderate. Dorsal 
 spines mostly 12, strong, depressible in a groove. Procumbent dorsal 
 spine present or absent ; anal spines rather strong. Caudal fin forked. 
 Gill rakers short and slender. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short. 
 Pyloric cceca few. Carnivorous species ; abundant in the Atlantic, many 
 oftliem highly valued as food. (<J{-A«o?, double ; odob^, tooth; the teeth 
 of two sorts.) * 
 
 a. lucisor teeth very narrow entire. (Stenotomust Gill.) 
 
 8§1. D. argyrops (L.) J. & G.—Scup; Scuppaug; Porgee. 
 
 Brownish, somewhat silvery below, everywhere with brigh reflec- 
 tions, but without distinct markings in the adult; soft parts of ver- 
 tical flus somewhat mottled with dark ; young faintly barred ; axil 
 dusky. Body ovate, compressed, the back elevated, the axis of the 
 body near the middle of its depth. Head deep. Eye narrower than 
 the preorbital. Mouth small, terminal, the maxillary extending to 
 opposite the posterior nostrils. Incisor teeth very narrow, almost con- 
 
 *In three series according to C. & V. The original type is now lost, but a niemo- 
 randum by Aug. Dum6ril, preserved in the Museum at Paris, states that the specimen 
 was a "Pagrua" (with two rows of molars), and not a " Chryaophrya" (with three), 
 
 t" VI, Gon, Diplodua, Una sola ala dorsalei>rincipnndo vicino nl capo, un apendice 
 8(|iianio8ft vicino ad ogni ala toracina, Oaaerv. Coutieue 11 S^arua annularia di Liuneo, 
 ed <Sj|), varkgatua di Lacdpftdo." (Eafineaque.) 
 
 tOill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865: type Sparua argyropali. (drev6i, nar- 
 row; Tonoi, cutting.) 
 
 .5- .«-.■,.■ i'-'-'SH^ p*t| 
 
 
 ' '-•■'! eft; 
 
 
 >• rt\ 
 
 - *.' 
 
 
■Ha 
 
 f ' ' f 
 
 \<i if 
 If ( 
 
 vl ■''*?' 
 
 
 it 
 
 : ^• 
 
 558 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 ical ; molars in two rows above. Cheeks short and deep with 4 rows 
 of scales. A procumbent spine in front of the dorsal. Third dorsal 
 spine elevated, often somewhat filamentous. Pectorals moderate, reach- 
 ing front of anal, ventrals a little further ; second anal spine a little the 
 longest. Head 3 J ; depth 2. D, Xlf, 12 ; A. Ill, 11. Scales 8-49-l(j • 
 L. 12 inches'. Cape Cod to Florida ; abundant ; a valuable food fish. 
 
 {Sparita argyropa L. Syst. Nat. : Pagru» argyrops Cuv. & Vul. vi, 164 : Pagrm arqiir. 
 ops Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 174: Fagrua argyropa Giiuther, i, 472: Sargua amfraseiwGUu- 
 ther, i, 449: Stenotomua argyropa Gill, and of luost late Amcricau writens.) 
 
 aa. Incisor teeth broad. 
 
 6. Incisor teeth emarginato ; procumbent dorsal spine present, 
 brook.) 
 
 (Lagodon* Hoi. 
 
 882. D. rlioinboidcs (L.) J. & G.—Pin-fiah; Bream. 
 
 Brownish, white below ; sides of head and body with horizontal stripes 
 of light blue and golden ; 6 or 7 very faint darker vertical bands 
 disappearing with age; vertical fins yellowish, with bluish stripes; a 
 dark axillary spot. Body ovate, elliptical, compressed, and somewhat 
 elevated, the axis of the body near the middle of its depth ; snout about 
 in the axis. Head rather sharp. Mouth small, the upper jaw more 
 freely protractile than usual. Molars in two series ; anterior incisors 
 each deeply notched. Cheeks with 5 or G rows of scales ; scales on 
 breast little reduced in size. A procumbent spine before the dorsal flu ; 
 dorsal spines high, much higher than the soft rays, the fourth highest; 
 second anal spine little larger or longer than the third ; pectorals as 
 long as head; ventrals moderate. Head 3J; depth 2^. D. XII, 11; 
 A. Ill, 11 ; scales 8-66-18. L. 1- inches. New Jersey to Texas ; abun- 
 dant southward. 
 
 (Sparita rhomboidea Linn. Syst. Nat. : Sargua rhomioidea Cnv. & Val. vi, 68: Sargus 
 rhomhoidea Giintbcr, i, 447: Lagodon rhomboidea Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. Ib(i0, 59.) 
 
 aa. Incisors entire in the adult ; einargiuate or serrate in the young. 
 b. A procumbent 8i)ine before the dorsal tin. (Archoaarguai Gill.) 
 
 883. D. probatocephalns (Walb.) J. & G.—Sheepahead. 
 
 Grayish, with about 8 vertical black bands, which are about as 
 broad as the interspaces; dorsal dusky; ventral and anal 1 ack; 
 base of pectoral dusky. Body robust, becoming very deep with age, 
 the back compressed and elevated; axis of the body below the middle 
 of the depth; snout entirely below axis of body; jn'oflle very steep; 
 
 * Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. ed. i, 56, 1859: typo Sparua rhomboidea h. (Xaya":. hare; 
 cod coy, tooth.) 
 
 tGill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865: type Sparua probatocephalua Wulb. 
 (apxov, ruler; 6dpyo?, Sargua, from its preeminence in size and value.) 
 
88. SPARIDiE DIPLODUS. 
 
 559 
 
 ibout as 
 I dck; 
 ith age, 
 e middle 
 y steep; 
 
 ■&-<:. bare; 
 lu8 Walb. 
 
 preorbital broad. Month low, horizontal ; incisors broad, serrated in 
 the young, then becoming emarginate and finally entire. Cheeks with 
 C rows of scales ; scales on breast very small, crowded. Dorsal spines 
 very strong, higher than the soft rays, the last considerably shortened, 
 so that the outline of the flu is emarginate ; second anal spine very 
 strong, nearly as long as the snout and eye ; pectoral very long, reacli- 
 in<T past the front of the anal; ventrals reaching vent. Head '^^', depth 
 1|. D. Xir, 12; A. Ill, 10; scales 7-4ij-lG. L. 30 Inches. Cape Cod 
 to Texas ; abundant ; the largest member of the genus, and one of our 
 most valued food-fishes. 
 
 {Spams 2}robatocephalua Walbanm, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 29.^: Sargiia oris Mitchill, 
 Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 392, 1814: Sargm ovw Cuv. &. Viil. vi, .'>;{: Sargm ovia 
 Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 18G0, 54; GUuthor, i, 447: Archomrgua prohaiocephalus Gill, aud 
 of most late American writers. ) ' 
 
 lb. No procurabent spino before the dorsal fin. (Diplodua.) 
 
 §81. D. holbrookl (Bean) J. & G.— Bream. 
 
 Dull silvery, without cross-bands ; dorsal, caudal, anal, ventrals, 
 axil, aud edge of opercle dusky; a black blotch on caudal peduncle 
 above. Body ovate, not elevated, compressed, the axis of the body 
 below the middle of its depth. Eight incisors in each jaw; tbree rows 
 of molars above, two below. Pectoral 3 in length ; second anal spine 
 longest. Head 3*; depth 2J. D. XII, 14; A. Ill, 13; scales 8-Gl-lO. 
 L. 12 inches. Charleston, S. C. {Bean.) (Possibly the adult form of 
 
 the next.) 
 
 {Sargiis holhrooM Bean, Forest and Stream, June 13, 1878, iand in Proc. U. S. Nat. 
 Mils. 1878, 198.) 
 
 §§5. D. caildiniacula (Poey) J. & G.— Spot-tailed Pin-fiah. 
 
 Silvery, with bright reflections; about 8 very narrow dark vertical 
 bands; a very distinct black bar on back and sides of caudal peduncle; 
 shining streaks and dark punctulations along the rows of scales ; ven- 
 trals and anal mottled with dusky; edge of opercle dusky; axil dark. 
 Body ovate, compressed, very deep. Dorsal and ventral outlines both 
 strongly arched, the axis of the body at about the middle of the depth, 
 the back steeply elevated behind the nape. Maxillary not reaching 
 the eye, which is 3 in head. Candal peduncle short and slender, about 
 as deep as long. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales; interoper<;le broad, 
 with 3 distinct rows of scales; scales on breast not much reduced. 
 Mouth very small, terminal. Incisors broad, entire. Spines moderate, 
 those of the dorsal higher than the soft rays; second anal spine longest; 
 pectorals long, reaching to anal; ventrals reaching to vent. Head 3^; 
 
 
 [: 
 
 
 ■^A 
 
 <•' '•'1 
 
 1^1 
 
 
u- 
 
 gt ■ 
 
 I f Jl 
 
 1 1 
 
 'Mi 
 
 Liy 
 
 !i: U 
 
 M- 
 
 
 
 
 560 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AM^iRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 depth 2. D. XII, 14; A. Ill, 13; scales 6-63-14. L. 5 inches. >;orth 
 
 Carolina to Cuba; abundant at Beaufort, N. C. 
 
 {Sargm caudimaeula Pocy, Memorias, ii, 198, 1858: Sargua holbrooki Jordan & Gil- 
 l)ert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, 379 ; not of Bean.) 
 
 9§§.— GIREIiliA Gray. 
 
 (Camarina Ayres.) 
 (Gray, Illustr. lud. Zool. 1838: type Girella imnctata Gray.) 
 
 Body oblong-ovate, compressed, covered with rather large scales. 
 Mouth small, with a series of flat, tricuspid, movable incisors, bebiml 
 which is a broad band of similar smaller ones; no molar teetb; no 
 teeth on vomer or tongue. Cheeks with very small scales; opercles 
 and top of head chiefly naked. Dorsal fin rather low, with about 14 
 spines, on the bases of which the scales extend, forming an imperfect 
 sheath; no groove at base of dorsal; no procumbent dorsal spine; anal 
 spines small, graduated ; caudal lunate. Air-bladder divided into two 
 posterior horns. Pyloric cceca. numerous; intestinal canal elongate* 
 peritoneum black. Herbivorous. Pacific Ocean. (A latinization of the 
 French ^^Girelle^^=Julis.) 
 
 8§6. «. iiigrricans (Ayres) Gill.— Blue-fish. 
 
 Dusky green, paler below; young with a large yellowish spot on 
 
 each side of the dorsal fin. Body oval, compressed, with very deep 
 
 caudal peduncle; snout thick, its profile evenly rounded; nioutli 
 
 small, subinferior, low, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching nearly to 
 
 front of orbit; a minute patch of palatine teeth; preopercle minutely 
 
 serrulate at its angle ; preorbital as broad as eye. G ill-rakers numerous, 
 
 rather long. Scales firm, weakly ctenoid, those on thorax and front of 
 
 back smaller. Dorsal spines lower than the soft rays; anal higher than 
 
 soft dorsal, similar to it; caudal emarginate; pectorals short and broad, 
 
 not reaching vent; ventrals short. Head 4; depth 2^. D. XIV, 14; A. 
 
 Ill, 12; Lat. 1. 50. L. 12 inches. Coast of California, from Monterey 
 
 southward, abundant in rocky places, feeding on sea-weed. 
 
 (Camarina nipricca Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 81: Girella dommnacuk 
 Gill, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G2, 244.) 
 
 9§9.— I'lMELEPTERirS Lac^pcide. 
 (Lac<5pfede, Hist. Nat. Poisf. iv, 429, 1802: type Pimelepterua boaci, Lac6pbde.) 
 
 Body regularly ovate, moderately compressed ; ' ead short, with 
 blunt snout; eye liirge; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely 
 reaching front of e.^e; both jaws with a single series of rather narrow 
 
88. SPARID^ — PIMELEPTERUS. 
 
 561 
 
 obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed usually conspic- 
 nous roots posteriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth : fine 
 teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Brauchiostegals 7 ; gill-rakers 
 long. Preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but 
 little of the maxillary. Squaraation very complete, the space between 
 and about the eyes being the only naked part ; scales smallish, thick, 
 ctenoid, 60-70 in the lateral line, which is continuous; similar scales 
 entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical flns, and extending up 
 outhe paired flns. Dorsal fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depres- 
 gible in a groove of scales; the fin continuous, but the last spines 
 low, 80 that a depression occurs between the two parts of the fin ; the 
 bases of the spinous and soft parts about equal; anal similar to soft 
 dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin forked; jjectoral flns small ; ventrals 
 well behind them. Intestinal canal long. Pyloric cceca usually very 
 numerous. Species numerous, in all warm seas. Herbivorous. {ntfjLeXijqj 
 fat; irrepov, fin.) 
 
 0. Soft dorsal and anal not elevated, the latter rather short. ( Pimelept^us. ) 
 
 §§7. P. bOSCi Lac. 
 
 Dusky, with series of light stripes, about 25 in number, following the 
 rows of scales; the middle part of each scale pale, the edge dusky; 
 the stripes along middle of body much broader than the others, the 
 scales along the back and belly being much smaller; a silvery streak 
 along the preorbital. Body ovate, somewhat compressed. Longest dor- 
 sal spine one-fifth the height of the body, rather higher than the soft 
 dorsal and nearly equal to the longest ray of the anal. Horizontal pro- 
 cess of the teeth not much longer than the vertical. Interorbital space 
 2J in head ; top and sides of head finely scaled ; interorbital region 
 gibbous, below which point the snout is truncate ; preopercle weakly 
 serrulate ; p-ill-rakers long. Soft dorsal and anal very low ; median dorsal 
 spines hv/^est; second anal spine highest : caudal well forked, the lower 
 lobe longest. Head 4^; depth 2^. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 10- 
 66-20; vertebreeO 4- 16. Massachusetts to Panama; common southward. 
 
 (? Perca sectatrix L. Syst. Nat. : Pinielepterua hosci Lacdpfede, Hist, Nat. Poiss. iv, 429, 
 1802: P. bom Cuv. & Val. vii, 258: P. ftosci GUnther^ i^ 497 : Pimelepieru: Jfavolineatua. 
 Poey, Repert. i, 319; Poey, Synopsis Pise. Cubens. 324, 1868.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 1(1 36 
 
 '•■■'it' 
 
 
 
 V." 
 
 . » »V!l 
 
 
 - ■ ■ ■ * 
 ; M 
 
 i ' 
 
 
662 CONTRIBUCIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 (iif 
 
 'I 
 
 J 
 
 990.— SCORPI8 Cuvier & Valenciennes. 
 
 (Cuvier & Valoncieunes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 503, 1831 : type Scorpisgeorgianu/i Guv & 
 Val.) 
 
 Body ovate or suborbicular, covered with small, firm, ctenoid scales 
 which also cover the membranes of the soft parts of the vertical fins • 
 mouth small, terminal, horizontal ; the maxillary narrow, slipping under 
 the edge of the rather narrow preorbital; sides, top of head and 
 jaws closely scaled ; preopercle entire or minutely crenulate ; jaws with 
 broad bands of slender teeth ; those in the outer series incisor-like • 
 compressed, narrow and lanceolate in form, the outer surface transversely 
 convex, the inner concave ; the other teeth of the jaws are similar, but 
 grow progressively smaller backward toward the inside of the mouth- 
 incisors without conspicuous roots behind ; all the teeth are somewhat 
 movable, as in Girella; no molar teeth ; vomer, palatines, and tongue 
 with patches of minute villiform teetb ; gill-rakers slender, rather long- 
 dorsal spines low, in a slight groove, about 10 in number ; soft i>art of the 
 fin elongate, much longer than the spinous part, sometimes falcate- 
 anal spines small, graduated, the soft rays numerous; caudal lunate - 
 scales thinnish, adherent, with smaller ones intermixed ; pyloric cceca 
 extremely numerous ; air-bladder small ; branchiostegals 7. Warm seas. 
 {ffxop7:t<;y name of some sea-fish; from axopntoc;, scorpion.) 
 
 a. Body ovate; fins not falcate. (Cceaioaoma K&n-p i) 
 .888. 8. californiensis Steindachner.— JfecJtaZuna. 
 
 Blackish above, tinged with b'.uish ; steel-blue or grayish below, some- 
 what mottled ; sides with faint oblique vertical lines of spots ; flns black- 
 ish. Body elliptic-ovate, its outlines regular; head bluntish, rounded, 
 strongly convex ; maxillary not reaching front of eye ; eye small, 1^ in 
 snout, 5 in head ; middle spines of dorsal highest, their height scarcely 
 greater than the diameter of the eye ; soft dorsal low, not elevated in 
 front, iittle higher than the spines; anal" low; caudal lunate, the upper 
 lobe idightly longer ; pectorals short and narrow; ventrals rather small. 
 Head 3|; depth 2^. D. IX, I, 22; A. Ill, 19; scales 9-5^-19. L.12 
 ineihea. Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward ; a hand- 
 some ;fish, of considerable value as food. 
 
 (SttdadachQer, IcUtliyol. Baitriige, iii, 19, 1875.) 
 
 "inSeorpia ffeorgianna, tlie type of tlie genns, the outer teeth are said to be conic. 
 This lis probably erroneoos, otherwise our species does not belong to the genus. 
 tKaup^ iBl<jeJk:er„.Sj:stema Percarum ii, 11, 1875: type <Sctfrpt« tequipinnta Hich. 
 
89. APOGONID.E — APOGON. 
 
 563 
 
 Family LXXXIX.— APOGONID^. 
 
 id to be conic 
 
 Body oblong, elevated,- covered with usually large, loose, deciduous 
 scales, which are striated and ctenoid or soruetinies cycloid; cheeks 
 g^^ly; lateral line continuous; cleft of mouth wide, oblique; villi- 
 form tPeth on jaws and vomer ; canines sometimes present ; preopercle 
 commonly with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly serrated; 
 lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth ; pseudobranchiae present ; 
 branchiostegals 6 or 7. Dorsal fins well separated, the first with 6 or 7 
 rather strong spines ; anal fin short, usually with 2 spines ; ventral fins 
 thoracic, I, 5. Fishes mostly of the Eastern seas, some of them in fresh 
 waters. Genera about 10; species about 120. 
 
 (Perci(J« part: group Apogonina GUnther, i, 222-250.) 
 
 a. Branchiostegals 7 ; no canines ; no recumbent dorsal spine ; palatine teeth present ; 
 anal spines 2. {Apogonin(e.) 
 I, Lateral line commencing at the head ; preopercle with a double ridge ; teeth on 
 the palatines Apogon, 291. 
 
 991.— APOGON Lac^pMe. 
 
 King of the Mullets. 
 
 {Amia Grouow, not of Linnaeus.) 
 
 (Lac^pfetle, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 411, 1802 : type Apogon ruber I^ac. = Mullua imberbia L. = 
 Apogonrex-mullorum C.&Y.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, covered with very large ctenoid scales. 
 Lateral line continuous. Head large ; mouth wide, oblique, the max- 
 illary extending to below the middle of the large eye ; vilUform teeth 
 on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a 
 double ridge, entire or somewhat serrate ; opercle with a spine behind. 
 Gill-rakers rather long. Dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong ; second dorsal 
 remote, short ; anal with 2 spines, the second much the longer, the 
 soft part similar to the soft dorsal ; pectorals and ventrals moderate. 
 [amyuiv^ without beard ; thus distinguished from the bearded mullet, 
 Mullm.) 
 a. Edges of preopercle serrulate ; scales very large. (Apogon.) 
 
 ^^\ A. amerlcanus Castelnau. 
 
 \ iolaceous, scales all with dark points ; a dark spot on opercle. Body 
 comparatively elongate, little elevated ; jaws equal ; muzzle short ; eye 
 large, 3^ in head ; preopercle very finely denticulated. Second dorsal 
 spine stoutest, as high as the third ; pectorals nearly reaching anal. 
 
 
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 564 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 Depth 3 in total. Head 3J. D. VI-I, 9 ; A. II, 8 ; scales 3-25>9. 
 
 ( Vaillant «fc Bocourt.) West Indies ; accidental at Newport. 
 
 (Costelnau, Anim. Nouv. Rares Am6r. du Sud, Poiss. 3; Vaillant & Bocourt, MisH. Sti 
 an Hex. 41 : Apogonichthya americanua Giinther, i, 247.) 
 
 aa. Edge of preopercle entire ; scales comparatively small. (Glossamia" Gill.) 
 §90. A. pandionis Goode & Bean. 
 
 Color nearly plain reddish, the body and fins everywhere speckled 
 with fine dots. Body oblong, not elevated nor greatly compressed. 
 Eye very large, forming nearly half the length of the side of the head 
 much greater than the interorbital space ; maxillary extending to oppo- 
 site pupil ; preopercle entire. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Moiitli 
 oblique, but not nearly vertical, the lower jaw i^rojecting. Fins low 
 caudal well forked. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. VII-I, 9 ; A. II, 9 ; scales 
 small, cycloid, 3-45-8. Deep water, off Chesapeake Bay. 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, ICO.) 
 
 Family XC.-MULLID^. 
 
 {The Surmullets.) 
 
 Body elongate, slightlj' compressed, covered with large ctenoid scales* 
 lateral line continuous ; large scales on the head ; upper protile of the 
 head more or less parabolic. Mouth small ; teeth present in one jaw at 
 least, and sometimes in both, or on the vomer or palatines. Premaxil- 
 laries protractile; maxillaries without supplemental bone, partly hidden 
 by the broad preorbital. Eye moderate, placed high ; branchiostegals 
 4; 2 long barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis 
 of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, the first of sev- 
 eral high spines, which are depressible in a groove ; anal similar to the 
 soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines ; ventials thoracic, I, 5. Genera 5; 
 species 35, in all tropical seas, some species straying northward. 
 
 (MulUdcB Guuther, i, 397-411.) 
 
 * Teeth in lower jaw, and on vomer and palatines ; none in the upper jaw . Mullus, 292. 
 ** Teeth in both jaws; none on vomer or palatines Upeneus,293. 
 
 999.— ]?IIJL.L.IJS Linuseus. 
 
 Surmullets. 
 
 (Linnsens, Syst. Naturae: type JfuKus 6arfoat?i8 L.) 
 
 Teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines; none in the 
 upper jaw; dorsal spines 7; anal spines very small. Otherwise as in 
 
 * Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 82 : typo Apogon aprion Rich. {yXiioaa, 
 tongue; ajuia, Atnia, a name applied by Gronow to Apogon.) 
 
90. MULLID^ UPEXEUS. 
 
 565 
 
 I'peneus, tbe head lather shorter. One 8j)ecie8 known. (Latin, mullus^ 
 the ancient name of Mullus harbatus, from /^y^^o?, lipj hence "mullet,'' 
 a fish with thick lips.) 
 §91. HI* barbalus L..— Surmullet. 
 
 Ked, with three yellow longitudinal stripes. Body oblong, moderati^ly 
 compressed ; snout blunt, its profile very obliquely decurved ; mouth 
 horizontal, small; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; diam- 
 ter of eyes about equalling the slightly concave interorbital space. 
 Head 3^ ; depth 3§. D. VII-I, 9 ; A. II, 6 ; Lat. 1. 36, its mucous tubes 
 branching into a network on each scale. European ; this or some simi- 
 lar species said to have been once taken at New York (Gill). One of 
 the choicest food-fishes of the Mediterrjinean. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat. : MuUus barbatiia anAaurmuletu8 0ilintheT,i,AOl: MullugyBp.incoff, 
 Gill, Rept.'u. S. FiHb Com. 1872-:i, 804.) 
 
 393.— UPENEIJS Cuvier. 
 Ooat Fishes. 
 (Cuvier, Rbgnc Anim. cd. 2, ii, 1H29: type Mullua barberinua Lac.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low, 
 the jaws siibequal; eye large, high, i)osterior; opercle short, deep, with 
 a posterior spine ; jaws with rather strong teeth, in one series, or in a 
 narrow baud ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; lips well developed ; 
 barbels nearly as long as head; scales' very large, somewhat ctenoid; 
 hiteral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head covered 
 with large scales; first dorsal with about 7 spines; anal with 2, the first 
 very short ; caudal flu forked. Species numerous in the tropical seas. 
 (An old name of some fish ; from Sriyvij, upper lip.) 
 a. Teeth in the upper jaw in move than one series. {Paeudupeneu^* Bleeker.) 
 
 §92. IT. maculatUS (Bloch) Cuv. & Val. —Ooat Fish. 
 
 Eed; sides of head with bluish longitudinal lines; three black blotches 
 along the lateral line ; each scale with a blue spot at its base ; body 
 oblong, moderately compressed, tai)ering backwards from occiput; ven- 
 tral outline nearly straight ; snout long and rather sharp ; mouth ter- 
 I miual, small ; maxillary not reaching orbit ; eyes situated backwards and 
 [high up; head 3J; depth 4. D. VII-I, 8; A. II, C; Lat. 1. 30, high up 
 and following the curve of the back. V. 10 + 14. West Indies; occa- 
 ; sional on our coast. 
 
 (Mullm mactilatua Bloch, Ichtbyol, 1797, <af. 348; Giinther, i, 408; Mullhypeneua macu- 
 ! laiu» Poey, Synopsis, 18G8, 307 : Hypcneua maculatua GoOde, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. v, 49. ) 
 
 *PmAufcneHa Bleeker, Poiss. COte Gnin^e, 1862, 56: type Upeneua prayenaia Cuv. & 
 fVai. {fevdoi, false; Upeneua)=Mullhypeneua Poey; 1868. 
 
 fl 
 
 > \ Sm 
 
 
 rm 
 
 
 
 
 I'P 
 
 t'-ii-'t'i'l 
 
566 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 
 
 Family XCI.— SCI^NID^. 
 
 {The Croakers.) 
 
 Body compressed, more or less elongate, covered with rather thin 
 ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, extending on the caudal fii 
 Head prominent, covered with scales. Bones of the skull cav^ruou. 
 the muciferous system highly developed, the surface of the skull when 
 the flesh is removed, very uneven. Chin usually with pores, sonietim 
 with barbels. Mouth small or large, the teeth in one or more series tuc 
 outer of which are sometimes enlarged ; canines often present. Ko in- 
 cisor nor molar teeth ; no teeth on "^omer, palatines, pterygoids nor 
 tongue. Maxillary without supplemental bone, slipping under the free 
 edge of the preorbital. I'remaxillaries protractile, but not very freely 
 movable. Nostrils double. Pseudobranchice usually large, present in 
 all our genera. Gills 4, a slit behmd the fourth. Gill-rakers present. 
 Branchiostegals Y. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. 
 Lower pharyngeals separate or united. Preopercle serrate or not. 
 Opercle usually ending in two flat points. Dorsal flu deeply notched 
 or divided into two fins, the soft dorsal being the longer, the spines 
 depressible into a more or less perfect groove. Anal fin with 1 or 
 2 spines. Ventral flns thoracic, I, a. Pectoral fins normal. Caudal 
 fin usually not forked. Ear-bones very large. Pyloric cceca usually 
 rather few. Air-bladder usually large and complicated (wanting la Mew- 
 ticirrus). Most of the species make a pecaliar noise, called variously 
 croaking, grunting, drumming, and snoring. This sound is supposed 
 to be caused by forcing the air from the air-bladder into one of the lat 
 eral horns. Carnivorous. An important family of about 25 genera and 
 126 species, found ia all warm seas, one species being confined t) fresk 
 waters. Many of them reach a "'arge size, and nearly all are valued for 
 food. 
 
 (-Sciffinirfffi GUnther, ii, 26b-3ie.) • /. ; ,. , 
 
 • Dorsals contiguous, tho 83Cond (lorsiil Utucli larger tbau the anal. '^ '* 
 t Vertobnu about 10 -f 14. {Sciamince.) ,. , ^ 
 
 I Lower .jaw included. '* ." 
 
 $ Lower pbaryngoals full j" united, with paved teeth ; second anal spino vcrvlargc 
 "■ * - a. Lower jaw \;itbout l-arbels. (Fresh- watot species). ILvrLomoxoTUS, !!;M. 
 art. Lower jaw with several sniftll bavbels. (Marino species). Pouonias, i'JJ. 
 }$ liower pharyngeal boaes distinct. 
 
 h. Lower jaw without barbels; anal spines 2. 
 c. Toe*'- well dev jlupud, persistent in both jaws Sclena, 296. 
 
91. SCI^NID^ — HAPLOIDONOTUS. 567 
 
 00. Teeth feeble, peruianent in upper jaw only; anal spines small. 
 
 LiosTOMCS, 297. 
 bb. Lower jaw with several minute barbels. 
 
 d. Preoi)ercle with its membranaceous margin crenulate. 
 
 Genyonemus, 298. 
 
 dd. Preopercle with its bony margin serrate Micuopogon, 299. 
 
 bbb. Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel. 
 
 e. Air-bladder present ; anal spines 2 Umbuina, 300. 
 
 ee. Air-bladder none ; anal spine single Menticirkl'8, 301. 
 
 tt Lower jaw projecting beyond upper. 
 
 /. Snout short, blunt ; no canines; anal fin verysmal ; soft part of 
 
 dorsal much longer than spinous part Larimus, 302. 
 
 tt. Vertebra} about 14 -f 10 ; body elongate ; lower jaw projecting. (Otolithinw.) 
 
 h. Cauine teeth none Atractoscion, 303. 
 
 hh. Canines two (or one) in upper jaw only Cynoscion, 304. 
 
 •* Dorsals remote; the second about as large as the anal. {laopisthina:.) 
 
 {. Lower jaw projecting ; anal spines feeble ; teeth small, 
 sharp, in narrow bands Seripuus, 305. 
 
 994.— HAPLOIDONOTUS Rafinesque. 
 
 Freshwater Drums. 
 
 {Amblodon Rafincsque.) 
 
 [Ajilodinotus Rafinesque, Journ. do Phys. i819, 418: type Aplodinotiia grunniena Raf.) 
 
 Body oblong, the snout blunt, the back elevated and compressed. 
 Month rather small, low, horizontal, the lower jaw included. Teeth 
 iu villiform bands, thcf outer scarcely enlarged. No barbels. Pseudo- 
 branchiai rather small; gill-rakers short and blunt. Lower pharyn- 
 ;,'eal8 very large, fully united, with coarse, blunt, i)aved teeth. Preop- 
 ercle slightly serrate. Dorsal spines strong and high, with a close fit- 
 ting scaly sheath at base, the two dorsals somewhat connected. Second 
 anal spine very strong. Caudal double-truncate. Fresh waters of the 
 United States, {drrhn-:, a cloak; vtDro?^ back; according to Gill, from 
 the scaly base of the dorsal flu.) 
 
 §93. H. ffriinnicKS Raf. 
 Croaker. 
 
 -Sheepshcad; Thunder-pumper; Drum; White Perch; 
 
 Grayish silvery, dusky above, sometimes quite dark, the back some- 
 times with oblique dusky streaks along the rows of scales. Scales rather 
 thin, adherent, smaller on the back and belly. Second anal spine more 
 than half tl'^ length of the head. Snout very blunt, oveiapping the 
 mouth. Eye large. Head ^ ; depth nearly 3. D. IX-I, 30 ; A. IT, 7; 
 Lat. I. 55. Great Lakes to Texas, abundant, reaching a weight of 50 to 
 
 
 
 :" 'Mi''' 
 
 
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 li: 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY jy. 
 
 60 pounds. Its flesh is not of high quality, and is often tough and ill- 
 flavored, especially in the lakes. 
 
 (Aplodinotua grvnniens Raf. Joum. de Phys. 1819, 88 : Corvina oaeula Giinther, ii 297 • 
 Scieena grisea Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1822, 254 : Amhlodon concinnm and 
 Uneatus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 307 : f Corvina richardsonV Cuv. & Val. v 
 100: ^Mt6?o(Zo» we*; Pectus Grd.Mex. Bound. Surv.Ichth. 1851), 12.) ' 
 
 395.— POOONIAS Lac6pMe. 
 
 Drums. 
 
 (Lac^pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 138, 1802: type Pogonias faaciatua Lac. = Lahru) 
 cromia L.) 
 
 Body short and deep, the dorsal outline much elevated, the ventral 
 nearly straight. Mouth moderate, the upper jaw longest; teeth small 
 in villiform bands, the outer not enlarged; lower pharyngeal bones 
 large, fully united, armed with strong paved teeth; lower jaw with 
 numerous barbels, each about half as long as the eye; preoperciilum 
 entire, vith a membranaceous edge. Dorsal fins slightly connected, the 
 spines high and strong; caudal fin subtruncate; first anal spine short, 
 the second exceedingly large, nearly as long as the soft re 's; pectorals 
 and ventrals long; gill-rakers short and bluntish. Pseudobranchite 
 large. Marine species reaching a very large size; among the largest 
 of the Scitenidse. (niuyaivtai;, bearded.) 
 
 §94. P. chrnmis (Linn.) C. & V.—Drum. 
 
 Grayish silvery, with 4 or 5 broad dark vertical bars, which 
 disappear with age; fins dusky. Body oblong, much compressed; 
 
 * If correctly described, this species is the typo of a distinct genus wliich has been 
 provisionally termed Hutj/chelithua. It is probable, however, that the type was a 
 deformed individual of H, grunniena. 
 
 The following are the alleged charactei-s, generic and specific : ■ f • 
 
 ' EUTYCHELITHUS Jordan. \ :. 
 
 (Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 1, 242, 1876: type Corvina richardaoiii C. & V.) 
 
 Diil'ors from Haploidonotua in the much deeper body, steep i)roflle, the nearly equal 
 jaws, the single rather short aual spine, and in the smaller size of most of the iiiis. 
 {iVTvxrii, Ineky; /t^of, stone; in allusiou to the large ear-bones of Seitenoid fishes. The 
 ear-bones of Haploidonotua are quite large and are marked with a nnle impress of tlie 
 letter L, and are hence known to Wisconsin boys as "lucky-stones.") . , 
 
 E. richardaoni (C. & V.) Jortlan. — Maltahaganay, 
 
 Grayish olive, with darker bands across the back ; body much elevated, highest iu 
 front of dorsal fin ; profile very abruptly decurvcd. Preopercle finely serravo. Eye 
 half length of snout. Pectorals pointed, considerably longer than ventrals. Ileiirl 
 3i in total length, including caudal fin; depth 2^. D. IX, 29; A. I, 7; Lat. 1.54, 
 (C. & V.) Lake Huron. 
 
 {Corvina richardaonii Cuv. &' Val. v, 100: Corvina richaMaonii Richardsou, Fauua 
 Bor.-Amer. 183C, 64: Corvina richardaonii GUuther, ii, 298.) 
 
91. SCI^NIDiE — SCI^NA. 
 
 669 
 
 jac. = Lahrm 
 
 proPle very steep, its curve uneven; ventral outline little curved. 
 Mouth moderate, maxillary scarcely reaching middle of orbit. Scales 
 large, those on breast much smaller. Fins large, pectorals reaching 
 beyond tips of ventrals, nearly to vent; second anal spine more than 
 half leugth of head. Head above scaly, except a triangular space on 
 snout. Head 3 J in length; depth 2 J. D. X, I, 20; A. 11, 6; Lat. 1. 50. 
 Cape Cod to West Indies; abundant southward. 
 
 {Labrus cromia Linn. Syst. Nat.; GUnther, ii, 270; Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 114: 
 Pogmias fasciatua Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 119 : I'ogonias faaciatna GUuther, ii, 270.) 
 
 396.— SCI^!¥A Linnteus. 
 (Johnim Bloch: Corvina C. & V. : Paeudoaciwna Blceker.) 
 (Artedi ; Liunteus, Syst. Nat. : type Smasna umhra L. ) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, not much elevated. Head rather long. 
 Mouth moderate or rather large, the lower jaw included. Teeth in both 
 jaws mostly in villiform bands, the outer row often enlarged; lower 
 pharyngeals separate, their teeth conic or paved. Chin with pores; no 
 barbels. Preopercle with its bony posterior edge serrated, or else with 
 a membranaceous margin. Scales moderate, in oblique series. Dorsal 
 fins connected, the spines rather strong. Anal spines 2, the second 
 varying in size. In this genus and most of the other SciccninoB the 
 muzzle above the premaxillaries is provided with a number of pores, and 
 near the base of the premaxillary 2 or 4 small dermal flaps are present; 
 hi all these species the preorbital is very wide, and often gibbous. 
 Species numerous, in all warm seas. Many attempts have been made 
 to subdivide this genus, but none of the current genera form definable 
 natural groups, when foreign species are taken into accoant. {ffxiaiva, 
 Sciaeua, from ffxtd, shade, the classical name of Sciccna aquila.) 
 
 0. Teetli in both jaws in einj^lo series or very narrow bands. * '' ' 
 
 h. Heail depressed, very broad between the eyes. {Stdliferm* Stark.) 
 
 §95. S. stck ifera (Bloch) J. & G. 
 
 Pale abov< with purplish reflections, almost translucent ; below sil- 
 very; everywhere finely punctulate ; fins yellowish, the tips of dorsal 
 and pectoral blackish. Body oblong, not much elevated, little com- 
 pressed; the tail slender; head short; snout blunt; eye very small, 
 5 in head; profile depressed above the eyes; the iuterorbital space tlat- 
 tish, extremely broad ; a slight ridge above each orbit, these meeting 
 
 • Stark, Elemehtfl Nat. ni»t. 1, 459, 1828: type BodlanUv atelUfcr Bloch. 
 
 .11 
 
 lit-" 
 
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 Pi 
 
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 ■^- E 
 
 nJB 
 
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 w 
 
 
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 iii 
 
 
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 '■**i 
 
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 ^1 
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 :.l 
 
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 570 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 above the snout. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw scarcely shorter than 
 the upper; the maxillary extending to below the middle of the small 
 eye. Teeth as in 8. punctata, but with series of larger teeth less devel- 
 oped and the villiform baud broader. Preorbital full, cavernous; pre- 
 opercle cavernous, its mu^rgin with a few strong teeth. Pseudobranchite 
 well developed. Gill-rakers long and slender. Dorsal spines slender- 
 caudal strongly convex; second anal spine rather long, slender, nearly 
 as long as soft rays. Ventr.al outline nearly straight. Vent a little 
 nearer preopercular margin than base of caudal. Pectorals short, not 
 reaching tips of ventrals. Head 3^ in length; depth 3. D. XI, I, 22* 
 A. II, 9; Lat. 1. 50. West Indies, north to Virginia. Here described 
 from a specimen from Pensacola. 
 
 (liodianus atelli/cr Blocli, Iclith. taf. 231: Cheilodipterua acotipa Lac6p?!do, iii, 546; 
 C'orviiia IriHpinomt Cuv. &, Val. v, 109: UomopHon lanceolatus Holb. Icb. S, Car. 1860 
 1(17: Sciwiia hmcrolata Gilnthor, ii, 289: StcUi/ents lanceolatus Gill, Report U. S. Fi.sh 
 Coiiini. 1872-7;i, 805 : ? Corrina HteWfira Glinther, ii, 299= Corvina micropa Stelnd. Iclith. 
 Notiz. i, G, 18G4, said to b« liistinguiHliud from <S. alellifcra by the Hiualler oyo (G in lu-ad), 
 narrower inttTorbital Hpaec {'Z\ in head) and weaker serru) on tho preoperclc. Per- 
 haps more than one spt'cies i.s hero inclnded.) 
 
 t. Head normal, uarrow between the eyo8. {Bainllella* 0\\\.) ' 
 
 896. S. piinctntn (Linn.) J. & G.—SilKcr Perch ; Yellouf-tail ; MademoiseUe. 
 
 Greenish above, silvery below, each scale with a series of dark piinc- 
 tulations through the centre, usually very conspicuous, sometimes ob- 
 scure, these forming narrow somewhat irregular streaks along the sides; 
 fins plain, the caudal yellowish. Body oblong, compressed, rather robust. 
 Head compressed, conical, not specially depressed, nor broadened; ])re- 
 operculum scarcely cavernous, strongly serrated or spinous at its an<jle; 
 interorbital region depressed, transversely convex, narrower than eye. 
 Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching about to 
 middle of orbit; jaws sutequal ; both jaws with stout recurved teetli, 
 behind which in the upper jaw are a few series of smaller teeth; teeth 
 in the lower jaw mostly in one series, outside of which arc a few smaller 
 teeth. Dorsal spines moderate; anal fin small, placed unusually far 
 back, coterminous with the second dorsal Second anal opine stionjf, 
 nearly as long as the soft rays. Scales in less oblique series than usual. 
 Gill-rakers long and slender. Soft dorsal and anal fins considerably 
 scaly; pectoral fin quite short, not reaching half way to anal ; caudal fln 
 double truncate. Lower pharyngeals small, with sharp teeth. Eye 
 
 ' Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G1, 83: type Bodianua a.gyroleiims Mitch. (Dcdi- 
 oaled to Spencer F. Baird.) 
 
 ii 
 
9i. SCIiENID^ — SCI^NA. 
 
 571 
 
 rather large, equal to snout, 4 in head. Preorbital narrow. Head 3^ ; 
 depth about 3. I). XI-l, 2-'; A. II, 9; Lat. 1. £0. Cape Cod to Florida j 
 abundant southward. 
 
 (Pcrca punctata Liun. Syat. Nat. (two apocies of the saino name): Bodianua argyrole- 
 tiri/* Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 417, pi. (>, tig. '\: Corcina argyroleuca GUu- 
 thor, ii, 299: Ilomoprion xanthurus HolbroOlc, Ich. S. Car. 1830, 164.) 
 
 aa. Teeth in hoth Jaws in broa<l banda. 
 
 c. I'rcopercle with its bony nnir^in serrate. 
 
 d. Outer teeth in upper jaw considerably enlarged. {SciwnopH* G\\\.) 
 
 §I)T. S. Jacob! (Steind.) J. & G. 
 
 Body moderately elevated; mouth moderate, rather inferior; maxil- 
 lary reaching middle of eye ; outer row of teeth in each jaw slender, 
 somewhat enlarged, those in upper jaw much larger than in lower; pre- 
 opercle finely serrate. Dorsal spines very slender, the fourth half length 
 of head, higher than the soft rays ; second anal spine more than twice 
 as strong as dorsal spines, as long as from middle of eye to edge of 
 opercle, lower than the soft rays. Caudal truncate or slightly concave ; 
 pectoral shorter than ventrals, the first ray of the latter being filamen- 
 tous. Scales on body and head ctenoid. Silvery gray, darker above ; 
 three dark brown longitudinal stripes along sides, the lower broadest, 
 extending from eye to middle of caudal, the middle one running to upper 
 edge of tail, the upper to soft dorsal; below these stripes are some 
 times feebler ones, besides brownish lines following the rows of scales ; 
 tins plain, more or less punctulate; markings probably less distinct in 
 the adult. Head 3; d >pth 3. D. X-I, 27; A. H, 8; scales 11-56-10. 
 Sail Diego, California. {Steindachner.) 
 
 {Corrina (Johniun) jacobi Stcind. lehth. Beitriige, vlii, 3, 1879. 
 
 §9§. S. occllata (L.) Gihr.—Chaniel Bmn; lied Horse; lied Bani. 
 
 Grayish silvery, iridiescent ; scales with dark spots forming faint ir- 
 regular undulating stiipes; upper i)art of base of caudal with an oval 
 black spot as large as the eye, bordered by white or orange, this spot 
 often duplicated. Body rather elongate, not much elevated, compressed 
 behind, an almost even curve from snout to base of dorsal ; preopercle 
 distinctly serrate; eye large, 1.^ in snout, 5^ in head; gill-rakers short 
 aiul thick ; mouth large, maxillary nearly reaching the ])osterior mar- 
 gin of the orbit. Caudal truncate ; second anal spine rather strong, two- 
 thirds as long as first ray; pectoral fins very short, not reaching half 
 way to anal. Lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical teeth. Head 3^ ; 
 
 t' 
 
 t :.:£i 
 
 • Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1863, 30: type Perca ocullata L. {(SKiaiva, sciosua; 
 w0, appearance.) 
 
i' j*ii 
 
 ' ii 
 
 !•■ ,i<l 
 
 572 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 depth 3 J. D. X-I, 25; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 50. Cape Cod to Mexico; 
 
 commoii southward; kuowu at sight by the peculiar caudal spot. 
 
 {Perca ocellata L. Syst. Nat.: Corvina ocellata Cuv. & Yal. v, 134: Corvina oceUata 
 Holbrook, Ich. 8. C. 1860, 150; GUuther, ii, 289.) 
 
 did. Outer teeth in upper jaw scarcely larger than others ; lower pharyngeals enlarged, 
 their teeth paved. (Boncador* J. & G.) 
 
 §90. S. Stearnsi rSteindachner) Jor. & Gilb. — lioncador. 
 
 Grayish silvery, with bluish lustre, some streaks of dark points along 
 
 the rows of scales ; breast and belly with two dusky lengthwise streaks; 
 
 a very conspicuous, large, jet black spot at base of pectoral, including 
 
 the axil and the base of the fin ; fins grayish, with dusky shades; inside 
 
 of mouth, branchiostegals, and peritoneum mostly black. Body oblong, 
 
 heavy forward, the shoulders elevated and the profile steep; month 
 
 rather large, maxillary reaching beyond middle of eye. Teeth in both 
 
 jaws in a broad viHiform band, the outer row scarcely enlarged; no 
 
 canines ; preopercle strongly dentate ; gill-rakers slender, rather short ; 
 
 lower pharyngeals broad, the teeth mostly paved ; eye large. Spinous 
 
 dorsal not much elevated ; second anal spine shortish, about h.alf the 
 
 height of the soft rays, very stout; i)ectoral elongate, reaching mnch 
 
 past the tips of the long ventrals; caudal fin lunate, the upper lobe 
 
 the longer. Head 3§ ; depth 3. D. X-I, 24 ; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 60. L. 30 
 
 inches. Coast of California, north to Point Concepciou ; a large and 
 
 valued food-fish, singularly distinguished by its black pectoral spot. 
 
 (Corvina atearnsi Steindachuer, Ichthyol. Beitriige, iii, 1875,22: Boncador steanm 
 Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 28.) 
 
 cc. Preopercle with an entire, membranaceous border. 
 d. Dorsal with less than 30 soft rays. (Sei(Bna\.) 
 
 900. 8. saturna (Grd.) J. & G.—Rcd Boncador. 
 
 Blackish, with coppery lustre; each scale with a cluster of dark 
 points; a dark opercular patch; fins rather dark; belly silvery, but 
 dusted with dark specks. Body oblong, with the antedorsal region 
 convex and the profile nearly straight. Maxillaries not reaching to 
 posterior border of eye. Teeth in lower jaw in a broad villiforra band; 
 upper jaw with a similar band, in front of which is a single row of large 
 teeth; lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical ieeth. Gill-rakers short 
 
 'Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 28: type Corvina stearnsi Steindacli- 
 ner. (Spanish roneador, grunter.) This is perhaps a valid genus, distinguished from 
 Sciaina by its large, paved pharyngeals, resembling those of Pogonias, but not united. 
 
 t = CormHa' Cuvier, R^gne Anim. ed. 2, ii, 173, 1829: typo Sciama nigra BIo(>li= 
 Sciwna umbra L. None of the species of the group called Sdmia by Cuvier were knowu 
 to Liuuteus. 
 
91. SCI^NID^ — LIOSTOMUS. 
 
 573 
 
 inside 
 
 stcarnsi 
 
 region 
 
 ing to 
 
 band ; 
 
 )f large 
 
 '8 short 
 
 eindacb- 
 led from 
 Itiuiited. 
 Blo(h= 
 known 
 
 and thick. Scales on bead ctenoid. Second anal spine very stout, 
 nearly as high as the soft rays; caudal tin slightly luuate. Head 3^; 
 depth 2§. D. X-I, 23; A. 11, 7; Lat. 1. 55. Pacific coast, north to 
 Point Concepcion. 
 
 (Amhlodon aaturnua Grd, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 93: Rhinoscion satumus Gill, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1B61, 85: Corvina Haturna Giinthor, ii, 298.) 
 
 id. Dorsal witli more than 30 soft rays. {Pareqitea* Gill.) 
 901. S. acuminata (Bloch & Schneider) J. & G. 
 
 Everywhere blackish, with traces of about 10 narrow horizontal 
 streaks along the sides; spinous dorsal quite black. [Young specimens 
 yellowish, with 7 or 8 straight longitudinal dark bands about as wide as 
 the interspaces ; dorsal fin similarly banded.J Form of 8. Haturna, the 
 back somewhat elevated, the profile steep and nearly straight from the 
 tip of the conical ajd rather pointed snout to the base of the dorsal. 
 Mouth not large, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the 
 eye. Lower jaw included; both jaws with broad bands of villiform 
 teeth, the anterior series in the upper jaw considerably enlarged. Scales 
 on the head scarcely ctenoid above, cycloid on the clteeks. Gill-rakers 
 short, rather stout. Pectorals very short, not reaching half way to the 
 tips of the ventrals, and but half way to the anal ; as long as from the 
 snout to the edge of the preopercle; anal fin small, its tip not reaching 
 to the last ray of the second dorsal, its spine robust, nearly as high as 
 tbe fin, half the length of the head ; first dorsal small, with slender 
 spines; second dorsal very long, its tip nearly reaching caudal. Eye 
 rather large. Head ^•, depth 3. D. IX, I, 30; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 53. 
 West Indies to Florida. Here described from a specimen lately taken 
 by Mr. Silas Stearns at Pensacola, Fla. 
 
 ' {G^ramrtmte-a acuminatus Bloch & Schn. 1801, 184: Eques acuminatus GUnther, ii, 280: 
 PareqM aouminatua Gill, 1. c.) 
 
 S97.-LIOSTO]?EUS LacdpMe. 
 
 . Spots. 
 
 [Lmfomus Lac^pi^dc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 439, 1802: type Lioatomua xanthurua Lac.) 
 
 Body oblong, ovate, the back compressed. Head obtuse. Mouth 
 small, horizontal, the upper jaw with a band of feeble teeth, the lower 
 nearly or quite toothless; lower pharyngeals separate, the teeth paved. 
 Preopercle with a membranaceous border. Dorsal spines 10, slender, 
 rather high, the last connected with the soft rays ; anal spines 2, the 
 
 "Gill, in Goode, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1870, v, 50: type Orammiatea acuminatua Bloch 
 & Schneider, {aapa, neat i Equea.) 
 
 h f 
 
 f 
 
 vr;to:Jl 
 
 '.A 
 
 I'- s H 
 
 «v/ 
 
 i ■ 
 
i^E 
 
 ■■^i.-'iF .7-; 
 
 
 V 1 
 
 . * J- ■ 
 
 ! • j r 
 
 » : 
 
 ir; 
 
 
 I 
 
 is 
 
 
 574 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 second not large; caudal fin emarginate. Gill-membranes slightly con. 
 nected; gill-rakers slender. (AsTr*?, smooth; <rrw/xa, mouth — the mouth 
 having been originally described as toothless.) 
 
 903« If xanthiirus Lac. — Spot; Goody; Oldwifc; La Fayette. 
 
 Bluish above, grayish silvery below; sides with about 15 dark bands 
 
 extending from the dorsal obliquely forward to below the lateral line* 
 
 a distinct round dark humeral spot ; fins plain olivaceous ; caudal not 
 
 yellow. Profile steep ; snout blunt and gibbous ; iuterorbital region 
 
 narrow. Fins small, the spines weak; second anal spine about half 
 
 as long as the longest soft ray; upper lobe of caudal longest. Head 
 
 3^ ; depth 3. D. X, I, 32 ; A. II, 12 ; Lat. 1. 60. L. 12 inches. Capa 
 
 Cod to Florida ; a valuable food-fish southward. 
 
 (Lac<5p6(le, iv, 439; Gill, Pr'oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plilla. 1863, 32: Homoprion xanthurua 
 Holbrook, Icli. 8. C. 1860, 164: Scicena xanthurus GUnther, ii, 288: Mugil obliquus 
 Mitchill, Trans. Lit. aud Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 405: Lioatomus ohliquua Holbrook, Ich. 
 S. C. 1860, 160: Soiama obliqua GUnther, ii, 288: Leiostomus humeralia and xanthurus 
 C. &, V. 141, 142. The alleged 8i)ecie8 '^obliquua" and "xanthurita" differ in color 
 '^xantliwrua" being plain golden, without spots or bars; tail yellow; probably based 
 ou faded lunseum specimens. ) . 
 
 99§.-OENYONi:]?IIJS Gill. -'^^^ 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 87: type Lioitomua lineatua Ayres.) 
 
 Body elongate, moderately compressed, the back little elevated. 
 Head oblong, the snout abruptly decurved. Eyes moderate, anterior. 
 Preopercle with a crenulated membranaceous edge. Mouth rather 
 large, subterminal, somewhat oblique. Lower jaw with several very 
 small barbels and with a few large pores. Teeth equal, in villiform 
 bands, the anterior series scarcely enlarged. First dorsal with about 
 13 spines; anal with 2 spines, the second short and feeble; caudal 
 emarginate. Pharyngeal bones and teeth as in Micropogon. Air-bladder 
 simple. Gill-rakers slender, rather long. Size small, (^evo?, lower 
 jaw; vrj/JLUf barbel.) 
 
 903. G. lineaCus (Ayre.'^) Gill. — Little Roncador. jk^' '''"''•: 
 
 Silvery with brassy lustre and black punctulatlons, these forming 
 faint oblique dark lines along the rows of scales ; fins yellowish ; axil 
 black. Head conic, rather blunt; maxillary reaching silghtly beyond 
 middle of pupil. Barbels 5-8, minute, on the inner edge of each dentary 
 bone. Anal spines very small, the second not half the height of the 
 soft rays; pectorals and ventrals moderate, not reaching vent; caudal 
 concave. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. XIII, I, 22; A. II, 11; Lat. I. 55. 
 
91. SCIiENID^ — UMBBINA. 
 
 575 
 
 Ij. 10 inches. Pyloric cceca 8 ; air-bladder simple. Coast of Califor- 
 nia; very common. 
 
 iLiostomus lineatm Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 25, l'^55; Girard, U. 8. Pac. 
 B. B. Surv. Fish. 91): Svicena hneata GUuther, ii, 288.) 
 
 999.— miCROPOGON Cuvier & Valoncienncs. 
 
 Croaliers. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. nist. Nat. Poiss. v, 213, 1830: type Micropogon Hneatua C. «fe V. = Perca 
 undiilata L.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed, somewhat elevated. Pre- 
 opercle strongly dentate. Teeth in villifonn bands, the outer row in the 
 upper jaw enlarged ; lower jaw with a row of minute barbels on each 
 side. Second anal spine moderate. Caudal fin double truncate. Lower 
 pharyngeals narrow, distinct, with conical teeth. Gill-rakers moderate, 
 rather slender. Air-bladder with long horns, (mw/x)?, small ; ntoywv^ 
 beard.) 
 
 901. M. uadulatas (L.) C. & Y.— Croaker. 
 
 Color grayish-silvery, with bright reflections ; sides and back with 
 narrow, irregular, undulating lines of dots; dorsal flns with three lines 
 of dots along base. Body ratJier elongate, slightly elevated, the back 
 somewhat compressed. Head long, the snout prominent, not strongly 
 convex. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching 
 to I'ront of eye. Eye 2 in snout. Preopercle strongly serrate ; the 
 spines near angle diverging. Dorsals nearly separate, the first high; 
 pectorals moderate, nearly reaching tips of ventrals ; ventral filament- 
 ous ; anal inserted nearly under middle of second dorsal ; the second 
 spine rather weak, shorter than snout, one-third length of head. D. X, 
 1, 27 ; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. GO; coeca 8. Head 3 J ; depth 3^ ; eye 5 in head, 
 rather less than interorbital width. L. 12 inches. New Ytirk to West. 
 Indies; common southward. 
 
 {Perca nndulata L. Syst. Nat. ; Cuv. «fc Val. v, 219 ; Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 146; 
 Gunther, ii, 271 : Micropogon Uneatua Cuv. & Val. v, 215.) 
 
 800.— VmBRINA Cuvier. 
 
 (Cuvier, Rtigne Anim. ed. 1, 297, 1817: type Sciwna cirrhoaa L.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate; back somewhat arched. Head oblong, 
 with the snout thick and protuberant. Mouth almost horizontal, of 
 moderate size. Preoperculum with its bony margin finely serrate. 
 Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel. Teeth in villiform bands, 
 the outermost in the upper jaw somewhat enlarged. Anterior dorsal 
 
 
 I 5 If ' > 
 
 
 ■■■\F 
 
 • i'- 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 *>. '■ 
 
 r 
 
 ■\1S 
 
 t It*.* 
 
 
 r 
 '■'i\ 
 
 
 
 'K^ 
 
 
 
 i4 
 
II 
 
 57G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 i; 
 
 jli 
 
 with about 10 spines; anal fin with 2 spines, the second not very small. 
 Caudal lunate cr truncate. Gill-rakers normal, but short. Air-bladder 
 present. In most warm seas. (Latin, wiMftra, shade; the nume wwftra 
 was used for the typical species by early writers.) 
 
 a. S'des without vertical bars. 
 
 90il« U* roncador Jor. &. Gilb. — Tellow-Jlnned Roncador. 
 
 Bright silvery, bluish above, with brassy reflections ; sides with nar- 
 roT, distinct, undulating streaks of deep olive, running from the head 
 and pectoral region upward and backward, with some abrupt curvatures 
 to the base of the dorsal fin, sometimes alternating with line's of spots* 
 no vertical bars; cheeks pure white; flns mostly yellow; peritoneum 
 black. Body elliptical-elongate, the back somewhat elevated, the curve 
 from snout to dorsal regular. Head conical, bluntish. Mouth horizon- 
 tal, the maxillary extending to beyond front of pupil ; eye moderate, 1 J 
 in snout, 5J in head, 1^ in interorbital width. Caudal lunato, the upper 
 lobe the longer. Second anal spine strong, 2J in head, a little shorter 
 than third dorsal spine. Pectoral short and small, not reaching tips of 
 ventrals, and not half way to vent; its length IJ in head. Head 3|; 
 depth 3J. D. X-1, 27 ; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. 58. L. 15 inches. Point Concep. 
 cion to Panama abundant ; ono of the handsomest of the Scisenoids. 
 
 (Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu. S81: Vmbrina undulata Steintlachner, Ichlhyol. 
 Beitriige, iii, 21, 1675; not of Girard.) ' . , 
 
 aa. Sides with vertical bara. ' . ^ 
 
 900. IJ. brotissoneti Cuv. & Vol. 
 
 Body with about 9 dark cross-bands, besides undulating streaks 
 along the rows of scales ; spinous dorsal blackish. Body rather stout, 
 the back somewhat elevated; maxillary extending to pupil; preopercle 
 finely denticulate on its bony edge ; barbel short ; pectoral fins short 
 and small, not reaching to tips of ventrals nor half way to veot; 
 caudal truncate; second anal spine thick, f the length of the head. 
 Eye 3§ in head. Head 3^ ; depth 3! D. X-1, 28 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-48- 
 10. West Indies, north to East Florida. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. V, 187 ; Gilnther ii, 277 ; Jordau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 17 : Urn- 
 brina coroidea Cuv. & Val. v, 187.) 
 
 803.— IQEKTICIRRVS GiU. 
 
 King-Jish. , ~ 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1961, 86: type Perca albumua L.) 
 
 Body comparatively elongate, little compressed ; head long, subcoDic, 
 the bluntish snout considerably projecting beyond the mouth ; moutti 
 
91. SCIiENID^ — MENTICIRRU8. 
 
 577 
 
 giaiill. horizontal, both jaws with bands of villiform teeth, the outer 
 teeth in the upper jaw more or less enlarged ; chin with a ^ngle stoiit- 
 ish barbel; preopercle with its membranaceous edge serrulate; gill- 
 rakers short, tubercular; dorsal spines high, slender; second dorsal 
 long and low; caudal fin with the lower angle rounded, the upper 
 shan^; anal fin with a single weak spine; no air-bladder. Lower pha- 
 ryngeals separate, small, with sharp teeth. Species nutnerous in Amer- 
 ican waters. (Latin, mentum, chin; cirrttSj barbel.) 
 a, OutiT row of teeth in upper jaw not greatly enlarged. 
 
 907. I?I. ncbulOSUS (Mitchill) Gill. — Whilinr] ; Kuxj-fiiih ; Barb. 
 
 Bright grayish silvery, with irregular dark bars, those in front run- 
 ning obliquely backward and downward, those behind obliquely forward 
 and downward ; fins all dusky. Body elongate, terete, but little com- 
 pressed; snout very blunt; profile evenly curved; eyes very small, 
 about 2 in snout ; outer teeth not much enlarged ; pectoral fins short 
 and broad, scarcely reaching tips of ventrals, Ij^ in head ; ventrals IJ in 
 head; dorsal fins scarcely connected; spinous dorsal high, its height 
 threefonrths length of head; anal spine very weak, less than half the 
 height of fin. Head 3f in length ; depth 4^. D. X-T, 20 ; A. I, 8 ; Lat. 
 1. about 08. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras ; common northward ; an im- 
 portant food-fish. 
 
 {Scimia mhulosa Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y. i, 403, 1815: Umhrina neb- 
 ulom Giiuther, ii, 275.) 
 
 90§. M. litloralis (Holbroolc) Gill.— 5jir/ Whiting. 
 
 This si)ecies is said to be distinguished from M. alhurmis by the plain 
 silvery color and the absence or reduction of the outer series of larger 
 teeth. Form entirely similar to that of M. alburn us. B. X-I, 27 ; A. T, 0. 
 Coast of South Carolina. (Holbroolc.) 
 
 ( Uvibrina littoralia Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1H60, 144 : Umhrina littoralin GUnther, ii, 276. ) 
 aa. Outer row of teeth in upper jaw much enlarged. 
 
 ^09. in. alburnus (Linn.) GiU.— Whiting. 
 
 Silvery, faintly clouded along the back and sides, these marks form- 
 ing dusky bars, running obliquelj'^ forward and downward to below 
 the lateral line, sometimes obsolete. Body elongate, rather slenderer 
 thau in nebulosus; back slightly arched; belly nearly straight. Snout 
 broad, depressed, and bluntish, i)rotruding beyond the mouth. Outer 
 teeth of upper jaw very strong. Maxillary reaching to below middle of 
 the small eye. Third dorsal spine highest, less than half the length of 
 the soft dorsal, and two-thirds the length of head ; pectorals broad, 
 BiUl. Nat. Mus. No. 16 37 
 
 •V 
 
 Jt ;•• • .'1 
 
 n : M 
 
 > . \ »;' > 
 
 / f<l 
 
 ! > :^ 
 
 ■rt 
 
lil ■ , 
 
 578 CONTRIDUTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 rather long, their tips reaching beyond ventrals, their length 1^ in liead- 
 
 ventrals 2 in head. Ilead 3^ in length; depth about 4. D. X-I, jr*; a. 
 
 I, 7 ; Lat. 1. 05. South Atlantic coast of United States. 
 
 ( Perca alburnus Linn. Syst. Nat. : Umbrina alburnuit Oilntber, ii, 275: Umhrina alhnr- 
 nun Ht>lb. Icb. S. C ItiuO, 137 : Urnhnna phalwna Giruid, Mux. Uouud. 8urv. Ivbth 
 le)&9, 13.) 
 
 OlO. in. lintllllatus (Grd.) Gill.— fia^ara; ".9ttoi«r". 
 
 Sooty grayish, with bright reflections, the back, all the flna, and under 
 side ofthehead dusky with dark points; undulating lines along sides rnn- 
 ning upward and backward ; . back often with very faint dark cross-bars. 
 Body elongate, the back not elevated. Uead bluntisb. Eye small, 2i 
 in Ruont, 7 in head, the maxillary scarcely extending to its front. Ante- 
 rior teeth of ui)per jaw strong. First dorsal high, its longest spine 
 reaching past front of second dorsal; anal small, nearly under tlie 
 middle of second dorsal, 1 J in head ; pectoral fins reaching i>ast tips 
 of ventrals nearly to vent, their length 1^ in head^ Head 4 ; depth 4. 
 D. X-I, 20; A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 00. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast, from Pan- 
 ama north to Point Goucepcion; abundant. 
 
 ( Umhrina undnlata Gimril, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 148, and iu U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fisli. 101 (the type, a very young specimen, examined by us): Umbrina 
 «7oH(/a<rt Giinther, Proc. Zoul. Soc. London, 18G4, 148.) 
 
 f > 
 
 iil V. ! i 
 
 303 liARIIflUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. ' ' 
 
 '(Cnvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 145, 1830: type Larimns breviceps C. & V,) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed ; snout very short and blunt ; mouth very 
 
 oblique, large, the lower jaw projecting ; teeth small, in villiforni bands; 
 
 no barbels ; preopercle finely serrated ; i)seudobranchiaB present ; air- 
 
 4 
 
 bladder simple; vertebra) as usual; lov^er pharyngeals distinct, with 
 pointed teeUi; dorsal fins connected, the first moderate, the second long; 
 Mial fin very small, plac^ well back, provided with 2 spines ; caudal 
 tin conv-ex. (An ancient UMXte of some fish, from kapu;, pleasant, dainty.) 
 
 911. Li. fasciaias Hoibrook. 
 
 Silvery gray, clouded above; sides marked with about 7 nearly ver 
 tical dusky ban^Jauining from the back to below the lateral line. Body 
 otolon^g, compneaigJ, Tentral outline nearly straight, dorsal outline consid- 
 erably arched } moat very short, much less than the diameter of the 
 large eye ; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary nearly reaching iws- 
 t^rjor margin of orbit; tip of mandible on level of lower part of pupil; 
 
 Ilijfv.-'S.., 
 
 i it ~ V 
 
91. SCI^NID^ — OYNOSCION. 
 
 579 
 
 fiecond anal spine small; iKMitonil fin short and caudal ^nbtruncate. 
 Head 3 J ; depth abont 3. 1). X-1, 24 ; A. II, 0; Lat. 1. ab<»ut 02. {Hul- 
 Jfrook.) South Atlantic coast and southward ;. rare. 
 (Ilolbrook, Ich. 8. C. 1860, 154; GUnther, ii, 269.) 
 
 803.— ATBACTOSCIOIV Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Pron. Acad. Nat. Scl. Pbila. 18;52, 18: type OtoUthm cBqnidenir Cnv. &, Val.) 
 
 This genus diflfers from Cynoseion otily in the dentition, the bands of 
 teeth being somewhat broader and some of the teeth near the middle of 
 the ni>i>er jaw enlarged, but not forming canines. The species are 
 among the largest of the Scimnidce, and as food-fishes they are among 
 the best. (ar/>axT«-:, a spindle ; irxtov, Scitena.) 
 
 919. A. noblle (Ayres) Gill. — White Sea Bass; Sea Trout; Corvina. 
 
 Dull silvery, bluish above; everywhere punctulate; young with obscure, 
 dusky cross-bars; axil and fins dusky. Body elongate-elliptical, not 
 uiucli compressed; head slender, conical, the snout rather pointed; mouth 
 terminal, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; maxillary reaching to be- 
 yond pupil; premaxillarj' in front on the level of the orbit; teeth in 
 lower jaw enlarged and in a single row laterally, anteriorly smaller, in 
 abroad patch, the inner series in both jaws reflexed and movable ; upper 
 jaw with about two series on sides forming a broad cardiform patch in 
 front; a few of the teeth near the middle of the jaw enlarged but not 
 canine like ; gill-rakers moderate, very strong ; scales very thin, weakly 
 ctenoid ; anal spines 2, weak, the first sometimes obsolete ; fins low, 
 pectoral not reaching half way to vent ; caudal lunate, the upper lobe 
 generally longest. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. X-I, 21 ; A. II, 9 ; Lat. 1. 
 88 (tubes); more than 100 series of scales. Pacific coast north to JSau 
 Francisco; one of the largest and most valuable of our Scitenoid fishes, 
 reaching a weight of 60 to 70 pounds. The flesh is firm and rich. 
 
 (Jolmius nobilia Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci, 1860, 78 ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 Pliila. 1862, 18: OtoKthua californenaia Steinduchner, Ichth. Beitriige, iii, 31, 187.5, the 
 young or " Sea Trout.") 
 
 304r— CTNOSCIOIV Gill. 
 
 Weahjishea. 
 
 (Ceatrem Gronow ; notof C. &V.) 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 49 : type Johnim regalia, Bloch.) 
 
 Body elongate, little coinpressed; the back not elevated. Head 
 corneal, rather pointetl. Mouth larger than in our other Scisenoids; the 
 lower jaw projecting. Maxillary very broad. Teeth sharp, not closely 
 
 ■m^. 
 
 
 
 • ?' ,♦','"■ 
 •" >)-% 
 
 
 
 
 '^.M 
 
 
 I 
 
 
III. 
 
 h 
 
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 I ■ 
 
 Hi' 
 
 1:\ '■ 
 
 680 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 set, ill rather narrow bands; the lower jaw without canines; upper 
 jaw with two long canines, one of which is sometimes obsolete; lateral 
 teeth of lower jaw larger than anterior. Preopercle with its mem- 
 branaceous edge serrulate, the bone entire. Lower pharyngeal bones 
 sei)arate, their teeth all pointed. Gill-rakers strong, rather long. Yer. 
 tebrae about 14+10 (instead of 10+14 as in ScUcnoids generally). 
 Pseudobranchis^ well developed. Dorsal spines slender ; anal spines 1 
 or 2, very feeble; second dorsal long and low; caudal tin subtruncateor 
 lunate. Large lishes chiefly of the waters of America, closely related to 
 the Old World genus Otolitlms, from which they are distinguished by tlie 
 absence of canines in the lower jaw. All of them rank high as food- 
 fishes ; the flesh is rich, but tender and easily torn ; hence the popular 
 name of Weak fishes, {xutov, dog; axwvy Sciaena; the modern Greek 
 name of Umbrina cirrhosa.) 
 
 a. Anal spines 2. 
 
 9t3. C. purvipiBine Ayres. — Blue-fish; Corvina. 
 
 Clear steel-blue above, without stripes or spots, silvery below; a 
 
 narrow dusky shade along the sides below the lateral line ; axil dusky; 
 
 lower fins yellowish with dusky shading ; upper fins dark ; the second 
 
 dorsi ! ua'ic-edged. Body elongate, compressed, little elevated. Head 
 
 conic, rather pointed. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to beyond 
 
 the pupil. Eye large, a little shorter than snout, 6 in head. Teeth 
 
 moderate, in a rather bioad band; canines very long and strong, usually 
 
 but one preseiit. Fins rather low ; caudal lunate ; pectoral short, not 
 
 reaching to the tips of the ventrals. Gill-rakers strong, rather lorg. 
 
 Head 3^; depth 4J. D. IX-I, 23; A. II, 10; the first anal spine ex 
 
 tremely small. Lat 1. with 75 tubes; the number of scales about %. 
 
 L. 30 inches. Pyloric cceca 3. Air-bladder long, with two appendages. 
 
 Coast of California and Mexico, chiefly south of Santa Barbara. Au 
 
 excellent food fish. 
 
 (Ayivs, Froc. Cal. Acail. Nat. Sci. 1861, 150: Otolithua magdalenw, Stoindaclinor, Icblli, 
 Beitriigo, iii, 1875.) 
 
 ca. Annl spino single. 
 
 «!. ISack tinifoi'ju silvery white, without dark spots or blotches. 
 
 914. C. nofhuin Un\h.--WHte Trout; Sea Trout 
 
 Uniform bright silvery, bluish above. Body elongate, little coniiuess- 
 ed. Back more arched than in the other species. Mouth moderate, 
 oblique; lower jaw longest; maxillary reaching opposite middle of eye. 
 Jlye large, about ca ioug aa snout. Head 3^} depth 3^. D. X~1, 28 (X- 
 
 # 
 
■ •■■■"*1^ 
 
 91. SCIiENID^. — CYNOSCION. 
 
 581 
 
 ■f-svS 
 
 I, 25, Giinlher) ; A. I, 10 ; Lat. 1. about 68. {Eolbrooh) Coast of South 
 Ciuolina and southward. 
 
 (OloUthua nothm Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1830. 134: OioHthm volhiis Glinther, ii, IIOS.) 
 cc. Hack irregularly speckled and blotched, the spcits forming undulating streaks. 
 
 915. C. rejfale (Block & Schneider) Gill. — Weak-fish; Squetcafjue; Gray Trout. 
 
 Silverj', darkiT above and marked witli many small, irregular dark 
 blotches, some of which form undulating linea running downward and 
 iorward; back and head with bright reflections; dorsal aiul caudal 
 fills dusky; ventrals^ anal, and lower edge of caudal yellowish, some- 
 times speckled. Maxillary reaching to beyond pupil ; teeth sharp, in nar- 
 row I mds. Pectorals short, scarcely rea(!hing tips of ventrals, a little 
 more than half length of head ; longest dorsal spine as long as maxillary, 
 not half length of head. Head 3J in length ; depth 4J. Eye about 1^ 
 in snout. D. X-I, 20; A. I 13; Lat. 1. 78. Cape Cod to South Amer- 
 ica; very abundant, and highly valued as a food -fish. 
 
 (.lohniusreqaUd Bl. & Schn. 1801, 75: OMithua regalia Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 129: 
 OtoUfhiia regalia GUnther, ii, 307.) 
 
 9 '6. C. thala^sinnin (Holb.) Gill. 
 
 Silvery, darker above, and marked with many interrupted narrow 
 (lark lines, directed from back obliquely forwards; belly yellow, the 
 color running up on the sides. Body longer and less elevated than in 
 the preceding, and with a sharper snout. Head 3^ in length ; depth 
 about 4^. D. X-T, 26 ; A. I, 9. South Atlantic coast of United States. 
 A doubtful species, distinguished from C. regale by the fewer lin rays. 
 
 {OtoUthua thalaaainuH Holbrook, Ich. S. C. I860, 133; not Otoliihua tlialaaainua Glin- 
 ther, ii, 308.) 
 hhh. Back and upper fins with many conspicuous round black spots. 
 
 91?. C. mnirulatuin (Mitchill) GiW.—Spoikd Sea Trout. 
 
 . Bright silvery, darker above; back posteriorly with numerous round 
 black spots as largo as the pupil ; both dorsal ami caudal flns marked 
 with similar, somewhat smaller spots, much as in a trout ; anal dusky. 
 Maxillary reaching to posterior edge of eye ; canines moderate. Long- 
 est dorsal spine not (piite half the length of the head ; pectorals short, 
 not reaching tips of ventrals, not half length of head ; (!audal lunate. 
 Head 3J ; depth 5. Eye largo, about 6 in head. D. X-I, 25; A. 1, 10; 
 Lat. 1. about 90. Virginia to Mexico; very abundant southward. 
 
 (LtthruH aqueteay tie \ar. jna«<?«<«8 Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. ', 390, 181.'): Oio- 
 Uthm rcroUnenata Cxiv. & Val. ix,47.'): OtoUthua varoUnenai» Holl)rook, Ich. S. C. 18G0, 
 "I'i: Otoliihua carolincnaia ClhithGi', ii, 30(5: OloUthua drummondi Ghiivil, U S. Mex. 
 Bound Surv. Icbth. 1859, 13; not of Richardson f .) 
 
 ■^■*licy!»/^ 
 
I' ■ ' 
 I* * 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 582 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 J- "'v'- '-■^' ' '■;''• ' ' ■ • . ■ - •,.i^.;.V;:v■^■K ::f*',y:?^ ■• . 
 
 305.— SERIPHUSAyres. /......„,.,...., , 
 
 • _' / Queen-fishes. V,* - 
 
 (AjTes, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. pt. ii, 80, ISfil : typo Seriphua poliUis Aytea.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, deciduous, ctenoid 
 scjiies. Head deep, compressed, cariuated bebiuJ, depressed above the 
 eye. Snout bluntish, lower jaw projecting. Mouth large, oblique. TectU 
 small, shari), separated, in narrov? bands. Gill-rakers long. Pseiido- 
 brancbiai x^resent. Preopercle with its membranaceous edge denticulated. 
 Fins fragile, the soft parts scaly; dorsal fins well apart, the second un- 
 usually small, scarcely larger than the anal, which is unusually lar;^e • 
 anal spines ' jeble ; caudal flu lunate. Vertebrae 14 + 10, as in Otolith- 
 ince. Size small, {^iri/n^o^, a small winged insect; also a kind of worm- 
 wood; the allusion not evident.) 
 
 91§. S. |»olltMS Ayres.— (?Mee}i-/«ft; Eing-fish. 
 
 Bluish above, sides and below bright silvery, finely punctate ; ver- 
 ti' d fins all pale yellow; base of pec^torals blackish. Body oblong, coni- 
 l>ressed. Depth of head % its length. Mouth very large, oblique, tlie 
 tip of the mandible on the level of the pupil, the broad maxillary reacli- 
 iug to the posterior margin of the pupil. Teeth small, shar]>, separated, 
 in about two series in front and one behii;d. Gill rakers § dijuneter of 
 eye. Scales ctenoid, very deciduous. Si)iues very slender. Soft i)aits 
 of vertical fins largely covered Avith small deciduous scales. Dorsals 
 Avell separated, the second inserted in advance of the anal, which ex 
 tends much further back; caudal concave; pectorals snu^ll, barely 
 reaching tips of the small ventrals. Flesh very tender. Ileatl '.\\\ 
 depth 32. D. VIII-I, 20 ; A. II, 21 ; Lat. 1. about 00. L. 12-14 inches. 
 Coast of California ; very abundant southward ; north to San Francisco, 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 80, 1831 ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 
 277.) 
 
 Family XCIL— GERRID.E. 
 
 [The Qerroids.) 
 
 Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with sparoid scales; 
 lateral line continuous ; mouth moderate, extremely protractile, descend 
 ing wnen protruded, the spines of the premaxillary extending to above 
 the eye, closing a deep groove in the top of the head ; maxillary with- 
 out supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow preor'.iital; 
 its surface silvery, like the rest of the head ; base of mandible scaly, 
 
92. GERRID^ — GERRES. 
 
 583 
 
 a slit between it and the preorbital to permit Its free motion ; both jaws 
 w ith slender, villiform teeth ; no incisors, canines, nor molars ; no teeth 
 on vomer or palatines ; preopercle entire or serrate ; sides of head 
 scaly; nostrils double, round; pseudobranchiae concealed; gill lakers 
 sborr, broad; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; dorsal 
 flu siiij^le, continuous or deeply notched, the spinous and soft portions 
 about e(iually desveloped, with a scaly sheath along the base, as in Em- 
 hiotocidce; dorsal spines usually 9 or 10 ; anal usually with 3 spines ; the 
 soft portion of the fin similar to the soft dorsal, but shorter ; ventral 
 tins thoracic, I, 5 ; branchiostegals G; lower pharyngeal bouos firmly 
 united, with a suture; air-bladder i)resent; pyloric cceca rudimentaiy; 
 vertebnc 10-14. Oviparous. Species about 30, inhabiting the tropical 
 seas. They differ considerably in form, and in development of spines, 
 but probably all may be referred to a single genus. 
 (Gcnidw Giiuther, iv, 252-264.) 
 
 aoe.-OEKRES Cnvicr. 
 
 (Cnvier, Ri'gne Auim. od. 2, ii, 1829; type Gerrcs plumicri Cuv. & Val.) 
 
 Character of the genus included above. (An ancient Latin name of 
 some similar fish.) 
 a. Preoporcle serrate; secoiul spines of dorsal and anal much enlarged. (Gcrrea.) 
 
 919. G. pliinlicri Cuv. & Val. 
 
 Brilliant silvery, a blackish stripe along each row of scales, making 
 about 12 streaks, the upper concurrent with the back and thus strongly 
 curved ; flns, except the pectorals, dusky. Body compressed, the back 
 much elevated, tha profile steeply descending and somewhat concave, the 
 suout rather pointed ; lips full, mouth quite small, the maxillary reaching 
 front of the pupil of the large eye, which is longer than snout, 3^ in 
 liead; three rows of scales on cheek; sca'es large, smooth, adherent; 
 longest dorsal spine nearly as long us head, long«T than longest anal 
 spine ; pectorals narrow, pointed, reaching past tips of ventirJs to anal ; 
 caudal forked; ventral v/ith a large accessory scale. Lat. 1. conspicuous, 
 its scales 38. Head 3^ in length ; depth 2. D. IX, 12 ; A. HI, 9, the last 
 rays not much higher than the scaly sheath. West Indies, north to 
 Eastern Florida. 
 
 (Ciiv. & Vul. vi, 452; Gtlnther, iv, 253.) 
 
 aa. Pr('oprrcli> entire; second spines of dorniitanu anal little onlurged. {rHapkrua* 
 Kanzuni.) 
 
 ir • 
 
 *Dia])lertt8 Ranzanl, N. Comiu. Ac. 8c. Bol. 1841 : ~ Eucinoatomua B. & G. 
 poi, liiiving the lia dlvidet- , ) 
 
 (StaTtrs- 
 
•If I 
 
 m 
 
 ' I 
 
 !. ;i 
 
 i \ 
 
 i 
 
 584 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 920> G. argfcnicus (Baird & Girartl) Giiullior. a 5 ve " .?■ 
 
 Silvery, without spots or streaks on body or J3us; young sometimes 
 barred. Mouth very small, maxillary reaching slightly beyond vortical 
 from fiout of eye ; scales large ; spinous part of dorsal as long as soft • 
 second dorsal spine scarcely half the length of headj soft dorsal 
 extending a little further back than anal. Eye 3 in head Head 31 • 
 depth 3. D. IX, 10 ; A. Ill, 7 or 8. New Jersey to North Caroliua. 
 
 (Eucinoatomua argenteuB Baird «& Girard, Ninth Sniithsonian Report, 1854, 335.) 
 
 931. G. hoinonynius (Goodo & Bean) J. & G. 
 
 Silvery, brownish above, centre of scales with a darker spot ; a black 
 
 spot on spinous dorsal ; young with transverse dark bars. Body oblong, 
 
 compressed, highest Jit front of spinous dorsal ; profile steep, not arched ; 
 
 mouth horizontal, maxillary reaching to below eye ; eye large. Head 31 
 
 in length; depth 2^; eye 3 in head. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 8. L.lat. about 
 
 40. [Baird & Qirard.) Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant 
 
 southward. 
 
 (I)iaj)teru8 homovynnis Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 340, 1879: Eudnostn- 
 VIU8 argentcus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ic.htli. 1859, 17, not of B. & G. : Gems 
 arj/entews Giinther, iv, 256.) 
 
 933. G. hareng:ulus (Goode & Beau) J. & G. 
 
 "The height 01 the body is contained 3 to 3^ times in the total length 
 \vithout caudal, the length of the head 3J to 3J times; the diameter of 
 the eye excels the length of the snout and is contained 3 times in the 
 length of the head and equals the width of the interorbital space; llie 
 groove for the ])roces8e8 of the iutermaxillaries is naked and extends to 
 the vertical through the anterior third of the eye; the free portion of 
 the tail is longer than high ; the least height of tail equals the length of 
 the 0th dorsal spine ; the 3rd dorsal s[)ine is the longest, its length being 
 contained twice in the height of the body and equals the length of tlie 
 head without the postorbital portion ; the last dorsal 8i)ine equals in 
 length the 2d anal, and about equals the length of the snout, and is about 
 f as long as the 3d ; the first dorsal ray is fully 1^ times as long as tlie 
 1 st dorsal spine ; the 2d anal spine is stnmger and shorter than the Srd, 
 its length being contained 3| in the length of the head ; the 3(1 anal 
 spine is contained 3^ times in the length of the head ; the caudal is 
 forked, its length slightly less than the length of the head, and very 
 little greater than the length of the pectoral; the pectoral reaches to 
 the perpendicular through the origin of the soft dorsal. The ventral is 
 half as long as the head ; the vent is under the 2d ray of the soft dor- 
 
93. EMBIOTOCIDiE, 
 
 685 
 
 sal. D.IXjlO; A.irr, 7; P.15; V.I,5; C. + 17+. L. lat. 44 ; L. trans. 
 a . The back has a slight tawny hue, interrupted as it blends with the 
 white of the sides by five or six indistinct scollopy incursions of the 
 body color, giving the upper part of the side of the fish a marbled ap- 
 pearance." {Qoode & Bean.) West coast of Florida. ^ - 
 lEucinostomus harenijulua Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1879, 132, 340.) 
 
 !^ Family XCIIL—EMBIOTOCID^. ; ' 
 
 V :., {The Surf-fishes.) . ,., 
 
 Viviparous Labroids. Body ovate or oblong, comi)res8ed, covered 
 with cycloid scales of moderate size. Cheeks, operculum, and interoi)er- 
 culimi scaly. Lateral line continuous, running high, with(mt abrupt flex- 
 ure; not extending on the caudal flu. Head rather short. Mouth small, 
 terminal. Jaws with conical or compressed teeth of moderate or small 
 size, in one or two series. No teeth on vomer or jialatines; no catiines; 
 lower pharyngeals united, without suture, their teeth conical or paved. 
 Upper jaw freely protractile. Lips full, the lower either forming a free 
 border to the jaw or else attached by a frenum at the symphysis. Max- 
 illary short, without supplemental bone, slipping for most or all of its 
 \w^\\\ under the preorbital. Opercular bones entire. Branchiostegals 
 (or 5). Gill-rakers usually slender; gill-openings wide, the membranes 
 free fr>)m the isthmus or very slightly connected; i)seudobranchia) 
 present; gills 4, a slit behind th*^ fourth. Nostrils round, li on each 
 side. Dorsal fin single, long, with 8-18 usually slender spines, which 
 are depressible in a groove. A sheath of scales along the base of the an- 
 terior ])art of soft dorsal and posterior part of spinous dorsal ; this sheath 
 separated by a furrow from the scales of the body. Anal (in elongate, 
 with 3 moderate or small spines and 15-35 slender soft rays, its form 
 and structure difiering in the two sexes.> Ventral fins thoraci<;, I, 5. 
 Pectorals moderate. Caudal forked. Oviduct opening behind the vent, 
 the two apertures always distinctly separated. Air-bladder large, sim- 
 ple. No ijyloric co'ca. Vertebra; 1.3-19 + 10-23. 
 
 Viviparous. The young are hatched within the body, where they 
 remain closely packed in a sac-like enlargement of thc! oviduct anah)- 
 gous to the uterus, until born. These ftetal fishes bear at first little 
 reseinbiance to the parent, being closely comi)ressed and having the 
 vertical fins exceedingly elevated. At birt i they are from 1^ to 2^ 
 inches in length, and similar to the adult in appearance, but more com- 
 pressed, aii'd red in color. Since the aunouncemeut of their viviparous 
 

 » 
 
 ft ^ 
 
 ■ J i ' 
 
 .i . 
 
 ii« 
 
 r*- 1 ' -I 
 
 58C CONTRIBUTIONS TO"N0RTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 nature by Dr. Gibbons and Professor Agassiz, in 1853, these fishes liave 
 been the subject of much interest to anatomists. 
 '. Fishes of the Pacific coast of North America inhabiting bays and 
 the surf on sandy beaches. One species [Hystero irpu» trmhi) inhabits 
 fresh waters, one {'■'■DUrema^ violaceum) is fouuu in Australia, and 
 another {Ditrema temmincki) is found in Japan. The species reach a 
 length of from G to 18 inches, and are very abundant where f(umd. 
 They are much used for food, but the flesh is i)oor and tasteless. Most 
 of them feed on Crustacea, but one genus {AheoM) is partly or wholly 
 herbivorous. Genera 8; speoies 20. _ ..^ 
 
 (Embiotocidw Giiuther, iv, 244-251.) ■ „- 
 
 * Spinous dorsal longer than tlie soft part, of 16-18 spines; second anal spinn the 
 largest. {Uijuterocarinnw.) 
 a. Scales large ; teeth moderate, cuuicul, in ouo series ; lower lip without ftviiuiii. 
 
 Hystkuocari'cs, :]07. 
 ** Spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part, of 8-11 spines; anal spines graduated. 
 {Embiotocince.) 
 h. Scales large (40-50 in the lateral line) ; soft dorsal aud anul more or less short- 
 ened. 
 o» Teeth incisor-like, most of tlicui obtusely threo-lobed; lower lip witli a nar- 
 row frenum AuEOXA, ;iU8. 
 
 CO. Teeth conic, entire Micrometuus, \Wi. 
 
 lib. Scales small (60-75 in the lateral line). 
 
 d. Teeth in two series in each jaw Amphistichus, 310. 
 
 dd. Teeth in a single series in each jaw. 
 e. Lower jtharyugeal bone normal (with the posterior margin concave, the 
 the lateral horns well developed, and the teeth all on the same plniif, 
 some conical, some truncate). 
 /. Lower lip with a frenum, its eilgo entire. 
 
 g. Abdomen much longer than the base of the short anal fin. 
 
 Hypsurus, 311. 
 gg. Abdomen much shorter than the base of the long anal iin. 
 
 DiTKKMA, 312. 
 ff. Lower lip without frenum, its free fold incised behind; lips very 
 
 large Rhacochiu;>s, 31:{. 
 
 ee. Lower pharyngeals peculiar, very largo, posteriorly convex, the lateral 
 
 horns little developed, the teeth on two separate planes wliicli meet 
 
 « at an angle, the anterior teeth hexagonal and tessellated, the posterior 
 
 ai>pres8ed forwanls Damai<iciitiiy.s, 314. 
 
 30Y.— HVSTEKtOCARPVS Gibbons. 
 
 (Gibbons, Daily Placer Times and TrnnNcript, May 18, 1854, and in Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila. 1854, 124: type Hy»teiomrpu8 tranki Gibbons.) 
 
 Body ovate, the back strongly elevated and convex ; head small, the 
 
 snout projecting ; mouth small, with one series of rather large, bluntly 
 
 conical teeth; the jaws about equal ; lips not much enlarged, the lower 
 
 forming a free border, without frenutn; gill rakers moderate, widely set; 
 
 brauchiostegals 5^ scales laiher large, silvery; spinous dorsal very 
 
 
«S, EMDIOTOCIDiE — ABEONA. 
 
 587 
 
 or less short- 
 
 long, of about 10 spines, bigliest at the fifth or sixth, thence gratlually 
 iJioiienMl each way, the last spines being shorter than the soft rays; 
 HDaI 8}Miie8 stronger than in the other genera, cnrved, the second 
 ijmue b&Dg longer and stronger than the first and third, which are 
 jteaxiy equiJj soft rays of anal 20-23 in number, the anterior siinijly 
 njticalated. 'ftt^sh waters of California. {oiTT^pn^, later; ««/>-»?, fruit; 
 (;j., fruit bofttttt late; in allusion to the prolonged development of the 
 embryo.)'''^' 
 
 933. H. traski Gibbons. 
 
 Males, above dark brown, sides yellowish or olivaceous, with fine 
 black dots ; throat and belly golden yellow ; females olivaceous, darker 
 above, with black blotches on skies in irregular transverse bars. Body 
 oval, compressed ; ventral curve less than that of the back ; head sumll, 
 profile from snout to occiput concave; mouth small, obli(]ue, maxillary 
 not reaching orbit ; lateral line following the curve of the back ; dorsal 
 spines rather high, the fourth to seventh highest ; cheeks with 3 rows 
 of large scales. Head 3 J ; depth 2. D. XVI, 11; A. Ill, 22; Lat. 1. 40. 
 Elvers of Central California, locally abundant. 
 
 (Gibbous, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 105, 124; Giluther, iv, 251.) 
 
 30§.— ABEONA Girard. • 
 
 Shiners. • , 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acid. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 322: typo Abeona trowbridgii GvH. = Ci/ma- 
 iogaster minimus (iihhons.) , 
 
 Body ovate or oblong, compressed. Head moderate. Mouth small; 
 the jaws about equal ; lips rather thin, the lower with a narrow frenum; 
 teeth iu one principal series, besides which are often one or two other 
 teeth, stout, somewhat compressed, and incisor-like; all or most of the 
 teeth three-lobed. Gill-rakers very slender and short. Lower pharyn- 
 geals scarcely concave behind ; the teeth sill large and truncate. Scales 
 large. Dorsal fin short and high ; the spines robust ; the middle ones 
 highest and rather higher than the soft rays. Anal fin short and deep, 
 with strong spines. Vertebrae (in A. minima) 14 + 19. Species of small 
 size; partly or wholly herbivorous, feeding on sea-weeds. Coloration 
 variegated. (A coined name without meaning.) 
 
 *991. A. minlmia (Gibbons) Gill. > 
 
 Color greenish above with bluish reflections, thickly dusted with 
 black dots; an irregular longitudinal black band along axis cf body, 
 aud two vertical dark bars downward from base of dorsal fin on wliich 
 
 s'ifi!;■l^•^ 
 
 ''-^s-JilS? 
 
 I '■ .-.;:;-4rliphl:f J 
 
 ti? 
 
 ti ■ ■ 
 
 p:'*?. ' ; 
 
IH' 
 
 
 ni r 
 
 - I 
 
 ,1 
 
 
 
 
 
 'J 
 
 i 
 
 
 588 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 tlioy appear as blotches; sides ofteu with much light yellow; axil of 
 pectorals black. Body oval, compressed, with thick short caudal pe- 
 duncle and very short head. Protile moderately depressed alto\«' the 
 eyes. Spinous dorsal rapidly rising to the fifth or sixth spine, thence 
 gradually descending; spinous dorsal higher than soft part; cheeks 
 with scales in 2^ series. Head 3^ ; depth 2. D. IX, 14 ; A. Ill, 1(5 ; I,at. 
 1.45. L. G inches. Pacific coast of United States; common; the small, 
 est of the family. 
 
 (Cymatogaafermimmus Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, IS.'i: Jheoua trow- 
 hridgii Girard, U. S. Puc. R. R. Surv. Fish, x, 1H6, pi. 34, lig. 6-10 : Ditrema minimum 
 GUuther, iv, 249.) 
 
 923. A. aurora Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Color bluish-bla(;k above, becoming lighter on' sides and silverj- be- 
 low. Opercles and lower half of sides punctate with black dots and 
 shaded with light oninge, the latter more intense on the centres of the 
 scaK'S and forming a diffuse lateral baud; a broad grayish streak back- 
 wards from i)ectoriils to opposite origin of anal, this streak without orange 
 tint and with the margins of the scales dark by aggregation of black 
 points ; young specimens with the bright lateral shiide more distinct, 
 and rosy instead of orange; fins marked with more or less blackisli, the 
 anal with some yellowish ; a conspicuous black triangular blotch in the 
 axil of the pectoral. liody elongate, with a very long and rather thick 
 caudal peduncle. Head transversely very convex above, and with a 
 blunt snout. Mouth small, oblique; maxillary reaching but two-thirds 
 the distance to front of orbit. Spinous dorsal with the lifth to the ninth 
 spines highest, and about equal to the longest soft ray. Caudal forked 
 for nearly half its length. Scales on cheeks in 3 distinct series. Head 
 4 ; depth 2^. D. IX, 17 ; A. Ill, 20 ; Lat. 1. 45. L. 7 inches. Monterey 
 Bay. California ; abundant in rock-pools. 
 (JordaJi & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 299.) 
 
 Sltf.-iniCROniETRVS Gibbous. 
 Sparadas. 
 
 (Ctpnatogasicr and BrachyiiitiPH Gill: Metrogaster Agaasiz.) 
 
 (Gibbons, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. in Duil.v Placer Times and Transcript, May 30, 
 18o4: type CymatogaDter aggregatua Gibbous.) 
 
 Body elliptical, oblong, compressed. Head conic. Mouth small, 
 
 oblique, the lower jaw slightly shorter; lii)s thin, the lower with narrow 
 
 frenum or none; teeth small, conical, rather numerous, in one series. 
 
 Gill rakers moderate, slender. Scales comparatively large. Dorsal 
 
 ! I ••- 'T sr 
 
93. EMBIOTOCID^— MICROMETRUS. 
 
 589 
 
 gpiues rather high, some of the middle ones highest, the ])osteri<)r not 
 go liifjfh as the soft rays; the soft dorsal shortened. Anal moderate, 
 with weak spines. Caudal forked. Pharyngeals normal, the teeth uU 
 conic- Vertebrie (in M. aggrcgatus) 15 4-20; in M. frenatuH 13 -|- 21. 
 Species of small size and bright eoloratiou. ''•uxpu-^ small; /ier/x/?, 
 measure, «.«., small size.) - . • . 
 
 rt. Lower lip with a freimm. {Brachyistius* Gill.) 
 
 926. IW. freiiaCus (Gill) J. & G. .. , . . 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, regularly elliptical, with a slender pointed 
 head and a long caudal peduncle; i)rotile much depressed over the eyes, 
 the suout projecting. Mouth very small, obliqui', maxillary not reach- 
 iug orbit. Cheeks with two rows of scales. Dorsal spines very long 
 and rather strong, the sixth and seventh the longest and a little longer 
 tlau the soft rays. Caudal rather deeply forked. Gill-rakers slender, 
 rather long. Color dark olive brown above, each scah with a dark 
 spot at base, followed by a light mark; below bright light coppery- 
 red; each scale with a blue spot and dark punctulatious; head colored 
 like the body; fins all light reddish. Head 3i|; depth 3. D. VllI, 1.5; 
 A. Ill, 22; Lat. 1. 40. L. 8 inches. Entire Pacific coast of United 
 States ; locally very abundant. 
 
 [BrachyiHtius frenatua Gill, Proc. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18o2, 275: Brachijli^tim fve- 
 n(i/M8 Jordau & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, o04: Z>i/remo 6r<fi'j/nnneGuutlifr,iv, 
 248.) • • 
 
 921. rW. rosaceus Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Body oblong-ovate, deepest at the shoulders; the profihi thence to the 
 oeciputconvex, the occipital and interorbital region considerably depress- 
 ed; body tapering backwards from the shoulders into a short and slender 
 caudal peduncle. Head small, thick, the snout blunt. Mouth compara- 
 tively large, little oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary slightly pass- 
 ing the vertical from the front of the orbit ; premaxillary anteiiorly on a 
 level with the inferior niargin of the pupil. Eye very large, its diameter 
 about onethi:d the length of the head; interorbital region very broad. 
 Teeth large, conical, truncate at tip, about ^i- ; none on the sides of the 
 lower jiiw. Scales on the cheeks in three series. Spinous dorsal high. 
 the tirst spine about two-fifths the length of the highest ; the sixth to tenth 
 of nearly equal height, and higher than the soft rays. Anal fin with the 
 base oblique, the spines rather strong, and more or less curved. Caudal 
 
 i< 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 ! 
 
 1! 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 275: ' type Brachyiatius frenatua Gill. 
 
 {jipaxvi, »hort\ i6Tioyf sail.) ■ z" ' t "; • ' >' • 
 
 

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 590 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 fin narrow, forked for more than half its length, the lobes rather pointed 
 Pectoral fins small, Tiot reaching to the tips of the ventrals. Color -^^e- 
 red with silvery Instre, darker above; top of heiul orange; a very dis- 
 tinct chocolate colored spot above the lateral line at the origin of the 
 soft dorsal fin; another smaller one just below the end of the soft dorsal. 
 Fins immaculate, tin^^ed with reddish. HeadS^; depth 2J. D. X, is- 
 A. Ill, 20; scales 0-50-10. L. 8 inches. San Frapcisco, Cal., in deep 
 water outside the Golden Gate. 
 
 {CymutoganUr rosaceua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1880, 303.) 
 an. Lower lip without frcnuni. (Micrometrua.) ■ ' _ 
 
 938. m. aggregatOS Gihhon^-^parada ; " Minnow." 
 
 Silvery, back dusky ; middle of sides anteriorly with the scales each 
 
 with a cluster of dark ijoiuts, these forming a series of longitudinal 
 
 stripes, which extend to opposite the base of the anal; these stripes are 
 
 interrui)t<'d by ;] vertical light jellow bars, on which are no black specks 
 
 in the adult. Adult males in spring almost entirely black. Body 
 
 elongate oval, compressed, heaviest at the iiont of the dorsal ; caudal 
 
 peduncle short and slender; head short; teeth very small, conical 12-G; 
 
 dorsal spines high and rather fecible, rising rapidly to the fifth, thence 
 
 slowly descending, th<', last lower than the soft rays. Cheeks with 3 
 
 rows of scales. Head 3^ ; depth 2§. D. IX, 20 ; A. Ill, 2;{; scales .'}- 
 
 38-11. L. inches. Pacific coast of the United States, everywhere 
 
 exceedingly abundant. ,■ ;' . ■ 
 
 {Cj/matofiasfer aggrcgatus Gibbons, 1. c. May 18, 1854; Gibbons 1. c. May 30, 1854; 
 Gibbons, Proc. Acail.Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 125 : Ci/matoganter aggregatus Gibbous, Proc, 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, lOG : Holconotus rhoiioicrm Girard, U. S. Pac. R. E. Surv. 
 iish. 193 : JJUrema aggregafitm Giiiif her, iv, '^48.) 
 
 310.— AMPI2ISTICHUS Agassiz. 
 
 Walleyed Perch. 
 
 (Holcoiotus Agassiz: Ennlcldhjs Girard: Cfima>oga8ter* and Hyperpronopon CAhhaw, 
 
 nypocritichthys Gill.) 
 
 (Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Art.s. 1854, 367 : typo AmpUstichus argcnteua Agassiz.) 
 
 P>ody ovate or oblong, strongly compressed. Mouth moderate, oblique 
 or almost vertical, with slender conical teeth in two series in each jaw, 
 the onter series longer; lips thin, the lower with or without frenum. 
 Gill-rakers long or short, slender Jind stiff. Pharyngeals normal. Fins 
 
 * The genus Cymatogaslcr Gibbons, as lirat defined by its author, is equivalent to tlio 
 earlier Eoleonotm of Agassiz. Prior to this, the name C'umafogaster was used by Gib- 
 Jjous, withont explanation, as the generic name of the group afterwards called by Iiini 
 MicromeiruH, .- - ■, . 
 
 ■ Aiitfe 
 
93. EMBIOTOCIDiE — AMPHISTICHUS. 
 
 591 
 
 opon Giltbons: 
 
 not very high, the spines slender. Scales small, GO-76 in the course of 
 
 the liitoral line. Species 5, differing considerably in form and appearance, 
 
 but aj^reeingin essential characters. («m0«, doable j <f^tx**'i series.) 
 
 .,•■ ' '- ,, • -i 
 • Lower lip without freuum ; gill-rakers nnmerons, loug. 
 
 a. Profile depreased or concave over the t^yes ; mouth very oblique, the lower 
 vr .: jftw projecting ; eye very large. 
 
 '■. . h. Anal fin short, its rays about III, 23. (Hypoctitiehthya* Gill.) 
 
 989. A. analis (A. Agassiz,) Jor. & Gilb. . /_ , 
 
 Silver^' ; an inky blotch on the middle of the anal fin and a fainter 
 blotch on the spinous dorsal ; front of anal yellow; fins otherwise plain. 
 Axil black. Body comparatively elongate, formed much as in Micro 
 metrus frenatus ; upper anterior profile nearlj' straight, depressed above 
 the eyes. Saout sharp. Mouth largo, very oblique, the tip of the lower 
 jaw ou a line with the upper profile of the snout ; maxillary reach- 
 ing front of orbit. Dorsal spines high and slender, longer than the 
 soft rays, the middle longest. Anal spines small. Caudal fin short, 
 not widely forked ; pectorals short and broad, four-fifths the length of 
 head. Eye, five fourths the length of snout. Head 3^ ; depth 2^. I). 
 IX, 22 ; A. Ill, 23 ; Lat. 1. 63. L. G inches. San Francisco to Point 
 Concepcion ; rather rare ; locally abundant at Santa Cruz. 
 
 (Hjiiierproaopon atialis Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133: Hypocrit- 
 ichthys analii Gill, Proc. Acad. Njit. Sci. Phila. 1862, '276: Ditrema anrticGUnther, iv,250.) 
 
 b. Anal fin long, its rays about III, " 
 c. Ventral fins posteriorly black. 
 
 {Hyperpro8opon\ Gibbons.) 
 
 930. A. arciiatus (Gibbons) J. & G. — Wall-eyed Perch; White Perch. 
 
 Bluish black above; sides bright silvery, sometimes faintly barred; 
 ventrals with a broad terminal bar of black; caudal and anal edged 
 with blackish. Body ovate, strongly compressed. Interorbital space 
 rather wide, abruptly depressed at the nape, the profile of the snout 
 extending forward at a less angle than that of the back. Snout very 
 short, much shorter than the eye. Maxillary scarcely reaching front 
 of i)ui)il. Mouth extremely oblique. Eye 2,^ in head, larger than in 
 any other species. Middle dorsal spines a little higher than the last, 
 or than the soft rays; anal low. Head 3J; depth 2 J. D. IX, 27; A. 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276: type Hyperprosopon anali8 A. Ag. 
 {hoKpiToi, deceiver; IxOvc, fish; its appearance (Micrometrua) belying its affinities 
 (Holconotus). 
 
 tOibbdus, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 
 
 Phila. 1854, 105: tyi)e HyperproaopoH argeniem Gibbons. {vTtTjp, above; itpodoonov, 
 face.) -'-r -> .» — -.- ... • - • ., 
 
 
 
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 592 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 III, 32; Lat. 1. 72. L. 10 iucliea. Coast of California, from Cape Men- 
 docino southward ; very abundant. 
 
 (lIijperproHopon anjenteum Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18,54, 105: Hyper, 
 prompon arcuafum Gibbons, 1. c. 125: Hijperproaopon argcntena and armatus Gill, Proc 
 Acad. Natl. Sci. PJiila. Irf6i, 27o: Ditremn arcuatUm and Ditrcma megalops Giiuther iv 
 249: Eiinichthys inegalopa Girard, U. S. Pacilic R. R. Surv. Fisb. i97.) 
 
 "x. Ventral fins not black. ' ' 
 
 931. A. agrassizi (Gill) J. &. G. 
 
 Greenish olive above; sides bright silvery; 5or G short blackish ver- 
 tical bars on the sides, these sometimes obsolete ; a dusky patch above 
 anal and on the front part of anal fin; caudal reddish, dusky at tip- 
 ventrals colorless. Body elliptic ovate, the profile nearly straight Aom 
 the snout to above the occiput, there forming a slight angle, thence 
 straightish to the base of dorsal ; ventral outline variable, sometimes 
 strongly arched. Mouth small, vary oblique, the prcmaxillary on the 
 level of the middle of the pupil, the maxillary scarcely reaching front 
 of pupil. Eye half longer than the snout. Three rows of scales on 
 cheek, fcjixth dorsal spine highest, higher than the soft rays; pectorals 
 falcate. D. IX, 25; A. Ill, 29; Lat 1. 60. L. 8 inches. Coast of Cal- 
 ifornia; not generally abundant. ' • 
 
 (Jlupcrprosopon arcuatus Alex, Agassiz, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. ISGl, 125 (not of 
 Gibbons): Hyperjyrosopon agaaaizii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 276.) 
 
 aa, Prolile littli^ depressed above the eyes ; month less oblique, ihe lower jaw not 
 I)rojecting; eye scarcely longer tbau snout. {Holconotua.*) 
 
 9!J2. A. rhodotcras (Agassiz) J. «fc G. 
 
 Greeni'^h abcre; sides silvery, profusely covered with spots and 
 blotches of light orange-brown or coppery red, these mostly in the form 
 of interrupted vertical bars; caudal, anal, and ventral fins bright red- 
 dish, without black spots or markings. Body deeper, more elevated, 
 and Ic!^ compressed than in the preceding species. Profile neaily 
 straight from snout to dorsal. Mouth oblique, forming an angle of 
 about 45 degrees; premaxillary on the level of the lower edge of pupil; 
 maxillary rea'3hing Jast past front of pupil. Gill-rakers fev.er and 
 stouter than in the preceding species. Head 3^; depth 2. D. IX or 
 X, 20; A. Ill, 29 J Lat. 1. 65. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; not very 
 abundant. 
 
 ( ITokoiioina rhodoterua L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 3(58: HolconotiiH rhodo- 
 icrna A. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 132: Ennichthya hvcnnantii Girard, 
 II. S. Pac K. R. Surv. Fish. ."99: Ditrcma rhodotenim Gilnther, iv,250.) 
 aa. Lower lip with a Ireuum ; gill-raUors few, short. {Amphiatichva.) 
 
 "Agassiz, Amer. ,Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367 : type Hokonotua rhodoterua. {6Xnoi, fur- 
 row; vSiroi, back.) 
 
 
**.>.? J 
 
 «*• 93. EMBIOTOCID^ — HYPSURUS. 
 
 593 
 
 )\ver jaw not 
 
 933. A. argciiteus A^'aseiz.— -SjoZ-y?*?). • , . - : r. , . , - . . , . .^ 
 
 Silvery; sides with narrow vertical bars of a brassy olive color, alter- 
 nating with vertical series of spots of similar co^or; flns plain; vertical 
 fins sometimes edged with dusky. Mouth comparatively large, little 
 oblique, the premaxillary being below the level of the rather small 
 eve. Body ovate, the back elevated; ventral outline straightish. 
 Head l)lunt and deep. Lips rather thin, the lower with a frenum. 
 Gill-rakers few, rather short, stiff"; lower pharyngeals normal. Caudal 
 peduncle short and stout. Head 3.^; depth 2^. D. X, 24; A. Ill ?6; 
 Lat. 1. 65. Vertebra5 13 + 18. L. 1 looc. Coast of California; very 
 abundant. 
 
 (L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Sarv. Fish. 
 201: Ditrema argenteum Giinther, iv, 251: Amphistichua aimiUa Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Sarv. Fish. 203.) •. 
 
 311.— HYPSURUS A. Agassiz. 
 
 (Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Boat. Soc. Ni,t. Hist. 1861, 133 {nomen nudum): tyj}Q Embiotoca 
 carji L. Agassiz.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, moderately elevated, tapering abruptly to 
 a very slender and short caudal peduncle. Head moderate, rather 
 acute, lower jaw included. Lips moderate, the lower with a frenum. 
 Teeth few, conical, blunt, in one series, those of the upper jaw some- 
 times partly in 2 series. Gill-rakers slender, rather short. Pharyn- 
 geals normal. Dorsal fin rather low, the spines all lower than the soft 
 rays. Caudal broad and short, iVidely forked. Anal fin extremely short, 
 although many rayed, beginning far back, the length of its base being 
 less than half the distance between its first spine and the root of the 
 ventrals, the abdomen being therefore extremely long. Scales rather 
 small. Vertebrje 17 + 20. This genus is distinguished from Ditrema 
 chiefly hy the great length of the abdominal region. Species of small 
 size and brilliant coloration, (yi/t, high; oy/>a, tail.) 
 
 934« II. caryl (Lonis Agassiz) Alexander Agassiz. — Bugara. •• * ri t: :• ., v ,"-{ *i; 
 Coloration extremely variegated, olivaceous, with stripes of orange 
 between the rows of scales; about 13 dusKy orange cross-bars, irregular 
 in form; eyes reddish, surrounded by a sky-blue band; membranes of 
 opercles chiefly orange; opercle bluish, spotted with orange; sides of 
 head with sky-blue spots; lower jaw with orange and blue stripes; 
 breast and belly with longitudinal stripes of bright orange, alternating 
 with steel-blue; abdominal furrow orange, edged with blue; pectoral 
 with an orange crescent at base bordered with light blue; soft dorsal. 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13 38 
 
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 11 
 
 594 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 with a black blotch near the front; caudal of a j)eculiar rich orange- 
 brown, with cross-bars formed of round grayish spots; anal cbiefly 
 orange tipped with blue, and with a large blackish blotch ; other fins 
 orange-brown, mottled. Body elliptical, compressed, the ventral outline 
 comparatively straight. Snout sharp ; premaxillaries on the levei of 
 the lower margin of pupil. Fourth to sixth dorsal spinea highest* 
 higher than the soft rays. Pectoral long. Anal very short; its rsivs 
 slender and crowded; its origin opposite posterior third of dorsal. 
 Head 3|; depth 2h. D. X, 23; A. Ill, 24; Lat. 1. 71. L. 10 inches. 
 Coast of California; very common from Santa Barbara to San Fran- 
 cisco; a beautiful fish, largely used for bait. 
 
 {Embiotoca cariji Agassiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 389, aud 1854, 366: Diirena 
 ca-A/i Gunther, iv, 247.) . - ' - • 
 
 312.— DITREMA Schlegel. 
 
 Surf -fishes. 
 
 (Embiotoca Agv-Sih: Phanei'odon GivnTA: Twniotoca Alex. Agasaiz.) 
 
 (Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Poiss. 77, 1850: type Ditrema temmineki Rleeker, from Japan.) 
 
 Body^ oblong, comi)res8ed, more or less elevatetl, with the caudal 
 peduncle robust or rather slender. Head moderate, lower jaw in- 
 cluded. Lips moderate, the lower with a frenum. Maxillary short, its 
 whole length slipping under the preorbital. Teeth few, conical, blunt- 
 ish, in one series. Gillrakers weak, rather short and slender. Pharyn- 
 geals normal. Caudal flu lunate or forked; anal fin rather long, much 
 longtr than abdomen, its spines small. Scales small, about CO in the 
 lateral line. Species 5, differing in external appearance, but alike in 
 essential characters. The Japanese type of this genus is closely yq- 
 liLteA to BUrema atripes. (^c/r, two; Tjo^//a, aperture.) t 
 
 a. Caudal peduncle stout, the fin not widely forked. (Embiotoca* Agassi/,.) 
 
 935. D. laterale (Agassiz) Gthr. — Blue Perch ; Surf-fish. 
 
 Color reddiah olive above^ becoming bright orange red below, every- 
 where thickly dusted with black points; a continuous bright blue strealc 
 along the edges of each row of scales; streaks of thoracic region formed 
 by isolated blue spots on the middle of the scales ; head with several 
 series of blue spots and streaks; fins all olivaceous dusky; veutrals 
 with some light orange. Body oblong, compressed, with a short and 
 very high caudal peduncle, the body tapering backward less than usual. 
 
 'A^asaiz, Amer. Jouni. Sol. Arts, 1853, 387: typo Embiotoca jackaoni Ag. 
 life within; rdHoi, offspring.) 
 
 {e/j^ioi, 
 
'jv'df- 
 
 93. EMBIOTOCID^ DITREMA. 
 
 595 
 
 , 366: Dilrena 
 
 ^loutli but little oblique, the maxillary scarcely reacliing orbit. Teeth 
 8troIl^^ Spinous dorsal very low, the last spine highest, but much 
 shorter than the wsoft rays; soft dorsal and anal high, D. X or XI, 23; 
 A. Ill, 31; Lat. 1. 03; Vert. 15+ 19. L. 15 inches. Pacific coast of 
 the United States; everywhere very abundant. 
 
 {Kmh'intoca lateralis Agassi z, Amer. Jonm. Sci. Arts, 1854, 36(5: Tccniotoca lateralii 
 Ak'x. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133: Embiotoca llneata, ornata, aud 
 pcnpicaltilis Girard, U. S.Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.; Giiutber, iv, "245.) 
 
 936. D« jacksoaii (Agassiz) GiiDther.— 5ur/-^8ft; Croakei' ; Black Perch. -^ 
 Brownish, tinged with green, blue, red, or yellowish; sides with about 
 
 10 faint vertical dusky bars; belly usually yellowish ; head witl blue 
 spots; fins dusky, tinged with blue or red; anal in males sometimes 
 red with a black patch, and the ventrals orange. Colors extremely 
 variable, the pattern of color not €leflnite. Form ovate, rather thick, 
 the outlines convex. Mouth rather small. Dorsal spines low, much 
 lower than the soft rays; caudal peduncle thickish, the fin not widely 
 forked. Scales on cheeks in 4 series. Head 3^ ; depth 2. D. IX or X, 
 20; A. Ill, 25; Lat. 1. 58. L. 1 foot. Pacific coast of the United States; 
 the most abundant of the larger species southward. 
 
 {Embiotoca jackaoni Agassiz, Anier. Jouiv. Sci. Arts, 1853, 387, and 1854, 366 : Em- 
 biotoca jacksoni Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 168; Giinther, iv, 245: Embiotoca 
 cassidiiawil E. webbi Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 171, 173.) 
 
 aa. Caudal peduncle slender, the fin widely forked. (Phanerodon Giranl*) 
 
 b. Ventral fins blackish at tip. 
 
 - ■♦■ ''■■•■ --. : - 
 
 937. D. Citripes Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Light olivaceous above, pearly below ; scales above the axis of body 
 each with an orange spot at base, its outer margin tinged with blue, 
 these forming faint reddish streaks along the rows of scales; aiial with 
 a dusky spot; ventrals broadly tipped with blackish; caudal not dark- 
 edged. Body elongate, tapering into a long and slender caudal pedun- 
 cle. Snout rather projecting. Head small. Mouth small, the maxil- 
 lary not extending to opposite the eye. Teeth few and small. Eye as 
 long as snout, 3J in head. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales. Gill-rakers 
 longer than in related species, and pharyngeals stronger, with the teeth 
 more nearly paved, Highest dorsal spine shorter than the soft rays. 
 Pectorals long, reaching tip of ventrals. Caudal lobes equal. Head 
 3J; depth 2 J. D. X, 23; A. Ill, 29 j Lat. 1. 70. L. 10 inches. Mon- 
 terey Bay; locally abundant. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1860, 320 ) . ./ ; > 
 
 66. Ventral fins colorless. 
 
 •Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 153: type Phanerodon furcatua Grd. 
 (^a^epoS, viBible; o8oov, tooth.) 
 
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 596 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 93§. D. furcatum (Grd.) Guuther. 
 
 Light olivaceous, silvery below, sometimes yellowish; scales with 
 bright reflections, but no red markings ; usually a round dusky spot 
 00 the anal; ventrals plain; caudal fin edged behind with dusky; fins 
 usually yellowish tinged. Body oblong elliptical, compressed, tapering 
 backward into the long and slender caudal peduncle; mouth small- 
 teeth rather large, conical; gill-rakors very short and slender; lust 
 dorsal spine highest, sometimes higher than tlie soft rays, the tin 
 liigher than in D. atripes; caudal fin strongly lorked, the upper lobe 
 usually the longer. Head 3|; depth 2^; D. X, 24; A. HI, 32; Lat. 1. 
 66. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; extremely abundant from Cape 
 Mendocino southward, 
 
 (Pltanerodon furcatua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 163, and iu U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fish. 184; GUutber, iv, 247.) 
 
 313.— RHACOCUILIIS Agassiz. 
 
 (Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts 1854, 367: typo Bhacochilus toxotes Agassiz.) 
 
 Body ovate, compressed, tapering abruptly into a long and robust 
 caudal peduncle; mouth comparatively large, the lower jaw included; 
 lips extremely thick, the lower without frenum, its posterior free edge 
 coarsely lobed; teeth few, small, conical, in one series; gill-rakers 
 rather long; pharyngeals normal; scales small; dorsal spines low, 
 l)Osteriorly subequal, much shorter than the soft rays ; caudal deeply 
 forked ; anal basis elongate, the spines small. Vertebrae 14 + 22. 
 The genus difi^ers from Bitrema chiefly in the development of the lips. 
 (/Jaxo?, ragged ; ;f££A«c, lip.) - u 
 
 f>39. R. toxotes Agassiz. — Alfione. -' f ^ 
 
 Olivaceous, with brassy reflections and dusky points ; fins plain ; body 
 ovate, with elevated back and long, thick caudal peduncle ; head deep, 
 with prominent snout; mouth wide, oblique; maxillary reaching front 
 of orbit, slipping under the preorbital ; lips extremely large, with 
 uneven surface ; teeth strong, wide-set, those in mandible little devel- 
 oped ; eye large. Soft dorsal considerably elevated, much higher than 
 spinous portion; pectorals rnd ventrals long; caudal short, deeply 
 forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3f ; depth 2|. D. X, 23; A. 
 Ill, 30; Lat. 1. 76. L. 18 inches. The largest and least handsome 
 of the family, and the one of most value as food. Coast of California; 
 rather common. 
 
 (Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367; Girard, U. 8. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 188: 
 Dilrema toxotes Giiuthor, iv, 247.) 
 
 ,M' 
 
94. LABEID.E. 
 
 597 
 
 iu U. S. Pac. 
 
 314.— DAIVIALICIITHYS Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 321 : type Damalichthys racca Girard.) 
 
 Body ovate, compressed, with long caudal peduncle. Head rather 
 large. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw included. Lips full, the lower 
 with a frenum. Teeth very few, short, conical, bluntish, in one series. 
 Gill-rakers short and slender. Lower pharyngeal very large, convex 
 behind in outline, with the latend horns very short and thick. Anterior 
 tooth-bearing area on the plane of the bone; posterior area inclined 
 backward, forming a steep angle with the anterior part ; teeth on an- 
 terior part low, truncate, hexagonal, tessell ited ; on posterior part ovate, 
 flattened, imbricated, and turned forward so that the posterior side forms 
 the grinding edge. Scales rather small. Dorsal spines low, much 
 shorter than the soft rays. Anal fin long, with small spines. Vertebra} 
 13 -f 21. Species of large size, plainly colored, externally resembling 
 Bitrema, but singularly distinguished from all the other members of 
 the family by the peculiar pharyngeals, (^a'/ia^t?, calf; ixOuq, fish ; in 
 
 allusion to its viviparity.) 
 
 - ' . , ,. > 
 
 940. D. arg^yrosomus (Girard) J. & G. — White Perch ; Poryee. 
 
 Color soiled white, with silvery lustre; three or four obscure dusky 
 bars, most distinct iu the young; fins nearly plain, dusky. Form 
 broaill> elliptical, the dorsal curve regular; caudal peduncle rather 
 slender. Head not blunt; premaxillary just below the level of the 
 pupil, the maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye. Lips thickish, even. 
 Cheeks with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Gill-rakers not \ so long as the 
 large eye, which is longer than snout. Teeth very few, short and blunt. 
 Dorsal spines stoutish, the last one highest, half the height of the soft 
 rays. Caudal deeply iorked, the upper lobe the longer. Pectoral long. 
 Head 3^; depth 2 J. D. X, 23; A, III, 29; Lat. 1. G3. L. 15 inches. 
 Pacific coast of United States, north to Vancouver's Island; very abun- 
 dant northward. . . , "^ 
 
 {Embiotoca argijronoma Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 130, and in U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fish, 180: Damalkhthya vacca Gir.ard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 
 321, aud in U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish. 182 : Ditrema vacca Giintlier, iv, a46.) 
 
 ,»5 
 
 Family XCIV.— LABRID^. 
 
 {The Wrasse-fishes.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales; lateral line 
 coutinuous or interrupted, often angularly bent. Mouth moderate, 
 
 * « 
 
 .'.-*)- 
 
 •<■". 
 
 t , 
 
 ■■:■■■'' 
 
 i 'I 
 
 \ H .• 
 
 i ■ 
 
ii ^ 
 
 
 if 
 
 !i!- 
 
 l^'V 
 
 I!.' I 
 
 
 598 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 terinmal; preinaxillaries protractile; inaxillaries without supplemental 
 boue, slipping under the membranaceous edge of preorbital; the anterior 
 teeth in the jaws usually very strong ; teeth of the jaws separate or 
 more or less soldered together, sometimes forming a continuous plate- 
 no teeth on vomer or palatines ; lower pharyngeals completely united 
 into one bone, without median suture. Lips thick, longitudinally ])li. 
 cate. Nostrils round, with two openings on each side. Dorsal tin con- 
 tinuous, the spinous portion long ; anal similar to soft dorsal, usually 
 with two or three spines. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5. Branchiostegals 
 5-3. PseudobranchifB present. Gills 3J ; the slit behind the last arch 
 small or obsolete; the gill-membranes somewhat connected, often joined 
 to the narrow isthmus. Air-bladder present. Ko i)ylor\c ca3ca. Genera 
 65, si)ecies 450, chiefly of the tropical seas. Mauy of them are brilliantly 
 colored, and some are valued as food-fish. Most of them feed upon niol- 
 lusks, the dentition being adapted for cri;ahing shells. The group has 
 been much subdivided, and many of the current genera are distinguished 
 by characters of little importance. 
 
 (£abnV7a; GUnthor, iv, 65-244.) 
 a. Teeth iii jaws distinct; pbaryugcal tet'tlinot conflaeut; anal spines 3. 
 b. Dorsal fin with 15-20 spines ; teeth all conical ; no posterior canines ; lateral line 
 continuous. (Labrina:) 
 e, Preoperclo serrate; cheeks and opercles scaly; te3th in a band, the outer en- 
 
 • larged Ctenolabkus, 315. 
 
 cc. Preopercle entire ; cheeks scaly; opercles naked ; teeth in about. two stiries. 
 
 Tautoga, 316. 
 • ceo. Preopercle entire ; cheeks and opercles scaly j teeth in a single series. 
 
 LACHNOLiEMUS, 317. 
 
 ib. Dorsal flu with 8-13 spines. {Julidinai.) 
 
 d. Lateral line continuous. :^ ■ , V, 
 
 e. Cheeks and opercles scaly ; dorsal spines 12; posterior canines present. 
 
 Haki'e, 318. 
 ee. Cheeks and opercles naked or very nearly so; dorsal spines 9. 
 
 /. Posterior canines well developed Platyglossus, 319. 
 
 //. Posterior canines obsolete Pseudojulis. 320. 
 
 dd. Lateral line interrupted; head naked, its upper edge usually trenchant. 
 
 Xyrichthys, 321. 
 
 aa. Teeth in jaws confluent; pharyngeal teeth pavement-like ; anal spines 2; scales 
 
 large. {Scarinw.) 
 
 g. Teeth partly separate, the anterior distinct; dorsal spines flexible. 
 
 ; '■ ' Caixiodon, 322. 
 
 gj/. Teeth soldered together, forming a plate like the jaw of Tetrodon; 
 
 each jaw divided on the median line ; dorsal spines flexible ; scales 
 
 on cheeks in two or more rows Hemistoma, 323. 
 
 , I. ... - ... ... 
 
 
 .■L_i..i4ii^l 
 
s; lateral line 
 
 ''j^^i'Xi,. 
 
 94 LABRID^ — TAUTOGA. 
 
 599 
 
 SlSr— CTElYOliABRljS Cuvier &, Valenciennes. 
 
 ':'-:;/:■''■ />.-'* Gunners. -',•'" ^ ' " ;. 
 
 (Cnv. ct Val. Hist. Nat. Polsa. xiii, 223, 1839: type Labrtia rupeatris L, of Europe.) 
 
 Body oblong, not elevated, comparatively slender and compressed. 
 Head lucderate, more or less pointed. Teeth in the jaws in several 
 series, the outermost very strong; the teeth unequal, conical, and 
 pointed; no posterior canines. Cheeks with small scales; opercle.s 
 witb large ones. Preopercle with the vertical limb finely serrated. 
 Branch iostegals o. Gill-membranes considerablj' united, free from the 
 isthmus; gill-rakers short. Scales moderate, 35-50 in the lateral line; 
 lateral line continuous, abruptly bent opposite posterior part of second 
 dorsal. Dorsal long and low, the spinous portion much longer than the 
 soft, of 10-18 low, subequal, rather strong spines; soft dorsal slightly 
 elevated ; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with three strong graduated 
 spines ; caudal truncate ; pectorals short, the ventrals inserted behind 
 their axils, (z-st-r, zrevw-, a comb; LabruSj c related genus, from the 
 Latin /flftntw, lip.) r • ^ . v ; • '\''': ^i^'^^ "i:-'^ ■'\/, ■■::'■..■■ ''■:.<^').'ry,''^- ' 
 
 a. Interopercle naked . {Tautogolab. as GUnthor,*) 
 941. C adspcrsus (Walb.) Goode. — dinner; Chogaet; Blue Perch. 
 
 Brownish blue, with more or less of a brassy lustre; colors variable; 
 younj; variegated and with a black blotch on the dorsal fin. Eye mode- 
 rate, broader than preorbital, 4^ in head. Head 3 J in length; depth 3. 
 D. XVIII, 10; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 45. L. 12 inches. Newfoundland to 
 Cape Hatteras; common northward, about rocks. 
 
 (Labrm adsperans Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 254; Ctenolabrua burgall GUutber, iv, 
 90: Ctenolabrus cwrulem Storer, Hist. Fish Mass. 234.) \ . 
 
 .«^. 
 
 
 316.— TAlJirOGA Mitchill. 
 Tautogs. 
 
 (Mitchill, Report Fish New York, 1814, 23: type Lah'm tautoga Miteliill=rau<o/jia 
 niyi a Mitchill = Labnia onitiaLi.) ^ , , .; , , £•■ • 
 
 Body oblong, not elevated nor greatly compressed. Head large, 
 nearly as deep as long, with a convex profile. Mouth rather small. 
 Teeth very strong, conical, in two series; the outer somewhat incisor- 
 like; the two anterior teeth in each jaw strong; the posterior teeth 
 small, without canines. Eye small, high up. Cheeks with small scales. 
 
 •GUuflier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 90: type Labrua burgall Bloch and Schneider: 
 [Tautoga; Labrua.] 
 
 <*v 
 
 
 » 'I 
 t 
 
600 
 
 m 
 
 I 
 
 U-'i 
 
 CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 Operclea naked, except above. Scales on body rather small, in about no 
 transverse series, those on ventral region reduce«l in size. Latvial lin,. 
 continuous, abruptly decurved opposite the end of the soft dorsal 
 Dorsal fin long, low, continuous, the si)inous part much tiie loM.r(.,. 
 with about IG low, strong, aubequal spines, each with a small cuta 
 ueous appendage at tij); soft dorsal higher tiian sjjinous; anal similar 
 to soft dorsal, with three stout, graduated spines; i)e(;toials broad and 
 rather short; caudal short, truncate, with rounded angles; the soft 
 parts of the vertical fins with the membranes somewhat scaly; vcntrals 
 conspicuously behind pectorals. IJranchiostegals 5. Gill-rakers very 
 short and feeble; gill-membranes somewhat connecte<l, free from the 
 isthmus. A single species known. (A lalinization of the veruacular 
 name "Tautog," which is of Indian origin.) 
 
 9^2.T.onitis(L.)GihT.—Tautog;niack-fi8h;Oyiiter-ft8h. 
 
 Blackish; young greenish, with about three pairs of irregular chain- 
 like bars, the sides sometimes reticulated; chin white. Pectorals short 
 rounded, not reaching the tips of the short ventrals. Head li^ in lcnj,'tli • 
 depth 3, D. XVI, 10; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. GO. Maine to South Carolina; 
 a common food-fish. , . ; . 
 
 (Labnis onitis Linn. Syst. Nat.; Gflnthcr, iv, 88: Taitloga amerlcana Storer, Hist. 
 Fish. Mass. 27G.) 
 
 SIT.— LACHWOLiEMLUS Cnvior «fe Valenciennes.. 
 
 Hog-JUhes. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 274, 1839: typo Lachnolamm aigiila C. & V.= 
 Lahrua faloatua h.) , ., 
 
 Body strongly compressed, the back sharp and elevated, the profde 
 long and steep. Snout sharp. Mouth low, horizontal, the jaws narrow; 
 premaxillary slipping under the membranaceous edge of the very broad 
 ])reorbital, which is twice the depth of the eye. Teeth in front prom 
 inent, canine-like, in a single series; no posterior canines. Cheeks and 
 opercles with imbricate scales. Scales of moderate size, thin, adherent. 
 Latenil line complete. Dorsal with fourteen spines, the first three 
 strong, falcate, produced in long streamers in the adult, the mem- 
 branes between these spines very low, the filamentous tips longer than 
 the head; other spines all low, gradually shorter to the eleventh; sec- 
 ond dorsal and anal much produced ; caudal lobes fiilcate; third anal 
 spine strong ; pectorals and ventrals short. One species known, {f^dptj^ 
 velvety; Xatfibq^ throat, the pharyngeal bones being only partly provided 
 with teeth, and the rest of their surface covered with a velvety mem- 
 brane.) 
 
 J». 
 
94. LABRIDiE — IIARPE. 
 
 GOl 
 
 ia Storer, Hist. 
 
 gida C. & V.= 
 
 943. L. falcnius (L.) C. & X.—Hog-fiali; Aigrette; Capitainr. 
 
 Ch'wily red; a jet black spot UHiially present at base of soft dorsal; 
 ventrals dusky; cheeks with 4 rows of scales. Ventrals reachiiijj be- 
 yond lips of pectorals. Head 3; depth 2^; scales 8-40-11); vert. 12-f 
 17. L. 14 inches. West Indies, north to Florida; abundant. An ex- 
 cellent food-flsh; varies much with age. 
 
 [LahruH falcalus L. Syst. Nat, i, 475: Lachnohemim falcatiin, nUjula, dux, »««//««, 
 caninuK, iiiid ptiittucu» C. & V. xiii, 277-291; (JiintluT, iv, b7; Gooilo, Bull. U. 8. Nat. 
 Mus. V, 3(), lt7().) 
 
 31§.— HARPE Lac<?pMe. 
 
 ..?' Lady-JinhcH, ' . 
 
 (C088I//''""' Cuv. & Vttl.; preoccnpied : 2'rocAocop«« Gllnthor: Pimelometopon GiW.) 
 
 (LacdjH'^do, Hist. Nnf Poles, iv, 426, 1802: type Uarpe cariilco-aiireHs hac. =^ Labnia 
 ri(fuH L.) 
 
 Body oblong, moderately coini)re8sed, covered with lirm scales of vary- 
 ing size, 25 to GO in the course of the lateral lin(i, which is continuous. 
 Uead rather pointed in the young, becoming very deep and convex iu 
 the adult from the development of the adipose tissue on the top of the 
 head. Opercle, subopercle, interopercle, and cheeks scaly, i)reopercle 
 naked; preopercle minutely serrulate or entire. Jaws each with four 
 strong, conical, somewhat com])ressed canines in front, the lateral teeth 
 similar, but much smaller, coalescent at base with each other, and with 
 small granular teeth, so that the surface of tlie jaws is bony; ui)per 
 jaw with strong posterior canines, directed forwards. Dorsal fin with 
 about twelve low si>iues, its soft portion scaly at nase or naked ; anal 
 with three spines, the spines rather strong ; lobes of soft dorsal, anal and 
 caudal more or less produced in the adult; ventrals inserted directly 
 below pectorals. Gill-membranes slightly (ionnected. Coarse, brightly- 
 colored fishes, inhabiting tropical seas. (a/7;:ij, scythe; m allusion to the 
 Mcate tins.) . f. . » . . .. 
 
 a. Base of dorsal scaly ; scales rather large; vertical fins with falcate lobes. (Harpe.) 
 
 Mi. n»rnia.(Ij.) CAM.— Lady-flah; Doncella. 
 
 Head and upper half of body anteriorly rich chestnut brown; re- 
 mainder, including lower half of operculum, bright golden yellow. 
 Snout pointed, its length more than one-third that of the head. Head 
 longer than high. Upper lip thick, with conspicuous folds; preoper- 
 culum denticulate. Two outer ventral rays and lobes of soft dorsal, 
 anal and caudal much produced ; the long rays of the dorsal and anal 
 extending to the middle of the median caudal rays, the outer caudal 
 
'i. 
 
 
 G02 COXTRiailTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITITYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 rays twice as long as the mcdiuii. {Oootle.) D. XII, 10; A. Ill 11 • 
 
 scales 5-32-13. West Indies, nortb to Florida Keys. 
 
 {I.ahru8 riiJ'uH L. Syst. Nat. i, 284: CoHnyphun ru/us GUnther, iv, 108; (iili, i»r„p 
 Aciul, Nat. Soi. Phila. 1H<>:<, iJlK ; G«m)«1<«, IJull. U. H. Na i,. Muh. v, ;n : Cmmiphm iLdianu 
 Ctiv. i& Val. xii, 103: Jiodianua rufus I'uey, Kop. Via. Nat. Cul>a, ii, 331.) 
 
 au. Bas<> of (Idrsal not scaly; acnles rather Hniall; vortical iius littlo pnnluced. (I'inif. 
 lomelopon" Gill.) 
 
 915. II. pulclira (Ayro.s) J. & O.—licd-Jiah; Fat-head. 
 
 Males with the bead, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, and the posterior 
 
 part of the botly, as far as the vent, purplish black; middle part of the 
 
 body, pectoral fin, middle of caudal, and i)osterior edjje of dorsal rwl 
 
 varying in tint from clear crimson to blackish, with coppery or i)iu plJNli 
 
 lustre; region about shoulder-girdle reddest; lower Jaw in both sexps 
 
 abruptly and entirely white; females dusky rose-colored, with the bhick 
 
 areas ill. defined or obsolete. Forehead in the iKlult with a very prom 
 
 inent fatty hump. Gill-rjikers short, thickish. Caudal fin truncate, the 
 
 lobes in the adult produced and i)ointed. Scales on breast small; pre- 
 
 opercle serrulate in young. Head 3J; depth 3. I). XII, 10; A. Ill, 
 
 12; Lat. 1. 02. L. 30 inches. Coast of California, from Point Con- 
 
 cepcion southwards; very abundant. Dried in immense numbers by 
 
 the Chinese. 
 
 (Lahrua pulchcr Ayres, Proc. Cal. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. i, 3, 1854: SemicosHyphuit pulcher 
 Giiutbor, iv, 99; Pimclometopon pulcher Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhilu. 1864,59.) 
 
 319.— PLiATYOLOSSUS Bleeker. 
 
 I 
 
 Doncellas. ' 
 
 (^aZic/jores Riippell, preoccapied: Chwrojulia Gill.) 
 (Kleiu; Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc.^Lond. 18fil, 411: typo Ju?i8 avvularis C. «fc V.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, not elevated, covered with large scales, 
 there being 25-30 in the course of the lateral line, which is not inter- 
 rupted, but abruptly bent posteriorly. Scales on breast rather smaller. 
 Head naked, compressed, conic. Preopercle entire. Teeth large, each 
 jaw with two to four canines in front, none of them bent backwards; a 
 posterior canine tooth directed forwards on each sidci of the upper jaw. 
 Dorsal spines nine; anal spines three, graduated; ventrals inserted 
 under axil of pectoral. Gill-rakers short and feeble ; gill-membranes 
 slightly joined to a narrow isthmus. Species numerous, brilliantly col- 
 ored, abounding in kelp in the tropical seas. {nXaru^j broad ; y^wcffa, 
 tongue; an old name without evident application ) 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 58: type Lahrua pulcher Ayres. {n^ieXoi, 
 fat; yueroffo)', forehead. ) „ 
 
 W rli- 
 
roducotl. (/'inif. 
 
 )ackwar(ls; a 
 
 94. LABRIDiE — PLATYGLOSSUS. 
 
 603 
 
 046. P« radlntus (L.) J. & G.—Blue Jlnh ; lUmwUa. 
 
 Adult brilliiint iizureblue, each hcuIo ed^ed witli brif^ht jxiurly green; 
 A lon;;iliidinal blue band on anal; margin of dorsal light bine; yonng 
 ^"cijanostujma") brownish, a light-bine spot on the base of each scale; 
 lioiid with spots and stripes of bright bine; dorsal with 4 lines of stripes 
 iiiid blotches and ri broad edge of bine; candal with a broad wiiitc; nnir- 
 irjn, the onter rays blue, the base of the fin si)otted wllh bine; anal with 
 lionler and two longitudinal stripes of bhu', besides a blue spot at tho 
 bast! of each ray; i)ectoral with first A rays and a tranHverse line blue. 
 Head 1 ; depth .'J. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 2-28-10. L. 10 inches. 
 West Indies, north to Key West. 
 
 iSparim i'(t(liatii» liiiiiiiiMiH, Kynt. Nut, xii, 47'2, 17(5f): JiiUh cynnoHliiima, inineipit*, aiirt 
 mtiitiix Ciiv. & Viil. xiii, :U)1-:K)H: J'latiifilomnH ci/anoHliiimn riiiiitluM'. iv, 1(51: I'laty- 
 iflonm imnciim ii'\ini\\{iv, iv, 1G4: Charojal'iH radiatuH iiiwAi'i, Bull. U. S. Nut. Muh. v, 
 35.) 
 
 917. P. Krandisquaniis ((iill) •!■ & G. 
 
 Color, in spirits, dark chestnut or brownish red ; a very dark vertical 
 spot bordered by steel-blue, behind the opercle; aiial tin faintly barred; 
 caudal marbled, and with a marginal dark batid. Body rather short 
 and stout. Profile slightly convex. Maxillary nearly reaching front of 
 orbit. Dorsal spines short, rather stiff. (3audal fin subtruncated. Head 
 3i; depth \^. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 1. 27. Beaufort, N. C. 
 
 {Charojul'm tjmndisquamia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Pbila. 18G3, 206.) 
 
 9I§. P. Iiiimeralis (Poey) Gthr 
 
 A black spot, edged with pearl color i)osteriorly, on the extremity of 
 
 the operculum ; a brown band from the snout through the eye and the 
 
 opercular spot across the bend of the lateral line to the base of the 
 
 caudal; a second from below the axil along the side of the belly; a 
 
 bluish streak, edged with darker, from the eye obliquely upward and 
 
 backward, meeting its fellow on the nape; base of pectoral whitish, 
 
 without black spot ; caudal truncate, with blue angles. A black band 
 
 aloDg the middle of the dorsal fin is described by Dr. Giinther, but is 
 
 wanting iu the specimens seen by us. Head 3^ ; depth 3^. D. IX, 11; 
 
 A. Ill, 11; scales 2-20-10. Coast of Cuba, north to Florida. > ' ' 
 
 {JuJk humeralia Poey, Mem, Cuba, ii, 212, IS.'JS; Giinthor, iv, 1G5: ChwrojitliH hiimeralia 
 Goode&Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1879, 338.) .•./.-' .^. 
 
 919. P. scmicinclus (Ayres) Giinther.— iTcZ/j-yisft. ' ■•.'■':.;■■ .r-. •■^:':' ':-■■-■■ : 
 
 Dark greenish brown, with bright reflections; head bronze-green 
 above; three or four narrow, horizontal, wavy blue bauds below the 
 
 i »i imki§sA 
 
i » 
 
 
 '! . 
 
 
 J?' r»;i 
 
 ■i; ..; 
 
 604 CONTRIBUTIONS 10 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy. 
 
 eye, altornating witli bronze. Just above middle of body, close behind 
 the pectorals, in the males, is a deep indigo-blue cross band, whicli 
 nearly meets its fellow under the belly. Pectorals yellow, upper ed^e 
 of axil black; ventrals cream-color, each reaching beyond the posterior 
 edge of the blue cross-band ; other fins with horizontal, wavy, reddish 
 streaks; female without blue band, but with irregular ink-like spots on 
 numerous scales on the back and tail. Body oblong, compressed, rather 
 elevated at the nape. Lips thick, the lower with a frenum. Toeth in 
 about two series; three or four of the anterior in each jaw, canine like. 
 Eye small. Dorsal spines slender, low, and flexible. Scales on breast 
 small. Head 3 J ; depth 3 J. D IX, 12; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 1.28. Pacific 
 coast, north to Point Concepcion, not rare southward. 
 
 (Julia aemicinctu8 Ayres, Proc. Cnl. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 32; GUnther, iv, ICl; Stein- 
 dacliBcr, Ichtbyol. Boitragej v, 151, 1^7').) 
 
 320.— PSElJDOJrrLIS Bleeker. 
 
 Senoritas. ^v 
 
 (Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 412 : type Julis girardi Bleeker.) 
 
 This genus differs from Platyglossus only in the lack of development 
 of the posterior canines, which are either wanting altogether or reduced 
 to a slight rudiment. (v''ey5«>?, false; touXo,<:^ Julis, an allied genus.) 
 
 a. Dorsal spiuea very sleudor and flexible. (QxyjuUs* Gill. ) ' 
 
 950. P. niodcsius (Grd.) Gih\ .—Senorita ; Peace Bey, 
 
 Olive-brown, the scales each with orange-brown in the centre; cream- 
 color below; sides of head v/itli alternating horizontal streaks of bluish 
 and brown; a dark blue spot at base of pectoral above; membrane of 
 base of spinous dorsal largely indigo blue; a large inky blotch at base 
 of caudal, covering one-third the tn; fins otherwise light brown. IjocIv 
 elongate, the back not elevated, the head slender and sharp. A smill 
 posterio'^caniue sometimes present on onj side, usually entirely wanting. 
 Fins low; ventrals short; caudal truncate; spines weak and slcodw; 
 pectorals reaching beyond tips of ventrals. Head 4; depth 4J. I). 
 IX, 13; A. Ill, 13; Lat. 1. 28. L. 7 inches. Pacific coast; abundant 
 southvvafd. A graceful little fish, 
 
 (Ju7J8 modestus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv Fish. 1858, 16:j; GUiitlior, iv, KW: Oxj(- 
 julis modestus Gil], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 142.) 
 
 'Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 142: type Julis modestus Ayres. 
 
94. LABRID^ — XYRICHTHYS. 
 
 605 
 
 391.— XYRICHTHYS Cu'-iet & Valenciennes. 
 
 Razor-fishes. , „ , . , ,. 
 
 ''Am 
 
 r, iv, 161 ; Stein- 
 
 (Cnv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 33, 1839: type Coryphcena novacula L.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, deepest behind the occiput, thence tapering 
 backward. Head very short and deep; the profile almost vertical; the 
 upper and anterior outlines compressed to an edge, at least in typical 
 siiecics. Preorbital very deep. Eyes high, near the top of the head. 
 Mouth small, low. No posterior canines. Cheeks and opercles naked, 
 or with ouly a few very sr.iail scales below the eye. Scales large, with 
 inenihranaceous edges; less than thirty in a longitudinal aeries; lateral 
 line interrupted behind, commencing again lower down on the caudal 
 j)e(lnncle. Dorsal fin continuous, with nine spines. Colors brilliant. 
 Tropical seas, (cw/'ov, razor; r/Oui;, iiah.) 
 
 951. X. vcrmlculaf us Poey. . . 
 
 Head greenish, tinged with orange on the side; seven or eight blue 
 stripes a ion g the cheeks; three on the opercles; body brownish, paler 
 below; each scale with a blue vertical band and sometimes some blue 
 spots; toward the end of the pectoral is a broad violet band on the 
 sides; dorsal and anal carmine red with blue vertical lines, paler on the 
 front of the dorsal; caudal blue, with vermiliim bands; pectorals white; 
 ventrals rosy. Head very short, deeper than long, the front compressed, 
 sharp, almost vertical. Preorbital very deep, its depth half the length 
 of the head. Eye small, placed very high, its distance from the profile 
 sarcely greater than its diameter; four small scales below the eye. 
 Two canines in front of each jaw. Dorsal spines low, flexible ; ven- 
 trals rather long; pectorals short. Head 4; depth 3i. D. IX, 12; A. 
 lir, 11; scales 2-27-8. West Indies, north to Key West, Fla.; very 
 similar to the European X. novacula (L.) Cuv. & Val., if not identical 
 with it. 
 
 (Poey Memoriaa Cuba, li, 215, 1858.) ^> .'/v',:"'^ t. .ivMr-.)'" iv'- ■ ;''";••'. ' ■_. 
 
 952. X. lincatus Cuv. & Val.—Razor-flah. ' ' . 
 Kose red; a large oblong blotch on each sitie of the belly, below the 
 
 pectorals; narrow lines descend from these blotches, meeting on tae 
 belly. The two anterior dorsal spines flexible, not produced. Outer 
 ventral ray prolonged, not reaching vent. D. IX, 12; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 
 1.25. {Oilnther.) West Indies; occasional on our Southern coasts. 
 (Cuvier & Valenclenuea, xiv, 50, 1839: Novacula Uneata GUnther, iv, 171.) 
 
 
 
 
i1 
 
 li 
 
 'i: !: ^ 
 
 I, 
 
 > . ' 
 
 ', ■ • ■ - 
 
 ; ■ 
 
 14''' 
 
 !!■■ 
 
 ].' 
 
 f! 
 
 1 
 
 606 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 333.-CALLIODON Gronow. 
 
 (Gronow; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 312: type Callioilon Uneatua Bloch& 
 Schneider. ) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with large scales. 
 Lateral line complete, its branching tubes covering the surface of its 
 scales. Teeth at base coalescent with the bony jaw, the tips free* no 
 median division in either jaw; upper jaw with canine-like teeth in front- 
 posterior canines present; lower pharyngeal bone large, broader tban 
 long; the teeth coalescing, forming a pavement. One row of lar^e 
 scales on the cheek. Dorsal spines flexible: D. IX, 9 or 10; A. II 8- 
 scales about 2-24-C. Tropical seas, {xakdr;, beautiful; Sdw-.^ tootli.) 
 
 953. C. nstus Cuv. «fe Val. ,ii.-'.<::^-:^,::^- 
 
 Eeddish in spirits, nearly plain, a black spot behind the first dorsal 
 spine. Body moderately elongated, compressed. Head rather pointed. 
 Upper jaw with G canines in front, free at their tips, coalescent below 
 no smaller teeth behind these; posterior canine well developed, directed 
 outward and partly backward; between the anterior and posterior 
 canines a series of small teeth behind the sharp edge of the bone. 
 Lower jaw with a series of close-set, even, bluntish teeth, coalescing 
 below; upper lip double for its whole length, covering all of the upper 
 jaw except the tips of the teeth. Opercles with tw- rows of scales, 
 larger than those on the cheeks. Dorsal spines moderately high, very 
 slender; pectoral short, rounded; caudal truncate. D. iX, 9; A. II, 8; 
 scales 1^-24-6. West Indies, occasional northward. Tbis description 
 taken from a specimen obtained at Charleston by Mr. R. E. Earll. 
 
 (Cu7. & Val. xiv, 28a, 1839; Gunther, iv, 214.) 
 
 8a8.-HEl?IISTO]»IA Swainson. - 
 
 '*, ; vs, ^ Psciidoscarua meeker. • *'* u :;{;■ f; 
 
 (Swainson. Class'n. Auim. ii, 1839, 2"2G: type Scania pepo Bennett.) •!?'»!.;'; 
 
 Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with very large scales. 
 Lateral line continuous. Lower jaw included; teeth in each jaw sol- 
 dered together, forming a continuous plate, divided by a median suture 
 as in Tetrodon; the separate teeth traceable by serrations on the edge 
 and by reticulated markings on the anterior surface; none of them 
 exserted ; posterior canines small or wanting ; lower pharyngeal very 
 large, longer than broad, the teeth paved. Scales on the cheek in 
 more than one series. Dorsal spines flexible ; dorsal IX, 10, or X, 9; 
 
93. CICHLID^. 
 
 607 
 
 anal II, 8, or 9. About 24 scales ic the lateral line. Tropical seas. 
 Large fishes of the tropical seas, brilliantly colored, little valued as food. 
 Many species occur in the West Indies, anj of which may be found about 
 the Florida Keys. The closely related genus Scams ForskM, distin- 
 guished chiefly by the still' spines of the dorsal fin, occurs in the same 
 waters, and several of its species may be looked for on our coast. {fj/Uj 
 half; (TTo/ia, month ; the jaws divided.) 
 
 951. H. guncamaia (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G. 
 
 Brownish, the jaws and naked parts of the head green; fins dark, the 
 margin of the dorsal, anal, and ventrals green. Upper lip thick, cov- 
 ering more than half of the plate of the jaw; lower lip lull; no poste- 
 rior canine teeth. A single scale on the lower limb of the preopercle, 
 besides the two series o^ scales on the cheek; opercle with two rows of 
 scales; top of head scaled forwards to the eyes. Eye small, about mid- 
 way in head. Dorsal fin not emarginate ; anal spines long and flexible ; 
 caudal shortish, double truncate; pectorals short. Lateral line ab- 
 ruptly decurved posteriorly. Head 3; depth 3. D. X, 9; A. II, 9; 
 Lat. 1. 23. West Indies, north to Key West, Fla. 
 
 {Searua guacamaia Cuv. & Val. xiv, 178, 1839: Paeudoeoarns guacamaia Giiuther, iv, 
 
 J • " Family XCV.— CICHLID^. ^ - ^ '^ ' 
 
 {The Cichlids.) 
 
 Freshwater Labroids. Body elevated, oblong or elongate, covered 
 with moderate-sized scales, which are usually ctenoid. Lateral line in- 
 terrupted, usually ceasing opposite the posterior part of tbe dorsal, and 
 then recommencing lower down on the caudal peduncle. Mouth vary- 
 ing in size, terminal, the jaws with rather small teeth, which are usually 
 conical, but sometimes lobate or incisor-like ; no teeth on vomer or pal- 
 atines. Nostril single on each side. Premaxillaries freely protractile; 
 maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital. Gill-rakers vrrious; gill- 
 membranes often connected. Dorsal fin single, with the spinous por- 
 tion well developed, usually rather longer than the soft portior ; anal 
 fin with 3 or more spines, the soft part similar to the soft dorsal; 
 ventral fins thoracic, I, 5. Lower pharyngeal bones united into a 
 triangular piece, with a median suture. Branchiostegals 5 or C; no 
 pseudobranchiflB. Gills 4; a slit behind the fourth. Air-bladder pres- 
 ent. A large family of fresh-water fishes of moderate or small size, 
 representing, as to form, size, appearance, and habits, and even as to 
 many details of structure, in the waters of South America, the Cm- 
 
 J*' t' V 
 
 
 
 ii J 
 
 A 
 
 Wm. 
 
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 wm 
 
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 ^B 
 
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 608 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 trarcliidce of the United States. Genera about 25; species about 320 
 inhabiting the rivers of Africa and tropical America; the genus Ueroi 
 extending into the limits of the United States. Those with lobate 
 teeth are herbivorous, the rest carnivorous. 
 {Chromidea Gunther, iv, 2(54-316.) 
 
 '.Spinous part of doidal longer tliau the soft; gill-rakers short and thick; teeth con- 
 ical; body ovate or oblong, covered with ctenoid scales; anal spines 5 or 
 more; mouth rather small Heros, 327. 
 
 ■>'-':,.;;: i;'''^^-;-'-/^ :-•',■ V-,; 394.— HEBOS Heckel. - :^ v 
 
 ' * , (flej'tc^iftys Baird & Girard.) 
 
 (Heckel, Brazil, Fluss-fischo,- Ann. Wien.Mus. 11,362,1840: type Heros aevemsKackcl.) 
 Body oblong, compressed, somewhat elevated, the form Centrarchoid. 
 Head rather large, scaly on the cheeks and opercles; preopercle entire. 
 Mouth rather small, terminal, low, the jaws equal; maxillary small ; 
 preorbital deep ; jaws with a single series of rather stout conical teeth, 
 behind which, in front, is a narrow band of \ illiform teeth. Gill-mem- 
 branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus; gill rakers short and 
 thick. Scales rather large, ctenoid; the lateral line interrupted and 
 beginning again below, as usual in this family. Dorsal fin coulinuous, 
 the spinous part much longer than the soft part, of about 17 rather low 
 but strojig spines; soft rays much higher than spines; anal fin similar 
 to soft dorsal but shorter, its spinous part also longer than the soft, of 
 about C spines; caudal fin subtruncate, with rounded angles. Species 
 very numerous in Central and South America, {i'ifx^^, hero; the appli- 
 cation not evident.) 
 
 955. H. cyanoiruttnrns (B. & G.) Gthr. 
 
 Browni»;h, body and soft parts of vertical fins everywhere with small 
 blue spots ; sometimes a black spot on middle of spinous dorsal, with 
 another one below it on the back ; a black blotch at base of caudal. 
 Body oval, moderately compressed ; profile gently curved ; interorbltal 
 region slightly depressed; eyes small, situated rather backward and 
 high up ; mouth small, maxillary not reaching orbit ; six rows of scales 
 on cheek ; fins high. Head 3^ ; depth 2^. D. XVII, 10 ; A. VI, 8. Lat. 1. 
 25. Rivers of Texas and Mexico. 
 
 (Herichthys cyanoguttatua B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 25, 1854: GUnther, 
 iv, 290.) 
 
1854: GUnther, 
 
 96. POMACENTRID^ — POMACENTRUS. 609 
 
 Family XCVL— POMACENTRID^E. 
 {The Pomacentroids.) 
 
 Labroid fishes with the body short, deep, compressed, covered with 
 ctenoid scales ; lateral Hue wanting posteriorly ; mouth moderate, usu- 
 ally with rather strong teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; nostril 
 single on each side,* nearly round ; preopercle with its posterior edge 
 largely free; dorsal fin single, with the spinous portion longer than the 
 soft, which is similar to the soft anal; anal spines 2; ventral fins tho- 
 racic, I, 5, the anterior rays longest. Lower pharyngeals fully united ; 
 brancliiostegals 5-7; gills 3^; slit behind the last gill very small or ob- 
 solete; no labyrinthiform appendage ; air-bladder and pseudobrauchia; 
 present; gill-raenibranes free from the isthmus. Vertebne 12+14. 
 
 Fishes of the tropical seas, simdar in mode of life to the Chaitodontida\ 
 feeding on small marine animals and plants in the coral reefs. Genera 
 10 ; species about 160. 
 
 (Pomacenfriffa' GUnther, iv, 2-64.) 
 
 a. Teeth incisor-like, fixed, in one series Pomacentrus, 325. 
 
 flo. Teeth conical, in 2 or more series Chkomis, 326. 
 
 83S.— POMACENTRUS Lacdpede. .. - ' 'v ■ 
 
 Demoiselles. -S ' >' "; 
 
 {Glyphidodon Lac: Hi/pnypopa, Pomataprioriy and Eunchiatodua Gill.) ; .,, 
 
 (Lac^p^de, Hiot. Nat. Poiss. iv, 50S, 1802: type Chaitodon pavo Bloch.) 
 
 Body ovate, deep and compressed ; the profile steep. Head moderate, 
 nearly as deep as long, almost everywhere scaly. Mouth quite small, 
 terminal; the jaws equal; both jaws armed with a single series of com- 
 pressed teeth, notched or not, immovable. Gill-rakers long; preop- 
 ercle entire, or more or less serrate; preorbital serrate or entire. 
 Scales large, strongly ctenoid, the lateral line running parallel with 
 the back to near the end of the dorsal fin, at which point it ceases. 
 Dorsal fin continuous, with 12 or 13 low stout spines; the soft part 
 more or less elevated, its last rays gradually shortened; anal fin siir- 
 ilar to soft dorsal, with two spines, of which the second is much the 
 larger; dorsal spines with a sheath of large scales, the membrjmes of 
 both dorsal and anal covered high up with small scales; caudal flu 
 
 *Ab in the Cichlidw. All other Acanthopto'i have two nasal openings on each side. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 16 39 
 
 .5. 1j| 
 
 
 , i ''rn 
 
 In 
 
 1 H 
 
 k' ■■ 
 
 
 f 
 
 kmm 
 
u 
 
 CIO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 deeply forked. Brancliiostegals 5 or 0. Species numerous in the tron- 
 ical geas. (-aJ,'/.«, operculum; xt'^rpnv, spine.) 
 
 a. Pn'opercle serrate, at least in tUe adult. {Poinacentrue.) 
 
 950. P. lcucost!ctus Miiller & Troschel. 
 
 Dark brownish above, yellowish green on the sides and belly, yellow 
 on the tail and caudal fln ; numerous roundish bluish-white spots on the 
 head, back, and soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins, th(^ dots beini,' 
 less numerous on the side,; sometimes nearly uniform brown, almost 
 unspotted ; no spot on the back of the tail ; a white dot on the base of 
 the la t anal rays ; young with an ocellated dorsal spot an<l eonvcri^ont 
 blue bands on the snout; upper profile of head arched; suborbital riii" 
 minutely denticulate posteriorly; preoperde serrul.ate; lower limb of 
 preopercle scaly; ui)per and lower teeth nearly equally broad, entire; 
 caudal forked, the looes rather pointed. Depth 2:| in total. D. XII, 
 1") ; A. II, l.i ; scales 3-28-1). {Oimther.) West Indies, north to West 
 Florida. 
 
 (Miiller & Troschel, Sclioiuluirgk's Barbud. 674; GUuther, iv, 31; Goode & Beau 
 
 Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 338.) '''•;; - . 
 
 Ma. Preopercle entire. ' t V 
 
 h. Teeth entire. {Hypsypops* Gill.) , - 
 
 »57. P. riibicundtis (Grd.) J. & G.—GarihaUu 
 
 Uniform deep scarlet, unmarked ; edges of fins dusky. Body short 
 and deep, elevated, compressed, constricted behind the dorsal and anal, 
 the caudal peduncle short and deep ; head higher than long, the preor- 
 bital i.ud suborbital regions being unusually deep ; preopercle entire ; 
 cheeks, opercles, and top of head scaly; mouth small; lips thick; teetli 
 compressed, narrow, blunt and entire, in a single row, dark at tips; 
 gill-rakers short and flexible; preorbital anteriorly as wide as the eye; 
 cheeks with 5 or G rows of rather small scales, opercles with several 
 rows of larger ones; lips thick, the lower without frenum; soft fins 
 rather high; pectorals reaching nearly to vent. • Head '^^ ; dei)th If. I). 
 XII, 16; A. II, 15; scales 5-30-13; Lat. 1. on 21 scales. L. 12 inches. 
 Coast of California, south of Point Concepcion ; abundant about rocky 
 islands. 
 
 {(ihjplusoihm rnhicnndiia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1854, 148: Parma ruhi- 
 VHtirin Giinthcr, iv, 5H: Hypaypops ruhicundia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 1803, 
 21.H.) 
 bb. Teeth emarginate. (Glyphidodon\ Lac<5pftde.) 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, IG.'j: typo Gly})hi8odonrnbicundu8 Gn\. {vH, 
 high; vno, below; (btp, eye; in albision to the high snborbital region.) 
 
 \ (rhjphisodott Lac<5pt;de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 542, 1802: typo Ghjphiaodon moucharra 
 Ijac.^Chwtodon saxaUlia IMoiih. {yXixpli, notch , odcb j^, tooth.) 
 
^liii: 
 
 o; soft fins 
 
 96. POMACENTRID.E— CHR0MI8. 
 
 611 
 
 g5§, P. concolor (Gill) J. & G. ^ '\ ■'G^t^v :''-'/■ -.^i v- "r- 
 
 Dark olive, with 5 or G vaguo, dark cross-bands; pectoral with a 
 
 tapcriti^", black transverse line at base. Interorbital space convex, 
 
 wider than orbit; breadth of infraorbital ring; two-thirds the greatest 
 
 lireadtli of the preorbital. Teeth rather broad, deeply notched. D-'pth 
 
 14. I). XII, 12; A. II, 9; scales 3-25-10. {Oiinther.) Both coasts of 
 
 Central America, north to Florida Keys. 
 
 {Eiisvliinlodua concolor Gill, Proc. A"!-.;l. Nat. Scl. Phila. ISfiO, 145: Glyphidodon co;i- 
 (.„/,))• Giiiithcr, iv, 37: Glyphidodou concolor Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. J^'at. Mus. 1871', 
 
 ■M) 
 
 959. P» saxatilis (Linn.) .1- & G. — Con-pilot; Mojarra. 
 
 Greenish olive; head and fins dark; body wilh 5 or G black cross- 
 hands, which are rather narrower than the interspaces; the first from 
 the origin of the dorsal to the pectoral fin, the second downwards from 
 fourth and fifth dorsal spines, the third from the ninth and tenth dorsal 
 spines toward the vent, the fourth from end of spinous dorsal to middle 
 of anal, the fifth l)elow the end of the soft dorsal and continued on the 
 posterior rays of dorsal and anal; a faint sixth bar at base of caudal. 
 Soft dorsal and anal fins produced, the fourth and fifth rays of dorsal, 
 and the fifth and sixth of anal, longest. Eye rather large, about as 
 long as snout. Head rather short, 3 J in length; depth 1^. D. XI 11, 
 14; A. II, 13; Lat. 1. 27; pores on 21 scales. Tropical seas of Amer- 
 ica ; occasional on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 {Chato'lon saxatil'is Linn. Syst. Nat.: GlyphUludon aaxalilia GiiutUer, iv, 35: Ghjphi- 
 dodon saxatilia Goodo, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 3H.) 
 
 32«.— CHBOMIS Cuvier. ... 
 
 (Heliaatea Cnv. &Val. : Furcaria Voey: Ayrena Cooper. 
 
 (Cuvier, Mdmoires dn Mns. d'Hist. Nat. 18ir> : type Sparns chromia L. —- Chrowia caaiaica 
 Risso, of the Mediterranean.) 
 
 Body rather deep. Preopercle entire. Mouth small; teeth small, 
 conical, in two or more series, the outer larger. Scales rather large, 
 24-30 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal fin with 12-14 spines. Branchi- 
 ostegals normally 5. Pyloric coeca 2. Gill-rakers long and slender. 
 Tropical seas; species numerous. {xpo.'A^ the ancient name of some 
 fish, probably a Scitenoid, from xpiii-o)^ to neigh, from the noise msKle 
 by the ilsh; akin to our names Grunter, Croaker, Drum, Hog-fish.) 
 
 900. C. pueictipinoiis Conpor.— ^^acA-smt/A. 
 
 Dark slaty blackish, with violet lustre above ; some of the scales 
 with a greenish spot or edging; fins bluish black; posterior part of 
 
 I : 
 
 :W 
 
 
 w\ 
 
 
 -♦M 
 
 fnf 
 
 » 
 
 A 
 
 
 « 
 
 'i^y 
 
 '♦> 
 
 
 '1^1 
 
 ;**^ 
 
 
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 t 
 
 , ^ 
 
 
 
 MAj^kirL 
 
4 
 
 1^ 
 #1 
 
 Ml 
 
 i 
 
 ft' 
 
 
 
 612 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv 
 
 body with simill rouml brown spots, which form more or less regular 
 series; soft dorsjil and caudal densely spotted. Body obloii;;, soinc 
 what reyularly elliptical. Head blunt, short, and deep, the profile al> 
 iui>tly descending to the snout. Lips thick, the lower without I'renuin. 
 Tecih moderate, conical, in about two series, the inner very small. 
 Cheeks, opercles, and top of head scaly. Spines stiff and low. Can 
 dal forked; pectorals and ventrals long. Head 4; depth 2.^. I). XII 
 11; A. II, 10; scales 4-29-10; 18 in course of lateral line; L. 9 inches. 
 Pacific coast, north to Point Concepcion; not rare. 
 
 (Ai/rema piin<-ti2)inni» Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1833, 73.) 
 
 961. C. iiisolatus (Cuv. & Val.) .J. & G. ' 
 
 Dark brownish, with metallic reflections ; each scale on the head ami 
 anterior part of the body with a blue spot ; young with two blue lines 
 along the forehead convergent on the snout, and with a black spot im 
 mediately behind the dorsal fin. Caudal fin emarginate, with rounded 
 lobes. Second anal spine more than half the length of the head; dor 
 sal spines high; ventrals long; pectorals moderate. Depth 2; 1). XI II, 
 12; A. II, 12 ; scales 2-28-9 ; cceca 2. West Indies, north to Southeru 
 Florida. '"'■ '■ •'^ ■■■■■'--'''••■•;" r •-//'-'::0^->^'>'^i^:< •■■•-" '- 
 
 {Heliaiiea imolatusi Cuv. & Val. v, 494 : HeUiMtes iniiolaius Giiuthor, iv, 01.) 
 
 Family XCVII—EPHIPPID^. 
 
 {The Angel-fishes.) .- 
 
 Body com[)re88ed, usually greatly elevated, the anterior profile steep. 
 Scales moderate or small, ctenoid, densely covering the soft parts of the 
 vertical fins ; lateral line present, following the cuive of the back. Mourii 
 small, terminal, horizontal; i)remaxillaries protractile; maxillary sliovt. 
 without supplemental bone, partly slipping under the preorbital ; jaws 
 with bands of slender, pointed, movable, brush -like teeth; preo[)erelo 
 usually Very finely serrated ; gill-membranes broadly attached to the 
 isthmus, the openings restricted to the sides; branchiostegals 6 or 7; 
 pyloric c(Bca fe w ; gill-rakers very short ; pseudobranchia^ present. Dor 
 sal fins 2, somewhat connected ; the first of 8 to 11 spines, which are 
 depressible in a groove ; soft dorsal and anal fins anteriorly high, their 
 bases thickened by the scales ; anal spines 3 or 4, short ; caudal fin 
 truncate or nearly so; pectorals short; ventrals long, thoracic, I, 5: 
 air-bladder large, commonly bifurcate in front, and with two slender 
 horns behind. As here understood, a group of 4 genera and about 10 
 
97. EPHIPPID^ — CH^TODIPTERUS. 
 
 G13 
 
 species, closely related to the ChntodonU, but said to show important 
 (lifftTcnces in the skeleton. Fishes niostlj' of largo size, in warm seas, 
 suiuetimes entering rivers. 
 
 (SiiuitinipinucH part; gencru Scatopha'jua, Ephippiia, and Drcpanc, GUnt.hcr, ii, 57-65.) 
 
 a. Anal spines H; dorsal spiiios 8 or S), the third prolonged ; profile very steep ; scales 
 small C'n.EToDii'TKnt'8, ;W7. 
 
 327.— CIIJGTODIPTERUS Lacdpede. 
 {I'arephippus Gill.) 
 
 (Lacdpode, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 50 J, 1802: ty\tii Ch(etodon jylumicri B\och= Chniodon 
 fahcr Brouss.) 
 
 Body much elevated and corajjressed, its outline nearly orbicular, the 
 anterior profile nearly vertical. Scales suuill, 55-70 in the course of the 
 lateral Hne. Jaws about equal; no teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth 
 oil jaws slender, somewhat movable; preopercle finely serrulate. Bran- 
 chiostegals G. Dorsal fins 2, somewhat connected, the first of usually H 
 spines, the third of which is elongate ; anal spines i^, small, the second 
 the longest ; ventral with a large accessory scale. Pyloric coeca 4-G. 
 American, distinguished from the Asiatic genus Ephippiis by the very 
 much smaller scales, {x'^irodwv^ Chaitodou; Sn;^ two; izTspo-^^ fin, the 
 dorsal being divided.) v '. ':; i ^- ' 
 
 90'i> C faber (B<*<)U8s.) J. & G. — Jngel-fish; Porgee. 
 
 Grayish ; a dusky band across the eye to the throat ; a second similar 
 band, broader, beginning in front of the dorsal and extending across the 
 base of the pectoral to the belly; a third band, narrower, extending to 
 the middle of the sides, from the base of the fourth and fifth dorsal 
 spines ; a fourth broader band from the last dorsal siiine to the anal 
 spines, the remaining bands alternately short and long; all of these 
 bands growing obscure and disappearing with age; ventrals black. 
 Vertical fins low in the young, lalcate in the adult. Third dorsal 
 spine nearly as long as from eye to edge of preopercle, its niembrane 
 blackish; chin with a row of pores; preorbital nearly as wide as eje; 
 l)ectoral considerably shorter than ventral, the first soft ray of the latter 
 lilamentous. Head 3-3.^; depth l^. D. VIII-I, 20; A. HE, 18; Lat. 
 1. CO; coeca 4-6. L. 2 feet. Warm seas; north to San Diego and New 
 York; abundant on our South Atlantic coast; an excellent food-fish. 
 Very large specimens, which we suppose to be old individuals, but which 
 may possibly be a distinct species {Ephipptts gigas Cuv.), have the occi- 
 pital crest and anterior interhajmals developed in thick bony masses. 
 
 (ChocMon fabcr Broussouct, Ichtb. Decas. 1, v, t. 4, 1782: Chwtodon fabcr Gmel. Syst. 
 Nat.i, 126;j, 1789: Zeua quadra tusGmGl, I.e. 1825; GUuther, ii, 61: Epliippu8 gigas Cuyier, 
 
 ■■^-5lij'v-'4 
 
 'f, :"^ " **-..'»■ 
 
 '^ I 
 
 ■ Hit* 
 
 
 A-, 
 
 i 
 
 
 m^ 
 
 
 
 
 ItN 
 

 li 
 
 
 
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 |.!K 
 
 1 fl ; 
 
 ' 1 fc- 
 
 'fivi-i; 
 
 iii; ii 
 
 m'^-'l i 
 
 'If; r 
 
 ■>)} 
 
 C14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly. 
 
 Ri'giio Aiiim.: Kplilppun gigaa GUnthcr. li, 01: Ephippus {/if/a* Holbrook, Idi. S. Car 
 107: ICpliippus faba- Holbrook, 1. c. 110: Ephipj)U8 zonatun Girard, U. S. i'iic. ]{. w 
 Surv. 110, from San Diego.) . 
 
 ' i^AMiLY XCVIIL— CH^TODONTID^. 
 
 '' . ' •» ■ ■ ■ 
 
 {The Cluvtodonts.) 
 
 Body strougfly compressed, elevated, suborbicnlar in outline, covered 
 ■with moderate-sized or small scales, which are tinely ciliated or nearly 
 smooth; lateral line present, concurrent with the bacli, notextendin^ron 
 the caudal fin; mouth small, protractile, terminal; maxillary very short; 
 teeth slender or setiform, often extremely long-, in narrow bands in the 
 jaws; no teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines, molars, or incisor.s- 
 eyes lateral, of moderate size ; branchiostegals C or 7 ; pseudobrancliiie 
 very large; air-bladder present. Gill-merabranes more or less attached 
 to the isthmus; gill-rakers very small. Dorsal tin single, continuous, its 
 rays sometimes filamentous, its soft part as well as the soft part of the 
 anal densely covered with small scales ; anal similar to the soft dorsal 
 with 3 or -4 spines; ventrals thoracic, 1, 5. Carnivorous fishes of the tropi 
 cal seas, noted for their singular forms and bright colors. Genera 5 or 
 more; species about 170, most of them belonging to Chcctodon and Po- 
 macanthus. {SquamipinneH part, Giinther, ii, 1-57.) 
 
 o. Preopercnliiin Avithoiit spine at its angle C-h.etodox, 3i.'8. 
 
 aa. Preopcrculiuu with a strong spine at its angle Pomacaxtuus, 3',>9. 
 
 y ,. ■ 3a§.— CHiETODON Linuieus. 
 
 (Sarolhrodus Gill : Tctragoiio2)tru8 Bl^)clicr.) 
 
 (Linntcus, Systema Natnra?, x, 1758: typo Chwtodon cajnsiratiis L.) 
 
 Body short, deep, very strongly compressed, especially above and 
 behind; head small, compressed, almost everywhere scaly; mouth very 
 small, terminal, the jaws provided with long, slender, flexible, bristle- 
 like teeth ; preoperculum entire or nearly so, without spine. Dorsal tin 
 single, continuous, not notched, the si>inous part longer than the soft 
 l)art, of about 13 spines ; last rays of soft dorsal usually rapidly short 
 ened; caudal peduncle short, the caudal fin fan-shaped; anal similar to 
 soft dorsal, preceded by 3 or 4 strong spines. Body covered with rather 
 large ctenoid scales, somewhat irregular in their arrangement; the 
 lateral line curved, high, parallel with the back. Gill-openings rather 
 narrow, the membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus; branchiostcgals 
 C. A very large genus of singiilar-looking fishes, abounding in the 
 
93. CILETODONTIDiE — POMACANTHUS. 
 
 Gl.'j 
 
 tropical seas; most of them have tboboily crossed bj' transverse black 
 biirs. {/"^i'Tr/i bristle; 6dwvj tooth.) 
 
 963' fi". iiaarulocitictus (Gill) J. «fe G. ' •• ; v 
 
 Olivaceous, darker above; a dark-brown band from bej^inninj; of dor- 
 sal (ill obliiiuely forwards through eye and across the cheeks; a second 
 bar bt';;inninj; in a blotch on soft dorsal, runs vertically across the body. 
 Uoily suborbicular, closely com[)ressed ; i)rolile steei), concave, the short 
 snout projecting; mouth \ ery small, maxillary not reaching the verticil 
 from the anterior nostril; caudal pednnc'e very short ; lateral line, begin- 
 ning at upper angle of opercle, running obliquely upwards to opposite 
 tbc base of soft dorsal and then decurved, ending opposite extremity 
 of soft dorsal. Head 2^ in length; depth 1^. D. XU, 19; A. Ill, 17. 
 Atlantic coast, rare. 
 
 (Saw'/u'orf"« nirtCtt/octnciiM Gill, Proc. Acal. Nat. Sei. Phila. 18.il, 1)9.) , 
 
 3a9.-POOTACARfTHUS Liic6pode. 
 [Chwiodon, Holacanthua, and Acanthochwtodon Blocker.) 
 
 (Lacc^pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 517, 1802: typo Chwiodon arcuatus L.) 
 
 This genus differs from Chcctodon chiefly in the presence of a strong 
 spine at tJie angle of the preopercle. Body much compressed and ele- 
 vated; dorsal fin entirely scaly, with 8-15 spines; the anal with 3; 
 scales moderate or small; bn.uchiostegals ; air-bhubler with 2 poste- 
 rior horns ; pyloric coeca numerous. Species numerous in the tropical 
 seas. Many of them are brilliantly colored. (rcu//«, operculum ; uxrv^Oa, 
 spine.) 
 fl. Dorsal spines 12 to 15. {Holacanthua* Lac.) ' 
 
 964. P. ciBiarJS (Linn.) J. & G.. — Angcl-fmh ; InahdUa. 
 
 Brownish olive, each scale with a crescent-shaped mark of lighter ; 
 Dape with a dark-brown spot ocellated with blue ; chin, base of pectoral, 
 borders and spines of opercle and preopercle bright cobalt blue ; fins 
 with blue and yellow. Body oblong, compressed and elevated; mouth 
 small; scales ciliate; soft dorsal and anal with the anterior rays jn-o- 
 diiced in long streamers. Head 4 in length ; depth about 2. D. XIV, 
 20; A. HI, 20; scales 8-50-30. West Indies, occasional on our South 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 iChd'toilon ciliaria Linn. Syst. Nat.: Bolavahlhua ciliarh Lacdpi^do, Hist. Nat. Poiss. 
 iv, 527, 1802: Holacanthua ciliaris Guntber, ii, 4G: Holacanthua ciliaria Goodo, Bull. U. 
 8. NaU Mus. V, 4;}.) 
 
 *Lac«5ptide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 525: type Chwtodon tricolor Bloch. (oXoi, comidete; 
 axnvQa, spine.) 
 
 ! • . ! H'Ji 
 
 
 « i.1 
 
 
 
 F 
 
 I ^'-i'^i 
 
GIG 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 art. Dareal spinoH H to 11. (Pomacanthuf). 
 
 99^. P. arcuatus (L.) Lao. ' * • •' V •,,<.; 
 
 Dark brown, anteriorly plain ; lower jaw pale ; each scale witli adaik 
 spot and a whitish edge; young with yellowish vertical bands, some- 
 times spotted with black; bp-se of pectorals soinetimes yellow. Scales 
 on body small, Arm; large and small ones irregularly mixed, llcml witli 
 shagreen, formed of rmiimeutary scales. Dorsal and anal extroiuely 
 falcate, the anterior soft rays two-thirds the length of the bo ly in the 
 adidt; dorsal spines very low; last anal spine long. Mouth small- 
 gill-rakers short; gill-membranes very slightly joined to the isthmus 
 mesially. D. IX, 30; A. Ill, 24; Lat. 1. 80-100; ccBca 15; vert. 10 -f 
 14. Wi'st Indies, north to Garden Key, Florida. 
 
 {Chwtodon arcuatti/i L. Syst. Nat.: Pomacaiitliux parii, ciiiffulatuft, quinquccinctus and 
 arcuatuH Cuv. & Val. vii, 202-211: PomncanthuH paru GUnther, iii, 55.) 
 
 I 
 
 i: 
 
 m 
 
 
 ill ; 
 
 l,j-> 's 
 
 r 
 
 liim ■ 
 
 Family XCIX.-ACANTHURID^.* 
 
 {The Surgeons.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed and usually elevated, covered with very 
 small scales; lateral line continuous. Tail armed with one or more 
 movable spines or bony plates. Eye lateral, high up ; preorbital very 
 narrow and deep. Nostrils double. Mouth small, low; each jaw with 
 a single series of incisor-like teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; ])rc- 
 maxillaries somewhat movable, but not protractile; nmxillary short; 
 gill-rakers obsolete; pseudobranchiie large; gills 4, a slit behind the 
 fourth; gill-membranes attached to the isthmus, the openings thus re- 
 stricted to the sides. A single d srsstl fin, with strong spines, the spi- 
 nous part of the fin about as long as the soft part; anal fin similar, 
 shorter; ventral fins present, thoracic, mostly I, 5 (never I, 4, I, as in 
 Teuthididce). Pelvic bone long, evident thi ough the skin, as in Balisiida', 
 with which group the Acanthuridw have numerous affinities. Pyloiie 
 ccBca rather few. Air-bladder large. Herbivorous fishes of the tropicai 
 seas; genera 5 or more; species nearly 80, most of them belonging to 
 Acanthurus. 
 
 (^cro»M»n(f<B GUnther, iii, 356.) 
 
 a. Tail with a movable lancet-like spine on each side; incisors seiTate. 
 
 ACANTHURt'8, XiO. 
 
 'Called Teiithidtdw in the kej' on page 78. 
 
lOa. TRACIIYPTERIDiE. 
 
 617 
 
 330.— ACAWTHUIIUS Bloch & Schneider. . .^ ^, 
 
 *\ i' '., ( Acronurnit Gthr,; young.) " * , ' 
 
 (ForsUrvl; niach & Sclinoider, Ichthyol. IHOl, 211: type Chwtodon chirurgua Bloch.) , 
 Bcxly o»ate o')loijg, compressed, covered with minute ctenoid scales. 
 Mouth rather small, with broad lohate or serrate incisors, which are 
 goinetimes movable. A movable spine in a groove on each side of tail. 
 One dorsal fln, low and long, with 7-9 (sometimes fewer) spines; usually 
 a pro<!iJmbent spine before the dorsal ; anal with 2 or 3 spines. Ven- 
 tral rays I, 5. Caudal emarginate. Gill openingf» moderate, oblique, 
 separated by a broad isthmus; operculum very short; i)reopercle ob- 
 lique, with entire edge. Branchiostegals a. Intestinal canal elongate. 
 Vertebnc 9 -f 13. {uxa-^Oa, sphie; 6upd, tail.) 
 
 966 A. «-hirurgus Bl. & Sclm.—Snrgeon-fwh ; Doctor-fiah. 
 
 Brownish; operclo with a black margin; sometimes a whitish band 
 across tail at base of caudal; sides with dark transverse bands; vertical 
 linK with oblique, i)arallel, dark streaks. Body oblong, compressed, 
 and not greatly elevated ; profile little convex, somewhat undulated. 
 Vertical fins high ; caudal moderately emarginate. Head 3 J in length; 
 depth 2. D. IX, 23; A. Ill, 23. West Indies; occasional northward. 
 
 (Bloch «S: Schneider, 214; Giinthcr, iii, 3;29, in part; Poey, Anales Soc. Hist. Nat. 
 Espngn. 1880, 245.) 
 
 967. A. CCerulCMS Bloch &, Schneider. — Blue Surgeon; Barhcro. 
 
 Deep bluish brown, with undulating pale blue longitudinal lines, 
 
 especially on the dorsal and anal fins, where they become straight and 
 
 oblique. Upper profile of snout slightly concave. Caudal fin more or 
 
 less det'ply forked, the lobes bordered with pale in the adult; caudal 
 
 spine glassy, amber-colored ; opercles striate. Body very deep. Depth 
 
 1^ in length. D. IX, 2S; A. Ill, 25. West Indies; occasional northw^ard. 
 
 (Bloch & Schneider, 1801,214; Poey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Espagn. 1880,244: Acan- 
 ihirm nigricans Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 42 (not of L.): Acanihurtis cccruleua 
 Giinther, iii, 33G.) 
 
 Family C— TRACHYPTERID^. 
 
 • ( TJie King-of-the-Herrings.) 
 
 Body elongate, strongly compressed, naked, the skin smooth or 
 prickly. Lateral line present. Head short, the mouth rather small, 
 terminal, with feeble teeth; i>remaxillaries protractile; opercles un- 
 armed. Eye large, lateral. Branchiostegals G. Gill-membranes sepa- 
 
 I II 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 . i •!' ■ t •*. 
 
 t . 
 
 
 rf • ipi 
 
 r :±iM 
 
CIS COXTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 rate, fioe from the istliinus; gills 4, a slit bo'iiiid the fourth. Ps; iido- 
 bninchia^ well developed, in a i)onch formed by a fold of the iniuous 
 luembrane. Dorsal flu siugle, exteudm}>: from the head to the tail, it;i 
 rays all technically spinous, being neither articulated nor branched, 
 but all very soft, flexible, and fragile; anal fln wanting; ])ectoni].s 
 short; ventrals thoraci' .ae rays elongate, often less than I, 5 in nin< 
 ber; caudal fin either rudimentary or else divided into Uxo parts, the 
 upper and larger Tan-shaped, directed obliquely upward from the slen- 
 der tip of the tail. Bones very joft, the muscles little coherent. Py. 
 loric coeca very numerous. Vertebra} in large nund»er. Deep-sea fishes 
 often of large size, found in most warm seas. Their extreme fragilitv 
 renders them rare iu collections, and the species are little known. 
 Genera 3; species about 15. They have no intimate relation with any 
 other of our ^milies. ' ■: i ^ - ^ ^ </ • ; 
 
 (Trachyptcridiv GUnthor, iii, 300-311. ) . , . , . , , 
 
 o. Ventral fins well developed; caiulal present, not in the line of the axis of fijo 
 bc'ly Tkachyptkuus, ;r.il. 
 
 &31.— T£tA€JIk'PT£BfJS Goiinu. 
 
 :l' King-of-thelTerHnpn. i ^'^^ 
 
 (Gouan, Hit,;. Poiss. 1770, 104: typo Cepota trachiptcra Gniol.) 
 
 This genus is characterized by the well-developed ventral fins, coin 
 posed of 4-0 branched rays each, and by the presence of a long fan 
 shsiped caudal fln extending oblicpiely upward and backward from the 
 end of the long and slender tail; lower lobe of the fln little developed; 
 the anterior rays of the dorsal fln are usually elevated, and separated 
 by a notch from the rest of the fln; the fln rays and the lateral lino 
 are often armed with prickles. Deep-sea flshes of large size. (r/>a;^uj, 
 rough; rre/>«v, fln.) " , V- 
 
 9GS. T. mitivcUs Kiu'T.—King-of-thc-Salmon. 
 
 Bright silvery, with three large round black 8i)ors below the dorsal 
 fln; a fourth near the abdominal edge, a little below the first of the 
 back. Anterior rays of the dorsal lin elevated ; the longest rays of the 
 posterior part of the dorsal nearly as deep as the body; dorsrd ra.vs 
 rough, a small spine at the base of each of Ihein; caudal lin with the 
 erec^ ' ^be well developed, its outer rays longer and stronger than the 
 intermediate rays; rays of the lower lobe short; skin prickly, the lat- 
 eral line armed with small bouy shields, each provided with a spine. 
 
i:)l. ICOSTEIDiE. 
 
 619 
 
 Head 7; depth 7. D. 7, 1(51) to 190; C. 0-5; P. 11; V. 7. {Giintlur.) 
 Described troin Valpuiaiso, Cliili. A yoauj; specimen ex''iuiued by us 
 iVoiu Sauta Cruz, Cal., a;j:ivys in essautial respeots, except that the skiu 
 is entirely smooth. Tho p.iclcles ar»3 i)erhaps aoiiuired with aj^e, other- 
 wise ours may be a ditlereut si)ecios. Two specimens of Trackifptenis 
 liiiv t> also been taken in I'uget Sound, but they have not been preserv^ed. 
 
 (Kuer. Wiou. Sitznugsber, xxxiv, 4;57 Irijl), tuf. 1; Guuther, iii, 'M'.i.) 
 
 Family CI.— ICOSTEID.E. 
 
 {The Ronqnils.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, naked or covered with small ctenoid or 
 cycloid scales. Heail moderate, not externally bony, the opercles un- 
 armed. Mouth moderate, terminal; preiu'.jxillary protractile or not; 
 maxillary moderate, without sui)pleniental bone. Teeth small, in binds 
 or ii' single series; vomer and palatines with or without teeth. No b;ir- 
 bels. Lower pharyngeals separate. Branchiost..'gals (J or 7. Gill-opi'u 
 iii^js wide, the membranes free from the isthmus; gills t, a slit beliind the 
 fourth; gill-rakers slender. Pseudobrauchia^ large. Pyloric cie^ia few. 
 Air bladder present. Lateral line present. Dorsal tin very long, con- 
 tinuous, without distinct spines; anal long, w\thout spines; caudal lin 
 caiivex; ventral tins thoracic or subjugular, separate, but very dose 
 together, I, 4, or I, 5; pectorals rounded, sometimes tleshy at base. 
 Vent normal, without papilhi. Skeleton more or less soft and cartila- 
 j;iiu)us. This group, as at present constituted, is com|)()sed of three 
 very diverse genera, each of a single species, inhabiting the deep(>r 
 waters of the North Pacific. It is probably most neurly n'lated to the 
 Miilacanthida^, from which it is ♦listinguished by the i)resence of pyloric 
 c(eca and by the non-labroid dentition. 
 
 (/o&stoido) Jo i-dau & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mna. 18S0, 300.) ' ' 
 
 c. Body uakod, latoial lino and iln rays beset with groups of spinules; skeleton not 
 ossiliud. (Ivoateinw.) 
 b. Air bladder present; teeth in jaws oi\ly, in ningle series, very slenih r; ventrals 
 
 thoracie, 1, 4; caudal peduncle sh-uder Icosrias, 'X\2. 
 
 aa. Body covered with siaall scales ; no spinules ; air-bladder waul iug or rudiuieutary ; 
 ventrals 1, 5. 
 0. Skeleton imperfectly oasHied ; lateral line median, {fcirhthiihiw.) 
 d. Teeth in a single series, minute, in jaws oidy; ventrals thoracie; caudal pe^ 
 
 dnnele slender liicMTilvs, 3J3. 
 
 CO. Skeleton ossi lied; lateral line near the hack. (^Kuthi/moHtcriiKiu) 
 
 e. Teeth in bauds, rather strong, on Jaws, vomer, ])alatines, ami i)hnryugealH; 
 vuutruls subjugular; caudal peduncle not sluuder. .....BATilv.MAisiuu, 3,(4. 
 
 
 5{f i'*^i . ;s'H 
 
 
 L^j'i 
 
 'li 
 
 \'>i% 
 
 r V 
 
 ■ }' '• •"J 
 

 620 CONTHIBUTiONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 333.-lCOSTEi;S LockingtoD. 
 
 (Lockiu^ton, Proc. U. S. Niit. Mns. ii, 63, 1830: type Ivosteus cBiiigmaticua Lockiiifrton.) 
 Body oblong, much coini)res8e(l throughout, the head thicker than 
 any part of the body. Dorsal outline rising rapidly to the origin of the 
 dorsal ttn, thence more regularly curved; the region at the base of the 
 dorsal and anal strongly compressed; caudal peduncle slender, ^videncd 
 at the base of tlu fin. ]Mouth large, horizontal ; maxillary narrow 
 reaching to bejond mi<ldle of eye. Teeth in jaws in one row, slender 
 sharp, closely and regularly set, those in the lower Jaw largest; no teeth 
 on vomer, palatines, or pharyngeals. Gill-rakers flexible, few; gill mem- 
 branes separate, fiee from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 0. Pseudo- 
 branchijB well develoi)ed. Lateral line conspicuous, continuous, de- 
 curved, groups of small spines i)resent along its entire length. No 
 scales anywhere on body or lins. Fins rough, with small spinules; a 
 series along each ray, dividing as the ray branches; dorsal fin com- 
 mencing above the axil of the pectoral, composed of 50-GO rays, which 
 are all soft and flexible, some of the antei'ior unbranched; the fin low 
 in front, increasing in height behind; none of the rays more than oiico 
 forked; anal shorter than the dorsal, similar to it, of 35-40 rays; some 
 of the anterior ai^jjarently undivided; caudal fin elongate, fan-shaped, 
 the middle rays i)roduced; accessory rays numerous, procurrent; pec- 
 torals with a fleshy base, fan-shai)ed, the middle rays longest; ventrals 
 thoracic, inserted just behind the pectorals, narrow, consisting of 1 
 short subspinous ray and 4 long soft rays. Air-bladder large. Ver- 
 tebra numerous, the vertebr.il column extremely flexible and soft. 
 Cranial bones tolerably Arm ; bones of the face and opercles very flex- 
 ible. Deep-sea fishes, from the Pacific. (cw«u, to yield, submit; (xr-eo-^, 
 bone — the "entire body being characterized by a want of firmness, as 
 it (%in be doubled up as readily as a piece of soft, thick rag.") 
 
 OO!). I. leaiiiifinaticBis Lockiii^ton. 
 
 Pellucid yellowish or brownish, with purplish spots and blotches of 
 irregular Ibrm; the spots largest above, most numerous along the lat- 
 eral lim»; fleshy bases of caudal and pectorals spotted; throat and gill- 
 membranes with dark punctulations; iihs dusky ^ obscurely blotche<l. 
 Longest ray of dorsal nearly reaching base t)f middle caudal rays. Eye 
 in head, scarcely half the length of the snout or the width of the iii- 
 terorbitcil space; diameter of caudal peduncle about ii\ in greatest 
 depth. Head 4; depth 3. D. 52-55; A. 37-40; V. 1, 4; Lat. 1. IJU-JJO 
 
10!. ICOSTEID^ — ICICHTHYS. 
 
 621 
 
 (groups of spiues). L. about 12 inches. Psiciflc cotist of Uuited States ; 
 three specimens known, from deep water. 
 
 (Locldngtou, Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus. ii, 63, 1880.) 
 
 333.~ICICIIX jIYS Jordan & Gilbert. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 30.'}: typo ImchthyH Inckingtoni J. & G.) 
 
 Body elongate, not elevated, not compressed at the bases of the ver- 
 tical tins. Head moderate. Eyes lateral. Mouth terminal, little ob- 
 lique, with small, sharp teeth in one series, in the jaws only. Premax- 
 illaries not protractile. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; 
 <rill-rakers long. Pseudobranchije present. Branchiostegals 7. Body 
 covered Avitli small cycloid scales. Lateral line continuous, unarmed. 
 Bases of fins without spinules; dorsal and anal fins long and low, com- 
 posed of soft rays only; pectoral ^ns moderate, their bases fleshy, as 
 ill Icosteim; ventral fl'S small, thoracic, I, 5. Pyloric coeca about (J, 
 large. Bones all very flexible, cartilaginous. Deep-sea fishes, (^txw, 
 to yield or submit; ix^oi;^ flsh — in allusion to the flexible skeleton.) 
 
 O^O. I. lockinfftoni .Tor. & Gilb. 
 
 Plain brown, paler below, somewhat punctulatc. Body oblong, some- 
 what compressed, the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head moderate, 
 compressed, with vertical cheeks, rather broad and slightly convex above, 
 the snout abruptly descending. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the slen- 
 der maxillary scarcely widened at the tip, extending to beyond front of 
 pupil; anterior edge of the premaxillary on the level of lower rim of 
 eye; lips thin; premtixillary tapering backward, not forming tlie whole 
 iiiarfrin of the ui>per jaw; maxillary behind slipjiing entirely under the 
 membranous edge of the preorbital; preorbital rather wide, with one or 
 two series of rather large, thin, cycloid scales (other scales on head, if 
 any, now lost on the typi^ml example); lower jaw prominent, projecting 
 in front, included at the sides. Teeth in jaws only, minute, f^harp, c\)sely 
 and evenly set, larger and less numerous than in Icostetis amigmaticus. 
 Eyes large, lateral, longer than snout, 4 in head. Cheeks rather wide; 
 preopercle with a prominent crest, behind which are some radiating mu- 
 cous cavities; the bone with a broad, prolonged, flexible, membranaceous 
 edge, covered with radiating striie, each of which ends in a flexible point. 
 Operele and subopercle rather large, extremely thin, and each <TC8sed 
 by radiating striie. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-rakers long, slender, sharp, 
 close-set, and moderately stiff, their length nearly three-fourths the diam- 
 eter of the eye. Scales very small, soft, and smooth, covei ing the body 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 t t" ft* Li 
 
 
 
f ; 
 
 i.l-\ 
 
 I. i' 
 
 w • 
 
 (522 CONTRinUTIONS to NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 evenly, but beeominjj ainaller below. Lutornl line nearly strniglit, an 
 purently <'ontiiiuous. Dorsal Un lonjjf and low, bef^inniiiy- nearly mid. 
 way between the vent and the base of the ventrals; all the rays soft 
 and artienlated, and all except the first branched; first rays very low 
 the tin ^'radnally rising ]»osteriorly, the hif^^hest rays li in head, .some 
 what scaly; anal fin similar, sliorter, bej^inninf^ slijjfhtly in front of (lio 
 niiihlle of the body and ending? Just in front of the last rays of the dor 
 sal; caudal broad, fan-shapeu, on a slender peduncle; the accessory 
 r;iys numerous and procnrrent; base of jx'ctorals a little below the axis 
 oi' the body, their outline rounded; the fin short and small, shorter (haii 
 head; ventrals short and small, tl-oracic, placed a little behiial jh'i;- 
 torals, with 1 obsolete spine and 5 soft rays, one of which is slijuhtly 
 iHameutous; the tin 3 in head; tin rays not besot with spinules. Vent 
 iu)rmal, immediately in front of the anal, without papilla. Air-l)lad(U'r 
 wantin^j^. Bones sll soft and flexible. The skin not thick and touj^li, as 
 in /crt.s'^t'H,s, but thin and scaled. Head 5; depth 4. I). 40; A. 28; Lat. 
 1. 120. L. 7^ inches. Deep water oil" San Francisco, Cal.; one speciuieu 
 known. 
 (Jorduii & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, 305, 188U.) • 
 
 ' 331.— BATS3Y1TIASTER Copo. 
 (Copo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. 1H7;J: typo J}ath;im<iHt(r Higiiatiis Coyte.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small 
 ctenoid scales. Head rather large, subconic. Eyea large. IMoutli 
 moderate, neaily horizontal, the lower jaw slightly projecting; li])8 
 lull; premaxillary protractile, not extending to the angle of the 
 mouth; maxillary without supplemental bone, not alip])iiig under 
 the narrow preorbital. Teeth moderate, in a cardiform band in each 
 jaw, the outer somewhat eidarged ; bands of teetli on vomer and 
 palatines. No barbels. Branchiostegals (>. Gill-membranes S(!ai(;e!y 
 connected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers few, very short. Pseudo- 
 branchiic largo. Cheeks scaly: rest of head naked. 0])ercular bones 
 unarmed. Mucous pores nunterous on top and sides-i of head. Lateral 
 line conspicuous, placed high, not reaching the caudal tin, its scales a 
 little enlarged. Dorsal flu long, continuous, moderately hi<':h; two 
 or three of the foremost rays inarticulate, but no dStinct spines; anal 
 fin long, si?uilar to th<^ dorsal; caudal convex; pectorals rather broad, 
 their bases extending obliquely downward and backward, their rays 
 all branched; ventrals slightly in front of pectorals, I, 5, close together, 
 
im 
 
 102. (a) LATILID.E. 
 
 fi-23 
 
 the iniior rayH long.^st. Slzoleton well ossified. Pyloric cceoa few (2 or 
 3), No uiivil paitilla. North J'acillc. (/Ja«';?, deep; /la^rij/;, a searcher.) 
 
 971. B. waffnaacif* Cope. — Hompill. 
 
 Olivaceous, tiiif^ed witli brown; about 8 round, faint bbiish blotches 
 iiloii;^ the sides, each surroundetl 'vy rin^s of yellow spots; a yellow 
 rili;; around the eye and a yellow band nlouf? tho cheek; fins translu- 
 (H'lit, tlie anal with a yellowish stripe and a bluish edffini?; dorsal red- 
 (lisii or yellow, with a dnskj' blo((!h in front; ventrals dusky; larger 
 specimens nearly unilorndy dark. I'iyc hirge, about as long as snout, 
 4 ill head; its diameter niu<!h more than interocular spu'^e; maxillary 
 t'xtt'iiding to below front of pui)il; cheeks closely scsaly; rest of head 
 ciitiu'ly luked; a narrow, naked area in front of dorsal, bounded by 
 rows of iiui(!ous ])ores; skull with large mucous cavities behind the 
 eyes, which are translucent in life; scales of lateral line enlarged, twice 
 !i8 fill- iipart as the others. Dorsal lin inserted at a distance behind 
 the occii)ut, less than the diameter of tlu^ oye; pectorals Jj the length 
 of the head; fourth ray of ventrals longest; vent much nearer snort 
 than root of caudal; caudal vertebra' about 33. Head 4,\; dei)th G^. 
 1). 11 : A. 33; V. I, 5; P. 18; Lat. 1. 1>2 + (tubes); scales in about 200 
 transverse series. L. 12 inches. Alaska to Puget Sound, about rocks, 
 iiMvater of moderate depth. 
 
 (Cope, Proc. Amor. riul. Soc. Pliila. 187^.) ' ' "*> ^'^ V ' v ' ' ' . ': • ' 
 
 - Family CII («) — LATILID^.* ^ : 
 
 , ,: . ■, {The BlanqiiiUos.) , 
 
 Tyody more or less elongate, fusiform or comjiressed. Head subcon- 
 ical, tli« i)rolile usually convex; suborbital without bony stay; cranial 
 bones not cavernous; opercular l)ones armed or not. Mouth mod<>rate, 
 toriiiinal, usually little obli<pie; teeth rather strong; premaxillary usu- 
 ally with a posterior canine; ])remaxillaries protractile; maxillary wirh- 
 ont supplemental bone, not slii)ping under the edge of the preorbital. 
 Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiai well developed. 
 Gill membranes separate, or more or less united, often adherent to the 
 istlinins. Lower pharyngeals separate. Scales small, ctenoid. Lateral 
 lino i)rcsent, (iomplete. Dorsal flu long and low, usually continuous, the 
 ^"l)in<)us i)ortion always much less developed than the soft portion, but 
 never obsolete; anal lin vvvy long, its spines usually feeble and few; 
 
 'Called Trachinidw in the key on page 78; see also family 102 (ft), Trhhodontidai. 
 
 
 .'«.. 
 
 ill 
 
 ' ■ t .'.if* 
 
 
624 COXTKinUTIONS to north AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — 'v 
 
 % 
 
 U, iM 
 
 IV-* 
 
 M-;f 
 
 candal fin forked; tail diphycorcal; ventrals thoracic or sub mu'ar 
 I, 5, usually close together; pectoral fins not very broad, the rays all 
 branched. Vertebra} in increased number (35-50). Pyloric cneca few 
 or none. Fishes of the temperate and tropical seas, many of them 
 reaching a large size. Genera about 5 ; species about 10. 
 (TrachinidcB, groa]} Pinguqmlina Giinthor, 'i\,2'A-2o4.) 
 
 a. Dorsal fin continuous; body scaly; upper jaws usually with ijosterior canines. 
 (Lalilinn:) 
 b. Dorsal and anal wit.li le&s than 20 soft rays each, 
 c. An adipose appendage at. the nape; a lleshy iiroloui^ation ou each side of the 
 labial fold, extending backward, behind angle of the month. 
 
 LoPHOLATiMs, ;v.{r>. 
 
 hb. Dorsal and anal fins e.ach with more than 20 soft rays; no adipose appL'n(hi"i) at 
 
 the nape Caulola tills, 3^(5. 
 
 335.— L.OPHOLAT1L.IJS Goode &, Bean. 
 
 (Goode «fe Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 205: type LopholatiUis chamwlcondceps 
 G. & B.) 
 
 This genus differs from Caulolatilus and agrees with Latilus in the 
 small number of dorsal and anal rays, and is dlsthiguished from both 
 by the presence of a large adipose appendage on th<i Mai)0 and by a 
 fleshy prolongation upon each side of the labial fold, extending back- 
 ward beyond the angle of the mouth. One species known. (Ar/^'o?, 
 crest ; Latilus.) 
 973. li. chainaeleontlceps Goode «fe B3an.—r»7e-/«7j. 
 
 Coloration brilliant; head and body with numerous greenish-yellow 
 spots; upper portion of body with a violaceous tint; lower parts whitish, 
 with some areas of yellow; caudal rays striped with greciMsh-yellow, 
 some of the stripes connected by cross-blotJ^es; anal and ventral fins 
 whitish; pectorals violet-tinted, with some yellow on posterior surfaces; 
 soft dorsal with an upper broad band of violaceous and a narrow basal 
 portion of whitish; many rays each with a yellow stripe; anterio" part 
 of fin with some yellow spots. IMaxillary reaching anterior margin of 
 orbit; opercle and preopercle scaly, the latter flnely denticulate; upper 
 Jaw with an outer series of stronger teeth, behind which is a band of vil- 
 liform teeth; lower jaw with a few large canines and an inner series of 
 small conical teeth; vomer and palatines toothless. Head 3 in length; 
 depth 3i. D. VII, 15; A. II, 13; scales 8-93-30. {Goode tt Bean.) 
 Abundant in deep waters off the coast of Massachusetts; a flue large 
 fish, which may become important as food. 
 
 (Goode & Bean, P.oc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 203, ) 
 
nor canines. 
 
 102 (a). LATILID^E — CAUl.OLATILUS. 
 
 625 
 
 336.-€AlJ£.OI^ATIt.lJS Gill. 
 BlanquUlos. 
 
 (/Mviz/n* Cooper; prooccnpicd.) 
 
 (CaiiMalihiH Oill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, ii-lO; iionun nudum, defiuod in Pioc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l8o5, 66: typo Latilus vUri/HopH C «St V.) 
 
 Body elongate, subfusiforin, not strongly compressed, heavy forward, 
 tapering to a rather slender candal i)edunele. Piofile of head strongly 
 arclii'd. jNIouth moderate, little obliciiie, the jaws nearly equal ; lii)s 
 tliick; maxillary narrow, not slijjping ujider ])reorl)ital ; teeth in villi- 
 t'oriii bands, preceded by a row of stronger acute teeth; hindmost teeth 
 iu each jaw canine-like, directed forward; ])osterior canines of upper 
 jaw largest; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preopcrcle pectinate, the 
 teeth nearly even; opercle with a blunt, tlat spine. Eyes large, lateral, 
 (iill-iuembranes slightly connected, forming a fold across the isthnnis, 
 with which they are narrowly joined. Branch iosi egals 0. Gill-rakers 
 short and stout. iJTostrils double, round, close together. Scales snuill, 
 linn, ctenoid. Lateral line continuous, concurrent with the back. Dor- 
 sal with 7-9 slender, pointed, graduated spines, and 22-27 soft rays; 
 anal similar to soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines, and niore than 20 
 soft rays; caudal fin forked; ventral fins iluM-acic; no Hdipo.se append- 
 age at the nape. Large fishes of the warm seas. (zauA«?, stem ; LaiiluH — 
 /. ('., many-rayed Latilux.) 
 
 973. C. pi'niicej)s (Jenyns) Gill.— /T7a/e-/:s/(; YeUow-tail. 
 
 Olivaceous, with bluish rellections; brownish above, greenish below; 
 fins light greenish olive, tinged with bluish and orange, the colors 
 always pale; dorsal and anal greenish, with a bluish band near the 
 tip; axil dusky. I'lesh of the occiput becoming thick with age, as in 
 Ikrpe. Eye large, about half the convex interorbital space, 4J in head. 
 Maxillaries reaching front of eye. Teeth rather strong. Preopercle 
 finely, evenly, and acutely serrate behind, nearly entire below; pre- 
 opercle, interopercle, and pveorbital naked; cheeks and opercles scaly; 
 top of head scaled on the median line to between the eyes. Dorsal 
 spines llexible; ventrals slightly behind the pectorals, the outer rays 
 lonj^est; caudal moderately forked, the ui)per lobe the longer; caudal 
 peduncle short and slender, abruptly contracted ; pectorals falcate, 
 longer than caudal, | length of the head. Head 3^; depth 4. D. IX- 
 
 *Deka!ja Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc'. 1864, 711: tyfo Dikaya anomala Cooper; 
 not Dckajiia Milue-Edwards & Ilainie, IPjI; a geuua of corals. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 40 
 
 
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 1 M^- I 
 
 
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 rP 
 
 M 
 
 tl^mmmmmmmmm 
 
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 I 
 
 ■,,n J»- 
 
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 hi'}' 
 
 ih !' 
 
 pn 
 
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 mi': 
 
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 *1^ 
 
 
 
 
 G2G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 24 5 A. II, 2.3; scales 10-125-40, L. 40 inches. Monterey, southward 
 
 abundant about the Santa Barbara Islands; a iood-fisb of considerable 
 
 importance. 
 
 {1 Lalilus prhicepg Jcnyns, Zool. Heaglf, Fislics, 52 (."rom GalapaRos Maiuls): J),.. 
 kaya anomala Cooper, Proc. Cal. ApikI. Nat. Sci. iii, 71, 18G4: Ctndolatihi^ (I'lomalu^ 
 prinaps, and affuiis Gill, Proc. Aca<l. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1865, 68: CaulolaUhm anomalm 
 Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. vii, 48, 1877: 1 Laiilm pnncepa Gm\i\vAx, ii, 253.) 
 
 974. C. chrysops (C, & V.) Gill.— 7?/«H7Ht/7o. 
 
 Eeddish, marked with yellow; a yellow band below the eye and a 
 dark axillary blotch. Body rather robust. Interorbital width half 
 length of snout. Snout longer than maxillary. Eye small, in lenoth 
 of head in adult. Fins rather short; caudal slightly emarginato; pec- 
 toral not reaching origin of anal, not one-fourth of total length. Head 
 ^•, depth 3^ in length. D. ¥11-25; A. I, 23; Lat. 1. 120; 1. trausv. 48. 
 {Gooilc & Bean.) Pensacola, Fla., and southward. 
 
 (J fMiUus chrysops Cnv. & Val. ix, 49(>, 183:5 (froni Brazil): ? Latilm* ehrynops Gilnfhcr, 
 ii, 253: 1 Caulolatilus vyanops Pocy, Kept. Fi«. Nat. i, 312, 18(57 (Cuba): CauloIaNuK 
 inicropi Goodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 43, 1878. The characters ascribed to 
 the latter species, beinjf details of form only, may be duo to age, as greater differences 
 occur between young and old of C. princcpa.) 
 
 Family CII (&).— TRICHODONTID^. 
 
 " {The Saiifl-nshes.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, naked. Ilead short, 
 flat on top, the sides vertical. Eyes large, high up, but not superior. 
 Mouth large, almost vertical; lower jaw projecting, its tip entering the 
 prolile; lips fringed; premaxillaries protractile ; maxillary very broad, 
 without supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow ])reor- 
 bital. Teeth moderate, slender and sharp, but not setiform, in bands 
 on jaws and vomer; palatines toothless; inner teeth of jaws depiessible. 
 Oill-rakers very short; gill-membranes narrowly united, free from the 
 isthmus. Branchiostegals 5. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Preop- 
 ercle with 5 i)rominent spines, the two upper directed strongly upward, 
 the two lower downward, the middle one downward and backward; no 
 barbels; opercle small, strongly striate, unarmed ; i)reorbital with spines; 
 no suborbital stay. Lateral line obsolete. Dorsal fins separate, the first 
 the larger, of numerous slender, low spines; anal fin elongate, without 
 distinct spines, the rays of the anterior third of the flu much shorter 
 than the others; pectorals with a very broad, curved, procurrent base; 
 a broad lunate area between pectoral and gill-opening, nearly covered 
 by the opercle; soft rays of dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins all simple; 
 
103. URANOSCOPID^.. 
 
 027 
 
 vontrals close together, thoracic, but behind the pectorals, I, 5, the 
 mi(WI<3 rays longest; caudal lunate, with many accessory rays, on a 
 slender peduncle. Two species known, froui the Xorth Pacific. 
 
 (TiucftinWcc, gonuH TrJc/iorfoH Giiutbcr, ii, 250.) 
 
 ■ 'a 
 
 ■ .1.1 
 
 :?. 337.— TRICIIODON Stoller. 
 
 (Stellt'i"; Cuvier, R»'gno Aniin. ii, 1^-21): type Trnchinun trichodon Tilesins.) 
 Characters of the genus included above. {Oft^, hair; oV7wy, tooth.) 
 
 975. T. stelleri Cnv. & Vfil.—Saml-ftfih. 
 
 Olivaceous silvery, the back darker, with short bars and reticula- 
 tions of blackish, the latter chiefly on the head and nuchal region; be- 
 low this a longitudinal narrow white stripe, and then a narrow black 
 stiipe, intcrrui)ted anteriorly, extending from the eye to the base of 
 the caudal; spinous dorsal with 2 lengthwise bands of black; chin and 
 snout black. Eye large, placed high, 3 in head; maxillary extending 
 to beyond its middle; the prenmxillary near the level of its upper edge; 
 clieek quadrate, as deep as long. Pectorals reaching past vent, the 
 lower rays rapidly shortened, the width of its base ^ its length, two- 
 thirds the length of the head ; anterior rays of anal less than half the 
 height of the posterior. Head 3^; depth the same. D. XV-18; A. 0, 
 19. L. 12 inches. Coast of Alaska, south to San Francisco, burying 
 Itself in the sand near the shore; not rare northward. 
 
 (Tvaihh'ua trichodon Tiles. M6m. Ac. Petersb. 1813, 4(56; Cnv. & Val. iii, 154; Giiu- 
 ther, ii, 251: Trichodon Uneatua Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1860, GO.) 
 
 .; r Family cm.— URANOSCOPID^. 
 
 "! {The Star Gazers.) . 
 
 Body more or less elongate, conic, terete or subcompressed, widest 
 and usually deepest at the occiput. Scales small, smooth, adherent, 
 arranged in very oblique series, rarely wanting. Lateral line feeble or 
 obsolete. Head cuboid, partly mailed above. Eyes small, anterior, on 
 the top of the head. Mouth vertical, the mandible strong and promi- 
 nent; lips more or less conspicuously fringed; teeth moderate, on the 
 jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines also; premaxillaries protrac- 
 tile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone, not slipping under 
 the preorbital. Gill-openings very wide, continued forwards; gill- 
 luembraues nearly separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 0. 
 
 
 'Mmm 
 
 ■ ■'■•.rfiWHi 
 
 '■ il 
 
 mm 
 ■ • It ■ ' ..i ,'., 
 
 • t i' ; ' -J "Si :f .J 
 
 1171 
 
G28 coNTiunuTioxs to north American ichthyology — iv. 
 
 t , 
 
 Tr 
 
 ! I 
 
 il: 
 
 f' 
 
 I'" 
 
 8'S 
 
 f J ills .'iA, a .small slit beliind the last. PseiulobranchisB present. No 
 anal i)ai>illa. Dorsal lius 1 or 2, the spinous part very short, the solt 
 l)art elohj^ate; anal hnig; candal not forked; pectoral fins with hioail 
 obliqne bases, the lower rjiys rapidly shortened, most of them braiichcil 
 ventral lins jujjidar, close together, I, 5, the spine very short, the inner 
 most rays the longest. Air-bladder generally absent. Pyloric couca 
 in moderate number. Carnivorous fishes of singular appearance, li\ in" 
 on the sea-bottoms in most warm regions. Genera 7; 8i)ecies about 20. 
 
 {Tracliinuhv, y;ronp i'raiioiico2)ina Gihithor, i'i, 22o-2'.i2.) ' ' " 
 
 a. Dui'sai tiua 2; bead without 8i)ii)eH; no tentacle iu the mouth. .AsTROscoi'Uts, 3^<j. 
 
 33§.— ASTKOSCOI»US Brevoort. 
 
 >.'.', 
 
 (J^HMS Giinther: Upselon2)horu8 Gill.) 
 
 (Brevoort ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliihi. 1800, 20 : type UranoHcopua anoplon Ciivicr.) 
 Mouth large, the lower jaw without retractile tentacle within. Tooth 
 narrow, in villiform bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines; teeth of jaws 
 depressible. Xostrils fringed; a curbed furrow behind each eye, with 
 its edges fringed. No spines about the head, the edges of the nioni- 
 brane bones covered by smooth skin; surface of the bones rugose: a 
 broad jdate on the occipital region, from the middle of which a Y 
 shaped projection extends forward, the tii)s of the fork being betMcoii 
 the eyes; a trapezoidal space, covered by naked skin, bounded by the 
 Yj the eye, the suborbitals and the occipital plate. Head scalelcss; 
 back and sides covered with close-set scales ; belly mostly naked. 
 Humeral spine obsolete; no spine before the ventrals. First dorsal 
 small, of about 4 low, stout, pungent spines, connected by membrane 
 to the second dorsal, which is rather high and long; pectorals and ven- 
 trals large. American, distinguished from the Old World Uranoncoinm 
 chieflj' bj^ the unarmed head, [affzoov, star; axo-iioj to look.) 
 
 976. A. y-griEcum(C. & V.)Gill. ■% ' 
 
 Dark brown above, paler below; upper parts densely covered with 
 small rounde'd white spots, each surrounded by a black ring; lower 
 jaw^ and labial fringes similarly spotted ; spinous dorsal black, white 
 posteriorly; soft dorsal with 2 black and 2 white stripes; caudal black, 
 with 2 white longitudinal strii)es, its upper and low^er edges nar 
 rowly white; anal white at base and tip, with a black median baud; 
 pectorals brown, Avith a black band below, the lower edge white, thi' 
 
TR08C0PCS, 33m. 
 
 104. GOnilD.E. 
 
 npp( ' raj' spotted ; venirals white. Width of pectorals less than half 
 leiijith of head, their length a little less than that of head; ventrals 
 iciuliing three-tifths distance to vent. S<'ales small, evident, iti very 
 ohlique series, /'-shaped bone on top of head conspicuous, on each 
 side of it a broad naked area, sai<l to be the seat of electric powers. 
 A ridge of skin along middle lino of belly from ventrals to vent. 
 Head 3; depth 3. D. IV-I, V.i; A. 12. L. 12 inches. West Indies, 
 occasional on onr South Atlantic coast. 
 
 {Uranoncopns y-gracum Cuv. «fe Val. iii, IWW, 18'211: Urtaioxcopnn ti-gmcum Gilnther, ii, 
 .j-M); VpHelotiphoruH y-gracuin Gill, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phlla. Idlil, 113; Beiin, Proc. 
 U.S.Nat. Mas. 1879, 58.) . 
 
 977. A. anoplus (Cuv. &. Val.) Brcvoort. 
 
 Brownish, everywhere covered with fine white spots; a dark lateral 
 baiul on the caudal peduncle, near which the spots are larger; caudiil 
 witlj lengthwise stripes of black and pale. Form and arinatnre essen- 
 tially as in A. y-gra'cum. Pectoral a little longer than ventral, oue- 
 fonrth shorter than the head. Scales on back evident, but small, tlu» 
 belly and lower part of the sides naked. Head 2i; depth 3^. D. IV- 
 13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 113. Atlantic coast of United States; rare. 
 
 {rranoHtopus anoplos Cuv. & Val. viii, 49:5 (young, said to ()0 nakcnl): Agnus anophifi 
 Giiuthcr, ii, 229: Aslroscopm gattatm Abbott, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1860, 3(35; 
 Buau, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, GO.) 
 
 Family CIV.— GOBIID^E. 
 
 v! ■ •' :-• ■ / {The Gobies.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, naked or covered with ctenoid or cycloid 
 scales. Dentition various, the teeth generally small ; premaxillaries 
 ))rotractile; suborbital without bony stay. Skin of head continuous 
 with covering of eyes. Opercles generally unarmed. Pseudobranchije 
 ))iesent. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes united to the 
 istliinns, the gill-openings thus restricted to the sides. l!fo lateral line. 
 Dorsal fins sei)aiate or connected, the spinous dorsal least developed, 
 of 2-8 tlexible spines, rarely wanting; aual usually without spine, sim- 
 ilar to the soft dorsal ; ventral fins close together, separate or fully upite<l, 
 each composed of a short spine and 5 soft rays, the inner rays longest; 
 the ventral tins, when united, form a sucking-disk, a cross-fold of skin 
 at tlieir base forming a cup; caudal fin convex; anal papilla prominent. 
 No pyloric copca ; usually no air-bladder. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of 
 small size, living on the bottoms near the shores iu warm regions. Some 
 
 ill 
 
in 
 
 !:1 
 
 i' 
 
 E * 
 
 i: ' ■ 
 
 St 
 
 iA •'. 
 
 G30 coNTRinrnoNs to north American ichthyology — iv. 
 
 inhabit fresh waters, aii«l otliers live iiuliscrimiuatcly in either IVcsh or 
 8alt water. Oenera GO -70; species nearly 400. 
 {(robiidtv piirt; groiipH Uobiiua, Jinhlyopina, and Tri/pauchenina Gilutbcr, iii, l-i;{j^.) 
 
 * W'Utrals sopiiiivti); body scaly. (ICIrotridhin.) 
 a. Vomoriuo teeth prcHont; istbiiius narrow, the giIl-opcuiu<jH contiimi'd forward 
 
 Ih'Iow PiiiLVl'xis, :539. 
 
 au. Vomerine tooth waiitiuK; ist limns Itrotul. 
 
 b. Scales Hinall ((iO-lUO in a lt'n<;;th\vl.Ht' series); teeth fixed Eleothis, 340. 
 
 bb. .Scales large (:}0-;J5 in a lengthwise aeries); enter teeth luovahle. 
 
 DoitMiTATult, :i41. 
 *' Ventral fins nnited. 
 
 c. Dorsal fins separate. (Gobiinw.) 
 d. Dorsal spines several. 
 c, IJofly sc.ily. 
 /. Wcale'i ctenoid; dorsjil spines C; maxillary moderately developed, end- 
 ing below the eye. 
 h. T.^etli in the npper jaw emarginate, in one series; teeth of lower jaw 
 
 horizontal Evoktiiodi-.s, 'M-1 
 
 hh. Teeth all .siini)le. 
 
 {. Teeth in the npper jaw in one series; those below in a very narrow- 
 baud EUCTENOGOUILS, 'M.l 
 
 ii. Teeth in several series in each jaw. 
 j. Teeth of the onter series fixed, somewhat enlarged; body not 
 
 greatly elongate GoBirs, ;J44. 
 
 jj. Teeth of the outer series setaceous, movable; body extremely 
 
 long and slender Gobionellis, 34.'). 
 
 ff. Scales very small, cycloid. 
 
 k. Maxillary inordinately developed, in the adult, reaching tiie 
 
 gill-opening; dorsal spines 6 Gilliciithy.s, ;!4t;. 
 
 Jck, Maxillary moderately developed; dorsal sjjines 7 or 8. 
 
 Lepidogobius, :{47. 
 
 ee. Body naked; teeth in bands; no (mines Gobiosoma, IM"*. 
 
 dd. Dorsal spines 2; body naked; eyes obsolete ..Tyi»iii.og«)Bus, 3111. 
 
 CO. Dorsal fin continuous; scales minute or wanting. (Amblyopinw.) 
 
 1. Teeth in a single series Tyntlastes, I!oO. 
 
 339.— PHIL. YPNUS Cnvier «fe Valeuciennea. "*''' ■ ■ 
 
 • . (Xp»i6ms Giinther.) . , ^ ,^ ^, 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. . i, 255, 1837: type Platycephalua dormttator Bloeh & 
 Scbn.) 
 
 Body elongate, terete an t-riorly, compressed behind. Head elongate, 
 
 depressed above. Mouth large ; lower jaAv longest. Teeth cardiform, on 
 
 jaws and vomer; no teeth on palatines and tongue. Gill-openings con 
 
 tinued forward below, so that the isthmus is very narrow. Scales mod 
 
 erate, ctenoid, covering mo.st of the head. Dorsal fins weU separated, 
 
 the first of 7 spines ; ventrals separate. Largest of the GoMes, some of 
 
 the species reaching a length of nearly 2 feet TrOiiioal rivers aud 
 
 l)ay8. {ipiXurtvui;, slumber-loviug.) 
 
101. OOmiD.E — DOHMITATOR. 
 
 G31 
 
 ft7W. P. tlorinitator (Dl. & Schn.) Ciiv. & Vul. 
 
 Ur^wiiish, nuirbk'd with darker; sides of head with 2 brown stripes; 
 
 Iiu8 lose-eolorcd, with series of biowu spots; two obh)n<; brown spots 
 
 on base of pectorals. Snort sharp; maxillary reaeliing to opposite 
 
 midille of orbit. Vomerine teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Eye small, 
 
 Ii.ilt width of interorbital spaoe. Caudal peduncle very low^ and rather 
 
 sUiidor. Head 3 in leiiKthj deptii about 5i. I). VI-I, !); A. I, *.)', 
 
 Lat. 1. <»0. L. 1-2 feet. Texas and southward, entering? the rivers. 
 
 (rift.'lceplKtlua donnitator Bl. & Sclui. 00, 1801: Ehotrin (hrmitatrix Gliuther, iii, 111); 
 Cuv. <&. Val. xii, 2o5.) 
 
 340.— ELEOTRIS Gronow. 
 
 ,. I , Tetards. 
 
 ( GoftJomorMS amW.'oi jomoroirffa Lacdpc'de.) ' 
 
 (Gronow ; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 65: tyi)o Elcotris ffijrlnm Cuv. &. Val.) 
 
 Body long and low, compressed behind. Head long, low, flattened 
 above, without spines or crests, almost everywhere scaly. INIouth large, 
 ()bli(iue, the lower jaw projecting. Teeth in jaws villiform, ii.xed; no 
 teeth on vomer or palatines. Preoperclc and branchiostegals unarmed. 
 Eyes small, high, anterior; isthmus broad. Dorsal fins well apart, the 
 iirst of about 7 flexible spines; ventrals separate. Scales small, cycloid, 
 (lO-lOO in a longitudinal series. Troi)ical seas, entering fresh waters. 
 [r,hii-j bewildered.) • 
 
 979. E. gyrinus Cuv. &, \a\.—Ti'tard; Sleeper. 
 
 Brownish; vertical flns, with brow^i dots; two darker strijies behind 
 the orbit. Body elongate, moderately compressed, of nearly equal 
 depth throughout. Caudal peduncle long and deep. Head rather broad 
 and flattened above, its scales minute. jMouth large, very oblique; 
 iiiiixillary reaching beyond the vertical from centre of orbit. Eye small, 
 lialf width of interorbital space. Head 3i in length; depth about 5. 
 D. VI-I, 8 ; A'. I, 8 ; Lat. 1. about GO. Brackish waters, from Texas 
 southward. 
 
 {IGohius pisonia Gmolin, Syst. Nat. 1783, l^O'i; Cuv. «& Val. xii, 220; GUnther, iii, 
 
 122.) -■'; ■..:■•-...- .- - ..• ;:.,-.-,;■.;":/'.■',. ■•;* ^-; ;..;;-,, _ 
 
 ->:n..; 'rC 341.— DORmiTATOR Gill. - ',y ;■■.'■ /^^ I-,, ,^ 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 210: type Ekotria gundlacU Poey.) 
 
 Body oblong, the back broad and elevated; tliQ head broad and deep. 
 Mouth small, anterior; jaws subequal, each with a narrow band of slen- 
 der teeth, those in the outer row movable; no teeth on vomer or pala- 
 tines. Eyes moderate, lateral, wide apart. Head unarmed, almost 
 
 
 6-* 7 
 
 M .J 
 
 ' A 4 .'1 
 
 i^ ■_ 4 
 
 •> »> 
 
 
 
 
 t"ii 
 
 
 
 
BieSH 
 
 <.', 
 
 I \ 
 
 -I 
 
 
 • i 
 
 p. 
 
 iJh 
 
 # 
 
 632 coNTKnurioxs to nouth ami kuwx tchthyoi.ooy—iv. 
 
 ovor\\vho«x»sont\. SojUos l;>rjjv. o(onoi<l. ls(h»nu{« nuMlornto: sill o)oOs 
 oxtomUnl u littlo fonvanl !»)»ovo : jjiU rakii^ lonjr. rh{U\\n.:;o;il tooth 
 solnooons; m\ v\Uy\\M\\ sorios hiwswi. Moxihio, l;nuolliriMMu. Hoi'Sijl sj>in,\< 
 tloxiMo, usually T; votitnvJs soparato. Umokivsh wrttors in tho tJMi>uv\, 
 ^!.!Uin, fformiMfor, one who sIooiks.) 
 
 nix>\vnish >ollv>\v. ihiokly punotnlattMl \vi(h darkor, with a «l;»vk lino 
 nuuun;ii' olonjj" tho uu«Ul o of oaoh i»\v of soalos, ;»n«l with a »l;oK \oi 
 tirnl blotoh on (ho soapular tvuiou; hojul jippsiivntly with "J «liuK \ou^\ 
 tiuUntU l>;uuls; dorsal and anal tin>s with 'J »\>ws of datk spots tjoar (ho 
 Ivjiso. a faintor o(u» hoyotul: all tho (ins with ininntiMhuK dots, Ho^ul 
 i'i'i in lonjith: dopth abont X\, Kvooqnal tosnont. 1>. Vll-l. U\\ ,\. 1. 
 10: LatJ. ;?2. (dUL) 8ava(U(Mh.(ia.: pi\>bul>l^ idontioal with thotuM. 
 ((?«». IVhs Aoaa. N,>»t. Sot. Plnln, JSiV*, viTI.) 
 
 Datk hi\>\vn, with lij;htor Muish sjH>ts: a fain( dark stvipo ahM^jf sitU\s; 
 
 a hmixMhuk Mno spot <hIjjv«1 with blaok abovo ba^so of pivt ovals, jnul 
 
 A dark sdvak ftxun oyo to anjjlo of month; two dark sttx^aks «n> si«lo »>( 
 
 hoad; bratu'hiostojial uuMnbrano blaoUish: «lorsals l>j>rt^»<l wi(h spots; 
 
 «nal dttsky, IviUMXHl wi(h blnish. and with whitx^ niat^jjin; a daik baron 
 
 Ivuso of jxHMoraK (\\ndal a littlo short; v than hoad. Kyo stt»all, slu>rtor 
 
 tnati sttont, lload .'Vs '» hM(;;(h: dop(h alHMtt ."< (in tho adnlt^, l>. Vll-0; 
 
 A. 10: l.at. 1. Xk 1,. \'2 inohos, KMo (5ra(\do atnl soi.hwanl :o(tn);\i-\ 
 
 «(»d Kipta«h>r: vor> abnndant in braokish wators. ^^Uoiv do,scribtHl (huu 
 
 spooiuuMts thnn Magadan,) 
 
 v.Voj.r»;rt ♦MrtONfi«M IUoo1». lo(»((\. \;\l\ «*!>, f. tti K^Atft-** m^i^ih^i^*^ 0, A \. \ii,\Ji^^! 
 fU\'>U-i* iH.jrw^rtM (?«(n(l»o\'. <\(. tt'.^: /7ntJm )iHw»w?ii»i>« (tirinnl. l\ S> M«>\. noxv,,!, 
 
 |\(o,\. Syn. Tiw, Cu(>o«n IW.) 
 
 JI4«.-KVOUfc'Il<»I>l*; t^iU. 
 
 (0\\\, PiN>o. Aou(, Nf»t, Soi. riUlrt. tJ*.VK t'A%; tyt^o f.Nvof*.»«f«« >m>)«Y>w (:((),> 
 
 IU»d\ olonuato, oovoivd with otonoid soalos of nn^lorato si?o. \h\\\\ 
 thivdv, vshot-t, Isthinns ntixhMato. 'IVoth it* a sit^lo sorios. with tlo 
 omwu on«a»jrinato, thosoof (ho lowor jaw hori^.ottta): nooaninos. TiiM 
 dorsal of spiiu^s; votUral tlt\s tudtod, not adhotvnt to Iho boUy. ({», 
 W>H^ »V>f»'><»>»(raijiht: *t'W<, tooth,) 
 
 Olivjuvotis. with ojxksj* blotohoj»of darkor. \\oy\^ sul4\(sif<»rtn. llor.i 
 * Wo rto* (Mt'iunuHl (»> P«>M«vw(»r iJUl thrtt \\\\* h|»ooW^. «»v « wpi'oWv* !«app«v«ot( to 1><^ Um' 
 
 ^i 
 
im. nonnn.K— *oomi^ 
 
 C^X^ 
 
 v,o! wry Mnnt. .liuvs ovon. MoiuU somowluu ohltquo; m;>\ilU»rv ox- 
 toiuliuji (o t>i>posi(o \\\o jmpil: isihmus \ov.v \vi»lo. IVms;>1s woU .sojm- 
 ,;»(<mK tho vS«MM>n<l sonunvhiU loujivr thiUi tho n»>it : i\\u\\ shorty it<>soito»l 
 Miiuil lVv>n( »>r >s»v»>ud «l«ns;>l: voturals utX »>iN«olun,u lo vout: j^vtonOs 
 bi>M«l ««ul i\>Mn<lo«l. <v;>o!>n».iy von(: Uorsal spinos not lUironn. \W'm\ 
 ^^ y\o\^\\\ ulHui! I. l>. \ in : A. n : l.a(, 1. :W. S;un( .losoph's Ishuul. 
 
 (<v\vj>v*«ji ■,\tt*>h* UirA^^l, l^ 8. Mrv, H«M)u«), Surv. \A\\\\. ISW. vhlV : , 
 
 (im. A«». r.,\v> \«t« i\\M. N. Y. vU, 4.\ IS«>; t,\\H» f:»,f»^»»,vjt»f«««« K».fm«n;>n.\ 
 
 This jixMUtH Uirtoi^ t\x>m f;t>.*,iw.< \\\ I ho Uontition. tho tooth hoit^jj 
 iv>iu'0'l, i» j> sinHo sorlos in tho uppor juw juul in n vory n!»rn»\v WwuX 
 (!) tho U>\vo«. (f \ wolh vff?f, iHMnh; f»\»/»»M\: t^>i>n» tho oto»\\>i«l vSOrtU\'«.) 
 
 Umwnish, oUso^tn^lv KvnvAi with «li>rkor. \\kh\\. ohlonii oU>t«j;iUo, 
 taiHM'injj- slijjhtlv r.ont tH^oipnt too;ui«)i«) po«lin«ohs \\oiU\ ohhu»ji\ »H>n\ 
 mvsso<l. Snotit vot\v lUntit: i>!x>(Uo lt» tw-^wi ot o\os noxriy vortionl. 
 Mouth modot;>to. no;u!y hon?ontah mnxlllljMV tvnohit^jr hovon«l n\i«hn<^ 
 ol'orhil. 'IVoth onnio;;?, i<;lhor stnn»ji\ in two n>\vs in \\\\M ol' *o\vor 
 J!W, in «>t>o on Iho »i*i«\ i\\\\\ in o«»o \\\ tho nppor j;«\v. Kins nil hijih| 
 miiltUo rnys ot' spimn^s (torsi>l ^^l^l>(^n«^Mh oandttl l;«uoool;<to: pootonU 
 iv;>ohinjf Uoyon«l tips ot* vot»trnls» vvhioh »v«toh tho vvtU, IW\nl 4| it» 
 Ivpcth: Wopth ubont l|. O, Vl-ll: \.\\i \.'M I XI \Uo VxwwuUk 
 
 ((.\v,St)»« i^fii'H* <?ir!ONt, Vt\H\ At^twt. Kwt. S>*t. lM»tt«A l?<tV<, t(W; f .V^»w« fjfnVw* <U«ntt«M', 
 
 (.UtrttU !.iiu»«^«!*, !*y*f^ KHi»? fy|H^ dithin^ nim' \,.) 
 
 UiHly oUlonji »*r oh»njjiUo, oo:npt^^sso<l hohiu«l. Ilojul oMonja. tnonM>r 
 Kvis «lopivs>so«l. KvoM hijjh, nnlorior. oU>so touvfhor: opot^^los \nuunuHK 
 Month iinxloriUo. Ttv^tl^ on jaws ot»l\, ootuonl. \\\ sovorul sorios, thoso in 
 tho >M»tor I't^w onlnrjioil; noonninos: i'thnuts hhvuK }<0!«!»vs nnMlomto. 
 oU'Uoitl: oh«vKs \«sn;«lly n««K«vil; hotlv j:onovj«l)y sojily. Hotsjil nsns^Hy 
 with tv spitios: poott>t;ns li»rj;v; vontr.ils oon»p!t^toly unito«l, not mlnitto 
 h> tho holly s ojunhil ih\ ttsn!>Uy ohtns»v vSpooi^vs vory nttiuot^nts. Onr 
 *j><HM<»s ttiv Yory littlo kt^own, rttnl st^no of thou* tn««> not In^lot^ji to this 
 gtMMts. ()r»«^ftrtcj l.sUin, f»\>MM.« or f^>^♦o. «intuno««pplio*l to tho jnn<l}it»on 
 \Ur'>lmfl*irMftih) ntnl to othov snnUl tlshos: :iUio«l to (V>^«f}s» oluih. oto.) 
 
 *tV<ily onliivly i««*»l.V« 
 
 ti. l!|\)w»tn^vi> of jwotortttst |M«tt,v t\vo, t\»ot> hvrtm'hwl, !«»tk-tiko. 
 
 
 •i * 
 
 
 A- 
 
. -; 
 
 ii ] ti 
 
 m 
 
 
 v' 
 
 ii. 
 
 G34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHlOLOGY — IV. 
 
 9§4. O. soporator Cuv. &. Val. 
 
 Dark browni»h-olive, marbled with darker, and willi lighter dots 
 along the series of scales; tins all blackish, the dorsal and caudal umix- 
 or less distinctly barred; a dark blotch on temporal region. lUxly 
 rather stout. Eye rather large, slightly less than snout. Head rathei' 
 broader than high. Mouth rather large; jaws equal ; maxillary to mid. 
 die of eye. Cheeks naked; scales on nape much smaller than those on 
 body; opercle not longer than eye; distance of lirst ilorsal from ejo 
 equals that of snout from preoperclt?; upper rays of pectoral sillv-ljke, 
 the fin not quite as long as caudal, shorter than head; ventrals not 
 reaching the vent, their basal membranes very broad. Head 3; (loj)th 
 4 J. D. VI-I, 9: A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 35; 1. trans. 13. Both coasts of Mex- 
 ico; very abundant southward, north to Florida. 
 (Ciiv. & Val. xii, 56; GUnther, iii, 26.) 
 
 9§S. O. carolinensis Gill. 
 
 Blackish-brown, indistinctly marked with lighter,* a darker spot at 
 base of caudal; a few light spots on operculum; fins purplish. Head 
 44^ in total length (with caiulal) ; depth about 5; caudal pri'^n of 
 
 total length, its height ^ of the same; eye 4 in length of head; u])i)er 
 rays of pectorals silk like; caudal ^ total length, as long as pectoral. 
 D. VI-I, 9; A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 38; L. tr. 14; P, 18. {OilL) Charleston, 
 S. C. ; the type now destroyed ; probably identical with G. noporator. 
 
 (Gin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 268.) 
 
 9§6. ». <j:uIosus Grd. 
 
 Olivaceous, with tranSN^orse black spots on the back and longitudinal 
 ones on the head. Snout subconical, the mouth very large, oblique, the 
 lower jaw included; maxillary extending beyond the orbit. Eyes small, 
 superior, their length 5 in head, twice the interocular space; isthmus 
 moderate. Dorsals well sei)arated, the first with some rays ftliforni; 
 dorsal and anal barely reaching base of caudal; ventrals reacbinj; 
 vent; pectorals longer than ventrals; caudal rounded; scales mod- 
 erate. Head nearly one-fourth the total length. D. VI-15; A. 15. 
 Indianola, Tex. {Girard.) ,,, 
 
 (Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Iclith. 1859, 26.) . t 
 
 9§7. O. wiU'demauai Grd. 
 
 Appearance of Gobius Jyriem. Reddish-brown, obscurely barred wii'i 
 dusky. Head larger; caudal shorter; ventrals shorter; anal lowo: 
 scales smaller thgn in G. lyrieuH; teeth very slender, much smallti 
 than in G. iyricua. Third dorsal spine filamentous. D. VI-llj A. 12. 
 
104. GODIIDJE — GOBIONELLUS. 
 
 G35 
 
 
 Bra/os Santiago, Tex. (Glrard.) Like the preceding, a dubious species, 
 wliich may uot belong to this genus. 
 
 (Girard, U. S. Mex. lioiind. Surv. lohth. Id59, 25.) t; * 
 
 aa. Pectoral with its upper rays normal, simple, or nearly so; scales large. {Cory- 
 
 9§§. G. gflaucofrsenuiii (Gill) J. & G. -'^ -K- ■ - ■ ^ 
 
 Tawny, with a faint bhie spot in the center of each scale, and with 6 
 spots, each formed by aggregation of dark dots, on the ridge of the 
 back between the second dorsal spine and the axil of the soft dorsal 
 fin; another row of similar but fainter spots runs from the scapular 
 ix'giou, and a third row along the middle of the sides; head tawny, 
 Avith dark spots and blue dots; a straight blue lino across the cheeks; 
 dorsal fins with faint blue sjjots. Body robust, compressed; head 
 naked; mouth oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting, the maxil- 
 laries extending to below puj)il; teeth long, in many series, the outer 
 curved; scales ctenoid, large. Pectoral lin with the upper rays little 
 branched, not silk-like; cheeks scarcely tumid; caudal and pectoral 
 longer than ventrals, about as long as head. Head 3^; dei)th 4^. D. 
 VI-10; A. I, 9; P. 18; Lat. 1. 25; 1. trausv. 7. L. 1.^ inches. Coast of 
 Washington Territory, {Gill.) The original type is now lost, and the 
 species has not been rediscovered. 
 
 {Corynliopterus glaucofrwnum Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1863, 2(53.) ' ' 
 
 ..■:_; v.:,.', ' 345.— OOBIOIVEL.L.US Girard. _ :i^ j 
 
 ;>- , Emerald-fiHkcs. • 
 
 {Sinaragdua Poey. ) 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliihi. 1858, ltJ8: type Gobiua Imweohitua Blocb.) 
 
 Body extremely long and slender, the depth (jontained more than 
 six times in the length to base of caudal. Scales small, ctenoi«l. Head 
 HOC depressed, obtuse-convex, scaly above; cheeks and opercles naked; 
 no barbels. Teeth small, in narrow bauds, those in the outer row in 
 the lower jaw setaceous, movfible, in the upper jaw^ somewhat larger, 
 fixed; no canines; lower jaw thin Jind flat. Dorsal with spines; soft 
 dorsal and anal many-rayed; caudal lanceolate. "Base of the tongue 
 tuberculate, and shining with bright blue and green reflections, like a 
 .1 precious stone" (hence the names Smantydiifi, EfiineraUhi, etc.). Ver- 
 tebra} elongate, 11 +• 15. (A diminutive of Gobius.) 
 
 "Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plula. 1H63, 262: type Cori/phoptcrua glaucofrwnum GiU. 
 {) Ofjvipy, summit; nre/jov, llu.) 
 
 life 'tf't 
 
 WT --ri 
 
11 
 
 II 
 
 lis 
 
 I ' t 
 
 1 
 
 
 |\!'(. 
 
 636 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 9^9. G. occanicus (Pall.) J. & G. 
 
 Brownish, lighter below; a faint dusky streak along sides; a dark 
 bar below eye; fin-s unici)lor; pectorals dusky. Body much eloiif^ate 
 of equal depth throughout. Ilead short; prolile very convex. ]Month 
 large, oblique; jaws equal; maxillary reaching to below middle of orbit. 
 Dorsal spines more or less elevated, filiform, usually higher than the 
 soft rays; caudal from i^-^ of length of body; i)ecl»oral slightly loiigoi- 
 than head or than ventrals, none of its rays silk-like; basal membrane 
 of ventrals well developed. Head 5^-0 in length; depth about 7A. D. 
 VI-13; A. 14; Lat. 1. 00-70, the scales much smaller and crowded, an- 
 teriorly. Coast of Tcx.is to Guiana. 
 
 {GoMuH oceaniciis Piillas, S[)icilcf]jia, viii, 4, 1769, after Gobiita caitda longianima acnmi- 
 naia Groiiow: Gohiiia lanvcolatm Bloch. Fisclio Dciitschl. ii, 12, j)!. 158, f. 1, 1784: (iohm 
 lanceolatvs C. &. V. xii, 114: Gobiim hncalaus C. & V. xii, 119: Gohiiis laneeolatiis (iiin. 
 ther, ill, 50: Gobionelliis liastatiis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1858, 1G9: Gobio- 
 nellus hastatua Girard, U. S. Mex. Bouud. Surv. 1859, 24.) 
 
 :" 3 I6.-GIl,ILICHTHYS Cooper. 
 
 (Gooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863, 111: typo GiUkhthya miraiilia Cooper.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with small, cycloid, 
 imbedded scales; belly and head naked. Eyes small, almost superior. 
 Gape wide, the maxillary in the adult inordinately developed, prolonged 
 backward to the base of the pectorals; its posterior part a cartilaginous 
 expansion, connected to an expansion of the skin of the lower jaw, 
 thus forming a channel backward from the mouth, almost exactly as 
 in the Blennioid genus Neoclinus and the Trachiuoid genus Opisthofi- 
 nathus. Teeth small, even, in broad bands. Dorsal fins 2, the second 
 high, the lirst of 6 very weak spines, none of which are exserted; can- 
 tlal rounded; pectorals large; isthmus broad. Singular little fishes, 
 in brackish waters, burrowing in the mud. ,, 
 
 (Dedicated to Theoiioro Gill.) ' '• 
 
 990. O. iiiirabilB!4 Cooper. — Mud-jUh. . ^ ' ';- 
 
 Dull olive, very finely marbled with darker; sides of head and max- 
 illaiy finely punctate; fins oiive; belly and ventrals yellowish. Body 
 rather stout, somewhat compressed. Eyes small, high, anterior; max- 
 illary in the adult reaching past base of pectorals, proportionately 
 smaller in the young; in the very young the bone is scarcely larger 
 than in other Qohics. Scales very small, smooth; belly and head naked, 
 showing prominent veinings; dorsal spines very weak. Head 34 ; depth 
 4]; maxillary, in adult, 3. D. VI-13; A. I, 10. L. inches. Pacilic 
 
104. GOBIID.E LEPIDOGOBIUS. 
 
 637 
 
 coast of United States, extremely abundant southward. It lives in 
 shiiUow creeks and lagoons, where it Alls the bottoms with holes and 
 tuuuels. 
 (Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1883, 111.) '-^'-i- _ ' 
 
 •' ' Is 
 
 an-.— i.EPiDOGor::r.5 oni. 
 
 ( C^cZoi/ofiiMS Steindacliuer. ) ■, ' 
 
 (Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18.")9, 14: type Gnbiiis graeilin Grd.) 
 
 Scales small, cycloid; dorsal spines 7 or 8; otherwise essentially as 
 inGobius. Pacific Ocean. (/is-t/Jo?, scaly; Qohius.) 
 
 (!. Ifead scaly. (Lcpidogobiua.) -I; , ' 
 
 991. L. ffracilis (Grd.) Gill. i ■ Q 
 Very pale olive, with roundish blotches of rusty red on back and 
 
 sides; vertical fins mottled with reddish; <listal half of all fins and 
 iiiuler side of head blackish, especially in the males. Body elongate, 
 loiij,' and low, little compressed, covered with thin, smooth, half-ini- 
 beclded scales. Head scaly above and on cheeks and opercles; mouth 
 oblique; jaws equal; maxillary extending to below, middle of eye. 
 Teeth in rather broad bands, the outer teeth enlarged, especially in 
 upper jaw; outer teeth in lower jaw somewhat movable. Eyes lai'ge, 
 placed high, the interocular space very narrow; opercle adnate to scapu- 
 lar arch from upper edge of pectoral upward. Fins rather high, the 
 dorsal spines slender, flexible and exserted at tip; pectorals short, not 
 reaching so far as tips of ventrals; ventrals inserted slightly behind 
 axil of pectorals; basal sheath of ventrals large. Head 4; depth Gi. 
 I). VII-18; A. 15. L. 5 inches. Pacific coast of United States; com- 
 mon northward, in rather deep water. 
 
 (Gohiiis ijraciUs Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134, not of .Jcuyns: Gobiiis 
 /<'^)i(/Ht Giiiird, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. I::i7: Gobius lepUna Giiuthcr, iii, 78.) 
 
 a.i. Head naked. {Eucyclogobius* Gill.) ' V i '.'•• ,; ;/ . i 
 
 992. L. iiewbcrryi (Grd.) Gill. ' -' 
 
 Olivaceous, mottled with darker; spinous dorsal and anal tipped with 
 dusky; second dorsal and caudal checkered; pectorals transparent; 
 head with some dusky markings. Body short, chubby, little com- 
 
 •Oill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 330: type Gobius newberryi Grd. "The 
 gpnus EitrjiclofjobiiiH ia very distinct from Lepidoijobiiis, differing especially in the 
 roliUHt. sultfnsifonn body, the size and position of the eyes, wider forehead, shape of 
 jaws, and especially the position of the ventral fins." (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. 
 Phila. 1863, 264.) {ev, well; kvhXo?, cycloid; Gobiun.) 
 
 
 t ;■ 
 
 I 
 
 
f 
 
 pit 
 
 •P ; i 
 
 >• * i ■ 
 
 } . [} 
 
 ■1 ' ' i 
 
 ■J ■■ ■ ; 
 • ■ i 
 
 ■ 
 
 ' 1 
 
 IN 
 
 IK 
 
 Ir: 
 
 
 m 
 
 G38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 I)re8se(l. Head large, rounded above, the snout broad. Mouth huyo 
 oblique, the lower jaw somewhat projecting; maxillary extending to 
 considerably beyond the posterior margin of the small eye. Teeth 
 rather strong, in narrow bands, the outer row larger; outer teetli of 
 lower jaw somewhat movable. Opercle adnate to scapular arch tVoin 
 ni)per edge of pectoral upwards. Scales very small, cycloid. Head 
 naked. Fins moderate; dorsal spines very slender, not filamentous 
 lower than the soft rays; caudal truncate, about as long as pectorals 
 and considerably shorter than head; ventrals inserted inider Iowit an- 
 terior edge of pectorals. Head 32; depth 4 J. D. VIH-12; A. 11; Lat. 
 1. about GO. L. 2 J inches. Coast of California; rare. 
 
 ((riibiuH newbcrrii Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 136: Gobiun ncwlurrii 
 Giiutliur, iii, 72: Eucydogobim newberrli Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. leC3, 5iGr).) 
 
 n-'-^\^-^^)''r.i 
 
 34(!i.— GOBIOSOITIA Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1838, 109: type Gohius alepidotus Blocli & 
 Schneider.) 
 
 This genus differs from Gohius mainly in the entire absence of scales. 
 The teeth are iy several series, the outer row enlarged, and there are 
 no canines. Dorsal spines usually 7. ( Gohius : <;d>fia, body.) 
 
 993. «. aUcpidotnm (Bl. & Schn.) Girard. ■ ; . '■ > '■ ^'' 
 Olive brown, with 7 or 8 paler transverse bars; fins dark brown; 
 
 caudal with ? -^r 3 curved bars. Body elongate, little compressed. 
 Head somewhat flattened above; month rather small; maxillary ex- 
 tending nearly to opposite middle of orbit. Caudal fin pointed. Head 
 3;\ ; depth about 5J. 1). VII--14; A. 11. South Atlantic coast of United 
 States. 
 
 {Gobiiin aJqndotus BI. & Schu, .547, 1801; Giiuther, iii, 85: Gobiuaboadi C.»fc V. xii, 
 91) 
 
 994. Cr. Iliolcstum Girard. 
 
 Dusky brown; fins with blackish streaks. Head large, depressed; 
 snout rounded; jaws even; maxillary scarcely reaching pupil. Caudal 
 fin rounded, shorter than head; anal shorter than second dorsal; veil- 
 trah. small, not reaching vent; pectorals broad, reaching beyond tiie 
 ven rals; dorsals contiguous; isthmus very wide. Body short and 
 chubby. Head 3^; depth ^. D. VII-12; A. 12; P. 1«. {Gimnl) 
 Coast of Texas; ascending streams, said to have been once taken at 
 the Falls of the Ohio. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1858, 169; GUnther, iii, 556.) 
 
101. GOnilD^. — TYNTLASTES. 
 
 639 
 
 349.— TYPHLOGOBIUS Stoimlachuer. 
 
 (0</ioHop8 Kosa Smith.) 
 
 (Steiudacbner, Ichtli. Beitriijcc, viii, 142, 1879: typo T. ca/i/wnif hms Steind.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, coini)re8sed, covered with loose, smooth, 
 naked skin. Head large, deprt^ssed, with tumid cheeks. Mouth large, 
 the inaxillarj'^ reaching to beyond the orbit; jaws equal, each with a 
 iianow band of villiform teeth, the outer teeth slightly enlarged; lower 
 javr capable of little niotiou; snout rounded; no cirri. P^yes very small, 
 imperfect, covered by skin. Fins low; first dorsal of 2 flexible si)ines; 
 second dorsal moderate; anal very short; caudal rounded; ventral disk 
 •A%\\\ Goh'ms. Gill-opeuiugs rather narrow. One species known, (ru^'/lor, 
 blind; Gohius.) 
 
 995. T. californiensis Steind. 
 
 Bright pellucid i^ink in life, the upper parts somewhat speckled; top 
 of head with slight wrinkles of skin. Insertion of first dorsal midway 
 between snout and base of caudal ; insertion of anal opposite flitli ray 
 of soft dorsal; pectorals as long as caudal, extending beyond ventrals 
 to first dorsal; fin rays covered by loose skin. Eyes risible in life as 
 small dark specks, disappearing in alcohol. Head 32; depth 5. D. 
 II-ll; A. 7; P. IG. L. 3 inches. San Diego, Cal.; burrowing in sand 
 
 among rocks. 
 
 (Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr. viii, 142, 1879 : Othonopn eoa Rosa Smitb, Proc. U, S. Nat. 
 MU8. 1881, 19.) 
 
 350.— TYNTL.ASTES Giiuther. . : ;, -^^ -^ t ^ -i 
 
 (Giintlier, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18G2, 194 : typo Amhlyopus sagitia Giinther.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, imbricate, cycloid 
 scales. Head elongate, quadrangular. Mouth wide, oblique, the lower 
 jaw projecting; teeth small, in single series, none on vomer or palatines. 
 Eyes very small, or rudimentary. Dorsal fin single, continuous, about 
 6 of its anterior rays simple ; caudal fin pointed, more or less joined to 
 the dorsal and anal; ventral fins united. Air bladder very small or 
 absent. !No pseudobrauchife. Vertebrae 11 + 20. Pacific Ocean. 
 (:w-AaffTij?, a mud-dabbler.) ^ ^ > ' ; 
 
 996. T. sag[itta GUnther. 4---.^--:-,.. ■^- - ^. 
 
 Grayish, sides and below silvery ; an ovate gray spot before each 
 dorsal ray; caudal gray. Body and head elongate, compressed, the 
 length of the latter two-thirds the distance between the base of the 
 ventral and the vent. Maxillary reaching to behind eye ; teeth sub- 
 
 m 
 
 
 hii 
 
 
 '» 4.' I 
 
 :..::m 
 
 !i: 
 
 f.r;rit| 
 
t i 
 
 G40 CONTRlliU TIOXS TO NOUTII A.IKUICaN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV. 
 
 horizontal, very small. Scalos becoming lavfjor poatoriorly. ('an(l;ii 
 urrow-Nhapod, about oiu* l\»uitli lonjjtli ol ri'.st of body; ju'ctoral as 1(mi<> 
 as vt'ntral, half as loii";- as head. Head r>|J (7 in total witli caii(l;il); 
 dopth 0!J (12 with caudal). D. VI, 1»1; A. I, liO. L. D-J inches. "Cali 
 Ibrnia." {Giinfher.) 
 
 {Ambtyopus {Ti/ntlti'ttf't) miiftttn Oiliitlutr, Proc. Zoiil. Hoc. Loud. IH(5J, l'J;{.) 
 
 Family CV.— CIIIRID.E.* 
 
 {The ChiroUh.) 
 
 Cottoid Ushcs, with the body elongate, cov.ered with small scales, 
 
 whieh are either ctenoid or cycloid; head more or less conical, scaly, 
 
 without armature above; pre«>per«r]e sonu'times arnu'd ; top of jicini 
 
 without spinous ridges, but usually with dt'rmal Haps; a lu)ny stay 
 
 across the cheeks from the suborbital. IMouth large or small, with 
 
 teeth on .jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; teet^ vaiion.s. 
 
 Gills t, a considerable slit, behind the fourth; gill niend)ranes free or 
 
 vari<)usly attairhed. Branch iostegals or 7. rseudobranchiw jjrcsciit. 
 
 Dorsal fin elongate, continuous or divided, the anterior half or more 
 
 composed of spines; anal lin elongate, with or without spines; ventrals 
 
 I, 5; some or all of the soft rays branched. Pyloric c<eca few or many. 
 
 Lateral line jjresent; aometiines several lateral lines. Carnivorous 
 
 iishes of the North Pacific. Genera, 8 or !) known; species about Ifi. 
 
 {Tnijl'idiv, ft\•m\\^ Ifrterolepidinn (JiluMuM*, ii, UO-'.)"): geueru Chints, (>i>hii>doii, A<iram- 
 mus, ami /aniolcpis.) 
 
 a. Lateral liiioH 4 or more on oach sido; anal spinels obsoloto; month mo(l(>riito; Jiiws 
 with an ttntor m'rit'8 of atrnn;;t'r Ifoth, Itnt no canint-s. {Cliiriiitv.) 
 h, Gill-miMnUraiu's broaiUy uiiitod, froo from tho isthmus; isralcN moHtly clciioid, 
 
 Ukxaghammcs, M, 
 Art. Latoral lino siiifxlo on each aid*'. 
 
 d. Gill-nu'iubranc'H t'nw from tho isthmus; prcoperclo armed. 
 
 e. Anal spines obsoloto ; scales cycloid ; mouth large, with strouf; cauincii. 
 
 (Ophiodontiutv) OriuoDON, [Vo'l 
 
 ee. Anal spines ;l, strong; scales ctenoid; mouth snmll, without canines. 
 
 *The CInrUhVj Scorpamidd', Cotlidn; Aoonidw, TririUd(V, Liparididn; and Curlojtln-hhf 
 t'nnn a closely-related stir\cs {Cataphradi), and are distinj>;uished from all (he olliir 
 Acdnlhopterl by the presence of the suborbital stay. Dillereut writers have widely 
 separated 8omt> of the members of this {jroui) from the others, but the relations ol" 
 each, especially of the Scorpivnida; Af/onidiv, and Liparididce, with tho Cotiida are si) 
 close that it is dithcult to draw satisfactory boundary lines. 
 
m 
 
 105. CiriUIDVE IIKXAGRAMMUS. 
 
 G41 
 
 , ViMlOUS. 
 
 /, (liH-mciiiWruncH Mcanmly iiiiifoil ; HpinDiiH dormil groatly i!l«rviito(l in front; 
 
 •calcH Vfry roii^li. (/nniolrpiiiii') Zaxiolkpis, Il.V.l. 
 
 ff. Gill-inciiibriuioH bniadly iiiiittrd; dorHiil HpinoH low, Htill'; In^ad pointo.d. 
 
 (OrjilcliiiiKr). OxYi.Kimrrt, ;r>4. 
 
 (id. (iill-iooniltraiH^H united to Mm narrow iHtliiuiis; pruopurclu unanncd ; anul 
 HpinoH weak or ol)Kol((t«. • /i 
 
 g. Dorsal Hmh «'oim«"ct<Ml. ( Agrainmina:) 
 
 h. Anul* cotniiarativoly Nliort, ittt ruyn about 1*2; palatini* tooth ]>i'OHetit, 
 
 MYUIOLKI'IS, 'XtTt. 
 
 gg. DorHal llns widoly Hoparatod; body and hoad rathor Hlomior. (.ino/tfo- 
 ffomiiim) An«)I'L<jih)MA, 356. 
 
 341.-IIEXA«iJRAin!?IlISt Stollor. 
 
 Rock-trout, 
 
 {Chirus fiUiWor: LahraxVn\\an: Acanlholehiiis Ci\\\: Chiropniii CAniril.) 
 
 (Stollor; TihiHiuH, Act. Acad. l'«trop«d. ii, XVi, 1810: typ« Ilexaiframmim mper Steller.) 
 Ikuly obloii};?, soincwhiit compressed. Head siibcoiiieal, blunt in 
 ])rolUe. Month ratlier small, horizontal; jaws with bands of mod(irate- 
 sizod, <!oni<ral teeth, the outer row enlarged; teeth on vomer, and usu- 
 ally a small patch on the palatities; preopercle unarmed; a fVinj?(;d 
 
 •Anal rayB about 20 in Agrnmmm srhlegeH, a .lapaneso Hpocies, 
 
 tTht) following Hpocics from the coaHt of Kaintuchatka, rolatcd to nej^agrammun, 
 Imvo boon niado tho typoH of diHtiiict jjcniTa. ThoHe genera may bo valid, if the 
 clmruulera aiulguud uie correct, which Ih doubtful : 
 
 GRAMMATOPLEURUS Gill. f 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IHQl, KM?: typo Lahrax lagopephalm Pall-js. 
 Distinguished from Ilexagrammus by the cycloid scales, {ypaut-irj, line; itXf.VfioVy 
 
 side.) ^ 
 
 (;. /a«;oc('i)/iaZi(8 (Pallas) Gill. 
 
 Five lateral lines; mouth rather small; color golden-brown. D. XX-24; A. 22. 
 Kiirilo Islands. 
 
 [lAxhrax lagocephalua Pallas, M6m. Acad. Potorsb. ii, 1^84, 1810: Chirm laijwxqthal'ua 
 GUiithor, ii, 92.) 
 
 OCTOGRAMMUS Bleekor. 
 
 (Blceker, Vorsl. At. Amst. vl, 1370: type Labrajc octogrammm Pallas = Ot'to/;mmmM« 
 pallasi Bleeker. ) 
 Distinguished from Hexagrammm by the union of tho gill-niembrane» ta the isth- 
 mus(f). (owro, eight; ypanntj, line.) 
 
 O.paUasi Bleeker. 
 
 Olivaceous; back and sides spotted; belly yellow; pectorals hyaline; ventrals 
 black at tip: four lateral lines; mouth moderate; scales 8troi>gly ctenoid; body 
 elongate; dorsal deeply notched. "Flabella branchio stega divisa." !>. XIX; A. 
 24. Kaintschatka and Aleutian Islands . 
 
 (Labrax octogrammus I alias, I. c. 393: Chirua octogrammua. C^txitludT, ii, 92; Bleeker^ 
 1. <i.]=nexagrammua dccagrammual) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IT 
 
 
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 G42 coNTRinuTioxs to north American iciitiivolooy — iv. 
 
 Hupraorbitsil c.iirua. (Jillinombrrtiies broadly eonnoctcd, froo from tlio 
 isthmus; ;j;ill-rnki'ra short, tubcrcUi-like. Scales small, imistly ctciidul. 
 Head more or less scnily, without spines. Lateral lines usually T) on 
 eaeh side. Dorsal fbi long, sometimes with a (U'ep emarj^iualioii l^.. 
 tween the spines and the soft rays; dorsal spines slender, l!)-2:i jn' 
 number; anal tin eloufjate, with a siuj^le rudimentary spine; rays of 
 pectorals and ainU exserted and almost simple; pectoral rounded, with 
 broad, procurrent base, the rays thick; ventrals well develoi)ed, |)la('p(l 
 at a consi<lerable distaiu'-e behind the root of the pectorals; caudal siih. 
 truncate. IJranchioste^als (>. Pyloric cdica numerous (about 1.?), Xo 
 air-bladder. Species of rather larjje size and bright coloration; almii 
 daut in the North Pacitlc. (cc, six; /fia/itir], lino.) i,^, ..^ 
 
 a. Dorsal Uii cniititinunH, or but Hliyhtly Ptnargiuato. {Vleuroyrammuii* Gill.) 
 
 997. II. inonoptcryKius (PalliiB) 3.&.Q. 
 
 Dark olive above, yidlowish below, the color of the ba(!k forniiii<j sov- 
 eral broad crossbars on the sides; fins dusky, nearly i)lain; the pec. 
 toral with blackish mar{;in ; ventrals blackish. IJody rather stout, little 
 comi)ressed. Mouth moderate, the maxillary extend in j»- to below the 
 front of the largo eye. Teeth in tho jaws in baiuls, the outer scries 
 somewhat enlarged and recurved; teeth on vomer, and a few aspori 
 ties on the ])alatines. Supraocular cirri small. Cheeks partly naked; 
 o[)ercles m'cU scaled; scales small, all rough. Five lateral lines, the 
 fourth of these ceasing on the belly. Dorsal flu high and continuous; 
 pectoral rather large; ventrals long, inserted behind the ijcctorals at 
 a distance of twice tho diameter of the eye. Head 4J; depth 4. D. 
 XXI-25; A. 24. Coast of Alaska; not rare. ' ^ 
 
 (Lnhrax monopienigiufi Pallas, Mdin. Ac. Sci. Petcrsl). ii, 31)1, 1810, and iu Zoogr. 
 Rosso-Asiat. iii, '^81: Chirua monopterngiiiit Gihither, ii, 92.) 
 
 998. H. ordlnatus (Copo) J, & a. -- -■-^'■^^ ■>-;*,■. 'A- w, .'v,,,. 
 
 "Dorsal tins not very elevated, continuous, but with a slight depres- 
 sion at tho point of union of tho two ; a dentate flap above each eye; 
 lateral lines of pores 5, oidy three of which extend to the basis of the 
 caudal fin, viz, the "second, third, and fifth ; the first extends to opposite 
 the middle of the second dorsal; the fourth commences below aiidia 
 front of tho basis of the pectoral, and extends to a iwint a little hebiiid 
 that measured by the extremity of that fin ; the inferior series of oppo- 
 site sides converge and unite a little behind the basis of the ventrals 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 18G1, 166: typo Lahrax monopterygius Pallas. 
 
105. CiURID/K IIEXAGRAMMUS. 
 
 643 
 
 into a sinple inodirtii line, wlil<'li cxtoiuls to tlio branchlostogal foM. 
 ]!ii(lii I3r. VI I J). XlX-li5; C J7, th(^ intrrspace.s scahul; tlu> margin 
 nearly tniiicato; A. 20; V. I, 5; 1'. 18. Ilcail scaled ul)<>v«' and on 
 sjdoM, t'xcopt on interoprrculnin and iiiu//lc. S(!jile.s cti'noid, KJ-94-.'M. 
 jlio scah^H arc elonfjato, and nearly trinu-atc distally; on the Hides tljcy 
 aro in ol)Ii<ino s«ui('H, but near the dorsal tin frouj .'{-5 rows exhibit 
 sciilcM supcrposctl verliitally. (icncral color i>al«'-oningo, with ill- 
 (Itliiicd blackish shade on the sides, and 7 qnadrate-blaekish spots at 
 the base of the dorsal fin; below, bright yell<»w; <b)rsal and caudal fin 
 yellowish at base, margins with a broad bhu;kish band; 3 black spots 
 oil the niirldle of the first, and 4 on th<; middle of the st^cond dorsal flu ; 
 anal yellow, with 7 blackish blotches extending anteriorly across the 
 rays; pectoral yellow, with brown sjiots on the rays and a black one at 
 the base in front; eye with 5 blackish radii, diverging, two anteriorly, 
 one upward and bacliward, one backward, and one downward and back- 
 ward. Total length 11 inches; length of head entering it 4.33 times; 
 depth of body 4 times in the same; eye 5 times in head, l.OC times in 
 muzzle, and 1.25 times in interorbital width." Coast of Alaska. {Cope.) 
 {('hiriis ordinatus CoiH), Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phlla. 1873.) 
 
 aa Dorsal fin with tho Hpines separated from the soft rays by a deep notch. {Ilexa- 
 grammns.) , v .fti;;; ::>;W 
 
 h. Cheeks partly naiicd. ; , 
 
 c. Scales all strongly ctenoid. ■' 
 
 999. II. nspcr Stellcr. 
 
 Light or dark greenish, much mottled with blackish, riisty-red, and 
 light blue, the dark color in tho form of fine marblings, the reddish in 
 the form of broad washes, and the bluish as roundish spots; two light- 
 bluish bands downward and forw.ird from eye, separated by a black- 
 edged brown area; a whitish streak and various reticulate markings 
 on eheeks and opercles; pectorals and dorsal mottled with brown spots; 
 a (lark humeral spot, distinct in the young; lower fins black in the 
 raa!e, pale in the female; flesh often tinged with green. Form rather 
 slender. Maxillary reaching past front of eye, about to pupil. 'No 
 teeth on palatines. Scales all strongly ctenoid, except on sides of 
 liead; region about suborbital stay and lower part of the opercles 
 naked or nearly so; lower part of cheeks scaled in varying degree, 
 generally more naked in large examples. A lateral line from occiput 
 close to dorsal fin, ceasing near middle of spinous dorsal; one from 
 occiput along back to base of caudal; one from angle of opercle to 
 middle of base of caudal ; one £rom just below the pectoral fin, undu- 
 
 ^■:k 
 
 
r 
 
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 1 
 
 
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 f. 
 
 644 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Lititig along the sides of the abdomen, ceasing in front of tips of ven 
 
 trals; one beginning on the median line of the breast, forking ncir 
 
 the middle of the ventrals, the branches going straight to the lower 
 
 l)art of the tail. Dorsal high, less deeply emarginate than in the fol- 
 
 lowing species; the spines high; caudal slightly emarginate; supiiUK'. 
 
 nlar tentacles moderate, about as long .as pupil; sexes not very tlis- 
 
 similar. Head 3g; depth 4^. D. XXII-I, 20; A. 23; Lat. 1. Uo. 
 
 Alaska, south to San Francisco and Japan; abundant. 
 
 (Steller, MSS. Tilesius, Act. Acad. Potrop. ii, 340, 1810: Ldbrax hexagrammm Pallas 
 Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, B84, IHll : C'hirus hexatjrammua Gliuther, ii, 91: CMropain nebu- 
 losvB Giranl, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 45, based on a specimen with Ronio of the 
 soft raj'S of the dorsal broken, resembling spines: Chirus nebnloHua Gliuther, ii, 9;!: 
 Acantholcbiits nebulonua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 106: Chirm tr'ujramnm 
 Cope, Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873: Hexayravtmua acaher Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat, 
 Mus. 1881, 154; based on very yonng specimens, showing a rudimentary ad<litioual 
 lateral line along middle of side. ) 
 
 cc. Scales mostly cycloid posteriorly; dorsal very deeply emarginate. 
 
 1000. II. snperciliosus (Pallas) J. & G. .. y- ..,j, 
 
 Blackish-green, varying to dark brown and clicrry-red, the coloration 
 and pattern extremely variable; sides usually with round pale spots, 
 which are generally cheny-red, especially in the adult, but wliich are 
 sometimes nearly white and often obsolete; belly mostly reddisli; 
 pectorals iTreenish or red, usually with 2 or 3 dusky c -nt-shaped 
 cross-bands at base, the outer portion often plumcoloi, uus mostly 
 greenish or red, variegated; lower fins mostly dusky; flesh, and all 
 membranes, livid green, esj)ecially in the adult; stomach and intes- 
 tines of a livid green. Body rather robust. Orbital tentacle much 
 largt^r than in other species, its length § the diameter of the eye. A 
 few teeth on front of palatines. Skin covering suborbital stay naked; 
 cheeks otherwise scaly. Scales ctenoid on body anteriorly, becoming 
 nearly smooth behind and on head. Lateral lines 5; one on the middle 
 line from the nape, forking, and extending on each side nearly to end 
 of second dorsal; the second to the upper edge of the caudal; one to 
 tie middle line of the tail; one from throat to about middle of anal; 
 f.nil one on the middle line of the belly, forking behind the ventrals, 
 and extending on each side to the tail. Dorsal deeply emarginate. 
 Caudal truncate or slightly rounded; pectorals large. Sexes similar. 
 Head 4; depth 3 J. D. XX-23; A. 22; Lat. 1. 107. L. 18 inches. 
 Alaska to Monterey; not rare. 
 
 {Ldbrax superciUosus Pallas, Mem. 'Acad. Petersb. ii, 388, 1810, and'in Zoogr. Rosso- 
 Asiat. ill, 279: Chirua jpictus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 132: Chiro^ 
 
105. CIIIRIDiE — IIEXA0RAMMU8. 
 
 645 
 
 meiu» Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Siirv. Fit*h. 4'.\: Chirun pictua Giinthcr, ii, 93: Chinm piriua 
 Lockington, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mas. 18d0, 54: Chinm baitas Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. 
 1^3.) 
 
 ib. Checks wholly scaled ; scales all ctenoid. 
 
 1001< II« dccaffrailimus (Pallas) J. & O.—Rock Trout; Boregat; Bodkron. 
 
 Males clear brownish-olive of varying shade, often tinged with bluish 
 or coi)i)ery and vaguely blotched; often with small blue spots; head 
 aud anterior part of body with rather large sky-bluo spots, each sur- 
 rouiulod by a "usty ring, these smaller and more numerous on the top 
 oftbo head; lips with bluish spots; upper tins brown, mottled; ven- 
 trals and anal dusky-bluish; pe(;torals dark, both rays and membranes 
 crossed by sharply-defined whitish reticulations, so that the fins appear 
 \o\>Qprofu8ely spotted tcith tchite. Females brownish, somewhat tinged 
 with reddish, closely covered with round spots of a reddish-brown ; these 
 mts usually quite small and uniform over the whole back and sides; 
 (lof'^al fin spotted on the scaly part, the fins otherwise plain reddish or 
 bluish, the ventrals usually dusky; pectorals light orange, without mark- 
 ings. Other females {^hnaculoscriatns^^) have the ground color slaty- 
 blue, with rows of round orange spots considerably larger than usual, 
 and becoming vermiculations on the head: dorsal fin orange, clouded at 
 base with blue; soft dorsal edged with b' lish; pectorals plain orange; 
 btlly white. Body elevated at the shoulders, descending rather steeply 
 at the nape. Maxillary not reaching middle of eye; a very few teeth 
 on front of palatines; supraocular flap smaller than in other species, 
 shorter than pupil. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaled; scales on the 
 body all strongly ctenoid. Uppermost lateral line forking on the nape, 
 the branches running to opposite the middle of tl^ second dorsal; the 
 second lateral line to upper edge of tail; the third to middle of tail; 
 the fourth to a little beyond the middle of anal; the fifth to lower edge 
 of tail; the fourth beginning near the lower edge of the pectorals and 
 undulating opposite the ventrals, the lowermost on each side joining 
 just in front of the vent, and proceeding on the median line to the 
 middle of the breast. Dorsals high, scarcely connected; pectorals and 
 ventrals large; caudal slightly emarginate. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 
 XXI-24; A. I, 23; Lat. 1. 113. L. 18 inches. ]Srorth Pacific; abundant 
 from Point Concepcion to Alaska. 
 
 {Lahrax decagrammua Pallas, Mem. Acad. Petersh, 181C, ii, 386, 9 > anfl in Zoogr. 
 Rosso-Asiat, iii, 278: Cliirtia decagramittmG\'mther,i\, 92: CUirua guttatus GirarA, Ftoc. 
 Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 132: Cliiropaia guttatua Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 
 
 ill] 
 
 ■ ■ : K! 
 
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 >im 
 
 , „ . ■ ■ - tut .-.'-■i' - ^ 
 
 
 
 
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646 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 i'h 
 
 , v,| 
 
 I- 
 
 M 
 
 , I 
 
 44: Chiropsis conRtcllatus Oiranl, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 42, g: Chirus "nnMelhht 
 Giiutherii, 92: Chirus guttatua, conatellatus, and viaculoaeriatus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S 
 Nat. Mu8. 1880, iii, 53-55: Grysiea liiicatus ( <?) Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 9, itjQj. 
 1 Labrax octogrammiia Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. 283, J.) 
 
 353.— f »PIIIODO]¥ Girard. ^^ . , 
 
 *f ^! it "^v (Oplopoma GithtA.) .Jit.; 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 133: type Ophiodon elongatvs Girard.) 
 
 Body elongate, low, little compressed. Head long, rather pointed. 
 its surface scaleless. Month terminal, very large. Jaws Avitli vcrv 
 strong, sharp, unequal teeth, some of them canine-like; long series of 
 cardiform teeth on vomer and palatines. Gill-openings very wide, tlio 
 membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Preopercle with a few 
 bluntish spines; a dermal flap above the eye. Scales very small, l)e. 
 coming smooth with age. Lateral line single, continuous. Dorsal tin 
 long, deeply notched, the spines about "4 in number, slender and flex- 
 ible, the middle ones highest; anal fin long, without distinct si)iiit.^; 
 ventrals, I, 5, inserted somewhat behind pectorals; pectoral fin broad, 
 Pyloric cceca very numerous. Gill-rakers tubercle-like. Species of large 
 size; among the largest of the cottiform fishes, (o.^^t?, snake; <>(Ja)!;, tooth.) 
 
 lOOii* O. cIong[atllS Grd. — Cullua Cod; Bhia Cod; Buffalo Cod; Ling. 
 
 Dark brov^'n above, much mottled; dorsal fin and whole upper part 
 
 of body covered with small rusty brown spots of varying size and Liie; 
 
 lower parts of body of a livid bluish greon, especially in the adnlt, tbe 
 
 flesh and all membranes tinged with green; ground color often bluisli 
 
 or reddish tinged; young sometimes bright green; fins dusky, mottld, 
 
 the dorsal and caudal with a very narrow, j)ale edging. Head large. 
 
 the snout sharp, coiic. Mouth very large, the lower jaw i)roniiiu'nt; 
 
 maxillary reaching beyond orbit; each jaw with a series of large 
 
 l)ointed teeth, bent inwaid and immoVvible; front of upper jaw Avitli 
 
 2-4 larger canines; outside of the series of large teeth each ja\v bus 
 
 numerous small, sharp teeth; vomer and palatines with a single row of | 
 
 canines; supraorbital tentacle much shorter than ])upil. Do'sal linbe 
 
 ginning above preopercle, the fin very deeply notched, the highest spiiies 
 
 nearly one-third length of head; caudal emarginate. Head 3^; deptli 
 
 5. D. XXV~21; A. 22. L. 40 inches. Pacific coast, Alaska to Santa 
 
 Barbara; very abundant, retaching a weight of ». J-40 pounds, being ore 
 
 of the most important food-fishes on the coast. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 133; Girard, U. 8. Pac. R. R. Stirv. Fish, 
 48; GUnthor, ii, 94: Oplopoma panthcrina Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I8aii, 
 135, aud iu U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 40: Ophiodon punlherinus GUuthur, ii, 'J'i,) 
 
105. CHIPID^ — ZANIOLEPIS. 
 
 647 
 
 353.-ZAMIOI.EPIS Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 20*: type Zaniolrpia latipinnis Grd.) 
 Body elongate, little compressed, tapering from the nape to the long 
 md slender tail. Head short, conical, the profile decurved. Mouth 
 rather small, low, terminal, horizontal; cardiform teeth on the jaws, 
 vomer, and palatines: no supraorbital cirri; preopercle with spines. 
 Gill-meuibranes not united, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers tubercle- 
 like. Scales small, imbricated, extremely roughly ctenoid. Lateral lino 
 single, continuous. Dorsal flix with about 21 spines; some of the ante- 
 rior spines greatly elevated ; a deep notch between the spines and sofi 
 rays; anal fin very long, with 3 spines, the second of which is longest; 
 veutrals I, 5, long, inserted a little behind pectorals; pectorals mod- 
 erate. Pyloric cobca few (5 or C). Korth Pacific, in deep water, (cavu'v, 
 a comb or card; Xs-a, scyAe; hence more correctly spelled with an initial 
 
 1003. Z. latipinnis Grd. "v ■;:-■■'■ ^-.., ; 
 
 Olivaceous, the body and upper fins spotted with rusty brown; the 
 vertical fins marked with blackish; a black streak before eye; subor- 
 bital bluish silvery. Body elongate, fusiform, scarcely compressed, the 
 dorsal outline rising rather steeply. Mouth small, horizontal, low, the 
 maxillary reaching nearly to the middle of the eye; the i)remaxillary 
 entirely below the eye. Eye very large, longer than snout, 3A in head; 
 preorbital wide, partly covering the scaly maxillary; interocular space 
 rather narrow, somewhat concave; nasal sjunes present; preopercle 
 with 3 sharp spines. Dorsal spines slender, stift", the first and second 
 longest, usually greatly produced, but stiflish to the tip, scarcely con- 
 nected by membrane, reaching to nearly middle of second dorsal, and 
 more than half the total length of the fish, but often much shorter; a 
 deep notch between spinous and soft parts of dorsal ; second dorsal 
 high, its rays gradually shortened;- anal long, its spines high; ventrals 
 elongate, wide apart, reaching past front of anal; i)ectorals short and 
 narrow; caudal short, slightly emargiuate. Head and body every- 
 where covered with minute, imbricated, % ery rough, shagreen lilse 
 scales. Head 4;^; depth 5i. D. XXI-I, 11; A. Ill, 17. L. 12 inches. 
 California, from San Fiancisco northward, abundant in deep water; a 
 slender fish, of dry, firm substance. 
 
 (Gliard, Proc. Aciid. Nat. Scl. Phila. 1857, 9.02; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fibb. 
 73; GUnther, il, 94.) 
 
 
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 648 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 354.— OXYLEBIIJS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 277: typo Oxylcbiua picfm Gill.) 
 
 Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head conical, very slender 
 acuminate, the profile somewhat concave. Mouth small. Jaws each 
 with a band of teeth, the outer series considerably enlarged; minute 
 teeth on vomer; few or none on palatines. Top oi head with dermal 
 flaps. Preopercle with 2 blunt spines. Gill-membranes broadly con- 
 nected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers short, not very stout. Scales 
 small, ctenoid. A single lateral lino. Dorsal tin emarginate, with about 
 16 low, rather strong'spiues; soft dorsal moderate, its membrane closely 
 scaled; anal with 3 stout spines, the second the longest; caudal trun- 
 cate; pectorals rather long, their bases not procurrent; ventrals moder 
 ate, inserted well behind pectorals. Pyloric coeca few. Small fishes, of 
 bright coloration. («^o?, sharp; Xe,3[a^ — Lebius, an old synonym of Ilex- 
 agramnius, from As^Jta?, a kind of small fish suitable to be cooked iu 
 ^£/9ij?, a kettle.) ' . ' ^ 
 
 1004. O. pictus Gill. 
 
 Tawny grayish, with about 6 black bars, alternating with areas of 
 pale orange, the latter obscured by dusky spots and blotches; the dark 
 
 ' bars extending on the fins, the first across the nape, the second across 
 the middle of the spinous dorsal, the third broader, across posterior \un 
 of spinous dorsal and front of anal; one across middle of soft dorsal, one 
 on posterior part, and one at base of caudal; the bars are about as wide 
 as the interspaces, and their edges are irregular, but sharply detiued; 
 pectorals and caudal orange, with cross-series of spots; ventrals largely 
 black; under side of head orange, freckled, spotted with pale; 2 fringed 
 cirri over each eye, scarlet; breast and belly marbled. Body rather deep, 
 compressed. Head little compressed, slender, pointed; lips thick; lower 
 jaw slightly included ; maxillary small, barely reaching eye. Eyes large, 
 about equal to snout, 4 in head; nasal spines present; in terocular space 
 narrow. Scales on sides of head very small; scales on body small, 
 ctenoid, with strong horizontal stria), those on breast minute. Dorsal 
 tin continuous, its spines stitt", the middle ones highest, and all con 
 siderably lower than the soft rays; second anal spine longer than the 
 third, about equal to the soft rays; pectorals barely reaching anal; 
 ventrals to past vent. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. XVI-15; A. Ill, I'i. 
 
 J L. 10 inches. Eocky shores, from Monterey northward; rare. A most 
 beautiful and active little fish. 
 (GiU, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 277.) 
 
105. CHIRID^ — ^ANOPLOPOMA. 
 
 353.— RIYRIOI.EPIS Lockingtoa. 
 (Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,248: type Myriolcpia zoni/cr Lockington.) 
 
 Bodj' oblong, somewhat compressed. Head heavy. Mouth moderate, 
 the lower jaw slightly projecting ; both jaws with bands of slender, 
 sharp teeth, the front teeth slightly enlarged; similar teeth on vomer 
 and palatines ; preopercle entire; no dermal fluiis. Gill- rakers short; gill- 
 membranes very narrowly joined to the isthmus. Scales small, ctenoid, 
 everywhere covering the head and body and the soft parts of most of 
 the fins. Lateral line single. Dorsal fin deeply emarginate ; the spines 
 about 15 in number. Anal rather short, without distinct spines, {/xuptoi;^ 
 many; Aert?, scale.) 
 
 1005. ]fl. zoniler Lockington. 
 
 Black above, whitish below, with four broad black bars on the sides; 
 the first over the pectorals ; the second anterior to the vent, almost en- 
 circhug the body ; the third near the base of the anal, and the fourth 
 encircling the caudal peduncle ; a black bar at base of caudal and two 
 across the fin; other fins blotched and banded with light and dark; 
 ctenoid tips of the scales white. Head everywhere densely scaly, the 
 only naked areas on tbe head being the lips and the folds of the gill- 
 mmebranes. Scales on body largest posteriorly, small on head and 
 chest. Vertical fins, except the spinous dorsal, covered nearly to the 
 tips of the rays with small scales; external surfaces of paired fins 
 similarly scaly; spinous dorsal with a few scales. Pectorals broad, 
 lanceolate, not reaching the vent; fourth dorsal spine longest, the 
 others diminishing regularly to the l-ih. Eyes lateral, shorter than 
 snout; interorbital space broad, slightly convex. Head 4 in total 
 length; depth 3|. I). XIV-I, 15; A. II, 11; Lat. 1. 130. Monterey 
 Bay, California ; one specimen known. 
 
 (Lockington, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 248.) ., -r 
 
 356.— ANOPIiOPOMA Ayres. 
 ' {Scombrocottus Peters.) 
 
 Gadua 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Ciil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859,27 : type Anophpoma merlangm Ayres 
 fimbria Pallas.) 
 
 Body elongate, little compressed, tapering into a very slender caudal 
 peduncle. Head rather long, the snout somewliat tapering. Mouth ter- 
 minal, moderate, the lower jaw included; maxillary \ y narrow, slip- 
 ping almost entirely under the preorbital ; teeth moderate, cardiform, 
 
n^am 
 
 'i \ 
 
 
 : : 
 
 I'. 
 
 f\ 
 
 •A ' 
 
 I 
 
 650 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 those iu the lower jaw iu a siugle series laterallj^, and in a narrow band 
 in front; upper jaw, vomer, and x)^la>tiues each with a baud of similar 
 teeth. Head entirely scaly. No supraorbital flap. Preopercle un- 
 armed, its membranaceous edge crenulate. Gill-membranes joined 
 to the isthmus. Body entirely covered with minute ctenoid scales. 
 Lateral line single. Dorsals short, well separated, the first of slender 
 flexible spines; second dorsal shorter, similar to the anal, wliich is i)re- 
 ceded bj' three weak spines ; veutrals but little behind pectorals; caudal 
 fin forked. Peritoneum black. Pyloric cceca about two, long and slen- 
 der. Gill-rakers slender, few, not very short. North Pacific, {w^m:).!,;^ 
 unarmed ; Ttw/ia, operculum.) 
 
 1006. A. flinbria (Pallas) Gill.— 5e«Rotp; Coal-fish. " 
 
 Color slaty-black or grayish, somewhat reticulated; white below, the 
 
 young rather pale^ adult nearly black ; fins dusky; caudal edged with 
 
 pale; lining of the operclo black. Premaxillaries on the level of the 
 
 lower part of the orbit ; maxillary reaching to opposite front of pupil. 
 
 Dorsal fins separated by a distance nearly equal to two-thirds length of 
 
 the base of soft dorsal, the spines very weak; the fourth longest; ])ec- 
 
 torals reaching beyond tips of ventrals, not half way to vent. Head 4; 
 
 depth 64. D. XX-1, 17 ; A. Ill, 15; Lat. 1. 190. Usual length 18 inches, 
 
 but sometimes much Lirger. . Monterey to Alaska; rather common, es- 
 
 l)eci ally northward. A very singular and interesting fish. 
 
 {Gadua fimbria Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. iii, 200, 1811: Anoplopoma merlangus 
 Ayres, Pioc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 27: Scombrocottus aahnoneua Peters, Be.Iiu. 
 
 ^ Family CVI —SCORPiENID^. ' 
 
 {The Rocl-Jishes.) 
 
 Cottoid fishes, with the body oblong, more or less compressed, the head 
 generally large, and usually with one or more pairs of ridges above, 
 which terminate in spines. Oi)erclo usually with two spinous i)ro- 
 cesses; preopercle with five. Mouth terminal, usually large, with 
 villiibrm teeth on jaws and vomer, and usually on the palatines. Pre- 
 maxillaries protractile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone, 
 not slipping under preorbital. Gill-openings wide ; the gill-membranes 
 separate and free from the isthmus ; usually no slit behind the fourth 
 glli. Scales ctenoid, or sometimes cycloid, usually well developed, 
 sometimes nearly obsolete. Lateral line single. A bony stay extend- 
 ing backward from the suborbital toward the preopercle. Ventral 
 fins thoracic, of the normal percoid form, I, 5, the rays branched; dor- 
 
106. SCORP^NID^ — SEBASTES. 
 
 sal with 8 to 16 rather strong spiues and about as many soft rays; anal 
 rather short, with 3 spines and 5-10 soft rays; soft rays in all the fins 
 branched, except some of the lower rays of the pectorals. Pyloric coeca 
 iu moderate or small number (less than 12). Pseudobranchife large. 
 Air-bladder present. Genera about 20; species about 200, inhabiting 
 all seas, but especially abundant in the temperate parts of the Pacific 
 Ocean, where they form a largo proportion of tno fish fauna. They are 
 liou-migratory fishes living about rocks; most of them are of large size, 
 and all are used as food. Manj- of them are viviparous, the young be- 
 ing produced in great numbers when about one-fourth of an inch in 
 length. 
 {Triglidte, group Scorpwnina pt. Gttnther, il.) 
 
 a. Dorsal apines 15; vertebrso 12 + 19 5 palatine teoth present Sehastks, 357. 
 
 (irt. Dorsal spiues 13 ; vertebras 12 -j- 15 ; palatine teoth present Sf:bastoi)ks, 35b. 
 
 aaa. Dorsal spines 12; vertebra} 10+14; palatine teeth present; scales ctenoid, or 
 
 provided with dermal flaps - ScoRPyEXA, 359. 
 
 aaaa. Dorsal spiues 10 or 11 ; scales smooth, entire Setauciies, 360. 
 
 357.— SEBASTES Cuvier. 
 
 Bose-Jishes. 
 
 (Ciivier, Ri^gne Anini. ed. 2, ii, 1829: tyi>e Perca norvegica Miiller.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed. Head large, scaly above and on sides; cra- 
 nial ridges well tleveloped. Mouth terminal, very broad, oblique, the 
 broad maxillary extending to below the eye; lower jaw projecting, 
 with a bony knob at the symphysis ; palatine teeth present. Eye very 
 large; i)reopercle with five divergent spiues; opercle with two; supra- 
 scapular spines strong; gill-rakers long, slender. Scales small, ctenoid, 
 irregularly arranged; no dermal flaps. Dorsal fin continuous, very 
 long, the spinous part much longer than the soft part, of 15 strong spines; 
 anal spines three, strong; caudal emarginate; pectorals long, narrow. 
 Branchiostegals 7. Vertebroe 12 -f 19. Coloration mostly red. Ovoviv- 
 iparous. Species few, mostly of the Northern Seas. (»T£,5a(TTo'?, magnfi- 
 cent.) 
 
 1007. S. marlnus (L.) Liltken.— -7?08P-/flft; Rvd-finh; Snapper; TTemdiirgnn. 
 
 Orange red, nearly uniform, sometimes a dusky opercular blotch, and 
 about 5 vague dusky bars on the back. Body ovate; back elevated, 
 the ventral outline straightish; top of head evenly scaled; interorbital 
 space with two low ridges, between which it is concave; nasal spines 
 present; cranial ridges moderate, rather low and sharj); preocular, 
 supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital ridges present, the 
 latter with l,he tips abruptly divergent; suprascapular spines very sharp 
 
 •V 
 
 
 V^fH ,A. 
 
 'TV] 
 
 '-asaaasu*-. 
 
 oiM- 
 
 „ t 
 

 Hr' 
 
 ; t 
 
 ■ 
 
 tt 
 
 ,. :i^ i 
 
 .; 
 
 r''^ 
 
 ssaoa 
 
 652 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMETIICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 aud prominent; opercular spines long and sharp; subopercular spine 
 prominent; preopercular spines slender and sharp, the second longest; 
 suborbital stay not reaching preopercle; preorbital narrow, with two 
 spines. Eye exceedingly large, 3 in head, more than twice as wide as 
 interorbital space. Mouth very large, oblique ; maxillary very broad, 
 reaching middle of eye, its length 2^ in head; premaxillaries on level 
 
 ft 
 
 of middle of pupil; tip of lower jaw much projecting, with a conspicu- 
 ous, pointed symphyseal knob; mandible and maxillary scaly; pseudo- 
 brauchiai very large; gill-rakers long, stiff and strong, about as in ISehas- 
 todes pinniger. Dorsal spines sharp, the longest about as long as eye; 
 the iin deeply emarginate; soft rays not very high, higher than the 
 spines; caudal narrow, moderately forked; anal spines moderate, gradu- 
 ated; the second a little shorter than eye; pectoral rather long, reaching 
 vent, its base narrow; ventral reaching to vent. Scales small, irregu- 
 lar, not strongly ctenoid. Peritoneum brownish. Head 3 ; depth 24. 
 D. XV-13; A. HI, 7; Lat. 1. 40 (tubes); scales about 85. Atlantic 
 coasts of America and Northern Europe, south to Cape Cod. 
 
 {Perca marina L. Syst. Nat. x, 1758, in part: Ferca nortoegka Miiller, Zoiil. Dan. 46: 
 Sebaaten norwegicua Giinther, ii, 9^^.) ,. ; ,^.... ^, » .^j, 
 
 Subsp. viviparus (Krtiyer) Liitk. . .' < x -<: ! ^ '; V • t. a;. l...>-n 
 
 General color brownish red, somewhat mottled, with a blackish blotcli 
 
 on the opercle, and some other brownish spots on the body. Pectoral fiu.s 
 
 a little longer than in 8. marimis; interocular space rather narrower. 
 
 Head 3J; depth 3^. D. XV-14; A. Ill, 8. Arctic Seas, south to Cape 
 
 Cod and the Baltic; smaller than the i)receding and living near shore; 
 
 thought to be a littoral variety. 
 
 {Sehastea vivi2)arH8 Kreyer, Naturliist. Tidsskr. i, 275, 1844-'45; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila. 1863, 333: Sebaates viviparua Giintlier. ii, 9G.) 
 
 3«§.— SEBASTOD33S* Gill. 
 
 Bocl-Jish; "Bock Cod:^ ^1 I: 
 
 (Sebaatichlhya, Sebaatoplua, Sebaatomua and Sebaatoaomua Gill.) 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1861, 165: ty]^<i Sebaates pauciapinia Ajres.) 
 I3ody oblong or elongate, somewhat compressed; head large; mouth 
 
 * A very doubtful species, which may be the youn<j of Sebaatea marinua, with uu Jib- 
 nornuil number of spiues; is accredited to our Atlantic coast, viz: 
 S. f faaciatua (Storer. ) 
 
 "Body elongated, not convex in front of dorsal fin as in Sebaalea norvegicua ; foi.i 
 distinct dark brown tr^msverse bauds upon the sides, the broadest at the posterior 
 portion of the body." D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7. Proviuceto>vn, Mass. (Storer.) 
 
 (Sebaatea faaciatua Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 31, 1854 : Sebaatea t faadatua Gill, 
 Proc. Aoad. Nat. Phila. 1863, 335.) 
 
106. SCORP^NID^ — SEBASTODES. 
 
 653 
 
 luotlerate or large, with the jaws equal or the lower more or less pro- 
 jecting; teeth ill villiforin bands on jaws, vomer and paUitiues. Head 
 more or less evenly scaled, without dermal flaps; cranial ridges more or 
 less developed;* some or all of the following pairs present, usually 
 ending in spines: preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, cor- 
 onal, occipital, and nuchal. Five preopercular spines. Two spines on 
 the opercle and one to three on the snprascapula. Suborbital staj'^ 
 moderate, usually not reaching preopercle. Gill-rakers various. Scales 
 moderate or rather small, ctenoid, in 45 to 100 transverse series. Dor- 
 sal fin continuous, emarginate, its formuli XIII, 12 to 14. Anal fin 
 III, to 9. Pectorals well developed, the base broad or narrow, the 
 lower rays undivided. Caudal truncate or slightly forked; soft parts 
 of vertical fins more or less scalj'. Pyloric coeca G to 11. Vertebra} 
 12 + 15. Species of rather large size, and varied, often brilliant colors, 
 mostly red. Sexes colored alike. Most of them inhabit the Pacific 
 Ocean, and they are exceedingly abundant in rocky places along the 
 west coast of the United States. All are ovovivi parous, bringing fortli 
 great numbers of young, which are nearly half an inch in length when 
 born. The species differ greatly in form and armature, but the genera 
 based on these differences intergrade too closely to be worthy of reten- 
 tion. (<re/3a<rrc>c, Sebastes; e£5«T, likeness.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF SEBASTODES. 
 
 fl, Scales very small ; lat. 1. 90-100; mouth very large, the lower jaw much projecting; 
 
 skull thick, the cranial ridges 
 
 Tr,,,-,}!:-'-^' ■:■■;-'?"'•; )'■'■■:., r vv ■ ,^fV'----'-;^:--'-:' ^I'-^^f' — '- WCak. A. Ill, 0. (SEBASTODES.) 
 
 Color light olivaceous red; 
 young greenish paucisjnnis, 
 
 ' . * Diagram of cranial ridgea of Sebaatodei. 
 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 mm 
 
 
 Is . J.I 
 
 a. Kaaal spines. 
 h. Prooculnr spinen. 
 e. Supraocular spines. 
 
 n\ /rt 
 
 d. PoHtocular spines. 
 
 e. Tympanic spines. 
 
 f. Coronal spiuus. 
 
 g. Occipital spines. 
 h. Nuchal spines. 
 {. Eyes. 
 
 Iff 
 
U t 
 
 1! 
 
 ilk 
 
 . i- 
 
 !{•■ 
 
 it 
 
 ' 
 
 ill 
 t 
 
 '. » 
 : 1 . 
 ■ ^^ 
 
 ! . r 
 
 ■ pi- , 
 
 654 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 aa. Scales small; lat. 1. 65 to 80; aual rays III, 7 to III, 9; skull thick, cranial fuWn 
 
 very low or obsolete ; lower jaw 
 much projecting ; gill-nikers 
 very long and Blemlcr; caudal 
 emarginate; jaws scaly. (Se- 
 
 BA8TOSOMU8 Gill.) 
 
 b. Peritoneum white ; cranial ridges all obsolete, 
 c. Color olivaceous, nearly plain; caudal yellowish or greenish; mouth larfrp. 
 
 flariduf, 
 ce. Color dusky, sides spotted with black ; caudal dark; mouth smaller., me/dnoj)*. 
 hb. Peritoneum black. 
 
 d. Supraocular and occipital ridges obsolete, without spines; colors dusky, tbe 
 
 tins blackish. 
 e. Preocular ridges obsolete, the frontal region between them not specially 
 
 convex ciUaUis. 
 
 ee. Preocular ridges present, usually ending in spines, the frontal regionibc- 
 
 tween them bulging.. viyHtinus. 
 dd. Supraocular aud occipital ridges mostly present, ending in spims; dorsal 
 
 fin not deeply emarginate; soft 
 dorsal low. 
 /. Second anal spine scarcely or not longer than third; postocular spine 
 
 .. . wanting; color creamy olivace- 
 ous entonulas. 
 
 //. Second anal spine notably I'-.iger than third. 
 
 g. Body ovate; postocui;',r 8i»lae8 present; color chiefly creamy or oliva- 
 
 V ' ceous ovnUs. 
 
 gg. Body rather elongate; postocular wan ting; color chiefly red.. pronV/er. 
 aaa. Scales moderate ; lat. 1. 45 to 60 ; anal rays III, 5 to III, 7. 
 
 h. Cranial ridges very low, the skull thick and solid; lower jaw little 
 
 projecting: interorbital apace 
 - ■ convex ; gill-rakers slender, 
 
 usually long. 
 i. Color olivaceous ; postocular spine wanting ; mandible with a few 
 
 v smooth scales atrovirena. 
 
 -'■ •; it. Color red; postocular spine present. 
 
 j. Scales on mandible smooth; color chiefly orange jihimger. 
 
 jj. Scales on mandible very rough; color chiefly brick-red.. «iinia/Ms, 
 '^ hh. Cranial ridges more or less strong; skull comparatively thin ; gill- 
 
 rakers general l.v short. 
 li. Postocular and tympanic spines both present; interorbital 
 ' .. space concave. (Skbastomus 
 
 ' - ' , Gill.) 
 
 I. Cranial ridges broken and armed with accessory spines (in 
 ' _ the adult, nearly smooth in 
 
 ''^ ^ ■ -i„ young); second aual spiue 
 
 ■, : ' : ' ; Mr . scarcely longer than third; 
 
 color red, nearly plain.- r«ifr, 
 
 II. Cranial ridges smooth ; second anal spine much longer than 
 
 third; c^lor rosy, with three or 
 four round blotches of piuk on 
 sides of back, 
 m. Dorsal spines low, the highest less than half the leugth 
 
 of head, 
 n. Body everywhere with small round pale spots. 
 
 constelUtv*. 
 
106. SCORr.ENID/E — SEBASTODES. 
 
 655 
 
 nn. Body without stellato spots. 
 0. Pale blotcbcB on sides sHrrounded by pnrpio shadrs; 
 
 head with purplish above ; man- 
 dible naked rosaci-U8. 
 
 00. Pale blotches on sides surrounded by preen shades ; 
 
 no purple; cranial ridges very 
 sharp ; inaudible partly scaly. 
 rhodochloris. 
 mm. Dorsal spines very high, the highest half the length of 
 
 head; body above with many 
 small round green spots. 
 
 chloroaticlus, 
 Tck. Postocular spine wanting. 
 
 p. Mandible scaly, its tip much projecting; perito- 
 neum dusky ; interorbital space 
 concave ; body comparatively 
 
 elongate elongatua, 
 
 pp. Mandible naked ; peritoneum white ; body deep. 
 q. Scales on head mostly cycloid; lower jaw pro- 
 jecting; second anal spine much 
 stronger than third ; color pink- 
 ish white, banded with deep 
 
 crimson ruhrivinctua. 
 
 qq. Scales on head ctenoid; lower jaw usually in- 
 cluded; s«cond anal spine lit- 
 tle enlarged. '(Sebastichthys 
 Gill.) 
 r. Coronal spines present; cranial ridges moderate; 
 color brownish, mottled. 
 
 auriculatue, 
 rr. Coronal spines none. 
 a. Cranial ridges with entire edges. 
 t. Nuchal ridges none. 
 u. Gill-rakers extremely short, most of them 
 ,,. as wide as high; general color 
 
 dusky-greenish raatrelliger. 
 
 uu. Gill-rakers higher than wide. 
 ,., V. Highest dorsal spine notably more than 
 
 : ■. half length of head. 
 
 IP. Head and upper parts not speckled 
 with orange ; membrane of spi- 
 nous dorsal not very deeply in- 
 cised. 
 X. Color dark brown, varied with 
 
 light brown caurinua. 
 
 XX. Color reddish, varied with yel- 
 lowish ; dorsal spines higher. 
 
 vnxillaria. 
 Wte. Head and upper parts everywhere 
 speckled with orange; front of 
 back yellowish ; soft fi us black ; 
 dorsal spines extremely high, 
 their membranes deeply incised. 
 
 maliger. 
 
 •i>-;i 
 
 
 '\-j 
 
 
 :l.il 
 
 i ■: >! (3 
 
 
 
i 
 
 M i 
 
 .1 
 
 H 
 
 ''I 
 
 m 
 
 t: ' 
 
 * 
 
 l< i!' 
 
 
 656 CONTEIEUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 • w. Highest dorsal spine littlo if any more 
 
 than half the length of head. 
 
 • y. Pale blotches ou sides not form- 
 
 .■';?.. ing a continnons lateral hand; 
 
 ' ■ occipital ridges moderate. 
 
 . ' • • z. Pale markings llesh-color; dark 
 
 * ' markings olivaceous.. carn«<H». 
 
 zz. Pale markings yellow; dark 
 
 markings blackish . -c/ir^gonie/as. 
 
 yi/. Pale blotch«!8 on sides, forniinir 
 
 a continuous lateral band ; body 
 and fins profusely speckled with 
 pale; dark markings black; 
 pale markings yellow; occipital 
 
 ridges very strong ncbiilosus. 
 
 it. Nuchal spines present, usually distinct from 
 occipital; cranial ridges very 
 short and high; olivaceous, 
 banded with black; head red 
 
 below ««Titrp«. 
 
 at. Cranial ridges with the surface broken, spi- 
 nous; frontal ridges elevated; 
 color bright red, with black 
 bands nigrodnctus. 
 
 a. Species with very small scales (lat. 1. 90-100); the cranial ridges little developed. 
 
 the mouth very large, the lower jaw much projecting. {Sehnstodea.) 
 
 I 
 
 J008« S. paucispinis (Ayres) Gill. — Boccaccio; Mcroii; Jach. 
 
 Pale dull orange red, dark brown above, the sides somewhat vaguely 
 spotted; young olivaceous;, fins nearly plain, lower reddish, upper 
 dusky; tip of lower jaw dark. Body elongate, compressed, profile 
 straight from the protruding tip of the ) jwer jaw to the front of the dor- 
 sal. Head large, long, and narrow, pointed. Mouth much larger than 
 in any other species, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching to beyond the 
 eye; its length 1| in head; lower jaw very strong, with a projecting 
 knob at tip, which protrudes farther than in any other species. Pre- 
 maxillary on the level of lower edge of pupil. Cranial ridges little de- 
 veloped, the preocular and occipital traceable and sometimes ending in 
 small spines. Interocular space broad, with two low ridges; top of 
 head scaled to tip of snout; maxillary and preorbital scaly; preorbital 
 with narrow neck and three small spines; suborbital stay moderate; 
 preopercular spines sharp and diverging, the third largest, the lower 
 often divided; opercular spines moderate. Gill-rakers slender, com- 
 pressed, not very long. Eye large, 4-6 in head, slightly more than in- 
 terorbital width. Scales very small and rough, irregular; accessory 
 scales few. . Dorsal spines low, rather slender, the fin deeply emar- 
 
106. SCORP/ENIDiE SE6aST0DES. 
 
 657 
 
 
 ginate; longest spine f length of head, scarcely bigljer thau the soft 
 j^ys; caudal emarginate; anal low, its si)ines small, short, graduated, 
 the second shorter than eye; pectorals narrow, rather long, not nearly 
 reaching vent, the base | diameter of eye; ventrals shorter, not reach- 
 in},' tips of pectorals. Peritoneum white;' Head 2§; depth 3;^; pec- 
 torals 5. D. XIII 13; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. with 05-80 tubes; about 100 
 scales in a longitudinal series. L. 30 inches. Coast of California; 
 iibnndant in rather deep water. Y nv^ c^y^-.n^fy- - ^LtJ^i i^ • ♦ 
 
 (Siha»te8 paudspinia Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, fi, 1854: Sebaateit panmiip\nis 
 Grd. U. S. Pac. R. K. Snrv. Fisli. 8:J; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliila. 18G1, 1G5; Ajres, 
 Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 183:i, 215: Scbastt« paucispinis Giiiither, ii, 9S.) 
 
 aa. Species with Bcales small (lat. 1. (50 to 70); cranial ridges little developed; skull 
 thick; lower jaw strongly piojecting; anal rays III, 7 to III, I); jaws scaly; 
 jjlU-rakers very long and slender. (Stbasloaomus* Gill.) 
 
 1009. S. flavidus Ayrea.— Yclloic-tail Rock-fiah, 
 
 Olive green, rather pale, plain or finely spotted with yellowish; fins 
 olive, caudal strongly tinged with yellow; young mottled. Body ob- 
 loiiff, cojni)ressed, the back not much elevated. Head rather long, 
 pointed. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary extending to nearly 
 opposite posterior margin of eye, 2 in head ; premaxillaries in front on 
 tlie level of lower margin of pupil. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its 
 symphyseal knob very prominent, but less so than in 8. paucifipinis. 
 Preorbital narrow, without spines. Top of head evenly scaled, the 
 nasal spines only present and very small. Cranial ridges obsolete, 
 without spines; only the occipital ridges visible under the scales. In- 
 terorbital space evenly convex. Preopercular spines rather strong, all 
 of thera directed strongly backwards; opercular spines moderate; su- 
 prascapular spines small, the upper obsolete. Scales medium; acces- 
 sory scales variable. Dorsal spines low, slender, the longest 3 in head; 
 the soft rays rather high, the fin very deeply emarginate, the mem- 
 brane joining the thirteenth spine at about one-fourth its height; cau- 
 dal fin notched ; anal spines low, regularly graduated, the third spine 
 less than half the height of the soft rays, the second as long as eye; pec- 
 toral fins shortish, rather broad, reaching tip of ventrals, but not quite 
 to vent. Peritoneum white. Head 3; depth 3; pectoral 4. I). XIII- 
 15; A. HI, 9; Lat. 1. about 60. L. 24 inches. Coast of California, 
 abundant; an important food-fish. 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18B2, 209, f. 64.) 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phlla. 1864, 147 : type Sehaatea mclanops Grd. {6f.fia6ro<i, 
 Sebastes; 6 (but a, body.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 42 
 
 
 -iui^i 
 
 
 tv 
 
658 C0NTRIDUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 lOIO. ^i. niolnnops (Gnl.) Ayrca. 
 
 Olive brown, dark above, the sides paler; upper part of sides tliicklv 
 marked with small slaty-black blotches; head blackish above; a dark 
 streak on maxillary and one from eye across cheeks; flns dusky, the 
 dorsal paler at base, with mapy round dark olive-brown spots; ;i black 
 opercular spot; lower rays of pectorals often tinged with orange. lUxly 
 comparatively elongate, highest at shoulders. liiutd long, lu lomi 
 intermediate between mystinus and Jiaridv,^ *'*,iiout rather sharp. Mouth 
 large, obliipie, the maxillary not (^\\-: . reaching i)osterior margin of 
 orbit; its length a little 1^L» ^ half head; lower jaw i)r()trudiiig, its 
 tip on a line with the de^v^ending profile; premaxillaries on the lev«'l of 
 the lower margin of pupil. Eye large. Cranial ridges almost obsolete, 
 all scaled over and without spines in the adult; preocular spines obso- 
 lete, the Ki)ace forward of the eye not projecting; preopercular spines 
 short, but sharp. Gill-rakers longer than in mystinus, very slender. 
 Dorsal rather low, deeply emarginate, the highest spines 2^ in liead, 
 a little lower than the soft rays; caudal slightlj^ enuirginate. Anal 
 spines small, the second shorter but stouter than third, lorger than 
 eye; pectorals short and rather broad, not reaching as far as tips of 
 ventrals, which scarcely reach vent. Scales moderate; accessory scales 
 nu'uerous; mandible, maxillary, preorbital, and snout closely scaled. 
 Peritoneum white. Head 3; depth 2§. D. XIII-16; A. Ill, 8; Lat.l 
 53; scales CO-70; pectoral 4^. L. 20 inches. Monterey to Sitka; mosi 
 abundant northward. At San Francisco much less connnon tbau S, 
 mystinus. \/^ (yia^ c^t^A>-^\ • ^i^jL ^ 
 
 (SebdHteH mdanops Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. viii, 135, 1854, and in U. S. 
 Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 81; Ayres, Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci. 1862, 213, f.Wi: SehmU. 
 nulanopH Gilutlior, ii, 9d: Sebastoaomu^ aimulans Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Ittlil, 
 147.) 
 
 1011. S. ciliatus (Tiles.) J. & G. 
 
 Blackish green, the sides rather pale, much mixed with darker; dark 
 shades from eye backward; a black streak on maxillary; fins all dusky, 
 the upper fins somewhat mottled ; adult said to have the body and tins 
 tinged with red. Body rather deep and compressed. Mouth smaller 
 than in melanops, the maxillary reaching to below posterior margin of 
 pupil; lower jaw somewhat projecting, but without jjrominent knob at 
 the symphysis; cranial ridges all obsolete, covered by scales; no pre- 
 ocular spine or any bulge of the skull in that region; preorbital narrow, 
 without spine; i^reopercular spines short and broad; opercular and su- 
 prascapular spines small; lower jaw fully scaled, roughish. Head well 
 
106. SCORP^ENID.E SEBAOTODES. 
 
 covered with ctenoid scales. Dorsal fin lov/, not deeply eniarjjinate, the 
 iiK'iribrane joining the thirteenth spine near its middle; soft dorsal low, 
 hifjher than the spines, the lonjjfest spine as loiij^ as maxillary, a little 
 less than half head; caudal emarginate; anal low, its second spine 
 stronger, but not longer than the third, jj the height of the soft rays, 
 :'A in head; pectorals rather short, reaching beyond tips of ventrals to 
 vent. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and 8len<ler, nearly as long as 
 tlie eye. Peritoneum black. Head liff, depth .'t.^; pectorals l\'^. 1). 
 X1II-1<^; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 00. Coast of Alaska; not noticed south of 
 Kndiak. 
 
 [F.lunepMtin ciliafm TilcH. M(^in. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. iv, 474, 1810; Pcrca variahilis 
 PiillaH, Zoo^r. RosHo-Asiiit, iii, 241, 1811: Sebantcs variabilis Ciiv. & Vul. iv, 347: Se- 
 hmten rariubHia Gilntber, ii, 99.) 
 
 1012. S. mystinua Jor. & GWh.—rcchc Pirtrc; Black Rock-flah. 
 
 Slaty black, becoming paler below the lateral line; sides more 
 or less mottled; tip of lower Jaw black; top of head with 3 indistinct 
 cross-bars, extending on the cheeks; a dark bar on anterior edge of 
 opercle; fins all plain dusky. liody oval-oblong, compressed, both out- 
 lines evenly curved. Head rather blunt, compressed; profile oblique, 
 almost straight, becoming convex with age. Month smaller than in 
 any of the jn-eceding species, oblique, the lower jaw protruding; i)re- 
 maxillaries on the level of lower rim of orbit; maxiilaries dilated be- 
 liind, reaching posterior margin of pupil, thickly scaled behind, their 
 length 2^ in head. Cranial ridges obsolete, except the preocular, which 
 usually ends in a small spine; the region between and in front of the 
 eyes bulging considerably; i)reopercIe with rather strong spines, the 
 two at the angle longest; opercular spines rather strong. Spinons 
 dorsal very low, the longest spines 2^ in head, lower than the soft rays, 
 the fin rather deeply emarginate; second anal spine stronger than 
 third, and a little shorter, 3^ in head; pectoral fins long, about as long 
 as head, their middle rays longest, reaching beyond the ventrals to 
 about the tenth dorsal spine; caudal emarginate. Peritoneum black. 
 Head 3;^; depth 2f ; pectorals 3if. D. Xni-15; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 66 
 (diWhi tubes). L. 14 inches. Pnget Sound to San Diego; the most 
 abundant species of the family about San Francisco; found in rather 
 shallow water. ^^rx/^^ ^a.tf/t fi a^y t - C" ^*-'-^'^/ ^^ '^*^''^"Xv^.^. 
 
 (Srlmnlichtlnja mtjstinufi Jordiiu & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IBdO, 455; 1881, 56, 
 
 :u.) 
 
 1013. S. cntoinelas Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Dull olive-green; sides with obscure, round, rusty spots; belly, lips, 
 aud lower parts tinged with creamy; obscure light and dark shades 
 
 
 ■A^f, 
 
 
wm 
 
 I! 
 
 
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 1^^• 
 
 .1* : 'a. 
 
 . (■'- 
 
 Hi' 
 
 f f 
 
 f' ■'■ 'ffl' 
 
 'iit 
 
 660 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 across cheeks; 2 or 3 ver^'^ obscure dark vertical bars; flus all dnslcy, 
 somewhat reddish tinged ; lower half of pectoral reddish. Body ob 
 loiig-elougate, the back little arched. Candid peduncle slender, rrofilc 
 less steep than in ovalls, the snout blunter. Mouth small, the sliort 
 maxillary extending to below middle of eye, its length 2J^ in liead- 
 lower jaw protruding, its tip entering the profile ; preorbital very nar- 
 row, without spine. Eye large, less than interorbital space, 4 in head. 
 Cranial ridges very low, mostly covered by the scales ; preocular, su- 
 praocular, tympanic, and occipital 8i)ines usually present, the preoc- 
 ular larger than in any of the preceding species, the supraocular and 
 tympanic sometimes obsolete; preopercular spines small, directed back 
 wards; opercular spines small; jaws, preorbital, and snout with small 
 scales. Gill-rakers numerous, long, and slender, their length about '■^ 
 diameter of eye. Dorsal spines very low and slender, the longest about 
 5 in head, the fin moderately emarginate; soft dorsjil long and low, not 
 nmch higher than the spines; caudal lunate; anal low, its second spine 
 stronger than third, but not so high, 3J in head; pectorals moderate, 
 reachuig beyond ventrals, not to vent. Peritoneum jet black. Head 
 34; depth 3;^; pectoral 31]. D. XIII-15; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 05. L. 12 
 Inches. IMonterey Bay, in deep water; rare. 
 (Scbasiichthifs eiitomvlns JonUin & G'lbort, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18-'0, 142.) 
 
 1014. S. OValis Ayres.— THirn. 
 
 Olivaceous, strongly tinged with creamy red, especially below; mem- 
 brane of both dorsrJs covered with many suiall, round, black spots; 
 similar spots usually on the body; upj»er tins greenish, lower yellowisli, 
 mostly dark -edged; caudal tin dark; .voung more green, with 2 or 3 
 large black blotches on ui)per part of sides, and without dark spots on 
 tins. Body deep, almost oval, the back considerably elevated, the profile 
 steep, the lower jaw considerably protruding. Mouth not large, the 
 maxillary reaching to posterior edge of pupil, its length about 2A in 
 head. Cranial ridges not much developed, except the preocular, whieli 
 forms a large triangular protuberance, ending in a spine; preocular, 
 supraocular, postocular, tym])anic, and occipital Si)ine8 present; jue- 
 oi)ercular spines long and slender, all projecting backw^ard; oporcular 
 spinea strong; preorbital narrow, with 2 bluntish spines. Gill rakers 
 very long and slender, the longest two-thirds the diameter of the eye. 
 Eye large, s'j'rhtly longer than snout. Dorsal flu very low, the notch 
 between the spuious and soft parts very shallow, the height of the two 
 parts about equal (2i iv nead), tho membrane joining the last spine at 
 
 
106. SCORPJENIDiE — SEBASTODES. 
 
 661 
 
 about J its height; second anal spine longer and stronger than third, 
 almost as high as the soft rays, 2^ in head; pectorals long, reaching 
 beyond tips of ventrals; caudal emarginate; maxillary and mandible 
 scaly. Peritoneum l/lack. Head 3 ; depth 23. D. XIII-14; A. 111,8; 
 pectoral 3^; height of dorsal 8; Lat. 1. about 70. L. 14 inches. Coast 
 of California, in deep water; rare. > 
 
 (Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 18C2, '212, f. 65: Sehastivhthys ovalis Jordan & Gilbert, 
 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 143.) 
 
 il5. S. proriger Jor. &Gilb. - ' ' 
 
 Bright light red, mottled above with dusky olive-green, the groun<l 
 color forming distinct blotches under the third dorsal spine and under 
 tlie first and last rays of the soft dorsal; lateral lino running in the 
 niicUlie of a very distinct continuous red stripe, precisely as in S. don- 
 (jatuH', head above with i)urplish cross-shades; oi)ercle with a dusky 
 blotch; two olive shades radiating from the eye; lips and tip of lower 
 jaw blackish; iris red; caudal flii bright red, speckled with dark olive; 
 spinous dorsal bright red, the posterior part of each membrane black- 
 ish; soft dorsal olive and red; lower fins bright light red, with shades 
 of olive yellow. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, a little less 
 sk'iuler than in 8. elongatus, which this species much resembles in color 
 and form. Head rather sumll. Mouth small, much as in S. ovalis, the 
 short, broad maxillary extending to beyond the nnddle of the eye, the 
 prcniaxillary on the level of lower margin of pupil; maxillary 2J in 
 head; lower jaw strongly projecting, with a conspicuous symphyseal 
 knob. Eye very large, longer than snout ; preorbital narrow. Cranial 
 ridges very low and weak ; preocular, supraocular, tympanic;, and occi- 
 jiital present; most of the ridges i)artly covered by scales; tympanic 
 spine luinute; occipital ridge not conspicuous, the spine dei)resscd. 
 Preopercular spines sharp, the second longest, the i)oints of all directed 
 Iniclvward; opercular spines moderate. Interorbital spa<!0 broad, nearly 
 as broad as the eye, somewhat regularly convex, the mi<ldle being ele- 
 vated. Gill-rakers very long, slender, and numerous, the longest longer 
 than the supraocular ridge, and about half the diameter of the eye. 
 Scales rather small. Dorsal fin very low, sis in S. oralis, not deeply 
 emarginate, the highest spine little more than one-third length of bear* 
 soft dorsal low, half as liigh as long, the highest ray about equal to 
 the longest spine; caudal fin moderately forked; anal fin low, its length 
 nearly ecpial to the height of its longest ray; second spine much longer 
 and stronger than the third, scarcely shorter than the longest ray, 2^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 i . 
 
 
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3a 
 
 fiiV-i 
 
 U 
 
 ■i ( 
 
 n ■ ^ :i 
 
 m 
 
 'I'i 
 
 111 
 
 I'! 
 
 GG2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ill liosid; pectorals rather long and narrow, the tips reacliing l)('.v«)ii(l 
 the tips of the ventrals to the vent. Peritonenra black. Head .'5; depth 
 31. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 7; pectoral 3.^ in length; Lat. 1. 75. L. 10 
 in«!hes. Coast of California, in deep water; not rare. 
 
 {Scbosiichthnsproriger Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 327.) 
 
 aaa. Species with the scales moderate, the cranial ridges low, the sknll thick, tlm 
 interorbital space broad and <'onvex, tlu* lower jaw scaly, its lip not 8troii"ly 
 projecting; gill-rakers 'leuder; pectorals narrow ; peritoneiun white. 
 
 1016. S. atrovirciis Jor. & Qilh.—Garrujta. 
 
 Olive-green, marbled with darker; sometimes brownish; belly palp 
 yellowish green ; tins olivaceous, no red anywhere. Body oblong, not 
 tapering rapidly backward. Head moderate, rather pointed. Mouth 
 moderate, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, the maxillary extendiiijj 
 to beyond posterior border of the pn])il; its length 2 in head; pre- 
 maxillary below pupil. Eye large, 3^ in head Cranial ridges low, not 
 ending in prominent spines; the following ])airs are present: preocular, 
 supraocular, and occipital, and sometimes a minute tympanic; nasal 
 spines prominent; preorbital very narrow, with two stout spines; ,(ro 
 opercular spines short, rather sharp, the second longer and slenderer 
 than the others; opercular and su{)rascai)ular spines sharp; intoror- 
 bital 8i)ace broad and slightly convex, widened backward, a little de 
 jiressed on each side lu^xt the 8U[>raocular spine, its width less than 
 that of the eye and nu)re than the length of the occipital spine. Gill- 
 rakers slender, not very long, the longest ^ the diameter of the eye. 
 Preorbital scaly; nmxillary i)artly scaly ; mandible with some smooth 
 scales; scales large, regularly arranged. Dorsal fin rather deeply einar- 
 ginate, the spines moderate, the fifth half length of head and lower 
 than the soft luys; caudal truncate; anal fin short ami high, its spines 
 slender, the second shorter than third, and not much stronger, about 
 2^ in head; longest soft rays l.\ in head; pectorals long and narrow, 
 reachiiig i)ast vent nearly to beginning of anal, their length seven- 
 eighths that of head, their base narrow. Ventrals long, reaching just 
 ])a8t the vent. Head 3; depth 2>. D. XI 1 1-14; A. Ill, «; Lat. 1. 52. 
 L. 15 inches. Coast of Calilbrnia; generally abundant, especially south- 
 ward. __ _.^ .' >j _^^^..A_^;'.,i.,£.„.J^:_^.:_^._-?--v,.„.a4a.~- .,.-i-u" 
 
 (Sibastkhihya airovircnn Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 289.) 
 
 1017. S. pllliiiKCr (Gill) J. & O.—Fliaim; Orange liock-fiah. 
 
 Ground color light olive-gray, profusely blotchetl with bright clear 
 orange red or with light orange-yellow, the red shades predominatiuit 
 
106. SCORPiENID^ SEBAST0DE8. 
 
 663 
 
 above, the palfi below; belly nearly white; top of head with croas- 
 blotches and rnarblings of orange, alternating witli pale; sides of the 
 head flesh -colored, with three bright orange bands radiating from the 
 eye; maxillary with orange tonches; lips j)ale, tinged with blackish; 
 inside of mouth pale; dorsal fln with the membrane bright orange, a 
 large black blotch occupying the membranes between the seventh and 
 tenth dorsal spines; this spot is usually distinct, but in old examines 
 it is sometimes obsolete; pectorals light red, mottled with yeHowish; 
 other lins all bright orange, without dusky tips, slightly mottled with 
 ]»aler at base; lateral line running in a distinct continuous light-gray 
 streak, which is not crossed by the red markings; old specimens some- 
 times with large inky blotches on ditterent ])arts of the body. Body 
 ratlier robust, elevated, and comi)ressed. Mouth large, oblique, the 
 maxillary reaching to below the posterior margin of the large eye, its 
 length half the head; mandible soniewhat i)roJecting, with a knob at 
 the tip; the middle teeth on a raised base which tits into the emar- 
 gination of the upper jaw; interorbital space very broad, concave on 
 either side of the convex center, as wide as the eye, which is 4 in head; 
 cranial ridges low, but stronger than in i)receding species; preocular, 
 su[)raocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital present; the space be- 
 tween the two occipitals conciave; the ridges small but sharj); both 
 jaws, i)reorbital, maxillary, mandible, and snout scaly, the scales on 
 the lower jaw smooth; preorbital rather narrow, Avith two spines; pre- 
 opercular spines long and sharp. Dorsal lin deeply enmrginate, the 
 spines rather high, nearly as high as the soft rays, the longest 2^ iu 
 head; caudal tin lunate; pectoral fln long, reaching to the tips of the 
 long ventrals, past the vent; base of pectoral narrow, about as broad 
 as eye; second anal spine strong, nearly as long as third, 3 in »iead. 
 dill raUers very long and sleu'ler, lu^arly ^ diameter of eye; accessory 
 scales numerous, esi)ecially on head. Peritoneum pale. Head 2i} ; 
 depth 2*; i)ectoral '^. D. XIII-U; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 48. L. 25 inches. 
 Paciflc coast, from Monterey northward; one of the most important 
 species. :_ ^, , ; . v . ... 
 
 (SvhdHlodeH rosacem Ayics, Proc. C.il. Ac;ut. Sci. il, 21(5, 18(J2, f. fili; not SihuHtea 
 nmrniK (iid. : iSchaittoiiomnH jrintiiger GiW, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hoi. I'liila. lb()4, 1'17 : HabuH' 
 ikhlliiiHphiniyvrJot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nut. Miih. IHriO, 7'i.) 
 
 
 i . 
 
 ; - 
 
 / 
 
 if e J, 
 
 11' 
 
 
 101 S. S. mlnlatUSJor. & Gilb.— /frtsfitra; Tlanhcr. 
 
 Color above deep verinillion, mottled with ilesh-color on the sides, the 
 belly light red; back and sides everywhere with clusters of black dots, 
 
 
Il 
 
 IIP 
 
 .'I 
 
 if 
 
 lii S 
 
 »• 
 
 i 
 
 t'. 
 
 
 G64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICA!? ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 SO that the whole body lias a dusky shade; top of head and back with 
 vaguely detiued cross-blotches made of dark i)oiuts; three obscure 
 orauge stripes radiating from the eye; maxillary with a red streak; lips 
 red, mottled with blackish; under side of head light red, mottled with 
 darker; inside of mouth red; fins all bright vermillion; spinous donsnl 
 spotted with olive-gray below, the membrane posteriorly edged with 
 blackish; soft dorsal spotted below with blackish, a vertical dark olive 
 streak on each membrane; other fins tipped with blackish, the mem. 
 branes more or less dotted ; no black blotch on the spinous dorsal. Body 
 oblong, the form much as in 8. pinniger. Head moderate, somewhat 
 pointed. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching i)a8t pupil, its 
 length 2 in head; i^remaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil; lower 
 jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper, with a moderate symiihyseal 
 knob; middle of lower jaw elevated, fitting into an emargination of the 
 upper. Head more completely scaly than in related species, the scales 
 also rougher, the scales on the preorbital and head generally, being fully 
 ctenoid; mandible scaled even to the symphyseal knob, its scales always 
 roughly ctenoid; interopercle fully scaled; most of the branchiostegals 
 with series of scales; maxillary, preorbital, and tip of snout fully 
 scaled; preorbital with a narrow neck; cranial ridges low and small; 
 preocular, sui)raocular, iiostocular, tympanic, and occipital spines pres- 
 ent; iuterorbital space very broad, with a slight depression on each 
 side of a median ridge; preopercular spines rather long and sharp, the, 
 second the longest, the spines radiating. Gill-rakers, as in pinnujer, 
 very long and slender, the longest about § the diameter of the eye. 
 Dorsal fin low, rather deeply emargiuate, about as iu S. pinnujcr, but 
 rather higher, the soft rays higher than the spines; caudal fin slightly 
 emargiuate; anal fin rather high, the second spine about as long as 
 the third and stouter, little more than half the height of the soft ra\s, 
 about 3 in head; pectoral fin moderate, the tip reaching about to the 
 vent, the base rather narrow; ventrals very long, usually reaching past 
 the vent, almost to the beginning of the anal. Head 2f ; depth 3; pee- 
 torals 3 J. Dorsal rays XIII-14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. J. 47. L. 20 inches. 
 San Francisco to San Diego ; not rare. 
 {Sclastichthtjs viiniatua Jordan & Gilbert Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 70.) 
 
 aaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size; the cranial ridges high; iyiiipaiiic 
 aud post ocular spines both present; lower jaw little projecting; anal iii.vk 
 -H-- III, 7; scales on head ctenoid; gill-rakers short; second anal spine usually 
 elongate. {Sebastomus*' Gill.) 
 
 ' Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H64, 147 : <^ype Scbaalea roaaceus Grd. 
 
106. SCORPiENIDiE SEBASTODES. 
 
 665 
 
 1010. S. ruber (Ayres) J. & G.—Ecd liock-fisU; Tninbor. 
 
 Color clear deep vermilion red, paler below; a narrow iindulating 
 wliitisli streak along the sides, from the eye to above the base of the 
 anal, and another along the lateral line; these indistinct in the adnlt; 
 faint dusky shades radiating from eye; fins red, the soft fins always 
 largely blackish at tip, especially in the young; young more distinctly 
 marked than the adults, which are nearly plain brick-red. Body oblong, 
 ratbcr deep, not much compressed. Head large, blunt. Mouth large, the 
 maxillary reaching nearly to posterior edge of eye, its length half that 
 of bead ; premaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil; lower jaw a little 
 projecting, the syrai)hyseal knob slight. Cranial ridges rather high and 
 sharp, smooth in the young, becoming very rough and broken in the 
 adult; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occii)ital pres- 
 ent^ preocular spines triangular; supraocular short, becoming with age 
 divided into a series of irregular spines and tubercles; occipital ridges 
 diverging, likewise divided in adults; interorbital space broad, ilattish, 
 coarsely scaled, with 2 slight ridges anteriorly. Eye moderate, 4.} in 
 bead; preorbital wide; preopercular spines broad, usually divided, the 
 third multifld. Scales on head rough; jaws naked; suborbital stay 
 weak. Gill-rakers short, clavate, the longest ^ eye. Scales on body 
 roujih; accessory scales numerous; pectoral short, broad, its length 4 
 in body; dorsal spines stout, rather low, the fin not deeply notched, 
 the longest spine about as high as the soft rays, 2 J in head; caudal 
 truncate; soft tins scaly; second anal spine little stronger or longer than 
 the third, § height of soft rays, 2§ in head. Peritoneum white. Head 
 3; depth 2§. D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. about 50. L. 30 inches. 
 Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara northward, abundant"; reaches a 
 larger size than any of the others, except possibly S. paitcispinis. 
 
 {Sebasiea ruber Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Aeiul. Sci. i, 7, 1354, and ldG2, 21o.) ^* ' 
 
 1020. S. constellutus Jor. & Glib. 
 
 Orange-red; back olive shaded; belly yellowish; cheeks with red 
 and yellowish shades; head and body everywhere closely covered with 
 small roundish pale spots; spots above light rose color; below larger 
 and nearly white; 4 or 5 roundish rose-colored blotches on the back, 
 besides some mottlings of a similar shade; the first si)ot, often obscure, 
 under the fourth dorsal spine; the next nesir the lateral line under the 
 ei}>btb dorsal spine; the third close to the junction of the two parts of 
 the dorsal; the fourth under the end of the soft dorsal; a fifth some- 
 times near the base of eighth dorsal spine; opercular flap with a rosy 
 
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6G6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 ■'I\ 
 
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 ii 
 
 ^1 
 
 spot; fins light reddish; dorsal speckled at base with light and daik. 
 IJody robfist, heavy forwards, tapering into a slender caudal peduncle. 
 Head rather pointed in profile. Mouth large, oblique, the lower juw 
 slightly projecting beyond the emarginated tip of the upper jaw; u 
 small knob at the symphysis; maxillary very broad, extending be- 
 yond pupil, its middle part with many small scales, its length 2 in 
 head; premaxillary in front just below the level of the eye; mandible 
 almost entirely covered with small rough scales; muzzle and prec:bital 
 scaled to the tip of the snout; head densely covered with small scales. 
 Cranial ridges rather high and narrow; preocular, supraocular, post- 
 ocular, tympanic, and occipital present; interorbital area concave, 
 with 2 prominent ridges covered by scales; supraocular ridge rather 
 short; occipital ridge long, curved, ending in a sharp spine; i)reopcide 
 with its second spine long and sharp; prcorbital wide, its edge lobed. 
 Eye large, 4 in head. Gill-rakers short, clavate, the longest of tliem 
 about one-fifth the diameter of the eye. Scales strongly ctenoid, the 
 accessory scales largelj'^ developed. Dorsal spines rather strong and 
 low, the fourth more than one-third the length of the head; the fin 
 rather deeply e'.nai gin ate; soft dorsal rather low, about as high as tiie 
 second anal spina, 2f in head, robust, curved considerably longer than 
 the third or the soft rays; caudal slightly eniarginate; pectorals rather 
 narrow, reaching beyond ventrals, about to vent, their length two- 
 thirds that of the head. Peritoneum white. Head 2J; depth 2i. I). 
 XIIl-13; A. HI, 6; Lat. 1. 53. L. 15 inches. Coast of California, from 
 San Francisco southward, abundant in deep water; a brilliantly-colored 
 fish. 
 {SebaaticMJn/s conatellatua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1880, 295.) 
 
 lOai. S. rosaceus (Grd.) J. & G.— Corsotr. 
 
 Bright orange red, the young strongly tinged or mottled with golden 
 yellow ; back Avith 4 pale spots, arranged precisely as in ;>\ constvUatus, 
 rhodoehloris, and chlorostictus ; these always very distinct, of a rose- 
 ])ink color, or sometimes almost white; the darker border around them 
 is of a deep purple or blood color, never greenish ; fins rosy, mottled 
 with orange; head with radiating stripes of orange and rosy; nape with 
 alternating bars of yellowish and deep red, the colors blending; no de- 
 cided green, and no smiU pink spots anywhere. Body oblong, liitle 
 elevate.l. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, the jaws ahout 
 equal, the lower with a small knob; maxillary not reaching posterior 
 border of eye; its length 2 in head; premaxillaiies below the orbit, 
 
If6. SCORPiENIDiE — SEBAST0DE8. 
 
 GG7 
 
 Eye very largre, 3^ iu head. Maxillary and preoibital partly scaled; 
 iiiaiidib'e and snout naked. Cranial ridges much as in iS. consteUatUH, 
 but more depressed; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and 
 occipital present; length of supraoculir spine about equal to inter- 
 orbital Avidth; i)reopercular sj^ines short. Gill rakers moderate, longer 
 than in 8. constellatus, not clavate. Scales moderate, the accessory ones 
 immerons. Dorsal spines rather low and strong, the fourth two ttfths 
 tiie length of the head, about as high as the soft rjiys, the fin rather 
 deeply emargin.ate; caudal slightly notched; anal rather low, with the 
 second spine curved, 2J in head, much longer aiul stronger than third, 
 shorter than the soft rays; pectoral fins moderate, reaching beyond tips 
 of ventrals, i)ast the vent, 3J iu body. Peritoneum blackish. Head 
 2^; depth 3. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 48. L. 12 inches. Coast 
 of California, in rather deep water; the most abundant of the red spe- 
 cies, and one of the smallest. 
 
 {Sebastes ro8accu8 Grd. Proc. Acufl. Niit. Sci. Phila. viii, 146, 1854, and in U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fish, 7H, pi, 21 (poor lijijure, from a spticinien in ))iul coudLtion): Sehtistes 
 hclromacnlatus Ayres, Proc. Cul. Acad. Sei. ii, 2G, 1*. 8, 18'9: Sebastes rosaveus Giiutlier, 
 
 ii,iH.) 
 
 loaa S. rhodochloris Jor. & GWh.— Fly Jish. 
 
 Bright clear rose-red, without trace of purplish ; region above lateral 
 line with much deep green in the form of reticulating streaks; below 
 the lateral line the green gives i)lace to bright golden yellow similarly 
 mixed with red; top of hejid with cross-bands of green and red ; green 
 streaks radiating from the eye; four bright pale pink spots on the sides 
 of the back, arranged precisely as in rosaceus, constellatun, and chloros- 
 tiduH, the color brighter than iu these, surrounded. b3" rings of green, 
 without any trace of purplish shading; a pink opercular spot; a pale 
 area behind eye; fins all with the rays red, the membranes olive or 
 golden. Body oblong, more elongate than in related species; maxil- 
 lary 2 J^ in head, reaching beyond pupil; jaws about equal; i>reorbital 
 narrow. Eyes very large, 3^ in head. Cranial ridges higher and 
 sharper than in any other of the red species; i)reocular, supraocular, 
 postocular, tympanic, and occipital species present; interocular space 
 very narrow, its width less than length of snjjraocular spine; two sharp 
 riilj>es extending lengthwise of it ; preopercular spines long. Gill-rakers 
 as in rosaceus; mandible finelj' scaled near the base. Dorsal lin moder- 
 ately emarginate, lower than in romceus, the longest spine nearly 3 iu 
 head; soft dorsal as high as spines; caudal slightly notched; second 
 anal spine longer than iu any other species, longer than maxillary, 
 higher than the soft rays, half length of head ; pectoral reaching past 
 
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 668 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 ventrals, nearly to anal, 3| in body. Peritoneum dusky. Head 2i' 
 deptb 3. I). XIII-I45 A. IIT, Cj Lat. 1. 58, the accessory scales very 
 numerous. L. 12 inches. Off Monterey and Sau Francisco, in deep 
 water; rather rare. • : 
 
 {Sehaiitichthys rhoilochloris Jordan & Gilbert, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 144.) 
 
 1033. S. chlorostictUS Jot. & GWh.—Peaca Vermiglia. 
 
 Olivaceous above, sides pinkish and golden ; four roundish spots of 
 pink placed as in S. constellatus and 8. rosaceus, but less distinct; a 
 pink blotch on opercular flap; the upper parts of the body, from just 
 below the lateral line, closely covered with small round spots of a clear 
 olive-green; these spots most distinct on the back and the top of the 
 head; on the sides of the body, just above and below the lateral line, 
 these spots form two continuous series, following the course of the lat- 
 eral line; eyes above with green spots; fins nearly plain red; base of 
 dorsal spotted with olive. Body oblong. Head moderate, the profile 
 rather steep, with a nearly even slope Mouth large, oblique, the laax- 
 illary reaching to behind the pupil, its length about 2^ in head; the 
 premaxillary in front below the level of the large eye, which is 3i iu 
 head. Jaws equal in the closed mouth, the tip of the lower fitting 
 into the emargiuate upper jaw; a father conspicuous symphyseal 
 knob. Preorbital sinuate. Cranial ridges sharj) and high, ending in 
 sharp spines, about as in constellatus ; preocular, supraocular, postocu- 
 lar, tympanic, and occipital present. luteorbital space concave, with 
 two rather prominent ridges. Preopercular spines rather sharp, the 
 second longest; opercular spines sharp. Gill-rakers long and rather 
 strong, not clavate, the longest about two-fifths the diameter of the 
 eye, longer than iu related species. Scales on head fewer than in & 
 comtellatus; the snout wholly naked; maxillary partly scaled; man- 
 dible naked. Dorsal spines very high, nearly as high as in vexUlam; 
 the fourth highest, nearly half head, higher than the soft rays, which 
 are also considerably elevated. Dorsal fin rather deeply emargiuate; 
 caudal fin emargiuate; anal Qn not very high, its second spine much 
 higher and stronger than the third, about as high as the soft imjs, '1\ 
 in head; pectorals 3 J in length, with moderate base, reaching beyond 
 tips of ventrals, about to vent. Head 2J; depth 2%. D. XIlI-13; A. 
 HI, G; Lat. 1. oO. L. 15 inches. Off Monterey and San Francisco; 
 abundant in deep water. 
 
 aaaaa. Species with the lower jaw projecting and scaly; the postocular spine wiuit- 
 iug; the body elongate ; the peritoneum dusky; otherwise as iu the preceding 
 : group. 
 
106. SCORP^NIDiE SEBASTODES. 
 
 669 
 
 1024. 8. elongatus (Ayres) J. & G.—Heina. 
 
 Color light red; sides above with irregular horizontal interrupted 
 olive-green bauds, which are more or less broken into blotches, two of 
 these bands below the lateral line, becoming contluent behind; a dis- 
 tinct pale band following the course of the lateral liue; upper tins 
 blotched with olive, lower pale red; head olive and blotched above, 
 ])ale red below; chin black. Body more eloiigate than in any of the 
 other species (except paiicispinis), compressed. Head long, rather 
 pointed. Mouth large: maxillary extending to posterior margin of i>n- 
 l)il, its length 2J in head; premaxillary on level of lower margin of 
 orbit; lower jaw strongly projecting. Eye very large, longer than 
 snout, 3^ in head; interorbital space broad, concave, with low frontal 
 ridges. Cranial ridges low and long; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, 
 and occipital present; tympanic spines small; preopercular spines very 
 sharp, all pointed, directed backwards; opercular spines very long and 
 shari). Gill-rakers long and strong, the longest about one-third the eye. 
 Scales large, not very rough; accessory scales numerous. Maxillary, 
 mandible, and preorbital scaly. Dorsal spines moderately high, rather 
 strong, the highest about equal to the soft rays, 2!J in head ; the fin not 
 deeply emarginate. Caudal fin Junate; anal flu rather low; the second 
 si)ine half length of head, much longc than the third, higher than the 
 soft rays; pectorals moderately broad, long, reatihing beyond the tips of 
 the short ventrals to vent. Peritoneum dusky. Head 2|; depth 3^; 
 pectoral 3^^. D. Xin-13; A. IH, G; Lat. 1. 58. L. 12 inches. About 
 Monterey and San Francisco; abiludant in deep water. This species 
 bears considerable resemblance to & j^rori(7er. 
 
 {Sebaates clongalus Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, 2H, 1859, f. 9.) 
 
 aaaaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size; the cranial ridj^es Avell developed ; 
 tlio postociilar wanting; scales snioothiah; those on the head mostly cycloid ; 
 lower jaw naked, its tip protruding; i)eritououm white; second aual spine 
 long. 
 
 1025. S. rnbrivinctUS Jor. & G\lh.— Spanish Flag. 
 
 Very pale rose-red, almost white, with cross- bands of a deep, intense 
 crimson-red; these bands broadest on the back; one of the bands runs 
 across the eye, snout, suborbital and maxillary, its boundaries indis- 
 tinct ; the next across the nuchal region, front of dorsal and opercle ; 
 the next across the middle of the spinous dorsal, including the ventrals 
 and the postrior half of pectorals; another across soft dorsal and anal ; 
 another across base of caudal, the fin itself being deep rose color; the 
 other lius share the color of that i)art of the body against which they 
 
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l";l 
 
 i 1 
 
 ■I 
 
 -l-V 
 
 
 670 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 lio. Body robust, rather deep and compressi'd. Head loiijj, acute -ji 
 profile, there beinj; a nearly straight slope from a bonj' prominence in 
 front of the spinous dorsal to the tip of the lower jaw. Mouth rather 
 large, oblicpie, the lower Jaw projecting; maxillary broad, extending to 
 opposite th(^ middle of the eye; its length 2 J in head; prenuixillary on 
 level of lowc • border of eye; cranial ridges quite low, their S))iii(>s 
 bluntish and depressed; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital 
 ritlges present; interorbital space Hattish, narrow, not so broad as tli« 
 eye, not wideiied behind, with sparse, smooth scales; two long frontal 
 ridges extend the length of the interorbital space; these are covcrcil 
 with bare skin; behind and between these are two shorter ridges cov- 
 ered by naked skin; occipital ridges long, curved, diverging behind; 
 mandible naked; maxillary with a few scales; suborbital stay very 
 l>roininent, its tip nearly reaching the preopercle; preopcrcular s])in«'s 
 very strong, the second longest; oi)ercular spines long; i)reorbital 
 wide. Eye very large, its diameter 33 in length of head. Gill-rakcs 
 rather short, robust, much compressed, the longest about one-fourth the 
 length of the eye. Scales on head all small and thin, mostly cycloid; 
 scales of body smoother thi>:i usual; accessory scales very numerous. 
 Dorsal spines robust, rather high, the iifth not quite half the length of 
 the nead; those behind rapidly shorte"<>d, the membrane joining the 
 thirteenth spine below its middle; soii rays about as high as si)ines; 
 caudal slightly emarginate; anal low, its second 8i)ine 2J in head, nuich 
 longer and stronger than third, both robust; pectorals moderate, not 
 reaching vent, 3^ in length; the base equal to diameter of eye; ven- 
 trals not reaching tips of pectorals. Peritoneum white. Head 2i; 
 depth 2;\. D. XIir-12; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 55. L. 15 inches. Santa 
 Barbara to Monterey, in deep water; rare. In life, the most brilliantly 
 colored large fish in our waters. 
 
 (Sebastichthya rubrivinctas Jordan & Gilbert, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mub. 1880, 291.) 
 
 aaa<iaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size, the cranial ridges stronjj; and 
 mostly liigli, but not sharp, the postocnlar wanting; the jaws nearly equal, 
 the lower naked; the gill-rakers short; the poctoriils broad, with thickened 
 lower rays; anal III, 5 to III, 7. {SeboDtichtli y a* GiW.) 
 
 1026. S. aiiricniatus (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Color blackish brown, much mottled with light brown; top of head 
 dark; a dark ' 'otch on the ui)i)er angle of the opercle; entire body 
 Hushed with brownish red, this color most noticeable on front of head; 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18'J2, 278: typo Svbaa.tea nigrocinctua Ayres: 
 {6Ef3a6ru?, nmguiticent; ix^^^f fish.) 
 
106. SCORPiENID^ 8EBA8TODE8. 
 
 671 
 
 rocinoltts Ayres: 
 
 a l)iovrnislj rod streak along middle of maxillary, ami a second from tlm 
 preorbital downwards and backwards across the cheek; another from 
 eye to lower part of oimmcIc; fins all marked with dark and light olive 
 an<l reddish, tiie latter hue especially on the ventrals an<l anal; base of 
 pectoral blackish; northern specimens are niore blackish, and less nni- 
 I'orni in color; old specimens are often nearly uniform reddish laown; 
 tlic young sometimes with obscure dark bars, the caudal (in speckled, 
 liody oblong; rather deep. Mouth moderate, below axis of body, the 
 jaws nearly equal; maxillary reaching beyond eye, its length 2}^ in 
 licad; preorbital broad; interorbital space concave on each side of a 
 broad median ridge; i)reocular, supraocular, tym])anic, coronal, and 
 occipital spitjes present, the latter sometimes divided; preopercular 
 spines long, all directed backward, the second longest; opercular 
 spines weak; 3 suprascapular spines. Scales on body large, ctenoid ; 
 accessory scales not very numerous; mandible naked. Si)inous dorsal 
 higii, the longest apine 2 in head, higher than the soft rays, which 
 are much elevated; second anal spine longer and stronger than third, 
 2,^ in head; soft part of anal high; pectorals rather short and broad, 
 the lips barely reaching the vent, their length .3} in body; ventrals 
 reaching to vent; caudal truncate. Head 3J; depth 2i. D. XIII, 
 13; A. Ill, 7; L.at. 1. 45. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast, from Vancouver's 
 Island to Cerros Island, very abundant; the only species entering 
 the bays and caught with hook and line from the wharves. It may 
 be Icnown at once by the coronal spines, which are developed on no 
 other American species of the geinis. In some of our specimens from 
 the (lulf of Georgia these spines are obsolete on one or both sides. 
 
 {Sehaftcs auriculatm Gnl. Proc, Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phil.a. 18ri4, IIU, 14(5, and U. S. Pac. 
 R. K. Siirv. Fi.sh. 80: Selm-^tcs auneulatun Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1862, 215, f. 68: 
 i<ehttKl('ii ruber ya,v. jparvus k^Vi:», Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, 7, 18.")4.) 
 
 lOa*. S. rastrclligrer Jor. & Gill».— Gr«8« Eock-fsh. 
 
 Blackish green, with paler mottlings, the sides spotted with darker; 
 belly pale greenish ; paired fins dark, often bordered with reddish; other 
 tins chiefly olivaceous, spotted with darker; the brightness of the olive 
 and greenish shades is quite variable, but the species is always without 
 (letinite markings and without bright red. Body oblong, deei)est at the 
 shoulders. Head short, blunt. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the max- 
 illary reaching to the posterior margin of the eye, its length 2^ in head; 
 the preinaxillary rather below the level of the eye; jaws equal, without 
 syniphyseal knob. Eye small, anterior, 4^ in head. Cranial ridges 
 
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 C72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 atronj,', but broad and depressed, ending in Hraall spines; preocular 
 
 supniocular, tympanic and (»( cipital present; the occipital ridj^es are 
 
 very long, equalling the <iiauieter of the orbit; preopercnlar sijiiics 
 
 short and stont, the two upper subequal; opercular spines very broiul 
 
 and flat, sometimes bifid; suprascapular spines strong; interorhital 
 
 si)aco moderate, narrower than eye, flattish, with two low ridges; spines 
 
 of head little divergent backwards. Gill-rakers very short, wide, com 
 
 pressed, the longest almost as wide as high. Scales on body large 
 
 accessory scales few. Dorsal spines low, the fifth about two-fifths the 
 
 length of the head; the fin little emarginate; soft rays considerably 
 
 higher than spines; caudal slightly rounded; anal high, its spines low, 
 
 the second as high as the third and much stouter, 3 in head; pectoral 
 
 rather short, reaching vent, its base extremely broad, its wulth about 
 
 one-third length of head; the lower rays much thi(!kened; length of 
 
 pectorals 3^ in body; ventrals moderate, not quite reaching the tips of 
 
 the pectorals. Peritoneum brownish. Head 3; depth 2^. D. XIII- 
 
 13; A. Ill, 6; Lat. 1. 47. L. 15 inches. Coast of California; abundant 
 
 southward. A strongly marked species, known at once by its short 
 
 gill-rakers. 
 
 (Sebantichthys rastrelliger Jor, & Gilb. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas, 1880, 296.) 
 
 1028. S. cauriniis (Rich.) Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 This form agrees with the subspecies vejcillaris, in general characters, 
 differing in the color, which is scarcely' reddish or yellowish, the dark 
 shades being dark brown, the pale shades light brownish and bettor 
 defined than in vexillaris; the chin is rather more projecting; the dor- 
 sal spines are slender and much lower than in vexillaris; in this respect 
 there is considerable variation among individuals; the armature of the 
 head is essentially the same as in vexillaris, as are the fin-rays, gill- 
 rakers, and scales. Puget Sound to Sitka; abundant. v 
 
 ( Sehastes canrinus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur. Ichth. 77, pi. 41, f. 1, 1845. This Bpecics 
 h.Ts no special affinity with the Japanese S. inemm, with which it has been identified 
 by Dr. GUntuer.) 
 
 Subsp. vexillaris Jor, & G'\\h.—Garrupa. 
 
 Bright pale yellowish-red, becoming lighter below, the reddish and 
 yellowish forming large and irregular areas, sometimes one shade pre- 
 dominating, sometimes the other; a pink cross-blotch on the back at 
 base of the second and third dorsal spines sometimes j)resent; upper 
 parts of head mostly pink, with broad olive shades running backward, 
 one on the lower lip, one on the maxillary, one from preorbital region 
 downward, one from the eye backward and downward across the cheeks, 
 
106. SCOEPyENIDiE — SEBA8T0DES. 
 
 673 
 
 and another .across the opercuhir spines; flns nil pinkish re<l, the mem- 
 branes olive; vertical tins narrowly edged witli dusky; top of head usu- 
 ally with alternating cross-shades of pinkish and yellowish; yellowish 
 sluules sometimes replaced by light olive; other specinu'iis arc quite re<l; 
 still others brownish; the light areas on the back have a position sim- 
 ilar to that of the rosy spots in S. comtellatus. Body stout and com- 
 pressed, the back elevated. Mouth rather large, the broad uuixillary 
 extending behind the orbit, its length 2 in head; premaxillary on level 
 of lower edge of pupil; jaws subequal, the lower somewhat projecting, 
 but without symphyseal knob; the upper jaw emargiiiate at tip. Cranial 
 ridges long and low, higher than in rastrelliger, the preocular, supraoc- 
 ular, occipital, and sometimes tympanic present; preocular spines con- 
 spicuous, extending well backward; occipital spines rather long, diverg- 
 ing backward ; interorbital space broad and flattish, narrower than eye, 
 occupied by two raised ridges, covered by the scales; preopercular 
 spines moderate, some of them usually divided into two, three, or four 
 at tip, the middle one the largest. Eye moderate, high up, 4-4.J in head ; 
 preorbital very broad ; suborbital stay short. Jaws naked. Gill-rakers 
 rather long and strong, the longest slightly clavate, nearly half as long 
 as eye. Dorsal spines very strong and high, about as in chlorostictm, 
 nearly as high as in maliger, the highest more than half length of head, 
 and rather higher than the very high soft rays; membrane of spinous 
 doisal rather deeply incised, but less so than in malUjer; second anal 
 spine 3 in head, scarcely longer than the third, and not much stronger, 
 about two-thirds as high as the soft rays; caudal truncate; pectoral 
 shorter than head, not reaching the vent; its base rather broad, its 
 length 3i| in body; ventrals not reaching vent. Peritoneum white. D. 
 XIII-16; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 55. L. 18 inches. Coast of California, 
 abundant southward; apparently a geographical variety of S. caurimis, 
 but quite different in color. , .. 
 
 (/Sc6a«/i(A%8 fcxi7Z«m .Tor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 292.) , ;, 
 
 1029. S. inaligcr Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Color warm yellowish brown, the anterior portion of the back and 
 sides usually clear yellow; breast yellow; anterior part of body and 
 head, especially in the adult, closely covered with small round spots of 
 a clear orange-brown color; posterior i)art of body darker than ante- 
 rior, variously mottled ; soft flns all slaty black, the pectorals and dorsal 
 palerat base and speckled; brownish shades radiating from the eyes. 
 Body oblong, robust. Head large. Mouth moderate, the jaws aearly 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 43 
 
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 674 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 equal vvlien closed: maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin 
 of eye, its length about half that of head; preorbital moderate, Mitb 
 an angular lobe. Cranial ridges a little higher tban in caunnus, a little 
 lower tbau in carnatus; preocular, supraocu!ar, tympanic, and 0(!cij)ital 
 present; occipital ridges low; preopercular spines very short; opei. 
 cular long. Gill rakers moderate, somewhat clavate, about as long as 
 pui)il. Scales rough. Jaws naked. Dorsal spines very high and 
 sfirong, higher than in any other species, the membranes very deeply 
 incised, so that half or more of the length of the highest spines is free 
 anteriorly ; highest spine about |- length of head, the fin deeply eiuar- 
 ginate; soft dorsal high, but lower than the spines; caudal truncate* 
 anal high, the second spine 2^ in head, little higher than the third, not 
 two- thirds the iieight of the soft rays; pectorals very broad and rouiulod, 
 reaching beyond veutrals to vent; base of tbe fin broader than eye, the 
 lower rays thickened; its length 3J in body. Peritoneum jiale. Head 
 2^; depth 2J. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, C; Lat. 1. 47. L. 20 inches. Mon- 
 terey to Sitka, mostly in deep water, very abundant northward; one of 
 the largest species. 
 (Sehastichthifa maliger Jot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 322.) 
 
 10»0. S. cs rnntus Jot. & Gilb. • 
 
 YelIo^^ ish brown, Avith blotches of clear flesh-color or pinkish, the 
 dark color predominating above, the pinkish below ; membrane between 
 third and fo. rth si)ines always pale, this color forming a blotch at tbe 
 base of these spines, and then extending obliquely downwards and 
 backwavds, usually joining the ventral color; in front of this light area 
 on the sides is a narrow oblique dark one, in front of which in turn is 
 a pale one, which begins at the angle of the operclo and divides, pass- 
 ing around the pectorals and uniting below them; a light blotch under 
 the eighth dorsal spine, extending up on the fin; another at junction of 
 tue two dorsals, and another under the last ray; under each of these 
 are irregular undulating i)ale areas; sides with pale blotches of all 
 size J ; head above with cross-shades and bands radiating from eye, its 
 light shades tinged with purplish; fins colored like neighboring parts 
 oi body. Body rather short and deep. Mouth low and rather short, 
 the maxillary extending to rather behind the posterior edge of lie 
 ■eye, its lejigth 2 in head; premaxillary entirely below eye; jaws about 
 eqwal^ no symphyseal knob. Scales on head rather rougher thsm in S. 
 elirysomelas; lower jaw, maxillary, space in front of eye and i^asal region 
 naked. €riinial ridge? ',\o!l developed, but somewhat lower than in 8, 
 
 'I i,. 
 
106. SCORP^NID^ SEBASTODES. 
 
 675 
 
 chrysomelas covered with tliick skin; preocular, snpraocnlar, tympanic, 
 and occii>ital present; occipital spines lower an<i narrower tlian in chry- 
 somelas; preopercular spines small and blnntish. Gill-ralvers short, 
 clavate. Spinous dorsal always higher than in chrvfiomelas, the highest 
 spines 2 in head, rather higher than the soft rays, the membranes more 
 deeply incised than in chrysomelas ; caudal truncate; anal moderately 
 high, the second spine, 2^ in head, stronger and slightly longer than 
 third, about two-thirds height of soft rays; pectorals rather short, 3^ 
 in liead, about reaching to the vent, their bases very broad, the lower 
 rays thickened and fleshy; ventrals reaching vent. Peritoneum white. 
 Head 2§? depth 2f. D. XIII--13; A. Ill, 6; pyloric cceca 8; vertebra 
 12+15; Lat. 1. 43. L. 14 inches. Coast of California, generally abun- 
 dant; in rather shallow water. 
 {Scbasfichthys carnatus Jot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 73.) 
 
 1031. S. chrysomelas Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Pattern of coloration precisely as in 8. < urtiatus, the colors diiferent; 
 light shade a clear, warm, brownish yellow, with some specks of deeper 
 orange; varying from a dusky orange to olivaceous yellow, the latter 
 color more often seen on the belly; dark shade, black or dark brown, 
 with slight olive tinge; dark color predominating on the back; mem- 
 brane between third and fourth dorsal spines and an area at the base 
 of these si)ine8 always pale; a yellow blotch extending thence downward 
 and backward, usually joining the light color of the belly; another light 
 area passing from near the angle of the opercle around the pectorals, 
 uniting below them; three other blotches along the back, one under 
 the eighth dorsal spine, one under the last spine, and one under the 
 last soft ray; from each of these, irregular pale areas extend down the 
 sides; fins the color of the region to which they belong; head above 
 with dusky cross-shades and faint bands radiating from the eye. Body 
 short and stout, compressed. Head short, blnntish. Mouth rather 
 small, entirely below the axis of the body; lower jaw slightly included; 
 premaxillaries on level of lower edge of orbit; maxillary reaching i^oste- 
 rior margin of eye, its length 2 in head; preorbital wide. Cranial 
 ridges very prominent, high and strong, covered with thick skin, ending 
 in strong spines, which diverge backward j preocular, supraocular, tyio- 
 panic, and occipit.al present; preopercular spines short and thick. Gill- 
 rakers as in 8. carnatus. Scales moderate, rough, the accessory ones 
 tow; lower jfiw, maxillary, nasal region, and space in front of eye naked. 
 Dorsal spines high and strong, the highest 2J in head, rather higher 
 than the soft rays, tho fin deeply emarginato; second anal 8i)iue 2J in 
 
 -i-'Sr 
 

 
 
 tl i. 
 
 
 ■■| . '. 
 
 G76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 head, much stronger than third, the two about equal in length; pec- 
 toral 33 in head, with very broad base, reaching beyond the tips of the 
 veutrais, which reach nearly to the vent; lower pectoral rays thick- 
 ened; caudal truncate. Peritoneum pale. Head 2f; depth 2f. D. 
 Xlir, 13; A. Ill, G. Lat. 1. 45. L.13 inches. Sun Francisco to San 
 Diego, abundant in rather deep water. 
 
 {Sehastlchfhus chryaomilaa Jor & Gilb. Proc. II. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 455, 465.) 
 
 1032. S. ncblllosus (Ayrcs) Jor. & Gilb. — Garruj}a. 
 
 Ground color bhie-black of varying shade, sometimes tinged ^vith 
 yellowish anteriorly, everywhere finely and irregularly freckled and 
 (spotted with yellow or white, the light color usually bright and 
 sharply defined; these spots smallest and most numerous on head; a 
 broad irregular yel f band, made of continent blotches, from be- 
 tween the third and fourth dorsal spines, involving their membranes, 
 downv, ard to the lateral lino, thence backward to base of caudal; fins 
 all Wack, with light spots at base; under parts soiled yellow. Body 
 robust, the baek elevated, the profile steep. Mouth rather large, the 
 jaws equa\ the maxillary 2 in length of head, extending to beyond 
 ]>upil; jaws naked. Eye large. Cranial ridges high and thick, com- 
 l)aratively short; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital pres- 
 ent, the latter much higher than in chri/somelas, and bulging so that its 
 base is narrower thiin its upper part; interorbital space narrow; pre- 
 oi)ercular si)ines short. Gill-rakers as in chri'somclas. Dorsal rather 
 high, considerably eraarginate, the highest spines, 2 in head, higlici' 
 than the soft rays; caudal truncate; second anal spine 2 J in head, 
 stouter and slightly longer than third, mu(;h lower than the soft rays; 
 pectorals short and broad, 3J in length, reaching beyond tips of ven- 
 trals to vent. Scales rough, the accessory scales numerous. Peritonenm 
 pale. Head 3; depth 2f. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 49. L. VI 
 inches. Pacific coast, from Vancouver's Island to Monterey, in rather 
 deep water; abundant. 
 
 (Sthaxteafasciatiia Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 146, aud in U. S. Pac. E. R, 
 Siirv. Fish. 79, not of S(on»r: Selmstrs iiehnlostia Ayiv.s, Proc;. Cal. Atad. Sci. i, 5, IS'oh 
 Sthafilhhlhifsfa-nciolarix Lockington, i'roc. U. 8. Nut. Miis. Jb^r^O, 21)7 ) 
 
 1033. S. scrriccps Jordan & Gilbert.— J»w-^/j/j. 
 
 Dark olive, blackish above, yellowish below; sides with about 7 
 oblique black cross-bands, wider than eye, usually sharply defined, Imt 
 sometimes faint in the young; two black bands downward and back- 
 ward from eye; lips, mouth, front [ind lower part of head strongly 
 washed with coppery red; bases of fins with small whitish spots; tius 
 
:p,;^^^i^HV 
 
 106. SCORP.ENID.E — SKBASTODES. 
 
 677 
 
 blackish olive; crauial ridges black. Body robust, compressed behind. 
 Head compressed. Month large, the maxillary reaching to opposite 
 middle of eye, its length 2^ in head; jaws eqnal. Cranial ridges thick, 
 short, high and strong, covered with lax, thick skin, placed nearly in 
 a ri^ht line on each side; pxeocular, supraocular, tympanic, occipital, 
 aad nuchal spines usually present, the latter sometimes coalescent with 
 the occipital; interorbital space narrow, fiat, closely scaled; ])reorbital 
 rather broad; preopercular spines sharp; jaws naked; membraiu'S of 
 spinous dorsal thick, covered with small scales. Eye small, 5 in head. 
 Gill-rakers short, stiff and clavate. Dorsal spines strong, rather low, 
 scarcely exserted, lower than the soft rays, the longest 2^ in head; 
 second anal spines 2|f in head, stronger than third, scarcely longer; 
 pectorals broad and rounded, the lower rays thickened, the tips reach- 
 ing vent; ventrals reaching beyond vent; caudal rounded. Peritonenni 
 pale. Head 3 ; depth 2i ; ])L'ctoral 3^. D. XlII-13; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1. 
 50. L. 12 inches. San Fraiuiisco to Cerros Iwland, abundant south- 
 ward; one of the most singularly marked of the rock-lishes. 
 {Sebaalichthi/s serriccps J onhiB & Gilberf, Pioc. If. S. Nat. Miis. 1880, 'AS.) 
 
 1034. S. nlgrocinctiis (Ayrca) J. & G. 
 
 Bright orange-red, with 5 Jetbla»jk vertical bars, overlaid with red; 
 these bars comparatively narrow, none of them wider tlian eye; one 
 at beginning of dorsal, extending downward on oi)ercle and scai)ular 
 region; a second, broader one, under middle of spinous dorsal; a third 
 under posterior i)art of spinous «l<)tsal ; the fourth narrower, under front 
 iifsoft dorsal; the filth under middle of soft dorsal, all of these extend- 
 ing on the dorsal fin; two oblique black bands from eye, downwards 
 and backwards across cheeks; another upwards and backwards towards 
 the nape; fins uniform deep orange, anal and veutralstipix^d with black- 
 ish; mouth red. Body short, deej), and compressed, deeper than in any 
 of the other species; back arched. Head large, connuessed. i\routli 
 very 1 jrge; maxillary extending to neyond puj>il, 2 in head; lower jaw 
 very slightly projecting, the symphysis not i)ro(luced; premaxillary 
 scarcely below eye. Eye large, 4:^ in head. Cranial ridges higher than 
 in any other species, their sjunes blunt, the ridges arranged in two 
 nearly parallel series as in S. scrricepn, the surface of the larger oiu'S 
 1 roughened by accessory spinous tul)ercles a? in S. ruh"r ; occiplt;d 
 riilges very high; skin covering cranial ridges thin or obsolete, not lax; 
 interorbital space sparsely si^aled, veiy narrow, its breadth a little more 
 tlianbalf diameter of eye, with very strong frout>ai ridges, which are not 
 covered by the scales; jaws naked; preorbital broad, a low ridge exteod- 
 
 ' '■ 'Mmf 
 
 lip 
 
 ..ii*" 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
678 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ing along its surface and that of the suborbital; this ridge, somewhat 
 
 rough and not covered with the scales, is continuous with the short sub- 
 
 orbital stay, preopercular spines short, very blunt, the opercular spines 
 
 very strong; scapular spines moderate. Gill-rakers short and stout 
 
 clavate, the longest nearly one-third the diameter of the eye. Dorsal 
 
 spines rather high and strong, the longest 2J in head, about as high as 
 
 soft rays, the fin not deeply emarginate; caudal tin rounded; anal fin 
 
 high, its second spine 2^ in head, higher and much stronger tlian the 
 
 third; pectorals broad, fan shaped, 3'^ in length, their base one-third 
 
 broader than the diameter of the orbit, their tips not quite reachiii'^ 
 
 tips of veutrals. Scales rough. Peritoneum white. Head 2f ; depth 
 
 2§, D. Xlir, 15; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 50. L. 15 inches. San Francisco 
 
 to Vancouver's Island, in deep water; rare southward. A large aud 
 
 singular species. 
 
 {Sebastca nifjrocinctus Ayros, Proc. Cal. Acail. Sci. ii, 25, 1«59, and 217, f. 67: Sebai- 
 tlchthya nigvocinctus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1882, 278.) 
 
 i 
 
 359.— SCORP^NA Linnseus. 
 
 Mascacios. 
 
 {Sehaatapiateb Gill : ParaBcorpeBnaBleekar: Paeudoseiasies S&nvagG: Pontinus Foey.) 
 
 (Artedi; LiuniBus, Systoma Naturte, 1758: iyjio Scorpwna iforcus L.) 
 
 Body oblong, somewhat con»pressed. Head large, not much com- 
 pressed, usually naked above, and armed with several series of spinous 
 ridges; often with dermal flaps. iMouth largo, with bands of villiform 
 teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Scales mostly ctenoid, of mod- 
 erate size, often with skinny flaps. Dorsal fin with 12 ^tout spines; 
 anal with 3 spines, the second commonly the longest; pectorals large, 
 rounded, the base usually ])rocurrent; the upper rays divided, the lower 
 simple in all our species; ventrals inserted behind pectorals. No air- 
 bladder. Vertebrfe 10 -|- 14. Species numerous in the tropical seas; 
 fishes of singular forms and bright colors; the variation in squamatiou 
 and armature is very great, but if the group be further subdivided, 
 some characters other than those hitherto suggested must be taken. 
 The intergradation of the species of Scorpccna and Sebastodes is very 
 perfect. The greater number of dorsal spines and of vertebrcB afford 
 the only characters knowu to us by which Sebastodcs may be distin- 
 guished from SGori)wna. {(Txnp-at>a, the ancient name of Seorpwna 
 scrofa, from axopruo^, scorpioji, in allusion to the dorsal spines, which 
 inflict a very painful sting-like wound.) 
 
106. SCORPiENID^ — SCORP^NA. 
 
 679 
 
 a. Cheeks, opercles, breast, and usually top of head scaly; no pit at the occiput; 
 aspect of Sebaatodes. {Pontinus* Poey. ) 
 
 b. Dermal flaps uone ; iiectoral lin not piocurrentj no oxoccipital spines. 
 
 1035. S. dactyloptera De la Roche. 
 
 Color delicate scarlet red, the opercle and dorsal fin somewhat 
 mottled with brownish. Body not much elevated, little compressed, 
 the tail slender. Head large, little compressed ; cheeks, opercles, and 
 occipital region well scaled ; no dermal flaps anywhere ; suborbital stay 
 strong. Mouth rather large, with teeth as usual on jaws, vomer, and 
 palatines; lower jaw not projecting; maxillary extending to beyond 
 pupil. Suborbital with a narrow raised smooth ridge, which ends in a 
 spine at the base of the stay ; preorbital narrow, its edge slightly spi- 
 nous; interorbital space narrow, with two parallel raised ridges and a 
 deep groove. Cranial ridges short, sharp, about as in Sebastodes rosa- 
 ecus; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, occipital, and nu- 
 chal spines present; suprascapular spines sharp; no exoccipitals ; oper- 
 cular spines moderate ; i)reopercular spines sharp, the second longest. 
 Eye very large, 3 in head. Jaws naked. Gill-rakers rather long and 
 slender. Pectoral very narrow for a Scorpccna, the rays not procurrent 
 below nor thickened, reaching anal; ventrals small, reaching past vent; 
 aual small and low, its second spine a little stouter but not longer than 
 third; dorsal low, little emarginate, the spines slender. Scales ctenoid, 
 regularly arranged; no accessory scales. HeadSi; depth 2f. D. XII 
 12; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1. 43. Deep water oif Chesapeake Bay; describe<l 
 from a spf^cimen lately taken by the U. S. Fish Commission. It is pro- 
 visionally identified with S. dactyloptera, of the Mediterranean and Ma- 
 deira Islands, but it is probably a species distinct from the latter, 
 although closely related. 
 
 (Do la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii, 1809, pi. 22, f. 2: Sebaatca daciylqjiterua Giinthor, ii, 
 99: Sebastcs imperialis C. &, V. iv, 336.) 
 
 an. Checks, opercles, and top of head naked; dermal flaps present; pectorals pro- 
 current, a quadrate pit at the occiput. (iScorjja'/ia.) 
 
 c. Breast scaly. (Faraacorpcena Bleeker.) 
 
 1036. S. gftlttata Grd. — Scotiyene; Scorpion; Sculpin. 
 
 Brown, irregularly mottled and blotched with rosy purplish and pale 
 olive; opercles and cheeks, a bar behind eye, and 5 or 6 large blotches 
 at base of dorsal, purplish; head, back, and sides with many small 
 
 *Pooy, Memoiias Cuba, ii, 172, 1860 : type Fonunuacaator Poey. (Latin, |jon«, bridge; 
 "si l'i(16e d'un pout form6 par les trois premiers sous-orbit aires jieut contenter les 
 (StyiiMilojjistes j'en serai bien uise; j'ai d6jii, dit que les noma les plus savants ue sout 
 Jjus les uieilleurs." Poey.) 
 
 
 i4h 
 
 hi,' 
 
 If . 
 
 il». 
 
 4i ' ^^ 
 
 m4. 
 
 if 
 
 P 
 
 
 r'< si 
 
 l>. 
 
 9f 
 
 It 
 
 J 
 
680 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 round dark olive spots; belly nriKpottcd; thoracic region pink; spinous 
 dorsal blackish, its middle part with many roundish pale spots, fomiiu"- 
 a continuous stripe, besides smaller black 8p< 's; caudal and pectoral 
 with vertical bars of dark and pale spots; soft orsal and anal spotted- 
 ventrals innkish, little spotted; jaws and braiuliiostegals yellowish 
 more or less mottled ; axil pale, with round dark spots. Body robust 
 little compressed; interorbital space not very deeply concave; a pit at 
 the vertex in front of occipital ridges, much broader than long. Mouh 
 very broad, little oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary 2^ in head 
 reaching posterior margin of orbit. Gill-rakers very short, broad, com- 
 pressed. Cranial spines bluntish, high; preocular, supraocular, post- 
 ocular, tympanic, occipital, nuchal, and exoccii)ital present, besides a 
 bifid spine between the exoccij^ital and orbit; ui)per preopercuiar spine 
 longest; opercular spines not large; suprascapular spines 3, knife-like; 
 suborbital region without pit, but with a bony carina on which are 
 2 or 3 bluntish spines. Head naked; breast, and region before pec- 
 torals, covered with small imbedded scales (with exception of opercular 
 flap); anterior margin of i)reorbitals, margin of preopercle, and nostrils 
 with skinny flaps; 1 or 2 rather small flaps above eye, besides several 
 smaller ones on various parts of the head. Scales small, nowhere dis- 
 tinctly ctenoid; nearly every scale on the upper parts of body with a 
 small membranous flap. Dorsal spines high, higher than the soft rays, 
 the longest 2^ in head; second anal spine longest and much the strong- 
 est, 3 in head ; pectoral very broad, short, and rounded, its lower rays 
 procurrent, its tip reaching beyond the ventrals to vent, its base more 
 than J head, its length 3 J in body; caudal rounded. Peritoneum white. 
 Head 2| ; dei)th 3. D. XII, 10 ; A. Ill, 5 ; Lat. 1. 30 (tubes) ; 50-60 scales. 
 L. 12 inches. Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward; 
 very abundant. 
 
 (Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiln. 1854, Ur,; Gnl. IJ. S. Piic. R. R. 8iiiv. Fisli.77,pl. 
 17: Sebaatapiatcs tjultatua Gill, iu Street'j Bulletin, U. S. Nat. Miis. vii, 1877, 62.) 
 
 1037. S. plumiicrl Bloch.—Rvacacio. 
 
 Olive brown, excessively marbled with silvery and reddish; fins pro- 
 fusely variegated ; caudal barred with brown and silvery; a dark blotch 
 on spinous dorsal, between the 6th and 7th spines; axil bliuik, with 
 white spots. Body short and thick. Head irregular in form, with nu- 
 merous grooves and pits, and many fleshy sli])8; a large deep pit below 
 the eye, between It and the front of suborbital stay; supraocular flai) at 
 
M:-^iNl:*:1' 
 
 106. 8C0RP^NID.E— SCORP.ENA. 
 
 G81 
 
 least as liigli as eyef large flaps ou preorbital and edge of preopercle, 
 preocular, supraocular, tympanic, coronal, occipital, nuchal, and exocci- 
 pital spines present; a deep pit behind coronal spines, as long as broad; 
 preopercular and opercular spines moderate, bluntish, suborbital stay 
 prominent, with 3 or 4 sharp spines; a few scales on preopercle and 
 opercular flap; head otherwise naked; maxillary reaching to behind 
 eye, not quite half head ; lower jaw included; breast covered with small 
 imbedded scales; scales of body large, not ctenoid, firm, nmny of them 
 with membranous flaps; lateral line with a series of fleshy flaps. Dor- 
 8<al low, the highest spine 2^ in head, somewhat lower than the soft rays; 
 pectorals very broad, procurrent, reaching about to front of anal tin; 
 second anal spine very robust, 2^ in head, much larger than third. 
 Head 2J in length; depth 3. D. XII, 10; A. 111,5; Lat. 1. L'5 (rows 
 of scales); about 40 i)ores. West Indies and both coasts of Mexico; 
 occasional northward. Here described from specimens from Mazatlau, 
 Mexico. 
 
 (Bloch. Nya. llandl.Stockh. x, 234, 1789; Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 194: Scorpaina hufo 
 C. >fc V. iv, 306; Giiuther, ii, 113: Soorpwna rascacio Poey, Syuopa. Pise. Cubeus. 303.) 
 
 ce. Breast naked. 
 
 1038. S. porcus Linn.— Pig-foot. 
 
 Keddish brown, much mottled above with darker, and dotted with 
 black; much less variegated than in S. plumieri; usually a black blotch 
 ou posterior half of spinous dorsal. Body oblong, compressed; back 
 somewhat elevated, highest at origin of spinous dorsal; suborbital stay 
 close to eye, without any pit between it and the eye ; supraocular flap 
 broad, a little lower than eye; no flaps on posterior edge of preop- 
 ercle, four on occii)ital region, few along lateral line; preocular, supra- 
 ocular, tympanic, occipital, exoccipital, and nuchal spines i)re8ent; a 
 pit before occipital spines; opercular find preopercular spines short; 
 maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Scales present on post- 
 ocular region and u])per part of preopercle; scales on body somewhat 
 regularly placed; breast naked. Fins high; pectorals nnich less pro- 
 current at base than in 8. pIuinicHjreaahmg beyond tips of vcutrals, 
 wliich reach anal; spines slender, the second anal slender, little longer 
 than third. Gill-rakers short and thick. I). XIII, 10; A. Ill, <5; Lat. 
 1.40. Southern Europe; a specimen said to have been sent to Cuvier 
 from New York. 
 
 (Liun.Syst.Nal. ; C. »& V. iv, 300; GUuther, ii,107.) 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 ''-■1 
 
 :?.' •: '• 
 
 ■i- > '.-■f'l 
 
 m 
 
 ' ■ • . , ♦ * -^ IS 
 
 '.. a-v 
 
 •i- 
 I 111 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
riHiii^ 
 
 682 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 360.— SETARCHES Johnson. 
 
 (Johnson, Proc. Zoul. Soc. Loud. 1862, 11: type Setarches giinfheri Johnson.) 
 
 As here understood, this genus difl'ers from Scorpcena in having lesg 
 than 12 dorsal spines and the scales cycloid, without skinny flaps. 
 Deep-sea fishes. Our species differs from 8. giinthcri in the possession 
 of but ten dorsal spines instead of eleven. (Etymology not obvious.) 
 
 1039. S. parinatus Goode. 
 
 Body stout and deep. Fins high ; vertical fins inserted well back 
 the paired fins well forward. Interorbital width half the length of the 
 upper jaw, about equal to the orbit. Eye moderate, nearly 4 in head. 
 Scales comparatively large, egularly arranged, cycloid, with concentric 
 furrows and no dermal flaps. Cranial ridges develojied about as in Se- 
 bastes. Preopercular spines very long; caudal truncate. Pectoral fiu 
 long, 2^ in body. Head 2^; depth 2|. D. X, G + ; A. Ill, G. {Goode.) 
 Deep water off Ehode Island ; known from a young specimen. 
 
 (Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 480.) 
 
 Family CVII («).— COTTID^. 
 
 {The Sculpins.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, fusiform or compressed, tapering back- 
 ward from the head, which is usually broad and depressed. Eyes 
 j)laced high, the interocular space usually narrow; a bony stay cou- 
 necting the suborbital with the preopercle, usually covered by the skin; 
 upper angle of preopercle usually with one or more spinous processes. 
 Teeth equal, in villiform or cardiform bands on jaws, and usually on vo- 
 mer and palatines; premaxillaries protractile; maxilhiry without supple- 
 mental bone. Gills 3 J or 4; slit behind the last gill small, or obsolete; 
 gill rakers short, tubercle-like or obsolete; gill-membranes broadly con- 
 nected, often joined to the isthmus. Body naked, or variously armed with 
 scaler, prickles, or bony plates, but never uniformly scaled. Lateral line 
 present, simple. Dorsal fins separate or somewhat connected, the spines 
 usually slender, the soft part elongate; caudal fiu separate, rounded; 
 anal fin similar to the soft dorsal, without spines; pectoral fins large, 
 with broad procurrent bases, the rays mostly simple, the upper some- 
 times branched; ventrals thoracic, rarely entirely wanting, the rays usu- 
 ally less than 1, 5. Pseudobranchise present, at least in all our species. 
 Pyloric coeca usually in small number (4-8); air-bladder commonly 
 >?antiug. Genera about 40; species about 150, mostly of the rock pools I 
 
107(«). COTTID^. 
 
 683 
 
 and shores of northern regions ; many species found in fresh waters. 
 The group, as here understood, comprises a considerable variety of 
 forms, and is very difficult to define, as it grades into the Uparididce 
 on the one hand, and into the Scorpcenidcc on the other. Most of the 
 species are of small size and singular aspec* and none are valued as 
 food. The genera have been probably too much multiplied, and sev- 
 eral of them can be only provisionally accepted. 
 
 {TriglUlw, group Cottina, pt.; group Scorpccnina, part, Giluther, ii; family Payohro- 
 hitidw GUnther, iii, 516, 517.) 
 
 0. Spinous dorsal longer than soft part, of more than 14 spines. (JlemHripterince.) 
 b. Spmoua dorsal deeply notched, the anterior spines highest; skin rough, with 
 
 prickles and tubercles; teeth on vomer 
 and palatines; gill-membrane free from 
 isthmus; no slit behind last gill. 
 
 Hemitkiptekus, 361. 
 aa. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, of less than 13 spines. 
 0. Ventral tins wanting. (Aacelichthyinw.) 
 d. Skin naked; no slit behind fourth gill; gill-membraiii free from isthmus; 
 
 teeth on vomer and palatines. 
 
 ASCELICHIHYS, 362. 
 CO. Ventral fins present. 
 
 e. Spinous dorsal little developed, continuous with the soft dorsal, the spines 
 
 slender, concealed in the loose naked 
 skin ; gill-membranes broadly joined to 
 the isthmus; no slit behind last gill. 
 {raychroluiinw.) 
 
 f. "Vomer and palatines toothless Psychrolutes, 3(53. 
 
 ff. Vomer with teeth Cottunculcs, 364. 
 
 ee. Spinous dorsal not concealed. 
 
 g. Gill-openings extending below at least to the base of lowest pectoral 
 
 ray. (Cottinw.) 
 h. Slit behind last gill obsolete * ; vomer with teeth. 
 i. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus, not forming a fold 
 across it; head feebly armed; palatine teeth few or none. 
 
 Uranidea, 366. 
 ii. Gill-membranes free from isthmus, or else forming a broad fold 
 
 across it ; head well armed. 
 j. Palatine teeth well developed; body usually more or less 
 
 scaly ICELU8, 365. 
 
 jj. Palatine teeth none; body without trUe scales Cottus, ;?67. 
 
 hh. Slit behind last gill evident. 
 
 k. Vomer without teeth ; preopercular spine with antler-like pro- 
 cesses; gill-membranes forming a fold 
 across isthmus... Gymnacanthus, 368. 
 fcfc. Vomer with teeth. 
 - I. Skin not hispid, t 
 
 * A rfcund pore in some species of Cottua. 
 t Partly villous in Triglopa. 
 
 
 i" 
 
 (i. 
 
684 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 m. Piilatine teeth nouo. 
 n. Gill-raembraues more or less joined to the iHtlirans, ' >. .ne- 
 times formiug a fold across it. 
 0. First dorsal spiue not elevated. 
 p. Preorbital strongly cavernous; intestinal canal 
 short ; spines of head short ; fresh 
 
 water Tkiolopsis, at>9. 
 
 pp. Preorbital little can vernous; intestial canal short • 
 spines of head long ; marine, (.Subf^einis 
 
 Oneocottua) Corrus, 367. 
 
 ppp. Preorbital not cavernons; intestinal canal elon- 
 gate; lateral line with aserlcti of Jar"e 
 
 bony plates Enopiiuys, 370. 
 
 00. First dorsal spine elevated; skin perfectly smooth* 
 
 intestinal canal short. .Lioconis, 371. 
 
 nn. Gill-membranes free from isthmus; sides below with 
 
 oblique series of minute prickly scales ; 
 
 series of plates along back and ah)ng 
 
 lateral line Tiugloi's, 37:>, 
 
 mm. Palatine teeth present. 
 
 q. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus, sometimes 
 forming a narrow fold across it. 
 r. Skin perfectly smooth ; preopercular spine with 
 antler-like processes; spinous dorsal 
 
 short, entire Leptocottus, 373. 
 
 rr. Skin with bands of rough scales ; preopercular 
 spine simple; spinous dorsal long, eniar- 
 
 ginate Hkmilkpidotus, 374. 
 
 qq. Gill-raembranes entirely free from the isthnms. 
 a. Sides of back with a band of rough scales" 
 ventral fins very long, armed with setic. 
 
 Melletes, 375. 
 88. Sides of back without band of scales. 
 t. Veutrals I, 5; spinous dorsal long. 
 
 SCORPJENICHTHYS, .376. 
 
 tt. Ventrals I, 3 ; sjtinous dorsal short. 
 
 Oligocottus, 377. 
 n. Skin everywhere rough with villiform prickles; first dorsal 
 elevated in front ; head small, with ver- 
 tical cheeks. 
 «. Gill-membranes free from the ifthmiis; 
 
 ventrals small Bleps'.as, 378. 
 
 uu. Gill-membranes united to the isthunis; 
 ventrals well developed. 
 
 Nauticiithys, :179. 
 gg. Gill-opening restricted to the space above the upper edge of the baso 
 
 of the pectoral; skin eve y where with 
 bifid or trifid prickles. (lihamphocot- 
 tir,a;. ) 
 V. Snout produced ; mouth very small ; no 
 teeth on vomer or palatines ; head ele- 
 vated, with two bony ridges. * 
 
 Ehamphocottus, 380. 
 
107(a). COTTID^ — HEMITRIPTEEUS. 685 
 
 861.— IIEIVIITRIPTERUS Cuvier. 
 
 Sea Ravens. 
 
 (Cnvicr, R«^gno. Anim. ii, 1829, ed. 2: type HemiMpteruH amcricamls C. & V.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, scalelesa, but the Hkin covered with prickles 
 and bony protuberances of various sizes and forms. ITead large, with 
 numerous bony humps and ridges and fleshy slips above; orbital rim 
 much elevated, the iuterorbital space deeply concave; a depressed 
 area at the occiput, behind which are two blunt spines on each side. 
 Mouth very wide; jaws, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of 
 teeth; no slit behind last gill; gill membranes broadly united, free 
 from the isthmus; preopercle with stout, blunt spines; suborbital stay 
 very strong, forming a sharp ridge. Spinous dorsal much longer than 
 the soft part, of 15 to 18 spines, of which the first two are the highest, 
 and the fourth and fifth shorter than the succeeding ones, the fin thus 
 deeply emarginate; pectoral fins very broad, much procurrent; ven- 
 trals I, 3. Large fishes of singular appearance, inhabiting the North 
 Atlantic and Pacific, (^/ii, half; rpti^, three; rrspdv, fin.) 
 
 1040. H. americanus (Gmelin) Cnv. &Val.— Sea Uaven. 
 
 lieddish brown, marbled with darker brown, and much variegated; 
 
 yellowish below ; fins variegated with light and dark. Body villous, 
 
 the prickles enlarged am., tubercle-like along back and lateral line; 
 
 nasal spines strong; supraocular ridge much elevated, with dermal 
 
 flaps and two blunt spines; two pairs of fleshy slips on nasal bones, 
 
 and two on supraocular ridges; smaller cirri on maxillary, on preor- 
 
 bital, and several on lower jaw; interocular space very deeply concave; 
 
 two blunt occipital spines on each side, outside of which are two or 
 
 three others; opercle small, with a bony ridge; preopercle with two 
 
 blunt spines, below which are one or two others; lower jaw slightly 
 
 projecting; maxillary reaching beyond eye, about half head; pectorals 
 
 nearly reaching anal; highest dorsal spine 1§ in length of head, as 
 
 long as caudal; ventrals reaching half way to anal. Head 2f ; depth 
 
 3^. D. lY, XII-I, 12; A. 13; Lat. 1. 40. Atlantic coast of America; 
 
 chiefly northward from Cape Cod. 
 
 [Scorpcena americana Ginel. Syst. Nat. 1788, 1220: Coitus acadian Walbaum, Artedi 
 Pise. 1792, 392; Cuv. & Val. iv, 268; GUnther, ii, 143: Hemiinpterus acadianus Storer, 
 Hist. Fish. Mass. 35.) 
 
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G86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 1041. II. cavifrons Lock. 
 
 Very similar to the preceding, but witli the upper surface of the head 
 
 more uneveu, the concavity of the iiiterocular area more marked, and 
 
 the dorsal fin with more spiues. Head equalling depth, about 3.^ in 
 
 total length with caudal. D. IV, XlV-13; P. 20 5 V. I, 3; A. 14; Lat. 
 
 1. 44. L. 10 inches. Kodiak, Alaska; perliaps not distinct from the 
 
 preceding. 
 
 (Lockington, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1880, 233: f Cottua viUosus Pallas, Zoocfr. 
 Ross.-Asiai;. iii, 129, 1811.) 
 
 363.— ASCELICIITIIYS Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 264: type JscelichthyH rhodorus Jor. & 
 
 Gilb.) 
 
 Body plump, fusiform, tapering backward, covered with loose smooth 
 skin; head broad, dei)ressed, its upper surface evenly and weakly con- 
 vex; a hooked preopercular spine; no nasal spines; a supraorbital cir- 
 rus; teethon jaws, vomer and palatines; iioslit behind fourth gill; gjH. 
 membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; si)inous dorsal low; 
 the si)ines slender, almost concealed in the membrane; ]>ectorals broad; 
 ventral fins icanting. Small fishes of the rock pools of the North Pacific. 
 («, privative; rrxsAo?, leg ; i-/06^, iash.) 
 
 1043. A. rhodorus Jor. <%, Gilb. 
 
 Dark olivaceous, sometimes with saddle-like pale blotches; lips rosy; 
 spinous dorsal dusky, edged in life with bright crimson; other flns 
 dusky, edgra with i^aler, the pectoral slightly barred. Head low, 
 rounded anteriorly; maxillary reaching to posterior border of eye. ^'o 
 scales, prickles, or barbels anywhere, except a fringed cirrus over the 
 eye; preopercle with a short, simple, strongly hooked spine; si)ine.s 
 directed downwards and forwards on subopercle and interopercle; hit 
 eral line continuous. Dorsal flns connected by membrane, the spinos 
 low, weak, nearly uniform; soft dorsal nearly twice as high as spinous; 
 pectorals about reaching vent. Head 3; depth 5. D. IX-19; A. 15; 
 P. 16. L. 5 inches. Pacific coast; Sitka to Cape Meudociuc; abundant 
 among rocks between tide-marks. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880,204.) " ' .' * 
 
 303.— PSY€HRO£.lJTES GUntlier. 
 
 (GUntlicr, Cat. Fish. Dvit. Mus. iii, 516, 1801 : typo Psych rohttcs pnrarloxm Gflnther.) 
 
 Body tadpole-shaped, tapering from the head to the very slender tail, 
 covered with very loose, naked, movable skin. Head large, depressed, 
 
 ■I til 
 
lorus Jor. &, 
 
 no: spines 
 
 107 (a). COTTIDiE COTTUXCULUS. 
 
 687 
 
 flattisli above; snout obtuse, rouiulod ; interocular space veiy broad, 
 coucave, the ocular ridges obsolete; lower jaw projecting; maxillary 
 entirely aduate to the skin of the preorbital; jaws with bands of villi- 
 forri; ieeth; no teeth ou vomer or palatines; no spines or cirri about 
 the head; suborbital stay narrow, not reaching preoperde. Gill-iuem- 
 hranes united to the isthmus; gills 3J, no slit behind the fourth. 
 Branchiostegals 7. Fins connected; sjiiuous dorsal of short, slender, 
 flexible spines, imbedded in the skin and scarcely visible; soft dorsal 
 short, the rays close together; anal low; caudal separate; pectoral tins 
 long, with a broad, procurrent base. Ventrals rather long, I, 3, close 
 together, distinct, the base adnate to the body. Small fishes, closely 
 resembling IJparididcr, from which group they ore distinguished by 
 no character of much importance. ('iJuxpo).(iuTr)<;, one who bathes in cold 
 water.) ' * 
 
 1043. P. paradoxus Gthr. 
 
 Dusky, pale below; sides of head with round pale spots (mucous 
 pores); top of head with dark obscure streaks. Body almost fusiform, 
 tapering from the shoulders to the very slender tail. Head very large, 
 depressed, its bones thin; intirocular space two-fifths length of head. 
 Mouth large, the maxillary extending to below posterior margin of eye; 
 premaxillary on the level of pujiil; two blunt tubercles behind eye; no 
 spines about head; processes of premo^xillary vxry prominent ; isthmus 
 broad. Dorsal long, the si»ine3 separated by an emargination from the 
 soft rays, the spines very slender, weak and wide apart, enveloped in 
 thick skin; soft raj's close together, much higher than the spines; 
 cnudal short, rounded; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, but lower; ven- 
 trals about half as long as the pectorals, their rays about I, 3. Head 
 2f: depth ^. T>. VIII-9; A. 0:, 0. 12; B. 7. North Pacific; this 
 description taken from a specimen examined by us from Kodiakj the 
 original type from the Gulf of Georgia. 
 
 (GUnther, iii, 516.) • 
 
 :,:' , V ■: ■ 364.-COTTlJWClJI.lJS Collett. 
 
 (CoUett, Norgos Fisko, 1875, 20: typo Cottunculna mia'opa CoUott.) 
 
 Tadpole-shaped, the head extremely large, the body tapering rapidly 
 from the shoulders to the slender tail ; mouth rather large, terminal, 
 oblique, the- jaws about equal; villiform teeth in the jaws; a double 
 patch ou vomer; no teeth on the palsitines; no spines on the head, the 
 tubercular surface of the skull covered by skin j skull thin, its bones 
 
 
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688 COITTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 not firm. Gills 3J, no slit behind the last arch; gill-membranes broadly 
 joined to the isthmus, their union extending to above the lower ed^^e of 
 the base of the i)ector€al8. Pseudobranchia3 very small; no cirri, scales 
 or iirickles; the skin thin and movable, smooth, or roughened with small 
 warts. Spinous dorsal little developed ; the two fins usually contimi- 
 ous ; spines very slender, flexible, imbedded in the skin ; i^ectorals short 
 procurrent below; ventrais very short, well separated, their rays I 3' 
 caudal rounded. Deeper parts of the Atlantic; very closely related to 
 Psychroliites. (A diminutive of Cottus.) 
 
 1044. C. microps CoUett. 
 
 Pale, with three broad duskj' cross-bands on body and fins, one on 
 head, one through spinous dorsal and pectoral, one through second 
 dorsal and anal, besides a small band at base of caudal. Head very 
 large, its length, breadth, and depth nearly equal; the greatest depth 
 at the nape; four bony tubercles on top of head and some at the sides 
 all covered by the skin; lower jaw included; maxillary extending to 
 below the middle of the eye, which is equal to the snout, and about 4J 
 in head; suborbital stay and the roughish edge of the preopercle both 
 covered by smooth skin; chin and preorbital with pores. Skin every- 
 where thin, somewhat movable, its surface roughened by small blunt 
 warts. Dorsal fin continuous, the feeble spines lower than the soft 
 rays; pectorals barely reaching anal; caudal long. Head 2f ; depth 3J. 
 D. VI-IO; A. 10. L. 3 inches. Deep water off the coasts of Norway 
 and of Rhode Island; lately taken by the United States Fish Commis- 
 sion. The specimens here described by us differ somewhat from Col- 
 lett's description, but the very small size of the original types may per- 
 haps account for the discrepancies. 
 
 (f Collett, Norgos Fiske, 1875, 20, pi. 1; Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 479.) 
 
 1015. C. torvus Gooile. 
 
 Color yellowish, the fins all dusky; no cross-bars. General form and 
 appearance of G. microps, but the head still larger, and the skin per- 
 fectly smooth, very thin, loose, and movable as in TJparis. Tubercles 
 on head stronger, more numerous, covered by skin, but more spine-like, 
 the bones firmer; spinorts dorsal still feebler and more concealed. 
 Head2i; depth 3i. D. ¥11-14; A. ca. 15. L. 6 inches. Deep water 
 oft" the coast of Rhode Island ; lately taken by the United States Fish 
 Commission. . 
 
 (Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 479; name only.) ~: -t-> 
 
-IV. 
 
 5, one on 
 
 
 107(a). COTTID^ — TCELUS. 
 
 365.— ICEL.VS Kroyer. 
 
 689 
 
 (Kroyer, Natarhist. Tideskr. i, 253, 1844: type Icelua Jiamatun Kroyer.) 
 
 Body fusiform J iiaked, or variously covered with rough scales or 
 plates, which are permanent and alike in both sexes; skin otherwise 
 smooth. Mouth rather large; teeth on vomer 'nul j)alatines. Head 
 naked or scaly, usually with cirri; preopercular spine hooked, branched, 
 or forked. Gill-raembranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; no 
 slit behind fourth gill ; ventral rays I, 3. North Atlantic; and Pacific ; 
 the species diflering greatly in appearance and armature, (e \sXui, re- 
 sembling.) 
 
 * Skin more or less scaly. 
 
 a. Spinous ilorsal not emarginate. 
 
 b. Top of head and interorbital area convex and nearly smooth; head naked. 
 
 (Arlediua* Girard.) 
 
 * 
 
 1046. I. lateralis (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Dark clear olive-green ; head reddish-shaded, the back with sharply 
 defined cross-blotches, alternately dark olive and pale; lower half of 
 sides usually with numerous smaU pale spots; belly bluish ; fins barred 
 with dilferent shades of olive, reddish brow^n, and black ; northern spe- 
 cimens with a black spot on the front of the spinous dorsal; below it 
 a scarlet crescent, bordered with yellow. Body rather slender, little 
 compressed. Head long and low, less deep than in the other species ; 
 occipital region almost flat; interocular space much narrower than the 
 eye. Eye shorter than snout, nearly 5 in head; skin of head every- 
 where perfectly smooth, its upper surface with numerous small con- 
 spicuous pores, and many slender small cirri; no distinct supraorbital 
 cirrus, and no occipital ridges ; nasal spines small. Mouth very largo, 
 the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary extending to below the posterior 
 edge of the eye, its length about half that of the head ; j)reppercular 
 spine very small, covered wath the skin, forked at tip. Dorsal band of 
 scales narrow, of about 8 rows anteriorly, 2 or 3 posteriorly. Lateral 
 line anteriorly, with small cirri. Dorsal spinas very slender, the first 
 two shorter than the others ; pectorals reaching front of anal. Head 
 2f; depths. D. IX-16; A. 13; V. I, 3; sca.es about 28 in a lougitu- 
 
 *Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,134: typo Scorpwnichihys latcralin Girard. 
 Dtdiciitcd to Petrus Artedi, the "father of Ichthyology," the ablest student of fishes 
 before Cuvior. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. Ko. IG 44 ^ ^ 
 
 i-iSie 
 
mm^BBBmgM' 
 
 Ki 
 
 finO coNTinmrrioN's to north AMinnrAN icirriiYoi.ocjY — iv. 
 
 (linal MM'ics. h. 5 iiiohcH. Kock pools} I'roiii rugct Hound (o Han l^uifi 
 
 ()l)iMpo; not coniinon. 
 
 (iSci>r/;rj'n/(7i//ii/Ai !nl<'raliii (Jrd. Prop. Arml. Nut. Soi. Pliiln. 1HJ>4, 145: Arlediun lalonilin 
 Glrunl, IJ.y. I'lio. K. K.Hiiiv. FIhIi.7(): Arkdiim latvniliH (Jlliiflior, ii, 174.) 
 
 lib. Top of lioad nnov«>n; intcroiltital iiroa coiiciivo. 
 0. IliMKi will) N<i>lla(o HcivloN ubovo. 
 
 to IT. I. iiol4M|>llofiiN (Ord.) .T. •& G. 
 
 OliviH'oouN, ol't<'n lin;>t'(l with puiplisli, iunl niin'li vuricfjiiicd; a black 
 bar at oovipiil ; !UioMi(>r tVoni ini<l<ll(> of spinous <lotHiil to l\u\ nxil; oik^ 
 under front of seconii dorsiil oxtiMidin^ oiditpu'Iy foiwiirds; our under 
 ]>ost<'rior piirt of s»M'()!ul ilorsnl; ont^ (Ui cinuljil p('dun<d«>; ImrH and in 
 tcrspat'CH tnorywIuMH' llncly n'lirulntod and moll led ; low<'r parts (liisky 
 with brassy tin;^*', ol'lt>n with dark rt'ticuhitions anuind whitish spots- 
 bra nchiosti'ffuks bhu'kish, with ycHow tin};'o; this all varicj^alcd, llio 
 h)Wor fins otMiorally dusky; a black spot occllatod with oraufici bet ween 
 first au«l socotui dorsal spintss, soiuotinics a <lullrr oni^ Ix^twrcn third 
 jiiul I'ourfh; a larjjo bhu'k spot lM'tw('«'u sixth an<l tM^hlh spines. Head 
 ishort and broatljts vertex d<«pressed; nuchal region with a cross ri(l/j;c, 
 in trout of which is a <pnulrate d(>pn's.sion; two blunt tubercles bejiiiui 
 <>aeh eye, arnu'd at (ip with snndl spines; behin<l these twoolhers wiDi 
 out spines, on the oc«'i|)ital ritlj^es; each of these spiiu's with a sin. ill 
 cirrus; a small cirrus above posterior part of ey(»; a minute one on tlic 
 nujxillary; interorbital space deeply concave, tlu^ supraocular ri(l<,^'s 
 vlovated. Kye very lar^i^, 4ij in head. Mouth modeiate, bioad, the 
 umxillary extiMidinj;' to beyoiul the pupil, its lenj^th nearly half lliiit of 
 the head; suborbital stay strou}>'; pi'e(Ji)iai;lo Avith, a str<uij; process, 
 tilld at tipj and with one <h' ujore upward-din'cted spines; below this 
 three blunt serrate<l processes or niultitld spines; vertex, temporal re 
 jjitnu interorbital space, and opercles covered with small, (Uitaclicd, 
 stellate scales, strongly spinous at their ed;»es; these smaller than tlio 
 scales of the dorsal baud. IJead U;|; depth 41. 1). lX-15; A. 11 or 
 12. L. 10 inches. Is'ortheru specimens repn'siMit a nnirked variety, 
 the color paler, the hea ' nu)re scaly, and the cd^e of the ijrecjpercic 
 without serrated processes. 1). lX-17; A. 12. ' Tacilic coast; abun- 
 dant at yanta Harbara and in Paget Sound; not found in rock jjooIk. 
 
 {CahtcilqmMuii tatemUs Ayri'8, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 185(5, 77: ArUuliuH iwloKiiUoiim 
 Gill. P.oc. .Acad. Nat. t^oi. Phila. 185(5, 134, and U.S. Pac. R. R. Siuv. FinL.Tl: Jrkdius 
 MotoapUotuH VAluihcv, ii, 174.) 
 
 CO. H'-^nd without dovolojuvl scales. 
 
 d. Upper prvopurcular spiuu hooked, bifurcate. (loelua.) 
 
 It 
 
Flf^l 
 
 u^* 
 
 IV. 
 
 nlvroUn 
 
 U\-(<f). COTTID.K — iqCLUS. (if) I 
 
 lOIM. I. IlltlllflfllN Kri'iyor. 
 
 YcllowiNli, with iniin.v bnnvn HpotH, llfiid liir;r«', jifiUcd; upper pio- 
 opci.iiliir Mpiii(> Miiiiill, liookrd npwiinlH, liifiirciitc; .'t Npiiics Im-Iow it, tv/o 
 (»r IImmh IiooktMl iipwiinls; Iwo hlmif. (X'cnpitiil Hpirirs; vcrfcx drprcsHcd. 
 Skill of body iibove wi(li wjirl.v s<!u1('h Jind Hiiinll pii^-kles; hoiimi row.s oI" 
 bony HC4il('H IVoiii r.cck to bsiHe of cwiidid; n hw'wh of liiben'.lcs }il(»ii|; 
 Iiitonil Iiiui; .sid'i'H of body with Hcattcred nciiN'm; iritcrociihir .s|)ii<(' 
 very lutrrow, its width 4 in ('y<^; dorHiil.s Hi^pjitatcd ; prctoralH sliortcr 
 tliiiii Ii«>i)d; no air-bliiddcr; ^'ill-in(>inl)t'iini>.s l>i'0!idly Joined, free; from 
 isthniiiH; no Hbt behind hmt gill. I). IX-UOj A. Hi; V. I, li. Arctic 
 SeiiH, Alaskii t<» Hpit/-berf;en. 
 (Kriiy'T, NatiirhiH),. TidMHUr. i, UW.i, 1844; (Uliithor, ii, 17'^.) 
 
 ill. llpprr iiroopcrciiliir HpiiK^ 1'>"K> wiMi Ti hookc^d prncuHHon. 
 
 10I1K ■• «aiill«li'is<'r9iitiin (liOi'kiiiKt(iii) .1. iV (>. 
 
 Pide oliviMH'ouH, Hojnewhiit inotthid; lateuil line witli diiik blotchcH; 
 bi'!inuhioHte;j;al region bbx-.k in the nialeH; ii blaek bnr at biiHe of 
 ciuidal; a. blaek Np(»t at front of spinons dorsal, nnd one iit tip of the 
 last spine; piM-tondH with a. diirk spot at ba.s<»; otlusr this olivaecoiiH, 
 litth^ variegated. I>o«ly slender, little eouipressed, tapering froin flie 
 HlionldeiH to the sh'iKbrr tail. Month moderate, the maxillaries reaeh- 
 iiig abont to mi<ldh>. of pupil; a. pair of ridges on the occi|)nt, each 
 ending in a, spine, the space. betwcuMi them eoneav<'; int(^roenlar sj>are 
 very narrow, grooved; upper jireoperenlar- spim* very long, armed with 
 uhont 5 hooks, all but one directed n|>wards; below tliis three simple 
 Hpiiies. Head naked or vciry n<^arly mm, with <'onN|>ienous nnu;ouH ]>oi('H 
 above and a, few minute (iirri. Dorsal (ins sepaiated; jieetorals broad, 
 ahoat reaching ainil; ventrals very small. Lateral line with a series of 
 spinous plates; above it along the ba<!k a doutde series of spinous 
 plates placed at an angle, the upper plates with th<^ free edge down- 
 ward an<l backward, the lower jjlates with th(^ free odg(i ui)ward and 
 backward; this band ciunposed of a singh^ series before and behind, 
 and not extending around the (h)rsal in front; xkin otlua vise ])erfectly 
 smooth. Head ;{• ; dejith 5;J. D. VIII-l.'}; A. 12; V. 1, .'J. L. .'5 inches. 
 Deep waters off' San Francisco; locally very abundant. 
 
 (Artcdiiui qiimh'isvriatuH LockiiiKton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh. 1879, UIJO.) 
 
 flfl. Spinous (lovHal tin deeply t'inargiuat»5; head Hcaly. (C7ii<ono'««" Lockinj^ton.) 
 
 *Lockiiigton, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mns. 1881, 141: type Chilonotua megaeejphaluii Lock. 
 {.i;/r&)»', a rough cloak; v&ro^, back.) 
 
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 G92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 1030. I. inegracephalus (Lock.) J. & G. 
 
 Color pale olivaceous with darker cross-bars; fins in the male, black- 
 ish; veutrals and aual vhitish, immarked; eye dusky above. Body 
 fasitbrui; hewl long; eyes large, separated by a very narrow, slightly 
 concave iuterorbital space; mouth large, the maxillary extending to 
 posterior border of eye; preoperclo with a strong process armed 
 with 3 or 4 upward-directed and 1 horizontal point; below this 3 other 
 spiues; two or three spines close behind eye on each side; two occipital 
 ridges, ending in spines, the space between them concave; top of head, 
 iiiterocular s[)ace, snout, upi)er part of opercle, and a narrow belt close 
 under the eye covered with rough scales; lateral line with a seri(^s of 
 quadrate plates, their ui>i)er and posterior edges strongly serrate, the 
 lower and anterior edges imbedded; above these the back is evenly cov- 
 ered with smaller scales, the lower and rnterior part of each scale im- 
 bedded, and the upper edge strongly toothed; 5 to 8 rows of these 
 scales ; a narrow naked area at base of dorsal. Dorsal spines slender, 
 the first usually longer than head, reaching past front of soft dorsal 
 when depressed ; the second and third spines i)rogressively shortened; 
 the 4th higher than third, the membrane between third and fourth deeply 
 emarginate; second dorsal high; pectorals reaching past front of anal; 
 veutrals to vent; anal papilla very large; no conspicuous cirri. Ileiul 
 2f ; depth 5^. D. III,V[I-15; A. 15; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 38. L. 8 inches. 
 Off San Francisco, in deep water, locally abundant; possibly a variety 
 of the next. 
 
 (Chitonotua megacephalus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1881, 141.) 
 
 1051. I. pug:eUensis (Steind.) J. & G. 
 
 Coloration of the preceding. Body slender, stouter than in I. mefja- 
 cephalus; head shorter and broader; the mouth also shorter, themaxil 
 lary not reaching posterior margin of eye; iuterorbital space extremely 
 narrow, nnrrower than in I. megacephalus; squamation and armature of 
 head and body precisely as in I. megacephalus. Dorsal lower than in I. 
 megacephalus^ the first dorsal less deeply notched; the first spine little 
 higher than the second, its tip not reaching to the end of the fin, its total 
 length less than half that of the head; soft dorsal high, higher than first 
 dorsal spine. Head 3; depth 4§. D. HI, VII-15; A. 15; V. 1, 3; Lat 1. 
 37. L. 6 inches. Puget Sound. -~-^--~-^'-,.,.-^--'.:.-s:-.^_^^.^,.:^^^___ 
 
 {Artediua pugetiensia Steiudachiier, Ichtb. Beitriige, v, 13.3.) . ..J • 
 
'i' n.tl 
 
 IV. 
 
 hlack- 
 
 Body 
 
 li}ilitly 
 
 in{j; to 
 
 107(«). COTTIDiE — URANIDEA. 
 *• Skin uakod, smooth. 
 
 693 
 
 . •'; ... ?l 
 
 1052- I. *uncinatus (Reiub.) Kroyer. 
 
 Olivaceous, mottled and barred with darker, above and on fins. Head 
 
 broad; lower jaw included; palatine teeth well devt'loi)ed; maxillary 
 
 extending to opposite middle of pupil. Eyes very large, separat'^l by 
 
 a narrow ridge ; occiput with two blunt ridges, in frout of which the 
 
 vertex is concave; upper preopercular spine large, strongly hooked 
 
 upward, more than half length of eye; downward-directed spine on pre- 
 
 opercle long and sharp ; skin perfectly smooth. Pectorals reaching front 
 
 of anal; spinous dorsal rather high; vent midway between snout and 
 
 middle of caudal. Head 3; depth 4^. D. VlII-13; A. 11. L. 4 inches. 
 
 Cape Cod to Greenland, in deep water; abundant. 
 
 {Cottua uncinaim Reinh. Vid. Solsk. Natur. og Math. Af liaudl. 183:?, 44 : Ceniriderm 
 ichlbya uiicinatua Giinther, ii, 172: Icclua uncinatua Krciyer, Natnrh. Tidsskr, 1844, 253.) 
 
 1053. I. (f) bicornis (Reinh.) J. & O. 
 
 Occiput with two acute points ; four preopercular spines, the upper- 
 most of which is bifurcate. Skin not described. D. VIII-15; A. 14. 
 Greenland. {Ounther.) 
 
 {Cottua hicon ia Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. og Math, Afh, viii.lxxxv: Centriderm- 
 ichth.ya bicornia Giinther, ii, 172.) 
 
 366.— IIRANIDEA Dekay. 
 Miller's Thumbs. 
 
 {Cottua and Cottopaia Girard.) 
 
 (Dekay, New York Fanna, Fish. , 1842, 61 : type Uranidea quieacena Dekay = Cottua 
 gracilia Heckel.) 
 
 Fresh-water sculpins. Body fusiform. Head feebly armed, the pre- 
 oi)ercular spines covered by the skin; skin smooth or very nearly 
 so; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, none on palatines. Gill- 
 openings separated by a wide isthmus, over which the membranes do 
 not form a fold; no slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsals 
 nearly or quite separate, the first of G-9 slender spines; ventrals I, 3, 
 or I, 4. Fishes of small size, inhabiting clear waters in the northern 
 parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The species are extremely nu- 
 
 *Thi8 species should form the typo of a distinct genus if the current genera of this 
 grou]) are to be recognized. The Japanese genus Centridermichthya Rich, to which 
 this species and many others of onr Cottoids have been referred, differs from /. ntici- 
 natus in having the slit behind the last gill developed, and the gill-mcmhraues fully 
 united to the iathmua. 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 ^^K> 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■ :-i''^":i;^ 
 
 R 
 
 1.1 
 
 m 
 
 " ' I ' ■ i" *■- '■- 
 
 "i 
 
 '■:v(:|f 
 
 
 .ft 
 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 ■i- i 
 
 . ' ■ . 
 
 I r^- 
 
 
 
 
 ' .'* ft "' 
 
 
 : ^Ijfi^ 
 
 
 ' f*!- i 
 
 1 . <■■ ■ ' ) 
 
 ' .,'.\.>I,'-! 
 
 (■■■ ■'^■'' 
 
 . ■'■■■•"li'i.! 
 
 \ ' '.'■ *■ 
 
 Ms 
 
 
 ,v- . 
 
 H. '' 'V ': 
 
 ■*','r.' 
 
 Hhl ._ \. . 
 
 ■ ^\.\ 
 
 Bn 
 
 
 ■T 
 
 . I'l 
 
 ■imi- 
 
 . ._a, ..i^^ 
 
 H^ 
 
 ■.'j^-.-.i?.i 
 
G94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 iiieroua, .and aro very difficult to distinguish, all being very Hiniilnr in 
 fonn and coloration. The relations of this genus to Gottvs are very 
 close, {liuoavdq, the sky; eidw, to look.) 
 
 fl. PalatiueH with teeth; v-iiitrals I, 4 (except in 1059). 
 
 b. Preopercular Hpiuo hirge, strongly hooked; skin above with coarse prickks. 
 {Tauridea* Jordan & Rice.) 
 
 1054. U. spilota Cope. 
 
 Olivaceous, finely speckled and niottletl with darker; belly Avliite- 
 fins mottled. Body contracted at front of anal, subterete ])osteriorly. 
 Head very broad and flat; no occipital jn'oniinences; preopercular s])ine 
 extremely large, as long as eye, hooked upward; below it are three 
 small spines directed .lownwards; subopereular spine strong; space 
 above lateral line behind head, covered with small .^tiif prickles, coarser 
 than in U. anpera and farther apart, .slightly hooked backward; no spines 
 behind axil; isthnuis broad, the gill-membranes fully joined to it, not 
 forming a fold. Head Sf; depth 5 J. D. VIlI-17; A. 12. Great Lakes, 
 in deep water, and northward to Hudson's Bay. 
 
 {Uranidea spilota Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 82: Coffopsis ricci Nelson, 
 Bull. Ills. Mas. Nat. Hist. 187G: Tauridea spilota Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U.S. 255: Cut- 
 iopsiH npilotus Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 81; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nut. 
 Mu8. 1881, 127 ; specimens from near Hudson's Bay, said to have no palatine teeth. ) 
 
 bb. Preopercnlar spine small, more or less perfectly concealed iu the skin. 
 0. Skin almost everywhere villous. (Coifojjsjst Girard.) 
 
 1055. U. aspcra (Rich.) J. & G. 
 
 Grayish olive, much mottled and barred; fins finely variegated; 
 usually a large black blotch on posterior part of spinous dorsal. 
 Body rather stout, compressed behind. Head rather broad, trans- 
 versely convex ; operclo and preopcrcle with the usual spines, all small 
 and nearly concealed in the skin; interorbital space broad and flattisb, 
 broader than eye (in adults); skin covered with small close-set prickles, 
 l'orn)ing a villous covering, the prickles smaller, stiifer, and more closely 
 set than iu the next species; head, belly, caudal peduncle, and space 
 along dorsal smooth, or nearly so; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals, 
 1, 4, nearly reaching vent; dorsal spine slender; lateral line comi»lete, 
 angularly bent below last rays of second dorsal. Head 3; deptli 4J. 
 1). X-21 ; A. 18. L. 10 inches. Streams west of the Sierra Nevada 
 
 * Jordan & Rico, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 1878, 255: type Cottopsia ricei Nelsou. 
 (r«u/3«, cow; czSenr, appearance.) 
 
 tGirard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 303, 1850; type CoUua aspcr Rich. («orroJ, 
 Cottus; bt/Jii, appearance.) 
 
IV. 
 
 lar in 
 s very 
 
 irickU'8. 
 
 white ; 
 criorly. 
 ir sjniu' 
 •e three 
 ; spiice 
 , coarser 
 lO spines 
 :o it, not 
 it Lakes, 
 
 ;ei Nelson, 
 i.^Tw: Cut- 
 U. S. Nut. 
 le teeth.) 
 
 lC7(rt). COTTIDiE — URANIDEA. 
 
 695 
 
 iriegated; 
 
 IS dorsal. 
 
 id, traus- 
 all small 
 
 Id flattisli, 
 
 prickles, 
 
 »re closely 
 
 bnd space 
 
 ventrals, 
 
 complete, 
 
 depth i\. 
 
 la Nevada 
 
 licei Nelsou. 
 
 and Cascade Mountains: abundant; specimens from tht: Sacrauu^nto 
 River (var. parvus) smaller in size, paler in color and with the intoror- 
 bital space concave, narrower than eye. 
 
 (Cotlun anper Rich. Fauna IJor.-AiiHT. Fish. 20.'), 183(5: Trachidirviun richardnoiii ; 
 Ilcckel, Ann, Wiener Miis. 1840, lt)2: Centridirmichlhys aitper Giiiithcr, ii, 170: Col- 
 iopgiH aiqwr Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 51: Cottopsia parvuit Girard, Proc. Acad. 
 Nftt. Sci. Phila. 1854, 144: CentridennichthyH parvus GUnther, ii, 170.) 
 
 1056. IT. scmiscabra (Cope) J. <& G. 
 
 Olivaceous, barred and spotted as in otlier species; fins mottled; 
 spinous dorsal pale at base and tip, with a median broad black band; 
 two dark blotches at base of caudal. Form of U. aapcra, but .slenderer. 
 Skin* of top of head and entire body, except lower part of caudal i)e- 
 duncle. thickly covered with papilla;; tho.se of anterior and upper parts 
 of body each tipped with a spine, many of those on head with metlian 
 pores; toj) of head with a median lengjth wise depression. Head nar- 
 rowed anteriorly, the maxillary extending to beyond pupil ; opercular 
 and preopercular spines as in U. ai>pera ; lateral line not conii)lete; 
 spinous dorsal Ioav; soft dorsal and anal high; caudal long; pectorals 
 about reaching anal; ventrals rather broad, reaching half way to anal. 
 Eye ^ in head. Head SJ; depth 4J. D. VII-18; A. 14; V. I, 4. L. 4 
 inches. Fort Hall, Idaho {Cope). Utah Lake (Jordan). 
 
 {Coftoj)8ia semiscdber Cope, Hayden'a Survey, Montana, for 1871-'72, 476: CoUopsia 
 8e»u8cafce>" Jordan «fe Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 459.) 
 
 cc. Skin smooth, or prickly in or behind the axil only. {Potamocottu8\ Gill.) 
 
 lOSl. U. grulosa (Grd. ) J. «fe G. 
 
 Olivaceous, variously mottled and barred; (ins clouded with darker. 
 Form rather robust. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching to pupil; 
 palatine teeth evident. Eyes small, little wider than the interorbital 
 space; preopercular spine short; spinous dorsal low; i)ectoral tins 
 about reaching anal; ventrals I, 4, not to vent. Head 3; depth 5. D. 
 lX-21; A. 15-17 (Washington); D. Vin-20; A. 18 (California). L. 6 
 inches. Elvers from California to British Columbia; not rare. Cali- 
 fornia examples have the axillary prickles developed as usual in U. rich- 
 ardsoni; all of them within the space covered by pectorals when de- 
 pressed. Specimens from Vancouver's Island and about Port Town- 
 seud have these i)rickles forming a considerable band, and extending 
 
 *"Skin prickly above the lateral line; smooth bolow it posteriorly." (Cope.) 
 tGill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 40, 18C1: typo Cottua punctulatua Gill. 
 (Ttorajilo?, river; hotto?, sculpin.) _ 
 
 /'I 
 
 ..■'ti'i 
 
 
 
 ;i 
 
 1 . 
 
 m 
 
 i .lU 
 
 ^irr 
 
-',yir«r--'W!T»t: w , 
 
 GOG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 backward on both sides of the lateral lino to the middle of the second 
 
 dorsal, the band narrower and the i)rickles smaller i)osteriorly. 
 
 (Cotlopaiii gulo»u8 Grd. Proo. Acad. Nut. Soi. Pliila. 1854, 129: C«ntridcrmichthji» 
 guloatut Gilnther, 'i, 170.) 
 
 10J§. U. punctulata (Gill) Cope. 
 
 Light olivaceous; body covered with small black spots, which become 
 
 larger and more scattered behind; soft dorsal, pectorals, and caudal 
 
 thickly spotted; spinous dorsal without dark blotch. Head long and 
 
 wide. Mouth quite large; maxillary reaching past front of orbit; 
 
 preopercular spine strong, directed obliquely backward and upward. 
 
 Head 3; depths. D. VIII-17; A. 13. {Oill.) Bridger's Pass; distiu 
 
 guished from the other species by the speckled coloration. 
 
 {Potamocottvs punctiilat»8 Gill, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 40, aud in Iclith. 
 Capt. Simp. Expl. 1876, 402.) 
 
 1039. IJ. bcndirci (Bean) J. & O. 
 
 Uniform dark brown above, lighter below. Maxillary extending just 
 beyond front of eye; eye 4 in head; preopercle with 4 spines, the u])pt'r 
 one half as long as the eye. Pectorals reaching origin of anal; veu- 
 trals not to vent. Depth 4. D. VIII-IG; A. 12; V. 1, 3. Walla- Walla, 
 Wash. (Bean.) 
 {Potaviocotlua bendirei Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1881, 27.) 
 
 1060. U. richardsoni (Agassiz) J. & G. — Miller'a Thumb; Blob; Miijle-jaic; 
 
 Bull-head. 
 
 Olivaceous, more or less barred and speckled with darker; fins 
 mostly barred or mottled. Body slender or stout, tapering regularly 
 backward to the tail; vertex somewhat depressed; interocular space 
 with a groove; preopercle with a short sharp spine, little hooked, 
 directed backwards and upwards, mostly covered by the skin ; below 
 this are 2 smaller concealul spines; subopercle with a stoutish spiiic, 
 directed forwards. Skin smooth, excei)t the region immediately behind 
 the pectorals, which is beset with very small sharp prickles which arc 
 sometimes obsolete; lateral line conspicuous, continuous or interrupted 
 behind; first dorsal low and feeble; pectoral fins large, their length 
 nearly equal to that of the head, their tips usually reaching beyond tlie. 
 origin of the soft dorsal; ventral fins moderate; isthmus very broad, 
 the gill-membranes not forming a fold across it. Head 3j^; depth 4-(i. 
 D. VI to VIII-IG or 17; A. about 12; V. I, 4. L. 3-7 inches. Middle 
 and Northern States, abounding in all clear rocky brooks and lakes; 
 extending southward along the Alleghanies to Alabama. 
 
i',<*l 
 
 107. COTTIDiE UUANIDEA. 
 
 607 
 
 Note. — As hcrti iindorstood, a wido-sproad and abundant Hppcies, varying in dil- 
 frrciit n'l^ious, as is tho case with most noii-niif^ratory specioa. In this as in others 
 of .similar range, the inha!>itunts of each stream may show local peculiarities. A 
 iiiiinher of these forms liav(! received Irom Dr. Girard specilic nann's, which are 
 !i('c(>;iipat)icd by detailed descriptions. Largo collections of these fiidies show that 
 nium rous similar "species" still exist unde.scribed, as it is a rare thing to find a speci- 
 laen which exactly agrees in all respects with any of the species in Dr. (iirard's 
 "Monograph Lf the Fresh-Water Cottoids." The following forms, of all of which Iho 
 writers have specimens, may possibly bo recognized as "varieties," but of Iheir com- 
 plete iutergradation we have no doubt : 
 
 Var. richardsoni (Ag.) is ratlier slender, with tl;o vent rather more posterior than 
 usual, placed midway between tho snout and tho tip of the caudal; in the others it is 
 ut^arly midway between tho suout and the middle of the caudal. Wisconsin to Laku 
 Superior. 
 
 {Colliis richardnoni Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 300: Coitus richardnoni Girard, 
 Monograph Fresh-Water Cottoids N. A. 39: Cottua richardsoni Giinther, ii, ICti ) 
 
 Var. bairdi (Girard) is small and slender, with tho spinous dorsal very low, and the 
 pahitine teeth less developed than in the other forms. Cayuga Lake, N. Y., to Ohio. 
 
 {Cottua hairdii Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, 410, and Mou. Cott. 44.) 
 
 Var. wilaoni (Grd.) is rather stouter, with stronger palatine teeth, and with some of 
 the upiiermost of the pectoi-al rays 1 '*"urcate, these being entire in the others. Ohio 
 Valliiv, Pennsylvania, and Indiana. 
 
 (Cottua wilaoni Gi'd. \.c, 42.) 
 
 Var. alvordi Grd. is short and chubby, with tho first dorsal rather high, and joined 
 by membrane to the second more than in o^her forms. Common in Wisconsin and 
 Michigan. 
 
 (Cottua alvordi Grd. 1. c. 4G.) 
 
 Var. MimdionaHs (Grd.) is rather robust, with the dorsal fins scarcely connected, 
 and the month rather larger, the maxillary extending to opposite posterior border of 
 eye; tho preopercular spine is sharp and directed well upward. Pennsylvania to 
 North Carolina, along tho AUeghanies; abundant. 
 
 (Cottua meridionalin Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, 410, and 1. c. 47.) 
 
 V.ar. zophei-a (.Jor.) is slender and very dark in color, and more conspicuously varie- 
 gated; the first dorsal high; the palatine teeth well developed. Alabaum River. 
 
 (Potaniocottua sopherua Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187G, 320.) 
 
 Var. carolinw (Gill) is a very large form, rather robust, reaching a length of nearly 
 six inches, without axillary prickles, and with the palatine teeth well developed. 
 The lateral line, as in the other forms, is sometimes continuous and sometimes iuter- 
 nipted. It abounds in tho limestone region from Indiana to Tennessee, and is fro- 
 queutly found in caves. 
 
 (Potamocottua Carolina; G'lU, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 40: Poiamocottua carolinm 
 Gill, Simps. Rept. Ichth. Utah, 1877, 403.) 
 
 1001. U. wheel«ri Cope. 
 
 Body slender, entirely smooth. Head not broad; maxillary reaching 
 pupil. Lateral line deflexed below dorsal. Eye large, 5 in head; isth- 
 mus as wide as distance from pupil to snout; preopercular spine strong. 
 Pectoral longer than head, reaching iiast front of anal, longer than 
 usual in V. richardsoni. Head 3; depth Of. D. VII-17; A. 12; P. 15, 
 
 .- i. 
 
 >;^r 
 
 
 
 1 .'. ' k 
 
 A; 
 
 11 ■::-M 
 
 mi ' . ■ • (i 
 
 Jr.;/' ■ ■ 
 
 ^Xi 
 
 V- : I 4 
 
 P-:- 
 
•* ' 
 
 698 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 its rays all simple. Utah and Western Colorado, abundant; not evi- 
 dently dlfterent from the precedinfj. 
 
 (Dranidca wheelvri Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 138: Uranidea vheclai 
 Cope & Yarrow, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer, v, G96.) 
 
 aa. Palatine teeth obsolete, 
 c. Veutral rays I, 4. 
 
 (Uranidea.) 
 
 1G«3. V. cogrnata (Rich.) J. & G. 
 
 Apparently similar to the European Uranidea gobio, and distin- 
 guished from most of the American species by having the ventral ra\« 
 1, 4. Skin smooth; pectorals as long as head; preopercular spine small 
 curved upwards. D. VIII-18; A. 14. Great Bear Lake (A*Jt7(M>v/.s(;;/); 
 perhaps the same as the next. 
 
 {Cottus cognatua Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Aiuer. iii, 1836,40: Cotius cognalm (ji\\'i\n\ 
 1. c. 41, and Giinther, ii, 157.) 
 
 1003. 11. minuta (Pallas) J. & G. ' 
 
 Olivaceous, finely variegated and speckled; fins above spoddeu. 
 Body long and low, I'ttle compressed. Head rather small, wider than 
 deep. Mouth short, comparatively small, the maxillary extenrling little 
 beyond front of orbit; mandible included; preopercular s])ine sliarp, 
 straight. First dorsal low, the spines nearly even; pectorals reachin;^' 
 about to veut; ventrals not to vent; skin entirely smooth. Head 4; 
 depth ^. D. VlII-19; A. 14; V. I, 4; Lat. 1. 30. L. 5 inches. Aleu- 
 tian Islands. Perhaps a variety of the European U. gobio. 
 
 {Cot/us miiiatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rossio.-Asiat. iii, 145.1811-1831: Uranidea microaioma 
 LockiugtoM, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H80, 58: not Cotlua microstomus Ileckel.) 
 
 CO Voutral rays 1,3. 
 
 d. Anal rays 14 or 15. • . 
 
 1064. CJ. inai'Kinata Bean. 
 
 Olivaceous, blotched, the fins punctulate ; first dorsal dark, with a 
 distinct pale nuirgin. Body stoutish. Head broad, slightly depressed; 
 maxillary reaching to anterior third of orbit; i)reoi)ercular spine sliort, 
 bluntish; below this on«'. or two smalhu* ones; vent nearer base of 
 caudal tnan snout. Head .'J; pectoral 4 in length; ventrals (J. j'. VII 
 or yiII-18 or 19; A. 15; V. I, 3. WaUa Walla, Washington. (Bean.) 
 
 ( Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1881, 2(5. ) 
 
 1065. U. viscosa (Hald.) .lor. 
 
 Olivaceous, variegated, the spinous dorsal edged with orange in life; 
 fins mostly barred. Body rather stout; mucous pores on head unusu- 
 ally numerous. Mouth small; maxillary reaching middle of eye; pre- 
 
 n1 
 
107. COTTID.E — UEANIDEA. 
 
 699 
 
 iicrosioma 
 
 ocular spine acute, extremely sbort, directed obliquJy upwards, isth- 
 mus ratiier narrow, first dorsal low, slightly couuected with second; 
 j)ectoral8 shorter than head, roaching second dorsal. Head 3^ in 
 length j depth 4^. D. VI -18; A. 14; V. I, 3. Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland. 
 
 (Cottus nscokua Hfolderaau, Suppl. Mouogr. Li'2iuea 1842,3: Cottua visoo8U8 G'lrarA, 
 1. c. 51.) 
 
 dd. Anal rays 11 or IS. 
 
 1066. U. {gracilis (Heckcl) Pntn. 
 
 Olivaceous, mottled, upper edge of spinous dorsal red in life. Body 
 rather slender, fusiform; preocular spine moderate, concealed. jMouth 
 rather large, the maxillary reaching nearly to the pupil ; pectorals 
 reaching front of anal; veutrals about to vent. Head 3^; depth 5. 
 I). VIII-IC; A. 12. Streams of New England and New York; not 
 rare. 
 
 {('ottu8 gyacilia ^T^ckol, Aim. Wieu Mas. ii, 146, 1837: Coilns .jrat'ilia Girard, 1. c. 49: 
 Cot'.us (johio Ayres, Boat. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, v, 121, 1845: Uranidca qukacens Do K. New 
 York Fauua, Fish. 1842, Gl.) 
 
 1067. U. gobioiAcs (Girard) Jor. 
 
 Similar to the preceding, but larger and more robust, the n.outh 
 larger, reaching to beyond the line of the piipil, and the pectorals 
 short, not quite reaching anal; preopercular spi ike stout, curved sud- 
 denly upwards. Head 3^; depth 4j|. D. VH-IT; A. 12. L. 4 inches. 
 Tributaries of Lake Champlain. {Girard.) Probably a variety of U. 
 
 gracilis. 
 {Cottua gohioldca Girard, Proc. Ainer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. I?u0, 41, and 1. c. 55.) 
 
 106§. U. b'llcoides (Girai-d) Jor, 
 
 Slender, sub-fusiform. Mouth rather large, the maxillary extending 
 to opposite the pupil; preopercuhtr spine acute, directed obliquely up- 
 wards; isthmus narrow. Fins larger than in any other species; pec- 
 torals reaching fourth ray of anal. Head3i; depth 5^. D. VIII-17; 
 A. 11. L. 3J inches. Connecticut Valley in Vermont. (Girard.) ^ 
 
 {Coitus holeoidcH Girard, Proc. Aiuer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1850, 411, and 1. c. 56: Cottua bo- 
 /iw'rfes Giinthor, ii, 159.) . 
 
 1060. U. flranklini (Agass.) Jor. ■ '--v/jj. '' ■ ■ ;^-. . ,-■"}; . 
 
 Olivaceous, mottled; both dorsals and an.il with a broad dark bar 
 oil the distal half; pectorals and caudal broadly blotched with dusky. 
 Jaws equal; ])ieopercular spine stout, short, i)retty strongly hooked up- 
 wards and inwards; first dorsal rathe:* high, not much lower t'.iuu sec- 
 
 ' 
 
 [: 
 
 I 
 
 .■(f, lJ 
 
 t , ; I 
 
 
 If 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 :,'iui 
 
 ill 
 
 : if 
 
 ■'" --IP 
 
 2' m 
 
700 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 ond; pectorals short, not reaching anal; axil prickly, as in species of 
 Coltopsis. Ilead 3^; depths. D. VlII-17; A. llor 12. Great Lakes, 
 mostly in deep water. 
 
 (Cottiia frankUni Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 303: Cottua franklini Gininl, 1. p. ns; 
 Coitus fmnkUnii Giiuther, ii, 158: ^ Cottaa formoaua GiTavd, 1. c. 58: Uranidca kumlicni 
 Hoy, MSS. ; Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mns. Nat. Hist. 1876,41: JJranidea kumlienii Jordan 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLila. 1877, 64.) 
 
 1070. IT. hoyi Putnam. 
 
 Grayish olive, speckled and barred. Body rather slender. Female 
 
 with the anterior parts of body and region above lateral line covered 
 
 with sparse prickles; male apparently smooth. Head narrowed ior- 
 
 wards; jaws narrow, about equal; maxillary reaching front of ])ui(il- 
 
 preopercular spine prominent, longer than pupil, sluirp, almosr 
 
 straight, directed backwards and but little upwards; below this Is 
 
 another sharp, prominent spine, also nearly straight, directed ])artly 
 
 downwards; 1 or 2 minute concealed spines still lower; pectoral fms 
 
 reaching vent. D. VI-15; A. 11; Y. I, 3. L. barely 2 inches. Lake 
 
 Michigan, in deep water; the smallest species, well distinguished by 
 
 its preopercular spine. 
 
 (Putnam MSS. Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mas. Nat. Hist. 1876, 41 ; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phil 1. 1877, 63.) 
 
 3«T.— COTTUS* Linnoius. 
 {Acanthocottua Girard.) 
 (Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Cottua aeorpiua "L.) 
 
 Body rather slender, subfusiform, covered with thick skin, in which 
 are sometimes imbedded prickly plates, especially along lateral line; de- 
 ciduous granular tubercles also sometimes present, but no true scales. 
 Head larye. Mouth terminal, large, the lower jaw included; vlilit'oini 
 teeth on the jaws <ind vomer, none on the palatines; suborbital stay 
 •jfcrong; preopercle with 2 strong straight spines above directed back- 
 wanl, and 1 below directed downward and forward; opercle, nasal 
 
 * Cottiia mertctai Cuv. & Val. 
 
 Yellowisli, with dark marblings; spines of iirst dorsal rather strong; head sniootli; 
 point of preopercle not reaching opercle. D. VIII-15; A. 12; C. 10; P. 18. Kaiiit- 
 schatka. {Cuv. <^- Val.) 
 . (Cuv. & Val. iv, 496, from a drawing.) ~-r-^^-—'-f---~-^'-^r::'—T^T--^--'-- -^ 
 
 Cottua ma rmoratua Cn\. ScYal, > ., Ji , ^ 
 
 Brownish, &c., much marbled; fins variegated; first dorsal with a large Idack Hpot ; 
 2 strong spines before the eye; 2 short spines on the preopercle; a rather strong; spiiio 
 on opercle; dorsal spines rather strong. D. VIII-14; A. 12j C. 14. Kamtscliutka. 
 {Cuv.Ji- Fal.) ' :...,;«■... 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. iv, 45)7, from a drawing.) ' 
 
107. COTTID^ — COTTUS. 
 
 701 
 
 bones, orbital rim, and slioulu* ." girdle usually armed; gill- membranes 
 loimiug a fold across the rather narrow istLmus; slit behind last gill 
 small or wanting, often reduced to a mere ])ore; vertebrae about 28. 
 Brauchiostegals mostly C. Dorsal fins 2, separate, the first short, its 
 sinnes rather slender; ventral rays usually I, 3. Species numerous in 
 the seas of northern regions. {/.6tto<;, the ancient name of Uraniilea 
 (jobio, from z«tt-(>?, head.) 
 
 fl. Head with smsiU tentacles; lateral line with distinct plates. 
 1071. C. bMbalas Enplirasou. — Father-lasher. . ; ■ /: 
 
 Colors variegared, the dark markings sometimes red. Head broad, 
 depressed, covered ivith soft skin, in which are many mucous jiores; 
 maxillary reaching past middle of orbit; upper preopercular spine 
 straight, slightly longer than eye; opercular spine granulate«l at base; 
 small cirri above eye and elsewher3 on head; usually one on end of 
 maxillary; cranial bones mostly covered by skin; lateral line with 
 some bony plates, which are most distinct anteriorly; these are very 
 much smaller than in JEnophrys bison; interocular space very narrow, 
 its ridges continuing backward, serrated, each ending in a sharp spine; 
 no trace of slit behind last gill; spinous dorsal low; anal small; i)ecto- 
 ral!" reaching front of anal; ventrals moderate. Head 2g.; depth 3§. 
 ]). VIiI-12; A. 9; Vertebrte 12 + 17. Antic Euroj)e; said to stray to 
 Greenland. 
 
 (Enphiason, Nya Schwed. Abhaudl. 1786, 64; GUnther, il, 164; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 
 In laud, 1880, 51.) 
 
 flf:. Head without tentacles; lateral line unarmed or with concealed platea. 
 
 I073> C. octodecimspinosus Mitch. 
 
 Olivaceous, with transverse dark bars, paler below; fins barred and 
 mottled; ventrals plain. Body very slender, tapering backward to 
 tlie long and slender caudal peduncle. Head long and narrow; mouth 
 moderate; maxillary not extending past eye, 2^ in head. Upj)er pre- 
 opercular S]>ine extremely long, longer than eye, extending beyond tip 
 of opercular spine, its length more than 4 times that of the si)ine below 
 it; a strong spine at upper posterior margin of orbit directed upward 
 and backward; occipital ridges long, low, converging behind, each 
 ending in a similar spine. Vertex nearly Hat. Eye very large, as long 
 as snout, 4J in head, much wider than interorbital space; nasal spines 
 sliai'i:. Skin usually without nmgh tubercles; lateral line with a series 
 of partly concealed plates. Spinous dorsal higher than soft dorsal; 
 the ispiues strong, the longest nearly half head; pectorals reaching 
 
 !?• ■ w 
 
 ' -.il''''.", l*S 
 
 ; ,.' 
 
 i ,.M 
 
 
 li 
 
702 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 aiial; vcntrals not to veut; uo trace of slit behind last gin. IIc-kI 
 
 13^! depth Si. D. IX-15; A. 14; V. I, 3. Athuifcic coast; ratlier coin- 
 
 moii northward. ,, 
 
 (Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 380, 181.5; GHnther.ii, 163: AcanthocottHs 
 riryinianua Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 2tf. ) 
 
 10T3. C. aencus Mitchill. — Orubhy. 
 
 Grayish olive, much variegated with darker; no distinct paler spots* 
 back and sides with broad, dark, irregular bars; all the liiis barred- 
 mandible mottle«l; belly i)ale. Head rarher broad; maxillary 2K in 
 head, reaching to just beyond pupil; supraocular and occipital ri(l<>i<s 
 prominent, each with a low, bhintish spine; nasal spines moderate- 
 upper preopercular spine shorter than eye, nearly twice length of tlic 
 n(?xt si>ine, about reaching middle of opercle. Lateral line complete- 
 sides with scattered concealed plates. Dorsal spines rather low, lii^^her 
 than the soft rays; pectorals reaching anal; no trace of slit behind last 
 gdl. Head L>3; depth 4. D. IX-13; A. 10; V. I, 3. L. G inches. Coast 
 of Southern New England and New York; our smallest species; com- 
 mon in seaweeds near shore. 
 
 (Mitchill, Trana. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 1815, 380; Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex 
 Inst. 1879, 13: Cottun mUchillHiiintlmr, ii, 1C4.) 
 
 1071. C scorpioidcs Fabricins. 
 
 Very dark, finely mottled with paler; fins dusky, with paler spots; 
 
 anal and ventral tius with the pale spots larger. Body stoutisli, tail 
 
 slender. Head very short; jaws short, the maxillary reaching the 
 
 middle of the large eye; top of head concave between the two occipital 
 
 ridges; preoi)ercular spines quite short; opercular spine almost obsolete. 
 
 Skin nearly smooth. Isthmus narrow, the fold across it verv narrow; 
 
 no trace of slit or pore behind the last gill. Dorsal fins slightly joined, 
 
 the spines slender; pectorals reaching vent. Head 3; depth 4t. D. 
 
 X-17; A. 12; V. I, 3. Arctic regions of America; Greenland to Siberia. 
 
 (Fahr. Fauna Groenl. 157, 1780; Beau, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xv, 12'2; LiitkouAtt. 
 Videusk. Meddels. Kjiibenh. 187G, 12: C'o/fHs j>ac/(t/^jK8 Gliuther, ii, IGl.) 
 
 1075. C scorpiiis L. -..•■-\ . .<.•;■'' 
 
 Dark olivaceous, mottled with paler; fins dusky, with paler spots. 
 General characters of the subspecies grccnlandicus, from which it dift'crs 
 chiefly in the smaller size, the narrower interorbital 8i)ace, which is f 
 diameter of eye, and in the lower spinous dorsal, the highest spines be- 
 ing about one-eighth the length to base of caudal; pore behind last gill 
 usually very small, but evident. Head 2A; depth 4.^. D. X-10; A. 14. 
 Northern Euroi)e ami Arctic regions of America, south to Eastnort, ^le. 
 (L. Syst. Nat.; GUuthcr, ii, 159; Beau, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xv, 116.) 
 
107. COTTID.E COTTUS. 
 
 703 
 
 Stibsp. {jrcsnlaBidicus (Cuv. & Val.) Beau.— Daddy Svulpin. 
 
 Daik brown above, with broad darker bars; below yellowish, the 
 belly in the male with large pale spots; back and top of head with 
 grayivsh blotches; iiiis brown and yellow, all of them spotted and 
 bfirred. Head large. Mouth large ; maxillary reaching posterior edge 
 of orbit, 2 J in head; the supraorbital and occipital spines tubercle-like; 
 a suiall tubercular spine on front of occipital ridge; upper preopercular 
 spine reaching middle of opercular spine, its length equal to eye, not 
 twice tbat of the spine below it; nasal spines sharp. Sides of body 
 above lateral line with a series of imbedded prickly plates, below 
 which are numerous scattered spines and prickles. Dorsal and anal 
 fins high; spinous and soft dorsals about equal in height, their height 
 more than om-seventh of length of body; ventrals long; pectorals 
 about reaching vent. Eye large, equal to least interorbital Avidth (in 
 specimens a foot long). Head 2J; depth 4i. D. X-17; A. 14; V. I, 3; 
 P. 18. L. 25 Miches. New York to Greenland, common; one of the 
 largest scalpins. 
 
 {Cottns grmulandlcus Ciiv. «fe Val. iv, 15(5: Acanihocottns rariahilia Ginird, Bost. .Tonrn. 
 Nat. Hist, vi, 248: Collnn grainlandicus Giinther, ii, 161; Goodc & Bean, Bull. Esshx 
 lust, xi, 13, 1H79: Acantliocottus mriabilis Storer, Hist. Finh. ilass. 26; Day, Fish. Gt. 
 Drit. 1880, "il : ? Cotlns jJorosus C. &, V. viii, 498: AcanthocoHuH mtieosua Ayres, Pro*.'. Cal. 
 Aciid. Nat. Scl. 1854, 12.) 
 
 1076. C polyacanthocephalus Pallas. 
 
 Dark olive above, much variegated with darker and reddish; belly 
 mostly wbitish ; sides and belly (in males) .with numerous blackish reticu- 
 lations surrounding large round white spots; jaws dusky, mottled with 
 whitish; membrane joining maxillary to preorbital black, with round 
 white si)ots; fins, all but the ventrals, mottled and barred with blackish 
 and yellowish. Body rather elongate. Head long and narrow, some- 
 wliat compressed, (;oncavc between the orbits, the orbital rim being 
 elevated; nasal spines strong; a strong ridge above eye, with a bbvnt 
 compressed spine behind it; behind this a small digitate cluster of 
 ridges ending in low spines; behind these an irregular broken ridge 
 oil each side of the vertex, extending to the occiput; outsich* of this 
 another ragged ridge; suborbital stay strong, striate; upper preopercu- 
 lar s[)ine long, straight, sinfple, striate at base, longer than eye; a 
 suiiilar bat shorter spine below it, not half as long, and the usual 
 downward directed spine at lower edge of preoperclo and subopercle; 
 opercnlar spine moderate. ]\iouth rather large, the maxillary reaching 
 beyond eye, half length of head; skin of top of head covered with 
 small smooth warts j skin of body with some scattered rough tuber- 
 
 
 I'-.. 
 
 timi 
 
 I 1 1 
 
 
704 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 cles, usually nearly sraooth. Dorsals not very Ligh; dorsal spines 
 slender; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals moderate, I, 3. A ininuie 
 pore usually present behind last gill. Lateral line complete. Head 
 2i; depth 4^. D. X-I, 13; A. 11. L. 24 inches. Puget Sound to 
 Alaska; very abundant; one of the largest sculpins. 
 (Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. 1811, iii, 133; GUutber, ii, 1G6.) 
 
 lOyy. C. labradoricus (Grd.) Gthr. 
 
 Nasal spines small; a rough prominence above orbit, and two simihir 
 ones on occiput; a sligl t depression on crown ; four pieopercular spines, 
 the upper about f length of eye, equal to interorbital width; eye as 
 long as snout, 5 in head, half length of maxillary, which extends to the 
 vertical from its hinder margin. Dorsal spines slender, the longest ^ 
 length of maxillary; pectorals reaching a little beyond anal; ventrals 
 not to vent; skin above lateral line with a few spinous tubercles; a 
 small slit behind fourth gill. D. X-14; A. 14; V. I, 3; P. 17; C. 11; 
 IJ. 0. {Bean.) Labrador and Hudson's Bay. 
 
 (Acantliocottus lahradorkuH Gnl. Bust. Jouni. Nat. Hist, vi, 18;' 0, 247, pi. ; Giiiitlier, ii, 
 1'.53; Bean, I'loc. U. S. Nut. Mus. iv, 1681, lj>d.) 
 
 1078. €. (a^MBoptcrus* Kner. 
 
 Color of C. groenlandicus, but darker, with dark bars; gill-membranes 
 and hinder part of belly dark; dark regions, with very bright white 
 si)ecks of different sizes; first dorsal partly black, partly transparent; 
 second dorsal crossed by 3 oblique dark bands; anal by 4, in contraiy 
 directions; caudal with 3 dark bars; pectoral with 4 or 5 dark bars, 
 nuich narrower than the interspaces; ventrals with black and white 
 spots. Lower jaw projecting. Eye Sin head, as long as snout; su]mi- 
 ocular ridge slightly elevated, continued backward as a low bony ridye, 
 without spines; a quadrangular dei)ression between these ridges; crown 
 and occiput with naked ^yarty skin; preopercle with 4 spines, the up- 
 permost straight, as long as eye; highest dorsal spine half length of 
 head; soft dorsal twice as high; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals to 
 vent. Sides often with irregular rough bony tubercles ; a moderate slit 
 behind last gill; gill-membranes i)artly free from isthmus. D. VIII- 
 13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 40. {Kner.) Alaska to Northern China.. 
 
 (Cotfim ta;iiiopteru8 Kiicr. Sitzuugsber. Kais. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 186H, 310; Bean, Proc. 
 U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,248.) 
 
 1070. C. qiiadricorisis* L. 
 
 Olivaceous, somewhat variegated; the fins faintly spotted. Body 
 
 * Oncocotttw Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila, 1862, 13: type Cottua quadriconm Gii\, 
 {oynoi, hook; hoc o?, Cottua.) 
 
arent; 
 oiitrary 
 bara, 
 white 
 suju-a- 
 ridj^e, 
 crown 
 the up- 
 ngtU of 
 trals to 
 rate slit 
 Vlll- 
 
 [;an, Pvnc. 
 
 Body 
 
 |oriii« Gill- 
 
 107. COTTID^ — COTTUS. 
 
 705 
 
 I • 
 
 rather slender. Head long, tapering forward; mouth large, the max- 
 illary reaching to below posterior margin of eye; eyo moderate, 4 ia 
 head; bones of head below eye cavernous, as in Trighpds thompsoniy 
 hut less so; preopercle with 2 long, diverging spines, the upper and 
 longer not quite reaching opercular margin; opercnlar and scapular 
 spines quite short; a rugose spine, sometimes broader and expanded at 
 tip like a cock's comb, above each eye posteriorly, and a similar one ou 
 each side of occipnt. Males with irregular series of round, rough, wart- 
 like scales above the lateral line; these wanting in the female; lateral 
 line chain-like, with small imbedded plates; head naked. Frst dorsal 
 convex, of slender spines, well separated from second, which is rathe? 
 high, the longest ray 1§ in head; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals 
 moderate. A moderate slit behind last gill. D. VIII-14j A, 13; c(j^C£V 
 7; vert. 40; Lat. 1. 45. Greenland to the I>altic Sea. 
 
 (^Cottus qiiadricornis L. Syst. Nat.: Coitus quadricornis GUntber, ii, 166,: Oncocaftiia 
 qiiadricornis Gill: Cottns hexaiornis Rich. Franklin's Jouru. 726: Cvttm fttucflcorx s GUU' 
 ther, ii, 160; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 1880, 53.) , , 
 
 10§0. C. hMMi ills Bean. 
 
 Brownish, pale below; sides with a few white blotches; first dorsal 
 with 2 broad oblique dark bands, separated by a pale area; second 
 dorsal with 5 «lark bands; anal with 6; pectorals with i; caudal with 
 3; ventrals pale, with 2 dark areas. Head broad, subtriangnlar, much 
 depressed, its greatest depth 2§ in its length; eye 2 in snont, 7 in head, 
 equal to the concave interorbital space; surface of head covered with 
 small dermal tubercles; patch of vomerine teeth very large; nasal spines 
 strong; a blunt prominence above each eye^ and 2 on the occiput; sev- 
 eral radiating ridges behind eye, as in C. polyacanthocephalus ; upper 
 jtreopercular spine as long as eye; maxillary reaching slightly past 
 eye, 2^ in head. Longest dorsal .<pine about half postorbital part of 
 head; pectorals reaching soft dorsal. A series of rough bony tubercles 
 above lateral line and some small ones below it. A pore behind last 
 gill. Head 2§; depth 5.^. D. X-IG; A. 13; V. I, 3; P. 18; B. 0. 
 CUamisso Island, near Bering's Straits. {Bean.) '^ •' ' 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 149, 1881.) -..,:^-^.m^^^^- 
 
 1081. C.Jiaok Cnv. & Val. 
 
 Body and pectoral fins spotted with brown; vertical fins with brown 
 bands. Kesembles G. scorpim; the preopercular spines similar, but 
 there are slight granulations instead of tubercles behind, the eye antl 
 Bull. ^^.t. Mus. No. 16 45 
 
 'Mm 
 
 -km 
 'Mm 
 
 ♦■It ! •* 1 , ■ J 
 
 ';.r f 'V? 
 '■,/■'. ,ilS 
 
 ^ '. ; , . . • I i 
 
 ■■if'-''' 
 
 v*^^; 
 
 
 "A 
 
 it w 
 
 
 % 
 
 iiV. 
 
 :P 
 
 M 
 
tl{> 
 
 706 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 temples; rougli scale-like tubercles along the back above the lateral 
 line; first dorsal low. D, VII-15; A. 15. L. 21 inches. Bering's 
 Sea. {Cuv. & Val) 
 
 {Mjjoxoccphalua Steller MSS. in Tiles. M^iti. Acad. Sci. Petersb. iv, 273, 1811 {non- 
 Mitvmial); Cuv. & Val. iv, 172; Giiuther, ii, 1G5.) 
 
 1082. C. axillaris (Gill) Boan. ' ' 
 
 Bluish, with whitish spots on trunk and a darker band-like spot below 
 anterior i)ortion of second dorsal; abdomen yellowish; region above 
 anal spotted; above this are larger sjiots confluent with the dark color 
 of sides; spinous dorsal with 2 vertical dark bands; second dorsal with 
 3 oblique ones; caudal banded; anal spotted; pectoral black at base, 
 with 2 oblique bands; a dark spot on lower axil. Head subrhom- 
 boidal, largo, depressed; postorbital crests little develoi)ed; preopercle 
 with 2 simi)le spines near the angle, and 2 tubercles below; opercle with 
 a longitudinal rib ending in a spine. Skin smooth, or with scattered 
 tubercles. Gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus. D. IX- 
 15; V. I, 3; B. 6. Bering's Strait. {GUI.) , .. 
 
 {BoreocoUm axillaris Gill, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. ia59, 166.) 
 
 10§3. C. (?) poiaris Sabine. 
 
 Pale, with clusters of minute dark spots. Head compressed; nasal 
 spines jn-esent; lower jaw included; ])reopercle with 4 strong spiuos; 
 pectoral fins larger than in Uramdca (joblo; lateral line with a series of 
 small tubercles. D. VI to VIII-13; P. 15; V. I, 4; A. 14; C. 14. L.2 
 inches. North Georgia, British America. {Storer.) Probably not a 
 Cottus. 
 
 (Sabine, Parry's First Voyage, 213; Storcr, Synop. Fish. N. A. 307.) ' 
 
 10§4I. C. (?) platyceplialus Pallas. ^: i? - 
 
 , Olivaceous, much variegated, wliitebi'low; fins spotted. Head large- 
 much depressed, as broad as the body; lower jaw projecting; teeth on 
 vomer and on palatines (?) ("in area lunata palatio medii, et utriuque 
 lineari'*). Eyes moderate, near together; vertex flat behind the eyes, 
 with a ridge on each side, in front of which near the orbit, and behind 
 at the nape, are oblong tubercles, each ending in a short spine; pr'^op- 
 ercle with 2 very strong, diverging spines above; opercle with a con- 
 cealed spine; lateral line with concealed, elongate plates; back with 
 rough warts; pectorals large; dorsal spines feeble. D. VII-12; A. 11; 
 C. 10; P. 15 J V. I, 3. L. 12 inches. Kamtschatka. {Pallas.) If this 
 
 w< 
 
-IV. 
 
 lateral 
 ►criug's 
 
 811 (no»- 
 
 )t below 
 n above 
 irk color 
 [•sal with 
 at base, 
 Hibrliom- 
 reopercle 
 ;rcle with 
 scattered 
 , D. IX- 
 
 107. COTTID.E — COTTUS. 
 
 707 
 
 species really has palatine teeth, it cannot belong to this genus. It 
 may be a species of CentrUlcrmichthys. 
 
 (Pallaa, Zoo-rr. Rosso- Asiat. iii, 135, 1811; Cnv. & Val. iv, 177: Mcgalocottus plaly- 
 cephalua Gill, 18fil, IGO.) 
 
 aaa. Head with tentacles above; lateral line without plates. {Porocottua* Gill.) 
 
 10§3. C. verrucosus Bonn. 
 
 Very dark brown, whitish below; spinous dorsal dark, with a median 
 and a posterior light band; .soft dorsal and pectorals each with 5 dark 
 biinds; anal whitish, with a dark stripe; ventrals pale. Nasal spines 
 sharp; a short tentacle above each eye and one on each .side of the 
 vertex; vertex and interorbital space deeply concave; crown, nape, and 
 iuterorbital region with small dermal warts; upper j)reopercnlar spine 
 as long as short diameter of eye; ^yc 4 in head, as long as snout; max- 
 illary reaching to below middle of eye, half length of head, longer than 
 fourth dorsal spine. Pectoral reacliing front of anal; skin smooth; 
 lateral line with numerou.s short vertical accessory bran(!hes, placed 
 opposite each other. No pore behind last gill. Head 2.^ ; depth 4^. 
 D. XI-IG; A. 15; V. I, 3; P. 17; 0. 12; B. G. L. 3^ inches. Plover 
 Bay, near Bering's Straits. {Bean.) 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 152, 1881.) 
 
 10§6. C. nigrcr Bean. 
 
 Almost black; sides mottled with lighter brown, sometimes with 
 round white blotches on belly and sides ; pectoral plain or with white 
 blotches. Nasal spines blunt, covered with skin; no spines above 
 orbits or on occiput; no sharp spines on head except the two upper 
 preopercular spines, which are almost concealed; the uppermost as 
 long as eye, C in head, and equal to snout or interorbital space; top of 
 bead with fine dermal granulations, the vertex with numerous slender 
 tentacles; a soft tentacle of moderate length above eye; jaws equal; 
 maxillary longer than fourth dorsal spine, 2 in head, reaching hinder 
 margin of orbit. Caudal and ventrals each half length of head ; pec- 
 toral not reaching vent; skin smooth. A small slit behind last gill. 
 Head 2*. D. IX-16; A. 12; V. I, 3; P. 16 j B. C. Saint Panl Island, 
 Bering's Sea. {Bean.) 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 151, 1B81.> 
 
 1087. €. quadrifilis (Gill) J. & G. 
 
 Purplish, irregularly spotted with black; a dark spot be^ow eye, and 
 
 another on maxillary; fins mostly variegated with black; a dark spot 
 
 ♦Gill, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. PLila. 1859, 16G: type Porocotiue quadrifilis Gill, {rtopoi. 
 pore; Korrof, Cottus.) 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■ Mi-' V ■ |3 
 
 V m, 
 :^^« 
 
 i"^'" [fi 
 
 i 
 :) 
 
 'I 15 
 
708 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 on upper a?:il, and another toward middle of base of pectoral. Head 
 larjje, depressed, subrhomboidal; preoperclo with a sinjrle hooked spine; 
 opercle without longitudinal rib or spine; lower jaw and other parts of 
 head with numerous large pores. Mouth moderate. Ventrals small. 
 Skin naked; a slender filament over each eye, and one on each side of 
 nai>e. Gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus. D. VIII- 
 1.3; V. I, 3; B. 5. Bering's Sti aits. (GUL) 
 
 (Porocottus quadriJiUs Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1^59, 16C.) 
 
 368.— GYI»I1VACAI¥THUS Swainson. 
 (Phobetor Kioyer.) 
 
 (Oymvocatithus Swainson, Class. Fish. &c., 1839, 271: type Cottiia ventralia C. & V.) 
 
 General characters and appearance of Coitus, but with no teeth on 
 the vomer, and with a small but well-delined slit behind the last gill. 
 The upper preopercular spine is armed with 2 or 3 antler-like processes, 
 and the flns are all very large, the ventrals notably so. Marine species 
 of the Arctic Seas, (^o/zi-of, naked; ayA^Oa, spine.) 
 
 10§8. O. pistillig^er (Pallas) Gill. 
 
 Dark brown above, with traces of darker vertical bars; belly paie; 
 males with the axillary region dusky, with many large round white spots; 
 tirst dorsal blackish, with pale blotches; second dorsal with alternating 
 oblique bands of white and blackish; anal and caudal nearly plain; pec- 
 torals and ventrals yellowish, with black cross-bars; mandible burred 
 with black. Nasal spines small ; occipital ridges low, the space between 
 them concave, with rough plates; supraorbital ridge ending in a blunt 
 tubercle; interorbital area with smooth skin. Eyes very large; maxil- 
 lary extending to pupil ; upper preopercular si)ine byoad, much shorter 
 than eye, with about three points; skin mostly smooth ; axil prickly; 
 inner edge of middle pectoral rays papillose ( ^ ). Spinous dorsal very 
 high and long, the longest spines in the male three-fourths length of 
 head; second dorsal a little lower; anal very long, rather low; pec- 
 torals very broad, reaching past front of anal, the lower rays rapidly 
 shortened; ventrals extremely long, the rays long-exserted, reaching 
 past front of anal; final papilla large. Head 3^; depth 4§. D. XII- 
 16; A. 18; V. I, 3; P. 16; vert. 12 -f 18. Arctic Seas, south to Norway, 
 Alaska, and Labrador. 
 
 {Cottu8 pi8tniiger Pallas, .in Cuv. & Val. ir, 193, 1829: Cottua ventralia Ciiv. & Val. 
 iv, 194: Cottua piatiUiger Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 43, printed 1811, piiblielied 
 1831 : Acanthocottua patria H. R. Storer, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, vi, 250: Cotius ventralia 
 Giintlier, ii, 167: Cottua piatilUger Giintber, ii, 1G7: Cottua tricuapia Reinb. Vidtiisk. 
 
-IV. 
 
 107. COTTID^ — TRIGLOPSIS. 
 
 709 
 
 Head 
 
 Ispino; 
 piirts of 
 s small. 
 1 side of 
 ). VIII- 
 
 :. & V.) 
 
 teeth on 
 
 last gill. 
 
 processes, 
 
 ue species 
 
 Sclsk. "Sat. Math, v, iii: Cottua fabricil Oirard, Monogr. Cott. 50: Coitus tricunpia Giin- 
 thcr, ii, lOH; I'liobctor tnciiapm Kroyor. Natur. Tidskr. i, '2f):J, 1844: Bean, Dull. U. S. 
 Nat. Mua. xv, 127, 1879: Cottua ventralia Collett, Chiistiaiiia Vid. Solsk. Forb. 1678, 
 151.) 
 
 • 
 
 10^9. G' {jfaloatus Bean. 
 
 Olivaceous; back with four distinct brown spots, the longest nearly 
 twice as long as eye, and extending a little below lateral line, there 
 blending with a \\a\'y lateral stripe; dorsals and pectorals with inter- 
 rupted black bands; lower lins plain whitish. Body elongate. A small 
 tubercle above each eye; lour i)reopercular spines, the longest about 
 as long as eye, and with two or three processes. Space between eyes 
 deeply concave, completely covered with bony granulations, as are the 
 crown and neck; similar granulations on hinder margin of orbit, on 
 suborbital stay and on o])ercles. Skin of body naked. Pectorals, and 
 in males the ventrals also, reaching beyond vent; maxillary reaching 
 to below eye. Head 3J (including caudal); depth 7^. D. XI-IG; A. 
 19; V. I, 3. Unalashka. {Bean.) 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 153.) 
 
 jelly paie; 
 
 bite spots; 
 
 dternating 
 ilain; pec- 
 
 [ble barred 
 
 Ice between 
 in a blunt 
 •oe; maxil- 
 [ich shorter 
 ^il prickly; 
 dorsal very 
 Is length of 
 low; pec- 
 lys rapidly 
 [l, reaching 
 D. XII- 
 |to ^'orway, 
 
 Cuv. & V:il- 
 111, pnblisliod 
 \ot(nii ventralis 
 linli. Vitlfusk. 
 
 369.— TRK^LOPSIS Girard. 
 (Ptyonottta Gthr.) 
 (Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Tliat. iv, 18, 1851: type Tri.jlopaia thompaoni Grd.) 
 
 Body and head slender. Skin naked; lateral line chain-like. Teeth 
 on vomer, none on the palatines. Eyes large, the interorbital area con- 
 cave; bones of lower part of head extensively cavernous; a small but 
 distinct slit behind last gill ; gill-membranes almost free from the 
 isthmus, forming a broad fold across it; preopercular si)ines straight, 
 simple; fins large. Fresh- water fishes, closely related to Coitus, to 
 which geiius the single known species should, perhaps, be referred. 
 Its relations with the group called Oncocottus are certainly intimate. 
 [rinyka, Trujld ; oii'k, appearance.) 
 
 109©. T. flBsoBBipsoaai Grd. 
 
 Pale olivaceous, with daricer blotches; upper fins faintly banded. 
 Body elongate, very slender. Head long, depressed above; snout 
 bug and pointed; eye quite large, nearly as long as snout, much wider 
 than interorbital sj^ace, 4 in head; jaws subequal; mouth large, the 
 maxillary extending rather beyond middle of eye; preopercle with 4 
 sharp spines, the upper much shorter than pupil; cavernous structure 
 of skull highly develoi)ed; uoper surface of head smooth; gill-mem- 
 
 
 
 N^^inaf 
 
710 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY^ — IV. 
 
 biancH not broadly united, nearly free from i.sthinus. Dorsal liiis well 
 separated; spinous dorsal short and low. its height little more than 
 length of snout; seeond dorsal very large, .'i times height of lirst, its 
 longest rays about as long as head; anal high, half as high as seeoiul 
 dorsal; pectoral long, reaching past front of anal; ventrals well devel- 
 oped; lateral line cLiain-like, con8i)icuous; skin perfectly snuioth. Head 
 3; depth 0. J>. VII-18; A. 15; V. 1, .3. L. 3 inches. Deep waters of 
 the Great Lakes. 
 
 (Oiiuid, Proc. IJost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 19, IBol; Girard, Moiiogr. Cott. 6.'): /'/.i/oho<h» 
 thompKoni Giiuther, ii, 175, tho uuiue Triylo^mv being set aside ou account uf the prior 
 I'riylops.) 
 
 370.— ENOPHRVS Swaius^n. 
 
 ( Asjncottua Grd.: Clyjyeocottus Xyren: Ctratocottua GU\.) 
 
 (Swaii.son, Class. Fish. «Skc. 1839, 271: typo Coitus duviijir C. «fc V.) 
 
 Body short and thick, depressed anteriorly. Ilead very largo, mailed 
 above with rugose, bon^' idates; a series of hirgo, rough, bony plates 
 along lateral line; no scales. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws and ou 
 vomer, none ou palatines; preopercle with stroug, straight spines; sub- 
 orbital stay broad, externally bony ; gill-membranes joined to the isth- 
 mus, not forming a fold across it; a slit behind fourth gill. Dorsal lins 
 separate, the anterior short, not notched; aual short. Intestinal canal 
 elongate. Herbivorous, feeding chiefly on algte. (sy, ou ; oy/jw?, eye 
 brow.) 
 
 1091. E. bison (Grd.) J. «fe G.— Stone Sculpin. 
 
 Olivaceous above, variegated with blackish and reddish, yellowish 
 below ; tins olivaceous, marked with black ; Aentrals pale. Snout bhmt; 
 maxillary reaching beyond pupil; external be .es of head rough granu- 
 lar; iuterorbital s^^ace elevated aud concave, the orbital ridge without 
 spine; suborbital stay covering most of cheek; a ridge extending back- 
 wards from each eye, the two connected by a cross ridge at occiput; the 
 ridges are large and rough, and the space between them is concave; 
 preopercle with 4 spines, the upper very long, straight aud rough, 
 usually reaching i^ast operclo, a little more than one-third head; oper- 
 cular ridge very broad; subopercle with 2 diverging spines; a singly 
 series of large, rough, granular plates along sides, from operclo to base 
 of caudal, the i)lates without keel or spine and growing smaller behind; 
 si)inous dorsal small, much lower than soft rays; anal short. Head 2J; 
 depth 4. D. VlII-12j A. 9. L. 12 inches. San Francisco to Alaska; 
 
 ■"-■i •••'■rt'jlfi 
 
 mi 
 

 — IV. 
 
 fins well 
 
 3ro than 
 
 lirst, its 
 
 l8 8«'('01l(l 
 oil (U'Vcl- 
 
 li. Head 
 waters of 
 
 ) : rtiionoiun 
 of the prior 
 
 107. COTTID.E — LI0C0TTU8. 
 
 711 
 
 rgo, mailed 
 »ony plates 
 iws and on 
 ,pines; sub- 
 to tlip istli- 
 Dorsal tins 
 stiiial canal 
 oifjiu^, eye- 
 
 ahiindant. Hoscinhles Cnttus hukdis, with which it has boon improp- 
 erly ('ontbundod by Dr. Giinther. 
 
 ( .Upirollii-i hisnn (Jiranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Pliil.T. I^T)!, IHO: ChiprornlhiH rnhuniun 
 Ayrrs, I'loc. C'al. Aiad. Nat. yd. 18r>4, 12: A>ipivoUuit hinon Girunl, 11. S. Tac. U. K. 
 Siirv. d'o.) 
 
 10{>3. JE. eSarprnMS (I\illas) .1. & (}. 
 
 (Ireeni.sh and rcddisli, marblod and spotted. Form of I'J. bison, the 
 liead larfjo, wider than deep or lonjjf; top of head nearly as in iJ. bition, 
 tlie ridge-s higher and very rough; orbital ridges elevated, continued 
 backward toward the nape, the occipital ridges sharp behind; up])er 
 preopercular spine very long, rough, nearly two-tliitds as long as head, 
 with strong recurved hooks or serrations on the upper edge; lower pro- 
 opercular .spines strong; operclc wilh a longitudinal rib and no dis- 
 tinct spine; lateral lino with a row of rough bony sciitella, each with 
 auiiiiute central spine; skin above more or less villous or prickly, else- 
 wiiere smooth. Isthmus wide; a slit behind last gill; vomer with teeth. 
 D. VIl-14; A. 10; C. 12; P. 17; V. I, 3. L. G inches. Alaska and Kam- 
 tschatka. (Here described from a specimen in the British IMn.seum.) 
 
 {Cottus iVicerauH Pallas, Nov. Act. Pctrop. 1783, X)4: Cothix dicnaitH Ciiv. &. Val. iv, 
 IriO: Sifvaiieeia ttrvuH Tiles. M6iu. Ac. St, Petersb. iii, 27«: Ciratocottn» diceraua Gill, 
 Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, IG.'), and 18(jl, U)7: Coltun dkcraua Giiuthcr, ii, 18J.) 
 
 1093. E. clavigcr (Cuv. & Val.) Sw. 
 
 Dark brown, With 3 or 4 vertical bands; belly white. Top of head 
 everywhere rough; two strong nasal spines; superciliary margins much 
 elevated, with a deep groove between them; 4 preopercular spines, the 
 upper exceedingly long and strong, extending nearly to the vertical 
 from the end of the tirst dorsal, serrated and coarsely toothed on its 
 upper margin, but without antler-like processes; "occiput with a very 
 long cuneiform process on each side"; lateral line with bony plates, 
 rougher than iu E. bison, each with a serrated keel and spine; skin sub- 
 villous above, with small rough warts; a series of small cutaneous ap- 
 ])eudages above the anal. Suborbital stay spinous; vomerine teeth 
 pieaeut; isthmus broad; slit behind last gill large. D. VI-13; A. 11; 
 V. 1, 3. L. 2i inches. Bering's Sea. (Ilere described from the original 
 
 type, iu the British Museum.) ^; 
 
 {Cottui davigcr Cuv. & Val. iv, 195, 1829: Coitus clav'iger GUiitbcr, ii, 167.) 
 
 :i-;.,,^^^j_^ 37 1.— I.I«COTTUS Girard. "■T~'-"^-''Z'-'^'' 
 
 [Umoittts Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 1856, 133 : type Leiocottus Mrunio Girard.) 
 
 Body elongate, covered with thick, smooth skin. Head compressed, 
 
 narrowed above, not externally bony. Mouth small, hv, lizoutal, low ; villi- 
 
 ■■■•fl 
 
 I 
 
 y\ 
 
 t:; 
 
712 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMFRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 form teeth in both jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatines; upper 
 preopercular spine short, strong, with bifurcated tip; suborbital stay 
 narrow ; gill-membranes partly free from the isthmus, over which they 
 form a broad fold ; a slit behind fourth gill. First dorsal with its ui)per 
 margin somewhat S-sliaped, the first two spines elongate, the middle 
 ones of nearly equal length, and the posterior ones rapidly shortened; 
 ventrals I, 3. Pacific. (Aei«7, smooth; zJrro?, Cottus.) 
 
 1094. L. hiriBRdo Grd. 
 
 Olivaceous, shaded with light blue, and reticulated with brownisb- 
 red, the latter color predominating on the head; sides with four broad, 
 oblique, brownish-red bars, the first three running from dorsal forwards 
 and downwards, the fourth from caudal peduncle backwards to base of 
 caudal: abdomen orange brown, with pale spots; caudal orange brown, 
 with yellow bars near the tip; fins with bars and spots of dark brown- 
 ish-red; breast and ventrals whitish; three dark blotches at base of 
 pectorals; spinous dorsal with oblique dark streaks; a dark blotch on 
 each eye above, and a ligiit streak forwards and downwards from eye. 
 Body elongate, fusiform, the caudal peduncle slender; i>rofile of snout 
 decurved; maxillary reaching front of or'jit; three small cirri at the end 
 of eacli maxillary; preopercular margin with several similar cirri; 
 o[)ercle and shoulder-girdle without spines; upper preopercular spine as 
 long as pupil. Top of head smooth ; supraorbital ridges little elevated; 
 nasal spines distant from tip of snout. Si)inoas dorsal elevated in front, 
 the first two rays much longer than the others, nearly two-thirds length 
 of head; soft dorsal and anal fins rather long; pectorals reaching past 
 front of anal; ventrals to vent. Head 3J; depth 4^; eye large, U in 
 head. D. IX-17; A. 15j \. 1, 3. L. 10 inches. Santa Barbara Islands; 
 extremely local. 
 
 . (Ginird, Proc. A-ul. Nat. Sci. Phila. IfeuG, 133 ; Girard, U. S. Piic. R. R. Surv. FiHh. 62: 
 Cottun hiruiido Giiiithiiv, ii, IGG.) 
 
 3ya.— TRIGLOPS Reinbardt. 
 (Reinliardf, Vid.Solsk. Natur. Mutb. Afb. v, Hi: type Triglops pitigdi Reinbardt.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, the tail very slender. Head small and coiu- 
 l)ressed. Mouth moderate; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, none on 
 the palatines; ]n'eoi)ercular spines small, simple. Head prickly, 1'^ 
 without scales. A row of enlarged plate-like scales along the lateral 
 line; a similar row above it at the base of the dorsal flu; the space be- 
 tween these densely prickly; lower half of body crossed at short inter- 
 vals by transverse undulating folds of skin, the edge of the fold with 
 
 mmu 
 Gill-n 
 last g 
 1,3. 
 
 1095. 
 
 Oliv 
 
 of dus 
 
 of spii 
 
 lateral 
 
 die of , 
 
 extendi 
 
 eye; an 
 
 laud an 
 
 (Roiab 
 
 1096. L, 
 
 Grayis 
 
 sides crea 
 
 bars; npii 
 
 and an o 
 
 lique whit 
 
 and depre 
 
 orbital sp; 
 
 head flatti 
 
 three or 
 
 reaching 
 
 In bead; 
 
 nor ch-ri. 
 
107. COTTIDiE — LEPTOCOTTUS. 
 
 713 
 
 minute rough scales, causing it to appear sharply and finely serrate. 
 Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; a distinct slit behind 
 last gill. Dorsal spines rather high and slender; ventrals apparently 
 1,3. Arctic seas, (r/):^Aa, Trigla; wvS appearance.) 
 
 1005. T. pingrcli Reiub. 
 
 Olivaceous, somewhat variegated with darker; fins barred; a Lories 
 of dusky spots along sides; an ocellated black spot on posterior jiart 
 of spinous dorsal. Head very slender; eye large, i)laced higl:, but 
 lateral; preopercular spines short; maxillary extending to below mid- 
 dle of orbit; nasal spines sharp. Ventral fins rather short; pectoriUs 
 extending to front of anal; tail very slender, its diameter less than the 
 eye; anal papilla large. Head 3J. D. IX-21; A. 21. "Alaska to Green- 
 laud and Cape Cod. 
 
 (Roinhardt, Vifl. Selsk. Nsitur. v, liij Gilnther, ii, 173: Triglopa pleuroatictus Cope, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1H65.) 
 
 *l||! 
 
 || 
 
 'M 
 
 
 373.— liEPTOCOTTtJS Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 130: type Lfptocotim armalua Grd.) 
 
 Body elongate, depressed, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Head 
 depressed, oblong, not very broad, without cirri; lower jaw incjludod; 
 suborbital stay narrow; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Gill- 
 membranes rather narrowly joined to the isthmus, not forming a fold 
 across it; a slit behind fourth gill; preopercular spine strong, with two 
 or three points hooked upwards. Dorsal fins separate; the spinous 
 dorsal short and small, entire; ventrals I, 4. Pacific coast. {hr.ro<;^ 
 slender; z»tt«?, Cottus.) 
 
 1006. L. armatus Grd. 
 
 Grayish olive above, becoming abruptly white and silverj' below; 
 sides creamy; pectoral fins creamy yellow, with five or six black cross- 
 bars; spinous dorsal dusky, with an ink-like blotch on tip of last rays, 
 and an oblique white -band below ; soft dorsal dusky, with several ob- 
 lique white bands; caudal banded; ventrals and anal plain. Head long 
 aud depressed; mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond eye; inter- 
 orbital space broad, scarcely concave ; nasal spines concealed ; top of 
 head flattish, covered with rugose skin; upper preopercular spine with 
 three or four spinules hooked upwards; suborbital stay slender, not 
 reachiug preoperclo ; eye very small, less than interocular width, 7^ 
 hi head; lateral line complete; skin everywhere smooth; no prickles 
 nor cirri. Dorsal spines very slender and low; pectorals reaching 
 
714 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 vent; ventrals half way to vent. Head 3 in length; depth 6. D. 
 VII-17; A. \7; V. I, 4. L. 12 inches. Kodiak to San Diego; every- 
 where very common; the most abundant of the Cottoids of our we'.t 
 coast. 
 
 (Gimrd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.')4, 131; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv, Fish. 
 60: Centridermichthys armaUta Guuther, ii, 171.) 
 
 874.— HEiniliGPIDOTirS Cuvier. 
 ( Temniatia Richardson : Calycilepidotua Ayrcs. ) 
 (Cuvier, Rfe^jne Anim. ed. 2d, 1829: typo Cottua htmilepidoius Tilesius.) 
 
 Bodj^ with two broad bands of rough scale-like plates on each side, 
 one along the side of the back, one along the lateral line, the upper 
 bands meeting anteriorly in front of dorsal; scales roundish, their up- 
 I)er and posterior margins free; skin otherwise naked; head naked. 
 Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Branchiostegals G, A 
 small slit behind fourth gill; gill membranes joined to the isthmus, 
 sometimes forming a narrow fold across it; preopercular spines simple, 
 strong. Dorsal fins connected, the first long, with strong spines, emar- 
 giuate, the first three spines shorter than those which follow; ventral? 
 1,4. North Pacific, (ly/zf, half ; A£;;{5oro?, scaled.) ., 
 
 a. Belly immaculate. 
 
 I0!>7. II. spinosus (Ayres) Grd.—Cabezon. 
 
 Brown, mottled and obscurely barred, often tinged with red; top of 
 head usually with brick-red; fins all, except ventrals, mottled with 
 blackish and reddish; skin joining bones of jaws uusi)otted; belly 
 whitish, immaculate. Body rather elongate, dei)ressed; head broad, 
 somewhat concave between the occipital ridges; two sharj) radiating 
 ridges behind npper posterior margin of each orbit; top of head cov- 
 ered with loose skin, and with thick-set mucous tubes; ii.tororbital 
 space narrow, concave, half diameter of eye; preopercle with 2 strong, 
 shortish, diverging spines above; fleshy slips above opercle, near upper 
 posterior part of eye, and at occiput ; a long fleshy slip on maxillary, 
 and 4 on lower jaw; many scales on sides with small flaps; skin, wliere 
 not scaly, thin and !ax; dorsal Land of scales with about 7 rows at 
 its widest part, anteriorly much wider than the space between it and 
 the lateral band ; isthmus rather narrow, the membranes not formiug 
 a fold across it; dorsal fins considerably connected, spines very low, 
 the highest about two-thirds the height of the soft rays, and 3| iu 
 head; first dorsal spine about half as long as maxillary; pectorals 
 
107. COTTID^ — HEMILEPIDOTUS. 
 
 715 
 
 broad, shortish, about reaching ventj distance from spinous dorsal to 
 
 si: out greater than length of pectoral. Head 3; depth 5. D. Ill, VIII, 
 
 20 ; A. IC ; V. 1, 4 ; Lat. 1. 00. L. 10 inches. Coast of California, in rather 
 
 deep waterj seen by us only about Monterey and San Francisco. 
 
 {Calif eilepidotm apinoBua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 7G, 1855; Girard, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 134; Girard, U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fish. 68.) 
 
 1098. H. jordani Bean. 
 
 Throat and belly pure white; upper parts brownish, with wavy darker 
 bait*. Dorsal band of scales with but 4 rows in its widest part. Eye 
 as long as snout, 4 in head, the short diameter equal to interorbital 
 space; maxillary extending to below middle of eye; top of head corru- 
 gated ; distance of spinous dorsal from snout equal to length of pectoral; 
 first dorsal spine as long as maxillary; longest dorsal spine 2^ in head; 
 pectoral reaching anal ; ventral nearly or quite to vent; a narrow fold of 
 skin across istumus. Head 2|; depth 4 J. D. Ill, VIII, 21; A. 17; V. 
 I, 4. L. 13 inches. TJnalashka. 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S- Nat. Mus. 1881, 153.) 
 
 aa. Belly covered with small hlack spots. 
 
 1099. H. trachurus (Pallas) GUuther. 
 
 Olivaceous or reddish, more or less mottled and barred with darker; 
 belly and lower parts pale, profusely covered with small blackish spots; 
 fins all more cr less speckled; skin joining bones of jaws finely spotted 
 with black. Body robust, not depressed. Head large; interorbital 
 space deeply concav^e, its width % diameter of the large eye; occipital 
 ridges low and broad; bones of top of liead extremely rough, naked; 
 with radiating striae, but without spines; small flaps over posterior 
 part of eye, at occiput, over opercle, and on cheek, maxilla^'y, preor- 
 bital, mandible, and tip of snout. Skin thick and firm ; gill-membranes 
 forming a slight fold across the isthmus; upper band of scalos of about 
 4 rows, narrower anteriorly than the interspace; first three spines of 
 dorsal about equal, lower than those following; soft dorsal high. Head 
 2f ; depth 3 J. D. Ill, VIII, 19; A. 15; V. I, 4; Lat. 1. 61. L. 18 inches. 
 Alaska to San Francisco; abundant in Puget Sound; a much larger 
 fish than H. spinosm, and readily distinguished by the spotted belly. 
 
 {Cotius hsmilepidotua Tiles. Mdm. Ac. Petersb. iii, 262, 1801: Cottua trachurua Pallas, 
 Zoogr. Ross -Asiat. iii, 138, 1811: Hemilepidotua tilcaii Cnv. & Val. iv, 276, 1829; GUn- 
 tbor, 11, 173: Blepaias ventrimaua Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, 3d Heft, 14, t. 13: Temniatia 
 nntricoaa Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fish. 1836, 59: Uemilepidotua gibbai Gill, 
 Proc. Acftd. Nat. Sci. Philo. 1862, 13.) 
 
 
 fy 
 
 I' if 
 
 
716 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 379.— IfIEI.L.ETi:§ Bean. 
 
 (Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 354: type Melletes papilio Bean.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate. Head broad, depressed, rounded in front 
 naked, with several cutaneous flaps; jaws, vomer, and palatines with 
 band^ of villiform teeth; preopercular spines simple, rather strong; 
 gill-membranes broadly connected, free from the isthmus; a slit behind 
 the last gill; a narrow band of ctenoid scales along Sides of back, 
 meeting in front of dorsal ; a few prickles on antei-ior parts of body, 
 and some small dermal flaps on sides ; skin otherwise naked ; dorsals 
 connected; the spinous dorsal long, not emarginate; pectorals well de- 
 veloped, the rays all simple; ventrals very long, I, 4, the inner surface 
 of the rays armed with stifi" setae; pyloric cceca C; no air-bladder. 
 Alaska. {/xt^XX-.^zt^'z, a loiterer; remaining in shallow pools as the tid'^ 
 recedes.) 
 
 1 100. ]fl. papilio Bean. 
 
 Grayish brown, with darker bands and various mottlings; belly 
 grayish, with round white spots; fins all mud mottled and barred. 
 Nasal spines obtuse; 2 spines above posterior part of orbits, and 2 on 
 the vertex, the last four with short filaments. Ventrals 2 in length, 
 longer than pectorals, extending to the seventh anal ray (<?). Head 
 4; depth 2§. D. XII, 20; A. 17; P. 17; V. I, 4. L. 7 inches. Saint 
 Paul's Island, Alaska. 
 
 (Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 18?9, 354.) 
 
 :Ji(-m 
 
 376.— SCORP^NICHTHII'S Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 131: type Hemttripterua marmorat w Xyrca.) 
 Body rather robust, covered with smooth, thick skin. Head large, 
 somewhat compressed, its upi)er surface rugose. Mouth rather large, 
 with villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gill-membraucs 
 broadly united, free from the isthmus; a large slit behind fourth gill; 
 preopercular spines small, simple ; spinous dorsal long, scarcely emar 
 ginate, but slightly depressed near its middle, the first four spines 
 shorter than those immediately following ; ventral fins large, I, 5. Size 
 large. Pacific Ocean, {trxoprtatva, ScorpsBua; l^Oot, fish.) 
 
 1101. S. marnioratus (Ayrcs) Grd. 
 
 Olive brown, thickly mottled with dark blotches and light spots, and 
 reticulated with different shades of green and brown; sides with 5 irreg- 
 ular, dark, vertical blotches, of which two are under each dorsal and 
 
 extend 
 
 olive; 
 
 red to 
 
 flesh aij 
 
 interorl 
 
 ou niid( 
 
 large, n 
 
 spine si 
 
 broad; i 
 
 siibequa 
 
 pectorals 
 
 on*; pric] 
 
 A. 12; P 
 
107. COTTID^ — OLIGOC0TTU8. 
 
 717 
 
 extend on the fins; belly livid bluish or green, reticulated with 
 olive; the ground color is excefedingly variable, ranging from cherry- 
 red to green; lips blotched with white; fins all more or less barred; 
 flesh and membranes liviu bluish. Top of head rugose, without spines; 
 iuterorbital space concave, narrower than the large eye; a fleshy flap 
 ou middle of snout, and one on end of maxillary; superciliary cirri 
 large, more than half diameter of orbit, laciuiat( , upper preopercular 
 spine short, straight, about half diameter of eye ; suborbital stay very 
 broad ; maxillary extending to beyond eye. First four spines of dorsal 
 subequal, shorter than the fifth; dorsal fins scarcely connected at base; 
 pectorals shortish, not reaching anal. Skin thick and leathery, with- 
 out prickles or cirri. Head 3; depth 4. Eye G in head. D. XI-18; 
 A. 12; P. 15; Y. I, 5; Lat. 1. (pores) .'.0; pyloric coeca about .'JO; ver- 
 tebrtE 15 +21. L. 30 inches. Puget Sound to San Diego; verj' abun- 
 dant. The largest of our Gottida), reaching a weight of 10 to 15 pounds. 
 
 {Hemitripterua marmoratus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1854, 4; Girard, U. S. Pac. 
 R. R. Surv. Fish. (54; Giiiither, ii, 154.) 
 
 ST7.— OMOOCOTTUS Girard. 
 
 {CHnocotiua and Blennicoltus Gill.) 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 133: type Oligocottifs maculosua Girard.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, the skin smooth or provided with some small 
 prickly scales; preopercular spines short, simple or furcate; small ten- 
 tacles on head and anterior parts of body; gill-membranes broadly 
 uiited, free from the isthmus; a slit behind fourth gill; dorsal spines 
 slender, the fin short and not emarginate; anal papilla large; ventrals 
 I, 3, or I, 4. Small fishes of the North Pacifio, inhabiting rock-pools 
 between tidy-marks. {('dij'o<;j small; x«Tr«?, Cottus.) 
 
 a. Month with distinct lateral cleft; the head narrow anteriorly. 
 6. Skin Willi imbodded, prickle-liko scales. {Clinocoiiua GiU.*) 
 
 llO'i. O. analis Grd. 
 
 Olivaceous, much mottled, and with numerous small black and white 
 spots; about five irregular darker bars; a dark bar at base of caudal; 
 fins all spotted; cirri very numerous, mostly whitish, giving the fish a 
 woolly appearance in life. Head narrower anteriorly and rather pointed ; 
 mouth with lateral cleft, the maxillary reaching beyond pupil; band of 
 palatine teeth short and narrow; eye large, 6 in head, about twice the 
 width of the deeply-grooved interorbital space; nasal spines distant 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 166: typo Oligocottua aralia Gi'd. {Clime} 
 
 Cottua.) 
 
 ^^b 
 
 ^m 
 
 ^mm 
 
 mm 
 
718 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLO&f — IV. 
 
 from snoiit; proopercular spine sbort, bifurcate; cranium plane above. 
 Upper part of body niesially, covered with minute, imbedded, non-im- 
 bricated, pectinate scales ; anteriorly, small cirri, mostly bifid or trifid, 
 take the place of the scales. Head, especially above, with very many 
 similar cirri ; a fringe of cirri on edge of preopercle. Dorsal tins con- 
 tiguous, rather low; pectoral reaching past front of anal. Anal papilla 
 very large. Head 3J; depth 4J. D. IX-17; A. 14; V. I, 3; P. 10. L. 
 7 inches. Coast of California; abundant in rock-pools from Monterey 
 southward to Lower California. 
 
 (Grd., Proc. Acad. Niit. Sci. Phila. 1857, 201 ; Girard, U. S. Pac, R. R. Surv. Fish. 57: 
 Centridermichthya anaiia Giintbor 1i, 171: Cottua criniger Giiiither ii, 522.) 
 
 66. Skin without scales or prickles. (OUgocoitus.) - - 
 
 1103. O. maculosus Grd.— Johnni/. 
 
 Usual color reddish brown, varying to gray, intense green or crimson 
 according to surroundings, the vivid colors developed in the presence 
 of similarly colored algae; fins all barred; belly usually livid bluish or 
 greenish; lower side of head with white mottlings; northern specimens 
 with ail ocellated black spot on front of spinous dorsal. Head slender, 
 narrowed above, the snout rather pointed ; maxillary reaching pupil ; top 
 of head with several scattered cirri ; a few on sides of head, none on 
 edge of preopercle; cirri on lateral line anteriorly and on front of back, 
 also on base of spinous dorsal. No scales or prickles anywhere; pre- 
 opercular spine forked. Front rays of anal enlarged and partly de- 
 tached in (?; anal papilla large (in <?); pectorals reaching well beyoui] 
 front of anal. HeadSf; depth 4^. D. VIII-IC; A. 12. L. 3 inclies. 
 San Luis Obispo to Alaska, exceedingly abundant northward; one of tlie 
 smallest of marine Cottidw. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISSfi, 153; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fisli, 
 56: Cenlridermichthya maculoaua GUiither, ii, 171.) 
 
 aa. Month with very little lateral cleft; the head globoid. {Blennicottm* GiU.) 
 
 1104. O. gloMccps Grd. 
 
 Dark olive, with obscure darker cross-bars; first dorsal with 2 dark 
 streaks above; fins generally barred with greenish, orange, or blue; 
 cirri mostly black. Body little compressed; head extremely short and 
 bluat, narrowed above, nearly everywhere convex. Mouth anterior, 
 short and broad, almost without lateral cleft; lower jaw shortest; max- 
 illary reaching jjast front of the small eye; interorbital space very uar- 
 
 •Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 1831, 166: type Oligooottua gloUcepa Grd. {Bhn- 
 ntu«; Cotiut.) 
 
107. COTTIDiE — BLEPSIAS. 
 
 719 
 
 row, grooved, about half width of eye; preopercular spine with a single 
 point turned upwards; top of head with two series of cirri; none on 
 sides of head, except a few on upper part of opercle ; a series of cirri 
 along anterior half of lateral line; skin without scales or prickles; pec- 
 torals reaching beyond front of anal. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. IX-IG; 
 A. 11; V. I, 3. Northern specimens are larger in size, with paler and 
 more variegated coloration and red markings; the dorsal has one or 
 two more rays, the preopercular spine is stronger and slightly hooked 
 upwards, and the opercle has many more cirri above than in the south- 
 ern form. Pacific coast, from Monterey northward to Kodiak: in rock- 
 pools; rather rare. 
 
 (Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858,58: Centridermichthys globicepa GUnthor, 
 ii, 171.) 
 
 8V§.— BLEPSIAS Cuvicr. 
 {Peropus Bennett: Hiatiocottua Gill.) 
 
 (Cnvier, Rfegne Animal, 18-29, eel. "M: type Trachinua cirrhoaus Pallas.) 
 
 Head and body compressed; skiu hispid with stifflsli villiform 
 prickles, sometimes with definitely naked areas ; snout and chin with 
 several rather long barbels; mouth small; teeth villiform, on jaws, 
 vomer, and palatines; preopercle with two short blunt spines; gill- 
 membranes free from the isthmus; gills four, a slit behind the fourth; 
 top of head with bony ridges; suborbital stay narrow; first dorsal 
 short, elevated in front, the spines slender; second dorsal large; anal 
 similar, lower; ventrals very short, I, 3; pectorals long. Pacific coast. 
 (An oil name of some fish; from (Ht-Kio, to look.) 
 
 a. Spinous dorsal emarginale ; sides with naked areas. 
 
 110 J. B. cirrliosus (Pallas) GUnther. 
 
 Dark olivaceous, sides of back with four to six vertically oblong black 
 blotches edged with paler, not reaching nearly to lateral line; belly and 
 naked areas on sidns whitish; black bands radiating from eyes ; fins 
 dark, with large psilc blotches and dark spots; caudal with light and 
 dark bars; ventrals plain; a small white spot on front of spinous dor- 
 sal. Supraocular ridges well developed; interorbital space concave, 
 with two low ridges extending backwards from nasal spines, diverging 
 towards occipital ridges; the latter large, partly interrupted; subor- 
 bital stay conspicuous; temporal ridge present; maxillary reaching to 
 beyond middle of pupil; snout with five barbels, chin with six, the 
 longest about as long as t)ie eye, which is 3§ in head; a small ciivua 
 
 •'■■' i mil 
 
 -'' 'if 
 
 ! i fl 
 
 
 
 ' ' i 
 
 m 
 
 ■'^ 
 
 \ 1* ,r 
 
 'i 
 
 
 ^4' 
 
 ', ''■'.' 
 
 
 i-l 
 
 ". j'UJi* 
 
 
 ^^HH^ 
 
720 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHrHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 on each interorbital rklge; interorbital space as wide as eye; sides 
 with three or four pale, well-defined, naked ureas behind pectorals, the 
 two anterior much the largest; behind these a long naked strip along 
 the lateral line, colored like the rest of the body ; first four spines of 
 dorsal elevated, § to f length of head ; the fifth much shortened; mem- 
 brane deeply notched between the fifth spine and the sixth, which is 
 longer than the one before it; ventrals as long as eye; pectorals reach- 
 ing much beyond front of anal; first rays of soft dorsal short; the 
 others gradually lengthened to near the last, the highest higher than 
 the dorsal spines; caudal longer than head. Head 3^; depth 3^. D. 
 V, III-23; A. 20; P. 12; Lat. 1. 50. L. G inches. North Pacific, south 
 to San Francisco. 
 
 (Trachinus cirrhosus Pallas, Zoogr Ross.-Asiat. iii, 237, 1811 : BJepsias Irilohua C. & V. 
 iv, 375, 182'J; GUuther, ii, 153; Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitrage, v, 128, 1876.) 
 
 aa. Spiuous dorsal not emarginatc ; uo naked areas. 
 
 1106. B. bilobus Cuv. & Yal. 
 
 Olivaceous, paler below ; dorsal region with 4-5 black bars, reaching 
 one-third the distance to the lateral line, and somewhat continued on 
 the fins; caudal with a black bar at base, otherwise i)lain; pectorals 
 and anal blotched with black. Botly shorter and deeper than in B. 
 cirrhostts, with thicker caudal peduncle and heavier head, the bones 
 less firm; snout short, obtuse; interorbital space very wide, concave, 
 half wider than the small eye; short occipital ridges present, besides 
 several bluntish tubercles. Mouth broad, oblique, the maxillary reach- 
 ing pupil; teeth small, distant; barbels as in cirrhoHus. Head and 
 body covered with prickles, larger and blunter than in eirrhosu ; no 
 naked patches on body; tins hsss developed than in cirrhosus; first 
 five or six spines of dorsal subequal, the last three abruptly shorter; 
 pectorals longer and much broader than in cirrhosits, reaching seven Ih 
 anal ray; caudal short, much shorter than head. D. IX-21; A. 18; P. 
 IG. Coasts of Alaska and Kamtschatka; the specimen here described 
 from Kodiak. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. iv, 379, 1829: Petopua hilobua Bennett, Beechey's Voy. Zool. Fish. 59; 
 GUuther, ii, 153.) 
 
 compre 
 
 with s( 
 
 the bas 
 
 on jawi 
 
 abov'e; 
 
 fourth f 
 
 ibie, tht 
 
 Ripidly 
 
 to secon 
 
 I, 3, we! 
 
 fislies, oi 
 
 to the dc 
 
 379.— NAUTICIITHYS Girard. 
 (Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fieli. 1858, 74: type Llepsias ocnlofasclaius Girard.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, compressed, but not elevated, the skin evenly 
 covered with short, close-set, villiform prickles. Head short, strongly 
 
107. COTTIDiE — RHAMPHOCOTTUS. 
 
 721 
 
 compressed, the cheeks subveitical ; orbital ring much elevated above, 
 with several blunt protuberances behind; nape much depressed, with 
 the base of the dorsal fin rising abruptly above it; mouth small; teeth 
 on jaws, vomer, and palatines; preopercle with small bluntish spines 
 abo/e; gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus; a slit behind 
 fourth gill; branchiostegals G; first dorsal falcate, the spines very flex- 
 ible, the anterior much elevated, much longer than head, the posterior 
 rapidly shortened; second dorsal long and rather high; anal fin similar 
 to second dorsal, but shorter and lower; pectorals moderate; ventrals 
 1, 3, well ileveloped, nearly as long as head. Pacific coast. Small 
 flslies, of singular appearance, (yaurjj?, sailor; Iz^it^i &s]i; in allustou 
 to the development of the first dorsal fin.) 
 
 1107. N. oculofasciatus Ord. 
 
 Grayish above; sides with dark marblings and obscure duskv bands; 
 a very conspicuous black band through the eye and across cheeks ; first 
 dorsal blackish; other fins barred with light and dark; ventrals plain. 
 Maxillary reaching to opposite pupil; eye very large, longer than snout; 
 nasal spines conspicuous, curved ; maxillary and edge of preopercle with 
 minute cirri; orbit with a branched cirrus, as long as pupil; the narrow 
 iuterorbital space deeply channelled; supraocular ridge posteriorly with 
 ;} blunt tubercles; 2 compressed tubercles on each sido of first dorsal; 
 a deep pit at nape, extending under origin of first dorsal; spinous dor- 
 sal smooth; rays of soft dorsal and caudal roughened with prickles; 
 dorsal spines nearly twice length of head; ventrals f length of head, 
 a little shorter than caudal; pectorals long. Head 3J; depth 3f. D. 
 1X-2S; A. 19; P. 14 ; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 44. L. 6 inches. Pacific coast, 
 San Francisco to Unalashka; chiefly northward. 
 
 (Blepsiaa oculofaaciatits Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1857, 202; Guutber, ii, 
 157; Steiudnchner, Ichth. BeitrUge, v, 130.) 
 
 HP 
 
 I! ( 
 
 HI 
 
 t4 
 
 380.— RHAMPHOCOTTUS GUnther. 
 
 (Giinther, Ann. Nat. Hist, xlv, 369, 1874: type Bhamphooottus richardsoni GUnther.) 
 
 Body short, elevated. Head very large, its greatest depth greater 
 than that of the body; skull with 2 strong bony ridges from above the 
 front of the eye, continuous with 2 large occipital ridges, leaving the 
 Interorbital space and middle line of the top of the head strongly 
 concave; snout slender, narrow, and abruptly protruding; mouth very 
 narrow, fl-shaped, its gape longer than wide; teeth villiform, none on 
 the vomer or palatines; gill-opening confined to the region above the 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 46 
 
 r 'If 
 
I 
 
 H 
 
 722 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 base of the pectorals, the membranes below completely nnited to tbo 
 shoulder girdle and isthmus; apparently no slit behind last gill; a 
 stout, straight, preopercular spine; uasal spines present; no other 
 spines on head. Skin everywhere on head and body firm, immovable, 
 densely covered with stifiF bifid or triftd spinous prickles; spinous dor- 
 sal very small; pectoral with procurrent base. (^Ja/iV'"?, snout; xotto^^ 
 Cottus.) 
 
 1108. R. richardsoni Gthr. 
 
 Brownish, with 6 or 8 oblique black bands ninning downward and 
 forward; a white bar below eye; a dusky bar at bases of pectorals and 
 ventrals, the fins otherwise plain. Head hard and bony, nearly as 
 long as rest of body; snout rather longer than eye, which is of mod- 
 erate size, and with partly vertical r?»'»w; maxillary extending to front 
 of eye; suborbital stay strong; pectorals long, reaching tips of ventrals 
 and past front of anal; ventrals long, their rays prickly. Head 2; 
 depth 2. D. VII-14; A. 7 or 8; V. ca. I, 4. L. 2^ inches. Northern 
 seas. Three specimens known . the one here described from Bering's 
 Straits; the original, said to be from "Fort Rupert"; a third recently 
 obtained by Mr. Lockington, from the stomach of a Sebaatodes, at Mon- 
 terey. 
 
 (GUnther, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, 370, 1874; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 
 253.) 
 
 Family CVIII (a) — AGONID^.* 
 
 - {The Alligator-fishes.) 
 
 Body elongate, or more or less elevated, angular, covered with about 
 eight longitudinal series of large bony plates, which form a coat of mail; 
 
 *The following geuera and species of thie typo have been described from Kam- 
 tschatka and the Kurile Islands, and will dou' tlesi be found on our Alaskan coast: 
 
 HYPSAGONUS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1861, 259: type Aapidophorua quadricomis Cnv. & Val.) 
 
 Body compressed and elevated, its dfpth greater than length of head, more than 
 one-third the body ; head small, separated from the base of the dorsal by a very deep 
 nuchal depression; top of head very uneven; mouth terminal, the jaws about equal; 
 no vomerine teeth; gill-membranes undescribed, probably free from isthmus; no bar- 
 bels; scales large, not very rough, most of them striate and armed with a central 
 spine or tubercle; dorsal spines strong, the first serrated; pectorals short, procurrent; 
 ventrals small, {vtpi, high; Agonue.) 
 
 H. qaadricornia (Cuv. & Vrtl. ) Gill. 
 Two horns above eye And 2 above occiput; iuterorbital space nearly as broad as 
 
 he«ad ex 
 high; SI 
 barbels 
 often on 
 pseudob 
 the oper 
 
 'mmmmmmm 
 
108(a). AGONID^. 
 
 723 
 
 bead oxternallj' entirely bony, the plates often spinous; eyes large, placed 
 high; suborbital stay cuirassiug the cheek; mouth t^^rniinal or inferior; 
 barbels often present; teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, and 
 often on the vomer and palatines also; gills 3.J, no slit behind the last; 
 pseudobranchia) very large, usually extending down the inner side of 
 tlie opercle; gill-rakers small; gill-membranes united, free or joined to 
 
 eye; '2 small apiaes above suout; dorauls well separated. Head 3f; depth 3. D. 
 IX-O; A. 10; Lilt. 1. 'Xi. Kamtschatka. (.GUnther.) 
 {Anpidophorui H'ladrioornia Cuv. & Val. iv, 2il, 18id: Agonm qHadricornia QUather, 
 
 ii,-2ir..) 
 
 HIPPOCEPHALUS Swaiuson. 
 
 (Swainson, Class. Fish. &c., 183U, 272: type Anpidophorua aupercilioaua Cuv. & Val.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed, the head depressed at the nape; dorsal 
 spines strong, the Arst inserted close behind the nape ; dorsals well separated ; jaws 
 equal, or the lower slightly the longer; brua<tt granulated; gill-membranes not de- 
 scribed, probably free. ( iff ffoS, horse; xecpaXr/, IwaA.) 
 
 nm\ 
 
 H. japonicua (Pallas) Gill. 
 
 Yellowish brown, the body banded and the fins with dark lines. Ton of head not 
 very rough ; a fiat triangular prominence, directed upward and outw:«rd above each 
 eye, concealing the eye when viewed from above ; 2 spines above the snout ; subor- 
 bitiil with 2 or 3 opines, one of them with a barbel; suborbital stay broad, gibbons; 
 barbels small ; bony plates rough-striate, pyramidal, the center raised ; ventrals half 
 as long as pectorals; dorsals separated by a space greater than length of either; fins 
 all very rough. Depths. D. VI-17; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. 45. L. 12 inches. Kurile Inlands. 
 {Cuv. .;• Val.) 
 
 (Cotlua japonicits Pallas, Spicilegia fasc. vii, 31, 1772: Agonua curilicua and Agonua 
 «te(jophthalmm Tilesius, M<Sm. Ac. Petersb. iv, 416, 427: Aapidophorua aupercilioaua Cuv. 
 & Val. iv, 215: Agonua ategophthalmua, GUnther, ii, 214.) 
 
 Brachyopsia dodecetedrua (Tiles. ) Bean. 
 
 Brownish, body and fins banded. Body elongate: snout obtuse, depressed, without 
 spines; mouth nearly vertical, the lower jaw considerably produced; interorbital 
 space as wide as eye; suborbital with spines; breast with many small convex polyg- 
 onal plates; keels of the scales ending in a small point. Head 5; depth 8. D. XI-7; 
 A. 15; P. 15; V. I, 2; Lat. 1. 40. Kamtschatka; common. (Citr. «f Val.) 
 
 {Agonua dodekaedrua Tiles. M6m. Ac. Petersb. iv, pi. 13, 1811 : Phalangiatea loricati-a 
 Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 114: Japidodophorua dodecaedrua Cuv. & Val. iv, 209: 
 Agonua dodecaedrua Gthr. ii, 214.) 
 
 Siphagonua aegalienaia {TileB.) Steind. 
 
 Yellowish brown ; fins with black hands. Form resembling Braohyopaia roatratus, 
 but the tail shorter; body depressed; eye behind middle of head; two spines on tho 
 Boborbital, and some others abont eyes; dorsals contiguous; anal longer than second 
 dorsal; no barbels nnder the throat; gill-membranes and barbels at chin nndescribed. 
 D. VII-8; A. 12; C. 10; P. 14; V. I, 2. L. 7 inches. Island of Saghalien. {Cm. f 
 Val.) 
 
 {Syngnathua aegalienaia Tiles. M6m. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscon, Ii, 216: Agonua l(Bvigatu$ 
 Tilesius, M^m. Acad. Petersb. iv, 436: "Aapidophore liaae" Cuv. & Val. iv, 214.) 
 
724 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 the inthmua; vontrul fins tlior.icic, close together, imperfect, 1, 2 or 1, 3; 
 spinous dorsal smaii, sometimes absent; anal short, similar to soft dor- 
 sal, without spines; caudal narrow, few-rayed; pectorals entire, with 
 broad base, the rays mostly simple; i)yloric coeca few; air-bladder 
 none. Small fishes, chiefly of the Arctic Seas. Genera about 10; spe- 
 cies about 10. They feed chiefly on Crustacea, and are often found at 
 considerable depths. 
 {Trigl'idae, group Cataphracti pt. GUnther, ii, 211-216.) 
 
 a. Spinous dorsal obsolete ; gill-membranes free from the isthmna. (Aspidophoroidinw.) 
 
 A8P1DOPHOUOIDE8, 381. 
 
 aa. Spinous dorsal present. 
 b. Gill-raembranes free from the isthmus; lower jaw projecting. 
 0. Body extremely elongate; snout forming a tube; chin with a sinj^lo long 
 
 barbel Siphagonus, :{82. 
 
 00. Body fusiform, less elongate; snout not forming a tube; chin without barbel. 
 • Brachyopsis, 3a3. 
 
 bb. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus, lower jaw included, 
 d. Bony plates of body without spines. 
 
 e. Vomerine teeth none; no occipital pit Agonus, 384. 
 
 ee. Vomerine teeth present ; a deep pit at the occiput BothUagonus, 385. 
 
 dd. Bony plates of bodj' ending in spines. 
 
 /. Vomerine teeth present Odontopyxis, 386. 
 
 //- Vomerine teeth none Podothecus, 387. 
 
 3§1.— A8PIDOPHOROIDES Lac6pMe. 
 
 {Anoplagonus Gill.) 
 
 (Lac^pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 228, 1802 : t ype Aapidophoroidea tranquebar Lac. = Cottu» 
 monopterygius Bloch.) 
 
 Body very long and slender, subterete, octangular, tapering into a 
 very long six-sided tail. Head slender, short, with large eye; mouth 
 small, terminal; jaws and vomer with villiform teeth. Dorsal fin 
 single, without spines, very small, inserted nearly opposite the still 
 smaller anal; other ftns small; bony plates of body keeled, without 
 spines; gill-membraritv. broadly united, free from the isthmus. (aVrJ?, 
 shield; ^o/>^«i, to bea •; et^ot, appearance.) 
 
 a. Nasal spines very strong. < 
 
 1109. A< monopteryglns (Bloch) Storer. 
 
 Brownish, obscurely banded with darker; pectorals, dorsal, and cau- 
 dal mottled or barred. Head triangular, much narrowed anteriorly; 
 nasal spines very large, diverging, inserted near tip of snout; no other 
 spines anywhere; eyes very large, longer than snout; supraocular 
 ridges very high; a ridge extending backward from eye along tern* 
 
108 (rt). AGONIDiE — SIPIIAGONUS. 
 
 725 
 
 poral region; lower jaw slightly included; caudal peduncle very lou^ 
 and slender, forming about two-fifths the length; breast with flat 
 plates; dorsal ridges high anteriorly, the median line of back from 
 snout to dorsal flu concave. Head oif; depth 9. D. 5; A. 6; Lat. !• 
 about 50. L. G inches. Polar regions, southward to Cape Cod; abun- 
 dant in deep water. 
 (Cuttua monopicrijijius Bloch, AusIiindiHche Fiache, ii, ir>(), taf. 178; Giintber, ii, 21().) 
 
 aa. Nasal spiuca obsuloto. {Anoplagonus G\\\.) 
 
 1110. A. inermis Glintber. 
 
 Black, obscurely marbled with grayish and brownish ; dorsal grayish, 
 marbled with black ; caudal black, with a graj^ band ; anal yellowish, 
 with a black dot behird each ray. Body anteriorly much broader than 
 high. Head flat, depressed, triangular; nasal spines obsolete; lower 
 jaw projecting; interorbital space grooved, n9.rrower than the orbit; 
 eye less than snout, 5 in head; pectorals shorter than head; ventrals 
 small; breast with about IG plates. Head 5 in total length; depth 14; 
 width 9. D. 5; A. 6} C. lOj P. 10; V. 2j Lat. 1. 41. Vancouver's 
 Island. {Giinther.) 
 
 (Giiuther, ii, 524: Anoplagonua inermia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 167.) 
 
 383.— SIPHAGONIJS Steiudacbner. 
 
 (Stoindacbner, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 140, 1876: type Syngnathu8 aegalienais Tilea.) 
 
 Form of Syngnathus ; snout produced in a tube; lower jaw projecting 
 beyond upper, with a long barbel at the symphysis; gill-membranes 
 free from the isthmus; both dorsals present; ventrals very short; 
 plates of body slightly keeled, without spine. (Latin, sipJio, tube; 
 Agonus.) 
 
 1111. S. barbatus Stelnd. 
 
 Brownish, a lengthwise black band on sides of head, becoming ob- 
 solete behind. Body very slender, subterete; median line of head and 
 back concave; snout produced into a long moderately-compressed 
 tube, the single barbel at the chin about twice the length of eye; teeth 
 ou vomer; snout and orbital rim without spines; eye in middle of head ; 
 suborbital narrow, unarmed; preopercle with 3 spines; large polygonal 
 scales on the breast; pectorals long, reaching dorsal; ventrals very 
 short, the vent close behind them. Head 4; depth = length of snout, 
 0. D. VI-7; A. 9; P. 12; Lat. 1. 44. L. G inches. Coasts of Alaska 
 and Japan ; not rare. 
 
 (Steindacbuer, Icbth. Beitriige, v, 140, 1876.) 
 
 t 4 ■:.' 
 
 ,; rlili 
 
 •. rjHi 
 
 r 
 
 if 
 
 It *i 
 
 1*. 
 
 
726 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 «li^^ 
 
 l;l 
 
 l! 
 
 »88.— BRACHYOPSIS Gill. 
 (1 Leptagonuo Gill.) 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 259: type Agonus roatratua Tilesius.) 
 
 Body elongate, fusiform, low, covered with spinous plates. Head do- 
 pressed, spinous; mouth comparatively large, very oblique, the low*»r 
 Jaw projecting; jaws, vomer, and palatines with small teeth; gill-mem- 
 brjines united, free from the isthmus; barbels few; spinous dorsal well 
 developed; ventral rays 1, 2. {j3payu^, short; o^':?, face.) 
 
 1119. B. rostratus (Tilesius) Gill. 
 
 Body more fusiform than in other species of this geniis, very robust 
 
 in front of the middle, tapering to the slender tail. Head triangular 
 
 and pointed, as seen from above, the mouth quite narrow; eyes small 
 
 well forward; head considerably depressed, snout without spine; u 
 
 short flap at angle of mouth ; scales not very rough; gill-membrancvs 
 
 free from the isthmus; ventrals quite short; breast with a median row 
 
 of large raised convex i)late8 ; a row of similar plates bordering tlie 
 
 edge of the gill-opening, the three series forming a /l\-shaped flgnre, 
 
 the interstices filled with very small plates. "D. VI 11-8; A. 13"; Lat. 
 
 1. 36. L. 8 inches. Alaska and Kamtschatka; here described from 
 
 specimens lately obtained by Dr. Bean. 
 
 (Agonua roatratua Tiles. Mdm. Acad. Petert,!). iv, pi. 14: Phalan giaiea fuaifomia Vailas, 
 Zoogr. RosB.-Aniat. iii, 116: Agonua roatratua Gituther, ii, 214.) 
 
 1113. B. verrucosus Lockington. 
 
 Olivaceous, banded with darker ; pectorals whitish at base, with a 
 dark spot above and below; terminal portion dark; ventrals bright 
 orange-yellow with a large black spot inside of the first ray, and two 
 small spots near the tip in i , the fin plain in 9 . Body elongate, de- 
 pressed; mandible narrow, not one-fourth as deep as long; maxillary 
 reaching slightly beyond front of eje, with a short barbel at tip; lenjjth 
 of barbel J that of eye; ridges on head all rough; supraocular ridges 
 serrate; occipital and postorbital ridges without spines ; preorbital with 
 about six spines ; suborbital stay with two ; preopercle with two spines 
 near its angle; opercle without sjnnes; membrane of mandible with 
 small stellate tubercles; plates on body rough, each with a keel termi- 
 nating in a strong spine; the dorsal plates with small prickles also; 
 breast and base of pectoral fin with large, striate, w^art-like tub^n-Ies; 
 plates of ventral series tubercular anteriorly; upper lateral serieyof 
 
108 (o). AGONIDiE BRACHYOPSIS. 
 
 727 
 
 plates reaching head; pectorals reaching the eleventh plate; vontrals 
 
 extending beyond front of anal in <? , much shorter in 9 ; the membrane 
 
 between the rays very broad ; anal papilla small. Head 4J ; depth 8. 
 
 D. IX-7; A. 11; V. I, 2; P. 14; C. 10; Lat. 1. 35. L. 8 inches. Coast 
 
 of California; abundant in deep water. 
 
 (Lockington, Fvoc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. iii, 60, 18H0 (May 6): Agonus (Brachyojtna) bar' 
 kani Steiiul. Icbth. Beitriige, ix, -^53, ISfciO (July 15).) 
 
 1114. B. xyosternus J. &. G. 
 
 Light olive brown, finely reticulated with darker, pale below; mandi- 
 ble, and sides of head below eye bright silvery; pectoral blackish, with 
 a large light blotch at base below and a broad pale tip ; caudal entirely 
 black; dorsal nearly plain; ventrals plain; anal white anteriorly, ab- 
 rnytiy black behind. Form of B. verrucosus, but rather stouter and 
 less depressed; breast covered with minute prickles; plates of body 
 with spines as in B. verrucosus, but without smaller prickles ; ventral 
 fins short, reaching, even in the male, little more than half way to anal; 
 the co*:uecting membrane of the rays verj' narrow; maxillary barbel 
 long, three-fourths the diameter of the eye; mandible verj- deep, more 
 tbau one third as deep as long; upper lateral series of plates obsolete 
 from front of first dorsal forward. Head 4^; depth 7. D. VI-G; A. 8; 
 V. 1, 2 ; P. 17 ; Lat. 1. 30. L. 5 J inches. About Monterey and San 
 Francisco; common about Santa Cruz. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. iii, 1.52. I880(july2): Agonua {Brachyopaia) 
 annw Steiudacliner, Icktli. BeitrJigo ix, 254, 1880 (July 15).) 
 
 1115. B. (?) dccagonus (Bloch & Schneider) J. & G. 
 
 Yellowish brown, marbled with dcarker. Body elongate, compressed; 
 hend dopressed ; jaws equal; a pair of spines above the snout, a second 
 above the orbits, a third on the nape, the latter the largest; barbels 
 very short and thick; scales with very prominent spines; six series of 
 scales between the ventral fins and the vent; four between the vent 
 and thd anal fin; pectoral fins much longer than head, one-fourth total 
 with caudal. D. Vl-7; A. 8j P. 14; Lat. 1. 41. Greenland to Norway, 
 (Oilnther.) 
 
 (Agonua dccagwiua Bl. & Scbn. 1801, 105: Ago»U8 decagonua GUntber, ii; 21^: Agonus 
 decagonua Collet, Norges Fiske, 1875, 40: Arohagonua decagonua Gill: Aapidophorua apt- 
 noBimnms Kroyer, Naturhlst. Tidsskr. i, 2.'>0, 1844: Agonua apinoaiaaimna GUutber, ii, 
 214: leptagonus apinoaiaaimua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Pbila. 167, 1801.) 
 
 ^ 11^ 
 
!ti 
 
 in 1 
 
 728 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 8§4.—AOOIIIi;« Bloch & Schneider. 
 (Aspidophorua Lacdp^de: Phalangis1e» Pallas.) 
 (Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 104, 1801: type Cottus cataphraclua L.) 
 Body low; head broad, depressed, about as broad as long; mouth 
 small, subinferior, the lower jaw included; no vomerine teeth; g\]\. 
 membnanes joined to the isthmus, forming a narrow fold across it; 
 plates on body without spines; fins short. One species known. («, 
 without; y<ov«?, joint: i. e., rigid.) 
 
 1116. A. cataphractus (L.) Bloch & Schneider.— j^f^a PoacAer. 
 
 Brownish, sides with some dark bauds; pectorals and upper fins 
 barred. Body anteriorly very broad, flattened below, tapering ab- 
 ruptly forward to the triangular snout, and slowly backw.ard to the 
 long and slender tail; the greatest width is half more than the greatest 
 height and 5 times the least height; snout with four sharp, hooked 
 spines projecting much beyond the horizontal n-shai>ed mouth; lower 
 jaw profusely covered with thickish barbels, the largest longer than 
 eye; suborbital narrow, with three blunt bony proj^'ctior^* preopercle 
 and subopercle each with a stout spine, that on sub. ;»e'' c the larger 
 and hooked backward; bones of head striate; orbital crests elevated, 
 roughish; interorbital space broader than eye; top of head little un- 
 even, without spines; two blunt occipital processes; no nuchal depres- 
 sion; the space between dorsal ridges concave; plates on body rugose; 
 lateral plates much smaller than others, the upper lateral series obsol"to 
 from middle of spinous dorsal forward, in which region the lower lateral 
 series is much enlarged; breast with four quadrate p)ates forming a 
 square. Dorsal small; pectoral about as long as head, reaching to 
 within four plates of anal; ventrals short, reaching little beyond vent, 
 C§ in length. Head about as broad as long, 4J; depth 6. D. V , A. 
 6; Lat. 1. 35; coeca 5; vertebrje 11 ^- 25. Northern Europe; re< » I 
 perhai)s erroneously, from Greenland. 
 
 {Coltua cataphractna L. Sysr. Nat. i, 451 : Aapidophorua aitnatHa Lac6^, iii, 222; GUu- 
 thor, ii, 211; Day, Fishes Gnmt Britain, 1881, G7.) 
 
 385.— BOTHRAGONITS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, iiied. : tyjiG Hi/paagonua awani Steindachner.) 
 
 Body rather short and deep, broad and depressed anteriorly, com- 
 pressed behind.; a deep nuchal pit; mouth subinferior, the 1 > ver jaw 
 included; head and neck to the dorsal fin rhombic in outliRf, ^s seen 
 from above; jaws and vomer with teeth; dorsals small, well separated; 
 
108(a). AOONID^ — PODOTHECUS. 729 
 
 anal similar to soft dorsal; ventral 1, 2; plates without spines or keels; 
 no spines on head. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus. 
 North Pacific. {/ioOpo^j a cavity; aj'iovoq, Agonus.) 
 
 1117. B. Sixrani (Steindachner) Gill. 
 
 Clear yellowish ; a blackish cross-bar downwards and forwards from 
 base of iirst dorsal; another between the dorsals, and a third behind 
 dorsal and anal; a dusky bar across interorbital space and through eye; 
 fins all mottled or barred. Nuchal pit broader than long, the plates be- 
 hind sending three processes into it; top of head with two broad par- 
 allel ridges, the space between them transversely concave; preopercular 
 margin denticulated; breast with largo plates, similar to those on sides 
 of body. Head 3J; depth 3 J. D. III-5; A. 5; P. 12; C. 12; V. I, 2; 
 Lat. 1. 32. Puget's Sound; one specimen known. {Steindachner.) 
 
 (Uypaagonua awanii Steindachner, Ichtb. Beitriige, v, 144, 1876.) 
 
 8§6.— ODONTOPYXiS Lockington. 
 (Lockington, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 328, 1879: typo Odontopyxia triapinoaua Lock.) 
 
 The genus differs from Podothecm chiefly in the presence of vomerine 
 teeih. The body is very slender, and the fins few-rayed. (o5wv, tooth ; 
 so^?, box.) 
 
 111§. O. trispinosuM Lock. 
 
 Olivaceous, with six or seven darker bands; fins with dark blotches. 
 A sharp, rather long, movable spine upon the tip of the snout, its tri- 
 angular base projecting beyond the jaws; behind this a pair of recurved, 
 fixed spines; supraorbital ridge prominent, ending in a backward- 
 directed spine; maxillary with two minute barbels; isthmus broad; 
 eye very large; forehead strongly convex, longitudinally transversely 
 strongly concave; a deep nuchal cavity divided by a longitudinal ridge; 
 preorbital with a spine directed backward; eye large; a circlet of hori- 
 zontal spines at base of caudal. Head 5^ in total length; depth 10 to 
 12; eye ^ in head. D. IV-6; A. 6; V. I, 2; P. 14; C. 11; Lat. 1. 36. 
 L. 3 inches. Pacific Coast from San Francisco to Santa Barbara. 
 
 (Odontopyxia triapinoaua Lockington, Proc. U. S. NAt. Mus. ii, 328, 1879.) 
 
 88T.-PODOTIIECVS Gill. 
 
 {Paragonua Gill.) 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18151, 959: type Podotheoua periatethua Gill == ^<7oniM acipen- 
 aerinua Tiles. ) 
 
 Body elongate, fusiform; head long, compressed, armed above; snout 
 
 protruding much beyond the small, inferior, U-shaped mouth; teeth 
 
 
 i- i-.- 
 
tm^ \m 
 
 730 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 very araall, in villiform bands; none on vomer or palatines; lower parts 
 of head with barbels; gill-membranes united to the isthmns, not form- 
 ing a fold across it. Plates of body armed with spines; spinous dorsal 
 present. Ventral rays I, 2. {ttou^, foot; Orjxij, box, from a supposed 
 groove for the reception of the ventrals.) , f. 
 
 1119. P. vnlsus J. &, O. 
 
 Dark brown, with 7 to 9 darker cross-bars, extending on the fins; 
 pectorals black, with whitish edging and a pale blotch near base; other 
 fins chiefly black, the anal with whitish edging; belly white. Body 
 very elongate, broader than high. Head triangular, the profile irregu- 
 lar, the snout pointed. Mouth fl -shaped, entirely inferior, the maxil- 
 lary reaching front of puj>il; distance from premaxillaries to tip of 
 rostral spines, about half length of snout; maxillary, interopercle, and 
 branch iostegals, with scattered cirri, these fewer and smaller thau iu 
 P. mipenserinuH ; none on lower side of snout. Eye large, as long as 
 snout, '^} in head; the orbitjil rim prominent all around. Spines of 
 head mote numerous than in the other Agonidae. Snout with two 
 strong spines directed forwards, two large ones behind them directed 
 upwards, then two smaller ones; orbital ridge elevated and serrated, 
 with a preocular and a supraocular spine; behind the latter, a ridge 
 armed with two spines on each side, separated from the flrst ])lates of 
 the dorsal series by a deep quadrangular pit; a row of minute, erect 
 spines on median line of back and top of head ; a sharp, serrated, tem- 
 poral ridge, with four spines; opercle with a strong rib and several 
 spines; suborbital stay with an irregular prominent ridge; preoperolc 
 with three principal spines and some smaller ones; suborbital narrow, 
 half width of eye, extremely uneven, armed with small spines and 
 tubercles; more than 70 spines and tubercles on the head. Plates of 
 body all striate, those above and on t.id,e8 ending each in a sharp 
 spine; breast with about six polygonal plates, on each side of wbich 
 are the i)lates of the abdominal series; bases of caudal and pectorals 
 with small spines. Ventrals short, the vent near the middle of their 
 length. Head 4; depth 8. D. IX-7; A. 9; Lat. 1. 40. L. ^ inches. 
 Deep water, off San Francisco; not common. 
 
 {Agonus vuUua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. iii, SO.*!, 1880.) 
 
 1190. P. acipenserinus (Tiles.) 0\\\,—AlUgalor ph. 
 
 Brown with darker marblings and narrow vertical streaks; fins oliva- 
 ceous, more or less marbled with dark; ventrals plain, black in (f ; a 
 
108 (fe). TRIGLIDiE. 
 
 731 
 
 (lark bar at base of pectorals; belly white. Body elongate, the tail very 
 slender, broader than deep; head narrow, the cheeks sub vertical, the 
 snout long and pointed; mouth fl-shaped, wholly inferior; distance from 
 premaxillaries to tip of nasal spines less than half snout; maxillary 
 and lower side of snout with dense tufts of long cirri as long as eye; 
 a few on mandible, none on bri*iiouiostegal region. Eye large, shorter 
 than snout, 4 in head; orbital rim prominent above only; snout with 
 two spines directed forward, then two larger ones hooked backward, far 
 behind which are two smaller ones close togetlier, directed upward; 
 orbital bones rugose, with a strong supraocular spine only; behind it a 
 shari) occipital ridge on each side, each ending in a single spine; no pit 
 at the occiput, the vertex nearly plane; opercle and preopercle strongly 
 striate, the latter with a ridge and a blunt spine; suborbital very broad, 
 nearly as deep as eye, striate, with a double ridge at its lower margin, 
 the upper ridge with two or three spines; head with about 18 distinct 
 sj)ine8 in all. Plates of body strongly striate, those above ending in 
 strong spines; breast with about twelve polj'gonal plates; slight asper- 
 ities at base of pectoral ; ventrals very short, not longer than eye in ? , 
 about half longer than eye in i ; pectorals large, about reaching anal; 
 caudal peduncle long, about half length of body without head; dorsals 
 high in i , the two fins closely contiguous. Head 3§ ; depth 0. D. IX-7 ; 
 A. 8; I-at. 1. 37; vert. 12 + 27. L. 12 inches. Puget Sound to Alaska; 
 common northward. 
 
 {Agonm aelpenaerinus Tilesiua, M^ra. Acad. St. Petereb. iv, 422, 1813. Agonm aoipenseri- 
 nusGiiuther, ii, 212: Podothecua periatcthiia G\l\, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1861,200: 
 Paragonua acipenaennua Gill, I. c. 167: Agonua acipenaerinua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. 
 U. S. Mat. Mu8. iii, 332, 1880.) 
 
 V/ i .■ 
 
 Family CVIII (6).— TRIGLID^.* 
 
 {The Gurnards.) 
 
 Body elongate, usually more or less fusiform, covered with scales or 
 series of bony plates. Head externally bony, usually entirely cuirassed 
 with rough, bony plates, some of which are armed with spines; eyes 
 high; mouth terminal or subinferior; premaxillaries protractile; max- 
 illary without supplementpl bone, slipping under the preorbital ; te^th 
 very small, in bands in '^he jaws, and usually on the vomer and pala- 
 tines, sometimes entirely wanting; gills 4, a large slit behind the 
 fourth; pseudobranchioB present ; gill-rakers various; gill-membranes 
 
 * Family 108 (a), Agonida is iucladed under TrigUda^ ia the key to families, on page 
 
 79. 
 
!i 
 
 732 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 free, or variously attached to the isthmus. Ventral fins thoracic, usu- 
 ally wide apart, separated by a flat area, I, 4 or I, 5. Spinous dorsal 
 present, short; soft dorsal similar to the anal, which is without spines- 
 caudal narrow, few-rayed. Pectorals large, with broad base, some- 
 times divided into two portions, sometimes with the two or three lower- 
 most rays detached. Air-bladder present; pyloric coeca usually pres- 
 ent, few in number. Singular looking fishes, allied to the Cottida' 
 found in all seas. Genera 5; species about 40. 
 
 (Triglida pt. GUnther, ii, 191-210, 216-224.) 
 
 a. Pectoral fins, with two or three detached appendages below ; ventrala I, 5, wide 
 apart'. 
 i. Body mailed; teeth none; pectoral appendages 2. (Periatediinw.) 
 
 Peuistedium, 388. 
 bb. Body Bcaly ; teeth present ; pectoral appendages 3. ( Tnglince. ) 
 
 c. Palatines toothless Trigla, 1589, 
 
 cc. Palatines with teeth PniONOTt's, 3'.I0. 
 
 aa. Pectoral fin divided to the base, into two unequal parts ; veutrals I, 4, contigu- 
 ous; gill-uiembraues broadly attached to the isthmus. {Dactylo^)terina>.) 
 
 Ckphalacanthus, 391. 
 
 888.— PERISTEDIVni Lac^pfede. 
 
 {Perlatedion Lacdp^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 3(58, 1802: type Periatedion malarmat Lac.= 
 Trigla cataphraota Gmelin.) 
 
 Body elongate, fusiform, covered with bony plates, each of which is 
 armed with a strong spine; head bony; each preorbital produced into 
 a long flat process, which projects more or less beyond the mouth; 
 mouth s'^all; teeth none; lower jaw included, provided with barbels; 
 gill-membranes separate, narrowly joined to the isthmus anteriorly; 
 gill-rakers slender. Dorsal fin continuous or divided. Pectoral tin 
 short, with the two lowermost rays detached. Ventrals I, 5, separated 
 by a broad flat area. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric cceca about 10. 
 Warm seas. Color generally red. {Ttepc, around ; aTsOtovj diminutive of 
 aT£Oo(;, breast; the breast being mailed.) 
 
 1131. P. miniatum Goode. 
 
 Bright crimson. Armature of body essentially as in P. breinrostre;* 
 spines of abdominal plates very weak posteriorly; length of preorbititl 
 process 3 J in distance from its extremity to front of orbit; interorbital 
 space deeply concave; protuberance on the forehead very slight; a 
 pair of spines on upper surface of snout behind base of preorbital 
 processes; a larger pair on preorbital processes; ridge of preopercle 
 ending in a depressed, short, sharp-pointed spine; about ten small 
 
 *See GUuther, Cat. Fiah. Brit. Mas. ii, 218, 1860. 
 
108(5). TKIGLIDiE — PRIONOTUS. 
 
 733 
 
 tentacles on each side of lower jaw, those near the symphysis smallest. 
 Long tentacles at angle of mouth fringed, extending to bases of i)ec- 
 torals. Head 2^; depth 5. D. Vll-18j A. 17; C. 16; P. 2-10; V. I, 
 5; Lat. 1. 28. L. 12 inches. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Rhode Island. 
 (Ooode.) 
 (Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 349.) 
 
 889.— TRIGL.A Linnaeas. 
 
 Gurnards. 
 
 (Artedi; LinnsBus, Syat. Naturae, 1758: typo, Trigla lyra L.) 
 
 This gonus differs from Prionotus chiefly in the absence of palatine 
 teeth. The scales are smaller and the pectoral fins less developed; a 
 series of bony, spinous plates extend along the base of the dorsal fins, 
 a pair of them to each ray, the fin thus running in a shallow groove; 
 caudal fin usually emarginate. Lateral line usually forking at base of 
 caudal, the branches running to tip of fin. The numerous species 
 abound on the coasts of Europe, Africa and India, {rpiyka^ classical 
 name of Mullus barbatus; transferred to this group for no evident 
 reason.) 
 
 1133. T. cnculus Liun. — Red Gurnard. 
 
 JRose-red; profile of snout rather steep, slightly concave; preorbital 
 with short denticulations ; maxillary nearly reaching front of orbit; 
 lateral line with a series of unarmed plates, which are deeper than 
 long; first dorsal spine tuberculated ; sfc ond longest, § length of head; 
 pectoral reaching past front of anal. Head 3J; depth 5. D. IX-18; 
 A. 17; Lat. 1. 75. Common in Europe; said by Cuvier to have been. 
 once brought from New York by Milbert. 
 
 (Llan. Syst. Nat.: Trigla pini GUnthor, ii, 191); Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 1880, 58.) 
 
 « 
 
 390.— PRIONOTIjS LacdpMe. 
 
 Sea Bobins. 
 
 {Lac6pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 337, 1802: type Trigla evolans L.) 
 
 Body subfusiform ; profile of head descending to the broad depressed 
 sno.ut, which is much longer than the small eye; eyes close together, high 
 ap; surface of head entirely bony, the bones rough with ridges and 
 granulations; scales on head few or none; preopercle with one or two 
 sharp spines at its angle; opercle with a sharp spine; nape with two 
 strong spines; a spine on shoulder girdle. Mouth rather broad; bands 
 of small, almost granular, teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines; gill- 
 
 's! 
 
 <■ !'* 
 
 i' 
 •I " 
 
!H^^~^~"^!~?^»^H» 
 
 1 1: 
 
 $ 
 
 734 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOPTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 membranes nearly separate, free from isthmus; gill-rakers rather long. 
 Body covered with small, rough scales, which are not keeled; latornl 
 line continuous; scales of breast very small. Dorsal flns dislinct, the 
 first of 8 to 10 rather stout spines; anal flu similar to soft dorsal; 
 pectoral fln with the three lower anterior rays thickened, entirely free 
 from each other and from the fln; ventrals I, 5, wide apart, with a Hat 
 space between them, the inner rays longest. Pyloric coeca in moderate 
 number^ air-bladder generally with lateral muscles, and divided into 
 two lateral parts; vertebne 10 or 11 + 15. Species sruout 10, repre- 
 senting in America the old world genus Trigla. {T:f>'.ioy, saw; vwro^, 
 back; three free, saw-like spines being said to intervene between the 
 two dorsals.) 
 
 a. Mouth Htniill, nuandilOe not reaching vertical from front of orbit; preopercnlar 
 spino without conspicnons basal cusp; blotches on spinous dorsal wel! (k. 
 fined, ocellutcd; a transverse groove connecting the ujtper jwsterior angles of 
 orbit. {Ornichthys* Sw.) 
 b. Body very slender; sides with numerous round brownish spots. 
 
 11*23. P. punctatus (Bloch) Cnv. & Val. 
 
 Dark olive brown, back and sides cov^ered with i amerous round 
 bronze sjwts, larger than the pupil; spinous dorsal dusky, with lighter 
 streaks and two black ocellated spots; second dorsal and upper half of 
 caudal spotted; anal blackish, with a pinkish border; pectorals black- 
 ish, the free rays barred with light and dark; ventrals pale; branch!- 
 ostegal membrane pinkish. Pectorals short, reaching only to middle of 
 soft dorsal, 2J in length to base of caudal; first dorsal high. Bodj^ 
 much slenderer than in any of the other species. Band of palatine 
 teeth very slender, shorter than eye; maxillary one-third length of 
 head; preorbital without spines; opercle scaleless ; gill rakers shortivsh; 
 about 10 below angle. Head 3^; depth G. D. X-13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 
 about 7i5. West Indies, north to North Cai'olina; not rare southward. 
 Here described from specimens from North Carolina, perhaps belonging 
 to a species distinct from the true punctatus, which is described as less 
 slender. 
 
 (iTriyla punctata Bloch, Ausl. Fisch. taf. 352; TCuv. & Val. iv, 93; TGiinther, ii, 
 193; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1873, .'^73.) 
 
 hh. Body rather robust ; sides of body without conspicuous spots. 
 
 1134. P. palmipes (Mitch.) Storer. 
 
 Brownish above, clouded with darker; throat and branch iostegals 
 
 dark; a distinct black blotch above on membrane between fourth and 
 
 "Swainson, Class. Fish, etc., 1839, 262: typo Trigla punctata Bloch. {opvii, bird; 
 iX^vi, fish.) 
 
 V 
 
 ■!«i'>*>"6ft»Jml»Wft»MHfe*» 
 
108(&). TRIOLID.E — PRI0N0TU8. 
 
 735 
 
 fifth dorsal spines, this ocellated below; 2 longitudin.il light streaks 
 below dorsal blotch; second dorsal with oblique whitish streaks. Head 
 comparatively smooth above. Preoi»ercular spine strong; opercle scale- 
 less; band of palatine teeth short and broad, shorter than eye. Pec- 
 torals short, not reaching middle of second dorsal, 2J in length; pec- 
 toral appendages strong, more or less dilated at their tips; veutrals 
 loiig, reaching anal; gill-rakers rather short, about 10 below angle; 
 maxillary 3J in head. Head 3; depth 5. D. X-13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 58. 
 Atlantic coast of the United States; common northward. 
 
 {V Trifila Carolina Liunicus, MantisBa, ii, r)28: TrU/la palmipes Mitchill, Trans. Lit. 
 & Phil. Spc. N. Y. i, 431, 1815: Prlonotus pilatua Storer, Proc. Bo»t. 8oc. Nat. Hist, ii, 
 77: rrionotm palmipes and /'. pilaltu Storer, Fish. Mass. 18: PrionotuacarolinusC&V. 
 iv, IK): Prionotua caroliHua GilntbeT, ii, 192.) 
 
 aa. Mouth IJirge, mandible reaching at least the vertical from front of orbit; no dis- 
 tinct transverse groove between and behind the eyes; preopercnlar spine 
 with a smaller one at base; dorsal blotch diffuse, not ocellated. {Prionotua.) 
 
 1125. P. tribulus Cnv. & Yal. 
 
 Dark brown above, with darker blotches and numerous small, pale 
 
 spots; belly pale; a black blotch at base of mandible; membrane of 
 
 spinous dorsal, between the third and sixth spines, with a black blotch 
 
 above; second dorsal with brownish spots, forming oblique bars, and 
 
 with 2 dark blotches at base, the posterior blotch continued obliquely 
 
 downwards and forwards to below the lateral line; pectoral olive 
 
 brown, with dark cross-bars, which are more distinct towards the tip 
 
 of the fln; its upper edge white; pectoral appendages with dark spots; 
 
 basal half of caudal paler. Pectorals rather short, not reaching end 
 
 of dorsal, 2 in length to base of caudal; pectoral api)endages thick, 
 
 tapering. Body robust. Head shorter and broader, snout shorter, 
 
 and bones more strongly striate than in P. eoolans; interorbital space 
 
 deeply concave; occipital and supraorbital spines very strong and 
 
 much comi)ressed; band of palatine teeth as long as eye; gill-rakers 
 
 shortish, 9 below angle; membranous edge of opercle scaly. Head 2^ 
 
 in length; depth 4. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about 50. South Atlantic 
 
 coast of the United States; abundant. 
 
 (Cav. & Val. iv, 98, 1829; Giinther, ii, 195; Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Not. Mns. 
 1878, 374.) 
 
 1126. P. evolans (Linn.) Gill. 
 
 Similar to var. Uneatus, but spotted also with white; the pectorals 
 plain black, with pale ed^nngs above, longer than in var. lineatua, 
 reaching usually past the end of the second dorsal and anal, l^lf in 
 
 ■1 - ■'. • • *; 
 
 !n«: 
 
 
 
 
 f; 
 
: 
 
 736 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 length to base of caudal. Body and head stouter, t^ > plates rougher; 
 scales somewhat larger, iu about 55 series. Atlantic coast; coiniuou 
 southward. 
 (t Triijla evolana L. Syst. Nat. ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, .174.) 
 
 Subap. Ilncatns (Mitch.) J. & G. 
 
 Olive brown above, mottled and spotted with blackish ; whitisli be- 
 low; a narrow dark streak along the lateral line, with a broader oiio 
 below it, which terminates behind in a series of spots and blotches; 
 lower jaw and branchiostegal membranes sometimes bright orange y(>l. 
 low; pectorals blackish, edged with olivaceous and orange, with numer- 
 ous transverse dark lines; membrane of spinous dorsal with a bhiek 
 blotch between third and sixth spines; soft dorsal plain or with 2 blac^k 
 blotches at base; ventrals and anal orange; pectoral appendages slen- 
 der, dusky. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 15 below angle ; band 
 of palatine teeth wide, shorter than ej^e; spines on head moderate in 
 size, compressed, the one at upper posterior angle of orbit little devel- 
 oped; membranous edge of opercle scaly; ventral reaching to front of 
 anal; pectoral reaching to past middle of soft dorsal and anal, from IJ 
 to 24 in length. Head 2% in length; depth 4J. Eye 2^ in snout. D. 
 X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about 60. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras; common 
 northward. Perhaps a distinct species, but seeming to vary into the 
 preceding. 
 
 (Trigla lineata Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 430, 1815: Prionotus lineatu» 
 Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.: Frionotua lineatus Giinther, ii, 192: Prionotua strigatus Cm. 
 & Val. iv, 86.) 
 
 119T. P. stephanophrys Lockington. 
 
 Pale olivaceous, abruptly white at level of pectorals; back and sides 
 with a few scattered dark spots; branchiostegals mostly saflfron-yellow; 
 spinous dorsal dusky, with a diffuse dark blotch between fourth and 
 fifth spines, near edge of membrane; second dorsal spotted; caudal 
 with dark blotches; pectorals da.-k. with large round black spots. 
 Body rather stout; head large, compressed, broad, and very nearly 
 plane above; the interorbital region not concave; no transverse fur- 
 row behind orbits; orbital rim with a slightly raised, serrated crest; 
 snout very short, two-fifths length of head; mouth large, the broad 
 maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit; bands of palatine teeth very 
 narrow; gill-rakers long and slender; head less rough than usual, the 
 bones little striate; occipital processes not reaching first dorsal spiue; 
 preorbital little projecting; preopercle with a strong smooth spine, 
 
 mm 
 
108 (7>). TRIGLID.li: CHPHALACANTIIUS. 
 
 737 
 
 roaoliiiiff slijihtly boyond membrano of oporclc; opercle oindiufx in two 
 {M)iuts, tho lower a loti^' spine, the iiu'iiibraiie connectiu}; the two scaly; 
 s(;;iles thin, (uliato, not closely imbricate; (h'st ilorsal spine {jfratmlate 
 in front; pectorals niachin^ beyond niiddh^ of anal, abont to base of 
 ninth ray; free rays very slen«ler, the uppermost more than half lenj^th 
 of lin; ventrals not reach infj vent; caudal slijjhtly (unarj^inate. Head 
 L'jl; depth 4; eye 1^ in snout. J). X-12; A. 11 ; P. l.J-III; Lat. 1. 55. 
 Deep water oil" San Francisco; one Hi)eciinen known. 
 
 (Lockington, rroc. ♦!. 8. Nat. Mils. 18-^0, .V29. ) 
 
 391.-CEPIIAI.A€AWTIIIJS L.uri^pMe. 
 Flying Gnrnards. 
 
 {Dm tjitojtlrriiH hsu'^iu'th', ui, '.\2ri.) , . :' 
 
 (La('(5pii(lp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii. 'M',i, 1H02: typi* GattterosteuH spinarclUi Linn.) 
 
 Body elonjjjate, sulMiuadranjiular, taperin<^ behind; head very blunt, 
 (|uadraniLjular, its surface almost entirely bony; nasals, preorbitals, 
 suborbitals, and bones of to[)of head united into a shield; nu(!hal part 
 of shield on each side produ(!ed backward in a bony ridj;e, endin;; in a 
 II strong spine, which reaches past front of dorsal; interocndar space 
 (k'oi)ly concave; preorbitals forming a prqje<!ting roof above the Jaws; 
 |)ic()i)crcle prodtKH'd in a very long rough spine; cheeks and opercles 
 with small scales; oi)ercle smaller than eye; gill-openings narrow, ver- 
 tical, sei)arated by a very broad, scaly isthmus; pseudobranchiie large; 
 gill -rakers minute; mouth small, lower jaw included; jaws with granu- 
 lar teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales bony, strongly keeled; 
 2 serrated, knife-like appendages at base of tail; first dorsal of 4 or 
 5 rather high llexible spines, the tirst one or two spines nearly free 
 from the others; an immovable spine between the dorsals; anal and 
 second dorsal short, of slender rays; caudal small, lunate; pectoral 
 fins divided to the base into two parts, the anterior portion ((;orro- 
 sponding to the free r.'vys in Prionotm) about as long as the head, of 
 about () rays, closely connected; the posterior and larger portion more 
 than twice length of head, reaching nearly to caudal in the adult 
 {'•'■Dactylopterus^ Lac); much shorter in the young {'■'•Cephalacanthm^'' 
 Lac); these rays very slender, simple, wide apart at tip; ventrals I, 
 4, long, pointed, their bases close together, the inner rays shortest; 
 air-bladder with two lateral parts, each with a large muscle; pyloric 
 coeca numerous; vertebrfe + l^- Warm seas; the adult able to move 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 47 
 
 n 
 
738 CONTKinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 in the air, like the true flying-fish, but for shorter (listances. {x? ' ',j 
 head; axavOdj spine.) 
 
 a. Occiput witlioiit fllaniont. 
 
 II 28. C splnarclla (L.) Ln,c. — Fhjing-robin ; Bat-fiiih ; Folador. 
 
 Greenish olive and brown above, of varying shades; Im'Iow jjiilc, 
 jnarked irregularly with dusky and bright brick-red, varying to saiiiKni. 
 yellow; ])ectoral tins njottled with bright blue streaks near the has*', 
 and blue spots and bars toward the tip; their under sides glaucous 
 blue, edged with darker; caudal fin with about three trownish-red bars; 
 (;oh)ration extremely variable. First two dorsal spines free, slightly con- 
 necte<l by membrane at base; preopercular spine reaching beyond hast^ 
 of pectorals, not to end of occipital spine; pectorals reaching nearly to 
 base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 5^. I). Il-lV, 8; A. 6; P. 28, (i. L. 
 12 inches. Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; abundant southward. 
 
 {GmterostcHH spinareUa L. Syst. N.-vt. i, 492 (younjj;): TrUjhi roVitann Tjinii. Syst. Xat. 
 i, 498 (ii(liilt): Tr\g\a rolHann Gmolin, Syst. Nat. 1788, 1H4G: DaclijloptcruH rolilniii 
 Giiutber, ii, '<i21: Dactyloptcnis voUtans Liitken Spolia Atluutica, 1880, 417; GUuthcr, 
 
 «. Vcntr 
 h. Low 
 
 nil- V«Mlfl 
 
 '. Vo 
 
 I)ro_ 
 
 cc. Vt 
 
 ■£v.jf ■!-': 
 
 Il-S''-. 
 
 M 
 ll 
 
 ; Family CIX.—LIPARIDID^. " ' 
 
 ■, ' {The Sea Stiails.) 
 
 Body more or less elongate, subcylindrical ar >rly, comi)ressc(l 
 behind, covered with smooth skin, which is usu.*..^ very lax. Head 
 broad, obtuse, the snout short; suborbital bone styliform behind, joined 
 to the preopercle, as in the Cottidw; jaws with bands of small tectli, 
 ■which are usually tricuspid; no teeth on vomer or palatines; ])r('tnaxil 
 laries protractile, little movable; opercular bones unarmed; inter 
 opercle slender, ray-like, overlying the branchiostegals ; gill-opeuiiifis 
 {small, the membranes joirjed to the broad istliinus, and to the Imnieiiil 
 arch below. Gills .'3J; no slit behind the last; pseudobrancbiii? rudi- 
 mentary or wanting; pyloric coeca numerous; no air-bladder; dorsal 
 fin rather long, the spines feeble and flexible, low, similar to the soft 
 rays; anal long, similar to the soft dorsal; ventral flus I, 5, tlie two 
 completely united, and forming the bony center of an oval snekiiijj 
 disk; ventrals sometimes entirely wanting; pectoral fins very broad, 
 the base procurrent ; the outline usually emarginate, some of the lower 
 rays being produced; tail diphycercal; caudal fin short, convex; ver 
 t«brfel2 + 30. Genera 3; species about 20. Small fishes, nearly all of 
 
 the northern seas. 
 {DUcoboli; group Uparidina GUnther, ill, 158-165.) 
 
100. LIPARIDID.E AMITRA. liV.) 
 
 ((. Vrntral <liHk cutin-ly wanting. (AmStrhio'.) 
 
 b. LowtT jaw iiuliuU'd ; .skin thin, lux Amitua, 3W. 
 
 ,1(1. Veutrul <lisiv jm's«>nt. {Lipariniv.) 
 
 V. Ventral «liHk very Ninall, >ind«r tli«' hea<1, tho v«*nt rlcwfi liohind it; lower jaw 
 
 l»n>j<'ctinn; ukin lux, tiiin I'.vuKi'Hocrrs, lUr.l. 
 
 tT. Veutral disk well deVelniiod ; vent \vt<ll behind head LiPAius, lUM, 
 
 I 
 
 S09.-AMIf RA OcmmIp. 
 
 (Cioode, Proc. TT, 8. Nat. Mji.h. 1H80, 478: type Amitra Uparina Ooode.) 
 
 lUxly elonf^iito, jittcnnato backwiir*!, roveivd with hix, smootli, slimy 
 skill, which is sepjirattMl from tlio body ami liiis by u tihny rniu!ous iiitei' 
 tissue. Mead .sinall, thick, convex between eyes; snout convex, ju-o 
 trudinjr; mouth small, horizontal, the lower jaw in<'lu(le«l ; teeth small; 
 ryes hiteral; {^ill-openings restn<'ted to small slits above the l)ase of the 
 jioctorals, covered by the very small operitle; no barbels; dorsal and 
 anal tins many-rayed; dorsal continuous, almosf concealed by the skin; 
 the spines scarcely diiferent from the soft n,\vs; anal similar to dorsal; 
 both connected with the caudal, whi<*h is jjointed; no trace of ventral 
 fliis or sucking disk; pectoral fin verj- broad, procurrent, its lower rays 
 inserted nearly uiulec the eye, the fin emarginate; vent well behin«l 
 head. One species known; its nosition interniediate between the Cot- 
 ti(l(C [Cottunculus, Ptfychrolutcs , and Lipar'uJU}(i\ two groups much more 
 intimately related than most writers have conceded.* («, without; 
 /i;7/)«, stomacher.) , ., , ,, ,. , ,, -j. 
 
 11S9. A. liparina Goode. 
 
 Yellowish white, dusky toward the tail and front of head; perito- 
 iK'um black. Body posteriorly compressed, the tail very thin; eyes 
 half width of interorbital space, 5 in head ; upper lip with pores. Doi - 
 
 * I lihonld put the family of Gobiesocidw far away, at least a Hiiborder off, from tho. 
 (Ujclopteridw and Liparidida; which are far more closely unit(!il to the true Coftidii, 
 rcprcsfutod by Cottiia and Hemitrijiterm, than to oitlu^r the (iohicumidw proper or to the 
 Gobios and Blennies, In fact, Liparis has as close atttnitie.s, as .shown by its skeleton, 
 with Cottus and Hemitripterns as with Cyclopierux ; and we have in the three groups, 
 represented by Cottus, Liparis, and Cijclopterus, well-marked families of the same suli- 
 order. The only character by which the Cycloptcridw and Liparididw are closely united 
 c(msi.st,s in the peculiar formation of the ventral disk by the union of the ventral tins; 
 but as this structure is simply brought about by the modification of the rays iii a 
 Dianucr common to the several genera, and not by any marked anatomical diflerence in 
 the stiuctnre of the same fins in Cottus, J can only look tipon it as a generic character 
 coraiiion to the known ropresentatives of both families of Cycloptcridw and Liparidida. : 
 and the discovery of a representative of either fainily with veutral fins of the ordinary 
 form would not necessitate the establishment of a family for its reception, an in that 
 (!a:.o we should simply consider the structure as of generic value. (Putnam, Proc. 
 .^m. Ab8. Adv. Sci. 1873, 337.) 
 
 km 
 
 
 U* 
 
 ^ W 
 
 T ' 
 
 Sk 
 
 m 
 
 1: . 
 
 ■i; 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 !, - 
 
 1? 
 
 '4 
 
 
 ; 
 
 ■| 
 
 
 "ir ^ 
 
 [M 
 
 
 ^li 
 
740 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOllTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i t 
 
 lit' 
 
 sal bejifinuing over pectoral: anal under ninth tlorsal ray HeadO?- 
 depth o J. D. V, 02; A. 54; CO; P. 23. L. 5 inches. Deep water oil 
 the coast of Khode Island; lately dredged by the U. S. Fish Com 
 mission. 
 
 (Goodc, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 478.) .i 
 
 393.~CABEPROCTUS Kriiyer. 
 (Kn'iycr, Nntiirh. Tidsskr. i, 257, 18()2: tyjio LipariH rciiihardi Kroyer.) 
 
 Body elongate, senn-transparent, covered with thin lax skin; month 
 oblique, the lower jaw projecting; teeth simple, hooked; ventral disk 
 small, situated far forwards, under front of eye; vent a little behind it, 
 far in front of anal fin. (««/>«, head; ^/>a>zT«^, vent.) 
 
 1130. C. gfClatinosMiL* (Pallas) Kvi5y«r. ; . t * , ^-i ,^,., 
 
 Kose-colored ; vertical flns violet; gill-cavity black. Ventral disk voiy 
 small, supported by a Irihimellate cartilage descending from the tliroal; 
 vertical tins continuous. Body oblong, compressed, senii-transpaiviit, 
 soft, and gelatinous; head tLfck, Hat above; cleft of mouth nearly ver- 
 tical, 5is in Uranoscopiis ; a series of pores along upper lii); jaws, ])alai(', 
 and pharynx rough with teeth; skeleton very wiifik. D. more than .■)(); 
 A. about 45; C 0; P. 30; cceca 48; vertebrie 04. {Gunthcr.) Alaska 
 and Kamtschafka; Greenland. 
 
 (CycJopterus ijdatlnoHUH Pallas, 8[»i( ilcf;ia, vii, I'J, l/fii): TApar'ta gelaUitonun VA\\\\\\f\\ 
 iii, 163? f Liparin ffelntinostiH Kciiili. Ovcrsij^t, »5tc. 1814, Ixxvii: ^ Liparix rciiiluiidi 
 Kniyer, Naturli. Tiilsakr. i, 252: f Careproctiin rdnhunU Kioyer, I. c, 257, the Greeu- 
 laud form, tliouglit by Dr. Krilyor to be diftereut from C. gelalinosus.) 
 
 391.— L.IPARIS Linnujus. 
 
 . Sea-Snails. 
 
 (Artedi; LinnnBns, Syst. Nat. : tyT[Ki Ct/clopteruii liparia h.) .. 
 
 Body rather elong ite, covered with smootli skin, which is usually 
 freely movable; head sliort, flattened above; mouth horizontal, tin' 
 lower jaw included; teeth in several series, usually tri(usi)id; maxil- 
 lary covered by skin of preorbitai region; ventral disk wll develoiiid, 
 on the breast, its front below or behind the middle of tl'C head; vent 
 well behind the head, about midway between sucking-disk and anal liii. 
 Dorsal fin continuous or divided, its spines hardly differentiated; do'Siil 
 lin free from caudal or not; pectoral emarginate, some of the lower lays 
 produced; vertical fins enveloped in skin. Northern seas (one Bi>c'cios 
 known from Chili). (AfTa/^M?, sleek-skinned, shining.) ,, 
 
 a. Dorsal (in continuous. (Liparin.) 5*?% 
 
 b. Dorsal liu couuected with the caudal. ^n- ,;- 
 
 1131. 
 
 Dors 
 nostrils 
 ^■ery la 
 
 {Cyclop 
 Niifiirh. 1 
 Wi.) 
 
109. LIPARIDlDiE — LIPARIS. 
 
 741 
 
 1131. L,. major (Walb.) Gill. 
 
 Dorsal aud anal slightlj' connected with base of caudal; anterior 
 nostrils tubular; posterior simple. D. 45; A. 38; P. 42; C. 10. Size 
 very large. L. 10 inches. Greenland. {Gill.) 
 
 (Ci/clopterHH Uparis var. major, Wall). Artodi Pise. 480, 1792: Liparix tnnicata Kriiyer, 
 Naturh. Tidsakr. i,'236, IdG-i: Actinochir major Gill, Proc. Acad. Niit. .Sci. Phila. 1H()4, 
 193.) 
 
 li'VI. 1.. pulchella Ayreq. 
 
 Grayish, usually with wavy purplish stripes, sometimes marbled aud 
 spotted with purplish; pectorals si)otted or banded with grayi'-h purple; 
 lateral line with round whitish si)ots. Snout broad aud blunt, project- 
 in;; beyond mouth; maxillary reaching nearly to front of eye; teeth 
 short, close-set, a broad band in each jaw, that of npi)er Jaw broadest. 
 Body compresJsed behind, thick in front; head almost globular; ante- 
 rior nostrils tubular; skin very thin and lax. Dorsal tin high, undi- 
 vided, continuous with anal and caudal around the tail; tail tapering 
 to a point, api)earing isocercal, but the vertebrae essentially as in otliei- 
 species; i)ectorals very broad, the ba.se of lowermost rays under eye; 
 ventral disk small, oval, 2.J in head; pseudobrancliiie well developed. 
 Head o; depth 5. D. 48; A. 39; C. 12; P. 36. L. 10 inches. Pacific 
 Coast, from Monterey to Puget Sound ; not rare. v . 
 
 (Ayros, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1855,23; GUutbcr, iii,lGl; Steiudachuer, Ichtli. 
 IJeiliilj^c, ill, 53, 1875.) , • . -r ■{;.>. - - ■■,>,•. >. ,i; •■ 
 
 1133. £,. ifibba IJcun. \:i .^i,-. ' ; r ;v" ':;' - 
 
 I load and body very pale brown or gray, paler below; head and 
 anterior parts often with concentric brown rings; sides plain or marked 
 wiili brown strii)es and rings; tail sometimes witli dark blotches; ver 
 tical tins usually with dark bands. Body abruptly contracted near the 
 vent, covered with lax skin; interorbital space sliallowconcave, the 
 vertex and nai)e somewhat elevated; snout depressed; head as wide as 
 long, longer than deep; nostrils tubular, the tubes of anterior nostrils 
 longest; eye sm.all, 4 in head; ventral disk nearly circular, 8 in length; 
 verlical tins continent; dorsal contiinums; longest dorsal ray half as 
 long as head; i)ectorals rx'^aching front of anal; caudal in body. 
 Head 3.^ ; depth 3^. D. 42 ; A. 3<) ; P. 35 ; C. 12. Bering's Sea, 
 Alaska and Siberia. <' Distinguished fi-om L. fahricu by its smaller 
 eye and its depressed snout," and from " />. tunicata^'' by the larger 
 eye and fewer rays in dorsal, anal, and pectorals. {Bean.) 
 (IJcan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 148, 1881.) 
 
 
 -, ■ I 
 
I1*f 
 
 742 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 1134. £.. arctica Gill. 
 
 Uniform dark ru8ty-bro\vn or chestnut. Snout rather lii«jh and 
 tlccurved; int{?rorbital space 3 in head; forehead depressed; anterior 
 nostrils simple, posterior tubular. Vertical tins confluent; caudal con- 
 vex, 7 in total length: pectoral 5J; ventral disk 10. .Head 4 in total, 
 its width Gi; depth 2^. I>. 42; A. 34; C. 11; P. 35. Port Foiilke, 
 Greenland. {Gill.) . . 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 191.) 
 
 113't. It. tunictita Kt'iuli. 
 
 Yellowish, mottled with brownish. Eye nearly 3 in snout or iuter- 
 orbital space; posterior nostril not tubular; pseudobranchiie reduced 
 to two lamelhe; vertical flus continuous; anal beginning below tenrli 
 «lorsal ray; ventral disk longer than broad, half length of head; skin 
 thin, loose. D. 42; A. 34; O. 12; P. 34. Coasts of Greenland. {Giin- 
 
 {Lipari.8 tunicata Rpinbarrtt, OverH. Kong. Dauske Vidensk. Stilsk. vi, cxi, IHiUi, ''D. 
 :i9; A. :{:?; P. 30; C. 14": Liparii fabric ii Kroyor, Nufurli. Tidsskr. ii, '^74, 1847: Lipam 
 J'abridi Giiiithei', iii, IGl: Lipar'm fabrmi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. ldG4, ll):J.) 
 
 1136. I*, lineata (Lepechiii) Kroyer. -* ^ « .^ ;,,.,?,,£.*, 
 Yellowish, striped with dark brown or purplish; the color very vari 
 
 able. Body thick, covered with thin, loose, slipi)ery skin; head obtuse, 
 the nape swollen; snout broad, not depressed ; li})s thickish; posterior 
 nostril tubular; eye 7 in head; gill-openings reduced to a vertical slit 
 extending to upper i)art of root of pectoral; pseudobranchiie obsolete; 
 tail truncate at base of caudal. Dorsal and anal fins united with the 
 caudal; ventral disk rather longer than broad, ludf length of head, its 
 jiiargin with about 13 papilla}. Head 4; depth 3|. D. 33; A. 2.S; 1\ 
 .")4; C. 13. L. 5 inches. Northern Europe and America, south to Cajjo 
 ('od. 
 
 (Cycloptentf) liparia L. Syst. Nat. i,414: Cjictoptenin Ihieatus Lepecluii, Nov. Coniiii. 
 l*('tr(t|)ol. xviii, 52:^ : Liparii vulgaris Giinthev, ii, Ifil); Liitkcii, Natiiili. Foreii. Viileiisk, 
 Meddcls. IHfiO and 181)1, 243; Collctt, Norges Fisko, 1(375, 65.) 
 
 1137. !><. ranula Goodo &. Hean. 
 
 Color uniform whitish, translucent in life. Body thick, subcylin 
 drical sinteriorly, rapidly tapering to the tail; skin thick, la\; snout 
 broad, with prominent vertical i)rofile, its length 4 in head; maxillary 
 3 in head, not reaching front of orbit; ventral disk nearly round, its 
 length half its distance from snout. Head 4; depth 4. Pectoral 5. 
 
 s ms Bs 
 
109, LIPARIDIDiE — LIPARIS. 
 
 743 
 
 D. about 48; A. about 48; P. 27; V. 14 (papillae). {Ooode & Bean.) 
 Halifax. 
 
 (Goode &, Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 46.) 
 66. Dorsal separated from caudal by a notch. 
 
 113§. li. montagui (Donov.) Cuv. .,;.:■ 
 
 Yellowish, the vertical fins brighter, with darker margins. Trunk 
 thick; head broad; skin thin, loose; head flat Jibove the nape, slightly 
 prominent; snout very broad; maxillary not reaching eye; po.sterior 
 nostrils simple; eye 9 in head, half length of snout or interorbital 
 space; i)seudobranchice none; i)osterior nostril not tubular; pectorals 
 notched; dorsal continuous, not joined to the caudal ; anal not con- 
 nected with caudal; ventral disk circular, not quite half as long as 
 head. Head 4 in total length; depth 5. D. 28; A. 24; C. 14; P. 30; 
 vert. 10 + 25. {GUnther.) Massachusetts to Greenland and Northern 
 Europe; not rare. 
 
 (Cjiclopterua montayui Douovan, British Fishes, iii, pi. 68; Giiuther, iii, 161: Collott, 
 Norges Fiske, 1875, 67. ) 
 
 1139. li. calliodon (Pallas) Gthr. 
 
 Olivaceous, punctate with black dots, light below. Body depressed 
 forwards, compressed and tapering behind; head narrow«Hl forwards; 
 snout rounded; eye small; interorbital space broad and nearly ilat; 
 maxillary not reaching eye; teeth small, evidently tricuspid, in broad 
 bauds; skin lax, thickish. Gill-openings very small. Dorsal and anal 
 barely joined to base of caudal rays; edge of disk with 12 i)ai)illa); 
 diameter of disk about one-half 1- ngth of head. D. 28; A. 26. Alaska; 
 abundant. 
 
 {Cydoplerus calhjodon Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 75, 1811; Giiuther, iii, 162.) 
 
 « 
 
 1140. L. cyciopiis Gthr. 
 
 Keddish olive, with darker specks, most conspicuous on the fins; a 
 (lark bar at base of caudal; a dark streak below eye; a pale streak 
 iiloug side^. Skin not very thick, adiierent. Body everywhere com- 
 pressed, even the head being deeper than broad; head scarcely convex 
 above, the nape not prominent; jaws ecpial; maxillary reaching to 
 opposite middle of the small eye; teeth small, thrive lobed ; ventral 
 disk oval, three-fifths length of head. Dorsal fin scarcely emarginate, 
 the si)ines rather stiff, the first spine in fiont of v<'nt; pectorals reach- 
 ing vent; caudal entirely free from dorsal and anai. Head 4; depth 5. 
 1). VII, 23; A. 27; C. 12. Monterey to Puget Sound. (Here described 
 
 If 
 
 -!■'«■ I 
 
 „ :' i - V-- 
 
 ,F,t- -r 
 
 i 
 
l.'l 
 
 744 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 r 
 
 m 
 
 from a small example taken at Monterey, perhaps belonging to a 
 d liferent species.) 
 
 (i LijHiria cyclopua* Guntlier, ii, 1G3, 1801.) 
 
 aa. DoiHal fin emarginate, the spines separated from the soft rays; skin firm. (Xeoli. 
 pariah Steiud.) 
 
 1141i Ij. mucosa Ayres. 
 
 Rose-red or brownish, unspotted. Body stronglj* compressed, the 
 back somewhat elevated, not much depressed forwards, the head not 
 wider than deep, longer than in L. pulchella; mouth rather large, 
 termiual, the jaws equal when closed; teeth bluntly tricuspid, the 
 band in upper jaw widest; eyes small; skin firm, thick, little movable. 
 Dorsal fin separated into two parts by a deep enmrgination; second 
 dorsal rather low, entirely free from caudal; anal nearly free from 
 caudal; pectorals moderate; ventral disk oval, 2.^ in head; vent iit 
 posterior fourth of pectorals; end of tail trnncate. Head 4J; depth 
 about 4. D. VII,2G; A.2C; C. IG; P. 31. L. G inches. Coast f Cali- 
 fornia; rare. 
 
 (Liparia mneoaua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Set. i, 24, 1855: Liparia muccsus GUu- 
 ther, iii, 559; Steiudacliuer, Iclitli. Beitriige, iii, 54, 1875.) 'l/:/v.* ^j ,,, 
 
 ^^ r- Family CX — CYCLOPTERID^. . * 
 
 {The Lump Suckers.) 
 
 Body short and thick, more or less elevated, covered with a thick 
 skin, which is smooth, tubercular, or spinous; head short and thick; 
 suborbital stay present, thin and liattish; mouth small, terminal; jaws 
 with bands of slender teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; uill 
 openings narrow, restricted to the sides, the membranes being broadly 
 joined to the isthmus and shoulder girdle; branchiostegals G; doisiil 
 tin long, the anterior part of flexible spines, which, in the adult, aic 
 sometimes hidden by a tieshy hump, sometimes entirely Avantiny: 
 soft dorsal small, opposite the anal, and similar to it; caudal iiii 
 rounded, free from the dorsal and anal; ventrals thoracic, rudiiiieiitaiv, 
 forming the bony center of a sucking-disk; pectorals short, placed low, 
 
 *Iu Dr. Giiuther's type of L. cyvlojius, from KKquimanlt Harboi-, the fiii-fi»nimlii is 
 D. 35; A. 30; C. 12; the ventral disk is said to be less than half the leiif;lh ol tln' 
 head, and the dorsal is said to begin behind the vent. The sjjeeies is said to ii^jivc 
 • 'in nearly every rcapect with L, vulgaria" (liniata). Our Ri)ecimeu is much iieanr 
 //. mticoaa, 
 
 t Steindachner, Iclith. Beitriige, iii, 54, 1675: typo Liparia muooaua Ayrea. {veu, 
 uewj Liparia.) 
 
1 10. CYCLOPTERID^ — CYC LOPTERIo'IITH YS. 
 
 745 
 
 tlioir bases broad and prociiiTeiit ; pyloric coeea numerous; vcrtebr.T. 
 ]2 4-l(», the skeleton feebly ossified. Genera 2; species 4; inhabiting 
 the northern seas of both hemispheres. By means of the adhesive 
 ventral disk these fishes are enabled to attach themselves very tirmly 
 to rocks or other objects. 
 (Discoboli; group CyclojHei-ina Gimthcr, iii, 154-158.) 
 
 a. Spinous dorsal wantiug; skin smooth or nearly so CYCLOPTKiaciiTiiYS, 395. 
 
 aa. Spinous dorsal prest'ut, soniotimes disappearing with age; skin tuberculato. 
 
 , CVCLOPTEKUS, 396. 
 
 39S.-CYCLOPTERICHTIIYS Steindacbner. 
 
 (Stcindachncr, Iihtb. Beitriige, x, 14, 183J : iype Cydojttcrichlhys glabcr Stt'hi(i.=^ 
 Cyclopttrua rcnlricosns Pit\\ii».) 
 
 Body short and thick, rounded, covered with thick smooth skin, des- 
 titute of bony tubercles (or nearly so?); tail slender, compressed, the 
 body abruptly contracted to its base; head broad, obtuse; mouth ob- 
 lique, the lower jaw prominent; teeth rather small, sharp, in two rows 
 anteriorly; pseudobranchia? large; gills 3J; suborbital connected by a 
 hony stay with the preopercle; gill-opening small, above the base of 
 the pectoral, which is broad and procurrent; ventral disk moderate, 
 fringed. Dorsal short and high, of soft rays only, opposite the short 
 anal, both well separated from the small caudal, {xuxhi-refw^, round- 
 linned ; r/Oi)':, fish.) 
 
 1112. C. ventricosus (Steindachnev) J. & G. 
 
 Ih'own, with numerous round dark spots. Ilead broader than long, 
 the greatest depth a little less than its length ; eye small, round, 7 in 
 Iioad, the maxillary extending to below its middle. Head '^; depth 2^. 
 D. 0; A. 7; P. 20; C. 11. L. 12 inches. {iSteindachno;} Okhotsk Sea, 
 
 northward. 
 
 {('jicloptvruit venMcomtn Pallas, Sidcilegia Zoiil. vii, li'>, f . '2, aliout 1770: {CotyVtHl) ren- 
 triioHux Giiuther, iii, 41)8^: Cyclopterichlhya (jlaber Steind. lehlh. Beitriige, x, 14, 1881, 
 taf^ viii.) iV;/,-:--':'-' V". " '-c-:": 
 
 1143. C.'slelieri (Pallas) J. & G. •; -v f- ., ^ ..,X.^ .w; ?-r r.«;^ n; 
 
 Color blackish. Body ovate, smooth ; a single series of osseous 
 
 tubercles along the middle of the back to the origin of the dorsal fin; 
 
 lower jaw longest; teeth small, unequal; eyes small, high; gill-opening 
 
 reduced to a round foramen. Dorsal fin ccnnniencing on the middle of 
 
 tlie biU'k Jind extending to near the base of caudal; anal ending oi)po- 
 
 site dorsal. Pet«r and Paul's Harbor, Bering's Sea. {Pallas.) 
 
 {CUjilopierua stelleri Pnllas, Zoogr. KoBH.-Asint. ill, 73, 1811: (Cotylia^) atelleri Giiu- 
 ther, iii, 499.) 
 
 
 ij 
 
 ■ .1 r- 
 
 \- ' ^ 
 
■^WWPpPPpPWW! 
 
 ) .^ja/;m«f*.mv,j> 
 
 746 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 396.— CYCL.OPTERIJS LiuuiBUS. 
 
 (Lumpua Cuvier.) 
 
 (Artetli; LinusBiis, Syst. Nat. : type Ci/c?opfcrit8 ZitmjJMS L.) * 
 
 Spinous dorsal present, sometimes disappearing with age; skin tliick, 
 armed with series of bony tubercles; other characters of the genus 
 included above. (zuzA»-, circular; Tzrspw^ iin; from the circular veutrul 
 disk.) • . 
 
 a. Dorsal spinos not (lisappearing with ago; gill-opening a small slit on level of oyc 
 ventral disk large. {Juimicrotreinua* Gill.) 
 
 1144. C spinosus Miiller. 
 
 Color olivaceous, the skin between the plates thickly punctate. Body 
 orbicular, cuboid anteriorly; base of spinous dorsal and body beliiud 
 vent abruptly compressed; teeth in narrow bands; gill-openings on a 
 level with eye, slightly narrower than orbit. Spinous dorsal not hidden, 
 covered with rough tubercles, similar to those on body, but smaller; 
 width of ventral disk slightly less than its length, and somewhat less 
 than length of head. Body covered with irregular roundish conical 
 plates, varying much in size, some of the larger with a central point, 
 turned backward; all the plates with small tubercles and slender Ilex- 
 ible prickles; small i)lates along bases of all the fins; a series of (» larj^e 
 plates extending backward from above eye to opposite the interval ho- 
 tween dorsals; a series of 5 on each side of middle of interocular space 
 from snout to nape, these increasing much in size posteriorly; a series 
 of 3 along opercular margin; along base of spinous dorsal, a series of 
 4, not connected with that of incerorbital space; a single large plate on 
 each side of the interval between dorsals; two longitudinal series of 4 
 large plates each, beginning above base of pectorals and behind gill 
 slits, terminating under the space between dorsals; the largest ])latooii 
 body is immediately behind axil of pectoral; a smaller one below it, and 
 two others between it and origin of anal; two series of smalh ; jtlates 
 below eye; many small plates interposed between the series of laryo 
 ones; very small plates on under side of head and middle of tail; no 
 jdates between ventral disk and vent; none in axil of pectorals. Iload 
 3; depth nearly 2. D. VII-11; A. 10; C. 10. Alaska to Iceland, south 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18f)4, 190: typo Cydoptenis spiiims Miill, 
 {EVfitxpoi, very small; rpffna, aperture, from the small gill-openings.) 
 
111. OOBIESOCID^. 
 
 747 
 
 to Puget Sound and Maine. Uere described from an Alaskan siK'cinien 
 of " C. orbia:'' 
 
 (Mlillor, Prodr. Z<m>1. Dim. ix, 1777; F.ibriciiis, Fauna GrcDnlandica, 17d0, i:?4; Giln- 
 tlior, iii, 157 : Cyclopteru» orhis Giinther, iii, IfiH, 18GI, specimen from Vaucouvers Island. ) 
 
 fl<(. Dorsal spines enveloped in a ilesliy hump iu adult; gill-opeuiugs larger; ventral 
 disk tiuiall. ( CyelopteruH. ) 
 
 1113. (J. lllinpilS L.—Lump-Sitckcr ; Lumpfixh. 
 
 Olivaceou.s, with darker markings; skin i)unctidate. Head heavy, 
 ahiiost round; interorbital .space very wide, flattish; maxilhiry reiu;hing 
 to or slightly beyond front of eye; gill-openings extending from level of 
 upper margin of eye to opposite middle of base of pectorals; length of 
 jlill-opening about equal to base of pectoral, three-fxfths length of head, 
 oqiial to length of ventral disk; a tleshy hump on the back, which, in 
 the adult, covers the spinous dorsal; skin with small tubercles, and 
 iil)oat 7 rows of larger spinous ])lates; a median dorsal row, which 
 divides and forms two series behind the hump; two lateral rows, of 
 which the lower has larger plates; one abdominal row oii each side. 
 Head 3i; depth 2. D. about V^ll-lO; A. 10. North Atlantic; rather 
 common on the coasts of America and l*]urope. 
 
 (LiuniBUS, Syst. Nat.; Giluther, iii, 153: Lumjimi angloruniDe^iiy, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 
 
 311').) 
 
 (V ; 
 
 '>l'i 
 
 Family QXI — G0J3IES0CID^. 
 
 Bodj"^ rather elongate, broad and depressed in front, covered by 
 .smooth, naked skin; mouth moderate; upper ja^Y,])rotractile; teeth 
 usually rather strong, the anterior conical or incisor-like; ])()sterior 
 cauines sometimes present ; no bony stay from suborbital across 
 cheeks; opercle reduced to a small spine-like projection concealed in 
 the skin, behind angle of the large preopercle; pseudobranchia; small 
 or wanting; gills 3 or 2.\ ; gill-membranes broadly united, free or 
 united to the isthmus; dorsal flu on the po.sterior i)art of th(» body, 
 opposite to the anal and similar to it, both lins without spines; ventral 
 tins wide apart, each with one concealed spine and 4 or 5 soit rays. 
 Hetween and behind the ventrals is a large sucking-disk, the ventrals 
 iisurtlly forming part of it. This sucking-disk, which is dillerent in 
 structure from that of Cycloj>t€ru8 and Liparis, is thus described by 
 Dr. Giinther: 
 
 "The whole disk is exceedingly large, subcircular, longer than broad, 
 its length being (often) one third of the whole length of the lish. The 
 
 *;» '*>■!'": 
 
 "m 1 1 
 
 h -'. Ill 
 
748 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — TV 
 
 I 
 
 i| 
 
 in 
 U 
 
 i 
 
 II 
 il 
 
 
 contrnl portion is formed merely by skin, which is soparat^'.il from ilu> 
 IK'Ivic or pubic bones by several hiyers of mnscles. The peripheric 
 portion is divided into an anterior and posterior i)art by a deep 
 notch behind the ventrals. Tlie anterior peripheric portion is fornied 
 b3' the ventral rays, the membrane between them and a broad Iriiiffc. 
 which extends anteriorly from one ventral to the other. Tliis tViiiijc 
 is a fold of the skin, containing on one side the rudimentary veiitml 
 spine, but no cartilage. The posterior j)eripheric portion is suspended 
 on each side on ihe coracoid, the npper botie of which is exceedingly 
 broad, becoming a free, movable plate behind the pectoral. The lower 
 bone of the coracoid is of a triangular form, and snjjports a very 
 broad fold of the skin, extending from one side to tin other, and con 
 taining a (xirtilage wdiich runs through the whole of that fold. Fine 
 processes of the cartilage are continued into the soft striated margin, in 
 which the disk terminates posteriorly. The face of the disk is coated 
 with a thick epidermis, like th«? sole of the foot in higher animals. The 
 epidermis is divided inlo nany polygonal plates. There are no such 
 plates between the roots of the ventral tins." (Giinther, iii, p. 405.) No 
 air-bladder; intestines short; pyloric ccBca few or none ; skeleton linn ; 
 vertebriB 13 to 14 + 13 to 22. Carnivorous fishes of small size, chielly 
 of the warm seas, usually living among loose stones between tide marks 
 and clinging to them tirmly by means of the adhesive disk. Genera 10; 
 species 25 to 30. 
 
 {GoUcmcidw (iilnthdT, iii, 489-515.) - 
 
 a. Gill-menibranos fro« from thcistbmus; gills 3; lower jaw with incisors; postiTinr 
 jjart oi" suckiug-disk, without a free anterior margin Gowksox, oD7. 
 
 397.-OOB1ESOX Lacdpiide. 
 
 (Laoc^pede, Hint. Nat. des Poiss. it, 595, 1800: typo Gobiesor eephahis 'Lac6,\)M{'.) 
 
 Body anteriorly very broad and depressed, posteriorly slender, cov- 
 ered with tough, smooth skin; head large, rounded in front; mouth 
 terminal, crescent-shaped; lower jaw with a series of strong incisors in 
 front; upi)er jav^ with a narrow band of teeth, those of the anterior 
 series larger; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gills 3; gill-membranes 
 broadly united under the throat, not attachul to the isthmus; snckinjj- 
 disk large, the posterior i>ortion without anterior free margin. HpeL-ies 
 numerous, all American; mostly tropical. {Gohius; IJnox.) 
 
 a. Anal iin of 10 to 13 rays, al»out as long as dorsal. (Caularclma* Gill.) 
 b. Inci>orH of lower jaw entire. 
 
 *Gill, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 330: type Lepadogmtsr reticulatm Gti. 
 {xavXoi, stem; apxo?, anus; i. c, anal mauy-rayod.) 
 
 1116. O, 
 
 Light ( 
 
 npper lip 
 
 (ins dusk; 
 
 nearly as 
 
 of iiead; < 
 
 ieal, or si 
 
 hind then 
 
 ineisordiki 
 
 posterior 
 
 lif in leug 
 
 Head 2,^; 
 
 Hoiuid to 3 
 
 ( f-cpadogas 
 maaiidricua G 
 
 1117. <^. s 
 niuish pi 
 in total len 
 (ending fro; 
 of head dej 
 dental seric 
 conceal son 
 oontiiiuatioi 
 mnitii] and 
 {(^'ope.) Hil 
 (t'opc, Proc. 
 
 >il>. Incisors of 
 
 I lis. G. riK 
 
 l)i"'. olivf 
 
 fil'ove; the fi 
 
 ^vi<le, across 
 
 •lorsal; some 
 
 (f. rcficulatus 
 
 maxillary ext( 
 
 iimcii decline( 
 
 ^'ctkidatus. ] 
 
 Head 3.1: .lej, 
 
 Gulf of Oalifo 
 
 (Bosa Smith, P 
 
111. OOBIESOCIDiE — GOniESOX. 
 
 749 
 
 1116. G. rcticulntiis (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 lii^ilit olive, everywhere reticuliited with brownisli onm^jje; middh' of 
 upper lip black; a lij^ht bar between eyes and across cheeks; vertical 
 liiis dusky; caudal with two faint brownish bars near its base. Head 
 iit'iuly as broad as lon^^; mouth wide, its wi<lth uion^ than half lenyth 
 of head; outer teeth of upper Jaw rather stronjj, close-set, vertical, con- 
 ical, or slightly compressed, a narrow band of small, conical t*;eth be- 
 hind them; lower jaw with larger teeth, or 8 of the anterior broad, 
 incisordike, with entire edges, jdaced nearly horizontally; lateral an«l 
 jiosterior teeth small, as in upper Jaw; distance from vent to caudal 
 2'| in length of body; sucking-disk as broad as long, lih in length. 
 Head 2:|; depth C.J. D. 13; A. 12; V. I, 4. L. inches. Tuget 
 Sound to Monterey; very abundant in rock-pools. 
 
 (lApadofjantir riticitlatiiH Urd. I'loc. Aeiid. Nat. Sei. I'liilii. 1854, If).'): Lrimdoganttr 
 ))H(v(/.(/»»ctt«Gi'(l.U. S. Puc. R. K. Snrv. Fiah. x, I'.U): Udnenox m«'«nrf/'icH»Giiiither, iii, 
 
 non.) 
 
 >:A:.: 
 
 .V -;i'-i-: ^^if- 
 
 lli*. C struiiiosuf* C(»i»e. ; i^.; a: ,.j;i",,:-,/, .,.,.;, .,:r.r.'.'«v:5..-'^- V' 
 
 Bluish plumbeous, lins blackish. Ilead extremely wide, its width 2^ 
 ill total length; this width partly j)roduced by a large Heshy mass ex- 
 ii'iuling from end of maxillary to end of interopercle; eye small; profile 
 of head descending abruptly from posterior line of orbits. Superior 
 dental series 12 on each side, externally, but the three median teeth 
 conceal some series of whi(di the secoiul three external teeth are a 
 continuation; inferior teeth, 11 on each side; four median incisors hor- 
 izontal and subequal; no marked canine.' D. 11; A. 10; 0. 10; P. 21. 
 {€<)])€.) Hilton Ilead, South Carolina. 
 (Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 121.) 
 
 H). hicisors of lower jaw tricuspid. * ,'-,• 
 
 1118. O. rhcssodon Rosa Smith, .v;'.;....^; /, :,i::,<r... —v ,;. .,i.;n,- ..j2«::;'' 
 
 Din- .; olivaceous, usually with tliree broad yellowish cross-bands 
 above; the first across inter orbital space and cheeks, the second, very 
 wide, across back and front of dorsal fin, the third below mitldlo of 
 dorsal ; some or all of these sometimes wanting. 7'^orm much as in 
 (/. reticulatus ; distance from vent to caudal 2f in length of body; 
 iiiaxillary extending to below eye; incisors of lower javv tricuspid, not 
 much declined, about 8 in number; upper teeth essentially as in 0. 
 rctkiiJdttis. Dorsal a little longer than anal, coterminous with it. 
 Head 3i: depth 0^. D. 11; A. 10. L. 2^ inches. San Diego to the 
 Gulf of California; locally abundant. 
 
 (Rosu Smith, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1881, 140.) 
 
750 COXTRIHUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 
 
 Family CXII.— BATRACHIDJi: * 
 
 '.« 
 
 i:^ 
 
 ( The Toad- fishes.) 
 
 Body generally robust, depressed anteriorly, compressed behind; 
 head large, <lepressed, its muciferons cluiunels well developed; month 
 very large, the teeth generally strong; premaxilluries protractile; frills 
 3, a slit behind the last; psendobranchiiii non<^; gill-openings restricted 
 to the sides, the membranes broadly united to the isthmus; braiichjos 
 tegals mostly <); gill-raJvcrs present, moderate; suborbital without lion* 
 stay; post-temporal bone simple, undivided; scales small, cych)id, or 
 wanting. Dorsal fins 2, the first of two or three low, stout spines; 
 soft dorsal very long; anal flu similar, but shorter; ventrals rather 
 large, jugular, I, 2 or I, 3; pectorals very broad, the rays branched; 
 pyloric co'ca none; tail diphycercal, the caudal fin distinct, rounded. 
 Carnivorous coast fishes, mostly of the warm seas; the young of some 
 or all tine species fasten themselves to rocks by means of an adhesive 
 ventral disk, which soon disappears. Genera 5; species about 12. 
 
 : (Batrachidw Giiuther, iii, 1(56-177.) • , • y ,,, / v 
 
 «. Body naked. .'<.'. • . . » ^,,,.'. .- 
 
 b. Lateral line obsolete; dora.al spines 3 Bathachus, .W. 
 
 bb. Lateral lines several, e.ich formed of shining bodies imbedded in the skin, 
 accomx>aaied by iwres and minute cirri; no axillary foramen; dorsal s])iius )>. 
 
 ;,..- .,uj:r<i^;;':>'- ■'-,'>'- ,;-! , '..*■.■.«;.• ■■■^--■■■^h tf.;- ■;>'- ;/;■,,. Poiuchtuys, SDK. 
 
 '•''"-"'' 398.— BATRACHIJS Block & Schneider. ''' 
 
 (Klein; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. .chth. 1801, 42: type Gadua tau L.) 
 
 Body comparatively short and robust, scaleless; head large, de 
 pressed; .jaws, vomer, and palatines each with a single series of stroiiij 
 blunt teeth; mandible with an additional external series at symphysis; 
 teeth of upper jaw small; dentary bones forming an acute angle at 
 symphysis; li[»s fleshy; upper angle of opercle with 2 diverging spines, 
 more or less concealed in the skin; spinous dorsal of 3 stout slioit 
 spines, the second the longest; no lateral line nor conspicuous pores; 
 young with series of small tufted cirri on back and sides; branchiostc- 
 gals G; vertebrae 12 + 22. {jS ar/xr/ix;, a, frog.) ^' 
 
 rt. Axil of pectoral with a largo foramen. -•- ^ 
 
 1149. B. eau (Liun.)Cuv. «& Val.— Toadt-/sA; Oyater-fish; Sarpo^^._^._ 
 
 Dusky olive, with black markings confluent on the sides and forming 
 irregular, indistinct bars; belly and under side of head lighter; tins 
 
 Hi ! 
 
 Family " 114" of the key on page 80. 
 
112. nATRACHID.E — POHICIITHYS. 
 
 761 
 
 rith black barH, tho.se on dorsal and anal obli(]U('. TceMi in niandiblt* 
 small anteri(H'ly, regularly increasing in hIzo backwards; those on voniei- 
 ])rominent; a broad llap above orbit; tip of maxillary and lower side of 
 mandible with conspicuous cirri; a series of smaller cirri along margin 
 of preopercle; subopercle ending in a long, sharp spine; orbit about 
 t'i|ualling intcrorbital width or length of snout; j)ectoral with a large 
 fonnnen in the axil. Head 2g; depth 4^. D. 111-27; A. 24. Massa- 
 cliusetts to the W(^st Indies; very abundant. 
 Uiadun tail Linn. Syst. Nut. ; GiinHier, iii, 1G7. ) 
 
 Siitisp. pardus Goode & Bean. 
 
 Very pale yellowish-brown, thickly covered with round spots of dark 
 brown; those on head smaller; belly with numerous spots, the largest 
 as large as eye; back with many oblong blotches, besides small round 
 spots: tins blotched, and banded; otherwise as in B. tau. Pensacola, 
 
 (Goodo & Boan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 336.) ; ^: \^ ^?'^:' ? ---1^ -■ 
 
 399.— PORICHTHYS Girard. 
 
 ■'-»'ii|:.A^- 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.")4, 141: type Porichthi/H notatus Grd.=^Batra- 
 chua poroKissimus C. & V.) 
 
 Body rather elongate; head not very broad, depressed, the lower jaw 
 projecting; skin naked, with several series of mucous pores; mouth 
 wide, with conical teeth in the jaws, and a canine tooth on each side of 
 the vomer; operde with a single spine; first dorsal with 2 very small, 
 stout spines; pectoral broad, without foramen in the axil; branchio.ste- 
 gals G; air bladder divided into two lateral parts; vertebra) 11+.*U. 
 [znonr, pore; l/^o?, fish; in illusion to the extraordinary development 
 of the mucous system.) 
 
 llSOt P. porosissianas (Cuv. & Vj»1.) Glintlier. — Midnhlpman. 
 
 Olive brown above, with coppery reflections, the belly bras.sy-yellow ; 
 sides with irregular broad vertical cross-blot(!lies, most distinct in the 
 young; dorsal grayish, with oblique dark bars; vertical fins sometim(\s 
 luaifjined with black; pores of lateral lines bead-like, shining silvery; 
 a white space below eye, with a black crescent below it. Head nar- 
 rowed forwards; opercle developed as a strong spine; maxillary reach- 
 ing beyond orbit; lower jaw with a single row of about 10 large, re- 
 curved teeth, behind which is a patch of small teeth; sides of jaw with 
 a single series of canines similar to those in front, but larger; upper 
 jaw with an irregular series of small teeth; palatines with a single 
 
 
fa 
 
 f 
 
 I, 
 
 752 CONTItlBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 series of conical teeth; 2 larj^e carved canines on vomer; head with 
 Kcveral rows of frinjT;ed ])ore8: one row ah)n;^ lower line of operde and 
 8nl)oi)ercle; another alonjif ni)per edge of cheeks, this branchinj; beliind 
 and below the orbit, one branch running forwards btdow the orbit and 
 around the snout, the other vertically downwards behind the niaxillaiy; 
 a series of fringes behind the lower lip; behind this a series of pons 
 vithout fringes; a short straight series of pores on each side of vertex; 
 a row of pores along the base of the dorsal tin, curving at front of dor- 
 sal, and terminating at upper angle of opercle; a row below this, not 
 reaching base of pectoral; a thinl row does not reacii tlie base of cau- 
 dal, and is anteriorly strongly curved upwards to base of pectoral; 2 
 concentric series on the abdomen, the outer extending forwards be- 
 tween bases of ventrals. The so-called "shining pores" on the sides 
 are not pores, but bright round pieces of shiny membrane, sho\viii;r 
 through a translucent skin; each of the s[)ots has above it a ])air of 
 fringed flaps with a small pore between them; the rows of flaps along 
 bases of dorsal and anal fins are without shining spots. V(Mitrals 
 reaching bases of pectorals, which reach to opposite the sixth anal 
 ray; caudal not half length of head; peritoneum black. Ilead Sij; 
 depth G. D. 11-37; A. 33; V. I, 2; P. 18. L. 15 inches. Pacilic coast; 
 very abundant from Lower California to Paget Sound ; occasionally 
 isoiithward to Panama; also in the West Indies and on the coast of 
 Brazil. •- ' -"" ■'--■■■' '-'■■'' ■ ^' -^f>vv.. :^'...-" -■ =- , ;.-r. ..v>^ 
 
 (Batrachus porosisaimus C. Sc V. xii, 501: Porichihtjs notatua Giianl, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila. 1854, 141, and in U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fish. 134; Gunther, ui, 176.) 
 
 Family CXlIL-LEPTOSCOPIDiE. 
 
 Body oblong, low, compressed posteriorly, covered with moderate 
 cycloid, imbricated scales; lateral line complete, anteriorly runnin? 
 along side of back, posteriorly median; head oblong, nearly plaue 
 above; ejes small, superior, well forwaid; suborbital bones enlarj'ed, 
 but without "stay"; nostrils double; opercle fringed; month nearly 
 vertical; premaxillaries protractile, not forming the entire edge of the 
 upper jaw; lips fringed; gill-openings very broad, the membranes sep- 
 arate and free from the isthmus; pseudobranchite present or absent. 
 Dorsal fin very long, undivided, several of the anterior rays spinous; 
 anal very long, commencing close behind the vent, which is near tlie 
 breast; caudal diphycercal, free from dorsal and anal; pectorals viiii- 
 able, the base procurrent; ventrals jugular, I, 3 or I, 5; vertebr.T more 
 than 10-1-14; pyloric cceca none. Genera about 6; species about 10; 
 
114. BLENNIID^. 
 
 763 
 
 inbabiting the tropiccal seas. This group or family is most nearly re- 
 lated to the UranoscopidcCf but some of the species show Blennioid 
 
 traits. 
 {Lcpto8Copoid(B Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 18G2, 503-.')0G.) 
 
 a. Ventral rays I, 3; pectoral rays simple. (Dactyloacopipu:) 
 i, Pseiulobrancbiie none; head cuboid; dorsal coiuiuencing at tbo nape. 
 
 Dactyloscopus, 400. 
 
 400.— DACTYliOSCOPlJS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, i;J2: type Dactyloscopus tridigitatu/t Gill.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, covered with rather large, cycloid scales; 
 head cuboid, oblong and nearly flat above; eyes small; interorbita' 
 space broad; mouth nearly vertical; lower jaw not dilated beneath nor 
 emargiuate in front, without barbels; no intralabial filament; teeth 
 vilHform, on jaws only; pseudobranchise obsolete. Dorsal commencing 
 at the nape, with 10-12 spines; ventral rays I, 3. {SaxroXo^, finger; 
 «(m>?, short for Uranoscopus.) ^ , _ 
 
 1151. D. tridig[itatns Gill. » 
 
 Whitish; head with coarse wavy darker lines; fins immaculate. 
 Body slender, much compressed posteriorly ; opercular fringe of 15 
 separate filaments. Distance from snout to dorsal 5 in total length of 
 body. Head 5 (in total); depth 7. D. XII, 28; A. II, 32; P. 13; V. I, 
 3; scales 11 + 4 + 30 = 45. West Indies, north to Key West. {Oill) 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, 132, 1861,264, and 1862,505; GUutber, iii,279.) 
 
 . V . Family CXIV.— BLENNIIDiE.* 
 
 {The Blennies.) 
 
 Body oblong or variously elongate, usually compressed; naked, or 
 covered with usually cycloid scales; teeth usually well developed; sub- 
 orbital ring not articulated with the preopercle; dorsal fin long, contin- 
 uous, or divided into two or three fins, the anterior portion and some- 
 times the whole fin composed of spines, which are stiff or flexible; anal 
 fin long, usually with one or two small spines; ventrals jugular, few- 
 rayed, or wanting; caudal fin present, rounded; tail diphycercal ; air- 
 bladder usually wanting; pseudobranchia? present; gills 4, a slit behind 
 the fourth; vertebrae numerous. Genera about 50; species nearly 300. 
 As here understood, a large and varied family, chiefly of small carniv- 
 orous fishes, inhabiting rock-pools and sea bottoms near the shore. 
 Some of them are found in the fresh-water lakes of Italy. Many of 
 
 "Including families 112 lilennidce and 113 Anarrhichadidce of tbe key on pages 80 
 
 lad 81. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 16 48 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 i 
 
 :\' 
 
 
 Ml 
 
754 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOEIH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 them {CUmn(e) are ovo viviparous. Professor Gill divides this group 
 into several families {Anarrliiehadidoe^ Blenniido!, Gebedichthyidre, Xiphi- 
 diontidee, Stichwidcc, and CryptacantMdce, but the second, third, fourth, 
 and fifth of these groups at least are very closely allied. Genera about 
 40; species about 250. . 
 
 (i?fcnniida; pt. GUnther, iii, 206-294.) r *■ ,: ' i^^ 
 
 • Molar teeth none. 
 
 a. Teeth long and slender, curved, hook-like or comb-like; in front of jaws -oly; 
 
 body naked; dorsal with many f ys; 
 ' , .:• , , . , . .V • ... ventral fins well developed. .->> ecies 
 
 V ■ , carnivorous, OA'ipai'ous, chiefly tropical. 
 
 (Blenniince.) 
 I. Anterior teeth canine-like, unequal; some of the teeth movable; others angu- 
 
 j.j . ;■ . / ,.; larly bent ; gill-membranes free from istb- 
 
 mns Ophioblennius, -iOl. 
 
 ih. Anterior teeth comb-like, equal ; teeth all fixed, 
 c. Gill- membranes broadly united to the isthmus, the gill-openings restricted to 
 
 the sides. 
 
 d. Mouth large, the head rather pointed ; no canines Chasmodes, 402, 
 
 dd. Mouth small ; the head decurved in profile. 
 
 e. Canine teeth none , Isestrbs, 103. 
 
 ee. Canine teeth present in one or both jaws potiteriorly. 
 
 Hypleurochilus, 404. 
 cc. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus, or at least forming a fold acro.s,s it; 
 
 posterior canines present . . Blennius, 405. 
 an. Teeth conic, not comb-like. . x^ . 
 
 /. Body scaly. ' 
 
 g. Lateral line present (or more or less obsolete), single, high in front, 
 
 abruptly curved above peel irals, becom- 
 ing median posteriorly; dorsal fin with 
 ! . or.e or more soft raya; gill-membranes 
 
 free from isthmus; ventruls well devel- 
 oped. Species carnivorous, ovovivipa- 
 rous, chiefly tropical. (CUninw.) 
 '. A, Soft dorsal of numerous rays; scales small. 
 
 ». Maxillary greatly developed, reaching far beyond ey>: teeth on 
 
 vomer and palatines Neocunus, 400. 
 
 ■ it. Maxillary moderate. 
 
 _;'. Air-bladder obsolete ; caudal fin rounded Clinus, 407, 
 
 «. Air-bladder larjje ; caudal forked; teeth on palatines. 
 
 Heterostichus, 408, 
 . , hh. Soft dorsal of a pinglo ray; scales lather large; a notch behind 
 
 third spine of dorsal. 
 
 Cremnobates, 409. 
 gg. Lateral line, if present, straight, concurrent with the back ; some- 
 times branched or duplicated. 
 k. Mouth horizontal or nearly so. 
 -----' - I. Gill-openings not continued forward below, the membranes 
 
 ^ .' ,, broadly united, free from isthmrs or ncJ; 
 
 ^ J .; ventral fins very small or wanting. Spe- 
 
 ' " ' ' . cies carnivorous or herbivorous; ovipa- 
 
 rous (!) Arctic or subarctic. (Xiphitit- 
 

 , 40G. H 
 
 !':■{ 
 
 ,407. 1 
 
 'Cf 
 
 ,408. 1 
 
 ^n*' . 
 
 chind ^B 
 
 (Kt. 
 
 ,409. 1 
 
 ''■■•^■,> 
 
 some- ^M 
 
 '-■;\;i.'. 
 
 )TaneB ^B 
 
 ; '■' 
 
 met; H 
 
 
 fipe- 1 
 
 
 )vipa- ^1 
 
 
 D/lMt«- H 
 
 
 114. BLENNID^, 755 
 
 m. Dorsal fin of spines only. 
 n. Lateral line none. 
 
 »o. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus; no pyloric coeca. 
 til. >,,.,! jj. Anal spine none; ventrals I, 3; top of head with 
 
 _ ■■ y\i tentacles Chiholopiius, 410. 
 
 pp. Anal fin with 2 small spines; ventral fins rndi- 
 
 ftv^: ir mentary MUR^NOIPES, 411. 
 
 -,,r ppp. Anal fin with a large spine in a sheath; ventrals 
 
 wanting Apodichtiiys, 412. 
 
 00. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus; no ventral 
 • ' fins; no anal spines; pyloric cceca. 
 
 AxoPLAncHus, 413. 
 
 '* ' ' nn. Lateral lines several; pyloric coica pr'^sent; gill- 
 
 ■' ', v* ■ ' ' membranes free from isthmus; ventrals 
 
 ' none; anal spines small. 
 
 - ' " XlPHLSTER, 414. 
 
 j' ' mth. Dorsal fin with its posterior half composed of soft rays ; 
 
 'i ' ' :. gill-membranes broadly united, free from 
 
 isthmus; ventrals wanting; lateral lino 
 single, high; pyloric cceca present 
 
 Cebedichthys, 415. 
 ll. Gill-openings prolonged forward below, separated by a nar- 
 row isthmus; pectorals nearly as long as 
 , • head; ventrals well developed. Ovipa- 
 
 rous, herbivorous. Arctic. {SUchwince.) 
 q. Lateral line present. 
 - r. Lateral line forked or duplicated. 
 
 EUMESOGRAMMUS, 416. 
 
 rr. Lateral line simple, median.. .Stich^eus, 417. 
 rrr. Lateral line simple, dorsal. 
 ^; , NOTOGRAMMUS, 418. 
 
 1 qq. Lateral line obsolete. 
 
 ' 8. Teeth on vomer or palatines. LuMPENUS, 419. 
 
 ( 88. Teeth on jaws only Leptoblennius, 420. 
 
 kk. Mouth nearly vertical ; gill-membranes attached to the isth- 
 mus; scales small; lateral line obe ^ete; 
 no ventrals; dorsal of spines only. {Cryp- 
 
 tacanthodincs) Delolepis, 421. 
 
 ff. Body naked; dorsal fins of spines only; ventrals obsolete. 
 
 t. Gill- membranes joined to the isthmus; lat- 
 eral line obsolete ; pyloric cceca present ; 
 mouth nearly vertical; teeth strong, on 
 ■' ' jaws, vomer, and palatines. 
 
 ' Cryptacanthodes, 422. 
 
 Molar teeth strong, on vomer, palatines, and sides of lower jaw; dorsal of flex- 
 ible spines only; scales minute ; gill-mem- 
 ;> *'v.,,s . ■ branes joined to the isthmus; no ventral 
 
 _ _^^^-^_ _,.^..t^^^ , - - - — fins; air-bladder preseu*: no lateral line. 
 
 (Atuirrhickadince.) 
 
 - - «. Caudal fin distinct; body moderately 
 
 . 'i '. elongate Anarriiiciias, 423. 
 
 ., ., ' ^ _ ««■ Caudal fin confluent with dorsal and 
 
 anal; body eel-shaped. 
 
 Anarriiiciitiiys, 424. 
 
 ■ ", f 
 
 m 
 
 I' f 
 
 '' >i id 
 
 I 
 
I 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 i 
 
 it 
 
 If!!! 
 
 756 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.' 
 
 ' 401.-OPIIIOBL.EN]W1US Gill. 
 ' ( £/en nopftjs Valencieunea; preoccupied.) 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad.'Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 103: type Blennophia webbii Val.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed, scaleless; snout 
 short, high, abruptly deciirved anteriorly; symphysis of lower jaw 
 with 4 hooked canines, the outer strongest and beat backward, almost 
 forming a right angle; sides of lower jaw with 2 or 3 still larger canines 
 the hindmost very large and bent backward; upper jaw with 4 slender 
 canines in front, followed by a long row of shorter, slender, movable 
 teeth, which are set close together; nasal tentacle digitate; a low simple 
 tentacle above eye; gill-openings wide. Dorsal fin long, the spines 
 slender, separated by a slight notch from the soft rays; caudal lunate, 
 free from dorsal and anal; ventrals moderate, I, 2; pectorals large, 
 (o^f?, snake; Blennius.) 
 
 11S3. O. webbi (Val.) J. & G. 
 
 Dark golden-brown, sometimes with a broad cross-band of dusky 
 
 violet on back and dorsal fin; caudal with 2 dark longitudinal stripes; 
 
 dorsal and anal purplish or orange; an intense, round, dark, ocellated 
 
 spot behind eye. Head much compressed; eye 3^ in head; snout 4 J. 
 
 Dorsal beginning above gill-opening, ending just before caudal; its soft 
 
 rays somewhat higher than the spines, the highest spine If in head; 
 
 caudal and pectorals each about as long as head; ventrals li in head. 
 
 Head 4; depth 4 J. D. XI-22; A. II, 23; V. I, 2; P. 15. "Western 
 
 coast of Southern California" to Mazatlan, Barbadoes, and Canary 
 
 Islands. {Steindachner.) 
 
 (Blennophis wehhiiyalenciennes; Webb & Bertlielot, lies Canar, Poisa. GO: Blenno- 
 phia webbi Giiutlier, iii, 259; Steiudachuer, Iclith. Beitriigo, viii, 41, 1871).) 
 
 403.— CIIASniODES Cnvier «fe Valenciennes. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 295, 1836: type Blennius bosqiiianua Lao.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, naked; head triangular in profile, tlie 
 snout somewhat pointed; mouth large, with lateral cleft, the maxillary 
 usually extending to beyond eye; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth 
 in a single series, long and slender, comb-like, confined to the front of 
 each jaw; no canines; cirri very small or wanting; gill-openings very 
 small, their lower edge above the middle of the base of the pectorals; 
 lateral line incomplete. Fins as in Blennim. American. {xa(T[iwSsi, 
 yawning.) (See Addenda.) 
 
 1193. C. bosquianus (Lac.) Cuv. &. Val. 
 Color (in S ) olive green, with about nine horizontal narrow blue lines, 
 
114. BLENNIIDiE ISESTHES. 
 
 757 
 
 tliese somewhat irregular and interrupted, converging backwards; op- 
 ercular membrane and a broad stripe through middle of spinous dorsal 
 deep orange-yellow; anal fln dark, the rays with white membranaceous 
 tips; ? dark olive green, reticulated with narrow i)ale green lines, and 
 with several broad dark bars, which are more distinct posteriorly; ver- 
 tical fins similarly marked; head linely dotted with black; a dusky spot 
 at base of caudal in both sexes. Orbital tentacle very minute or want- 
 ing; maxillary extending to rather beyond eye; interocular space very 
 narrow, not concave. Dorsal fln not emarginate, the spines slender. 
 Dorsal joined to base of caudal; anal free. Head 3J; depth 3 J. D. 
 XI, 19; A. 20. New York to Florida ; chiefly southward. 
 
 {Blenniaa hoaqmanun Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 493, 1800 ( 9 ); Giinthor, iii, 229: Pholia 
 noremli neat Its Wood, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiila. iv, 280, 1824 ( <J ) : Cliasmodes novtin- 
 Jin<'a<H8 Guutlier, iii, 229.) 
 
 1154. C. qnadrifasciatus (Wood) C. & V. 
 
 Body with 4 distinct brownish bands, a flfth broader and less marked 
 on the neck; four round yellowish spots along base of anal; head 
 spotted with blackish. Lower jaw slightly longer than the upper. 
 Dorsal fln free from the caudal; anal fln highest anteriorly. D. 27; A. 
 15. ( Wood.) Ha'utat uncertain, probably South Atlantic coast of the 
 United States. 
 
 {I'hoUa quadiifasciatua Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. PUila. iv, 282, 1824; Giiuther, 
 
 iii, 229.) .^ . • * 
 
 403.— ISESTHES Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 (Geu. uov. : typo lilenniua flcntUia Girard.) 
 
 Tliis geinis differs from Blennius in the absence of c *nine teeth and 
 ill the restriction of the gill-openings to the sides, the gill-membranes 
 being fully united 1 the isthmus as far as the base of the pectorals. 
 Tlio known species are American. (tVo?, equal; effOUo, to eat; in allu- 
 sion to tl • uniformity of the teeth.) (See Addenda.) 
 
 1155. I. n ntllls (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Olivaceoi ^, bwly and flns marbled and spotted with darker; anal 
 pale-edged; a blue spot on the dorsal in front; males with golden 
 stripes on lower parts of head. Gill openings extending downward to 
 lower edge of pectorals. Head large, short and blunt, the profile of 
 snout steep; supraorbital cirrus large, nudtifid, as high as eye; inter- 
 orbital 8i)ace convex, less than half width of orbit; no canines. Dorsal 
 fin not emarginate, free from caudal, its spines stift', lower than soft 
 rays, 2^ in head; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals half way to veutj 
 
 < it 
 
 t" 'a 
 
 iJV..,K 
 
758 coNruinuTioNs to noktii amkuican iciiTUVoLoaY — iv. 
 
 'I- 
 
 liitonil liiH^ jtromMit luitoriorly, (Muliii^; iibovo uniil. U^\n^\ 3j; (lopMi t. 
 
 J). XII, 15); A.lil; P.M. L. 5 inrlu^s. (N>iih(. of Oalirornia, troin Point 
 
 CoiuM>i)('.ioii NOiilliward, 
 
 ( Hli'ttniiiM iivHlHii H\iiv\\, Proc. Acini, Niif.. S<'i. IMiilii. IK'.I, 1.|!>; UlniviiiH ,ir„nu, 
 GiliiMuM', iii, V.M7: Itlcnuiun tiviililiH Hli\i\u\avAuu'V, lolilli. HoilJ'ii^o, V, IfiO, lH7(i.) 
 
 11.10. I. IMIHOllllllM (Wood) .1. iV (]. 
 
 Iii);lit olivarcoiis, v/i(li darUor loliciiliiliotiM, roniiiii^ ill iIcIiikmI vcr 
 tical bars; lu>n<l willi xory iliMtJncI black «l<it.s; a stui<\s of bliak WoIm 
 on oacli Mi<l(^ of lattMiil Iitu>; doi'.sal with a bliick blotch in front aiid 
 with th(^ lateral biii'N (>\t4Mi«lin}<:oii it ; iinal tin bl)u;kiHli, tho riiys tippcil 
 with whito; oiiudal barriMl. lUn\y rathor dtM^p; hoad l)U7>r, ol»ti;s(>; 
 int(>rorbital spiH'O coin^avis halt' tho diannMor of orbit,; oil>iial cinuH 
 as lon^' as dorsal spinos, bitld at tip, bnuu^hod bclo'v; a niiinttd niiHu) 
 cirrus; no canines; jjill (»pcnin{;s i^xtcndinj;- \o about, hnvcr I'oinili of 
 bnsc of pectoral, thus narrowtM* than in /. {fi'utiliN. Dorsal fin liinh, 
 littio notched, (he soft part hi^^hest, the spines still', I3'rj in hoiid. ilcad 
 IVi; (h>pth ;Ji. 1). XII, 15; A. UK Coast of North and South (Jiiroliiiii. 
 
 (Jih'unittH itiiiii'latiiH Wood, .louni, Acad. Nut. Hci. I'liilii. Iv, ^78, iHiifc lUiniiiiiH itiiiw- 
 tntiiH (Jilntlicr, ill, 'J'iS: F lUnniiun hi'iil: Lc KiUMir, .loimi. Acad. Na«. Hci. I'lnla. iv.HtiH, 
 IHsJf): f Hjipsohli'nitiim hrndi (Jill, Cat. FIhIi. Ka-sli C'ohhI. N. Amor. lH(i|, vonwn nuiUm.) 
 
 ■■ :P 
 
 \M 
 
 <IOI.-IIVI*l.|]ir|IO<7llll.|IM Uill. 
 
 (('.ill. Proc. Acad. Nat. «ci. Phila. lH(il, KiH: typo lUoniUiH mhIUJIUh {\vi\.) 
 
 This oenusditVers from lihiiiiiiis in the restriction of the };ill opciiiiijrs 
 to the sides, the nill-ineinbranes beincj broadly and fully joiiuul io tlic 
 isthmus. (f». upsilon; nXsnftov^ side; x'^^"^} 'iP; ^^^ allusion not evi- 
 dent.) 
 
 1157. II. iniiltilillM ((^id.) (Jill. 
 
 Dusky brown, back and vertical tins with ronndish spots, most con 
 spjcmats in the youns". Head short, the protlle blunt ly dec,urv(>(l; max 
 illary rt>achin{»- to bi'low middle of eye; four canine teeth, those in tlio 
 lower jaw larjjer than those in npper; supraocular cirri very lii{ili,oacli 
 ^vith four smaller ones at base. Dorsal tin not ennirj;:nat(^, the soft; rays 
 rather hijrher than tae slender llexible spines; membiane of last ray 
 almost reaching; base of caudal; orijjin of anal in advance of that of 
 soft dorsal; i)ectorals broad, reachiu};' beyond front of anal; veutrals 
 long^ nearly reaching vent. Head 'A'l; depth about same. JJ. Xlll, 
 U; A. II, 18; V. 1, 3. Coast of Te.xas. {Ord.) 
 
 (liltmuius mulHjUiM V,\rr.n\, IJ. 8. Mox. Bound. Snrv. 1859, 27, pi. xil, f. (i: liUnnitu 
 multijitio UUuthor, lii, 504; Gill, Proc. Aoad. Nut. Sci. Pbilu. 18CI, IGH.) 
 
114. DLKNNIID-i: nFiKNNUIR. 
 
 769 
 
 II5M. II. KOIIllnillllM (WomI) J. At. a. 
 
 Olivo brown, ruiiiMy liitniMl willi (hirkcr; h'uU'h plain (in our Mpcici- 
 
 iiiciin), or Willi '^Htn'<M')i.l pairs) of Mpol.H of u rcddisli lirowti color, ur- 
 
 riinK:«'<l pr«'lt,y n'^iiliirly in u <loiil>ltJ row" ( U'of/^/); \;'rli(',iil IIiih <!(1j{(mI 
 
 wilii <liirluir, <>Np<M;iiill,v tlMMiiiiil; dorsal black in IVont. Head not wry 
 
 Itliiiit, Mic anterior prolllci HlraiKlit, obliipK^; orbilal cirrim not lar/{c, 
 
 sliort(>r than oy(^, braiicluMl at tip; intiMorbilal h\1'.uw coiK^avo, not half 
 
 (liiiiiH't«irort\vc; a, Mli^ht traiiHvcrsc ^roov<i bohinil vy<r, ranincH in both 
 
 jiiws very Hlron^, hooked biickwiirdM, the Iow«ir cotiHideraldy Htronj^er 
 
 Mian upper; );ill-openiii);H extending' downward to opiio.sittMM- Mli;{htly 
 
 Itclow lower edf;e of peetoral. I)(U'sai lln not oinar;;iiiate, the HpineH 
 
 Ntriuh^', but rather NtilV, Iowim' than the Nol't rayH; peetor.ilH whortiMh, 
 
 vciitrals rather Ioiij;. Head •t.\ ; depth I. I). XI, 15; y\. IS. L. 2<^ 
 
 in(;li(tH. Hoiilh AtJanlie> eoaHtot' the United State.s; abundant in empty 
 
 sIioIIh and (tliiHters of InniealeH. 
 
 (Hloniiim (jriiniKihrt W<ii)(l, ./(tiini. Aciul. Nat. Hri. I'hilii. iv, UTH, IH'M; 1 1tknnlwi 
 ijrmiiialuH iHluiht^y, iii, \!!if^.) 
 
 
 « ■ t; 
 
 <105.~nLKNIMIIJM IJiiiiiiMiH. 
 Jil<;nni(;n. 
 
 (Artcdl; LiniiiMiH, HyHt. Nat.; typo JUetinhin ori:llarin \j.) 
 
 Hody olilon;;, <'oiiipreHMed, naked; In^ad nhort, tho profile nHUully 
 bhuitly ronnd(;d; month small, Inni/oiital, with a Nin^le serieH of lon;^, 
 NJciider, ('.llrv^^d, eloHi^Het t,«',e,th in e,a(;h jaw, be.sideH which, in the lower 
 jliw at least, is a fau^^^-like canine tooth on (^acli sidi;; preiriaxillaries not 
 pmtracitile ; /jfill openiiif^.s wide, ext(Midinjif forward below, th(» mem- 
 branes fr(H» from Wui isthmuH, or at least forminj; a, fold aciross it. Dor- 
 sal fin entire, or more or le.ss <Mnarf,Mnate, usually free from caudal, the 
 siMiicH sU^nder; pectorals moderate; v(Mitrals well developed, I, .'J; no 
 jtyloric iueca; latc^ral line developed, anteriorly. H[)ecies very numer- 
 oiiH, lurking under rocks and al({ie in all warm seas; some species in 
 tlio lakes of Northern Italy. {Blennius, the ancient name, from [iUwa^ 
 Klime.) 
 
 a. Orbital rirri i)nifinnt. {Wmnim.) ^^ 
 
 b. Both, jawH widi ranino tooth. -" > ■ >; ,. ... r< - ••- - -• 
 
 c. DofBal little •'.luurginato. > ■■ - 
 
 
 1130. B. fUcorum Ciiv. & Val. 
 
 Olivo green, becoming darker above, with numerous brown spots 
 oa tUo cheeka and sides of tUo body; below faintly reddish. Orbital 
 
 . t 
 
 ■ • i "SI 
 
 mi. 
 
 n 
 
 w 
 
760 CONTUinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITlIVOLOaY — IV. 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 
 I! , 
 
 Iv I 
 
 cirri luiiirly us lonj? as liond, lutld above, aixl with friiiKOs at tho bns(>. 
 Dorsal liu slij-litiy cimir^inatti, IVoo IVoin i\\v. caudal, the sijiucs nitlicr 
 stiff". Iload vory short and dcop, ils prolllc uoarly vcrliriil; bolli jiuvs 
 with very sirouf; caniiu^s. (lill uu'uibrancis fico IVoiri istiiuius posUs 
 riorly. Head o in total l(Mi;;th. I). XI, 17; A. IS. Opru ocean, Ckmh 
 iHMir the Azores; said to have betui oiuu> taken off" the (Miast ol" ^'(.\v 
 York. 
 
 (Oiivi»>r iV VivloiiditMUU'H, xi, '*•(>;{; (Jlhitlirr, iii, !217; Dckay, Now York I'liiimi, VMi. 
 U\\ itl. ii-'. Hg. (i(i.) 
 
 «(i. (>rl)i(al cini noiio, {I'liolin" I'Moining.) .;■. a 
 
 1 lAO. II. citrolliiiiM (V: &. V.) .T. A (h 
 
 (Jreeuisli, with I or r» int^j^ular dark s])ots or shades lilowix the back; 
 dorsal with a lar}>:e bhutk spot in tVont ; nnal brown tMl^ed. liody 
 rather lonj; ami slcMuler, more el(>nJ;at(^ Jhan in lihtmiiis pliolis, more 
 con»presst>d, the head lonj^er; maxillary extendiu};' to opposite niiddlc, 
 of«\ve; teeth l!|, with stronjj: canines in both Jaws. (Jill membranes free 
 froui isthmus; no tra<'(^ of tentacles above eye. Dorsal spines sicndcr, 
 a liule lower than the soft rays, the tin little iimarfjjinatc; dorsal and 
 anal not J(»ined to the caudal. 1). XII, IS; A. 17. Scnith ('aroliim. 
 Only the ori;;inal type in the museum at Paris known; from tiiis tlic 
 present (h'seription was taken. 
 
 (I'holin cantlinus Ciiv. & Val. xi, '270.) 
 
 400.-lVEOmiVIJS Girard. 
 
 (Olmrd, U. S. Prtc. R. R. Surv. I'ish. x, III, IH5H: tyim Xvovlinitu hlanchardi Oiiard.) 
 Body compressed; rather elonj^ate, covered with minute cycloid scales; 
 lateral line i)resent, in<H)mplete, hijjh anteriorly; head naked, the checks 
 tumid; upper Jaw protractile; maxillary yreatly ]>ro<luc('d backward, 
 more than two-thirds leufj^th of head, reachiufj far beyond the eye; 
 both Jaws, vomer, and palatines with stout, unequal, conical teetli in 
 a sinjjle series, besides which, in the front of the Jaws, are smaller 
 teeth; nasal and supraocular rejfion with frinjjfcd tentacles; s'll"><'"i 
 branes broadly united, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers weak. Dor- 
 sal tui lonji', scarcely cmarginate, its anterior two-thirds composed of 
 slender, tloxible spines, which are similar to the soft rays, all of which 
 are simple; anal long, its rays all simple; ventrals moderate, I, 3; cau- 
 dal tin distinct; pectorals rather broa<l, rounded; no air bladder; uo 
 pylorio ccBca. Pacitic Ocean, (v^o?, new; xAj'wx;, Cliuus.) 
 
 •Flemiujj:, Bril. Aiilm. 207: type Blennim phol'iH L. {OoX)?, ancient nanio of some 
 fi«h which wuH bolievod to tthelter it«eJt' iu a oloud of mucous \vhiuh it piuduoed.) 
 
 i 
 
lit. IlLENNIIDil! — CLINU8. 
 
 761 
 
 1161. N. KntlrlniN (Hnu<I. 
 
 Diirk brown, nciiily unifonn; maxillary fliii) broadly ('(1{,'(m1 with 
 l)ri}j:lit y<'llow. Ih'iul bliiiiti.sli, coiivi^x in prollh*; ^'yvH bir^cc, liit-li up, 
 well lorwanl, Ncpiinitcd by a ratlu^r narrow MutliHh inh^rorliital Npiuu>; 
 top of IkmkI convi^x; ('.Iu>(>I{m ion^;; optrclcM Hliort. llca<i hir^iM', and 
 tccfli ratlior Hfron^^rr tlian in A'. bUtnchardi; niaxillaiy rnorrnonsly dc- 
 volopcd, n^ac.iiin;^ about/ to ^ill-oprnin^, itH icn^rtli varying wilii a^(^; 
 
 ovidcd at tip an<I inn(M' margin witli a very liroad win^liito llap, 
 
 pi 
 
 wliiC'li is Join<>d to tlio lowrr part of tlit; <-.li(i<^iv; (M^ ::i<>!nbraii(> iH nioru 
 tlian twicu tlic diaincitcr of the cyt;; below it iK anotlKM' UKMniirane eon- 
 nt'clin^ tliis will) the low(>r Jaw; NUpraorliitai cirrus cpiite Hinail, but 
 ])n>sent. Head ',\^; depth (>; maxillary with llap, '<S\. I>. t.'i; A. liO. 
 li. Ili inctlicH. Moi tx-irey, (Jal.; a rare and niont int«'.reHtinj^ Np«MMe8. ^ ^ 
 [NcooUnm HallricuH il\\avi\, I'mo. Acud. Nat. Bci. 185U, 57; Giitilluir, ii, 'JUU.) 
 
 11109. IV. I»laiicll»r<li Oiranl. 
 
 Dark red or plum color, with oliv'e-{?reen blotches on the Hide; IxOly 
 olive, Hpeckled with Holder; front of moid h red; litiH (!olore<l like the 
 body; a black spot, ocellated with yellow betAveen the Ibnt and Hccond 
 lonsal HpincH: L' li^jht-yellow Npt)ts at bas(^ of «;audal ; dornal and can- 
 tiiil tiuficd behind with yellow; anal and jxM'toralH <'hietly vermilion; 
 color <pnt«i variable, Home Hpecimens duller or barred. A lonj; (tirrus, 
 iniu^li loufjfer than ey«', above Mie front of the eye; reddiHli at base, itn 
 t'riii^'cd tips bri/^Md yellow; ashort, mnltilld, nanal barlx'l, and a (diiHt<'r 
 of 3 or 4 friufi'ed baibels behind supraocular <'irruH. Maxilhuy two- 
 thirds leii}»th of head, (J in b<»<ly, lary:e, reaching? nearly to opposite 
 front of dorsal; lateral line endiuf; opposite thei vent, ordy its straight 
 anterior portion beinjif develop(Ml. Dorsal spines one-third leuf^th of 
 hwvd. Head 4 ; depth 5. 1). XXVI, 17; A. 30. Coast of (Jalifornia, 
 north to Monterey. 
 
 (Gimrd, U. S. Tiic. K. U. Surv. FIhIi. IS-'B, 114; Gllntht^r, ii, 259.) 
 
 t 
 40T.-CL.INHJS Cuvicr. 
 
 (Ciivior, Rt"^}xno Aniin. ii, 1817: typo CliniiH acuminatuH i). & V.) 
 
 Body more or less elonjifate and compressed, covered with small 
 or minute scales, which are usually cycloid ; lateral line complete, 
 abruptly dccurved behind the pectoral ; head obtuse or somewhat 
 pointed; stout, uiiecpuil, coiucal teeth on Jaws and vomer, and some- 
 times on palatines; the teeth mostly iu single series, except in front; 
 
 . ^ 
 
 -Mm 
 
 1 V'<\im 
 
 Ii 
 
 'S'J 
 
 rei 
 
I ;: 
 
 762 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 .no conspicuous posterior canines; maxillary not produced backward 
 from angle of mouth; gill-membranes united, free from the istliunis. 
 Dorsal fin long and low, chiefly composed of spines; some of the ante- 
 rior spines often different from the others, longer or shorter, and set 
 farther apart; anal fin low, with 2 spines; ventral fins jugular, of i 
 spine and 2 or 3 rays; caudal fin truncate; branchiostegals G-, air- 
 bladder and i)yloric cceca absent; viviparous. Inhabiting rock pools 
 among algaj, in warm seas. Our two species are very difterent, and 
 represent opposite extremes in this large and varied genus. {xXivuq^ a 
 name of some sleepy fish; from xXivr,, a bed.) 
 
 a. Nape with a friugo of filamonts; teoth on vomer and palatines; scales noderftte. 
 {Labroaomua* Swaiusou.) 
 
 1163. C nuchipinnis Quoy & Gaimard. 
 
 Eeddish brown, sometimes with vertical bands; a black spot on 
 opercle, which is often edged with white; cheeks and fins retionlate or 
 dotted. Body oblong, rather robust; head naked, thick, short, not very 
 obtuse anteriorly, compressed above; mouth rather large, the maxllla- 
 ries not prolonged backward, extending to opposite the posterior part 
 of eye, 2 J in head; teeth on jaws, vomer, and i)alatines; front teeth of 
 jaws conic, strong; eyes large; interorbital space very narrow; each 
 side of neck with a long series of hair-like filaments, nearly as long as 
 eye; orbital tentacle short and broad, multifid; nostrils with a tufted 
 barbel; lower jaw slightly projecting, its posterior teeth sometimes re- 
 curved; pectorals a little shorter than head, reaching vent. Dorsal 
 spines rather slender, the three anterior spines scarcely shorter than 
 the others; all the spines lower than the soft rays; dorsal fin com- 
 mencing near the nape, the spinous portion long; soft rays higher 
 than the spines; caudal small; pectorals rather large; veutrals mod- 
 erate; gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; lateral 
 line complete, high anteriorly, then abruptly decurved; membranes 
 of vertical fins scaly; scales not very small, cycloid. Head y^; depth 
 3^. D. XVIII, 12; A. II, 17; Lat. 1. 70. L. 8 inches. West Indies; 
 occasional on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 {Clinus nuchipinnia Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Urania Zool. 255: Cliiuta pectinifei- Cuv, 
 & Val. xi, 374: Lepisoma cin-hosum Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 41: ClinitK nuchi- 
 pinnia Giinther, iii, 262: Labroaomua pectirtifer Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 18G0, 
 105.) 
 
 "Swainson, Class. Fish, ii, 75, 1839: type Clinua peetinifer Cav, & Val. ;= C/iH«« hu- 
 chipinnia J , iSc G. {Labrua; dS)fia,hodj.) 
 
114. BLENNIIDJ2 — HETEROSTICHUS. 
 
 763 
 
 aa. Nape without fringe of filaments. 
 
 b. Head pointed; no palatine teeth; spinous dorsal notched behind fifth spiue; 
 scales minute. (Gibbonsia" Cooper.) 
 
 1164.* C cvides J. & G. nom. sp. nov. 
 
 Usual color of adult translucent, reddish or orange, nearly plain ; a 
 large pellucid spot on the membrane behind third dorsal spine, and 
 some small ones behind it; pectorals barred; young specimens vari- 
 ously variegated, with light and dark shades of red, brown, and white, 
 the hue varying exceedingly and dependent on the surroundings; a 
 dark spot usually present behind gill-opening. Body elongate, com- 
 pressed; head small, rather pointed; mouth quite small, terminal, the 
 maxillary about reaching pupil, 3^ in head; lower jaw projecting; no 
 teeth on palatines ; posterior teeth not recurved ; eye moderate, Shorter 
 than snout, nearly 6 in head ; a small supraocular flap, not higher than 
 pupil. First spine of dorsal inserted over preopercle, its length more 
 than one-third that of head; the second nearly equal; the third, fourth, 
 and fifth progressively shorter; the sixth about as long as fourth; the 
 seventh longer; the rest nearly equal to the last, which is lower than 
 the soft rays; pectorals short, not reaching vent; ventrals short; scales 
 very small, smooth; head naked; no air-bladder. Head 4|; depth 4§. 
 1). V, XXXr, 10; A. II, 26. L. 9 inches. Coast of California, from 
 Monterey southward; in rock- pools; very abundant. 
 
 {Mjixodes (Gibhonaia) elegana Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 109, 1864: Blakea 
 eUgam Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitiliyo, v, 148, 187G; not Clinas elegants C. «fc V.) ' 
 
 .^T 40§.— HETEROSTICHUS Girard. 
 
 ' ' Kelp-fisJiea. • 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 143: type Heterosiichm roatratus Grd.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with very small, smooth 
 scales; head long and low, the snout conic, produced, very acute; pre- 
 maxillaries protractile; mouth moderate, terminal; each jaw with a row 
 of conical teeth, behind which anteriorly is a broad patch of villiforni 
 teeth; vomer and palatines with villiform teeth; gill-rakers feeble; 
 gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; orbital cirri 
 minute or wanting; cheeks scaly. Dorsal fln very long, the posterior 
 rays soft, the five anterior spines wider apart than the rest and sepa- 
 rated from them by a notch, the first and second spines longest, rather 
 flexible, the other spines stiff; caudal fln forked; ventrals I, 3; pec- 
 
 'Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 109: type Myxodea elegana Cooper. (Dedi- 
 cated to Dr. J. P. Gibbons.) 
 
 Lit 
 
 
 * 
 
 ■■•4 tA'ti'*.:.^ 
 
 vW 
 
 i f4 
 
 L k '•-pi'"' 
 
 i 
 

 lift 
 
 764 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 torals moderate; lateral line simple, complete, abruptly curved behind 
 pectorals; air-bladder present, large. Size large, {'rcpo-, diflereiit- 
 ffT£';ff>?, rank; in allusion to the anterior dorsal sjuues.) 
 
 a16iI. H. roKtratns Grd.—Kelp-fitth. 
 
 Translucent reddish brown, varying to blackish or olive, with tracps 
 of shining pale bands on the sides, and dark vertica) bars, the hue 
 and pattern of color varyiug greatly; young specimens most varie- 
 gated; a translucent spot behind third dorsal spine. Body mucli com- 
 pressed, deei)est anteriorly; head slender, compressed and itointcd; 
 lower jaw projecting, with thick lip; maxillary reaching pupil, 2'^ in 
 head; eye large, 7 in head; orbital cirrus minute, usually entirely want- 
 ing; cheeks and upper edge of opercle with small scales, rest of head 
 naked; middle rays of caudal about two-thirds length tf outer. Head 
 33; depth 3^; B. G. D. V, XXXil, 13; A. 11, 34. L. 15 inches. San 
 Francisco to San Diego. The largest of the Blennies which are allied 
 to Clinus. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 143; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 
 30; GUuther, ii, a64, and iii, aCl.) 
 
 409.— CKEJWNOBATES Gilnther. 
 Aachenopterus Gunthcr, prooccupied.) 
 
 (Gilntlier, Proc. Zool Soc. Loud. 18(!1, ;»74: type Auchenopterus monophthalmus Gtbr.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with rather large 
 cycloid scales; head shortish, naked; cheeks full; mouth moderate, 
 with a baud of conical teeth in the jaws and about one series on tbe 
 vomer; none on the palatines; gill-membranes united, free from the 
 isthmus; upper surface of head with tentacles. Dorsal flu low, com- 
 posed of stiff spines, with but a single soft ray, which is lower than the 
 spines; first three spines more or less sei)arated from the others; aual 
 fin low, with two spines; ventrals jugular, well developed; pectorals 
 broad; lateral line complete, strongly curved anteriorly. Warm seas. 
 This genus differs from Cristiceps in having but one soft ray in the 
 dorsal fin, and in the well-developed scales, {xprjuvojidrr/':, one who 
 haui^ts rocks.) ^_ ._ __ _ ,. _,^„ , 
 
 o. Three anterior spines connected to the others by membrane. 
 
 1166. C.lnteg^ripinnis Rosa Smith. 
 
 Color dark brown, variegated with different shades of brown and 
 
1 14. BLENNIIDvE — CIIIROLOPHUS. 
 
 765 
 
 reddish; about 5 indistinct dark cross-bars; a distinct ocellated black 
 spot on posterior part of dorsal fin; caudal flu transhicent, speckled; 
 a black bar at its base; base of pectorals violet, bordered with black, 
 the rest of the flu checkered; ventrals bnrred. Head, stout, broad, 
 conical; mouth little oblique; eyes large; nasal, supraocular and nu- 
 chal regions with fringed cirri, those at the nape flap like. First and 
 second dorsal spines low, a little higher than the third, which, in turn, 
 is higher than the fourth, and separated from it by an interspace; the 
 membrane between the third and fourth spines deeply emarginate; 
 auterior spines not forming a separate fln; highest anterior spine not 
 higher than the highest of the posterior part of fln. Head 4; depth 4 J. 
 D. in, XXVlir, 1; A. IE, 20; V. 1, 3; Lat. 1. 38. L. 2J inches. Sau 
 Diego, California, southward to Mazatlan; abundant in rock-pools. 
 {Cremnobatea iiUcyripinniH Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 147.) ' 
 
 410.— CHIROLOPIIVS SwaitiHon. 
 
 {Blenniopa Wilsson: Carclophua Krnyer.) , 
 
 {Chiroloph'w Swaiuson, Class. Fish, ii, 275, 1839: typo Blcnnius yarrclli C. »t V. = Blen- 
 niu8 aacanii Walb.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales; no lateral line; 
 
 snout short; no teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth in jaws small; gill- 
 
 meinbranes united, free from the isthmus; nostrils, orbital region, and 
 
 neck with dermal flaps, the supraorbital flaps high. Dorsal fln long, 
 
 of spines only; ventrals well-developed, jugular; caudal flu distinct. 
 
 No air-bladder or pyloric coeca. Northern seas; one species known 
 
 lioiu Europe; a second species, imperfectly described by Pallas, may 
 
 be provisionally placed with it. {x-^-p, hand; X<i^o<;, crest; apparently 
 
 w/>o, head, was intended, which would make " Garelojilms.^^) 
 
 > 
 
 1167. C. (?) polyactoccphalus (Pallas) J. & G. 
 
 Form of Zoarcea. Body compressed, covered with soft imbedded 
 scales; head very short, retusc; lower jaw longer; "both jaws without 
 teeth"; (?) eyes approximate; interorbital space with 2 minute cartilag- 
 inous spinules; 2 large superciliary cirri; vertex behind orbits subex- 
 cavated, with 2 series of erect cirri. Dorsal fin beginning at the neck, 
 extending to the caudal; ventrals undescribed. D. LXX. Karat- 
 scbatka (Pallas) and Alaska. 
 
 ii-iAJl^.* 
 
 Vrti^jt* 
 
 ■33 
 
 Wf I 
 
 {lilenniua polyactocephalua Pallas, Zool. Ro8S.-A8iat. iii, 179, 1811.) 
 
766 CONTRITM TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOQY — IV. 
 
 >';'*• 
 
 411.— niJR.KMOIDES* LacdpMe. 
 
 Butter -Jishea. 
 
 (Cenironotus Bloch: GunneJlua Cnvier,) 
 
 
 lihnniui 
 
 (Lac6p^dp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 324, IHOO: typo Muranoides aujef Lr 
 gunnellus L.) 
 
 Body long and low, considerably compressed, somewhat band-sbaped 
 the tail slowly tapering; head small, compressed, naked or scaly 
 mouth rather small, oblique; jaws with rather small teeth in narrow 
 bands or single series; vomer and palatines usually toothless; gjn. 
 membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; scales very small 
 
 • Little known species related to Murcenoidea, recorded from Kamtscbatka and 
 doubtleHs occurring also in Alaska, are the following: 
 
 M. tcBJiia (Pallas). 
 
 Body banded; teeth obtuse, subdistinct; head subtriangular, compressed ; Itodv 
 ensiform, covered with minute imbedded scales; vent median. Dorsal fin extendiii' 
 from near the head to the tail, the spines subeqnal; caudal subdistinct; pectorals 
 
 small; ventrals represented by 2 recurved spines. 
 Islands. (Pallas.) 
 
 {Blennius tania Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 178.) 
 
 D. LXXXVII ; A. 47. Kurile 
 
 Jlf. rMfteiTtniMS (Cuv. & Val.) 
 
 Bright red. Form of preceding; scales inconspicuous; ventrals each a fiinffle 
 Bcarcely projecting spine ; caudal broad, rounded, distinct. D. CXV. Kurile 
 Islands. (Pallan.) 
 
 (Gunnellua ruberrimus Cuv, & Val. xiv, 440, after Pallas, 1. c. 178.) 
 M. 7 oceUalua (Tilesius.) 
 
 Brownish, marked with yellow and purple; six black ocellated spots, along tlie 
 dorsal fin. Caudal distinct; ventrals none. D. LXXX;A. 50. Otherwise essentially j 
 as in M. gunnellua. Kamtscbatka. (Cuv. <f Val.) 
 
 (Ophidiiim ocellatum Tiles. Mdm. Acad. St. Petersb. ii, 237, 1811: Gunnellua apot Cut. 
 & Val. xiv, 426: Centronotua apua Gthr. iii, 288.) 
 
 GUNNELLOPS Bleeker. 
 
 (Bleeker: type BZcnniiM roaetts Pallas. ) 
 
 Apparently distinguished from Murmnoidea by the tapering tail, around which thej 
 vertical fins are confluent ; palatine teeth present. 
 
 (Gunnellua, Gunnel, an old name of Muranoidea gunnellua; it^, eye.) 
 
 6. roaevia (Pallas) Bleeker. 
 
 Intensely red. Head obtuse, the lower jaw projecting; eyes large; body ve^ 
 long, compressed, tapering into a slender tail; pectorals small, ovate, hyaline; 
 spines in place of ventrals; dorsal extending from the nape to the end of the tnil| 
 anal joined to caudal. D. ca. 100; A. ca. 90; P. 9; V. I. Kurile Islands. 
 
 (^Dlenniua roaeua Pallas, 1. c. 177: Centronotua roaeua Gunther, iii, 290.) 
 
114. BLENNIID^ — MURiENOIDES. 
 
 767 
 
 smooth; no lateral line. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning noar the 
 hejul, comi»f'"'^;l entirely of stiff", sharp, sube(iual spines; anal similar 
 iu f'>';.i, of two spines au<l many soft rays; caudal lin short and small, 
 soaietimes joined to dorsal and anal; pectorals short; ventrals very 
 small, of one spine and a mdimentary ray (obsolete or wanting in 
 some imperfet'tly-known species provisionally referred to this genus); 
 intestiiml canal short, withont coeca. Shore fishes of the Northern 
 fishes of the Northern seas, {iiupatvu^ an eel; elSu^, form.) 
 
 J. Ventrals present, I, 1. (Murccnoides.) 
 
 lies. M, eunneUns {L.) GiW.—Butter-fiih. 
 
 Olive brown; sides with numerous obscure darker bars; base of 
 
 dorsal with ocellated dark spots; a dark bar below eye. Head short 
 
 and compressed, scaleless; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching front of 
 
 pupil; caudal fin distinct; pectorals little more than half length of 
 
 bead; ventrals of a spine and a rudimentary ray. Ilead about 8; 
 
 depth 9. D. LXXVIII; A. II, 38; V. I, 1 ; vert. 85. L. 12 inches. 
 
 North Atlantic; abundant both in America and Europe. 
 
 (Blintiias gunneUus L. Syst. Nat. i, 443: Centronotm gunellus Giintlior, iii, 285: Ophi- 
 dium mucronatnni, Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 361, 1815: Gunnellus macrocephaliu 
 Giranl, Boat. Jouru. Nat. Hist, vi, 263, 1850: Gunellus ingena Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat. 
 Hist, vi, 261, 1850; perhaps an abnormal specimen rather than a dill'erent genus.) 
 
 1169. JW. fasciatus (Bloch & Schn.) Gill. 
 
 Grayish or brownish, marbled with darker, anteriorly with several 
 irregular cross-bands, which reach the abdomen ; back with a series of 
 10 or 12 subtriangular pale spots along the base of dorsal, each spot 
 including some brown specks; a brown-edged pale vertical band be- 
 liiud eye; a brownish band from below the eye to the throat. Mouth 
 very oblique, the snout short; interorbital width less than diameter of 
 eye; pectoral scarcely half as long as head; ventrals very small; ver- 
 tical fins not joined. Head 9J; depth 9. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 42; 
 V. 1, 1. Greenland to Alaska. {Giinther.) 
 
 {Centronolua faaciatus Bloch & Schneider, 165, 1801: Gunnellus fasoiahts and groen- 
 kndicus Cuv. & Val. xi, 441, 442: Centronotua fasciatua Giinther, iii, 287: ICmtronotua 
 imelUformia Giinther, iii, 288.) 
 
 11»0. M. ornatns (Grd.) GiU. ■ . J .„^.. U.- .-- 
 
 Usually greenish above, yellow or orange below, but varying to 
 browu and cherry-red j traces of about 20 darker bars along sides; a 
 
 ■1 1 
 
 ■f 
 
 f 
 t 
 
 i|: 
 
 1 m\ 
 
 
i:!h 
 
 768 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 dark bar downward from eye; fins reddish; a V sbaped mark from 
 eyes to occiput, grayish, bordered by jet black; the common form 
 {Icetus Cope) with about 14 red spots along base of dorsal, each with 
 a curved black bar in front and behind, partly encircling it; others 
 {ornatus) with about as nmny broad /^-shaped darker blotches, which 
 extend on the fin, the lirst one or two blotches often shaped as in the 
 form called Uctus. Head naked, very narrow above ; nape nearly equi- 
 distant between origin of dorsal and front of orbit ; origin of anal 
 equidistant between base of caudal and base of pectoral ; pectorul 2 
 in head ; ventrals each consisting of a spine and a ray. Head 8; 
 depth 8. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 37. L. 12 inches. San Francisco to 
 Alaska; very abundant northward. 
 
 (Gunnelliis ornatus (jtA. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. ISTA, 149: Centronotufi vehnlosm 
 Gtbr. iii, 287, i)arfc, but the Japanese M. 7iehuIo8U8 is a dili'erent species: Cciitronotua 
 IcBtus Cope, Pioc. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.) 
 
 IIYI. ]n[. anaxillaris Bean. 
 
 Brown; back with a series of 11 rounded or oblong prJe spots, the 
 longest half as long as the head; all of these spots include at the top 
 , > rather large brown spot, and below numerous little brown si)ots; 
 between the first and second pale blotches are 2 very dark spots on 
 the dorsal membrane, and below the diirk spdls a pale one of similar 
 size; sides with about 2G pale bands, mostly well defined, os[)ecially 
 anteriorly; interorbital space with a brown band, preceded and fol- 
 lowed by a pale band half as wide; below eye 2 whitish bands, Avitli a 
 brown one betweei? them. Head sculeless; mouth little obliijue, the 
 lower jaw on level of middle of eye; width of mouth equal to length 
 of pectoral and nearly half head; mandible as long as pectoral. Eye 
 equal to snout, a little more tlian interorbital width ; ventral spine § 
 eye. Highest dorsal spines near front of fin, half length of manilible; 
 caudal half head; vent under forty-third dorsal spine, not far behind 
 middle of body. Head 8; depth 7. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 43; V. I, 
 1. Saint Paul Island, Alaska. (Bean.) 
 
 aa. Ventrals rednccrt to a rndiniont. 
 
 llia. M. dolirhogfa^tor (Pallns) J. & G. 
 
 Brow^nish olive, marbled with yellowish; fins yellowish; dorsal fm 
 with distar.L p.'le vertical bands; snout very short; cleft of mouth 
 oblique; a pu,i»* of small bony warts ("verrucae o.^sece e cute proui- 
 inulaj") in place of ventrals. Caudal fin well developed, the <lorsal 
 
Pi * 
 
 114. BLENNIIDiE APODICHTIIYS. 
 
 769 
 
 and anal joined to its base. Head 7j depth 10. D. LXXXIII; A. II, 
 50. L. 12 inches. Kamtschatka and Aleutian Ishmds. {Pallas.) 
 
 {Blenmus doUchogaster Pallaa, Zoogr, Ko88.-A8i{Vt. iii, 175, 1811: Centronolua dolioho- 
 gaster Giiuther, iii, 289.) 
 
 aaa. Ventrals entirely wanting. (.d8<erno/)(eri/x Rilpiiell.) 
 
 11T3. M. gunelliformis (Ruppcll) J. &. G. 
 
 Keddish brown, with 10 brown cross-bands, most distinct on base of 
 dorsal and anal; lij?ht blotches along dorsal fin, each between two of 
 the brown cross-bands, and each with a brown spot in the center; a 
 lijv''t, brown -edged, vertical band below eye. Ventrals none; snout 
 short; cleft of mouth oblique; width of interorbital space less than 
 (lianieter of eye; length of pectoral 3 in head. Dorsal spines short 
 and stiif; caudal distinct. Head 8^; depth 8. D. LXXXIj A. II, 41. 
 [Oiinther.) Type supposed to be from Greenland. 
 
 {AHteniopkryx tjuneU{fornna RUppell MSS. : Centronolua guneUiformia GUnther, iii, 
 •288.) 
 
 412.— APODICHTIIYS Girard. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acarl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 150: type Apodichthys Jlavidua Girard.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, covered with \ery small scales; no lat- 
 eral line; snout short; mouth moderate, oblique; teeth in the jaws 
 moderate, stouter anteriorly; vomer with teeth; gill membranes united, 
 free fi"om the isthmus. Dorsal fin long, low, even, of spines only; anal 
 tin similar, preceded by a large spine in a pouch of skin; caudal fin 
 short, connected with dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins 
 small; intestinal canal short, \vithout pyloric cceca. Small bright- 
 colored fishes of the Pacific. («-f;u?, without feet; UOuq, fish; in allu- 
 sion to the want of ventral fins.) 
 
 a. Auul spine very long, pou-shaped, excavated or anterior surface. (Apodichthya.) 
 
 11T4. A. flavidus Girard. 
 
 Color orange, varying with the surroundings to intense grass-green, 
 brown, and dark purple; a few light round spots along axis of body 
 iwstoriorly ; a narrow black bar downwards and backwards from eye; 
 a shorter, less distinct bar from upper margin of orbit backwards to 
 (K'ciput; anal fin obliquely barred with brownish. Ilead short; mouth 
 very oblique; maxillary reaching pupil; upper jaw witb a series of con- 
 ical teeth, behind which is a patch of smaller teeth; sides of mandible 
 with conical teeth in a single series, forming a patch lu front ; vomer 
 ivitli three conical teeth; palatines toothless; nape equidist; '^t b t^'oen. 
 Bull. Nat. Mu&. No. IG 49 
 
 :k^li 
 
 
 .■;•'•',, t\ 
 
 
770 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 front of dorsal and pupil. Anal sj)ine very large, two-fifths the length 
 
 of liead, sh.aped like a pen, deeply excavated on its anterior side, and 
 
 very convex behind, very thin, flexible, and with Ksharp edges, entirely 
 
 included in a pouch of skin; pe('t«)ial fins about t\ro-flfths lengtii of 
 
 head, lie id 9^ ; depth 7^. D, XOIII: A. T, 40. L. 18 inches. Poini 
 
 Concepcion to Vancouver Island; abundant; usually found below low 
 
 tide-mark. 
 
 (Girani, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 150; GiUitlier, iii, 290: ApodichlhiiH vinn- 
 ccns Ayre8, I'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, .55: Jpodichthiis inornatu8 Gill, I'roc. Ac'a<!. 
 Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2, 279: Apodichthys sanguineus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 
 181)2, 279.) 
 
 aa. Anal .^^ iie small, not pen-shaped nor excavated. 
 
 1175^ A. lucorum Jor. & Gilh. 
 
 Bright olive-green or deep red, the color varying with the surroniid- 
 ings; a row of dark spots along axis of body, these sometimes with 
 light-bluish center, and connected by a very narrow dark streak; gen- 
 erally a dark streak downward from eye, but no other markings about 
 head. Form and dentition as in A. Jiaridus. Mouth very obIi(]iic, the 
 maxillary rea(;hiug center of i)upil ; nape nearer front of dorsal than 
 end of snout. Anal spine comparatively small, about one-fifth 1(mi}>1Ii 
 of head, transversely very convex in front, and slightly <'on(!a\e or 
 grooved behind, the pouch of skin at its base little deveh)ped; pec- 
 torals very small, shorter than eye; anal fin beginning nearer tip of 
 caudal than tip of snout by about 3 times length of head. Head 10; 
 depth &^. D. LXXXIII ; A. 35. L. G inches. Monterey to Piigct 
 Sound; abundant in rock-pools and bunches of Fucus; renuukahle iin 
 its active movements. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nnt. Mus. 1880, 139.) 
 
 413.— AIVOPLARCIirS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 261: type Jnoplarchuii purpureacenn Gill.) 
 
 Body elongated, compressed, covered with very small, iiiibedil'd 
 scales; lateral line obsolete. Head small, compressed; eyes siiuill;! 
 mouth oblique; teeth in each jaw in one series, of nearly uniform siz* ;; 
 no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill-membranes broadly attached to tlitij 
 isthmus; branchiostegals 5. Dorsal fin not very low; no anal spines; 
 ventrals wanting; caudal fin small, entire; pectoral fins iuoderate;j 
 pyloric C(eca pPv-sent, few. Pacific. (avoTr^o?, unarmed; a/>/o^, anii«| 
 the anal fin being without spines.) 
 
—IV. 
 
 i length 
 Ulo, and 
 entirely 
 engtU of 
 }. Poini 
 lelow low 
 
 I'roc. AcimI. 
 Sci. Pbila. 
 
 114. BLENNIID^ — XIPIIISTER. 
 
 771 
 
 5 surronnd- 
 jtinies with 
 treak; geu- 
 kin«i;s about 
 obli<ino, tlie 
 dorsal than 
 -tiftU lonfiUi 
 concave ov 
 eloped; ppc- 
 [leaver tip ol' 
 Head 10; 
 ey to rug*'t 
 markabl" foi 
 
 t<rHS Gill.) 
 
 11, inibedil'Hlj 
 eyes small;! 
 
 luniforia siz»';i 
 
 Itachedtotlirtj 
 anal spines; 
 
 us modenitoj 
 
 liyo. A. atropurpurous (Kittlihz) Gill. 
 
 Color grayish olive, varying to brown, everywhere above finely 
 marked with blackish reticulations; along each side of back a series of 
 small, irregular, sharply-defined grayish spots; a series of small pale 
 spots along lateral line; belly pale; crest and middle line of back 
 rather pale; under parts of head yellowish; an oblique, wedge-shaped, 
 pale streak extending downward ami backward from the eye, bounded 
 on each side by a sharp light-red line, and then by a dusky area; lower 
 jaw mottled; dorsals olivaceous, speckled, a blackish spot on front; 
 anal olive, tinged with red; pectorals dull orange, barred at base; cau- 
 dal reddish, with narrow pale streaks, and a ligh1*bar at base; color 
 sometimes nearly plain purplish, but more often grayish and mottled. 
 Head with a fleshy crest, which rests on a ridge of bone; its height iu 
 older specimcnis about equal to eye; mouth rather large, the maxillary 
 reaching beyond the orbit. Pectorals about half the length of head; 
 dorsal and anal comparatively high, barely connected with the base of 
 caudal; nape midway between origin of dorsal and imjiil. Head G.\; 
 depth G^. D. LVII; A. 41. Alaska to Sau Francisco; abundant 
 northward. 
 
 {Oi)hi<ruim atropiirpiireum Kittlltz, Denkwiinl. (miut R»ms«^, Russ.-Anior. i, 22r>, 1858: 
 Centrouotus cristayalU GUullier, iii, 289 : AnophirchuH purpiirescens Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. 
 Sci. Phila. 1861, 2G1: Anoplarvhiis criatagaUi GiiiitUer, iii, 564.) 
 
 1177. A. alectrolophus (Pallas) J. & G. 
 
 brownish-olive, darker above; a series of green blotches along tlw 
 
 dorsal; dorsal brownish-olive, with indistinct oblique bars; anal and 
 
 ciuidal Avith wavy lines; head with a longitudinal fleshy crest, extend- 
 
 iii{j from above eyes to nai^e. Anal fin beginning at anterior third of 
 
 body; dorsal and anal uniting with the caudal; po<f*toral8 very small ; 
 
 noventrals. Lateral lino obsolete. D. LXFII; A. 44; 0. 13. Island 
 
 tif Talek, Gulf of Penshin. {Cuv. «£• VaL) Perhaps identical with the 
 
 preceding. 
 
 {Bkuniuii alectrolophun Pallas, Znogr. Ro.S8.-A8iat. ill, 174: GunneUiis alectrolophus 
 C. &, V. xi, 447: Centronotua alectrolophun Giintber, iii, 289.) 
 
 414.-XIPIk.STER Jordan. 
 {Xiphidion Girard; preoccupieu in Orthoptera.) 
 
 (.lordati, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1M79, 241: typo Xiphidion mucoaum G.rard.) 
 
 Body elongate, eel-shaped, covered with small scales; lateral lines 
 si'veral, viz: one alonj the median line of the side, one above this, and 
 "110 below itj one ou each side of the abdomen, the two meeting in 
 
 '|!kl 
 
 ,1 
 
 '1 
 
 r 
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 772 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 front, and one from the occiput toward the base of the dorsal fin. 
 Each of these has on each side, series of short branches, placed iit 
 right angles to the main line, those on opposite sides alternating. 
 Each of these branches has about two open mucous pores. Ilead 
 short, bluntish, scaleless; mouth moderate, oblique; jaws with rather 
 strong teeth, the anterior canine-like; no teeth on vomer or palatines. 
 Branch iostegals 6; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. A 
 single long, low, uniform dorsal fin, consisting of spines only; anal fin 
 similar in form, with 2 small spines; caudal short, joined to dorsal and 
 anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins very small. Intestinal canal mod- 
 erately elongate, ^th 4-G well -developed pyloric coeca. Herbivorous, 
 feeding on algse. Active fishes, inhabiting tide-pools and crevices 
 among rocks in tha North Pacific. {^i^tarTjf), a sword-belt.) 
 
 119'§. X. chirns Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Color olive-brown, yellowish below; sides with marblings of different 
 shades of brown, sometimes with short blackish vertical bars; some 
 round black spots along the back and sides; a black spot behind 
 opercles; numerous *l)lack spots on sides of head, forming in older spec- 
 imens light and dark streaks, which radiate from eye across cheelvs 
 and opercles, the pale streaks forming reticulations ; dorsal with black 
 spots, and a series of bright reddish-brown cross-blotches; pectorals 
 and caudal plain. Head sJiort; nape not constricted; mouth small; 
 maxillary extending to middle of pupil; teeth strong, the anterior 
 canine-like, bluntish ; about 4 canines in lower jaw, 5 or 6 in the upper, 
 similar to the teeth behind them, but somewhat larger. Abdominal 
 lines meeting on the breast, but not connected with the lower lateral 
 line. Dorsal fin beginning close behind pectoral; nape midway be- 
 tween middle of eye and front of dorsal; anal beginning about a bead's 
 length nearer snout than base of caudal; pectoral fin comi)arativeIy 
 large, longer than the eye, its length about equal to distance between 
 middle and lower lateral lines. Head 7; depth 9. D. LXX; A. 11,50. 
 Monterey to Alaska ; smaller than the other species, and livinji iu 
 deeper water. 
 
 (.Jordau «& Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 135.) 
 
 11Y9. X. mucosus (Girnrd) Jordan. 
 
 Blackish green, pale on belly and sides of head, marked posteriorly 
 with olive-green in various pattern; a transverse light-greeuish bar at 
 base of caudal; 3 olive-brown streaks, radiating backward from eye, 
 paler in the center and edged above and below with blackish, outside 
 
'■» 
 
 \m 
 
 1 14. BLENNIID.^. CEBEDICIITHYS. 
 
 773 
 
 of which ia sometimes a streak of pale olive. These streaks all merge 
 backward into the color of the head; middle streak broadiy wedge- 
 shaped; the third streak terminating before reaching margin of pre- 
 opercle; old specimens often coarsely blotched with yellow. Lower 
 jaw with a series of short stout conical teeth; upper jaw with a narrow 
 band of similar teeth; 2 strong canines in ui>per jaw, 4 in the lower. 
 Lower lateral line sending a branch to the abdominal line; nape not 
 constricted. Dorsal beginning anteriorly ; distance from its origin to 
 occiput less than that from occiput to tip of snout ; origin of anal nearer 
 suout than tip of caudal by nbout half length of head; pectoral lin as 
 long as eye. Head 8; depth 7^. D. LXXIII; A. 48. L. 18 inches. 
 Monterey to Alaska; very abundant among rocks and alga3. 
 
 (Xiphidion viHcosnm Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, IIU: Xiphidion mu- 
 cosum GUutlier, iii, 'Ji)l; Jordan & Gilbert. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 137: Xiphidium 
 iruorcam Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. iSoc. Pliila. 1873.) 
 
 11§0. X. rupestris Jor. &, Gilb. 
 
 Reddish brown, uniform or variously shaded with lighter; a light 
 olivaceous bar at base of caudal, extending on dorsal and anal ; behind 
 this a blackish area; tip of caudal usually pale; 3 long, well-defined 
 stripes radiating backward from eye, these stripes uniform black, ab- 
 ruptly margined with very light olive; the central stripe proceeds 
 straight backward from the eye, half the breadth of the cheeks, at 
 wliich point it is broadest; it is then narrowed and bent abruptly 
 downward ; both the middle and lowc r stripes reach the margin of 
 preopercle. Teeth essentially as in A', mucosus. The lower lateral lino 
 sends a branch to the abdominal line. A constriction at the nape. 
 Distance from origin of dorsal to the occii)ut greater than tbe distaiuo 
 from the occiput to the snout. Anal fin beginning much in advance 
 of uiidille of body, the distance from the first ray to tip of caudal ex- 
 ceeding the distance to snout by nearly twice length of head; pectoral 
 very short, its length less than diameter of eye. Head 8; dei)th 9. 
 1). LXVI; A. 50. L. 12 inches. Smaller than the preceding, and 
 equally abundant; among rocks and algne, from Alaska to Monterey. 
 11 & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 
 
 (Jc 
 
 .) 
 
 419.-CEBEDICIIT1IVS Ayres. 
 
 (Ajres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, f)9, 1855: type CebiiUvhthya cristagalli Ayre8== Jj)0- 
 dichlhya violaceus Grd.) 
 
 Body comparatively short, comi)ressed, covered with minute sca'esj 
 
 lateral line dist4uct, running very high, with very sbort branches, 
 
 1 
 
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 774 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 each ending in a pore, as in XipJiister, but the branches more oblique 
 and less regular. Head short ; crown with a consjiicuous fleshy Ion- 
 gitudiual crest in the adult; jaws subeqn ', with conical teeth; villi- 
 form teeth on vomer and palatines; gill-iii nbranes united, free from 
 the isthmus. Dorsal tin continuous, long and low, the anterior part 
 composed of sharp spines, which are rather lower than the soft rays- 
 caudal fin rounded, connected with dorsal and anal; anal fin similar to 
 soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small si)ines; pectorals small; ventrals wautiii". 
 Intestinal canal elongate, with, several pyloric cceca. Pacific Ocean. 
 Herbivorous, similar in habits to the species of Xiphister. (z?;/?*)?, the 
 Sapajou. a kind of monkey; (><^'J?, fish; in allusion to the "peculiar 
 monkey-like" physiognomy as seen from the front.) 
 
 1181. C. violaccus (Ayrcs) Grd, 
 
 Dull olive grayish, mottled with lighter, sometimes reddish tinged- 
 
 vertical fins all edged with reddish; cheeks with 3 darker stripes, 
 
 edged with jjaler, one downward and backward from the eye, close 
 
 behiiul angle of mouth; another above it to root of pectoral; another 
 
 running upward and backward from the eye, and meeting its fellow 
 
 over the crest. Ma>illary extending to or beyond orbit. Dorsal iscaly 
 
 at base; vent nearer snout than base of caudal; pectoral two-lil'tlis 
 
 length of head; nape midway between dorsal and eye. Head O.i; 
 
 depth (). D. XXIIl, 41; A. I, 41. L. 30 inches. San Francisco to 
 
 Point Coucepciou; abundant. 
 
 {Jpodivlilhi/H riolaccm Giviivi\, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18r>4, 150: CfhcdivhthijH cm- 
 tagalU Ayros, Proc. Cal. A>jad. Nut. Sci. i, 58, 1855; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. K. Surv. FisL. 
 121; Giiutlier, iii, 200. ) 
 
 410.-EIJm£SOOltAiTIITIUS Gill. 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 210: type Cllnus prwcism Kruyer.) 
 
 Body comparatively short, the back somewhat arched; mouth rather 
 large, the jaws with villiform teeth; teeth on vomer and ])alatiiies. 
 Scales small; lateral line present, median, with one or more accessorv 
 branches; pectorals and ventrals well developed. Dorsal moderatelv 
 high, of spines only, slightly connected with the rounded caudal; gill 
 openings continuod forwards below, the membranes narrowly Joined to 
 the isthmus; pyloru; co^ca i)resent. (c^;, well; alffoq^ middle; Yi»wa,, 
 line; the longest lateral line being the middle one.) 
 a. Lower lateral line present. 
 ll§a. E. pi'BCcisus (Kriiyer) Gill. 
 
 An ovate, black, white-edged spot between the sixth and tenth dorsal 
 spines. Snout subconical; cleft of mouth slightly oldique; vomerine 
 
 b«.»> 
 
■^" 
 
 'Hli.«i 
 
 114. BLENNIID.^5 STICH^US. 
 
 775 
 
 and palat'ue teeth present; 3 lateral lines on each side, the median 
 continned to the base of the caudal ; ventral fin half as long as the pec- 
 toral, which is much shorter than head; dorsal fin terminating just at 
 root of caudal. Head 4; depth nearly C. D. XLIX; A. 34; V. 3. 
 Greenland. [O'dnther.) 
 
 [CUnua prcecmia Kroyer, N-itnrh. Tidsskr. i, 2.', 183G: CUnus nnhnaculatus Reinli. 
 Vid. Solsk. vii, 114, 1837: Stivhceus unimaculatus Guuther, iii, 283; Gill, 1. c. 210.) 
 
 aa. Lower lateral line wanting. 
 
 11§3. E. stabbifurcatus (Storer) Gill. 
 
 Brownish, with several round paler blotches above at the base of 
 the dorsal fin; spaces between these blocches darker, appearing like 
 bars; a broad black bar crossing the opercle obliquely from below the 
 orbit, and two parallel dark bars running backwards from orbit; belly 
 yellowish white; dorsal fin with numerous black dots. Mouth rather 
 large; maxill.iry reaching to below orbit; back somewhat arched; ven- 
 tral outline nearly straight; eyes large; lower lateral line wanting; 
 upper branch of lateral line about two-thirds length of head. Head 4^; 
 depth nearly 5. D. XLIV; A. 30. North Atlantic, south to Cape Cod. 
 
 {PhoUa subbifurcatun Storer, Eep. Fish. Mass. 1839, 03.) 
 
 <i, 
 
 I 
 
 
 .1 .»! 
 
 
 41'7.— STICHiEUS Reinhardt. 
 
 (Reinhardt, Dansk. Videusk. Natur. og Math. Ai'bandl. 1837, 109: type Blenniua punc- 
 <tt<«s Fabricius.) 
 
 Body comparatively short and comiircssed, covered with small scales; 
 teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Lateral line present, single, me- 
 dian; i)ectorals and ventrals well developed. Dorsal moderately high, 
 of spines only, free from the caudal ; gill-openings continued forward 
 below, the membranes narrowly united to the isthmus; pyloric cceca 
 inesont. {arr/^dw^ to set in rows.) 
 
 Il§4. S. puiictatlis (Fahric.) Kroyer. 
 
 Scarlet ; dorsal with a series of round black spots, white-edged pos- 
 teriorly; head below with 5 brownish cross-bands; a brown streak 
 from snout through eye. Snout subconical. Dorsal spines of mod- 
 orate length. Eye half interorbital width. Ile.ad 5;^ in total length; 
 depth 8. D. XL; A. 1, 35. {O'dnther.) Polar seas, south to Cape Cod 
 and Alaska. 
 
 [Blmnim punctaiu8 Fabric. Faun. Griin. 153, 1780: Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 377, 
 1837; GUnther, iii, 283.) 
 
i\ 
 
 1 , - ■ , 
 
 u 
 
 M 
 
 &' 
 
 I't 
 
 ft 
 
 776 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 41§.— NOTOGBAininiJS Bean. 
 
 (Bean, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 147, 1881: typo Sticha-us rothrochi Bean.) 
 
 This genus ditfers from SUclueus in the presence of si single lateral 
 line along the base of the dorsal fin. It is known, however, from im- 
 mature examples only. The caudal fin is emargiuate, a character 
 unusual in this family. (vcSto?, back; ypapLnij, line.) 
 
 1183. N. rofhrocki Bean. 
 
 Pale brown, with 3 series of paler spots, those of the median scries 
 usually longer and narrower than the others; a series of about 10 pale 
 spots on median line of back, the anterior as large as eye; a daik 
 strijje around snout to end of opercle; a very narrow v.ark stripe 
 along base of dorsal, its lower niargia seeming to mark the course of 
 the superior lateral line. Body covered with minute scales; lateral 
 line undeveloped (in the immature specimens known), api)arently run- 
 ning close to outline of back. Teeth in the jaws, and apparently ou 
 vomer and palatines. Gill-membrane deeply cleft, free from the isth- 
 mus. Eye 4 in head, as long as the subconical snout; maxillary 
 reaching front of pupil. Dorsal beginning above upper axil of pec- 
 toral; like the anal, connected by a low membrane with the caudal; 
 caudal emargiuate behind; ventrals short, close together, 3 in head, 
 and not half as long as pectorals; longest dorsal spines half height of 
 body. Head 4^; depth C. B. G. D. XLVIII; A. I, 34; Y. 1, 4; P. 15; 
 C. 2 1. Northern Alaska and Siberia. 
 {Stichwua'i rothrocki Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. iv, 146, 1881.) 
 
 419.— LiUmPENUS Reiubaidt. 
 (Leptoffunnellua Ayres: Leptoolinua and Anisarchua Gill.) 
 
 (Reinliardt, Dansk. Vidcnsk. etc. 1837, 110: type lilenniua lumpenua Fabr..) 
 
 Body greatly elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small 
 scales; lateral line indistinct or obsolete. Head long; snout short; no 
 cirri; eyes large, placed high; mouth moderate, with a single row of 
 rather small, conical teeth on each jaw; teeth present on vomer or pal- 
 atines; gill-openings prolonged forward below, very narrowly united 
 anteriorly to the isthmus, not forming a free fold across it. Dorsal 
 composed of numerous, sharp, flexible, rather high, spines; caudal fin 
 long; anal many-rayed; pectorals large, more than half length of head; 
 ventrals well developed, jugular, I, 3 or 1,4; intestir.al canal long; py- 
 loric ccBca present; no air-bladder. Chiefly herbivorous. Northern 
 seas. {Lunvpcn, a Danish name of some similar fish.) 
 
. ti- 
 
 ll 4. BLENNIID^ LUMPENUS.\ 
 
 777 
 
 a. Teeth on vomer aud palatines; pectorals with the upper and middle rays shortened, 
 shorter than the lower (Leptoclinua* Gill.) 
 
 11§6. li. maculatus (Fries) Nilss. 
 
 Yellowish ; a series of 5 large dark spots along the base of the dorsal 
 tin, between which are smaller and faii^er spots; dorsal and caudal 
 barred. Caudal fin truncate, free from dorsal aud anal; ventrals half 
 as long as head; pectorals large, about as long as head. Anterior 
 rays of dorsal short and free. Teeth on vomer and palatines; lower 
 jaw included; maxillary reaching middle of eje. Head G. D. LX; A. 
 36. {Collett.) Greenland to Spitzbergen; occasional southward, in 
 deep water. 
 
 (Clinua viaculatu8 Fries Kgl. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1837, 49: Clinus acuUatus Reinh. Dansk. 
 Yideusk. Sclsk. Natur. Af handl. vii, 114, 122, 194, 1838: SHchwua maculatun aud aculeatua 
 Guuthor, iii, 281; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs T£.sp. 1880, 67.) 
 
 aa. Teeth on jawa and palatines, none on vomer; pectorals with the middle raya 
 longest, the lower ones shortened. 
 b. Anterior half of auaLhu with the rays shortened. (Animrchuai Gill.) 
 
 lliV. li. medius (Reinh.) Kroyer. 
 
 Yellowish, nearly plain. Lower jaw scarcely included, the maxillary 
 reaching front of eye; teeth on palatines, none on vomer; ventrals slen- 
 der, one-third length of head ; lower rays of pectoral shorter than mid- 
 dle ones, the tin shorter than head. Dorsal and anal slightly joined 
 to the truncate caudal; anterior half of aua^ with the rays shortened. 
 Head 6; depth 10. D. LXI; A. 42; V. 1, 3. Greenland to Norway and 
 Spitzbergen. {Collett.) 
 
 {CUnua meditia Reinh. Dansk. Videusk, Af handl. 1838, 114: Lumpenua mediua Kroyer, 
 Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 377, 1837: StichauiH medius Giinther, iii, 281: Aniaarchus mediua Gill, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209; Collett, 1. c. 62.) 
 
 lb. Anal rays subeqnal. {Lumpmna.) 
 
 118§. L.. ang[uillaris (Pallas) Gill. 
 
 OUve green above, pale below; sides marked above with dark olive 
 brown; a series of more or less distinct oblong blotches of olive brown 
 along middle of sides; dorsal barred or spotted: anal pale; opercle 
 with a dark blotch; head dusky above. Cheeks scaly; mouth some- 
 what oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching front of 
 pupil ; teeth on palatines, none on the vomer; sides of each jaw with 
 1 or 2 larger teeth. Gill-openings prolonged forward a distance greater 
 than length of snout; pyloric cceca 4, unequal. Fins all comparatively 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209: type Clinua aculeaiua Reinh. (Ac;rrds, 
 Blender; xXivoi, Climia.) 
 
 tGill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209: +,ypo Clinua mediua Reinh. {avidoi, 
 unequal; apxo?, anus.) 
 
 • .'/' . 
 
I 
 
 It, 
 
 778 contributi6ns to north American ichthyology — iv. 
 
 high; pectorals two-thirds length of head, the middle rays longest; 
 
 ventrals one-tlurd length of head. Dorsal and anal distinct from tjic 
 
 pointed caudal, which is nearly as long as head. Head 8; depth 14. 
 
 D. LXXI; A. 4G; V. I, 4; 13. 7. L. 18 inches. Sau Francisco to 
 
 Alaska; very abundant northward. 
 
 (BleHnins atiyiiillariH PiiUai*, Zoogr. Rosfl.-Asiat. iii, 176, 1811: Leptogiinndhin gnuilia 
 AyrcH. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nut. Sci. i, 26: Lumpinm utujuillaris Girurtl, U. S. I'ue. II, \{, 
 Surv. Fish. 123: Stichwua anguiUarw Giiuther, iii, 282.) 
 
 1189. L.. fubricii (Cuv. & Val.) Kriiyer. 
 
 Light brown, clouded with darker. Upper jaw scarcely longer than 
 
 lower. Vertical fius separate; pectorals large; ventrals very slender. 
 
 Depth 14. D. LXIII; A. 41; V. I, 3. Greenland. {Cuv. & Val) 
 
 {Blenniua lumpenus Fabricins, Fauna GriJul. 151: Giinnellus fabrivii Cuv. & Val. xi, 
 431: StkhcEua luminnus Giiuther, iii, 280.) 
 
 420.— L-EPTOBLERTWIUS Gill. 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 21: typo Blennins aerpi-ntinus Storer.) 
 
 Body greatly elongate, covered with small scales; head rather .slen- 
 der; teeth very small, in a single series in each jaw; none ou the 
 vomer or palatines. No lateral line; no cirri; gill-openings somewluit 
 prolonged forwards, narrowly united to the isthmus. Dorsal tin very 
 long, continuous, of 8i)ine8 only; ventrals well developed, of 1 spine 
 and 2 or 3 rays ; pyloric cceca present. This genus is hardly worthy 
 of separation from Lumpemis. (^sn^rJ?, slender; Blennius.) 
 
 a. Dorsal sjiiues 60-65. (Centroblennius Gill.") 
 
 1100. li. nubilus (Rich.) J. & G. 
 
 Pale olive, marbled with darker. Upper jaw slightly longest; no 
 
 teeth on vomer or palatines. Vertical fins not continuous; ventrals 
 
 slender, one-third length of head; pectoral fin ovate, the middle niys 
 
 longest. D. LXIII; A. 43; V. I, 4. Wellington Sound, {liichardwii.) 
 
 (Lumpenus nnhiliis Rich. Last Arctic Voyage, Fish. 13, pi. 28: Stichceits nuhilun Giiu- 
 ther, iii, 564: Centroblenniua nubilm Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864,209.) 
 
 €Ui. Dorsal spines 70-80. {Leptoblenniua QxiW.) 
 
 1191. Ij. serpentinns (Storer) Gill. 
 
 Olive above, with lighter cloudings; pale below; dorsal fin brownish, 
 with broad, oblique, white bands; pectorals pale. Head not large, its 
 sides sparsely covered with small scales; eye as long as snout; max- 
 illary reaching front of i>upil; gill-openings extending forward below, 
 for a distance less than length of snout; pectorals long, seven-eighths 
 
 * Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 21 : type Lumpenus nuhilua Rick 
 
114. BLENNIIDiE DELOLEPIS. 
 
 779 
 
 lenj?tli of head; ventrals moderate, 2i| in liead. Head 9; depth 15. 
 D. LXXV; A. 50; V. I, 3. L. 12 inches. Cape Cod to rrreciihuid. 
 
 (Illrnniun serpciitinun Stor«r, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, :?0, 1848; Gill, Proc. Acad. 
 }(at. Sci. Philii. ldG4, 209.) 
 
 1192. I., laanpotrwforinis (Wall*. ) J. •& 0. 
 
 Yellowish, with uumeioiis l)rown spots of different sizes; c^uidal 
 banded. No teeth on vomer or i)alatines; maxiUary reacliinj; front of 
 eye. Caudal free, acuminate; first tliree or four rays of dorsal short 
 and almost free; pectoral convex, shorter than liead ; vent M'ell for- 
 ward. Head 9. D. LXXII; A. 50; V. I, 3. [Collett.) Greenland to 
 Norway and Spitzbergen. 
 
 [lilciiiiiuii himptlra/ormin Walbanni, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 184: Cliiiux iiebiiJiMu>i N'ilss. 
 Skiiml. l'>,iin. IH.")'), 11)5: StkhccuH wlantliciiH Giinther, iii, 281: lileitniiw uracUis Ktinvitz. 
 Xvo Miij^itz. f. Naturv. i, 40G, 1838: CHiiuh nebulumm Fries Vot. Akad. Haudl. IK}?, 
 'w: Liptobletiniuii (jraciHit Gill, 1. c. 210: Lumpvnus lampetnvj'ormis Collett, Norsko Nord- 
 havsKxp. 1880,71.) 
 
 431.— DELOLEPIS I5.an. 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882: typo Dvlolepls rinjatuH Bt*an.) 
 
 Body anguilliform, moderately compressed posteriorly, covered with 
 small, imbricated, cycloid scales; vent ninirly median; a small anal 
 papilla; lateral line continuous, straij'lit, nearly median, composed of 
 open pores, witliout j^rominent tnbes. Head oblong, sub(puidrangular, 
 naked, the muciferous cliannels well deve]oi)ed, tin? vertex shallow- 
 concave; snout short, obtuse; nostril single, tubular, close behind pre- 
 maxillary; eyes small, high, sei)arated by an interspace of moderate 
 width, surrounded by a series of shallow pits; mouth wide, oblique, 
 terminal, the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; lips fleshy; pre- 
 maxillaries slightly protractile, with 2 rows of small conical teeth; a 
 few larger teeth at the symphysis; vomer and palatines with a few 
 rather largo teeth; tongue smooth, adherent; mandible with a few 
 shallow pits, the series continued on the posterior border of preop- 
 ercle; oi)ercles unarmed. Gill-membranes attached to a narrow isth- 
 mus; gill- rakers very short; pseudobranchia3 present. Branchioste- 
 gals 0. Pectorals short, placed low, their bases vertical; ventrals 
 none; dorsal beginning above gill-opening, composed entirely of 
 spines; anal with 2 spines and many split rays; dorsal and anal con- 
 tinuous with the caudal, which is rather long and pointed. Intestine 
 sboit, with a few pyloric coeca. ('Jj^Aoc, visible; Xi-f;^ scale.) 
 
 1193. D. virgatus Bean. 
 Brownish yellow; a brown stripe along lateral line; another along 
 
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780 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 i ■ ¥ 
 
 
 lr 
 
 back; a third along base of anal. Width of head equal to greatest 
 depth of body; interorbital area equal to snout, or one-third length of 
 uiandible; maxillary reaching a little behind eye, its length 3 in dis- 
 tance from snout to front of dorsal; eye 2 in snout, 11 in head. Be- 
 ginning at a short distance behind origin of dorsal, small, obloiiy' 
 cycloid scales, closely imbricated, cover a strip of the body along the 
 lateral line; the scaled area gradually widens backward uiitil, behind 
 the vent, only a very narrow strip along bases of dorsal and aiuil is 
 naked. Dorsal beginning over upper angle of gill-opening; lirst spine 
 hair as long as the seventy-first or longest; caudal 11 ni length; pec- 
 toral 3 in head. Head C; depth 10. D. LXXVI; A. II, 46; P. 13; 
 creca 6. L. 30 inches. Coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. {Bean.) 
 (i3ean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 ) 
 
 432.— CRYPTACANTHODJES Storer. 
 
 Wry-mouths. 
 
 (Steer, Rept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 28: type Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer.) 
 
 Body very long and slender, compressed, naked ; lateral line obso- 
 lete; head oblong, cuboid, with vertical cheeks; conspicuous uuieitei- 
 ous channels in mandible and preopercle; head flattish above, with 
 deep rounded i>its between and behind eyes; mouth large, very ob- 
 lique; lower jaw very heavy, its tip projecting; premaxillary not pro- 
 tractile; jaws with rather sharp, conical teeth; larger teeth ou the 
 vomer and iralatines; most of the teeth in single series. Gill-niem- 
 branes jo.ned to the isthmus; the gill-openings- prolonged forwards 
 below; pyloric coeca 6. Dorsal fin long, composed entirely of spines, 
 which are rather strong, but enveloped in the skin; dorsal and anal 
 joined to the caudal; no ventral fins; pectorals short. Size rather 
 large; one species known. {xpuTzro^, hidden; axavOudr^^, spined.) 
 
 1194. C. maculatus Storer. — Wry-mouth; Ghost-fmh. 
 
 Light brov/nish, with severjil series of snuillish dark spots, arranged 
 in more or less regular rows, from the head to the base of the cauihd; 
 vertical fins closely spotted with darker; head above thickly speelded; 
 body sometimes (" tnorna^Ms") entirely immaculate. Eyes small, placed 
 high, not so wide as the interorbital space, which has 2 ridges and 3 
 pits; orbital rim raised; 2 deep pits behind eye at the temples; a 
 deeper pit on th<3 top of head between them; a raised ridt-e con- 
 tinued backward on each side of head behind orbital rim; maxillary 
 extending to beyond eye; pseudobranchiie small; pectorals short, 3 iu 
 

 tl4. BLENNIID^ ANARRHICHAS. 
 
 781 
 
 head, their tips reaching beyond front of dorsal; vent a little in front 
 
 of middle of body. Head C^; depth 13. D. LXXIII; A. 50. North 
 
 Atlantic, south to Cape Cod; not very conraon. 
 
 (Storer, Rept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 28; Giinther, iii,29l: Cryptacanthodea inornatua Gill, 
 Prcc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186:}, 332, albino form.) 
 
 433.— AlVARRHICHAS Liunieus. 
 
 Wolf- fishes. 
 
 (Artedi; Linnceus, Sysv. Nat.: type Anarrhichas lupus L,.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, covered with rudimentary scales; head 
 scaleless, without ci"ri, compressed, narrowed above, the profile strongly 
 decurved; mouth wide, oblique; premaxillary not protractile; jaws with 
 very strong conical canines anteriorly; lateral teeth of lower jaw either 
 molar or with pointed tubercles; ujiper jaw with( ut lateral teeth; 
 vomer extremely thick and solid, with 2 series of coarse molar teeth; 
 palatines with i or 2 similar series. Gill-membranes broadly joined to 
 the isthmus; no lateral line. Dorsal tin rather high, composed entirely 
 of flexible spines, which are enveloped in the skin; anal fin lower; 
 caudal fin develoi)ed, free from dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pec- 
 toral fins broad, placed low; air-bladder present; no pyloric coeca. 
 Northern seas. {Anarrhichas (or Scansor), an ancient name of A. lupus; 
 Iroiii avapfh)(do/ia(j to climb or scramble up; the allusion not evident.) 
 
 1195. A.lnpnHUnn.— Wolf-fish. 
 
 Brownish; sides with numerous (9-12) very daik transverse bars, 
 which are continued on the dorsal fin, besides numerous dark spots 
 a?Ml reticulations; fins dark; caudal tipped with reddish. Maxillary 
 reaching beyond orbit; band of vomerine teeth extending much far- 
 ther back than the short palatine band. Pectorals hirge, rounded, 
 two-thirds length of head. Dorsal high, beginning over the gill-open- 
 ing, its longest rays about half length of head. Head G; depth 5^. 
 D. LXII; A. 42. North Atlantic; rather common both in America 
 
 and Europe. 
 
 (Linnrous, Syst. Nat. i, 430, ITliO: GtlntLer, iii, 208; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. ii, 
 1879,217: Anarrhichas vomerinus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 1867, 99, the American form.) 
 
 1100. A. minor Olafsen. 
 
 Sides without vertical bars, but with many large, round, black spots. 
 Vomerine teeth extending nearly o. quite as far back as the palatines. 
 (Bean.) North Atlantic. 
 
 (Olafsen, Reise i Island, 1772, 592: Avarrhichaa iiantherinua Zouiew, Nov. Act. Pe- 
 trop. 1781, 271; Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 217, 1879.) 
 
 
 
 *1ltil'-,j 
 
 
 K <■"'*,'' ■ 
 
 
 •■,"'1. 
 
 1 ^ ■'■•''"'i 
 
 ' i-. 
 
782 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOGV — JV. 
 
 119Y. A« latifroiis Steciistrnp & Hallgrirasson. 
 
 Brown, obscurely spotted with diirker; tlie sides without dark bars. 
 
 Ilead broad, the profile not strongly decurved; teeth much sinaller- 
 
 vomerine teeth not extending nearly as far back as the palatine scries. 
 
 Pectorals three-tifths length of bead; dorsal tin not very hi<jili, b('<.j„. 
 
 ning above the giU-opening, the longest spine less than hidf iiwul- 
 
 caudal 2^ in head. Head 5; depth i. D. LXVII; A. 45. {CoUdt.) 
 
 North Atlantic. 
 
 (Steenstrup & Ilallgrimsson, Forli. Skand. Natnrf. 3dioMote, 1842,()47; IJeaii, Proc 
 U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, ai8, 187i>; Collett, Meddelsk. Noiges Fiske, 187'J, 46.) 
 
 1I9S. A. Icpturus Bean. 
 
 Dark brown, without bands or spots; belly pale, clouded with very 
 
 dark brown. Dead moderate; maxillarj' half as long as head; 41ar<f(i 
 
 canines in the upper j[aw and 5 in the lower, all of them stroiij^ly n.. 
 
 curved; behind the canines in each jaw are a few sharp, conical teetli 
 
 also recurved; palatine teeth in 2 series, 4 in the outer and 5 in the 
 
 inner series, those in the outer series the longer; vomerine teeth in 2 
 
 series, the vomerine patch beginning in advance of the palatine, and 
 
 extending farther back than the latter; head and iins scaleless; median 
 
 line of body, and all of ta:l with small, widely-separated scales. Head 
 
 4^V; depth T). D. LXXXI; A. 52. {Beon.) Alaska. 
 
 (Hcan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 212, 1879: ti Anarrhicha» orienialis Pallas, Zoogr. 
 Eoss.-Asiat. iii, 77, 1811.) 
 
 4a4.— ANAKRIUCIITHYS Ayres. 
 (AjTca, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 32, I^'G.'j: type Anarrkivhiltjis oviUatnn Ayres.) 
 
 Body elongate, tai)eriug backward into a very long and coini)res.Si'(l 
 tail, around which the dorsal and anal are continent with the ciuidal. 
 Scales rudimentary; no lateral line. Dorsal high, composed entirely 
 of flexible spines; pectoral fins broad, placed low; ro ventral tins, 
 IFead very large, compressed, the snout rather short; month larjje; 
 jaws with very strong, conical canines anteriorly; vomer and ])alatines 
 eaoh with about 2 rows of coarse molars, the palatine band slnittiii}^ 
 against similar teeth on the sides of the lower jaw. Gill-nieinbranes 
 broadly united to the isthmus. No i)yloric cceca. Large tisheis of tiie 
 North Pacitic. [avapfir^a^y Anarrkichas ; ^x^'os;, fish.) 
 
 1 I5)9r A. ocellatus Ayrcs. 
 
 Dark grayish or greenish, the body and dorsal fin everywhere cov- 
 ered with round, ocellated black spots of various sizes, the light murk- 1 
 
115. LYCODID-^. 
 
 783 
 
 iiigs forming reticulations around the spots; liead paler, with the retic- 
 ulations in much finer pattern; anal pale-edged. Pectorals broad, more 
 than half length of head. Longest spines of dorsal half length of head. 
 Head 11; depth 15. D. CCL; A. 233; P. 19. L. 5-8 feet. Pacific 
 coast, from Monterey north to Puget Sound. Feeds largely on Ech- 
 inoids. 
 
 (Ayros, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. ^"i. i, 31, 1855: AnarrhichlhysfeUs Giranl, U. S. Pao. 
 R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 125: Anarrhichthys fiHa Giintlier, iii, 211.) 
 
 
 Family CXV.— LYCODIDiE.* 
 
 [The EcJpouts.) 
 
 Body elongate, more or less eel-shaped, naked or covered with very 
 
 small, imbedded, cycloid scales; head large; mouth large, with conical 
 
 teeth in jaws, and sometimes on vomer and i)alatines ; bones of head 
 
 unarmed. Gill-membranes broadly united to the istlunus ; pseudo- 
 
 bnrjchiai present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal and anal 
 
 fins very long, of soft rays only, or the former with a few posterior 
 
 sphies; vertical fins confluent around the tail; pectorals small; veu- 
 
 trals jugular, very small or wanting. Lateral line obsolete or nearly so. 
 
 Gill-rakers small ; pyloric c(Bca rudimentary; vent not near the head. 
 
 Genera about G ; species 30, Bottom fishes, chiefly of the Arctic and 
 
 Antarctic seas; some of them, and perhaps all, are viviparous. 
 
 {Lycodl'lw Giiutlier, iv, 319-320: geuus 'Loarces Giiutlier, iii, 295: Zoarchidiv Swain- 
 son.) 
 
 a. Dorsal fin low behind, some of its posterior rays short and spiue-liko; ventrals 
 small. {Zoarcinw.) 
 
 h. Scales present; tooth strotig, conic, in jaws only Zoauces, 42.'S. 
 
 aa. Dorsal lia coutinnons. {Lycodiiuv.) 
 i: Ventral lins present. 
 
 d. Vomer and palatines toothless; scales present Lycouopsis, 4*26. 
 
 dd. Vomer and palatines with teeth. 
 
 c. Scales present Lycopes, 427. 
 
 ce. Scales obsolete , Lycodalkpis, 428. 
 
 cc. Ventral lins wanting. 
 
 /. Jawseqnal; body scaleless Gymnklis, 429. 
 
 ff. Jaws nneqnal, the lower projecting Ukonicctes, 430. 
 
 *The six families following (L|/co(?irf«!, Congrogadidw, ^ierasferidte, Ophidiidw, Gadidw, 
 Mavniridw) constitute the group or suborder of Jnnca/if/iini or Jugiilarcs, distinguished 
 from the other Acanihopten by the long dorsal and anal fins, which are composed of 
 soil rays only. Tho ventral fins, if presont, arc jugular. Tho present family is called 
 Zoam'rfa' in the key, on page 79. ^ . . ,. ■ ,, i,,, t / , ^ _ 
 
 :^ ■ ■■- ■ • ' ■.■■-■"•■■':; 
 
 ' / 
 
 
 r 
 
784 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 495.— ZOARCES Cuvier. 
 Uelnouts. 
 
 (Cuvier, Rftgne Anim. ed. f?, ii, 240, 1829: typo Blenniua vivipat'us L.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, tapering posteriorly; head oblong, heavy, 
 narrowed above, the profile decurved; month large; teeth strong, conic, 
 bluntish, in 2 series in the front of each jaw, and 1 series on tLe sides; 
 teeth in outer series larger; no teeth on vomor or palatines. Dorsal fin 
 very long, low, some of its posterior rays much lower than the others, 
 developed as sharp spines; pectoral fins broad; ventrals jnguhir, of 3 
 or 4 soft rays. Scales small, not imbricated, imbedded in the skin. 
 Size large. (Cto«/>zr^7, viviparous.) 
 
 a. Numbers of fm rcays and ve-rtebraj increased. {Macrozoarcce Gill.) 
 
 1300. Z. ailg:ilillai'is (Peck) ^ioiet.—EeJpout; Mutton-fiah ; Mother of Eels. 
 
 Eeddish brown, mottled with olive, the scales paler than the skin 
 about them ; dorsal fin marked with darker ; a dark streak from eye 
 across cheeks and opercles; lower jaw included; maxillary reachinj? ^g. 
 yond orbit ; pectoral long, about two-thirds length of head ; ventrals 
 one-fifth head ; highest ray of dorsal about equal to snout ; the poste- 
 rior spines about one-third length of eye; first ray of dorsal abovo pre- 
 opercle. Head 6; depth 7. D. 95, XVIII, 17; A. 105. L. 20 inches. 
 Delaware to Labrador; rather common northward. Two forms, per- 
 haps distin(!t species {anguillaris, ciliatus) occur, distinguished by the 
 size of the jaws. 
 
 {Bhnniua avffuillariB Peck, Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci. ii, 46; Storer, Fish. Mass. 2G3; 
 Giiuther, iii, 29(5: Enchehiopus anguiUaria Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1H(W, 2r)8' 
 Zoarcca labroaua and Z, Jimhriatita Cuv. & Val. xi, 466, 468: Blenniua ciliatua Mitch. 
 Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 37r., 1815, the large-mouthed form.) 
 
 436.— liYCODOPSIS Coliett. 
 (Leurynnia Lockington.) 
 
 (Coliett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 381: typo Lycodea pacificua Coliett.) 
 
 Body elongate, eel-shaped, covered with small, smooth, imbedded 
 scales. . Head large; snout broad and long; interorbital space very 
 narrow; mouth large, horizontal; teeth conical, those of the upper jaw 
 in a single row; those of the lower in a band in front, the inner series 
 enlarged, larger than the upper teeth; no teeth on vomer or pala- 
 tines. Ventral fins very small; vertical fins continuous, without spines. 
 (Aiixto^jj?, Lycodes; d^nq, appearance. 
 
Ii:ri?;i?l! 
 
 115. LYCODID.^i: LYCODES. 
 
 785 
 
 1201. L. paciiSciis Collett. 
 
 Light-nHklish olive, becoming lighter below; vertiesil fins margined 
 witli bl'H'k; the scaler paler than skin, forming light spots; i)eetorals 
 dusky. Head comparatively short; orbital region not constricted, nor 
 clieeks tumid; mouth comparatively small, the maxillary reaching (jen- 
 ter of pupil; head, nape, and axil of pectoral naked. Dorsal and anal 
 tins enveloped in thick skin, which is covered with imbedded scales like 
 tiiose on the body; pectoral half the- length of head; ventrals half 
 k'ugth of orbit; mandible half length of head; distance from snout to 
 base of dorsal, 4i in length. Head 5.^; depth 8.i. D. 100; A. 85. L. 
 12 inches. San Francisco to Puget Sound; rather common in deep 
 water; the original tyi)e said to bo from Japan. 
 
 (Lycodes pticijiciis CoMiitt, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lomloii, ld79, 381.) 
 
 1203. I., paiicidcns (Lockiiiyton) Gill. 
 
 Vei'y similar to L. pacificiis, but larger, with larger head and mouth ; 
 snout very broad ; orbital region constricted; cheeks tumid; maxillary 
 extending about to posterior edge of orbit. Pe(;toral two-fifths length 
 of head; ventrals half orbit; mandible three-fifths length of head; dis- 
 tance from snout to base of dorsal, 3| in length. Head 4A ; depth 10. 
 Otf San Francisco in deep water; possibly a variety (u* state of the pre- 
 ceding, corresponding to the 'variety" ciliattisoi' Zoarccs anginllarU. 
 
 {Lvurynnis paueidciifi Lockiiigion, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 326; Gill, Proc. U.S. 
 Nat. Mu8. 1880, a48.) 
 
 '' ' 4a'».— I.YCODES Ri'iuhardt. 
 
 (Rciuliardt, Kongl. Dansko Vidensk. Selsk. Nat>.. v. vii, 153, 1838: ty\>c Lycodva valdi 
 Reiuh.) 
 
 Body elongate, more or less eel-shaned, tapering behind. Head ob- 
 long; mouth nearly horizontal ; lower jaw included; conical teeth on 
 jaws, v^omer, and palatines, those on jaws and palatines mostly in a sin- 
 gle series. Dorsal fin beginning behind bases of pectorals, without 
 spines; pectorals moderate, inserted rather high; ventral fins small, 
 of 3 or 4 rays. Scales small and imbedded, i)resent on part or all of 
 the body, the scaly area more extensive in the adult than in the young. 
 No air-bladder nor pyloric coeca. Species numerous, chieHy of the 
 Northern seas. (ASzaJ'Jrj?, wolfish.) 
 
 a. Body elongate, its depth 12-24 times in length. 
 
 120'J. 1<. |>axillUS Goode and Beau. 
 Color probably hght brown. Body very elongate; head broad, flat 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 50 
 
 
 
 
 
78G CONTRiniJTIOXS to north AMKUICAN ICnTlIVOLOGY — IV. 
 
 above, the i)iofilc abruptly decuived ; upper jaw exU'iidin;^ far beyond 
 the lower; cheeks very full and protuberant; teeth of both Jaws in ^ 
 single series except at the symphysis; a few teeth clustered at tlu^ liead 
 of the vomer; palatines with a single series ; teeth very stout, recurved 
 and sharply pointed ; scales covering the entire body arid extending on 
 the bases of the vertical fins ; head and ])ectoral fins scaleless ; dorsal tin 
 inserted at less than one-fourth the entire length from the snout. Head 
 7; dei)tli 17. I). IIG; A. 100. {Gooda tt Bean.) Le Have Banks. 
 (Gootlo &, Bean, I'loo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 44.) 
 
 t 
 
 1304. L.. vcrrilli Goodo & Bciin. 
 
 Light grayish brown above; below, pearly white; sides with irregular 
 brown patches bisected by the lateral line ; ab<lominal region livid blue; 
 a spot of brown on the tip of tail. Body very elongate. Head nuieli 
 depressed; maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit; ujiper 
 jaw much the longer; profile very convex, snout obtusely rounded 
 above. Head ;"»J5 ; depth about l-'J. D. 1)2; A. 88. {Goode tfe Bean.) 
 Ooast of Massachusetts and northward, in deep water. 
 
 (Goode aud Beau, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, xiv, 187S, 474.) 
 
 na. Body moderately elongate, its depth G-10 times iu tbo length. 
 
 I*i05. li. valili Ueiuhiirdt. 
 
 Browjiish yellow, with (> blackish cross-bands extending on the dor 
 
 sal fin and confluent on the belly ; the first cross-band on and below tLe 
 
 ^interior dorsal rays, the second above the vent; adults nearly uniform 
 
 blnckivsh. Head nearly twice as long as high; snout long, the inaxil 
 
 lary reaching to oi>posite middle of eye; distance of vent from ventrals 
 
 nearly e(pud to length of head; ventral fins less than one-fourth as loii}; 
 
 as pectorals; vertical fins scaly; body wholly scaly. Head li; depth 
 
 8. D. 110; A. 93; V. 4; vert. 25 -f 87. North Atlantic. {Giinther.) 
 
 (Keiidiardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Sel.sk. Afhaiidl. vii, IM, 1838; GUnther, iv,31'J; Gill, 
 Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 2G0.) 
 
 1206. li. esmai'ki Crllctt. , 
 
 Brownish black, with a whitish -yellow patch on the nape, and oS 
 transverse bands of the same color across the dorsal and posteriorly 
 across the anal, these bands becoming broken into annular spots, with 
 age. Body behind front of dorsal scaled; vertical fins scaly; nape 
 scaly; snout obtuse; maxillary not more than half head; lateral line 
 indistinct, divided; pectorals 8 in length. Head 4^; depth 8. 1). UO; 
 
IW^ 
 
 . i , U '^ 
 
 115. LYCODID.i: LYCODKS. 
 
 787 
 
 )in vi'iitials 
 
 A. 05; P. 22; V. 4. Nova Scotia to Fiiimaik and Spitzberj^en. {Col- 
 Mt.) 
 
 (Collott, NMji.-.s FiHkc 1H74, <).-.; Collotf, Norskc NonMlavs Exp. 1880, 84: Lycodtx 
 nihli ({(«k1»- & IJoiiii, Proc. l'. S. Nat. Miis. If/D, t>(H», not of Kciiih.) 
 
 1207. L. rcticiilafiis Kcinli. 
 
 IJrowni.sli, with reticulated black lines on tlie head and body; those 
 on the body disposed in 5 groups or cross-bands, the three anterior 
 of which emit 1 or 2 vertiial streaks on the dorsal fin; <lorsal daik- 
 (■(l.iied. . Body entirely scaly; vc^rtieal tins naked. Head twice as lon;^" 
 iis high; snout long; maxillary extending to behind miudle of eye; 
 distance from vent to ventrals more than length of head. Ilea<l 4 ; 
 depth about S. D. 94; A. 7r>; V. 4; cceca 2. L. 14 inches. Green- 
 aiul, south to the Grand Banks. 
 
 (hN^inliiinlt, 1. c. KiT , GiinthtT, iv, :V20: Gill, 1. c. '2i\0; ('Dllctt, 1. o. 84: Lycodcs ronKi 
 Malinjj;r. 18C4: J.iicoacngradUx fSars, Chri.st. Vid. .St-lsk. Forli. 1866: Jyi/codcH pcrspicillitm 
 Kiiiyer, Dan.sk. Vidciisk. Sclsk. Aflianill. 184;"), 2'.l'.\: Luiodfs perspivilluin (jiUuthor, iv, 
 .KO: Ly codes pernpiciU II m (Hll, Proi". Aia«l. Nut. Sui. Pliila. 18G;5, 260.) 
 
 ViOH, L,. sconinndus Kcinli. 
 
 Color uniform pale grajish brown, without spots or bands. Bo<ly 
 naked in froni of vent, scaly behinu; fins naked. Head large. Dis- 
 tance of ventrals from vent somewhat more than length of head. 
 Uoad 3^; depth 7. ]>. !)1; A. 74; T. 21; ca^ca 2. Greenland to Spitz- 
 bergen. {Collett.) 
 
 (Kcinliarrtt, Kong. Dausk. Sclsk. etc. 1838,223; Giintber, iv, 320; Gill, 1. c. 260; 
 
 Coiiott, 1. c. ii;>.) 
 
 1209. li. ncbiilosus Kn'iyer, 
 
 Ihown, with small, fiiint, yellow, transverse bands across the back 
 Body naked anteriorly; the imsterior i)art of dorsal fin scaly; the anal 
 naked or nearly' so. D. 87; A. GS; P. 19; Y. 3. Greenland. {KriUjer.) 
 An iinperf(H;tly-described species, unknown to recent writers. 
 
 (KWiycr, 1. c. 1844, 140; Gill, 1. c. 200.) 
 
 laiO. £.. coccinous Bean. 
 
 Ikown, red below; pectorals reddish brown above, carmine below; 
 9 Itlnish white bands on the dorsal; {i few whitish blotches on sides 
 and on head; anal brownish red; head white below; a whitish blotch 
 as large as ej'e at upper angle of gill-opening. Posterior two-thirds of 
 tail covered with separated scales; rest of body, head, and fins, scah- 
 less; lateral line visible only on scaly part of body, consisting of a few 
 I'aint, short, linear scratches. Pectoral twice as long as premaxillary, 
 falling short of the vent by its own length; dorsal beginning over 
 
 !i'4 
 
 ."'I; 
 
 
 '% 
 
 .•(•S' 
 
 i 
 
 *«• 
 
 ^j: 
 
 ..V* 
 
 f! - C.*- 
 
Evi?- 
 
 788 coNTuiiurxioNS to noutii American ichthyology — rv. 
 
 jiiiteiior half of ])eftoisil ; anal under twenty-first dorsal ray; tail stdtit. 
 Head 4; depth 7A; B. 0. D. 87 (with half <;f caudal); A. 87 (with half 
 of caudal); P. 18; V. 3. L. 20 inches. Big Dioinede Island, Bering's 
 Strait. (Bean.) 
 (Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 144, 1881.) 
 
 438.— L,Y€ODAL.EPEJS Blocker. 
 
 (Blocker, Vcrl. Akad. Amst. od. 2, viii, lUI'J: tyix) Liicodcs muconus Rich.) 
 
 This genus differs from Lijcodes in the total absence of scales. 
 {?.ux(i>or^:;, Jjl/codes; aXer:tc^ without scales.) 
 
 1211. L..HIMCOSU' (Rich.) Bleckor. 
 
 Blackish, with irregular white markings in tlie form of 5 narrow b;ir.s 
 
 across the back; lower parts of head and trunk whitish. Body robust; 
 
 head very large; snout long, its length 3 in head; mouth large, tlic 
 
 maxillary extending to beyond eye; distance from vent to ventnils 
 
 more than length of head; eye very small, 11 in head. A^entrals xciy 
 
 small; pectorals large and broad. Ilead -3}; depth 8. D. HO; A, 70; 
 
 V. 3; vert. 2G+GG; cceca 2. L. 18 inches. Arctic seas. 
 
 (L>)cod('s mucomis Rich. Last Arctic Vovayo, 3()2; Lyvodcs mucoHns Giinthor, iv, 320: 
 Zycodes ihucohus Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Jllus. xv, 112, 1871).J 
 
 1212. I.. tursBcri (Beau) J. & G. 
 
 Light brown, grayish below; a cream -colored band on anal; a cres- 
 centic band of cream-color crosses the nape, and continues behind tLe 
 pectorals; 10 bands of cream-color, bordered with brown, from the tips 
 of the dorsal rays to the lower half of body, becoming wider, and 
 broken below the middle; caudal tii)ped with pale. Head d{>i)ress('(l; 
 maxillary reaching to opi>osite posterior margin of eye; distance from 
 ventrals to vent less than length of head. Head 4! ; depth 8. U. 85; 
 A. G7; P. 18; V. 3, . Saint Michael's, Alaska. {Bean.) 
 
 (Lijvodes turiirn Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 463.) 
 
 1213. li. pollaris (Sabine) J. & G. 
 
 ''Without any scales; length of the pectoral exceeding twice its 
 breadth, having 15 rays. Yellowish, lighter on the belly, with 11 l:n{,v 
 saddle like markings across the back, the middle of these markings 
 being much lighter than their edges; the whole back and. the sides 
 marbled." [Giinthcr.) Coast of North Georgia. An inii)erlectly »lo- 
 scribed species, unknown to late writers. 
 
 {BUnnUiH poJariH Sabiu<>, Parry's Jouni. Voy. 181'J-'20, Suppl. 212: Lijcoda polam 
 Giluther, iv, 321.) 
 
115. LYCODID.E URONECTES. 
 
 [80 
 
 iliitlier, iv, 320: 
 
 429.— G¥IfIi\EL.IS Rciiiliurat. 
 
 (Keiuliardt, DaiiHk. Videusk. Selsk. AfhaiuU. vii, 131, 183«: type Ophidium viridp Fa- 
 bricius.) 
 
 Body elongate, naked (see G. stUjma). Vertical fins without spines; 
 ventral fins none. Small conical teeth on the jaws, vomer and pala- 
 tines. Gill-openings very narrow. No air-bladder; pyloric cceca none ; 
 no anal papillji. Size small. Arctic seas. (^'w/iVM?, naked; £v;f£-Jy?, eel.) 
 
 l-ill. G. viridis (Fabr.) Keinh. 
 
 Brownish, sometimes uniform, but generally with dark roundish 
 trau'^verse markings; 1 to 4 rouiul black spots on anterior part of 
 dorsal fin ; anal sometimes blacik-edged ; lower part of head with 
 sharply-defined whitish markings. Snout subconical, longer than the 
 eye; jaws equal; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching beyond eye; teeth 
 rather small, conical, in a single series on each side, forming a patch 
 anteriorly; distance from snout to vent 2^ times length of head. Pec- 
 toral pouiuled, inserted low, its length less than half that of head. 
 Dorsal commencing over posterior third of pectorals. Head about OA ; 
 depth about 13. Eye 7 in head. D. 100; A. 80. Arctic seas, Alaska 
 to Nova Scotia; abundant. 
 
 {(iphiiUiim riridv Fabr. Faun. Groenl. 141, 1780; Guutbor, Lv, 323; Collett, 1. c. 123: 
 CymneliH j)'tctu8 Giiutber, iv, 324, 1862.) 
 
 Vita. G. ? stigma (Rennett.) Gtbr. ' 
 
 S(!ales present, very small; no trace of ventrals. Dilute brown, with 
 irregular transverse series of brown sjicts, besides obscure cross-bands 
 ("void swathes"); a large, round, purplish spot near the origin of the 
 dorsal. Vertical fins united into a transparent ridge; pectoral rathei- 
 large. Snout obtuse; chin with a large gibbosity; teeth small. Depth 
 about 8. L. 5 inches. Kotzebue Sound. {Lay.) Probably the tyiie of 
 ii distinct genus. • . 
 
 {OpMdium stigma Lay & Bennett, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 67; Giinther, iv, 325.) 
 
 430.— UROMECTES Giinther. 
 
 (Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns, iv, 325, 1832: type OpMd'mm parrii Ross.) 
 
 Body ensiforra, compressed; tail long and tapering; ventrals none; 
 vent not far distant from the head; numerous minute teeth in Jaws and 
 on palate; lower jaw the longer; no barbel; scales and gill-openings 
 unknown. (oo|r>«, tail; vr/zrij?, swimmer.) 
 
 la 10. ir. parrii (Rosa) Gtbr. . ,;.-,' 
 
 Color uniform. Head very obtuse, its length, depth, and breadth 
 equal; head broader than the body, flattened and grooved between the 
 
 T \ 
 
 m 
 
 
790 CONTRIHUTIONS TO NOUTIl AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 oyes, which sire hitoial mjmI rather larjje; fjreatest ihipth of body some. 
 wliat more than K'njjth of head; neck much arched. Dorsal iiiscittd 
 Just hcliind head; pectoral extending beyond vent. Head 4. 1). ."jO; A. 
 4"); P. ;}7. Raflin's Bay. {Giinther.) 
 ((J2)lii(Uiim parrii Hosts, Parry's Tliinl Voyaj;e, App. 1<»U; (Jiiiitlu-r, iv, '.VH).) 
 
 Family CXVI.— CONGROGADID.E. 
 
 Body elonjjate, compressed, eel-shaped, naked or covered with siiinll 
 scales. Mouth moderate, horizontal, the lower jaw the lonjj;er; teeth in 
 a single series in the Jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines also; 
 no barbels. Branchiostegals 4 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fouilli- 
 ])seudobranchia; present. Gill-membranes more or less connected, fn'c 
 from the isthnuis. Dorsal tin long ami low^ of slender rays indx'ddod 
 in the skin; anal similar to dorsal, both connected to the caudal lln; 
 tail diphycercal. Pectoral tins small; ventral tins wanting. Vent re- 
 mote from the head, without ])a})illa. Air-bladder none; pyloric cu'ca 
 none. Small fishes, chiefly of the East Indies. Genera 3; si)ecies 4. 
 
 {Ophidiidw, group Congronadlna (jriiiither, iv, 388, 389.) 
 
 a. Cuuiucs present; dorsal beginning near the middle of the body. ..Scytauna, 4:iI. 
 
 431.— SCYTAL.IWA Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 (Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. NaT. Mim. 1880, 266: type Snjlalina cerdale .1. & G.) 
 
 Body Aery long and slender, covered with small scales. I lead de- 
 l)ressed, shaped like the head of a snake, with tumid cheeks and a dis- 
 tinct neck. Eyes small, superior. Mouth rather large, the lower jaw 
 slightly i)roJecting. Teeth conic, in single series on jaws, vomer, and 
 ])alatines. Each jaw with two canines in front. No lateral line; psou 
 dobranchiie small. Gill-rakers almost obsolete. Dorsal tin very low. 
 its first ray near the miuJle of the body. Anal fin similar to dorsal, 
 nearly as long. Tail diphycercal, the caudal well developed. (Diniiuu- 
 tive of Scytale, from (rxura/.r^, a viper.) 
 
 1217. S. cerdale J. & G. 
 
 riesh-colored, with much mottling of ])nrplish in fine pattern; holly 
 nearly plain; caudal reddish-edged. Head broader than body; snout 
 depressed, rounded at tip; cheeks very long; opercle short; inteior- 
 bital space rather broad, concave posteriorly; eyes small, anterior and 
 superior ; upi)er lip separated by a crease from the skin of the lore 
 head; lower Jaw projecting; edge of lower lip with pores, and small 
 •lermal flaps and fringes; maxillary extending a little beyond eye; 
 nostrils with small flaps. Lower jaw with a series of close-set, even, 
 
117. FlliRASFEllID.^^. — FIERASFKK. 
 
 71)1 
 
 conical tcoth, lu'sidcs two divci-gent caniiuvs in front; upper jaw witli 
 similar teeth in several series in front, the canineH Ninallei- and closer 
 t();,'ether. Pectorals little lonjjer than eye; insertion of dorsal slijihtly 
 ill front of anal, a little in front of nnddleof l)ody; rays of vertii^al fins 
 low and .veak, those of caudal njost dcveh)ped; vent close in front of 
 anal, which is sinular to dorsal. Head 8; <lepth 14. 1). 41; A. ,'j(}. L. 
 G inches. Straits of Fuca; burrowiu}; anionj? rocks near low tide-mark. 
 (Jordau & Gilbert, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Miis. iii, 18^0, 206.) 
 
 Family CXVII.— FIERxVSFERID^. 
 
 Body very elonj;ate, compressed, tapering into a long and slender 
 tail. No scales. Teeth cardiform on Jaws, vomer, and jjalatines; canine 
 teeth often present; no barbels; lower jaw in<!lu(h'd; vent at the throat; 
 <j;ill-membranes more or less united, free from the isthmus; no pseudo- 
 branchicE; no pyloric coBca; vertical tins very low, conrtuent, without 
 spines,; no ventral tins; pectcral fins present or absent. Small fishes 
 of the tropical seas, parasitic in shells of mollusks, in Evhinodermn, etc. 
 Genera 3; species 12. 
 
 {Ophidiidw, group Fieras/erina Gilutlier, iv, 381-384.) 
 
 a. Pectoral lius present ; caudal fiu obsolete Fierasfkr, 432. 
 
 432.— FIERASFER Cuvier. 
 
 (Cnvier, Rofrne Anim. ii, 1817 : type Fierasfer imberbiH Cnv. = Giimnotua acus Briinuich.) 
 No distinct caudal fin; pectoral fins developed. {Fieran/er, the 
 ancient name, from (/mpo^, sleek and shining.) 
 
 121§. F.dubius" Putnam. 
 
 Color, in spirits, uniform light brown, with a short silvery band along 
 the sides of the abdomen, made by continent spots. Maxillary extend- 
 iiiji' slightly beyond orbit; lower teeth larger than the upper, except 2-4 
 front teeth of upper jaw, which are about equal to lower teeth ; vomer 
 with 3-G teeth, 2 or 3 of these canine like. Pectoral half head; vent 
 under base of pectoral. Dorsal fin low, but distinct; anal much more 
 developed than dorsal; its longest rays about in tlie middle of the fish. 
 Air bladder long, slightly constricted behind. Gill-membranes not cov- 
 ering isthmus. Head 7^ ; depth of head 15. {Piitnain.) Florida Keys 
 to Cuba and Panama. ' • ' ' ; u* 
 
 (Campus laffinin Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 1808, 402, not of F. ajginis Gilutlier; Putnam, 
 Proe. Bost. See. Nat. Hist. 1874, 344.) 
 
 *Iu the Museum of Comparative Zoology is " one valve of a pearl oyster, in wbii^b 
 a specimen of Fieranfir dalnuH is beautifully inclosed in a pearly covering, deposited 
 on it by the oyster.'' (Putnam.) 
 
 iVs 
 
 vif. 
 
 n 
 
! ". J. 
 
 792 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 
 , Family CXVIIL— OPHIDIIDi*:. 
 
 ! . [The Ophidioids.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, more or less eel-shaped, naked or covered 
 with very small scales, which are not imbricated, but placed in obli(jU(i 
 -series tit right angles with each other; head large; lower jaw included; 
 both jaws, and usually vomer and i>alatines also, with villifonn or car 
 ditorjn teeth; prsmaxillaries protractile; gill-openings very wide, the 
 gill-membranes separate, anteriorly narrowlj- joined to the isthiuus be- 
 hind the ventrals; pseudobranchiai small or obsolete. Gills 4, a slit 
 behind the fourth; vent more or less posterior. Vertical fins low, 
 without spines, confluent around the tail ; tail isocercal ; ventral fins at 
 the throat, each developed as a long, forked barbel. Air-bladder and 
 pyloric coeca present. Genera 3, species about 12. Carnivorous tishcs, 
 found in most warm seas. , . 
 
 {Ophidiidw, group Ophidiina Giiuther, i\, 376-380.) , 
 
 a. Body scaly. 
 h. Palutinea with a band of villiform teeth only 
 
 -Ophidium, 433. 
 
 433.-OPHlDll]?I Linnoius. 
 
 ( Op/i jrf jtf n Artedi; Liniiious Syst. Nat.: type Ojihidion harbatum l.) 
 
 Body moderately elongate, compressed; scales small, not imbricated, 
 but arranged in short oblique series, placed at right angles with eiicli 
 other, much as in Anguiila. Head naked, or somewhat scaly; teotli 
 villiform, those of the outer series moie or less enlar;]:ed; teeth on 
 vouier and palatines bluntish, some of them enlarged. Vent well '.to- 
 hind pectorals. {Ophidium, an ancient name, from oftdur^, a small 
 snake.) 
 
 ((. Outer teeth of jaws lixed. (Ophidium.) . 
 
 1219. O' ^iiargiiEiituiii Dek. 
 
 Co^or nearly plain brownish ; dorsa' and anal fins margined with 
 black. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit; air-bladder .short 
 and broad, with a foramen on the under side; outer ray of ventrals 
 about equalling length of head; inner ray half length of outer. Gill- 
 rakers 4. Head o^; depth 7^. Atlantic coast of North America lioiii 
 I^ew York southward. •>; 
 
 (Dekay, N. Y. Fannu, FIbU. 1842, 315; Putuam, Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874, [Wl.) 
 
118. OPIIIDIID^ OPIIIDIUM. 
 
 793 
 
 12tfO. O. josephi Grd. 
 
 I';)le olive, sprinkled all over with brownish specks; belly and sides 
 
 ot lieud i)lain ; vertical tins edged with black. Eye moderate, 4 iu head ; 
 
 inaxiMary extending to opposite its posterior margin; origin of dorsal 
 
 ut some distance behind base of pectorals. Body shorter and pectorals 
 
 more elongate than in 0. taylori. Ilead 'J. Saint Joseph's Island, Texas. 
 
 [Girard.) ', . 
 
 [Ophidion joscphi GivatH, U. S. Mcx. Boun»l. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 2i).) 
 
 tS'Jl. O. holbrooki Putnam. 
 
 " Inner barbel nearly two-thirds length of the outer; outer barbel equal 
 to the distance from the center of the eye to the point of the operculum ; 
 maxillary reaching to the posterior border of the eye. Length of the 
 eye e(pial to the distance from its posterior margin to the ridge of the 
 preoperculum. Head one-sixth of the total length of the fish. Dorsal 
 and anal with a black margin. Gill-rakers 4. Air-bladder long, pointed, 
 without a foramen." L. C inches. Key West, Florida. {Putnam.) 
 
 (riitnam, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874y 34'3.) 
 
 1222. O. taylor* Girard. . 
 
 Light olive; head and upper parts covered with conspicuous round 
 (lark, olive-brown spots; chin dusky; vertical fins edged with black. 
 Head large, little compressed, naked; top of heod with conspicuous 
 mucous pores. Dorsal fiii beginning over t)ie pectorals; outer raj' of 
 ventrals little more than half length of head; inner about one-third. 
 Air-bladder ovate, not contracted; seven gill-riicers below the angle of 
 tlie arch; ^)seudobranchia5 developed. No spine on the end of the 
 snout. Outer teeth in both jaws considerably enlarged, the upper 
 largest. Head C; depth 8. L. VI iuches. Coast of California; not 
 rare. 
 
 (Gii-iud, V. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1859, 138.) 
 
 fld. Outer teeth iu. jaws niovablo; head scaly above. {Leptoph'ulium* GiW.") 
 
 1223. O. piorundoriiin (Gill) J. & G. 
 
 Light rufous ; vertical fins margined wUh black. Body very slender; 
 
 scales regularly arranged iu quincunx order; scales on head extending 
 
 to forehead, opercles, and cheeks; snout high, projecting, armed with a 
 
 concealed spinous hook; teeth villiforu), separated by an interval from 
 
 an outer row of longer, slemler, movable teeth; eye longer than snout, 
 
 3.J iu head; lateral line obsolete behind ; vent toward end of first third 
 
 *(iill, Prr.c. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IKI?, 210: type Lepiophidium profundorum Gill. 
 (AfTro?, slender; ocpiStoy, Ophidium.) 
 
 
 «{« y 
 
 
 
 
 I i 
 
704 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 of length; ventral fins short. Head G; depth 10. Gulf Stream, ofl' the 
 coast of Florida. (GUI.) r •" ' 
 
 (Leptophidiumprofinidorum Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbila. 18G3, 211.) 
 
 Family CXX.—GADID^.* 
 
 {The Co(] -fishes.) 
 
 Body elongate, more or less compressed behind; tail usually isoccr- 
 cal (diphycercal in Dinematiehthys)', scales cycloid, small, soinctiinos 
 wanting. Gill-openings very wide; gill-membranes separated or some- 
 what united, commonly free from the isthmus; no spines, the lin-niys 
 all articulated. Dorsal fin extending almost the length of the back 
 forming one, two, or three fins; anal flu long, single or divided; caud;!! 
 fin distinct, or confluent with the dorsal and anal; ventral fins Jiignlar, 
 but attached to the pubic bone, each of one to eight brar.ched rays. 
 Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. No pseudobranchiae. Edge of pre- 
 oper(;le usually covered by skin of ht-ad. Pyloric co^ca usually nuinor 
 ous, but sometimes few or none. Air-bladder generallj- well develoi)e(l. 
 Genera 35, species about 90; an imi^ortant family, many of its inenibeis 
 being highly valued as food. They inhabit chiefly the northern seas; 
 one genus {Lota) being conflned to the fresh waters. Two genera [Sty- 
 (jienla, Lucifuga) are blind and inhabit the cave st»„;*ms of Cuba. 
 
 ( fiadida; Giintlier, iv, ;J26-:JG9; Ophidiidw, group Brotulina, iv, 371-376.) 
 
 rt. iJody scaly. • ' ■> 
 
 b. Vertical fills united or approximated; pyloric cojca two ; no barbel. (lirotitllm:) 
 
 c. Tcrtical fiu8 united Byt'hh.s, 4H4. 
 
 cc. Vertical fius separate; tail dipby cereal Dinkmatichtiiys, 4;!'). 
 
 hb. Vertical fins well separated; pyloric cccca mostly numerous; tail isociical. 
 d. Frontal bone single, normal. (Gadinn:) 
 e. Anterior dorsal composed of a band of fring"8 preceded by a sUikIit ia,v; 
 baruels 3 to 5. 
 
 /. Ventral rays 3 to 5 ; aiuil liu entire Onos, i%. 
 
 ee. Anterior dor.sal coinjiosed of distinct rays. 
 (/. Cliin witb a barbel. 
 h. Dorsal tins two ; anal fin one. 
 i.' Ventral fins narrow, filamentous, each composed of two or llirce 
 
 ;. slender rays Pincis, 4;i7. 
 
 it. Ventrals broader, each of about six rays. 
 J. Tail attenuate ; anal liu notched ; mouth inferior; deep-sen iislies. 
 " "^ " ■"" " ""~~ _ HALOi'oiti'iiYia's, 4;iH. 
 
 j(/. Tail normal; anal fin entire ; mouth terminal. 
 
 --:---— ^ Vomer toothless; teeth villiform Physhtms, i;'.l». 
 
 :" Ik. Vomer with teeth. 
 
 /. Vomer and Uiundible with canines Moi.ya, 44;'. 
 
 Ih Vomer and maadiblu without canines L(»ta, 441. 
 
 "Including family IIU, JJroiuUdw, in the key to the famllicB, pa^o 7!). 
 
f v;: -, ^: V2X GADlD^E DINEMATICIITHYS. 705 
 
 ft/i. Dorsnlliu single ; tual tin single ; ventrals well developed. 
 , , UllOSMU'8, 142. 
 
 hhh. Dorsal tins three ; unul fins two (Jadi's, 44. t. 
 
 SO- Chin without barbel; lower juw proji^eting; scales large ; dorsiils two; 
 
 anal one Hypsicomktks, 444. 
 
 dd. Frontal bone divided; top of head with a triangular excavated area; no 
 barbel. (MeHuciina:) 
 p. Lower jaw projecting; dorsals two; anal one; anal and 
 
 second doi'sal deeply eniarginate Mkkux'Uts, 445. 
 
 m. Body naked; month very large : abdomen greatly dilatable; teeth very uneciual; 
 
 jaws with very long, depressible canines. {ChiaxiHodoii- 
 - , , ;r ; tinw) Chiasmouon, 44U. 
 
 »■-■■■. ^ ,'. ' ■■ , ■ - 
 
 . . 434.-BYTHITES Keiuhardt. • / 
 
 (Reinhardt, Dansk Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii, 178, 1835 ; typo ButhitcafuHciisJii'inh.) 
 Body elongate, i'overed with ininute scales. Head large, thick; 
 mouth large; jaAvs equal; no barbel; bands of teeth in the jaws 
 and on vomer and palatines. Brauchiostegals eight; gill ineinbraiies 
 united, free from the isthmus; eye moderate. Lateral line interrupteil. 
 Vertical tins united ; ventral tins reduced to simple filaments, each com- 
 posed of two rays closelj' united. Air-bhidder large; two pyloric cgbim. 
 A thick, conical, anal ])apilla (in the male). Greenland. (/Sw^/eVry?, an 
 iuiiinal of the depths, from ,'iL>Oto<;, the deep.) 
 
 Vi*M. B. fuscus Ueinh. 
 
 Uniform dark-brown. Head with minute cirri; snout obtuse; maxil- 
 l;iry extending to below eye; vertical fins enveloped in thick skin; ven- 
 tnils two-thirds as long as head. Depth less than length of head. 
 Greenland. {Giinther.) 
 
 (Reinhardt, 1. c. 179; GUuther iv, 375.) * 
 
 433.— DINE]?IATI€HT1IYS Bleeker. 
 ( I)ro8mo2)hycia (iil\: //aJias Ay res.) 
 (Blocker, Batoe, 318; type DinemaCwhtlniH ihjocwtvoides Blocker.) 
 
 Body moderately e'ongatc, covered with minute imbedded scales; 
 laterjil line inconspicuous; head moderate, conical; opercio with a 
 spine i)osteriorly ; preopt^rcle unarmed, usually with a large mucous 
 pore at its angle; no barbels; Jaws subecpial ; teeth in the jaws canli- 
 form, in bands anteriorly; vomer and palatines with similar teeth; 
 • nill membranes little connected. D<nvsal fin low, continuous, its last 
 rays contiguous to the caudal, but nearly or quite free from it; anal 
 till even, similar to dorsal, but shorter; rays of vertical fins slender, 
 much branched; veutrals reduced each to a filament formed of two rays 
 
 .1^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 1 X 
 
 ^Wt 
 
796 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 closely joined ; caudal sliort and slender; tail dipliycercal, truncate at 
 base of caudal; ana! papilla large (in S); stomach large, with two short 
 pyloric coeca. (Jt?, two; v/7,'/.a, thread; r/Ch<;^ Qah.) , ,/: 
 
 a. Head nearly or quite scaleless. {Halias" Ayrcs.) ,. . 
 
 1335. D. nia!.';j:inatus (Ayres) Gtbr. 
 
 Keddish brown; fins broadly edged with bright rose red. Head with 
 traces of very rudimentary scales sunken in the skin ; eye well forward, l.l 
 in snout, 7 or 8 in head ; maxillary reaching beyond eye a little less than 
 half length of head; teeth of jaws subequal, in broad bands; pahitiiic 
 teeth in a sliort band, shorter than eje. Fin-rays slender, imbedded 
 in skin; pectorals moderate, a little more than half length of head; 
 ventrals half length of head ; nape nearer origin of dorsal than tij) ol' 
 snout; vent slightly behind middle of body; caudal as long as eye and 
 snout; a conspicuous pore above tip of maxillary; two pores at chin; 
 anal papilla without horny appendages; lower lip with a fringe of 
 minute cirri. Head 4^ in length; depth about G. D. about 80; A. 
 about Go. Coast of California, rather rare ; in deej) water. 
 
 (Broamius inarginatua Ajiea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1!?. 1854: Halias margi- 
 vatua Avres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 5'2; Giiutlier. iv, 375: Broamophijm mar- 
 ijlnatua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18S1, 168; 186:$, 253' ) 
 
 .• / 436.-ONOSt Ayrea. 
 
 • Bocklings. , 
 
 {Motella Cnv'iQt: Jl/b ?«e?Za Kaup: Rhinonemus GWl: Cj7ta<o Couch aud GoHc/iia Thomp- 
 son, yonng forms.) 
 
 (Risso, Hist. Nat. d'Eur. Merid. iii, 211, 1826: type Onoa mitatella Ri880=6'flrf«» irkh- 
 mtu.1 m. & Schn.) 
 
 Body rather elongate, covered with very small scales; head more or 
 
 less depressed; lower jaw included; chin with a barbel; snout Avithtwo 
 
 to four barbels, one on each anterior nostril; teeth in bands on Jaws and 
 
 vomer; none on palatines; some of the teeth in upper jaw somctinies 
 
 enlarged or canine-like; dorsal fins two, the anterior composed of small 
 
 fringe-lilie rays concealed in a groove, in front of these a siiiyle ion;; 
 
 ray; second dorsal long; anal similar; caudal tin rounded or lanceo 
 
 *Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 52, 1860: type liroaviiua margiiutttin A\n'>^. 
 (aX?, flic sea.) 
 
 tWo <lo not adopt the earlier name Oaidropsarua of Raiinefetine, because we liinl 
 11 f tic evidence that the rouj^h lij^nro of Rondelot, on which Gaidropmriix munuUaris 
 Kaflaes(ino was fonnded, was intended for a species of Onoa rather than of J'hudK. 
 Eiichchiopiia Bloch &, Schnoid<'r is a heteroj^eneous group, iucludin;r spcciee of (laduii, 
 of which genus it may be considered a syuouym. 
 
120. GADIDiE ONOS. 
 
 797 
 
 late; tail isocercal ; ventral fins of 5 to 7 rays. Small fishes of the 
 iiortherr seas; the species ditlering considerably among themselves. 
 {Onos, au ancient name of certain Gadoid fishes; from oko?, an ass.) 
 
 a. Barbels four; head anteriorly liigli and compressed ; no large canines. (Bhinone- 
 mu9 Gill.) 
 
 1226. O. cinibrins (L.) Goodo & Bean. — Fonr-hearded RoclcUng. / 
 
 Brownish, posterior part of dorsal and anal, and lower margin of cnu- 
 (lal abruptly black ; inside of month black. Head oblong, comi)ressed, 
 the snout high, its anterior profile blunt; month large, inferior; a barbel 
 at chin, one at end of snout, and one on each anterior nostril; maxillaiy 
 reaching much beyond eye; teeth in narrow bands, some of them con- 
 siderably enlarged; lateral line stitch like, developed at intervals. 
 First (free) ray of dorsal as long as head; ventrals about half length 
 of head; caudal somewhat acute. Head 5; depth G. D. 50; A. 43; 
 V. 5. L. 12 inches. North Atlantic, on both coasts. 
 
 {tiadus cimbriiis Linnaons, Syst. Nat.: Motclla caudaciita Storer, Hist. Fisli. Muss. 
 ;!()!: Molella cimbria Giiuther, iv, 367: lihiiwnemus caudacuta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Pliila. 186;5, 241.) ■■ . . r . , 
 
 (Id. Barbels three. (Onos.) . •■ . ". 
 
 Vi97. O. rciiihnrdti (Kroyer) Gill. 
 
 Uniform reddish brown; cirri and tips of fins red. Head depressed, 
 but rather pointed anteriorly; snout rather short, with" two barbels; 
 chill with one; teeth in villiform bands, those of one series in each jaw 
 longer than the rest. First ray of first dorsal short, little longer than 
 snout. Vent near middle of length. Distance from snout to first dor- 
 sal 1% of length. Heads. ]). 5G; A. 45; V. 8. Greenland. {Collett.) 
 
 (^Motella argentaia Reinh. Sclsk. Nat. Math. Afh. 1837, 110: MoMla reinhardii 
 Kidyor MSS. ; Collett, Norake Nord-Havs. Exp. 18S0, 131 : Onos reinhardii Gill, Proc. 
 Ac:i(l. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G3, 241: i Couchia argentaia GiiutluT, iv, 3G3, the young of 
 this or other species of Onos; small, silvery iishes, swimming at the surface in the 
 opeu 8oa. ) 
 
 12a§. O. ensis (Reinh.) Gill. ,:, 
 
 Head small; snout with two barbels; chin with one; teeth feeble, 
 uniform, in villiform bands; palatine teeth villiform. Vent nearly me- 
 dian; distance to front of dorsal | of length. First dorsal ray pro- 
 duced, as long as head. Head 5^; D. 59; A. 46. Greenland. {Col- 
 lett.) 
 
 [Motella ensiH Reinh. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. vii, 115, 1838: OnosenaiiiQiW, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1803, 241; Collett, 1. c. 134.) 
 
 
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798 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV 
 
 437.— PHYCIS* Bloch & Scbneiaer. 
 ... V ; . . : • GocUings. , , : 
 
 (Bloch. & SchiiPiiler, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 56: typo Phifda tinea \Wiw\\ «fe Schneider.) 
 
 Body rather elongate ; bead subconie ; mouth rather hir{>(' the 
 maxillary reaching to below eye; lower jaw included ; chin with a siniill 
 barbel; jaws and vomer with broad bands of snbeqnal, pointed teeth; 
 l)alatinea toothless. Dorsal fins two, the first sometimes produced :if 
 tip; second dorsal long, similar to the anal. Ventrals wide apinf, 
 iihimentous, each of 2 or 3 slender rays. Gill-membranes soinoAvlint 
 connected, narrowly joined to the isthmus. {<poxi-, an ancient name of 
 .some fish living in the Fucus, (pux<>^.) 
 
 «. Dors.al r.ays scarcely produced, ( Uropli yds f Gill.) 
 1229. P. regius (Walb.) J. & G. 
 
 Pale brownish tinged with yellowish, the lateral lino dark brown, in- 
 terrupted by white spots; inside of mouth white; first dorsal hirjielv 
 black, this color surrounded bj' white; second dorsal olivaceous, with 
 irregular round dark spots; caudal, anal, and pectorals dusky; ven 
 ti'als and lower edge of pectorals white; two vertical series of ronnd 
 dark spots on the sides of the head. Body rather stout; head broiul; 
 mouth large, the maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye. Eye k\ss 
 than snout or interorbital width; first dorsal low, its height about einml 
 to half length of head; ventral fiu longer than head, about 3J in length 
 of body; caudal fin subtruncate. Head 4J; depth 4 J. D. 8-43; A. 
 about 45; scales rather large, about 90 in the lateral line. Morth 
 Atlantic, south to Cape Fear. Said to exhibit electric powers in life. 
 
 {ItkiDiins regina Wiilh. Art. Pise. 1792, 183 : Phycis piinctatnH Dek. N. Y. Fauna, Fisli. 
 21>2: Enchi'lyopuH regalia Bloch. &, Schn. 1801, 53: Phycia reyalia GUuther, iv, ;&">.) 
 
 1330. P. earlli Be.an. 
 
 Brown, with some li;;lit spots on the second dorsal fin and on tlio 
 sides; anal and both dorsals margined with brown. Body short aiul 
 stout; maxillary extending beyond front of eye; barbel one third 
 length of upper jaw, which is half length of liead; interorbital space 
 equal to length of snout; pectorals as long as postorbital part of liead; 
 
 " " Hypaipteraargentea" Giiuther (ii, 380; iv, 362); a very small silvery lish, occasion- 
 ally taken on our coasts as well as on those of Eurojw, is now supposed to bo tlic youii}; 
 of species of Phycia. 
 
 tGill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. 1863, 240: typo Gadua regiaa Walb. (oi;/jd,,taiIi 
 <pvKiif Phycis.) 
 
1-20. GADID.E PHYCI8. 
 
 799 
 
 v(Mitrals reaching nearly to vent; none of the rays of first dorsal i)ro- 
 (Inced, the tin not higher tlian second dorsal. Head .'}5|; depth 4i. D. 
 10-02; A. 53; 1M5; Lat. 1. 155. L. 14 inches. Charleston, South (3ar- 
 
 olina. ■ ;. - ■ ■ ., 
 
 (lieaii, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. iii, G9, 1880.) . ' 
 
 (irt. OiKi of the rays of the first dorsal more or loss produced. (Phj/cia.) 
 
 IS.1I. P. cliuss(Walb.) Gill.— 6W/tw<7; Sg«jrre?-/iafcc. 
 
 Brownish above, sides lighter and tinged with yellowish; thickly 
 ])uuctulate with darker; below pale; inside of month white; vertical 
 tins somewhat dusky; aual tin margined with pale; lateral line not 
 (lark. Body rather slender; head depressed; eye large, about equal to 
 iiiterorbital width ; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil. Fila- 
 mentous dorsal ray about two-sevenths length of body, when perfe(!t ; 
 pectorals | length of head; ventral fins extending beyond the vent; 
 scales comparatively large. Headi.i^; depth 5. D. 9-57; A. 50; Lat. 
 1. 110. Atlantic coast, chiefly northward. 
 
 (DUnniua c/iuss Wiilb. Art. Pise. 1792, 18(5: Enchehjopna americanuH Bl. & Sehn. 1801, 
 n.!: PInich amcricanua Giinther, iv, ',V^',i: Pliycis filamentosHu Storer, Fish. Mass. ;-G7; 
 Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 2:17.) 
 
 Vi,i2. P. tenuis (Mitch.) T)ek.—CodUnfj ; White hake; Squirrel-hake. 
 
 Brownish, lighter and yellowish below: fins very dark. Snout longer 
 than eye, narrower and more pointed than in P. chiiss. Eye large, 
 usually Avider than interorbital space ; maxillary reaching beyond pupil. 
 Filamentous dorsal ray about two-thirds length of head ; ventral fins 
 about reaching vent. Scales very small. Head 4^; depth 5.^. D. 0- 
 r)7; A. 48; Lat. 1. 138. Distinguished from tne preceding chiefly by the 
 smaller scales, ^fforth Atlantic, south to Virginia; abundant north- 
 ward. ■ . ' 
 
 (GmhtH tenuiH Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 372; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 k\. Pliiia. 18()3, 238: Phyds dvkayi Kaup, Archiv. Naturg. i, 89, 18r)8.) 
 
 1233. P. Chester! Goodc and Bean. .' ,.:.,: 
 
 Eye 3iV in length of head; maxillary twice in head ; barbel one third 
 diameter of orbit ; vent equidistant from tip of snout and end of second 
 (lor.sal; distauce from snout to dorsal fin equals twice the length of the 
 inundible; the third ray of the second dorsal extremely elongate, its 
 length more than twice that of head, and more than four times that of 
 tlie longest of the other rays ; ventral fins with the first ray one-thinl 
 length of body, the second abojit three times the length of the head, 
 
 -J! 
 
 
 
 
 J; 
 
 ^ 
 
 wm 
 
800 CONTKIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOC.Y — iv. 
 
 the third shorter than the dijimeter of orbit; pectorals four tiiiu s as 
 long as the opercle. Scales large and thin; lateral line much broken 
 posteriorly. Head 4:|; depth 5. D. 9 or 10, 5(5; A. 5G; Lat. 1. !)o. 
 {Goode and Bean.) Coast of Massachusetts, in deep water. 
 (Goodo and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus- i, 1878, 256.) 
 
 . 43§.— 1IAL.OPORPIIYRUS Giinther. 
 
 (£epidton Swainson; preoccupied as Xp/>idja.) 
 (Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas. iv, 3^8, 1802: type Gadus lepidioii Risso.) 
 
 Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a slender tail. Scales very 
 small. Head entirely scaly, even to the gill-membranes. Snout dc 
 liressed, thin and flat, projecting beyond the mouth; mouth rather lai 
 
 »^ ) 
 
 chill with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform teeth; a small rouiid. 
 ish iiatch of teeth on vomer, none on jjalatines. Dorsal tins two; tlic 
 first short, its anterior ray produced into a long lilament; anal liu 
 deeply notched, almost separated into two tins; ventral tins with six 
 rays, one of them tilameutous; caudal truncate. Branchiostegal.s 7. 
 ]>eep- water tishes. («A?, sea; -ofxpufxx;^ i)urijle, from the deep colora- 
 tion.) ''■.:■■-.-. 
 1833. H. viola Goode & Bean. *^ ' ' • 
 
 Color, deep violet or blue-black ; inside of mouth and opercles blue- 
 black; snout broad, pointed at tip, much depressed, forming a root-like 
 projection above mouth ; a consi>icuous keel extending backward from 
 tip of snout along the suborbital to the posterior margin of the eye. 
 Mouth U-shaped, wholly inferior; maxillary nearly reaching posterior 
 margin of orbit; interorbital space flat, as wide as the large eye, the 
 orbital ridges somewhat elevated; barbel about one-half diameter of 
 orbit. First dorsal with its first ray much produced, longer than liead; 
 anal fin deeply notched near its middle. Caudal peduncle as long as 
 eye; its depth more than half its length; longest ray of ventrals readi- 
 ing about half way to vent; pectoral 1^ in head. Head 4^; depths. 
 D. 4-53; A. 40; V. G; Lat. 1. 115. Banks of Newfoundland and south- 
 ward, in deep water.. 
 
 {Haloporphyrua viola Goode and Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 256, 1878.) 
 
 439.-PHYSIClJI.US Kaup. 
 
 (Kaup, Wiegmann's Arcliiv. 1858, 88: type Phyaicuhia (iahvigkii Kaup.) 
 
 Body elongate, covered with small scales ; head entirely scaly ; snout 
 broad, obtusely rounded, projecting beyond the mouth; mouth of mod- 
 
120. GADIDiE — LOTA. 
 
 801 
 
 erato size; chin with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform teeth; 
 vomer an<l pahitines toothless. Dorsals 2; anal fin single, not notched; 
 ventral tins with 5 rays, the outer rays lilanieritous; caudal rounded, 
 slender, free; branchiostegals 7. (A diminutive of PhyciH.) 
 
 1334. P. dalwi{j^kDi Kaup. 
 
 Color uniform brownish; pectoral and anal whitish; axil of pectoral, 
 chin, and belly blackish; inside of mouth white. Head broad, de- 
 pressed; cleft of mouth oblique; maxillary extending beyond vertical 
 from pupil; intororbital space flat, its width rather less than vertical 
 diameter of orbit; a concealed spine on each side of nape. Height of 
 first dorsal equalling half length of head; second dorsal somewhat 
 lower, nearly uniform in height; nnal similar to second dorsal, but 
 lower; pectorals two-thirds length of head; filamentous ventral ray 
 not reaching anal. Eleven series of scales betweeen anterior dorsal 
 and lateral line. Head 4 in length; depth 5i. D. 7-G7 ; A. 69; V. 5. 
 (Giinther.) Madeira; lately taken in deep water off the coast of Massa- 
 cbusetts. 
 
 (K-up, Wiegm. Arch. 1858, 88; GUnther, iv, 348.) 
 
 440.— ]»IOL,VA Nilssou. 
 
 Lings. 
 
 (Nilsson, Skandinav. Fauna, 1832, iv, 573: type Gadua molva L») 
 
 Body elongate, covered with very small scales. Chin with a barbel; 
 lower jaw included; bands of teeth on jaws and vomer; lower jaw with 
 large canines which are arrow-shaped and movable ; vomer with a curved 
 series of canines, mixed with small teeth, these mostly fixed; no teeth 
 on palatines. Gill-membranes broadly united. Two dorsal fins, both 
 well developed; one anal fin; ventrals of several rays. ^Northern seas. 
 [An old name of M. vulgaris.) 
 
 1235. HI. vulgaris Fleming.— Ztni/. 
 
 Barbel longer than eye; a short barbel at the nostril; eye as wide 
 as iuterorbital space. D. 15-66; A. G2; V. G; vertebrae 27+ 37. (Gitn- 
 ther.) Greenland and Northern Europe. 
 
 (Gadus molva L. Syst. Nat.; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 192; GUather, iv, 361.) 
 
 441.— LOTA Cuvier. 
 
 Burbots. 
 
 (Cuvier, R^gno Anim. ii, 1817: type Gadaa lota li. = Lota vulgaris Jenyus.) 
 Body long and low, compressed behind. Head small,^ depressed^ 
 Bull. I^^at. Mus. No. 16 51 
 
 
 ^rr^ 
 
 ■ i 
 
802 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ratlier broad; anterior nostrils each with a small barbel; chin Mitb a 
 long barbel; snont and lower parts of head naked; mouth nKxlerate 
 the lower jaw included; both jaws with broad bands of equal, villifortn 
 teeth, vomer with a broad, crescent-shaped band of similar tooth* no 
 teeth on palatines. Gill-openings wide, the membrane somewhat cou- 
 nected, free from the isthmus. Scales very small, imbedded; vortical 
 fins scaly. Dorsal fins two, the first short, the second long, similar to 
 the aiml; caudal rounded, its outer rays procurrent; ventral s of several 
 rays. One species, living in fresh waters of northern regions. [Lota 
 the ancient name.) 
 
 1236. L. maculosa (Le S.) C. & V. — Burbot; Lake Lawyer; Ling. 
 
 Dark olive, thickly marbled and reticulated with blackish; yellowish 
 or dusky beneath; young often sharply marked, the adult bocomin" 
 dull-grayish; vertical fins with dusky margins. Maxillary reaching to 
 posterior margin of eye; barbel longer than the very small eye; pec- 
 toral If in head; ventrals reaching half way to vent. Head 4|; depth 
 6. D. 13-7G; A. 68; V. 7; vertebrte 21+38; cceca 30. L. 2 feet. New 
 England and Great Lake region, north to the Arctic seas; abundant 
 northward; also (var. vulgaris) throughout Northern Eurojie and Asia. 
 
 (Gadus lota L. Syst, Nat.: Gadus maculosus Le Sueur, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil.i. 
 i, 83, 1873: Lota compreasa, inoriuita, aud maculosa Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 
 283-285: Lota vulgaris Jenyns, Manual Brit. Vert. 448; Lota vulgaris GUather, iv, 359.) 
 
 442.— BROSMIIJS Cuvier. 
 
 CusliS. 
 (Cuvier, Rfegue Anira. ii, 1817: type Gadus.brosme Mtiller.) r . 
 
 Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales. Mouth 
 rather large, with teeth in the jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of 
 those on the vomer and palatines enlarged; chin with a barbel; 
 branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fin single, continuous, not elevated; anal 
 fin similar, but shorter; caudal fin rounded; ventral fins several-rayed. 
 Fishes of the ^Northern seas. (A latinization of the vernacular name 
 brosme.) - ,,. , .>. _ 
 
 1231. B.br08mc(Mmier) White.— C«»fc. k: ; '.^ 
 
 Brownish, mottled; young uniform dark slate-color, or with trans- 
 verse yellow bands; vertical fins bordered with blackish, and with a 
 white edge. Head flattened above j upper jaw slightly longer than 
 Iowot; mouth large, oblique j maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Head 
 
120. GAPID/E — GADUS. 
 
 803 
 
 4i; depth 5 J. D. 98; A. 71. {Storer.) Polar regions, south to Cape 
 
 Cod and Denmark. - > 
 
 (Gaditu broamc MUller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. 41, 1770: Gadus hroame Ya.hr. Fann. Grrenl. 
 140; llroHmiitH Jlavisccns GQiithor, iv, 3G9: lirosmiua flavegcena Storer, Fish. Mass. 3C«: 
 lUvxmiua hroame Gliuther, iv, 3G'J: Bronmiua vulgaris Dekay, Now York Fauua, Fish. 
 283.) 
 
 443.— GADIJS LinntBua. 
 
 ' Codfishes. 
 
 (Artcdi ; Linna.Mi8, Syst. Nat. : type Gadwa c'a?/ar/a« or «iorr/tua L.) 
 
 IJody moderately elongate, compressed and tajjering behind. Scales 
 very small; lateral line present. Head narrowed anteriorly; mouth 
 moderate or large; chin with a barbel, which is sometimes minute; 
 teeth cardiform, subequal, or with those of one series more or less en- 
 larged; vomer with teeth; none on the palatines. Dorsal fins three, 
 well separated; anal fins two; ventral fins well developed, of about 
 seven raj's. Species of the Northern Seas; highly valued as food. 
 
 (GarfMS, tho Latin name, akin to the English word Cod.) 
 
 0. Lower jaw inclnded; barbel well developed. 
 
 b. Vent below second dorsal; species of large size, 
 c. Lateral lino black; mouth small, the maxillary not reaching eye. 
 grammua* Gill.) 
 
 (Mclano- 
 
 123§. G. n;g:lifinus 1..— Haddock. 
 
 Dark gray above, whitish below; lateral line black; a large dark 
 blotch above the pectorals; dorsals and caudal dusky. Snout long 
 and narrow, overlapping the small mouth; maxillary barely reach- 
 ing front of orbit; teeth subequal, large, in a cardiform band in upper 
 ja;^'; in a single series on lower jaw and on vomer; occiput carinated; a 
 ridge extending backward from each orbit; eye very large, two-thirds 
 length of SD'^ut, 4 in head. Anterior rays of first dorsal elevated, 
 three fourths length of head, the fin pointed, higher than second and 
 third dorsals; caudal lunate; vent below front of second dorsal. The 
 sknll in this species is more depressed than in Gadus callarias, broader, 
 and thinner in texture ; occipital crest exceedingly high, much higher 
 than in Oadus^ the wing-like projections at its base anteriorly spread- 
 ing widely, raised above the surface of the skull. Head 3f ; depth 4 J. 
 D. 15-24-21; A. 23-21. North Atlantic, on both coasts; an important 
 food-lish, reaching a considerable size. 
 
 (Gadua wglifinua Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. : Gadus ceglifinus Gttnther, iv, 332: Melanogram- 
 liiHs a'slifnuw Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 237.) 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18€ 
 ypafij.li}, line.) 
 
 ~*37 : typo Gadua aglifinits L. (/ie'Aa?, black; 
 
 ^T 
 
 ij 
 
 I 
 
 . .■♦■ 
 
 ,'■ ■ .; 
 
 •i-'^'-k 
 
 
 
 ■ -y 
 
 '.^ 
 
Oji^ /r./&- 
 
 804 CONTRIDUTIOXS TO NORTn AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — ly. 
 
 cc. Lateral lino palo; mouth ratlior large, the maxillary reaching past front of eye. 
 d. VertebriB normal. {Gadiis.) 
 
 1290. G.canarinsl^.— Common Codfish. ♦ 
 
 Greenish or brownisli, subject to many variations, sometimes yellow- 
 isli or reddish; back and sides with numerous rounded brownisli spots- 
 lateral line pale; f us dark. Head large, but varying much in size* 
 maxillary about reaching middle of orbit; occipital keel not greatly 
 developed; teeth strong, cardiform, in narrow bands, those of the outer 
 row in the upper jaw, and of the inner row in the lower jaw, somewhat 
 enlarged. Eye moderate, about half length of snout. First dorsal 
 little elevated, its height about half length of head; vent under front 
 of second dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate; pectorals half length of 
 head. Head 3J to4J; depth about 4. D. 14-21-19; A. 20-18. North- 
 eru Seas, south to Virginia, Oregon, and Japan, one of the most impor- 
 tant of all food- fishes. The fish of the Pacific Ocean (var. macrocophahin) 
 is said to have the air-bladder ("sounds") smaller; it is wholly similar 
 externally. The Greenland form (var. ogac) is very dark, with slender 
 caudal i)eduncle, longer barbel, larger eye, broader interorbital space, 
 longer i)ectorals, and more advanced ventrals. Great variations occur 
 in size of head and in color among individuals from different regions. 
 
 {Gadus caUariaa et viorrhiia Liun. Syst. Nat.; Glinther, iv, 328: Monhiia ammvana 
 Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 343: Gadns inacrocephalua Tiles. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Potersb. 
 ii, 3G0, IHlO: Gadua macroceplialim Giinther, iv, 330: Gadm oi/ak Richardson, ¥. 15. A, 
 Fish. 24G: Gadus ogac Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xv, 110: Gadua auratuaCoiw, Proc. 
 Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. 1873.) 
 
 dd. Vortebrae peculiarly modified, somewhat as in Merlucius. (Tileaia* Swsiinson.) 
 
 1340. G. gracilis Tiles. 
 
 Dusky bluish above, yellowish white below, without spots. Foiin of 
 a haddock, the body subterete, compressed, the belly prominent. Head 
 oblong, the snout rounded and depressed; upper jaw longer and broader 
 than lower; barbel moderate; outer teeth setaceous; eye large. Scales 
 very small, little imbricated. First dorsal subtriangular; second dor- 
 sal lower; third obtusely triangular; pectorals largt^; ventrals with the 
 second ray produced; caudal equal. Head 4^; depth 4-}. D. 14-17-19; 
 A. 21-20; P. 19; Y. 0; B. C. {Pallas.) Alaska to Japan. Au insnlti- 
 ciently-described species, which, accoiiling to Dr. Bean, who has htclj 
 obtained it in Bering's Sea, is very distinct from the other members of 
 the genus. It differs from Gadus callarias in the structure of its ver- 
 
 •Swaiuson, Nat. Hist. Fish. etc. 1839, 300: type Gadua gracilia Tiles. (Dedicated 
 to William Theophilus Tilesius.) 
 
a americana 
 
 120. OADID^ OADL'S. 
 
 805 
 
 tebrje, resembling the structure found in Mcrlucius. Tliis dift'erence, in 
 Dr. Bean's opinion, may uecessiti'te tlie revival of the genus TiiiHia of 
 Swiiinson. 
 
 {(iiidun (jraeUiH TiloHiiis, Meiu. Acad. Imp. St. PftiTHb. ii, :i">4, 1810: (iadun wachtui 
 I'allas, Zoogr. KoaH.-A»iut. iii, 18:i, 1811: Tilevia yiavilia Swaiuuuu, 1. c: Tilcsia yravilia 
 Ueaii, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mus. 1881,243). 
 
 2)6. Vent in i'rout of sccuud uorHiil ; spcciea of HUiull uizo. {Mia-ogadua* 0':\l.) 
 
 1811. O. proximus Grd.— Tom-cod. 
 
 Olivaceous abc i, pale, or slightly translucent, white below; dorsal 
 lius dusky, paler at base; first anal, and ventrals uncolored; second 
 amil dusted with dark points. Head long, convex above, somewhat, 
 compressed, with vertical sides; eye moderate, about 5 in head; mouth 
 mtber large; maxillary reaching to below ])upil; barbel small; teeth 
 in eucli jaw iu a band, the outer row a little enlarged. Gill-miimbranes 
 a little connected, free from the isthmus. First dorsal highest, some- 
 what falcate, its height three fifths length of head; first anal longer 
 aud higher than second; pectorals moderate, reaching anal; veutrals 
 lilamentous, scarcely reaching anal; caudal slightly emarginate. Lat- 
 eral line very distinct, wavy, high anteriorly, slightly interrupted pos- 
 teriorly. Vent below first dorsal. Head 4; depth 4§. I). 14-18-19; 
 A. 21-21; V. 6 or 7. L. 1 foot. Monterey to Alaska ; abundant; a 
 food fish of some importance. 
 
 The Tom-cods {Microgadus) dilFer considerably from the true cods 
 {Gudus) ill the structure of the cianium. The following is Professor 
 Gill's account of the skull of G. projcimnSy the italicised portions indi- 
 cating the diftercnces from Gudus callarias : 
 
 "The cranium is proportionally broader towards the front and less 
 flattened, while the brain-case is flattened below, decidedly sicoUen on 
 each side of a depressed sphenoidal groove, and has an ovate car<li- 
 fonn shape; the paraoccipital or epiotic is not produced into an angle 
 behind, but is obtusely rounded, and its posterior or outwardly-descend- 
 ing ridge blunt; the opisthotic is well developed, oblong, and with its 
 re-entering angle high up, and, on a line with it, the surface is divided ' 
 iuto two parts — a narroic aud flattened one, and a lower expanded 
 one, much swollen; the alisphenoid or pro-otic is oblong, acutely emar- 
 , ginate in front, swollen from the region of the high anterior sinus, 
 and above a little produced forwards; the grent frontal is a little longer 
 
 'Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila. 1865, 69: type Gadua proximua Qrd. (fiiKpoi, 
 small; yaSog, Gadus.) 
 
 
 ' *i 
 
 
 , •" I 
 
 kii 
 
 W 
 
 ■k'. 
 
 
 Vl. 
 
 
 
 ■■'*rJ?gi" 
 
806 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 than broad, with siipraoccipiial cr^tst continued forwards on the bone 
 and near the front expanded upwards, and with the expanded portion 
 behind dividing into narrow lateral wings; the lateral testiform ridges 
 of the frontal are continued forwards and curved outwards towards the 
 antero-lateral angles; the anterior frontals are mostly covered in front 
 by the great froutal, and are much developed in the direction of tlie 
 antero-lateral angles, the inferior expanded axillarj' portion being vciv 
 narrow; the nasal has a rounded ridge in front, continued well below 
 and its posterior crest is laminar and trenchant." 
 
 (Gadus proximua Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1854, 141, an«l in U. S. Pac. R. R. 
 Surv. 142: Morrhua califortiica Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. bci. 1854, 9: Gadua califor- 
 nicua GilUtb'^r, iv, 332: Microgadus proximua GUI.) 
 
 1342. O. tomcod Wa\h.— Tom-cod; Froat-fiah. 
 
 Olive brown, distinctly blotched and spotted with darker, lighter on 
 the bellj'; more opaque than in G. proximus ; back and sides profusely 
 punctulate; dorsals and caudal blotched with darker; anals coarsely 
 l)anctulate anteriorly, colorless posteriorly; ventrals and pectorals 
 dusky. Snout rounded, less produced than in O. proximus; month 
 short; maxillary 2i in head, reaching pupil; eye large, 3| in head; 
 barbel small; pectorals reaching vent, ventrals tilamentous, not reach- 
 ing vent. Vent under interval between first and second dorsals. 
 Head 3^; depth 5. D. 13-17-18; A. 20-17. L. 11 feet. Virginia to 
 Labrador; common northward. 
 
 (Gadua torn-cod Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 133: Mon-hua pruinosa Storer, Fish. 
 Masa. 357: Gadua iomcodua Gilnther, iv, 331: Microgadua tomcodua Gill.) 
 
 aa. Luv.or jaw projecting; barbel small, sometinoes obsolete. • , 
 
 e. Upper jaw witli its teeth anbequal. {Vollachiua Nilss.*) . ' 
 
 1343. O. vircns 1^.— Pollack; Coal-ftah; Green Cod. 
 
 Greenish brown above; sides and below somewhat silvery; lateral 
 line pale; tins mostly pale; sometimes a black spot in the axil. Body 
 rather elongate, compressed; snout sharp and conic; month rather 
 small, oblique; maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit; lower jaw 
 slightly the longer; teeth in the upper jaw nearly equal, the onter 
 series not being especially enlarged; barbel rudimentary or obsolete. 
 Crill -membranes considerably united, free from isthmus. Vent and 
 first dorsal. Caudal fin lunate. Pectorals short, scarcely reaching 
 
 •Nilsson; Bonaparte, Catologo Metodico, 1846, 45: type Gadua pollachm L. 
 (:roXX(i}}x, uiany-fasbioucd ; au oid uaiiie, with uo obvious applioatiou; perhaps 
 merely a latinized form of the commou uamt.) 
 
120. QADIDJ', — GADUS. 
 
 807 
 
 anal; ventrals short. Head 4; depth 4|. D. 13-22-20; A. 25-20; Lat. 
 1. about 150; vertebrae 54. North Atlantic; coinr.ou northward on 
 both coasts. 
 
 {Gadus lirrns and G. carbonariua Linn. Syst. Nat. : Merlangua purpureua Storer, Fish. 
 Mass. 358; (iadim rir<w« Giintber, iv, 339: PoUachiua carbonariua Gill.) 
 
 1344. O. clialcogramnius Pallas. 
 
 Blackish above, with silvery luster; everywhere puuctulate W'tTi 
 black; lius also puuctulate; ventrals and first anal pale. Snout conic, 
 sLarp, rounded in profile; mouth oblique: maxillary reaching middle 
 of pupil; chin with a minute barbel; teeth small, those of the outer 
 row above sliy;htly enlarged; eye large, wider than the flat interorbitrl 
 space, 4 in head. G HI membranes somewhat united, the posterior out- 
 line deeply emarginate; vent under interspace between first and sec- 
 ond dorsal; first dorsal higher than the other'^, the second lowest; 
 ventrals filamentous, reaching two-thirds distance to vent; pectorals 
 long, reaching i)ast front of anal; caudal somewhat concave. Head 
 4; depth 5. D. 12-17-18; A. 18-18; V. 7. North Pacific, south to 
 Monterey. 
 
 {Gadua chalcogrammua Pallas, Zoogr. Ros8.-Asiat. iii, 198, 1811-1831: Gadua periaco- 
 j)«« Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1873: Gadua chalcogrammua Giiuther, iv, 340.) 
 
 ee. Upper jaw Avith an outer series of rather larger teeth. {Borvogndiia* Giiuther.) 
 
 1343>> O. saida Lepcchin. ' ' 
 
 Brownish above, silvery below; head, body, and fins minutely dotted 
 
 with black; the dorsals and pectoral almost entirely Mack, as is the 
 
 lower half of the anal tins; lateral line pale. Barbel minute or absent; 
 
 teeth extremely minute, sharp, those in the outer series a trifle larger; 
 
 suout longer than eye, which is equal to interorbital space, and about 
 
 oue-fourth head; body elongate; tail slender; caudal deeply forked, 
 
 the uppei lobe the longer; ventrals long, 1^ in head; pectorals IJ; 
 
 vent belov/ front of second dorsal. Scales very minute, non-imbricate. 
 
 Head 3if; depth 5 J. D. 13-15-21; A. lG-21. {CoUett.) Greenland to 
 
 Alaska and Bussia. 
 
 (Gadua aaida Lepcchin, Nov. Comra. Acad. Sclent. Potrop. 1774, 512: Gadua aaida 
 Giiuther, iv, 337; CoUett, Norslie Nord-IIavs Exp. 1880, 1*2(5: Merlangua polaria Sa- 
 lii'ie, App. Parry's Voyage, ccxi, 1824: Gadua fabrieii Rich. Fanna Bor.-Amer. iii, 245: 
 Gadua fabricii Giiatber, iv, 336: Boreogadua 2)olaria Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
 1863, 233: Boreogadua aaida Beau", Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 108: i Gadua pygvianta Pal- 
 laH, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, IPO, 1811: Gadua aj^iiis Reink. Kgl. D. Vid. Selsk. 1838, 126: 
 Wadua glacialia Peters, Nord-Pol Exp. ii, 172, 1874.) 
 
 •GUnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 336, 1862: type Gadua fabricii Rich. {/Sopsoi, 
 northern; Gadus.) 
 
 m 
 
 .1 
 
 -I 
 
 1 .,' , 
 
 
80« 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 444.— Hl'PSICO]»IETE§ Goodfc. 
 
 (Qoodo, Proc. U. 8. Nafc. Muh. 1880, 347: typo Hypsicometes (johioidva Ooode.) 
 
 liwly t'longate, covered w'th large scales; luonth rather small, liori- 
 zoiital, the lower jaw much projecting; 2 or 3 rows of feeble teeth on 
 jaws aud vomer; uoiio on palatines. Eyes largo, snperior, near to- 
 gether. No barbel; no pseudobranchiiu. Caudal lln separate; 2 dor- 
 sal Ihis, the first of a few long rays, the second with a longer base 
 entire, and similar to the anal; ventrals well developed, each of G rays. 
 Deep-sea fishes. (Svt', in deep water; zw/yjjDjf, dweller.) 
 
 1240. II. KObloidcs Goodo. 
 
 Color gniyish, clouded with darker; belly pale; a large dark blotch 
 at base of upper rays of caudal. Head rather broad ami d(']>resso(l, 
 its width about equal to greatest depth of body; maxillary reaching 
 front of orbit; snout broad, rounded, as long as eye. Caudal trnncatc; 
 longest rays of first dorsal as long as the snout; ventrals wide apart, 
 with broad bases, inserted far in advance of the pectorals. Head 3; 
 depth 8. ]). G-17; A. IG; V. C; Lat. I. 58. L. 2 inches. Gulf Stream, 
 off the coast of Ehode Island. (Goodc.) 
 
 (Goodo, IVoc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 348, I860.) . i 
 
 443.— IVIERIiVCIUS Rafinesque. 
 
 (Rafinesquo, Carattcri di Alcniii Nnovi Gonori, etc. 1810,20: typo Gadus vierhiciua L.\ 
 Body elongate, covered with small deciduous scales. Head slender, 
 conical, the snout long, depressed; a well-deflued, oblong, trian},'Hhir 
 excavation at the forehead, bounded by the ridges on the separated 
 frontal bones; these ridges converge backwards into the low occipitid 
 crest; eye rather large; edge of i>reopercle free; preopeicle with a 
 channel behind its crest, crossed by short radiating ridges; mouth 
 large, oblique; maxillaries extending to opposite the eyes; lower jaw 
 longest; no barbels; jaws with slender teeth, of various sizes, in about 
 2 series, those of the inner row longer and movable; vonu'r with sim- 
 ilar teeth; palatines toothless. Branchiostegals 7. Gill rakers long ; 
 gill-membranes not united. Dorsal fins 2, well sejjarated, the first 
 short, the second long, with a deep emargination : anal eniarginate, 
 similar to second dorsal; ventml fins well developed, with about 7 
 rays; vertebriB peculiarly modified, the neural spines well dttveloped 
 and wedged into one anotuer; frontal bone double and the skull oth- 
 
120. GADIDiE — MERLUCIU8. 
 
 809 
 
 erwise peculiar in several respects. Species severul, very similar, 
 liurge, voracious fishes, little valued as food. {MerluciiiH, the ancient 
 name, meaning "Sea-Pike.") 
 
 1317. Ifl.bilinoai'is (Mitch., QiU.—flakc. 
 
 (Irayish, darker above, dull silvery below; axil and edj^e of ])ectoral 
 somewhat blackish; inside of opercle dusky silvery; inside of month 
 dusky bluish; i)eritoneum nearly black. To]) of head with the W- 
 shaped ridj^es very conspicuous; eye shorter than snout, an<l less 
 than iuterorbital width; maxillary reaching i)osterior border of pui)ll; 
 tectli not very large, snuiUcr than in M. Kiniridm. IS<;al('s laiger than 
 iu other species; pectorals and ventrals long, the latter reaching three- 
 fourths distance to vent, their length about thnic-fifths that of head. 
 Head 3;|; dei)th (J.^. D. 13-41 ! A. 40; Lat. 1. 100-110. Coasts of ^ew 
 England and northward; rather common. 
 
 {Stomoilon biliiirarin Mitcliill, liopt. Firth. N. Y.7, 1814: GaduHnlhithm Mif chill, .Toiirn. 
 Aoail. Nat. Sci. Phifa. i, 409: Mvrliiciun albidun Stonsr, HJHt. Fish. Mass. '.M5(; Good*) «fe 
 Bean, bull. ICshcx Inst, xi, 9.) 
 
 ; ' :• r. 
 
 
 a^fUp- f,/^ ^ . 
 
 124§. M. snifiridMS Haf. — European Hake, 
 
 Dusky above, silvery below; dorsal, caudal, and distal part of pec- 
 toral blackish; inside of opercle black; inside of nu)uth black poste- 
 riorly, pale in front; peritoneum black. Ventrals a little more than 
 half head; t 'eth very long. Head large, .'5J; depth G^. D. 10-;ii); A. 
 36; vert. 2,3 4-20; Lat. 1. loO. Coasts of Europe; abundant; straying 
 to Greenland. Here described from specimens taken at (Jienoa. The 
 identity of the northern species with M. HmiriduH is perhaps uncertain. 
 
 (GadiiH mcrluiciua L. Syst. Nat. ; Ralinosiiiu), Carattori di Alciuii Niutvi (Joiieri, 1810, 
 23: Marliicins vnhjaris Flciuiuj^, Brit. Ariiiii. 193: Mcrluc'um ruhjarh (iiiulher, iv, 344: 
 Epicopu^ gayi GMnthm, ii, 248.) {:P /f ^^^^^^-'^ i^.^^y 
 
 1249. ITI. produi;tus (Ayros) Q\\\.—Merlaccio. /^ ^' ^ '^f p^ytj t ay^^^'CfU^ A^ 
 
 Silver gray; licad dusted with coarse black dots; inside of mouth and ^Z^^- ^ 
 
 opercle jeb black; peritoneum silvery, with black specks. Head with '^^^ ' 
 
 the W-shaped ridges less strongly marked; maxillary reaching center ^ 
 
 of pupil; eye large; pectorals long and narrow, reaching vent; ventrals 
 
 much smaller than in M. hilinearis, reaching half way to vent; their 
 
 length about f that of head ; caudal somewhat forked. Scales quite 
 
 small, deciduous. Teeth moderate. Head 3^; depth 7. D. 11-41; A. 
 
 43; V. 7. Lat. 1. 130. L. 3 feet. Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara 
 
 northward ; abundant. 
 
 {Merlangus productm Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 64: Uomalopomus Irotth 
 kidgii Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185C, 132: Gadu«j)rodu<j<u« Giiuthor,iv, 338; 
 Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 247,) 
 
 ..i 
 
 i ' . ''. 
 
 (- -v 
 
 * % ■, 1 
 
 ik 
 
 ■!■" ,UI 
 
 ^Ci. 
 
 ^yr^^ '^^ '■/ ^^Cf^^^^-H^ ^ (P 
 
 ft'i-i. 
 
 y-^ 
 
 l:P'-!j- 
 
 s <*.< 
 
 /^>■■>.^ 
 
 ^-,^ 
 
 *1^ 
 
 f ; L. 
 
 
810 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — ly. 
 
 446.— ClIIASlVIODOnr JoIitiB&n. 
 
 (Johnnnn, Proc. Zool. Soo. Loii«1. ISG'^, 408: typo Vhiamnodon niger Johimnii.) 
 
 Body olongjito, ooinpressod, and tapcrinj; i)()Hterioiiy, nalced ; boHy 
 )>ondent, its walls inciiibraiiaccous, capable of great dilation. Month 
 very largo; lower Jaw longer than upper, without barbel; both jaws 
 with two series of Jarge, i)ointed teeth, some of the anterior being very 
 large and movable; vouorine teeth none; palatines with teeth simihir 
 to those in the jaws. (Jills -t. No pseudobranehiiu. (Sdl opcniuffs 
 very wide, the membranes joined to the isthmus for a short distaiue. 
 Dorsal tins two; anal single; ventrals inserted below peetorals, ciK-h of 
 five soft rays. Tail not isocereal, truncate at base of caudal, ('audal 
 fork«»d, free from dorsal and anal. Singular tlshes of the deep sea, rc- 
 nuirkable for their ability to swallow llshes of many times their owr 
 size by nutans of the great distensibility of the walls of the body. The 
 ])osition of this genus in the family Qadidiv is doubtful, {yjaff/ia, a ma', 
 of the form of the letter X; odwvy tootli; the two anterior canines cross- 
 ing each other when depressed.) 
 
 ISAO. C niH^cr JohiiHon. 
 
 Entirely black. Head compressed, elongate, the crown flat, its depth 
 less than half its length; maxillary reaching angle of preo|)eicle; both 
 jaws armed with long, pointed, Avide-set teeth, nearly all of which arc 
 movable; two anterior teethof upper jaw very long, crossing each other 
 when (lepressed ; three anterior pairs of teeth in lower jaw likcnvise pro- 
 longed, the third pair the longest; palatines with a longer, fixed tooth 
 in front. Eye moderate, above the anterior part of maxillary, U in 
 head, shorter than snout, as wide as interorbital space. Lateral lino in 
 a longitudinal groove. Firs': dorsal of slender rays, its base 2^ in that 
 of second dorsal ; anal commencing behind second dorsal, its anterior 
 rays without connection with vertebral column; posterior rays of auiil 
 and d«)rsal very feeble; pectoral as long as head without snout; ven- 
 tral half as long as pectoral. Head 3^. D. 11-28; A. 27; P. 13; V. 5. 
 L. 12 inches. {Giinthcr.) Deep seasj taken at Madeira and off tlio 
 coast of Massachusetts. ■ 
 
 (Johusou, 1. c. 408; Chiasmodn« niger GUuther, v, 435.) 
 
 Family CXXL— MACRJRID^. . ',1' 
 
 ^ . ;.; : .;v ' ry-- 
 
 {The Grenadiers.) 
 
 Body elongate, tapering into a very long contpressed tail, whicih ends 
 in a point; scales moderate, very rough, usually keeled or spinous. 
 
121. MACRURIDiE — MACRURUS. 
 
 811 
 
 Tooith villiform or cardiforni, in bandH, ou tlio jaws only; tip of lower 
 jaw witli a barbel; prcMuaxillary protractibi. DorHalH two, tlie (IrHt 
 sliort and bigb, of Htiff, npinoliko brancbed rays; tlio Hoeond dorsal 
 v«'ry lon{^, of V(>-ry low feebb» rays, continuo<l to tlio «nid of tlio tail ; 
 iiual lln siutilar to tb() siHjond dorsal, but much hij?hor; no caudal tin; 
 v«Mitrals sniall, subjugular, each of about 8 rays. Branchiostcgals 
 or 7. Lateral lino present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill- 
 ndcers very sniall; pill-inenibranes narrov/ly united to the isthmus; no 
 pHOudobranchiie; pyloric cceca numerous; air-bladder present. Genera 
 iihout 5; species about 35, chiefly of the northern s^as, in deep water. 
 (il/acTMnt/ttJ Gilnth r, iv, 390-398.) 
 
 0. Seal 'H of inodorato hIzo. 
 
 ft. Snont iirodiicod, conical; cldft of mouth entirely inferior Mackurus, 447. 
 
 bb. Snout Hhurt, obtiiHO, trnncatud; cleft of mouth lateral. 
 
 COUYI'II^NOIDKS, 448. 
 
 'A:; A'lt.-'WACRrRirs Biocii. 
 
 !"'v >'»»?*; (LepidolepruB KIhso.) 
 
 {WacrourHS Bloch, lohth. v, 152, 1787: type Macrourm rupeittriH lilooh, not of Ounner.) 
 Snout broadly conical, high, projecting beyond mouth; moutli mod- 
 erate, its cleft horizontal, U-shaped, entirelj-^ inferior; teeth of the outer 
 sfiries not enlarged; head sometimes with ronglunied bony ridges, one 
 of which, on the suborbital and preorbital, simulates the suborbital 
 stay of the Cottoids; tyes very largo; scales very rough, keeled, the 
 keels usually ending in spines. Deep water fishes; mostly northern. 
 Tliis genus grades into the next, and is perhaps uMWorthy of retention. 
 (naxfxii;, long; dijfidj tail.) 
 
 fl Siihorliital rof^ion wiMi a conspicuous hony rid^je extending from the proopercle 
 along tlie suborbital and prourbital to the eud of the projecting auout. 
 
 Vmi. m. fubricii SundevuU. — Bat-tail; Grenadier. 
 
 Dusky, inside of mouth and gill-openings black; peritoneum black. 
 Siiout sharp, nearly as long as oj'c, 3 J in head; an area of loose, rough- 
 isii, naked skin between the suborbital ridge and the mouth ; supra- 
 ociiUir and ocijipital ridges present, the interocular space concave. 
 Scales each with a longitudinal serrate ridge ending in a spine; first 
 ray of dorsal denticulated toward the tip; vent behind origin of second 
 dorsal; 5 rows of scales between first dorsal and lateral line. Head 4^; 
 depth C. Eye 3 in head. D. 12-124; A. 148; V. 8; Lat. 1. ca. 125. 
 Massachusetts to Greenland and N^orway, in deep water; not rare. 
 
 {Coryphwna rupestris MJlller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 177(5, 4i'^ (notof GunriCr): Macrourm 
 npestria Bloch, i, 152: Maorvrus rupeatria Gllnther, iv, 390: Macrur'iS fabricii Uunde- 
 vbU, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1840, G.) 
 
 I , 
 
 
 
 '.•]■ 
 
 
 . -^^ 
 
 
 
 
 '<" -\ 
 
812 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 13<(3. M, carminatus Goode. 
 
 Silver-gray. Body stouter than in M. bairdi, the tail less attehuate. 
 Scales heavy, covered with long spines arranged in nine or ten rown 
 like wool-cards {carmen), those of the middle row similar to the otliers. 
 Eye as deep as width of interorhital space, 5 in head. Snout lon" 
 sharp, depressed, triangular, 3 in head, its lateral ridges well devel- 
 oped, running in a straight line under the eyes; a strong horizontal 
 ridge from supraorbital to gill-openings parallel with subocular ridges* 
 barbel very short. Long ray of dorsal unarmed; anal rather high, Its 
 longest rays equal to half width of interorhital space; pectoral not 
 reaching anal; ventral behind pectoral, its filament not reaching anal. 
 Head 5; depth 8. D. 10-80 + ; A. 76 + ; P. 13; V. 7; scales ca. 5-100- 
 12. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Ehode Island. {Ooode.) 
 (Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 346.) 
 
 aa. Suborbital region without conspicuous bony ridge. ., ■...,.. 
 
 1253. H. bairdl Goode & Bean. 
 
 Brownish gray, bluish below ; membrane of first dorsal and under 
 surface of snout pink; throat and branchiostegals deep violet; front 
 of dorsal and anal blackish. Snout sharp, quadrate, shorter than eye, 
 with 4 radiating ridges ; bony ridge of preorbital and suborbital obso- 
 lete, this region unarmed and soft to the touch ; mouth less distinctly 
 inferior than in other species. Scales keeled; first long ray of first 
 dorsal strongly serrate anteriorly; vent under middle of first dorsal. 
 Head OJ; depth 8. D. 12-137; A. 120; scales 6-J 52-20. Deep water, 
 oflf the coast of Kew England. This s^v^cies approaches CoryplKviwides, 
 and renders the distinction of the genus Macrurus doubtful. 
 
 (Goode & Bean, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xiv, 471, 1877.) ^ , 
 
 448.— CORYPHiEMOlDfS Gunner. 
 (Gunner, Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 1765: type Coryphwnoides rupestris Gunner.) 
 
 Snout short, obtuse, high, obliquely truncated, soft to the touch, 
 except its bony cente*. ; cleft of the mouth lateral ; head without prom- 
 inent ridges, the membrane bones of the side of the head soft and 
 p{,pery; teeth in the outer series of upper jaw somewhat enlarged. 
 Si^ales smooth or spinous. Lower jaw with a barbel, {xopuipaha, Corij- 
 j^hcena; ^t'^o?, resemblance.) 
 
 1334. C. rupestris Gunner. 
 
 Bones of front and sides of head thin and papery; no bony ridges 
 on sides of head; angle of preopercle with a conspicuous four-angled 
 
122. PLEURONECTID^. 
 
 813 
 
 proeesa. Eyes very large, longer than snout, 3 J in head; maxillary 
 extending to below posterior o<lge of pupil. Pectorals inserted above 
 rentrals and bolow first ray of dorsal, which is strong, compressed, 
 and armed anteriorly with sharp teeth directed upward; vent under 
 last ray of first dorsal. Scales small, rough, but not keeled. Head 4; 
 depth 5J. First D. 11; A. ca. 110; V. 8. Banks of Newfoundland to 
 Norway, in deep water. 
 
 (Coryphwnoidca rupeatria Gunner, Trondhj. Sclsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 1765: Coryphanoides 
 norvegiais Giinther, iv, 390: Mao'ourus norKcgicns NilBsou, Skand. Fuuuu Fiske 600, 
 1832: Macrourua striiini Kuiuli. Dausk. Vidensk. Afbaudl. vii, 129.) 
 
 Order U.-HETEROSOMATA. 
 
 . . {The Flatfishes.) "' /, : r; ■. ^ 
 
 "Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow 
 two orbits on the same side, or one vertical and one lateral ; basis cranii 
 not quite simple. Dorsal fin long, of jointed rays. Superior pharyn- 
 geals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the inferior sepa- 
 rate." (Cope.) This order includes the single family of FleuronectidcB. 
 {hspo^j dififerent; (Tc5//a, body.) 
 
 {Anacanthini pleuronectoidei GilutUer, iv, 399-504.) 
 
 Family CXXII and CXXIIL— PLEURONECTID^. 
 
 {The Flounders.) ". , ;^ , . 
 
 Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsym- 
 metrical, the cranium twisted, both eyes being on the same side of the 
 body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost and 
 colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In very young 
 fishes the bones of the head are symmetrical, one eye on each side, and 
 the body vertical in the water. In some species the cranium becomes 
 twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it; in others the upper eye 
 moves through the cranium. Mouth small or large, the dentition 
 various; premaxillaries protractile; no supplemental maxillary bone; 
 pseiidobranchijB present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower pha- 
 ryngeals separate; no air-bladder; vent not fai behind head. Scales 
 various, rarely absent, usually small. Lateral line usually present, 
 extending on the caudal fin, soPTietimes duplicated or wanting. Dorsal 
 fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning on the head ; anal 
 
 ■ 'HA 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 .«*♦, 
 
 .• . k. 
 
 
 •v 
 
 *.'. 
 
 m 
 
814 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 similar, shorter; :audal various, sometimes coalescent with dorsal and 
 anal; pectorals inserted rather high, sometimes wanting; ventrals 
 under the pectorals, usually of several soft rays, sometimes wantiii" 
 Fishes mostly carnivorous, inhabiting sandy bottoms in all seas, some 
 species ascending rivers. Many of them are important food-fishes. 
 Genera about 40; species nearly 400. 
 (PZeMronec<tdcB GUntlier, iv, 399-504.) i v 
 
 a. Pectoral and ventral fiua both present ; caudal distinct ; margin of prcopcrcle more 
 
 or less free. • 
 
 b. Month large ; teeth nearly equally developed on both'sides of the mouth. 
 0. Ventral fin of the left side inserted nearly on the ridge of the abdonu'u ; body 
 
 sinistral. 
 d. Vomer with teeth ; lateral line arched iu front ; scales small or obsolete. 
 ' * Both us, 449. 
 
 dd. Vomer toothless; lateral line not arched; scales well developed, mostly 
 
 ciliated Citiiaricuthys, 450. 
 
 00. Ventral fins both lateral; vomer and palatines toothless. 
 «. Caudal fin lunate. 
 
 /. Lateral line arched in front ; scales cycloid Hippoglossus, 451. 
 
 ff. Liiteral line not arched. 
 
 g. Teeth not arrow-shaped ; gill-rakers few, short. 
 
 Pl^ATYSOMATICHTHYS, 452. 
 
 gg. Teeth arrow-shaped ; gill-rakers numerous, long. 
 
 Atheresthes, 453. 
 te. Caudal fin not Innate, the middle rays produced. 
 
 h. Lateral line arched in front; body usually sinistral. 
 
 Paralichthys, 454. 
 hJi. Lateral line not arched ; body dextral. 
 
 HiPPOGLOSSOIDES, 455. 
 W. Mouth small; teeth, if present, most developed on the blind side. 
 
 j. Teeth small, acute, in several series; lateral lino nearly straight, 
 with an accessory branch; scales small, cycloid; 
 eyes dextral. 
 " 1c. Lips longitudinally plicate; dorsal fin beginning on the blind 
 
 side Pleuroxichtiiys, 45G. 
 
 ^ v;. kk. Lips simple; dorsal flu beginning on the median lin<>. 
 
 Hypsopsetta, 457. 
 jif. Teeth in one series. 
 
 i. Teeth rather large, bluntish or trenchant; eyes dextral (some- 
 times sinistral in one species) ; veutrals (usually) both 
 lateral, 
 m. Dorsal fin with less than 80 rays; anal with less than GO. 
 
 Pleukgnectes, 4.")8. 
 mm. Dorsal fin with more than 95 rays ; anal with more than 80; 
 body unusually elongate, 
 n. Left side of skull with strong mucous cavities; anal spine 
 
 present Glyptocepiialus, 459. 
 
 nn. Left side of skull without conspicuous mucous caviticH; 
 
 anal spine obsolete C ynicoglossus, 4G0. 
 
 U. Teeth small, acute, in one series; lateral line nearly straight, 
 simple; scales thin, ctenoid; eyes sinistral; left ven- 
 tral on ridge of abdonnMk Etropus, 461. 
 
 aa. Pectoral 
 
 a. Scales deve 
 
12'i. PLEURONECTIU.E— B0THU8. 815 
 
 jjj. Teothnone; eyes sinistral ; camlnl fin snbsessilo; body translu- 
 cent Tiivnis, 462. 
 
 aa. Pectoral fins one or both reduced or wanting ; margin of prcoix^rcle usually not free. 
 
 p. Vertical fins free from the caudal. 
 p. Eyes dnistral; caudal subsessile; left pectoral only 
 present; lateral lino present, arch«!d on eyed side, 
 
 straight on blind side Monolicne, 463. 
 
 pp. Eyes dextral; ventral of right side continuous with 
 anal; pectoral fin single small, or wanting; scales 
 very rough ; lateral line siugle.straight ; teeth villi- 
 
 form, on blind side only Achihus, 464. 
 
 00. Vertical fins confluent around the pointed tail; body 
 sinistral; no pectoral fins ; one ventral present; eyes 
 very small. 
 q. No lateral line; ventral free from anal; teeth 
 minute, on blind side only ; snout not hooked ; 
 scales ctenoid Apiiokisti a, 465. 
 
 449.— BOTHIJS Rafinesque. 
 
 TurhoU. 
 
 {Rhombus Cuvier, not of Lac^pbde: Lepidorhomhua Gthr. : Scophthalmiia Raf. : Lophop- 
 
 seitaGill.) 
 
 (Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, 23: type Bothm rumolo Raf. = 
 Flauronecles rhombus L. ) 
 
 Eyes and color on the left side. Body broadly ovate, strongly com- 
 pressed; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye 5 
 teeth subequal, in villilbnn or cardiform bands, sometimes in single 
 series; a small patch of teeth on the vomer. Scales small, ctenoid or 
 'cycloid, sometimes obsolete; skin sometimes with bony tubercles. Lat- 
 eral hne strongly arched in front, without accessory branch. Dorsal 
 fin beginning on the snout; anal fin not preceded by a si)inc; ventral 
 of left side free from the anal, inserted nearly on the ridge of the ab- 
 domen, its base broad, the rays well separated. Species sometimes of 
 large size, mostly of the Atlantic. (/9o<?«?, deep.) 
 
 a. Scales developed, cycloid; no bony tubercles. {Bothus.*) 
 
 1355. B. maculatns (Mitch.) J. & G.— Sand-flounder , Windovc-pane. 
 
 Light olive brown, almost translucent, everywhere marbled with 
 paler, and with many roundish irregular blackish blotches ; fins spot- 
 ted. Body broadly rhomboid, very strongly compressed; interorbital 
 area flattish; eye rather large, about equal to snout; teeth in both 
 jaws in one series laterally, in a very narrow band in front ; maxillary 
 nearly half length of head. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, na- 
 merons, about 25 below the angle of the arch. Scales well developed, 
 
 * = Lophopwtta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 316: type Plmronectet nwtoH- 
 latus Mitchill. 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 if 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^\,\ 
 
 wl 
 
 I 
 
 ! Ii 
 
 
 ■ V- 
 • 'X 
 
 S..A 
 
 
816 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHVOLOGY — TV. 
 
 cycloid, loosely imbricated; those of tiio blind side a little smaller- no 
 bony tubercles; vertical fins scaly. Anterior rays of dorsal i'levated 
 branched, with free tips. Head 3|; depth If. D. 0.5; A. 52; Lat. 1, 
 85. L. 18 inches. Atlantic coast of United States, verj- conunon north- 
 ward; size rather small. 
 
 {Pleuronecte» maciilatiis Mitch. Rept. in Part Fish. N. Y. 1814, 9: Pleuronrvtm nquosug 
 Mitch. Trans. Lit. * Pliil. Soc. i, :M>, IHl.'i: lihomhun aqitomis Gllnthnr, iv, 411: Louhop. 
 »etta tnaoulata Gill, Proo. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. 18ti2, 216.) 
 
 430. -CITIIARICHTlirS Bleeker. 
 (ffemJrftoni&Mg Bleeker: Orthopgetta a,\u\ Metoponops GiW.) 
 
 (Bleeker, in Giluthor, iv, 420, 18 J2, ,T.n(l in Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterduiu, xiii 
 18G2: typo CUharivhIhys cayinnenais Bloekor.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the left side. IJody oblong ; mouth of the !ar;.;e typo 
 but comparatively small, with one or two series of small, sharp teeth in 
 each Jaw ; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers moderate, sloiuler. 
 Dorsal fin beginning just in front of eye; sill the fin rays simple; vent- 
 rals of colored side on the ridge of the abdomen; no anal spine; caiulal 
 fin convex or double-truncate behind. Scales thin, slightly cieiioid. 
 Lateral line nearly straight, simple. Lower pliJiryngeals separate, each 
 with a single row of teeth. {Githarua, an allied genus; IxOo^, fish— a 
 fish which lies on its xiOapo^ or ribs — that is, on its side.) 
 
 a. Teeth in npppr jaw in two rows, (ffemirhombiui* Bleeker.) . / 
 
 b. Interorbital space broad; left pectoral filamentous. 
 
 1336. €. aramaca (Cnv.) J. & G. 
 
 Light-brown, with blackish blotches; fins mottled; left pectoral 
 barred. Body elliptic-ovate, the anterior profile regularly decurved, 
 forming an angle above the snout. Mouth rather large, arche<l; max- 
 illary 2^ in head, extending to belo\\ 3ye; teeth in upper jaw in two 
 series, some of the outer forming small canines; lower teeth in one row. 
 Eye large, 4 in head ; lower eye in advance of upper, especially iu the 
 adult; interorbital space broad, concave, as broad as eye in adult, much 
 narrower in the young. Gill-rakers short, flattish. Dorsal rather low, 
 the longest rays 2^ iu head; anal without spine; pectoral of left side 
 with two filamentous rays, its length IJ to 2 times head. Scales small, 
 thin, weakly ciliate, with smaller ones intermingled. Head 3§; depth 
 
 •Bleeker MSS. GUnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas. iv, 423, 1862: type Hemirhomius 
 guineenna Bleok. (ent, half; pofifio?, Flunnbus.) 
 
lis. PLEUBONECTIDiE— CITIIARICUTIIY8. 
 
 817 
 
 Jj. D. 81; A. CJ; Lat. 1. 53 (Liit. 1. 70, Giinther). West Florida td 
 I Cuba; abundant in dtM'p water. 
 
 { l'le».ntHt<U>4i aramaca Cuvior, Kf'jjiui Anim.: Hemirhombitit aramana Othr. iv, 4'22j 
 UlttHiihomhu» fttttcuit 1*(m\v, Syn. PifH\ Cub. 18(W, 4<K}. 
 I M. Teeth hi both juwH in aitigle HorioH {Cilhariohtkya). 
 
 1«57. €. HOrdidn8(('r<l.)0thr. 
 
 Dull olive brownish of varying shade, the males with didl orange 
 sjtots and blote.hes; each scale with a darker edge; dorsal and anal 
 tins in the male blackish, witli dull orange blotches, and edged ante- 
 riorly with yellowish; female paler, the lins nearly i)lain. Form ellip- 
 tical; interocular space concave, scaly, a conspicuous shari) ridge above 
 tiie lower eye; mouth not large, the maxillary about 3 in length of head ; 
 teeth anteriorly subequal, growing much smaller behind. Gill-rakers 
 about 10 below the angle. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with one 
 row of slender teeth. Scales rather large, thin, and membranaceous, 
 readily deciduous, their edges slightly ciliate; accessory scales numer- 
 ous. Eye large, nuujh longer than snout, 3 J in head; depth of caudal 
 liediincle less than one-third head; pectorals long, nearly two-thirds 
 length of head. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. 95; A, 77; Lat. 1. 70. Coast 
 of CliUifornia north, to Vancouver Island; very abundant; a small, soft- 
 tleslicd, dull colored species. 
 
 {VmtHi'hthyn aordidus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18r»4, 142; GUnther, iv, 421; 
 Lockin}5ton, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1^79, HH: Metoponopa cooptri Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Phila. 1864, 198: Orthopsvita sordida Gill.) 
 
 PiSS. C. 8pilopt<>ru8 GUnther. ' 
 
 Olive brownish, usually with large blotches of darker; a series of 
 
 distant, obscure, blackish blotches along the basal portions of the anal 
 
 and dorsal fins. Body ovate. Mouth small, A'^ery oblique, the gape 
 
 curved; maxillary 2g times in length of head, reaching beyond middle 
 
 of orbit; snout projecting; eyes small, even, shorter than snout, about 
 
 6 ill head, separated by a narrow ridge, which is concave and scaleless 
 
 anteriorly; teeth all small; front teeth of upper jaw wide-set, much 
 
 larger th.an the posterior, which are close together and very small: 
 
 teeth of lowef jaw few, wide apart. Gill-rakers short and strong, 13 
 
 below angle. Pectorals short, less than half length of head. Scales 
 
 large, those on middle of sides posteriorly largest. Head 3J; depth 
 
 S^L. D. 80; A. 61; Lat. 1. 45. Size small. Tropical America, north 
 
 to Florida and Louisiana (here described from specimens obtained at 
 
 Pauania). 
 
 (Glinther, iv, 421 ; Giinther, Trane. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1666, 471 : Citharichthya mioroa- 
 tom» Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 223.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 52 
 
 fiMi 
 
 
 
 
 
 A, 'J * 
 
 
 r^ < 
 
 ^''\^^:> 
 
 8» i^«m 
 
818 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY iv, 
 
 la.'SO. €. arctifk'ons Ooode. 
 
 JAl^ht brown. IJody comparatively elongate. Scales cycloid de- 
 ciduous. Lateral line sharply defined, straight. Eye 4 in head- inter- 
 orbital space very narrow, its width 4 in snout; maxillary 3J in head. 
 Dorsal fin beginning above front of upper eye, its greatest h('i<rht 
 more than half the length of the head; anal beginning below axil of 
 pectoral; caudal triangular, subsessile, as long as head; rays of ver 
 tical fins all much exserted; pectorals inserted very low, that of the 
 colored side being twice the length of the other. Head 4; depth lii. 
 D. 83; A. 67; P. 10 (left), 7 (right); Lat. I. 40. L. 6 inches. (Uiif 
 Stream, off the coast of Rhode Island; abundant. {Goode.) 
 (Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. W80, 341.) 
 
 lilOO. C. unicornis Goode. 
 
 Ashy gray, with dark lateral line; eyes black. Body comparatively 
 deep, its greatest height over the pectorals. Scales thin, deciduous. 
 Eye 3 in head, equal to stioiit, and more than twice the interorbital 
 space, which has a strong ridge; maxillary less than half length of 
 head; teeth minute, close-set, in a single scries, stronger on the blind 
 side. A strong, sharp spine on the snout at the anterior termination 
 of the ridge at lower margin of upper eye. Highest rays of dorsal 
 half length of head; caudal pointed, triangular, subsessile; pectoral 
 of left side twice as long as the eye, not half longer than right pec- 
 toral. Head 4; depth 2. D. 74; A. 60; P. 4 (right), 10 (left); Lat. 1. 
 40. L. 3 inches. Gulf Stream, oft the coast of Khode Island. {Ooode.) 
 
 ,(<5oode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 342.) 
 
 491.— HIPPOGIiOSSVS Cuvier. 
 Halihit. 
 
 v'."i 
 
 {Cwvier, R^ne Anim. ii- ''.817: type Pleuronectea MppoglosBua L.) 
 
 Eyes and color ov rae right side. Form oblong, not strongly com- 
 pressed. Mouth wi le, oblique; teeth in the upper jaw in two series, 
 those below in one; anterior teeth in upper jaw, and lateral teeth in 
 lower, strong; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lower pharyngeal teeth 
 In two rows. Dorsal fin beginning above the eye, its middle rays ele- 
 vated, the posterior rays of dorsal and anal bifid; caudal fin lunate; 
 ventral fins both lateral. Scales very small, cycloid; lateral Une with 
 a strong curve in front. Gill-rakers few, short, compressed, wide-set. 
 -Vertebree 16 + 34. Largest of the flounders; the single species abouud- 
 
1 IS. PLEURONECTES — PLATYSOMATICHTH Y8. 
 
 819 
 
 inff in tlio Northom seas. (The ancient name, from Innx;, horse; yXwaaay 
 tongue.) 
 
 ItiOI. II. villKaris ¥\v>m\r,g.—naUbut. 
 
 Nearly uniform uark brown; blind side white. Body comparatively 
 elongate, not strongly compressed, deep mesial ly, thence rapidly taper- 
 ing each way; head broad; eyes large, separated by a very broad tlat- 
 tish area; lower eye slightly advanced; mouth large, the maxillary 
 reaching middle of orbit. Head 3|; depth 3. D. 105; A. 78. In all 
 Northern seas, south to France, Cape Cod, and San Francisco. One 
 of our most important food-flshes, reaching a weight sometimes of 400 
 pounds. 
 
 [I'leuroneetea hippoglosHua L, Sysfc. Nat.; Fleminjj, Brit. Anim. 1828, 197; Glinther, 
 iv, 403: Ilippotjlonaua amtricanus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Pliilu. 18G4, 220.) 
 
 459.— PLAT¥SO]?IATICHTHV8 Sleeker. 
 
 (Reinhardiiua Gill.) 
 
 (Bleaker, Cotnptes Rendns Acad. Sci. Anistcrd. xiii, 1862: type Pleiironecies pingiiia 
 Fabricius:=::P/«ttro«et;<e8 hippoglomoidcs Walbanui.) 
 
 Fjyes and color on the riglit side. Body more or less elongate, com- 
 pressed; head long and large; mouth large; maxillary reaching be- 
 yond eye; jaws with strong, unequal teeth; the upper with 2 series in 
 front, these converging behind; lower jaw with a single series of strong, 
 distant teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers few, short, 
 stout, and rough. Fins rather low; caudal fin lunate; Lower pha- 
 ryngeal teeth in 1 row. Scales small, cycloid; lateral line without 
 anterior curve. One species known. [TrXaru^, flatj aw/ia^ body; ^;^^y7, 
 Ml.) 
 
 1263. P. liippog^lossoides (Walbaum) Bean. — Greenland Halibut. 
 
 Yellowish brown. Snout more than twice as long as the orbit, the 
 diameter of which is one-eighth the length of the head; eyes even in 
 front ; Interorbital spai^e flat, scaly, wider than the orbit ; lower jaw 
 prominent; length of maxillary 2^ in head; teeth conical, pointed; 
 upper jaw with 2 series, convergent posteriorly; those of the outer 
 series gradually smaller posteriorly; a pair of strong canine teeth 
 anteriorly in the inner series, the other teeth of this series being very 
 small ; lower jaw with a series of strong, distant teeth. Gill-rakers 
 short, thick, and strongly dentate. Fins naked. Longest dorsal rays 
 one-third length of head; no anal spine; dorsal and anal rays all 
 simple, the dorsal beginning over posterior third of the eye. Scales 
 
 
 '•- .1' 
 
 (.,'■ 
 
 1 'ta 
 
 « .■_' 
 
 . '.",.J 
 
 '.- 
 
 ^.fih 
 
 p 
 
 m 
 
 Jiy 
 
 
820 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 very small, not ciliated. Head 4; depth 3. D. 100; A. 75. Green- 
 land to Cape Cod, common northward, reaching a very large size. 
 
 {Pleuronectea hippoglosaoidea Walljanm, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 115: Hippogloaaus gnrn- 
 landious GUnther, iv, 404.) 
 
 498.— ATHERESTHE8 Jordan & Gilbert. -,.> 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. 1880, 51: type Platysomatichthya atomias 
 J. &G.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the right side. Body very long and slender, 
 closely compressed, tapering into a long and slender caudal peduncle' 
 head elongate, narrow; mouth extremely large, oblique, the long and 
 narrow maxillary extending beyond the eye; both jaws with 2 irreg- 
 ular series of sharp, unequal, arrow-shaped teeth, some of them long 
 and wide-set, the others short and close-set, sharp; the long teeth 
 freely depressible. Gill-rakers numerous, long, slender and stiff, 
 strongly dentate within. Scales rather large, thin, and readily decid- 
 uous, slightly ciliated ; those on the blind side similar, smooth ; lateral 
 line without arch. Fins low and fragile. Dorsal commencing over the 
 eye, its anterior rays low, the posterior rays somewhat forked ; no anal 
 spine; pectorals and ventrals small, both of the latter lateral; caudal 
 lunate. (a/?jj/>, arrow; oSwv, tooth; from the arrow-shaped teeth.) 
 
 1363. A. stomias Jordan & Gilbert. ftr^n 
 
 Plain olive brown, the margins of the scales d/^rker; blind side dusted 
 "with black points. Head long, the snout protruding, somewhat truncate 
 at tip ; mouth excessi velj-^ large ; the maxillary more than half the length 
 of the head, and reaching behind the eye; teeth in upper jaw anteriorly 
 in a single series, long, slender, and wide-set, much smaller and closer- 
 set behind; on sides of jaw the teeth are very small, and in 2 distinct 
 series, the inner of which corresponds to the single series in front, the 
 teeth thus gradually increasing in size forwards; teeth in inner series of 
 lower javv very sharp and slender, longer than the upper teeth, wide- 
 set, alternating with shorter, depressed teeth; outside of these larger 
 teeth is a series of fixed small teeth; all of the long teeth in both jaws 
 depressible and conspicuously arrow-shaped towards their tips; inner 
 series of small teeth in upper jaw alao arrow-shaped, depressible; eye 
 large, 4^ in head ; interorbital space scaly, ridged, not a third the width 
 of the eye. Gill-rakers long and strong, about 17 in number (in lu.al), 
 the longest more than half the diameter of the eye. Upper eye with 
 its range entirely vertical. Scales extremely thin, irregular in size, not 
 
113. PLEURONECTID^ PARALICIITIIYS. 
 
 821 
 
 evenly imbricated ; lateral line very prominent. Dorsal fin beginning 
 just bebind the middle of the eye; caudal peduncle nearly as long as 
 the pectoral fin, about two-fifths the length of the head. Head 3f ; 
 depth 3^. D. 103; A. 80; Lat. 1. 135. San Francisco to Alaska, in 
 deep water; retching a length of 2 feet. 
 iPlattjaomaiichthyh atomiaa Jordaa & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,301.) 
 
 494.— PARALICHTHYl Girard. 
 
 [rseudorhomhus Sleeker: Ancylopaetta, Chwnopsella, and Uropaetta Gill: Xtjatreurya 
 J. «& G: Hippogloaaina Steindauhuer. ) 
 
 (Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Sn'-v. Fish. 185H, 146: typo Paralichthya maculoaua Girard.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the left side (except in Paralichthys maculosns and 
 ParaUckthys Uolepis, reversed examples of which species are about as 
 common as sinistral ones). Body oblong; mouth large, oblique; each 
 jiiTT with a single row of usually slender and sharp teeth, which are 
 more or less enlarged anteriorly; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill- 
 rakers vprious. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid; lateral line simple, 
 with a strong curve anteriorly. Dorsal flu beginning above or before 
 the eye; both ventrals lateral; caudal fin double truncate, or double 
 concave, its middle rays produced; no anal spine. Species numerous, 
 found in all warm seas. (Tra/jaAAsAo?, parallel; i-/Oi'j-, &»h.) 
 
 1364. P. cstlifornicus (Ayres) J. & G. — Monterey halibut; Bastard haUbut. 
 
 Grayish brown, uniform, or mottled with blackish and pale, the head 
 sometimes sprinkled with black dots; young brownish, with bluish 
 spots. Body rather long and thickish; head small; eye small, little 
 wider than the broad, flattish interorbital space ; maxillary as long as 
 pectoral, half length of head, reaching beyond eye ; teeth slender, sharp, 
 rather long, the canines moderate. Scales shiall, finely ciliate, each 
 scale surrounded by narrow, accessory scales ; scales on blind side simi- 
 lar; fins witb ctenoid scales. Dorsal low, beginning over front of upper 
 eye. Gill-rakers verj- long and slender, numerous, as long as eye, 23 
 below the angle. Lower pharyngeals narrow, with small, slender teeth* 
 Anal spine small, concealed. Head 3^ to 4^ ; depth 2§. D. 70; A. 55; 
 Lat. 1. 100. Bodj' indifferently dextral or sinistral. Coast of Calilbrnia; 
 abundant southward ; an important food-fish, reaching a weight of CO 
 pounds. 
 
 (Paraliehthyn maculoaua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phil. 1854, 147, yoniig (not 
 lihomhiiH maculoaua Cuvior, which is also a spyciesof Paralichthya): Paralichlhya mavu- 
 /i»«s Girard, IT. S. Pac. R. R. Stirv. Fish. 147: Paralichthya mamloaHa Gilnthcr, iv, 4;U: 
 I* Kippoyloaaua vaUj'omi^ua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, «9: Paralichthya macu- 
 I'wiis ttiid Uropadia calijomica Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, 197 ixlorhonbits 
 
 talifornieua GUuther, iv, 426.) 
 
 •J' 4 
 
 ' ' - <J 
 
 
 ;-n«'>^ 
 
 :1V 
 
822 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 126S. P. opiiryas J. «& G. (sp. nov.) 
 
 Color brownish gray, mottled with darker; fins dusky, with round 
 dark blotches. Body moderately elongate, thickish ; mouth not very 
 large, oblique, each jaw armed with a single row of large, sharp, wide- 
 set teeth, the front teeth enlarged and canine-like, about 8 on each side 
 of lower jaw; lateral teeth of upper jaw minute, close-set; chin proiui 
 ueut; maxillary not reaching beyond eye, scarcely half length of head. 
 Diameter of eye about equal to length of snout, SJ in head. Dorsal fin 
 low, beginning over front of eye, its first rays about 5 in head; anal 
 fepine obsolete. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 5 -f 14 in number 
 the longest two-thirds eye, 3^ in maxillary, their length 4 to 5 times their 
 breadth at base. Scales very small, not ctenoid, with few accessoiy 
 smaller ones ; curve of lateral line 4J in straight part. Interorbital s[)iice 
 a rather narrow bony ridge, anteriorly naked, not wider than pupil (in 
 specimen 8 inches long), the ridge extending backward, forming a co:.>- 
 spicuous elevated rim behind upj)er eye. Pectoral about half length of 
 head; caudal ^. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. 88; A. 6"; L > 1. 90. One 
 specimen known; from Charleston, S. C. 
 
 1306. P. dentatus (L.) J. & G. — Common flonndm: • ^'; >^ 
 
 Blackish olive, mottled and blotched with darker; fins similarly 
 marked, the pectorals more or less distinctly barred. Body oblonfj, 
 moderately compressed; mouth wide, oblique, the mandible very heavy 
 and much projecting; 8 to 10 teeth on each side of lower jaw, the two 
 anterior teeth very long ; anterior teeth of upper jaw strong, but smaller 
 than those in the lower jaw; the lateral teeth very small and close-set. 
 Eyes small, shorter than snout, about one sixth length of head, and 
 in the adult as wide as the broad, flatti.sh, scaly, interorbital are-r ihe 
 latter is much narrower in the young. Scales small, cycloid; a^ i r 
 scales few. Gill-rakers lanceolate, dentate, stoutish, wide-is*)t, J* 
 shorter than eye, the longest 2^ times as long as broad at base, 5<^ i . 
 in maxillary, about 2 + 10 in number ; pectoral flu about as long as 
 maxillary, which extends beyond eye, and is rather more than hiilf 
 length of head. Dorsal low, its anterior rays somewhat exserted, but 
 short; caudal double concave, the middle rays produced. Anal spine 
 obsolete; ventials small. Fins all scaly. Head 3§; depth 2.^. D. 88 
 (85 to 1)3) ; A. GO (05 to 73) ; Lat. 1. about 100. New England to Texas 
 and West Indies; everywhere one of the conunonest species. 
 
 (Pleuronecteadentatus L. Syst. Nat. i, 4r)H: Platesm ocellariii Dckay, Now York Fiiunii, 
 Fisb. IHW: FHeudorhombur dentatus and P. ooeUariii Gttnther, iv, 4!i5-430: ChamopteUa\ 
 
113. PLEURONECTir.E PARALICHTHYS. 
 
 823 
 
 ocellaris Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, 218: Pleuronectea melanogaster Mitchill, 
 Trans. Lit. aud Phil. Soc. N. Y. (doubled exaJnple): Platesaa oblonga Dekay, New 
 York Fauna, Pish. 1842, 29i), pi. 48, f. 156, not Pleuronecten obloiigu8 Mitch. : Fseudo- 
 rhombus obloiigua Gtiiithor, iv, 426: Vaeadorhombua dentatus Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. 
 Nat. Mus. 187U, 123.) 
 
 1367. £*. albiffutta J. & G. 
 
 Dark olive, mottled with dusky, and marked by numerous more or 
 less distinct pale spots, which are sometimes obsolete. Body moder- 
 ately elongate, elliptical; mouth large, the maxillary reaching ])ast 
 lower eye, its length half head; teeth rather strong, slender, about 7 
 on each side of lower jaw ; 3 or 4 moderate canines in front of upper 
 jaw; the lateral teeth being minute, clo.se-8et; interorbital space nar- 
 row, scaled posteriorly, the ui)per ridge prominent behind upper orbit; 
 eye TV\ in head. Gill rakers broad, the longest 2 J in eye; about 10 be- 
 low angle. Fins low; anterior rays of dorsal not elevated nor exserted ; 
 the longest rays behind the middle, 2^ in head; caudal rounded, i^ iu 
 in head. Scales moderate, cycloid. Lateral line with a high curve, its 
 length 3^ in straight part. Head 3^; depth 2f. D. 77 (75 to 80); A. 
 60 (55) to 01); Lat. 1. 00 (pores}. South Atlantic and Gulf coast, rather 
 common ; readily distinguished from P. dentatus^ by the smaller num- 
 ber of fin rays. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 t 
 
 126§. P. squamiler. tns J. & G. 
 
 Brownish; body and fins spotted with darker; caudal mottled with 
 white; pectorals banded, with dark spots. Body deep, strongly com- 
 pressed; caudal peduncle very short. Head wide, the eyes large, wide 
 apart. Mouth very large, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching well 
 beyond pupil, its length more than half the head. Lower jaw project- 
 ing; teeth lew, unequal, iu a single row, about 8 in each jaw canine- 
 lilie, the two in front of lower jaw longest; lateral teeth of upper jaw 
 minute. Interorbital space flat, scaly, nearly Jis broad as eye. Scales 
 very small, smooth, adherent ; curve of lateral line 4J in straiglit 
 iwi't. Gill rakers short, 3 -f 9 in number, triangular, roughly toothed, 
 little higher than wide, the longest nearly half eye. Dorsal beginning 
 over front of eye, the anterior rays 4.J in head; pectoral short, shorter 
 than maxillary. Anal spine obsolete. Caudal double-rounded. Head 
 3|; depth 2. D. 78; A. 59; Lat. 1. 123 (pores). West coast of Florida 
 to South Carolina. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 
 f'- \:iM 
 
 i I 
 
 ■n 
 
 111?"' 
 
 !'>•' 
 
 ..-I 
 
 'fi. 
 
824 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 1909. P. oMongus* (Mitch.) J. & O. 
 
 Grayish, tbickly mottled with darker and somewhat translucent* 
 four large, horizoutally-oblong, black ocelli, each surrounded by a 
 pinkish area j one just behind middle of the body below the dorsal 
 one opposite this above anal; two similar smaller spots below last 
 rays of dorsal and above last of anal. Body comparatively elongate 
 strongly compressed. Eyes large, nearly 4 in head, separated by a prom- 
 inent narrow, sharp ridge. Upper jaw with very numerous small, close- 
 set teeth laterally, and 4 or 5 canines in front; the lateral teeth abruptly 
 smaller than the anterior; eacli side of lower jaw with 7 to 10 teeth. 
 Chin prominent. Maxillary narrow, reaching past middle of pupil, 2^ 
 in length of head. Gape curved. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid. 
 Gill-rakers thick, rather long, few, about 8 below angle. Dorsal low, 
 beginning over front of eye, some of the anterior rays ex8erted,but not 
 elongal/('; the longest rays behind middle of fin, not quite half head. 
 Caudal 1:^ iii head ; pectoral If. Anal spine obsolete. Head 4 ; depth 2\. 
 D. 72; A. CO; Lat. 1. 93. (D. 79; A. 59, according to Mitchill; D. 8G; 
 A. 70, according to Storer). Atlautic coast, northward; not abundant. 
 
 (Pleuronectes ohlongus Mitcliill, Trans. Lit. and Pliil. Soc. i, 31H, 1815 : Plaitsm quad- 
 roccUata Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Not. Hist. 1847, 242, and iu Hist. Fish. Mass. 397, pi. 
 xxjti, f. 3.) . ^, 
 
 1370. P. ominatUB Jor. & Gilb. nom. sp. nov. , 
 
 Brownish olive, with four large, oblong, ocellated spots, the first above 
 the arch of the lateral line ; the three posterior forming an isosceles 
 triangle, the hindmost being on the lateral line. Body oval, com- 
 pressed, very deep; an abrupt angle abov^e eye. Mouth vei-y small, 
 the maxillary reaching to below middle of orbit, 2^ in length of bead; 
 teeth comparatively small, about 14 on each side of lower jaw; no 
 
 •A specinieu in our collection from Wood's Hull, Mass., provisionally referred to 
 this species, shows the following characters: 
 
 Bixjwnish, somewhat mottled, without traces of ocelli (possibly faded); nnS similar. 
 Body rather elongate, sleuilerer than in other species and more compressed; mouth 
 rather large, oblique, the lower jaw not projecting, the maxillary 2^ in head, reaching 
 to opposite jMisterior border of pupil ; about 12 teeth on each side of lower jaw, the an- 
 terior rather l«)ng, about cipial to anterior teeth of upper jaw; laten.l teoth of upper 
 jaw becoming gradually smaller posteriorly, much larger, less numerous, and more 
 widely set than iu other species of this genus. Eyes large, longer than snout, 4 to4J in 
 head, separated by a narrow, elevated, bony ridge, narrower than pupil; anteriorly 
 sealeless, and curved behiiul the upi>er eye posteriorly. Scales moderate, cycloid, 
 rather thin; curve of lateral line 4f in straight part. Gill-rakers 2-f 8iu number, 
 rather long and slender, about 4^ in maxillary. Dorsal beginning above middle of 
 eye, its anterior rays not longer than others; the middle rays a little longer than 
 longest of anal, which are about half head; caudal as long as head; anal spine ob- 
 solete; ventrals small; pootorall| iu head. Head4J; depth 2j. D. 77; A. (53; Lat. 
 1. DO. L. about 14 inches. 
 
1 19. PLEURONECTID^ — HIPP00L0SS0IDE8. 
 
 825 
 
 strongly diflferentiated cauines in either jaw. Eyes moderate, sepa- 
 rated bj' a very narrow, sharp, scaly ridge. Gill-rakers very short, 
 thick, few in number ; about 8 below angle, the longest less than one- 
 half diameter of pupil. Scales rather small, very strongly ctenoid, those 
 oil blind side also rough ; curve oi lateral line rather low. Dorsal be- 
 ginning in front of pupil, its anterior rays long and filiform, much ex- 
 serted, the third ray half head; caudal short and rounded. If in.head; 
 ventral fin of colored side elongate, as long as pectoral, half length of 
 head. Anal spine wanting. Head 3§; depth 1§. D. 70; A. 55; Lat. 1. 
 about 85. South Atlantic and Gulf ooasts; not common. 
 
 {Aicylopsclta quadrocellata Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1864, 224, uot Platessa 
 qnadi'ocellata Storcr, which is also a species of Paralichthya : Paeudorhombua quadrooeU 
 la'ua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 370.) 
 
 137 i. P. liolepi^ Jur. & Gilb. 
 
 Color olive brown, mottled with darker; sometimes with very distinct 
 round black blotches; vertical fins blotched with dark; pectoral of 
 colored side with oblique bars. Body elliptical ovate, broad and com- 
 pressed, its curves regular; mouth small, very oblique, the lower jaw 
 included; maxillary reaching about to pupil, 2§ in head; eyes rather 
 large, 4J in head, separated by a very narrow, blunt scaly ridge ; teeth 
 small, conical, blunt, in a single row; those in lower jaw subequal, 
 close-set; those upper jaw more distant, decreasing in size backwards; 
 
 teeth J4^||. Gill-rakers very short, broad, and strong, minutely ser- 
 rate on inner margin, about seven below angle, the longest scarcely 
 one-foi'irth as long as the eye. Scales small, <»blong, cycloid, the smaller 
 accesfe^ory scales extremely numerous ; branchial arches and skin of the 
 shoulder girtlle with small, cup-shaped, tubercular scales. Dorsal 
 rather high, firm, low in front, highest near the middle of the body; 
 caudal peduncle very short and deep, its depth 4 times its length. 
 Pectoral of eyed side falcate, usually much longer than head, its length 
 varying considerably. Anterior nostril of blind side with a long flap. 
 Head 3^; depth 1|. D. 80; A. 62; Lat. 1. 123. L. 15 inches. Coast 
 of Southern Californta; indiflferently dextral or sinistral. 
 {Xyaireui'ya* iiolepia Jordan fi^ Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 34.) 
 
 455.— HIPPOOIiOSSOlDES Gottsche. 
 (Paettiohthyt Girard: PomatopBetta Gill.) 
 
 (Gottsche; Wiegmaun's Archiv. 1835, 168: type Hippogloasoides limanda Gottsche =3 
 Pleuronectta plateaaoidea Fabricius.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the right side (except sometimes in H, elamodon). 
 *Jurdan & Gilbert 1. c. : type X liolepia J. & Q. {^vdrpoy, raker; evpvi, wide.) 
 
 
 ->'', 5 
 
 >'IH 
 
 M 
 
 
 * •♦ 
 
826 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv. 
 
 Body oblong, moderately compressed; mouth rather large, witli one 
 row of sharp teeth on each jaw, besides which, in the upper jaw, la ofteu 
 an inner row of small teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill-rakers 
 rather long and slender; scales ctenoid; lateral line nearly 8tiai<'^lit 
 simjjle, or with an accessory dorsal branch. Dorsal flu low in front 
 beginning over or before the eye; ventrals both lateral; caudal double 
 trunciite, i)roduced behind. Species found iu the Northern seas. 
 (/7r;r»;'^w<;?«7, Hippoglossus ; et^w?, resemblance.) 
 
 a. Lateral lino siniplo; dorsal Ixiginning above eye. 
 
 b. Upper jaw with one Bt'ries of teeth. (Hippogloasoides.) ' - 
 
 1379. II. platessoides (Fabricius) G\\\.— Bough Dab. ^■ 
 
 Keddish brown, nearly plain. Body ovate; mouth moderate, oblique- 
 maxillary narrow, reaching to below pupil, 2% in length of head; teeth 
 rather small, conical, larger anteriorly, in one row in each jaw, those iu 
 the lower largest. Eyes rather large, the upper longer than snout, 4.^ 
 in head; lower jaw included, but with a projecting knob at the chin. 
 Snout thick, scaly; interorbital space narrow, with a raised, obtuse 
 ridge, entirely covered with rough scales in about C seric!* ; mandible 
 with a series of scales. Gill-rakers rather short and robust, not toothed, 
 about ten below angle; longest raker less thau one-third length of eye; 
 fins with small, rough scales; a strong pre-anal spine; pectoral not quite 
 half length of head. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. 88 (80 to 93); A. 70 (04 
 to 7o); Lat. 1. 90 (pores). North Atlantic; abundant northward on both 
 coasts. Southern specimens (var. limandoides) have, as a rule, a smaller 
 number of fin-rays than northern specimens. 
 
 (Pleuronectea platcasoides Fabrlcins Fauna Grosnlandica, 1780, 104: PIcuroneetes 
 limandoidca Bloeh. Ausl. Fiselie, iii, 24, tab. 106: Pomatopactta dentala Gill, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864; 217: Hippogloaaoidva Hmandoidf* Giiuther, iv, 405: Hipim- 
 gloaaoidea dentatua GUnther, iv, 406; CoUett, Norsko Nord-havs. Exp. Fiske, 1880, 144.) 
 
 1373. H. elassodon Jor. & Gilb. 
 
 Brownish, nearly uniform, sometimes spotted with darker; fins gray- 
 ish, irregularly blotched with dusky. Body oblong-elliptical; caudal 
 X)eduncle about as long as deep; mouth rather large, the gape curved; 
 lower jaw projecting, with a symphyseal knob; maxillary narrow, 
 reaching beyond middle of pupil, 2^ in head; teeth small, close-set, 
 nearly uniform, in a single row. Glll-rakers slender, smooth, about 
 IG below arch, the longest nearly half diameter of orbit. Eyes large, 
 separated by a narrow, knife-like ridge, which is naked or with a single 
 series of scales. Scales small, firm, rough, those on tail roughest, those 
 
113. PLEUBONECTIDiE — HIPPOQLOSSOIDES. 
 
 827 
 
 on blind side similar, mostly smooth anteriorly. Anal preceded by a 
 spine; caudal long; pectoral of eyed side half length of head; ventral 
 reiiching p.ast front of anal; pectoral and ventral of eyed side with 
 prickle-like scales. Head 3A; depth 2^. D. 77-84; A. 50-G4; V. 6; 
 scales 43-100-40. L. 18 inches, liody sometimes sinistral Puget 
 Sound to Alaska; rather common. Very closely allied to the preceding 
 species. 
 (Jonliiii & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 278.) 
 
 aa. Upper Jaw with 2 rows of teeth. 
 c. Scales small, lirm. 
 
 1374* II. Jordan! Lockington. 
 
 Olive brown, nearly uniform; membriine of dorsal and anal fins 
 clouded with darker. Body broadly elliptical. Dorsal and ventral 
 outline equally and regularly curved. Mouth oblique, the jaws about 
 even, the symphyseal knob but little projecting; gape curved; maxil- 
 lary broad, reaching to behind pupil, 2§ in head; teeth in 2 .series iu 
 the upper jaw, the inner series small and distant from the outer, which 
 is considerably enlarged in front; lower jaw with a single series similar 
 to the outer series in the upper jaw, but larger. Gill-rakers roughish, 
 strong, about 15 below angle, the longest about half as long as eye. 
 Lower pharyngeals rather narrow, each with a single row of sharp 
 teeth. Eyes large; interorbital space a narrow, blunt, scaly ridge. 
 Dorsal beginning over anterior margin of pupil, the rays all simple; 
 caudal fin Avith the middle rays slightly produced ; anal preceded bj' a 
 spine; pectoral half length of head. Scales of colored side small, firm, 
 strongly ciliated, nearly uniform over head and body; lower jaw and 
 snout scaleless; scales on blind side smooth. Head 3 J; depth 2^. D. 
 94; A. 72; Lat. 1.90. L. 20 inches. Point Concepcion to Puget Sound; 
 abundant; an important food-fish. 
 
 (Lockington, Scientific Press Supplement, April, 1879, i, 20; Lockington, Proc. 
 U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 73.) 
 CO. Scales rather large, thin, and deciduous. 
 
 13Y5. H. exilis Jor. &, Gilb. 
 
 Pale olivaceous brown, with dark points, forming edgings on each • 
 scale; bronze spots sometimes present; fins mostlj dusky; dorsal and 
 aual edged anteriorly with yellowish; ventrals largely yellow. Body 
 slender, compressed, the flesh soft; mouth not large, very oblique, the 
 gape curved; lower jaw scarcely projecting, with a knob at symphysis; 
 auxiliary rather narrow, reaching middle of pupil, 2| in length of 
 
 *v,i tr. 
 
 
 ■iil' 
 
 .7i^^ 
 
 g:.iii 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 f'v i. 
 
 k 
 
 ' i ' 
 
 ' ' 'I'll 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 » 'i 
 
 ."^« 
 
828 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 head; teeth small, slender, close-set, nearly uniform; above iu 2 series 
 below iu 1. Eyes large, separated by a sharp, scaly ridge; lower eye 
 advanced. Scales comparatively large, thin and deciduous, ctenoid 
 but not so rough as in the other species; those on blind side similar 
 less rough. Lateral line prominent. Fins low, fragile; anal i)recedt'(l 
 by a spine; caudal flu long, rather pointed; pectorals small, the rl<'lit 
 pectoral little more than half length of head. Gill-rakers short, slen- 
 der, toothed, 9 below angle, the longest about one-third diameter of 
 orbit. Head 4; depth 3^. D. 78; A. 62; V. 6; scales lG-71-18. L. 
 12 inches. A small, weak species, abundant in deep water, from San 
 Francisco to Alaska. . . 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Pioc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 154.) 
 
 «o. Lateral lino with an accessory dorsal branch; teeth in one row; dorsal beginning 
 before eye. {Paettichthya* Qrd.) 
 
 1276. P. melanostictns (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Grayish brown, finely speckled with darker on body and fins. Body 
 not very deep, elliptical; mouth rather small, the maxil I nry extending 
 to below pupil, 2f in head; teeth large, in a single series in each jaw, 
 those in lower jaw largest ; a few large canines in the front of each 
 jaw. Eyes very small, separated by a broad, flat, scaly 8i)ace, without 
 ridge; lower eye slightly in advance of upper. Gill-rakers rather 
 stout, weak, hooked at tip, 14 below the angle. Scales very small, 
 ctenoid on colored side. Lateral line nearly straight, with a long acces- 
 sory dorsal branch. Dorsal commencing in advance of upper eye, the 
 anterior rays elevated, slender and exserted, the longest about one-third 
 length of head. First ray of dorsal nearly free from its membrane. 
 Pectoral fin short, 2^ in head ; anal fin preceded by a spine; caudal large, 
 strongly convex. Lower pharyngeals very narrow, each with one row 
 of sharp recurved teeth. Head 4; depth 2^. D. 85; A. 60; Lat. 1. 112. 
 Puget Sound to Point Concepciou, common. 
 
 {Psettichthya mvlanostictua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: Pseiikhthjt 
 meZanosf Jc<M» Giiuther, iv, 420: Paettiokthya melanoativtuii Lockington, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
 Mus. 1879, 73.) 
 
 45«.-Pl.i:URO.\ICTH¥S Girard. 
 
 (HeferoproaopoH Bleeker.) 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 139: type Pleuronichthya ccenoaus Girard.) 
 Eyes and color on the right side. Body deep; head short, with very 
 
 •Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: type Paettichthya melanostictus 
 Girard. {iperra, llonuder; ^^Ou?, lish.) 
 
1 13. PLEURONECTIDiE — PLEURONICIITHYS. 
 
 829 
 
 short, blunt snout; mouth small, with several series of slender, acute 
 teeth, which are most developed on the blind side, and are often want- 
 ing in one or both jaws on the colored side; no teeth on vomer or pala- 
 tines; lips thick, with several lengthwise folds, within which is a series 
 of short fringes. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with a double row 
 of very small teeth. Gill-rakers wide-set, very short and weak. Lat- 
 eral line nearly straight, with a dorsal branch in our species. Scales 
 small, cycloid, non-imbricate, imbedded. Dorsal fin anteriorly twisted 
 from the dorsal ridge toward the blind side; anal fin preceded by a 
 spine; caudal tin convex behind. Intestinal canal elongate. Herbiv- 
 orous species, feeding chiefly on algje. Pacific Ocean. {^zXevpir^^ side; 
 
 r/Ou;, flsh.) 
 
 a. Dorsal fin beginning on the level of the lower lip; interocular ridge with blunt 
 or sharpish tubercles. 
 
 Vi77. P. decurrens J. & G. 
 
 Color brownish, usually much mottled with chocolate and grayish, 
 often finely spotted with brownish on body and fins. Eyes very large, 
 3.J in head ; a blunt tubercle in front of upper eye, another at each end 
 of the narrow interorbital ridge, the posterior largest, but usually not 
 spine-like; two or three above the latter behind the upper eye; some 
 prominences above the opercle; a band of teeth on the right side Of 
 the lower jaw, similar to that on the blind side, but narrower. Ver- 
 tical fins high, the longest dorsal and an^l rays two-thirds the length 
 of the head. Dorsal beginning very low, on level of end of maxillary, 
 its first nine rays on the blind side. Head 3§; depth If. D. 72; A. 46 
 L. 12 inches. Coast of California; rather common in deep water. 
 
 {Plenropichihua caino8us Lockingtou, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mne. 1879, 97. Pleuronichthyt 
 qiiadriluberculatiM Jot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 50, ncc Pallas; Jordan Oc 
 Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 453.) 
 
 aa. Dorsal fin beginning on the level of the upper lip. 
 
 5. Iiiteiocular ridgo posteriorly with a strong, backward-direc'cod sijine. 
 
 137§. P. verticalis Jordan & Gilbert. 
 
 Color dark olive brown, mottled with lighter and darker, sometimes 
 
 with light grayish spots ; middle of sides often with a dark spot ocel- 
 
 lated with light olive, this again surrounded by darker; tins light, often 
 
 tiuged and margined with reddish, and mottled with blackish. Eyes 
 
 large, 3J in head ; a tubercle in front of each eye, and one at anterior 
 
 end of interorbital ridge; posterior end of ridge with a strong, sharp, 
 
 backward directed spine; k. tubercle behind upper eye; right side of 
 
 lower jaw without teeth. Dorsal and anal fins lower than in P. dccur- 
 
 
 •t 
 
 'A 
 
 \'' 
 
 f t':* 
 
 \f%* 
 
830 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHi'OLOGY— iv. 
 
 rens, the longest rays 1§ length of the head; dorsal fin beginning,' oppo- 
 site or slightly below the premaxillary, about five ra s being on the 
 blind side. Head 4 ; depth 1 J. D. 65-72 ; A. 45-48. Coast of Cali- 
 fornia; not rare. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 49.) 
 
 bb. lutororiiital ridge without distinct spine. 
 
 1379. P. Cflenosus Girard. 
 
 Color light brown, blotched with chocolate color and yellowish some- 
 times nearly plain, but usually profusely mottled; sometimes with occl- 
 lated blotches, sometimes with the light colors replaced by purplish rod. 
 Interorbital ridge prominent, but without spine or conspicuous tuber- 
 cles, the tubercles of the other species being represented by slij^ht 
 elevations. Vertical fins very high, the longest rays of dorsal ami 
 anal two-thirds the length of the head. A narrow band of teeth on 
 tlie colored side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin beginning on the level 
 of the premaxillary, its first five rays on the blind side; caudal longer 
 than head. Head 4^; depth 1^. D. 68; A. 48-50. San Diego to 
 Alaska, not generally common, but widely distributed; usually in 
 deep water. 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 18.>4, 139: Parophrya cosnoam GUntlier, iv, 456.) 
 
 457.— HYPSOPSKTTA Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: typo Pleuronichthya guttulatus Grd.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the right side. Body broad, ovate, rhomboid; 
 mouth very small ; teeth slender, equal, acute, in several series; lips 
 thick, not plicate. Lateral line nearly straight, with an accessory 
 dorsal branch. Scales small, smooth. Dorsal fin beginning on the 
 dorsal ridge, not turned to the blind side; anal si)ine present; caudal 
 fin convex. Gill-rakers little developed, (wi/'t', deep; V's^ra, flounder.) 
 
 12§0. H. gruttuBata (Grd.) QUI— Diamond Flounder; " Tiirbot." 
 
 Brown, with numerous pale-bluish blotches in life, these disappearing 
 in spirits; blind side white, with a strong tinge of yellow along i)roflIe 
 of head ; fins plain, sometimes with black specks. Body very deei>, 
 somewhat an (^ Mated near middle of back and belly; eyes moderate, 
 separated by a flattish, raised area; head without spines or tuber- 
 cles ; scales of opercular region little developed ; those of blind side 
 reduced ; no teeth on right side of either jaw. Accessory lateral line 
 long, half length of body. Anal spine small; pectorals about halfj 
 length of head; ventrals rather short; caudal peduncle much deeper 
 
118. PLEURONECTIDiE— PLEURONECTES. 
 
 831 
 
 thiin lonfj; caudal large, nearly as long as head. Head 3^; depth lif. 
 
 D. f»8; A. 50; Lat. 1. 05. L. 12 inches. A variable species. Coast of 
 
 Ciilifornia; abundant. 
 
 (PleuronichthyH giittulafus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Phila. 1856, 137: Pleuroneciea 
 guttiilatus Giinther, iv, 445: Parophrya ayreai GUntlicr, iv, 456; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. Pbila. 1864, 195: Phuronichthya guUulatua Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H79, 
 94.) 
 
 43S.— PLEVRONECTES* LiDucens. 
 
 Plaices. 
 
 (P/o<eMa Cnvier: PlatichfJiya and Parophrya GitatH: Lepidopaetfa, MyzopaeUa, lAopaetta, 
 and Euchalarodm Gill: CUdodvrma aad Paeudopleuroncctea Bleuker: Limanda 
 Oottsche: FZcsms Moreau.) 
 
 (Artedi; Linnieus Systema Naturre: type Pleuronectea plateasa h.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the right side (except in P. stellatus, which is indif- 
 ferently dextral or sinistral). Body ovate, elliptical, compressed; head 
 moderate, sometimes tnberculate; mouth small, the small, narrow max- 
 illary reaching front of eye or beyond ; blind side with one (rarely two) 
 series of close-set, conical or incisor-like teeth ; colored side of both 
 jaws usually toothless. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid, often imper- 
 fectly imbricated, sometimes tubercular or obsolete. Lateral line 
 nearly straight, or more or less arched anteriorly, simple, or with an 
 accessory branch. Gill-rakers small, widely set. Species very numer- 
 ous in northern seas. {-Xsupuv, side; vtjxttj^, swimmer.) 
 
 a. Lateral line with an accessory dorsal branch, long or short. 
 b. Lateral line straight or with a slight arch. 
 
 c. Scales mostly cycloid, small, imbricated. {Parophrya \ Girard.) 
 
 12§1. P. vetulus (Grd.) J. «& G. . 
 
 Uniform light olive brown; the young somewhat spotted with 
 blackish. Body elongate-elliptical ; snout very prominent, much pro- 
 truding, forming an abrupt angle with the descending profile; depth 
 of head opposite middle of upper eye about equalling distance from 
 middle of orbit to snout; eyes large, separated by a very narrow, high 
 
 * " If we were to attrib.:to to some of the characters the same generic value us in 
 other PleuronecUdcE, we should be obliged to establish a genus for almost every species, 
 and to separate lishcs which evid<^ntly form one natural group" {OUnther, iv, 438). 
 The curvature of the lateral line is here subject to much variation ; the accessory 
 lateral line, characteristic of so many Pacific species, disappears by degrees, while the 
 gradations in dentition pud squamation are so numei-oua as to be apparently useless 
 for generic characters. We are unable to follow Dr. Giinther in referring to Plcuronec- 
 tm, the species of Ghjplocephalua and Cynivoglossua, which seem to us to represent a 
 well-dilferentiated type. 
 
 t Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 139: type Parophrya vctuliia Girard. 
 [jtapa, near together; otppvi, eyebrow; in allusion to the narrow interocular space.) 
 
 
832 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 ridge; eye large, 4 J in head, the upper with vertical range; month v " 
 
 small; maxillary not reaching pupil; teeth trenchant, small, and i 
 
 narrow, widened at tip; about 45 teoth on left side of lower jaw; few 
 
 teeth on right side of lower jaw. Accessory lateral line long, pec- 
 
 toral about half length of head; caudal truncate, 1^ in head. Fin rays 
 
 eutii-ely scaleless. Scales on body all cycloid, those on cheeks often 
 
 slightly ciliated. Head 3J; depth 2 J. D. 74 to 86; A. 54 to 68; Lat. 1. 
 
 105 (tubes). Santa Barbara to Alaska; an abundant species. 
 
 {Parophrya vetulus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: Parophrys vetiihis 
 GUnther, iv, 455: Pleuroneeles digrammus GUuther, iv, 445: Parophrys hubbardi Gill 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.1862, 281.) 
 
 cc. Scales everywhere strongly ctenoid, well imbricated. (laopaetta* Lock.) 
 d. Scales closely inibiicate; accessory lateral lino long. 
 
 19S9. P. Isolepis (Lockington) J. & G. > 
 
 Color brownish, mottled and blotched with darker. Body elliptical 
 much compressed, moderately deep, the curvature very regular; head 
 moderate, strongly compressed, the profile little depressed above the 
 eye; eyes rather large; interorbital space broad, flattish, with several 
 series of scales- Scales on cheeks similar to those on body, rather 
 large, ctenoid, and closely imbricated. Mouth comparatively large; 
 maxillary reaching pupil, 3§ in head; teeth not large, about 
 
 11 + 14 
 
 9 + 24' 
 
 con- 
 
 ical, close-set, in one somewhat irregular series, or p Mn two series; 
 those on colored side smalh Lower pharyngeals . ^ ^ith a double 
 row of bluutish teeth. On the blind side the scales are more or less 
 ctenoid, sometimes smooth; those on the cheeks weakly ctenoid; most 
 of the opercle, the preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle on blind 
 dide naked. Lateral line with a very slight arch in front, the depth of 
 which is less than one-fifth the length ; accessory branch nearly as long 
 as head. Fins rather low, mostly covered with ctenoid scales. Head 4 ; 
 depth 2 J. D. 38; A. 65; Lat. 1. 88. L. 12 inches. Point Coucepcion 
 to Puget Sound; rather common in deep water. This species bears 
 some resembrance to Hippoglossoides melanostictus. 
 
 (Lepidopsetta umbrosa Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 106 (not of Girard): 
 Lepidopselta isolepis Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 325.) 
 
 dd. Scales loosely Imbricate ; accessory lateral line very short. 
 1383. P. ischyrus J. & G. 
 
 Light olive brown, vaguely clouded with light and dark; fins reddish 
 brown; a few roundish dusky blotches on dorsal and anal; pectoral and 
 
 * Lockington MSS. : type Lepidopsetta isolepis Lock. {Idoi, equal; Tpsrra, llouuder.) 
 
113. PLEURONECTID^E — PLEURONECTES. 
 
 833 
 
 ctindal tipped with duaky; blind side white, immaculate, or with small 
 round ruHty spots; left side of head sometimes rusty tinged. Body 
 oblong, robust; caudal pedun<;le rather long; snout projecting; form- 
 ing an angle with the profile; mouth oblique, the chin projecting; 
 teeth jo^lfj narrowly incisor-like, bluntish, in a single, rather close-set 
 
 series; maxillary reaching past front of orbit, 5^ in head; eyes large; 
 interorbital apace rather broad, scaly, continuous with a ridge above 
 opercle. Head mostly covered with scales like those of the body, but 
 gi, uUer and rougher. Gill-rakers feeble. Lower pharyngeals each 
 with two rows of coarse blunt teeth. Scales thick and Arm, adherent, 
 not closely imbricated; those in front well apart; all the scales strongly 
 ctenoid; blind side with similar scales, almost as strongly ctenoid. Ver- 
 tical fins mostly scaly. Lateral line conspicuous, its scales less rough 
 tbau the others; a distinct short accessory lateral line on both sides, 
 extending to about the tenth dorsal ray, less than one-sixth head ; aseries 
 of pores around lower eye behind. Dorsal beginning over pupil, its ante- 
 rior rays low; its highest rays nearly half^ length of head; caudal 
 largo, double truncate; pectoral of right side about half head. Head 
 3i; depth 2. D. 70 to 76; A. 52 to 57; V. 6j Lat.l. 85. L. 15 inches, 
 Puget Sound. 
 (Parophrya iachyrm Jordan & Gillx rt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 27(5.) 
 
 hb. Lateral line with a strong arch in front; scales rough. (Lepidopsetta* Gill.) 
 
 12§4. P. bilaneatiis (Ayres) Gthr. 
 
 Yellowish brown, with numerous round pale blotches. Body broadly 
 ovate, thickish; mouth moderate, turned toward the left side; teeth 
 stout, conical, little compressed, bluntish, in one series, rather irregu- 
 larly placed. Lower pharyngeals broad, with two rows of blunt teeth. 
 Gill-rakers few, very short, thick and weak, without teeth. Snout pro- 
 jecting; eyes large, separated by a prominent ridge, which, like the 
 cheeks and upper portion of the opercle, is covered with rough stellate 
 scales; lower eye advanced; opercle, subopercle, and interopercle of 
 left side scaly; preopercle naked. Scales rather small, mostly ctenoid, 
 Dot closely imbricated ; those on the blind side smooth ; scales on the 
 cheeks and other parts of the head very rough ; scales of body smoother 
 and less closely imbricated anteriorly, the degree of roughness varia- 
 ble, northern specimens (var. umhrosu^) being roughest. Lateral line 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: type Platichthya umbroeus Girard= 
 Phtcisa hilineata Ayvea. {Xentdoi, scaly, iperra, founder.) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 53 
 
 if'- 
 
 i'Pm- 
 
 :\'\. 
 
 !L4" 
 
 >t 
 
 m 
 
 -m 
 
 4. 5SV 
 
 m: 
 
 -dim 
 
 \ . ' i '■'.•Vt' .-Si.', 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 ' •■ '■'►1 '■'. 
 
 -^r^*^-*--^ rr 
 
834 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 moderately arched anteriorly, with an accessory dorsal branch which is 
 less than half length of head. Height of arch less than one-third its 
 length. Dorsal beginning over the eye, its anterior rays-low ; caudal con- 
 vex; anal preceded by a spiue; a concealed spine behind ventralg; rays 
 of dorsal and anal all simpb; dorsal and anal somewhat scaly; caudal 
 three-fifths length of head; pectoral half head. Lower pharyngeals 
 broad, each with two rows of blunt teeth. Head 3f ; depth 2 J. D. 80- 
 A. 60; teeth H-^', Lat. 1, 85. L. 20 inches. San Francisco to Alaska* 
 abundant northward. A food-fish of some importai^ce. 
 
 {Plalcma bili'ieata Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 40: Pleuronectes bilineatiis 
 Gunther, iv, 444: Lepidopaetta bilineata Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879 103; 
 Flatichthi/s umbro8U8 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18.')6, 138: Pleuronectcg urn- 
 brosua Gunther, iv, ifA : Pleuronectea perarcuatua Coi)o, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1873. ) 
 
 aa. Lateral line without accessory branch. 
 
 e. Lateral line strongly arched in front; scales ctenoid. (Limanda* Gottsche.) 
 
 13S5. P. fcrrugineiis (Storer) J. & G.—Sand Dab. 
 
 Brownish olive, with numerous, irregular, reddish spots; fins simi- 
 larly marked; left side with caadal fin, caudal peduncle, and margins 
 of dorsal and anal fins lemon yellow. Body ovate-elliptical, strongly 
 compressed; teeth small, conical, close-set, in a single series on each 
 side in each jaw. Snout projecting, forming a strong angle above 
 upper eye, with the descending profile. Gill-rakers of moderate length, 
 very weak, not toothed. Eyes moderate, 4^ in head, the lower slightly 
 in advance of ujjper, separated by a high, very narrow ridge, which is 
 scaled posteriorly, and is continued backward as an Inconspicuous but 
 rough ridge to the beginning of the lateral lino. Scales imbricate, 
 nearly uniform, those on right side rough-ctenoid, those on left side 
 nearly or quite smooth^ scales on body rougher than on cheeks. Cau- 
 dal peduncle short, liigher than long. Dorsal inserted over middle of 
 eye, its middle rays hijiuest; pectoral less than two-fifths length of 
 head; caudal fin rounded; anal spine present. Lateral line simple, 
 with a rather low arch in front, the depth of which is barely two-fifths 
 the length. A concealed spine behind ventrals ; ventral of coLu'ed side 
 partly lateral, the otuer wholly so; anal spine strong. Head 4 in 
 length; depth 2|. D. 85; A. 02; Lat. 1. 100. Atlantic coast, chiefly 
 northward. 
 
 ( Plotesm fevruginea Storer, Report Fish. Mass. 18'"'^ 141 : Plateam roatmta H. R 
 Storer, Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist, vi, 268: Myzopaeita fenuginea Gill, Proc. Acad. Naf. 
 Sci. Phila. 1864, 217.) • 
 
 •Gottsche, Wiegmann's Archiv. 1835, 100: type Pleuronectee limanda L. = Z-tmfl«rfa 
 vulgaris Gottsche. {Limanda, an ancient name of L. vulgaris; perhaps fr'>m Xi/iit/v, 
 a small bay or creek.) 
 
lis. PLEURONECTID^ PLEURONECTES. 
 
 835 
 
 13§6. P. asper Pallas. 
 
 Brown, nearly plain, the blind side with tinges of lemon-yellow. 
 
 Form of P. MlineatMS. Teeth small, almost conical, on both sides of the 
 
 mouth; interorbital space narrow, scaly; opercle and preopercle naked 
 
 below. Gill-rakers very feeble. Pharyngeals not very broad, their teeth 
 
 bluutish, not paved. Scales small, wide apart, partly imbedded, each 
 
 one with 1-4 spinules, which are almost erect; anterior scales with 3-i. 
 
 of these spinules; posterior mostly with 1; scales of blind side smoother; 
 
 middle rays of dorsal and anal only scaly. No accessory lateral line. 
 
 Anal spine present; twentieth anal ray and thirty-seventh dorsal ray 
 
 longest; caudal double truncate. Head 3^; depth 2. D. G9; A. 53. 
 
 Alaska to Kamtschatka. 
 
 {Pleuronectea aaper Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 42r), 1811: Pleuronectea aaper Giia- 
 tlicr, iv, 454 : Limanda aapera Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 242. ) 
 
 128?. P. bcant (Goode) J. &.. G. 
 
 Grayish, mottled with darker; a conspicuous black blotch on the 
 outer rays of caudal on each side. Body elliptical, with angular out- 
 lines, strongly compressed; head very short; snout abbreviated; mouth 
 small, subvertical; teeth small, apparently in two rows, chiefly on the 
 blind side of lower jaw; eyes large, as long as mandible; interorbital 
 8pace very narrow. Dorsal fln beginning about pupil, its rays long, 
 wide apart, exserted ; right ventral near the median line. Caudal broad, 
 fan-shaped. Lateral line with an abrupt curve, the length of which is 
 twice its height and about equal to length of head, its scales highly 
 specialized; lateral line on colored side less developed. Scales small, 
 strongly ctenoid on the right side ; larger and cycloid on the blind side. 
 Head ^ ; depth 2*. D. 64 ; A. G3 ; Lat. 1. 88, 27 scales in its curve. 
 Deep water off' the Ehode Island coast. {Goode.) 
 
 {Limanda beani Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 473.) 
 
 ee. Lateral line without anterior arch. 
 
 /. Eyes and color on either Hide ; scales coarse, stellate ; lower pharyngeals broad, 
 with paved teeth. {PlaUchthya* GM.) 
 
 188§. P. stellatus Pallas.— C'rt/i/omia "Flounder." 
 
 Dark brown or nearly black, with lighter markings; flns reddish 
 brown; dorsal and anal with four or five vertical black bands; caudal 
 with three or four black longitudinal bands. Body broad and short, 
 tbe snout forming a slight angle with the profile; lower jaw projecting;' 
 interocular space rather broad, with very rough scales. Largo rough 
 
 •Girard, Proc, Ac. Nat. Scl, Phila. 1856, 136: type Platkhthya rtigoaua Grd. {nXarvi, 
 flat; ixOvi, fish.) 
 
 11 "' 1 
 
 t "■*■ 
 
830 roNTKinrTioNs to noutii amkku^an inrniYOLooY — iv. 
 
 Hcnk's at buHO (►!' doi\sMl and anal niyts and on NitUvs of hisul ; siniiliir 
 Imt Nnuillcr Ncah's McatliUHMl t)v«'r tlio body, hairral lini^Ntnootli. V'\us 
 witluiut HoaU's; a dustor of bony )>roniin(nic(vs abovo oihu'cU>. '\W[\\ 
 in«'i8orliko, truncato, railuu* broad, ]J||J. Lowor pharyngcalH broad, 
 with conrso, ]myv\\ tooth. IToad 3|{ ; dopth 2. 1). 58; vV. 4'J. L. .;<» 
 inohoH. Han Lnis Obinpo (o K!iin«<^haiUa; V(My abnn^biid. ntutliwiird; 
 one of (ho hupvst and most important of \h{\ llonnthTN of tlio I'acific 
 o«»aNt. 
 
 (rulhiH, Nov. Act. lVtn»|tol. I, :M7: I'hni'hthiis niinmiit mrnnl, U. H. I'lic |{. K. Sniv. 
 VM\. I'lH; (Jihithcr. .v, 41:1: /V.»/i«7t//ii/.t »h'll<ilHH Lockliiglon, I'roo, 11.8. Nal. Mim. 
 1H?J», in.) 
 
 //'. KyoN iiinl color striotly on tlio rljtlit. Hido. 
 
 y. .S'lilcH »iu». iniltricatr*!, UHimlly rlt'ooiil in Mio niiilo, oycloitl In tb« rcinalc; lo\vt>r 
 jiliiiiynffciilM Itrond, wllli jiiivtMl (coth. {I'lcHronectvH.) 
 
 I4NO. I*. qiiii«liitul»orriilnliiN I'hIIuh. 
 
 (Jrayish, njottU'd with \mWv and with round bhiolc spotH; (bis vory 
 diirk. Vovm of /'. ijUihvr. Mouth vory .snuill, with niiuiII, inrisor liko 
 tooth, n)uiul<'d at tip. I'^yo.** soparatod by a narrow ridgu; ab«)ut tlvo 
 .saiall, promiuiMit, oonioal, obtuso bony tuboroh^H in a> row ab«)v<>i tlio op. 
 orok», t'ontinuouM with tho diroo.tion of tlH^ hit«'ral lino, which is wlraij'lit, 
 without aooossory dorsnl brauoh; tuboioUi abov(M)j)orolo hirjfost. Hoid<\s 
 HUiall, oyoh)id in all spooinuMis oxaininod. Anal .spin(^ pr(>s<Mit. lload 
 3fj; depth 2. I). (18; A. 50; liat. 1. 78. Coa^sts of Alaska and Kani- 
 t-sohatka. 
 
 (riillits, Zoojir. RoHs.-AHint, iii. ^Vl'^, IHtl: I'nrophviiH qnndritHhvrc.HlniHit CiWwWwv, iv, 
 4."i<i: Hrun, rro(>. (T. S. Xal. Mum. 1S81, 211: VlvuronvvUs palhm Hlniniiuehnor, IclHli. 
 l«iMtriif>«'. viii, •^.^. IHT'.I.) 
 
 I400. I». tflMlMT (.Sl.iivr) (iill. 
 
 (irayish brown, uiottlod with dark«>r brown; tins with blackish spots. 
 Ilody obhtujj, ovato. Eyos ratlu>r small, soparatod by a nakc^l olovatod 
 ridjyo. .laws somotimosoi'.oh with twodistiuot rows of tooth; thointor- 
 ru|)to«l outor sorios of truncato, oloso-sot, thi(!kish incisor-lik»^ tootli, 
 which aw somotimos movablo; tho inner row of similar tooth nioro 
 witloly sot and rathor distant from tln^ outor row (and often or {ronorally 
 wautino); about 20 tooth in outor row In lower Jaw; \'v^\\t side of bolii 
 jawa toothless; intororbital ridjje continuous with a broad, iiakod, 
 smoothish, tuborcnloso rid}<o, which Joins the lateral line. Scales smsiil, 
 distant, non-ind)ricato, smooth in tho fenuile and moro or loss ctenoid ia 
 the male; those on blind side smaller. Fins nu)derate, somewhat scaly; 
 anterior rays of dorsal low; pectoral a little moro than half h(>ad; bases 
 of vertieal tins not tuboreuhvte. Anal spine present. Lower pharyngeals 
 
113. riiKTinONKCTID;K — flT-YPTOrKrtlAIJrS. 
 
 8.".7 
 
 Bcpnnito, brojul, wiHi roaiHii ivi^ih. Iloiul .'4; dcpMi L'. I). 55; A. tO^ 
 J/iii. I. 70 (pon^H). \j. 10 iiicJicH. Atlii.iili<', coiiHt; cliiclly innMiwanl. 
 
 (I'MvHna yUihr'% Htorcr, rioc. Il«mt. Hoc Niii. Hint., i, IHO, lH4:i, luiil riHli. Mhim. 'M\, 
 pi, :il, f. I : I'Uii'hnUtroiim }iu(nami (illl, I'nm. Anul. Nut.. Hrl. riiilii. iMfil, i.",W-innlc ; 
 ll.im, I'nii'. ir. H. Nut. R3n». 1H7H, ;J47: lAtqiHMa f/luhra (Jill, I'loc. A«!ImI. Nat. Hfi. 
 i'iiila. IH(14, «I7.) 
 
 ri1>l. IMrliMlitlln Pall 
 
 aH. 
 
 Dark brown, Mni niiHHp(»t<t<^(l. 1' )rin of I'.fflahcr. A roii^lieiicd ri<|;;e 
 iibovji llio «',li('(ikH and oprrrlow on Um^ «'.y«nl Ni«l(\ l'>yi'.s M«ipiinit<Ml by a 
 iiiii't'ow HniooUi bony riilf;<% HciilcH minute, itnlu'ildcd, non imbricate., 
 clenoid in tlio nnihvs, Htnoolli in tlie femaJcH; H<;ale>« on blind Hi(b> Him- 
 iliir, IciHH developed; NealeH of Ia(«^ni.l line a Utile laif^er. TeeMi eol- 
 ored, hieiHor like, t'ormin^ a.n even ed^e, moHtly on blind Hide. An 
 iiiiiil Npiiie; peetorids Hliort. IJuad L; depth 12^. 1). o(>; A. 42. AlanUu 
 t() Xortliern Hibetia.. 
 
 (I'allaN, IMii, 111, App. 70(1; PallaH, Zoo^r. Hohh, Afilatu Hi, 424: I'lmronirttm (ilntinllH 
 HicliiiMlHon, l''iinnn, IWir.-Amcr. KIhIi. vr»H; Mraii, Pror. II. H, Nat. Miih. |hH|, i»4l : f'hn- 
 ronirl>'n vlvalririiHUH PallaH, /(lo^r. KoHN.-AHiat.. Hi, 4'J4 ( ,/ , 1). 5!>; A, 'M): t'lrnronuilm 
 fmnkUid (Hliitlior, iv, 44^, mvi (9,1). 50; A. :»7). 
 
 ijg. Si'iih'H well iinlMiraiod, ntnmKl.V <'toiioi(l; lower pllaryll^^!alH narrow, with touio 
 tooth. {I'miuiUiplviiriniiuUcH Hlfokor.*) 
 
 tW*2. I*. llllK'rIcllllllN WnWmutn—iyintn'JIoiinUrr; Miiddah. 
 
 Miirk riiNty brown, M[>otted or nearly plain; yonti^ olive, brown, nioro 
 or le.sH spotted and bloteluul with red<liMh. l>ody elliptieal, an tni^le 
 ;ii)(>V(M\V(^ Head eovcM-e*! abov<' with imbric^aied, Htron|.jly ctenoid HcalcH 
 similar to thoNe on the body; blind side of lu^ttd nearly naked; iider- 
 orltital N|>iic,e rather broa<l, Htron/^Iy convex, it.s width Inilf eye; tho 
 spiMte (Mdirely Hcaled; teeth < nnpr«'Hsed, inciHorlik<^, a.nd widened to- 
 wiirdH tipw, eloH(!-Met, Ibrtnin^ a conlinnon.s ciittintf <'dK<'; Nome of teetli 
 ol'lcn einarj;iinite>, HometitneH moviihle; ri^lit .side of Ixjth jaw.H tooth- 
 less. lli;;liest donsal ntys Icks tlutn l(Mi({th of pe<;t<)tiiiH, tmd mon; than 
 half h^n^th of In'ad; aiuil Hpine ])res(Mit. Mead 4 in length; depth L'^, 
 I). (15; A. 48; Lat. I. H,'i. ('oiiHtofNew York, northward; abundant. 
 
 (Wiiiliaiini, Art.«'(li, Piw,. I7'.>2, li:t; (Jlliillnir iv, 4'tl{: I'laU.ma plana Htorer, Fi.sli. 
 MiiMH. 37;j.) 
 
 <|.11>.-»I.VI*TOCI^I*ll>il.lIN (i<»ttHc.ho. 
 
 ((iottHc!i«>, Wicfrtiianii'H Arc hi v. IKl,';, l.^ifi; typo (HyplowphaluH mxicola GottHcho .= 
 rteuvunvcIcK cyiioj/liiMHUH L.) 
 
 Kyes jind color on tlio riffht Hide. IJody extremely elonj^jate, more 
 tliiin twice aw lon^ as deep; nuudi compnvsse^l. Head very huuiII and 
 
 {tl>i 
 
 HU-eker, CoiiitoH KoikIiih. Arad. 8ci. Amnt. xiil, liU'tZ: tyita J'latrma plana Htovct. 
 .C6oi, falho; irActyj6»'j/^r;/?, I'leuronectes.) 
 
 tti^ ^,! 
 
 ■: 
 
 HK^<^ 
 
 . 
 
 ^Hb^ ^ 
 
 t. ' 
 
 ^^Bv'4^ 
 
 .^ 
 
 ^^^^s 
 
 "K. ,1 
 
 * f> 
 
 ■'"1 
 
 *} \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^ ta 
 
 i. 
 
 fl^Kn*^ ' 
 
 . -i 
 
 Hy ,'', 
 
 '^\ 
 
 j^BS 'f 
 
 'i^ 
 
 i^B^ >' 
 
 ' ? 
 
 w. 
 
 *ji 
 
 ^fj 
 
838 CONTUinUTIONS to NOUTll AMEUICAN ICllTllYOLOaV — IV. 
 
 ahort; ItH blind nido wlHi mmiy oxciivatloiiH niul inucons cuviticM in (|ir 
 sknll, nuindiblo, and luooporido. Montli vor.y snmll ; iootli ui<)doiiili> 
 incJHOi' liko, broad, cqniil, cIoscNot, in \i Nin^lo wrii'iH; no t('«Mli on 
 vonu'r or pidatinos. OillnilituH Hliort, w«Mili. Lowor plmrynjicalfs niir 
 row, witli one or two rowH of conical tcctli. Lateral line nciirly 
 Ntraigid, siniplo; Hcahss vcryHniall, Hniootli; dorsal and anal very lon^r 
 thoro \mujf more than UO rayn in ilio dorsal and nior«^ lliaii HO in the 
 anal; candal Hn roniulcd; anal s|»inc jncscnt. Vertebra) in increased 
 number. JSorthurn ueaM. (jAurrOc, Hculpturc«l ; zjy«A)j, head.) 
 
 1903. CJ. cyiioifloswusC'laa.) Gill.— (7m///-/foH »«/»•»-. 
 
 Grayish brown; membranes of the Ibis with dark spots; pecloral of 
 the coh)red side dark, about half as hmjj as the lutad. Upper Jaw wilh 
 about ;U) teeth; eyes large, separate*! by a. narrow, scaly ridges; opt^r<'l(( 
 a<buite to shoulder girtlle for a short distaiu'e only. INu'torals v(>iy 
 short, not falcate, that of right side about half length of h(>ad. Head 
 5 in length; dei)th Ujf. 1). 105 (101 to ll'J); A. 1)5 (87 to 00). bat. I. 
 1U5. North Atlantic, on both sides; ubun<hint in deep water .ortli 
 waitl. 
 
 (I'lt'in(>ncct<>!> cjiniufhuisiis \,'nu\, SyH). Nut. i, yW, 175H: (UmttoirphaltiH avadiniiHH iiWl, 
 Pii»o. Aciid. Nat. Sfi. I'liilii. IH7U, 'MM: riviiroiitu^tcM ('hiioi/Iokhidi {iiinlhcr, iv, Hi); /'/(k- 
 rotivt'ti'n vIoHijiiluM (Mlntlior, Iv, 450: Collott, NorsUo Noid-lIiiVH. lOxp. 2(KK) 
 
 Iftllf . U. Xtl4*lltil'IIN liOckiiiKton. 
 
 ITniform brownish, tins darker; blind side everywhere dusted with 
 dark points. Ibniy elongate; snout very bbiut; interorbital space a 
 very narrow, scaly rulge; nionth somewhat twisted toward the l>Iiii(l 
 vside; teeth o«i both sides of jaws, broad and com[>resse.d, in a siii;;I(i 
 WW, forming a blunt, «'ontinuous (nlgc; about .'M in the lower Jaw. 
 Eyes very large, 3s in head. 0|)ercle nearly free from shoulder ;>irdl('. 
 Pectoral of the eolon'<l side falcate, longer than the head, more than 
 t.wice as long as the pectoral of the l)lind side. Body not slimy. Head 
 i}] depth a. 1). 5)4 to lOlJ; A. 70 to 80; Lat. I. I'M. L. 15 inches. Coast 
 of California; in deep water. 
 (Lockiuglon, Proc. II. S. Nat. Muh. 1871), 88.) 
 
 460.— €YNICO«JI^OSSlJS noiiaparto. " 
 (ilfjcnw/omiM (Jotitscho, prcoccnpiod by MicroHtoma: nrachyproHoiMH Ulcck*"!.) 
 
 (Bonapai<o, rauiia Italioa, 18;J7, faso. xix; typo Vleitronrcte» mic^•OHtomu^^ Don.) 
 
 This genus agrees with Olyptoccphalm in the elongate body, lon^j 
 lius, and numerous vertebnc, difl'ering in the absence of the cavernous 
 
mi isJ 
 
 1 13. rLKlTRONKCTFPiV- — KTROI'lIS. 
 
 839 
 
 Htnicturo of t\ni lioiwl. Aiiul Hpinc obHoUttu. (xmvui/;, dog hkr; y'^ihiraay 
 
 lilOA* 4i>. puclflcun liOckitiKion. 
 
 Olivo brown, with (linker blotrJicH; fhiH blackish; blind MJd<> more or 
 IrsH dii.sky. Ilody (>longitt<^, i^lliptirul ; Nnont nof. blunt; infrrorbital 
 Hpiuio a narrow, .s(ialy ridgi^; oyj^n larjfc, .'{ in IhmuI; month vory Hniall; 
 t«><>lh liirgci ujmI v(^ry broad, forming'' acontinn<MiH cutting (>dg(Mni blind 
 Hidn only of (>acJi jaw; about l() tei^th in lowttr Jaw. ()pcn;h^ abovtt itis 
 iniglo wholly adnato to Hhoidd<M' girdl(\ Dorsal and anal Hiih low. 
 l'(M;toral fbiH niod<irat<«, that of tln^ colored Hide a liltlo th<! longitr, 
 iiboiit two thinlH liMigth of IkmwI; vcMitralH very Hniall. iJody <'xc,eM- 
 sively Hliniy in life. IIea«l IjJ; depth \\\. J). 102; A. 85; F.at. 1. 140. 
 ]i. 12 ineliOM. Alaska to Mont/onw; abnndant in d(Htp water. 
 
 ((ihiptoci'iilittliiH piKiJIfKH liOckiiiKton, Hcioiilillr. I'niHHHiiinil. i, '^1, April, IWO; Oljipln- 
 cfl>haluH imvijU)HH i^wMn\^Ut\\, I'roc. U. H. Nat.. Mtm. lH7i).) 
 
 46 1 .-KTItOPUS J«.nl(iri A. (llllMrt. 
 
 (Jordan A. Gllbort, Proo. IT. H. Nat. MtiH. 18HI, 'M\: iypo /ilropim crnnnnliiH J. A (1.) 
 
 lOyeH and <;olor on the h^ft side. Hody regidarly oval, deep and 
 C()ni|>ressed. Head Mniall; niontli very Htnall, the teeth <tlose set, Hle.n- 
 (|<-r and pointed, Noniewhat inenrved, inoHtly on the blind side; no teetli 
 oil vomer. I'iye.s small, Heparatc.d by a narrow, Hctah'less ridge; margin 
 of pn^opeic.U^ free. VentralH free from anal, that of <'.olored side in- 
 Hci'ted on ridgeof abdomen, its baH(>, rather long. Dorsal (in beginning 
 iihovuuye; caudal double truncate; anal without Hpim;. Hitales thin, 
 ii(M'iduonH, ctenoid on left hU\v, cy<'loi<l on l)lind side. Lateral lino 
 Hiiiiple, iK^arly straight. Hi/(^ small. This genus is appan^ntly alli<Ml 
 to (!illi((ri<;litlii/}<^ altho'igh the mouth iH very small, {trfjou, aixloim-.n; 
 nohi;, foot; in allusion t(» the iuHi^-tion of the vontrals.) 
 
 ittfto. i:. croMMotiiM J. Si. a. 
 
 Light brown, with some darker blotches; Hns mottled and spott^'d. 
 Teeth in lower jaw on both sides, in upper on blind side only. JOycM 
 liirg<^, separated by a narrow scaleh^ss ridge, whij'h extends abovf? the 
 opcnsle; edge of preop<M«'le and esi»<^cially of o[»(a'cle on blind siclc 
 friiigiul with white cilia, (laudal one tbnrth longer than head; pectoral 
 of left sidit three-tlfths head; ventral of blind side longest, inNert(>d in 
 iulvance of the other, llitad 4 J ; depth 3. I). 80; A. 01 ; V. 0; Lat. 1. OS. 
 L. 5 inches. (Joast of Louisiana and Texas to Mazatlan and Panama; 
 locally abundant. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 364; 1882, — .) 
 
 I :•-':; 3 
 
 %. 
 
 
 > 1 ' Hi . 
 
 ■■■p'r','. 
 
 W 
 
 •■■* « ■■fs 
 
 -j'-i 
 
 '■ i-^- 
 
 m 
 
 '■^'m 
 
 
 
840 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^IV. 
 
 463.— T11¥RIS Uuode. 
 (Goodo, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 344: type Thyris pdlucldu8 Goode.) 
 
 Body elongate, soft, and translucent. Head very short ; mouth small 
 toothless. Eyes sinistral, close toj»ether, the lower slightly advanced. 
 Pectorals of blind side smallest ; ventrals crowded together on luediau 
 keel of body, their bases i)rolonged on this keel. Kays sim[)le; dorsal 
 begiiuiing on the snont; caudal subsessile, almost continent with dorsal 
 and anal. Scales very thin, easily detached, probably cycloid. Lateral 
 line well marked, straight. One species known, from deep water. 
 {Oupi^, window, from the translucent body.) 
 
 1907. T. pelliicidiis Goodo. 
 
 Ooh)rless, translucent; three conspicuous dusky longitudinal lines on 
 left side, the middle one faintest. Two streaks on right side; eyes 
 black. Body thin, ])ellucid, divided into three longitudinal tracts by 
 dei)ressions at the bases of the rows of interspinous processes. Scales 
 small, thin, caducous. Head very small; eyes small, protruding, Micir 
 diameter ecpial to the interorbital space ami half the length of the 
 snout; nu)uth small, formed as in the soles, the upper jaw soiuewhiit 
 hook-shaped. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of the eye, of long, 
 flexible, simple, rays, the tips of which are much exserted. rectorals 
 inserted far below lateral line, that on blind ^ide as long as (U'bit, the 
 other as long as snout; ventrals reaching i)a8t front of anal. Head 5; 
 depth 3. 1). 100; A. 80; P. 12 (left), 4 (right). L. 3 inches. {Goodc.) 
 Gulf Stream, oil" the coast of Khode Ishind. Perhai)s a larva of some 
 species of which the mature form is as yet unknown. 
 
 (Goodo, Pioo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, :I44.) 
 
 463.— inOWOLEME Goodo. 
 (Goodo, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 338: t.vpo Mwwlene acamUcamla Goode.) ;m 
 
 Body thin, elongate; eyes on the left side, very close together, near 
 the i)rofile; mouth moderate, the length of the nuixillary less than one- 
 third that of the head; teeth minute, in a single series, nearly equal on 
 both sides; no teeth on vomcu* or i)alatines. Scales rather large, tenoid 
 on colored side, cycloid on blind side. Lateral line well-marked, lliat 
 of colored side strongly and ang-.ilarly curved anteriorly; that of blind 
 side nearly straight. Pectoral of blind side wholly absent; dorsal 
 beginning on the snout, its rays all simple. Caudal tin sessile, almost 
 confluent with dorsal and anal. Ventral fins normal. Gill-r,iker.s few, 
 feeble. Vertebra} 43. Deep-sea flshes. (//ow>?, single; wA6ij, aim.) 
 
119. PLEUBONECTIDiE — ACHIRUS. 
 
 841 
 
 129§* M, sessilicauda Gonde. 
 
 Ashy brown, with (hirker brown spots; blind si<lc white; pectoral 
 blackish, with traces of darker transverse bands. Body thin, its thick- 
 ness not i^reater than the diameter of the eye ; depth 7^ times the diame- 
 ter of the eye; head everywhere closely thatched with scales even to 
 the edges of the lips. Vertical fins mostly scaly. Lateral lino on left 
 8id(5 arched, its direction pecnliar, the curve having two angles; lateral 
 lino on blind side nearly straight. Dorsal beginning on the snout, 
 highest posteriori^', its longest rays half the head; anal beginning close 
 to the vent. Caudal rounded. Pectoral three-fourths lengtli of head. 
 Ventrals on the median line, equal. Head 5; depth 2§. D. 1)0 to 103; 
 A. 70 to 84; scales 2.*{-02-25, 20 in the anterior curve. L. inches. 
 Gulf Stream, off Newport, Rhode Island. {Ooode.) 
 
 (Goodo, rroc. U. S. Nat. Mua, 1880, :i:iH.) 
 
 '164.-ACIIBRIJS Lae<^i)(Jilo. 
 
 Soles. 
 
 (Laci^pfcdo, TTiHt. Nat. dcs Poisa. iv, 059, 1802: typo Pleuronectes achirus h. ^^ dchirus 
 faHciatuH hue. =^ l'l<;iiroii(;etc-8 Untatus L.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the right side. Body oblong, bluntly roun<led 
 anteriorly. Head small ; eyes small, close together, the upi)er eye in 
 advance of the lower; mouth small, somewhat turned toward the colored 
 side; nasal flai)s present, the nostril of the blind side fringed; lip of the 
 colored side fringed; teeth very small, on blind side only ; gill openings 
 jiarrow; the branchiostegal region scaled. liead closely scaled every- 
 where, the scales on the colored side similar to those on the body, those 
 of the nape and chin much eidarged; scales on the l)lind side anteriorly, 
 have their pectinations more or less produced, forming cirri ; scales of 
 both sides extremely rough, extending on the tins. Lateral line straight, 
 simple; edge of preoperde covered by the scales. Dorsal beginning 
 on the snout, low in front and thickly scaled, its rays divided; anal tin 
 shnilar, without spine; caudal flu free, convex; caudal peduncle very 
 short and deep; pectoral flu of left side wanting, that of right sido 
 small or obsolete; ventral rays 3 or 4, the ventral flu of tlu5 colored side 
 long, connected with the anal by a membrane, {ux^if, without hands; 
 L e., without pectoral fins.) 
 a. Pectoral fins botli obsolete. (Achirua.) 
 
 1300. A. lincutiis (L.) Cnv. 
 
 Olive brown, usually with about G narrow vertical black cross-lines 
 usually not broader than x)upil and with numerous black spots and 
 
 *. .••■■,; 
 
 
 'r"a( 
 
 
 \ 
 
842 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 cIoiuIh; fliiH with dark spots, some of which form hars parallel with tlio 
 rays; left sido white, usually more or less mottled, sonietinieH banvd. 
 Form oval, the outliues regular. Eyes small, 8eparat«!d by a llattisli 
 space witler than eye. Acoucealed spine in front of upper eye. Scjalcs 
 on na])e and chin 3 or 4 times size of others. Fins moderate, scaly on 
 both sides; caudal about as long as head. Head 3^; depth I'g'. I). 
 55; A. 41; V. 4; Lat. 1. 75. L. inches. Atlantic coast, connnon from 
 Cape Cod soutinvard; ascending rivers. 
 
 {Plevroim'Ua aahirun }j. Synt. Nat. «m1. 10, i, 2(58: Plcuroneetes linmtuH L. Synt. Niit. 
 ed. 12, i, 45^: AohiruH moUia Stor«r, Fish. Muss. 400: Solea avhirun Giiuther, iv, 47tJ,) 
 
 Siibsp. browni (Oflir.) J. & G, 
 
 Cross-bands broader, as broad as eye; left side immaculate. Gulf of 
 Mexico aiul southward. 
 
 {Solta browm GUiithcr, iv, 477.) 
 
 403.— APIIORISTIA Kanp. 
 
 (Kaiip, Wiojjniann's ArcUiv. IB.'jS, IOH; typo Archirua ornatna Lnc^pMe.) 
 
 Eyes and color on the Lift side. Body elongate, lanceolate in out- 
 line, rounded forward, tapering to a point behind, strongly compressed. 
 Mouth small, unsymmetrical, twisted toward the colored side; teeth 
 small; eyes very, small, close together; snout short, not produced, 
 with a hook ; lips conspicuous, not evidently fringed ; one nostril pres- 
 ent, with a slight barbel, .just before lower eye. Scales ctenoid, of mod- 
 erate size, covering the whole body nearly uniforudy; edge of preop- 
 ercle covered by the scales; no lateral line on either side. Dorsal liii 
 low, beginning just behind the snout, confluent with the anal around 
 the tail; pectoral tins obsolete; ventral flu of colored side only pres- 
 ent, not continuous with the anal. Gill-openings very narrow. Warm 
 seas. {d<pofna, a dearth; f(TT«c, a limb.) 
 
 1300. A. atricauda .Tor. & Gilb. 
 
 Olivaceous, with very distinct dark streaks along the rows of scales, 
 and with numerous vertical half-bars; those above lateral line alter- 
 nating with thos«» below, anteriorly, nearly meeting them behind; ver- 
 tical fins black posteriorly. Body oblong-lanceolate, comparatively 
 slender, not very blunt anteriorly. MoutL reaching to opposite the 
 eye; lips large; teeth small, present on both sides. Scales small, unieh 
 smaller on the head; those on blind side similar. Dorsal beginning on 
 the head; ventral well separated from anal. Hea». 6^; depth 3 J. D. 
 100; A. 80; Lat. 1. 105. L. 6 inches. San Diego, CaU 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 23.) 
 
PEDIt'ULATI. 
 
 843 
 
 'I 
 
 1301. A. pluKiuHU (L.) J. & O. 
 
 Dark brown, with nix or seven obHcnro darker crosK-bandH, and 
 DUin<u'otis dark Hpeeks and niottlin^.s, forinin^j; indistinct Htripes; i\un 
 all H|M!ekled, the caudal not darker than the other fins. Teieth very 
 small, i)re8ent on both sides of tlu^jaw; eyes very small, ch^se to;;etlier, 
 tiie upper in advance;, the lower just above an^le of month. Ventral 
 till moderately devejojjed, barely r^>achin|>: anal, to which it is connected 
 by a low membrane. Head 5; <lepth '.i\. I). 05; A. HO; liat. 1. 0;{. 
 South Atlantic and Gtilf coast to the West Indies; abundant in sandy 
 bays. 
 
 (I'hiurnnecteH plaffiuHa J Awn. Rv«t. Nat.: I'laflwiia plafiiima CAW, Cat, FIhIj. E. cowt, 
 794: AvhiriM oriialuH Lac. iv, 051): AphurtHlM uniala Gtlu'. iv, 4*JU.) 
 
 Order V.-PEDICULATI. 
 
 {The rediculatc FiHheit.) 
 
 Carpal bones notably elonjiate, forminj? a sort of arm, which sup- 
 ports the broad ])e(5torals. trill-openings r»Mlu(!ed to a larjjci or small 
 foramen, situated in or near the axils, more or less posterior to the 
 pectorals. No scales. Ventral fins juj^ular, if present; first vertebra? 
 united to the cranium by a suture; epiotics united behind sui)raocci- 
 l)itid; elon};ate basal p<;ctoral radii reduced in inimber; no intcaclavi- 
 des; posttemporal broad, Hat, simple; superior pharynj^eals two, sim- 
 ilar, sjiatulate, with anterior stem and transverse blade; basis of 
 iianium simple. No air-duct to the swim-bladder. Anterior dorsal 
 reduced to a few tentacle-like, mostly isolated, sjiines. This jjrou]* is 
 considered as a modified ollshoot from Batrachoid or BUmnioid forms. 
 (Latin pediculutufi, ])rovided with a little foot or i)eduncle, in allusiou 
 to the peculiar pectoral fins.) 
 
 (iVdic«/n<iGliuther, iii, 17e-20r).) 
 
 ANALYSIS OK FAMILIES OF PEDICULATI. 
 
 a. Gill-ojM'niiiKH in oi >i(tliiiul tlio lower axilnof tlio pectorulH; mouth largo, terminal. 
 h. PHUudobranchiii) preHout; pHeiulobrachiu with two actiuosth; head broad, de- 
 
 pre.sse(l LoiMlilD/K, 124. 
 
 l»6. PHeudobranchiai none ; pHendobrachia with three actinostH. 
 V. Ventral lins doveloi[jed ; pectoral members j;eiiiculated, with elongate pHom'u 
 
 brachia ^NTiONNAitiiOyi:, 125 (» 
 
 CO. Ventral fins obsolete; pectoral members not geui«;iilate, with moderate 
 
 pseudobrachia CERATiiDiE, 125 (b). 
 
 aa. Uill-openiugs iu or behind the upper axils; mouth small, usually interior. 
 
 Maltueiu.^, 12C. 
 
 ■4- 
 
 
 - V- 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 • m 
 
 f* » 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 t 
 
 f 
 
 
 «'* 
 
 
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 *i 
 
 
 
 ^ \ 
 
 - » 
 
 '[ '' 
 
 -,;i| 
 
 ^ 
 
 - ' 
 
 * % * 
 
 1 
 t 1 
 
844 contributions to north american ichthyology — iv. 
 
 Family CXXIV.— LOPHIID^. 
 
 {The Fishing Frogs.) 
 
 Head wide, depressed, very large. Body contracted, conical, tai)er- 
 ing rapidly backward from the shoulders. Mouth exceedingly larfjc, 
 terminal, opening into an enormous stomach; upper jaw inotnutihv 
 maxillary without supplementary bone; lower jaw projecting; both jaws 
 Avith very strong, unequal, cardiform teeth, some of the teeth canine- 
 like, most of them depressible; vomer and palatines usually with strong 
 teeth. Gill-openings comparatively large, in the lower axil of the pecto- 
 rals. Pseudobranchia3 present. Gill-rakers none. Skin mostly smooth, 
 naked, with nuiny dermal flaps about the head. Spinous dorsal of three 
 isolated, tentacle-like spines on the head, and three smaller ones behind, 
 which form a continuous flu ; second dorsal moderate, similar to the anal ; 
 pectoral members scarcely geniculated, each with two actinosts and with 
 elongate pseudobrachia; ventrals jugular, I, 5, widely sei)arated. Py. 
 lori(! cojca present. A single genus, with three or more species, living 
 on sea-bottoms; remarkable for their great voracity. 
 
 (Pediculati part, geuus Lophiua GUather, iii, 178-182.) 
 
 406. -liOPHIIJS LinniEus. 
 Fishing Frogs. 
 
 (Artedi; Linnffiiis, Syat. Nat. 1758: ty^ie Lophiua 2naeatoriuii 1j.) 
 
 Characters of the geuus incltded abo\'C;. {Lojthius, the ancient name 
 of L. imcatorius^ Irom /«f o?, a crest.) 
 
 1309. Ij. pascatorius. — Fiahing-frog ; Monlc-fiah; Gooac-fah; All-mouth; Bellows- 
 Jiah ; Angler. 
 
 Brownish, mottled, below white; mouth behind the hyoid bone im- 
 maculate; pectorals and caudal black at tip ; peritoneum black. Body 
 depressed, tapering, scarcely longer than head. Humeral spine with 
 three points, of which the posterior is the longest. Head surronndod 
 with a fringe of barbels; top of head, in young, with many strong- 
 spines. Anterior dorsal spine elongate, fleshy at tip. D. I-I-I, HI — 
 10; A. 9. L. 3 feet. North Atlantic, on both coasts; generally com- 
 mon, from North Carolina northward. A fish of singular uglmess of 
 appearance. 
 
 m 
 
 (Lian. Syat. Nat.; GUntTier, iii, 179: Lophiua americanua Cuv. & Val. xii, 380.) 
 
125 (a). ANTENNARIID^ ANTENNARIUS. 
 
 845 
 
 Family CXXV (a).— ANTENNARIID^. 
 
 {The Frog-fishen.) 
 
 TIead and body more or less compressed. Mouth vortical or very 
 oblique; lower jaw prqjectinjjf; jaws with cardifonu teeth; ju'eiiiaxilla- 
 rics protractile. Gill-openings small, pore-like, in or behind the lower 
 axils of the pectorals. No pseudobranchije. Skin naked, smooth, or 
 prickly. Pectoral members forming an elbow-like angle. Pseudo- 
 Itrachia long, with three actinosts. Ventral fins present, jugular, near 
 together. Spinous dorsal of one to three separated, tentacle-like spines ; 
 soft dorsal long, larger than anal. Pyloric (iojca none. Genera al)out 5; 
 species nearly 40. Inhabitants of tropical seas, "living on Uoating sea- 
 weed, and enabled, by filling the capacious stomach with air, to sustain 
 themselves on the surface of the water" ; therefore, widely dispersed 
 by currents in the sea. 
 
 (I'ediculati pt. Guuther, iii, 182-200.) 
 
 a. Head compressed; a rostral spine or tentacle, followed by two larger spines; pala- 
 tine teeth developed. 
 
 /(. Dorsal spines disconnected Antennarius, 467. 
 
 aa. Head cuboid ; a sinj^le rostral spine or tentacle; soft dorsal low. ..Chaunax, 408. 
 
 46Y.— AIVTEJKNARIIJS Lacdpede. 
 
 (Chironcctea Cuv.) 
 
 (Commerson; Lac<i[)ede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 421, 1793: typo Antennariua chironectca 
 Conunerson.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, very deep through the occipital region, 
 tapering behind; breast tumid. Mouth rather large, more or less 
 oblique, or even vertical ; cardiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala- 
 tines. Eye small. Skin smooth, granular or spinous, with numerous 
 fleshy slips. First dorsal spine developed as a small rostral tentacle; 
 second and third dorsal spines strong, covered with skin, with nu- 
 merous fleshy filaments; soft dorsal high and long; anal short and 
 deep; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fins moderate, with a more or less 
 slender wrist, at the lower posterior angle of which are the very small 
 gill-openings; ventral fins well developed. Fantastic-looking fishes; 
 very numerous in warm seas. (Latin antenna, a feeler or tentacle.) 
 
 a. Ventral fins long ; &kin smooth or nearly so ; mouth oblique. {Ptcrophri/noides* Gill. ) 
 
 1303. A. histl'io (L.) J. & G.—Mome-fiah; Toad-fish. 
 
 Yellowish, marbled with brown; 3 dark bands radiating from eye; 
 
 ' Pkrophrync Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803,90: typo Chironcctea boufjainvillei 
 C. & v.; preoccupied as Pterophri/nua: Phroplininoidca Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 l!i78, 2l(>. (Ttrsfjov, wing; <ppvvr/, toad; eidui, resemblance.) This gcuus is per- 
 Lups worthy of retention. 
 
 1 ^ 
 
 
 k-V' 
 
 • t 
 
 ■ ' ^'*- -I 
 
 
 1^ '1 
 
 1 '.' 
 
 ••■■•i 
 
846 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 vertical fins barred with brown; belly and sidea with small white 
 spots. Skin of head and body, as well as dorsal tins, with fleshy tags 
 which are most numerous on the dorsal spines and abdomen. Wrist 
 slender; ventrals large, nearly half as long as head. Dorsal and anjil 
 with the posterior rays not adnate to caudal peduncle. Head L':J; 
 depth IJ. D. III-14; A. 7; V. ."5. Tropical parts of the Atlantic; 
 abundant on our Gulf coast and occasional northward. 
 
 (LophinH Imtrio Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2:17: Chiruiievies Iwvif/atus Cxw. Mom. Mim. 
 iii, 12:J: Antennariua marvtoratua GUiithtT, iii, 1H5: I'terophryne hUtrio Gill, Proc. U. S. 
 Nat. Mu8. 1,216, 1878.) 
 
 ««. Ventral fins short; skin spinous; mouth vertical. (Antennariua.) 
 
 1304. A. aiinulatus Gill. 
 
 Fawn-color, lighter below; many black spots ocellated with white 
 both on the body and flns; body with several pink areas, one of which 
 forms a triangular saddle in front of the dorsal and another a broad 
 ring around the base of the caudal tin; angles of mouth with a pink 
 spot. Mouth large, vertical. First dorsal spine slender and straiglit, 
 terminating in three simple tentacles; third dorsal spine partly im- 
 bedded in the skin ; wrists and pectorals widened ; ventrals short. 
 Skin covered with bifld spines. {QUI.) Garden Key, Florida. 
 
 (Gill, Pioe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 1)2.; 
 
 1305. A. pleurophthaflinus Gill. 
 
 Brown, marbled with lighter, and with scattered black dots; each 
 side with three large black spots ocellated with brownish; one on 
 dorsal near its base, a second immediately below it on the sides, and a 
 third in the middle of the caudal tin ; mouth behind tongue black, with 
 yellow lines. Skin covered with minute bifurcated spines. First dor- 
 sal spine terminating in a fringed lobe; second spine longer than the 
 first, its membrane extending nearly to the base of the third spine, 
 the lattep nearly free. {Gill.) Key West, Florida. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 92.) .,. . 
 
 46§.— CHAUNAX Lowo. 
 
 (Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. iii, 339, 1846: type Chaunax pictus Lowe.) 
 
 Head very large, depressed, cuboid. Mouth large, subvertical ; jaws 
 and palate with cardiform teeth. Skin with minute spines. Spinous 
 dorsal reduced to a small tentacle above the snout; soft dorsal mod- 
 erate, low; anal short. Muciferous channels conspicuous. Atlantic. 
 (;fayvaf, one who gapes.) " 
 
I 
 
 125 (6). CERATIID.f: — CERATIAS. 
 
 847 
 
 1306. C. plctus Lowe. 
 
 Blight orange above; sides rosy; fins vermilion. Kostral tentacle 
 short, pedicellate; umciferous cihannels, appearing as chain-like rows 
 of pits. Uead U; depth 5.^. D. I-ll; A. 5; P. 11; V. 4; C. 7. Deep 
 wa; taken at Madeira and off the coast of Khode Island. 
 
 (Lowe, Trans. Zoiil. 8oc. Load, iii, 331), 1346; Gilnther, iii, 200; Goods, Proc. U. S. 
 Nut. MuB. laaO, 470.) 
 
 ■■ ' u {\ 
 . .-"I" i 
 
 Family CXXV (&).— CERxVTIID/E. 
 
 Head and bo<ly iompressed. Mouth terminal, more or less oblique. 
 Gill openings small, in the lower part of the axils. No i)seadobrauch;3B. 
 Spinous dorsal repn'sented by one or more tentacles. Pectoral mem- 
 bers not geniculated, with short pseudobrachia and three actinosts. 
 No ventral fins. Fishes of the oi)eii seas, usually inhabiting consid- 
 erable depths; about 6 genera and 7 or 8 species known. All are 
 uniform blackish in color. 
 
 (I'ediculati, geuus Ceratias, GUuther, iii, 205: Ceratilda; Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mu8. 
 187H, 216.) 
 
 a. Month moderate. 
 b. Gill-arches imanned; gills 2| pairs, 
 c. Cleft of mouth nearly vertical; skin prickly. 
 
 d. Second dorsal spine developed Ceratias, 469. 
 
 dd. Second dorsal spine obsolete Maxcauas, 470. 
 
 cc. Cleft of mouth nearly horizbntal ; skin smooth ; second dorsal spine developed. 
 
 Oniuooes, 471. 
 
 hb. Gill-arches armed with dentigerons tnbercles; gills in i 2^ pairs; skin with 
 
 scattered tubercles; second dorsal spine obsolete Himantoluphus, 472. 
 
 469.— CERATIAS Kroyer. 
 
 (Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift. 2 raekke, i, 639, 1844: type Ceraiiaa holboUi Kroyer.) 
 
 Head and body much compressed and elevated, covered with ])rickly 
 skin. Mouth wide, its cleft nearly vertical; teeth in jaws conic, mov- 
 able, of moderate size; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gills 2 J; gill- 
 arches unarmed. Spinous dorsal reduced to two spines, one on the 
 head, the other on the back, the basal element of the second spine 
 exserted ; soft dorsal and anal short ; pectorals very short, broad, of 
 about 20 rays. Pyloric coeca 2, small. Skeleton soft, fibrous. Green- 
 land, {xspa-iai;, oiie that has horns.) 
 
 1307. C. holbOlli Krdyer. 
 
 Bhick. Caudal fin very long, lanceolate, longer than the trunk (ex- 
 clusive of head). Cephalic spine reaching, when depressed, beyond 
 
 : .*• 
 
 ti 
 
 
 4 
 
 • »f 
 
 :< 
 
 ^ ' 5, 1 
 
 ! 
 
 -- si 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 1! 
 
 
848 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 base of caudal; membrane behind dorsal and anal extending nearly to 
 base of caudal. D. I, I, 4; A. 4; C. 8; P. 10. Greenland. 
 
 (Kriiyer, Naturb. Tidsskr. 18J4, 031); Guuther, iii, 205.) 
 
 470.— MANC ALIAS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 2'27, 1878: type Ceratlas uranoacopus Murray. 
 
 General characters of Ccratias, but with the sjunous dorsal reduced to 
 a rostral spine, and two fleshy claviform tubercles behind it. Pectora! 
 fins narrow, with about 10 slender rays. (Latin mancus, defective, " v 
 a quasi diininutive termination to correspond with Ceratimsr) 
 
 1 SOS. M. urainoscopus (Murray) Gill. 
 
 Uniibrm black. Antei'ior spine of first dorsal produced in a lon<^ 
 filament, ending in a pei>r-shaped bulb, terminating in a semi-trans- 
 parent whitish si)ot, this spine originating on i)osterior part of head 
 and reaching, when depressed, nearly to the tip of tail; far behind this 
 are two short, fleshy tubercjles, lying in a depression in front of second 
 dorsal. Teeth moderate, depressible. Skin everywhere with niinnh', 
 imbedded conical si)iues. Eyes very small, jilaced high on the middle 
 of the head. J3. 1-3 or 4; A. 4; C. 8; P. 10. (Murray.) Deep seas; 
 taken at Madeira and off the coast of Southern New England. 
 
 {Cctaiim vranosrotmH Murray, iti Wyville Thonii)>i'Jii, The Atlautic, ii, 67, 187'^; Gill, 
 1. c. 228; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,409.) 
 
 471.— ONIRODES Llitkeu. 
 
 (Oncirodes Tiiltken, Overs. Kong, ranak. "Videnak. Selak. Forlinndl. 1871, 56: type 
 Otuirodcs each rich Hi LUtkcu.) 
 
 Head and body compressed, oval, covered with smooth skin. IMouth 
 moderate, almost horizontal; vomer with teeth. Gill arches nnarnu'd; 
 gills in 2.} pairs. Spinous dorsal represented by a rostral spir'.e, tlie 
 basal element of which is procun^.bent and subcutaneous, and a second 
 spine about midway between the rostral spine and the soft dorsal. 
 GreeulaQd. {wstitwSr^q^ dream-like, in allusion to the sn»all, almost 
 covered, eyes.) 
 
 1300. O. cschrichti T.utken. 
 
 Black; terminal half of the bulb of the cephalic sjjine wliitisli. 
 
 Cephalic spine with a bulbous termiuation, surmounted by slender 
 
 filanfjuts, in several transverse rows. Caudal fin shorter than trunU, 
 
 without head. D. 11-4. Deep sea, off Greenland. [QUI.) 
 
 (Liltken, Dansk. "iJensk. Solsk. Forb. 1871, 67; Gill, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1878, 
 218.) 
 
126. MALTHIDiE. 849 
 
 4T2.-HIlIAWT01.OPHf IS Reinhardt. 
 * ' ' {Corynolophua Gill.) ' ^;, : ->^ v 
 
 (Reiuliardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. 1837, 74 : type Himantolo^hua grwnlandious 
 Eeinhardt.) 
 
 Body and head oval, compressed. Skin more or less prickly. Mouth 
 moderate, the cleft oblique, the joint of the mandible below the eyes. 
 Gills in ^2| pairs; gill-arches armed with dentigerous tubercles. Spin- 
 ous dorsal represented only by a single long rostral spine, the basal 
 element of which is procumbent and subcutaneous. Greenland, (f/xa?, 
 a iliong; A<>v?«?, tuft.) 
 
 1310. H. g[roenlandicus Reinh. 
 
 Body oblong-oval. Cephalic ray i>rovided with about 11 tentacles. 
 Depth 2;^. D. 1-9; P. 12. Greenland. {OUl.) 
 (lidiiliardt, 1. c. 74; Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 187S, 218.) 
 
 1311. H. rciiiliardti Liitken. 
 
 Body short-oval. Cephalic ray § length of head, with about 8 ten- 
 tacles. Skin Mparsely covered with thoru-like prickles. Depth IJ. 
 D. 1-5; P. 17. Greenland. (OUL) 
 
 (Liltkon, Kong. Dansl:. Videusk. Sulsk. 1878, 321: Corynolophus rciiihardti Gill, 1. c. 
 2iy.) 
 
 Family CXXVI.—MALTHIDiE. 
 
 {The Bat-Jishes.) :'■ ■ . 
 
 Head very broad and depressed, the snout more or less elevated, the 
 trunk short and slender. Mouth not large, subterminal or inferior, the 
 lower jaw included; teeth villiforra or cardiform. Gill-openings v<»ry 
 small, above and behind the axils of the pectoral iins. Body and head 
 (jovered with bony tubercles or spines. Spinous dorsal reduced to a 
 ismall rostr.il tentacle, which is retractile into a cavity under a promi- 
 iK'ut process on the forehead; in one genus the rostral tentacle is ob 
 solotc; soft dorsal and anal Iins small and short; ventrnls well devel- 
 oped; pectoral fin well developed, its base strongly angled, with long 
 pseudobracliia and 3 actinosts. Branchiostegals 5; no i)seu(lol)ninchiiu. 
 Genera 3; species about 10; chieHy American. z >t_i .: - iM-«- 
 
 {I'cd'n'iilali yiart; gcuora il/a/</ic and i/rt/ic«tort Giiuther, iii, 200-20'.) ' ■ ■ '' 
 
 a. Snout produced; tooth on jaws, vomer, and palatini's; mouth small. 
 
 h. Kostial tontaclo present Malthe, 473. 
 
 ail, Snout ohtUHo; disk orbicular. 
 
 e. Mouth Hnuiil; rostral tentacle obsolete; teeth on vomer and palatines. 
 
 Haueutioiitiiys, 474. 
 cc. Mouth wi«le; rostral tentacle present; uo teeth on vomer or palatines. 
 
 llALIKUTililA, 475. 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 54 
 
 *>* 'r| 
 
 •^ n 
 
 k4 
 
 •« 'J 
 
 *fc-.*,.V'fg 
 
 
 
 
 to./' 
 
 ^^vJ 
 
850 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 473.— MALTHE Ciivier. 
 
 Sea Bats. ! * 
 
 (Cuvier, R^gno Animal, ii, 1817: typo Lophiua rcspertilio L.) 
 
 Body stoutisli; head very broad and depressed, trianguhir in form 
 the forehead elev-ated aud produced. Mouth rather small, sub-inferior- 
 villiform teeth in bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Skin with con- 
 ical, bony protuberances. Dorsal and anal fins very small; rostral ten- 
 tacle present, retractile into a cavity under a bony prominence on the 
 forehead; ventrals i)re8eut, I, 5, well seiiai-ated. Ho air-bladder' no 
 pyloric cojca. Coasts of America. (/i«A</ij, a name of some soft-bodied 
 fish.) ; . 
 
 1313. m. vosportilio (Linn.) Cnv. —Bat-finh. 
 
 Pale grayish brown above, reddish below. Distance bctwcou tlic 
 anterior angles of orbits much less than that between the posterior 
 angles; forehead produced in a sub-conical process, w' i(;h is variable 
 in length but longer than in the other species, about iV «f total length; 
 rostral groove longer than broad. D. 4; A. 4. L. C inches. Atlantic 
 coasts of America, chiefly southward. 
 
 (Lophiiia resperlilio Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, iii, 200.) 
 
 Subap. nasuta (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G. 
 
 Dusky above, with round, black spots, edged with whitish. Rostral 
 
 process short, about one-thirteenth of the length of the body; cavity of 
 
 rostral tentacle higher than broad; vent behind middle of body; widtli 
 
 across arms about half length of body. Head 2. D. 4; A. 4. South 
 
 Atlantic coast of th3 United States. 
 
 {Malthcva vasnta and notata Cnv. & Val. xii, 452, 453: Mallhc iiotata LUtken Naturh. 
 Foren. Videusk. Meddela. 18G5, 4.) 
 
 1313. M. ciibifrons Rich. 
 
 Rostral cavity somewhat broader than high ; distance between ante- 
 rior angles of orbits about equal to Ihat between the posterior angles; 
 snout not produced beyond the rostial cavity, but with a cylindrical 
 button-like tubercle slightly contracted at base, pointing obliquely up- 
 wards aud forwards; caudal peduncle very thick and heavy. Jlead L'; 
 width across arms 2. D. 4; A. 4. Coast of Florida; the original type 
 said to have come from Labrador. Ileaches a length of more than a 
 foot. 
 
 (Richards, Fauu. Bor.-Amcr. Fish. p. 103; GUnthor, iii, S03.} 
 
126. MALTHID^— HALIEUT^EA. 
 
 851 
 
 474. HAL.IEVTICIITIIYS Poey. 
 
 (Pooy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 89: type Ualmitichthi/a reticulatus Poey.) 
 
 Disk suborbicjilar, about as long as the rest of the body (including 
 caudal fin); forehead with a transverse bonj- ridge, the cavity beneath 
 it being without a tentacle; mouth rather small, inferior, the lower jaw 
 nearly semicircular; teeth fine, on jaws and palate. Dorsal and anal 
 fins with four rays each, {dkuu-rj^, lisher; i'/On^, fish.) 
 
 1314. H. aciileatus (Mitch.) Goode. 
 
 Color gray, reticulated with blackish; caudal with three blackish 
 bands. Disk longer than wide and somewhat narrowed anteriorly ; 
 ridges armed with simple spines; five bicuspid spines on each lateral 
 margin of the disk, and between them smaller, simple ones; five spine.s 
 forming a pentagon before interorbital area; one over each orbit, and 
 4 on a ridge behind each orbit. D. 4; A. 4. {Gill.) Cuba to Southern 
 Florida. 
 
 < LophiuH aciileattm Mitch. Amor. Monthly Mafj. ii, 325, 181H; ffalieutichthifii rMculatiii 
 ro(\v MSS., Gill, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. iBGJ, Dl; Goodo, Proc. U. !S. Nat. Mu«. 
 ii, 109, 1879.) 
 
 475. HAIilEIJT^A Cuvior& Valenciennes. 
 
 (CnvieriSc. ValoncienncH, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 45.'j, 1H37: type Lophius HteUatus Wahl.) 
 Head very large, broad, depressed, its outline nearly circular; cleft 
 of the mouth wide, horizontal; jaws with small cardiform teeth; no 
 teeth on vomer or palatines. Skin everywhere covered with small, stel- 
 late spines. Forehead with a transverse bony ridge, beneath which is 
 a tentacle, retractile into a cavity, the only rudiment of the spinous 
 dorsal fin; soft dorsal and anal very short, far back. Gills 2 J, the 
 anterior gill-arch without lamina'. Ii ranch iostegals 6; vertebrae 17. 
 Warm seas. {dhsuTrj^y one who fishes.) 
 
 1319. 11. scnticosa Goode. 
 
 Kedn >h gray, whitish below. Disk orbicular, nearly as broad as 
 long, its titlines i)rolonged on eacdi sid(^ in a strong spine, armed at tip 
 with a group of spinelets; skin above with numerous stout, conical stel- 
 lated spines, largest posteriorly ; a marginal series of dose-set spines, 
 besides 5 to 7 on each carpal pe<luncle; outside of the rasirginal spinea 
 is a row of 5 depressed, knifcvlike spines, each with a crown of three 
 spinelets; these two rows of marginal spines coalesc/ing on the front 
 edge of disk forming a bristling row, pointing in different direo- 
 lions; small stellate prickles in the interspaces of the larger spines 
 
 ■. ' . 1 q 
 
 * A. 
 .■ i"^^ ' -'-in 
 
 '^'k^P 
 
 '■-■' .11 
 
 {. 
 
 ■ m 
 
 
 .\ '..y. l 
 
852 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 and on the ventral surface. Snout somewhat projecting, with three 
 niultifld spines J a ridge armed with spines across front of eyes over 
 top of snout; four of these spines larger than others; rostral tentacle 
 club-shaped, trilobat:5 at tip; width of mouth equal to distance between 
 centers of eyes. Head 2.^; width of disk 2. D. 1-6; A. 4; C. 8- P. 
 14; V. 5. Deep water oft" southern New England. {Goodc.) 
 (Goodc, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1880, 467.) 
 
 Obi>er W.-PLECTOGNATHI. 
 
 {The riectognaths.) 
 
 Scapula suspended to the cranium by a posttemporal ; premaxillaries 
 usually coossified with the maxillaries behind, and the dentary bones 
 with the articular; pharyngeal bones distinct; posttemporal coiissified 
 with the epiotio Jiud undivided ; interoperculum a slender rod ; siiperior 
 pharyngeals laminar, usually vertical and transverse; skin with rouj-h 
 scales or covered with shields or spines, sometimes naked; skeleton 
 incompletely ossified, the vertebra) in small number; ventral fins re- 
 duced to a single spine or wanting; air-bladder without pneumatic duet. 
 This group is a modified offshoot from Acanthopteri, its nearest rela- 
 tives being the Gh(vtodontid(e and the Acanthuridce. (rrAezro?, braided or 
 plaited; yvdOo^, y,iw.) 
 
 (riccto(/natlii Gihither, vin, 207-220.) 
 
 ANALYSIS OP FAMILIES OF PLECTOGNATHI. 
 
 o. Jaws with distinct teeth. ' :■. ' ■ 
 
 b. A' t'ntnil lins obsolete. - 
 
 c. Tootli narrow; body with an immovable carapace of hexagonal plates; no 
 
 spiuons dorsal : Osri! aciid.k, W, 
 
 CO. Teeth incisor-lilio; body with scales or movable plates; spinony dorsal prosont. 
 
 Balistidj^, 128. 
 at?. Jaws each modified into a soit of beak, withont distinct teeth; no sj)ii)ous dorsal. 
 
 rf. Body little compressed; vertical fins distinct TKTKonoxrin.K, I'id. 
 
 dd. Body much compressed; vertical lius more or less confluent around llic fiiil. 
 
 OUTUAGOKISCIIhE, 130. 
 
 Famil" CXXVII.— OSTRACIID^. 
 
 {The Trunkfislies.) 
 
 Body short, cuboid, triquetrous or pentagonal, covered by a carnpaeo 
 formed of firmly united six-sided plates, the jaws, bases of the This, and 
 caudal peduncle free and covered by smooth skin. Mouth small ; Ciicli 
 jaw with a single series of long, narrow teeth. Gill opening a nearly 
 
127. OSTRACIIDiE OSTRACIUM. 
 
 853 
 
 vertical slit, below aud behind tlie eye. Dorsal tin single, short, with- 
 out spine; anal short, similar to dorsal; caudal rounded; no ventral 
 fins; vertebrae 14, the anterior elongate, the last five extremely short; 
 no ribs. Genera two; species about 20; chiefly of the tropical seas. 
 "Tlie locomotion of the trunk-fishes is very peculiar. The propell- 
 ing; force is exerted by the dorsal and anal fins, which have a half 
 rotary, sculling motion, resembling that of a screw-i)ropeller; the cau- 
 dal fin acts as a rudder, save when it is needeel for unusually rai>id 
 swimming, when it is used as in other fishes; the chief function of tlie 
 broad pectorals seems to be that of forming a current of water through 
 the gills, thus aiding respiration, which would otherwise be diiiicult on 
 account of the narrowness and inflexibility of the branchial apertures. 
 When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live for two or 
 three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored 
 to its native element seems none the worse for its experience, except 
 that, on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at once sink to the bot- 
 tom" {Ooode). 
 {Solerodenni, group Oatraciontina, Glinther, viii, 255-268.) 
 
 a. Carapace forming a contiuuous bridge behind anal lin ; ventral surface not cari- 
 uatcd OsTUACiu.M, 475. 
 
 I'V, 
 
 -m'- 
 
 476.— OSTRAClVJfl Linnieus. 
 
 {Ostracion, Aric^i; Linnicus Syst. Nat. x, X\0, 1758: type Ostracion enhieus Liniirens.) 
 Trunk-fishen with trigonal, tetragonal, or pentagonal carapace, the 
 ventral surface never carinated; carapace closed behind the anal tin. 
 Temperate and tropical seas ; the trigonal species confined to the west- 
 ern Atlantic, {dfrrpaxtov, diminutive of vffTfidxovj any hard object, like the 
 shell of a mollusk.) 
 
 a. Body three-angled. (Lacfoplirya Swaiuson.) 
 h. No snpraocnhir spine. 
 
 1316. O. trlgonuin Linn.— rrMHA;-/«/(. 
 
 Uniform brown, with numerous irregularly gronpinl whitish spots, 
 most abundant on caudal peduncle; young specimens with a black 
 blotch on sides behind gill-openings. Body three-angled; no spine 
 before eyes. Each ventral ridge with a large, flat spine ; dorsal ridgo 
 bigh and sharply compressed, descending rather rapidly forward and 
 ending opposite posterior margin of orbit; carapace open behind the 
 dorsal fin. Head 4 in length; height of sides 2. D. 10; A. 10. West 
 Indies; occasional on our coast southward. 
 
 (Linntcus, Syst. Nat. x, 330, 1758; Gilnther, viii, 256; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 1879, 270: Lactoiihrys irigonus Pooy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 362, 18()1.) 
 
 Si:- 
 .. ■■' ''if'- >i 
 
 . ■ ^ kV\i 
 
 ■ ■ •"'t-i • ft 
 
 
 ,,-:!, 
 
 1-S^i ii 
 
 ^:■ ^1 
 
 •".f;;;!*^ 
 
 y::m 
 
 m 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 i i 
 
 
 '? 
 
 'il 
 
 i 
 
 ■4 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 "^ v ] 
 
 
 
 ; ^ ■ I 
 
 
854 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 bh. Supraocular spiuea present, strong, directed forward. {Acanthoatraciuvi Blocker.) 
 1317« O* quadricorne L. — Cow-fish; Cuckold. 
 
 Color brown, yellow, blue, or green, with irregular blue blotches • the 
 centers of the scutes often lighter than the margins. Carapace trigonal • 
 adults with a broad low ridge on each side of the back, the dorsal ridge 
 more elevated than in the young, which are somewhat tetragonal. Ven- 
 tral surface nearly flat; angles of body carinate; a stout spine directed 
 forwards over each eye; abdominal spines flat, directed backward; me- 
 dian dorsal spine seldom present, never persistent; bridges behind dor- 
 sal and anal each ending in a flat spine; under side of caudal peduncle 
 with a free plate; carapace closed behind dorsal fin. Head 4^; d(»ptli 
 2jV. D. 10; A. 10. Tropical parts of the Atlantic; common on our coast 
 southward. 
 
 (Linnieus, Syst- Nat. x, 331, 1758; GUnther viii, 257; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 1p79, 278.) 
 
 Family CXXVIIL— BALISTID.E. 
 
 {The Trigger -fishes.) ,;,.... 
 
 Body oblong, or ovate, more or less compressed, covered with rough 
 scales or scutes of varying structure, the scutes not forming a carapace. 
 INIouth small, terminal, low ; jaws short, each with one or more series of 
 separate incisor-like teeth ; eye near the occiput ; preorbital very deep. 
 Gill-openings small, slit-like, above or in front of the pectoral fins. 
 Dorsal fins two, the anterior of one to three spines, the first spine high- 
 est; second dorsal remote from the first, of many soft rays; caudal fin 
 rounded or forked j ventral tins wanting, their jdace sometimes occu- 
 pied by a single spine at the end of the very long, usually movable, 
 pubic bone. Genera about 8; species about 100. Carnivorous fislies; 
 inhabitants of the warm seas. , ; , 
 
 (ZiaZi«<ido), group /JttiJ8<ina, GUutber, viii, 211-25.5.) 
 
 a. Dorsal sjunes three ; body covered with thick scales or plates. (Baliatinai.) 
 
 Bali8Tp:s, 477. 
 aa. Dorsal spine single or followed by a rudiment; skin with minute, rough scales. 
 {Alonacantliina!.) 
 b. Ventral spine present; gill-slit short, nearly vertical; anal rays about 30. 
 
 MONACANTUUS, 478. 
 
 bb. Ventral spine obsolete; gill-slit long, oolique; anal rays about 40 to 50. 
 
 ' ■ ■ _^ ,, ; ,, ■.::^.,.:_.-< ': Alutera, 479. 
 
 477.— BAlilSTES Linnajus. 
 
 , , Trigger-fishes. t-r-' ■ ■ 
 
 (Artedi; Linnieus, Syetema Naturie, 1758: tyT^o lialistea vetulua Tj.) 
 
 Body compressed, covered with thick, rough scales or plates. Both 
 
128. BALISTIDJE — BALISTES. 
 
 855 
 
 jaws with iticisor-like teeth, usually four on each side, in each jaw. 
 First dorsal of three spines, the anterior of which is much the largest 
 (the third rarely minutt or obsolete); second dorsal and anal rather 
 long, similar to each other, often falcate or filamentous in front; caudal 
 fin usually rounded, with the outer rays produced; })elvic bone very 
 long, with a blunt, usuallj^ movable spine at its end; no barbels; 
 brunch iostegals G; vertebraj 7 + 10. Species very numerous in the 
 tropical seas. (/5«AcD, to shoot.) ^ , • 
 
 a. Caudal peduncle compressod ; teeth white, unev<!ii, more or less notched ; cheeks 
 without naked stripes; larger bony plates behind gill-opening. 
 6. A groove in front of the eye; tail without sxiiues or tuberclea. {Balistes,) 
 
 131§. B. vctuliis L. 
 
 Two curved, bluish, dark-edged bands on the side of the head, the 
 lower from the angle of the mouth towards the throat, the upper from 
 above the snout to the root of the pectoral ; a black light-edged line, 
 similarly curved below the eye; several other similar lines radiating 
 from the eye; caudal fin margined above and below with bluish, and 
 with an intra-marginal bluish band ; dorsal and anal tins wath trans- 
 verse bluish bands; young with some irregular oblique black lines fol- 
 lowing the rows of scales. Scales on head much smaller and more 
 icrowded than those on body; third dorsal spine shorter and weaker 
 than second; caudal fin widely forked, the lobes filamentous and about 
 equal. Head 3; depth 1^. D. 111-29; A. 27; Lat. 1. 03. Tropical parts 
 of the Atlantic; occasional on our coast. 
 
 (Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, viii, 215.) 
 
 1319. B. capriscus Gmelin. — Leather-jacket. 
 
 Uniform brownish; second dorsal and anal chequered or marked 
 with interrupted longitudinal brown lines ; caudal mottled ; young 
 with numerous small dark-brown dots. Third dorsal spine shorter but 
 stouter than the second; plates on head similar to those on the body; 
 caudal lobes produced in the adult; soft dorsal high, its longest rays 
 li in head. Head 3^; depth 1^. D. III-27; A. 25; Lat. 1. 51 to 57 
 (G2 in specimens from Italy) ; about 35 scales in an oblique series from 
 vent upward and forward. Warm seas; occasional northward; com- 
 mon on our Gulf coast and in the Mediterranean. 
 
 (Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1471, 1788; GUntlier, viii,*217: lialistes fulujinosus Dekay, Now 
 York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 339.) 
 
 * "■■'■'■'" -'^■' -N ' * . .' ■ .. " '-.-f 
 
 1390. B. powcli Copo. . v,.,^ _ ,.^.„Ar. -..,„.:,,' . 
 
 Ashy above, pale below; sides everywhere with series of longitudi- 
 nally oval azure spots j dorsal and anal fins marked with smaller blue^ 
 
 
 
 --^,^-,-,-1- 
 
 
 
 'm 
 
856 CONTRIBUTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 spots. Form elevated, profile convex; scales without prominent spines* 
 two or three scapxilar plates; first dorsal spine rugose, 1^ in muzzle- 
 third dorsal spine well developed. Head 3^ in total length; depth l^J • 
 D. III-2G; A. 22. (Cope.) Newport, Rhode Island; a doubtful species 
 (probably strayed from the West Indies). 
 (Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 120.) 
 
 478.— ]fIONACAWTHUS Cuvier. 
 (Ciivier, Rbgne Animal, ii, 1817: typo Monacanthua chinenaia Cuvier.) 
 
 Body short and deep, very strongly compressed, covered with minute 
 rough scales. Moutli very small ; upper jaw with a double series of 
 incisor-like teeth, usually six in the outer and four in the inner series* 
 lower jaw with about six incisors in a single series ; teeth conuiveiit 
 unequal ; gill-opening a small slit, shorter than the eye, nearly vertical 
 below the posterior part of the eye, and just in front of upper edge of 
 pectoral. Dorsal spine large or small; second dorsal and anal fins simi- 
 lar to each other, of about 30 rays each; caudal fin moderate, rounded • 
 l)elvic bone with a blunt si)ine; the bone connected by a movable flap 
 of varying size; side of tail often with a patch of spines, especially in 
 the males ; no barbel. Vertebrre 7 -f 11 to 14. Species very numerous 
 in warm seas, (/zwco?, one; ^zav<?a, spine.) *^ 
 
 a. Ventral spine movable ; dorsal spine with retrorse bai'bs. • 
 
 b. Abdominal flap greatly developed, extending beyond the ventral spine. 
 (Monacanthua.) 
 
 1321. HE. occidcntalis Giinther. 
 
 Brownish, mottled with lighter; a broad brown band across the 
 middle of the ventral flap. Scales very small, without median crest. 
 Spines becoming longer on caudal peduncle, which has in addition 2 
 or 3 pairs of strong spines curved forward, these prominent only in 
 adults; ventral flap longer than head, about ^ length of body. Scales 
 on ventral flap developed as flat plates, with their free margins pecti- 
 nate. Snout pointed, the upper profile concave. Dorsal spine strong, 
 nearly as long as head, armed behind with 2 rows of retrorse barbs; 
 ventral spine small, rough. Head 3^; depth 1^. D. 1-30; A. 30. 
 West Indies; occasional on our southern coasts. 
 
 -- (Giiuther, viii, 237.) -4^--^-.,;. --■-.^..-r-r'--.-:'-:--' :---'-- .:.: ..:^-:- :.:.;„-;,--, - 
 
 lih. Abdominal flap moderate, not extending beyond the pelvic spine. (Stephanolepis' 
 • Gill.) - ■ „. ,.: V ■ -'■ 
 
 1322. M,hvoccns(Mitch.)Dek.— Fool-fiah; File-fiah. 
 
 Dull-greenish, mottled with darker; fins olivaceous, soniewbat 
 
 *Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1801, 78: tyjie Monacanthua aetifer Bennett. 
 {6rr'f(plivo?, crown; Xenti, scale.) 
 
128. BALISTID^ MONACANTHUS. 
 
 857 
 
 blotched. Body rather deep. Jaws subequal ; eyes large, more tlian 
 J length of snout. Gill-opening about as long as eye, separated from 
 tli<o eye by an interspace nearly equal to its length. Anterior profile 
 slightly concave. Dorsal spine somewhat shorter than snout, inserted 
 above posterior part of eye, stout, rough, armed behind with 2 rows of 
 retrorse barbs. First ray of soft dorsal said to be sometimes filament* 
 0118 (not so in our specimens) ; pectorals small. Pelvic bone long, end- 
 ing in a short, blunt, movable spine, beyond which the abdominal flap 
 does not extend; length of free edge of flap when expanded not greater 
 than diameter of eye. Scales minute, each with a crest of about 3 
 prickles, those on caudal peduncle villous, those on the ventral flap 
 larger, elongate; no naked areas; no recurved spines on tail. Head 
 3|; depth IJ. D. 1-32; A. 32. L. 6 inches. Cape Cod to Tropical 
 Seas; abundant on our South Atlantic coast. 
 
 (BaliHtea broccua Mitch. Trans, Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 407, 1815: Monaoantliua hroccua, 
 masaaehiiaeUenaia, and aetifcr Dek. N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 3U5-H37: Monacanthna maa- 
 mthuacttensia Storer, Fish. Mass. 426: Monacanthua aelifer (iu imrfS Giiuther, viii, 240: 
 Stephanolepia aeti/cr Gill.) 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 1333. M. davidsoiii Cjpe. 
 
 Brown, with 5 longitudinal bands with pale centres, the upper and 
 lower forming 3 dark blotches at the base of dorsal and anal; head 
 unspotted; caudal with a brown cross- band. Scales with 3 scutes on 
 a common base; longer, slender, recurved spines on tail, in 2 clusters 
 of 3 each; sides with slender scattered filaments. Dorsal spine with 
 strong teeth, its height one-half depth of body. Pelvic plate elongate, 
 spinous all aronnd. Depth 2|. D. 1-30; A. 28. Florida Reef. {Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Trans. Auier. Phil. Soc. Phila. xiv, 470, 1870.) 
 
 1324. ]fl. spilonotus Cope. 
 
 Light-brown; some longitudinal lines just below the dorsal fin, the 
 median developing a dark spot below the middle of the soft dorsal. 
 Scales each sui)porting a pedicle, whose summit divides into 4 or 5 rad- 
 iating spines. Body elongate; outline of front straight. Dorsal spine 
 long, with simple teeth, 4.[ in lengtli of body; dorsal and anal fins me- 
 dially elevated; no brush or spines on caudal peduncle. Pelvic shield 
 elongate, spinous all aronnd, the movable portion x>i'*J8ent. Depth 2^j 
 I). 1-32; A. 31. Gulf of Mexico. {Cope.) 
 
 (Copo, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. xiv, 47G, 1870.) :• *-" 
 
 ■i 
 
858 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 aa. Ventral spine fixed; dorsal spine weak, without barbs ; abdominal flap moderate 
 (Cantherinea* Swaiuson.) 
 
 133<S. m. pullus Ranz. 
 
 Coloratiou variable, generally with a whitish spot behind tlie last 
 dorsal ray. Body moderately elevated. Snout moderately produced 
 with the upper profile slightly concave. Posterior margin of eye di- 
 recti/ above axil. Adults with two pairs of strong recurved si)in('8 
 on each side of tail; caudal short. Dorsal spine nearly straight rather 
 shorter than head, without barbs, situated above the front of eye. Skin 
 with a velvety appearance; the scales minute. Depth about 2. D. I- 
 35; A. 31. {Oiinther.) Tropical Seas, north to Southern Florida. 
 
 (Rauzani, Nov. Connn. Act. Sci. Inst. Bonon. v, 4, 184'.J: f Monacanlliua pardalia Rilp. 
 pell, N. W. Fish, 1855, 57: Monacanihus pardalia Giiutber, viii, 230.) 
 
 .. 479.— AL.UTEBA Ciivier. 
 ; File-Jishes. ; 
 
 (Cnvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, ii, 829, 1829 : type Baliates monoceroa Osbeck.) 
 
 Body oblong or rather elongate, strongly compressed, covered with 
 minute, rough scales. Mouth and teeth essentially as in Monaeanthus 
 but the lower jaw more ]n< ;tiug, so that the lower teeth are directed 
 obliquely upward and backward. Gill-opening an oblique slit, longer 
 than eye, situated below and in advance of eye, its posterior end be- 
 hind base of pectorals. Pelvic bone long, fidcate, movable under the 
 skin, without spine at its extremity. Dorsal spine small, inserted over 
 the eye, rough, but without barbs; soft dorsal and anal long, each of 
 36-50 rays; caudal fin convex; pectorals small. Species numerous. 
 (? u?.(iuTo<;, unAvashed.) 
 
 1326. A. schOBpffi (Walb.) Goode. 
 
 Dull-greenish, marbled with lighter and darker ; lower lip dusky. 
 
 Eye small, about 4 in snout. Gill-slit nearly twice as long as eye, its 
 
 upper posterior edge nearly under the middle of the eye. Pectoral fins 
 
 scarcely half longer than eye. Dorsal spine slender; dorsal and aual 
 
 fins low; caudal very long in the young, becoming shorter in the 
 
 adult. Scales minute, shagreen-like, uniform over the body. Head 
 
 3§ - length; depth 2^. D. 1-36; A. 38. L. 16 inches. Cape Cod to 
 
 West Indies; abundant southward. 
 
 {Baliates achocpffi Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 461: Baliatea aurantiacua Mitchill, 
 Trans. Lit. & Pbil. Soc. N. Y. i, 468, 1815(adnlt): Alutera cmpicauda Dokay, New 
 York Fauna, Fisb. 1842, .338 (young): Ceratacanthua aurantiacua Gill (adult).) 
 
 • Swainsou, Class. Fisb. etc. ii, 327, 18391 type Cantherinea naautita Swainson: Balis- 
 tea aandwichenaia Q. & G. {navOoi, ass j piv, snout.) {=^Liomonacanihua etc. Bleeker.) 
 
129. TETRODONTIDiE LAGOCEPHALUS. 859 
 
 139T. A. scripta (Osbeck) Bloeker. 
 
 Head and body with irregular blue spots and lines, and small, round 
 black spots. Skin finely velvety. Body oblong, its depth equal to dis- 
 tance from snout to posterior margin of orbit. Snout produced, the 
 upper profile concave. Dorsal spine very feeble, above middle of orbit. 
 Piirt of gill-opening in advance of orbit. Pectoral fin inserted below 
 orbit; caudal elongate, about as long as head; dorsal and anal low. 
 Depths. D. 46; A. 50. {QUnther.) Tropical seas; occasionally north 
 to ^outh Carolina. 
 
 {BalUtea acriptiia Osbeck, Itin. i, 144, 1771: Monacanthus acriptm Giiiither, viii, ^52.) 
 
 Family CXXIX.—TETRODONTIDiE. ' 
 
 {The Puffers.) 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, usually little compressed, and sometimes 
 very broad; belly capable of great inflation; skin scaleless, usually 
 more or less prickly, sometimes with strong spines. Teeth in each jaw 
 wholly confluent, forming a sort of beak which in each jaw is some- 
 times divided by a median suture ; lips full; nostrils various. Fins of 
 soft rays only ; dorsal flu posterior, opposite and similar to the anal; 
 caudal fin distinct; no ventral fins; pectoral fin short and broad, its 
 upper rays longest. Pelvic bone undeveloped. Gill-openings small, 
 close in front of the pectorals; air-bladder present. Genera about 10; 
 species 80; inhabiting warm seas; noted for their habit of filling the 
 stomach with air. When inflated, the diameter of the belly is often 
 greater than the length of the body. 
 
 ((Ji/mwofioHfes, group Te<ro(foM<i»a Giinther, viii, 270-3ie.) ^ ^ 
 
 a. Both jaws divided by a median suture. (Tetrodontinw.) 
 
 b. Nostril on each side a single tube, with two openings, » 
 
 c. Dorsal and anal falcate, of 12 to 15 rays each Lagocephalus, 480. 
 
 cc. Dorsal and anal of 6 to 8 rays each Tetrouon, 481. 
 
 aa. Both jaws entire, without median suture. (Diodontinw.) 
 
 d. Spines very small, flexible, bristle-like, mostly two-rooted. 
 
 TlUCHODIODON, 482. 
 
 dd. Spines strong, stiff, erectile, mostly two-rooted Diodon, 483. 
 
 ddd. Spines very strong, immovable, mostly three-rooted. 
 
 :;.-'>••-,. ,■ ■-i»>v '';'' ;'- '■ ^ ■'=. 1 "■■:-..-'-.' i. 'J -^ CHILOMYCTERUS, 484. 
 
 ^^ ■ 4§0.— LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson. v? - ^ 
 
 — -- — ( Gaatrophysua MilUer. ) ~ " "" ~ 
 
 (Swainson, Class. Fish. etc. 1839, 328: type Tetrodon lagocephalus L.) 
 
 Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, the 
 prickles most developed on the abdomen j abdomen capable of very 
 
 '■i i ' ■ ' hm 
 
 i 
 
 ■1: : 1 
 
 f 
 
 ^lA 
 
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 i(^H 
 
 
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 I 
 
 ■:■ .* 
 
 ^■' 
 
 
 
 r ''1^^"' 
 
 'm 
 
 
 
860 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 great inflation. Dorsal and anal flus rather long, falcate, of 12 to 15 
 rays each; caudal limatt\ A siuglo nasal tube on each side with two 
 openin},'s near its tip. Jaws each with median suture. Lower side of 
 tail with a fold. (A«^»?, hare; ze^axyj, head, from the incisor teeth). 
 
 1328. I,. liKvluatUS (Linu.) Gill— Tambm- ; Smooth Puffer. 
 
 Olive green above, sides and below silvery white. Body elongate 
 the tail slender. Back and sides smooth ; belly prickly, the spinous 
 region oblong, extending from the throat backwards nearly to the vent 
 and on sides nearly as high as base of pectoral fins; spines couipara 
 tively large, three-rooted, well separated and with no smaller ones in- 
 termixed. Eye large, silvery, 2 in snout, 1^ in the flat interorbital 
 space. Gill-opening midway between snout and front of dorsal. Dor- 
 sal and anal fins large and falcate, the last rays rajmlly shortened- 
 height of dorsal 1^ in head; caudal fin lunate, the longest ray li in 
 head; fold of skin on sides of tail very distinct, ridge-like. Head 3.;. 
 D. 14; depth 4J. A. 12. Tropical seas, north to Cape Cod. 
 {Tetrodon lavigatua L. Syst. Nat. i, 411: Tetrodon Icevigatua Giiuther, viii, 274.) 
 
 4§1.— TETBODON* LinnoBUB. f-?lk^» "li- ( 
 
 (Tetrodon, Leisomua and Cirrhiaomus Swainson: Cheilichthya Miillcr: Anchiaomus Kaup.) 
 {Tetraodon Jjiniioivis, Syst. "Nat. : tyj)e Tetraodon teatudineua Jj.) 
 
 Body oblong, usually little elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth, 
 sometimes with cirri. A single nasal tube on each side, with two open- 
 ings near its tip. Dorsal and anal fins short, little falcate, of 6 to 8 rays 
 each; caudal truncate or rounded. Jaws each with median suture. 
 Species numerous, in warm seas, (^er/ja, four; ddiuv^ tooth.) 
 
 a. Tail without fold below. 
 b. Skiu almost Hmootb. 
 
 1329. T. politus Girard. ' "^ > 
 
 Brown, with very numerous small, round, dark spots above; usually 
 pale curved cross-bars i)resent, in the form of concentric rings, one on 
 middle of back in front of dorsal, inclosing a dark area, another sur- 
 rounding this, the remainder appearing as bars, anteriorly running 
 downward and backward, posteriorly downward and forward. Skin 
 smooth; spines rudimentary or obsolete, on belly only, imbedded in 
 
 * The earliest subdivision of the genus Teti-odon seems to be that made by Swainaou 
 in 1839. But one Linntean species (teatudineua') is retained in the genus by Swainson. 
 The section to which it belongs contains numerous species, and may well retain the 
 original generic name. The value of the subdivisions is doubtful, but they may be 
 retained for the present at least. 
 
129. TETRODONTin^ TETRODON. 
 
 861 
 
 wrinkles of the skin; no caudal fold; naaal tentacles distinctly per- 
 forate. Interorbital area flat; sides without cirri. Head 3; depth 4J. 
 D. 7; A. 0. San Diego to Panama; very common southward. 
 
 (Tetrodon poUtuH Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 340: Telrodon polUu$ 
 
 Giiuther, viii, 281.) v ,^v 
 
 jift. Skin prickly, more or less. '* » > ', y^ 
 
 ,'■•,«■ ■■,■■■'■' 
 
 1330. T. testudineus L. 
 
 Dark brown above, marbled with lighter; sides to below pectoral 
 fins yellowish brown, marked with many ronnd dark spots; belly and 
 fins immaculate; back, from interorbital region nearly to base of dorsal 
 fin, axils of pectoral and belly nearly to vent covered with minute, 
 imbedded spines. Snout, sides, and tail naked ; snout rather produced, 
 the eye being nearer the root of pectoral than tip of snout. Interorb- 
 ital area generally concave; sides sometimes with cirri; length of cau- 
 dal equal to its distance from dorsal. Head 3. D. 8j A. 6. West 
 Indies; occasional on our cgasts. ? 
 
 {Tetrodon testudineua Linu. AmoBU. Acad, i, 309, and Syst. Nat i, 309: Tetrodon tealu- 
 rfijie*//* GUuther, viii, 282.) 
 
 1331. T. speng^lcri Bloch. >-.*«?* -: 
 
 Dark brown above and on sides to base of pectoral fins ; sides below 
 yellowish, with a series of about twelve round dark-brown blotches 
 about as broad as eye; belly white; caudal fin with a brown bar at its 
 base and a broader one at its margin. A patch of minute spines from 
 the occiput half-way to the dorsal fin; belly spinous to near the vent; 
 head, tail, and most of sides smooth; sides usually with numerous 
 small cirri. Snout produced, the eye nearer root of pectoral than tip 
 of snout. Head compressed, narrow; interorbital space slightly con- 
 cave, very narrow, about half as broad as eye. Head 3. D. 7; A. 6. 
 West Indies; occasional on our coast. 
 
 {Tetrodon upenghri Blooh, Ausl. Fischo. i, 135: Tetrodon spengleri GUnthor, viii, 284: 
 Cirrhi8omit8 apenglcri Swainsou, Class. Fisb. ii, 328, 1839. ) 
 
 1332. T. tiirg^idus Mitch.— Pw^er; Stvell Toad; Blower. 
 
 Olivaceous above, marbled with black; belly light orange; sides of 
 body and tail with narrow irregular black cross-bars ; an inky blotch 
 below and behind pectoral fin ; flns plain. Body about as wide as deep 
 when not inflated; interorbital space slightly concave; profile not very 
 steep, depressed in front of the eyes. Caudal peduncle, lips, and bases 
 of flns smooth; skin everywhere else rough with small three-rooted 
 spines, which are largest on the back and belly. 'No cirri. Eyes 
 
 
 :i/-ru 
 
 ,..,,,.:Ji 
 
 ■;■•. 4: 
 
 ■ .sis 
 
 II 
 
862 
 
 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ^^IV. 
 
 rather small. Head 2%; depth 3. D. 7; A. 6; 0. 7, slightly rounded. 
 L. 12 inches. Atlantic coast. Massachusetts to Texas ; very abundant. 
 
 {Tetrodon turgidua Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 473, 1815: Tetrodon turgidtia 
 Dukay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 327: Tetrodon turgidua GUnther, viii, 285.) 
 
 1333. T. trichocephalus Cope. 
 
 Brownish above, faintly vermiculated with lighter; sides yellowish 
 becoming white below; tins uniform light yellow; a brown spot at base 
 of pectoral. Profile suddenly descending from prefrontal region to pre- 
 maxillary, arched from the former point backward ; belly spinous to near 
 vent; dorsal region from a little behind the nares to above the ends of 
 the pectoial fins spinous; spines on the head long, close-set, like seal 
 bristles ; caudal tin truncate, with prominent points. Head 3 J in total 
 length; eye 3.^ in length of head. D. 8; A. 7. {Cope.) Newport, lihode 
 Island. 
 
 ( Tetraodon irichocephalus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 120. ) 
 
 4§3.— TRICHODIODOIV Bleeker. 
 
 Hairy Box-Jishes. 
 l^loeker, Ad. Ich- Gymnodontes, 49: type Diodon piloaua Mitch.) 
 
 Body oblong, little depressed ; nasal tentacle present ; dermal ossifica- 
 tions very small, each with a pair of lateral roots, and each terminating 
 in a fine flexible, bristle-like spine, {rpf/iov, hair; dtoi^wv, JJlodon.) 
 
 1331. T. pilosus (Mi^ch.) Bleekor. 
 
 ]*>rownish above, ashy below; spines of a metallic golden color; sides 
 and back with a few oblong blackish-brown spots. Body oblong, cuboid ; 
 the skin entirely spinous, except a small space around the mouth and 
 eyes and another on caudal peduncle. D. 12; A. 14. {Delay.) i^Iorth 
 Atlantic; rare; said to reach a large size. 
 
 {Diodon piloH-M- Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Pliil. Soc. N. Y. i, 471, 1815: Diodon jnlosus De- 
 kay, New York Fauna, Fishes. 3-26; GUnther, viii, 31G.) 
 
 483.~DIODON Linnteus. 
 Porcuptn e-Jish es. 
 
 (Liuiiii'us, Syst. Nat. 1758: type Diodon hysirix L.) 
 
 Body robust, the belly moderately inflatable. Dermal spines strong, 
 stift", n)Ost of them two-rooted and erectile, a few three-rooted and tlicrc- 
 fore immovall<* both jaws entire; nasal tube simple, with two lateral 
 openings. 1 e'-torals broad, their margin undulaie, the up])er lobe 
 longest; vertical flus rounded. Warm seas, {di';, two; dJwk', tooth.) 
 
■iKi i' » 129. TETRODONTID^ CHILOMYCTERUS. 
 
 863 
 
 1335. D. hystrix L. 
 
 Back, sides, and fins with nuraeroas small, round blackish spots. 
 Spines strong, dilated at the base, w:th a pair of basal grooves; post- 
 pectoral spines the longest, about as long as the pectoral fln, those of 
 the posterior part of the back and tail short and broad, three-rooted 
 and therefore not erectile ; upper and lower part of the tail with two 
 or three pairs of three-rooted, immovable, recumbent spines; frontal 
 spines moderate. Head 3; depth 3.}. D. 13; A. 13. In all tropical 
 seas, north to Lower California and Florida. L. about 3 feet. 
 
 (L. Syst. Na.t. ; Gihither, viii, 306: ^ Diotlon sjnnosiasiimta Giiiitber, viii, 307.) 
 
 1336. D. novcininaculatus Ciivier. 
 
 Olivaceous, variously spotted, usually a broad blackish brown band 
 
 between orbits, extending downward behind the eye ; a second parallel 
 
 to it across the napej a large transv^erse subtriangular spot in middle 
 
 of back; a kidney-shaped spot above pectoral; all these spots usually 
 
 pale edged; back and sides with small black spots. Spines varying in 
 
 length ; upper part of tail without ossifications, but a pair of spines 
 
 lying along-side, their base on the side of the dorsal; some tentacles 
 
 usually present above eye and on throat, abdomen, and back ; 14 to 19 
 
 transverse series of spines between snout and dorsal. Tropical seas, 
 
 north to San Diego. 
 
 {'^Diofloii lachi'tv" Lacdphdo, ii, 13: Dlodon novemmaciilafun, nexmariiJafiis. quadrimnv- 
 ulatiitt, and miillimaculnih» Cuvier, M6111. Mns. Hist. Nat. iv, 13fi, 137, 1818: Dioilon 
 maculatits Giintlier, viii, 307: Diodon maculatus Streets, Dull. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 43.) 
 
 1841.— ClIILOITIYCTEKVS Bibion. 
 
 Bahbitjishes. 
 
 (Bibron (ChUonujetdrr, Rovno Znol. 1840, 140); Kaiip, Wiogra. Archiv. 18.').'), 2.T2 : typo 
 Diodon qcometr'icufi Blodi & Scliii.) 
 
 Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable. Dermal spines short, 
 stout, immovable, triangular, each with three roots; nasal tube simple, 
 with two lateral openings; caudal peduncle short; fins small, formed 
 iis in Diodon: jaws without medi.an suture. {■/j'(^»^, lip; /'"^^i?'/', nose. 
 "Narines non closes an sommet, mais chacune siyant I'apparence de 
 deux levres, on form<'^e de deux tentacides r6unis A, la base.") 
 
 1331. C. gvonictrncus (Bloch & Sctin.) Kaui^.—RahUt-fiah ; SwvU Toad. 
 
 Greenish; belly i)ale; a round, black, wiellated spot above i)eetorala, 
 Dot as large as eye, a larger one behind pectorals, another at base of 
 dorsid, with a smaller one below it; back and sides fith psirallel black 
 stripes of uniform width about as wide as the interspaces, those on the 
 
 I-'' 
 
864 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 back running longitudinally, those on the sides obliquely downward and 
 
 backward, those on the front of the head running crosswise; a dark bar 
 
 at base of dorsal; other fins plain. Body a little broader than deep at 
 
 the gill-openings; interocular space broad, concave; eyes large, lateral 
 
 nearly as long as snout, each with a cirrus above it, longer than the i)u. 
 
 pil; gill-opening about as wide as eye, opposite upper anterior part of 
 
 pectoral. About 9 spines between eye and tail, their height equal to 
 
 diameter of pupil; spines on belly much smaller, partly imbedded in skin • 
 
 some of the posterior with cirri; spines on caudal peduncle; anterior 
 
 root of each spine little if any larger than the others. Pectoral fin 
 
 deeper t) i long, the margin undulate, the upper lobe longest. Head 
 
 2f; depths. D. 12; A. 10; L. Cinches. Massachusetts to West Indies- 
 
 very abundant southward. 
 
 • {Diodo7i ueomelricus Hloch & Schneider, 1801, 513: Diodon maculoatriatus Miteliill 
 Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 470, 1815; Guuther, viii, 310.) 
 
 Subap. (?) faliginosus (Dek.) Goode & Boan. 
 
 Dark brownish olive above, with wavy dusky lines; belly black, the 
 bases of its spines bright oratige. Entire l)ody covered with large 
 three-rooted spines, which are very numerous and close sot, especially 
 on the belly; spines of the belly as large or even larger than those on 
 back; not imbedded. D. 12; A. 10. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod 
 southward; not common; probably a young form of the preceding. 
 
 {Diodon fuliginoaua Dckay, New York Fauna, Fish. 324.) 
 
 Family CXXK.— ORTHAGORISCIDtE. 
 
 {The Head- fishes.) 
 
 Body more or less short and deep, compressed, truncate behind, so 
 that there is no caudal peduncle. Skin rough, naked, spinous or tes- 
 sellated. Mouth very small, terminal; teeth completely united in each 
 jaw, forming a bony beak without median suture, as in Diodon. Dorsal 
 and anal fins similar: posterior, more or less perfectly confluent around 
 the tail; no si'iums dorsal; no ventral fins; pelvic bone undeveloped; 
 pectorals present. Belly not inflatable; gill opening small, in irontcf 
 jieccorals; an accessory opercular gill; no air bladder. Fishes of the 
 open seas, apparently composed of a head to which small fins are at- 
 tached. Genera 3; species 4. B'ouud in most warm seas. 
 
 {Gymnodontes, group Molina QUtitber, viii, 317-320.) 
 
130. ORTHAGORISCID^ MOLA. 
 
 ^trt /V-V 
 
 865 
 
 a. Skin thiu, armed with stout 8pine94 vertical fins not confluent; body deeper thau 
 long (Molacanthince) Molacanthus, 485. 
 
 aa. Skin thick, granular or tessellated ; vertical fins falcate^ confluent behind. {Of- 
 
 thagoriscince.) '•■• 1 ;,;:,■.•': .,/. s^f .'V ' 
 
 i. Body not twice as lung as deep; skin without hexagonal plates Mola, 486. 
 
 485.— mOIiACANTIIVS Swainson. 
 
 ( Pa??a«ia Nardo: Jcan/Ao«o>na Dekay.) 
 
 (Swainson, Class. Fish. etc. ii, .329, 1839: type Diodon mola Fa,ilas= Molacanthus paUasi 
 Sw.=^Diodon nummularis Walb. ) 
 
 Body suborbicular, mucli compressed, deeper than long, covered by 
 a thin silvery skin on whicli are many strong spines. Dorsal and anal 
 fins high and short, not confluent, the space on the tail between them 
 occupied by a row of small spines; pectorals moderate. These small 
 fishes have been generally considered as the young of Mola. The fact 
 that they are not so Avas llrst conclusively shown by Prof. Putnam (Am. 
 Nat. Dec. 1870). The s^iecies inhabit the open seas. (Mola; axdvOa^ 
 spiue.) 
 
 133S. M, nuin'iniilaris(Wulb.)Gill. 
 
 OUve brown i bove; sides and below iridescent silvery. Body verti- 
 cally oval, higher (liRn long; spines on body scattered, striated on sides. 
 Head more tiian half length, which is little moi*e than || depth. D. 25. 
 (Dekay.) Atlantic Ocean; rare on our coast. L. about 2 in(!hes. 
 
 [Diodon nummularis Walbanm, Artedi, Piac. 1793, fiOO: Acanthosoma cahnatum De- 
 kiiy, New York Fauna, Fish. 330: Molacanthus pallasi Putnam, 1. c.) 
 
 -1§6.— IVIOLA Cnvicr. 
 
 (Orthaffonscus liloch & Schneider.) 
 
 (Cnvier, Legons d'Anat. Comjt. 1800 (fide Gill): type Orlhagoriscus mola Bloch & 
 Schneider = J/o?a rotuhda Cnvier.) 
 
 Body ovate, strongly compressed, covered with a tiii«;k, rough, leath- 
 ery, elastic skin, which is without bony i)late8. Profile forming a pro- 
 jecting fleshy nose above the mouth. Dorsal ftn beginning not far be- 
 liind pectorals, short and high, falcate, confluent with the anal around 
 the tail; no large spines on tije body. Clumsy flshes, found in most 
 warm seas, leaching a great size. ^Latin molttj a millstone.) 
 
 1330. 1!I. rotunda Civ. — Sun-flsh; ITead-Jiah; Mola, 
 
 Dark gray; sides grayish brown, with silvery reflections; belly dusky;. 
 a broad blackish bar running along the bases of the dorsal, caudal, and 
 Bull. Nat. Mu . No. IG 55 
 
 Mi'i^f 
 
866 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV, 
 
 anal fins. Dorsal and anal fins high in front, rapidly decreased back- 
 wards; caudal fin low, and with a wavy outline. Depth always more 
 than half length, and in the young the vertical diameter exceeding tlie 
 longitudinal. Form varying much with age, the body becoming more 
 elongate, the fins comparatively shorter, the eye much smaller, and a 
 hump li ,ing developed above the mouth, topped by an osseous tubercle. 
 Head 3; depth If . D. 17; A. 16. Pelagic, inhabiting most temperate 
 and tropical seas, swimming slowly about near the surface; common 
 northward to Cape Cod and Point Concepcion. It reaches a weight of 
 about 500 pounds. 
 
 (Tetrodon mola Linn. Syst. Nat.: Orthagoriacm mola Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 510: 
 Orihagoriscus mola Storer, Fish. Mass. 420: Orthagoriacm analis Ayres, Proc. Cal. 
 Acad. Nat. Scl. ii, 31, f. 54. ''Mola rotunda Cuvier, 180(.") 
 
>' I ■( 
 
 .'^ '«.?.** ,'" -'' 
 
 ADDENDA ET COERIGENDA. . 
 
 Page 3 (57). Brancliiostoma lanccolatnni. 
 
 To the synonymy of species No. 1, add: 
 ('^ Limax lanceolatus Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. x, 19, about 1770.") 
 Until the Lancelets are more fully compared, neither our Atlantic 
 nor our Pacific coast form can be distinguished from the European 
 
 species. 
 
 Page 5. Instead of Bddlostoma read : 
 3. Polistotrenna Gill. 
 
 The generic name Heptatrema Dumc'iril (Cuvier, B^gne Anira.) has 
 priority over Bdellostoma Miiller. Species 3 may be named — 
 
 3. P. stouti (Lockington) J. & G. 
 
 The identity of this species, thus far known only from tiie coast of 
 California from Santa Barbara northward, with the Chilian K. dombeyi 
 is doubtful. The description, on page 57, is taken from California speci- 
 nieus. The genus Folistotrema Gill (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 30) is 
 distinguished by the presence of 11 t< 14 gill-openings instead of G or 7, 
 the buse of the tongue being between the seventh and eighth (not an- 
 terior) pair of branchiae. 
 
 Page 7. A better generic arrangement of our Lampreys than that 
 given in the text would be as follows (omitting the character of the 
 division of the dorsal fin, which is subject to much individual varia- 
 tion): 
 
 (I. Maxillary tooth single, crescont-shapod, with a cusp at each end. 
 
 b. Lingual teeth pectinate 4. Ento8PHENU8* Gill. 
 
 bh. Lingual teeth obscurely tricuspidate 5. AMMorcETESt Dumdril. 
 
 aa. Maxillary tooth of 2 or 3 pointed cusps close together; lingual teeth pectinate. 
 
 6. PETROMYZONt L, 
 
 'Species E. tridentatiu (Gairdn.) Gill. 
 
 t Including Lampetra Gray. Species A. plumbeus (Ayres) Bean: A. aureus Bean: A^ 
 tiii/rr (Raf.) .lor. : A appendix (Dek.) J. & G 
 
 { IiK'Uiding Ichthyomyson Grd. Species P. argwtfua Kirt. : P. nattan^ut (Grd.) Bean: 
 P, marinua L. : P. doraatM Wilder. 
 
 m 
 
I I 
 
 868 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Page 7. The genua 4 (a) Entosphenus should probably be admitted 
 and its species should be — 
 4. E. tridcntatus (Gairdner) Gill. 
 
 It ranges from Monterey to Vancouv* 's Island, and Nos. '^5" and 
 
 "6" are not distinct from it. 
 
 ■i,, . 
 
 On page 8, after AmmocaeUs ylumhem^ add: 
 V (ft). A. aureus Bean. 
 
 Plumbeous above, golden yellow below; under side of head and neck 
 silvery. Maxillary tooth single, bicuspid; mandibulary with 7 cusps 
 the outer largest. Head shorter than chest; distance from eye to first 
 dorsal thrice base of first dorsal; base of second dorsal twice as loiiff 
 as that of first, the fin twice as high; interspace between dorsals ? 
 length of head; tail (from vent) 4 in total length. Head lOJ (5^ iu 
 distance to first dorsal). L. 15 inches. Yukon Eiver, Alaska; abun- 
 dant. {Bean.) 
 
 (Ammocaeiea aureus Bean, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881, 159: 1 Petromyzon marinut 
 camtsehaticua Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. iii, 1811.) 
 
 On page 9, after Ammocoetes niger, add: 
 '§(/»)• A. appendix (Dekay) Gill. 
 
 Dusky brown, sometimes tinged with bluish; fins pale amber. A 
 ring of irregularly-shaped corneous processes within the mouth, and a 
 large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the inferior portion 
 of the mouth. Origin of dorsal in advance of middle of body (behind 
 middle in A. niger). Vent near posterior third of body. Anal papilla 
 ("appendix") conspicuous in males in spring. Streams of New York 
 and Southern New England. [Bekay.) Not lately recognized, but fip 
 parently differing from A. niger in the less posterior dorsal. 
 
 {Petromyson appendix Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 381: Avmocatcs uvkohr 
 Dekay, 1. c. 383; larva. Of the remaining species described by Dekay, Ammocaki 
 hiiiolnr Lo Sueur, 1. c. 383, seems to bo the larva of Petromyzon marinna, and P. lamot 
 teni Lc Sueur MSS. 1. c. 862, is probably Petromyzon argentcua.) 
 
 Page 10. Petromyzon cantaneus has been lately received from Loiii 
 siaua. It is considered a valid species by Dr. Bean, as is also 9 (/>), 
 P. hirvuo (Grd.) Bean. Both these species have the maxillary tooth 
 tricuspid, not bicuspid as in P. argcniem. 
 
 Page II. The mandibulary teeth in Petromyzon marinus are usually 
 7 in number. The plates of the anterior lingual pair are couUuent, and 
 not their serrations as stated in the text. -*-.-., r .^^.. 
 
ADDENDA — 6. SCYLLIID^E — SCYLLIORHINUS. 
 
 869 
 
 Page 11. Instead of P. nigricans Le Sueur, read: ^ , . 
 1!|. p. marinus, subsp. dorsatus Wilder, sp. nov. 
 
 The ^^Petromyzon nigricans^ of the Atlantic coast streams seems to 
 be the young of P. marinus. The Caynga Lake Lamprey described in 
 the text on page 11 is apparently a distinct subspecies, diflfering from 
 p. marinus in the longer head (snout 1^ in chest; head half longer 
 than chest; in P^marinus snout 1^ in chest; head one-third longer than 
 cbest) ; maudibulary teeth usually 8 or 9. Males with the hack before 
 ^rsal Jin compressed in a long, hard, fleshy ridge. Interspace between 
 dorsals variable in length, shortest in males, J to | base of first. 
 Tail 3| in length. Coloration of P. marinus, and size not much less. 
 Abundant in Cayuga Luke, New York; not yet observed elsewhere. 
 The differences above noted are not very constant. 
 
 (Wilder MSS. : Pclroinyzon nigricans J. & G., pa^e 11 of this work. ) 
 
 Page 14. Under Echinorhimis the reference 
 (Blainville, Bull. Sci. Philomath. 1816, 121) 
 should be supplied. 
 
 Page 18 (and 59). Instead of genus 13 (6) Scyllium Cuvier read: 
 13 (&).— SCYL.ig[ORHINrS Blainville. 
 
 (Blainville, Rnll. Sci. Philom. 1816, 121: type SeifUiorhinua catulua Blainville = 5(jfM«?M« 
 canicula L.) 
 
 The generic diagnosis of " Scyllium,^^ on page 59, applies to Scyllio- 
 
 rhhius, with the exception of the clause "nostrils separated by a broad 
 
 isthmus", which is true of part of the species (subgenus Catulus Smith) 
 
 ouly. Species 18 (6) should be " S. ventriosus (Garman) J. & G." 
 
 After 18 (6), S. ventriosus, add: 
 1§ (c). S. retifer (Garman) J. & G. 
 
 Light brownish, crossed at irregular intervals by groups of 2 to 4 
 narrow black lines, which are joined by other lines, forming a network 
 of polygonal meshes; belly uniform yellowish, iiody moderately elon- 
 gate, the vent in front of its middle. Head depressed, its width nearly 
 equal to its length in front of spiracles; length of snout from mouth 
 less than distance between outer margins of nostrils; nasal valves 
 broader than isthmus between them, not reaching mouth, without 
 free cirrus; length of arch of mouth a little more than half its width; 
 lower labi.il fold reaching one-fourth distance to symphysis; teeth 
 small, each with a central cusp and two small ones on each side. Pec- 
 
870 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 torals short and broad. First dorsal inserted near middle of length of 
 body 5 caudal not large. ( Oarman.) Deep water, off the coast of Vir 
 ginia; one specimen known. 
 {ScylUum rctiferim Garmau, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi, 2;J3, 1881.) 
 
 Page 18. Instead of Galeorhinida;, read: ^ ' • : ; • ;. ♦ 
 
 ^ Family VII.— CARCHARIID^. 
 
 On page 19, instead of Mustelus Mnnulus, Te^d: " 
 
 19. jTI. canis (Mitch.) Dek. 
 
 Add to the synonymy; 
 
 ("SqualuM canis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 486, 1815: Mustelus asterian 
 Cloquet, Diet. Sci. Nat. xiv, 407, 1820: Muslelua plebejua Bouap. Fauua Italica, Iftto 
 49.") 
 
 Page 20, species 20: • 
 
 The Mustelus canis of our Atlantic coast seems to us to be perfectly 
 identical with the European species, the American name having prior- 
 ity of date. Mustelus cali/ornicus Gill, is however a diflerent species. 
 It may be thus compared with M. canis, the difierential characters of the 
 latter species being interposed in parenthesis: In No. 20, M, mlijhrni- 
 cus Gill, the dorsal fin is comparativefy small (large), its anterior lobe 
 obtuse, and wheu depressed not reaching so far as (reaching well be- 
 yond) the posterior lobej height of anterior lobe less (more) than the 
 base of the fin, which is little (considerably) longer than snout and less 
 (more) than one-third the interspace between dorsals j the pectoral is 
 comparatively short, not reaching to anterior third (reaching nearly to 
 middle) of dorsal, or about half way to the beginning of the slit be 
 tween veutrals (half way to the base of the daspers). The snout in 
 M. cali/ornicus is more ])ointed, the mouth narrower, its anterior angle 
 more acute (obtuse); breadth between angles of mouth | (|) snout. 
 Mustelus cali/ornicus reaches a larger size than M. canis. In MiiHtelus 
 cali/ornicus the embryo is attached to the placentae. It therefore be- 
 longs to the subgenus '•'• Pieuracromylon'" Gill. 
 
 Page 20. The genus '■^ RMnotriads,^ introduced on page 59, may be 
 suppressed, ''iJ. henleV^ being a species of Triacis, as given on page 20. 
 
 Page 20 (60). 20 (&), '■^ Rhinotriacis laivis^^ (or, better, Mustelus Imis 
 liisso) should i)robably be suppressed, as the evidence of its occurrence 
 lu OW. wafers is iusu^cieut* . . . > 
 
ADDENDA — 7. CARCHARIID^ — GALEORHIN US. 
 
 871 
 
 Prtgo 21. After Galeorhimia add tlie reference : 
 
 (IJlainvlllo, Prodromo Fauno Fran^aise, Poisa. i, 85, 1S16.) 
 It is probable tbat our species is really distiuct from the European. 
 It may be characterized as — 
 
 23. G. zyopterus* J. & G. sp. uov.—Oil £hark. 
 
 Dusky grayish; most of pectoral, tip of caudal, and anterior jiortion 
 of both dorsals black. Snout depressed, rather long, but rounded at 
 tip; nostrils considerably nearer mouth than tip of snout; the anterior 
 lobe with a small pointed tip; interorbital space a little less than length 
 of snout; teeth abo it 35, the four or five teeth nearest the middle of the 
 jaw much smaller than the others; median tooth of each jaw smallest, 
 subtriangular, without basal cusps; lateral teeth of both jaws similar, 
 with their poinVa strongly directed outwards; a sharp angle near the 
 middle of the outer margin, below which are 2 to 5 sharp (lusjis or ser- 
 rations; labial folds moderate. Eye large, the small spiracles sepa- 
 nitod from it a distance about efjual to its diameter. Head with many 
 mucous pores. Distance ^between angles of mouth nejjrly twice length 
 of mouth, and equal to length of snout from mouth. Pectoral fin mod- 
 ciate, reaching somewhat beyond front of dorsal, its tip somewhat 
 pointed, its free edge concave. Middle of first dorsal nearly midway 
 between pectorals and ventrals, its anterior lobe rounded, posterior, 
 acute; second dorsal scarcely one-fourth as large as first, a trifle larger 
 than anal, which is inserted slightly farther back. 
 
 Meaanrementa of a large exo.mpie, 63 incliea in length, from San Pedro, California. 
 
 Lensth -• 100. 
 
 firi'iitpst depth 14. 
 
 L('ii';tliof head 18. 
 
 Leiij;! h of snout (from mouth) 7. 5 
 
 Length of suout (from eye) 8. 
 
 Width of mouth 7. 
 
 Length of spiracle 0. 7 
 
 Length of oyo 2.5 
 
 Distauce from snout to first dor- 
 sal 3.3 
 
 Length of base of first dorsal 7. 3 
 
 Height of first dorsal 7. 5 
 
 Distance octweea dorsala 2.5 
 
 Length of second dorsal 4.5 
 
 Height of second dorsal 4; 
 
 Length of anal 3. 5 
 
 Length of caudal 21. 
 
 Distance from pectorals to ventrals. 25. 
 
 Length of pectorals 15. 
 
 Length of ventrals 4.5 
 
 Coast of Southern California, from San Francisco to Cerros Island, 
 extremely abundant. Valued for the oil in its liver, and for the fins, 
 which are nmch prized by the Chinese, the gelatinous tin-rays making 
 a fine soup. 
 
 {Galeorhinua galena Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 42, and 1881, 18: 
 tjpical specimeus have been distributed by the National Museum as Nos. 2()927, 
 
 * 2*^05, soup; nrepoy, fin, '. ' " " 
 
872 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 2G973, 27100, and 27391. Tlie European species, G. galeus, is paid to have the middle 
 tueth of the jiiv s not reduced in size, the median tooth in each jaw wit', '/asal cusps- 
 the second dorsal half smaller than the iirst; the fins plain, etc.) 
 
 Pages 22, 23, 24, GO. The groups called Carcharinm and Eulamia 
 should rather be considered as subgeneric sections of a single genus 
 which may stand as — 
 
 ..^^ . 1§.— CARCHARIAS Rafinesqne. 
 (Rafinesqne, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 44: type Squalus glaucua L.) 
 
 The species of Carcharias should stand as follows: 
 24. C. gl'aMCUS (L.) Cuv. . 
 26. C. obscurus (Le Sncur) Milllcr &- Ilcule. 
 
 In this species the very long pectorals extend beyond the end of the 
 dorsal, and their outer ra;irgiii is four times as long as the inner. 
 
 26 (ft). C. pBatyodon (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 Slaty-blue, white below; caudal blackish, other fins with dark tips. 
 Body stout. Head very short, broad, depressed, and bluntly rounded. 
 Mouth twice as broad as long, its breadth about half more than length 
 of sno?it; inner lobe of nostril very blunt; nostril a little nearer eye 
 than tip of snout; upper teeth very broad, triangular, erect, coarsely 
 serrate, not notched; lower teeth narrower, more finely serrate. First 
 dorsal beginning close behind pectoral, a little higher than long, not 
 falcate, its base 2J in interspace between dorsals; second dorsal very 
 small, its base 5 in interspace; caudal moderate, 2§ in body; anal a 
 little longer than second dorsal, and ]>laced a little farther back; pec- 
 torals rather small, not falcate, G in total length, reaching a little past 
 dorsal; width of pectoral nearly two-thirds its length. L. 10 to 15 feet. 
 Cuba to Texas; abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; the specimen here 
 described being from Galveston. 
 
 26 (c). €. plunibeus (Nardo) J. «& G. >- - 
 
 Bluish gray, whitish below. Fir^t dorsal rounded above, inserted 
 immediately above the base of the pectoral; second near the middle 
 of the base of the anal; pectoral one-third longer than broad, its ex- 
 ternal angle rounded. Mouth arched, its breadth equal to its distance 
 from tip of snout; snout short, rounded, a little longer than in C. laiuia; 
 eyes small; ui>per teeth scarcely notched on the outer margin. {Doder- 
 kin.) Mediterranean; said to have been once taken at New York. 
 
 {Squalua jthimbeua Nardo, Prodr. Ichth. Venice, 18-27, 9: Carcharias (rrioiiodoii) mil- 
 herti Valeucieuues MSS. in MUUer & Henle, Plag. :J8, l'i41: Eulamia milberti Gill, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G4, 262, in part: Carcharias milberti Doderleiu, Mauualo Ittio- 
 log. Mediter. 1881, 44.) 
 
ADDENDA — ^7. CARCHARIID^ CARCIIARIAS. 
 
 873 
 
 This species sboiild probably be omitted from our lists, as there is uo 
 Ijood evidence that any of our sharks are identical with the plumbeus or 
 the milberti of the Mediterranean. Probably C. cocrukiis was originally 
 coufonndod with it. The Eulamia milberti of recent American writers 
 is probably the following species, which may bo substituted, as — 
 
 87. C. cOBruleiis Dekay. * 
 
 This 8i)ecies differs from C. platyodon chiefly in the following respects: 
 
 Head longer, the snout much less obtuse, its length from mouth equal to 
 
 breadth of mouth ; distance between nostrils ^ less than length of snout. 
 
 Teeth and fins as in C. platyodon. Pectorals rather small, not falcate, 
 
 (1^ in body; caudal 4, rather narrow. New England to Florida; not 
 
 rare. 
 
 {Carcharias cocrulcnn Dekay, Now York Fauna, Fishes, 354, G2; Jordan & Gilbert. 
 Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 18"<2: Lamna caudata Dok. 1. c. 354: Eiilamin milberti Gill, Pioc, 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 262; probably not Carcharias milberti M. & II.) 
 
 37 {b). C. lamia Raf. 
 
 To the description on page 23 add the following: 
 
 Head broad, depressed; snout short and rounded, nostrils midway 
 
 between its tip and the front of the mouth; breadth of mouth greater 
 
 than preoral length of snout. First dorsal very large, commencing 
 
 close behind the base of the pectoral, its height a little greater than 
 
 the length of its basv., its anterior margin convex, its upi)er angle 
 
 rounded, its posterior border nearly straight, its lower angle pointed, 
 
 its height about equal to greatest depth of body ; second dorsal much 
 
 smaller than first; pectorals at least twice as long as broad; upper 
 
 lobe of caudal one-fourth the total length, twice the inferior lobe. 
 
 Grayish, fins rarely darker at tip. Coasts of Europe, etc. The claim 
 
 of this species to a place in our fauna is extremely questionable. 
 
 {^Carcharias lamia Ratinesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 44, no descr. : Carcharias 
 vulgaris Cuvier, Rigne Aniin. ii, 126, 1817: Carcharias lamia Kisso, Hist. Nat. Enr. Mer. 
 jii, 119, 1826: Squalia carcharias of Bomo early authors, not of Liunajus, whose account 
 J8 based chiolly on Carcharodon.) 
 
 87 (c). C. lamiella Jor. &, Gilb. 
 
 The species described as U. lamia on page GO is probably distinct 
 from the European species, and has been described by us (Proc. U. S. 
 Nat. Mus. 1882) as Carcharias lamiella. In this description, on page 
 61, tenth line, for height read size. In the thirteenth line, read "in not 
 having the fijst dorsal higher", etc. 
 
 <,ii» ■■ ' 
 
na 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 ^0. 
 
 .or<%-^.^ 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
 
 t 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.25 
 
 1^128 |2.5 
 
 u 
 
 U 1116 
 
 6" — 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciaices 
 
 Corporation 
 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4S03 
 
 # 
 
 ''b 
 

 * 
 
 ^^ 
 
874 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Page 24. Instead of Aprionodon punctatus read : , 
 
 29. A. isodon (MUU. & Hcnie) Gill. 
 
 It is doubtful whether this species has ever been taken on our coasts. 
 The name punctatus is very doubtfully applied to this species, as the 
 Squalus punctatus of Mitchill is as likelj* to have been G. terrccnovce. A. 
 isodon should be suppressed from our lists until its alleged occurreiiao 
 in our waters is verified. 
 
 Oii page 25, the genus Eeniceps is probably unworthy of retention 
 and it should be reunited to Sphyrna. The characters to be assigned to 
 the genus Sphyrna are included under the account of the family. Spe- 
 cies 31 should be — 
 S. tiburo (L.) Raf. v ' : 
 
 The correct reference to the description of )8|pAyrw a is — 
 
 (Ralinesque, Indice cl'Ittiol. Sicil. 1810, 46.) 
 
 On page 27, family X should be Odontaspididce. Its single genus may 
 
 sti nd as — 
 
 .25.-ODONTASPIS Agas8iz. 
 
 (Agassiz, PoissonsFossileS; iii, 87, 1836: type *S<jr«aZ««/eroxRi680.) 
 
 The American species should stand as — 
 34. O. littoralis (Mitch.) J. &. G. 
 
 The prior name americanm (Mitch.) was the result of an error of 
 identification. 
 
 Page 2 i. Instead of JsMrM« (/ZaMCM« read : 
 39. I. dekayl (Gill) J. & G. 
 
 Dark bluish-gray above, white below, ' -le color abruptly changing on 
 the tail; upper fins dusky, lower pale. Head 5 in length to tip of cau- 
 dal ; pectoral as long as head, a little longer than npper caudal lobe. 
 Dorsals and pectorals falcate ; first dorsal inserted behind pectoral at a 
 distance equal to one-fourth head ; base of dorsal 2^ in head, its height 
 If. Middle teeth very long, much longer and narrower than lateral 
 teeth. Length 10 feet. Cape Cod to West Indies. The American spe- 
 cies seems to differ from the Asiatic I. glaucus in its longer pectorals 
 and higher dorsal. 
 
 (Lamna punctata Dekay, Now York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 352 (not Squalus jmnctains 
 Mitch. ) ; Isuropsia dekayi Gill, Am. Lye. N. Y. 1858, 153 : lauropais glaucua Poey, Synops. 
 Pise. Cubens, not x?j^yrhina gtauca M. & H, 1) • 
 
 Page 29. lustend ot Is urus o.vyrhynchus read: -~ — - 
 
 36. I. spallanzanii Raf. • . 
 
 This species should bo erased; as there is no evidence of its occurrouce 
 
ADDENDA — 17. PRISTIDiE — PRISTIS. 
 
 875 
 
 fccurreuce 
 
 ill our waters. ^^Lamna punctata^^ Storer is doubtless based on Lamna 
 cornubica. with which species Rafinesque's description of I&urus ox- 
 yrhynchics is identified by Doderlein. This species should jirobably 
 stand as I. spaUanzanii Raf. (Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 45, 1810). 
 
 Page .30. The reference to the generic description of Carcharodon 
 should be — 
 
 (Smith MSS. ; Bonaparte, Mem. Soc. Neufch. ii, 9, 1839 : type Carohardon smithii Bon, 
 ■j:z C, carcharias. ) 
 
 Page 30. Instead of G. rondeletii read: 
 
 38. C. carchaHas (L.) J. & G. 
 
 To its synonymy add: 
 
 {SqnaJns carcharias L. Syst. Nat. i, 400, ercl, ayn. para: Carcharias verus Agasaiz, 
 Poiss. Foss. iii, 91, 1836.) 
 
 Pago .31. The reference to CetorMnns should be — ;/ ' 
 
 ('•Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1816, 121.") 
 
 No. 39 should be — 
 
 39. C. maxflilius (Gunner) Blainv. * f b, / v ;■ 
 
 and to the synonymy -should be added: ,'.: w :;^,:, 
 
 {Squalns maximua Gunner, Trondj. Selskschr. iii, 33, 1765.) '' ■'._':/:% 
 
 Page 31. The family Rhinodontidcv and its species, Micristodun punc' 
 tatus, should be omitted, as they do not belong within our faunal limits. 
 
 Page 32. Instead of 3 1, Gyropleurodus, read: : ' 
 
 31.— HETERODONTUS Blainville. 
 (Blainville, Nonv, Bull. Scienc. 1816, 121: type Squalus phillipi Lac.) 
 
 The characters of the genus are equivalent to those of the family. The 
 American species should stand as — 
 41. II. franoisci (Gnl.) Gill. 
 
 It is abundant on the coast of California from Point Concepcion south- 
 ward. 
 
 On page 37, instead of Pristis antiquorum. read: 
 441. P. pectinatus Latham. 
 
 Ancl read in the description, "rostral teeth in 25 to 28 pairs" (instead 
 of IG to 20, the number found in P. antiquorum ; we find no authentic 
 record of the occurrence of the latter species in our waters). P. pecti- 
 ncUta occurs in the Tropical Seas, north to our South Atlantic coast; 
 abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; ascending the Lower Mississippi. 
 
 (Latham, Trans. Linn. Soc. il, 298, 1794; GUnther. viii, 437.) 
 
 I 
 
 5i-- 
 
876 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 On page 37. The Rhinohatidce are all ovoviviparous, a cliaracter 
 which distinguishes them from the oviparous Raiidce. 
 
 On page 3S. Ehinobatus leucorhynchus Gunther is not identical with 
 R. prodvctus, and should he erased from the synonymy of the latter 
 species, which does not extend southward from California. In R. pro- 
 ductus the rostral* ridges are armed ;\'ith small spines aLove, and are 
 largely confluent anteriorly, not "separated along their entire length,'' 
 as stated in t)ie text; anterior nasal valve not dilated laterally and not 
 extending to the inner edge of the nostril; first dorsal well behind 
 tips of ventrals, not reaching nearly to the second. Females with a 
 small digitate flai), free behind, above tip of snout. Color grayish, 
 without pale spots; snout paler, a black blotch beneath it. San Fran- 
 cisco to San Diego. The description quoted in the text, from Dr. 
 Streets, was taken from a specimen of R. leucorhynchus. R, productus 
 and R. lentiginoftus belong to the subgenus Rhinohatus, distinguislu-d 
 from " Syrrhiiia^^ bj' the long, sharp snout and narrow nasal flaps. Oui- 
 two species of ^hSynhina^^ have each recently been made the types of 
 new generic names, viz: ^^Zapteryx^' (Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 
 1880, 53 . type Platyrhina cxasperata J. & G.) and ^^Flatyrhinoidin'- (Gar- 
 man, Proc. U. S. Nat. Alns. 1880, 522: type Platyrhina triseriata J. & G.). 
 Flatyrhinoidls is " distinguished from Syrrhina and Tryonorhina by the 
 labial fold, nasal valves, and umrginal series of sjvines, and from Platyr- 
 hina by the fold, valves, separation of pectorals, and viviparity." Trygo- 
 norhina alveata Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1880, 1G9, is identical 
 with Rhinohatus exasperatus. 
 
 In R. exasperatus the dorsals are well forward, the origin of first dorsal 
 being nearer hinder part of root of ventrals than front of second dorsal. 
 In J^. triseriatus the origin of first dorsal is nearer root of caudal than 
 the hinder part of root of ventrals. In the latter the rostral ridg'is are 
 strongly convergent, in K. exasperatus they are parallel. 
 
 On page 39, add to description of 47, Torpedo californica Ayres: 
 
 Color very dark brown, with small round black spots, which are some- 
 times obsolete. Eyes small, the spiracles at a distance behind them 
 more than twice diameter of eye and more than length of spiracle; edges 
 of spiracles not fringed; breadth of mouth about equal to its distance 
 from tip of snout. Teeth small, sharp, in few series. Tail a little 
 shorter than disk. First dorsal fin more than twice as large as secoiid; 
 half of it opposed to the ventrals. Coast of California; thus far seen 
 only about San Francisco and Santa Cruz. 
 
APDENDA 20. RAIID^E RAIA. 
 
 sri 
 
 On page 39, after description of Torpedo calif or nica^ add: 
 
 36 (6).— NARCINE Ilenle. 
 (Henle, Ueber Narcine, 31: type Torpedo hraailiensia Olfera.) ■ ,, 
 
 Disk more or less roiij?.ded, not emarginate in front; spiracles ex- 
 tremely close to the eyes, their edges tuberculate or smooth ; mouth 
 narrow, surrounded by a circular fold of skin, which forms the frenum 
 of the nasal valve; teem in quincunx, not occupying the whole of the 
 jaw, following the edge of the jaw outward, so that most of them are 
 visible when the mouth is closed. Tail about as long as disk. Second 
 dorsal larger than first. Tropical Seas, (va/jzij, numbness, an ancient 
 name of the Torpedo.) 
 
 4T (6). N. brasilicnsis (Olfera) Henle. 
 
 Subsp. corallina Garman. 
 
 Orange; a dark brown band ficross the head in front of the eyes, inter- 
 rup^^ed on the forehead; a large triangular space of the light color on 
 the snout in front of the dark band; rest of body with faint dark mark- 
 ings and small round spots. Posterior borderii of dorsals and caudal 
 truncate ; otherwise as in IS. brasiliensis (Olfers) Henle, of which species 
 this is thought to be a local variety. {Garman.) iV. brasiliensis has the 
 disk oval; the first dorsal smaller than the second; the teeth pointed 
 and the spiracles very close to the eye, surrounded by a ring of small 
 tubercles. Pensacola, Florida, to Brazil. 
 
 (Torpedo hraailienais Oliers, Torped. 19: Giinther, viii, 453; Garman, Bull. Mus. 
 Comp. Zool. xi, 234, 1881.) 
 
 On page 43, after ^aia </ra?iM^ato, add : . ;. , 
 
 53 (b). R. ornata Garman. 
 
 Allied to B. eglanteria. Light brownish, freckled with paler, marked 
 with a few groups of small darker spots; several spots on the tail; one 
 At base of each dorsal. Disk little broader than long, the anterior mar- 
 gins convex; tip of snout obtuse; snout not produced; rostral cartilage 
 obtuse. Width of mouth three-fourths its distance from end of snout. 
 Teeth in upper jaw in 44 series. A media ! series of spines on back and 
 tail; a lateral series on each side of this on back, and two on tail; a 
 series on each orbital ridge ; a single spine on forehead between eyes . 
 several above tip of snout; a group on hinder angle of pectoral and on 
 its anterior extremity ; besides these the entire upper surface is rough 
 with small asperities; lower surface smooth. Tail a little longer than 
 disk. Deep water j off the coasts of South Carolina and Florida. (Gar- 
 
 tit . 
 
87.8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOGY- 
 
 -IV. 
 
 man.) Perhaps a local variety of R. acTcleyi Garman, a species described 
 from Yucatan Banks. 
 
 (Garmau, Bull. Mas. Coiup. Zool. xi, 236, 1881.) 
 
 <S3 (c). R. pluionia Carman. 
 
 Brown, the adults purplish, with irregular transverse series of ill- 
 defined, often conlluont brown spots, besides some white spots ; tail with 
 light and dark bands; dorsals dark; lower surface white. Disk broader 
 than long, subquadrangular, rounded in front; snout forming a very 
 blunt {ingle; tail half longer than disk; rostral cartilage short, not ex- 
 tending to the tip of the snout. Width of mouth half its distance from 
 snout. Teeth in 32 series. Eyes large, their length more than intor- 
 orbital width. Back and tail covered with small, close-set, stellate 
 spines, the points slemler, compressed, directed backwards. A close 
 series of large spines along the middle line of back and tail; a supra- 
 orbital row, and a single spine on each side of back of head ; a series 
 of about five on each side of shoulder-girdle, in front of which are one 
 or two more; two series on each side of tail. J^ower parts smooth. 
 Deep water; off coast of South Carolina. {Garman.) 
 
 (Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi, 23G, 1881.) ;. , 
 
 On page 42, instead of l^aia coopm, read: 
 54. R. binoculata Grd. ... ,.. 
 
 The synonymy given to " R. hinoculata " on page 44 should be trans- 
 ferred to this species, the original ^^hinocidata" being the young, and 
 "coopen'" the adult, of the same Ri)ecies. 
 
 On page 43, instead of Rata hinoculata, read: 
 A6. R. inornata Jordan & Gilbert. 
 For the synonymy given on page 44 substitute the following: 
 (Raia inornala Jor. & Gilb, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 457 and 1881, 74.) 
 
 Var. inermis is also described in loc. cit. 1881, 74. 
 
 On v^ae 45, ciiter Raia stellulata. add: . , ,„ - 
 
 57 Kb). R. parmifcra Bean. 
 
 Olive brown above, rith numerous faint light blotches, two of which 
 are larger than the rest. Disk considerably broader than long; tip of 
 snout slightly projecting; interorbital width 3^ in distance from snout 
 to eye; tail as long as distance from its root to eye. Teeth in 27 rows. 
 Snout, supraocclpital region, and whole margin of pectorals and ven- 
 tralB, oovered with small prickles, as is also an area on tail; back and 
 
ADDENDA — 22. MYLIOBATID.E — STOASODON. 
 
 879 
 
 tail with a median row of 22 to 29 large spines; tail with a marginal 
 row of large spines ; rest of disk mostly smooth. Lower surface smooth, 
 exciept an elliptical area below tip of snout. L. 3 feet. Unalashka, 
 Alaska. (Bean.) 
 (Bean, Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus. iv, 157, 188i.) 
 
 On pages 47 and 05, instead of ^^Basyatis Eaflnesque" or ^^Dasibaiis 
 Walbaum," read : 
 
 ,,,,,,-.,,,. 40.— TRYGON Adanson.' ■:.■;■.',;■•,■,:;■: ,.;^.,, 
 
 (Adaiison MSS.; Gcoffroy St. Hilaire, Deacr. Eg.vpte Poiss. 1809, 219: typo Trygon 
 hjmma St. Hil. = Raia pastinaoa L.) 
 
 The name Trygon seems to be j)rior to Dasyatis liaf. (1810); the 
 earlier Dasybatiis of Walbanm included all the rays, and is therefore 
 properly a synonym of Baia L. The name Trygon is from rpoyar^^ a 
 turtle-dove. ^'■Ab alarum expansarum similitudine. Sunt qui columbam 
 mnrmamappellai f^ (Eondelet, de Piscibus, 332, 1554), 
 
 The Korch American species of Trygon should stand as follows : 
 
 61. T. centrura (Mitcb.) Linsley. 
 
 61 (ft). T. hastata (Dckay) Storer. ' : - "' ' "^ 
 
 64. T. sayi (Lo Sueur) M. & H. : , '- ' - -^ < ■ ■ ' : 
 
 The specimen described on page 48 as ^^Basyatia aayV is the young 
 of T. sabina. 
 
 63. T. dlptcrura Jor. «fe Gilb. . ...^ 
 
 61. T. tuberculata (Lac.) Dum. 
 
 .; • >;,.:■• ■■'.■ • ■ ■-■■■■ ■ ■■ i \:'i' 
 6.1. T. sabina Le S. 
 
 Page 50. Instead of Aetoftaf/s read : 
 
 41.— STOASODON Cautor. 
 
 {AetohatiH MUllor & Henle, Plagiostomcii, 1841, 179: not of Blainvillc, Bull. Soc. Phl- 
 lom. 1816, 112 {= MyUobatia) : Stoaeodon Cantor, Catalogue Malayan Fishes, 
 1850, 1416: type ^aJa ?jannfflrt Euphr.) 
 
 As the type of Aetobatis Blaiuv. was Raia aquila L., the use of the 
 same name for a diflPerent genus is not allowable, (tfroac, arch; 68ou<:, 
 tooth.) Our species should stand as — 
 66. S. narinarl (Euphraseu) Cantor. 
 
 Stoasodon latieeps (Gill) J. & G. {Aetobath laticeps Gill, Ann. Lyo. 
 Nat. Hist. N. T. 1865, im^Aetohatii latirostris GUnther, Fish. Centr. 
 
I 
 
 
 880 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 Amer. 18G0, 401), dcacribed from a Hpecimon sent from Siui Prsmcisco 
 Bhould probjibly not bo inchulcd in tluH work. Tho Hpecics is abuiidanr 
 on the west ooast of Mexico, from which region the tyi»icsil specimen wass 
 most likely obtained. 
 
 Page 50. An earlier reference to MyliohatiH is — 
 (Duuidril MSS.; Geoffr. St. Hiluiro, Doscr. Poiss. Egypte, IbOa, 336.) 
 
 Page 53. To synonymy of " Manta &tVo«^rw"add: 
 (Raia birontris Wulbaum, Artecli Pise. 1792, 535.) 
 
 On page 77, last line, and page 78, forty-fourth line, for VrisUpoma- 
 tidWj 87, read : Sr auid^e, 88. 
 
 On page 78, seventh line, for Tcuthydiclw, read: Acantiiurid;^, 99. 
 
 On page 78, thirtieth line, for TrachinidcVj read: LATiLiDiE, 102. 
 
 On page 78, nineteenth line, for Centrarchidcv, 81, road: Elassoma- 
 
 TID^E, 83 (/>). 
 
 On page 70, seventeenth and twenty-ninth lines, for Triglida;, 108 
 road: Agonidtk, 108 {a). 
 
 On page 80, twenty-first lino, for TrachimdcCj read: TRiciiODONTiDiE, 
 102 {b.) 
 
 On page 80, thirty-fourth line, for "B," read "A A." 
 
 On page 81, after YYY, add: 
 
 YYYY. Dorsal fin single, the anterior half spinous, the posterior soft. 
 
 Blennhdje, 112. 
 
 Page 02. The group here called Litholepis is to bo considered as a 
 section of Lepidosteua rather than as a distinct genus. Tlie name 
 Atractosteus (Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 73) should i)robably be adopted in- 
 stead of Litholepis. The name Litholepis admnantintts was given to a 
 drawing by IMr. Audubon. A copy of this drawing was preserved by 
 Rafinesquo in his field-not© book, which we have examined. It is evi 
 dentlj a fancy sketch, like the ^^ Pogostoma,'" "Aplocentrus,''' ^'Eurysto- 
 WM«," and other ichthyological myths, which the humorous artist im- 
 posed on the credulous naturalist. Usox viridis L. was undoubtedly 
 intended for Lepidosteus ossem. 
 
 I 
 
ADDENDA 29. SILURID.*: — ICTALURUS. 
 
 881 
 
 ineu wuH 
 
 3DONTID7E, 
 
 Pafi;c 101, Instead of Pilodictis read: 
 
 .18.— LEPTOPS KiUhieHquo. 
 
 (Uiifinesquf, lolifli. Oli. iH'id, (M: lyi>« Pinu}oditn visconuH Unf.^^SiluruH oUrarh \iiif, 
 Xmroi, Hiiiall; f.';i/'i •'y*'-) 
 The species Hliould stand as — 
 
 91. L. olivuriK (Hal'.) J. &■ (i- 
 
 ^' I'iliKiiefis UmoHus^^ Rat", was likewise baaed on a "drawing by Mr. 
 Anduboji," wlii<!h drawing?, as shown by Kafinesfine's copy, is merely a 
 fancy sketch of an imaginary eat fisli. The name sliould therefore bo 
 disregarded. Of the remaining synonyms of this type, Leptopn stands 
 next in date. 
 
 On page 105, after Amiurvs catus, add: 
 9§ (/<). A. braciiyucantlius Cope. 
 
 BIa(!kish, yellowisli below. Body robnst. Head not depressed ; eye 
 small, 7 in head, 4 in interorbital width. Maxillary barbels reaching 
 middle of pectoral spine; mental barbels to beyond the brancihioste- 
 ijals; Jaws equal. Dorsal and pectoral spines small, a(!ute, not con- 
 cealed in the skin, equal in length, less than the interorbital width, 
 and not one-third distance from snout to dorsal; ])ectoral sj)ine weakly 
 serrate behind only ; caudal not described. Head .'i|; depth 4|. 1). 1, 
 (i; A. 22; P. I, 0. Medina Kiver, Texas. [Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xx, 35, 1880 ) 
 
 On page 105, after Amiuriut natalisj add: 
 lOO(ft). A.bolli Copo. 
 
 01iva(!eous, belly and lower barbels pale. Body very slender. Head 
 tiat, one-flfth longer than wide; jaws subequal; base of anal as long as 
 liead. Pectoral 8i)ine finely serrate i)osteriorly, more than half length 
 of head; dorsal spine long, smooth, a little shorter than pe(!toral, its 
 base a little nearer muzzle than adipose fln; longest anal rays half 
 liead; caudal rounded, its upper rays longer than lower. Head 3§; 
 depth 5J. A. 25. Little Wichita River, Texas. {Cope.) Perhaps a 
 variety of A. natalis. 
 
 (Copo, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xx, 35, 1880.) 
 
 Page lOG. The genus Ictalurus has been heretofore usually distin- 
 
 ^'uished from Amiurus by the connection of the supraoccipital process 
 
 with the second interspinal. In all the species with truncate or rounded 
 
 laudal fln, there is a considerable interval between these bones. In the 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 56 
 
 1^' 
 
«82 CONTRIBUTIONS T3 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOUY—iv. 
 
 fork-tailed species, commonly referred to AmiuriiH, the two boiu's jnc 
 more or less close tofifether; in some species apparently Joined in the 
 yonnj;, bnt separated in the ».dnlt; in others apparently slitjlitly sepn- 
 rated at the surface and joined nnder the skin. In bnt two species 
 /ureatiis and punctatuK, is there a continuous bridfje formed at all a<'('s. 
 In view of tln^ complete intergradation of this character, we have re 
 tained the name Amiurits for the species with truncate csindal and the 
 interspinal and su])raoccipital wholly separate, and Ictalurns for tliosit 
 with forked caudal and the two bones in question joined or a[)proxi 
 inated. The only other alternative, and a not unreasonable one. is t(» 
 refer all these species to one genus, Ictalurus. 
 
 On page 108, instead of letaliirus lacustris read: 
 lOG. I. nig[ricans (Lc S.) Jor. 
 
 The ^^Gadm lacustris''* (Walb. Artedi, Pise. 1792, 144) can hardly 
 be identified with any fish. 
 
 Page 110. To the description of Arius felis, the following may he 
 added : 
 
 Bands of palatine teeth large, not prolonged backward over tlic 
 pterygoid region; fontanelle prolonged backward in a narrow groove; 
 occipital process long, narrow, keeled. Pectoral rays 1, 0. 
 
 Arms equestris U. & G., is not distinct from A.fclis, and should lie 
 •erased. >■ 
 
 Page 111. Instead of P lectospondyli read Order L. Eventognathi. 
 The latter name is unobjectionable, and has priority of date. 
 
 Page 113. Wo do not believe that Ictiohus, BuhaUchthys, and Carpi 
 'inles can be maintained as distinct genera, and think it preferable to 
 unite the three under the earliest name, Ictiohus. In its dentition, 
 Ictiohus is intermediate between Carpiodes and BuhaUchthys^ and in 
 structure of mouth BubnUchthys stands between the others. 
 
 We have examined the original raanuscrii)t note-book of Eatinesqiu', 
 containing the descriptions which were afterwards jirinted in the leli 
 .thyologia Ohiensis. In this book is a drawing of his '■'■ Ictiohus bukdus," 
 
 * It is described as follows: 
 
 " Gadits lacustris, Americaiiis Mathemefj, Anglis Land Cod, Pennant, Aict. Zool. 
 Introd. p. 191. Corpus tripedale, superne sub spadieeum, inferne griseuin; cirri tres 
 in maudibula iufciiore, quorum medius longitudine duos alios vincit." 
 
 The "Mathomeg or Land Cod" of Pennant is said by Richardson to be a caWisli, 
 and it may have been /. nigricans, but the description is wholly iusuiUcieut. 
 
ADDENDA — 30. CATOSTOMIDiE — CAT08T0MUS. 
 
 883 
 
 i^IBi 
 
 n 
 
 f-T!f5f ?<•' 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ones ai'»' 
 
 [TOGNATllI. 
 
 from which it is evident that the species intended was the CafoHtomm 
 bnhaluH of Kirtland — the BuhaHchihyH altun of this work (p. IHJ). If 
 this identification bo accepted in our noinenchitnre, the si)e(ilic nann^ 
 huhnlm shouUl take the phice of altns, and eifprinella that of hubaliis. 
 11" KafineH(pie's species be considered uni«UMitifiable, the same chanjje 
 shoidd be made,- as Kirtland's use of the name huhalm foHowcd next. 
 As liafinesque's I. huhaluH was the type of his Tctiohm, in strictness the 
 nnine Buhalichthys should be superseded by Ictiohus as a subgeneric 
 name, while the group heretofore called Ictiobus would be called Sclc- 
 nxjnathuH C. & V. 
 
 In this view, the species should stcand as follows: 
 113. I. cyprinclla (C. & V.) Ag. {Sderognathiu.) 
 111. I. urus (Ag.) J. &G. (Ictiolua.) 
 
 115. I. Itubaius Raf. {Ictiohus.) 
 
 116. I. carpio (Rjif.) Nels. (Carpiodes.) 
 111'. I. «lamalis* (Grd.) J. &. G. {Carpiodes.) 
 IIS. I. thompsoni (Ag.)Nels. (Carpiodes.) 
 
 119. I. bison (AgONel* {Carpiodes.) 
 
 120. I. cyprinus (Le S.) J. & G. (Carpiodes.) 
 
 121. I. difformis (Cope) NelH. (Carpiodes.) 
 
 Of these species, 117, 118, 119, and 121 are of doubtful validity. 
 
 Page 126. The following species of Catostomus may be added: 
 130 (c). C. iiebulifcr Garman. 
 
 Brownish, clouded and blotched with darker; a blackish lateral 
 shade; belly pale; lower half of iireopercle abruptly silvery. Body 
 stout, little compressed. Head nearly as broad as eye; eye small, 
 about half snout; mouth small; lips with considerable free margin. 
 Dorsal inserted midway between snout and caudal; caudal deeply 
 notched; anterior rays of dorsal longest. Head 5; depth .5. D. 0; 
 A. 8; scales 14— 90-14. Nazas Eiver, Coahuila. {Garman.) Very close 
 to C. gusmaniensisj if not the same. 
 
 [Catostomus nebuliferua Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 89, 1881.) 
 
 * It is better not to adopt the name tumidus for any species of Carpiodes, an the 
 "ri}!;inal Carpiodes tumidus is not certainly identified. The description agrees well 
 with young specimens of /. lubalus, a species lately obtained by us in Texas. 
 
r 
 
 884 CONTUinUTIONS to N0RTI[ AMERICAN ICIITHYOLO(JY — iv. 
 
 Pii^jfO 145. "Tt'eth one-rowed [Chondroittomina;)'''' belout^n ufter t, 
 not tt. 
 
 Pago 148, thirtieth line, in.stead of Alburnus, read: JticiiAHnsoxurs 
 108. 
 
 Pajjfe 150. nyhorhynelmH Jlavipinnis is described by Professor Cope in 
 Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xx, ;i(), 18SI, and H. nigrotccniatus and Cochloij 
 iiathiit; hiputtatiis, on page ^{7 of the same paper. 
 
 Page 157. After Jl.flumatilw ad<l: 
 
 188 (/>)• II* puiK-tifcr Guruiaa. 
 
 Brownish, paler below; cheeks silvery; scales punctulate; a black 
 spot at base of caudal. Body little compressed, the anterior proliUi 
 regularly curved. Head moderately broad ; snout rounded, little 
 longer than eye; mouth small; maxillary reaching half way to eye. 
 Ventrals short, not reaching vent, inserted a little in advance of dorsal. 
 Pectorals short, reaching little more than half way to ventrals; caudal 
 deeply notched. Lateral line slightly decurved. Head 4; de])tli 4. 
 D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3. "Distinguished from D.couchii Grd. by the 
 size of the scales and a stouter form." Tributaries of Lago del Muerte, 
 Coahuila. {Garman.) 
 
 (HyhognathuK (Dionda) punctifer Garraan, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. viii, 89, 1881.) 
 
 Page 17G. After C. hubalina add: 
 
 236 (.b). €. rubripinna (Garni.) .T. & G. 
 
 Brownish above, sides rosy or silvery; cheeks silvery; a brownish 
 band from najje to i)ectorals; lower fins salmon color; caudal reddish; 
 dorsal dark brown. Body deep, much compressed, the back anihed. 
 Head small; snout shorter than eye; maxillary not reacliing eye. Pec 
 torals not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal; caudal deeply forked. 
 Scales much deeper than long. Head 4^ ; depth 2§. D. 8 ; A. 11 ; 
 scales 7-38-3. L. 3 inches. Tributaries of Lago del Muerte, Coahuila. 
 {Garman.) ' 
 
 (CyprineUa rubripinna Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 91, 1881.) 
 
 Tage 206. Bhinichthys Ag.: 
 
 Professor Garman giv'es in Science Observer (1881, vol. iii, No. 8, p. 
 67) a detailed account of the genus Bhinichthys, in whic^ 15 species 
 
ADDENDA — 31. CYPRINID.E RHINICIIT1IY8. 
 
 885 
 
 nre rocognized. These are distinguished by the characters «,'i^etl in 
 the following analytical key: 
 
 mm 
 
 u. Month inferior, snout produccil beyond it. 
 b. Fi'Ht dorsal ray midway between end of Hnout and bune of eundal. 
 
 c. Lateral lino ()0-(>4; 1. triinH. lO-j- l-j-^ nasiUun. 
 
 cc. Lateral line 70 cataracta. 
 
 bb. First doruul ray midway between anterior iJon(ril and base of caudal. 
 
 d. Lat. 1. T.'i-aO ; 1. tranH. 10 + 14-10 marmoratuti. 
 
 dd. Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 10 + 1 + 10 lulcux. 
 
 bbb. First dorsal ray midway between front of month an<l base of eaudal. 
 
 c Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 11 + 1 + 10; snout narrow occlla. 
 
 ee. Lat. 1.80; 1. trans. 1« + 1 + 12 dulcin. 
 
 eec. Lat. 1.70-72; I; tranrf. 12 + 1 + IIJ tiansmontanun. 
 
 hhbb. First dorsal midway between middle of eye and base of caudal. 
 
 /. L. trans. 25 maxilhsus. 
 
 aa. Mouth subinferior, snout not prodneed. 
 
 g. First dorsal midway between nostril and base of caudal; lut. 1. bO; 
 
 1. trans. 14 + 1 + 10 badiiix. 
 
 gy. First dorsal midway from eye. 
 
 h. Lat. 1. 58-()0; 1. trans. U + 1 + 7 simiiH. 
 
 hh. Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 11 + 1+8 ohtusm. 
 
 hhh. Lat. 1. Oil ; 1. vrans. 12 + 1+9 aironmuH. 
 
 i. Stout, black baud obsolete. ,.... lunatu«. 
 
 aaa. Mouth anterior. 
 
 A;. First dorsal midway from front of eye. 
 
 I. Lat. l.Gy-7t;; 1. trans. 11+1 + 10 mehagris. 
 
 II, Lat. 1. 64; 1. trans. 9 + 1 + 7 'irenatas. 
 
 Most of these species we are unable to recognize. They seem to us 
 to be merely local varieties, or even individual variations, of the two or 
 three most widely-distributed types in this genus. 
 
 The following may jjerhaps be inserted: 
 
 Page 207. After JB. transmontanus add: 
 
 316 (6). K. dulcis (Grd.) Jor. & Copel. 
 
 Keddisli brown, clouded with darker; lateral band very faint; a 
 dark caudal spot. Snout blunt, projecting beyond mouth, which is 
 small and inferior. liarbel small, sometimes absent. Ventrals reach- 
 ing vent. Scales small. Head 4J. D. 9; A. 3; scales 12-80-12. Platte 
 Valley. {Garman.) 
 
 {Argyrevs dulcis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. IS'iG, Sweetwater River; Gar- 
 man, Science Observer, 1881, 59, Cheyenne: lihimehlhya ocella Garmau, 1. c. 59, from 
 N. E. Wyoming and Montana, has the snout narrow, the barbel conspicuous, the 
 scales 11-70-10: IlhinlchtUya hdeus Garman, Hull. Mas. Comp. Zoiil. 1881, 87, and 
 Science Observer, 1881, 59, from Ogden, Utah, has the snout long, more than twice 
 eye, the barbel small, and the scales 10-70-10: Jihinivhthya marmoratiw Ag. ; Garman, 
 1. c. 58, from Sault Ste. Marie, has the scales 10-78-10, and is i)ossibly distinct frouj 
 li. cataructw.) 
 
I! I 
 
 886 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTllYOLOGV — iv. 
 
 Page 208. After BMnichthys aU'onasm mid: j - 
 
 81C? (ft). Ik. ImdiHS GariiiiHi. : * v.. • v. « 
 
 Brownish, mottled; sides and belly silvery. Front of dorsal iiiiriwa, 
 between nostril and eye. Scales 14-80-10; otherwise as in Ji. obtuiux. 
 Clinch Riv3r. [Qarman.) 
 
 (Garmau, Science 0))sorver, 18H1, 60.) 
 
 31§(c). R. siiiiiiiii Garmau. 
 
 Clouded brown; a dark lateral stripe, bounded above by a silvorv 
 line. Head depressed above and in front of eyes; snoui rather bioad, 
 thin, little projecting. First dorsal midway between eye and base of 
 caudal. Head 4^. D. 9; /.8; scales 9-60-7; teeth 2,4-4, 2. Coa- 
 huila, Mexico. {Garman.) *, 
 
 (Garnian, Science Observer, 1881, 61.) 
 
 318 (({)• K. inelcagrii^ A^. 
 
 S'luilar to R. oMusm, but with the jaws nearly equal. Head broii'l, 
 
 narrowed anteriorly; lips small; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Head 3^. D. D; A. 
 
 7; scales 11-70-8. Western Illinois and Iowa. 
 
 (AKassii!, Am, Joiu'u. Sci. Arts, 1854, 3.57; Garman, Bull. Mua. Comp. Zool. 1881, 8li, 
 and Science Observer, 1881, 62.) 
 
 31§ (e). R. arenatus Garman. 
 
 Similar to B. melcagris, but with larger scales, and the teeth 1. 4-4, 1. 
 Head 4J; depth 5 J, D. 8; A. 7; scales 9-G4-7. Sand Hill liiver, Min 
 nesota. {Garman.) 
 
 (Garman, Br.ll. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1881, 87, and Science Observer, 1881, 62.) 
 
 Page 235, tenth line, read: "nearly reaching vcntralsy 
 
 Page 241. The S)>ociniens described in the text as Squalius atrariu,^, 
 are the ^oung of the species described on page 240 as Squalius rlumd- 
 leus. Siboma atraria Cope is also identical with the latter spiuios. 
 Whether Siboma atraria Grd. is the same is very doubtful. The follow- 
 ing are the characters assigned to it, and nuiy be substituted for those 
 given ir the text: 
 
 3C?. S. atrarius (Grd.) J. & G. .,,.- - — 
 
 Blackish above, mottled with dark; paler below. Body somewhat 
 elongate, subfusiform; caudal peduncle stout; head larger than m IS. 
 gibbosus; the fins lower; profile of head gently sloping forward, tlie 
 snout aubconical. Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to oppo- 
 site eye. Eye small, 5^ in head. Dorsal inserted over veutrals, uear<3r 
 
ADDENDA 38. DOR08MATIDA DOROSMA. 
 
 887 
 
 base of caudal than Hiiout. Head nearly 4 (with c...:dal). D. 9; A. 8; 
 scales 11-7. Teeth 1, 4-5, 2, without griiiUing- surface properly so caUed. 
 \j. 7 inches. From a si)ring iu Utah, near the desert. {Girard.) 
 
 (Siboma alraria Grd. Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phiia. 18r>(i, 208, and U. S. Pac. R. K. Siirv. 
 X, '297: 1 Siboma atraria var. longicepa Co\w & Yarrow, Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th 
 Mir. \ ()67, 1H7(), from Nevada; a small lish with the scales 12-5G-5, the head 4, the 
 (l(pth 4i ill length.) , .: > .:. ^ , ' 
 
 rage 244. Numerous specimens of Fkox^mus phlegcthontis from Provo 
 iJiver examined by us are full-grown at a leugtli of barely 2 inches; the 
 lateral line is almost wholly wanting iu all. 
 
 <»* 
 
 Page 244. If the generic name Leucos be considered as preoccupietl, 
 this genus should stand as — 
 
 104.— MYLOIiEUCUS Cope. 
 
 Page 203. Instead of Msgalops thrissoidcs read: 
 136. in. stllanticus C. & v. 
 
 And erase the synonym " Glupea thrissoidcs Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 
 424," inserting instead '•'-Megalops atlaniicus G. & V. xix, 398." 
 
 Glupea thrissoidcs Bloch & Schneider is based on Broussonet's descri])- 
 tiou of his Vlupea cyprinoides, which is the East Indian Mcyalops eypri- 
 noides (Brouss.) Bleek. On our Gulf cojist, Mcgalops atUiiiticus reaches 
 a length of about feet, and is known as "Grande Ecaillo." 
 
 Page 205. After Glupea sagax add: 
 
 441 (ft). C pscudoliispaaica (Poey) Gthr.--5'2;a»us/t Sart^iwe. 
 
 Plain bluish, silvery or golden below. Body slender, little com- 
 pressed, Mie belly scarcely carinated, its scutes weak; mouth small, the 
 maxillary extending a little past front of pupil, 2?- in head; lower jaw 
 and tongue with a few feeble teeth; cheeks much longer than deep, the 
 depth below eye ^ t*ye> which is 3^ in head; opercle without stria?. Gill- 
 rakers long, very slender, 30 to 40 below angle. Caudal as long as head; 
 ventriils below middle of dorsal; peritoneum pale. Head 4,^; depth 5|. 
 1). 18;i\.17; Lat.l. about 45. L.O'J inches. Cuba to Pensacola, Florida. 
 Closely allied to the lOuropean Sardine [Glupea pilchardus Walbaum), 
 which is best distinguished by the strongly striate opercle. ;. ""X^ 
 
 {Sardinia pactidohixpatiica Pi'-'y, Moraorias Cuba, ii, 311, 1860; Giliither, vii, 442.) 
 
 Page 271. After i>. cy^erf iawM/n add: 
 431^ jS>. nscxicaniim (Othr.) J. & G. 
 
 Silvery, a snmll ron.nd dark spot at the shoulder. Maxillary reaching 
 front of eye; jaws even in front; eye as long as snout, four in head 
 
 .■ -i. 
 

 888 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 Insertion of dorsal fin mediau, immediately behind base of ventral!^- 
 the filament reaching end of anal fin. Scales large; nine scutes be 
 hind ventrals. Head 3^^; depth 2^. D. 14; A. 25; Lat. 1. 40; L. t,r. 13. 
 Gulf of Mexico ; north to Louisiana. {GUnther.) . 
 {Chatoiisiua mexicanua Giiutliei; vii, AOi>, 1868.) 
 
 Page 273. After Stolcphorus ringens add : 
 4«a (/»). S. nanus (Grd.) J. & G. -,'m , r v ..,i.;su : - 
 
 Pale, but not translucent; sides with a broad silvery shade, but with 
 out distinct stripe. Body slender, moderately compressed, the bellj 
 carinate aud faintly serrate. Head compressed, conic, the snout rather 
 pointed, bluntish at tip. Maxillary extending beyond root of mandible. 
 Eye not very large. Teeth in both jawt*. Pectorals and ventrals short. 
 Head 3^; depth 5. A. 22. Southern California; abundiint. Very 
 likely the young of S. ringens, from which it seems to be separated bv 
 the more compressed body. The many spev^imens obtained by us at 
 San Diego were of the same size, and schools of immature anchovies 
 uniform in size, are rarely seen. 
 
 {EmjrauUa nanus Girai-d, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 3154, 1858.) 
 
 Page 273. After Stolephorus hiulcus, which is probably identical with 
 S. browni, read; 
 
 454 (b). S. mitcliilli (C. &, y.) J- & G. 
 
 Very pale, translucent, the silvery lateral stripe very narrow and not 
 well defined, scarcely wider than pupil; snout and caudal yellowish, 
 with many dark points; middle line of back with a continuous stripe 
 formed of dark points; dark points along base of anal and behind it. 
 Body rather short and deep, compressed, belly slightly serrated; snout 
 short, not longer than pupil; eye very large ; maxillary extending- beyond 
 root of mandible, about to margin of opercle; both jaws with distinct 
 teeth; cheeks broadly- triangular. Anal long and high, its base 3 1 in 
 body; its first ray nearly under middle of dorsal. Pectorals long, \\ in 
 head. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. 14 ; A. 26; Lat. 1. about 37. L. 2A in(!hes. 
 Atlantic coast; abundant from Cape Cod to Southern Texas. 
 
 {EngrauUs mitchilU Cuv. & Vul. xxi, 50 (uocof GUnther): EngraiiliHritlatiiH Storer. 
 Hist. Fish. Muss. :f41, pi. xxvii, f. 3 (uot Clupeit tiltata Mitcli.); .Jordan & Gilbjit, 
 Proc. U. S. Nat. Miio. 1882: f Engranlia duodecim Copo, Trans. Aiu. Philos. Soc. 18(i(i, 
 405 (last ray of dorsal said to bo in front of first of anal). .-„-_ — 
 
 On page 270, after Alepidomurus ferox^ add: 
 AHH (h). A. aesculapius Beau. 
 Closely related to A.ferox, differing chiefly in the much shorter pec 
 
ADDENDA — 46. SALMONID^ COREGONUS. 
 
 889 
 
 torals and ventrals, the latter of 7 rays, the former of 12. Gill nikers 
 23 (27 in A.ferox). Eye 5 in head, the maxillary extending to beyond 
 it. Head G; depth 11. D. 39j A. IGj vertebra} (asiu^./eroj?) 50. Una- 
 lashka, Ali»ska. {Bean.) ' \ 
 
 (Hean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V, 1882.) ► 
 
 Page 281. After iSynodus lucioceps add: * 
 
 464 (^). S. iiiteriiiedius (Spix) Poey.— (Sa«d-dtr«r. 
 
 Grayish, abruptly i)aler below ; back and sides with eight dark cross- 
 bands, broadest at lateral line; a jetbl; ck blotch on upper part of 
 slioulder-girdle, hidden by opercle; men'brane of maxillary black; dor- 
 sal and i)ectorals barred, the former in fine pattern; lower fins and lower 
 part of head sulphur yellow. Body rather stout; head blunt, large, 
 the snout broader tl«au long, about equal to eje, which is 4.;^ in head; 
 frontal bones little striate ; interorbital space conctive, G in head ; i)romi- 
 nent striie behind eye; jaws subcqual; maxillary !§ in head, longer 
 than pectoral. Scales large, 4 to 6 rows on cheek; 3 series between 
 adipose fin and lateral line. Dorsal high, as high as long; ])e(;toral 2 
 in head; ventral 1^. Head 4; depth 8. D. 11; A. 11; scales 4-48-7. 
 L. 15 inches. West Florida to Brazil. 
 
 {Saiirus intennediiiH Spix, Pise. Bnizil, 81 : Saiirtis intefmeditOf GUuther, v, 39C: Suuiua 
 analin Cuv. &. Val. xxii, 483; Poey, Syu. Pise. Cub. 414.) 
 
 On page 288, twelfth line, read: Mouth generally terminal. 
 
 On page 200, all the text between the description of Microstoma 
 gramlandicum an<l that of Mallotus, on page 291, should be cancelled. 
 
 On page 300, after Coregonus merki, add : 
 
 493 (ft) C. laurct^a: Boan. 
 
 "The height of the body is greater than the length of the head and 
 equals one-fourth of the total length without the caudal; the distance 
 of the nai)e from the front margin of the jaw is contained 2;^* tinies in 
 its distance from the beginning of the dorsal. The diametei" of the eye 
 equals the length of the snout, and is about one-filth that of the liead. 
 Maxillary reaching nearly to the nnddle of the eye, its length contained 
 U times in that of the head; the sui)i)h'mental bone about hall" as long 
 as the maxilla, and its greatest width eciuals one-tlnrd of its length. 
 The length of the mandible equals three-sevenths of that of the head, 
 reaching to the hind oargin of the orbit. The appendage of the ven- 
 tral tin is less than half as long as the fin and nesirly equal in length to 
 the 7 scales immediately over it." Eye 5 in head. Scales much smaller 
 
 14 
 
 '>4I 
 
 
 •"'i. 
 
890 
 
 CONTRIJJUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— I v 
 
 than usual in G. artedi. D. 12; A. 11; V. 12; P. 16; Lat. 1. 84 to 95. 
 NoitlKMu Alaska; Yukon River to Point Barrow. {Bean.) ;.;, 
 (Bciiii, I'lKc. U. S. Nat. Mils, iv, IHtil, 156.) 
 
 Pa{;e oO(). Instend oS Oncorhynchus chonk'ha ivad: 
 499. O. tckawytclia (Walb.) J. &, G. 
 
 Tlie barba -ous appearance of this name scarcely warrants so '>reat a 
 chanjje in its orthography. >> :..•.> v r^/A - 
 
 Pa{>e 320. No. 515, Sah^elinus hoodii, should be erased. Tiio spoci- 
 juens in the British Museum, described by Dr. Giinther as Salmo hoodi 
 (vi, 150), belong to Salvelinus namaycush. The remaining types of ilicU- 
 ardson's original description belong to Salvelinus fontinulis. 
 
 Tsiga 325. After Choloyasfer agassizi iiilil: 
 5a3 (/')• C'. papillil'er Forbes. 
 
 The si)ecinieu from Southern Illinois, described in the text from tiic 
 MSS. of Professor Forbes, proves to be distinct from C. agassizL Scvenil 
 other si)ecimens have been since obtained. It is further (listingiiislicd 
 from the other members of the genus by the presence of tactile i)ai)illary 
 ridges, as in Amblyopsis and Tyiihlichtliys. The character of "no jiajtil- 
 lary ridges", assigned in the text to Cholo^aster, should therefore be 
 erased. 
 
 {Cliolugaster papiUiferu8 Forbes, Anier. Nut. Jan. 1882, 1.) 
 
 Page 329. Cyprinodon aibhosits appears to be identical with C. varie- 
 gatnuj diliering possibly in slightly greater size and deeper coloration, 
 the ante-dorsal region being, in the males, of an intense steel-blue and 
 the lower parts largely salmon-red. Head 3| to 3g-; depth 2 to 2f. 1). 
 11; A. 10; scales 20-13. 
 
 For Cyprinodon gibhostts (B. & G.) substitute — ' 
 
 S20. C. boviiiiiiii «. & G. 
 
 A doubtful species, differing from C. variegatus in having the head .5 
 in length, the eye 4 in head, the ventrals under anterior margin of dor- 
 sal, and the lin-rays D. 9, A. 8. Leon's Spring, Texas. 
 
 (B. &, G. Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, SH'J, etc.) 
 
 «ja« (h). C. cxicnius Grd. .•..;,v , 
 
 Differs from C. varicgatua in having the head 3.V in length, the eye 4 
 
 in head; D. 12, A. 12. Coloration pale, the male largely golden. L. 2i 
 
 inches. Cliihuahna Kiver. 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. got. Phila. 1859, 158.) ^ 
 
ADDENDA Ji). ("YPRINODONTID^ — FUNDUIiUS. 
 
 891 
 
 Page 333. Fundulus fdmilis is very abuiidaut everywhere on the Gulf 
 coast a£id uorth to South (.'arolina. - ,>,'''; 
 
 Page 333. Instead of F^( ndttlus zebra reml: 
 J36. F. zebrinus J. & (J. noin. Mp. iiov. 
 The name ^^zebra" is preoecupiert in this genus. ; v 
 
 Page 335. Omit from the synonymy of Fundulus adinia, Adinia niulti- 
 fasciata Grd. which is a very different sinmies =Fundulun xenicus J. & G. 
 
 Page 33G. After i^. >e///ro/(i,vcia<M.s add: 
 
 ,542 (''). F. ocellaris J. &. «. ^^ " 
 
 i dark olive, golden below; sides with 13 to 15 dark cross-bands, 
 nearly parallel, the anterior narrower than the interspaces; sides pos- 
 teriorly finely speckled, with small pearly spots on both bands and in- 
 terspaces; dorsal and anal margined with orange; both fins with black 
 iind i)early spots. 9 «lark olive; sides dusted with dark points; middle 
 of sides vith about 13 very narrow dark half bars; dorsal with an 
 ocellated black spot posteriorly. Head small and slender, the snout 
 short. Body rather slender. Eye 4 in head, 1| in interorbital width. 
 Teeth small, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Dorsal high, in 
 males reaching base of caudal, in females much lower; anal inserted 
 uiuler second ray of dorsal. Oviduct not adnate to its first ray. Head 
 ;!J; depth 4. D. 11; A. 10; V. 6; P. 13; scales 35-15. L. 3 inches. 
 Peusacola Bay, Florida. 
 (Jordau & Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 Page 33G. After Fundulus hoteroclUus add : 
 .143 {h). F. grrandis 13. & 6. 
 
 Very closely related to F. heterocKtus, but differing constantly in the 
 much lower fins, the longest rays of the dorsal even in the male not 
 more than half head, of anal 1^ in head; eye 4 to 4i in head, slightly 
 more than half interorbital space. Head 3 to 3i; depth 3g- to 3}. D. 
 11; A. 10 or 11; scales 35 to 38-15. L. 3 to G inches. Gulf coast; re- 
 placing F. heteroclitus. 
 
 (1$. & («. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 389, etc.: Fuudulus Jloridaimiti GnX. Proc. 
 '.Vcad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.59, 157.) 
 
 Page 337. After Fundulus stellifer add: 
 
 XX. Body short and deep, strongly compressed ; gill-nienibranea restricted above to 
 region below upijcr edge of pectoral. {Adinia Grd.) 
 
 
 u 
 
 
892 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv 
 
 545 (/*). F. xenicns J. & G. 
 
 (? dark greeu; sides with 10 to 14 narrow, pearly bands, slightly ob- 
 lique, and mostly narrower than the interspaces; a diffuse dusky hlotcli 
 below and behind eye; lower jaw orange; belly yellow; dorsal aiul anal 
 blackish, with many round, pale-blue spots, besides orange spots near 
 base of fin ; caudal barred, Avith some pale spots; ventrals dusky, tipi)e(l 
 with yellow, 9 greenish, with a faint dark lateral shade and some i)ak' 
 cross-bands; lower fins largely yellow; upper mostly dusky, p.odv 
 very deep, much compressed, much as in Gyprinodon ; the caudal pe 
 duiicle very deep; the head depressed, rapidly tapering to a sharp, con 
 ical snout; the anterior proiile somewhat concave. Females and youno 
 with the back less eleVated. Teeth very small, in a villiform band, tlios*- 
 of the outer series wide-set and considerably larger. Eye large, o in 
 head, l^^ in interorbital space; opercle adnate to shoulder-girdle above 
 base of pectoral (as in Gyprinodon and Jordanella). Dorsal inserted in 
 advance of anal, its origin midway between caudal and middle of eyo. 
 the longest rays in males reaching base of caudal, If in head; anal 
 lower; ventrals 1^ in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Head 
 3; depth 2 (2| to 2* in ? ). D. 9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V. 6; P. 14; B. 5: 
 scales 25-10. L. 2 inches. Gulf coast, West Florida to Texas; locally 
 very abundant in shallow lagoons. 
 
 (Adinia multlfaaciata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pblla. 1859, 117; Jordan & Gil- 
 bert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, uot Hydrargyra muUifaneiata Lo Sueur, uor l<'undulu.s 
 adinia Jor. &. Gilb.) 
 
 Page 340. Zygonectes atrilatus should probably bo supjiressed. 
 appears to be based on females of Gambusia patrtielis. 
 
 It 
 
 Page 340. Instead of Zygonectes melanops read : 
 552. Z. inurus J. & G. 
 
 The known specimens of this species are from Cache Eiver, in South 
 ern Illinois. For the synonymy in the text substitute — 
 
 (Zyyoncclcn mchinops Jonltm, Bull. Illinois Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 52, 1878 (not Haploclnhi' 
 melanops Cope) : Jor. «& Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 : Haplochilua mclanops Copt 
 ftod Z. vwlanopa Hay are apparently Gambusia lyatruehs.) 
 
 Page 341. Zygonectes brachypterus is described by Professor Cope in 
 Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xx, 34, 1880. ^ - . » 
 
 Page 341. After Zygonectes dispar add: . . 
 
 953(h). Z. craticula Goode &. Bean. 
 t Olivaceous; sides with about 6 sharply-defined, jet-black longitudinal 
 
ADDENDA 49. OYPRINODONTlDiE — GAMBUSIA. 
 
 893 
 
 stripes following the rows of scales, the stripes a little narrower than 
 the interspaces; a large blackish blotch below eye; fins nearly plain, 
 the upper somewhat dusky; young with faint dark bars. Body com- 
 paratively long and slender, little compressed. C'audal peduncle long, 
 rather slender. Head long, broad and depressed above. Kye hirge, 
 about equa? to snout, § interorbital width, 3^ in head. Lower jaw 
 heavy. Teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged. Fins all small. 
 Flp:id 3§; depth 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 40-10. Indian River, Florida. 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 1882.) 
 
 14 
 
 Page 343. Lucania venusta is generally common along the Gulf coast. 
 Color nearly plain light olive, the males with the dorsal and caudal 
 bright yellow, the anal orange, each of these fins margined with black; 
 dorsal with bl;rt;k spot at base in front, ocellated with yellow. D. 11 or 
 12; A. 9 or 10; scales 26-8. 
 
 Vage 343. To the descriptwn of Lucania parva add: 
 
 Phiin olive, edges of scales darker; front of dorsal with a «lusky spot. 
 
 15o(ly comparatively deep, the back somewhat arched. Dorsal high; 
 
 anal small. Head 3J; depth 3J. D. 11; A. 8; scales 20-8. L. 1^ 
 
 inches. Connecticut to Florida (Bean). 
 
 Page 345. !N"o. 562 may be rcdescribed as follows: 
 
 .'(62. O. pafruclis (B. & G.) Grd. 
 
 Light olive, each scale edged with darker; a very narrow dark streak 
 along sides; top of head dusky; an obscure bluish-black bar below 
 eye; a black blotch on each side of belly, caused by the black perito- 
 neum showing through the skin: fins dusky; the caudal sometimes 
 (lotted. Body rather slender. Head small, very broad and much de- 
 pressed; teeth in broad villiform bands; eye small. If in interorbital 
 width, 3^ to 3J in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Dorsal 
 small, far back ; distance from its insertion to caudal half that to snout; 
 anal larger and higher than dorsal. Head 4; depth 3 to 4. D. 7; A. 
 Hor9; scales 30-10. L. 1^ inches. Marshes and lagoons of the South 
 Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Delaware to Mexico, mostly in brackish or 
 fresh water; excessively common in Louisiana. Eastern specimens 
 (var. holbrooM; Maryland to Florida) have usually the eye larger, about 
 one-third length of head, 1^ in interorbital width; head 3§ in length. 
 
894 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — Jv. 
 
 The yoiinj; are produced iu earlj' summer, when iibout one-third of an 
 
 inch long.* 
 
 (Heterandna painiclh R. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, ;J90; Grrl. U. s 
 Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 7"2; Gambunia speciosa, gracil'm Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. 8( i 
 Phila. 1859, 121 : Ileterandria affitiis B. & Q. 1. c. 390: Gambmla humilia and uffink Gtlu 
 vi, 335, 336: Uelerandria holbrooki Agaseiz M8S. ; Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liiln 
 1859, (31; Giiiither, vi, 334: Haplochiius milanopa Cope, ProC. Amer. Pliil. Soc. I'liiln 
 1870, 457: Zjigonectes at rUatuc J or. & Brayt. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 84, 187js.) 
 
 Pages 345, 34G. Oamhtma hnmilis and Oambima ajfinis may he suii 
 pressed as identical with (?. ^aYrweii*. ..-si,, ., 
 
 Page 340. After Oamhiisia nohilis add : 
 .'S66 (&). O. senilis Grd. 
 
 Brown, sides with dark specks; vertical fins speckled. Veutralsveiv 
 small, not reachiiig vent; anal rather large. Head 5 in total leiigtli. 
 D. 9; A. 10. L. 2^ inches. Chihuahua River. * 
 
 (Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 18.'9, 121.) 
 
 Page 347.^nder MolUenesla latipinna read: 
 
 " Eye greater than snout, 2 in head, 1^ to 2 in interorbital width." 
 "Caudal-membrane dark orange, with black dots." "D. 14 or 15; A. 
 
 8." ,.,,_ ,.-,,_^^^ .., -. 
 
 Page 347. After MolUenesia latipinna add: 
 567 (ft)- M. lineolata cGrd.) J. & G. 
 
 Color of 31. latipinna, the sides with five dark half-bars. Eye .small. 
 3J to 3J iu head. Dorsal fin rather small, its rays 13 (rarely 14) in 
 number; otherwise essentially as in M. latipinna, of which it may be a 
 variety. Marshes and lagoons of Louisiana and Texas. 
 
 {PaccUla Uneolata Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 1859, 70: Limia pceciloiden GnX. 
 1. c. 70.) . 
 
 Page 352. Instead of -EJsod? saimowett* read : 
 574. E. uinbrosus Kirt. 
 
 The E,>io.r vittatus and U. salmonens appear, from Rafinesque's maim- 
 script notes, to have been mythical. 
 
 Page 355. Instead of Murama melanotis, which is not yet known to 
 occur in our waters, substitute: 
 57§. HI. rcfifcra Goodo & Bean MSS. 
 
 Body moderately stout, somewhat compressed. Teeth of upper jaw 
 
 "Among the genera of Ci/piinodonts, only those which have tho anal fin in the male 
 niodilied are known to be viviparous. The others {Cyprinodon, Fiindulus, Zygonecks, 
 etc. ) are probably all oviparous. 
 
ADDENDA 52. MURiENID^. — MUR^NA. 
 
 895 
 
 in two series, the outer series of a few short, fixed teetli ; the inner 
 ISeries of about 10 lonj?. compressed teeth, a few of wliieh are depressi- 
 hle, all more or less directed backward; those ot the middle of the jaw 
 somewhat larger than those in front. Vomer with 1 or 2 depressible 
 canines. Teeth of lower jaw similar to those of upper; the large teeth 
 liitlier shorter and broader; teeth all entire; mouth not closing com- 
 pletely. The tubes of anterior and posterior nostrils about equal, 
 slightly shorter than eye. (^left of the mouth 2^ times in length of 
 liead; eye over middle of cleft, 1§ in snout. Snout in head. Head 
 ■>^ in trunk. Tail very little longer than rest of bod.\ . Dorsal mod- 
 erate, beginning over the middle of head. Gill-opening small, about 
 as broad as eye. Color light brown, regularly reticulated with black- 
 ish, the reticulations inclosing h'^xagonal or roundish spots of the 
 {[round color, irregular in size, longer than the eye. Entire fish fur- 
 ther covered thickly with small whitish spots, smaller than the pupil; 
 ihese spots smallest and most numerous anteriorly, nearly obsolete on 
 the belly, and prei^ent on the inside of the mouth. Gill-opening sur- 
 rounded by a small blackish blotch not twice as broad as eye. Angle 
 of tlie mouth black ; dorsal with about 5 longitudinal blackish lines, 
 which are obsolete posteriorly. Anal with a blackish longitudinal 
 stripe. Charleston, South Carolina. 
 (Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882.) 
 
 Page 357. After Murwna ocellata add : 
 
 5§0 (ft), in. afra (Blocb) Gthr. 
 
 Greenish black ; fins with dark lines and without pale edge. Teeth 
 iiniserial in old examples, the vomerine teeth being sometimes biserial ; 
 mandible with ahout 20 teeth ou ea^ side, the four anterior nuich Ion- 
 iser than the others, and, like the canines, rather elongate. Anterior 
 nasal tubes half as long as eye. Gill-opening nearly as wide as eye. 
 Suout narrow, produced, pointed; eye moderate, half length of snout, 
 somewhat nearer angle of mouth than end of snout. Cleft of the 
 mouth wide, two-fifths length of head. Tail longer than body. Uead 
 2i in trunk. Dorsal not elevated. {Oiinther.) Tropical parts of the 
 Atlantic; north to Florida. 
 
 (^ Gymnothorax afer Bloch, Ausl. Fische. ix, 85: Murwna ajra (jiiinther, viii, 123, 
 ill part. ) 
 
 5§0 (c). M. moringa Cnv. Moray. 
 Everywhere with innumerable, confluent, irregular, brownish black 
 
 k 
 
 '% 
 
 ^^p 
 
 
 I-, . 
 
 ;)| 
 
 - ■- 
 
 1 
 
 A;,'! 
 
 '^M 
 
 
896 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOdY IV. 
 
 spots separated by a fine network of the white jjround (;olor; each noic 
 of the h)werjaw in a round white spot; tins without wliite niar'Mii* in 
 young examples the bhick spots are Uirger and fewer in nun»l)er than in 
 adults. Teeth uniserial; canines large; jaws not shutting eoinplctt'lv • 
 mandible with 23 to 28 teeth on each side, of which the 3 anterior arc 
 canines, the third being separated from the preceding by an interspace. 
 Length of anterior nasal tubes less than vertical diameter of the eye. 
 Snout produced, narrow. Eye moderate, f length of snont, a little 
 nearer angle of mouth than tip of the snout. Cleft of mouth very 
 wide, f length of head. Gill-opening a little wider than eye. Tail as 
 long as, or somewhat longer than, body. Length of head half, or a 
 little less than half, that of trunk. {GUnther.) Tropical parts of the 
 Atlantic, north to Southern Florida. 
 (Cuvier, Rfegue Anim. ; Gihither, viii, TiO.) 
 
 Page 358. Before Coecula insert: 
 
 108 (&).— JLETHARCIIUS Goodc & Bean MSS. 
 
 * 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882: typo Letharvhus velifer Goodc &. Bean.) 
 
 This genus differs from Ccccula {Sphagehranchus) in the total absence 
 of the anal fin. The dorsal is high and begins on the head; gill-open- 
 ings subinierior, nearly longitudinal; pectoral wanting. {XrjOo!J.at, to 
 forget; «/>;?»?, anal.) 
 
 5§0 (&). Li. velifer Goode & Bean MSS. 
 
 Body rather robust, somewhat compressed, its greatest depth a little 
 more than f the length of head. Head large, abruptly tapering ante 
 riorly; snout very slender and pointed, projecting considerably beyond 
 the lower jaw, its length -^ head, and nearly twice the very small eye; 
 nasal tubes rudimentary; anterior nostril under tip of snout; cleft of 
 mouth, from tip of snout, 4 in head; eye nearer tip of snout than angle 
 of mouth; lower jaw short and weak ; tongue short, free in front; teeth 
 small, pointed, subequal, in narrow bands on jaws and vomer; head 6^ 
 in trunk; head and trunk 1^ times length of tail. Dorsal unusually 
 high, its height at nape equalling cleft of mouth; its insertion at first 
 third of head. End of tail sharj). Anal fin wanting. No trace of pec- 
 torals. Gill-openings large, subinferior, oblique, conv^ergent anteriorly, 
 their length more than three times breadth of isthmus, and equal to 
 lower jaw. Lateral line very distinct, extending forward in a curve to 
 below front of dorsal. Four conspicuous pores on each side of lower 
 jaw, 3 behind each eye, 3 at the nape in front of dorsal, 1 on top of the 
 
ADDENDA — 53. ANGUILLIDiE — 0PHICHTHY8. 
 
 897 
 
 head, and 1 on each side of upper part of snoat, besides u few smaller 
 ones abont the lips. Dark brown, slightly mottled with darker, not 
 paler below ; liead paler than body ; dorsal fin pale, with a broad bhujk- 
 ish margin. West coast of Florida. v 
 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1882A r : i 
 
 Page 358. After Gceeula aouticaris add: 
 $81 (b). C. teres (Oiode & Bean) J. «&, U. 
 
 Body terete, moderately elongate, about f length of head. Snont 
 short, moderately pointed, projecting somewhat beyond lower jaw, its 
 length GJ in head, 2^ times the very small eye. Tube of anterior nos- 
 tril shorter than eye. Cleft of mouth 4 in head ; front of eye behind mid- 
 dle of cleft. Lower jaw rather short and weak ; tongue not free in front. 
 Head 8| times in trunk. Trunk and tail equal in length. Dorsal (as 
 in G. scuticaris) beginning in front of middle of head.* Distance from 
 tip of snout to front of dorsal 2f head. Dorsal of moderate height, 
 its longest ray nearly equal to snout. End of tail acute. Anal well de- 
 veloped, lower than dorsal. Pectorals minute, pointed, usuallj' shorter 
 than eye. Gill-openings vertical (as in C. scuticaris), the length of one 
 slit slightly more than breadth of isthmus, about equal to length of 
 snout. Lateral line distinct, the pores well separated. Head without 
 conspicuous pores. Uniform clear brown, paler below, whitish on the 
 head ; fins all p.ale. West Florida. 
 
 {Sphagebranchua teres Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882.) 
 
 Page 359. No. 582 may perhaps stand as — . 
 
 582. O. mordax (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 The identity of the species found on our coast with Macrodonophis 
 mordax Poey is certain, but the " Crotal&psis punctifer" of Kaup is 
 somewhat questionable. The small vomerine teeth are in two series. 
 
 On page 359, substitute for the description of 583, Ophichthys trisert- 
 alis: 
 
 Light olive brown; a dorsal series of large round black spots, be- 
 sides two alternating lateral series; head with small spots above and 
 below, those below elongate; dorsal and anal narrowly edged with 
 black; pectorals with a few spots. Skin of head with longitudinal 
 wrinkles. Length of head a little more than one-third its distance 
 from vent. Head subconical, the snout rather long and pointed. 
 
 •Subgenus Callechclya Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 28: type Callechelys guichenoti Kaui>.. 
 {xdXoi, fair; iyx''-X^'^i p*?!-) 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mns. No. 16 57 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
898 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV. 
 
 Mouth largo, the gape 2f in head. Eye moderate, 2 in snout, a little 
 
 behind the middle of the gape. Teeth pointed, fixed, those iu jawH 
 
 biserial, those on vomer in one series. Pectoral ',\\ in head; dorsal be 
 
 ginning well in front of its tip. Tail a little longer than body. Pacitic 
 
 (and Atlantic?) coast ot Tropical America; abundant southward ; north 
 
 to Southern Calif'«rnia {Jide Cooper). 
 
 (MufifnopHin triHerialia Kaiip, Apodes, 185(5, 12: HerpetoichthyB caiHsoma Abbott, Proc. 
 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860,475: Ophiauruit californiensis Garrott Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. 
 Sci. iii, 66; GUuther, viii, 58.) 
 
 Page 359. After Ophichthys trisenalis add: 
 
 583 (/>). O. inacrurus Poey. 
 
 Uniform light olive, the back closely punctate, but not dark; tins all 
 pale, the dorsal and pectoral without dark shades. Body not very 
 slender. Head pointed, the upper jaw projecting. Eye large, more 
 than half snout, i)laced above middle of gape. Gape 2§ in head. 
 Teeth subequal, short, slender, and sharp, more or less directed back- 
 wards; all of them biserial; no canines. Nasal tubes short, inconspic- 
 uous. Tail twice length of rest of body. Head slightly more than 
 half trunk, nearly 9 in total. Pectorals long, 2^ in head ; dorsal begin- 
 ning opposite anterior third of pectoral; distance from snout to front 
 of dorsal 2^ in distance to vent. Gill-openings small, rather near to 
 gether. L. 15 inches. Cuba to Texas. Closely allied to 0. parilin 
 (Rich.), with which it is identified by Dr. Giinther; but that species 
 has very long nasal tubes. 
 
 (Poey, Eepert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 256: Oxyodontichthya macrurua Poey, Anal. Soo. 
 Hist. Nat. Esp. 1880, 254; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,260.) 
 
 S83 (<0- 0« chrysops Poey. 
 
 Light olive-green; vertical fins edged with black; tip of pectoral 
 broadly dusky. Teeth all biserial, none of them very large or caniue- 
 like. Head conical, the snout short but rather sharp. Mouth rather 
 large, its gape about 2f in head; jaws and top of head with numerous 
 dark-colored pores. Dorsal beginning a little before tip of pectoral. 
 Lateral line of rather coarse pores. Length of head and body about 
 2f times in total length. West Florida to Havana, in rather deep 
 water. The reproductive apparatus in this species in both sexes re- 
 sembles that of ordinary fishes, the ovaries in the female being very 
 large, with the eggs exceedingly numerous. 
 
 (? Ophiauma gomeaii Casteluau, Auiin. Am^r. Sud. Poiss. 1855, 84, Rio Janeiro: ! Ophick- 
 thya gomeail Giinther, viil, 60: Ophiauriia chryaopt Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 321; Poey, 
 Syu. Piec. Cub. 1868, 425: Oxyodontichthya chryaopa Poey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Esp. 
 1880, 254.) 
 
mmm 
 
 ADDENDA — 53. ANGUILLIDiE— MYR0PHI8. 
 
 899 
 
 I'ut'o 35J). Alter ()u/uvhtliyn ocellatus add: 
 ,,,.,.,., :. ■ 1»0 (fc).- PISODOMTOPIIIS Kanp. . ■ -..n 
 
 (Piwodonophis Kaup, Anodes, 185(5, 15: typo OphigiiruH canrrivorua Rich.) • ' .' 
 
 Teeth all, or nearly all, more or less romuled or granular. Other- 
 wise essentially as in Ophkhthifs. {Tztnov, pea; d^Too-r, tooth; d^tc, snako.) 
 
 3§1 (b). P. longUB (Pocy) Coodo & Beuu. 
 
 Body extremely elongate, its greatest depth little more than ^ length 
 of head. Snout rather pointed, its length 5 j in head and twice diam- 
 eter of eye. Tubes of anterior nostril nearly as long as eye. Cleft of 
 mouth 3 in head ; the front of eyo slightly behind its middle. Teeth 
 all blunt and rounded, biserial; those of the front of jaws considerably 
 larger than the rest. Head 4 in trunk. Head and trunk If in tail. 
 Dorsal beginning at nape, at a point slightly nearer base of pectoral 
 than eye, tlnj fin of moderate height, higher than the anal; end of tail 
 sharp. Pectorals extremely small, rounded, broader than long, the 
 breadth of their bases equal to depth of gill-opening. Ground color 
 dark brown, pale below; each side with 2 series of round, whitish 
 blotches, about 40 spots in each series ; spots somewhat largest and 
 most distinct anteriorly, where their diameter is nearly equal to length 
 of snout. Head with irregular round whitish spots on each side. 
 Dorsal brownish, margined with dusky; other fins pale. Florida to 
 Cuba. ' 
 
 {1 Murmna acuminata Gronovr, Syst. Ichtli. Ed. Gray, ld54, 21: Ophiaurus longut 
 Poey, Rep. Fiw. Nat. Cuba, 1868, 254: Ophichthyti acuminatum Giiiither, viii, 83.) 
 
 Page 360. After Myrichthys tigrimis insert: 
 
 lit (6).— IWTBOPHIS LUtken. 
 (Liitken, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foreu. Kjobenh. 1851, 1: type MyropMs punctatun Liilk.) 
 
 Body elongate, subcylindrical, scaleless. Vertical fins low, meeting 
 around the tail, the dorsal beginning far behind the pectoral, which is 
 small. Mouth moderate, its cleft extending beyond the eye; upper jaw 
 longest ; teeth moderate, in 1-3 series. Nostrils on the margin of the 
 upper lip, the anterior tubular. Size small, {(lupo^j Myrus; o(pi^, snake.) 
 
 $§5 (&). M. Inmbricus J. & G. 
 
 Light olive, everywhere except belov finely punctulate; some very 
 faint roundish yellowish spots ; eyes green ; lower side of head with 
 steel-blue luster. Body worm-shaped, tapering backwards and scarcely 
 compressed; diameter of head less than that of body. Head very small, 
 
 ■ ■ i: 
 
900 
 
 C0NTKIBUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 slender, and pointed, the narrow upper jaw much projecting; eye much 
 nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout, its length 2 in snout. Teeth 
 rather strong, slender, sharp, apparently uniserial, the series on vomer 
 largest. Gape short, 4 in head; nasal tubes very Khort. Pectorals 
 minute, rounded, scarcely larger than eye. Dorsal beginning nearer 
 gill-opening than vent, at a distance behind gill-opening equal to length 
 of head. Head 10?f in total; head with trunk If in tail; head 4 iu 
 trunk. Height of body 30 in length. Galveston, Texas. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U, S. Nat. Miis. 1882, 261: I^Myrophia punctc.tus LUtken 
 1. c: IIMyropMs longicollis Kaup, Apodes, 30.) 
 
 9§S (c). in. microstigmius Poey. 
 
 Distinguished from M. lumhrioua chiefly by the more posterior inser- 
 tion of the dorsal, which begins at a point midway between gill-open- 
 ing and vent. {Poey.) Cuba to Southern Florida. 
 
 (Poey, Report. Fia. Nat. ii, 250, Giintber, viii, 51.) 
 
 Page 300. In lieoconget' nmcronaUm the anal fin is well developed for 
 its entire length ; not " rudimentary," as stated by Girard. 
 
 Page 303. After Conner m^er add : 
 588 (/^. €. caudiciila Boau MSS. 
 
 Olivaceous. Head a little more than 1^ times in trunk, 6 times iu 
 total length; tail short, its length exceeding that of rest of aninml by 
 length of head without snout. Eye equal to snout, 4J in head; lip« 
 moderate; anterior nostril tubular; lower jaw included; cleft of mouth 
 reaching hinder margin of pupil; patch of vomerine teeth ^ length of 
 eye; 38 close-set teeth in outer seriesof upper jaw; behind them con 
 ical teeth directed partly forward ; teeth in both jaws biserial. Dorsal 
 beginning over posterior part of pectoral ; pectoral a little more than 
 ^ head. Peusacola, Florida, iu deep water. {Bean.) 
 
 (Beau, Proc. U 8. Nat. Mus. 1802.) 
 
 Tixge 370. After Notacanthus chemnitzi add: 
 995 (b). IV. phasganorus Goode. 
 
 Body mnch compressed, its greatest width about one-third its height. 
 Head everywhere covered with very small scales, its bones very flexible 
 but protected by leathery skin. Interorbital width more than leufftli 
 of snout, 4 in head, twice diameter of eye. Mandible twice length of 
 3ye; maxillary considerably greater. Teeth of upper jaw slender, blunt, 
 close-set, like comb-teeth, 32 on each side: teeth of lower jaw ehorter, 
 slenderer, in two rows; palatines with villifonn teeth in about two se 
 
ADDENDA — 57. SCOMBERESOCID-fi — TYLOSURUS. 
 
 901 
 
 ries. Distance from snout to dorsal 2f times length of head, its length 
 nearly twice length of head; anal beginning clcse behind vent, its 
 length half the body. Pectoral short and rounded, its length (uncertain) 
 about one-third the head. Ventrals broad, with peduncle-like bases 
 thickly covered with scales; closely adjacent, separated by a narrow 
 groove. Head 7^; depth 9. D. X; A. XIX, 130; P. about 17; V. II, 
 9; B. 8; scales about 20-400-36. Grand Bank, Newfoundland. {Qoode.) 
 One large specimen known, taken from the stomach of a Somnioam. 
 
 (Goode, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mu8. iii, 535, 1880.) . 
 
 Page 373. To the account of Tyloaurus Mam add : 
 
 Body slender, very strongly compressed, nearly twice as deep as 
 broad. Tail without keel. C^iudal deeply and subequally forked; ven- 
 trals inserted much behind middle of body (not a little before middle, 
 as stated by C. & V.). Side with a series of faint roundish bluish 
 blotches; pectoral blackish, pale at base. Head 3 J to 3f in length in 
 adult examples. D. 24; A. 25. 
 
 {1 Belone hians C. & V. xviii, 432, and Giiutbier; vi, 248: Belone maculata Poey, Mem. 
 Cuba, ii, 290.) 
 
 Page 373. Instead of Tylosurus latimanifs read: ' .^ 
 
 597. T. caribbaBUs(LcS.) J. &G. ^' 
 
 To the description in the text add: " 
 
 Body very elongate, subterete, the depth little more than the breadth 
 of body, and considerably less than length of postorbital part of head. 
 Tail scarcely depressed, but with a small black dermal keel. Young 
 and half-grown specimens with the last rays of dorsal elevated, nearly 
 or quite as high as anterior rays; adults with the posterior rays of dor- 
 sal low, not longer than the median. Caudal unequally forked. Jaws 
 rather strong, slenderer in the young. Scales very small. Tip of pec- 
 toral black. Head 3 J in adults; 3 in young. 1). 24; A. 22. L. 4 feet. 
 West ludies; occasional northward. 
 
 {Belone mrribaa Lc Sucnr, Joiim. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 127, 1823: Belone latimana 
 Pooy, Mem. Cuba, ii, 292, 18C0: Belone caribbwa GUnthor, vi, 241 : Belone latimanua QUn- 
 thor, vi, 249.) ' . ' 
 
 Page 374. After Tylosurua exilin add : _.^^^^,.^.^^.^,.,^-,-.^.^^-^-^^^4.,^4^^-^. 
 600 (ft). T. gladlus Beau MSS. 
 
 Green; pectorals and dorsal blackish. Body robust, little com- 
 pressed, its greatest breadth a little more than f greatest depth; cau- 
 dal peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a sHght 
 black dermal keel. Head broad, interorbital space nearly | length of 
 postorbital i>art of head, with a broad, shallow, nearly naked median 
 
 li ;% ...♦ 
 
 . f ■ 
 
902 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 groove, which is wider behind find forks at the nape. Supraorbital bones 
 with radiating striaj. Jawa unusually short, stitt", strong, rapidly taper- 
 icg forwan's; large teeth of jawa very strong, knife-shaped. Upper 
 jaw from eye about If times as long as the rest of head. Eye large 7 iu 
 snout, 2if in postorbital part of head, and 1^ in interorbital width. Max- 
 illary entirely covered by the preorbital. Cheeks densely scaled ; oper 
 cles mostly naked except along the anterior margin. Scales of body 
 minute, especially above. Dorsal fin low posteriorly ; the height of its 
 anterior lobe equaling that of anal, or length of postorbital part of 
 head; its longest ray § the base of the fin , caudal luuivte, its lower lobe 
 nearly half iDugCi.' than the upper; middle rays about as long as eye. 
 Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye 
 their length a little less than that of i)ectoral, and equal (o ])08torbital 
 part of head. Head 3J; depth 13. D. 1, 22; A. I, 20; P. 14. Pensa- 
 cola, Florida; a large si)ecies, remarkable for the great strc^igth of its 
 short jaVfS. 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1882. ) 
 
 Page 374. Instead of Tylosurus longirostrk read : 
 S09. T. inarlnus (Bloch & Scbn,) J. t& G. 
 To the synonymy add : , 
 
 {Esox belone, var. marinus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 391.) 
 
 Page 377. After Hemirhatnphus rosce add : 
 
 h. Ventrals much nearer base of caudal than head. 
 604 (6). H. brasiliensis (L.) Gthr.— /?«/ao. 
 
 Greenish above, sides silvery, the lateral silvery stripe very indis- 
 tinct. Body not very slender, compressed. Lower jaw (from end of 
 upper jaw) 4| in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head, without 
 mandible, 5 in length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillarios broader 
 than long. Eye large, equal to interorbital space, | postorbital part of 
 head. Ventrals inserted very far back, midway between base of caudal 
 and tip of i)ectoral; vertical fins scaly; anal much smaller than dorsal; 
 last ray of dorsal slightly produced; pe(;toral f length of head; ven- 
 trals 2;^ in head; (;audal deejdy forked, the lower lobe longest. Head 
 (with lower jaw) 2^-, depth Of. 1). 14; A. 12; Lat. 1. 53. Troj)ioal 
 America; a 8i)ecimen lately taken on the coast of Virginia by Dr. ,1. 
 T. Wilkius. 
 
 (/i'sox brasilicnats L. Syst. Nal. i, 517, in part, the name and fin rays takon from 
 Marcgrave's account of TjilonKrvs timucii; Glluther, vi, 270: Esox braatUcnsin, HI. & 
 Scbn. 392: Hemirhatnphus vmrijinaiits and balao Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila 
 
ADDENDA — 57. SCOMBERESOCIDiE — EX OCCETUS. 
 
 f)03 
 
 ji, 135, 136, 1823: Hemirkamphua hrowni and pleii C. & V. xix, 13, 19: IIemirhamj)hus 
 pleii GilnthiT, vi, 269: UemirhampJms filamcntosii8 Pocy, Mom. Culm, ii, 297, 1860.) 
 
 Page 377. The genua 183 (/>) Euleptorhamphtis, should probably be 
 recognized. After Eulcptorhamphus longirostris add: 
 
 1P3 (c).— CIIKIODORVS Goode & Bean MSS. 
 (Goode & Bean, Prop. U. S.Nat. Mnw. 1882: type C/iriodorMs oiAennoirfcs Goode& Bean.) 
 Body and fina as in Hemirhamphus, bu*: both jaws very short, not at 
 all produced, each with two series of large, tricuspid, incisor teeth, 
 which form a continuous cutting edge. Maxillary anchylosinl to jne- 
 maxillary. Ventral fins small, median, {/rsin, want; dofw^, lance.) 
 
 609 {b). C. atherinoidcs Gnodo & Bean MSS. 
 
 Light olive; sides with a narrow, silvery band. Interorbital space 
 broad, unevenly convex, its width equal to eye, which is 3^ in head, o,s 
 long as snout ; premaxillaries much broader than long, their edges con- 
 cave; maxillaiy 4 in head; mandible 2^, its tip broadly rounded, not 
 at all produced. Dorsal opposite anal and entirely similar to it; both 
 Ads elevated in front, but not falcate, their longest rays half head ; 
 caudal moderate, deeply and subequally forked; ventrals 2^ in head, 
 their insertion midway between snout and base of caudal ; pectorals 1^ 
 in head; vertical fins with small scales. Scales moderate, deciduous. 
 Head 4f ; depth G|; breatlth of body % its depth. 1). I, 14; A. I, 15; 
 V. 0; P. 12; scales 7-46-3. L. 8.} inches. Key West, Florida. 
 
 (Ooodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882.) ■ 
 
 Viige 379. BofoTi" Exocoetns (•alifornieuff hiHe,rt: 
 607 (b). E. Iiilllaiius GosMe. 
 
 Dark green, silvery below, tinged with pinkish ; dorsal translucent, 
 with a large black blotch on upper anterior half; caudal brick -red; pec- 
 toral translucent, dusky; ventrals more or less dusky, with a small 
 black spot at base of outer ray. Body moderately comi)ressed. Head 
 short, the short snout one-fourth its length; eye 3 in head, equal to the 
 flat interorbital space. Pectoral reaching middle of anal, its length 1^ 
 in body; its second ray simple, .scarcely shorter than third. Insertion 
 of ventral slightly nisirer root of caudal than tip of snout, its tip (ex- 
 tending slightly past front of anal, its length 1| in head. Dorsal \«My 
 high, its ant-tnior rays reaching anal. Head 4.^; depth 5; D. 12; A. 14; 
 scales 38-a. L. 8 inches. West Indies, north to West Florida Jind 
 South Carolina. 
 
 (Gosse, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 11: Pocy, Mom, Cuba, ii, 301: Giiiiflu'T, vi, 384) 
 
 -.VI 
 
904 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 Page 379. Instead 9£ Exoccetus noveboracensis resid: 
 609. E. rondeletil C. & V. 
 
 The specimen described in the text came from the open sea, south of 
 Newfoundland. The species is well distinguished from E. novebora- 
 censis, by the black ventrals, the larger anal and shorter dorsal the 
 base of the anal being more than f that of the dorsal ; the head is 
 blunt and the eye comparatively small ; dorsal beginning slightly be- 
 fore anal} caudal large, Us lower lobe half longer than head. D. 11 
 or 12; A. 11 or 12 (not 9) ; Lat. 1. 42. New England to Mediterranean 
 
 Sea. .'■" . ,,;■ ;^•!•'^v,^ „;,-,lS*^^,^^#^■^,:^i;.'■■ 
 
 (CuV. «fc Val. xix, 115; Giinthcr, vi, 293.) ,. , 
 
 Page 379. Atter Exoccetm rondeletii read: v 
 
 410> E. novcboracensls Mitcbill. ' '■''■' 
 
 J>ark bluish; pectorals blackish at tip, with a median whitish shaa^ 
 ventrals white. Head rather slender, the snout not blunt: eve v^-v 
 large, 2| in head ; interorbital space rather narrow. Pectoral shorter 
 and narrower than in E. rondeletii, barely reaching last ray of dorsal- 
 first ray of pectoral divided; ventrals extending past anal, their inser- 
 tion midway between preopercle and base of caudal ; dorsal beginning 
 considerably in advance of anal, the length of its base more than twice 
 that of anal; lower lobe of caudal not ^ longer than head. Hea^l 4§; 
 depth 5J. D. 14; A. 9; Lat. 1.45. Atlantic coast; specimens examined 
 
 from Wood's Holl and Pensacola. 
 
 * 
 
 (Mitcliill, Amer. Monthly Mag. ii, 233, 1817; Dekay, New York Fuunii, Fish. 230; 
 C. & V. xix, U9: Exocoetus melanurua C. &. V. xjx, 101,) 
 
 Page 379. The description in the text of ^^E. mclamirns^^ is taken 
 from an adult example of E. exiliens, the young of which is described 
 as E. exiliem on page 380. E. melanunis is therefore to be suppressed. 
 E. exiliens is comparatively slender, the anal fin beginning 0))po8ite 
 front of dorsal, its base ^ length of base of dorsal; lower caudal lobe 
 short, shorter than head. I). 11 ; A. 12 (not 9, as erroneously stated in 
 the text). ;,. ...^ ;,,;, 
 
 Page 383. Instead of the foot-note add : :• 
 
 614 (6). S. afllne (Gthr.) J. & G. ,:-.^^?--^^.----^fr*7---=^-^--^^^^ - 
 
 The specimen from St. John's River, described in tne footnote on 
 page 383, belongs to JS. affine. The body, in the female, is marked by 
 silvery cross streaks, which are very distinct in life. 
 
 Page 384. In S. louiaianm the rings are usually 20+38 in number; the 
 dorsal rays 32 to 35. 
 
ADDENDA — 58. SYNGNATHIDiE — 8IPH08TOMA. 
 
 905 
 
 PAgeSS^. After SiphostomalouiaiaTKB add: 
 613 (b). S. floridee J. & G. 
 
 Dark green, with paler streaks ; tail faintly barred. Body slender; 
 snout long, one-third longer than rest of head ; nape and opercles with- 
 out keel; dorsal fin on 1+6 or 7 rings. Tail one-fifth longer than trunk; 
 lings 18+31. Caudal pouch in male on 18 rings. Head about 6 ; D. 
 27; L. 8 inches. North Carolina to Western Florida; abundant at Pen- 
 sacola and Beaufort. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882.) 
 
 Page 384. After Siphostoma californieme add: r,i, . 
 
 616 (b.) S. grlse^lineatum (Ayres) J. & G. 
 
 Very close to S. californiense, but the size smaller, the snout shorter, 
 and the number of rays and rings different. Dorsal covering 1+9 rings. 
 Snout in head If times. Dorsal rays 36 to 41 ; rings 18 to 19+39 to 42. 
 L. 10 inches. San Francisco to Puget Sound. 
 
 {Syngnathus grlseoUneatus Ayres, Proo. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, 14, etc.) 
 
 616 (c). S. bairdiffnnm (Dnm.) Swain. 
 
 Blackish, with pale lines; fins mottled. Body unusually stout, with 
 
 short head and tail. Snout short, coippressed, with a sharp keel above, 
 
 in the male just as long as head, probably longer in female. Nape and 
 
 opercle without keel. Dorsal fin low. Rings 18 + 31. D. 34, placed 
 
 on 1 + 7 rings. Ten rings on tail behind caudal poucli. Head 7f in 
 
 hngtli. Santa Barlvara, California. 
 
 (^ Syngnathua bairdianua Duradril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1870, 574; "Coast of Mexico, 
 near California" (dorsal said io he inc^rted on 3 + 6 riti js); Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. 
 Mii8. 1882.) 
 
 Page 384. The species described in the foot-note as Siphostoma dimid- 
 iatum is a valid species, and should stand as — 
 
 617 (b). S, aniiscus Swain.* 
 
 Syngnathus dimidiatm Gill was based on short-nosed examples of 8, 
 leptorhynchus. . ^ : > 
 
 • Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882. 
 
 The following analysis of the species of Siphostoma found in the United States U 
 
 given by Mr. Swain (Review of the North American Pipe-fishes, 1. o.): ^.„ . , 
 
 0. Top of head strongly carinatcd. 
 
 b. Breast-shields not covered by soft skin; lower jaw slightly included; operole 
 
 with a prominent ridge ; snont short ; belly concave ; dorsal rays 20, 
 
 its base covering 1 + 4 rings ; rings 18 + 30 ; body with 12 brown croas- 
 
 b.and8 ZAxnoPis. 
 
 hb. Breast-shields covered by soft skin ; lower jaw inoliulcd ; dorsal rays 41 ; rings 
 19 + 39 Pu>CTlPIXN». 
 
 ■■i'->. 
 
 '. Ja 
 
 :i 
 
 TTTT. I. 
 
 '■i 
 
906 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Page 385. After Siphostoma punctipinne add : 
 XX. Top of head with a strong iiiternipt«d median crest. (Corufhrichthys Kaup.) 
 
 616(c). S.zatropis J. &G. ' 
 
 Brownish, with ten broad dark cross-bands which encircle the tail 
 but do not cross the belly anterior to the vent ; snout whitish with 
 two narrow dark bands ; lower i)art of head with white cross-streak.s. 
 Snout as long as postorbital part of head, keeled above. Head small. 
 Occiput and nape with a strong, compressed crest, on each side of whicli 
 is a longitudinal ridge ; opercle with a mrdian keel. Ridges of body 
 very prominent. Tail one-third long(»r than rest of body. Dorsal ou 
 1 + 4 rings. Dorsal rays 20 ; rings 18 -f ;)0. Head 9. Gulf of Mexico 
 north to Pensacola. >. » 
 
 (tt Cortjthroichthyn albiroatris Kaiip, Lophobranchs, 25 : Syngnathm albirostris GUn- 
 ther, viii, 170; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 264; Swain, Proc. U. 8. 
 Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 Page 386. The identity of 019 (a) with the European H. heptagonm 
 {antiquorum) is questionable. None of tne American examples seen by 
 us are spotted, and their spines are stronger than in European ex- 
 amples. 
 
 • 
 
 aa. Top of head with a slight keel or none ; opercle without prominent longitudinal 
 ridge, 
 c. Dorsal covering 1 + 9 rings ; snout usually long, 
 d. Rings 20 to 21 + 45 to 49 ; dorsal rays 39 to 46 ; top of head not keeled ; 
 
 large, reaching a length of 18 inches Californiense. 
 
 dd. Rings 18 to 19 + 39 to 42; dorsal rays 36 to 41 ; top of head slightly keeled. 
 
 Griseolineatum. 
 cc. Dorsal covering 1 + 7 (rarely 1+6) rings. 
 
 c. Rings 15 + 38; dorsal rays 29 to S^, top of head distinctly keeled; suout 
 
 short AuLiscus. 
 
 ee. Rings 16 to 19 before vent. 
 /. Dorsal fin low, not longer than head. 
 
 g. Rings 18 + 31; dorsal rays 34 ; snou* short; body little tlongate. 
 
 Bairdianl'm. 
 gg. Rings 17 to 19 + 36 to 41; dorsal r.ays 30 to 32; snout moderate or 
 
 rather short Leptorhynchum. 
 
 ggg. Rings 17 to 18 + 31 to 32; dorsal rays 27; suout rather long; body 
 slender. 
 
 _ Fl,OIUDiE. 
 
 ff. Dorsal fin very high, longer than head, its rays 28 to 32; rings 16 + 30 
 
 __ to 33; snout rather short; belly in the female with a black carina; 
 
 - ^, , - sides of body with narrow vertical silvery streaks in life; dorsal 
 
 ' I ; , spotted Affine. 
 
 000. Dorsal covering 3 + 5 rings ; rings 20 or 21 + 36 to 38 ; dorsal rays 32 to 37 ; 
 
 belly flat or slightly concave; snout medium Louisiana. 
 
 0COO. Dorsal covering 4 + 5 or 5 + 4 rings ; rings 18 to 20 + 36 to 40 ; dorsal rays 
 36 to 40 ; snout medium FuscuM. 
 
\DDENDA 59. HIPPOCAMPID^ — HIPPOCAMPUS. 
 
 907 
 
 Page 880. After JIippocampu8 heptagonns ixd(\:. , . ' ,i r., 
 
 %l9(b). H. guUuIatus Guich. , 
 
 Dark brown, marbled with darker, and usually everywhere spotted 
 with whitish, the spots most numerous posteriorly. Tubercles on body 
 generally obtuse and blunt; coronet low; snout usually a little longer 
 than preorbital part of head. Dorsal rays 17. Supraorbital spine ob- 
 liquely truncate, compressed. Size rather large. Tropical seas, north 
 to our South Atlantic and Gulf coast. 
 
 (fl Hippocampus guttulaUis Cuvicr, R5guo Aiiiin.: Hippocampus guttulatus Giiutlier, 
 viii, 202: GuicheuDt, in Ramou de lii Sagru Poiss. Cuba, 174, the West-Indian form, 
 which is apparently diflferent from the European species called "guttulatus.") , 
 
 (19 (c). H. hudsonins I^ek. 
 
 Dusky, without spots, but with pale grayish blotches, which are 
 sharply edged with paler and blackish ; some of these between eyes and 
 on neck, the most distinct blotch forming an hour-glass shaped figure, 
 extending down each side of back ; similar blotches on belly and tail. 
 Dorsal with a submarginal dark band. Depth eqi^l to length of head. 
 Snout 1^ in rest of head. Spines of head weak, provided with cirri; 
 spines of body all short and bluntish. Dorsal on 3J of the 11 body 
 rings. D. 19. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod southward. (Described 
 from No. 19520, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Beaufort, N. C.) 
 
 (Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 322.) 
 
 619 (d). H. stylifer J. & G. 
 
 Brownish, with darker bars ; snout blackish. Snout notably longer 
 than postorbital part of head; supraocular and temporal spines long, 
 simple; a long median spine in front of coronet; coronet stout, high, 
 its spines slender, abruptly spreading. Spines of body very long and 
 slender, each ending in a filament ; these enlarged on each alternate 
 plate of the neck, and about every fourth plate on body and tail ; dor- 
 sal and ui)per lateral ridge usually armed and sometimes lower lateral 
 ridge; two strong spines at base of pectoral; body with about 50 devel- 
 oped spinous processes besides numerous smaller points. D. 16, cov- 
 ering about 4 body rings; rings about 12 +31. Coasts of Florida. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 2<55.) 
 
 619(e). H. asostersB J. & G. r ^r-r^r^^T::"": "t ;;;r7;;;";:'7;'"v"r^^:^ 
 
 Olive green; sides of head mottled with paler; dorsal marbled with 
 dusky, its margin (in ^ ) broadly red. Snout very short, not more than 
 half rest of head ; supraorbital spines diverging, each with a small 
 spiue before it. Coronet high, tv.o-thirds length of snout; its filaments 
 
 Kf •■ 
 
 li:' '' 
 
 ft, : \ 
 
 ,:'M 
 
 I li 
 
908 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 about as long as snout. Spines on bodj well developed. Dorsal on 2 ! 
 + 1 rings ; th j fin high and very short. D. 12 ; rings 11 -f 26 to 30. L. 
 2 inches. Pensacola Bay. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1882, 265.) 
 
 Page 391. The ventral rays in Aulorhynchus are I, 4, not I, 5 as erro- 
 neously stated in the text. 
 
 Page 403. Mugil mexicanus is certainly specially identical with Mugil 
 albula, and may, thereforii, be suppressed. 
 
 Page 405. The types of AtJierina Carolina 0. & V., examined by us in 
 the Museum at Paris, show the following additional characters : 
 
 A true Atherina. Eye large, 2^ in head. Scales nearly or quite en- 
 tire. Spinous dorsal wholly in advance of the vent. Ventral reaching 
 past front of vent and dorsal nearly to it. Head 4^. Lat. 1. 52. 
 
 Page 406. In Labidesthes, the prsmaxillaries, though broadened be- 
 hind, are much narrower than in Menidia, and but little broader than in 
 Atherina. • 
 
 Page 400. The date of the name Menidia is apparently 1836. 
 
 Page 407. Instead of Menidia bosci read: 
 640> M, vagrans subap. laciniata Swain, sp. nov. 
 
 Coast of Iforth Carolina. The synonymy given in the text (page 
 407 j belongs to No. 644. • 
 
 Page 407. In Menidia vagrans the scales are all very firm, with rough 
 edges. A. 1, 15 to I, 18. Silvery band broad ; back with lines of dots 
 following the rows of scales; pectoral and caudal yellowish in life. Soft 
 dorsal and anal scaly. Florida to Texas. /, 
 
 Page 408. After Menidia notata add : 
 648 (J). ]fl. audens Hay, sp. nov. 
 
 Color and form of M. notata; edges of scales somewhat dotted; a 
 dusky streak at base of anal. Head rather broad and flat above. Mouth 
 small. Eye 3 in head, equal to snout and to interorbital space. Vent 
 a longitudinal slit, its length two-thirds diameter of eye. First dor- 
 sal spine inserted immediately above anterior part of anal slit, slightly 
 nearer base of caudal than snout. Pectorals extending to beyond bases 
 of ventrals, their length four-fifths head. Ventrals reaching vent. In- 
 terspace between dorsals twice diameter of eye. Top of head covered 
 with large scales. Lateral silvery band on fifth row of scales and edges 
 of fourth and sixth rows; the extreme parts of fifth row not included 
 in it. Scales with entire edges, which are nearly straight, so that 
 
ADDENDA 72. X IPHl ID^ TETRAPTUEU8. 
 
 909 
 
 eacU Hcale is ungulated behind. Soft dorsal naked. Head 4^; depth 6. 
 D. IV or V-I, 8 or 9; A. 1, 17 or 18; scales 45-10. L. 3 inches. Missis- 
 gippi Kiver; the types from Memphis and Vicksbnrg. {Hay MSS.) 
 
 Page 408. Under M. heryllina read " two half-row of scales," iostead 
 
 Page 408. Instead of Menidia brasiliensis read : , . , 
 
 (44. M. bosci (Cuv. & Vul.) Swaiu. 
 
 Distinguished from Jil- notata by the deeper body and stronger teeth. 
 The soft dorsal and anal, as in other smooth-scaled species, are free from 
 scales. D. IV-I, 8; A. usually I, 24. South Carolina to Florida. 
 
 [Atherim menidia L. Syst. Nat. : A, bosd C. & V. X, 46r>; not A. brasiliensi^ C^. & Q.) 
 
 Page 415. The genus and species ^^ Argyrotwnia vittata''^ should be 
 erased from the system. We have little doubt that thoy are based on 
 a specimen of Ammodytes americanm. Our alleged species of AmmO' 
 iHtidce are perhaps all. forms of Ammodytes tobianus L. A. peraonatusj 
 at least, is not distinguishable from A. americanus. 
 
 Page 417. To the synonj'my of Echeneis remora add: 
 
 (Echenda aqualipeta Daldorf Nut. Selskab. ii, 157, about 1785; ami Glinthor ii, 157. 
 If the subgenus Remora Gill, be adopted as a genus, which may bo desirable, this spe- 
 cies should st.and as liemora aqualipeta (DaUl.) J. & G.) 
 
 Page 41 8. Elacaie Canada is known in Florida as " Sergeant-flsh," from 
 its lateral stripes ; also, as "Snooks" and "Ling." 
 
 Page 420. Instead of Tetrapturus albidus read: 
 d63. T. indicus C. & Y. 
 
 Tropical seas, northward to the Grand Banks, on our Atlantic coast. 
 Instead of the synonymy in the text, substitute the following:* 
 
 (C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 1831,286: Tetrapturua herachelti Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 
 i, 313, 18:58 : Tetrapturua herachelii Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 441 : Hiatiophorua her- 
 tcklii Gilnthoi", ii, 513 : Tetrapturua albidus Poey, M^m. Cuba, ii, 237, 1858: ? Tetraptu- 
 msamplua Fooy, M6m. Cuba, ii, 243: Hiatiophorua breviroatria Gthr. andPlayfair, Fish. 
 Zanzibar, 1866, 53: Tetrapturua georgii Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond. viii, 36, 1840: Te- 
 trapturua leaaonii Canestrini, Arch. Zool. i, 259, 1861 ; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
 1881, 418 (detailed review of family): not Tetrapturua belone Raf.=T. iniperator (Bloch 
 k Schneider) Goode, a distinct species, known only from the Mediterranean.) 
 
 •This synonymy is given in accordance with the views of Dr. LUtken, who recog- 
 nizes but five species of XipMidce. This view is probably correct but, as has been per- 
 tinently observed by Professor Goode, the identity of the American species called 
 Tetrapturua albidua and Hiatiophorua amcricanua, with their Old World representatives, 
 is yet unproven, and in many respects it is desirable to retain the American names until 
 this identity is shown. " To unite species from widely distant localities, without ever 
 iiaviug seen them, is very disastrous to a proper understanding of the problems of 
 geographical distribution." (Goode, Proc. W. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 427.) 
 
 Im« ■, 
 
 
 m 
 
 K 
 
 B^Bi ** 
 
 11 
 
910 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 Page 422. After TrichiuruH lepturu8* add: -^ • 
 
 319 (6).— BENTIIODESi^US Goode & Beau, 
 (fiuode Si, Bonn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miis. 1881, 370 : tyi)o Lepidopua elongatua Clarke.) 
 
 Body naked, niiicli compressed, band-like, tapering gradually back- 
 ward from the vent; caudal peduncle very slender, the caudal flu small 
 but well developed; vent much nearer snout than tip of tail. Lateral 
 line simple, nearly straight, in a deep, wide furrow. Head compressed • 
 the snout gibbous near its tip; top of head very flat, concave between 
 the eyes, without occipital crest; lower jaw with a stout cutaneous ap- 
 pendage. Three very long, simple, compressed teeth on each premaxil- 
 lary in front; outside of these a few minute teeth, and behind them a 
 row of large sharp teeth; lower jaw with a single row of rather large 
 pointed teeth, those in middle of the jaw largest. Palatine teeth 
 minute. Nostrils horizontal. Dorsal tin nearly uniform, the spines and 
 soft rays similar; anal extremely low, preceded by a scale-like append- 
 age. Caudal forked. Ventrals each reduced to a minute, scale like 
 spine, inserted below pectorals. Gill-rakers short, spiny, in one series 
 on first and second arch; obsolete on third and fourth. Deep water. 
 
 {fievOiK;, deep ', deff/xut;, hand.) ; ii-f V . 
 
 666 (b). B. cloni:atU8 (Clarke) G. & B. 
 
 Silvery, with dark traces on head and tail. Length of caudal pedun- 
 cle half greatest depth of body, its least depth one-third interorbital 
 width, which is 4 in head. Snout 2J in head ; maxillary not reaching 
 front of eye, as long as postorbital part of head. Gill-rakers 13 on firat 
 arch. Dorsal fin inserted above middle of opercle; pectoral as long 
 as maxillary. Head 7^; depth 30. D. 154; A. 100; P. 12; V. I, 1. 
 (Goode <& Bean.) Deep seas ; known originally from Hokitika, New Zea- 
 land; a specimen lately taken from the stomach of a halibut on the 
 Grand Banks of Newfoundland. 
 
 (Lepidopus elongatus F. E. Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Inst, xi, "294, 1878, pi. xiv; 
 Goode & Beau, Proc. (J. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 379.) 
 
 Page 424. After Scomber pneumntophorus read: 
 
 667 (b). 8. COlias Gmelin.—" Spanish Mackerel" of Europe. 
 
 Our Atlantic and Pacific representatives {grex Mitch. ; diego Ayres) 
 of 8. pneumatopJiorus seem to be identical, but both differ in some 
 respects from the European " Spanish Mackerel." 8. colias Gmel. 
 has the head longer, 3J to 3f in length (instead of 4); its spinous 
 
 • This species is known as "Sabre-fish" and "Silver Eel," on the coast of Texas. 
 
ADDENDA 75. CABANOIDA'. — TRACHURUS. 
 
 Oil 
 
 dorsal is lower, tho loiijjcst spinoH not more than halt of head; the color 
 
 is (lintinctly tlitterent. In IS. piieumatophorus the dark band.s on the 
 
 back are broader than the interspaces, as broad as pupil; these are 
 
 usually continent below with a narrow dark lateral streak, which runs 
 
 about on the level of the upper edge of the pectoral; below this streak 
 
 the sides and belly are inunaculate. In S. coliaa (si)eciniens from 
 
 Charleston, S. C, and from Genoa) the dark dorsal bands are much 
 
 narrower, not so broad as the interspaces and more wavy ; the lateral 
 
 streak is obsolete or represented by a line of dots, and the sides below 
 
 are marked by numerous irregular, wavy vertical streaks, spots, and 
 
 reticulations, of a dull pearly-gray color, which are usually broader than 
 
 the interspaces; longest D. 8i)ine more than ^ head. The fin rays are 
 
 the same in the t\vo species. 
 
 {Scomber coUan Gmeliii, Syst.Nat. i, 1329, 1788; C. & V^ viii, 309; Gthr. ii, 361: 
 Scomber dekayi Storer, Fish. Masy. 5'2.) 
 
 Page 424, In the description of Scomber scombrus read "depth 6," 
 
 not 5^. 
 
 Page 425. For Anocis rochei road : 
 
 660. A. thazard (Lac.) J. «& G. 
 
 And add to its synonymy : 
 
 {Scomber thasard Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 9, 1802: Auxis taso C. &. V. viii, 14(5.) 
 
 Page 427, last line, omit the words " P. 10." j. 
 
 Page 430, second line, omit the word 5airrf. 
 
 Page 432. The following diagnoses of the species of Trachurua may be 
 substituted for those given in the text: 
 
 6§0. T. picturatus (Bowrticli) J. & G.— Hor«e Jfacfceref. 
 
 Body elongate, little compressed, the depth 5 in length ; scutes 50 + 
 
 46 to 48, the anterior scutes one-ttird lower than the posterior, their 
 
 height 2J in diameter of eye ; curve of lateral line scarcely shorter than 
 
 straight part; maxillary scarcely reaching beyond front of eye, 2§ in 
 
 head; lining of opercle scarcely blackish. Coast of Southern California 
 
 to Chili; Mediterranean. 
 
 {Seriola pictnrata Bowdich, Excursion Madeira, 1825, 123: Trachurxis cuvierl Lowe, 
 Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii, 183, 1837: Caranx trachurua 2*'"» subdiv. C. & V. iii, 18: 
 Caranx ania Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 74 (not Scomber amia L.): Caranx symmetricut 
 Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 62, 1855: Trachurua fallax Capello, Cat. Peix. Portn- 
 i?al, 1867: Trackurua riaaoi Giglioli, Cat. Anfibi. Pesci. Ital. 1880, 27.) 
 
 « 
 
 1 
 
812 CONTBIBUTIONtt TO NOKTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 681. T. saurnsKaf.* 
 
 Body comparatively deep aud compressed, tbe depth 4; scutes 34 to 
 
 36+30 to 38, the anterior scutes scarcely lower than the posterior their 
 
 height three-quarters diameter of eye; length of curve of lateral line 12 
 
 to If in straight part ; maxillary reaching past front of pupil, 2J to 2h in 
 
 head; lining of opercle dusky. CJoaats of Europe; occasional on oui 
 
 South Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 
 
 (Scomber trachums L. Syst. Nat. Cuv. & Val. ix, 11 : Trachurut trachurua Day, Fi«li. 
 Qt. Brit. 1880, 124: 1 1 Caranxomarua plumierianua Lac. Hist. Nat. Poisa. ili, 84^ pi. n 
 Trachuriia aaiirua Raf. Caratteri, etc. 1810, 20.) 
 
 Page 435. Caranx pisquctus is known on the Gulf coast as "Ilard-tail" 
 or "Jurel"; Vecapterus punctatiis as " Cigar- tish". The lateral scutes in 
 Caranx cibi are about 28 in number, as in C. heani, which is possibly 
 the young of the same species. , 
 
 Page 430. Instead of Carawj? /a/ca^«« read: 
 6§9. C. amblyrhynchiif/ C. & V. 
 
 Add to its synonymy : 
 
 (Carawjc am6///»7i.i/nc7itt8 C. & V. ix, lUO, pi. 248.) ' i 
 
 Page 437. Caranx fallax can hardly be said to have "canine teetli," 
 the teeth being smaller than in G. hippus. ^ 
 
 Page 443. Trachynotus goreenaiSj the "Permit" of the Florida coast, 
 is probably distinct from T. ovatus, differing in the much more elongate 
 form. It reaches a large size. Trachynotus glauctis, the " Gaft- top , sail 
 Pompano," rarely grows beyond a foot in leiigtb. In the description of 
 the latter the words "Lower California" should be erased. 
 
 Page 444. Instead of Seriola lalandi read : 
 »01. 8. dorsalis (Gill) J. & G. 
 
 The identity of the Californiau " Yellow-tail," with the Seriohi lalandi 
 of the Atlantic is questionable. For the synonymy of the species sub- 
 stitute: 
 (Halatractua dorsalia QiW, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 84.) 
 
 A species apparently the true lalandi, however, occurs on the coast 
 of Florida and may be added as — 
 101 (&). S. lalandi C. & V. 
 
 It agrees in general with the description of No. 701, but the mouth 
 
 •The description of T. aaurua given in the text was taken from specimens from 
 Venice, belonging to a tliird species or variety (decUvia Jenyna) not y<!t found iu 
 America north of Cape San Lucas. Its scntes are usually 38 to 404-38 1o 42. Iu 
 form and other characters it is intermediate between aaunta and picturatus. 
 
ADDENDA — 75. CABANGID^ — SCOMBROIDES. 
 
 913 
 
 I.U ' I'i :i 
 
 ig larger, the maxillary 2| in head, instead ofS^; and the dorsal rays 
 ji^ V-I, 32 or 33. Florida to Brazil ; reaching a large size. 
 
 (C. & V. ix, 20H; GUnther, ii, 463: Seriola gigas Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 230.) ^^ ts 
 
 Page 445. Aiicr Seriola rivoUana AAd: ■"".■' 
 
 709 C*)- S. falcata C. «& v.— "i?ocfc 5a?mon" (Pensacola). 
 (Irayish, paler below; tins blackish; pectoral pale; a very faint 
 
 olivaceous band from the eye to the nape (corresponding to the black 
 I band in 8. rivoViana^ but scarcely visible). Body deep, compressed ; 
 
 head coini)re8sed, not conical, a little longer than deep; snout 2,^ in 
 I head; maxillary reaching front of pupil, 3f in head; occiput somewhat 
 
 (■arln.'ite; caudal keel little developed. Dorsal falcate, its anterior lobe 
 
 If ill head, 2.V in base of fin. Head 3J; depth 3|. D. VIII-I, 29; A. 
 I II-I, 21. Gulf of Mexico, north to Pensacola. 
 
 (Cnv. & Val. ix, 210; Gllnther, ii, 404: Seriola bonarienais Goodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. 
 I Nat. Mu8. ii, 1H70, 129, not of C. «fe V. f It is thought by Dr. LUtken that this species 
 is identical with <S'. rivoUana, but this identity is not yet proven. S. rivolinna=hona- 
 I riensin=^bosci seems to bo slenderer, with a distinct black temporal baud.) 
 
 Page 445. Instead of Seriola stearnsi read : 
 I T03. S. carolincnsis Holbr. 
 
 This species differs from Seriola dorsalio notably in the larger mouth 
 
 [(maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2^ in head, in S. carolineims ; barely 
 
 reaching front of pupil, 2| in head, in S. dorsalis). S. caroVmensis, S. 
 
 Udandi, and S. dorsalis have the occipital region broadly rounded in 
 
 the adult, while in S. zonata it is sharply compressed or carinated at 
 
 all ages. In *S\ zonata^ the body is much deeper, the head more obtuse, 
 
 I aud the dark bands in the young fish much blacker. 
 
 [Seriola carolinenaia and S. zonata Holbrook Ichth. S. Car. 1860,72; Seriola aiearnsi 
 [Goode & Bean.) 
 
 Page 440. According to Dr. Liitken [Sjtolia Atlantica^ 1880, G03) Ela- 
 
 Uati» pinnulatus Poey (the "Euuner") is identical with Elagatis Mpinnu- 
 
 \ktus (Q. & G.) Benn,, a species known from the East Indies aud the 
 
 I Mediterranean. Keferences for the latter are: 
 
 [Seriola bipinnvlnia Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uran. Zool. 1, 363: Elagatia bijunnulatus 
 I Benn. Whaling Voyage, ii, 283: Seriolichihya bipinnulatua Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Nederl. 
 Ind. vi, 190 : Seriolichthya Mpinnulatua Giinther, ii, 468; the genefic name Elagatia be- 
 I ing rejected by Dr. Giinther on account of the prior Elacate. ) 
 
 Page 447. In the typical siiecies of Scombroides the maxillary has a 
 Uftiall supplemental bone, of which no trace exists in the American spe- 
 I cies or " OUgoplites?^ The latter group probably merits' recognition as 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 58 
 
91«4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTU AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY— IV. 
 
 ft (listinot. jftMius. In very youn^ spociinor.s of 0. oc<'ulvmalh tlu> uppor 
 jrtw ivS |)ii>tr5U>(ilo jw lusual in Caranguhr. 
 
 Pajfo 148. Instojul of Pomatomm saltator ivivX: 
 TON. I>. Miltntrix (\..) OiU. 
 
 "iV(j//«j/r».r," IVS nstnl by LimiiiMis, was an oU\ proper uuuio. 
 
 Pa^io 151. Invstoad ol' Strotuateu^-i aU'pidotua road: 
 YIO. $«. |»iirii I.. 
 
 In tlio (losoription (p. 451) mid pectoral much longn- than head, ami 
 ad<l to the synonymy : 
 
 (Slnmuttrmt parti \.. Syst. Nut. «»d. ii, tf4S; Imsod on a nRiiiv iind «\owrii>tion in 
 Slo!U\o's ".lamaiott"): Sonrnnun xanlhui-un Qnoy A Ot\'n\\. Voy. FitAyi,, y.oiil. ;{S|- 
 Jihombu.1 xaHthunui C. A V. ix. •10:>: wot Slnmn(eni> futrn IMooh.) 
 
 ■ -r 
 
 Vaj;«» 45*J. The {fonus " ,Vm/>m.s" l\)eeo (Sn aleuni nnovi lVs<«i del Mar 
 dl ]\Iessina, iu (liorn. Seien/,. l/ott. Arti i>er hi Sieilia, xxvi, No. 77) is. 
 aeeonlinfj; to IV. Oij^lioli (in Ui.), probably identieal with /.»>«,<,• Mupus 
 inipnialus Coeeo hvluff tlu)U{;ht to be the same as Lirus ornlLf. As tluMv 
 is some tnieertainty, it is pwbably best, however, not to adopt the nuine 
 
 Paije 454. Instead of Con/phrma punvttilnta ri>m\: 
 It^, V,vnuisvti% \..—Simn Dolphin. 
 
 >?lnlsh above, paler below, and yellowish; sides immaeuhile. or 
 
 spriidvled with small, irregular bine spots; larger si)ots along bavsoof 
 
 <lorsal; dorsal dark bine, usually markiMl with w.nvy lines or rows of 
 
 spots; anal without spots. Protlle iif snout not beeoming vertical with 
 
 age; ventrads moderate, inserted somewhat behind the ptvtorals. ]). 
 
 51 to 5(}; A. 24 to 2(5. Length 'J^ fe.M. P«>lagie; not raiv on our South 
 
 Atlantic and (hilf coast. 
 
 (lu S.vst. Xaf.; (illMthor, ii. 10*: T,i;tl<on. Spoliiv Afluntiojt. l!*,"'), .^fi•^•. r„mp>i,m 
 j)HH('/H/(ifM,') (\ A; V. ix. ;W7, ('<»»7//>/t(rNii ptiuctHlolo (itiuOior, ii, 408: Vor^thcma immacit- 
 lota l\)i\v, Mojii. Cubrt, ii, '<.Mf); Lowo, ritthoH Miuioinv, 07.) ,, 
 
 Page 455. Instead of (7<)»'y/»/ifrwrt *ucm»** n^id: ^' 
 
 Ti6. t\ lilppiiriiji* \,.—OtnU Dotphiit. 
 
 " Colors brilliant in life, changing suddeidy at deatli; brownish olivo 
 above, white v)r golden below, with l)right blue spots, t1u> largest on the 
 back and head, tVirming bands on the snout; dorsal purplish blue, with 
 paler obliipie lines; other tins tinged with blue; caudal yellow; inspirits. 
 palo with blackish spots on the lower parts. IMaxillary rtMiching niithlK' 
 of oyoj i)ix)lilo of suout beconiing iiotuiy vertical with ago j ftx)Ut of anal 
 
AM>KNDA — 81. CKNTUAKOHin.V, — ClI.r.NOnPYTTl'J^. 
 
 915 
 
 luulcr iiiiddio of body. "Mulo with (ho fn)nt oUnnlod, fortuiojr a oivst, 
 
 whioli |»rojoi'(.s a lit(h» ho\«>mi tho upper jaw; fomulo with hhio spots 
 
 nlonjx «'a«'h sith^of Iho (inl,roj;uhnl.vaniUi};otl." (/W,v.) lloiul 5; (h'pth 
 
 r». 1>. AS-(54; A. 2(>-^U>. Itongni (5 foot. In all warm 8oa«; ooinnion iii 
 
 the Onlf of MoxioO. 
 
 (1.. Syst. Nat.; OUnthor. ii. 40.'»; l\x>y, Syn. IMso. C\\K :W^: <',yr^ph(rno tjutlata 
 rt>(>y, Motn. Ciihft, ii, aift; Ultkon, 1. oi. <ltCl: (Wjiphirtui nufuri C. A. V. ix, IWi.) 
 
 Pago ■15r». A ft oi- /V<r<iWw rdro/mw^ a»hl: • ;" ^ 
 
 ^lU.><'h A Sohni>i«lor. SyH(«M«a lol»«hyol. 18(>t, !«): typo Sjuirti* rnji lUooh.) 
 
 lUnly e<nnpro8se(l, luoro or loss olovntoil, oovoroci with rather small 
 sciilt's. Mouth ver> oblicjuo, tho h>wor jaw project iu;;; both jaws with 
 ;in oul(>r .series of strouj; teeth ; t;v<li ou vomer au<l ])alatiues (hvi<lu- 
 ous. Dorsal aud aual tVus elou>rate, the foruuT with 3 or 1, the hitler 
 with 1* t>r;r«;>;iies; oiiudal «h>eply forked; voutrals thoraeie, 1,5. ()|>or- 
 oleseutUT; brauehiostogals 7. No air bladder. Pelajjie. (l.atiu /»*fi»Mrt, 
 broaui; the speeies luiviug beeu eidled " liranui moritui'^ by Hay.) 
 
 TIT(.''). B. riM* (1^1<>«'10 Solni. 
 
 (\>l(H'atii»u uuit'tuuj. Kyeat the middle of the head; peetorals reaeh- 
 iii;: UMildle of aual. (ireatost tlepth beh>w ujiihlle of Ixxiy, ,'Mu total 
 Iiii^th. 1). Ill -,'11; A. 11-117; seales l.Vim-*J.?. Tyloric cuwi r». Vcr- 
 t(>l)ra> 1(14-2.1. Atlautie coasts of Kuropo nud Africa, strayiuj; to 
 (iraud Ihudxs oi Mewtouudhnul (/>mH), coa^st of Washiugtou Territory 
 (/>mfi), aud C'hili. 
 
 t.'?/>«ifwrr?;i Ulooli, lohlh. taf. '2::^; Giinthor. it, 408.) 
 
 Ta^io inj). For Ifoloecnft'm read Ilohx^rnlrum. The former is the orig- 
 inal orthojjraphy, but it is not worth while to try to restore it* 
 
 Prtjio -KM. ruder Klaasomathhr, the stateuieuts '^uo teeth ou vomer" 
 ;uid "pseiulobrauehia^ uoue" are uot quite eonvet. j\ specimen of KIoa- 
 soma zoiKifuw fi'ouj Touibigbce Kiver, IJ^ iiu^hes loujj, thus much larger 
 than the ori}:final types, shows the folK>wiuj; eharaetei's: 
 
 A few weak teeth ou vouu^r; ftnmt teeth »>f l>olh jaws c^vuiueliko, 
 »lin>cted forward ; pseu«h>brauchia» .somewhat ghuulular, covenMl by 
 skiu. Scales cychWd ; no lateral line. Dorsal apparently enuugituUe. 
 1). V, «.»; A. Ill, 5j L«t, \.'6S. lload speckled with black; dm with 
 dark ^1)018. 
 
916 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN TCHTHYOLOGY— IV 
 
 rago 4C8. Under Chcanobryttufi guloam lead: "nead2J; depth 2k" 
 
 Page 482. Under Lepomis holbrooki read: "Head 3"j aud under Lc- 
 pomis notatm read: "D. X, 12." 
 
 Page 485. Instead of Micropterns dolomieu, read M. dolomiei. Tlii.s 
 l>er8onal name should have the genitive form. 
 
 Page 523. Under Perca, tenth lino from bottom, add : " Lower limb of 
 preopercle with strong antrorae teeth." 
 
 Pago 525, tenth line, under 8tizo8tedium, add: "Lower limb of pre- 
 operele with a few autrorse teeth." 
 
 Page 532. After Polyprhn oxy genius add: 
 
 873 (&).-BBACIIYBHINUS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Troc. Acad. Nat. Sci. riiila. 18G2, 23G: typo Serranua crcolus C. »fc V.) 
 
 Body oblong-ovate, compressed} head short, the profdo convex, tlie 
 snout short and blunt ; jaws an^l all the bones of the head covered with 
 imbricated scales. Scales of body very small. Moutl ^*\ther srall 
 oblique, the lower jaw projecting. No supplemental a^i . .uiry. Teeth 
 as in Scrranus, but the lateral teeth small, not canine-like. Preopercle 
 evenly serrate. Dorsal si)ine8 9, none of them produced in liUimeuts* 
 tins all low ; caudal tin forked. Warm seas. 
 
 83«(?>). B. fiirclfcrCC. &V.)Popy. 'V/. 
 
 Red or reddish, with three small violet spots on the side of the back 
 and one on the tail; sides with oblique streaks; dorsal fiu with a longi- 
 tudinal blackii^h streak. Snout short, scarcely longer than the large 
 eye; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; preopercle Ihiely aud 
 evenly serrate. Gill rakers slender. Dorsal spines low, near' nm- 
 form, but longer than the soft rays; second anal spine rathei • r ? 
 than third; pectoral long and pointed, longer than head; caudjlc;. ; ,!• 
 forked. Head 3i; depth 2t. D. IX, 19; A. Ill, 9; sciVles 10-83-a.j. 
 Tropi(;al America, generally abundant both in the Atlantic and Pacific ; 
 recorded by Dekay from near New York. Tliis record is doubtful, al- 
 though the occurrence of the species within our limits is very probable. 
 
 {Scrravita fiircifcr ain\creohin(J\iy. »fc Val., ii,264, 265, 1828: Jirachyrhivu/i crco/iwOill, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1802, 24U : Brachyrhimts crcolua Poey, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. 
 N. Y. 1871, 4(5: Connna oxyptera Dckny, N. Y. Fauna Fish. 1842, 77 : Anil U9 furcifer 
 Gthr. i, 91 : S/L'rraiiua cri'olus and cohnua Gthr. i, 100, 101.) 
 
 Pago 533. After Serranus atrarius add : 
 
ADDENDA — 86. SERRANID^ — HYPOPLECTRUS. 
 
 917 
 
 mi 
 
 S30 (h). S. nigrcscens (Uloch &, Sulm.) Ooodo & Beau. 
 
 According to Dr. Holbrook the northern representative (nigrcscens) of 
 Serranus atrarins has the air-bladder simple, and the pectoral as long as 
 the ventral ; while in the southern form [atrarins) the air-bladder is sac- 
 culated, and the pectoral longer than the ventral. These observations 
 are confirmed by Dr. Bean, who has also noticed other points of ditter- 
 euce. Tiie northern form (Cape Ilatteras northward) may then stand 
 as 8. nigrescens, 
 
 (Coryiihama nigrescena Blocli & Scliueiiler, 1801, 2U7: Ccntrojmstia nigricans C. & V. 
 iii, 37, and of various authora. ) 
 
 Page 534. In Serranus trifurcus the fdamentous tips to the dorsal 
 spines are often but little developed. A species, apparently the same, 
 occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Head 2f ; depth 3|. D. X, Iii; A. Ill, 
 7; scales (}-48-13. The section called ^^ Ualiperca^^ should hePrionodcn* 
 
 Pago 535, To the account of Serranun stihligarius .add: 
 A large blotch of cream-color with sharply defined edges in front of 
 vent, extending upwards as an irregular cross-band to iiear middle of 
 sides; an interrupted black ring around tail at base of caudal; a large 
 black blotch on front of soft dorsal; lower parts of head with a very 
 conspicuous network of bluish streaks; pectorals, anal, and caudal, 
 sharply barred with black; ventrals tipped with black. IJody deej), 
 compressed; the head very slender, acuminate, the anterior profile 
 straight or somewhat concave; depth at middle of eye little more than 
 hall-length of head; lower jaw little projecting; roaKillary reaching 
 posterior margin of pupil, 2^ in head; canines small, those on sides of 
 lower jaw largest; edge of i)reopercle sharply and subequally serrate ; 
 gill-rakers short. Dorsal little emarginate, the fourth spine 3 in head; 
 caudal subtruncate; second anal spine longer than third, 2^ in head; 
 jaws, and dorsal and anal fins scaleless. Head 2J; depth 3; D. X, ]3; 
 A. Ill, 7; scales 0-42-17. 
 
 Images 536, 537, etc. All the species of Serranus have normally 10 
 
 spines in the dorsal. - ^ ^ -^ \ 
 
 Page 530. Instead of subgenus Plectropoma substitute: 
 ay* (/>).-HYPOPL,ECTRUS Gill. 
 (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phihi. 18G2, 236: type Pleclrojmma puelldj C. & V.) 
 
 This genus differs from Serranus chiefly in the presence of antrorse 
 
 m 
 
 ■■\ 
 
 Prionodea Jenyus, Zool. Beagle. Fish. 1842, 46: type Prionodea fasciatua Jenyns. 
 
 ^ 
 
918 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 spines on tlio lower margin of tlie preopercle. The species are of siaall 
 size; the body short and compressed. (uTrtu, below; 7r/l7>r/?ov, sinir.) 
 
 Page 537. Instead of Sctranus clilorurus read: ''■•>• > 
 
 843. II. nigricans (Poey) Gill. ' ^ 
 
 The species found on the Florida coast has the body and fins all alike 
 blackish, with violet shades, and is doubtless distinct from IL cMorurun 
 in which the pectorals and caudal are yellow. Florida to Cuba. 
 
 Page 538. Instead of rW,sofrqpis ftruH/ieits read: 
 §44. T. stomias Goodo & Bean MSS. 
 
 The color in this species, the "Black Grouper" of the Florida coast, 
 is dark gray, freckled with paler, but without distinct spots; fins all 
 edged or tipped with black; no yellow nor violet shjides anywlieix. 
 Caudal lunate. Mouth very large; the maxillary longer than pectoral. 
 The identification of this species with T. brunneus Poey is very doubtful. 
 
 (Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) <. ,- .■ 
 
 V'AgiA b^^. Aitev Trisotropis microlepis ixd^'. 
 §46 {h). T. pctrosus Poey. 
 
 Light brownish violet, covered with close-set round reddish brown 
 
 spots about as large as the pupil, besides largo quadrate dark areas oii 
 
 the trunk; no red anywhere. Fins dark brown, except the pectorals, 
 
 which are black, with a broad border of bright orange, at least in tlio 
 
 adult. Maxillary extending beyond orbit. Preopercle rounded, finoly 
 
 serrate. Caudal lunate, the lower angle rounded. Head 3^ (in total); 
 
 depth 4. D. XI, IG* A. Ill, 11 ; coeca 15 to 20. Cuba to Key West. 
 
 {Poey.) 
 
 {Serranm pvtroms Poey, Memoriaa, ii, 130: Trisotrojda pctrostis Pooy, Anu. Lye. Nat. 
 Hist. N. Y. ix, 301, 1870.) 
 
 Page 540. '■* Epincphclm copnolm^^ should apparently stand as — 
 §47. £. atlnnticus (Lar.) J. & G. 
 
 The earlier names, llolocentrus punctatu)t Bloch (Tchth. iaf. 241) and 
 I'erca maculata Bloch are both preoccupied in this genus. 
 
 Page 541. After jE[p/wf7)/»r/?/.s"«'/«7ri7«.<f add : I 
 
 §50 (/>). E. j^triatnN (Bloch) Gill. — HamM; Xassau Grouper. =^ - 
 
 Chestnut-brown, varying to light slate-color; lips and throat voriuil- 
 lion ; a black stripe sometimes present, extending from snout to a point 
 between eyes, then dividing, one branch extending to origin of dorsal. 
 the other to opercle ; a large quadrate black blotch ou tail behind dorsal ; 
 
ADDENDA 86. SERRANIDvE EPINEniELUS. 
 
 910 
 
 young with transverse dark l)ars; vontrals dusky. l»o(ly rather deep, 
 
 somewhat eompressed. Month hirge, the niaxiUary extendinjjf beyond 
 
 eye, 2 in head; canines rather strong. Preopen^U* nearly evetdy serrate. 
 
 Caudal rounded*; second anal sj)ine rather strong, slightiy longer than 
 
 third; dorsal spines rather high. Jaws and tins with lint; scales. Head 
 
 3.J; depth 2^. D. XI, 17; A. 11% Z, Lat. 1. about 85. West Indies; 
 
 north to Key West {Poey ; Stearns)', very abundant; reaches the length 
 
 of 4 or 5 feet. 
 
 (Anthitts striatum Hloch, Ichth. ix, 1();>, 1797: Serranux alriatim (irUnthor, i, 110: Goode, 
 IJuU. U. S. Nat. Mu8. v, 57: Tooy, Ui'p. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 'iHo.) 
 
 Page 541. The group called Bodianitfi is probably entitled to generic 
 rank. Its species should stand as follows: ■ ^ ^ y 
 
 g.'Sa. B. piiBictatus (L.) J- & Gl. 
 
 §5« («»). B. tocniops (C. &. V.) J. & G. ' 
 
 Ked or dark brown, the head, body, and tins covered with small 
 
 round blue, black-edged spots; one or two dark blue streaUs from eye 
 
 to snout ; tins all more or less edged with deep blue. Maxillary reiich- 
 
 iiig posterior margin of eye; canine teeth rather strong, the upper 
 
 largest. Caudal rounded behind ; no notch between dorsal spines and 
 
 soft rays. Second and third anal spines about equal. Head 2A: depth 
 
 2|. H. IX, 15; A. Ill, 1); Lat. 1. 100. Tropical Atlantic ; Florida Keys 
 
 to Seuegambia. {Steindachncr.) , 
 
 (ScrranuH tiviiiops C. »& V. ii, :{70: Serranm Iwtiiopn Giliithor, i, 121: Serranua iwmopa 
 Sl<'iiula<'liiH'i\ HtHtiajfo Ktuintn. Fi.seli(» AlVika's, Iriril, 4.) 
 
 §!i*2 (c). E. ij:uttatiis ((Tiiiclin) Goodo.— Ca/>n7/a. 
 
 Olivaceous; body and head everywhere covered with small bronze 
 spots, much smaller than the pupil, the spots mostly with «larker 
 centers; besides these are larger obscure pale spots, around which the 
 {ground color forms reticulations; whitish marblings on sides of back; 
 base of pectoral reticulate; vertical tins obscurely spotted; the soft 
 (lortial and caudal broadly margined witli black; pectorals pale; veu- 
 trals dusky at tip. Body comparatively elongate. Mouth largo, the 
 maxillary extending past the eye, its length 2^ in head. Eye shorter 
 than snout, 5A in head. Depressible teetli in front of jaws long. Fins 
 of moderate height; caudal truncate; anal spines moderate, the second 
 about as long as third, 5 in head; pectoral 1§ iu head. Head 2J; depth 
 
 •Th« caudal is liiiiato iu A', morio and in the spocicH of IVisotropia. In our other 
 species of Epinephelm it is rounded or truncate. 
 
 
 i 
 
 111 
 
 
 -'i'l 
 
 
 1 K- 
 
 i. 
 
 
920 
 
 CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 3. D. Xr, 15; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. about 100. West Indies, north to 
 Florida Keys. 
 
 {Perca guttata Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 1315: Goodo, Bnll. v, U.S. Nat. Mus. 
 187G, 58; I!odiaiw8 apua Bloch, taf. 2'2(»: Scrranua apua Giintber, i, 140: llohcentrn^ 
 punctatus Hloch, taf. 241 : Lutjanus lunulaius Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 329: Serranm catnn 
 lunulaim, antra, and ])ixanga C. & V. ii, 362, 379, 377, 383: EptnepMuH luvulatua Poey' 
 Syu. Pise. Cubens. 1868, 287: Serranm apua Steiudacher, Ichth. Notiz. vi, 43, 1867.) 
 
 Page 541. Promicrops should be reunited with Epinephelus. Our 
 species may stand as: 
 §53. E. guasa (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 It is however probable, as suggested by Dr. Gill, that the Epine- 
 phelus guasa is simply the very old form of E. nigritus, also known as 
 '' Ouasa^^ or " Warsaw^^ by the Florida fishermen. 
 
 Page 542. Dules auriga should be omitted, as it has probably never 
 been taken on our coast. 
 
 Page 543. Instead of Rhyptlcm dccoratus read : ^ 
 
 856. R. nig^ripinnis Gill. 
 
 And add to the synonj^ray : 
 
 (Rhypticua vigripinnia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1,861, r'3: ^ Promicroptcrus 
 deiioratiia Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 119.) 
 
 This species inhabits the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America, 
 and we doubt its occurrence on our Atlantic coast. The specimens ob- 
 tained by Professor Cope at Newi)ort may belong to some difterent 
 species.* ;',■.. ' -Vv. = ;,',.''■, j,., ,,;,„, ,',;/; 
 
 Page 54G. Instead of X(p?wc/if%s Gill read : 
 
 2§1.— XENISTIVS Jordan & Gilbert (gen. no v.). 
 
 In the typical species of Xewic/tf//p Gill, the soft dorsal is much longer 
 than the spinous dorsal, and composed of 18 rays; theaiml is also sim- 
 ilarly elongate, of 16 to 18 rays. In X. caU/orniensis, tbo soft dorsal is 
 shorter than the spinous dorsal, and composed of 11 or 12 rays; tlie 
 anal is also short. The latter species may be taken as the t.\pe of a 
 distinct genus, which may be called Xenistiu 8 {Uvo<;, peculiar; laTur^, 
 sail, for dorsal fin.) 
 
 -^*ttr 
 
 * ProleHsor Copo describes the specimen from Newport as follows : " D. II, 2G ; A. IG ; 
 scales 11-98-4G, counted from base of second dorsal spine. Dorsal lins couuected by 
 membrane as elevated as that of the first dorsal. Head (from preniaxilla to end ol' 
 spine) more than 4 times in length, including caudal fin. Pectorals not narrowed. 
 Eye 5.33 times in length of head. Otherwise, as in P. viaculatua Holbr. Color dark 
 brown, covered with round pale spots as large as the orbit, each with a brown cen- 
 tral spot. They extend on the dorsal and proximal caudal fins. Second dorsal, anal, 
 and caudal fin broadly blackish-edged." 
 
ADDENDA 88. SPARID^ LUTJANUS. 
 
 921 
 
 Page 548. Instead of Lutjanm melanurua read : 
 
 g61» I^» chrysurus (Bloch) Vaillant. 
 
 Erase from its synonymy " Perca melanura L. Syst. Nat." The latter 
 is a West Indian species of Diahasis {^Hccmulon doraale Poey). 
 
 Page 548, 549. In all our species of Luljanus the series of scales above 
 the lateral line extend obliquely upward and backward, being not 
 throughout parallel with it. In L. chrysurus, caxis, stearnsi, and black- 
 fordi, the patch of vomerine teeth is " anchor-shaped." In many of the 
 other species of the genus the patch of vomerine teeth is lunate, and 
 in some the series of scales above the lateral line are parallel with the 
 lateral line. 
 
 Page 549. After Lufjamts eaxis add: ,, . .; ■ ,• % , k'. 
 
 §62(6). li. caballerote (Bloch «fe Schneider) Poey. • v ■ .-: .y\'A.] •. 7 r ^.yv^ 
 
 Brown, tinged \\'ith violet; red below; fins wine color; eye red; 
 young with a blue stripe or line of points under the eye, but without 
 dark bands. Body rather more elongate than in L. caxis; snout prom- 
 inent, 3 in head, the profile somewhat concave; mouth rather small; 
 maxillary not reaehlng middle of orbit; jaws subequal; teeth very 
 strong; upper jaw with 2 large and 4 small canines; vomerine teeth pro- 
 longed backward on the median line ; eye 4^ in head, 1§ in snout ; pre- 
 opercle notched, but the knob of the interopercle very inconspicuous ; 
 caudal eniarginate; pectorals If in head, scarcely reaching front of 
 aual; second anal spine strong, scarcely longer than third; fourth 
 dorsal spine longest. Direction of rows of scales above lateral line 
 very oblique; nuchal scales in 3 series. Head 2f ; depth 3. D. X, 13; 
 A. Ill, 7 ; scales 9-45-lG. West Indies, north to Key West. Eeaches 
 a weight of 12 pounds. 
 
 (Anthias cahallcrote Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 310 : Mciioprion cynodon 
 Giiuther, i, 194; Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 187 ; Pooy, Syuops. Piac. Cub. 
 1868, 293; Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, 75, 1871.) 
 
 §63 (0). li. campechlanus Poey. ' . ' 
 
 Deep red, paler on the throat; streaks along the rows of scales bluish 
 above, yellowish on the sides; fins colored like the body; dorsal bor- 
 dered with orange, and with a narrow blackish edge ; caudal bordered 
 with blackish; eye red; a blackish blotch near the lateral line below 
 soft dorsal, as in numerous West Indian spec'cs (and in the young of 
 L. blackfordi). Body rather deep. Eye large, 4 in head; maxillary 
 reaching front of eye ; preoperclo serrate, the concavity slight; inter- 
 opercle without knob; canines slender; teeth in lower jaw large in 
 
 ,"( 
 
 fr 
 
 n-M 
 
 
922 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NCrlTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV 
 
 front I tougue with two rough plates ; soft dorsal as long as the part of 
 the spinous behind fifth spine ; caudal little forked. Temporal band of 
 scales broad ; scales above lateral line forming oblique series .ot par- 
 allel with the back. Vomerine teeth prolonged backward in a lon^ 
 band on the median line. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8; 65 scales in a series 
 above lateral line, 53 below. Gulf of Mexico; brought to the Havana 
 markets from the Bay of Campeachy and from Key West. {Poey.) 
 
 (Meaoprion campechanus Poey, Moniorias Cuba ii, 14!>, 18(50, and in Synops. Pisc. 
 Cubeua, 294: Meaoprion campechianua Poey, Ana. Lye. Nat. Hiat. >T. Y. 1870, 5.) 
 
 Page 549. To the account of Lutjanus stearnsi add : Scales above lat- 
 eral line forming oblique series, which are not parallel throughout with 
 the lateral line. Teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch, prolonoed 
 backward on the median line ; outer pair of canines above, very large • 
 teeth of lower jaw moderate; teeth on tongue in a single patch; max- 
 illary 2 J in head, reaching front of pupil; posterior nostrd ovate; pec- 
 toral IJ in head; second and third anal spines subequal. 
 
 Page 549. After Lutjanus stearnsi add: 
 864 (&). L.. synagris (L.) Poey. 
 
 Olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below ; flushed with reddish 
 above ; back and sides with wide, continuous stripes of golden yellow, 
 usually wider than a series of scales; a black blotch below soft dorsal; 
 sides of head with yellow stripes usually continuous with those on 
 sides; two yellow stripes from eye to snout; caudal red; other fins yel- 
 lowish; dorsal with two reddish longitudinal bands; veutrals margined 
 with white ; these colors fading in alcohol. Body rather deep and com- 
 pressed; anterior profile steep and nearly straight; lower jaw project- 
 ing; maxillary reaching to below front of eye. Teeth rather small, 
 subequal, the canines little developed ; teeth on vomer in a /^-shaped 
 patch, slightly prolonged backward on the median line. Scales small, 
 smoothish; those above lateral line arranged in series not parallel 
 with the lateral line. Preopercle with a shallow notch. Dorsal spines 
 slender; anal spines graduated ; anal fin rather high; caudal moder- 
 ately forked. Pectorals long, IJ in head, almost reaching anal. Gill- 
 rakers rather long and strong. Head 2§ ; depth 2|. D. X, 12 ; A. Ill, 
 7; scales 6-50-17. L. 12 inches. West Indies; north to Key West, 
 Florida. 
 
 (Sparua aynagria L. Syst. Nat.: Sparm vermicularia Blocli & Schneider, 1801,275: 
 Meaoprion uninotatua Cuv. & Val. ii, 479: Meaoprion uninotatua GUntber, i, 202: Meso- 
 prion uninotatua Poey, Synopsis Pisc'tubens, 294.) 
 
ADDENDA — 88. fiPARID^ — DIABASIS. 
 
 923 
 
 Page 550. Conodon C. & V. should be recogiiized as a distinct genus. 
 
 Page 550. To the account of Conodon nohilis add: 
 
 Series of scales above lateral line, forming series parallel with the 
 lateral line ; anterior limb of preopercle with strong spinous teeth di- 
 rected forwards. In all our species of Pomadasys the scales above the 
 lateral line form series not jiarallel with the lateral line. 
 
 Page 551. Pomadasys fasciatus is identical with P. fulvomaculatus and 
 should be suppressed. Instead of " Lat. 1. 75," in the description of the 
 latter species, read "Lat. 1. 57." 
 
 Page 551. After 66, etc., add : 
 
 e. Body short and deep ; the back arched; spines strong ; outer tcelh enlarged; lips 
 thick; soft dorsal and anal with small scales. {Anisotremuti Gill.) 
 
 Page 552. In the description of P. virginicus add "scales 10-55-lG." 
 
 Page 552. Pomadasys bilincatus has been lately taken in Florida by 
 Dr. J. A. Henshall. Scales 6-35-13; about 45 pores in lat. 1. The 
 specimens from California referred to this species probably belong to 
 the following: 
 
 §71 (6). P. interruptus(Gill) J. «S:G. . :^ • 
 
 Adult grayish; each scale on upper anterior part of body with a dis- 
 tinct blackish spot; fins all more or less dusky. Young (!) {interruptiis) 
 with the spots obsolete; sides with two jiarallel jet black bands, the 
 lower from eye backward nearly but not quite reaching a largo black 
 blotch at base of caudal. Back arched ; pectoral a little shorter than 
 head; second anal spine robust, half length of head, longer than fourth 
 dorsal spine. Scales very large, especially below spinous dorsal, where 
 they are much larger than in P. hilineatus. Head 3; depth 2.J. D. 
 XII, 16; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-34-12; pores about 45. San Diego (t) to 
 Panama. 
 
 (? Genytremus interruptus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 250 (young) : rHstipoma 
 fiirthi Steind. Ichth. Beitr. v, 4, 1876: Pomadaaya fUrthi Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. 
 Mas. 1881, 385.) 
 
 Page 553. After Diabasisformosus add: 
 872 (6). D. elegans (C. «fe V.) J. & G. 
 
 Brownish; sides of head and body with seven or eight conspicuous 
 wavy longitudinal bands of light blue, edged with dusky. Back some- 
 what elevated; snout long, compressed; mouth large, the maxillary 
 reaching to below eye; eye 1^ in snout, 3 J in body. Head 3 J (in total); 
 depth about the same. D. XII, 16 ; A. II, 9 ; scales 8-50-16. West 
 
 
 I 
 
 r. '.^ i .if 
 
 i 
 
 
 . . ; 
 
 » I 
 
 f ' ". 1 ■ - 
 
 l 't 
 
 ii 
 
924 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 Indies; north to Florida. Resembles D. fonnosus, biit readily distiu- 
 guished by the striped body. 
 
 I' 'tr 
 
 {Hwmulon elcgana C. & V. v, 287: Hwmulon elegans Glintber, i, 30C.) 
 
 '» 
 
 V'dge 053. After Diabasis chrysopteriis add: 
 873 (/'). D. chromis (Biouss.) J. «& G. 
 
 Light olive; each scale with a large dark spot; these forming very 
 distinct interru^>ted stripes along the rows of scale; lower fins dusky 
 a dusky blotch at angle of preopercle. Young with 2 or 3 longitudinal 
 blackish streaks. Back somewhat elevated; maxillary reaching just 
 past front of eye, 2| in head. Series of scales above lateral line very 
 oblique (as in all our species of Diabasis), the series from the scapular 
 scale reaching Cth dorsal spine; preopercle well serrated. Longest 
 dorsal spine 2J in head ; second anal spine strong, 2^ in head, the flu 
 high. Pectoral IJ in head. Head 3; depth 2f. D. Xll, 18; A. Ill 
 7 ; Lat. 1. 42. West Indies ; north to Florida. 
 
 (Pcrca chromis Bronssonet MSS: Ilcpmnlon chromis C. «feV. 242: Haemulon chromis 
 GUnther; i, 310: Ilwmulon aerratum Poey, Memorias, ii, 181.) 
 
 §73 (c). D. albiis (C. & V.) J. & G. 
 
 :ifi%; 
 
 Color pale uniform plumbeous; no black spot behind angle of preo- 
 percle. Mouth wide, but the maxillary not reaching front of orbit; eye 
 6 in head, 2| in snout; preopercle finely and evenly serrate, its poste- 
 rior limb nearly vertical. Dorsal flu scarcely notched, the spines rather 
 strong, the fourth longest, 2 J in head; second and third anal spines 
 nearly equal in length and strength, rather more than half fourth dorsal 
 spine. Caudal forked. Head 3 J (in total); depth 3^. D. XH, 16; A. 
 Ill, 8 ; scales 7-50-lG. West Indies ; north to Key West. {Poey.) 
 
 (Hcemulon album, Cuv. «fe Val. v, 241: Hwmuloa album GUiitlier, i, 311: Hwmulon 
 album Poey, Synopsis Pise. Ciibens. 1868, 312.) 
 
 Page 553. To description of Diabasis chrysopterus add: 
 
 Brownish-olive above ; a narrow bronze band, darkest in young, from 
 snout, through eye, to base of caudal; above this two or three dark 
 streaks from eye to above gill-opening; another beginning on top of 
 snout on each side, passing above eye, and extending parallel with the 
 first-mentioned stripe straight to last ray of dorsal, where it meets its 
 fallow of the opposite side; a dark streak from tip of snout aloug me- 
 
■w* 
 
 ADDENDA — 88. SPARIDiE CALAMUS. 
 
 925 
 
 (lian line to front of anal; very brijjlit specimens show a narrow yellow 
 stripe following each series of scales on back and sides-, adults often 
 plain silvery; a largo rounded black blotch at base of the caudal; flns 
 all plain; inside of mouth scarlet. Bodj' rather elongate, somewhat 
 compressed; the back little elevated. Snout rather short, 2| in head; 
 prcorbital moderate; about equaling eye. Maxillary reaching middle 
 of pupil, 2 in he.ad. Eye 4^ in head. Dorsal spines rather high, the 
 longest IJ to 2J ill head, longer than the second anal spine; second 
 anal spine strong, longer and stronger than third, 2j| 'to 2} in head, 
 reaching, when depressed, to base of last ray. Pectorals IJ to lA in 
 head. Head 3; depth 3. D. XIII, 15; A. Ill, 8; scales 7-52-13. The 
 color of the young of D. fremcbundus is very similar, but the back iu 
 the latter species is more arched, the mouth much smaller, and the 
 scales below the lateral line much larger. The adult form of D.freme- 
 hundits, as yet unknown, is probably more like 2>. cliromis. To sy- 
 uonomy of D. chrysojtUrus add: '• ^ V » > 'i-n ' 
 
 {Hcemulon aurolineatumC. &,Y, y,2^: Hwmulon aurolivcatum Gthr. i,3l(): Ilwrnulon 
 
 cmidimacula Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 379; not of C. »t V. : HoBmidon quacbiUneatum Hol- 
 brook, Ichth. S. C. 18(30, 195.) . , ^, ^ 
 
 §74 (&). D. Jeniguano (Pooy) Goode & Bean. ^ 
 
 Pale oliv*, with faint dusky and yellow longitudinal streaks, espec- 
 ially in the young ; fins all pale, probably yellow in life. Body com- 
 paratively elongate, compressed, the back little elevated, th.e profile 
 regularly curved and not steep. Snout 3 in head; eye 3J. Mouth very 
 large, the maxillary extending slightly past middle of eye, 14- in head. 
 Teeth not very large. Preopercle well serrated. Dorsal deeply notched, 
 the spines moderate, the longest equal to maxillary; soft dorsal low; 
 anal rather high, its edge concave, its second spine about as long as 
 third and much stronger, 2^ in head; caudal well forked, the upper 
 lobe longest. Pectoral 1^ iu head, reaching past veutrals to vent. 
 Scales above lateral line in very oblique series. Read 3 ; depth 3. D. 
 XIII, 15; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-50-11. L. 7 inches. Cuba, north to 
 Garden Key, Florida. 
 
 {EwmnloH jenignano Pooy, Momori.as Cuba, ii, 183, 1860, and in Syn. Pise. Cub. 319 . 
 \Ha'mulon schravki Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 131: 1 Hwrnulon acliranki Giinther, i, 310.) 
 
 Page 55G. Before Sparus insert : 
 
 2§5 (6).— CALAMUS Swainson. 
 
 (Swaiuson, Nat. Hist. Fish. etc. ii, 221, 1839: type Pagellus calamus C. & V.) 
 
 Body broadly ovate, compressed, the back elevated; head deep; 
 preorbital very deep; eye placed high, preceded by a bluntish pro- 
 
 t-* 
 
 ' i h t 
 "■, i^ i: 
 
 ■i 
 
 1% 
 
926 00XTR1BUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV 
 
 tnberance; i)08terior nostril Blit-like, much larger than the r sh 
 
 anterior nostril; opercles very short and deep; cheeks and opercUs 
 scaly, rest of head naked ; moutli low, horizontal, rather small • both 
 jaws with a band of cardiform teeth in front, the anterior series more 
 or less enhirged, sometimes canine-like; sides of each jaw with 2 to tl 
 series of molars; gill-rakers small. Scales large. Dorsal continuous 
 rather low, its spines slender; a procund)ent spine before the (hnsal 
 concealed by scales in some of the species; caudal deeply forkt'd- 
 anal spines rather small; pectoral rather narrow, usually very ]on<'. 
 Second interspinal bone of the anal enlurffed, pen-xhaped, the end of the 
 air-bladder being received into its concave part. "The skull is ex- 
 tended downwards to the chevron of the vomer, and entire on each 
 side behind the forehead ; the i)arasi)henoid has a deep but tliin infe- 
 rior crest, which is more or less notched in front of its posterior decur- 
 rent processes; the forehead comparatively narrow, ill-defined, de- 
 pressed above the preorbital region, horizontally pitted; the occipi- 
 tal crest extending far forwards and thickened with vertical osseous 
 deposits, the inner as well as the outer lateral crests depressed near 
 the orbits." {Gill, MS8.) Species rather numerous, mostly of small 
 size, chiefly of tropical America. (Latin crtZamw«, a pen.) 
 870(6). C. megaecphalus S\y.—Plame-finh; PczdeP a. 
 
 Light olive, with bluish reflections, the young dark crossbars; 
 
 front of head and preorbital region with horizontal anastomosing wavy 
 lines of steel blue, the interspaces yellowish ; ventrals pale. Body com- 
 pressed, the back arched, the anterior profile steep, not very convex ; 
 depth of preorbital half head; preocular prominence not very sliarp; 
 eye moderate, 4 in head. Cleft of mouth 3§ in head. Anterior teeth 
 of each jaw moderately enlarged, G to 8 in number; outermost tooth on 
 each side of upper jaw much larger than the others, forming a stromj 
 canine directed outward and foricard. A concealed procumbent spine 
 before dorsal ; dorsal of moderate height, the soft rays highest ; caudal 
 deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer; anal spines small, gradu- 
 ated; pectoral reaching front of anal, a little longer than head. Head 
 ^ ; depth 2}. B. XII, 12 ; A. Ill, 10 ; scales C-SS-IC. West Indies, 
 north to Florida. 
 
 {Pagellua calamus C. & V. v>, 20G, 1830 : Calamua megacephalus Swaiiisoii, Nat. Hist. 
 Fish, ii, 222, 1839 : Chryaophrya calamus GUuther, i, 187 ; Poey, Ann. Lye. Nut. His'. 
 N. Y. X, 178, 1872 : f Calamus pennatula GuicUenot, Rdvuo des Pagels iu Mt-ni. .Soc. i 
 Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv, 112, 1868.) 
 
 §Y6 (c). C. bajonado (Blocl & Schneider) Poey. 
 Bluish gray, with bright reflections; a blue stripe below eye; angle] 
 
f^ 
 
 ADDENDA — 88. SPARIDiE — CALAMUS. 
 
 927 
 
 of raoutli orange; fins pale; young with r» or fi dark olivo bars; caudal 
 faintly barred. IJody deep, the back considerably elevated ; muzzle 
 prolonged, the profile somewhat arched ; eye large, 3'^ in head. Canine 
 teoth rather long and strong, all similar, usually about 8 in each jaw 
 outside of the cardiform band. Caudal deeply forked ; anal spines 
 graduated; pectoral long, somewhat longer than head, reaching past 
 anal spines. Depth of preorbital 2^ in head. Head .')j\; depth 2. I). 
 XII, 12; A. Ill, 10. Tropical America, north to South Carolina and 
 Lowv r California. 
 
 {Spams bajonado Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Iclith. 1801, 2H4: PageUuH caninus Poey, 
 Mem. Cuba, ii, 468, 18G1 : Calamus bajonado Poey, Ann. Lye. Hist. N. Y. x, 170, 1872: 
 Sparus brachysomus Lockingtou Proc. U. S. Nat. Muj. 1860, 28:5.) 
 
 876 (d). C. macrops Poey. 
 
 Pale olivaceous, somewhat silvery; sides with obscure oliv^aceons 
 bands, especially in the young ; preorbital not striped ; ventrals pale. 
 Body broad-ovate, compressed, the back elevated, the anterior profile 
 slightly curved, not very steep. Preorbital deeper than long, its depth 
 nearly half head. A sharp-edged bony prominence before eye. Eye 
 large, 3 in head, about as long as maxillary. Front teeth slender, little 
 enlarged, about 12 in the outer series in each jaw; molars rather small, 
 in 3 rows above and 2 below. ales above lateral line, in series par- 
 allel with the lateral line. Procumbent spine of dorsal concealed. Fins 
 low; caudal moderately forked. Pectoral long, a little longer than 
 head, reaching sfeconrt anal spine, which is little enlarged, little longer 
 tlian third. Head 3^; depth 2^^-. D. Xlf, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 
 J-53-17. Cuba, north to Garden Key, Florida. 
 
 {Calamus macrops Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, 181, 1872.) 
 » •'■'■-'■ 
 
 §76 (<■). C. arctifrons Goode & Bean. ? .; . r i;^ 
 
 Light olive, with bright reflections ; sides with obscure dark cross- 
 bars; head without distinct markings; fins nearly plain, all pale. 
 Body oblong-ovate, more elongate than usual in this genus, the ante- 
 rior profile being very convex. Mouth rather large ; maxillai'y 2^- in 
 head, reaching front of orbit. Front teeth in both jaws rather strong, 
 all similar, somewhat canine-like, to 8 in each jaw ; upper molars in 
 2 rows anteriorly and 3 posteriorly; lower in 2 rows; a conspicuous 
 pore with a dermal flap on each side of snout. Preorbital very deep, 
 its depth 3i in head. Eye small, 3f in head, placed very high. Dorsal 
 spines slender, the longest 3f in head, about equal to longest soft ray. 
 Anal spines small, graduated, the third 4 in hea'^^(^^t*5ferl deeply 
 
 
 It. 
 
 M 
 
 I ' 
 
 
928 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 forked, the upper lobe nearly as long as head. Pectorals as longr as 
 head, reachmg slightly past vent. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. XIII 12- 
 A. Ill, 11; P. 16; scales 5-40-14. Southern Florida. , . 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 bh. Anterior teeth little larger than the others, not canine-like. {Grammatcns Pofy.) 
 Sre (/). C. mcdius (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 Olivaceous, rather dusky; body and vertical fins with obscure bars 
 of dark olive, which mostly disappear with age; preorl ital with nar- 
 row, horizontal bluish stripes; ventrals pale. Body rather elongate, 
 comparatively elliptical; the back less arched than in other si)ecics; 
 the anterior profile moderately curved. Preorbital deep, 2J^ in head; 
 maxillary 2^^ in head. Eye small, placed high, 4 in head. Anterior 
 teeth small, scarcely enlarged, none of them canine-like; molars mostly 
 in three series above, two below. Spines low, slender; soft dorsal low; 
 caudal less deeply forked than usual; anal spines graduated; pectoral 
 comparatively short, as \onp as head, reaching a little past vent. Dis- 
 tance from base of pectoral to base of dorsal less tlian head. Head 3|; 
 depth 2|. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 9; scales 5-4G-11, 10 in a series between 
 dorsal and nape. L. 10 Inches. Florida to Cuba. 
 
 (Grammaicua viedius Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hiat. N. Y. 1872, 183.) 
 
 §77. C. milncri (G. & B.) J. & G. 
 
 This species belongs to the genus Calamus, and is very closely 
 allied to C. mcdhis, from which it may be distingu'shed \)y the followin}]; 
 characters: No blue stripes on preorbital; ventrals blackish. Back 
 more arched than in mediuH, the anterior profile less convex; dis- 
 tance from axil of pectoral to front of dorsal greater than length of 
 head. Eye 4 in head (not 5 as in C. micnps Guichenot a Cijjjan 
 species, with which t agrees in other respects). Scales above lateral 
 line smaller. Scales 0-47-13; about 20 in a series before dorsal. Head 
 3f; depth 21. 
 
 Page 550. Sjjarus pagrus L.— Gh?/ ".>r(/flc. 
 
 The coloration '-f this species as shown in specimcTis from Pensacola 
 is as follows: Light crimson, shaded with golden olive ; sides and below 
 silvery, flushed with red; many scales of back and sides each v.itli a 
 small round spot of dt:.*p purplish blue, these forming longitudinal 
 streaks below and broken oblique streaks above lateral line; a few blue 
 spots on nape and opercle; fins largely orange, shaded witli i»i nk. Wo 
 find no account of the presence of blue spots in the European variety 
 of this species. 
 
!* 
 
 ADDENDA 88. SPARID^ ARGYROPS 
 
 920 
 
 Page 557. The groups called Stenotomus and Lagodon should be 
 recognized as genera distinct from Diplodua, and the prior Argyropn* 
 S\v. (Class'u Fish, etc., 1839, 221; type 8parus spinffer Forsk.) should 
 probably be used for the former. 
 
 rage 557. The species called in the text Spams chrysops and Spa run 
 (U'ulcatus are identical. The species belongs to the genus Argyrops, 
 iUid should stand as : 
 
 fl§0. At chrysops (L.) J. &. G.—Southtrn Porgce. 
 
 Difiering from the common northern scup, A. versicolor} (Mitch.) J. & 
 (I. { = S. argyrops Auct. not of Linn.), in the following respects: 
 
 Body more elongate and less elevated anteriorly; molar teeth 
 coarser; size larger. Head 3^; depth 2*. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 11; 
 scales 7-48-14. L. 18 inches. Cape Cod to Florida. The specimen 
 (loscribcd in the text (25170 U. S. J!^at. Mus.) is unusually deei)-bodied 
 tor this species. 
 
 Page 557. After Argyrops versicolor add: 
 «§1 (b). A, caprinus (Pean) J. & G.—Goat^s Head Porgee. 
 
 Light olive; silvery below ; the young with faint very narrow darker 
 l)ars. Body subovate, the back anteriorly mUch more elevated than in 
 
 *Tlie crauiiil characters of Jrgyropii .ire very ditterent from those of Diplodiis, an 
 is shown by the following acconnt of the sknlls of the two genera, kindly furnished 
 to us by Professor Gill: 
 
 hi DipJochis "the skull is extended downwards to the chevron of the vomer, and is 
 iiotili(><l on each side behind the forehead; the parasphenoid has a varying inferior 
 irest, which is entire near its posterior decurrent processes; forehead broad, well de- 
 tiiiftd, convex transversely above the orbits, abruptly terminated behind by the con- 
 vergence of the external lateral crests into the occipital, the occipital crest ending 
 iibriiptly behind the forehead, and thickened with vertical osseous striro; the inner 
 an well as outer lateral crests erect and laminar, and converging more or less forwards. 
 
 "In Diplodua proper the forehead is moderately broad and the bon«'s contracted 
 forwards, the parasphenoid with a superficial inferior crest, convex forwards, and 
 little developed posterior decurrent processes. 
 
 •'In Archomrgu8 Gill, the forehewl is very broad and the bones wide and almost 
 (von with the prefrontals in front; the parasphenoid with a deep inferior crest, and 
 iinarginated anteriorly and with enlarged pcsterior decurrent processes. , 
 
 *'In the genus Sfenoiomits (Argyrops) the sknll is extended forwards to the head of 
 liio vomer and notched on each aide beliind +he forehead; the parasphenoid has the 
 inferior crest low, and little developed posteriorly-decurrent processes; the forehead is 
 luuTow and ill-defined behind, its surface of compact texttire, but with a few foramina 
 and two longitudinal gr,)oves on each side; the occipital crest moderate, extending but 
 litflc forward of the 8upraoccii)ifal bone, and not overhanging backward; th»^ crest 
 strengthened by a longitudinal lateral ridge on each side, terminating backwards in 
 iiiiunilliform projections, the inner and outer lateral crests not procurreut on the foro- 
 liond." 
 
 * 7jnhru8 rcraicolor Mitch., Trans. Lit. and Phil. See, 1815, 1, 404. SpcruB argyrop» 
 \u is the young of A. chrysops, with £d and 3d dorsal spines fllameutons. 
 
 
 
 -& 
 
 ^11 
 
930 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 versicolor. Profile steep, with a strong depression above eye; the 
 snout rather pointed ; occipital region carinate. Front teeth small in 
 a close-set band, the outer series a little enlarged, compressed and lance- 
 olate, much as in versicolor. Molars in two rows in each jaw. Gill- 
 rakers very short. A strong procumbent spine before dorsal; first and 
 second dorsal spines very snort ; third dorsal spine more or less fila- 
 mentous, reaching past middle of soft dorsal; pectoral a little longer 
 than head, reaching soft rays of anal. Scaly part of cheek as deep as 
 long (in A. verzicolor considerably longer than deep). Second inter- 
 spinal of anal quill-shaped as in Calamus. Head 3f ; depth 2. D. 
 XII, 12 ; A. Ill, 12 ; scales about 7-48-14. West coast of Florida, in 
 rather deep water. Distinguished from A. versicolor by the deeper 
 cheek and preorbital, the different form of the body, and the diii'erence 
 in the dorsal spines. 
 (Stenotomua eaprinua Bean, Proc. U. B. Nat. Miis. 1882.) 
 
 On page 560, after Biplodus cattdimacula, add : 
 
 883 (6). D. caribKUS (Poey) J. & G.—Sargo. 
 
 Steel-brown, with golden-yellow longitudinal stripes, which scarcely 
 extend on the head, 3 above, 5 or G below the lateral line ; a black spot 
 at the shoulder; dorsal yellowish, with a faiut dusky median stripe ; 
 ventrals orange in the females, yellowish and punctate in the males: 
 anal similarly colored. Body deep; snout obtuse; maxillary reachiuf;- 
 beyond posterior nostril; molars in two rows; incisors broad, entire; 
 ■second anal spine much longer and larger than third; pectoral long and 
 pointed ; caudal forked. Head 4i (in total) ; depth 2^. D. XIII, 11 ; 
 A. 111,10. West Indies, north to Key West {Poey in lit.). 
 
 (Sargua caribwua Poey, Memoriae, ii, 18(j0, 197, and in Synops. Piso. Cubena. 309.) 
 
 Page 563. Af ler Apogon americanus add : 
 
 «89 (&). A. maculatus (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 Uniform bright scarlet ; a round black spot below second dorsal and 
 another on side of caudal peduncle above median line. Maxillary 2 in 
 head, reaching beyond pupil ; eye very large, 3 in head; preoperclo dis 
 tinctly serrulate ; pectoral 1 J in head, a little shorter than caudal. Head 
 UJ ; depth 2*. D. VI-I, 7 ; A. II, 8 ; scales 2^-26-7. L. 3 inches. West 
 Florida to Cuba. 
 
 (^Monoprion maciilatna Poey, Mem. Cubaii, 123, 18G0: Amiamaoulata Vooy, Syn. PIhc. 
 Cub. 304, 1868; Jor. & Gilb." Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1882, 279.) 
 
 It is doubtful whether Apogon amencamis has ever been really taken 
 
ADDENDA 91. SCI^ENID^ COBVINA. . 
 
 931 
 
 on our coast, or indeed what that species may he. The original type, in 
 bad condition, has been identified by Vaillant & Bocourt with Apogon 
 (lorii, a Panama species, and their description, copied in the text on 
 page 563, seems to have been drawn from the latter species. 
 ((. Preopercle entire ; scales large. (ApogonichthjfH Bleeker.) 
 
 §§9 (0). A. alutus J. &- G. 
 
 Riisty-red, with silvery luster, body and fins very finely speckled with 
 dnsky ; vertical fins somewhat yellow, their lips dusky with dark points. 
 IHouth very oblique; maxillary IJ in head, reaching past pux>il; preop- 
 ercle with both ridges entire; eyo moderate, 2^ in head; second anal 
 spine half length of longest anal ray, 3.} in head ; ventrals a little longer 
 than pectorals, not reaching vent. Head 2^; depth 2^. D. VI-I, 0; 
 A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 21. L. 2J inches. West Florida. 
 
 {^i Apogonichthya puncticulalua Poey, Repeit. Fis. X.at. Isl. Cuba, il, 233 (lat, 1. ;{(•); 
 Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 279.) 
 
 Page 564. Iflullus barbatus L. 
 
 Specimens of this species have been obtained at Pensacola, Florida, 
 and at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts. The American form (subsp. auratm 
 ,T. & G.) is distingnishable from the typical barhatus in the lower 
 flns, less blunt snout, shorter mouth, and the presence of two lateral 
 stripes of yellow. From the European variety surmuletus {Mulltts sur- 
 muletus L.), subsp. auratiis is known by the lower flns and by the re- 
 placement of the black band on the dorsal fin by a band of yellow. 
 Head 3f ; depth 4. D. VII-I, 8 ; A. II, 6. Palatine teeth coarse and 
 granular, forming a large patch. 
 
 (MiiUus barbatita auraius Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 280.) 
 
 Page 569. Instead of Scia;na stellifera read: 
 §95. S. lanceolata (Holhr.) Gthr. 
 
 The identity of our species with 8. stellifera {trispinosa) is very 
 doubtful, 
 
 Page 570. To the description of Sciccna argyroleuca {punctata) add 
 "lowest tooth of preopercle spinous, directed downward." 
 
 Page 571. Scicena, ocellata is known as "Red-fish" on our Gulf coast. 
 It reaches a weight of 35 to 40 pounds. Old specimens entirely lose 
 the serratures on the preopercle, the edge of i ' bone becoming mem- 
 branaceous and entire as in '' Corvinn,^ 
 
 ■ » - 
 
932 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 Page 572. Instead of ''cc," etc., read: 
 
 292 (o)-— CORVIWA* Cuvicr. 
 
 Tbe species of "<Sfcm'/irt" which have the preopercle without bony 
 serratures may be referred to Corvina. Genus 296 (6), Roncador should 
 probably be retained also. 
 
 Page 573. After Corvina acuminata add: 
 
 293 (2).— EQUES Bloch. 
 (Bloch Ichthyologiii, about 1790: type Eqiica amencanus Bloch.) 
 
 Body oblong, compressed, the back much elevated anteriorly. Moutli 
 rather small, the lower jaw included; teeth in villiform bands, the outer 
 somewhat enlarged above; preopercle serrate, the teeth flexible; pseu 
 <lobranchiffi present. Scales moderate, extending on the soft fins. 
 First dorsal of about 16 spines, the median spines much elevated; 
 second dorsal extremely long. Anal very small; second anal spine 
 small. Pyloric coeca few. Air-bladder simple. Yertebree 0+15. 
 {haXm^ Equiis, a horse; the long dorsal spines being compared to a 
 rider.) 
 901 {h). E. lanceolatus (Gmel.) Casteln. 
 
 ixreyish-yellow, with three broad blackish-brown bands, edged with 
 whitish ; the lirst vertical, from the crown^ through the eye to the angle 
 of the mouth ; the second slightly arched, from the nape over the oper 
 <;le to the base of the ventral; the third curved, from the top of the 
 first dorsal along the middle of the side of the body to the middle of 
 the caudal flu. Head small; maxillary 3 in head, reaching pupil. 
 Height of first dorsal usually much more than depth of body below 
 it. Head 3|; depth 3^. D. XVI-I, 53; A. II, 10; Lat. 1. 60. West 
 Indies ; lately taken at Pensacola hy Silas Stearns. 
 
 (Chceiodon lanceolatus GmeWn, Syst. Nat. 178H, 1254: Eqiiea halteatua C. &. V. v, 165; 
 GUntber, ii, 279: Eques amerieanus Bloch. Ichth. taf. 347, fig. 1.) 
 
 Page 575. The synonym " Homoprion xanthurus Holbr." belongs to 
 Sciama argyroleuca, not to Liostomus xanthurus. 
 
 Page 575. Genyonemus. Several of the characters given in the text 
 are inapplicable to South A merican species now referred to Oenyonemns. 
 
 *Cuvier, Rfegne Animal, ed.2, ii, 17!}, 1H29: type Soirtna nigra Bloch = <Sc(a;Hrt iimhrn 
 h. iu part, the species having been confounded by L. with Sclwna umbra {--nquiht 
 Lac). The enlargement of the second anal spine, used by Cuvier to distinguiph Cor- 
 rina from Sciasna, has no taxonomic value. (Corrina, the Italian and Spanish name for 
 variousScironoids, originally from Latin Corvua, crow, in allusiou to the dusky color of 
 C. nigra.) 
 
ADDENDA — 91. SCIiENID^ CYNOSCION. 
 
 933 
 
 : i l|. 
 
 Some of these have the mouth subinferior, the barbels conspicuous, 
 forming a tuft at the chin j the dorsal spines 10 and the caudal double- 
 truncate; the gill-rakers short. The diagnosis should be amended 
 accordingly. 
 
 Page 570. Instead of Sciwna punctata Tend: 
 
 §96. S. chrysura (Lac.) J. & G, 
 {Dipterodon chrysurus Lacdpede iii, 64, 1802.) 
 
 There are two species called Perca punctata in the Systema Katurse, 
 and the second of these should be suppressed. 
 
 Page 577. Instead of the account of Afenticirrus littoralis substitute: 
 90§. M. littoralis (Holbr.) GWh— Surf Wkitiinj. 
 
 Grayish silvery, nearlj' plain, without traces of bars; pectorals, ven- 
 trals, and anal pale, with a few black dots; caudal tipped with blackish ; 
 lining of opercle pale. Body rather elongate, the caudal peduncle very 
 slender; snout bluntish, 3 in head, projecting beyond premaxillary for 
 about one-sixth its length ; inaxillary reaching about to front of eye ; 
 posterior nostril lanceolate; outer teeth little enlarged, very much 
 smaller than in M. alburnus. Gill-rakers small, but developed ; lower 
 lobe of caudal longest. Scales on breast very siuall, irregular. H(;ad 
 .{J ; depth 4f . 1). X-I, 23 ; A. I, 7 ; scales, 0-50-11. South Atlantic 
 and Gulf coast. M. undidatus is closely relfited to tbis species. 
 
 M. ulburmiH is darker in color, usually with traces of dusky bars ; 
 pectorals blackish ; lining of opercle black. Snout sharp, 3| in head ; 
 snout much projecting (one-third its length). Outer teeth of upper jaw- 
 very large ; posterior nostril ovate ; gill-rakers tubercular, almost obso- 
 lete ; raaxillarj' about reaching middle of eye. Scales on breast large, 
 regularly placed. Head 3J ; depth 4^. D. X-I, 24 ; A, ., 7 ; scales 6- 
 54-11. 
 
 Page 578. Menticirrm undulatua has the outer teeth of the upper jaw 
 not greatly enlarged aiul should have been placed rather under « instead 
 of aa. Umhrina elomjatii Gtbr., from the Pacific coast of tropical America, 
 is a dilferent species. The latter name should be erased from the synon- 
 ymy of M. v,ndulatu8. 
 
 Page 578. The teeth in Larimus are nu)8tly in single series. The 
 j>cnus '■'■ Monosira^ Poey (Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., x, 320, 1881), is 
 iikiitical with Larimus. 
 
 Page 570. The genus Atractoscion should be suppressed. Our si)ecies 
 may stand as 912, Cynoscion nohile (Ayres) J. & G. 
 
 j,.,-u. 
 
 III 
 
 m 
 
 ;l! 3" 
 
934 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV 
 
 Page 581. The presence of one or two anal spines in Cynoscion has 
 no importance. Probably a rndiment of the first spine will be found 
 iu all the species. Cynonvion regale and Cynoscion nothum are distin 
 guished from our other si)ecies by having the second dorsal and anal 
 covered with small 8(;ales; these fins being naked in the other species. 
 (HoUthus drummondi llich. (Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 1830, 70; GUnther ii. 
 307), from New Orleans, is identical with Cynoscion maculatum. This 
 species has the caudal unevenly truncate, not "lunate", as stated iu the 
 text. 
 
 Page 583. After Oerres plumieri add : 
 919 {b). O. olisthostoma Goude &, licaa.—Mah Pompano. 
 
 Color silvery olivaceous ; scales with faint silvery streaks but no dark 
 
 ones; fins mostly pale or yellowish, the ventrals somewhat dusky. 
 
 Body rhomboid, short and deep, the back elevated, the anterior prolile 
 
 straight and very steep; mouth rather large; teeth slender, brush like. 
 
 Preorbital entire ; preopercle and interopercle serrate. Groove on top 
 
 of head, for reception of premaxillaries, broad, rounded behind, with a 
 
 median linear depression, its surface completely covered with small 
 
 deciduous scales, which extend forward to just behind nostrils. Eye 
 
 moderate. Dorsal spines high and strong, the second, nearly or quit(' 
 
 as long as head. Second anal sjune very strong, half or more length ot 
 
 Iiead. Caudal lobes long and slender, a little longer than head. Pec 
 
 toral long, nearly as long as head, reaching front of anal. Head 3; 
 
 depth 2. D. IX, 10; A. 111,8; scales 5-37-9. L, 12 inches. West In 
 
 dies, north to Southern Florida. 
 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. ft. Nat. Mus. 1882, 423: Gerrea rhomheiia Poey, Syn. Pise. 
 Cub. 1858, 32: Mojarra rhomhea Poey, Anul. Soc. Esi). Hist. Nat. x, 327, 1881, not 
 Gcvrcs rhomhcua C. & V. vi, 4r)9; a species of similar form, but with two anal spincN 
 only, and the premaxiilary groove entirely naked. The genus Mojarra, iu Poi y'H 
 arrangement, is distinguished from Gerres by the entire preorbital, and from '^Diap- 
 ierita" by the serrated preopercle.) 
 
 Page 584. Instead of Gerres argenteus read : 
 
 9il0. O. gula C. & V. 
 
 This species is distinguished from the other American species (ex- 
 cept Gerres homonymus) by the presence of a transverse baud of scales 
 across the anterior jiart of the groove of the preinaxillaries on the top 
 of the head; behind these scales the naked part of the groove appears 
 as a pit when the jaw is protruded. Third dorsal spine { as long as 
 head, twice as long as second anal spine. Head SJ; depih 2f. D. 
 IX, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 4-45-9. Tip of dorsal dusky. West Indies, 
 north to Cape Cod. 
 
ymi 
 
 ADDENDA — 92. GERRID^ — GERRES. 935 
 
 To the aynouymy of this species add: 
 
 {OetrcHgulaC & V. vi, 464 ; Giiuther, i, 346, u»d iv, 255: Diapierus j/ttioPoey, Synopsis 
 Pise. Cnbtnis. 323, is a different species. Tlie types o( EucinoHtomus argenhm U. & G. 
 from Now Jersey, urc too young to be certainly identified. Numerous specimens col- 
 lected by us in North and South Carolina belong to Gerrea gula.) 
 
 Page 584. After Gerres homonymus read : 
 981 (&). G. cinereus (Wulb.) J. «feG. 
 
 Silvery; back and sides with G to 8 bluish vertical bars, about as 
 broad as the pupil, these extending to opposite lower part of orbit; 
 the bars formed of confluent blotches and rarely obsolete; axil dark; 
 fins with some dark points. Body rather elongate, the back somewhat 
 elevated and compressed, the belly nearly straight, with an angle at 
 the breast. Teeth very small; preorbital and preopercle entire; fur- 
 row on top of head for premaxillary processes broad, scaleless, lounded 
 behind. Dorsal spines slender, flexible, the longest f head, half, longer 
 than second anal spine. Pectoral slender, rather longer than In^ad. 
 Caudal deeply forked, a little longer than head. Head 3^; depth 2'i;. 
 D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 5-40-10. L. 18 inches. The largest of 
 our species Of the genus. West Indies and both coasts of Mexico; 
 north to Florida Keys and Gulf of California. 
 
 (Muf]il cincreu8 Walbaum, Artedi Piseinm 1792, 22S (after Turdm cincrcna pcltatim 
 Catesby): (rOTes aprion C. & V. vl, 4(il, 1830 (not of Giiuther): Diapterus aprion Pooy, 
 Syn. Pise. Cub. 1868, 321 : Genes zebra Miiller & Troschel, Schomburgk Hist. Darba- 
 (locs, 1848, 668: Gerrea zebra GUnther, i, 343 and iv, 254: Gerrea aquamipinnia GUnther,' 
 i, 349 and iv, 254.) 
 
 The species of Gerres here noticed may be readily separated by the 
 following analysis : 
 
 «. Preopercle serrate; anal rays III, 8; second anal, and third dorsal spines long: 
 body elevated. (Gerrea.) 
 h. Preorbital serrate; furrow for premaxillary processes broad, naked; body 
 
 striped Piajmieui. 
 
 bb. Preorbital entire (Mojarra Poey); furrow for premaxillary processes broad, 
 
 scaled ; body not striped Olistiiostoma* 
 
 aa. Preopercle entire; anal rays III, 7; dorsal and anal spines comparatively low; 
 body little elevated. {Diapterua Ranzani.) 
 c. Premaxillary groove scaled in front, with a naked pit behind. 
 d. Depth about half length; third dorsal spine little longer than second anal. 
 
 Homonym UH. 
 del. Depth about i lengtb ; third dorsal spine about twice length of second 
 
 anal Gula. 
 
 cc. Premaxillary groove entirely naked. 
 
 c. Premaxillary groove broad; back elevated, the depth about ^ length; 
 
 body with faint bars Cinkueus. 
 
 ee. Premaxillary groove linear; back scarcely elevated, the depth about oue- 
 thud length; body not barred Hauknoulus. 
 
 ■;*>tS 
 
 
 
936 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTfl AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 The character of "lower i)haryngeal8 united" has little iiuporti -w. 
 iu this group. In Oerres plumieri, as in nearly all the species examined 
 by us, the bones are not at all co-ossifted, although very close together. 
 
 Page 586. " Ditrema violaceum" Button, from New Zealand, is a Scoin 
 broid fish, and not an Embiotocoid. 
 
 Page 590. The genus Eolconotus Agassiz should be recognized foi 
 those species of Amplmtichus which have the lower lip without Irenum, 
 and Brachyistim Gill for those of Micrometrus, which have the frennni. 
 No. 930 should stand as — 
 930. H. arg[Ciiteus (Gibbons) J. & G. 
 
 Page 600. Instead of Tautoga read : 
 
 316.— HIATlJIiA Lac^pMe. 
 
 (Lftc6pb(le, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 523, 1800: type Labrua hiatula li.—Hiatula gardeni 
 Lac.) (Jjatin, /liatus, a gap.) 
 
 Instead of Tautoga onitis read : 
 942. H. onitis (L.) J. & C. 
 
 Page 600. Add to the synonymy of H. onitis — 
 
 {Lahriia hiatula L. Syst. Nat.; Labrua hiatula Ginolin, Syst. Nat. 1287, 1788: Uiatula 
 (jardeniana Lac^pcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii., 523, 1800; the genus and species, based on a 
 specimen ot Tatdog which had iu some way lost the anal fin ; this specimen .seenin 
 to have been sent from Charleston by Dr. Garden to Linnteus. If Microplerm and 
 other generic names, based on abnormal or mutilated specimens, be adopted, we must 
 substitute Hiatula for Tautoga.) 
 
 Page 602. Instead of a«, etc., read: 
 
 31§ (ft).-TROCHOCOPirS Gilnther. 
 (Giiuther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns. iv, 100, 1862: typo Trochocopua opercularia Gthr.) 
 This group is distinguished from Harpe by, the smaller scales (Lat. 1. 
 45 to 65), which scarcely encroach on the bases of the soft dorsal and 
 anal. In the present classification of the Labridoi, this group may be 
 recognized as a distinct genus, although diiferiug from Harpe iu no re 
 spect of importance. Species few. {rpir^o-:, a running; zwtjj, oar.) 
 
 945. T. pulcher (Ayres) G.arman. 
 
 Page 603. lor Platyglossm grandinquanm and P. kumeralis read : 
 947 (94§). P. hivittatufii (Bloch) Gthr. 
 
 This species seems to be widely distributed, and varies considerably 
 with age and sex. The following is a description of the young {^'Jlore- 
 nlis^-), supposed by us at first to belong to a differcMt species: 
 
 Olive-brown; a greenish stripe along side of back; a dark-lirown 
 lateral band from gill-opening to middle of caudal, on level of eyv.; a 
 
ADDENDA 94. LABRID^ — PLATYGLOSSUS. 
 
 937 
 
 dark-biouze stripe from pectoral backward; each scale of sides with a 
 greenish-blue wesceDt; sides of head orauge; a blue wavy itrii)e below 
 eye, turning downward on subopercle; operclo with an i»idigo spot, 
 bordered by bluish and yellow; tip of oi)ercle yellow, the color bounded 
 by a blue <-shijped line; lower jaw with bands of orange and whitish; 
 a sniiill inky spot at base of last ray of soft dorsal; dorsal cherry-red, 
 with translucent bands; caudal reddish; anal banded with red and 
 pale; pectorals yellowish; ventrals white. Body slender; snout not 
 verj' sharp; posterior canine small. Dorsal spines low, stitt" and pun- 
 gent; caudal short, obliquely truncate. Head 3^; depth 4 (4f in total). 
 D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 1^-20-8. L. 3% inches. Pensacola Bay. 
 Old specimens, (Charleston, S. C.) are deeper-bodied and have the 
 posterior part of the caudal, especially the angles, black or dark-blue, 
 the basal part of the tin with concentric, convex, broad streaks of or- 
 ange, with narrower bluish interspaces; the dorsal is largely orange, 
 with a median blackish or brown band, which is often obsolete, its base 
 with crimson spots; anal with a crimson baud and some bluish streaks. 
 Black si)ot at base of last dorsal ray disappearing with age. Females 
 with the dark lateral band less distinct, the colors duller, the dark 
 dorsal baud more distinct than in the males. Head 3§ ; depth 3, in 
 adult. Xorth Carolina to Surinam. 
 
 To the synonymy add: 
 
 (LohrtiH hlrUiatuft liloch, Ichthyol. tiif. 284, f. 1; JuHs psitiaculns C. &. V. xiii, '.187; 
 Giiiitlier, iv, 1U4; SteiiKljichuer, Ichthyol. Notiz. vi, 49, 1867: Platygloasus Jlorcalia Joi. 
 (i Gilb. Pioc. IJ. S. Nat, Mus. 1882, "287: Plalyglossus grandlsquamis autl hiunwraVm, 
 this woik, p. ()0;j.) 
 
 94§ (ft). P. caudalis (Poey) Gthr. 
 
 Olivaceous; a row of sky-blue spots on each side of back; a broad 
 area of orange, intermingled with violet spots, extending along sides, 
 most cons[)icuous anteriorly; below this a band of i)ale violet, becoming 
 ji(i>^ eriorly spots of deei) violet; still lower a deep jellow band bound- 
 ing the white of the belly; 'preorbital and suborbital scarlet, with 3 
 blue stripes, marked with cherry -red; cheeks below yellowish; oper- 
 cles bright red, with 3 oblique violet stripes, the upper forming behind 
 eye an oblique blotch, in the middle of which is a round ink-like 8j>o 
 no ojM'rcular spot; dorsal orauge, the soft part witl 3 rows of violei 
 spots; caudal orange and blue, the former color arranged in 1 longi- 
 tudinal, 2 margiuai, and 2 converging bands, which are joined by re- 
 ticulations around bluish spots; anal with a basal row of orange spots, 
 then blue spots, then a yellow baud, then blue, then finally edged with 
 
 
 ■ ■ •' 
 
 ■ :-:^ 
 
 r 1 : 
 
938 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 orange; ventrals red; pectorals mostly violet; spots on head and io» 
 
 terior parto bright clear blue, elsewhere duller and violaceous. Uodv 
 
 very slender, the snout pointed; posterior canine large. Dorsiil spitit's 
 
 slender, but pungent; caudal couvex, its corners slightly produced. 
 
 Head 34; depth 4^ (5 in total). D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 2-2o-{,. 
 
 Pensacola, Florida, to Cuba and Surinam (here described from .vouii" 
 
 males). 
 
 {fJulis caudalia Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 213; fGlinther, iv, 166; Jordan & Gilbert, 
 Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1882. 286: 'i Julis pictua Pocy, Mem. Cuba, ii, 214: U'latyijloxKUH 
 pictus Giiuthoi-, iv, 166: ? Platyglomus poeyi Sleiud. Icbth. Notiz. vi, 49, 1867.) 
 
 Page 606. Instead of Hemistoma substitute — 
 
 333.— SCARIJS Forskiil. 
 (Forskai, Fauna Arabica, 1775, 25: type Scania psitlacua Forekal.) 
 
 Omit from the description of the genus the following clauses: "Lat 
 eral line continuous." "Lower jaw included. Scales on the cheek in 
 more than one series." " Dorsal spines flexible." Our species should 
 stand as — 
 9S4. S. Kuacamaia C. «& Y. 
 
 Page 607. After Scarus guacamaia add : 
 954 (h). S. croicensiis B\och.—Bullon. 
 
 Bluish silvery, with three red longitudinal bands; the upper from 
 the nape to the end of the dorsal; the second through the eye, crossiii-^- 
 the space between the two portions of the lateral line; the third from 
 the base of the pectoral to the lower half of the caudal fln ; head 
 mostly rosy; snout with bright-colored streaks; tins all yellow. Three 
 series of scales on the cheek; the middle composed of five scales; the 
 lower of three, and covering the limb of the preoi)ercle. Caudal sub 
 truncate. Teeth small, whitish or rosy; no j)osterior canine. Upper 
 lip broad, covering more than half of upper jaw. Dorsal 8j)ines flex- 
 ible. Head 3^ in total length; depth 3f. D. IX, 10; A. II, 8; Lat. 
 1. 24. L. 7-8 inches. {Cuv. & Vol.) West Indies, north to Southern 
 Florida {Bean). 
 
 (Blocb, Icbth. 1797, 18, pi. 121: Scarua inaulce-aanclw-crucia Bb)cb. & Scini. 1801, 28."): 
 ScaruH altcmana C. & V. xiv, 200: Paeudoacarua aancla-crucia Giintber, iv, 226.) 
 
 hb. Dorsal spinea pungent; scales on cheek in one series. {Spar'woma* Sw.) 
 954 (o). S. squalidus Poey.— Fie/a Muger. 
 
 Rosy olive; a black blotch on the upper half of base of pec- 
 toral; front of head with brownish reticulations; fins rosy; color in 
 
 * Swainson, Class. Fifhas, ii, 227, 1839: type Spania ahiUlgaardii Bloch. (= /StorM* 
 Bleeker, not of Forsk&l, which is Hemiatoma Sw. or Paeudoacarua Bleeker.) 
 
ADDENDA — 96. POMACENTRID^. — GLYPHIDODON. 
 
 939 
 
 spirits nearly plaiu ; faint whitish streaks along the rows of scales on 
 the sides. Teeth rather distinct; caudal eniargiuate, the outer angles 
 produced ; cheeks with about three scales. Uead 3J ; depth 3. West 
 Indies, north to Garden Key, Florida. 
 
 (Poey, Mom. Cuba, ii, 2I«, 1860; Poey, 8yu. Pise. Cub. 338.) 
 9.54 (d). S. radians C. &. \.— Spanish I'orgy. 
 
 Keddish olive; lower parts and anal rose-colored; dorsal fin and 
 upper parts marbled with brownish; caudal with irregular dark cross- 
 bands, including whitish spots, and with a narrow whitish edge; anal 
 with four oblique dark spots; root of the pectoral blackish; a light 
 band across chin. Snout not twice length of eye. Caudal truncate, 
 the outer rays slightly produced in the adult, rounded in young. 
 Teeth very distinct; young with pointed teeth directed outward around 
 the jaw. Four scales on cheek. L. 8 inches. {Ounther). Florida to 
 Brazil. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. XIV, 206; Gunthcr iv, 211 ; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. v, 32.) 
 
 Page 008. After Heros cyanoguttatus -mM: 
 95H {!)). H. pavonaceus Garniau. , 
 
 Dark brown, tl<?cked with pale; 4 to C ocellated, vertically-expanded 
 black spots on side below dorsal tin ; an ocellated black spot on base 
 of tail above lateral line; side with 10 or 12 faint dark cross-bands. 
 Head as deep as long. Eye large, wider than preorbital, its front be- 
 hind tip of maxillary; 5 rows of scales on cheek. Fifth dorsal spines 
 highest; soft dorsal and anal reaching caudal; pectorals to vent. Head 
 2f ; depth 2f. D. XVI, 12; A. V, 8;, scales 4-32-12. Monclova, Coa- 
 huila. {Garman.) 
 
 (Garnian, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1881, 93.) 
 
 Page GIO. It is probably better to recognize the genus 325 (/>), Gly- 
 phidodoii Lac, distinguished from Pomacentrus by its notched teeth. 
 Our species may stand as — 
 
 9!iS. G. declivifroiis (Gill) Gthr. 
 
 (Eit-ncliistodiis decHvlfroiiH and E. concolor Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. 37: 
 Eusc'iintodn8 anulogua Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18t)3, 220; GUiithei', iv, 38.) 
 
 090. G. saxatilis (L.) Lac ' 
 
 Page (ill. Ckromiti puncUpinnlH belongs to the subgenus Furcaria 
 Poey (Memorias Cuba, ii, 195: type Furcaria puncta l^oey =^ Ayrcsia 
 Cooper), distinguished from Ghromis proper by the more elongate body, 
 the more deeijly forked caudal, and by the presence of 12 dorsal spines. 
 
 '•l! 
 
 \l\ 
 
 * . I 
 
 -■.:i> 
 
 11 
 
940 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— iv. 
 
 Page 012. After Chromw intolatuft add: 
 961 (h). c. enchrysums J. & Q. 
 
 Dusky bluish; a blue stripe from tip of snout through upper part ot 
 eye to above lateral line; caudal deep yellow; pectorals, most of solt 
 dorsal, and distal half of anal, light yellow; tins otherwise dusky a 
 small black spot in axil. Body regularly ovate-oblong. Jaws ecpuil, 
 the maxillary 3 J^ in head, extending a little past eye; preopercle witli 
 blunt serrations. Teeth slender, conical, in a moderate band. Dorsal 
 emarginate, the longest spine 1^ in head; caudal lunate; second anal 
 spine If in head. Head 3=^; depth 2. D. XIII, 12; A. II, 12; scales 
 3-20-9. Pensacola, Fla. 
 
 (Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub. 1882,286.) 
 
 Page 015. After Chwtodon maculocinctuH add: 
 
 963 (/'). C. bimaculatUS 'Qloch.— Four-eyed Fish; White Angel. 
 
 Pearly gray; snout, edge of opercle, base of pectoral, anal, caudal. 
 
 and dorsal bright yellow; a black band, edged with yellow, extending 
 
 from a point in front of and below first dorsal spine across eye to mar 
 
 gin of interopercle ; soft dorsal with a large, round, indistinct black 
 
 spot at its base, between fifth and twelfth rays, and a small, deep black 
 
 spot at its angle; soft dorsal with a narrow marginal line of black; soft 
 
 anal with a narrow submarginal band of light blue, edged anteriorly 
 
 with black; caudal with a terminal band of bluish, the center bright 
 
 yellow; base of ventrals blotched with yellow. Snout produced, 
 
 longer than eye; preopercle finely denticulated. Soft dorsal and anal 
 
 angular behind. D. XII, 20; A. Ill, 10; scales 0-34-15. {Goode; 
 
 Giinther.) West Indies, north to Key West {Stearns). , 
 
 (Blocli, Ichth. vii, 1797, taf. 210; Guntber, ii, 9; Poey, Menioria.s, ii, 371, 1861: 
 Sarothrodu.8 bimacidatua Goode, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. v, 43. ) 
 
 963 (c). €. capistratus L. 
 
 A black, white-edged, ocular band, much narrower than the eye, ex 
 tending over the interopercle, not over the chesty a round, black, white 
 edged spot immediately before the angle made by the dorsal fin and 
 the back of the tail ; blackish oblique streaks along the series of scales: 
 those of the upper half of the body descending tbrwards; those ot the 
 lower ascending forwards; a grayish band, edged with black, a«;ioss 
 the middle of caudal, continued on the soft dorsal and anal fins, wlieiv 
 it runs jjarallel with the margin and near it; ventrals whitish. Snout 
 very slightly produced, nearly as long as eye; preopercle very faintly 
 
ADDENDA 103. URANOSCOPID^ ASTROSCOPUS. 
 
 941 
 
 
 serrate. Soft dorsal and anal angular bebind. D. XIII, 19; A. Ill, 
 17; scales C-42-17. {O'dnther.) West Indies, north to Florida Keys. 
 (L. Syst. Nat.; GUnther, ii, 12.) 
 
 Page GI5. After Pomacanthns ciliariti add: 
 i»64 (&). P. tricolor (Bloch) J. &, Ci.— Black Angel. 
 
 Head, caudal fln, anterior part of trunk, and margins of soft dorsal 
 iiud anal yellow; rest of body black. Preopercular spine grooved, 
 reaching to posterior margin of oi)ercle. Soft dorsal, anal, and ui)per 
 ray of caudal, moderately produced. D. XIV, 19; A. Ill, 18; scales 
 8-48-25. {GUnther.) West Indies, north to Florida Keys. 
 
 {Vliwtodon tricolor Bloch, Iclith. xii, 1797, taf. 4\J5: Holacanthua tricolor C. & V. vii, 
 Ifi'J: HolacanthuH /nco/o»' Giinthor, ii, 49.) 
 
 Page G17. Ait&v Acanthur us cliirurgus nAA: 
 966 (&)■ A nigricans (L.) Bluch. 
 
 Closely related to Acanthurus chirurgus, differing in the longer snout, 
 which is more convex in its upper i)ortion. Caudal triangular, scarcely 
 concave behind; vertical bands on the side very narrow, usually dis- 
 appearing after death; fins without oblique stripes. {Poey.) West In- 
 dies, occasionally northward (said to have been once taken at New 
 York). 
 
 {Chwtodon nigricana Linn. Syst. Nat.: Acanthurua phlehotomua Cuv. & Val. x, 176, 
 tab. 2b7, 1835: Acanthuj-ua phlebotomua Voey , Aual. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. IbSO, 245.) 
 
 966 ((;)• A. tractus Poey. 
 
 Distinguished most readily by the length of the caudal lobes, especi- 
 ally the upper, which is notably longer than the lower, its tip ending 
 in a whitish thread ; anterior profile modferately curved. Dorsal with 
 faint oblique streaks. Body usually without dark streaks. West In- 
 dies and both coasts of Mecico, occasional northward. 
 
 {Acantkurua chirurgua C. & V. x, 168 (not Chcetodan chirurgua Bloch) ; Poey, Mem. 
 Cuba, 11, 208, 1860; Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 1880, 246.) 
 
 Page 628. Astrosoopus ygrcecum and A. anoplus are very closely re- 
 lated. The following distinctive characters may be found useful : 
 
 In A. anoplus the pale spots are much smaller, less sharply defined, 
 and occupy a smaller area than in A. ygrcecum; the lower part of head 
 Las two black blotches in both sijecies; the second dorsal, anal, and 
 ventrals are nearly or quite plain. The naked area behind each eye is, 
 in A. anoplus, lunate, its length barely twice that of the snout; the bony 
 V-shaped plate is short and broad, concave on the median line, and 
 forked for about half its length, the posterior undivided portion broader 
 
 I ». 
 
 .■ i, 
 
 'ti j 
 
942 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — 1\, 
 
 than long ; the bony bridge across the occiput but little shorter than lli«- 
 part of the head which precedes it. In A. ygrwcum the naked area is 
 trapezoidal, lonjjer than broad, and about4 times the length ofthe siumt ; 
 the Y is forked for more than lu'lf its length, its undivided })art in<)i« 
 than twice as long as broad, and not concave; the occipital plate is not 
 half as long as the part of the head which precedes it. 
 
 Page 029. Aitiav Astnyscopus anopluH 'm\^: 
 
 Family GUI (ft) --OPISTHOGNATIIID^. 
 
 Body oblong or elongate, low, moderately compressed, covered witli 
 small, cycloid scales. Lateral Hue present, usually incomplete, straifjlit, 
 running (ilose to the dorsal fin. Head large, luiked, the anterior profile 
 ilecurved. Mouth terminal, horizontal, its cleft usually very wide, tin' 
 maxillary extending past the eye, and sometiiiu^s considerably beyond 
 the head; supplemental maxillary j)resent; preniaxillaries protra(!tiI«'; 
 jaws subequal, with conical or cardiform teeth; vomer usually with a 
 few teeth; palatines toothless; opercles unarmed; no suborbital stay. 
 Pscndobranchia^ present. Gill-rakers rather long; gills 4, a slit behind 
 the fourth; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. Bramdiios 
 tegals (5. Air-bladder present. No i)yloric cceca. Dorsal tin long, con 
 tinuous, its autoiior half composed of slender, llexible spines; caiulal 
 distinct, rounded or lanceolate; tail diphycercal; anal long, witliont 
 distinct sjines; ventrals separate. Jugular, I, 6, the middle rays loiij; 
 est; pectorals fan-shaped. Two genera, of about 12 species, inhab 
 iting rocky bottouis in tropical seas. Their relationships are ap])aieiitly 
 with Trachiuoid forms, but they bear considerabio resemblance to tli« 
 (31inoi<l Bleunies. {TraehinldWj genus Opisthognathus Giinther, ii, 254- 
 25G.) 
 
 a. Maxilliu-y of modt'ratt- longth, trnncnte behind Gnathvpops, .338 (h). 
 
 aa Mnxillary of great length, prolonged in a flexible lumina behind. 
 
 OPI8THOONATUU8. 338 {(•). 
 
 3a§(ft).-«.-¥A.TH¥I'OPS Gill. 
 (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. 18(i2, 241: typo Opicthognathua maxilloHitg Poey.) 
 
 This genus iucludes those Opisthomathidw in which the maxillary is 
 of medium length and truncate behind. (paT^o?, jaw; tWw, below; wf, 
 eye. 
 
 977 ;!>). «. mnxitlossis (Pooy) Gill. 
 
 Color gray-.sh olive, \.'ith 7 irregular x-8l»»pe<l t>nrs of darker, every 
 where much marbled and variegated; fins all similarly marked, the 
 
ADDENDA 103 (ft). OPISTHOONATHID^. — OPlSTHOGNATilUC. 943 
 
 \(»i!trjil.s dusky, the dorsal with ii dusky blotch in front. Body rnoder 
 iitoly compressed; head not very larfjfc; niiixillary truncate behind, ex- 
 tending behind eye for a distance about }{ diameter of eye, its lenj>Hi lif 
 ill head; eye ".i^ in head. Teeth coni<;al, curved, well separated, mostly 
 ill a single series. Xo teeth on vomer. Fins moderate; dorsiil eon- 
 riiiuous, its spines slender; caudal short, its length ^ head. Head .'^; 
 depth 4i. D. VIII, 17; A. II, 13; Lat. 1. 05. Cuba, north to Gnnlen 
 Key, Florida. 
 (OphtliiuindlliiiN waxilloHnH Pocy, Mom. Culm, ii/JHIi, iHliO; Pocy, Syii. Pise. Cub. 400.) 
 
 »38 (r).-0PISTH001«ATHUS Cuvier. 
 
 (Ciivior, R<^{;iu» Aiiim. cd. 2, li^iO: typo OpislhoiinathuH Honnrnitii Ciiv.) 
 
 Maxillary i>rolonged backward in a long, flexible lamina, whicii scmie- 
 times reaches base of pectoral. (3haracters of the geiiius otherwise in- 
 cluded above. ((57rj(T^/jj, behind; p'i^/o?, jaw.) 
 
 Oil (c). O. scnphiiirus Ooodo & Heim. 
 
 Grayish olive, much variegated with whitish and dark olive ; about 
 fl irregular dusky bands on the body, which extend on the dorsal tin: 
 nhitisii markings on body forming roundish spotvS, surrounded by 
 reticulations of gray'sh olive; head marbled, its posterior part, as 
 well as the sides of the back and pectoral base, with small blackish 
 (lots; membrane lining tlie inside of the maxillary with 2 curv«'d inky- 
 black bands on a white ground ; angle of mouth with a black sjmt; 
 lining of operde black; tins all variegated like the body. Body mod- 
 erately el(»ngate, somewhat comi)re8sed. Head blunt anteriorly ; snout 
 very short, about as long as pupil; eye large, 4 in head; maxilhiry 
 reaching slightly past edge of preopercle, but not to end of head, s 
 letigtli contained .'i;| times in length of body. Teeth rather strong, wide- 
 set, forming 2 distinct series, directed backward, especially in the iii)per 
 jaw; lateral teeth of lower jaw largest; a single vomerine tooth. Gill- 
 rakers long and slender, nearly 20 below angle. vScales very small. 
 Dorsal fin low, continuous, the soft rays but little higher than the 
 spines, which are slender and flexible, the longest .'{j\ in head. Oaudal 
 short, rounded, its length Hi; in body. Anal similar to soft dorsal. 
 Pectoral half as long as head. Depth 5. D. XI, 10; A. IS; l\ 17; 
 Lat. 1. l()l>. Florida Keys. 
 
 ((}o!)(lo & IJoan, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Muh. 1882, 417.) 
 
 1>77 (d). O. lonclRUrus J. & G. 
 
 Olivaceous; margin of ui)per lip with a narrow black stripe; caudal 
 with 3 dusky bars ; color of rest of body nearly uniform. Head not very 
 
 M^ 
 
944 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 
 
 -IV. 
 
 large; snont very short, shorter than pupil; eye 3 J in head ; maxillaiv 
 1^ in head, rather narrow; lower jaw included; vomer witli 5 rathci 
 large teeth. Longest dorsal spine about fis long as head, slightlv 
 higher than soft rays; caudal long, the middle rays scarcely shoitei 
 than head; longest anal rays 1| in head; pectoral little more than hull 
 head. Scales moderate. Head 3J-; depth 4f. D. 25; A. 15; Lat. I. 
 67. Two specip'ens known", taken from the stomach of a Ked Snappoi 
 at Pensacola, Fla. 
 (Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 290.) 
 
 Page 630. In key, under j[/, after the word "series," add "in lower 
 jaw." 
 
 Page 632. Dormitafor lineattis is app'arently identical with B. macu- 
 latnsy and may be suppressed. The genus Dormitator is best distin 
 guished from FAeotrls by the numerous long, lamelliform appendages of 
 the narrow lower pharyngeal bones. In Philypnus, Culius, and Eleotm 
 the bones are broader, and without api)endages. 
 
 841 (&).— CITLIUS Bleeker. 
 
 (Bleoter, Boeroe, 411 : type Eleotrls nitjcr Q. & G. = PnccUia fuaca Bl. & Schn. 
 
 This genus is distinguished from Uleotris by the presence of a stout 
 hook like spine, directed downwards and forwards, near the angle of 
 the preopercle. Gill-openings extended forwards. Teeth fixed. Spe- 
 cies rather numerous in brackish and fresh waters of tropical regions. 
 (Name of Indian origin.) • • 
 
 981 {b). C. amblyopsis Cope. ; ^ ' "' ' • 
 
 Dull olivaceous; everywhere dusted with dark points; finely barred 
 with paler; a black streak from eye to upper edge of gill-opening; a 
 blackish spot above base of pectoral. Form of Eleotris gyrimis. Max 
 illary reaching middle of eye, 2J in head ; teeth of the inner series iu 
 each jaw largest. Scales larger than in other species of the genus. 
 Head 3f ; depth 5f. D. VI, 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 48. South Carolina to 
 West Florida and Surinam. 
 
 (Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870. 47.3.) ' ■ ' 
 
 Page 632. Gobins catulus Grd. proves to be a true Oohius, and is 
 identical with Oobius soporator. It should, therefore, be era.sed. The 
 upper rays of the pectoral are silk-like. Head 3^; depth 4^. J). 
 VI-10; A. I, 9; Lat. 1. 33 to 38; 12 rows between dorsal and anal. It 
 is very abundant about rocks and ballast heaps from Florida to Texas. 
 
™ril 
 
 ADDENDA — 104. GOBlIDiE — LEPIDOGOBIUS. 
 
 945 
 
 Professor Gill informs us that one of the species of Oobius described 
 by Oirard from Texas is, however, undoubtedly a true Eoorthodus. As 
 all of these species, except G. wiirdemanni, have now been accounted 
 for, the latter species may be provisionally referred to Evorthodus. 
 
 Page 633. No. 983, JEuctenogobius lyricus is a marine species, found 
 along the coast of Texas. The genus JSuctenogobiua intergrades with 
 Gobiu8 and can hardly be retained. 
 
 Page 633. After Oobius lyricus add: 
 
 9§3 (&). O. encseomus J. & G. 
 
 i olivaceous, mottled with darker above; a series of 4 obscure oblong 
 (lark blotches along middle of sides ; a dark spot at base of caudal ; 
 each side of nape with an intense blue-black spot larger than eye ; an 
 obscure dusky streak from eye forward to mouth. Both dorsals trans- 
 lucent, with series of bright reddish-brown spots as largo as pupil ; 
 upper lobe of caudal light reddish, the lower blue-black ; anal and ven- 
 trals dusky- bluish ; pectorals slightly dusky, with a narrow bright 
 pinkish border behind. Body very elongate ; head compressed ; cheeks 
 high and vertical ; snout very short, vertically rounded. Mouth nearly 
 horizontal, large, *^he maxillary nearly half head, reaching about to 
 l)osterior margin of orbit; upper jaw with an outer series of strong 
 curved canines, the inner series and those in lower jaw small. Inter- 
 orbital width about equaling puj)!! ; eye about | head ; gill-opening 2^ 
 in head; the isthmus wide. Dorsal spines not filamentous; soft dorsal 
 and anal high, reaching caudal when depressed ; caudal lanceolate, the 
 middle rays produced, 2§ in length. Pectoral rays not ilk-like. Body 
 covered with small ctenoid scales, much reduced anteriorly ; head, ante- 
 dorsal region, and b-east naked. ? with smaller mouth and no red ou 
 tins, ^^harleston, S. C. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub. 1882.) 
 
 Page 0. t. Oobius carolinensis Gill is indistinguishable from OobiU9 
 Hoporator, . id may be suppressed. Oobius mapo Poey (Mem. Cuba, ii, 
 277), seems to be the same species. 
 
 Page 634. Oobius gulosus Grd. is a species of Lepidogobius, and should 
 be transferred to page 638, after L. newberrii. It may be thus defined: 
 
 903 {b), 0§C. Ii. 8:ulosus (Grd.) J. & G. 
 
 Light olive, with sharply defined markings of dark brown; those ou 
 the head mostly longitudinal streaks; those on the body forming dark 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 60 ' 
 
 ih 
 
946 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOOY iv. 
 
 croas-bara and blotcbea; flna mostly apottod or barred. Body el(>H{^uto 
 Head huso, b)W, not very blunt. Mouth larjjc, vory oblique, the, jiuni- 
 dible strongly pnyeeting I the maxillary extending? to below middle of 
 l)npil, 2 in head. Teeth in few 8v"riea, those of the outer row very 
 Umg, alendor, and curved. S(!ales small, cycloid, imbedded. Head 
 and nai)e scalelesa. J)orsal spines slender, the lonf?est sonjewhat fihi- 
 nuMitons; caudal loufj; u|»i)er pectoral rays not ailk-like; ventrnls in- 
 serted directly below pectorals. Ilead.'Sj; depth 5. 1). VI-ir>; A. l(i- 
 Lat. 1. 42. li. .'J inches. Florida to Texas. 
 ((}obiun (julosutt (Jul. U. 8. Mox, IJouml. Surv. Iclith. lH5y, '26.) ■ . 
 
 Page G.'?5. Before Oohius plaucofra'num insert — 
 98Y {!>)• O. bolcoRoma .T. & G. 
 
 Tale olivaceous, mottled with darker; male with a black humeral 
 spot ; tins barred, their edgea tinged with orange. Form, size, and 
 coloration of lioU'osoma olmstcdi. Head not very blunt. Mouth ni(»<i- 
 erate, horizontal, the lower jaw included; the maxillary reaching nearly 
 to middle of eye. Teeth amall, slender, in narrow bands, the outer 
 sonu'what larger. Scalea moderate, ctenoid. Dorsal apinea not fila- 
 mentous; caudal pointed, slightly longer than head; upper rays of 
 pectorala not ailk-like. Head 4; dei)th 4^. 1). Vl-12; A. I, 11; Lat. 
 1. IY,\. Ti. 2 inchea. Penaacola, F^la. 
 
 (.Jordan & (Jilberfc, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miis. 1882, '295.) 
 
 0§7 ((■)• O. NtiKXnatlirus Goixlo <&. Boan. 
 ■ 1 Light olive, sidea marbled with whitish; a duakj' spot on opcrclo and 
 one below eye; sides witli 5 dnaky blotchea along median line, the last 
 (Hie a round black spot at base of caudal; vertical fins with wavy blaclv 
 ish bars ; paired Una plain. Form of G. bokoHoma; bead not very blunt; 
 snout little ahorter than eye; lower Jaw not shorter than upper. ]\Iax 
 illary extending to below middle of eye, 2§ in head. Teeth stroiij:!;, 
 curved, those of the upper jaw in a narrowband, two of the teeth soiiio- 
 what canine-like; lower teeth large, in a aingle irregular aeries. Scales 
 large, those on the nape reduced, all ctenoid. i>or8al apinea alemler; 
 flns not elevated ; caudal aa long aa head ; upper rays of pectoral not 
 i^ilk-like. Head 4 ; depth G. D. Vi-12; A. 12; Lat. I. 30. L. 2 inches. 
 Weat coaat of Florida. 
 (Goo»lc & Beau, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,418.) 
 
 •8T (d). O. nicholsl Bean. 
 
 Olivaceous; scales edged with dusky; top of spinous dorsal black ;| 
 second dorsal and caudal spotted with dark; ventrals black. Boiij 
 
ADDENDA 104. GODIIDiE — LEPIDOOOBIUS. 
 
 947 
 
 Htout, coniprcBaed. Snout obtuso, about aa lonp hh eyo; maxillary 
 reaching front of pupil ; lower jaw Nlightly projeclinK; teeth Hlender,- 
 in several serien, the outer enlarged. Last rays of soft dorsal nearly 
 as long as head ; caudal convex, nearly as long as head ; pectoral us 
 long as head, none of its rays silk-like. Scales large; head nake<l. 
 Head :y^ ; depth 4^. D. VI-14 ; A. 12 ; scales 20-10. L. 4i inches. 
 Coast of British Columbia. (Jiean.) 
 (Boau, I'loc. U. 8. Nat. Muh. 1881, 4(}y.) 
 
 Pago 0,30. After Gobionellus oceanicus add: 
 
 989 ('>). O. stiKinaticus Viwy.—E»meralda. 
 
 IJrown; head with 4 vertical broad black bands; Son the check, 1 
 on th(i opercle; body with 10 narrow vertical yellow bars; pectorals and 
 caudal with cross-rows of brown spots; ventrals yellow, with bla<'k 
 edgings; a small black ahouUb^r spot. Trottle bluntly decur^ed; max- 
 illary reaching past middle of orbit. Teeth slciuder, in bands, the outer 
 row enlarged. Pectoral as long aa head; caudal pointed, half Jia long 
 as body. Scales ciliated. Head 4; depth 4^. D. Vl-12; A. 13; Lat. 
 1. 30. (Poey.) Southern Florida {Bean) to Cuba. 
 
 {SmarayduH Hligmaticua P()«y, Momorias Cuba, ii, tiSl, 1860; Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 
 394.) 
 
 The scales in Oobioncllm oeeanicm vary considerably. Lat. 1. 00 to 80. 
 
 Pago 037. After Xepidoflfo6iw« flrM^o«w» add : ; 
 
 99SI(fi). L. t!ial«N»litU8 Jor. &Gilb. ^ * ' ^ '\,- 
 
 Body translucent, very thickly covered with very minute, shining- 
 green dots, least numerous on tall; three consi)icuous translucent bars, 
 wider than the interspaces, crossing sides iujmediately behind heatl; 
 two narrow brilliantly-greeu lines running obliquely across cheeks; 
 dorsals whitish, with two or three lengthwise series of large reddish- 
 brown spots ; spinous dorsal blackish at base ; anal whitish at biise, 
 the anterior rays tipped with brilliant white, the greater i)ortion of fin, 
 as well aa lower part of caudal fin, blackish; upper caudal rays markf^l 
 with red; ventrals light buff; pectorals translucent. Body elongate, 
 much compressed; caudal peduncle very narrow and short; head com- 
 l)reased, much higher than wide, with very short, acute snout; mouth 
 terminal, wide and oblicpio; the jaws equal; maxillary reaching vertical 
 from middle of orbit, half length of head. Teeth apparently in a very 
 narrow baud, behind an outer series of strong conical t^eth (the inner 
 biind cannot bo certainly verified in our specimens). Eyes high, sepa- 
 
 ■■'V I 
 
948 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 rated by a very narrow interorbital space. Dorsal spines slender tbo 
 fifth slightly produced, reaching base of third soft ray when depressed. 
 Last rays of dorsal and anal reaching slightly past base of caudal. 
 €audal lanceolate, the middle rays produced, 2§ in body. Upper pec- 
 toral rays not silk-like. Ventral longer than head, reaching beyond 
 front of anal. Body covered with very small cycloid scales, which are 
 readily deciduous; head naked. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. VII-16; A. 
 15. L. IJ inches. Charleston Harbor. This species is closely allied 
 to L. emhlematicus Jor. & Gilb., from Panama. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 Page 638. Instead of Gobiosoma alepidotum read : 
 993. O. bosci (Lac.) J. & G. 
 To the synonomy add: 
 
 (GoUua bo»c Lacep^do, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 555, 1800. The name alcpidotua was given 
 by Schneider in 1801 as a substitute for this personal name.) 
 
 Page 638. Oobiosoma molestum is not distinguishable by us from 0, 
 hosci. It may therefore be suppressed. 
 
 Page 638. After (?o&io«owa 6o«ci add: ,: 
 
 993 (6). G. l08 Jor. & Gilb. ' 
 
 Light olive; back, sides, and upper fins speckled with dark olive; 
 caudal with 3 or 4 dark olive cross-bars ; lower fins pale. Body long 
 and slender, moderately comiiressed ; head long and low, anteriorly 
 ] jointed, its profile scarcely convex ; mouth very large, oblique, the 
 jaws subequal ; maxillary reaching middle of cheek, its length more 
 tlian half head ; teeth slender, in moder&.te bands, the outer somewhat 
 enlarged. Eye as long as snout, 4J in head. Body entirely naked. 
 Fins low, the spines slender; caudal short. Head 4^; depth 6§. 1). 
 VI-15; A. 12. L. 2 inches. Puget Sound; one specimen known, from 
 the stomach of a Hexagrammus asper, v 
 
 . (.Jor. & Gilb. Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) •' • 
 
 IJage 639. After Tyntlastes sagitta add : 
 
 _,.,, 350 (fc).—IOGIiOSSUS Bean. .< " 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 419: type logloasua calliurus Bean.) 
 
 Body elongate, strongly compressed, of equal depth throughout, cov- 
 ered with very small, mostly cycloid, scales. Head short, compressed, 
 not keeled above; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; 
 teeth in narrow bands or single series, some of them canine; no teeth 
 
ADDENDA 105. CHIRIDE HEXAGRAMMUS. 
 
 949 
 
 i'i 
 
 on vomer or palatines ; tongue very slender, shai-p ; opei cles unarmed. 
 Gill-openings very wide, the membranes narrowly joined to tlie isthmus 
 on the median line. No lateral line. Branchiostegals 5. Dorsals sep- 
 arate; the first of 6 very slender, flexible spines; the second elongate, 
 similar to the anal ; caudal long and pointed, free from dorsal and ana) ; 
 ventrals close together, separate, each of one spine and four rays, their 
 insertion below or behind pectorals; anal papilla present. ({«?, dcrt; 
 ykihaaa, tongue.) A remarkable type, belonging to the OxymetoponiinvCy 
 differing widely from our other Gobioid fishes. 
 
 996 (b). I. calliurus Bean. 
 
 Light olive, without distinct markings (in spirits); tip of first dorsal 
 dusky; caudal apparently with a median reddish stripe and two bluish 
 bands. Head not crested, its upper surface gently rounded; maxillary 
 extending to opposite front of pupil, 2^ in head; upper jaw with about 
 .2 series of teeth, the outer enlarged ; 2 curved canines behind the baud ; 
 lower jaw with about 1 row of smaller teeth, besides about 4 canines. 
 Eye large, twice length of snout, 3\ in head. Gill rakers long aiul 
 slender. Dorsal fins contiguous, the longest spine filamentous, about 
 as long as head; caudal lanceolate, half as long as rest of body; ven- 
 trals inserted very slightly in advance of pectorals, nearly as long as 
 Ijead. Scales minute, mostly cycloid. Head 5; depth 7^. D. VI-22; 
 A. I, 21. L. 4 inches. Deep water off Peiisacola, Fla. 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H82, 419; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 
 
 1882, 297.) 
 
 Page 642. Hexagrammus ordinatus is a typical Hexagrammus, having 
 the dorsal fin divided. The genus Pleurogrammns should probably be 
 adopted for H. monopterygins, which is, in Alaska, one of the most im- 
 portant food-fishes, according to Dr. Bean. 
 
 Page 644. Dr. Bean considers our suggestion, that Hexagrammus 
 scaler is the young of H. asper, as improbable. The following are the 
 characters assigned to the former species ; 
 
 999 (6). H. 8cal»er Bean. 
 
 Light brown, silvery below; each dorsal with 3 dark blotches, smaller 
 than eye, not reaching base of fin; pectorals, ventrals, and anal ininux;- 
 ulate. Teeth on jaws and vomer; none on palatines. A tentacle above 
 eye. Six lateral lines on each side; the supplemental one faint, extend- 
 ing backward from above base of pectoral, disappearing near middle of 
 body. Scales everywhere very rough. Caudal forked ; dorsal deeply 
 
 I'll' 
 
 Mi- 
 
950 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 notched. Head 4^; depth 4 J. D. XX, 24; A. 23; Lat 1. 105; 1. tr. 50. 
 L. 3 inches. Coast of Alaska; known from young specioieus only. 
 (Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1881, 154.) 
 
 Page 661. Sebmtodes proriger ranges northward to Alaska, where it 
 grows to a considerable size. In the original descriptions, both of 
 '■^ Epinephelus ciliatus^^ and '^^Perea variabilis,'" it is evident that S. pro- 
 riger has been confounded by Tilesius and Pallas with the species for 
 which we have retained the name of S. ciliatus. 
 
 On page 665, after Sehastodes ruber, add : 
 1019 (h). S. umbrosus J. & G. 
 
 Light orange, overlaid everywhere with blackish, the latter color 
 forming on the lower part of the sides reticulations in fine pattern, 
 the centers of the scales being paler than the edges; sides of head 
 with dusky shades ; sides of back with some large areas of blac'.cish ; 
 upper parts with 5 large rounded blotches of pink washed with oran«'e 
 these blotches arranged as in constellatus, but larger, less sharply de- 
 fined, and of a difterent hue; the second blotch with a smaller one above 
 it^ a rosy spot on opercular flap; fins pale orange, shaded with dusky. 
 General form of constellatus. Mouth moderate, oblique, the lower jaw 
 scarcely projecting, its tip fitting into the eraarginate tip of upper jaw ; 
 maxillary 2 in head, reaching posterior margin of pupil ; both jaws with 
 small, smoothish scales. Cranial ridges rather sharp, lower than in con- 
 stellatus; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tymijanic, and occipital 
 spines present; interorbital area concave, with two prominent ridges; 
 the region much broader than in constellatus, § width of eye; supra- 
 ocular ridge low, its spine smaller than tympanic spine; preocular 
 l)rominent; preopercular spines all acute; preorbital narrow, with two 
 spines. Eye large, 4 in head. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, the 
 longest about half eye. Scales moderate, with many accessory scales. 
 Dorsal rather low, deeply emarginate ; fourth spine equal to soft rays, 
 about I head ; soft dorsal longer than high ; second anal spine large, 
 2 J in head; caudal slightly emarginate; pectoral not reaching vent, 
 3§ in body. Head 2f ; depth 2^. D. XIII, 12; A. Ill, 6; Lat. 1. 40 
 (tubes). Santa Barbara, California. j, 
 
 (Sebastichthys umhrosua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888.) 
 
 Page 679. The species here called Scorpcena dactyloptera proves 
 to have been correctly identified with the European species. It has 
 lately been taken in considerable numbers along the Gulf stream. The 
 
ADDENDA 106. SCORP^NID^ — SCORP^ENA. 
 
 951 
 
 pectorals in this species are subtnincate, the lower rays somewhat 
 exserted. The group called by Poey "Pon<tntt«" is not of this type, 
 but allied rather to Scorpecna proper. 
 
 Pafre 081. Scorpasna porcus should probably be erased, its occurrenco 
 in our waters being very doubtful. The following species has been, 
 perhaps, mistaken for it : 
 
 103§ {h). is, steamsl Goode & Bean. 
 
 Dusky olivaceous, whitish below; head with some dark blotches and 
 small spots; back and sides with diffuse blackish blotches; body 
 sparsely covered with round dusky spots, smaller than pupil ; these 
 spots most numerous and distinct in the axillary region, which is other- 
 wise whitish; spinous dorsal marbled, with a median dusky band; its 
 base whitish, with black spots; soft dorsal and anal irregularly mar- 
 bled ; caudal with a broad median and a terminal band of blackish ; pec- 
 torals mottled and banded ; ventrals dusky at tip. Body robust, little 
 compressed, tapering posteriorly. Mouth moderate, oblique, the jaws 
 equal, the lower with a small symphyseal knob; maxillary 2 in head, 
 reaching to below posterior margin of orbit. Preorbital with two di- 
 verging spines; suborbi.al without deep pit, its stay low, armed with 
 two small spines; nasal spines inconspicuous; interorbital space deeply 
 concave, with 2 longitudinal ridges, its width | diameter of eye. 
 Cranial ridges rather low, moderately sharp; the following pairs 
 present: preocular, supraocular, postocular, coronal, occipital, nuchal, 
 besides 3 on the temporal region, arranged in a right line behind the 
 eye. Occipital pit deep, a little broader than long. Preopercular 
 spines 5, the two lower blunt and short, the upper much the longest, 
 half as long as the eye; a small spine at its base. Supraocular flap very 
 small, trilobate, shorter than pupil (much larger in a young example, ap- 
 parently of the same species, in which its length is about half head). 
 Small dermal flaps elsewhere on head. Opercular flap scaly; a few ru- 
 dimentary scales on cheeks and front of opercle. Breast with small 
 scales. Gill-rakers short and thick. Scales large, smooth, with mem- 
 branous edges; a series of dermal flaps along the lateral line and at 
 the dorsal base. Dorsal spines slender, the longest 2| times in head ; 
 longest soft ray half as long as head ; caudal subtruncate, 1^ in head. 
 Anal spines small, the second and third equal, 2* in head. Longest 
 soft ray of anal half as long as head. Ventrals 1% in head. Pectorals 
 reaching soft rays of anal, the longest ray slightly shorter than head; 
 
 ^M 
 
 If-: 
 
 
 V -.it 
 
 
 s.'M 
 
952 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY jy. 
 
 base of the fin a little procurrent, its length 3 in head. Head 2"'' 
 depth 2|. D. XI, I, 9; A. Ill, 5; P. 20j Lat. 1. 32 (31 tubes). Sout'li 
 Carolina to Florida. 
 (Goodo & Ikau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 421.) 
 
 '^038 (c). S. calcarata Goodo & Bean. 
 
 • Color essentially as in 8. stearnsi; axil of pectoral whitish, with 
 dusky specks, a black spot at its upper edge; ventrals mostly black. 
 Body moderately robust ; lower jaw slightly projecting, Avith a small 
 symphyseal knob j maxillary reaching past pupil, its length half head. 
 Suborbital without pit, the bony stay moderate, armed with 2 small 
 spines. Nasal spines small. Intoiorbital space narrow, with 2 loiifrj. 
 tudinal ridges, its width f length of eye. Cranial ridfi^es rather low, 
 with sharp spines, arranged as in <S^. stearnsi. Occipital cavity almost 
 obsolete, represented by a slight depression. Preoperuular spines 5, 
 the lowermost stout, directed downward and forward, vhe uppermost 
 rather long, more than half eye. Opercular and scapular sjiines mod- 
 erate. Eye large, nearly 3 in head. Supraocular flaps minute; a lew 
 other small flaps on head. Cheeks with rather large imbricated scales; 
 opercle, with some scales anteriorly and on its flap; breast scaly; scales 
 of body large, not ctenoid with few dermal flaps or none. Pores of 
 lateral line very conspicui- .s. Gill-rakers short and small. Dorsal 
 spines rather slender, the longest 2§ in head; longest soft ray 2^ iu 
 head. Anal spines small, the second and third subequal, 3 in head. 
 Soft anal rays moderate. Ventrals reaching past vent, Ig in head. 
 Pectoral long, !» in head. Depth 3. D. XI, I, 9; A. Ill, 5; P. 19; Lat. 
 1. 28 (25 tubes). West coast of Florida. 
 (Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 422.) 
 
 Page 088. Cottunculus microps is very fully described and well figured 
 by Collett, Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 18. The eye is here repre 
 sented as shorter than snout, and about G in head, the pectorals reach 
 past front of anal, and the dorsal rays are VI-13 to VI-15. It is pos- 
 sible that the American species is different, but the resemblance of the 
 two is very great. 
 
 ''" Page G91. It is thought by Collett (Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 34) 
 thfc " Tcelvs bicornis is identical with Icehis hamatus. If this supposition 
 is correct, the species should stand as 1048, I. bicornis (Keinh.) Gill. 
 Icelns furciger Malm (Forh. Skand. Naturf. 1863, 410) is identical with 
 Jr. hamatus. In life the head of this species is provided with very slen- 
 der cirri. 
 
ADDENDA — 107. COTTID^ — URANIDEA. 053 
 
 Page 694. Instead of Uranidea spilota read: 
 1094. r. rice! (NtilHou) J. & G. 
 
 Erase the synonym " Uranidea spiloia Cope," etc. U. spilota is prob- 
 ably a distinct species, allied to U. cognata. 
 
 Page 695. After Uranidea semiacabra add: 
 lO'ie (<-)■ IJ. rhothca Rosa Smith. 
 
 Dusky, with blackish cross bands above, yellowish and piinctulate 
 below; fins all more or less spotted and barred. Body moderately 
 elongate. Head broad and flattish ; interorbital space broad and little 
 concave, nearly as broad as eye. Mouth moderate, the maxillary ex- 
 tending about to middle of pupil; jaws subequal; palatine teeth con- 
 spicuous; preopercular spine shortish, nearly straight, directed upward 
 and backward. Skin of head smooth; skin of back and sides rough, 
 ^vith short, rather coarse prickles, shorter and stiffer than in U. aspera. 
 Fins moderate; pectoral barely reaching past front of anal. Head 3; 
 depth 4f. D. VIII-15; A. 11; V. I, 4. Spokane Falls, Upper Colum- 
 bia Kiver. . ,.. ,. ._, : v,, 
 
 (Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1882, 347.) 
 
 Page 697. Under Uranidea richardsoni add another "variety" — var. 
 himUeni (Hoy). 
 
 The original type of U. kumlieni Hoy, lately re-examined by us, has 
 palatine teeth, and the ventrals I, 4. It represents, in our present 
 view, a variety of U. richardsoni, possibly distinguishable from var. 
 hairdi by the rather higher spinous dorsal and rather larger eye and 
 mouth. The description of " U. franMini,^^ on page 090, belongs to U. 
 kumlieni, being taken from Hoy's type. 
 
 Page 098. To the account of Uranidea cognata may be added : Mouth 
 larger than in Uranidea gohio; head 3 in length without caudal; its 
 width equal to its length and half more than its height; Jaws equal; 
 vent a little nearer suout than insertion of caudal ; second dorsal twice 
 as long as first, separated from it by a space less than a line ; anal be- 
 ginning opposite sixth ray of dorsal; caudal 6 in total length. Under 
 surface silvery gray, minutely dotted; on the sides the dots are mingled 
 with crowded irregular blotches of dark brown; back and top of head 
 nearly uniform dark brown, few pale spots appearing. L. 4 inches. 
 [Richardson.) 
 
 m 
 
 ■ »i 
 
 it" < ■ I'i 
 
 .I'll 
 
 pi' 
 
 i'irli 
 1 
 
 |:' 
 
 # 
 
 llii li: 
 
 :■.; ,■,; 
 
 '^i ■ 
 
954 CONTRIBl IIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICIITUYOLOGY ly. 
 
 Pago G98, After Uranidea cognata add: 
 lOOil (/>). U. spllota Copo. 
 
 Brown above, yellowish below, everywhere densely pnnctulate with 
 darker except on the belly ; dorsals, caudal, and pectorals barred • anui 
 yellowish; dorsal and base of caudal with blackish 8i)ots; sides with 
 large dark spots, forming sometimes seven or fewer cross-bars. iJoUv 
 rather elongate. Eye 4^ in head, one-third greater than interorbital 
 "width. Head slightly contracted laterally, not much depressed; oue 
 preopercular spine (hooked upward); pectoral reaching vent and front 
 of second dorsal, its rays undivided. Spinous dorsal low; anal bejjln- 
 ning opposite fourth ray of spinous dorsal. No trace of palatine teeth. 
 Lateral line incomplete. Head 3^; depth 5. D. VIII-17; A. 13; V. I 
 4; P. 15; B. 6. L. 3 inches. Grand Bapids, Michigan. {Cope.) 
 
 (Cope, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G5, 82.) 
 
 1063 (c). V, polllcaris J. & G. 
 
 Light olive above, blotched and spotted with black; lower part of 
 sides and below light, unmarked; dorsals, pectorals, and caudal with 
 series of spots. Head much depressed ; snout broad and flat ; profile 
 straight or slightly concave from nape to tip of snout; mouth small 
 anterior; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit; teeth ou 
 vomer, none on palatines. Preopercular spine large and strong, spi- 
 rally curved upwards and inwards; a single concealed iwint below 
 this on margin of preopercle. Spinous dorsal rather low, connected 
 with the long, low second dorsal by membrane; longest dorsal spiue 
 equalling length of snout; origin of anal under third dorsal ray; hist 
 ray of anal under sixteenth of dorsal; ventrals I, 4, reaching § distance 
 to vent; pectoral rays all simple; vent midway between tip of snout 
 and base of caudal. Lateral line continuous to base of caudal. No 
 prickles. Head 3f in length; depth 4^; eye 5J in head. D. VII-19; 
 A. 13; P. 17. Lake Michigan. 
 
 (Jor. & Giib. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) - ■ 
 
 Page 699. Instead of the description of Uranidea franJdini, given in 
 the text, insert the following: 
 1069. IJ. franklini (Ag.) Jor. 
 
 Body^ rather short and stout; snout not very obtuse; maxillary 
 reaching about to pupil; eye 4 in head, twice the interorbital space; 
 preopercular spine hook-like, very acute ; paired fins rather short, the 
 pectorals not reaching ventj first dorsal nearly as high as second; 
 
ADDENDA — 108 (a). — AGOHIDiE — LEPTAG0NU8. 965 
 
 dorsals contiguous ; anal inserted under fourth ray of second dorsal ; 
 caudal in length; lateral line incomplete; vent nearer base of caudal 
 than tip of snout. Head 2^; depth ^. 1). VlII-17; A. 12; V. I, 3. 
 L. 3 inches. Lake Superior. [Girard.) 
 
 Page 099. After Uranideafranklini add: 
 1009 (ft). U. formosa (Gid.) Jor. 
 
 Body slender and graceful ; head small, depressed above ; eyes mod- 
 erate ; preopercular spine short, stout, acute, curved upwards ; a small 
 spine below it ; subopercular spine well developed. Dorsals well sepa- 
 rated; anal beginning under tbird raj'^ of soft dorsal; pecstorals not 
 reaching to posterior margin of spinous dorsal ; ventrals not nearly to 
 vent. Head 4^. D. VIII-IC; A. 11; V. I, 3. L. 3^ inches. Deep 
 water in Lake Ontario. {Girard.) 
 
 {Coitus formosaa Girard, Mon. Cott. 58, 1850.) 
 
 Page 703. To the synonj'my of Cottus scorpiun grccnlandieua add: 
 
 {Cottus mitchilli C. & V. iv, 188: Cotttia porosun C & V. viii, 498: Acanthocoitm ocel- 
 hlu8 H. R. Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat. HisL l«r)0, v;."i3 : CottiiHylavinUa Rich. Last Arctic 
 Voyage Belch, ii, 349, 1855 : Acantliocottun muconun Ayrca, I'loc. Cul. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
 1854, 12.) 
 
 Page 712. A minute patch of palatine teeth is sometimes present in 
 Liocotttis hirundo. 
 
 Page 726. Instead of Braehyopsis read 
 
 3§3.— I^EPTAGOWrS Gill. 
 
 ■;m.--m 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 259: type Agonua apinoaisaimua Kroycr=: ^gian«» 
 (lecagonua Bl. & Schu.) 
 
 The species should stand as— 
 
 0. Lower jaw projecting. (Braehyopsis GiW.) 
 1118. Li. rostratiis (Tiles.) J. & G. 
 
 1113. L. verrucosus (Lock.) J. &Q j; if::i ; 
 
 1114. Lt, xyosternus J. & G. 
 
 aa. Lower jaw included. (Leptagonva.) 
 
 II 13. Li. decagronus (Bl. & Schu.) J. &, G. 
 
 The following description of L. decagonus may be substituted for that 
 given in the text : 
 
 Greyish yellow, with 2 to 4 large transverse brown spots ; tips of pec- 
 torals and caudal blackish ; a black streak through eye across preo- 
 
 J] 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 I ¥\ 
 
956 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — I v. 
 
 percle. Body slender ; head rather low ; mouth large, subiiifei ior the 
 snout projecting beyond it 5 gill- membranes free from isthmus {Jide Col- 
 lett in lit.) ; five long cirri near the angle of mouth, one of them forked • 
 a forked cirrus on lower jaw ; snout longer than the large eye ; the 
 longest cirri about as long as snout: a pair of short spines on snout- 
 a pair of knotty protuberances above eye, and a pair of larger ones on 
 frontal region ; shields of anterior part of back each with a large keel 
 ending in a spine; keels elsewhere bluntish ; plates of breast tubercle- 
 like and striate ; 4 shields between dorsals ; 5 before first dorsal ; 17 
 before second ; 12 between ventrals and anal. Pectorals slightly 
 longer than head ; ventrals moderate, longest in the males, the vent 
 close behind them. Head 5 ; depth 8. D. VI-7 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 40, the 
 number of pores about 24. L. 9 inches. Greenland to Jforway. {CoUttt.) 
 tColiott, Norsko Nord-HavsExp. 1880, 44.) 
 
 Page 728. Agonus cataphractus. 
 
 This species should probably be omitted as not occurring within our 
 limits, the Greenland references belonging to Leptagonus decagonm. 
 
 Page 728. The genus Bothragonus Gill here appears for the first 
 limj, the portion of Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XI, in which it was to be 
 characterized having been withdrawn by the author. 
 
 Page 733. Trigla cuculus should doubtless be omitted. It probably 
 has never been taken on our coasts. 
 
 Page 734. Instead of 1123, Prionotus pimctatiis read: 
 1123. P. scituliis J. &. 6. 
 
 For the synonymy given, substitute — 
 
 {Prioiiotiin puttctalua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 373, not of C. & Y,; 
 Jor. & Gilb. Pioc. U. S. Ni>t. Mus. 1882, Sja8.) 
 
 Page 734. After Pnonotus scitulns read : 
 1113 (h). P. puMCtatus (Bloch) C. & V. 
 
 Olivaceous, with some small roundish spots ; dorsal with a dark 
 blotch between fifth and sixth cpines ; soft dorsal and caudal faintly 
 barred ; pectoral with two large blackish spots near its middle above, 
 besides numerous pale bars and spots. Body not very slender ; pec- 
 torals rather short, not reaching end of soft dorsal, slightly less tliau 
 half length «»C body; free rays of pectoral slender; band of palatine 
 teeth short, rather broad; maxillary 2J in head not reaching eye; 
 preorbital feebly serrated, its edge armed with two rather strong 
 
ADDENDA — 1 11. GOBIESOCID^ — GOBIESOX. 
 
 957 
 
 spinous teetb, hooked backwards. Snout wide, the distance between 
 angles of mouth scarcely less than half head ; grooves between orbits 
 behind not deep. Head 3; depth 4. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. 57. 
 West Indies, said to range northward to our coasts, but perhaps con- 
 founded with pabmpes and scitulm ; the specimens here described from 
 Havana. 
 {Trigla punctata Bloch, Ausl. Fisclie, taf. 352; C. & V. iv, 93; Gllnther ii, 193.) 
 
 Page. 738. Instead of Gephalacanthua spinarclla read : 
 1I3§. C. volitans (L.) J. & G. 
 
 'J'Jxe specimen to which Linna)us gave the name of " Gastcrostem 
 npinarella^^ was said to have come from India. It is therefore more 
 likely to have been a young specimen of the one of the East Indian 
 species (perhaps C. orientalis C. & V.) than of the Atlantic species 
 I'olitans. 
 
 Page 740. After Carcproctus gelatinosus add : 
 1130 (ft). C. reinhardi Kroyer. 
 
 Reddish gray. Body semitransparent, covered with viscid skin. 
 Head short and globular. Eye 5 to 6 in head. Caudal tin very slen- 
 der, joined to the dorsal and anal ; month nearly horizontal ; lower jaw 
 scarcely projecting. Ventral disk little larger th.an eye. Pectorals 
 (loei)ly emarginate, nearly as long as head, reaching anal ; the lower 
 rays exserted, appearing as a series of short twisted filaments. Dis- 
 tance from ventral disk to vent not more than diameter of eye ; head 
 with conspicuous mucous pores. Head 4J; depth 5^. D. 54 ; A. 45j 
 C. IL'; P. 32. Greenland to Jan Mayen. (Colktt) 
 
 {Liparh gelatinonua Rcinli. Overaigt, &c. 1844, 77, not, of Pallnfl: Liparis (Care- 
 proctuH) reinhardi Kiuyer, Natnrh. Tidskr. i, 252, 1802; Collott, Norsko Nord-llavs 
 Exped. 1^130,57.) 
 
 Page 712. According to Professor Collett, Liparis arctica Gill is a 
 variety of Liparis lineata, distinguished from the latte." by its uniform 
 coloration only. Other varieties of this species are characterized by 
 (Or.ett (Forh. Vid. Selsk. i, 44, 1879). 
 
 Page 746. The genus 
 
 89/1 (&).-E1J:!IICllOTREiTIV9 Gill. 
 
 is probably worthy of adoption. Its single species may st'uid as — 
 II t'l. E. spinosus (MUUer) QiU. 
 
958 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly. 
 
 Page 740. After OobieHox .ttrumosus udd: 
 1 147 (h). G. virffiitiiln!9 J. & U. 
 
 OlivaceouH, with palor spots and fine black dots; the whole body cov- 
 ered with wavy, lonyitudinal lines of a light orpuge color (fadinff in 
 spirits); vertical tins dusky, somewhat barred; caudal tipped wiij, 
 yellowish, liody rather sh'uder; cheeks prominent; mouth reachiii"- 
 front of orbit; lower jaw somewhat included; tet^th above in a narrow 
 band; four of the outer somewhat eidarged; incisors of lower jaw 
 entire; ventral disk a little shorter than head. Eyes small, 4 in bead 
 less than half the broad interorbital space. Head 3; its width :i\- 
 depth 0. 1). 10; A. 8. L. I4 inches. Pensacola, Florida. 
 
 (Jordi fe Gilbort, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 2d\i.) 
 
 Page 751. No. 1140 {h), Batrachits i>nr(htii Goode & Bean, should 
 probably be considered a distinct species. It is a deep water form, with 
 tlabby skin. 
 
 Page 751. Instead of PorichthyH porosissimnH read: 
 1 1.10. P. innrKaritntuii (Rich.) J. & G. 
 
 Omit from the synonyniy liatrachits porosimimnH C. & V. (a species 
 from Surinam, the identity of which with our ppecies is not i)roveii) 
 and insert (/:?<j<rat7<»<.'< margnriUitm U i ch a rdson, Voyage Sulphur. Fishes, 
 (57). r. margaritatus appears to range from Lower California to Van- 
 couver's Islaud. 
 
 Page 752. After P. margarifatuH add: 
 1190 0>)- P> picctrodon J. & G. 
 
 Coloration essentially as in P. mnrgaritatus, but rather paler and 
 more golden; the lines of pores and Nhining spots very similar. Pain 
 tines each with few teeth (4 or 5); 1 to 3 of these developed as very 
 strong canines (usually much larger than the canines on vonu'r), which 
 are strongly' curved forwards and inwards (in P. margaritatiis the pala- 
 tine teeth are more numerous, subequal, small, much smaller than ca 
 uiiu>s on vomer). Head 3^: depth. 5|. D. II-;J7; A. 34; V. I, 2. L. 8 
 inches. South Carolina to Texas. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 18Si, 291.) 
 
 Page 757. After Gha^modes quadrifaaciatus add: 
 ll.li'l (b). C subiii'ro; J. & G. 
 
 Male deep olive, with dark cross shades; numerous pale spots on (lie 
 sides which form undulating lines converging backwards; dark stripes 
 
OLOGY — IV. 
 
 ADDENDA 114. BLENNIIDiE — TSESTITES. 
 
 959 
 
 11" 
 
 downward and forward from oyo; top of head and npptir part of dorsal 
 lin usually with fino black spots; spinous dorsal with a uuMlian oran^w 
 longitudinal band; other llns mostly dusky olivo. Female with about H 
 l)la(ki8h cross bands extending on the dorsal lin; the body everywhere 
 Avith ])ale spots; tins all sharply barred with blackish and olive. Hody 
 deeper than in C. boAquianuH; the head shorter, blunter, and the mouth 
 notably smaller; maxillary not reaching j)osterior margin of eye, its 
 length 2J^ in head; teeth occu|>ying about half of lowiir jaw; height 
 of gill-slit 3jj in head, its lower {'aX^h o])p(»site third ray of pe(5toral. A 
 uniiute cirrus, shorter thaii pupil above each eye and each nostril. 
 Dorsal continuous, with slender rays, the last one Joined to tije caudal. 
 First two rays of anal short, thick and fleshy' in the males. IIea<l .'ij? ; 
 dei»th 3. 1). XII, 17; A. IT, 18. L. 4 inches. Pensacola Bay, Florida. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. II. S. Nat. Mim. 1882, 298.) 
 
 Page 757. Instead of 1 155, IneHthes gentiliH read : 
 1139. 1. irilbcrti Jordan. 
 
 From the description on piige 757, erase the phrases " a blue spot on 
 the dorsal in front; males with golden stri])es on lower parts of head," 
 and insert "no sbarp markings in either sex." This si)ecies is knovn 
 from Santa Barbara and San Diego. It may be readily <listingiiished 
 from I. gentiliH by ita stitf spiues and multifid orbital tentacles, as well 
 us by the. color. 
 
 Instead of the synonomy, on page 758, substitute: 
 
 (Jordau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. 1882, 349.) 
 
 Page 758. After TscnthcH gilherti add : 
 linii {b). I. gcntilis ((ird.) J. & G. 
 
 Brown; males with the whole bodv clo.scly mottled and blotclied 
 with darker brown, the light ground color forming reticulations i»round 
 darker spots ; dark spots close-set on hea<l ; lower part of side of 
 head behiml mouth with two sharply defined parallel vertical pale burs 
 (said to be yellow in life); back with about (> dusky cross-shades; a 
 bluish spot on H})inous dorsal in front. Female with tin- spots on body 
 duller, the bands on head obsolete, and the spot on front of spinous 
 dorsal jet black and conspicuous; fins all mottled. Body rather ro- 
 bust, the head very bluntly rounded in profile. Orbital taxitacle nimple, 
 in the male one-third length of head, in the female much smaller; gill- 
 opening not exteuiling downward to lower edge of pectorals. Dorsal 
 lin continuous, its spines low and flexible. Caudal free from dorsal and 
 
 hi 
 
9G0 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 aual. HeadSg; depth 4. D. XIII, 17 j A. 19j L. 4 iuches. Monterey 
 
 to Cape San Lucas. 
 
 (Blcnniua gentilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 149: Blemius gentiUt 
 Giintlier, iii, 217: Bhnniua gentilis Steind. lohtli. Bcitr. v, KiO, 1876; Jordan, Proc. 
 U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1882, 3f)0; not lacatliea gentilia of the present work, page 757, which is 
 laeathea gilbert L) 
 
 Page T-?S. After Isesthes punctatus add : 
 1IS6 (h). I. hcntzi (Le S.) J. & G. 
 
 Light bluish-ash, mixed with rufous, with numerous irregnhir black 
 and rufous spots ; dorsal black, with whitish spots ; solt dorsal with 5 
 dark bands ; ventrals blackish, with pale bands ; caudal with 3 or 4 
 dark bands. Body little elongate ; snout very short, but not vertically 
 truncate; eyes above angle of mouth, placed h'gh; gill-slit extending 
 from level of base of pectoral fins to height of eye ; teeth equal ; dorsal 
 slightly depressed in the middle ; pectorals large ; a short cirrus above 
 each eye and a smaller one over each nostril. Depth 3^^ (in total). D. 
 XT, 14 ; A. 16. Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. {Le Sueur.) 
 
 ( Blennius hentz Le Sueur, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 363, 1825.) 
 
 1 1 96 (c). I. ionthas J. & G. 
 
 Clear olive-green with traces of darker bars, everywhere densely 
 freckled with small round blackish spots, smaller than the pui)il, these 
 very small on sides of head ; a golden area behind eye, followed by a 
 blackish crescent ; two dark bars separated by a yellowish area below 
 eye; fins all olive-green. Body rather deep. Head .short, but less blunt 
 than in J. punctattis. Mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching 
 eye; teeth subequal; orbital cirrus low, scarcely longer than nasal 
 cirrus, which is about as long as pupil. Gill slit half head, its lower 
 edge just below middle of pectoral. Dorsal continuous, its spines low 
 and not very stiff; its soft rays free from caudal. Ilead 4; depth 
 3|. D. XII, 14; A. 10. Pensacola Bay. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 299.) 
 
 1136 (d). I. scrutator J. & G. 
 
 Deep olive-green, nearly uniform ; a golden blotch behind eye, fol- 
 lowed by a dark crescent ; two dark bars separated by a yellowish area 
 below eye; fins plain dusky greenish. Body rather deep, compressed; 
 head short, very blunt; mouth very small; teeth subequal; orbital 
 cirri very long, reaching front of dorsal, about half length of head; 
 gill slit 2^ in head, its lower edge just below middle of pectoral. 
 Dorsal scarcely emargiuate, its spines stiff; the soft rays slightly joiued 
 
ADDENDA 1 14. BLENNIID.E BLENNIUS. 
 
 961 
 
 tociuulal; pectoral as long as head. Ilead 3|; depth 3|. D. XII, 
 14; A. 18. South Carolina to Texas. 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 3C0.) 
 
 Page 759. After BIcnnius fucorum add: 
 I151> (h). B. stcarnsi J. & G. 
 
 Light greenish olive, with irregular dark bars extending on the lins; 
 skin linely punctate; spinous dorsal and anal dusky. Body compara- 
 tively elongate, compressed; snout short and blunt; the profile mod- 
 erately decurved ; mouth large, obli<pie, the jaws equal, the maxillary 
 reaching slightly beyond middle of orbit, 2:^ in head; teeth l^ ; both 
 jaws with strong curved canines posteriorly ; eye moderate, e(iual to 
 snout, 4} in head ; supraorbital tentacle forked near the base, as long as 
 snout sind orbit; no nuchal lilament; gill-membranes nearly free from 
 isthmus, forming a broad fold across it. Dorsal high, continuous, its 
 spines subequal, very slender, the highest half head; caudal distinct, 1^ 
 in head ; ventrals not quite reaching vent. Head 3| ; depth ig. D. XI, 
 18 ; A. II, 21. Pensacola, Florida. 
 
 (. Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1882, 300.) 
 
 1159 ((•). B. rnvosus Goodo &. IBoan. 
 
 Brownish, linely reticulated; a series of bluish blotches on sides; 
 front and sides of head and base of pectoral with a very distinct honey- 
 coml)-like net- work of blue lines around hexagonal interspaces; top of 
 head with small oblong blue spots; a black ocellated spot between 
 first and second spines of dorsal ; anal • ith oblique blue streaks. l>ody 
 elongate, compressed; anterior profde moderately decurved. Mouth 
 large, the maxillary reaching i)osterior border of orbit- euch jaw with 
 curved posterior canines. Sui)raocular cirrus very long and slender, 
 tritid to the base, the main branch nearly as long as head ; no nuchal 
 cirrus. Gill-membranes forming a rather narrow i'old across isthmus. 
 Dorsal low, continuous, the spines very slender and flexible; the last 
 soft ray slightly joined to caudal. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. XII, 18; A. 
 11, 20. Garden Key, Florida. 
 
 (Good«! & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 416.) 
 
 llt'SO (d). B. listerias Goodo &, Boaii. 
 
 Olivaceous, with about 6 dark cross bars, which extend on the dorsal 
 
 fin; anal and posterior half of body with numerous round, whitish, 
 
 stellate spots, probably blue in life; 1/ lish streaks from eye across the 
 
 checks; fins vaguely marked. Body moderately elongate, compressed, 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 01 
 
 I'm 
 
 
9G2 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 the head verj' blunt and deep, almost as deep as long; its anterior pro- 
 file straight and nearly vertical. Mouth moderate, the maxillarj- reach- 
 ing past front of eye, 3 in head ; lower jaw with 2 short, stoutish, i)oste- 
 rior canines; upper jaw without canines. Supraocular cirri small 
 fringed, about as long as pupil. Nape with longitudinal dermal crest 
 reaching to front of dorsal, i)rovided with a sei i<\s of about 20 filaments 
 the longest about as long as the eye. Gill-membranes forming a broad 
 fold across the isthmus. Dorsrl rather low, nearly continuous, begin- 
 ning on the nape in front of the preopercle; spines all slender and 
 flexible, the longest f length of head. Caudal free from dorsal and 
 anal. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. XI, 16 ; A. 19. Garden Key, Florida. 
 (Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 416.) 
 
 Page 703. In Clinus evides, as in Heterostichits rostratus, the inner 
 edge of the shoulder-girdle is armed with an upturned, spine-like hook, 
 not found in any other of our species. This character seems to exist 
 in typical species of Clinus, and in Cristiceps, but not in Labrosomus or 
 Cremnobates. 
 
 Page 704. After Cremnobates integripinnis add : 
 an. Dorsal iius separate, the anterior highest. 
 1106 (ft). C inarBBlorsitUS Steindachner. 
 
 Golden brown, marbled with grayish brown; two faint brown cross- 
 bands on head; six on bodj', the latter extending on dorsal and anal; 
 lower side of head, pectorals, ventrals, and caudal with numerous narrow 
 dark cross-bands; dorsal with two small sky-blue ocellated si)ots, sur- 
 ioun<led by black in the two posterior dark cross-bands. Body coin- 
 l)aratively deep, compressed, the back somewhat arched; head pointed; 
 mouth large, the maxillary extending to behind the eye, more than 
 half length of head; opercle with a sharp spine; jaws equal; teeth 
 pointed, in narrow bands, the outer larger; vomerine teeth in one row; 
 supraocular tentacle small, about as large as nuchal tentacle; no nasal 
 tentacle. Pectoral a little shorter than head. Dorsals separate, the 
 second s])ine of first dorsal § length of head, iiigher than second dorsal, 
 the 8[)ines of which are about half head. Head 4f ; depth 4f. J). 
 III-XXVI, 1; A. ir, 20; Lat. 1. 38. L. 2^ inches. {Steindachner.) 
 Florida Keys [Bean) to Cuba. 
 (Steindachner, Ichth. Heitr. v, 174, pi. xii, f. G, 1876.) 
 
 Page 774. No. 1181 shoidd stand as 
 1181. C. violaccMto Grd., instead of " (Ayres; Grd." 
 
ADDENDA 118. OPHIDIID^ — GENYPTERUS. 
 
 9G3 
 
 Page 793. Alter Ophidium holbrooJci (which will iirobably be foaud to 
 be identical with O.josephi) add: 
 1331 (b). O. gfraelisi Puey. 
 
 Pale olive (tins without dark edging?). Head small, not very blunt; 
 snout 4§ in head ; eye 3^ ; mouth oblique, the maxillary 2 in head, reach- 
 ing to posterior border of i)upil ; teeth small, in narrow bands, few on 
 vomer and palatines; head naked; snout without spine; gill-rakers 
 rather long and strong, 4 below angle of arch ; opercle without spine ; 
 occiput nearly midway between origin of dorsal and front of eye. Air- 
 bladder long and slender, tapering backwards. Head 4§; depth 7. 
 Cuba to West Florida. 
 
 (?Poey, Memorias Cuba, ii, 455, 1860; Jor. &. Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 301.) 
 
 Page 794. After Ophidium profundorum add : 
 
 433 (ft)-— GEWYPTERfJS Philippi. 
 
 (Philippi, Wiegmaun's Aicliiv. 1857, 2G8: type Genypterus nigricans Fliilippi = Conjitr 
 chUcnah Guichenot.) 
 
 As here understood, this genus differs from Ophidium chiefly in the 
 presence of a sharp spine on the oi)eicle; most of the species have some 
 of the palatine teeth enlarged, {y^vu^, chin ; r.zspov^ fin.) 
 
 a. Palatine teeth small. 
 
 1333 (ft). G. omostigma J. & G. 
 
 Light olive, mottled with darker; fins with broad black edging; a 
 lai'ge round, intensely black spot at the shoulder, rather larger than 
 pupil ; upper half of eye black. Body rather short, tapering rapidly 
 backward from the occiput; snout blunt; mouth horizontal; lower jaw 
 included; maxillary not quite reaching posterior border of orbit, 1^ in 
 head ; teeth in jaws in broad bands ; teeth on vomer and palatines quite 
 small; eye much longer than snout, 3 in head; opercle ending in a 
 strong spine ; gill-rakers very small, 4 below angle of arch. Ventrals 
 lialf length of head ; scales minute, ind)edded, irregularly arranged ; no 
 evident pseudobranchijc. Air-bladder short, tliick, with a largo pos- 
 terior foramen. Ilead 4^; depth C. L. ^ inches. Deep water ott" Pen- 
 sacola, Florida. 
 
 (Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188^, 301.) 
 
 Page 790. For Halias Ayres read Brosmophycis Gill. The former 
 name is said to be preoccupied. 
 
 I 
 
 i'v5i?^L 
 
 
9G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 Pago 810: 
 
 Family 120 (fc).— CHIASMODONTID^. 
 
 We are indebted to Professor Gill for the following note on the re- 
 lationships of CVtiosw/o^ow; ' ■ ' ' '■ 
 
 "The genns (Jhiasmodon has no affinity with the Gadidw^hni is nearly 
 related to some forms included by Dr. Giinther in the heterogeneous 
 group designated as the family Trachinidce. It should apparently bo 
 isolated as the type of a jjeculiar family, which may be provisionally 
 defined as follows : 
 
 " Acanthopterygians with a short first dorsal of slender spines; a 
 long second dorsal and anal; ventrals normal (I, 5) and thoracic; mouth 
 very deeply cleft ; upper jaw not protractile, covered by an integument 
 in common with the snout anteriorly; the opercular apparatus very ob- 
 lique and reduced. 
 
 "This family is perhaps as nearly allied to the Chcenichthyidce as to 
 any other." (GiM MSS.) 
 
 Page 810. Instead of Githaricjithys aramaca read : 
 1256. C. psefulus (Guode & Bean) J. & G. 
 
 Instead of the synonymy in the text read: 
 
 {[lemirhomhus pwtulua Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Phila. 1882,414.) 
 
 The known specimens are from Pensacola, Florida. 
 
 After Cithanchthys pwtulus add : 
 1S856 (h). C. occllatus (Poey) J. & G. 
 
 Light brownish ; head, body, and fins everywhere finely mottled and 
 blotched with whitish and dusky. Body moderately elongate. Mouth 
 small, very oblique, the maxillary extending to opposite middle of eye, 
 its length 2^ in head. Teeth rather small, unequal, some of the upper 
 almost canine like, in two rows above and one below; eye 4 in head; 
 interorbit.il area rather broad, concave, its width § length of eye. Dorsal 
 rather low, its anterior rays beginning on right (blind) side. Caudal 
 rounded, its length |head; left pectoral filamentous, nearly as long as 
 head. Ventrals short, the left ventral on abdominal ridge. Lateral 
 line without curve. Accessory scales greatly developed (as in the 
 genus Platophrys, which this species much resembles). Head 3f ; depth 
 2^. D. 88; A. 70; Lat. 1. about CO (pores of blind side). 
 
 {nippoglo>i»m ocdlatua Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 314, 1860: Semirh^mhu8 ocelJatua Pocy, 
 riyn. Pise. Cub. 407:? Hemirhombus aramaca GUutber, iv,422.) 
 
ADDENDA — 127. OSTRACIID^ OSTRACIUM. 
 
 9G5 
 
 I*ii^i\Sl7. After Citharichthijfi sordidus add: . 
 1237 (6). C. stiffnatcus J. & G. 
 
 Olivaceous, the scales darker edged; fins dusky; all the vertical tins 
 with a small round inky sjjot near the middle of each seventh to tenth 
 ray. Body rather deep, strongly compressed; caudal peduncle short 
 and deep; mouth moderate, the maxilla y 2J in head, reaching past 
 front of pupil; teeth very slender, rather long, uniserial, about JJJ- on 
 each side. Eyes large, separated by a sharp, scaieless ridge ; gill-rakers 
 moderate. Fins moderate ; caudal about as long as head ; pectoral 1 > in 
 head. Head 3|; depth 2^. D. 87; A. C8; Lat. 1.54 (pores). Santa 
 Barbara, California. 
 
 (Ionian & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882.) 
 
 Page 841. After Monolene sessilicauda add : 
 
 463 (&).— BiEOSTOmA Bean. 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,413: type Baiostoma brachialia Bean.) 
 
 This genus is distinguished from Achirus by the presence of a pecto- 
 ral tin on the eyed side. From the European genus Monoehir it ditter.s 
 in having ttic right ventral connate with the anal. (/^«f"?, small; aroim^ 
 mouth.) 
 
 139§ (/;). B. brachiale Bean. 
 
 Grayish, with 5 or G faint dark vertical lines, and with a few scattered 
 white spots, the largest nearly as large as eye; blind side whitish. 
 Pectoral of right side i)resent, of several rays, -| length of head; right 
 ventral of 5 rays, continuous with anal. Scales of nape, chin, and breast^ 
 much enlarged and spinulose. luterorbital widih half eye. Caudal as 
 long as head. Head more than 3; depth nearly half of total length. 
 D. 47 ; A. 35. South Florida. {Bean.) 
 
 (Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18S2, 413.) 
 
 Page 845. The type of Pterophrynoides is Lophius histrio Linn., not 
 Chlroncctes bovgainvilUi as stated in the text. 
 
 Page 853. After Ostracium trigonum add: 
 1310 (h). O. ta'iquetrum L. 
 
 Dusky, closely covered with round dark spots. Body three-angled, 
 the angles rather sharp. No spines anywhere. Carapace closed be- 
 hind dorsal. Snout somewhat concave in profile. Supraocular ridges 
 prominent, the space between them concave. Head 4; depth 2^. D. 
 iO; A. 10; Lat. 1. 9. West Indies, north to Pensacola. 
 
 {Oalracion tiiquctir L. Syst. Nat.; GUnther, viii, 25G.) 
 
 I I 
 
966 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Pjige 85G. InHtcud of Monacanth us broccus rea.d: 
 1322. M. hispiUUH (Linn.) J. «& G. 
 {DalititcHhitipiduB Liuu. Syst. Nat.) 
 
 Page 801. After Tetrodon turgidus add: 
 1323 (b). T. ncpliclus Goodo & Bean. 
 
 Very close to T. turyiduft, of wliicU it is the soiitbern representative. 
 Back and sides with pale spots, which are often surrounded by dark 
 reticulations ; dark bars on sides fainter than in T. turgidus, the axillary 
 bar scarcely darker than the others. Spines of upper parts much larger, 
 farther apart, and more distinctly stellate, than in T. turgidus, ceasing 
 opposite front of dorsal and vent; less than 40 in a series from eye to 
 dorsal. Dorsal rather larger than in T. <Mr^wZM«. D. 8; A. G. Georgia 
 to Texas; very abundant. Perhaps a variety of T. turgidus, but thus 
 far readily distinguishable. 
 
 (Goode &. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. 1882,412.) 
 
 Page 803. Instead of Diodon novemmaculatus read : 
 18J6. D. liturosiis Sbaw. 
 (Shaw, General Zoology, v, pt. 2, 436, 1804; after Lac6p^do.) 
 
 Page 804. After Chilomycterus geometricus add : 
 133'3' (c). C. rcticulatsBS (L.) Gthr. 
 
 Body and fins mostly covered with small round black spots; a large 
 black blotch before aud around dorsal ; another on each side above gill- 
 opening and pectoral. Spines short, compressed, the anterior root flat, 
 much longer than the other roots except anteriorly; supraocular cirrus 
 well developed. Head 2|; depth 2f. D. 12; A. 12. West Indies, 
 north to Florida Reefs. 
 
 (Diodon rcticiilatiis L. Syst. Nat. ; Giintber, viii,313.) 
 
 Page 805. After Mola rotunda add : 
 
 4@7.— RANZATVIA Nardo. 
 
 (Nardo, Ann. Soi. Regn. Lombard. Venet. 105, x, 1840: type Tetrodon truncatua Retz.) 
 
 Body oblong, the depth about half the height; skin smooth, tes- 
 sellated, divided into small hexagonal scutella; otherwise essentially 
 as in Mola. (Dedicated to A. Camillo Ranzaui.) 
 
 13J0. R. truncnta (Rctziu8)Nardo. ' - 
 
 Snout straight, the mouth being on the level of the eye; caudal 
 
ADDENDA 7-. CARCIIARIlDiE CARCIIARIAS. 
 
 967 
 
 very short, its base straight, 8lij;htly obli(iue. Size much less than 
 that of Mala rotunda. Pelagic; occasional oil' our Atlantic coast. 
 
 (Tcttodon trunca!ti8 Retz. Vet. Ak. Nya Handl. vi, ii, 11(5: OrlliagorUcua ob1ougu$ 
 Bloch & Sclin. 1801, 511: Orthagorincua /r«n<'«/«8 GUotlier, viii, 311).) 
 
 Page C: 
 
 Family BDELLOSTOMATIDiE. 
 
 The genera Heptatrema and roUstotrema may be recognized as con- 
 stituting a family {Bdellostoniidw Gill) distinct from My.rinid(e. 
 
 Page 12. \V«^ are indebted to Professor Gill for the following outline 
 of a i)roposed subdivision of the Squall. 
 
 The existing Squall appear to be naturally divisible into four subor- 
 ders, which (liifer, so far at least as the first three are concerned, in 
 many important respects. They may be briefly diagnotied as follows: 
 
 I. OPISTHARTHRI ou CYCLOSPONDYLI. 
 
 Squall with tho pnliito-quadrate apparatus articulated or connected with tiio post- 
 orbital processes of the skull; tho mouth inferior; branchial apertures in increased 
 number ((> or 7) ; only ono dorsal tin. The Notidaiiiila' alone exhibit these peculiaritita 
 in the existing fauna. 
 
 II. PROARTHRI OR ACRODONTA. 
 
 SquaU with tho palato-qnadrate apparatus articulated by an extensive surface with 
 tho preorbital region of tho skull ; the mouth subterminal and the forehead declivous. 
 The Ilvlvrodonlidw are the only living representatives. 
 
 . n. ANAKTHRI OR GALEI. 
 
 Squall with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; the den- 
 ti^erous portions moderately developed; the mouth inferior. All the living sharks 
 except the Squatiu'ula;, Heterodonlidw, and Notidanidw belong to this suborder. 
 
 IV. RHINiE. 
 
 SquaU with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; the den- 
 ti;',erous portion advanced forwards; the mouth terminal; and the pectorals with en- 
 larged anterior basal lobes which are separated by notch-lik<! spaces from the branchial 
 region. The family of Squatinidm is the only existing family of this suborder. 
 
 Page 22, etc. The following brief "key" will perhaps facilitate tho 
 identification of the species of Carcharias, which are at present known 
 from our Atlantic coast: 
 
 a. First dorsal far hehind pectoral. (Carchariaa) Glaucus 
 
 aa. First dorsal close behind pectoral. 
 h. Upper teeth oblique, deeply notched ou outer margin. {Platgpodon Gill.) 
 
 OnscURUS.. 
 66. Upper«teeth triangular, suberect, scarcely notched on enter margin. {Eulamia 
 Gill.) 
 0. Snout moderate, its length, from mouth, about equal to breadth of mouth. 
 
 CCERULKU-S. 
 
 cc. Snout very short, its length much less than breadth of mouth Platvodon. 
 
*p.' 
 
 iH^ "^a'b 
 
 -^o. ^ 
 
 
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 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Sciences 
 
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 WEBSTER, N.Y. > 1580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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968 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV. 
 
 Page 156. Professor Hay (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882) distinguislirs 
 Hyhognathus argyritis from the less commou H. nuclialis by the follow- 
 ing characters: ' 
 
 a. Eye small, shorter thau snout; month small, horizontal, the lower jaw short and 
 included; suborbitals broad, the anterior suborlital twice us long as wide; intes- 
 tinal canal 7 to 10 times length of body Nuchalis. 
 
 aa. Eye large, longer than snout; mouth small, oblique, the jaws equal; suborlntals 
 very uarrov.", the anterior thrico as long as broad; intestinal iiaual 4^ to 7| times 
 length of body Argyiutis. 
 
 Page 160. After Hyhorhynchus supercihosus add: 
 
 §0 (6).— TIRODO:* Hay. 
 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882: tyiie Tirodon amnigenva Hay.) 
 
 Pharj'ngeal teeth 2, 4-4, 2, compressed, not hooked, and with a broad 
 grinding surface; lower pharnygeal bones broad, sharply curved. 
 Otherwise as in Hyhognathus. (tej/jw, to wear away; odouq, tooth.) 
 
 194 (&). T. ainnagcnus Hay. 
 
 Yellowish green, silvery below; upper parts dotted with black; these 
 dots forming posteriorly a dark streak along lateral line, and one along 
 each side of anal; fins pale. Form and ap[)earance of Hybognalhus 
 argyritis. Jaws thin, the lower slightly included; mouth small, rather 
 oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of eye; eye 3 in head, equal to 
 snout. Lateral line decurved, complete. Dorsal inserted slightly before 
 verJrals, a little nearer base of caudal than snont; anal small. Head 3A; 
 D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-3. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, formed as in Hybognathus. 
 Intestinal canal 3 J times length of body. L. ]^ inches. Pearl liiver, 
 Mississippi. (Hay.) v ' 
 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) . . 
 
 Page 261. Under Flops saums the gular plate is about 3 times as 
 long as broad. . ,. 
 
 Page 296. In Hyphnlohedrus chalybeius the interorbital width is one- 
 fourth the eye, not "4 times." 
 
 Page 297. Coregonus couesi is identical with Coregonua williamsoni, 
 and may be suppressed. 
 
 Page 313. Salvelinns narcsi seems to be indistinguishable from Salre- 
 lintis oquassa. It may therefore be erased. - 
 
{ times as 
 
 Ith is one- 
 
 : ADDENDA 70. ECHENEIDIID^ — PIITHIRICHTHYS. 969 
 
 Page 350. Gymnothorax Bloch & Schneider, is properly a synonym of 
 Murcena. The oldest tenable name for the subgenus, called in the text 
 ^^ Gymnothorax^^ sQQms to he Sidera* Kiini). ;> 
 
 Page 358 (899). The type of the genus Ophickthys Ahl is, according 
 to Poey, Murcena annulata Ahl, which is a species of Phodontophis. 
 Genus 170 must theiefore stand as Murwnojpsis Le Sueur, and 170 (6) as 
 
 Ophichthys Ahl. -■ • , : ,- ? ^ 
 
 Page 302. Instead of Conger read: 
 
 114.— L.EPTOCEPHAL.US Gmelin. 
 
 The two species may stand as 588, L. conger (L.) J. & G. and 588 (6), 
 L. cmidicula (Beau) J. & G. • 
 
 Page 400. We are indebted to Mr. Joseph Swain for the following 
 key to the species of Menidia : 
 
 a. Scales more or less laciniate; soft dorsal and anal scaly. 
 b. Anal rays I, ''A to I, 18; D. Y-I, 7; Lat. 1. 48; dark points on scales of back, 
 
 forming about 5 distinct streaks Vaorans. 
 
 hb. Anal rays I, 10 to I, 21; D. IV-I, 7 or 8; Lat. I. 50 Laciniata. 
 
 aa. Scales entire; soft dor.sal and anal naked. 
 
 e. Anal tin rather shot J, its rays I, 15 to I, 18; depth about 5 in length. 
 
 d. "Dorsal rays V-I, 11" Bekyllina. 
 
 dd. Dorsal rayp IV-I, 8 or I, 9. 
 e. Scales rather small; Lat. 1. 47; origin of spinous dorsal midway between 
 
 front of eye, and base of caudal above Auuens. 
 
 ee. Scales large; Lr/t. «, 38; origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of 
 
 snout and u»^<por base of caudal Penin'sul/B 
 
 cc. Anal fin rather iong, its rays I, 22 to I, 25. 
 
 /. Body rather deep, compressed, its depth 5 in length; head 4f ; teoth 
 
 rather strong Bosci. 
 
 ff. Body elongate, its depth 6 in length ; head 5 Notata. 
 
 Page 413. The species of Polynemus have three anal spines. 
 Fa,ge 4:16. Aftev Echeneis n^Mcrates add: ' 
 
 a06 (&).-PHTHIRICHTHYS Gill. 
 
 (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 239: type Echcneia lincata Menzies.) 
 
 Dorsal laminae only 10; palatines with sharp teeth; otherwise as in 
 Echeneis proper. {<pOs\p^ a louse; \x^o<;^ a fish.) 
 
 65Y (&). P. lineatUS (Menzies) Gill. 
 
 Disk twice as long as broad, its length 4^ in body; lower Jaw very 
 uarrow, much projecting. Head 5 in length. Body blackish, with two 
 
 *Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 70: type Murcena pfeifferi Bieeker == Martena picta Ahl, (Latin 
 lidus, a star, from the stellate spots in the typical species. ) 
 
 I- 
 
 i!" 
 
 II,; !:] 
 
 M 
 
 
970 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—iv. 
 
 whitish lateral bands; all the fins white-margined. D. X-33; A. 33. 
 
 Tropical seas, north to South Carolina. 
 
 (Echeneis lineata Menzies, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, 187, 1791: Etheneis tropica Eii- 
 pbrasen, Nya Handl. 1791, 317; Echeneis lineata GUntber, ii, 382: Echeneia ajnmlis and 
 aphyrwiiarum Poey, Mem. Cuba, il, 254, 255.) 
 
 Page 433. The identification of the species of Caranx may be facili- 
 tated by the following key, which may be substituted for the analysis 
 giv^en in the text: 
 
 rt. Rays of soft dorsal I, 23 to I, 27; teetb snbeqnal, or the onter a little enlarged. 
 b. Sboulder-girdle below with a flesby projection, in front of wbicb is a cross- 
 iurrow ; body olongate; deptb 3^ in lengtb. (Trachvropa Gill.) 
 
 CuUMENOPHlHALMes. 
 
 lb. Shoulder-girdle without peculiar appendage, 
 c. Maxillary broad ; dorsal and anal usually more or less elevated anteriorly or 
 falcate; bead large, more than J lengtb. 
 d. Scutes 40 to 50. { Par atr act us GiU.) 
 
 e. Pectoral little longer than head; depth 3 in lengtb CnRYsrs.' 
 
 ee. Pectoral considerably longer tiian head; depth 3^ in length.. .Cabalhs. 
 dd. Scutes (developed) about 30. (Carangoides Bleeker.) 
 
 /. Length of pectoral equal to deptb of body, which is 3 in length CiBi. 
 
 jy. Length of pectoral less than dejith of body, which is 2J in length. 
 
 (Young of cifti?) Beani. 
 
 CO. Maxillary very narrow ; dorsal and anal scarcely elevated in front ; head small, 
 not one-fourth lengtb of body ; lateral line very strongly arched ; scutes 
 
 about 50. ( Carangopa Gill) AMBLYUiiYXciirs. 
 
 aa. Rays of soft dorsal I, 20 to I, 22; body deep; teetb of the outer row enlarged, 
 souietimes forming feeble canines; scutes 30 tc 3.5. (Caraux.i) 
 
 g. Breast entirely scaly ; opercular spot very small Fallax. 
 
 gg. Breast naliert, except a small median area; opercular 8i)ot large. 
 
 Hippos, 
 Page 443. No. 699 should be— 
 
 699. T. gBaucus (Bloch) C. & Y. 
 
 (Chrtodon glancua Bloch, Ichth. vi, 76, pi. 210.) 
 
 Page 489. After Ammocrypta pellucida add : * . 
 
 162 (&) A. vivax Hay. 
 
 Pellucid] sides with 10 dusky blotches, most distinct posteriorly; 14 
 similar blotches along back; top of head speckled; fins with a few 
 dots. ¥orm of A . pellucida. Maxillaries reaching front of orbit; teoth 
 rather weak; eye 3^ in head, equal to snout; cheeks and opercles scaly. 
 Body covered with small, strongly ctenoid scales, lyxcept the regions 
 immediately before and behind bases of paired fins. Spinous and soft 
 
 *Scoviber cnjaos Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 424, 1815= Caranx pis- 
 quetiis C. & V. 
 
 t = Cara«(7M8 Oirard. The proper type of Caranx is Scomber car ang us Bloch = -Scojn- 
 hcr hippos L. The word Caranx {Carangue) is a corruption of the Portuguese name 
 Acarautia. 
 
ADDENDA 86. SEREANID.E TRISOTROPIS. 
 
 971 
 
 >us iind soft 
 
 dorsals about equal, their longest rays half iiead, about equal to the in. 
 terspace between them. Anal short and high, half higher than long, 
 its base not quite half head, its spine weak; pectorals and ventrals 
 reaching a point midway between base of pectorals and anal. Head d; 
 depth 7. D. XI-10 ; A. I, 9 ; scales G-G5-10. L. 1§ inches. Pearl River, 
 Mississippi. {Hay.) 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18^2.) ' , 
 
 Page 490. After loa vitrea add: - - - . 
 
 764 (h). k. vigrilis Fay. . : 
 
 Pellucid, vitli about 10 quadrate dark blotches slong the back and 
 as many along lateral line, the last 4 or 5 of these largest; a small dis- 
 tinct black spot at base of caudal; head dusky above, its sides plain. 
 Bodj' slender, the caudal peduncle deep and compressed, twice as long 
 as deep. Head long, pointed; mouth large, the jaws equal, the niaxil- 
 laries reaching front of pupil; teeth recurved ; opercular spine well de- 
 veloped. Head naked; eye large, 3 in head, longer than snout. Por- 
 sal fins similar, longer than high; anal longer than high, somewhat 
 smaller than second dorsal, its spines sleniier, half as long as soft rays. 
 Posterior portion of body densely scaled; anterior portion apparently 
 with a few scales above lateral line, none below; hiteral line not de- 
 veloped on the last 5 or 6 scales. Head 32; depth G. D. X — 12; A. H, 
 10; Lat. 1. about GO. L. 1^ inches. Pearl Eiver, Mississippi. (ITay.) 
 
 (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) 
 
 Page 494. Vaillantia chlorosoma is identical with V. carmira. 
 
 Vfige oi-i. Instead of Pnacanthus macrojahthalmus lend: 
 
 858. P. arcnatus C. & V. 
 
 (Cuv. & Val. iii, 101, 1829. The original Anthiaa mar)'02)hthalmua Blucb, is a dift'erent 
 species.) . ■-„."' _-.■■■'..- ^ '■''""',';-- '-,/ '-^. . ,, ,■ ",. 
 
 Page 549. Tjutjanus hJaclc/ordi, the lied Snapper, seems to be identi- 
 cal with L. campechianus. It ranges southward to Aspinwall. 
 
 Pages 534, 553. The Perca formosa of Linn, is the Scrranun fascicii- 
 hris of C. &, v., and not the Biaha ,is formosus of the text. The former 
 should, therefore, stand as Serranus formostis (L.) J. & G. aiid the latter 
 as Diabasis plumieri* (Lac.) J. & G-. 
 
 Page 538 (918). The description of Trisotropis hriinneus, on page 538, 
 should be canceled, the species not being known from our coast. To 
 
 itS'i' 
 
 : m 
 
 * Labrua plumieri Lacdpbde, Hist. Nnt. Poias. iii, 480, 1802. 
 
972 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. 
 
 the description of our species, T. stomias G. & B., on page 918, add ; 
 Head 3; depth 4; Lat. 1. about x40. Body rather slender, compressed. 
 Scales smooth, with many accessory scales. ^ ;'/ - ,; 
 
 Page 557. The second interspinal bone of the anal is enlarged and pen- 
 shaped in the species of Stenotomus and Calamus. It is normal, and not 
 pen-shaped, in the typical species of the groups called Pagrus, i^jmnis 
 {ChryHophnjii), Fagclh(s, as well as in Diplodus, Archosargus, and Lagodon. 
 
 Page 557 (920), Our suggestion, on page 929, that Argyropn Sw. 
 should be substituted for Stmotomus, is premature. The species called 
 Argyropf {spimfer, ehrenhergi, auriga) bear a strong resemblance to 
 Stenotomus caprinns, and according to Steindachner (Beitr. zur Kenntn. 
 Fisclie Afrika's, ii, 3, 4, 1882) their anterior teeth are somewhat coin 
 l)re8sed. Professor Doderlein has, however, published (Giorn. Scienz, 
 Nat. Econ. Palermo, xiv, 1879) photographs of the dentition of Pagrus 
 . ehrenbergi C. & V., from which it appears that these teeth are really 
 robust canines and not incisors. Dr. H. E. Sauvage, who has kindly 
 examined the specimens of '■'•Pagrus spinifcr'''' in the Paris Museum, 
 has lately informed us that the dentition of this species is essentially 
 that of Sparus pagrus, and different from that of Stenotomus. 
 
 Page 559. The description in the text of Diplodtis caudimacula was 
 drawn fn)i!i young specimens of J), holbroolci, which may, however, prove 
 to be scarcely distinct from the true caudimacula of Cuba. 
 
 Page 5G0. Instead of Pimelepter us read: 
 
 289.— CYPIIOSirS Lacdpfede. 
 
 (Kyphosua Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 115, 1802: type iyp/iosjM higibbus Lac. wd^joS, 
 yibbous.) ' 
 
 88T. C. toosqui (Lac.) J. & G. 
 
 Page G30. Instead of Phihjpnus read: 
 
 339.-GOBI01WORUS Lac<5pMo. V,; , 
 
 (Lac6pfedo, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 589, 1800: type Gohiomorus dormitor 'Lac^^Plattjceph- 
 al 118 do)-mitaior B\, & Schn. li^Oi: Gobius; 6/< opo?, adjoiuiug. Gobiomoroidia 
 Lac. iH not a synouym of £7eo/Ws.) 
 
 Page 882. Instead of ParalicHhys ophryas read: r 
 
 1263. P. occllaris (Dck.) J. & G. 
 Cape Cod to Florida; generally common. 
 
 {I'lafciim occllaris Dokay, Now York Faniia, Fishes, 1842, 300: Paeuaorhombna occUarin 
 GUuthc", iv, 4'.i0.) 
 
ADDENDA 86. SERRANID^ PABANTHIAS 
 
 973 
 
 ac. MUcpoi, 
 
 nbiiB ocellarii 
 
 Page 426. The dorsals in Scomheromorus concolor are contiguous, as 
 in S. maculatus. , , . ,. . ... . , ,, 
 
 Page 438. Under No. G92, for "Akerly" read "Mitcbill." 
 
 Page 447. Instead of Oligoplites ocddertalis read, 707. 0. saurus (Bl. 
 & Schu.) J. «& G. (= Scomber saurus Bl. & Scbn. 32). The original Gas- 
 terosteus occidentalis L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. X) is not this iish, and ia uniden- 
 tifiable. 
 
 Page 519. Poecilichthys hutlerianus is identical with F. harratti. 
 
 Page 534. Instead of Serranus tri/urcus read, 837. 8. philadclphicu8 
 (L.) J. & G. { = Perca philadelphica L. Syst. Nat. Ed. X). 
 
 Page 539 (918). Nos. 847 and 850 (c) should apparently stand as Epl- 
 ncphelus impetiyinosus (Miiller & Troschel) Poey, and as Epincphdus 
 apua (Bloch) Goode & Bean, respectively. The prior names jmnctatusj 
 atlanticus, and guttatus are of very doubtful application. 
 
 Page 553 (924). Instead of Didbasis chrysopterus read, 873. D. aurolin- 
 eatus (C. & V.) J. & G. The original Perca chrysoptera L. is some other 
 fish, probably unidentifiable. ^ i ■ - ■ ■ - 
 
 Page G03 (936). No. 046 (P. radiatus of the text) should stand as 
 Platyglossus cyanostlgma (C. & V.) Gthr., while No. 947 {bivittatiis) 
 should be P. radiatus (L.) J. & G. The latter species is the original 
 Sparus radiatus L. 
 
 Page 605. instead of Xyrichthys vermiculatus read, 951. X. Uneatus 
 (Gmel.) J. & G. {Coryphmna hneata Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1195). No. 952. 
 X lineatus C. & Y. should be omitted, as not found on our coasts. 
 
 Page 616. Under Pomacanthus arc uatus read: ,. 
 
 D. X, 29; 65 scales between scapula and caudal; 85 to 90 in a series 
 above lateral line. . - 
 
 Page 690. The "Northern variety" of Icelus notospilotus seems to be 
 a distinct species — Lfenestralis Jor. & Gilb. I*^^ has a small i)ore behind 
 fourth £fill. ' 
 
 Page 916. The generic name Brachyrhinus is preoccupied. For it 
 may be substituted: 
 
 ara (6). PARANTIIIAS Ouichdnot. 
 (GuicMnofe, Ann. Soo. Liau. Maine-et-Loire, x, 1868: type Serranus furoifer C. & V.) 
 
 im 
 
974 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv. 
 
 Page 945. To tbe account of Oobius encccomus add: 
 Head 4; depth 5|. D. Vl-11; A. 12; Lat. 1. 37. 
 
 Page 104. Instead of Amiurus catus read, 98. A. nehuloHus (Le S.) Gill. 
 The Silurus catm L. ia not this fish, and is not identifiable. 
 
 Page 358 (899, 9G9). The proper type of the genus Ophichthtjs Ahl. 
 {De Murccna et Ophichtho 1789) is Murccna ophis L. The name OphichtlnjH 
 should therefore be used as on page 358, for the species with sharp 
 teeth. Those with granular teeth {Pisodontophis Kaup) s)«ould b« 
 called Ophinurus (Lacdpede, ii, 195, 1800: type 0. ophis Lac, nee L.). 
 Our species suould stand as, 584 {b). Ophisurus acuminatus (Gronow) 
 J. &G. 
 
 Page 440. The caudal peduncle in' ^^ Selene^ setipinnis is Jirmed as iu 
 Caranx, but more feebly. - 
 
 Page 442. Instead of Trachynotus ovatus read, 097. T. rhomhoidcH 
 (Bloch) C. & V. (= Chcetodon rhomboides Bloch, Ichthyol. pi. 209.) 
 The true T. ovatus, from the East Indies, is thought by Liitkeu to be 
 specifically different. 
 
 Page 532 * No. 835 may stand as Polyprion cernium Val. Epineph- 
 elus oxygeneios is said to be a species of Oligorus. 
 
 Page 736. Instead of Prionotus evolans read, 1126. P. sarritor Jor. & 
 Gilb.; and instead c.f subsp. lineatus read, 1126 (6). P. stHgatus C, & V. 
 Trigla evolans L. is not identifiable, and Trigla Uneata Mitchill was au 
 erroneous identification of T. Uneata Bloch. 
 
 *The coirectious suggested on this page and the preceding have not been intro- 
 duced into the table of contents. 
 
.■vv 'vi^S 
 
 *W?SIW' 
 
 
 Tfl 
 
 ^n 
 
 INDEX 
 
 t been intio- 
 
 Page. 
 A. 
 
 Abadojo 538 
 
 nbbotti (Osmprus) 204 
 
 (Syngnatbus) 384 
 
 Abcoiia 587 
 
 Abraiuis 249 
 
 acadian (Cottus) 685 
 
 acadianim (Glyptoccpbalns) 838 
 
 (IIeiniti'iptcrU8 C85 
 
 Acant barchu8 4G8 
 
 Acanthias 16 
 
 ncanthias 10, 17 
 
 Acanthochajtodon 615 
 
 Acautbccottaa 700 
 
 Acanlholiibius 641 
 
 Acanthonutus 370 
 
 Acanthopteri 397 
 
 Acantboptorygii 397 
 
 AcautboBoma 8C5 
 
 Acauth! stracium 854 
 
 Acanthi rida) 610, 880 
 
 Acii u I hu ru8 617, 941 
 
 accrvuin 426 
 
 acbigan 485 
 
 A< hirus 841 
 
 acbii'us 842 
 
 Acipcaser 85 
 
 Acipt-nsoridcc 84 
 
 acipenserinus 730, 731 
 
 aekloyl 878 
 
 A comus 124 
 
 acoupa 570 
 
 Acrochiliia 150 
 
 Acronurida) , 610 
 
 Acronui'ua 617 
 
 Actinochlr 741 
 
 aculeatus (Chrysophrya) 557 
 
 (ClinuB) 777 
 
 (Gasterosteus) 393,395 
 
 (Halieutichthjs) 851 
 
 (Lopbiua) 851 
 
 (Spams) 557,929 
 
 (Stichaius) 777 
 
 acuminata (Miirisoa) 899 
 
 (Scimna) 573 
 
 acumluatuB (Eqiies) ^ 573 
 
 (Gramraistes) 573 
 
 (Opbichthys) 899 
 
 (Opblaurns) 899 
 
 (Pareques) 573 
 
 acuta (My liobatis) 51 
 
 (Perca) 524 
 
 acutirostris (Acipenser) 86,87 
 
 ( Auguilla) 301 
 
 adamanticus 92, 880 
 
 adarondacus 317 
 
 Adinia 335,891,892 
 
 adinia (Fundulus) 335,81)1 
 
 adHpersua 51)9 
 
 iBgliUuim 803 
 
 Jiiuricbthys 110 
 
 a;ncu8 (Ccntrarghus) 407 
 
 (CottUB) 701 
 
 (Piiuelodus) 102 
 
 icniKmaticus 620 
 
 ffipyptoia 10 
 
 a>8ciilapiu8 888 
 
 a'Hopu8 403 
 
 JCBiivalis (Ceiaticbthys) 210 
 
 (Clupea) 207 
 
 (Gobio) 210 
 
 (Poniolubus) 207 
 
 Aiitobat is 50, 879 
 
 ai(;r (Gyuinothorax) 895 
 
 afliuo (Siphostonia) 3S3, 904, 1)06 
 
 afflniH (Atbciinops) 409 
 
 (Atbeiinopsis) 409,410 
 
 (Caiapus) 791 
 
 (CaulolatiluH) 6J0 
 
 (Clinostonius) 232 
 
 (Gambusia) 345,348 
 
 (Gila) 229 
 
 (Ueteiandiia) ". 340,894 
 
 (Leuciscus) 232 
 
 (Lucanla) 343 
 
 (.Syngiiatbns) 383 
 
 (Tbyiiuus) 430 
 
 afra (Mura^na) 895 
 
 agassizi (Acipenser) 87 
 
 ( Aniphistichus) 592 
 
 (Chologastoi) 325 
 
 (llyperi)ro8opon) 592 
 
 (Pimephales) 159 
 
 agilis 807 
 
 Agnus C28 
 
 Agonidaa 722,880 
 
 Agonus 728 
 
 Agosia 208 
 
 oggregatus 590 
 
 Aguja blanca 420 
 
 Agnjade casta 420 
 
 Aigrette 601 
 
 aigula 601 
 
 Ailurichthys 110 
 
 975 
 
 \^ 
 
 Ml 
 til 
 
976 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 m 
 
 I* 
 r'illi 
 
 ■J ' ) ' 
 
 Page. 
 
 nilnnis 105 
 
 aljilonca 428,420 
 
 aInHcaniis 415 
 
 alatunga 4.D 
 
 albucnra 42D 
 
 albicauda .'.... 417 
 
 Alltitore 428,420,430 
 
 nlliidiini (Moxontonia) 141 
 
 albiduH (Aniiiirus) 107 
 
 (Gadim) 800 
 
 (Ictnliirus) 107 
 
 (Labrnx) 530 
 
 (McihuiuB) 800 
 
 (PiiiU'lodiis) 107 
 
 (Ptycbostoinus) 142 
 
 (Tetraptuius) 420,909 
 
 albifTutta 823 
 
 aibirustriR (Syiiirnathns) 000 
 
 (Corythrokhthys) 900 
 
 Albiili. 258 
 
 albula (MiigU) 403,404,908 
 
 Albur-ljs 2.'8 
 
 albulus (Bryttus) .' 482 
 
 (Lepomis) 481 
 
 al'tnm (Ilicmulon) 024 
 
 (Moxostoma) 139 
 
 Alburnellus 185,200 
 
 Alburnopa 185, 189 
 
 Albnrnus 251,884 
 
 nlbui'uus (Menticirrun) 577,578,933 
 
 albus (Coresomis) 299 
 
 (Diabasis) 024 
 
 ( Ptychostomua) 130 
 
 alectrolophus ( Anoplarchus) 771 
 
 AlfpidosanridoD 274 
 
 Alepidosaurus 275,270,888 
 
 alepidofum (GobioBoraa) 638 
 
 alepidotus (Cbictodon) 451 
 
 , .. (Gobius) 638 
 
 (Stromateus) 451, 914 
 
 AlepocephalidiB 257 
 
 Ak'pocepbalus 257 
 
 Alo.wife 267 
 
 Alflone 506 
 
 Algan^ea 244,245 
 
 AliEoma 155 
 
 nliciiD 238 
 
 Alilonghi 428 
 
 alipps 321 
 
 AUisator-flsh 730 
 
 AUigatorGar 92 
 
 alliteratua 430 
 
 All-mouth 844 
 
 AUosoniiis 301 
 
 Alopecias 27 
 
 Alopias 27 
 
 Alopiidao - 26 
 
 Alosa 207 
 
 aloBoides 259,260 
 
 alta(Cliola) 103 
 
 altcrnans 038 
 
 altipiunif 195 
 
 altivelis 018 
 
 altus (Biibalicbthys) 116,883 
 
 (Hudsonius) 164 
 
 altns (Priacanthas) i^- 
 
 alutacvuB jj« 
 
 Aliitera '. ^r^ 
 
 alutaH IJ3J 
 
 Alvarius r.■^^ ..„, 
 
 alvcata \~l 
 
 alvofdi gijj 
 
 Alvoi'dius r Q,) 
 
 ainabilis ) y ■ 
 
 aniara (Al;j;oraa) i;j 
 
 atnaruB (Hiidaonius) ];( 
 
 ( Uy bognatbus) i.-^g 
 
 arabaHHis 5-^ 
 
 Amberfish 444 
 
 Amblodou ritlT 
 
 Ambloplitca 4fj\ 
 
 aniblops '^14 
 
 Amblyopiiia) (•;({, 
 
 Aiublyopaidas 323 
 
 Aniblyopsia 324 
 
 arablyopaia (Ciiliua) !)44 
 
 amblyihynchiia 431, 912, 070 
 
 Ainoiurus 102 
 
 americaua (Liiciopcrca) 535 
 
 (Morone) Mj 
 
 (Morrhua) 804 
 
 (Perca) 524,531 
 
 (Raia) 41 
 
 (Scorpsena) C85 
 
 (Stilbc) 25D 
 
 (Tautoga) ao 
 
 araericanua (Abramia) 250 
 
 ( Acanthiaa) 17 
 
 (Aminodytea) 411,909 
 
 ( Arapbiprion) 5:12 
 
 (Apogon) 5C3,9,'!0 
 
 (Apogoiiichthya) 504 
 
 (Carchariaa) 27 
 
 (Cyprimia) 2'jO 
 
 (Kncbelyopua) 799 
 
 (Eques) 932 
 
 (Esox) 332 
 
 (riemitripterus) C8J 
 
 (Uippogloaaua) 819 
 
 (Iliatiophorua) 421,909 
 
 (Labrax) 551 
 
 (Leuciacua) 250 
 
 (Leucoaomna) 250 
 
 (Lophius) 841 
 
 (Luxilua) 250 
 
 (XotemigoDua) 250 
 
 (Odontaapw) 28,874 
 
 (Potrouiyzon) 11 
 
 (Pbycia) 799 
 
 (Plargyrus) 250 
 
 (Pleuronectea) 637 
 
 (Tvoccua) 530 
 
 (Squalua) 28 
 
 (Stilbiua) 2r.O 
 
 araothyetinua 317 
 
 Amia 94, 503 
 
 amia (Caranx) 911 
 
 Amiatua 94 
 
 Aiuiidte 92 
 
 Amitra '.... 739 
 
INDEX. 
 
 977 
 
 M5 
 
 IJO 
 
 '. K'lH 
 
 !01 
 
 :-u.w» 
 
 aiti 
 
 CUT 
 
 F,0(t 
 
 l!).-, 
 
 i:« 
 
 171 
 
 IM 
 
 5-„S 
 
 444 
 
 .%7 
 
 if'- 
 
 no 
 
 323 
 
 3:4 
 
 !I41 
 
 431,012,1>T(I 
 
 , 102 
 
 , 525 
 
 , 5;)1 
 
 8114 
 
 524,531 
 
 41 
 
 685 
 
 250 
 
 ceo 
 
 250 
 
 , 17 
 
 411,9119 
 
 532 
 
 503,030 
 
 8) !1C4 
 
 _^,, .....--- 27 
 
 '"" 250 
 
 799 
 
 932 
 
 ''"'. 3J2 
 
 ) C8.j 
 
 819 
 
 , 421,909 
 
 551 
 
 250 
 
 250 
 
 [ 844 
 
 250 
 
 '. 250 
 
 ' 28,874 
 
 '. 11 
 
 799 
 
 '' 250 
 
 837 
 
 ,"'. .530 
 
 '"' 28 
 
 [ 250 
 
 317 
 
 04,5(3 
 
 '/.'. 911 
 
 __' 94 
 
 "."'" 92 
 
 "... 739 
 
 Page. 
 
 Amiurus 102,881 
 
 AmniocoDtes 9,867,868 
 
 Ammocrypta 488,970 
 
 Ammodytes 414,909 
 
 Ammody ti<la) 414 
 
 amnigenas OK 
 
 Amphiodon 260 
 
 ampbiodou 260 
 
 Ampbioxus 8 
 
 AmphiaticbuB 500,936 
 
 ,iniplu8 420,009 
 
 anipallacens 365 
 
 Annblepinai 327 
 
 Aimcanthini 897,788 
 
 Auacanthiui ploiironectoidei 813 
 
 anagallinug 479 
 
 anale (Ditrema) ; 691 
 
 analis (Amphistichus) 691 
 
 (Ciutridt rniiththys) 717 
 
 (Hyporpiosopon) 591 
 
 (Hypocj itichtbyg) 591 
 
 (01ii;ocottu«) 717 
 
 (Orthagoriacus) 866 
 
 (Sauius) 889 
 
 unalogus 939 
 
 auulostann 179 
 
 Anarrbifhadida) 754 
 
 Anari bi<'bas 781 
 
 Auarrbicbtbys 782 
 
 Anarthri 967 
 
 anceps 506 
 
 Anchisonaas 860 
 
 Anchovy 271,272 
 
 Ancylopactta 821,825 
 
 Angd-flsb 612, 613, 015 
 
 Angel Shark 
 
 angelus 
 
 Angler 
 
 auglorum 
 
 Angnilla 
 
 anguilla (Murasna) 
 
 35 
 35 
 844 
 747 
 361 
 301 
 
 anguillariH (Bleunius) 778, 784 
 
 (Enchelyopus) 784 
 
 (Luiupcnus) 777 
 
 (Stichajiis) 778 
 
 (Zoarces) 784 
 
 Anguillidnj 357 
 
 Auisarchua 776 
 
 AnisotrcMus 552, 923 
 
 anisnrnm 130, 141 
 
 annaa 727 
 
 aunulariR (.Talis) 602 
 
 (I'oiiioxys) 464 
 
 annnlata (Molanuva) 350 
 
 annulatns (Aiitennni'ius) 846 
 
 anomala (Dekaya) 626 
 
 anomalum (Canipoatoina) 149 
 
 anonialus (Caulolat ilus) 625, 626 
 
 (Kutilus) 148,149 
 
 Anoplagonus 724 
 
 Anoplarcbus 770 
 
 Anoplopoma 649 
 
 anoplns 629,941 
 
 Adtocens ; 85 
 
 I AntenuariidtD 845 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 16 62 
 
 P»(je. 
 
 Antennariua 845 
 
 anticus 246 
 
 antillanns 551 
 
 •ntiquorum (Hippocampus) 386, 006 
 
 (Pristis) 37,875 
 
 sntiHtlna (Cbcenobryttua) 407 
 
 antonien8i8 10.5 
 
 Apeites 896 
 
 apeltea (Ga8t«rogt«a8) 396 
 
 Aphoriatia 842 
 
 Aphredoderldaj 460 
 
 Aphredoderus 460 
 
 apiatns 476 
 
 apicalis 070 
 
 Aplcsion S14 
 
 Aplocentrua 880 
 
 Aplodinoiua 567 
 
 Apocope 209 
 
 Apodea 354 
 
 Apodicbtbys 769 
 
 Apogon 563,930 
 
 Apogonidffi 563 
 
 Apogonichtbya 931 
 
 Apomotia 472,473 
 
 apoa 766 
 
 nppendiculatua 381 
 
 appeudix (AmmoctBtea) 867,808 
 
 (Labrua) 480 
 
 (Petromyjion) 868 
 
 (Pomotia) 477,480 
 
 A prion 24 
 
 a]irion (Diapterna) 935 
 
 (Gorrca) 935 
 
 Aprionodon 24, 874 
 
 apua 920,073. 
 
 apua 766, 
 
 aqnilenaia 474,480' 
 
 sqnoaua 816. 
 
 arabatacb 309- 
 
 araeopus 12T 
 
 aramaca 816, 817, 964i 
 
 Arcboplitea 465. 
 
 Arcbosargus 558,929,971 
 
 Krctica (Liparis) 742, 957 
 
 arctifrons (Calamua) 927 
 
 (Citharicbtbya) 8ia 
 
 Arctozenua 278 
 
 arcuatum (Ditrema) 502 
 
 (Ilffimnloii) 553 
 
 (Hyperprosopon) 502. 
 
 arcnataa ( Arapbiatichna) 501 
 
 (ChiEtodon) 616 
 
 (Poinacauthua) 618. 
 
 arcturus 819. 
 
 ardens (Catoatoinua) 128- 
 
 (Hypailepia) 198. 
 
 (Minnilus) 108 
 
 ardcaiaca (Gila) 235. 
 
 ardeaiaoaa (Lepomia) 480 
 
 (Squalina) 235. 
 
 arenataa (Priacanthua) 071 
 
 (Ebinicbthya) 885,886 
 
 arge ( Albumellua) 202: 
 
 argentata (Couchia) 707 
 
 (Motella) 707. 
 
 
978 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 argeotatiis (AHtyanax) ''i^ 
 
 ,„, (Plargynis) 187 
 
 (Ti'tragonoptcru*) 255 
 
 ars;entpa (IlypHiptera) 788 
 
 (Silcne) ... 439,440 
 
 (Spbyro-na) 411 
 
 argentea.u <Ditrcran) 6D3 
 
 (Hyperprosopon) ' 602 
 
 krgenteuB ( Animocmtcs) 10 
 
 (Anipliistichus) 503 
 
 (Encinostomus) 584,035 
 
 '■' ,'- (Gern'8) 584,034 
 
 (HolcoDotnd) 036 
 
 \ (Icbthyomyzon) 10 
 
 J (Leiiciscus) 222 
 
 '*" (PaRTUs) 558 
 
 "*■ (Petromyzon) 0,10,867,808 
 
 ^ (SparuH) 556 
 
 (Tetragonopterns) 255 
 
 Argentina 205 
 
 argentiHsimuB 253 
 
 argentona 157 
 
 Arpyr.ia 406 
 
 argyreiosus 223 
 
 Argyreua 208 
 
 argyreus (Fario) 307 
 
 Argyriosus 480 
 
 argyi'iosus 222 
 
 argyritis .156,068 
 
 argyroliMica 671 
 
 Argyrops 829,072 
 
 argyiops 557,558,020 
 
 argyrosoma (Embiotoca) 597 
 
 Argyrosoiims 300 
 
 argyrosonins ( Damalichthys) 507 
 
 Atgyioloenia 415, 000 
 
 nriommim 104 
 
 Anopsia 110 
 
 Arius 109,882 
 
 Ailina 491 
 
 arlingtonia 345 
 
 arniatuii ; Aspidophoras) « . . 728 
 
 (Centridermichthys) 714 
 
 (Leptocottus) 713 
 
 artedi 300,301 
 
 Artediiis 680 
 
 artesi* 510 
 
 arundinaceua 385 
 
 Ascelichthys 686 
 
 asper (Centridermichthys) 695 
 
 (Cottopsis) 695 
 
 (Cottus)..., 695 
 
 (HesagrammuB) 641, 043, 949 
 
 (Pleuronectes) 835 
 
 aspera (Limanda) 835 
 
 aspcra (Uranidea) 604 
 
 Aspicottus 710 
 
 Aspidophoroides 724 
 
 Aspidopliorus 728 
 
 asprella 400 
 
 osprigcnis (Poecilichthys) 518 
 
 aspro 501 
 
 Aatatichtbys 614 
 
 asteriaa (Blennius) 061 
 
 (MusteluB) 870 
 
 Astcmopteryx 5^j 
 
 aatori , 1 
 
 Astronesthea ' 1 
 
 ABtroscopus " J2^ ^^^1 
 
 Aslyanax ' .^l 
 
 AthoreBthes g^.f 
 
 Atherina '[ 
 
 AtherlnichthyB .^\ 
 
 Atherinidie ^ 
 
 AtherinoideB .^t 
 
 atherinoideB (Chriddonis) gn, ( 
 
 (KotropiB) 202 I 
 
 Atherinopa ^j- 
 
 Atherinopais .^^ 
 
 atkinsii jgj 
 
 atlanticuB (Elacate I ^jg 
 
 (EpinepholuB) 918,973 
 
 (MogalopK) gg- 
 
 (Sparua) 54Q 
 
 Atractoperca 535 , 
 
 AtractOBCion 579 Q33 
 
 Atractosteus 90 ggQ 
 
 atraria (Perca) 534 
 
 (Siboma) 241,f!8C,887 
 
 atrariaB (CentropriHtis) 534 
 
 (Pimelodus) jqs 
 
 (Serranus) 533,916 
 
 (SqualiuB) 241,886 
 
 atricanda 343 
 
 atrilatuB 340, 892, 894 
 
 atripcB (Ditreua) 595 
 
 (LytbruruB) 197 
 
 (MinniluB) 197 
 
 atripinnis (Arlina) i% 
 
 (Goodea) 34^ 
 
 (Ulocentra) 495 
 
 atromacnlata (Eatrclla) 490 
 
 Btromaculatum ( Boleosorna) 492 
 
 atroniaculattis (Cyprinus) 221 
 
 atronasns (Rhinicbtbys) 208,885 
 
 atropurpurouB 771 
 
 atrovircns 602 
 
 attcnnatuB 29;i 
 
 AuchcnoptoruB 764 
 
 auctorum 553 
 
 nudens 008,909 
 
 auliscus 905, 906 
 
 AuIorliyncbidoB 391 
 
 AulorhynchuB 301, 908 
 
 Aulostoma 390 
 
 Aiilostomatidfc 390 
 
 aurantiacuB (Bulistes) 858 
 
 (Ceratacantlms) 858 
 
 (Cottogaster) 505 
 
 (Uadroptcrus) 505 
 
 (Uypohomus) 505 
 
 aurata (Cliola) 175 
 
 (Moniana) 175 
 
 auratna (Carasains) 25o 
 
 (Cyprinus) 253 
 
 (Gadua) 804 
 
 (MulluB) 931 
 
 auroa (Clupea) 270 
 
 auruolum (Moxoatoma) 140 
 
 aureoluB (Catotomua) 140 
 
INDEX. 
 
 979 
 
 lit 
 
 7W| 
 
 8,571 
 
 287| 
 
 255] 
 
 820 1 
 
 405] 
 40<i| 
 
 •4041 
 406 
 803 
 202' 
 409! 
 409 I 
 395 
 419 
 ... 918,973 
 887 
 540 
 535. 
 ... 579,033 
 ... 92,880 
 534 
 241, 186, 887 
 534 
 105 
 .... 533,916 
 .... 241,886 
 842 
 .340,892,894 
 595 
 197 
 197 
 496 
 348 
 495 
 492 
 
 402 
 
 221 
 
 .... 208,885 
 
 771 
 
 602 
 
 293 
 
 764 
 
 505 
 
 908,909 
 
 903,906 
 
 391 
 
 391,!)08 j 
 
 390 1 
 
 390 1 
 
 858 I 
 
 858 
 
 505 
 
 505 
 
 505 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 , 25o 
 
 253 
 
 804 
 
 931 
 
 270 
 
 140 
 
 140 
 
 Page. 
 
 aureolas (Xcnotia) 478 
 
 aareoTittata (Scrlola) 444 
 
 aureus (Amuiocostes) 807,868 
 
 (Cluponodon) 270 
 
 (Eupomotis) 483 
 
 (Fnndulus) 340 
 
 (Ilaplochilus) 340 
 
 (Spams) 4d3 
 
 auricalatus 670,071 
 
 nuriga 542,020 
 
 anrita (Ichtholis) 478 
 
 auritus (Labrus) 477,478 
 
 (LepomiH) - 477,478 
 
 (Pomotla) 483 
 
 aurolineatus. 025,073 
 
 aurora (Abcona) 588 
 
 (Catostomus) 127 
 
 (Farlo) 315 
 
 (Salmo) 315 
 
 aurombens 640, 550 
 
 154 
 
 135 
 
 424 
 
 , 367 
 
 708 
 
 831 
 
 8 
 
 anstralo 
 
 austrinum 
 
 Anxia 
 
 avocetta 
 
 axillaris 
 
 ajTcsl (Parophrys) . . 
 (Petromyzon) . 
 
 Ayresia 611,030 
 
 B. 
 
 bacalana 636 
 
 Bachelor 464 
 
 badius 885,886 
 
 065 
 
 578 
 
 316 
 
 965 
 
 257 
 
 607 
 
 812 
 
 320 
 
 320 
 
 607 
 
 Bffiostoraa 
 
 Bagara 
 
 Baiono 
 
 Baiostoma 
 
 bairdi (Alepocephalua) 
 
 (Cottus) 
 
 (Macrurua) 
 
 (Salmo) 
 
 (Salvelinua) 
 
 (Uranidea) 
 
 bairdianuni 005,006 
 
 Bairdiella 570 
 
 bajonado 026,927 
 
 Balao 002 
 
 balao 002 
 
 baliaa (Chims) 645 
 
 Balistea 854 
 
 BalistidoB 854 
 
 baltoatna (Equea) 032 
 
 (Richardaonius) 251 
 
 Barb .- 577 
 
 barbatum (Echioatoma) 286, 287 
 
 barbatua (Mullua) 565,031 
 
 (Siphagouus) 
 
 Barboro 
 
 bardua 
 
 Bar-flab 
 
 barkani 
 
 Banodoor Skats 
 
 Barracuda 
 
 ban a«nda (Sphynena) 
 
 725 
 617 
 122 
 465 
 727 
 42 
 410 
 412 
 
 barrattl 610, »78 
 
 Pace. 
 
 Baahaw 109 
 
 Baaillchthys 40« 
 
 Baskingsbark 30 
 
 Baaa 4»t,323 
 
 Dastard Ilnlibut 821 
 
 Bastard Snapper 540 
 
 Bat-flah 51,738,840 
 
 Batbyniastor 022 
 
 Bathyiuasterinto 010 
 
 Batrachidu; 750 
 
 Batraclum 750,058 
 
 Bayou Baas 484 
 
 Bay shark 00 
 
 BdoUoatoma 5,807 
 
 UduUostumatidic 0^ 
 
 headh'i 100 
 
 beani (Animocrypta) 480 
 
 (Caranx) 430, OU, 070 
 
 (Limanda; — 835 
 
 (Plcuronoctca) 836 
 
 beckwithi 170 
 
 belizantis 345 
 
 bellicus 213 
 
 Bellows flsh 3S8,8U 
 
 bellua 100 
 
 Belone 372 
 
 bolone (Tetrapturua) 009 
 
 Beloovaox 344 
 
 Bolunopaia !106 
 
 bendirei 606 
 
 Bentbodearaua 010 
 
 berlandieri 403 
 
 bcrnardinl 128 
 
 Berycidaj 457 
 
 beryllina 408,009,060 
 
 biaculeatua 305, 306 
 
 bicolor ( Algansea) 246 
 
 ( Animocoetes; 868 
 
 (Leuciacua) 246 
 
 (Loucus) 246 
 
 (Squalius) 237 
 
 (Tigoma) 237 
 
 bicomis (Icelus) 693, 952 
 
 BielayaRyba 307 
 
 blfrcnata 162 
 
 Big-eye 644 
 
 Big-oycd Herring 260,261 
 
 Big-eyed Scad 434 
 
 biguttatua (Ceratichthy s) 212 
 
 (Cocblognathus) 161 
 
 (SemotiUia) 211,212 
 
 bilinearis 800 
 
 bilineata (Lopldopsotta) 834 
 
 (Platcaaa) OM 
 
 bilineatum ( Priatipoma) 552 
 
 bilineatus (Pleuronectes) 833,834 
 
 (Pomadaays) 652,023 
 
 Bill-flah 01,374,375,420 
 
 177 
 720 
 500 
 040 
 344 
 940 
 344 
 
 M 
 
 billingslana 
 
 bilobna 
 
 bimacalata (Etheoatonia) 
 
 bimaculatua (Chaetodon) 
 
 (Pseudoxiphophoms) . 
 
 (Sarothrodas) 
 
 (XiphophoniB) 
 
 3 
 
980 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 btnocnlato. 43,878 
 
 bipimuilnt'is 446,913 
 
 birogfris 52,53,880 
 
 bison (Aspicottns) 710,711 
 
 ; (Cnrpiodes) 119 
 
 (Enophrys) 710 
 
 <Iotiobu8) 883 
 
 bispliiotus (Gast<^ro8tcas) 300 
 
 (ulyliobfttia) 51 
 
 bisus 425 
 
 '•[ bivittatna (Ilybopais) 100 
 
 (Lftbrus) 037 
 
 (Mlnnilus) 195 
 
 (Pl»t/gl088us) 030, 973 
 
 Blnck Andrei 041 
 
 Itass 484 
 
 Blark-fln 301 
 
 ■ttsh 533,600 
 
 bUckfonli 549,921,071 
 
 lUdck Gnmper r>38,540 
 
 Gnuit 553 
 
 Horeo 120,121 
 
 BlftoknoHoil Daco 200 
 
 IVrrh 605 
 
 Sea-Uuss 631,633 
 
 Blacksmith 611 
 
 Blaok Sturgeon 87 
 
 Blakca 783 
 
 blanclinrdi 761 
 
 \, Blanqaillo 023,025,026 
 
 Bleuuicottus 717,718 
 
 Blcnniiilas 753,880 
 
 bleunioidea 407,502 
 
 blonnioporca 497 
 
 Blenuiopa 706 
 
 Blcnnlua 7'>9, 961 
 
 blcuuiua ( Alburuopx) . 189, 193 
 
 (Miuoiliis) 193 
 
 Blcnnophis 756 
 
 Blenny 753, 759 
 
 Blepharichthys 438 
 
 Blephiuis 438 
 
 BlepMhs 710 
 
 Blind Cat... 102 
 
 , Blimi-flsb 823 
 
 Blob COO 
 
 Blowor 801 
 
 Blue-bnpk 207 
 
 ■back Salmon ' 308 
 
 -back Trout 318 
 
 BhuCoil OiO 
 
 Bluclln 301 
 
 -Hsh 447, 448, 560, 6P0, 003 
 
 r'aoMullet 130 
 
 Perch 604,690 
 
 Pike ^'16, 620 
 
 Shark 22 
 
 Soccaccio 650 
 
 Botlinnus 641, 002 
 
 b«Hiian(i8 (Cossypmis) 002 
 
 Bolelchthys 514,510 
 
 bolooidca 600 
 
 BolcosotUE. 401 
 
 boloosoma (Qobioe) 046 
 
 boUi 881 
 
 Page. 
 
 bombifroas 478,479 
 
 bouariouais 445,013 
 
 bonasus jij 
 
 Booe-Dog ig 
 
 Bono-flsh 258 
 
 Bonito 427,428 
 
 Bonnot-headed Shark 25 
 
 Bony-fish 209 
 
 l>oop8 438 
 
 boroa (Lncloporca) 529 
 
 borcalis ( Alopidosaurus) 276 
 
 (Aiuiurua) jog 
 
 ( Arctozcnus) 278 
 
 (Caulopua) 27^ 
 
 (Lajmargv-ol 15 
 
 (Maurol)cus) 2^ 
 
 (Notorhynchna) 34 
 
 (Paialepia) 27s 
 
 (Fimclodua) joj) 
 
 (Sf^opclua) 284 
 
 (Sphyrnsna) ^\l 
 
 (Sudis) 278 
 
 Boroocottua 706 
 
 Borcogadus 807 
 
 Borer 5 
 
 boreum (Stizostcdium) . !;26 
 
 boreus (Eaox) 353 
 
 boscl ( Athorina) 407 
 
 (GobioHoma) f4(( 
 
 (Gxibiiia) 638,W(; 
 
 (Leuciscua) . 250 
 
 (Meuidia) 407, 908, ftW, osi 
 
 (IMnieloptcrus) 561 
 
 (Seriola) 445, 913 
 
 Iwaqul (Oy phoana) 972 
 
 bosqiiitinua 756, 757 
 
 boatouieusia (Angnilla) ;i6i 
 
 (Catoatomua) 127,130 
 
 (Muriuna) ;i6l 
 
 Bothragouna "28, 956 
 
 Bothroiiuuma 441, 442 
 
 Bot bus 815 
 
 boucanli 246 
 
 bouvicri 315 
 
 buvinus .TO, 890 
 
 Bowtln 94 
 
 bo wniaui 187 
 
 brachinlo 965 
 
 brachyacanthuB 881 
 
 Biachyiatiua 588,58»,9;u; 
 
 Biuchyoi'sia 726,955 
 
 brachypmlu 394 
 
 Brachyprosopon 8;i8 
 
 brachy ptera (Echoneia) 417 
 
 brachyptcrua (Komoropais/ 417 
 
 (Thynnus) 429 
 
 (Zygoneotes) .141,890 
 
 brachyrhy nchua M 
 
 Brachyrhinna 916,973 
 
 brachy Bomua 9S7 
 
 brachyurnr 72 
 
 Braiua 46^915 
 
 Brauiidaa 455 
 
 Branch Ilerrlng %" 
 
 Branoh'oatoma 3,887 
 
INDEX. 
 
 981 
 
 Pag©. 
 Bnvnch!otitoinatidiB 2 
 
 bntHilienttis (Alliorlua) *08 
 
 (Atlnriuiclithi-8) 40« 
 
 (Ebox) 902 
 
 (Hemirbomphus)... 902 
 
 (Meuiam) 408,909 
 
 (Mtifiil) 403 
 
 (Nan'iuo) H77 
 
 (Toip«'ilo) 877 
 
 Bn^nm 2JW,4«2,558 
 
 brevicuudft (I'onioxya) 4*0 
 
 (Salmo) S16 
 
 brevicops ( roniotis) 478 
 
 ( Pt.vclumUinuis) HI 
 
 iin-vipiuim (So.vuiuuh) 15 
 
 (Souiuiosus) 14,15 
 
 brcviplnne (BoloostKiin) 492 
 
 (Uitiouiii) 589 
 
 brovinwtris ( Ai-ipousor) 87 
 
 (Carchiu-Uui) 61 
 
 (t'hiismintes) 13i! 
 
 (Uippooainpus) 386 
 
 (Hist iophonis) 909 
 
 ( llypoprion) 61 
 
 (Sconib«>re80x) . 876 
 
 (Sy iijniikthus) 384 
 
 (IXvnnus) 430 
 
 brpvls 70 
 
 Brovoortia 269 
 
 ItrHiMl-aliinors 440 
 
 liroccus 8oO, 966 
 
 Urook Stioklebft-k 304 
 
 Sucker •--. 129 
 
 Trout 320 
 
 lirosmo 802,803 
 
 lln>8inius 8o2 
 
 Urosiiioiihyds 703,963 
 
 Brotulula' 704 
 
 bmuHsuui^ti 570 
 
 litvwni ( Achinis) 841 
 
 (Atherhift) 273 
 
 ( Uotairhauiphus) 003 
 
 vSt)len) .. 841 
 
 {.Ntolcphonis) ... 273,888 
 
 (Voim-r) 440 
 
 liniuuoua ( Aniiuruc) 103 
 
 (Sfvnimm) 538 
 
 (Trisotropis) .53t<,9l8,97l 
 
 liryop;>ru8 204 
 
 Brytti'.s 472 
 
 BubaUththyinio 112 
 
 RiilialiihthvH 115,881,882 
 
 bulwiina 176 
 
 Imlmlis (Cott\is) 701 
 
 biilmlim (.Viiililodoii) 114 
 
 (Uiilmlichthys) 116 
 
 (Cttloatomus) 116,883 
 
 (Ichthyobus) 114 
 
 (Ictiollua) 114,882,883 
 
 biireattt 204 
 
 bncoo 138 
 
 Bufliilo Cod 646 
 
 Bnfl\ao-«8h.... 118,115 
 
 bull. 681 
 
 Rnstflsh 2«> 
 
 Pag>v 
 
 bulbtris 2i'3 
 
 Hunhewi 11.1.698 
 
 bulioii 938 
 
 BullTrout 819 
 
 Burbot 801 
 
 bureau (99 
 
 BuruRticklo 305 
 
 butlorirt uus SIO, £.'3 
 
 But tor-tUb 451, 541, 766, 767 
 
 Buttorrty Kuy 46 
 
 Djthit«>s 795 
 
 c. 
 
 cabaBa (Cybium) 427 
 
 (Scuuib('n>uoru8) 427 
 
 w»ball«>roto (Lutjauus) 02 
 
 caballus 43r>, 970 
 
 Cab«>zan 714 
 
 Cabrilla 635, 530. XiO 
 
 Cffisiosoiua r)62 
 
 CalaniUK ."165, U25, 072 
 
 calamus (Cbrytiopbrya) 0S8 
 
 (Pniit'Uus) 9a« 
 
 cAlcarnta 952 
 
 Calico BaMH „ 465 
 
 califoniica ( Alannii) 26? 
 
 (Morrbua) 806 
 
 (S(|u»t:iia) 35 
 
 (Torpedo) 30,876,877 
 
 colifomicus (Kx<Ho>fu8i 379 
 
 (iJadus) .. 806 
 
 (llipiHi^biSHUH) 821 
 
 <Mu«ti'lu8) 20,60,870 
 
 (MyliobiUis) 51 
 
 (ParHlicbthyH) 821 
 
 (rHcudorboinbus) 821 
 
 (StoHMdopia) 531 
 
 (Uropaol tJi) 821 
 
 eolifoniicnao (Sipb(>8t4>nia) 384, 006 
 
 calil'oruicnsia (Albi^riuicbtbys) 409 
 
 (AtliorinopsiH) 4l'i>,4IO 
 
 (Cypiiuodoii) 330 
 
 (Opbiaurua) 350,^^CS 
 
 (Otolitlnia) 579 
 
 (Scorpia) 662 
 
 (Syiinnathna) ' 884 
 
 (Tyjiblogobiiia) 689 
 
 (XcnicbtbyH) , 6^7,920 
 
 (Xonialius) 920 
 
 callariaa ((ladua) 804 
 
 (Sahno) 820 
 
 Callocbolys 897 
 
 Calliodon 604 
 
 oallimluu cLipnria) 748 
 
 calliptery X 149 
 
 c^Uavma • 178 
 
 callisoiUA 8M 
 
 calliatia 181 
 
 cnlliunt (CiMloma) 178 
 
 (Cypriuclbi) 178 
 
 Calliurna 467, 184 
 
 oalliurus (IoKb)8aua)... ..' 040 
 
 wUlywIon (Cycloptorua) 748 
 
 CalyHlepidotus 714 
 
 oalva 94 
 
982 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Camarina 6S0 
 
 oampbelli 320 
 
 Campbellite 4«4 
 
 campecbianas 921,971 
 
 camperi 374,875 
 
 Cbmpostoma 148 
 
 CampostominaB 145 
 
 Campylodon 370 
 
 oamtschaticus 868 
 
 camara (Bolecsoraa) 494 
 
 (VaiUantia) 494,971 
 
 oamuruB (Xothonctus) 506 
 
 (PoBcilichthys) 507 
 
 Canada (Elacate) 418,419,909 
 
 canadenso (Stizostediniu) 526 
 
 canadensis (Lncioperca) 526 
 
 (Salmo) 320 
 
 Candle-fish 'j92 
 
 canicala 869 
 
 caninus (Caranx) 438 
 
 (Lachnolffimus) 601 
 
 (Pagellus) 927 
 
 canis iG-aleus) 21 
 
 (Mustelus) ^. 20,870 
 
 (Salmo) 306 
 
 (Sqnalas) 870 
 
 Cantherines 858 
 
 Capelin 291 
 
 capeuna 554 
 
 capillaris 439 
 
 oapistratus 940 
 
 Capitaine 601 
 
 oaprcolus 539, 540, 918 
 
 caprinus 929 
 
 capriscus 855 
 
 csprodes 499,500 
 
 Caraogicbthya 433 
 
 CarangidsD 430,448,014 
 
 Carnugoldes 433, 970 
 
 Carangops 433,970 
 
 Carangus 433, 437, 970 
 
 caraugus (Caranx) 438 
 
 (Scomber) 438,970 
 
 Caranx 433,970 
 
 Carassius 253 
 
 carauno 541 
 
 carbonaria (Percina) 500 
 
 (Piloomn) 500 
 
 oarbonarius ( Aciponser) 87 
 
 (GaduH) 807 
 
 (Pollatbius) 807 
 
 Carcharias 22, 27, 872, 873, 067 
 
 carc'uarias (Curcbnrodon) 875 
 
 (Squalus) 873,875 
 
 Carcbariido?! 27, 870 
 
 Corcbarinus 22, 59, S70, 872 
 
 Carcbarodon 30,875 
 
 Carelopbus 765 
 
 Careprociim 740, 057 
 
 cailbtcum (Brancblostoma) 3, 57 
 
 oaribaous (Diplodus) . . ., 930 
 
 (Sargiis) 930 
 
 oaribbroa (Beloue) ..- 901 
 
 oaribba3iiFi (ChloroscombrnB) 441 
 
 (Tylosuras) 901 
 
 carinatnm (Acanthosoma) "^ 
 
 carinatus (Placopharynx) u, ,., 
 
 (Salmo) ".'.315 
 
 carminatuB „^. 
 
 «a"»»tM '.'".'... 674 075 
 
 Carolina (Atherina) 405 aos 
 
 (Trigla) ; '„5 
 
 Carolina m,m 
 
 carolinensia (Gobins) 634* 045 
 
 (OtolithuB) 'ggj 
 
 (Seriola) 445913 
 
 carolinus (BlenniuB) •j^ 
 
 (Clinostomas) 233 
 
 (Gasterosteus) 4^2 
 
 (Pholis) 78(, 
 
 (Prionotns) 735 
 
 (Pteraciis) 455 
 
 (Trachynotos) 442 
 
 ^^^ 144,254 
 
 carpio (Carpiodes) ^g 
 
 (Catostomns) 118,119,140 
 
 (Oyprinodon) 330 
 
 (Cyprinus) 254 
 
 (Ictiobns) 883 
 
 (Moxostoma) J39 
 
 Carpiodes 117,882,883 
 
 Carp Sucker 117,118,119 
 
 carringtoni 209 
 
 caryi 93,693,594 
 
 cassidii 595 
 
 castanens 10, 897,«68 
 
 Catapbracti 640,724 
 
 catapbractns ( Agonns) 72a, 956 
 
 (Cottus) 728 
 
 (Gaaterostens) 396 
 
 (Gastc-acanthns) 39c 
 
 (Scaphirhyncbus) gg 
 
 cataractee (Ceraticbtbys) 207 
 
 (Goblo) 207 
 
 (Rbinichtbys) 207,885 
 
 (Leucosomns) 22i! 
 
 catenatus 337 
 
 Cat-flsbes 95,102,108,794 
 
 Catonotus 512 
 
 CatostomidsB 112 
 
 Catustominte 113 
 
 Catostomus 124, 12'^, 883 
 
 catostomus (Cyprimis) 124,127 
 
 (PhenacobiuB) 206 
 
 Catulus 869 
 
 catulus (Evortbodub) 632,944 
 
 (Goblus) 032,«38,944 
 
 (Pimelodns) 104 
 
 (ScylUorhinus) 809 
 
 catus ( Amiuras) 104 
 
 (Serranus) 920 
 
 cantlacuta 797 
 
 caudafurcatuB 109 
 
 candalis 937 
 
 oaadata (Lamna) 23,873 
 
 caudicnla 900,969 
 
 candimaoala (Diplodus) 559, 9T2 
 
 (HffimnloD) »25 
 
 (Sargns) 000 
 
 OaalarcboB 748 
 
INDEX. 
 
 983 
 
 Page. 
 
 Caulo'iUtiliis 625 
 
 Cauloyus 278 
 
 caarinua (CypiinuB) 225 
 
 (Loucuaomua) 225 
 
 'Mylothilus) 224 
 
 (Sobastes) 672 
 
 (Sobastodcs) 672 
 
 oavifrons ( AmWoplltes) 467 
 
 (Ilisniitripterus) 686 
 
 caxis 648,921 
 
 ca.yuga S94 
 
 Cebedichtli.virttB 754 
 
 Cobedichthys 773,962 
 
 Centrarchidffi 462,880 
 
 Centrarchus 463 
 
 Centriderniichthys 693 
 
 Centriscida) 387 
 
 Ccntf iscus 388 
 
 Controponiinm 627 
 
 Ccntropomus 626,628 
 
 Centroblennius 778 
 
 Cciitronotus 766 
 
 Contropiistis 533 
 
 Controscylliuiii 16 
 
 Ccntroscymiins 17 
 
 centrura (Dasibutii") 67 
 
 ( Rain) 48, 67, 879 
 
 (Tryjion) 67,879 
 
 centrums ( Dasyatis) 47 
 
 cepedinnum 271 
 
 Oephalaoaiithim 737, 957 
 
 Cepbalopteikltu 52 
 
 CephalofK'ylliuni 68, 59 
 
 ccphaliis (Semotilus) ■. 221 
 
 cerasinua 187 
 
 Ceratacanthus 858 
 
 Ooratias 847 
 
 Ceratichtnys 211 
 
 CcrntiidiD 847 
 
 Oratocottua 710 
 
 Ceratoptera 52 
 
 cercostipua 193 
 
 cerdalo 790 
 
 OwiTiler 532 
 
 cemium 532 
 
 Ceio 426 
 
 cervinum 142 
 
 cervus 711 
 
 Cestracion 26 
 
 Cestracionlidaj 62 
 
 Cestreus 579 
 
 Cetorhinv.laj 30,31 
 
 Cetorhinus 31,876 
 
 Cbrenobry ttus 407 
 
 Cha;nopHetta 821 
 
 Chaitodiptenis 613 
 
 Ohaitodon 614,615,940 
 
 ohffitodon (McHui^onistina) 471 
 
 (Poniotis) 472 
 
 ChaitodontidiD 614 
 
 chalcotrnimniuii 807 
 
 cholybffius (MinniluR) 191 
 
 ehalybeiufi (Ilyphalonedras) 206, 908 
 
 channBleontlcepg 624 
 
 CbannelBaBS 671 
 
 P»ge. 
 
 Channel Cat 107,108 
 
 ohantenay 42 
 
 Cbaracini 112 
 
 Cbaracinidffl 264 
 
 Charioteer 642 
 
 Charr 816 
 
 oharybdis 468 
 
 Chasmiates 131 
 
 Cbaamodea 766,958 
 
 Chatoeaaina 270 
 
 Chatoeasua 271 
 
 ChauliodontidSB 284 
 
 Chauliodna 284 
 
 Ctaaonox 840 
 
 Cheillchtbys 860 
 
 chemnitzi 870 
 
 Cheonda 230,241 
 
 cheateri 799 
 
 Chiaamodon 810,964 
 
 ChiaamodontldsB 064 
 
 Chiaaraodus 810 
 
 chlckaaavensis 182 
 
 chilonsis 428 
 
 chiliticus 191 
 
 Chilomjrctems 863,066 
 
 Chilonemns 220 
 
 Cbimoira. 54 
 
 ChiinsBridae 63 
 
 cbinonaia 800 
 
 Chinnook Salmon 300 
 
 Cbiiidaj 640 
 
 C b i rolopbus 766 
 
 Chironectes 846 
 
 Cbiropais 641 
 
 Chiroatoma 406 
 
 cbinirgUB 617,941 
 
 Cbirua 641 
 
 chirua (Xiphiater) 772 
 
 Chitonotua 691 
 
 chlora 169 
 
 cblorls 441 
 
 cbloriatia 183 
 
 cblorocopbalus 100, 101 
 
 Cbloroacombrua 440 
 
 chlorosoma 494,971 
 
 cbloroatictus 668 
 
 cblorurna 637, 918 
 
 CbcBroJulis 002 
 
 CboRaet 600 
 
 Cbologaater , 325,890 
 
 Cbundroatei 82 
 
 CbondroatominiB 146 
 
 chouicha 306,890 
 
 Cbriodorus 003 
 
 Cbriomitra 425 
 
 Chriope 162 
 
 Chromides 608 
 
 Chroniia 611,030 
 
 chromis (Diabaaia) 024 
 
 (HsBmulon) 024 
 
 (Perca) 034 
 
 (PogoniaR) 568 
 
 ChroaomQS 153 
 
 ohroaomus (Minnllns) 101,102 
 
 chrysltta 167 
 
 il 
 
984 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pago. 
 
 rhxyiiocephalns 186, 187 
 
 chrysochloris 206 
 
 chrysogastor 208, 209 
 
 chrysoleucuB 250 
 
 chrysomclas 675, 676 
 
 Chrysophrys 555, 972 
 
 cbrysops (Caulolatilus) 626 
 
 (Labrax) . . 530 
 
 (Latilus) 626 
 
 (Ophichthys) 898 
 
 (Ophisurus) ... 898 
 
 (Oxyodonticbthy 8) 898 
 
 (Pcrca) 530 
 
 (Roccus) 529 
 
 (Sparus) 556,829 
 
 chrysopsiH (Uyodon) 260 
 
 cbrysoptera ( I'erca) 553, 973 
 
 chrysoptcrum (Haimulon) 553 
 
 chrysoptcrns (Diabasis) TiSS, 924, 973 
 
 cbryaos (Carangus) 438 
 
 (Caraux) 435 
 
 (Scomber) 438,970 
 
 chrysotiiH 342 
 
 chrysura (Scicena) 933 
 
 cbrysurus (ChloiosconnbruB) 441 
 
 (Dipterodout 933 
 
 (Lutjauus) 921 
 
 (Mesoprion) 548 
 
 (Micropt.eiyx) 441 
 
 (Scomber) 441 
 
 (Sparus^ 548 
 
 chry BUS (Caraux) 970 
 
 Chub 220, 221, 235, 239, 241 
 
 Sucker 132,133 
 
 cbuBi 799 
 
 cibariuB 8 
 
 cibl 436, 912, 970 
 
 clcatf ico8U8 837 
 
 Cichlidaj 607 
 
 Cigar-flsh 912 
 
 ciliaris (Cbwtodon) 615 
 
 (Holacauthu8) 015 
 
 (Pomacanthus) 615 
 
 (Zeus) 438 
 
 Cilinta .. 790 
 
 cillatus (Blcnnius) 784 
 
 (Kpinepbelus) 659, 950 
 
 (Petromyzon) 8 
 
 (Sobastodes) 658,950 
 
 (Zoarces) 784 
 
 cimbrins 797 
 
 cinerea (Ktheostoma) 509 
 
 oluereuB (Gorres) 935 
 
 (MugU) 935 
 
 (Nothonotus) 509 
 
 (S(jualu8) 34,62 
 
 cingulatuB (Pomacanthus) 010 
 
 (ZygonecteB) 342 
 
 (Fumlulus) »42 
 
 oirratus (Squalius) 18 
 
 oirratum (Ginglymostoraa) 18 
 
 c'rrbatuB (Petromyzon) 5 
 
 Cirrbosomns 860 
 
 clrrhosum (Lepisomp^ 762 
 
 cirrhoBus (Blepsias) 719 
 
 Page. 
 ciiTboBus (Tiaohinns) -jq 
 
 Cirrostomi 03 
 
 C'»co 290,301 
 
 Cithnrichthys gjg ,j^ 
 
 Clam Cracker ' .- 
 
 clarki (CatostomuB) i^ 
 
 (Fario) 3^., 
 
 (Salmo) 3jr, 
 
 clathratus 535 
 
 clavata ^g 
 
 claviger ^jj 
 
 Clidoderma 932 
 
 Cliola 163,169 
 
 Clinocottns 717 
 
 CliuostomuB 230, 231 
 
 Cliiius 761,902 
 
 clodaluB 260 
 
 Clupea 264,887 
 
 ClupeidiB 202 
 
 clupeiformis 299, 301 
 
 Clupeinee 2r>3 
 
 clupeoides 300 
 
 Clypeocottns 710 
 
 Coachman 542 
 
 Ccal.fish 800 
 
 Cobbler-flsh 438 
 
 Cobia 418 
 
 cobitis 163,170 
 
 coccincns 787 
 
 coccogenis 18K 
 
 CocblognatbuB 101,884 
 
 Cnd-nNb 803,804 
 
 Codling 798, 70!) 
 
 Codoma 103,104,172 
 
 CoBCula 358,897 
 
 coelolcpls 17 
 
 cojnosus (Pimolodus) lu5 
 
 (PlcuronicblbyH) 829,830 
 
 coerulea (Chcondii) 242 
 
 (Cliola) 182 
 
 (Codoma) 183 
 
 (Etbeostoma) 518 
 
 (Melettn) 266 
 
 coBTulcBcens 109 
 
 coeruleo-aureus 601 
 
 coeruleus (Acantburus) 017 
 
 (Carcbarias) 23, 873, 067 
 
 (Carchiiriuus) 873 
 
 (CtouolabiUH) 599 
 
 (Pbotogeuis; 183 
 
 ( I'lBcilicbtbys) 517 
 
 (Squalius) 241 
 
 coguata (i98, 9m 
 
 Cobo Salmon .' 307 
 
 colias 4J4,OI0 
 
 ColiscuH 108 
 
 coUapsus 138 
 
 collioi 54 
 
 Colocephall •I^'i 
 
 colouuB "16 
 
 coloratum ^i)<' 
 
 comatus 381 
 
 comuicrsoni 129, 130 
 
 communis (Catostomus) 130 
 
 (LeucoBomus) 220 
 
INDEX. 
 
 985 
 
 Page. 
 
 communis (Pogonichthy s) 210, 220 
 
 complanata 174 
 
 comprestta (Lota) 802 
 
 compresaua (Engraulis) 274 
 
 (Stolephorus) 274 
 
 coDcinnns ( Amblodon) 568 
 
 (Gasterosteus) 394 
 
 concolor ( Ammocoettis) 10 
 
 (Chriomitra) 426 
 
 (Euschisiodus) 611, 939 
 
 (Glypbidodon) 611 
 
 (Pomacontras) 611 
 
 (Scombvromorus) 425, 973 
 
 conductor 443 
 
 Conoy 541 
 
 confcrtus 159 
 
 conflnis (Pimeloflus) 104 
 
 (Salmo) 317 
 
 confluentus (Fundulus) 334 
 
 (Salrao) 307 
 
 conformis 237 
 
 Congei 362,900,069 
 
 coDger ( Anguilla) 363 
 
 (Leptocepbalus) 969 
 
 (Muriena) 362 
 
 Conger Eel 356,362 
 
 congf tnm 138 
 
 OoD^rogadidffi 790 
 
 coDocephalus 225 
 
 Conodon 550,923 
 
 couorhynchuB 258 
 
 consporsus 239 
 
 cunatullatus (Chiropsia) 646 
 
 (Chirua) 646 
 
 (SebastichlhyB) 666 
 
 (Sebastodes) 665 
 
 consuotuB 309 
 
 conuB 141 
 
 convexifrons 478 
 
 cookianus 461 
 
 cooperi (Cheonda) 242 
 
 (Lvuciacus) 242 
 
 (Metoponops) 817 
 
 (Raia) 42,878 
 
 (Salmo) 309 
 
 (SqualiuB) 242 
 
 copei (LeuciacuB) fi02 
 
 (SquaUua) 238 
 
 Copclandia 469 
 
 copelnndi 498 
 
 Coppor-noaed Bream 479 
 
 corallina 877 
 
 CoregonuB 296,299,889,968 
 
 coregonus 139 
 
 coi-etta 429 
 
 corimis 62 
 
 cornubica 29,30,61,875 
 
 cornutuB (Chologaster) 325 
 
 (CyprinuB) 186,187 
 
 (Hypsilepis) 187 
 
 (Lenciscus) 187 
 
 (LuxiluB) 187 
 
 (Minnllus) 186,187 
 
 ooToides 676 
 
 corporallB 281 
 
 Page. 
 
 Coraair 666 
 
 coruBcans 278 
 
 Corvina 569,572,579.931,932 
 
 CorynoIophuB 849 
 
 Corvpbffina 454, 914 
 
 Coryi)ba3iiidic 454 
 
 CoryphHinoideB 812 
 
 Cory pbopterus 634, 635 
 
 CorythrichtbyB 906 
 
 coamopolita 440, 441 
 
 CusBvpbua 601 
 
 Oottidffi 682 
 
 Cottogaster 497 
 
 Cottopsis 693,094 
 
 Cottunculus 687, 952 
 
 CottuB 693,700 
 
 coucbi (Dionda) •.. 157 
 
 (Peecilia) ; 348 
 
 Couchia 796,797 
 
 coucbiaua (Liuiia) 348 
 
 (Poucilia) 348 
 
 couesi (Apocope) 210 
 
 (Coregonus) 207,968 
 
 (Prosopium) 297 
 
 CoueaiuB 218 
 
 Cow-flsb 854 
 
 Cow-nosed Kay 51 
 
 Cow- Pilot 611 
 
 Crab-eater 418 
 
 Craig-flounder 838 
 
 Cramp-flsb 39 
 
 Grapple 464 
 
 craaslcauda 240 
 
 craasilabre 140, 141 
 
 crassuB (Alvoitliua) 503 
 
 (SqualiuB) 241 
 
 craticula 892 
 
 Crawl-a-bottom 130,506 
 
 CrcelcFisb 133 
 
 Cremnobafes 764,962 
 
 crcnulare 282 
 
 Creolus 973 
 
 creolns 91(i 
 
 Crevall6 433,435,437 
 
 criniger 71f> 
 
 crinituB 438,439 
 
 cristagalli ( Anoplarchus) 771 
 
 (Cebcdicbthys) 774 
 
 Cristivomer 317 
 
 Croaker 560,667,575,595 
 
 croicensis 938 
 
 cromis (Labrus) 568 
 
 crosaotuB 839 
 
 Crotalopsis 359 
 
 Crucian Carp 253 
 
 crumenophttaalrauB 434, 070 
 
 cruoreum (Xiphidinm) 773 
 
 cruoreus (Squalius) 234 
 
 Cryptaoantbodea 780 
 
 CryptacautbidiB 754 
 
 cryptosua 462 
 
 Ctonolabrus 609 
 
 oubifi-ona 860 
 
 Cuckold 864 
 
 ouculus 783,966 
 
 m 
 
 lum 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
986 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 CnlinB 944 
 
 CultusCod 640 
 
 camioKi 213 
 
 Cunnor 599 
 
 oapreoides 106 
 
 cnpreus 105 
 
 oorema 404 
 
 ourilicus 723 
 
 cortus 440 
 
 Cask 802 
 
 onspicauda 858 
 
 outisauaeriuns 120 
 
 Cut-lips 144,160 
 
 ouvieri 395,011 
 
 cyanellua ( Apomof is) 473 
 
 (Iclithyobus) 114 
 
 (Lepomis) 473 
 
 cyanens 188 
 
 oyanocephalus 196, 197 
 
 oyanoguttatus 608 
 
 oyanonoton 267 
 
 cyanops 626 
 
 cyauostigma (Julis) 603 
 
 (Platyslossus) 603,973 
 
 Cybium -. 425 
 
 CycleptinsB 112 
 
 Cycloptus 120 
 
 Cyclogobius 637 
 
 Cyclopterichthys 745 
 
 Cyclopteridaj 744 
 
 cyclopua 743 
 
 Cyclostotuata .- 3 
 
 Cyclopterus 746 
 
 cj i\ v)ti8 212 
 
 Cylindrosteus 91 
 
 Cymatogaster 588,690 
 
 oymatograinina 407 
 
 Cynicoglossua 838 
 
 Cynocephalua 22 
 
 oynodon 921 
 
 cynogl-^'jaus 838 
 
 Cynoperca 626 
 
 Cynoaciou 579,934 
 
 cypho (Catoatomna) 129 
 
 (Eaox) 352 
 
 Cypbosus 972 
 
 Cyprinella 163,163,176 
 
 oyprinella 114,883 
 
 Cyprinidsa 144 
 
 Cyprinodon 328,894 
 
 cyprinoidea 887 
 
 Cyprinodontida) 326,894 
 
 Cyprinua 254 
 
 cyprinua 119,120,883 
 
 Cypseluras 380 
 
 CyttidoB 456 
 
 D. 
 
 Dace 186,221,230 
 
 Daddy Scnlpln 702 
 
 daotyloptera... 679,950 
 
 Daotylopterince 732 
 
 Daotylopterns 737 
 
 DactyloBcopna 753 
 
 Dallia 850 
 
 Page, 
 dalwigkii g^j 
 
 Damalichthya 597 
 
 'iama.UB 119,883 
 
 Daslbatia e5,879 
 
 Daayatla 47,65,879 
 
 Dasybataa g^g 
 
 davidaoni (Pomadaaya) 551 
 
 (Priatiporaa) 552 
 
 (Monacantbua) {-57 
 
 decagonna 727,955 
 
 decagrammua 641,645 
 
 Decapterna 430 
 
 Decaptua 440 
 
 declivifrona 5)39 
 
 decliyia 912 
 
 decoratiia 543,920 
 
 decnrrena g29 
 
 defensor 433 
 
 Dekaya 635 
 
 dekayi (Gaateroatena) 393 
 
 (Isuropsia) 29, 874 
 
 (Isurns) HU 
 
 (Phycis) 799 
 
 (Plraelodus) 105 
 
 (Scomber) 424 
 
 delicatiaaimus 274 
 
 'deliciosa 175 
 
 Delolepla 779 
 
 delpbinua 122 
 
 Demoiselle " 009 
 
 dontata (Pomatopsetta) 826 
 
 dentatas ( llippoglossoidcs) 826 
 
 ( Paralichthy a) 822 
 
 (Pleuronectca) 822 
 
 (Paoudorbombus) 823 
 
 dentex 294 
 
 depraudus 353 
 
 dermatinus 300 
 
 Dermatoatetbns 385 
 
 desmarcstia 42 
 
 Devil-flsb 52 
 
 Diabasis 553,923,971 
 
 Diacope 547 
 
 Diamoud-flonnder 830 
 
 diaphana (Hydrargyra) 334 
 
 diapbanea (Raia) 41 
 
 diapbanuH (Calliurus) 473 
 
 (Fundulua) 334 
 
 Diapteraa 583 
 
 diceraua 711 
 
 diego 424 
 
 difformis 120,883 
 
 digrammiia 832 
 
 dilectas 202 
 
 dimidiatnm 384,905 
 
 Dinematichtbya 795 
 
 dinemua 186,202 
 
 Diodonta«beM 863 
 
 Dlodon 862,966 
 
 Dlonda 155 
 
 Dioplites 484 
 
 dipliemius 197 
 
 Dipleotrum 634 
 
 Dipleaion 496 
 
 DlploBiam 496 
 
INDEX. 
 
 987 
 
 Pane. 
 
 DiploduB 637,829,930.972 
 
 dipternra 48,71,870 
 
 Discoboli 738,745 
 
 discobolaa 126,883 
 
 dispar 341 
 
 dissimilis (Ceraticbthys). 183, 215, 216 
 
 (Coaesias) 218 
 
 (Leuciscus) 216 
 
 (Lettcosomus) 218,210 
 
 Ditrema 594,936 
 
 Doctor-fish 617 
 
 dodecaedras 723 
 
 Dog-flsh 15,16,94,350 
 
 Dog-salmon 305,306 
 
 DogShark 19 
 
 dolichogaster 768 
 
 Doliodou 441 
 
 DoUardee 479 
 
 Dollar-iiah 451 
 
 Dolly Varden Trout 319 
 
 dolomiei 916 
 
 dolomieu (Micropterna) 485 
 
 Dolphin 454 
 
 dombeyi 57,807 
 
 domninns 203,204 
 
 Doncella 601,602,603 
 
 Dorniitator 631, 944* 
 
 dormitator 631,972 
 
 dormitor 072 
 
 Doroaoma . . . .> 271,889 
 
 DoroeoraatidiB 270 
 
 Dory 456,525 
 
 doraalia 220, 221, 9i2, 913 
 
 dorsatus 867,868 
 
 dorsomacula 560 
 
 dovii 930 
 
 Drum 667,568 
 
 540 
 
 934 
 
 150 
 
 149 
 
 415 
 
 791 
 
 83 
 
 443 
 
 10« 
 
 885 
 
 dmmmond-hayi 
 
 drammondi (Utolithus). 
 
 dubiuni (Campostoma) . 
 
 (Esoj{loB8um) . 
 
 dubiua (Ammodytea)... 
 
 (Fierasfer) 
 
 Duck-bill Cat 
 
 ductor 
 
 dugesi 
 
 dnlcia 
 
 Dulea 542,920 
 
 damerill (Squalus) 
 
 dnodecim 
 
 dnqueani 
 
 DuBsumieriinsB -.. 
 dux 
 
 85 
 888 
 140 
 263 
 001 
 
 B. 
 
 EagloKay 49,50 
 
 earlli 798 
 
 EcheneididBB 416 
 
 Echeneis 4ie 
 
 Ecbinorhinns 14,869 
 
 Ecliiostoma 286 
 
 edentula 84 
 
 Eels 354 
 
 Eel-pout 783,784 
 
 pflblgens 493 
 
 Page. 
 
 eglanteria 40,41 
 
 egregia (Tigoma) 236 
 
 (GUa) 239 
 
 egregiua (Squaliua) 236 
 
 Elacate 418 
 
 ElacatldsB 418 
 
 Elagatis 446 
 
 Elasmobranchii 12,57 
 
 elassodon 826 
 
 Elassoma 401,915 
 
 Elassomatidffl 461,880,916 
 
 Electric Rays 38 
 
 elegans (Blakca) 763 
 
 (Boleichthya) 519 
 
 (Cyprinodon) 329 
 
 (Gibbonaia) 763 
 
 (Diabasls) 023 
 
 (Gila) 227 
 
 (Haemulon) 924 
 
 (Leuciscus) 228 
 
 (Myxodes) 763 
 
 (Xanoatoma) 510 
 
 EleotridiniB 630 
 
 Eleotrls 631,944 
 
 eleathema 99 
 
 elliotti 53 
 
 eUipticus : 271 
 
 elongata (Clupea) 265 
 
 (Gila) 232 
 
 (Umbrina) 578,932 
 
 elongatus (Benthodesmus) 910 
 
 (Catostomus) ....- 120,121 
 
 (Clinostomua) 232 
 
 (Cycleptus) 121 
 
 (Lepidopus) 910 
 
 (Lepomis) 475 
 
 (Leuciscus) 232 
 
 (Luxilus) 23!? 
 
 (Opbiodon) 646 
 
 (Oamerus) 295 
 
 (Plouronectes) 838 
 
 (Pomotis) 475 
 
 (Sclerognathus) 121 
 
 (Sebastea) 669 
 
 (Sebastodea) 669 
 
 (Squalins) 232 
 
 ElopidsB 260 
 
 Elops 261,968 
 
 emarginatua 549 
 
 Embiotoca 594 
 
 EmbiotocidsB 586 
 
 Emerald-fish - 636 
 
 emiliffi 247 
 
 emorii 229,230 
 
 encSBomus 946,973 
 
 Enchelycephali 354 
 
 Enchelyopus 796 
 
 enohrysurus 940 
 
 EngranlididiB 271 
 
 Engraulis 272 
 
 Eimc acanthus 469 
 
 Enneacentrna 641 
 
 Ennichthys 590 
 
 Enophrys 710 
 
 enslB 797 
 
 -ir 
 
 lit 
 
 I' I 
 
 «! 
 
 ■:J 
 
 '!^ 
 
988 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 eutomelos 669,660 
 
 Entosphencs 7,67,867 
 
 eo8 (Bolcichthys) 621 
 
 (ChroHomuB) 154 
 
 (Othonops) 639 
 
 (PoEcilichthys) 520 
 
 EphippitliB 612 
 
 Ephippus 613 
 
 Epicopus 809 
 
 Epi^onichthyB 2,57 
 
 epihflxodon 8, 57 
 
 Epinophelus 539, 918, 919, 920 
 
 episcopus 167 
 
 Episema 193 
 
 Equcs 932 
 
 equestrU 110,882 
 
 eqnisetia 454, 914 
 
 erebennus 106 
 
 eriarchus 469,470 
 
 Ericosmn. 503 
 
 Ertcymba 204 
 
 Erimyzon 132 
 
 erinacea 40 
 
 erochrooa 520 
 
 Erogala 163, 165, 179 
 
 Erythrininas 254 
 
 erytbrogaster (Chrosomus) 153, 154 
 
 (Lenciscus) 154 
 
 (Luxilns) 153,154 
 
 (Serranus) 540 
 
 ery thrurua 140 
 
 eschricbtl 848 
 
 esculentns 438 
 
 esmarki 786 
 
 Esmeralda 635 
 
 Eaocido) 351 
 
 Eaox 352 
 
 e8tor(E80x) 353,354 
 
 (GUa) 233 
 
 (SquaUua) 232 
 
 Estrella 491 
 
 Etheoatoma 500,512 
 
 Etbeoatomatinio 486,488 
 
 Etropus 839 
 
 Etrnmens 263 
 
 Eucalia 394 
 
 Eucbalarodns 831,837 
 
 Eucinoalomus 583 
 
 Euctenogobiua 633,945 
 
 EucycloKobiuB 637 
 
 Eugotnphodua 27 
 
 Eulacbon 291,292 
 
 Eulamla 22,59,60,872,967 
 
 Euleptorhamphus 377,903 
 
 EumeBOgrammua 774 
 
 EumicrotremuB 746, 967 
 
 Eupomotia 472,482 
 
 euryopa (Cliola) 171 
 
 euryopa (Myxostoma) 140 
 
 euryopns (Hudsonius) 171 
 
 euryoms 481 
 
 enryBtoiun 180 
 
 EaryBtomua 880 
 
 EuBobiBtodos 611 
 
 Eathynnua 429 
 
 Page. 
 Entyohelithas g^g 
 
 e^»n«» 156 
 
 Eventognatbi m gg^ 
 
 ovidea (Alvordiaa) 5^3 
 
 (Clinua) 783,962 
 
 (Ericoama) 50^ 
 
 evolana (Exoccetiis) 373 
 
 (Halocypaelua' 377 
 
 (Frionotua) 735 
 
 (Trigla) 736 
 
 ETorthodua 632,045 
 
 exaaperatuB 63,64,876 
 
 exilicanda 152, 153 
 
 exiliena 380,904 
 
 exilia (lioleichthya) 521 
 
 (Belono) 374 
 
 (Hippogloasoides) 827 
 
 (Noturus) 100 
 
 (PoBcilicbthys) 521 
 
 (Tyloanrus) 374 
 
 eximiua 329,890 
 
 ExocoBtua 378,903,004 
 
 Exoglosum 180 
 
 - ■ ■ i 
 
 faber 613 
 
 'fabricii (Campylodon) 370 
 
 (Centroacyllinm) la 
 
 (Cottua) 709 
 
 (Gadua) '. 807 
 
 (Gunnellna) 778 
 
 (Liparla) 742 
 
 (Lumpenus) 778 
 
 (Macrunia) 811 
 
 (Spinax) 16 
 
 falcata (Soriola) 445,913 
 
 falcatna (Carangops) 437 
 
 (Caranx) 436,912 
 
 (Labrua) 601 
 
 (Laohnolseniua) 601 
 
 (Triaotropla) 538 
 
 fallax (Caranx) 437,912,970 
 
 (Pomotia) 478 
 
 (Trachurna) Oil 
 
 Fall-flsh 222 
 
 Fall Herring 266 
 
 Salmon 300 
 
 Fario 312 
 
 faaciata (Seriola) 445 
 
 faaciatum (PriBtipoma) 551 
 
 faaciatua (Achirua) 841 
 
 (Alvordiua) 504 
 
 (Bryttna) 470 
 
 (Catonotua) 513 
 
 (Catostomua) 136 
 
 (Centronotua) 767 
 
 (Eaox) , 352 
 
 (Diplealon) 505 
 
 (Gryatea) 485 
 
 (Gunnellua) 767 
 
 (Larimua) 678 
 
 (Mtir»noidea) 767 
 
 (Pimophales) 158 
 
 (Poguniaa) 508,560 
 
 (Pomadasyp) 551,923 
 
INDEX. 
 
 989 
 
 Page. 
 
 faaoiatus (Scomber) 446 
 
 (Sebastea) 652,670 
 
 (Sebnstodes) 652 
 
 (Syngnathus) 383 
 
 (Zonichthys) 446 
 
 fttsclcnlaris 534,535,971 
 
 faaciolaris 676 
 
 Fat-back 269 
 
 Fatlicad 158,602 
 
 Father-lasher 701 
 
 favosns 961 
 
 fecnndaa 129 
 
 feliuns 105 
 
 felis (Auarrhichthys) 783 
 
 (AviiiB) 110,882 
 
 (MuRtelus) 20 
 
 (Silums) 110 
 
 fenestralis 073 
 
 ferox ( Alcpidosanms) 276 
 
 (Atractosteus) 92 
 
 (Lepisostens) 02 
 
 (SqualuH) 874 
 
 (Stomlas) 286 
 
 femigineua €34 
 
 feuillo (PolyodoD) 83,84 
 
 FierasftT 791 
 
 Fi'jrasferidcB 791 
 
 fllamentosus ( Hemirhnmplias) 903 
 
 (Megalops) 261 
 
 (Phycis) 799 
 
 File-flsh 856,858 
 
 fimbria 650 
 
 flmbratus 784 
 
 Fishing-frog 844 
 
 Fistularia 389 
 
 Fistulariidas 388,390 
 
 labellare 513 
 
 flabellatua 513 
 
 tiagellum (Raia) 50 
 
 (Saccopharynx) 305 
 
 flommeus 243 
 
 Flannel-mouth Cat 108 
 
 Flasher 555 
 
 flavescens (Bodianus) 524 
 
 (Gadns) 803 
 
 (Perca) 524 
 
 flavicauda 54 1 
 
 flavidns ( Apodichthys) 769 
 
 ( Aulorhynchus) 391 
 
 (Sobastodes) 657 
 
 flavipinnis 156,884 
 
 flavolineatus 561 
 
 fla'^ulns 332 
 
 flavns (Notnrua) 100 
 
 Flesna 831 
 
 Fliaum 662 
 
 floridoj (Jordanolla) 328 
 
 (Siphoatoma) 905,906 
 
 floridaua (Cichla) j- 485 
 
 floridenaia (Bryttua) 468 
 
 (Calliuma) 468 
 
 (Fnndulus) 336,891 
 
 fioripinnis 339 
 
 Flounder 818,822,835 
 
 Flute-Month 300 
 
 Page. 
 
 fluviatilia (Algoma) 187 
 
 (AmmoccBtes) 11 
 
 (Hudsoniua) 171 
 
 (Hybognathus) 157 
 
 (Lampetra) 11 
 
 (Perca) 524 
 
 (Petromyzon) 7 
 
 Flying fish 371,378 
 
 Fly.flah " 667 
 
 FlyingGumard 737 
 
 Robin 738 
 
 foetens 280 
 
 folium 83,84 
 
 foDtinalia 320,890 
 
 Fool-flah a56 
 
 forbeai 174 
 
 formoaa (Alganaea) 245 
 
 (Cliola) 175 
 
 (Limia) 347 
 
 (MoUieneaia) 347 
 
 (Moniana) 175,185 
 
 (Perca) 553,971 
 
 (Urauidea) 955 
 
 formosulum (Campoatoma) 150 
 
 formoaum (Htcmulon) 553 
 
 formosua ( Albumus) 185 
 
 (. alliurua) 473 
 
 (Cottua) 699, 955 
 
 (Dlabaaia) 553 
 
 (Girardinna) 349 
 
 (Leuciacua) 245 
 
 (Lcucua) 245 
 
 (Serranna) 071 
 
 foratorianua 127 
 
 Four-eyed flsh 940 
 
 Fox-shark 27 
 
 franciaci 32, 33, 875 
 
 franklini (Cottus) 699 
 
 (Pleuronectes) 837 
 
 (Urauidea) 699,053,054 
 
 fraterculus 225 
 
 fremebundus 554, 925 
 
 frem'uvilhii 51 
 
 frenatua 589 
 
 Fresh- water Drum 567 
 
 fretenaia 167 
 
 Friar 405 
 
 Frigate Mackerel 424, 425 
 
 f rigida 174 
 
 Frog-flah. 845 
 
 frontalis 187 
 
 Frost-fish 806 
 
 fucorum ( Apodichthya) 770 
 
 (Blenuiua) 759 
 
 •fnlgida 252 
 
 fuliginoana (Baliatea) 855 
 
 (Chilomycterna) 864 
 
 (Diodon) 865 
 
 f nlvomaculatus 551 , 923 
 
 funduloides 233 
 
 Fnndulna 331,891,892,894 
 
 furcatum (Ditrema) 596 
 
 furcatua (Amlurug) 109 
 
 Farcarla 611,039 
 
 faioatoa (Amlurus) 100 
 
 !.;■? 
 
 ■i? 
 
Isy^F^^I^^^ 
 
 990 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 fbrcotuB (Anthia«) 534 
 
 (Cypselunis) 380 
 
 (ExocoetuH) 381 
 
 (Ictalunis) 100,882 
 
 (Pbancrodon) 59« 
 
 (f imelodiis) •. 100 
 
 fnrcifer (Anthins) 016 
 
 (Brachyi'binuB) '. 018 
 
 (Creolus) 873 
 
 (PimeloduB) 100 
 
 (Serranna) 016 
 
 farclger 052 
 
 fUrthi 023 
 
 fuacuni (Siplionostoma) 383, 006 
 
 (Siphostoma) 383 
 
 fascua (Bythitea) 705 
 
 (Uomirhorabua) 817 
 
 (Syngnathna) 883 
 
 ftuiformia (Pbalangiatea) 726 
 
 (Boleichthys) 620 
 
 (Boleoaonia) 620 
 
 (Bololepia) 620 
 
 (PoBclliclithya) 820 
 
 O. 
 
 Gadidffi 704 
 
 Gadua 803 
 
 Gatf-top-aail Ill 
 
 Gaff-top-aail Pompano 012 
 
 Gaidropsarus 700 
 
 gairdneri 313,314 
 
 galactura 178,180 
 
 galeatua 700 
 
 Galeocerdo 21 
 
 GaleorhinidiB 18,870 
 
 Galeorhinus 21,870 
 
 Galena 21 
 
 goleua (Galeorhinus) 21,60,871 
 
 (Squalua) 21 
 
 Galliclitbys 438 
 
 GalluB ."" 438 
 
 Gambnaia 3tt;8&3,804 
 
 garduDiana (Hiatula) 1. 836 
 
 gartlenii (Stemoptyx) 451 
 
 (Struraateus) 461 
 
 gardoneus 248 
 
 Gar-fiabea 371 
 
 Garibaldi 610 
 
 Gar-pike 81 
 
 GarPilieB 87 
 
 Garrupa 530,662,672,676 
 
 Gaapereaii 267 
 
 Gaateroateidffi 882 
 
 Gaateroatoua 382, 30a 
 
 Gaatrophysus » 858 
 
 gavialia 00 
 
 gayi 808 
 
 gelatinoaus 740, 857 
 
 gelidn (Aminocrypta) 480 
 
 gelidua (Ceratichthys) 216 
 
 (Gobio) 217 
 
 geminatuB 769 
 
 generosuB 128 
 
 8«n""* 767, 758, 950, 0«o 
 
 Genyonemns 57^ ^, 
 
 Genyoroge 'j^; 
 
 Genyptcrns j^j 
 
 geometricuB ^^3 gg. 
 
 K^'^fK" BOO 
 
 gcnio ^.,g 
 
 Oennon ...^ 
 
 G*""r<!a 5JJ3, 034, 03.-. 
 
 GfrridiB jg,, 
 
 Gboat-flah ^g,, 
 
 gibba (LipnriB) 74, 
 
 gibber (Salmo) 305 
 
 Gibbnuaia ^gy 
 
 gibboaii (Cliola) 174 
 
 (Gila) ....' .wj, 
 
 (Lavinia) 240 
 
 (Moniana) 174 
 
 (Perca) 4^3 
 
 (Tigoma) 2311 
 
 gibboBUB ( Aphrcdodenia) 400, 461 
 
 (CatostomiiR) 131 
 
 (Cypiinodon) 320,890 
 
 ( Lepomia) 482 
 
 (Leuciacua) 340 
 
 (Poniotia) 4go 
 
 (Sqiialiua) ". 230 
 
 gibbai (Heniilepidutna) 71,5 
 
 (Salmo) 315 
 
 gibbua (Hypailepm) I87 
 
 (Liparla) 741 
 
 (Minnilua) 187 
 
 gisaa (Ephippua) 613 
 
 (Soriola) 913 
 
 (.Sterenlepia) r^\ 
 
 Gila 227 
 
 gilberti 959 
 
 gilli (Lepomia) aqs 
 
 (Xystroplitea) 4^2 
 
 Gillicbthya 030 
 
 Ginglymodi 89 
 
 GinglymoBtoma 18, 58 
 
 GinglymoBtomatidffl 17, 57 
 
 girardi 4j|6 
 
 Girnrdinichtbya 342 
 
 GirardinuB 348 
 
 Girella seo 
 
 GirellinoB 546 
 
 Gizzard Shad 270, 271 
 
 glaber (Cyclopterichthya) 745 
 
 (Plateaaa) 837 
 
 (Pleuronectes) 837 
 
 glabra (Liopaetta) 837 
 
 glaciale (Myctopbum) 283 
 
 glacialia (Cottus) 055 
 
 (Gadua) 807 
 
 (PleuTOuectea) 837 
 
 (Scopelus) 283 
 
 gladifer 421 
 
 gladiuB (HistiophoruB) 421 
 
 (Scomber) 421 
 
 (TyloBuruB) 901 
 
 (Xiphias) 420 
 
 Olaniostomi 84 
 
INDEX. 
 
 991 
 
 Page. 
 
 S8. Jfi. 000 
 .. 574,832 
 547 
 («,■{ 
 . .. 863, 8C4 
 909 
 4!M 
 4'JH 
 5H3, 034, 03.'. 
 582 
 78(1 
 741 
 305 
 763 
 174 
 239 
 240 
 174 
 483 
 2311 
 ... 400.461 
 131 
 ... 329,890 
 482 
 340 
 480 
 23!) 
 715 
 315 
 187 
 741 
 187 
 013 
 913 
 561 
 227 
 059 
 468 
 482 
 036 
 89 
 18,58 
 . 17,57 
 486 
 342 
 348 
 560 
 546 
 . 270,271 
 745 
 837 
 837 
 837 
 283 
 955 
 807 
 837 
 283 
 421 
 421 
 421 
 901 
 420 
 84 
 
 Page. 
 
 Olau-eye 526 
 
 glauca (Lamna) 29 
 
 (Oxyrhlna) 29,874 
 
 gluucofroiiiuiu 036 
 
 glaucua <C»ichnriaa) 872,967 
 
 (Oarchariuas) 22,60 
 
 (Chfctodon) 441,970 
 
 (laiiropsU) 874 
 
 (lanruH) 28,874 
 
 (Squalus) 22 
 
 (Trachynotus) 443, 912, 970 
 
 globiceps ((' ryphiena) 465 
 
 (01 ^ocottus) 718 
 
 gloriosns 470 
 
 QloasAinia 664 
 
 Glut Herring 267 
 
 glntinosa 4,5 
 
 Glypbidodon 610 
 
 Olyptoccpbalus 838 
 
 Gnathanodon 433 
 
 Goat-fiah 666 
 
 Goat's-head Porgee 929 
 
 Gobiesocidffi 747 
 
 Goblesox 748,957 
 
 GobildsB 629 
 
 gobioides (Cottus) 699 
 
 (llypHicometes) 808 
 
 (Umnldea) 699 
 
 Gobiomoroides ^ 631, 972 
 
 Gk>biomorns 631,972 
 
 Gobionellus 636, 047 
 
 gobioninum 140 
 
 Gobiosoma 638,948 
 
 Gobius 633,944,045,946 
 
 Goby... 6.>9, 633 
 
 Goggleeyo 466, 467 
 
 Goggler 434 
 
 Gold-fish 253 
 
 Golet 310 
 
 goinesl 898 
 
 Goniodus 14 
 
 Goniopercn 535 
 
 Goodea 348 
 
 goodei (Erimyzon) 134 
 
 (Lncania) 343 
 
 (Ptilichthys) 369 
 
 Goody 574 
 
 Goose-fish 844 
 
 CorbuBcha 305 
 
 gorbuBcha 305 
 
 goroensis 442,012 
 
 GoivJoD 102 
 
 Gourd-seed Sucker 121 
 
 gracile (Boleosoma) 522 
 
 gracilis (BlenniuB) 770 
 
 (Cottus) 099 
 
 (C.vprinuB) 220 
 
 (Gndns) 804 
 
 (Gila) 229 
 
 (GobiuB) 637 
 
 (GambuBia) 345,346,894 
 
 (Hybopsis) 213,214 
 
 (Lepidogobins) 637 
 
 (Leptoblennius) 779 
 
 (Leptogannellas) 778 
 
 Puge. 
 
 gracUis (Leucisoua) 187,220 
 
 (Lyoodea) 787 
 
 (Moniana) 176 
 
 ( Perca) 624 
 
 (Pinieludua) 109 
 
 (Platy gobio) 219 
 
 (Pojiilichtbya) 621 
 
 (I'tycbocheiluB) 2M 
 
 (Squaliua) 237 
 
 (Tigoma) 287 
 
 (Tileaia) 806 
 
 (Uranidea) 699 
 
 (Xiphophorua) 846 
 
 graciosua 109 
 
 graellsi 968 
 
 grahami (Gila) 228 
 
 (Leuciacna) 229 
 
 (Oligocephalua) 617 
 
 GrnmmiitopleuruB 641 
 
 Grarnmiconotus 374 
 
 Grande £caiUc .. . 887 
 
 grnndipinnia 185 
 
 gmndis (Fundulus) 336,801 
 
 (Gila) 226 
 
 (Leuciscus) ^ 226 
 
 (Ptycbochilua) 226 
 
 grandisquamis 003, 036, 937 
 
 grauulata '12 
 
 Graodus 163 
 
 Grass Biiss 466 
 
 Gray Snapper 548 
 
 Trout 581 
 
 grayi 119 
 
 Grayling 302 
 
 Giuy Pilic ,. 526 
 
 GrecnBass 484 
 
 Cod 806 
 
 Green-fish 448 
 
 Greenland Halibut 819 
 
 Green I'iko 358 
 
 Sturgeon 86 
 
 Grenadier 810,811 
 
 grex (Scomber) 424 
 
 Grindlo 94 
 
 grisen (Dionda) 156 
 
 (Lncioperca) 526 
 
 (Sciaina) 568 
 
 griseollneatum 384, 005, 906 
 
 griseum (Stizostcdiura) 526 
 
 (Carcharias) 28 
 
 gtiseus (Catostouius) 127 
 
 (^lesoprion) 649 
 
 (Squalus) Oi 
 
 grcenlandicuB (Cottus) 702, 703, 955 
 
 (Gunnellus) 767 
 
 (Himantolophus) 849 
 
 (HippoglosBus) 820 
 
 (Microstoma) 290 
 
 Gronias 102 
 
 gronovii . . , 449 
 
 Grouper 539 
 
 Grubby 701 
 
 grunniens 507 
 
 Gmnt 553 
 
 GtysteB 484 
 
982 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Orystlua 403 
 
 guacaniuia 807,338 
 
 guaf(uaucbo 4U 
 
 Giiiuw ri42,920 
 
 gaofA 542,920 
 
 Kunti veru Ml 
 
 gula (DiapteruH) 035 
 
 (Gerr«'8) 034 
 
 (Gilii) 236 
 
 (SfninliiiH) 236 
 
 gulonelliiH 220 
 
 gulosa (Uruniik-n) 605 
 
 guloauH (Centrart'liuH) 468 
 
 (CcufiitUriiiichtliys) 095 
 
 (Cliu-'iiobryttuH) 468,915 
 
 (CtiUopsis) 605 
 
 <Gol)iuH) 684,945 
 
 (Ltpidosobius) 945 
 
 (Ponintis) 467,468 
 
 Kiinelllformis 767,769 
 
 Gunnellops 766 
 
 GunnelliiH 766 
 
 gunneltus (Bk'Duius) 767 
 
 );uDneri 31 
 
 gunuiHoui 176 
 
 GurnanU 731, 733 
 
 {guttata (Coryi»liiciin) 014 
 
 (Penm) :.... 537,920 
 
 (ScoiTJienn) 679 
 
 gilttatuB ( AHt roHCiipuB) 020 
 
 (liodiiiniis) 541 
 
 (Cbiropsis) 645 
 
 (Cliinis) 645 
 
 (EiiiitiacHDthns) 471 
 
 (Epincpluilus) 919,073 
 
 (LninpriB) 453 
 
 (Pemtpsis) 322 
 
 (Poniotis) 470 
 
 (Sebastupistes) 680 
 
 (ZeuH) 453 
 
 (Zygoncictes) 341 
 
 guttuluta (Hypsopsetta) 830 
 
 guttulatus (Hippocampus) 907 
 
 guzitianieusis 126, 883 
 
 Gy iDuacantbus 708 
 
 Gyninelis 780 
 
 Gymnodontea — 850 
 
 Gymnothorax 350, 969 
 
 gymnnra (Trygon) 66 
 
 gymnurus (Gastcrosteus) 395 
 
 gyrinus (Eleotiis) . . , 631 
 
 (Noturus) 98 
 
 Gyrnpleurodus 32,875 
 
 H. 
 
 Hwldo 305 
 
 Haddock 803 
 
 Hadropterus 505 
 
 ba.-niatura * 160 
 
 Hsemulon 553 
 
 Hasmulum 534 
 
 Hairtail 421,422 
 
 Hake 808 
 
 Haleeluras 58 
 
 P»(te 
 
 HalatrociuB 4vt 
 
 Halecoiuorpbi n 
 
 Half-bvak 87« 
 
 Halias 79S,003 
 
 Halibnt 818,819,821 
 
 Halich ceroB 602 
 
 Halleu toia 851 
 
 UalienticbtbyB 851 
 
 Halipurca 535,917 
 
 halleri (UrolopbuB) 4o 
 
 HaiocypHifluB 377 
 
 Halopui'pbyruB 800 
 
 bamatuB (Icelus) 691,952 
 
 Hnmlct 918 
 
 Hammer-head 130 
 
 Hammer-heuded Shark 25,26 
 
 bammondi (Pcrcopsiit) 323 
 
 (PimeloduB) 100 
 
 Hand-saw Fish 276 
 
 Haplochlius 338 
 
 HaploidonotUB 567 
 
 Haplomi 823 
 
 Hard-head 313 
 
 Hard-mouth 150 
 
 Hard-tail 912 
 
 Hare-lip Sucker 143,144 
 
 Harengala 2(i8 
 
 barongulus 584,035 
 
 bareuguB (Coregonus) 301 
 
 (Clupoa) 265 
 
 (Lavlnia) 153 
 
 (Salmo) 301 
 
 barfordi (Ptycbochilus) 226 
 
 Harpe 601,936 
 
 Harvest-flah 450,451 
 
 hastata (Dasibatis) 48,70 
 
 (Pastinaca) 48 
 
 (Trygon) 70,879 
 
 hastatus (Gobionellus) 036 
 
 Hayko ... 305 
 
 Head-flsh 804,^65 
 
 heamii 320 
 
 hcermanni 592 
 
 Heliastes 611 
 
 Helioperca 472 
 
 heUe"! 348 
 
 HelmichthyidtB 362 
 
 Helops 85 
 
 hclvomaculatus 667 
 
 Heuidurgnn 651 
 
 Hemibrnuchil 387 
 
 Hemilcpidotus 714 
 
 liemilepldotna 715 
 
 Hemioplites 409 
 
 HemirhaiupLao 376, 902 
 
 HemirhombuB 81 0, 964 
 
 Hemistoma 6(i6 
 
 Hemitremia .. 162 
 
 HemitripterinaB 083 
 
 Hemitriptems 685 
 
 Hemitrygon 47 
 
 benlei 20,21,59,00,870 
 
 henshalli 338 
 
 hensbavii (Apocope) 210 
 
 henahawi (Salmo) 316 
 
INDEX. 
 
 993 
 
 Page. 
 
 l.entzi 758,0fl0 
 
 lieltUnoiuiH 388, 90« 
 
 llt'planuhiiM 34 
 
 Ileptatreraii 867,967 
 
 Heptranchias 34, 61, 62 
 
 Ileiichth.vH 608 
 
 IIotos 608,939 
 
 heios 480,481 
 
 HerpctoichlhyH 350,808 
 
 lleiTiiiK 204.265 
 
 herschiaii 900 
 
 Hetemndrla 344,345 
 
 hetoroclituM 336 
 
 heterodon 163 
 
 Uotcrodontidie 32,067 
 
 Uelerodontiis 32,875 
 
 rit'torognathus 406 
 
 Hoterolnpidiuii 640 
 
 Hetcropygll 324 
 
 Ut'toroprosopon S28 
 
 Ueterosomatu 813 
 
 Heterostichus 703, 962 
 
 lieterunim 271 
 
 huxaciiiitbuB 465 
 
 hexacoi-nis (Cotlas) 705 
 
 Ilexa^xnunmus 641,049 
 
 hexagramniUH 644 
 
 HoxanrhidtB 34 
 
 Uexancbus 61,62 
 
 hiaua 373,001 
 
 Hiatula 0:i6 
 
 hiatula 936 
 
 Hickory Shad 266,271 
 
 liieroglyphlcus 341 
 
 liillianim 903 
 
 Iliiiiantolophus 849 
 
 Uiml 540 
 
 liiniiuhis 10, 20, 59, 870 
 
 Uiodon 259 
 
 Hippoci»jnpida5 385 
 
 Hippocampus 386, 906, 9«7 
 
 hippocampus 380 
 
 Hippocephaliw 723 
 
 Hippoglossinii 821 
 
 Hippo;il()88oid('s 825, 826 
 
 hippoglotisoidcs 810, 820 
 
 lIippo<rlon8u.s 818 
 
 liippoglo«U8 819 
 
 liippops -• 149 
 
 hippos 435,437,438,970 
 
 hippurus 454, 914 
 
 hippua 437 
 
 hirado 10, 868 
 
 hirando 712,955 
 
 hispldas 966 
 
 Hiatiocottus 719 
 
 Histiophorina) 419 
 
 Histiophoras 421 
 
 histrio 845,846,965 
 
 hiulcus 273, 888 
 
 Hoe 16 
 
 Hog-flsh 499,501,601 
 
 Hog Molly 130,409 
 
 Hog Sucker 130 
 
 Holacanthus 615 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 03 
 
 Page. 
 
 holbtflJl 847 
 
 holbr<H)ki (DlploMu*) 650, 9,10, 072 
 
 (E(hcnci«) 417 
 
 (EupomotlB) 482 
 
 (0»mbu»ia) :M5, H0:1 
 
 (Heterandrla) :M,'), 894 
 
 ( L«'pouil8) 482, out 
 
 (Ophidium) 703,9(13 
 
 (I'omotls) 482 
 
 (SargUB) 5.'>g, sao 
 
 HolconotUH 500, 592, 936 
 
 Holia 305 
 
 Holocentrum 450,915 
 
 Holocentrua 459,015 
 
 Holoccphali 03 
 
 Hololppia 511 
 
 ilolostci 88 
 
 Homuloporana 809 
 
 homonymus .584,935 
 
 Homoprion ... 570 
 
 hoodl 320, 321 , 800 
 
 Hoopid 307 
 
 Hoplndelus 102 
 
 HoploBtnthus 458 
 
 Horned Dace 221 
 
 Horned Pout 104 
 
 Uoni-flsh 526 
 
 Horny-head 211 
 
 Horse CrevaI16 437 
 
 Horee-flsh 440 
 
 nor8e-head 439 
 
 Horao Mackerel 429,432,011 
 
 houghi 109 
 
 Hound Sharks 10 
 
 hoyi ( Argyrosomus) 300 
 
 (Coregonu8) 209 
 
 (Uranidea) 700 
 
 hubbardi 832 
 
 hudaouia (Cliola) 171 
 
 hud8onicu8 (Salmo) 320 
 
 Hudsouius 163,164 
 
 hudsonius (CatoatomuB) 127 
 
 (Hippocampus) 386, 007 
 
 humboldti (Scopoliis) 284 
 
 (Squalius) 234 
 
 (Tigoma) 234 
 
 humeralis (Cbterojulis) 603 
 
 (Julis) 603 
 
 (Leiostomus) 574 
 
 (Oligocephalua) 513 
 
 (Platyglossns) 003, 936, 937 
 
 humilis (Bryttus) 479 
 
 (Cottus) 705 
 
 <Gambu8ia) 345,894 
 
 (Leponiis) 479 
 
 Humpback Salmon 365 
 
 Huro 484 
 
 huronensis 91 
 
 HuBO 85 
 
 hyalinua 214 
 
 Hybognalhus ; 155,884,968 
 
 Hybopsis 163,104,105,211,213 
 
 Hyborhynchus 159 
 
 Hydrargyra 331,332 
 
 Hydrolagns 94 
 
SS^SM 
 
 994 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 -■iji--. 
 
 Page. 
 
 llydrophloT >. I85 
 
 liyilniplilox 'jsa 
 
 flyloiuy/.on l:;4, l;U) 
 
 HyniiiM 438 
 
 llyoiloii 259 
 
 Jly«iiloiitidw -JSa 
 
 HyoMtonift 490 
 
 Hyi>«>nou8. 565 
 
 Hy i>onf oliiiin 130 
 
 H>l)«>riatliis 4B5 
 
 llypoHMrtia fi 
 
 Ilyj>'>nitn>ttt 4 
 
 Uypcrpnwopon 500, 601 
 
 HyphnloniMlnis mxi, I)(i8 
 
 llyplourocliiliia 758 
 
 llypocritiflithys 500, 501 
 
 Ily pohomus ,>05 
 
 HyponioauB '.'04 
 
 HypopU'otnia 537,017 
 
 Hypoprioii 50, 61 
 
 Hypoprioiiodon 61 
 
 llyportluHlus 541 
 
 HypsjuromiB 7'JS 
 
 liypsoloptora 184, 185 
 
 Hypsilopis 185 
 
 Hypsii"oiut>to8 808 
 
 liypsiiiotus "215 
 
 Jlypsiptoro 708 
 
 llypsopspttft 830 
 
 Ifypsi IU8 503 
 
 Hypay pops 610 
 
 lIyBt<>rooarpliin> ."iSe 
 
 llystonu-arpiis 586 
 
 Jjystrix 803 
 
 I. 
 
 loolnB 080 
 
 Ichtlirt'lnrns 107 
 
 loliilicHs 472 
 
 lolithyolms 114 
 
 li'litliyomyron 0, 807 
 
 loifhthys 621 
 
 ItoatoidaB 610 
 
 Ji'ostt<(in 620 
 
 Icl.iliinm 106, 881 
 
 irtlit>loId«>8 406 
 
 JotiobuB 113, 882 
 
 ill<>o»'bro«ns 103 
 
 imniar iiliUn (CoryphiiMia) 014 
 
 ininiaoulitlnm (rybluin) 42i 
 
 iiniiuu'iilntiiB (Sitlnio) 320 
 
 Iitiostimia 408 
 
 iniyiorntor 900 
 
 iinpeiiiUia (K«ox) itTi 
 
 (Mupns) 814 
 
 (S«>bi«a«o») 670 
 
 (Ty loBuriis) 372 
 
 inipotiginoBiiB 540, 073 
 
 iumtptilobua 228 
 
 incise V 480 
 
 Iiicoiinii .' 304 
 
 inoonBtana 894 
 
 iiicraBsatua )21 
 
 iudirus (UcptAnciiB) 34 
 
 (KisUophorus) 421 
 
 Pac... 
 
 inditMiB (Kotidaiiufi) 34,0:1 
 
 (Ti't rapt iiniB) 900 
 
 iurnnis (Aiio;iIa}!on\iB) , ... 725 
 
 ( A !>pidi)phon)idi>!*) 725 
 
 (l\«ia) 44 
 
 (Si'liaatiH'.wi) 672 
 
 injjt'iia (OiiiicUiis) 797 
 
 (HippiKuuiipiiB) 38(1 
 
 iiinomiiiatiiB 343 
 
 inopiimtiia 395 
 
 iiun-ti;tt;\ ( T.ottt) k)2 
 
 (Kaiti) 878 
 
 inoiiiattiH (Apodii'litliya) 770 
 
 ((.^lyptiicantliodeB) 781 
 
 iiiMcriptiiiiMNiinoiitoMia) 512 
 
 iUHciii tna (XothoiKittia) .S12 
 
 ( INmmti.s) 478 
 
 (XiMiotis) 478 
 
 inaoiilptns 3!ifl 
 
 in,>ii<:ti(' (riiiiolodiiH) lOti 
 
 iiisinnis (Catostonms) 1,30 
 
 (Xotunus) 100 
 
 iiiBolat iiH 612 
 
 insiila>!«ani'ta'«THoiii 938 
 
 intoj:ripiuni« 764 
 
 intormodia (Tinoma) 238 
 
 iuttn-iiicdiua (iSaatci-rtstouB) 3<H! 
 
 (I'mnoxyc^ 4? > 
 
 vSjuirun) 889 
 
 (SipialiiiBi 238 
 
 (Synodu)i. 880 
 
 iDtomipta (Miironi>) 630 
 
 iiit«<rruptus (Aiiit)lt)pliti<!«) 460 
 
 (Ajrhoplitt's) 400 
 
 (Coiiti-aivlms) IC"), 400 
 
 (Goiiytromim) 923 
 
 (PoiaadasyH) 823 
 
 (K00CU8) 530 
 
 itinnm 882 
 
 loa 400,071 
 
 Io>!l688U8 04p 
 
 ionthafi ". , 960 
 
 io.s 048 
 
 irii'oHB (Coutriirchus) 464 
 
 (I,alini8) 464 
 
 (Satmo) 312 
 
 iriB (riiola) 172 
 
 (Uypsilopis) 172 
 
 ( Ii('»u'i»i".m) 221 
 
 Irish Ponipauo 034 
 
 l»ab»>ll(a or. 
 
 isohaiius 250 
 
 !«rhynis (I.cpomis) 474 
 
 (I'aniphrys) 8;i3 
 
 (Plcuroiu>oU>«^ 8;»2 
 
 iRMtlioH 767, ORO, 9(i0 
 
 iBlandicua T7li 
 
 isodoii 24, 874 
 
 23 
 
 401 
 
 8;{2 
 
 8;i2 
 
 8;i2 
 
 401 
 
 50<; 
 
 Isojiomphodon 
 
 iBolupiB (.VphivdodiTiiB) . 
 
 (LopidopBtitta) . . 
 
 (Pawpliryat — 
 
 (Ploni-oiu>ot««8) .. 
 
 (Stornottvniia) . . 
 Isopiftbinw 
 
INDEX. 
 
 995 
 
 m 
 
 770 
 781 
 
 MJ 
 M2 
 478 
 
 478 
 
 aiifl 
 
 l(Mt 
 130 
 UIO 
 
 or.' 
 
 !>'.18 
 764 
 
 ;!% 
 
 4' "> 
 8«t 
 2118 
 
 8Stl 
 
 r.:io 
 
 4t>li 
 
 4«(I 
 
 . I0'j,4l'>ti 
 
 923 
 
 530 
 892 
 . 490.071 
 948 
 iHK> 
 iM8 
 4(M 
 404 
 
 ai2 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 221 
 
 934 
 
 tur. 
 
 2S0 
 
 ... 474 
 
 8;r.i 
 8;i2 
 
 .7^7, 959, ««> 
 
 779 
 
 ... 24.874 
 
 401 
 
 832 
 8;t2 
 W2 
 401 
 
 Isopaett* 882 
 
 IiM>8])on<1yIi 256 
 
 latiuphonis 421 
 
 laurupsia 28 
 
 laarus 28,29,874 
 
 ':-':r^. J. r:- - 
 
 J«ok 666 
 
 Jack Salmon S3S 
 
 Jncksxili C95 
 
 jaoolii 571 
 
 JacolHra 417 
 
 jaoulus 202 
 
 jRok 705 
 
 ,iap<inont<iR - 300 
 
 JHiHiiiious 723 
 
 jarni vii ( I.opidoinrda) 252 
 
 (Minouius) 123 
 
 Jc\iunn8 194 
 
 ,j(>uu>f)vuu8 ., 203 
 
 Jonlgiiauo 925 
 
 Jerker 212 
 
 J ftwia> 518 
 
 ■Towtlsh 26-J.KU,540 
 
 ,Ii>lin A.Orindlo 04 
 
 Jotinina 569 
 
 .loliuny 718 
 
 Joliimy Darter 4''3 
 
 iTohiiny Venlo ixi6 
 
 John Taw 640 
 
 jouosi 347 
 
 JonlnnoUa 327 
 
 Jonlitiii (lloinilopiilotua) 715 
 
 (HipiHt^Iossoidos) 827 
 
 josophi 703,963 
 
 .juvralis 172 
 
 Jti};ular«>8 783 
 
 Juli()ini» 608 
 
 iTuiiipiii^ Miillot 142 
 
 .runip-nH-ks 142 
 
 Juno Suokor 132 
 
 .Tnri>l '. 012 
 
 X. 
 
 kniit)i SS4 
 
 kayko 306 
 
 Kclpflsh tW3,7e3,7(M 
 
 "ionliu'kieimia 179, 180 
 
 ki<nm>rlyl 300 
 
 kouuicottt (Cat4>notn8) 514 
 
 (Con^,{(mii») 208 
 
 ki>ta 305.307 
 
 Killillt»lM>8 3;n. 332, 33(1 
 
 K iiitf-fioh 453, 5-fl, 577. 582 
 
 K iiiK-ot'- 1 hp-Uxrring 617, 618 
 
 Kiuj;-(>f tli«>Miilli>t« M3 
 
 Kill); of-thoSalnum 618 
 
 Kins; SoIdoii 806 
 
 kiwtoh 307,308 
 
 Kniiiimya Kylta 308 
 
 kumlit III 090, 953 
 
 Ky phoHiia 972 
 
 kyaiitach 308 
 
 PagK 
 
 labiatas - 127 
 
 LabitU- .iiioa 406, 908 
 
 Labra -ina" 527 
 
 labmiUirioiis (AoautluK'uttua) 704 
 
 (Core(r«""«») 200 
 
 (Cottii8) 704 
 
 L»br«x 528,641 
 
 Labri>l:i> 697 
 
 Labrina> SOB 
 
 LabroHoinun 762, 962 
 
 labnif.as (C't-niti' hthys) 217 
 
 (Zoart't>8) 784 
 
 lac«>p» 143, 144 
 
 Ittertosna 102 
 
 Lachno1a>nitta 600 
 
 lacrynialis 140 
 
 laciniata 008, 969 
 
 Laotopluy.* 853 
 
 lacustris 108, 882 
 
 liady-lixh 258,601 
 
 LaMuarKUH 
 
 lirtitbilis , 
 
 bi'tiis. 
 
 Inn-ioaiulatiis , 
 
 latvigatus ( A Konim) 
 
 (AnloiiiiariuNl 
 
 (('liiroiu'ott'8) , 
 
 (LajiiH'ophaliis) 
 
 (T«>lro<l<m) 
 
 latvis (Aiipi<«»(>r) 
 
 (Mustolu.t) 
 
 ( I'lcuraoromy Ion) 
 
 (Kaiii) 
 
 (Uliiiiotriiiola) tW, 
 
 LaKayotto 451, 
 
 I.nn«>*'»"l'''»l'** 
 
 l»}5iH'«>pliivlns (I 'turns) , 
 
 ((irnniniatopletirtm) 
 
 (Lalirax) 
 
 (Oiioorbynohus) 
 
 (Salnv) 
 
 00, 
 
 14 
 175 
 768 
 386 
 723 
 846 
 846 
 880 
 860 
 87 
 870 
 tiO 
 42 
 870 
 574 
 850 
 041 
 641 
 641 
 3(16 
 306 
 143 
 
 Lasoilou 5.%8. 920.tV7l 
 
 Ijikt llorriuR 303 
 
 Lako Stiirift'on 87 
 
 Lako Trout 814 
 
 lalaudl 444.912.913 
 
 lamia 2;i, 00, 873 
 
 lamWla 873 
 
 Lanuia i 20 
 
 I^ininiibv 38 
 
 lamottoni 868 
 
 liamptTo^l 11 
 
 Lniiipi'm 7 
 
 Lampctra 7,8,57.867 
 
 lampct ra<torml« 779 
 
 La«ipr«>y 6,867 
 
 Lamptididiv 4.V< 
 
 LanipiiM 463 
 
 I.anipuuu!( 494 
 
 Ij)»nci'li>t ...•«>«. 2,3.807 
 
 latict'olata (Sriirua) 670, OJll 
 
 lni)c-(H.!atniii (UraiiohUratonia) 57, 867 
 
 La);ti<'hila . 
 
096 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Innoeolatas (EqucH) . 932 
 
 (Gobius) 636 
 
 (Hcmoprion) 570 
 
 (Liniax) ;),867 
 
 (Stelliferua) 570 
 
 Lancet-flab 274, 276 
 
 Lant 414 
 
 Large-moiitbed Black Bass 484 
 
 Large-acaled Sucker 140 
 
 Larimua 578, 933 
 
 lata 67 
 
 laterale (Ditremn) 594 
 
 lateralis (Abramis) 251 
 
 (Alvarius) 522 
 
 (Artedius) ^ 
 
 (Calycilepidotus) 690 
 
 (Eiibiottsa) 595 
 
 (Ictlna) 689 
 
 (Mylochullus) 225 
 
 (PoecilichtfcyB) 522 
 
 (Rlcbardsoniua) 251 
 
 ' (Scorptenichthys) 690 
 
 (Taeniotoca) 595 
 
 (Zygonect«s) 341 
 
 iBtleandua (Scoliodon) 24 
 
 latirteps (Aetobatis) 879 
 
 (Cepbnloscylllum) 59 
 
 (Scylliuin) 58, 59 
 
 f Stoaaodon) 879 
 
 latifaaciatus 329 
 
 latifrona.... 782 
 
 Latilida; 623,880 
 
 latimanus 373,901 
 
 latior 299 
 
 Intipinna (Mollienesia) 347 
 
 Iniipiniiis (Catostomua) 125 
 
 (Zaniolepia) 647 
 
 latirostria 870 
 
 laurettw 889 
 
 lanta.. 453 
 
 Lavinia 152 
 
 Lawyer 04, 802 
 
 Leaat Darter 523 
 
 Leather-Jacket 446, 447, 855 
 
 Leather-sided MinnoTV 234 
 
 Lebias ... 328,329 
 
 Loisomus... 860 
 
 Leiocottud 711 
 
 Leioatomus 574 
 
 leiurua 395 
 
 Le-Kni , 305 
 
 Lembua 630 
 
 Lemniscati 362 
 
 lemniscatim 100 
 
 lentigiiiosiis 65 
 
 leouonais 517 
 
 loonlaa 174 
 
 Lepibema 529 
 
 Inpida (Boloo«'«'ii) 517 
 
 (CliolB) 177 
 
 Lepidion 800 
 
 Lcpidogobltw 687,945,947 
 
 LepldoIopruK 811 
 
 Lepidomeda 251 
 
 I.epidopaetta 831,833 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Lepidorhombus g]5 
 
 LepidosteidtB f,^ 
 
 Lepidostena 90, 88a 
 
 lepidum (Boleoaoma) 5)7 
 
 lepidua (Gobiua) 037 
 
 (Oligocephalua) 517 
 
 (PoEcillchthya) 517 
 
 Lepiopomus 475 
 
 Lepisoma 70'j 
 
 Lepomia 472, 484 
 
 leptacanthna (Noturas) on 
 
 LeptagoDUS 726,95.j 
 
 Leptoblcnnina 778 
 
 Leptocardii 2 
 
 LeptocephalidsB 362 
 
 Leptocephalua 362,909 
 
 leptocephalus 215 
 
 Leptocliuua 776 
 
 Leptocottua 713 
 
 Leptogunnellua 770 
 
 Leptophidium 793 
 
 Leptopa 881 
 
 Leptorbynchus 36t) 
 
 leptorhynchnm 384, 906 
 
 Leptoscopidffi 752 
 
 leptoaomua 249 
 
 Lepturus 422 
 
 lepturua ( Anarrhichas) ; 782 
 
 (Trichinms) 422 
 
 lesaonii (Tetrapturus) 909 
 
 lesueHrianum (Exogloaaum) 160 
 
 Letbarchus 896 
 
 lencbtenbergi 366 
 
 lenciodus 134, 195 
 
 Leuci8cina3 146 
 
 leuciaons 230 
 
 leucops (Photogenia) 201 
 
 Icncoptia (Photogenia) 180 
 
 leucorbynchuB 38, 876 
 
 Lencoa 2'<4,887 
 
 LeucoaomuB 220,222 
 
 leucoatictus , 010 
 
 Leucna 244,887 
 
 Leuresthes 405 
 
 Leurynnia 784 
 
 lewiai 315 
 
 Hbertatla 269 
 
 Limanda 831,834 
 
 limandoidea 826 
 
 limbatua 23,24,61 
 
 limi 350 
 
 Llmia 346,347 
 
 Liranurgua 342 
 
 limosa (Myxlne) !> 
 
 limosaa (Filodictia) 101 
 
 (Pimelodua) 102 
 
 llneata (Aloaa) 267 
 
 (Corypbwna) 97;( 
 
 (Ecbeneis) 417,970 
 
 (EmblotocA) 595 
 
 (Llparis) 742,957 
 
 (Novaou!a) 005 
 
 (Sciaena) 529,575 
 
 .(Tlgoma) 237 
 
 (Trlgla).... 736 
 
INDEX. 
 
 997 
 
 Pago. 
 815 
 
 fi9 
 90,880 
 517 
 637 
 517 
 517 
 47G 
 70'J 
 472, 484 
 98 
 726, 055 
 778 
 2 
 362 
 362, 969 
 215 
 776 
 713 
 776 
 703 
 881 
 366 
 384,906 
 752 
 249 
 422 
 782 
 422 
 009 
 160 
 896 
 366 
 134, 195 
 146 
 230 
 201 
 180 
 38, 876 
 2Ai, 887 
 220, 222 
 610 
 244, 887 
 405 
 784 
 315 
 269 
 831, 834 
 826 
 23, 24, 61 
 350 
 346, 347 
 342 
 5 
 101 
 102 
 267 
 07;! 
 417, 970 
 695 
 742, 957 
 OOo 
 529, 575 
 237 
 736 
 
 Page. 
 
 lineatns (ikchiruB) 841 
 
 (Amblodon) 56« 
 
 (Cyclopterua) 742 
 
 (DormiUtor) 632, 044 
 
 ,.;; (Genyonemus) 574 
 
 !•! (Grystes) 646 
 
 nJ (Labrax) 529 
 
 ,. .. (Liootomns) 675 
 
 i;:v (Micropogon) 575 
 
 X., (Mugil) 403,404 
 
 ..:' (Phthirichthys) 969 
 
 « .. (Pleuronectes) 842 
 
 .r . (Prionotua) 736 
 
 (ItoccuB) 520 
 
 (Sqn^ina) 236 
 
 (TriModon) 627 
 
 (Xyrichthys) 605,973 
 
 -' (Zygonectes) 339 
 
 lineolata (Cliola) 168 
 
 (Mollieneaia) 894 
 
 (Pelamya) 428 
 
 (Poecilia) 347 
 
 lineolatam (Etbeostoma) 513 
 
 lineolatuB (Albumna) 168 
 
 (CatoDotas) 513 
 
 ^..^uciacna) 168 
 
 (Zygonectes) 341 
 
 Ling 646,802,009 
 
 linsloyi 514 
 
 Liocottua 711, 955 
 
 liolepis 825 
 
 Llamonacanthus 858 
 
 Liouiacna 85 
 
 liop«-Uia 87 
 
 Liopaotta 831 
 
 lioiua 131,132 
 
 lioatemua 206 
 
 Lioatomus 573 
 
 Liparidl(la3 738 
 
 lipariuiv 739 
 
 Liparis 740 
 
 liparis 742 
 
 Lipomyzon 132 
 
 Lirua 452,014 
 
 lirua (Lepomia) 483 
 
 (Minnilua) 199 
 
 (Nototropis) 200 
 
 Litholepia 02,880 
 
 littoi'alis (Engomphodua) 28. 
 
 (Menaoirrna) 577,033 
 
 (Odontaapis) . 874 
 
 >/ (Squalus) 28 
 
 i- (Umbrina) 577 
 
 lituroana 966 
 
 lividus (Petromyzon) 8 
 
 (Sllarna) 105 
 
 Liza 403 
 
 Lizard-flah 279,280 
 
 Lobutes 554 
 
 Lobotinm 546 
 
 lockinptoni 621 
 
 LogPercli 499 
 
 lonc-hunis 043 
 
 longa (Dasibatia) 66 
 
 Louge 317 
 
 Long-eared Sun-fish 477 
 
 longiceps (Hybopais) 168 
 
 (Sibonia) 241, 887 
 
 lon^jitollis 000 
 
 longimanus 482 
 
 longipinne (Hulooontrum) 450 
 
 longipinniH (Rhonibua) 451 
 
 iongiroatna ( Alburnopa) 167 
 
 (Catostoinua) 126 
 
 (Cliola)... 167 
 
 (Esox) 374 
 
 (EuleptorhamphuH) 377 
 
 (Hemirhaniphus) 377 
 
 (TyloauruB) 374,902 
 
 longirostruni (Catoatomua) 124 
 
 loDgiapinia 480 
 
 Long-nuaed Dace 207 
 
 Gar 01 
 
 Suclter 127 ' 
 
 longuliis 473 
 
 longus 899 
 
 Look-down 439 
 
 LophiidiC 844 
 
 LopIiiuB 844 
 
 lophiua 107 
 
 Lophobranehii 381 
 
 Lopbolatilna 624 
 
 Lophopsetta 815 
 
 lordii 320 
 
 loricatus 723 
 
 Lota 801 
 
 lota (Gadus) 802 
 
 louiaiansB 383,384,904,906 
 
 labricum 3 
 
 Lucania 342 
 
 lucens 213 
 
 luciiv 342 
 
 lucidus (Coregonus) 301 
 
 (Luxihis) 249 
 
 (Xoteniigonus) 24!) 
 
 (Salmo) 301 
 
 luciocepa 281 
 
 Lucioperca 525 
 
 Luciotnitta 304 
 
 luciua(E80x) 353 
 
 (Ptycliofhilna) 227 
 
 ludlbunda 177 
 
 lugubris 177 
 
 lumbricua 899 
 
 Lumpenna 770 
 
 lumpcnua 778 
 
 Lump-sucker 744 
 
 Lunipus 746 
 
 luinpua 747 
 
 luna (Lampria) 453 
 
 (Pomotij^ 480 
 
 (Zeua) 453 
 
 luuatua 885 
 
 Innnlatus 920 
 
 lupna (Amiuras) 107 
 
 (Anarrbichas) 781 
 
 (Ictalurua) 107 
 
 (Pimelodua) 107 
 
 luteua 885 
 
 lutipinniB 100 
 
998 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ■' ' Page. 
 
 LutjanincB 546 
 
 Lutjanus 547,021,971 
 
 lutrensls 173,175 
 
 liixatus 133 
 
 laxiloides 177 
 
 Luxilus 185,186,250 
 
 lycaodon 308, 309 
 
 LycodidiB 783 
 
 Lycodalepis 788 
 
 Lycodes 785 
 
 Lycodopsis 784 
 
 lyriciis 633, 945 
 
 lynx 107 
 
 lythrochloris 478 
 
 Lythrurus 185,196 
 
 M. 
 
 tnacarellus 433 
 
 Macho 403 
 
 mackenzii 304 
 
 Mackerel Scad 432 
 
 Mackinaw Trout 817 
 
 maclura 46, 47 
 
 inacrocephalum (Etheostoina) 501 
 
 uiacrocepbalus ( Alvordius) 501 
 
 (Gadu8) 804 
 
 (Gunnellus) 767 
 
 (Semotilus) 221 
 
 tnacrochilus 128 
 
 macrocbirus 475 
 
 Macrodonophis 359, 897 
 
 macrolepidota (Myxostoma) 140 
 
 macrolepidotum (Moxostoiua) 140 
 
 macrolepidotua (Catostomas) 140 
 
 (Leuciacus) 223 
 
 (Pogonichthys) 223 
 
 mocrophthalinus 544, 971 
 
 ruacropa 927 
 
 niacropterum (Exoglossum) 130 
 
 niacropterus (Contrarchus) 463 
 
 (Labrus) 464 
 
 niacrorliynchus 37' 
 
 uiaorostoma 177 
 
 Macrourus 811 
 
 luacroiirus ( Alopias) 27 
 
 Macrozoarces 784 
 
 MacruridtB 810 
 
 Mucrurus 811 
 
 macrurus (Ophichthya) 898 
 
 (Oxyodontlchthys) 808 
 
 maculariua 330 
 
 maculata (Aniia) 030 
 
 (Elcotria) 032 
 
 (Etheoatoma) 508 
 
 (Heraitiemia) 162 
 
 (Lophopaetta) • 816 
 
 ~ (Morone) 483 
 
 X' (Perca) 540,018 
 
 (Sciujna) 632 
 
 luaculaticeps 492 
 
 luaculatum ( Aulostoma) 390 
 
 (Boleosonia) 492 
 
 (Cyblum) 428 
 
 (Cynoacion) 581, 034 
 
 Page. 
 
 maculatua (Alvordius) 502 50H 
 
 (Apogon) 930 
 
 (Sodianua) 537 
 
 (Botbus) 81.-, 
 
 (Clinus) 777 
 
 (Cryptacautbodea) yj^jo 
 
 (Diodon) go:) 
 
 (Dormitator) 632, 944 
 
 (Hadroptdma) 502 
 
 (Heptranchiaa) 62 
 
 (Holocentrua) 540 
 
 • (Hypeneus) 56,-, 
 
 (Labru.s) 58i 
 
 (Lumptiuua) 777 
 
 (Monopriou) 030 
 
 (Mullbypeneua) ■ 5fl,) 
 
 (Mullua) 505 
 
 ' (Nothonotaa) 508 
 
 ;' (Notorhynchua) 34,63 
 
 '' (Platypoecilua) 348 
 
 (Pleuronectea) 816 
 
 (Rhypticua) rA'.i 
 
 (Scomber) 426 
 
 (Scomberomorua) 426 
 
 (STranua) 54n 
 
 (Stichffiua) ,.7 
 
 (Upeneua) 565 
 
 macalociuctua 615 
 
 maculofasciatua 536 
 
 maculosa (Lota) 802 
 
 maculoseriatua 64(i 
 
 mactilostriatua 864 
 
 macuioans f Acipenaer) ...".. 87 
 
 (Centrarcbua) 460 
 
 (Centridermicbthya) 718 
 
 (Gadua) 802 
 
 (Oligocottua) 718 
 
 (Paralicbthys) 821 
 
 (Pimephalea) 159 
 
 Mademoiaelle 5TU 
 
 moiandricua 740 
 
 magdaleniB 580 
 
 mainenaia 394 
 
 majalia 332 
 
 ma,jur (Actinochir) 741 
 
 (Cyclopterua) 741 
 
 (Liparia) 711 
 
 (Ptycbocbeilus) 226 
 
 Malacantliidffi 610, 624 
 
 Malacoateua 287 
 
 Malaabcganay 568 
 
 maligi-r 673,674 
 
 malleus 26 
 
 Mallotua 291,889 
 
 Malma 319 
 
 malma (Salmo) 319,320 
 
 MaUbiea 850 
 
 Malthe 850 
 
 Maltbidoi 84ii 
 
 Mancaliaa 848 
 
 Man-eater Shark 30 
 
 Mangrove Snapper 549 
 
 manitou SOU 
 
 Manjuari 92 
 
 Manta ' 52 
 
INDEX. 
 
 999 
 
 I : Page. 
 
 nian*a 52 
 
 luapo (Gobiii8) 045 
 
 niargaritatus 038 
 
 luargaritus 235 
 
 margarotia 471 
 
 marginata (Uranldoa) 008 
 
 marginatum (Opliidium) 702 
 
 marginatus (Urosmius) 706 
 
 (Brosmophycis) 706 
 
 5 (Dinematichthy 706 
 
 r-i' (Ilaliaa) 706 
 
 "' (llcmirhnmphua) 002 
 
 (Leporaia) 478 
 
 (Noturus) 100 
 
 (Pomotis) 478 
 
 marina (PcTca) 652 
 
 niariuus (iEluiiclithys) Ill 
 
 (Esox) 002 
 
 (I troiuy zou) 10, 11, 867, 8G8, 800 
 
 (Sobastes) 051 
 
 '^ • (SUuriis) Ill 
 
 (Tylosunis) 0y2 
 
 uiarmorata ( Ptoroplatea ) 47 
 
 marmoratus ( Araiuius) 104 
 
 (Autcnnarius) 846 
 
 t (Cottus) 700 
 
 V (Cremnobates) 002 
 
 ■ ; „ (Ucmittjpterus) 717 
 
 y (Pimelotlus) 104 
 
 --• (r.hlnichthys) :J07, 885 
 
 (Scorpasnichthya) 716 
 
 Marsipobi-anchii 3, 57 
 
 Mascaluugus 353 
 
 Muskallungo 353 
 
 iiiHsoni 313 
 
 niRssachusettensis 857 
 
 Mastacembelidai 368 
 
 matamorcnsis 347 
 
 Mathomog 882 
 
 mattowacca 267 
 
 uiatutiuua 100 
 
 mauritii 440 
 
 Maui'olicua 383 
 
 maxillaris 708 
 
 uiaxilliugua 100 
 
 maxillo8iii> (GnatUypops) 042 
 
 ( OpiatbognathuB) 043 
 
 (Kliinichthys) 207, 208, 885 
 
 maximum 31,61,875 
 
 May llsli 332 
 
 May Suclier 144 
 
 Mcda 252 
 
 Medialuna 502 
 
 mediocris 206 
 
 modirostria 86 
 
 niediterranea (Sarda) 427 
 
 meditcrrancus ( lloplostothus) 458 
 
 (Scomber) 428 
 
 modiua (Anisarchus) 777 
 
 (Calamus) . 028 
 
 (ClinuB) 777 
 
 (Grammateua) 028 
 
 (Lumpunua) 777 
 
 (Sticliajus) 777 
 
 mcgacepbalus (Calamua) 026 
 
 Pago. 
 
 megacephalus (Cbitonotns) COi) 
 
 (Icelus) 662 
 
 Megalocottua 70'i 
 
 Megalopino) 201 
 
 Megalopa 201 
 
 megalops ( Alburnolliia) 105 
 
 (Albumus) 105 
 
 (Ditruma) 50'j 
 
 (Ennichthys) 502 
 
 (Minnilus) 105 
 
 (Piraclodus) 100 
 
 (Trycberodon) 247 
 
 megalotia 177,478,480 
 
 mclami tcrus 309 
 
 mclanocepbalua 158 
 
 melanogaster 823 
 
 Mulanogramnms 803 
 
 melantns (Uryttus) 468 
 
 rCalliurus) 467,468 
 
 (Catostomus) 135,130 
 
 (Dionda) 157 
 
 (Glossoplites) 408 
 
 (Ilaplocbilus) 340,894 
 
 (Hybognatbua) 157 
 
 (Ictbulis) 473 
 
 (Lepomls) 473 
 
 (Minytrema) 130 
 
 (Sebastes) 057, 658 
 
 (Sebaatodos) 6" « 
 
 (Zygonectes) 340,892 
 
 melanopterura 55:i 
 
 melanoatictua 828 
 
 melanotia (Limamura^na) 356 
 
 (Muraena) 355,804 
 
 m(;Ianotua (Catoatomus) 150 
 
 mohtnura (Perca) 548, 021 
 
 melanurua (ExocobUis) 370, 004 
 
 (Lutjaims) .* 548,021 
 
 (Ocyurus) 548 
 
 melaa 104 
 
 meleagris 208, 885, 88(( 
 
 Mcletta 204,200 
 
 MoUetea 710 
 
 Monidia 400,008,000 
 
 mer.idia ( Atberiua) , .400, 407, 408, 000 
 
 (Atherinlcbthys) 407 
 
 Menhaden 260 
 
 menhaden 270 
 
 Menomonee Whitc-flsh 208 
 
 nien<iiia 335 
 
 Mentii'irriiB 670 
 
 meridionalis ( Amiurus) lOP 
 
 (Bubalichthys) 110 
 
 (Cottus) 607 
 
 (Ictahirua) 100 
 
 (Sclerogiiathus) 116 
 
 (Uranidca) 097 
 
 raerki 300 
 
 MerUingus 807 
 
 merlaugua ( Anoplopoma) 650 
 
 Merluccio 800 
 
 merlucciua (Gadus) 800 
 
 Merlucius 808 
 
 Merou 539,656 
 
 mertenal 700 
 
 i! 
 ■1 
 
1000 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 ' • ■ Pago. 
 
 mosoeas 492 
 
 mosogaster 377 
 
 Mesogonistias 471 
 
 Mesoprion 547 
 
 mesoti'cma 461 
 
 metallica 209 
 
 Metopuuopt) 81G 
 
 Metrogaster 588 
 
 mexicanum (DoroHuma) 887 
 
 moxicanua (C batoiitiaus) 888 
 
 (Mngil) 403,908 
 
 Michigan Herring 301 
 
 Grayling 303 
 
 Micristius 338,340 
 
 Micriatodus 32,875 
 
 microcephalua (Gasterostous) — 395 
 
 (SomnioauH) 14, 15, 57 
 
 Microgadua 805 
 
 microlepidotua 151, 152 
 
 microlepia '. 538 
 
 microlopbuB 482 
 
 Micrometrua ■ 588, 930 
 
 Microperca 522 
 
 Micropogon 575 
 
 micropogon 212 
 
 micropa (Calliunia) 473 
 
 (taulolatilua) C2G 
 
 (Corvina) 570 
 
 (Cottunculufl) 088,352 
 
 (Lepomia) 473 
 
 (Sparus) 928 
 
 Micropterus 484 
 
 Mlcroptery X 440 
 
 micropteryx 203 
 
 micropus (Clupoa) 203 
 
 (Gaateroatoua) 394 
 
 microatigmiua 900 
 
 Microatoma 289,889 
 
 microatoma (Cliola) , 168 
 
 (Gasteropelocus,) 289 
 
 (Uranidea) COS 
 
 Microatomus 838 
 
 luicroatomiiB (Cithariclith.va) 817 
 
 (Minnilua) 108 
 
 Midshipman 751 
 
 mllberU (Arius) 110 
 
 (GarcliariiiH) 23, 872 
 
 (Carcharinus) 22 
 
 (Eulamia) 60,872 
 
 mileei 159 
 
 Miller's Thumb 093,600 
 
 milneri (Calamua) 928 
 
 (Nocomis) 218,219 
 
 * (Pagellus) 556 
 
 (Sparus) 556,928 
 
 milnerianus 243 
 
 mineopas 473 
 
 miniatum (Poristediuui) 732 
 
 roiniatua (Lepomls) 476 
 
 (Sebaafiohthya) 664 
 
 (Scbastodes) 663 
 
 minima ( Abeona) 587, 588 
 
 Minnilua 185,200 
 
 Minnow 242 
 
 Page. 
 
 Minomna ^ 124 
 
 minor 781 
 
 rainuta 698 
 
 Miuytroma 135 
 
 mirabilo (Exogloasum) 205 
 
 mirabilia (Clapea) 265 
 
 (Gillichthya) 63(: 
 
 ( Phcnacobiua) 205 
 
 Misciaaippi Cat 108 
 
 Missouri Suclter 121 
 
 niiasurivusia 168, 169 
 
 mitchilli (Cottua) 702, !)."• 
 
 (Engraulis) 273,888 
 
 (Stolephorua) 888 
 
 mrurus 99 
 
 modesta (Cheonda) 242 
 
 modestaa (Julia) 604 
 
 (Oxyjulia) 604 
 
 (Paeudojulis) 604 
 
 (Squaliua) 242 
 
 Mojarra 611,934 
 
 Mola 805 
 
 mola 860 
 
 Molacanthua 865 
 
 molfstum 638 
 
 Mollicnusia 346,894 
 
 mollis 842 
 
 Molva 801 
 
 wolva (Gadus) 801 
 
 Molvclli! 790 
 
 Monacantbua 850,965 
 
 monacbus 217 
 
 Mongrel White-flah 301 
 
 Moniana 163, 105, 173 
 
 Mouk-flah 35,844 
 
 Monolcne 840 
 
 Monoprion 931 
 
 monopterygiua (Aspidophoioidea) 724 
 
 (CbiruB) 642 
 
 (Cottus) 725 
 
 ,1 (Hexagrammua) 642 
 
 (Labrax) 642 
 
 Monoaira 933 
 
 montagui 743 
 
 montana (Gila) 234 
 
 Montana Grayling 303 
 
 montanua (Clinostomua) 234 
 
 (Squaliui) 234 
 
 (Thymallua) 303 
 
 Moon-eye 259, 200 
 
 Moon-flah 439 
 
 Moray 355 
 
 mordax (Atherina) £93 
 
 (Crotalopaia) 359 
 
 (Engraulia) 272 
 
 ( Macrodonophia) 359, 897 
 
 (Murccna) 356 
 
 (Opbichtbya) 897 
 
 (Oaraerua) 203 
 
 moringa 805 
 
 morio 540,919 
 
 Morono 530 
 
 Morrhua 604 
 
 niorrhun (Gadua) 804 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1001 
 
 Page. 
 124 
 781 
 698 
 ISf) 
 
 son 
 
 205 
 
 2or> 
 
 108 
 121 
 108, 16!t 
 702, 0.".'> 
 273, 888 
 888 
 • 90 
 ; ^ s^ 242 
 .' : 604 
 . 604 
 604 
 242 
 , 011,934 
 865 
 860 
 
 638 
 . 346,894 
 842 
 801 
 801 
 790 
 . 850,065 
 217 
 301 
 13, lOo, 173 
 . . 35, 844 
 840 
 931 
 724 
 G42 
 72.-. 
 042 
 642 
 038 
 743 
 234 
 303 
 234 
 234 
 303 
 259, 200 
 439 
 355 
 293 
 359 
 272 
 . 359,897 
 356 
 897 
 203 
 805 
 . 540,919 
 530 
 804 
 804 
 
 Page. 
 
 morrisi , 862 
 
 LIo88bunker 269 
 
 Motella 796 
 
 iDOUcharra 010 
 
 Mouae-flsh 845 
 
 MoxoBtomn 182,136 
 
 mucosa (Liparis) 744 
 
 mucosum (Kiphidion) ■ . 773 
 
 mucosas ( Acanthocottus) 703, 055 
 
 (Lycodalopia) 788 
 
 (Lycodes) 788 
 
 ' 'i? ■' (Neolipai'is) 744 
 
 (Xiphiater) 772 
 
 mucrouata ( I'erca) 531 
 
 mucronatum (Ophidium ) 767 
 
 mucrouatus (NeoconKor) 360, 900 
 
 Mud-cat 101,102 
 
 Mud-dab 837 
 
 Mud-flsh 91,636 
 
 mudHah (Fundulus) 331 
 
 Mud-flaUea 92,350 
 
 MudMinnowa 349,350 
 
 MudSun-flah 409 
 
 Mufflo-jaw 696 
 
 MuRil 402 
 
 MugilidcD 401 
 
 mugiloidcs 032 
 
 uiuikiai 313 
 
 Mullot 239 
 
 MuUota.. 401,402 
 
 Mullid» 504 
 
 Mullhypoueus 505 
 
 Mullua 564,931 
 
 raultif.isciata 334,335,891,892 
 
 inultifllia 738 
 
 multilineata (Poscilia) 347 
 
 muUilineatus (Labriix) .530 
 
 mniiimaculatus (Diodon) 863 
 
 Mummicho<; 336 
 
 Mupua 914 
 
 Muia;ua 355, 394, 895 
 
 AluracnidiU 355 
 
 eugyachiataj 3r-5 
 
 MurocnoidfS 768 
 
 MuraJUDpsia 359, 969 
 
 muriniia 475,470 
 
 muaica 240 
 
 Musqiiaw lUvor Whlt(sUsU 299 
 
 Mustilua 19,59,870 
 
 iiuitatum 492 
 
 Myctoi)hum 281 
 
 mykiss 313 
 
 Mjliobatidp- 49 
 
 Myliobatia .50,879,880 
 
 Myloclipi' ,18 ^24 
 
 Mylocbiliia 224 
 
 Myloleucua 244, 24.-., 887 
 
 My lopharodon 225 
 
 myopa 281 
 
 Myoxoeephalus "OO 
 
 Myrlchthya 360 
 
 Myriolcpia 649 
 
 Myrophia 899 
 
 mystacalis 475 
 
 myatinua 659 
 
 Page. 
 
 Myatriophia 358 
 
 Myxino 4 
 
 MyxinidsB 4 
 
 Myzouts :i 
 
 Myzopaetta 831 
 
 ■ » . 
 
 nacrca 230 
 
 namaycush 317,890 
 
 Nanoatoma 609 
 
 nanus 272,888 
 
 Narciuo 877 
 
 iiaresl 318, 319, 968 
 
 narinari 50, 879 
 
 Naaaau Grouper 918 
 
 uaaua 370 
 
 nasuta (Malthe) 850 
 
 nasntum (Campostoma) 149 
 
 naautus ( Argyreus) 207 
 
 (Lenciscua) 207 
 
 (Rhinichthya) 207,885 
 
 natalia 105 
 
 Kauclerus 443 
 
 naucratcoides 417 
 
 Naucratca 443 
 
 naucralea (Echenels) 416 
 
 (Leptechcnois) 417 
 
 Nautichthy s 720 
 
 nebrascenais 212 
 
 nebulifer (Catoatoraua) 883 
 
 (Labrax) 537 
 
 (Paralabrax) 537 
 
 (Serranua) 530 
 
 ncbulifei'iiH (Catoatomua) 883 
 
 uebuloaa (Etbeostoma) Ijoo 
 
 (Soieeua) 577 
 
 (Umbrina) 577 
 
 nebulusus ( AcantUoleblus) 644 
 
 (Ceutrouotus) 76S 
 
 (Clilropais) 044 
 
 (Chirus) 644 
 
 (Clinus) 779 
 
 (Gaaterostoua) 394 
 
 (Lycotlea) 787 
 
 (Menticirrus) 577,933 
 
 (Pimelodua) 105 
 
 (Sebastcs) 676 
 
 (Sebastodes) 670 
 
 (Zeus) 456 
 
 Nccdle-flsh 374 
 
 nuglectus 568 
 
 Kegrita 537 
 
 Nomatognathl 95 
 
 Kumichtbyids 365 
 
 Nomicbt hys 366 
 
 Neoclinua * 760 
 
 Neoconger S60 
 
 neogieus 248 
 
 neohantoniensis 200 
 
 Neoliparis 744 
 
 NoomaBnis 649 
 
 noptaelus (Lcpomis) 475 
 
 (Tetrodon) 966 
 
 nerka 308 
 
 Norophis 382 
 
1002 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 novisensiB 502 
 
 110 wburrii (Eucyclogobius) (J38 
 
 (Fa.io) 313 
 
 (GobiiiH) 638 
 
 ^"^ (Ltpidogobius; 637 
 
 New Light 464 
 
 uewniaui 497 
 
 iiichoUl 046 
 
 iiigellua 159 
 
 uiger ( Animoc(Bte») 9, 867 
 
 (Astroucsthes) 288 
 
 (Bubttlicbtbys) 116 
 
 , (Chiaamodou) ' 810 
 
 • (Cougor) 362,3tB 
 
 ■ (CottuB) 707 
 
 (Ebox) 352 
 
 (GaHturostuus) 396 
 
 • (Gobius) 033 
 
 (Malacusteua) 287 
 
 (Squaliua) 239 
 
 Nigger-flsh 541 
 
 nigra (Aatrouosthes) 287 
 
 (Elacate) 419 
 
 (EtheoBtoma) 492 
 
 (Gila) 239 
 
 (Scia?na) 572 
 
 (Tautoga) 599 
 
 uigresceuB (Corypbama) 017 
 
 (CyelcptuB) 120 
 
 (ScrraiiuB) 016 
 
 (SqualiuB) 242 
 
 (Tigoma) 242 
 
 uigricans (Acaiitlmi-UB) 617, 941 
 
 (Amiurus) 108 
 
 (Camarina) 500 
 
 (CatostomuB) 130 
 
 (ContropriBtiB) 533,534,017 
 
 (Clwtodou) 941 
 
 (Girella) 580 
 
 (Huro) 485 
 
 (Ilylomyzon) 131 
 
 (IlypoplectruB) 537, 918 
 
 (IctaluruB) 882 
 
 (Micropterus) 485 
 
 (Potroinyzon) 11, 868, 869 
 
 (Piinelodus) 108 
 
 (Plectropoma) 537 
 
 nigrilabris 102 
 
 nigripiuuia ( Argy roaomuB) 301 
 
 (Coregonus) 301 
 
 (Rljypticus) 020 
 
 nigritua 540,541,920 
 
 uigrocinctua 677, 078 
 
 iiigrofasciata (Hydrargyra) 336 
 
 nigrofasciatUB (Fundulua) 335 
 
 (Hatlropterns) 500 
 
 uigromaculatus 465 
 
 nigromai'giuata 357 
 
 nigroticniata 164 
 
 uigrottBiiiatua (Graodua) 104 
 
 ( Hybognathua) 156, 884 
 
 nigrum (Bolnoaoma) 402 
 
 (Pt'troiu j-zon) 9 
 
 Ninc-apiued Stickleback 393 
 
 uitida (Moniana) 175 
 
 Pagp. 
 
 nltida (Poiuotis) ^-j^ 
 
 ni 'iduB ( Albumua) 20'> 
 
 (Contrarcbua) 4(jr, 
 
 (SalvolinuB) 321 
 
 n'vea • 180 
 
 nivcatiis 541 
 
 nlveiventria m^ 
 
 nobilo ( AtractoBcion) 57;) 
 
 (CynoBcion) 933 
 
 nobilior (Eaox) 353 
 
 nobilia (Conodon) 90;) 
 
 (Jobuius) 579 
 
 (GatnbuBia) 34(( 
 
 (Iluterandria) 340 
 
 (Perci) 551 
 
 (Poniadaaya) 550 
 
 NocomiB 211 
 
 Nomeidas 44^ 
 
 Nomeua 449 
 
 norvegica (Perca) 051, 652 
 
 norvegicua (Coryphmnoides) 812 
 
 (Macrurua) 8i;i 
 
 norwegicua (Subastea) C52 
 
 notabilia 211 
 
 Kotacantbido! 379 
 
 Notacantbua 370, 900 
 
 NotariuB no 
 
 notat a ( Atheriua) 408 
 
 ( At herinicbtbya) 407 
 
 (Beloue) ^ 373 
 
 (Cliola) 177 
 
 (Cyprluolla) 178 
 
 (Doroaonia) 271 
 
 (Labrax) 530 
 
 (Malthc) 850 
 
 (Menidia) 407,069 
 
 notatum (Cbiroatoma) 408 
 
 notr.'/Ua (Hyborhynchua) 1,19 
 
 (Lepomis) 482 
 
 (Miunilua) ifiO 
 
 (Pomotis) 482 
 
 ( PimeloduB) 109 
 
 (Poricbtbj'B) 752 
 
 (Semotilua) 340 
 
 (TyloauruB) 373 
 
 (Zygonectes) 339 
 
 Notemigonua , 248 
 
 Nothonotua 500 
 
 nothum 580,581,934 
 
 NotidauidiB ...' 62,907 
 
 Not idaiuis 34, 02 
 
 Notograiumus 776 
 
 Notoihyuchua 34,02 
 
 notoapilotuB 090,073 
 
 Notropis 185 
 
 nottii 341 
 
 Noturus 97 
 
 Novacula 605 
 
 noviD-angliffl 298 
 
 DoveboracenBis (ExocCBtus) 379, 904 
 
 (Gaateroateua) 39G 
 
 (Naucratea) 443 
 
 novemlineatuB 757 
 
 novemmaculatua 863, OCO 
 
 nubila (Apocope) 210 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1003 
 
 Pago. 
 
 unbila (Cliola) 187 
 
 uubilus (Alburnops) 187 
 
 (AiHyrouH) 210 
 
 (CculroblcQuiuH) 778 
 
 ( Loptublounius) 778 
 
 ( LuuipcuuB) 778 
 
 (Stichffius) 778 
 
 iiuclmlis 155,136,157,968 
 
 uucbtpiunia 702 
 
 uueccuHis 485 
 
 NumbUshes 38,30 
 
 uummifer 118, 110 
 
 uuuiniularis 865 
 
 Nurso 15 
 
 KuisL'-Sbaiks 17, 18 
 
 mittalli (Exoceetus) 380,381 
 
 XyctopLus . 
 
 282 
 
 a 
 
 obesa (Algansea) 245 
 
 (Tigoina) 237 
 
 obeBUs (AuiiiiruB) 104 
 
 (Br.vt tuti) 470 
 
 (Kuueacanthua) 470 
 
 (Leiu'iscus) 245 
 
 ( Leucua) 245 
 
 ( I'oiiiotia 470 
 
 (Sinialius) 237 
 
 ubli()uua 574 
 
 obluuga (Chainopsotta) 823 
 
 (I'latesaa) 823 
 
 oblonguin (Moxostoma) 134 
 
 oblongiiB (Cypi'inus) 132, 134 
 
 (Paralichtbye) 824 
 
 (Pleiironoctes) 823,824 
 
 (Pseudorhombus) 823 
 
 Qbolarius '. 390 
 
 itbscura (Eulamia) 60 
 
 obscurus (Carcbarias) 22, 872, 967 
 
 (CarcBarinus) 
 (Centrarchus) 
 (Lepiopomua) . 
 
 ;-,i (Lopomis) 
 
 (Poiuotis) 
 
 (SqiialuH) 
 
 obtuslrost lis 
 
 obtusa (liulamia) 
 
 22 
 
 485 
 
 480 
 
 480 
 
 480 
 
 22 
 
 378 
 
 872 
 
 obtusim (Kbiiiicbthys) 208,885 
 
 872 
 
 250 
 
 04 
 
 (Catoatumus) 128 
 
 (Chorinemua) 447 
 
 (Cougei) 303 
 
 (Sniialua) 
 
 uccideutalia (Abramia) 
 (Auiia) ... 
 
 Page. 
 
 Occaiiic Boulto 430 
 
 ocL-anica (Anguilla) 30;i 
 
 1 oceaniuus (Conger) 363 
 
 I (Uobionellus) 030,047 
 
 I (Gobiua) C36 
 
 i ocella 885 
 
 1 ocullaria (Cbaeuupsutta) 823 
 
 I (Fuudiilual 891 
 
 (Paialicbtbya) 972 
 
 I (Plateasii) 822,972 
 
 j ( Pat-udorbombua) 822, 972 
 
 ocellata (Corvina) 571,572 
 
 1 (Gyiuuothorax) 357 
 
 ! (Miira'ua) 350 
 
 i <Perca) 572 
 
 (llaia) 40 
 
 (Sciajna) 571,031 
 
 ocellatus ( Acantbocottas) 055 
 
 ( Anarrbicbthya) 782 
 
 (Citbaricbtbya) 964 
 
 (llumirbombua) 904 
 
 (Iluipetuicbtbya) 350 
 
 (Uippogloaaua) 964 
 
 (Mura^noidca) 700 
 
 (Muncuopaia) 359 
 
 (Opbicbtbya) 359 
 
 (Zeua) 457 
 
 i ocpUatum (Opbidium) 766 
 
 i ocellicaiida 94 
 
 ] octudcciiuapinosuB 701 
 
 ' octoliUa 413 
 
 i Octograramua 641 
 
 I octogranitnus 641 
 
 I octommiua 413 
 
 ! oculptiia 479 
 
 I oculol'aaciatus 721 
 
 I Ocyui'ua 548 
 
 j Odoutaspididib 874 
 
 j Odontaapia 27,874 
 
 j Odontopyxia 729 
 
 ! ogac (Gadua) 804 
 
 j ObioSbad. 260 
 
 I Ohio Sturgeon 87 
 
 Old-wifo 574 
 
 olitlua ( Ilypouieaua) 294, 295 
 
 oligaapia 200 
 
 Oligocottim 717 
 
 Oligoci'pbalua 514 
 
 Oligoplitca 447,913,973 
 
 oliatbuatuma 934, 035 
 
 olivacoa (Poucilia) 340 
 
 olivaceua (Pimolodus) 109 
 
 oli varia 102, 881 
 
 ((Jaatcroatoua) 393, 447, 973 
 
 (Girardinua) 349 
 
 (Hcteraudria) 349 
 
 (Lcucoaomua) 250 
 
 (Luxilus) 250 
 
 (Monacautbna) 850 
 
 (¥otemigouu8) 250 
 
 (Noturua) 100,101 
 
 (Oligoplitea) 447, 914, 973 
 
 (Scombroides) 447 
 
 (Torpedo) ?9 
 
 obiiatedi 4'J2 
 
 oniniatus 824 
 
 oniocy auoua 632 
 
 omoatigma 963 
 
 Oncocottus 704 
 
 Oncorby ncbiia 304 
 
 Onoirodea 848 
 
 Onirodes 848 
 
 onitia 600,936 
 
 Onoa 790 
 
 Opah 45,} 
 
 Ophicbthya 358,969 
 
1004 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 U|>hldli(lB3 702 
 
 Upliidium 702,963 
 
 JphioblenuiuM 700 
 
 UpbiudoD 040 
 
 Opbi8urina3 357 
 
 Opbistirus 358, 808 
 
 ophryus 822, 072 
 
 ophtlialniicns 475 
 
 OpistLarthri 007 
 
 OpiBtUognathidos 042 
 
 OpiHtboguutliua 043 
 
 OplHthouii 808 
 
 OpiHthonenia 208 
 
 Opladulua 101 
 
 Oplupouiii 040 
 
 OpsopoEodus 240 
 
 oquassiv 31H, 008 
 
 Oquassa Trout 318 
 
 orbis 747 
 
 Orcyima 428 
 
 ordiuutUB 042,043,040 
 
 oreas Ii4 
 
 oresoucnsia 226 
 
 urientalia (AnarrbichnH) 782 
 
 (Oucoiby ucbus) 807 
 
 (I'elamys) 428 
 
 (Salmo) 307 
 
 ornnta ( Aphorintia) 843 
 
 (Cliola) 173 
 
 (Codoma) 173 
 
 (Kmbiotoca) 605 
 
 (Itaia) 877 
 
 oniatuni (CampoRtoma) 140 
 
 ornatus ( Achirus) 843 
 
 (Cocblognatlms) 101 
 
 ■ (Esox) 352 
 
 (Gunnellus) 768 
 
 (Murasuoides) 707 
 
 Ornichtbys 734 
 
 OrtbagoriscidBB 804 
 
 Oi'thiifjoriscus 805 
 
 Ortbodon 151 
 
 Orthopribtis 551 
 
 Orthopsetta 816 
 
 oacula (Apocope) 211 
 
 (Corviua) 508 
 
 osculatii 530 
 
 osculuD ( Argyreus) 211 
 
 osmerinus 156 
 
 Osmerus 202 
 
 o88eu8 00,01, 80 
 
 osteocbir 418 
 
 oateosticta 06 
 
 OstraciidiB 852 
 
 Ostraciam 853 
 
 Oswego Bass 484 
 
 Otbonops 639 
 
 Otx)Utbiiia) 566 
 
 Otolithns 580 
 
 Otsego 299 
 
 ouataUbi 541 
 
 ovalis 660,601 
 
 ovatua 442,912 
 
 ovinus 329 
 
 ovis 559 
 
 PftgC. 
 
 Oxyjulis 60^ 
 
 Ozylobiua (^^ 
 
 oxygeneioa m_) 
 
 oxyi;eoius 5;;j 
 
 Oxylabrax j; s^ 
 
 Oxy metopontinic 04'J 
 
 Oxy odonticbtbya go^ 
 
 oxyptera oi« 
 
 Oxyrbina 2K 
 
 ozyi'byncbus (Carcbarias) »2 
 
 (Isurus) 28, 20, Ul, 874, 87:. 
 
 (Acipeoaer) 80 
 
 oxyunia 01 
 
 Oyatur-flab 600, 75i) 
 
 P. 
 
 pacbypus (Cottue) 7o'j 
 
 pacificus ( ArgyruioBua) 440 
 
 (Cynicoglosana) Slin 
 
 (Glyptoccpbalus) hk 
 
 (Lycodea) 78i 
 
 (Lycodopsis) 78."i 
 
 . (Orcynus) 42!) 
 
 (Salmo) 291,20'.' 
 
 (Thaleichthya) 20-.' 
 
 (Tbynnus) 42U 
 
 Paddle-flab KJ 
 
 pietulua 904 
 
 Pagellus 550, 07J 
 
 Pagrua 556, 97L' 
 
 pagrua (Sparua) . 550, 0'^>< 
 
 PalinuruB 4j'.' 
 
 Palinurichtbya 45:; 
 
 palladus (Labrus) 480 
 
 pallasi (Mouacanthus) 86j 
 
 (Octogrammas) 041 
 
 (Plouronectea) .' 83e 
 
 Pallaaia 865 
 
 pallida (Lepomia) 483 
 
 pallidas (Eupomotia) 482 
 
 (Labrax) 531 
 
 (Lepomia) 479 
 
 (LencoBomus) 221 
 
 (Platygoblo) 220 
 
 (Pomotia) 482,48:) 
 
 (Semotiliis) 221 
 
 palmipea 734, 735 
 
 Pammelaa 452 
 
 pampanus 44L' 
 
 pandionis 1)64 
 
 pandora 23."> 
 
 pantbcrina (Opiopoma) 040 
 
 piiDtherinas ( Anarrhicbas) 781 
 
 (Opbiodon) 640 
 
 Pantoatena 1-1 
 
 papalis 107 
 
 papilio 710 
 
 papiilifer 890 
 
 papilliferua 8!)() 
 
 papillosum 137,138 
 
 paradoxus 687 
 
 ParagoauB 7i!" 
 
 Paralabrax 53.') 
 
 Paralepididffi 270 
 
 Parnlepis 277,278 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1005 
 
 Page. 
 
 Paralichtli.vR 821 
 
 I»nninthio8 073 
 
 ParaBcorpa-ntt 678, 670 
 
 paTnsiticnn 363 
 
 PnratnictuH 433,070 
 
 panlalia 858 
 
 panluH 751,058 
 
 I*arcj)hipiiU8 613 
 
 Pan'plnepholus 537 
 
 I'anupicH 573 
 
 parictalis 158 
 
 parkci 320 
 
 I'arina 610 
 
 imriDntiiH 682 
 
 pannilVra 878 
 
 Parophrys 831 
 
 pai'o vanuH 246 
 
 parriB 553 
 
 parrii 780 
 
 Parrot-flsh 606 
 
 paru (Poinacantlms) 618 
 
 (Stromateus) 014 
 
 parva (Lucania) 343,803 
 
 parvipinno (Cynoscion) 580 
 
 parvipinnin (Fundulus) 333 
 
 parvus (Ccntridcnnichthys) 605 
 
 (Cottopsie) 605 
 
 (Cyprlnodon) 343 
 
 ■■' (Sebastes) 671 
 
 ])aAtinaca 47, 48 
 
 pataluB 603 
 
 patris 708 
 
 patronns 260 
 
 patruells 345,802,803 
 
 paucidens (Leurynnis) 785 
 
 (Lycodopsia) 785 
 
 (Oncorhynchns) 300 
 
 ,' (Salmo) 300 
 
 paucispinis 652, 656, 657 
 
 pavonaceus 030 
 
 paxillus 785 
 
 Pficho Pr6tro 650 
 
 peckiauus (SynKuatbus) 383 
 
 poctinatua (Pristia) 72, 875 
 
 pcctlnil'er 762 
 
 pectoralia (Dallia) 351 
 
 Pedicnlatl 843 
 
 Pegador 416 
 
 Pelamya 427 
 
 pelamys ■. 428, 430 
 
 pellucida ( Ammocrypta) 480 
 
 pellncidnm (Etbeostoma) 400 
 
 pellucidua (Pleurolepis) 400 
 
 (Thyria) 840 
 
 Pelodiclithys 102 
 
 peltastea (Lepomis) 478 
 
 peltatns 503 
 
 peuinaulo) 408, 060 
 
 pennatula 926 
 
 penaacolsD (Harengula) 268 
 
 pentacanthua 459 
 
 pepo (Scams) 606 
 
 Pcprilua 450 
 
 porarcuatus 832 
 
 Perca 623,916 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Porcariua 488 
 
 Porcesocea 307,401 
 
 Porch 5:.':i, r.o.'> 
 
 Porchea 48(1 
 
 Poi-clchtbya 480 
 
 Pcrcldaj 4H« 
 
 perciformis 452,45.1 
 
 Pcrctlia 488 
 
 Percina 400 
 
 PerciniD .* 488 
 
 percobromiia 202 
 
 Percomorpbl 307 
 
 Percopaidns 322 
 
 P«rcnpsl8 322 
 
 pcrflfcciatua 273,274 
 
 poriacopua 807 
 
 Perlatcdilnffi 732 
 
 Periatedion 732 
 
 Poriatedium 732 
 
 pr^riHtethus 731 
 
 Permit 012 
 
 Peropus 710 
 
 pcraonatus 415,000 
 
 pcrapicabilia 505 
 
 perspicillum 787 
 
 j perapicuna 150 
 
 PcacaVermiglia 668 
 
 Peacadillo dol Key 400 
 
 Peacadito 235 
 
 I Peaco-roy 604 
 
 I Potromyzon 10,867,868 
 
 Potromyzontidro 6,867 
 
 petrosuB (Muftil) 404 
 
 (Serranua) 018 
 
 (Triaotropia) 018 
 
 pbalxna 578 
 
 Phalangistps 728 
 
 phalerntUH 353 
 
 Pbanerodon 594,505 
 
 Pharynpognatlii 307 
 
 pbaagnnorus OOO 
 
 pbenax 474 
 
 Pbenacobius 205 
 
 pbiladc]pbicu8 073 
 
 Philypnns 630,044,072 
 
 pblebotomna 941 
 
 phlegetbontia 244,887 
 
 pblox 495 
 
 Pbobetor 708 
 
 Pbolis 760 
 
 Pbotogcnia 163,179 
 
 pbotogenis 201 
 
 Pboxinua. 242 
 
 pboxucepbalns 501 
 
 Pbtbiricbthys 069 
 
 Phycis 798 
 
 Pbysiculua 800 
 
 phyaignatbua 219 
 
 Pbyaocliati 367 
 
 Physostomi 94 
 
 Pickerel 352,353 
 
 Picorellns 362 
 
 pictnratna 911 
 
 pictus (Cbaunax) 847 
 
 (Cbiropsis) 645 
 
 I 
 
 :« 
 
 
1006 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 plctnn (Chlrun> 
 
 (Ciyninclis) 
 
 (Jnllii) 
 
 (Oxylt^bluH) ... 
 
 <PI.atyj;logmri). 
 
 Picndft 
 
 piciiiU (Sphyrttna) .. 
 
 liUlii-niie 
 
 I'igfoot 
 
 lUko 
 
 Perch 
 
 pilatiLs 
 
 I'ilpnnia 
 
 I'ilcMlictls 
 
 IliloHIIH 
 
 IMIot-llsIi 
 
 Pnot-«Hln'8 
 
 Pinifl ptcrh'm 
 
 Pimi'lcptjinis 
 
 Piinclodti livr<i« 
 
 I'imf'l()ini"topon 
 
 Pinicpliales 
 
 Pin-llsh 
 
 pinK(^Ii 
 
 pioguis 
 
 ptal 
 
 .226, 
 
 piunutiiit 
 
 pinniKrr ( Euncacanthus) 
 
 (KoboHtodoii) 
 
 (Scbivsttebthys) 
 
 (.ScbaHtosomus) 
 
 pinniilattis 
 
 PipcHsb 
 
 piptolopi.s 
 
 Pirati! Porch 
 
 piscatnrius 
 
 Piscen 
 
 pisculcntus 
 
 Pisodontophis 
 
 pisonis 
 
 PiRoodonophls 
 
 piaquctiiH 
 
 piHtilligor 
 
 pituitosus 
 
 pixanga 
 
 pW.ituB 
 
 Placophnrynx 
 
 plagiiisa 
 
 PlagoptcrinoB 
 
 PlagoptiTUH 
 
 Plagyodus 
 
 Plflic© 
 
 plana 
 
 planori •; 
 
 Plargyrus 
 
 Platessa 
 
 pIato88oidea 
 
 Phiticbthy s 
 
 Platirostra 
 
 platorbynchus ( Acipenser) 
 
 platcstomus (Lcpisostcns) 
 
 platycephalus ( Amiums) 
 
 (Cottus) 
 
 (Megalocottas) . 
 (Noturus) 
 
 Paget. 
 045 
 780 
 008 
 048 
 
 o:i8 
 
 412 
 
 412 
 138 
 081 
 
 351, 352 
 525 
 735 
 490 
 
 101, 881 
 
 *»802 
 
 208 
 
 430, 443 
 540 
 
 560,972 
 100 
 
 601,602 
 158 
 5S8 
 713 
 810 
 733 
 304 
 471 
 (i02 
 063 
 
 oa'i 
 
 440, 013 
 382 
 183 
 400 
 844 
 73 
 330 
 
 890, 960 
 631 
 899 
 
 435, 912 
 708 
 543 
 920 
 157 
 142 
 843 
 148 
 253 
 275 
 831 
 837 
 7 
 
 185, 250 
 831 
 826 
 
 831, 835 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 103 
 
 706 
 
 707 
 
 101 
 
 platy('i>]>haliiH (Pinn-lodun) 104 
 
 PlatyglosHus ouj 
 
 Platygobio 21& 
 
 I platyoiloQ 872, 873, lHi7 
 
 j Platypndon ocT 
 
 I l'latypo:ciln8 .hm 
 
 I Platyrhina 870 
 
 I Platyrhinoidis STti 
 
 platyrhynchus (MinomuB) 122, IL'4 
 
 platyrrbynchiiH (PontoRteuH) \zi 
 
 (Scaphlrrliyuchopg) ».k 
 
 platy8tomw8(T,fpidoHtouH) <,i| 
 
 PlatyHomaticbt by 8 81i» 
 
 pltibi'iim (Catostoinns) i-j-j 
 
 (OaHtororttoiiH) 30,^ 
 
 (PnntostcuH) ]'.« 
 
 plebojus (Miiatoliis) 87(1 
 
 I'loctognatbi avj 
 
 PlectoBpondyll 111 
 
 ple<!trodon O.'jh 
 
 Plc'ctropoma 537,017 
 
 plcii 001! 
 
 IMesioperca riO.i 
 
 Pleuracromylon 50, 87o 
 
 plcnriticus 314 
 
 PlBurogrammns 04I,94!t 
 
 PlcuroU'pis 48« 
 
 Pleuronoctos 831 
 
 Pli'uronectida; 81.'l 
 
 I 'I'uropbtbalnuiH (Antunniirius) 84G 
 
 Pleuronichthys 828 
 
 pk'iirostictiiH 713 
 
 plumbca (Cbinioira) 54 
 
 ,, (Diouda) 155 
 
 (Lampotra) 8,57 
 
 plumbeolus 102 
 
 plunibeum (Zophonduni ) 155 
 
 plnmbeuB ( Aminocattcs) 8C< 
 
 (Carcbarias) 872 
 
 (Ceraticbthys) 210 
 
 (Gobio) 21!t 
 
 (Potromyzon) 8 
 
 (Squalus) 872 
 
 pluniifrl (Chajtodon) 613 
 
 I (Conodon) 551 
 
 I (DiabasiB) 071 
 
 j '. i (GerreB) 583,035,031! 
 
 j (LiibruH) 971 
 
 ' (Mugil) 403 
 
 I (Polydactylus) 4i:; 
 
 (PolynemuB) 4i:: 
 
 (Sciu;na) 551 
 
 I (ScomberomoruB) 420 
 
 (Scorptcna) 08u 
 
 I (Trichidlon) 4i:t 
 
 pluuiicrianus 432. 91:; 
 
 plntonia fiTX 
 
 I puonniatophorus 424,U1U 
 
 i Podofhecus -. 72i( 
 
 i Pcecilia 847 
 
 I PoBcilichthys 514 
 
 1 Poeciliinaj 327 
 
 Pceciliodes 344 
 
 pcecilioidoB 347,894 
 
 Pcecllnrichthys 25.) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1007 
 
 pcBcll'irr.m 141 
 
 l>oeyi < PlatyKloMus) 988 
 
 PofconinH BM 
 
 PoRonlchthj-B 223 
 
 Po(50(»U>iuft 880 
 
 poloria (BlonniiiH) 788 
 
 ( Uun-o);a(lui>) 807 
 
 (CottiiB) 70« 
 
 (LvcoilalopU) 788 
 
 (LypodfH) 788 
 
 (Mvrlikn);u8) 807 
 
 Polistotrfiiia 867.067 
 
 politus (Sf^riphiiH) 582 
 
 (TetriKlon) 860,861 
 
 Pollachius 806 
 
 Pollack 806 
 
 pollicariu 954 
 
 pov''acaiith(>c<'plialnR ... 703 
 
 polynctocf^plial MH ^65 
 
 Polynnniidai 412 
 
 Polynemua 413.969 
 
 Polyotlon »... 83 
 
 Poly(M)onti<l8n 82 
 
 Polyprion 532, 016 
 
 poly trenift 057 
 
 PoniacnntlniH 615 
 
 PomacentridiB 609 
 
 Pomaceutrus 609, 930 
 
 Pomadasys 550,023 
 
 Pomatoinidw 447 
 
 Ponn'tuimm 448 
 
 I'omatopsetta 825 
 
 I'oinolobuH 265 
 
 Poniotls 472 
 
 pomotia 469 
 
 Pomoxys 464 
 
 Pompano 441 
 
 Ponipano (California) 451 
 
 ponderosus 108 
 
 Pontinua 678,679,951 
 
 popei 478 
 
 Porbeaglp 28 
 
 Porcupine- tlBh 862 
 
 porcus 681, 951 
 
 Porgee 550, 557, 597, <il3 
 
 Porichtliys 751,958 
 
 PorocottiiB 707 
 
 Poronotus 450, 451 
 
 porosifisiiiniH ( Porichthys) 751, 752, 958 
 
 porosufl (Cottus) 703, 935 
 
 (Khox) 352 
 
 Potamocottus 695 
 
 Fotamotrygon 72 
 
 potaii 517 
 
 powelli J 855 
 
 praiciauB 774, 775 
 
 praestnbilis 268 
 
 pretiosns 204,293 
 
 PrincantAidffi 544 
 
 Priacautbua 544 
 
 princepa 625 
 
 prinoipis 603 
 
 Prionodos 917 
 
 Prionodon 22 
 
 PrionotuB ... 733,956 
 
 Pagti. 
 
 PriatidiP 36 
 
 PrlatlKaater 262 
 
 PriMtlporaa S-W 
 
 Print ipomatidw 545. h«o 
 
 Priatipomatine 546 
 
 Pristla 37,875 
 
 priatia 87 
 
 ProartbH 067 
 
 probattM-ephalna 550 
 
 pnM'n<> 169 
 
 prodiictus (Merliiciua) 809 
 
 (dadiiai 800 
 
 (Mt^rliiiKUH) 809 
 
 (Kbin^bulUB) 38,63,876 
 
 prn-liaiis 522 
 
 Iirot'iiiidoniin 793,794 
 
 prolixiim 150 
 
 prniiiplaa 158 
 
 Proniiiropa 541,920 
 
 Proinicropf i>riin . 543 
 
 proriycr (ClinoHtoiuiia) . ...' 232 
 
 (Gila) 232 
 
 (I.piicisrus) 232 
 
 (S«ba«tichtbyH) 662 
 
 (Sebaatwlea) 661,9.50 
 
 proRprpina 175 
 
 ProHopiiMii 297 
 
 proHthcmiua 219 
 
 protacanthus 465 
 
 prottms 305 
 
 ProtoponiH 203 
 
 proxiiniiH 80,"), 806 
 
 pniiiKiHa 806 
 
 Paettichthys 825, 82H 
 
 psnudoharviiKHS 267 
 
 paendoliispauiua 887 
 
 Psoiidojnlis 604 
 
 PHnudopU'iironectes 831, 837 
 
 PHeiidiipriacuiithiis 645 
 
 PHRudorlionibuH 821 
 
 PseudoHc.inia 606 
 
 Pseiiduacist'ua 660 
 
 PaeiidoHcbastea 678 
 
 Pseiidoxipbophorua 844 
 
 PK0uilui>eneii8 866 
 
 psittaculis (J ulis) 087 
 
 psittncua 601 
 
 Psyehrolutoa 686 
 
 Psycbrolutida.' 683 
 
 Paycbrolutiuas 683 
 
 Pteraclis 455 
 
 Pterophryno 845 
 
 Pteropbrynoidos . 845, 965 
 
 Ptnroplatea 46 
 
 Ptilichtbya 369 
 
 Ptychoclieiliia 226 
 
 PtychoatoiuuB ' 186 
 
 Ptyoiiotus 709 
 
 PniTor ... H59,861 
 
 pugettensiH 692 
 
 pugetti 396 
 
 pulchella (Liparia) 741 
 
 (Moniann) 176 
 
 (Tipoinn) 238 
 
 pulchetluH ( ABtatichtby a) 618 
 
1008 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 pnlchellus (Chilonemus) 222 
 
 (Enpraulis) 273 
 
 (Hapliwhilas) 340 
 
 -' ' (Leuciscas) 222 
 
 *'T' - (T,mico8omu8) 222 
 
 M'.^ ' > (OliKocephalus) 517 
 
 (Sqnalius) 238 
 
 (Zygonectes) 346 
 
 pulcher (Labrus) 602 
 
 (Piinelometopon) 602 
 
 (Semicossyphus) 602 
 
 (Sqnalius) 236 
 
 (Trochocopus) , 936 
 
 pnlchra (Hirpe) 602 
 
 (Tigonia) 236 
 
 pnllutn (Chondrostoma) 149 
 
 pnlluB ( Amiurus) 104 
 
 (Monacantbus) 858 
 
 (Pinielodus) 104 
 
 pulverulcntus 245 
 
 Pnmpkin-Hced 482 
 
 punctata (Ganibusia) 344 
 
 "!i--. ' (Girella) 560 
 
 ^J'^^ (Lamna) 29,875 
 
 ?i^ V/^; (Perca) 541,571 
 
 -**' ,(Sci«Da) 570,931,932,033 
 
 Ti (Tnsla) 734 
 
 pnnctat'.im ( Myctophuin) 281 
 
 punctatus ( Aprionodon) 24, 874 
 
 -.' (Blonniue) 758,775 
 
 < (BodianuB) 919 
 
 «vf- ''■ (Bryttua) 476 
 
 '"■ (Caranx; 432 
 
 '^v 'i • (Carcharias) 24 
 
 *.v (Decapterns) 432, 912 
 
 ■ ■• i' ■'■ '■ (Enneacentrus) 541 
 
 i' ■ (Epinephulus) 541 
 
 ■' (Holocentrus) 918,920 
 
 •i (Tctalurus) 108,882 
 
 41' • (Isestbes) 758 
 
 ; • (Lcpomis) 476 
 
 - "^4 ; (Mioristodus) 32,875 
 
 :-.» (Myrophis) 900 
 
 vV' (Osmems)! 294 
 
 ' V^w <Phyol») 798 
 
 M (Prionotus) 734,956 
 
 ,#; (Silunis) 109 
 
 -v . (Squnlus) 24,874 
 
 (SticbiBUs) 775 
 
 pnncticulatiis (Apo{;onicbtby8) 931 
 
 pnnctifer (Crotalupsis) 359, 897 
 
 (Hybognatbus) 884 
 
 (Opblcbthys) 358 
 
 punntipinuo (Siphoatoma) 385, 906 
 
 puDCtipiuuis ( Ayresia) 612 
 
 (Chromis) 611,939 
 
 (Demiatostetbus) 385 
 
 pnurtnlata (Corypbffina) 464,914 
 
 (Mlcroporca) 623 
 
 (Uranldea) 696 
 
 pnnctnlatua (Calliurna) 485 
 
 (Lampugns) 454, 914 
 
 (Minnllus) 198 
 
 (Kotbonotua) 518 
 
 (Pimelodns) 102 
 
 Pace. 
 
 piinctulatus (Precillcbtbys) Slfl 
 
 (Potamocottua) 69(S 
 
 puncitius 393 
 
 pnnicens 155 
 
 purpnrascena (Lepomis) 480 
 
 pnrpuratus (Salnio) 313, 314, 31,% 
 
 purpurea (Tigoma) 238 
 
 pui purcscena ( Anoplarchus) 771 
 
 puT-pureus (Merlangus) 8Q7 
 
 (Squalius) 238 
 
 putnami 498, 837 
 
 pypni'ff'a (Umbra) 350 
 
 pygmajus (Gadns) 807 
 
 (Gasterosteua) 394 
 
 (Leucipcna) 350 
 
 Pygosteus 393 
 
 pyrrbomelaa (Cliola) 184 
 
 Q 
 
 qnadracus 396 
 
 quadratUB 613 
 
 qnadricomo-(08traciuro) 8.'i4 
 
 qundricomis (Agonus) '. 723 
 
 (Aspidopborus) 723 
 
 (OottuB) 704 
 
 (HypaagonuB) 7i!2 
 
 (OncocottuB) 705 
 
 (Ostracion) 854 
 
 quadrifaaciatuH 757 
 
 quadrifllis (Cottua) 707, 7fK^ 
 
 quadrilateralis (Coregonus) 298 
 
 quadrilineatmn (Hffiuiulou) 554 
 
 quadriloba 51 
 
 quadrimacnlatuB 863 
 
 qnadrisenatua (iOl 
 
 quadrituherculatus 829,830 
 
 qnadrocellatus pf^, 825 
 
 Qua«8ilabia 143 
 
 q; .tuordecemlaminatns 417 
 
 Queen-flab 582 
 
 quiesceiis 699 
 
 (juillback 120 
 
 quinnat 307 
 
 quinquecinctua 616 
 
 B., •,,-■;..,•, :■ 
 
 Rabbit-flsh 863 
 
 Rabbit-moutb Sucker 144 
 
 radians (Scarns) 989 
 
 radiatft (Raia) 41 
 
 radiatuB (Cliflerojulii*) 603 
 
 (PlatygloBBua) 003,978 
 
 (Sparus) 603,973 
 
 raflnebquei . 88 
 
 Raia 39,877,878 
 
 RaisB 36 
 
 Raiidffi 39,876 
 
 Rainbow Darter 614,517 
 
 Rainbow Trout .* 812 
 
 RiVia 40 
 
 rnjl 916 
 
 rannla 742 
 
 Ranzanta 066 
 
 rapax 226 
 
 Raacacio 078,680 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1009 
 
 Pago. 
 MO 
 6UC 
 893 
 155 
 480 
 3, 314, 3ir) 
 238 
 771 
 8Q7 
 238 
 . 498,837 
 350 
 807 
 394 
 350 
 393 
 184 
 
 6! 3 
 8.-)4 
 f 723 
 723 
 704 
 722 
 705 
 854 
 757 
 . 707, 7M 
 298 
 554 
 51 
 8C3 
 (191 
 .. 828,830 
 .. e'M,82o 
 143 
 417 
 5b2 
 699 
 120 
 307 
 616 
 
 863 
 144 
 939 
 41 
 603 
 ... 003,978 
 ... 603,973 
 88 
 .39,877,878 
 3C 
 ... 39, 876 
 ... 614,517 
 ....♦ 312 
 40 
 915 
 742 
 966 
 220 
 .... 878,680 
 
 VagB. 
 
 rnscncio 681 
 
 Rasciora 663 
 
 Rasher 663 
 
 rastrelliger 671,672 
 
 Rat-flah 54 
 
 Rat-tail 811 
 
 ravenoli 352 
 
 Ray 36,39 
 
 Razor-fish .. - 605 
 
 RwlBa«8 571 
 
 Rod-eye 466,473 
 
 Red-eyed Bream 468 
 
 Red Fall-flsh 189 
 
 Red-flu 186 
 
 Red fish 106,308,602,651,931 
 
 Red Grotiper 640 
 
 Red Gurnard 733 
 
 Red Horse 136,140,571 
 
 Red Minnow - 153 
 
 Red-mouth 553 
 
 Red-mouth Baflhlo-flsh 114 
 
 Red RoDcador 572 
 
 Red Snapper 549 
 
 Red-spotted Trout 319 
 
 regale (Cy bium) 426 
 
 (Cynosoion) 581,934 
 
 rugalie ( En^helyojins) 798 
 
 (Juiinius) 581 
 
 (Otolithus) 581 
 
 (Phycis) 798 
 
 (Scomber) 426 
 
 (Scomberomorus) 426 
 
 regius (Blenniiis) 798 
 
 ■ tiybofinathus) 156 
 
 (Phycis) 798 
 
 Reina 660 
 
 reinhardi (Carrproctus) 740, 957 
 
 (Liparis) 740,957 
 
 reinhardti (Cory nolophns) 849 
 
 (IIimiintolu])Iiu8) 849 
 
 (Mo(olla) 797 
 
 (Onos) 797 
 
 Roinhardtius 819 
 
 Remora 416,417,909 
 
 remora 417,909 
 
 Renioropsis 417 
 
 Ri-nii-eps 25, 874 
 
 n.itioilata (Spatularia) 84 
 
 reticulalus (Bryttiis) 476 
 
 (CLiloniyctonis) 960 
 
 (Esox) 353 
 
 (G-obiesox) 749 
 
 (Halieutichthys) 851 
 
 (Lepadofraster) 744 
 
 (Lyeodcs) 787 
 
 (Pscudox ipbophorus) 344 
 
 (Trypon) 72 
 
 rotifer (Scylliorhinus) 869 
 
 retifera*(Murrcna) 894 
 
 retiforuni (Scy Ilium) 870 
 
 retropiunis 126 
 
 Riiacocliilus 506 
 
 Rhamphocol tinas 684 
 
 Rbnmpbociittus 721 
 
 Rbeocry ptft 497 
 
 Bull. Nat. Mils. No. 10 Oi 
 
 Page. 
 
 rhesfiodoD 749 
 
 Rhina 35 
 
 rhina (Raia) 43 
 
 Rhinni 967 
 
 Rhinichthys 206,884 
 
 rhinichthyoidos 210 
 
 Rhinobatidaj . 37,876 
 
 Rbinobatus 37,63 
 
 RhinodontidsB 31,875 
 
 Shinonymus 790,797 
 
 Rhinoptera 51 
 
 Rhinoscion 573 
 
 Rhinotriacis 20, 59, 60, 870 
 
 rbodochloria 607,fiC« 
 
 iiio<loru8 080 
 
 rhodoteruB 592 
 
 rhomaleua 240,886 
 
 rhombeus 934 
 
 Rhombocbinis 417 
 
 rhoml)()ides 658 
 
 Rhouiboplites 64» 
 
 Rhombus 450,451,815 
 
 rhotlipa (Uranidca) 953 
 
 rhotheuB (Semotilus) 223' 
 
 rhynehojus 87 
 
 Rhynrbiclithya 459 
 
 Rhy pticiiiaj 528 
 
 Rhypticus 54T 
 
 ricei 694, 953 
 
 richardi (Caranx) 43T 
 
 (Hemidiamphus) 376 
 
 (Salmo) 309 
 
 richardsoni (Corogonus) 299' 
 
 (Corvina) 508 
 
 (Cottus) 697 
 
 (Kutychelithus) 568 
 
 (Rhanipliocottus) 722 
 
 (Tracliidermu.i) 695 
 
 (Uranidca) 090, 697, 953 
 
 Riehardsnnius 251,884 
 
 Ringed Porch 524 
 
 ringeus (Engraulis) 272 
 
 (Stolephorus) 272 
 
 (Sudis) 277 
 
 Rio Grande Trout 314 
 
 rissoi (TracLurua) 911 
 
 RiverChub ' 212 
 
 1 i^ollana (Soiiola) 444 
 
 Roach 244 
 
 Rol)alo 528 
 
 robua'a (Gila) 228 
 
 rubustus (Clypeocottua) 711 
 
 (Ichtbrt'lurus) 109 
 
 (Leuciscua) 228 
 
 (Mylopharodon) 225 
 
 Roccns 628 
 
 rochel 425,911 
 
 Rock 529 
 
 Rock Bass 400,535 
 
 Rock-cod 652 
 
 Rock-tlsh 332, 499, 529, 650, fl.i2 
 
 Rockling 70« 
 
 Rock Salmon , 444,913 
 
 Rock Trout 041,045 
 
 Rocky Mountain White-flsh 297 
 
1010 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Koncador 1>72,574,928 
 
 roncndor (Fmbrina) 576 
 
 Konchil 610, «23 
 
 rondeloti (Carcharodon> 30, 61, 875 
 
 (ExocGBtus) 904 
 
 (ScombercBox) 375 
 
 roBACeus (Cymatogaster) 500 
 
 (Micromntrus) 589 
 
 (Seba«t«'») 6*3,067 
 
 <Seba8todc8) 663,666 
 
 TOMB 376 
 
 roseus (BlenniuH) 766 
 
 (Ccntronotue) 768 
 
 (Gnunellops) 766 
 
 (Luxilus) 180 
 
 (Minnilua) 189 
 
 Sose-flsh 651 
 
 rossi (Lycodes) 787 
 
 (Salvelinus) 321 
 
 (Salmo) 321 
 
 rostrata (Anguilla) 361 
 
 (Mura)na) 361 
 
 (Pliitcssa) 834 
 
 mstratus ( Agonus) 726 
 
 ( AlcpocBphalus) 257 
 
 (Br-ichyopsis) 728 
 
 (Heterostichus) 704, 962 
 
 (Ltoptngouus) 955 
 
 rothrooki 776 
 
 rotunda ; 865,866 
 
 rotundatnm 289 
 
 Round-fish 298 
 
 Bound Herring 263 
 
 Bound Eobin 432 
 
 BouHsette 58 
 
 rubelluH 202 
 
 ruber 665 
 
 ruberrimus 766 
 
 rubicunda (Parma) 610 
 
 inibicundns (Acipensor) 87 
 
 (Glypbisodon) 610 
 
 (Hypsypopa) 610 
 
 (Pomacentrus) 610 
 
 mbricauda 477 
 
 rubrioroceus 189, 100 
 
 rubrifrous ( AlbnrnolluH) 203 
 
 (Albuinus) 203 
 
 (Ceratlchthys) 214 
 
 (Lnuciacus) 203 
 
 (Minnilus) 202 
 
 (Nocorais) 215 
 
 w.' (Notropis) 203 
 
 (Zygonectes) 338 
 
 rubrlpinna (Cliola) 884 
 
 (Cyprinella) 884 
 
 rubripinnis (Minnilua) 108 
 
 rubriviuctus 600 
 
 Budder-flsh 445,452 
 
 rufa(Harpe) 601 
 
 Tufllineatus 508 
 
 tafus (Bodianus) 602 
 
 (Cossyphus) 602 
 
 (Labrax) 531 
 
 rnfuB (Labrus) 602 
 
 mgosua 830 
 
 Page. 
 
 mpertinnus 37 
 
 rupeatris (Ambloplites) 4gQ 
 
 (Bodianus) 466,4f)7 
 
 • (Coryphsena) su 
 
 (Coryphrenoides) 812 
 
 (Labnia) .599 
 
 (Macrurus) 811 
 
 (Xiphister) 773 
 
 rn*ila 175 
 
 S. 
 
 sabina 49,68,870 
 
 Sabre-flsh 910 
 
 •aburro) 958 
 
 SaecopharjTigidre 365 
 
 Saccopharynx 365 
 
 Sacramento Porch 406 
 
 Salmon 300 
 
 Sturgeon 80 
 
 Sadlna 2&') 
 
 angax (Clupea) 265 
 
 sagitta 639,640 
 
 saida 807 
 
 Sail-lish 120,421 
 
 Sailor's Choice 531 
 
 anira 375 
 
 Salar 309,312 
 
 anlar 309 
 
 aallu;! 104 
 
 Salmo 309 
 
 Salmon 28 309, 312, 525 
 
 salmonea (Percr; 520 
 
 aalmonuum (Stizoatedium) 525 
 
 salmoidis 484,485 
 
 salmoneua (Eaox) 352,894 
 
 (Sconibrocottua) 650 
 
 SalmonidiB 288 
 
 Salmon-killer 390 
 
 salniono'di'S 485 
 
 Salmon-Trout 313 
 
 Snhnon-Trout of the Columbia 314 
 
 aaltator 448,914 
 
 aaltatiix 448,914 
 
 snludana 170 
 
 Salveliuua 316,318 
 
 aanctae-crucia 038 
 
 SaudEel 414 
 
 Sand-dab — 834 
 
 Sand barter 488,480 
 
 Sand-flah 626,627 
 
 Siind-flounder 815 
 
 Sand Launce -- 114,415 
 
 Sand-pike , 2^0,520 
 
 Sand-shark 27 
 
 aanguifluua 507 
 
 aanguineua 770 
 
 aauguiuolentiiH (Oucorhynchna) 308 
 
 (Pomotia) 478 
 
 (Salmo) 308 
 
 aapldiaslma (Alosa) 208 
 
 (Clupea) 267 
 
 sapidisaimua (Coregonas) 299 
 
 Sarcidium «. 205 
 
 Sarda 427 
 
 sarda (Polamya) 428 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1011 
 
 Page. 
 
 87 
 466 
 MJO, 407 
 Sll 
 8U 
 590 
 8U 
 773 
 175 
 
 958 
 305 
 365 
 40tt 
 
 :*j . ■ 800 
 
 t,.^ 80 
 ft.1, 265 
 265 
 639, 640 
 807 
 120,421 
 551 
 375 
 309, 312 
 309 
 164 
 309 
 i, 312, 525 
 526 
 525 
 484, 485 
 352, 894 
 050 
 288 
 39G 
 485 
 313 
 314 
 448, 914 
 448, 014 
 170 
 816, 318 
 .03$ 
 414 
 834 
 488, 489 
 02G, 627 
 815 
 U4,415 
 260, 520 
 27 
 507 
 770 
 308 
 478 
 308 
 268 
 267 
 299 
 205 
 427 
 428 
 
 PuKe. 
 
 Sardine 2fl« 
 
 Sardinia 887 
 
 Sargo 551,930 
 
 Sargus 557 
 
 Sirotlirodus 614 
 
 Sarpo 750 
 
 satirlrua 761 
 
 saturna 572,573 
 
 Sauger 526 
 
 Saurel 431,432 
 
 Saurina 279 
 
 Sauriis . 279 
 
 sanrus ( Elops) 261, 968 
 
 (Oligoplites) 973 
 
 (Sconiberesox) 375 
 
 (Trachurus) 432,912 
 
 Sanry 374 
 
 Saw-flah 36,37 
 
 Saw-kwey 306 
 
 aaxatilia (Chretodon) 611 
 
 (Gly phidorton) 611, 939 
 
 (PiBcilicbthys) 515 
 
 (Pomacentrus) 611 
 
 saxicola 837 
 
 sayanus 460, 461 
 
 sayl 48,69,879 
 
 Sayris 347 
 
 scaber 64», 949 
 
 scabriccps 194 
 
 Scad 432 
 
 Scamp 638 
 
 ScaphirliynchuB 88 
 
 Scapbiri'hynchops 88 
 
 Bcapbiurnii 943 
 
 Scarinic 598 
 
 Scarus 607,938 
 
 Scatophagus 673 
 
 Bceplicns 200 
 
 Schilbeodes 98 
 
 scha'piH 858 
 
 Bchranki 925 
 
 ScbuylkillCat .. 104 
 
 scladictis 342 
 
 Sciffiua 569,fi:tl 
 
 ScitPnidae 560 
 
 Sciuninte 566 
 
 Sciamups 571 
 
 scitulus 956 
 
 Sclcrodomii 853 
 
 Sclerognatbus 117,883 
 
 ScoliMlon 24,60 
 
 scolopaccns 366 
 
 suolopax 388 
 
 Scomber 422 
 
 scomber 424 
 
 ScomberesocidsB 371 
 
 Scombereaox 374 
 
 Scomberomorus 425 
 
 Scombrldaj 422 
 
 Scombrocottus 649 
 
 Scorabroides 446,913 
 
 Scorabroidinn) 431 
 
 Bcombraa 424, Oil 
 
 ScopelidiB 275,279 
 
 Soopelua 281 
 
 Page. 
 
 Seopbthalmns 815 
 
 Bcopiferum 205 
 
 Seorpicna 678,950, nsi, 952 
 
 ScorptEoichthys 716 
 
 Scorpicnidte 650 
 
 acorpioidcs 702 
 
 Scorpion 679 
 
 Scorpis 562 
 
 acorpiua 702 
 
 acouleri 304,305,308 
 
 acripta 850 
 
 scrutator (Bclone) 374 
 
 (lae«thc8> 060 
 
 Scnlpln 679,682,702 
 
 Scup 557 
 
 Souppajig 557 
 
 acntellatus 375 
 
 acuticaria 358 
 
 acylla 168 
 
 ScyJliidiB 57,58 
 
 Scylliorbinua 58, 869 
 
 Scyllium 58,809 
 
 ScymnidtB 13 
 
 Scyria 488 
 
 Scytalina 790 
 
 SeaBasa 526,532 
 
 Soa-bat 850 
 
 Sea Catfish 109,110,111 
 
 Devil 62 
 
 Horse 886 
 
 Poacber 728 
 
 Raven 685 
 
 Kobin 733 
 
 Trout 579,580 
 
 Snail 738 
 
 Sebaatapiates 678 
 
 Sebastea 651 
 
 Sebastifhthys 652, 655, 670 
 
 Sebastodes 652, 653, 6:)6. 950 
 
 Sebnatomus 652,654,664 
 
 Sebastoplus 652 
 
 Sebast osomns 652, 654, 657 
 
 soctatrix 561 
 
 sectindodoraaliii 420 
 
 segaliensis 723 
 
 Snlache 81 
 
 Sclacbians 12 
 
 Sebchii 13 
 
 Selachostcnii 82 
 
 Selar 433,434 
 
 Selene 489 
 
 selene (Carpiodea) 120 
 
 (Luxilus) 188 
 
 (Minnilus) 188 
 
 selenops 260 
 
 semicinctns 603,604 
 
 somifaaciata (Etlicostoma) 500 
 
 semifnsciatum (Pileonia) BOO 
 
 seniifasciatns (Xriacia) 20 
 
 seminolis 884 
 
 seminuda (Oila) 230 
 
 scminudiis (Lycodes) 787 
 
 semiscabra 695 
 
 Semotilus 220 
 
 •enilis 34et8IK 
 
 1!. 
 
1012 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Sefiorlta , 604 
 
 8entico8a 8.Jl 
 
 serrna 157 
 
 SerKoant-flsh OOO 
 
 Seiiola 444,912,913 
 
 Soriolichthys 44(i 
 
 Seriplius 58«; 
 
 Herpcntinus 778, 77ti 
 
 serra 276 
 
 Serranidas 526 
 
 Serraninte 527 
 
 Serrano 534 
 
 Seiranus 532,916,917 
 
 Hei-rata (Fistnlaria) 390 
 
 Herratum (Utcmnlun) 924 
 
 iterratus (Qasterosttius) j 396 
 
 serrlceps C76, 677 
 
 Sescrinus 914 
 
 Beseilicauda 840 
 
 setapinnia (Zeus) 440 
 
 •Setarches 682 
 
 setifer 857 
 
 Hctipinnis 440 
 
 sexinaculatas 863 
 
 Shad 267 
 
 Shad Waiter 29H 
 
 Sharks 12 
 
 Sl»>io«Rhead 558,567 
 
 Shiier 185, 186, 232, 248, ;;30, 587 
 
 Shovel-head Shark 25 
 
 Shovel-nose 27 
 
 Shovel-nosed Shark 6i 
 
 Sturgeon 88 
 
 shumardi ( Albui-nops) 193 
 
 (Iladropterus) 499 
 
 ■if'^t '- (Imostouin) 498 
 
 (Minnilus) 192 
 
 sialis 98 
 
 Siboma 230, 239 
 
 sicculus 406 
 
 Sidora 969 
 
 ■ siderium 154, 1 55 
 
 Sierra 427 
 
 siguatuB 623 
 
 signit'er (Bry*,tn8) 478 
 
 (Coregonas) " • 
 
 (Salnio) 803 
 
 (Stypodon) 224 
 
 (ThymaUus) 302,303 
 
 Silurldro 06 
 
 Silas 295 
 
 Silver Chub 222 
 
 Eel 910 
 
 Silver-tin 163,179 
 
 Silver Perch 570 
 
 Sal raon 807 
 
 Trout 310 
 
 Silversides 404 
 
 Hitna 170 
 
 Simenchelys 303 
 
 similis ( Auiphistich us) 593 
 
 (Fiimlulus) 333, 891 
 
 (Hydrargyra) 333 
 
 eimillimuH 451 
 
 ainiotera 406 
 
 Page, 
 simpsoni jyj 
 
 siniulaus (Enncncnnthun) 4-Q 
 
 (Hcmioplites) 47j 
 
 (SebastoHomus) 553 
 
 simus (AlburuelliiB) 170 
 
 (lihinichthys) 885,886 
 
 Siphagonus 725 
 
 Sipliostoma 382,904,905,900 
 
 niscowet 317,318 
 
 Skate 39,40 
 
 Skim-back 120 
 
 Skip-jack 266,406,432,443 
 
 Skipper 375 
 
 Skittle Dog ig 
 
 Skowitz 307 
 
 Sleeper 631,632 
 
 Sleeper-shnrk 13, 14 
 
 Sleepmarkun 5 
 
 sloani 284,285 
 
 Small-mouthed Black Bass 485 
 
 Smaragdus 635 
 
 Smelt 2"':, 203 
 
 smiriduB 809 
 
 smithii (Carcharodon) 875 
 
 (Cyprinus) 260 
 
 Smooth Hound 19 
 
 Snapper 647,651 
 
 Snipe Eel 365 
 
 ■fenipe-tish 388 
 
 SnookH 909 
 
 Soap-fish 543 
 
 socius 195 
 
 Soft-rayed fishes 94 
 
 sogo 459 
 
 Soldier-fish 517 
 
 Sole 841 
 
 Solenostomatida) 381 
 
 soils 477,478 
 
 Somniosus 14, 57 
 
 soninolenta 632 
 
 sonoriensis 349 
 
 soporator 033,634,044 
 
 sordidus 817 
 
 Southern Porgee 029 
 
 spadicca 155 
 
 spallauzani 28,29,874,875 
 
 Spanish Flag 669 
 
 Mackerel 426, 910 
 
 Porgy 939 
 
 Sardine 887 
 
 Sparnda 588,600 
 
 SpaiidHj 545,880 
 
 Sparinas 546 
 
 Sparisoma 938 
 
 sparoides 405 
 
 Sparus 555,925,072 
 
 spathula (Polyodon) 83,84 
 
 (Squalus) 84 
 
 spatula (LepisoBteas) 03 
 
 Spatularia 83 
 
 Spawn-eater 171 
 
 Spear-fish 120,420 
 
 speciosa (Gambusia) 346, 894 
 
 speciosus (Pomot is) 480, 482 
 
 (SemotiluB) 221 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1013 
 
 specioRUH (Trachichthys) . . 
 
 Speck 
 
 Speckled Tront , . 
 
 apectabilis (Poecilicbthys) . 
 
 (Salmo) 
 
 (Salvelinus) ... 
 spectmm 
 
 Page. 
 
 458 
 
 , 405 
 
 320 
 
 518 
 
 320 
 
 320 
 
 294 
 
 spectruncula 168,167 
 
 Mpelseiis 324 
 
 spcngleri 861 
 
 spet 411 
 
 Spbagebrtuchns 358 
 
 Spbyneua 410 
 
 upbyrcena (Esox) 410,411 
 
 sphyifenarum 970 
 
 Sphyrtenida) 410 
 
 SpbyiTia 26,874 
 
 SpbymidoB 25 
 
 Rpillmani 506 
 
 ttpilonotus 857 
 
 spilopterus (Citharicbthys) 817 
 
 (Leucisctis) 179 
 
 (Fbotogeuis) 179 
 
 spilota 694, 953, 954 
 
 flpihirns 314 
 
 Spinacidaj 15 
 
 splnarella 738,907 
 
 Bpiniccpbalum 
 
 Bpinosissitnns 
 
 spinosus (Cnlycilepidotus) . 
 
 (Cycloptems) ... 
 
 (Ecbinorbinns). . 
 
 149 
 
 727 
 
 715 
 
 740 
 
 14 
 
 (Eumicrotrciuus) 745, 957 
 
 (Hemilttpidotua). 
 
 (Squalus) 
 
 Spiny Eels 
 
 S^iny-raycd fishes 
 
 k.plit-tail 
 
 Split-moutb Sucker 
 
 Spoon-bill Cat 
 
 Spot 
 
 Sprat 
 
 Spmtella 
 
 Spratelloides , 
 
 Btoarnsi (Corvina) 572 
 
 (Lut,ianu8) t ,9, 921, 922 
 
 (Konrador) 572 
 
 (Sciicua) 572 
 
 (Scorpasna) 051 
 
 (Seriola) 445,913 * 
 
 Steel-bend 313,314 
 
 714 
 
 14 
 
 308 
 
 397 
 
 223 
 
 144 
 
 83 
 
 574 
 
 274 
 
 264 
 
 203 
 
 Squall 12,907 
 
 equalidus (Scarus) 938 
 
 squaUpeta 909 
 
 Squalius 230 
 
 Squalus 10 
 
 sqnaniatus 241 
 
 squaniiceps 514 
 
 Bquamiluutus (Ceratichthys) 218 
 
 (Coucsius) 218 
 
 (Paralicbtbys) 823 
 
 Sqnaraipinnes 613, 614 
 
 Bquamipiunis (Gerres) 935 
 
 Squatina 35 
 
 squatina 35 
 
 Squatinidte 35,967 
 
 Squeteague 581 
 
 Squirrel-flsh .457,459,534 
 
 Squirrel Hake 799 
 
 stagnalis 821 
 
 Star-gazers 627 
 
 stearnsi (Blenuius) 961 
 
 stegopbtbalmus 
 
 stellaris 
 
 stellatus (Fario) 
 
 (Salmo) 
 
 (Pla'lcbtbys) 
 
 (Pleuroiiectes) 
 
 stelleri (Cyclopterichtbys) 
 (Cyclopterus) 
 
 (Trichodon) 
 
 stellifer ^Budiauus) 
 
 (Ftmdulus) 
 
 Btellifera (Corviua) 
 
 723 
 
 £8 
 
 315 
 
 316 
 
 836 
 
 835 
 
 745 
 
 745 
 
 C27 
 
 5C9 
 
 337 
 
 , 570 
 
 (Scinina) 509,931 
 
 (Xenismi) * 337 
 
 Stollifcrus 569 
 
 stollulata 44 
 
 Stenodus 304 
 
 St4!notonm8 557,929,972 
 
 856 
 
 730 
 
 531 
 
 85 
 
 216 
 
 283 
 
 Steplianolopis 
 
 stupbaoopUry s 
 
 Stereolepis 
 
 Sterletua 
 
 sterlutus 
 
 SternoptycbidiB 
 
 Stevens! 291,292 
 
 Sticboius 775 
 
 SticbueidiB 754 
 
 Stickleback 392,395,300 
 
 stigiua ^ 789 
 
 stigiua;a (Ulocentra) 405 
 
 stiginteus (Citharicbthys) 065 
 
 stigniaticus (Coraticbthys) 212 
 
 (Gobionellus) 047 
 
 (Siuaragdus) 047 
 
 stigmatura (Cliola) 182 
 
 (Codoma) 182 
 
 stigmaturus (Gobius) 046 
 
 (Pbotogonis) 182 
 
 Stilbe 248 
 
 Stilbius 250 
 
 stilbius 201 
 
 Stingareo 47 
 
 I Sting Uays 45,47 
 
 i StiKosttdion 625 
 
 Stizdstediuiu 525,910 
 
 Stoasodon 879 
 
 Stolepborus 272,888 
 
 Stouiias 28fJ 
 
 Btomias (Atherestbes) 820 
 
 (PlatysomaticbthyH) 821 
 
 (Salmo) 816 
 
 (Trisotropis) 918,972 
 
 Stflmiatidro 285 
 
 Stomodon 800 
 
 Stouobass 532 
 
 Stone-cat 07,100 
 
 Stone-lugger 130, 149 
 
 StouoKoUer 130,148vl49 
 
 lit I 
 
m 
 
 1014 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Stone-totor 160 
 
 atoreri (LeuciHcuH) 221 
 
 (ScombereBox) 375 
 
 Btororiana 170, 171 
 
 atorerius 405 
 
 Btouti fl,57,F' " 
 
 Btraminea 167,168 
 
 Strawberry Bass 465 
 
 atriatuB (Antbias) 919 
 
 (KpincpbeluB) 018 
 
 (Koccub) 528 
 
 (Scnauun) 019 
 
 BtiigatnB 730 
 
 Striped Bubs 529 
 
 Mullet 403 
 
 StronatoidaB 449 
 
 Sti omateus 450 
 
 Btroiiii 813 
 
 BtnimoHiia 749, 957 
 
 Stnd-flBh 337 
 
 Sturgeon 82, 84 
 
 Btiirio 85 
 
 Bt.vlifer 007 
 
 Stypodon 223 
 
 Buavis 176. 177 
 
 Bubbifurcatus 775 
 
 BubligariuB 535, 917 
 
 Bubtenunens 325 
 
 Bucetta 132.133,134 
 
 Sucker 112,124,578 
 
 sucklii 17 
 
 Sudis 277 
 
 Bueuri 455, 914 
 
 Buillus 601 
 
 Bt^jef 700 
 
 Sukkegh Salmon 308 
 
 Bnniuulentus 632 
 
 Sun-fish 453,462,472,482,865 
 
 Sunny , 482 
 
 BuperciliosuB (Aspidophorus) 723 
 
 (Uexagrammus) 044 
 
 (Hyborliynchus) 100 
 
 '' (Labrax) 644 
 
 Surf-flsh 585,592,594,595 
 
 Surf Smelt 294 
 
 Whiting 577,933 
 
 Surgeon 610 
 
 Surgeon-flsh 617 
 
 BuriiiameusiB 555 
 
 Biirniuliitus 565 
 
 Surmullet 564,565 
 
 Butor 439 
 
 BwampinuB 832 
 
 Bwani 729 
 
 Swell-shark 50 
 
 Swell-toad 861,863 
 
 Swingle-tail 27 
 
 Sword-flsh 420 
 
 symmetricns (Caranx) 432, 911 
 
 (Ceratiohthys) 213 
 
 ,j_^^ , : (Lepomis) 473 
 
 ' "^■^' (LeucoBumuB) 213 
 
 (Pogoniohthy 8) 213 
 
 (TrachuruB) 432 
 
 SymmetruruB 222 
 
 Pace. 
 
 synagris 022 
 
 Sy naphobranchidae 394 
 
 SynaphobranchuB 354 
 
 Synentognathi 371 
 
 SyngnathidiB 3^2 
 
 SyngnathuB 382 
 
 SynoduB 279,280,889 
 
 Syrrhina 63,878 
 
 Byrtensium 295 
 
 T. 
 
 tabaccaria 389 
 
 ta;nia (Ulennius) .J 7fin 
 
 (ClInostomuB) 284 
 
 (MurienoideB T6fi 
 
 (Squal'f.s) 234 
 
 tiBniatiiB 552 
 
 tnjniops 019 
 
 tajniopteruB 704 
 
 Tajniotoca 594 
 
 tahoeusis 127 
 
 Tiiilor Herring 260 
 
 Tambor 860 
 
 tapdisma 309 
 
 Tarpum 261,262 
 
 tau 750,751 
 
 Tauridea 094 
 
 taurocephala 100 
 
 Tautog 600,936 
 
 Tautoga 599,936 
 
 tautoga 599 
 
 TautogolabruB 599 
 
 taylori 793 
 
 tchawytcha 307,890 
 
 telescopuB 201 
 
 TelesteB 230 
 
 Telipomia 473 
 
 temniinckl 586,594 
 
 TeranlBtia 714 
 
 Temnodon 448 
 
 tenflluB 340 
 
 tenuis (AtherinopsiB) 405,406 
 
 (Gadus) 799 
 
 (LeurcBthes) 405 
 
 (PhyciB) 799 
 
 teres (Alosa) 263 
 
 (CatoBtomus) 130 
 
 (Coecuhi) 897 
 
 (Cyprinus) 130 
 
 (Etrumous) 263 
 
 (Sphagebranchus) 897 
 
 TeretuluB 136 
 
 teretuluB 205 
 
 tergisus 260 
 
 terriE-novas 24,25 
 
 tessellata (Etheoatotoa) 509 
 
 Tessellated Darter 492 
 
 tessellatum (Boleosoma) '*02 
 
 (Nanostoma) 511 
 
 tessellatas (Hadropterus) 511 
 
 (Notbonotua) 609 
 
 testndineus • . • 861 
 
 Tetard 631 
 
 Tetragonopterua 255 
 
 lotragonoptruis 61* 
 
INDEX. 
 
 1015 
 
 Page. 
 
 tetrapturorum 418 
 
 Tetrapturus 420 
 
 Tetrodon 860,066 
 
 Tetrodontidffi 859 
 
 TeuthyiUda) 616,880 
 
 texana (Anguilla) 361 
 
 (Cyprindla) 178 
 
 texenais (Diorida) 157 
 
 (C.vnoscion) 581 
 
 thalassir.um (Moxostoraa) 139 
 
 (Nauoatoma) 511 
 
 thalaaainus (Lepidogobiua) 047 
 
 (Xotlionotua) 511 
 
 (Otolithns) 581 
 
 (Ptychoatomus) 139 
 
 Tlialeichthya 291 
 
 thaleichthy 8 202 
 
 tlia/ard 911 
 
 tbompsoni (Carpiodea) 119 
 
 (Ictiobua) 883 
 
 (Triglopaia) 700,710 
 
 thoreanianua 221 
 
 Thrcad-flii 412 
 
 Thread-flsh 438 
 
 Thread Herring 268 
 
 Thresher Shark 26,27 
 
 thriasa 268,269 
 
 thrisaoidea 262, 887 
 
 Thunder-pumper 507 
 
 thunnina 430 
 
 ThymalluB 302 
 
 thymalluH 302 
 
 Thynnichthya 429 
 
 Thy nnus 428, 429 
 
 thy nnus 429 
 
 Thyris 840 
 
 Tiaroga 163 
 
 tiburo 25,26,874 
 
 Tiger Sharks 21 
 
 Tigonia 230, 233 
 
 tigriuus (Galeocerdo) 21, ' 
 
 (Myrichtliys) 360 
 
 Tile-fiah 624 
 
 Tili'sia 80i 
 
 tilesii 715 
 
 tinippnogensis 100 
 
 tiniucu 9U2 
 
 tincellus 245 
 
 Tiphle 382 
 
 Tirodon 008 
 
 Toad-flsh 750,845 
 
 Tobacco-box 40 
 
 tobianus 414, 415, 909 
 
 Togno 317 
 
 toma 317 
 
 Tom-cod 805, 800 
 
 tom-cod 806 
 
 tomcodus 806 
 
 Toothed Herring 2C0 
 
 Top Minnow 338 
 
 Tope 21 
 
 TorpcdinidtB 38 
 
 Torpedo 38,30,876,877 
 
 torpedo (Raia) 38 
 
 torvus 688 
 
 Pago. 
 
 Toter , 130 
 
 toxotea 596 
 
 Trachinidas 623, 624, 627, 628, 880 
 
 Tra<;hinocephalu8 281 
 
 Trachuropa 433,970 
 
 Trachurus 431, 911 
 
 tracburua (Caranx) 432, Oil 
 
 (Cottns) 715 
 
 (Gaateroateua) 395,396 
 
 (Hemilepidotus) 715 
 
 (Scomber) 432,912 
 
 (Trachurua) 432,912 
 
 Trarbynotua 441 
 
 Trachypteridae 017 
 
 Trachypterns 618 
 
 tractus 941 
 
 tranquebar 724 
 
 tranamoutanus (Acipenser) 80 
 
 (Khinichthya 207,885 
 
 traaki 587 
 
 Tree-flah 676 
 
 triacauthus 451 
 
 Trlacis 20,870 
 
 tribulus 735 
 
 Trichidion 413 
 
 Trichiuridro 421, 910 
 
 Trichiurua 422 
 
 trichocepbalns 802 
 
 Trichodiodon g62 
 
 Trichodon 627 
 
 liichodon 627 
 
 Trichodontidae 626, 880 
 
 trichroistia 18I 
 
 tricolor (Chajtodon) 615 
 
 (Holacanthiis) 941 
 
 (Pomacanthus) 941 
 
 (Tliyraallus) 303 
 
 tricnapia 708, 709 
 
 tridentatua 7, 8, 57, 867, 868 
 
 tridigitatua 753 
 
 trifurcus 534,917,973 
 
 Trigger flah 854 
 
 Trigla 733,956 
 
 Triglidaj 640,051,731,880 
 
 Triglops 712 
 
 Triglopaia 709 
 
 trlgonurn 853 
 
 trigranmiHS 644 
 
 Triloburus 534 
 
 trilobua 720 
 
 triqueter ocg 
 
 triquetrum 965 
 
 triaerialia 359,897,898 
 
 triaeriatus 64,65,876 
 
 Trisotropia 537,918,919,071 
 
 trispinosa (Corvinn) 570,031 
 
 trispinoans (Odontopyxis) 729 
 
 tristoDclius 92 
 
 trivittatua 554 
 
 Trochocopus , 601,936 
 
 tropica (Echcneis) 070 
 
 tropicua '( Atractoateus) 02 
 
 Trout Perch 322 
 
 trowiridgii (Aboona) 588 
 
 (Homalopomns) 809 
 
1016 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Ti ampet-flsh 388,389 
 
 trnncata ( Belone) 374 
 
 truucatus (OrthagoriRcus) 907 
 
 (Hanzania) 966 
 
 (Salmo) 313,314 
 
 (Tetrodon) 967 
 
 Trnnk-flsh 852 
 
 Tryclu>ro«lon 247 
 
 Trygon 47,879 
 
 Trygonidro 45 
 
 Trygonorhina 876 
 
 tsnppitch 308,315,316 
 
 tschawytscha 890 
 
 tu1>erculatu8 48, 49, 66, 879 
 
 tndes 320 
 
 tnditana ^ 165,166 
 
 Tullibee 301 
 
 tnllibee 801,302 
 
 tnmidus 118,110,883 
 
 Tuna 428 
 
 tunicata 741,742 
 
 Tunnies 428,429 
 
 Tunny 429 
 
 Turtot 815,830 
 
 turgidua 861,862 
 
 tumerl 788 
 
 Tyee Salmon 306 
 
 Tylosurus 372,901 
 
 Tyntlastcs 639 
 
 Typhlichthys 324 
 
 Typhlogobius 639 
 
 typicu8 187 
 
 tyrannus (Alosa) 267 
 
 (Anguilla) 361 
 
 (Brevoortia) 269 
 
 ' (Clupea) 270 
 
 XJlocnntra 494 
 
 TJmbla 816 
 
 Umbra 350 
 
 umbra 569 
 
 umbratilis 200 
 
 UmbridoB 349 
 
 Urabrini* 575 
 
 urabrosa (Cliola) 176 
 
 (Cyprinella) 176 
 
 (Lcpidopaetta) 832 
 
 umbrosus (Esox) 352,894 
 
 (Platichthys) 834 
 
 (Pleiironectea) 831 
 
 (Sobastichthys) 950 
 
 (SebastodfB) 950 
 
 tincinatns 093 
 
 undccimalis 528 
 
 nndulata (Unibrina) 576 
 
 undulatus (Menticirrus) 578,932,933 
 
 (^Micropogon) 575 
 
 nnicolor ( Amniocoetes) 868 
 
 (Bryttus) 477 
 
 nnicomis 818 
 
 unifasciatns 876 
 
 unimaculat us ( Argyroiosns) 440 
 
 (Clinua) 775 
 
 (Stichteus) 775 
 
 Page. 
 
 uninotatus 922 
 
 TTpcneus 565 
 
 UpBelonphorus 628 
 
 TJranidea 603,953,954,955 
 
 uranopa (Phonacobius) 206 
 
 UranoscopidtB 627 
 
 uranoscopns (Mancalias) 848 
 
 uranoscopus 848 
 
 Urolophus 46 
 
 TJronectes 789 
 
 Urophycis 798 
 
 Uropsetta '. 821 
 
 urns 116,883 
 
 ustus (Calliodon) . 606 
 
 Utah 815 
 
 vacca 597 
 
 vagrana 407,908,069 
 
 vabli 780,787 
 
 Vaillantia 493 
 
 vampyrns 53 
 
 vandoisulus 232 
 
 variabilis ( Acanthocottus) 703 
 
 (Perca) 659, 950 
 
 (Sebastca) 059 
 
 variatum (Etheoatoma) 503 
 
 variatus ( Alvordina) 503 
 
 (Pa!cili> .;thya) 518 
 
 varicgatus (Cyprinodon) 329, 890 
 
 (Liniuurgus) 343 
 
 velatum 138 
 
 veliana 405 
 
 vclifor (Carpiodoa) 120 
 
 (Ictiobus) 120 
 
 (Letharchua) j 896 
 
 velox 16ti 
 
 ventralis 7(i8 
 
 ventricoaa (Apocope) 211 
 
 (Temniatia) 715 
 
 ventricosua (Blcpsiaa) 715 
 
 (Ceratichtliya) 211 
 
 (Cyclopterichthys) 745 
 
 (Cycloptcnia) 745 
 
 ventrioans (Scylliorhinus) 59, 869 
 
 venuata (Cliola) 178 
 
 (Cyprinella) 178 
 
 (Limia) 343 
 
 (Lucania) 343,893 
 
 vermicularia (Sparua) 922 
 
 vcrniiculatua (Xyrichthys) 605, 973 
 
 vcrnalis (Clupea) 207 
 
 (Gobio) 214 
 
 (Pomolobus) 267 
 
 (Scomber) 424 
 
 verrilli 786 
 
 vorrucosua (Brachyopais) 726 
 
 (Cottus) '. 707 
 
 (Lcptagonua) 955 
 
 versicolor ( Abramiu) 250 
 
 (Argyrops) 929 
 
 (Labrus) 929 
 
 (Stcnotomus) 929 
 
 verticalis 829 
 
 verus 875 
 
Page. 
 073 
 666 
 028 
 , 954, 055 
 206 
 627 
 848 
 848 
 40 
 789 
 708 
 821 
 116, 8S3 
 6U6 
 S15 
 
 597 
 
 )7, 908, 009 
 ,. 786,787 
 403 
 53 
 232 
 703 
 .. 650,950 
 059 
 503 
 503 
 518 
 .. 329,800 
 34:{ 
 138 
 405 
 120 
 120 
 896 
 160 
 708 
 2U 
 715 
 715 
 211 
 745 
 745 
 ... 59,869 
 178 
 178 
 343 
 . .. 343,893 
 922 
 ... 605,073 
 267 
 214 
 267 
 424 
 786 
 726 
 707 
 
 955 
 
 250 
 929 
 929 
 929 
 829 
 875 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 1017 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tespei't ilio ( Holorhinus) 51 
 
 (Malihe) 880 
 
 (KhinopterA) 61 
 
 vetiiltiii (Bttlistfs) 865 
 
 (PaiophryH) 882 
 
 ( Plduronectes) 831 
 
 vexiliurt* ( Boleosoma) 493 
 
 voxillaris 672, 673 
 
 vheeleri 687 
 
 Vi^aMugei- 938 
 
 vigllax 169 
 
 vigilis 971 
 
 vUlosa (Clup6a) 291 
 
 villosus (Cottua) 886 
 
 (Mallotus) 201 
 
 vincti|>e8 510 
 
 viola 800 
 
 yiolaci um (Ditrema) 586, 93« 
 
 violacttiia ( Apodiohthy s) 774 
 
 (Cebedichthys) 774, 962 
 
 Viper-flsh 284 
 
 virens 806 
 
 viresoens ( Apodiohthys) 770 
 
 (Pantosteus) 124 
 
 Tirgatulus 957 
 
 virgatus (Uelolepis) 779 
 
 (Poecilichthys) 515 
 
 Tirginalia 315 
 
 virginicum (Pristipoma) 552 
 
 virginicus (Anisotremus) 552 
 
 (Pomadasys) 558,923 
 
 (Sparus) 552 
 
 virginianns ( Acauthocottos) 701 
 
 viride (Ophidiuni) ... 789 
 
 viridis (Centrarchas) 468 
 
 (Centropomns) 52^ 
 
 (Chaenobryttaa) 468 
 
 (E80X) 92,880 
 
 . (Gymnelis) 789 
 
 (Lepidosteos) 02 
 
 Tiridescena (Syngnathua) 383 
 
 (OameruB) 293 
 
 yiscosa 698 
 
 vitrea(Ioa) 490 
 
 (Peroa) 525 
 
 viti-euin (Stizoatediom) 525 
 
 vitnnia (Poeoiliohthya) 491 
 
 vittata (Argyrotania) 415,909 
 
 (CUola) 172 
 
 (Clupea) 273 
 
 (Codoma) 173,173 
 
 (Hemitremia) 162 
 
 (Lepidomeda) 252 
 
 vittatiia ( Ammodytoa) 415 
 
 (Engraulia) 273, 888 
 
 (Ebox) 352, 894 
 
 Viuva 660 
 
 vivax ( Ammoorypta) 169, 970 
 
 (Cliola) 169 
 
 viviparna 652 
 
 Volador 378,738 
 
 volitana (Cephalacanthas) 957 
 
 (Dactylopterns) 738 
 
 (Exoc(Btai>) 378 
 
 (Trigla) 738 
 
 Page. 
 
 volucella 168 
 
 Vomer 430,440 
 
 vomer 439,440 
 
 t vomerinna 
 
 I Torax 
 
 ' vulgaria (AcantbiaH) 
 
 (Aniiuraa) 
 
 (Anguilln) 
 
 (AiixiH) 
 
 (Bolono) 
 
 ( BroBiiiiua) 
 
 (OarchariuH) 
 
 (Carcbariiiua) .. 
 
 (Conger) 
 
 (llippoglostaua) . 
 
 (Liparia) 
 
 (LoU) 
 
 (MerluciuB) 
 
 (Holva) , 
 
 781 
 
 S2S 
 
 17 
 
 106 
 
 861 
 
 426 
 
 878 
 
 808 
 
 878 
 
 878 
 
 868 
 
 818 
 
 742 
 
 802 
 
 800 
 
 801 
 
 (MuateluB) 19,20 
 
 (Pagnia) 
 
 (PimeloduB) 
 
 (Pomotia) 
 
 (KpbyriBna) 
 
 (ThynniiB) 
 
 vulm-rato (Apocope) 
 
 TiihiPvatiiH (XotbouotuB) .. 
 (PflBcilicbUiya). 
 
 vulpes ( Albiila) 
 
 (Alopecias) 
 
 (Alopiaa) 
 
 (Ebox) 
 
 (PiraeloduB) 
 
 (Squalus) 
 
 viitaiiH 
 
 650 
 106 
 488 
 4:1 
 428 
 210 
 608 
 609 
 268 
 27 
 27 
 268 
 
 ioo 
 
 27 
 780 
 
 W. 
 
 ■wacUim 806 
 
 Walleyed Perch 691 
 
 Pike 525 
 
 War-mouth 467,468 
 
 wariMiI (Boltichthya) 521 
 
 (PoBcllichthys) 521 
 
 (Salmo) 300 
 
 WurBaw 920 
 
 WeHk.flsb 579,681 
 
 weblti (BlenuopbiB) 766 
 
 (Embiotoca) 696 
 
 ((JphioblenuiuB) 766 
 
 whoatlandi 386 
 
 wbeeleri 087 
 
 wbippb'i (Boleiuhthya) 616 
 
 (Cliola) 178 
 
 (Cyprinella) 178 
 
 White Angel 040 
 
 Whitebait 266 
 
 White Basa 629 
 
 Cat 107,108 
 
 Wbite.flsh 269,206,626 
 
 White Grunt 654 
 
 Hake 790 
 
 Mallet 139,403 
 
 Perch 580, 567, 591, .597 
 
 Sturgeon 8«. 8K 
 
 Sucker ] 29, 140 
 
1018 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 P*ge. 
 
 White Trout 080 
 
 W'hUinK 299,677 
 
 u illliimsanl (Cor«Konu«) 297,068 
 
 (Gastnrosteua) 304 
 
 u'ilHoni 607 
 
 wincbelli 214 
 
 Window-pane 815 
 
 Winter-Flounder 837 
 
 Winter Salmon SOS 
 
 Wolf-flsli 781 
 
 Wraaae-flshea 507 
 
 Wreok-flsli 832 
 
 Wry-moutli 780 
 
 wilrdemanni 634, 045 
 
 X. 
 
 xenooepbalus 102 
 
 xaenura 184 
 
 xanthocephalUB 104 
 
 xtmtliiirag (Homoprion) 571, 032 
 
 (LioBtomus) 674,032 
 
 (Rhombus) 914 
 
 (Soifflna) 674 
 
 (SeBerinns) 014 
 
 xanti 676 
 
 XenichthyiniB 546 
 
 Xeniuhtliys 646,020 
 
 xenicns 891,802 
 
 Xenisma 381, 336 
 
 Xenistins 020 
 
 Xenotis 472,477 
 
 Xiphias 419 
 
 Xiphidioo 771 
 
 XiphidiontidsB 764 
 
 XipbUda 419,000 
 
 Xiphister 771 
 
 XlphisterinB 754 
 
 XiphophoruB 346 
 
 xyoatemaa 727, 055 
 
 Xyrichtbys 605 
 
 XystreuryB 821,825 
 
 Xyatroplites 472,480 
 
 T. 
 
 TeUowBaaa 680 
 
 Oat 102,106 
 
 Page. 
 
 Tellow Cavali^ 440 
 
 Yellow-tinned Boi ndor 576 
 
 Yellow Perch 524 
 
 Pike 625 
 
 Yellow taU 2«9, 444, 44«, 670, «26, 667 
 
 Yelting 64 
 
 y-gneonm 628, 629, 041 
 
 z. 
 
 zaohirua 838 
 
 ziinemua 217 
 
 Zaniolepia , 647 
 
 Zapter-x 876 
 
 zatTopis 905, 906 
 
 zebra (Fundulus) 338, 335, 336, 891 
 
 (Qern-B) 935 
 
 (Hydrarpyra) - 333,336 
 
 zebriunH 891 
 
 Zenidee an] 
 
 ZenopHin 456 
 
 Zoarcea 784 
 
 Zoarvidffi 783 
 
 zonale 5lo 
 
 zonata (Cliola) 183 
 
 (Seriola) 446,018 
 
 zonatum (ElasHoma) 441, 015 
 
 zonatu8(Albiii'niiH) 183 
 
 (BpbippuB) 614 
 
 (Eaox) 342 
 
 (Fiunluliis) . . 342 
 
 (HaploohiluB) 342 
 
 (LeuciHCUR) 183 
 
 (Scomber) 445 
 
 (ZyBonoc»«8) 841, 342 
 
 Zonichthys 446 
 
 zonlfer 640 
 
 zoniBtiuB 180, 1S8, 180 
 
 Zophendum 154 
 
 zophera ' 697 
 
 zoetersB 907 
 
 zimnensiB 229 
 
 Zygsma 26 
 
 zygsna 26,01 
 
 Zygoneotea 838, 892, 804 
 
 zyoptems 870