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SMITHSONIAN
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('
VOL. XXIV.
'BVBRT MAN IB A VAI.UABIE MEMBER OF HOCIETY WHO BT lllS OBBEBVATIOKB, REBEABCHKg,
AND EXPRBIMBNTS PROCUEES KNOVil.BlKtE fOR MEN.'V-fiMITHBON.
WASHINGTON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1883.
mm mmmm
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ADVERTISEMENT
The present series, entitled " Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections," is
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understood that it cainiot hold itself responsible for the facts and conclusions
of the authoi-s, as it is impossible in most cases to verify their statements.
S. F. BAIRD,
Seci'etary S. I.
Ill
' _^ ) -- „-;:«,.
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T-<ixtmim.Vv »«»!n.v.,«K,»»«>»o'.,v •.■mmTSms^n<m-u*^..
^cpariincTii of ihe ^rxieviov:
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETINS'
OF THB
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
VOLUME III
(No. 16.) .
PUBIJSHB^D UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIi^N INSTITUTION.
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TABLE OF CONTEJS'TS.
Synopsis op the Fishes op North America. By David 8. Jordan
AND Charles H. Gilbert. 1882. 8vo.. pp. 1074. Bnlleilr. of the
National Museum, Ko. 16,
-4-^*=^ ^o
VII
'l^-i£- £>--^t.
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department of the ^nUviovt
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16 —
BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES Ni^TIONAL MUSEUM.
No. 16.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTIOif OF THE SMITHSONIAN
INSTITUTION.
' WASHINGTOK:
aOVEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1882.
ADYEKTISEMENT,
This work is the sixteenth of a series of papers intended to ilhistrate
tiie collections of natural liistory and ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Smithsonian Institution was i)laced in charge by the net of Congress of
August 10, 184G.
It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by
authority of the lionorable Secretary of tho Interior.
SPENOEK F. EAIED,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, May 20, 1882.
11
SYNOPSIS
OF THE
FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY
AND
OHARLJKS H. aiLBERT.
WASHINGTON:
GOVEBN3IENT PBINTINO OFFICE.
1882.
ill
PKEFACE.
lu this memoir we have endeavored to give concise descriptions of
all the species of fishes known to inhabit'the waters of North America,
north of the boundary between the United States and Mexico.
The classification which we have adopted is essentially based on the
views of Professors Gill and Cope, who have, it seems to us, been more
fortunate in reflecting nature in their groupings of the fishes than have
any of the European systematists. In our arrangement of the families
and genera, we have endeavored to avoid, on the one hand, unnatural
associations, and on the other, subdivision beyond reasonable limits.
Genera to which we have been unable to give precise definition have
))een rarely adopted.
The rules of nomenclature generally recognized by naturalists, and
recently admirably formulated by Mr. W. H. Dall, have been followed
without deviation, except such as may be due to ignorance of all the
facti> in any particular case. Most of the present confusion in nomen-
clature is due to the neglect of established rules, and the only way out
of this confusion is through the rigid enforcement of these rules. There
is little hope for uniformity in nomenclature so long as individual prefer-
ence or caprice is allowed to affect it.
We are under obligations to Prof. Spencer F. Baird, to Prof. G.
Brown Goode, und to Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, for many aids, especially
in connection with our use of the specimens in the United States Na-
tional Museum. To Dr. Bean, in particular, we have been indebted for
help of various sorts, including many unpublished notes. To Dr. Theo-
dore Gill and to Ppf. E. D. Cope, we are indebted for numerous aids
and suggestions. Mr. Samuel Garman, of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, has given us considerable assistance on the Elasmobranchs.
Mr. Chas. L. McKay, of the United States Signal Service, has revised
VI
PREFACE.,
our account of the Centrarchidce. Prof. S. A. Forbes, of the Illinois
Laboratory of Natural History, has furnisheu numerous notes on the
PercUlw and Gyprinidcc of Illinois. Prof. Felipe Poey, of Havana, bus
given valuable informatioii in regard to the fishes of the Florida Keys.
Professor O. P. Hay, of Butler University, has furnished us manuscript
descriptions of specie* new to science. Miss Rosa Smith, Mr. Joseph
Swain, and especially Mrs. Susan B. Jordan, have given important per-
sonal assistance in the verification of the descriptions in our manu-
scripts.
Finally, we may refer to the early encouragement received from Dr.
Elliott Coues, whose advice and example led us to undertake to do for
American Ichthyology, so far as lay in our i)<)wer, what Coues' "Key
to North American Birds" has done for American Ornithology.
A Bibliography of North American Ichthyology is soon to be pub-
lished by Professor Goode. We have therefore not futempted to give
a list of the works consulted by us. We have endeavored to examine
everything pertaining to American Ichthyology.
Under the head of each si)ecies, enough synonymy has been given to
connect this work with other descriptive works, and no more. Eefer-
ence is made to the original description of each species, to the descri]*-
tions in Dr. Giinther's "Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum,"
and to other works in which special information is given or in which
some name different from the one adopted by us is employed.
This work was first prepared for the press in 1879, during which year
a portion of it was printrnl. Since then the printing has been several
times interrupted, chiefly by tlu^ absence of the authors while engaged
in field-work. It was finished in September, 1882. The manuscripts
unprinted have been from time to time revised, and each part has been
brought up to the date of finally leaving our hands. The fact that the
printing has extended over more than three years, — three of the most
active years in the history of American Ichthyology, — will account for
some discrepancies between the first and last parts of the work. In the
Addenda, we have included the 'species which have been described
since the printing of the accounts of the families to which they re-
spectively belong. "
DAVID S. JOKDAN.
CHAKLES H. GILBERT.
Indiana University,
Bloomlngton, Ind.j September 14, 188li.
PREFACE.
VII
:N^ote.— In our descriptions the length of the fish is always measured
from the tip of the snout to the end of the last vertebra: the caudal
fin being not included. The expressions " head 4" or " depth 4" mean
that the length of the head, in the one case, or the greatest depth of the
body, in the other, is one-fourth of the length of the fish. " Lat. 1." indi
cates the number of scales in the lateral line; when, however, the nuni-
ber of transverse series of scales between the head and the caudal fin is
different from the number pierced by the lateral line we have usually
given the former number. The measurements given in the text are
intended to apply to mature fishes. Young fishes have usually the
depth less, the head larger, the mouth smaller, and the eye larger, than
adult examples of the same species.
In the synonymy of any species, where an author quoted has used the
name adopted by us, that name is not repeated. Descriptions not taken
from specimens, or at least not verified by us, are, in all cases, credited
to the author from whom they have been copied.
,< •
Clas
Claa
Class
Sub
O:
'«MM
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Class I. Leptocardii 2
Order A. Cirrostomi 2
Family 1. Branchiostomatidse '?>
1. Branclilostoma Costa 3
1. lanceolatum Pallas. (Addenda) 3, 57, 867
Class II. Marsipobranchii 3
Order B. Hyperotreta 4
Family 2. Myxinidae 4
2. Myxine L 4
2. glutinosa L 5
Family 2 (6). Bdellostomatidse. (Addenda) 967
3. Polistotrema Gill. (Addenda) 5,867
3. stoutiLock 6,57,867
Order C. Hyperoartia 6
Family 3. Petromyzontidae 6,867
3 (6). Entosphenns Gill. (Addenda) 7,57,868
4(5, 6). tridentatus Gairdn 7,57,868
4 (5), Ammocojtes Dum 9, 867
% Lampeira Gray 7,867
7. plumbeus Ayres 8,867
7 (&). aureus Bean. (Addenda) 868
$ Ammoccctet 9
8. nigerRaf 9,867
8 (6). appendix Dek. (Addenda) 868
6 (7). PetromyzonL 10,867
^ Ichthyomyzon Grd 9,'867
9. argenteus Kirt 10,867
9 (b). hirudoGrd 868
10. castaneusGrd 10,868
^ Petromyzon 867
11. marinus L 11,868
12. dorsatus Wild. (Addenda) 11,868
Class III. Elasmobranchii 12
Subclass Stlachii 12
Order D. Squali 12
Family 4. Scyranida) 13
8. Echinorhinus Blainv 14
13. spinosnsGmel 14
9. SonmiosusLeS ~ 14
.- 14. microcephalus Bloch 15
Family 5. Spinacidas 15
10. Centroscyllium M. & H 16
15. fabrioii Reinh 16
11. Squalus L 16
- -16. acanthias L 16
12. Ceutrosoymuus Boo. & Cap 17
17. coelolepis Boo. &, Cap 17
IX
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Class III. Elasmobrancliii — continued. Page
Subclass Selachii.
Order ]). Squali.
FauiilyC. Scylliida;. (Addenda) 17,58
13. Ginglymostonia AI. & H 18
18. cirratuQi Gm 18
13 (&). Scylliorbinns Blainv. (Addenda) 58, 869
^ Catuhia Smith. (Addenda) 869
18 (b). veutriosiis Garm. (Addenda) 59, 869
18 (c). retifer Garni. (Addenda) 869
Family 7. Carcbariidie. (Addenda) 18,870
14. Mustelus Cuv .». 19
$ Mustelus 59
19. canis Mitch. (Addenda) 19.870
$ rieuracromtjloH Gill. (Addenda) 870
•20. californicus Gill 20,.59,870
15. TriacisM. & H 20
$ Triads 20
21. semifasciatus Grd 20
^ Khinotriacis Gill. (Addenda) 59, 870
22. henleiGill 20,870
16. Galeorhinus Blainv 21
23. zyopterus J. & G. (Addenda) 870
17. GaleocerdoM. &H 21
24. tigrimis M. & n 21
18. Carcharias Eaf. (Addenda) 22,872,967
$ Carcharinus Blainv 22
25. glaucns L 22
^ Platypodon Gill. (Addenda) 967
26. obscurus Le S 22
$ ^wZamfa Gill 22,60
26 (6). platyodon Poey. (Addenda) 872
27. coeruleus Dek. (Addenda) 872
27 (6). lamiella J. «fe G. (Addenda) 60,873
19. Isogompliodon Gill 23
28. limbatusM.&H 23
19 (6). Hypopiion M. & H. (Addenda) 61
28 (6). brevirostris Poey. (Addenda) 61
21. Scoliodon M. & H 24
30. terraj-novae Rich 24
Family 8. Sphymida) 25
22 (23). SphyrnaRaf 26,874
$ Eenicejia Gill 25
31. tibnroL 25,874
$ Sphyrna 26
32. zygffina L 2()
Family 9. Alopiidee 26
24. AIopiasRaf 27
__ 33. vulpes Grael 27
Family 10. Odontaspididai. (Addenda) 27,62
85. Odontaspis Ag. (Addenda) 27,874
'"^. 5 Eugomphodns Gill 27
34. littoralis Mitch. (Addenda) 27,874
Family 11. Lamnido) 28
26. IsurusRaf 28
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XI
Page
17,5)3
18
18
58. 869
869 ,
59,869
869
18,87U
19
59
19. 870
870
), 59, 870
20
iiO
20
59,870
20,870
21
870
31
21
,872,967
22
22
1X57
22
22,60
872
872
60. 873
2i
2:?
61
61
24
24
25
26. 874
25
25, 874
26
2()
2«)
27
27
27, 62
27,874
27
27,874
28
28
Class III. Elasmobranchii — continued. Pag^
Subclass Selacliii.
Order D. Squali.
Family 11, Lamnid.-B.
$ JsMrqpsis Gill 28
:J5 (36). dekayi Gill 2r',H74
27. Lanina Cuv 29
. 37. comubica Guiel 30
/ '^I'Jl 28. Carcharodon Smith 30
^, *.- — 38. carcliarias L. (Addenda) 30,875
^ Family 12. Cetorhinidu) 30
29. Cetorhinus Blainv 31
39, maximns Gunner 31
Family 14. Cestraciontida;. (Addenda) 32,62
31, Heterodontus Blainv, (Addenda) 32,875
§ Gi/ropleia-odua Gill 32
41, francisciGrd 33,875
Family 15. Notidanidaj, (Addenda) 34,62
31 (t). Hexanchns Rat: (Addenda) 6J
41 (&), corinns J. & G, (Addenda) <)2
32, Heptrancliias Raf, (Addenda) 34,62
^ Xotorhijnch us Ay lea 34
42, maculatus Ay res (Addenda) 62
Family 16. Sqnatinidai 35
33, Sqnatina Duni 35
43, angelus Dum 35
Order E. RaiiB 36
Family 17. Pristida; ; "
34, PristisLath 37
44, peotinatus Lath, (Addenda) 37,875
Family 18, RhinobatidiB 37
35, Rhinobatns B, &S 37
$ lihinobatus. (Addenda) 876
45, prodnctus Ayres 38, 87(5
45 (tZ), lentiginosns Garm, (Addenda) 65
^ Zapteryx J. »& G. (Addenda) 876
45 (6), oxasperatus J, & G. (Addenda) 63
§ Platyrhinoidh Garin. (Addenda) 876
45(c). triseriattis J, & G. (Addenda) 64
Family 19, Torpodinidue 38
36, TorpedoDmn 38
46, occidental's Stor 39
47, californica Ayres 39,876
36 (/>), Narcino M, «& H. (Addenda). • 877
47 (6), brasiliensis Olfors. (Addenda) 877
Family 20, Raiidaj 39
37, RaiaL 39
48, erinacea Mitch 40
J,(„\^, 49. ocellata Mitch 10
' ' *T r~~— 50. radiata Donov 41
J ^0C^-^'J 51, eglanteriaLac 41
'^' ..^ ;;-,.--.—- 52, Uevis Mitch 42
^f v^^^ftVVt^*'- 53. grannlata Gill 42
53 (/>), ornata Garm. (Addenda) K77
53 (c), plutonia Garm. (Addenda) 878
54. biuoculata Grd. (Addenda) 42,678
XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
</i.<g/.
Class III. Elasmobranchii— continued. Page.
SubclaHS Selachii.
Order E. Raiic.
Family 20. Raiida>.
55. rhina J. & G 43
56. inomata J. & G. (Addenda) 43,878
57. Btellulata J. &G 44
57 (6). paimifera Bean. (Addenda) 878
Family 21. Trygonida3 45
38. UrolophusM. & H 46
58. halleri Coop 46
39. Pteroplatea M. «fe H 46
5£. maclnra Le S 46
60. marmorafca Coop 47
40. Trygon Adanson. (Addenda) 47,65,879
61. centrura Mitch 47,67,879
61 (fe). hastata Dek. (Addenda) 70,879
62. sayiLeS 48,69,879
63. dipterura J. &G 48,71,879
64. tuberculata Lac 48,66,879
65. sabinaLeS 49,68,879
Family 22. Myliobatidio 49
41. Stoasodon Cantor. (Addenda) 50,879
66. narinari Euphr 50,879
42. Myliobatis Dum 50
67. freminvillei Le S 51
68. califomicus Gill 51
43. Rhinoptera KuM 51
69. quadriloba Le 8 51
Family 23. Cephalopterida) 52
44. Manta Bancroft 52
70. birostris Walb 52
Subclass Holocephali 53
Order F. Holocephali 53
Family 24. Chimajridse 53
45. Chimtera L 54
$ Chimcera 54
71. plumbea Gill 54
^ Hydrolagm Gill 54
'-"-••^ -^72. collieiBenn 55
Class IV. Pisces 73
Subclass Chondrostei 82
Order G. Selachostomi 82
•Family 25. PolyodontidsB ', 82
46. Polyodon Lac 83
„_ . 73. spathulaWalb 83
Order H. Glaniostomi 84
Family 26. AcipenseridiB 84
47. Acipenser L 85
74. sturio L 85
75. transmontanuB Rich 86
76. medirostris Ayres 8G
77. rubicundus Le S 87
78. brevirostris Le 8 87
48. Scaphirhynchops Gill 88
79. platyrhynchus Raf 88
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
xin
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Ilolostei . 1 86
Order I. Ginglymodi 89
Family 27. Lepidosteida) 89
49(50). Lepidosteus Lac ? 90
^ Lepidostetu 91
80. osseus L .. 91
^ CylindroBteua Ra£ 91
81. platystomua Raf 91
^ AtraetosteusRaf. (Addenda) 92,880
82. tristcechus Block «fe Schneider 92
Order J. Haleoomorphi 92
Family 28. Amiidas 92
51. AmiaL 94
__- 83. calvaL 94
Subclass Physostomi 94
Order K. Nematognathi 9.5
Family 29. Siluridai 9«)
62. NoturusRaf 97
^ SehilbeodesBleek 98
84. gyrinus Mitcli 98
«.">• leptacanthusJor 98
86.miumsJor 99
W. eleutherus Jor 99
88. exilis Nels 100
89. insignis Rich , l(^
i Xoturus 100
90. flavusRaf 100
53. LeptopsRaf. (Add uda) 101,881
91. olivarisRaf 102,881
54. Gronias Cope 102
92. nigrilabris Cope 102
55. Amiurus Raf 102
93. brunneuffJor 103
94. platycei)iialu8 Grd 103
95. xauthocephalus Kai 104
96. melasRaf ,. 104
97. marmoratus Holbr 104
98. catusL 104-
98 (&). brachyacan thus Cope. (Addenda) 881
99. vulgaris Thomps 105
100. natalisLeS 105
100 (6). bolli Cope. (Addenda) 881
101. erebennus Jor 105
56. IctalurusRaf 106,880
102. lophius Cope 107
103. albidus Le S 107
104. lupusGrd 107
"^ '. 105. niveiventris Cope 107
->-"'- 106. nigricans LoS. (Addenda) 108,882
107. i)ouder<)sus Bean 108
._„._ 108. punctatusRaf 108
109. furcatue C. & V 109
57. AriusC. &Y 109
110(111N. felisL 110,882
58. ^lurichthys B. & G 110
112. mariuuti Mitch Ill
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Cl.ass IV. Pisces — continued. . Page.
Subclass Pbysostomi.
Order L. Evcuto},'natln. (Addeuda) 111,882
Family 30. Catostomidte 112
59(60,Gl).TctiobusRaf 113,882
^SderogiiathuaC. &\. (Addeuda) ft83
113. cyprinella C. & V. (Addenda) 114, 883
^Tctiobus. (Addeuda) 115,883
114. urusAg 116,883
115. bubalus Raf. (Addenda) 110,883
^ Carpiodes Raf 117,883
116. carpioRaf 118,883
117. damalisGrd. (Addenda) 118,883
118. thompsoniAs 119,883
llO.bisouAg 119,883
120. cypriuubLeS 119,883
121. difformisCope 120,883
62. Cycleptus Raf 1 20
122. ^elougatua Le S 121
63. Pantosteua Cope 121
123. plebeiusB. &G 122
124. delphinus Cope 122
125. bardus Cope 122
126. platyrbynchus Cope 123
127. generosus Grd 123
128. virescens Cope 124
64. Catostomus Le & 124
$ Catoatonnts 125
129. discobolus Cope 125
130. latipiunis B. & G 125
130 (6). guzmaniensis Grd 120
130 (o). nebulifer Garm. (Addeuda) 883
131. retropinnis .Tor 126
132. longirostris Le S 126
1.33. tahoensis Gill »fe Jor 127
^ Dccaclylus'Rai 127
134. arajopus Jor 127
135. labiatus Ayr 127
136. macrocbilus Grd 128
137. occidentalis Ayr 128
138. bernardiui Grd 128
139. ardens J. & G 128
140. fecuudns Cope «fe Yarrow 120
141. cypboLock 129
142. comniersoni Lac 129
143. insignisB. «fe G 130
144. clarkiB. &G 130
$ Hypenielium Raf 130
145. nigricans Le S 130
65. Chasuiistes Jor 131
$ Chasmiates 13i
146. liorusJor 13'.>
$ Lipomyzon Cope 13'i
147. brevirostris Cope 13'J
148. luxatus Cope 13'J
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XV
Class IV. Pisces — coutinuod. P»ge.
Subclass Pliysostomi.
Order L. Evcntognatlii.
Family ;W. Catostomida;.
6(5. Erirayzou Jor 132
149. sucetta Lac 13:i
150. goodeiJor 134
67. Minytrenia Jor 135
151. melanopsRaf 13<;
68. Moxostoina Raf 13<>
152. papillosBiu Cope I'.fT
1.53. velatum Cope 138
154. bucco Cope li{8
155. piuiense Cope 138
156. coregonns Cope 139
157. albumCope 139
158. thalassinum Cope 139
159. carpio C. &. V i:59
160. niacrolepidotum Le S I4O
161. aureblum Le S 140.
162. crassilabre Cope.. 140
163. conus Cope 141
164. anisnrum Raf 141
165. pcBcilnrum Jor 14i
166. albidum Grd 141
167. cervinum Cope 142
69. Placopharynx Cope 142
168. carinatus Cope 143
70. Qiiassilabia Jor. «& Brayt. 143
169. lacera J. & B 144
Family 31. Cyprinidae 144
71. Campostoma Ag ,. 148
170. omatiim Grd 149
171. auomalura Raf 149
172. prolixum Stor 150
173. formosulum Grd 150
72. Acrochilus Ag 150
174. alutaceus Agassiz «Sr, Pickering 150
73. OrthodonGrd 1.51
175. microlepidotus Ayr 152
74. Lavinia Grd 152
176. exilicauda B. & G 153
75. Chrosomus Raf 15.3
^177. erythrogaster Raf 153
• 178. oreas Cope 154
179. eos Cope 154
76. Zopheiidum Jor 154
180. siderium Cope 155
181. plnmbeum Grd 155
77. HybognatliuB Ag 155
. 182. michalisAg 156,968
182(5). argyritis Grd. (Addenda) 968
183. amariis Grd 156
184. flavipiunis Cope 156
185. n'grota)uiat.us Cope 156
mmt
MMMM
XVI
TABLE OF C02ITENTS.
! .
Class IV. Pisces — continued.
Subclass Physosiomi.
Older L, Eventognatlii.
Painily 31. Cypriuidte.
186. placitusGrd.....
187. episcopus Grd
188. fluviatilis Grd
188 (t). punctifer Garni. (Addenda) .
189. melaaops Grd
78. Coliscus Cope
190. parietalis Cope
79. Pimepha^es Raf
191. proiuelas Kaf
80. Hyborhyncliiis Ag
192. confertus Grd
193. notatus Ruf
194. sup. rciliosus Cope ,
80 (6). Tirodon Hay. (Addenda)
194 (2)).' amuigenus Hay. (Addenda)
81. Exogloesum Eaf
195. maxilliugua Lo S
82. CocMognathus B. & G
19b. omatus B. & G
197. biguttatus Co'^to
83. Hemitreniia Cope
$ Jlemitremia
108. vittata Cope ,
$ ChriopeJoT
199. bifrenata Cope ....,-
200. maculata Hay
201. heterodon Cope ,
84. CliolaGrd
$ Miniellus Jor ,
202. tuditana Cope..
203. taurocephala Hay
204. htematura Cope
205. spectnincula Cope
20(). nubila Forbes
207. frotensis Cope
208. longirostris Hay
209. straminea Cope
210. volucella Cope
211. microstoma Raf
212. lineolataAg ,
213. missuriensiB Cope
214. procne Cope. . . ,
$ Cliola
215. vigilaxB. &G
«^ ' 216. chlora Jor ,
«J Tiaroga Grd
^__ :„_- 217. cobitisGrd
218. siiua Cope ,
^ JIud»oniH» (inl ,
219. saludana Jor. «fc Brayt ,
220. storeriaua Kirt
Pago.
157
167
157
884
157
158
158
158
158
151
159
159
160
968
968
160
160
161
161
161
162
162
162
162
162
162
163
163
165
166
166
166
167
167
167
167
168
168
16«
168
169
169
169
169
170
170
170
170
170
171
Clas
Su
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XVII
157
lu7
157
8H4
157
158
158
158
158
151
159
159
160
968
968
160
160
161
161
161
168
16B
168
162
162
162
163
163
165
166
166
l(i6
167
167
167
167
16H
168
168
168
169
l()l)
16l>
i6y
170
170
170
170
170
171
Class IV. Pisces— continued.
Subclasa Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognatbi.
Family 31. Cyprinidro.
221. hudsouia Clint
S22. curyopa Be-'u
f Codoma Grd
22S. iris Cope
224. jngalisCopa
225. vittata Grd
226. ornata Grd
227. callisenmJor
J Moniana Grd
228. gibbosa Grd
229. forbesi Jor
239. loonina Grd
231. hitrensis B. & G
232. delicioBa Grd
233. anrata Grd
234. foruioaa Grd
§ Cyprinella Grd
235. iinibrosa Grd
236. bdbalina B. & G
236 (&). rubripinna Garm.
237. gunnisoiii Grd
238. suavis Grd
239. lepidaGrd
240. billingaiana Cope...
241. macrostonia Grd
242. ludibunda Grd
213. notataGrd
244. vonusta Grd ,
245. cnlliura Jor ,
246. ■wbipplci Grd
$ Photogeim Cope
247. analostana Grd ,
$ lirogala Jor
248. galactura Cope
eurystoma Jor
nivea Copo
callistia Jor
trichroistia J. &. G .
253. stigmatura Jor
254. ca>rulea Jor
255. chloristia J. «&. B ...
256. zonataAg
257. xicnura Jor
258. pyrrhomolas Cope ..
259. hypHoloptora Gibr..
MiuuiltiM Kaf
ij Luxilua Raf
260. conmtuH Mitch
261. solone Jor
(Addenda) .
249.
250.
251.
252.
85.
262.
263.
coccogoui
zoniHltuB
Copo.
Jor ....
Pago.
171
171
172
172
172
172
173
173
173
174
174
174
175
175
175
175
17(5
176
176
as4
176
176
177
177
177
177
177
178
178
178
179
179
179
179
180
180
181
181
182
loa
183
183
184
184
184
185
186
186
188
188
18b
Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 10 u
XVIII
TABLE OF COKTENTS.
Ji
'I
j 1
Class IV. Pisces — contimied.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.
Family 31. CyprinidaB.
§ Alburnopa Grd
264. roseus .Tor
^ 265. riibricroceus Cope
266. Intipinnis Jor. &4Prayt.
267. lihloroceplialns Cope
268. cLUiticns Cope
5j69. chalybaiusCope
• 270. chrosomus Jor
, . 271. xffinocephalus Jor
272. plumbcolus Cope
273. lacertosns Cope
274. shumardi Grd
275. blennius Grd
276. cercostigiua Cope
$
277. ariomraus Cope
278. scabriceps Cope
279. jejunus Forb
280. leuciodus Cope
; 281. altipinuis Cope ,
282. amabilisGrd
' 283. megalops Grd
284. bivitratus Cope
285. timpanogensis Cope
§ Lythrurus Jor ,
286. cyanocephalns Copeland
287. atripes Jor
288. dipliBinius Raf
289. ardens Cope
290. pnnctnlatiis Hay ,
291. rubripinnis Hay ,
, 292. belliisHay ,
293. inatntiiiiis Cope
294. liriis Jor ,
^ Minnilua
296. oligaspis Cope
297. nmbratilis Grd ,
298. Hccpticus J. & G ,
299. pbotogenis Copo
300. tnloscopns Cope
301. BtilbinsJor
302. porcobronius Cope ,
303. rnbollnsAg
304. dincmns Raf ,
-y- ~ 30.5. rtibrifrons Cope ,
306. joinezauiiH Copo
_;_.... — :,:_ 307. luicropteryx Cope
86. Prof oporns Copo
308. doinni mis Cope
87. Ericyniba Copo
309. buccata Cope ,
PaRe.
189
189
189
190
190
191
191
191
192
192
192
192
193
193
193
194
194
194
194
195
195
195
195
196
196
19(5
197
197
198
198
198
199
199
199
200
200
200
200
201
201
201
202
202
20l>
202
2o;$
203
203
204
204
204
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XIX
PaRe.
189
189
189
190
190
191
191
191
192
192
192
192
19:'.
19:j
193
194
194
194
194
195
195
195
195
19(5
19H
19(5
197
197
198
198
198
199
199
199
200
200
200
200
201
201
201
20'i
202
20'i
20;{
2o;?
2(«
204
201
204
CJass IV. Piscea— contiuned. c ■-,.^.^?r.. '^■-:i.'-: ^*8*^
Subclass Physostomi. , ,^ ■..;•-. -vi
Order L. Eventognathi. • ..fj l!j/!:
Family 31, CyprinidiB. ._ ^ .^,., /
88. Pbenacobius Cope 205
310. teretulus Cope 205
311. mirabilis Grd •. 205
311(6). scopifer Cope 205
312. catostomus Jor 206
313. uranops Cope 200
89. Rhinichthys Ag 206,884
314. cataractmC. & V 207,885 -
315. maxillosus Cope 207,885
313. transinoutamis Cope 207,885
316 (6). dulcis Grd. (Addenda) 885
.317. obtususAg 208,8a')
318. atronasus Mitch 208,885
318 <,6). badiua Garni. (Addenda) 886
318 (c). siinus Gann. (Addenda) 88(5
318 (d). meleagris Ag. (Addenda) 886
318 (fl). arenatus Garm. (Addenda) 886
90. AgosiaGrd 208
319. chrysogaster Grd 209
320. metallicaGrd 209
91. Apocope Cope 209
321. carringtoni Cope 209
322. nubila Grd 210
32.3. vulnerata Cope 210
324. heusliavii Copo 210
325. osculaGrd 211
^ 326. ventricoaa Cope 211
92. Ceratichthys Baird 211
327. bignttatusKirt 212
328. niicroi)ogon Cope 212
329. eymmetricus B. & G 213
330. cumingi Gtbr 213
331. lumens Jor 213
332. amblopsKaf , 214
333. nibrifronsJor 214
334. hypaiuotiiB Cope 215
335. dissimilis Kirt 215
336. sterletua Cope 216
'-'',[ 337. ffistivalisGrd 210
J 338. golidus Grd 216
^ 339. labrosnsCopo 217
340. zaneinns Jor. & Bray t 217
,. 341. mouacliua Cope 217
^ ' 93. Couesiiia Jor 218
T-^ — 342. ^qnamilontua Cope nr**'*f "^^^
343. diaainiilia Grd .....1 21,^
344. proatheiniuH Cope 219
345. phyaignathua Cope 219
94. Platygobio Gill 219
346. gracilis Rich 219
347. palllduH Forbes 220
XX
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Class IV. Pisces — continned. Vuga,
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidfe.
95. SemotilusRaf .20
:: ^Semotilua 221
____________ 347(6), corporalis Mitch 221
348. thoreanianus Jor 221
V $ Leucoaomus Heck 222
349. bullarisRaf 222
96. Symmetrurus Jor - 222
V *; 350. argyriosus Grd 222
v" 97. Pogonichthys Grd 223
", 351. raacrolepidotus Ayres 223
:: ■ 97 (ft). Stypodon Garm 223
; ;. 352. signifer Garm . 224
98. MylocbilnsAg 224
,;•! 353. caurinus Rich. ... 224
' 99. Mylopharodon Ayres 225
;; 354. conocephalus B. & G 225
■;., 100. Ptychochilus Ag 225
;' 35.5. oregonensis Rich 226
/;v 356. rapaxGrd 226
;; 357. harfordiJ.&G 226
■:.:,;■ 358. lucius Grd 227
^, 101. GilaB. i&G 227
.359. elegansB. &G 227
360. robu8taB«&G 228
; 361. grahamiB. &G -. 228
;. 362. affiiiis Abbott .... 229
■-/:''.■ ■ 363. gracilis B. & G .#... 229
364. enxorii B. «fc G 229
' • 365. iiacrea B. «fe G 230
j|, 366. Beminnda Cope & Yarrow 230
102. SqualiusBon 230
-,; ^ Clinoaiomua Gt6. 231
367. elongatusKirt 232
'-'■;: 368. vaudoisulus C. «fc V 232
369. estor Jor. & Bray t 232
■^ . ^ 370. fnndnloides Grd 233
; v; % TigomaGrd 233
371. hydrophlox Cope 233
372. tceuia Cope 234
373. montaniis Cope 234
374. humboldti Grd 234
375. cruoreus J. & G 234
376. ardesiaciis Cope 235
377. pandora Copo 235
• 378. margaritus Cope 235
7::'" 379. gulaCope 236
380, pulcherGrd 23()
... .j^j egrogiusGrd 236
382. linoatusGrd 236
383. gracilis Grd 237
384. couforniisB. -& G 237
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXI
Class IV. Piscea— continued. . Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidae.
385. bicolorOrd 237
386. obesusGrd .' 23*/
387. purpureus Grd 238
388. pulchellus B. ifc G 238
■ : 389. inwnnediusGrd 238
■ 390. aliciaBJouy 238
391. copei J. & G 238
/ "v 302. nigerCope , 239
-•■ 393. consjersuH Garm 239
^ Sibo-Tia Girard 239
394. gibbosus Ayres 239
-' ^ Squaliua 240
395. rbomaleus J. & G 240,880
396. squamatus Gill 241
397. atrariusGrd 241,886
398. crassns Grd 241
• ^CheondaQtA 241
399. cosruleus Grd 241
400. cooperi Grd 242
•401. nigrescens Grd 242
402. modestus Garm 242
103. Phoxinus Agassiz 242
403. neogjBua Cope 243
404. flammeus J. & G 243
405. milnerianus Cope 243
406. phlegethontis Cope 244
104. Myloleucus Cope. (Addenda) 244,887
407. tincellaC. &V 245
408. obesusGrd 245
409. formosusGrd 245
410. bicolorGrd ^ 246
41x. ant icus Cope 246
412. boucardi Gthr 246
105. Opsopoeodus Hay 1 246
413. emiliffl Hay : 247
106. Trycberodou Forbes 247
414. megalops Forbes 247
107. NoteniigonuB Raf 248
415. gardoneus C. & V 249
416. lucidusGrd 249
417. leptosonms Grd 249
418. oocideutalis B. «& G 250
419. cbrysoleucuB Mitch 250
420. ainericanus L 250
108. Richardsouins Girard 251
421. balteatus Rich 251
422. latoralisGrd 251
109. Lepidoiuedn Cope 251
423. vittataCope 252
424. jarrovii Cope 252
110. MedaGirard , 252
425. fulgidaGrd 252
XXII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
/ C'>V^
Class TV. Pisces— contimted. •
Subclass Physostomi.
Order L. Eventognathi.
Family 31. Cyprinidaj.
111. Plagopterns Cope
42G. argentissimus Cope
112. Carassius Nilsson
427. aiiratus Linn
113. Cyprinus Linn
428. carpioL
Family 32. Characinida)
' 114. Tetragonoptems Ciiv
$ Astyanax B. & O
429. argentatus B. &G
Order M. Isospondyli
Family 33. Alepocephalidie
115. Alepocephalus Kisso
430. bairdiiG. «&B
Family 34. Albulidaj
116. Albula Gronov :
431. viilpes L
> Family 35. HyodontidiB
, 117. Hyodon Le Sueur
432. alosoides Raf !
-433. tergisus Le Sueur
4.34. selenops Jor. & Bean
Family 36. Elopidis
118. ElopsL
, . ♦ 435. saurus L
V V 119. Megalops Lac
Q 436. atlanticus C. & V. (Addenda) 262
Family 37. Clupeida)
120. Etrumeus Bleek
437. teresDek
121. Spratelloides Bleeker
>, ,, 438. bryoporus Cope
122. ClupeaJi
$ Clupea
_______ 439. hareugus L
''^ 440. mirabilis Grd
I - $ Sardinia Poey. (Addenda) -
441. sagax Jen
■■.- 441 (6). pseudohispauica Poey. (Addenda)
$ Pomolobus Raf
, 442. chrysocliloris Raf
n ff 443. mediocris Mitch
<i-c.'^£jlii___, 444. venialis Mitch
445. iBStivalis Mitch
$ Jiosa Cuv
__ — ^ 446. sapidissima Wils
123. Harengula C. & V
447. pensacolaB G. «fcB
124. Opisthouoma Gill
448. thrissa Osbeck
253
253
253
253
254
254
254
255
255
255
256
257
257
257
258
258
258
259
259
259
260
260
260
261
261
261
687
262
263
263
263
264
264
264
265
265
887
265
887
265
266
26(5
267
267
267
267
2';.i
268
268
268
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXIII
Class TV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi.
Order M. Isospondyli.
Family 37. Clupeidse.
125. Brevoortia Gill 269
449. patronus Goode 269
450. tyrannusLatr 269
Family 38. DorosomatidsB 270
126. Dorosoma Raf 271
451. cepedianum Le S 271
451 (ft), mexicanum Gthr. (Addenda) 887
Family 39. EngraulididsB 271
127. Stolephorus Lac 272
452. ringens Jen 272
V 453. browni Gmel 273
.... 454 (&). mitchilli C. & V. (Addenda) 888
455. perfasciatus Poey 273
456. delicatissimus Grd 274
457. compressus Grd 274
Family 40. Alepidosauridie 274
128. Alepidosaurus Lowe 276
^ Alepidosaurua, 276
458. ferox Lowe 276
.. 458 (&). sesculapius Bean. (Addenda) 888
I Caulopu8 Gill 276
459. borealis Gill 276
Family 41. Paralepididse 276
129. Sudis Rafiuesque 277
^Sudia 277
460. ringens J. «fe G 277
$ Para Zepis Risso 278
461. borealis Reinh 278
462. coruscaus J. <i G 278
Family42. Scopelidoe 279
130. SynodusB. «fcS 279
^ Synodua 280
463. foEtens Linn 280
464. Incioceps Ajres 281
464 (6). intermedins Spix. (Addenda) 889
^ Trachinoccphalua Gill 281
465. myops Forster 2H1
13L MyctophumRaf 281
:'; 466. crenulare J. ifc G 282
467. glaciale Reinh 283
Family 43. Stornoptychidai ... rr. 283
132. Miiurolious Cocco £83
468. borealis Nilss 284
Family 44. Chauliodoutldte 284
133. Chauliodus Bl. «& Schn 284
469. sloani Bl. & Scbn 2a5
Family 45. Stomiatidie 285
134. StomiasCiiv 286
470. ferox Roinh 286
135. Echiostoma Lowe 2n6
471. barbatum Lowe 287
XX17
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Jr.
•- (IC
m
jl'tv-
' KCi
m
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physostomi. <
Order M. Isospondyli.
Family 45. Stomiatidse. ■
136. Malacosteus Ayres 287
472. nigerAyres 287
ia7. Astronesthes Rich 287
473. nigerRich 288
« Family 46. Salmonidio 288
138. Microstoma Cuvier 289
:! 474. grcpnlandicum Reinh 290
140. MallotUH Cuvier 291
,,;,,^,,^.. 476. villosus Miill 291
* -"* 141. Thaleichthys Girard 291
477. pacificus Rich 292
> • 142. Osmerus Linnajus 292
1 478. thaleichthys Ayrea 292
,^/ \i^ivv 479. attenuatus Lock 293
■■■■■ r- ■ ■ 480. mordax Mitch 293
Vvs&' 481. dentex Steind 294
143. Hypomesus Gill 294
482. pretiosusGrd 294
iV, 483. olidus Pallas 295
ii, 144. Argentina L 295
' ::'^v ^Silna Reinh 295
-:. 484. syrteusium G. & B . 295
.-;. 145. Hyphalonedrus Goode 296
y , 485. chalybeius Goode 296
146. Coregonus Linnteus 296
.iUt $ Prosopi , m Milner 297
486(487). williamsoni Grd 297
488. qnadrilateralis Rich 298
489. kennicotti Milner 298
*> ^Coregomie 299
-^'' 490. clupeiformic Mitch 299
,. 491. labradoricus Rich 299
492. hoyiGill 299
^ Ar^jrosomus kg ^ 300
493. merki Gthr 300
493 (6). laiiretttB Bean. (Addenda) 889
—• — 494. artedi Le S 301
495. nigripinuis Gill 301
^ AUosonms 3ov 301
496. tullibee Rich 30)
147. ThymallusCnv 302
497. signiferRich 302
• . 148. Stenodus Rich 304
498. mackenzii Rich 304
149. Oncorhynchus Siickley 304
499. gorbuscha Walb 305
500. ketaWalb 305
—501. tchawytcha Walb. (Addenda) 306,890
502. kisutsch Walb 307
- 503. nerka Walb 308
150. Salmo L 309
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXV
Class rV. Pisces— continued. -r. ;. ,' . ,. • • pag^
Subclass Physostomi. ' v . • -
Order M. Isospondyli.
Family 46. Salmonidse. > ' --» '- >
' ^Salmo 311
__^ 504. salarL 311-
$farioC. «feV 312
^ 505. irideus Gibbons 312
506. gairdneri Rich » 313
507. spilurus Cope 314
508. purpuratus Pall 314
151. Salvelinus Rich 816
.;- $ Cristit'ower Gill «fc Jor 317
509. namaycush Walb 317
'''""(J ^ ^Salvelinus 318
f'^'-L^ 510(511). oquassaGrd 318
■ ■ '" 512. arcturusGthr 319
513. malma Walb 319
— 514(515). fontinalis Mitch 320-
* 516. rossi Rich 32l
517. nitidus Rich 321
518. stagnalis Fabr 321
Family 47. Percopsidae 322
152. Percopsis Ag 322
519. guttatusAg 322
OrderN. Haplomi 323
Family 4b. Amblyopsidse 323
153. Amblyopsis DeK • 324
620. spelseus De K 324
154. Typhlichthys Girard 324
521. subterraneus Grd 325
155. Chologaster Agassiz ". 325
: -^ •■• 522. corn utus Ag 325
! 523. agassizi Putuam 325
: 523 (6). papillifer Forbes. (Addenda) 325, 890
Family 49. CyprinodontidiB 326
156. Jordanella G. «fe B 327
524. floridsB G. & B 328
157. Cyprinodon Lac 328
ti 525. variegatns Lac 329,890
526. bovinus B. & G. (Addenda) 890
526(6). eximins Grd. (Addenda) 890
527. latifasciatus Garm 329
528. elegans B. «fe G 329
529. californiensis Grd 330
* 530. macularins B. & G 330
.'J31. carpio Gthr 330
168. Fundulus Lao 331
$ Hydrarffi/ra Lao 332
532. majalis Walb... • 332
533. Hwampiuus Lac 382
534. similisB. &G 333
535. zebrinus J. & G. (Addenda) 333,891
536. parvipinnis Grd 333
XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I.' t
'il
Class IV. Pisces — continued. ^ T$§».
Subclass Physostomi. -
Order N. Haplomi. .>.
Family 49. Cyprinodontidse.
^ Fundulm 334
537. seminolisGrd 332
538. diaphanus Le S 334
539. confluentus G. & B 334
540. menona Jor. & Copel 335
541. adinia J. & G 3a')
542. nigrofasciatus Le S 335
542 (ft), ocellaris J. & G. (Addenda) 891
' " 543, heteroclitupL 336
543 (6). grandis B. «fe G. (Addenda) 891
^ Xeniama Jot 336
544. catenatus Storer 337
545. stellifer Jor 337
$ Adinia Grd. (Addenda) 892
-••f' 545 (6). xenicus J. &G. (Addenda) 892
J59. Zygonectes Ag 3:^8
546. rubrifroua Jor 338
547. henshalli Jor 338
548. floripinnis Cope : , 339
549. lineatus Garm 339
550. notatusKaf 339
552. inurus J. 4t G. (Addenda) 340,892
> 653. dispar Ag 341
553 (ft), craticula G. & B. (Addenda) 892
:' 554. brachyptorus Cope 341
.." 555. sciadicus Cope 342
556. chrysotus Gtbr 342
557. zonatus Mitch 342
558. cingnlatus C. & V 342
"•^- 160. Lucania Girard 342
559. venustaGrd 343,893
560. parvaB. & G 343,893
561. goodeiJor 343
•, ' 161 GambusiaPoey 344
562 (563) (565). patruelis B. «fe G 345,893
564. arlingtouiaG.&B 345
566. nobilis B. & G 346
566 (ft\ senilis Grd. (Addenda) 894
162. MollienesiaLe Sueur 346
567. latipiuna Le S 347,894
163.
164.
h
567 (ft), lineolata Grd
PceciliaBl. & Scbn ....
568. couchiana Grd
Girardinus Poey
9. formosus Grd
0. occidentalia B. & G
Family 50. UmbridsB
165. Umbra MUller
- 57L limiKirt
166. DalliaBean
572. pectoral is Bean
(Addenda).
570
894
•17
348
348
349
349
349
350
350
350
361
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
xxvir
Clasa IV. PisccB— continued. « Page.
Subclass PhysoHtomi. • _
Order N. Haplomi.
Family 51. Eaocidii' » 351
167. EsoxL 352
$ rirnrellm Raf 352
' 573. nJiiericanus Gmel 352
* • 574. uiiibrosus Kirt. (Addenda) 352,894
57fe. reticulatus Le S 353
i Enox 353
576. lucius Linn 353-
^ ifascahngus Jot 353
577. nobilior Thompson 353-
Order 0. Ax)odes 354
Family 52. Murtenidae 355
168. Miirroua Linn 355
^ Murcena 355
578. retifera Goodo «fe Bean. (Addenda) 894
'■; i SideraKanp. (Addenda) SiiG.geU
579. raordax Ayres 3.^)6
580. ocellata Agassiz 356
580 (,6). afra Bloch. (Addenda) 895
.'380 ((■). raoringa Cnv. (Addenda)... 895
Family 53. Anguillida; 357
168 (ft). Letharchus Goode «& Bean. (Addenda) 896
580 (/>). velifer Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 896
169. CoiculaVahl 358
^ Callechehjs Kan\}. (Addenda)
581. ecnticarisG. «fe B 358
581 ,<>). t res Goode «fe Bean. (Addenda) 897
170. MnrffiuopsisLeS. (Addenda) 358,969
582. raordax Poey. (Addenda) — . . 897
583. triserialis Kaup 359,897
583 (ft), macrurns Poey. (Addenda) 898
- ' , 583 (c). chrysops Poey. (Addenda) 898
'^ 584. ocellatusLeS 359
" f 170 (6). Ophichthys Ahl. (Addenda) 899,969
584 (ft), longns Poey. (Addenda) 899
171. MyrichthysGirard 360
.')85. tigrimis Grd 360
171 (ft). Myrophis Liltken. (Addenda) 899
. 585 (&). himbricus J. »fe G. (Addenda) 899
, 585 (c). microstigraius Poey. (Addenda) 900
. ; 172. Neoconger Girard 360
586. mucronatns Grd 360
173. Anguilla Thunberg 361
. 587. rostrataLeS 361.
174. Leptocephahis Gmelin. (Addenda) 362,969
588. conger L. (Addenda) 362,969
588 (6). candictila Bean. (Addenda) 900
175. Simeaclielys Gill 363
589. parasiticus Gill 363
Family 54. Synapliobranchidae.. 364
176. Synapbobranchus Johnson 364
590. piunatUB Gron S64
XXVIII
TABLE OJ' CONTENTS.
J
e-tl
Class IV. Pisces —continued. •' ■
Sulicluss Physostomi.
Order O. Apodes. ivi-i' '"
Family 55. SaccopharyngidtB 365
177. Saccophavynx Mitch 365
591. flagelluui Mitch 365
Family 56 (a). Nemichthyidu* 365
178. Nemichthys Rich 366
. i ' 592. scolopaceus Rich 366
593. avocetta J. «fe G 367
Sub-class Physoclisti - 367
Order P. Opisthomi 368
Family 56 (fr). MastacembelidiB 368
179. Ptilichthys Bean 369
594. goodei Bean 369
' Family 56. (c). NotacanthidsB 370
;■ 180. Notacauthus Bloch : 370
'^ 595. chemnitzi Bloch 370
595 (6). phasganorus Goode. (Addenda) 900
OrdorQ. Synentognathi - 371
Family 57. ScomberesocidaB 371
■'■--''- 181. Tylosurus Cocco 372
> 596. hians C. «fc V 373,901
:>. 597. caribbaiusLeS. (Addenda) 373,901
•. 698. notatus Poey 373
599. marinus Bl. & Schn. (Addenda) 374,902
600. exilis Grd 374
600 (6). gladius Bean. (Addenda) 901
y _Z/' 182. Scomberesos Lac 374
"'''V« .^- 601. saurusWalb 375
602. brevirostris Peters 375
183. Hemirhamphus Cuvier 376
$ Hemirhamphus 376
603. unifasciatus Ranz 376
604. rosa) J. «fc G 376
604 (6). brasiliensis L. (Addenda) 902
$ Euleptorhamphua Gill 377,903
605. longirostris Cu v 377
183 (6). Chriodorus Goode «fc Bean. (Addenda) 903
605(6). atherinoides Goode & Bean. (Addenda) .'.... 903
184. Halocypselus Weinland 377
606. evclans Linn .' 377
e07. obtusirostris Gthr 378
185. ExoccetusL 378
607. (6). hillianus Gosse. (Addenda) 903
, 608. califoinicus Cooper 379
609. rondeletii C. i& V. (Addenda) 379,904
.610. noveboracensis Mitch. (Addenda) , 904
611. exiliens Gmel 380,904
186. Cypselurus S wainson '380
612. furcatus Mitch 380
613. comatuB Mitch 381
Order R. Lophobranchii , 381
Family 58. Syngnathidje 382
187. Siphostoma Raf 382,905
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
y.xix
C*v
t,rc
e(fe<
tltC
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Pagei
Suliclass Physoclisti.
Order R. Lopbobranchii.
Family M. Syngnatbidie. '■■'■■ -y,'
} Siphoatoma 383
614, lusciim Stor 383,906
614 (6). aSBnis Gtbr 383,904
615. louisianiE Gtbr 383,906
615 (6), floridiB J. & G. (Addenda) j 905
________ 616. californiense Stor .>84,1H)6
ii^iS^-^Ui/ 616 (ft), griseolineatuni Ayr. (Addenda) 905
616(c). bairdiannm Dum. (Addenda) 905
* 617. leptorbyncbns Grd 384,906
' 617 (ft), auliscns Swain. (Addenda) 384,905
$ Dermato8tethu8 Gill 385
618. punctipinue Gill 385,905
906
906
385
386
386
907
907
907
907
386
387
387
388
388
388
389
389
390
390
390
390
391
391
391
392
393
393
393
394
394
394
395
, 395
395
, 395
396
396
396
^ Corythrichthya Kaxvp, (Addenda).
618 (ft), zatropis J. & G. (Addenda) . . . .
Family 59. Hippocampida3
188. Hippocampus Raf
619. beptagonus Raf
619 (6). punctulutus Guich. (Addenda).
619 (c). bndsonius Dek. (Addenda).. .. .
619 (d). stylifer J. & G. (Addenda)....
619 (e), zosterai J. & G. (Addenda)
620. ingens Grd
Order 8. Hemibrancbii ,
Family 60. Centriscida)
189. Centriscus L
621. scolopax L
Family 61. Fistnlariidie
190. Fistularia Linn ,
622. tabaccaria L
6'i3. serrata Cuv
Family 62. AnlostomafcidiB
191. Aulostoma Lacepfide ,
624. maculatum Val
Family 63. Aulorhyncbidaj ,
192. Aulorhyncbus Gill ,
625. flavidusGill
Family 64. Gasterosteidue
193. Gasterostens L *.... ,
^ Pygosteus Btbv
626. pungitius L ,
^ ^Eucalia Jor
627. inconstans Kirt
$ Gaaternateua
628. microcephalus Grd
629. biaculeatus Shaw
630. atkinsii Bean
631. aculeatus L ^
631 (6). catapliractuH Pall
Apeltes Dek
632. qaadracus Mitch
194.
XXX
TABLE 0^ CONTENTS.
!■ 1
'm
■.>~.X'
.^l.
Class IV. Pisces — continued. i(,^„..j- v!^S Page.
Subclass Physoclisti. ,' •i„.[.-4V<.,
OrderT. Aeauthoptcri J .■....?!'...'...". 397
Family 65. Mugilida) 401
195. MugilL 402
634(0:J3). albulaL 403
' 635. brasiliensis Ag 403
Family 66. AtheriuidiE. 404
196. AtherinaL 40'.
636. Carolina C. & V 405
637. velianaG.&B 405
197. LeurestLesJ. &G....1 405
638. teuuisAyres 405
198. Labidcsthes Cope 406
639. siccnlns Copo 406
199. MenidiaBonap 406,969
640. laciniata Swain. (Addenda) 407,908
Id) • p ; ' 64). vagransG. &B 407
1^. ,^. ritecU<j^ g^2 notataMitch. : 407
742 (/*). audens Hay. (Addenda) 908
643. beryllina Cope 408
644. b-sciC. &V. (Addenda) 408,909
645. pcrinsulai G. «& B 408
• - 200. AtheiinopsisGrd 409
J^.0,? ^^^- californicnsis Grd 409
201. Atherinops Steind 409
647. afflnisAyres 409
Family 67. Sphynenida^ 410
202. Sphynena BIocli 410
648. argentea Grd 411
649. spotHauy 411
650. guagnaucho C. & V 411
650 (fc). piouda Bl. «t Schu 412
Family 68. Polynemidae 412
203. Polynemus Linn 413
650(c). plumicri Lac 413
650 (d). octofilisGill 413
651. octonemus Grd 413
.; J ^ Family 69. AmmodytidiB 414
'^.r^ ^X#!-KTt, 204 (205). AmmodytcsL 414,909
- 652 (653, 656 f ). americiinus DeK 414, 415, 909
654. alascanus Cope ; ,, 415
655. dubins Tieinh 415
Family 70. Echoneididic 416
206. EclieneieL 416
(U)7. naucrates L 416
206 (fc). Phthirichtbys Gill 9(i9
657 (ft). lincatuH Monzies. (Addenda) 9()9
206 (o), KumoraGill. (Addenda) 417,90i>
-____^ 658. squaliiieta L. Id. (Addenda) 417,909
659. bradiyptcra Ljwp 417
207. RhombochiruH Gill , 417
600. osteochir Cuv 418
Family 71. Elacatidiw , 41H
208. ElaoBteCuv 41H
601. oauadttL 413
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXXI
Class IV. Pisces— continued. - ' ' Paget
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acauthopteri. : '
Family 7'i. Xipliiivlao 419
aoy. Xipluas L 419
6()->. Kladins L 420
210. Tetraptiirus Raf 420
(J6;5. indicns €. & V. (Addenda) 420,909
064. [av:i)ln8 Poey] 420
21!. Hiatiopborns Lacopede 421
665. gladius Bvonss 4«5i
Family 73. TiichiuridiB 421
212. TricbiurusL 422
666. lepturnsL 422
212(6). Centhodesmus G. & B. (Addenda) 910
(Hk) (ft), elongatus Clarke. (Addenda) 910
Family 74. ycombridis 422
213. ScomberL 423 .
667. pnenmatoi»horn8 Dclaroche 424,910
667 (ft), colias Gmel. (Addenda) 910
668. scorabnis L 424 ■
214. Anxis Cuvier 424
669. tbazardLac. (Addenda) 425,911
215. Scomberomorus Lac 425
670. concolor Lock 425
671. macv.latns Mitcli 426
672. regalis Blocb 426
673. caballaC. & V 427
216. Sarda Cuvi«r 427
\/-bA::3Mo^V 674. mcditerranea Bl. «fe Sclin T 427
67i>. cbilensisC. &V 428
217. Orcynns Cnv.... 428
676. alalongaGmel 428
677. thynmisL 429-
1 218. EutbynnusLUtken 429
't-'^->ki<// ^^^' alliteratus Raf 430
" 1 679. pelamysL 430-
Family 75. Carangidiu 430
219. Tracbnrus Raf. 431
6e0. pictnratus Bowd. (Addenda) 432, 911
681. saurusRat' 432,911
220. Decapterus Bieok 432
682. punctatns Ag , 4'.W
683. macarellns C. «fc V 433
221. CaranxLao 433,970
684. criimenopbtbalmnH Blocli 434
6a5, cbrysns Mitch. (Addenda) 435
686. caballnsGthr 435
^ 687. cibiPney 430
688. beani Jor 43«l
-—~—^—' fi89, amblyrhyncbusC.i&V. (Addcudo) 436,912
690. fallax C. & V 437
691. hippos L i'.YT
222. ' idiarlsCnv 438
()ji. crinitus Akerly 438
XXXII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Class IV. risces — coutiuued. . Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acantliopteri. "
Family 75, Carangidae.
• 223. Selbne Lac 439
^Selene 439
C93. vomer L 439
■' ^ Vomer Cuv 440
(594. setipiunis Mitch 440
224. Chloroscombrua Grd 440
y ; ■ 695. chrysurus L 441
225. Trachj'notus Lac 441
696. carolinasL 442
697. ovatns L 442
698. goreensisC. &V. 442
699. glaucns BlocU 443,970
^ ^ 226. Naucrates Faf 443
' \.,^ 700. diictor L 443
;''^ 227. Seriola Cuv 444
701. dorsal is Gill. (Addenda) 444,912
701 (&). ^alandi C. & V. (Addenda) 912
■ 70:/, nT.. iC.i&V 444
•'" 702 (£»). liilcata C. & V. (Addenda) 913
' ■ 703. caroliuensis Holb. (Addenda) 445,913
* ^" 704. zonata Mitch 445
705. fasciata Bloch 445
228. ElagatisBenn '146
706. pinnnlatus Poey 446
^ # 929. Oligoplites Gill. (Addenda) 446,913
707. occidentalis L 447
Family 76. Pomatomida5 447
230. Poniatomus Lac 448
708. saitatrix L 448
Family 76 (6). NomcidsB - 448
231. NomensCuv 449
709. gronovii Gmel • ^ 449
Family 77. StroinateidiB. - 449
232. StromatensL 450
^ Rhombus JL Vi€ . 451
; " 710. paruL. (Addeui ■ 451,914
^ Slromattna 451
711. similliinns Ayres 451
!") $ /'<)r«Ho/«« Gill 451
a^.t'-i'--' ' ^ i 712. triacanthus Peck 451
\^^\^ 233. LirnsLowe , 4.^)2
713 perciformis Mitch 452
Family 78. Lampridida) 453
S34. Lampris Retz 453
' " 714. giittatu« IH'u 453
Family 79. Coryplui'ni«>ti> 454
235. Cory phiena L 454
715. equisotis L. (Addenda) 454,914
716. hippnrns L. (Addenda) 455,914
Family 80. Bramidie 455
236. Pteraclis Oronow 465
717. carolinus C. & V 466
TABLE OF CONTENTS. « • XXXIII
Class IV. Pisces— contiaued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 80. Bramidse. ' » ••
233 (b). Bram?. Bloch & Schn. (Addenda) 915
', 717(6). rajiBloch. (Addenda) 915
Family 81. Zenidai 456
237. Zeuopsis Gill 456 ;
718. ocellatus Storer 457
Family 82. Berycidaj 457
238. Hoplostethus C. & V 458
719. mediterraneus C. & V 458
239. Holocentrum Bloch 459
720. pentacanthura Bloch 459
Family 83. AphredoderidtB 460
240. Aphredoderus LeS 460 .
721. sayenus Gilliams 460
Family 83 (6). Elassomatida) 461
241. Elassoma Jordan 401
•' 722. zonatnm Jor 461,915
Family 84. Centrarcbidai 462
242. Centrarchus C. & V 463
723. macropterus Lac 463
243. PomoxysRaf 464
724. annularis Raf 464
^ 725. sparoides Lac 465 ~
244. Arcboplifes Gill 465
726. interruptus Grd 466
245. Ambloplites Raf 466
727. rupeetrisRaf 4(56 .
246. Ch.-enobryttus Gill 467
728. antietius McKay 467
729. gulosus C. & V 468
217. Acantbarchns Gill 468
730. pomotis Baird 469
248. Enneacautbus Gill 469
';; 731. eriarcbns Jor 469
* 732. obesus Baird 470
733. gloriosus Holbr 470
' 734. sinnilans Cope.... 470
249. Mesogonistius Gill 471
73.'j. chiotodon Baird.... 471
' 2.50. LepimiisRaf 472
$ /Ipomofts Raf 473
736. cyanellus Raf 473
737. symmotricus Forbes 473
738. pbmiax Cope & Jor 474
- '"' % Lepomis 474
739. iaobyruH Jor. «$r. Nelson 474
. 740. macrocbirus Raf 4V5
741. niystacalis Cope 475
742. elougatus Holbrook „..., 475
743. mnrinns Grd 475
744. puuctatns C. & V 476
Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 10 in
mm.mimm^^!mmmtf^m^
i^'
XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.
... ■, -(
Class IV. Pisces — continued.
Subclass PhysocUsti.
Order T. Acantliopteri.
Family 84. CeutrarchidsD.
;/ 745. miaiatus Jor
:a •, 746. auritus Linn
," ,; 747. megalotis Raf
.! 748. marginatus Holbr
749. bombifrons Ag
; J ^ Helioperca JotAslu
; 750. humilis Grd
751. pallidus Mitch
C: ' $ XyatropUtea Jor
<! 752. heros U. & G
753. euryorus McKay
754. albulusGrd
$ Eupomotia Gill & Jor
755. holbrooki C. & V
; ; 756. uotatus Ag
757. gibbosus L
758. lirus McKay
>;: 251. Micropterus Lac
____—— 7.'')9. salmoides Lac
. 760. dolomiei Lac
Family 85. Percidaj
252. Ammoci-ypta Jor
761. beani Jor ,.
762. pellucida Baird
762 (ft), vivax Hay. (Addenda)
763. asprella Jor
253. loa Jor. & Bray
764. vitrea Cope
764(6). vigilis Hay. (Addenda)
254. Boleosoma DeKay
- 765. olmstedi Storer
766. nigrum Raf
767. effiilgens Grd
768. vcxillare Jor
769. iBsopuH Cope
255. Vaillaii'ia Jor
770 (771). camura Forbes
256. Ulocentra Jor
772. phlox Cope
773. htigmo^a Jor
774. atripinuis Jor
775. simotera Coi)e
257. DiplesiumRaf
776. blonnioides Raf
' 258. Cottognater Putnam
777. copelandi Jor
778. putnami J. & G
259. Iinostoma Jordan
779. shuinardi Grd
260. Porcina Haldnman
780. caprodes Raf
780 (6). manitou Jor
Page.
476
477
477
478
478
479
479
479
480
480
481
481
482
482
482
482
483
484
484
485
486
488
489
489
97(1
490
490
490
971
491
49'^
49^
49:i
493
493
493
494
491
49.")
49r)
49.'t
49(i
49()
497
497
49.^
49H
49H
49.'^
40!l
49!t
500
TABLE OF CONTENTS
XXXV
Page.
47G
477
477
478
478
479
479
479
480
480
481
481
482
482
482
482
483
484
484
485
480
488
489
489
970
490
490
490
971
491
49^
492
49:;
49:'.
49:!
49:1
491
494
49:.
49.")
49".
49(i
49(1
497
497
49s
49H
49H
49f<
4911
499
500
Class IV. Pisces— contiuned. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 85. Percidie. - /
. . 261. Alvordius Girard 500
^ , 781. macrocephalus Cope 501
782. i)hoxocephalu8 Nelson 501
, 783. aspro Cope & Jor 501
784. iievisensia Cope 502
785. crassus Jor. «& Brayt 503
', 786. variatnsKirt 503
787. evides Jor. & Copel 503
788. fasciatns Grd 504
262. Hadropterus Ag 5a>
789. aiirantiacus Cope 506
790. nigrofasciatus Ag 506
263. Nothonotus Agassiz 506
791. cainurus Cope 506
792. sanguiflnus Cope 507
793. maculatus Kirtl 508
794. rufilineatus Cope 508
795. vulneratns Cope 508
796. tessellatusStorer 509
797. ciuerews Storer 509
264. Nanostoina Putnam 509
798. zonale Cope 510
799. elegans Hay 510
800. thalassinum Jor. & Brayt 511
801. tessellatum Jor 511
802. inscriptum Jor. & Brayt 512
265. Etheostoma Raf 512
803. lineolatum Ag 513
804. flabellareRaf 1. 513
805. sqnamicops Jor 514
266. Poecilichthys Ag 514
^ Pacilichthya ., 515
806. virgatus Jor 515
807. saxatilis Hay 515
808. punctulatus Ag 516
809. artesiiB Hay 510
810. lepidnsB. &G 517
811.' cojruleus Storer 517
812. spectabilis Agassiz 518
813. asprigenis Forbes 5l8
J 814. jessiiB Jci'. & Brayt 518
; $ 7?o;eic;i//ii/« Grd 519
815. butlerianuH Hay 519
816. barrattii Holbr 519
817. fnsiforrais Grd 520
818. erochrouH Cope 620
Ad. eo8 Jor. & Copel 520
820. exillsGrd 521
821. warreni Grd 521
' 822. gracilis Grd 521
M'"«ri«« Grd 522
823. lateralis Grd 523
XXXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTI^.
A r ci
*^' -^ ^
tXv-»
t-Cv
c^^C-r.; V
O'kA.
lA^
Jt^t.,L
Class IV. Pisces — continued. ,'• Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T, Acaiithopteri. ''•■;^'? ■
Family 85. Percidae.
267. Microperca Putnam 522
824. proBliaris Hay 522
825. punctnlata Putnam ^ 523
268. PercaLinn 523
— -826. americana Scbrauck 524
269. Stizostedium Raf J 525
827. vitreumMitch 525
828. canadense Smith :. 526
Family86. SerranidtB 526
•; 270. CeutropomnsLac 527
829. undeciinalis Bloch 527
271. RoccnsMitch 527
% Hoccus 529
830. lineatus Bloch 529
,- 831. chrysops Raf 529
% MoroweGill 530
832. interrnptus Gill 530
833. americanus Gmel 530
272. Stereolepis Ayres 531
834. gigas Ayres 531
273. Polyprion Cuvier 532
835. oxygenius Bl. & Schn 532
273 (6). Creolus J. & G. (Addenda) 916,972
835 (6). furcifer C. & V. (Addenda) 916
274. Serranns Cnv 532
% Centropristia Cuv 533
\ 836. atrariiis L 533
836 (6). nigrescens Bl. & Schn. (Addenda) 916
837. trifurcusL 534
$ Diplectiiim Holbr 534
838. formosus L. (Addenda) 534,971
^ Prionodes Jen. (Addenda) 535,917
839. subligarius Cope 535,917
" $ Paralabrax Grd 535
' 840. clatbratus Grd 535
841. maculofasciatus Steiud 536
842. nebulifer Grd 536
274 (6). Hypoplectrus Gill. (Addenda) 937,917
843. nigricans Poey. (Addenda) 537,917
275. Trisotropis Gill 537
844. stomias Goode & Bean. (Addenda) 538,918,971
845. falcatusPooy 538
846. microlepis G. & B f>38
846 (ll»). potrosuB Pooy. (Addenda) 918
^ 276. Epinephelus Bloch 539
847. atlauticus Lac. (Addenda) ^ 539,918
848. drummoud-hayl G. & B 540
849. uiorio Cuv 640
850 (853f). uigritus Holbr 540
850 (ft), striatus Blooh. (Addenda) 918
850 (o). guttatiis Gmel. (Addenda) 919
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXXVII
Class IV. Pisces— continued. ,, Pagp.
Subclass Physocliati.
Order T. Acantliopteri. ,, ,
Family 86. Serranidae. •
851. niveatus C. & V 541
" r 853. ; guasa Poey (nigritust) 542,9*^0
•276(6). Bodianus Bloch 541,911>
852. punctatus L 541
852 (6). tajii'lops C. & V. (Addenda) H19
278. [DulesCuvier] 542
854. [aurigaC.A v.] 542
279. Rhypticua Ciivier 543
$ Promicropterus Gill 543
8.55. maculatna Holb .543
- . 856. [nigripinnis Gill. 1 (Addenda) 543,920
857. pituitosus G. & B 543
Family 87. Priacanthidie • 544
280. Pri acanthus Cuv 544
^ Priacanthua 544
S'Sa arenatua C. & V. (Addenda) 544,971
^ Paeudopriacanthis Bleek 545
859. altus Gill 545
\ Family 88. Sparidaj 545
281. XeuistiusJ. & G. (Addenda) 546,920
860. californieusis Steind .547,920
282. Lutjanus Bl. & Schn 547
$ Ocyurua Gill 548
861. chrysurns Bloch. (Addenda) 548,921
^ Lutjanns 548
8()2. caxis Bl, & Schn 548
862 (6). caballerote Bl. & Sclm. (Addeiwla) 921
862 (c). cami)eclii'uiu8 Poey. (Addenda) 549, 92 1
863. blackfordi G. & B 549
864. stearusi G. & B 549,9-22
864 (6). aynagm L. (Addenda) 922
^ lliiombopUtes G\U 549
865. aurorubens C. & V ... 549
282 (&). Conodon C. & V. (AtWenda) ,550,923
866. uobilisL .550,923
283. Pomsulasys Lac 5,^j0
^ Ortho2)nfitiH Grd .551
; 867 (868). fulvomaculiitus Milch 551,923
^ All isofremuH Gi\h (Addenda) 923
" "■ 869. davidsoni Stfciud ,551
? 870. virginicns T/ ' .552
871. bilineatiis C. A V ,552
871 (6). intemiptua Gill. (Addi^mla) l..'3
__^ 284. Diabasis Deam 5.53
' 872. plnmiori Lac. (Addenda) i 553,971
872 (6). elegans C. & V. (Addenda). 923
873. chrysopteruH L 553,924
673 (ft), ehromis BrouHS. (Addenda) 1>24
873 (f). albus C. & V. (Addenda) l>24
874. fromebnndu8G.&n...» ,554
874 (ft), jeniguano Pooy. ( Addomla) 925
875. trivittatus Bl. & Sclm 554
^i^.'imr^
JBISseiiS*.*^-**?"*!'.
XXXVIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
; I ■ ■
Class IV. Pisces — continued. P»gp.
Snbclaas Physoclisti.
Order T. Acantbopteri. ,_ •
Family 88. Sparidae. ,-„ .
285. LobotesCuv 554
'' , 876. siirinamensis Blocli 555
'- ' ■ ' 285 v'6). Calamus Sw. (Addenda) 925
■■• • 87(5 (I)), megaceplialus S\r. (Addenda) 926
876 (c). bajonadu Bl. & Schn. (Addenda) 926
876 (d). macropa Poey. (Addenda) 927
876 '*!)• S'rctifrous Goode »& Bean. (Addenda) 927
87b v/). medius Poey. (Addenda) 928
877 milneri G. «& B. (Addenda) 556,928
j:- 286. Sparus L 556
•*''*' ^ PagrusQwv 556
^^<-' 878. pagrusL 556,923
286(6). StenotomiA Gill. (Addenda) 557,929
880. chrysopsL 556,929
881. versicolor Mitcb. (Addenda) 557,929
881 (&). caprinus Bean. (Addenda) 929
286 (c). Lagodon Holbr. (Addenda) 558,929
882. rhomboides L » 558
287. Diplodus Raf .'■)57,929
'— ^ Archoaargus QiW 558,929
883. probatocephalus Walb 558
^ Dlplodns 559
884 (885). bolbrooki Bean 559
885 (6). caribbajus Poey. (Addenda) 9:10
288. GirellaGray 560
''' 886. nigricans Ayres 560
289. Cyphosus Lacfepddo (Addenda) 560, 972
887. bosqui Lac 561
290. Scorpis Cuv. & Val ,562
$ C(B8io8oma Kaup U\2
888. californiensis Steind 562
Family 89. Apogouidae 56:?
219. Apogon Lac 5615
$ Apogon 56;{
[889. americanus Castelnau] 56:<
■ 889 (6). maculatns Poey. (Addenda) 930
;:. ^ Apogonichthya BlGok. (Addenda) 931
' : ■ 889(c). aluinsJ.&G 931
i Gloasamia Gill 564
890. pandionis G. «Sr B 564
Family 90. Mullida) 564
.'• 292. MullusL 56'i
891. barbatusL 565,931
293. Upeneus Cuvier 565
i Pscudupcneus Bleek , 5(55
892. maculatna Bloch 565
Family 91. Sciienidie 5(56
294. Haploidonotus Raf 567
__ 893. gruuuiens Ra."^" 567
295. Pogonias Lac 568
894. cbromisLinn 568
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XXXIX
Class IV. Pisces— continued. *-^-^ Fag&
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 91. Sciieiiidte. /^v- u-i^tttm
29t>. ScitonaL. 569
' ' ^ SlelliJeruK Star^ • 5C;>
895. lanceolata Holbr. (Addenda) 569, 931
' • '• i Bairdiella GUI 570
'»• 896. ChrysuraLae. (Addenda) 570,931,93;$
• - 5 Ophioscion Gill
•; 897. jacobi Steind 571
^ Scicena 571,931
'•• r- 898. ocellataL 571
■ - 296. (6.) Roncador J. & G. (Addenda) 572,931
899. steamsi Steind 572
296 (c.) CorvinaCuv. (Addenda) 93;J
^ Corvina * 572
•V 900. saturnaGrd 572
^ "areques Gill 573
901. acuminata Bl. &. Sclin 573
• 296. (rf). EquesBloch. (Addenda) 932
901 (M. lanceolatus Gmel. (Addenda) 932
297. LioBtomus Lac 573
902. xanthurus Lac 57#
298. Genyonemus Gill 574,932
903. liueatuB Ayres 574
299. Micropogon Ouv. & Val 575
904. undulatus L 575
300. Umbriua Cuvier 575
905. roncador J. &G 576
906. broussoneti C. & V 576
' 301. Menticimis Gill ' 576
907. nebulosus Mitch 577
908. littoralis Holbr 577,93;]
909. albumusL 577
, 910. undulatasGrd 578
302. Larimus Cnv. & Val 578
911. fasciatns Holb 57
303 (:104). Cynoscion Gill 57i>
^ AtractoscionGUl, (Addenda) 579
912. nobile Ayres 579
^ Cynoadon 579
913. parvipinne Ayres 580
" 914. nothum Holb 580
" ; 915. regale Bl. & Schn 581
•' 916. thalassinum Holb .' 581
"' 917. niaculatum Mitch 581
'! ';j;i 305. Scriphus Ayres 582
918. politns Ayres 582
Family 92. Gerridie 582
' 306. GorresCnvier 58;',935
$ Gerrea 583
919. plumieri C. & V 583
919 (5). olisthostoma Qoode & Bonn. (Addenda) 934
$ Diapterua Ranz 583
XL
TABLE 01^ CONTENTS.
h
Class IV. Pisces— continued. ^^■_., Page.
Subclass Physoclisti. n
Order T. Acanthopteri. ■* . j
Family 92. GerridiB.
,.. , 920. gula C. & V. (Addenda) 584,934
921. homonymns Goode & Bean 584
., ,.. 921 (6). ciuereiis Walb. (Addenda) 'd'X^
922. harengnlus Goode <& Bean 584
—Family 93. Embiotocido) 58o
307. Hysterocarpus Gibbons 58H
-w 923. traski Gibbons 587
'1:; 308. AbeonaGirard 587
' .) :, 924. minima Gibbons 587
., , 925. aurora Jor. «fe Gilb 588
y 308 (ft). Brachyistius Gill, (Addenda) 589,93H
^ 't'.: 926. frenatusGill 589
,^i; • 927. rosaceus Jor. & Gilb 589
, y, 309. Micrometrus Gibbons 588
928. aggregatus Gibbons 590
310. Holconotus AgiLssiz. (Addenda 590,93(5
;- $ J3>/|)Oori<icft</ij/« Gill 591
929. analis A. Agassiz 591
$ fliiperprosopore Gibb 591
§ 930. argenteus Gibbons. (Addenda) 591
931. agassizii Gill 592
$ Hoi conotua Ag 592
932. rbodoterus Agassiz 592
. , .■: 310(6). Amphistichus Agassiz 593
933. argenteus Agassiz 593
... 311. Hypsurus A. Agassiz 593
934. caryi Agassiz 593
312. Ditrema Schlegel 594
^ EmMotoca Ag 594
1 935. lateriilo Agassiz 594
I 936. jacksoni Agassiz 595
j $ Ditrenia 595
,' '' 937. atripes Jor. «& Gilb *, 595
938. furcatum Grd 596
313. Rbacbochilns Agassiz 596
939. toxutes Agassiz 596
314. Damalichthys Grd 597
940. argyrosomus Grd 597
Family 94. Labridse 597
315. Ctenolabrus Cuv. & Val 599
$ Tautogolabrua Gthr 599
— 941. adspersus Walb 599
Oh^ iU'C<i'<y€ o'-'^/ 316. Hiatula Lac. (Addenda) 599,93()
^ 942. onitisLiun 600
317. Lacbnolujmu ) Cuv. «& Val 600
__..„ 943. falcatns Linn 601
318. Harpe LacdpMe 601
944. rufa Linn 601
318(6). Trochooopus Gthr. (Addenda) '. 602,9;?6
ij Pimelometopon QUI 602
945. X)ulcber Ayres 602
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XLi
Clftss IV. Pisces — coutiuued. Page.
Siil)cla.s8 Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 1)4. Labridip.
31U. I'latyglfissu.s Bleeker 602
' 94(5. radiatuH Linn 603
* " 947,948. bivittatus Bloch. (Addenda) 603,936
948 (6). caiulalis Poey. (Addenda) 937
949. semiciuctus Ayres 603
320. Pseudoj nils Bleeker 604
^ Oxi/jul'w GUI <)04
950. uiodestns (Jrd ■- t304
32L Xyrichthys Cuv. & Val 605
951. vermiculatusPoey 605
952. lineattis Cuv. & Val 605
322. Calliodon Gronow 606
953. ustns Cuv. & Val 606
323. Scams Foiak. (Addenda) 006,938
^Scarua. (Addenda) 606,938
954. gnacamaia Cuv. and Val , 607
954 (h). croicensis Bloch. (Addenda) 9.38
^ Sparisoma Sw . (Addenda) 938
954 (c). sqnalidus Poey. (Addenda) 938
954. (d). radians C. & V. (Addenda) 939
Family95. Cicblidic 607
324. HerosHeckel 608
' 955. cyanoguttatus B. & G 608
955 (6). pavonaceus Garm. (Addenda) 939
Family 96. Poniacentridie 609
325. Pomacentrus Lac . 609
^ Pomacentrus 610
956. lencostictus Miiller »& Troschel 610
^ Hiipsi/popa Gill (510
957. rnbicuudns Grd 610
325 (&). GlypUidodon Lac. (Addenda) 610.939
958. declivifrons Gill. (Addenda) 611
9.'>9. saxatilirt Linn 611
326. ChroniisL 611
^ Fur caria Voey. (Addenda) 939
960. punctipinnis Cooper 611
' ' achromia 611
' ■ 961. insolatus Cuv. & Val 612
961 (6). enchrysurus J. & G. (Addenda) 940
'"^^ Family 97. Epbippidai 612
327. Chietodipterns Lac 613
962. faber Brouss 613
Family 98. Chietodontidm 614
^•* 328. Chrotodon Linn 014
963. inaculocinctns Gill 615
963(&). bimacnlatus Bloch. (Addenda) 940
963 (c). capistratus L. 'Addenda) 940
329. Pomacanthns Lac 615
i Holacaiithna Lac 615
964. ciliaris Linn... 615
964 (6). tricolor Bloch. (.\ddenda) 941
XLII
TA
OF CONTENTS.
Class IV. Pisces — continued. ' P«8<>-
Subclass Physoclisti. ,
Order T. Acantbopteri. ....'.
Family 9d. Cbajtodontidie.
*^i;* ^ Pomacanthua 615
^" "* 965. arcnatus Ij 616
Family 99. Acantburidie 616
;i30. Acantburus Bl. & Schn 617
9()6. cbirurgus Bl. & Scbn 617
966 (ft), nigricans L. (Addenda) 941
966 (c). tractus Poey. (Addenda) 941
967. coemleus Bl. & Scbn 617
Family 100. Tracbypterida? „ 617
;i3l, Tracliypterus Gonan 61H
968. altivelisKuer 618
Family 101. Icostcidaj 619
332. Icoslens Lock 620
''■ 969. iunigmaticHS Lock 620
333. Icicbtbys J. & G 621
970. lociiingtoni J. «fe G 621
334. Batbymaster Cope 622
971. signatns Coi)e 623
Family 102. Latilidte 623
335. Lopbolatilus G. & B 624
972. cbamajleouticeps G. & B 624
336. Caulolatilus Gill 625
97 princepsJen 625
f hrysopsC.i&V 626
Familyl ,. Tricbodontid.-B 626
337. Tricbodou Stellar 627
975. stelleri C. & V 627
Family 103. Uranoscopidaj 627
338. Astroscopus Brevoort 628
976. y-grajcura C. & V 628
977. anoplusC. & V 629
Family 103 (&). Opistboguatbidaj. (Addenda) 942
338 (6). Gnatbj-pops Gill. (Addend.i) 942
977 (&). niaxillosus Poey. (Addenda) 942
• 338 (c). Opistboguatbus C. «& V. (Addenda) 943
977(0). scapbiurus Goode «fe Bean. (Addenda) 94:5
977 (d). loncburua J. & G. (Addenda) 943
Family 104. Gobiidai 629
339. Gobiomorus Lac. (Addenda) 630,972
978. dormitator Lac 631
340. Eleotris Gronow 631
979. gyriuus Cuv. & Val 631
341. Dormitator Gill 631
980 (981). maculatus Blocb. (Addenda) 632
341 (6). Cnlins Bleeker. (Addenda) 944
981 (ft), amblyopsis Cope. (Addenda) 944
342.? Evorthodus Gill. (Addenda) 632
987. wUrdemanni Grd. (Addenda) 632
(343)344. GobiusL 633
^Eiicteiiogobiua Gill 633,945
983. lyricus Grd 633
983 (ft). encaBomus J. & G. (Addenda) 945
TABLE OF CONTESTS.
XLIII
Class IV. Pisces— continued. P«ge.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acautbopterl.
Family 104. Gobildaj. * . ^ . ^
^ Gobiun 6:tt
; 984 (1)82, DSTj). soporator C. & V. (Addenda) 632,634,945
ij Coryphopterua G\l\ 635
987 (&). boleosoiua J. & G. (Addenda) 946
987 (c). stigiiiatnrus Goodo »& Bean. (Addenda) 94G
987 (d). uicholsi Bean. (Addenda) 946
988. glaucofra-num Gill 635
": 345. GobioncUnH Grd 635
:; ' 989. oceanicus Pall 636
989 (ft), stigmaticus Poey. (Addenda) 947
346. Gillichtbys Cooper 636
900. minibilis Cooper 636
347. Lepidogobius Gill 6,'W
^ Lepldogobius 637
991. gracilis Grd 637
' ^ Eucyclogobius Gill 637
992. ucwberryi Grd 637
992 (fc) (986). gulosus Grd. (Addenda) 634, 945
992 (c). thalassiuus J. & G. (Addenda) 947
i^ 348. Gobiosouia Grd -^ 638
{: 993 (994). bosci Lac. (Addenda) 638, 948
994 (ft), ios J. «fc G. (Addeuda) 948
.1 349. Typblogobins Steind 639
995. californiensis Steind 639
350. Tyntlastes atln- , 639
996. sagittaGtbr 639
350 (ft). loglossns Bean. (Addenda) 948
996 (ft), calliurus Bean. (Addenda) 949
Family 105. Chix-idie 640
:J51 (o). Pleurogrammus Gill. (Addenda) 642,949
i'' 997. mouopterygius Pall 642
351 (6). Hexagrammus Steller 641
•,' 998. ordinatuv Cope 642
*; 999. asper Steller 643
4/ft.>Vtvv6 999 (ft), scaber Bean. (Addenda) 949
/ „ p 1000. auperciliosus Pall 644
- ■»..>* ' 1001. decagrammus Pall 645
352. Opliiodon Grd 646
<\^sMl^-^ 1002. elongatus Grd 646-
AiUO*^' 353. ZaniolepisGrd 647
' ^ 1003. latipinnis Grd 647
''-■'' 354. OxylebiusGill 648
1004. pictusGill 648
355. Myriolepis Lock 649
1005. zoniferLock 649
356. Anoplopoma Ayres 649
1006. limbria Pallas 650
Family 106. Scorpajnidop 650
357. Sobastes Cu\ier 651
.1007. marinus Linn 651
358. Sebastodes Gill 652
XLIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
\, vti"
C!us8 IV. Pisces — coutimied, • i '
Subclass Pbysoelisti. ' .' ' ,' '
Order T. Acanthoptcri.
Family 10(5. Scorpivnida?.
$ Schaatodea ,
1008. pancispinis Ayies
^ SebaatoHomiia Gill
1001). llavidus Ayres
1010. luelanops Grd
1011. eiliatns Tiles
1012. luystiuna .Tor. & Gilb
lOi:?. entomelas J. & G
1014. ovalis Ayrcs
1015. proriger J. &, G
;. 1016. atrovirens J. & G
1017. piijiiiger Giil
lOld. iiiiniatns J, & G
^S Stbmlomua Gill
-^ 1019. ruber Ayres
1019(6). u:nbro8U8 J. & G. (Addenda)
1020. constfcilatus J, & G '.
1021. rosaceus Grd ,
1022. rliodocbloris J. & G
1023. clilorostictus J. & G -
1024. elougat us Ayres
1025. rubrivinctus J. & G
^ Sehaatichtliiia Gill ,
102iJ. auriculatusGrd
1027. rastrelli^'or J. &G
1028. cauriuus Rich :
1028 (ft), vexillaris J. & G
1029. maliger.J. &. G
10:50. cavnatus J. &, G
lOlU. ohrysoHH las J. & G
10:52. nebuIosuH Ayres
101515. serriceps J. & G
— ; ■ ■ 1034. uigrociuctus Ayres
,0'. . j.;>. . 259 ScorpaumL
10:55. dactyloptera De La Rocho
10:5(). guttata Grd
10157. i)luniieri Hloch
10:»(L< (/>). steariiHi Gocde & Bean. (Addouda)
103N (c). calcarata Goode A, Bean, (Addenda)
360. Se archuB Johnson
l'/;59. parniatus Goodo
Family 107. Cottida*
361. lieniitripterns Cuvitr
— ~~ — _ 1010. anuiricanus Gm
1041. cavifrons Lock ., ,
.362. Ascelichthys J. & G ,
1042. rhodorusJ. &U ,
V 303. Psychrolutcs Gllntlmr ,
1^ 1043. ])aradoxus Gthr
.;;;,, 364. CottuncuhisOoUett ,
.5,^. 1044. !nicrops Collet t
1045. torvns Uuodu ,
Page.
656
656
657
657
658
658
659
659
660
661
662
662
663
664
(565
950
(565
666
667
068
669
669
670
670
671
672
672
673
674
675
676
676
677
078
679
679
680
951
952
682
682
682
685
685
686
686
686
686
687
687
688
688
TABLE OP CONTENTS.
XLV
Class IV. Pisces— contiuiied. ^ • '' Page.
Subclass Physoclisti. ! ■ '
Order T. Acanthoptori. ' ' " ^
Family 107. CottidJB. '! ■' : '
365. IcelusKroyor 689
^ArtedhiaGrd 689
1046. lateralis Grd 689
1047. notospilotns Grd .*. , 690
^ Icebis 690
1048. haniatns Kroyer 691
1049. qnadriseriatiiaLock 691
$ Chitono1u8l.ock 691
1050. r ogacephalns Lock 692
1051. pugettensis Steind 692
5
1052. uncinatus Reinh (593
1053. bicomis Reinb 693
366. Uranidea De Kay 693
$ Tauridea Jor. & Rice 694
1054. riceiNelson. (Addenda) 694,953
^ Cottopsis Grd 694
1055. aspera Rich 694
1056. semiscabra Cope 695
1056 (6). rbothea Rosa 8iuitb. (Addenda) 953
$ roiamocoiti>8 Gill 69>
1057. gnlosa Grd 695
1058. punctulata Gill 6SMt
1059. bendivei Bean 696
1060. riibardsoni Agassiz <)96
t 1061. wheeled Cope 697
$ Uranidea ... 698
1062. cognataRich , 698,953
1062 (ft), spilota Cope. (Addenda) 954
1062 (c). pollicaria J. & G. (Addenda) 954
1063. DiinutaPall 698
1064. niarginata Bean 698
1065. viscoaa Hald 698
1066. gracilis Heck 699-
1067. gobioidesGrd 699
1068. boleoidesGrd 699
1069. franklini Ag 699,954
l069(/»)- I'ormosa Grd. (Addenda) 955
1070. hoyi Pntn 700
367. CottnsL 700
i ,, 1071. bnbalisL 701
_i i-'l'Jji_^_ 1072. octodecinispinosns Mitch 701
. 1073. fi'nons Mitch 701
< Jj^. 1074. Bcorpioides Fabr 702
'^' '"' 1075. Bcorplus L 702
1076. polyacanthocophalua Pall 703
1077. lahrndoricus Grd 704
1078. tieniopterns Kner 704
__ 1079. qnadricornis L 704
"^ 1080. humilis Bean V05
108l.jaokC&V 705
XLvr
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
'^A'fr^^r
/
Class IV. Pisces — contiuucd. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 107. Cottidaj.
1082. axillarisGi'i 706
1083. polaris Sab 706
V' 1084. platycephalus Pall ." 706
1085. verrucoses Bean 707
1086. niger Bean 707
j, 1087. quadrifilisGill 707
J ' 368. Gymnacanthus Sw 708
'■" 1088. pistilliger Pall 708
1089. galeatusBean 709
369. Triglopsis Grd .' 709
1090. thompsoni Grd 709
370. EnopbrysSw 710
1091. bison Grd 710
1092. diceraiisPall 711
109:?. claviger C. & V 711
371. LiocottnsGrd 711
1094. hirundoGrd 712
872. Triglops Reinb 712
1095. piugeliReinb 713
373. Leptocottns Grd 713
1096. armatusGrd 713
374. Hemilepidotus Cuv 714
1097. spinosus Ayr 714
1098. jordani Bean 715
1099. trachurus Pall 715
375. MelletcsBeau -^6
1100. papilio Bean 716
376. Scorpjeuichtliys Grd 716
1101. marnioratus Ayr 716
377. Oligocottns Grd 717
$ C?iwoco«it8 Gill 717
1102. analis Grd 717
^Oligocottns 718
1103. niaciilosus Grd 718
i Blenmcottus Gm „ 718
1104. globiceps Grd .' 718
■ j^ , 378. Blepsias Ciiv 719
'IZ:^J~- 1105. cirrhosnsPall 719
^A ,\, 1106. bilobnsC. &V 720
^ .379. NauticblbysGrd 720
^' 1107. oculofasciatuH Grd 721
380. RbampliocottusGthr 721
1108. riclinrdsoni Gtlir 722
Familj 108 (a). Agonidie 722
,^, ' 381. Aspidopboroides Lac 724
,, 1109. nionopttrygins Bloch 724
1110. inormisGtbr 725
382. Sipbagonns Steind 726
nil. barbatns Stoind 725
383. Leptagoniis Gill. (Addenda) :.... 726,956
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XLVII
Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 108 (a). AgonidiB. ; .
'^ ^ Brachtjopsia Gm 726
1112. rostratus Ti!e8 72(5
1113. verrucosus Lock 726
': 1114. xyosternua J. & G 727
^ Leptagonva (Addenda) 955
1115. decagonus B. & S 727,955
[384. Agonus B. & S] 728
[1116. cataphractus L] 728
385. Bothragonus Gill 728
1117. swani Steind 729
386. Odontopyxis Lock.... 729
1118. triaplnosus Lock fc 729
387. Podothecus Gill 729
1119. vulsHs J. «fe G 730
1120. acipenseriniiH Tiles 730
Family 108 (6). Triglidie 731
388. Peristedinm Lac 732
1121. miniatuin Goode 732
[389. TriglaL.] 733
[1122. cuculusL.] 733
390. Prionot^ Lac 733
^ Ornichthya Bw 734
1123. scitulus J. «fe G. (Addenda) 734,95(5
1123 (ft), punctatus Bl. (Addenda) 956
1124. palmipesMitch 7.34
$ Prionottia 735
1125. tribulus C. & V 735
1126. evolansL 735
1127. stephanophrys Lock X 736
391. Cephalacanthus Lac 737
1128. volitansL. (Addenda) 738,95-
Family 109. Liparididos 738
392. Amitra Goode 739
1129. liparina Goode 739
393. Careproctus Kriiy 740
1130. gelatinosusPall 740
1130 (6). reinhardi Kroy. (Addenda) 957
394. LiparisL 740
^ AcHnochir QiW 741
1131. major Walb 741
$ Lipnria 740
1132. pulchella Ayr 741
1133. gibba B(>iin 741
1135. tunicatalMnh 742
" ' 1136(1134). linoata Lepochin 742
1137. ranula G. & B 742
— ■ — 1138. montagui Don 743
1139. oalliodon Pall 743
1140.cyolopu8Gt.hr 743
^ NooUparia Steind 744
1141. umuosA Ayr 744
I
r ■'
n-
i
V' ■'.
i ' '.
t
XLVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti. '
Order T. Acanthoptori.
Family 110, Cyclopteridfc 744
395. Cj'clopterichthys Steind 745
" 1142. vontricosus Pall 745
;^' ^ 1143. stellori Pall 745
395 (6). Eumicrotremus Gill. (Addenda). 746,957
1144. spiuosus Miill 74G
-•; ' 390. Cycloptenis L 74()
1145. lumpns L , 747
Family 111. Gobiesocidie 747
397. GobicsoxLac 748
1146. reticulatus Grd 749
1147. strumoaus Cope 749
1147 (ft), virgatnlus J. «& G. (Addenda) 957
1148. ihessodouR. Smith 749
Family 112. Batracliidai 750
398. Batrachus B. «fc S 750
1149. tan L... 750
1149 (b). pardi.s G. & B 751
399. Porichtbys Grd 751
1150. margaritat us Rich. (Addemla) 751,958
1150 (ft), plectrodon J. & G. (Addenda) „ 958
Family 113. Leptoscopidai * 752
400. DactyloscopnsGill..-. 753
1151. tridigitatus Gill 753
Family 114. Blenniidio 753
401. Ophiobleuuius Gill 756
1152. webbiVal 7.')6
402. ChusmodesC. & V 756
1153. boK-inianus Lac 756
1154. qnadrifasc'iatua Wood 757
1154 (ft), sabnrric J. «fc G. (Addenda) 958
403. IsesthcsJ.&G 757
1155. gilberti Jor. (Addenda) 757, 959
1155 (ft). geutilisGrd. (Addenda) 959
1156. punctatus Wood 758
1156(ft). lumtzlLeS. (Addenda) 9(50
1156(0). iontlms J. &, G. (Addenda) 960
1156 (rf). scrutator J. & (J. (Addenda) 960
404. Ilypleurochilus Gill 758
1157. multinilHGrd 758
1158. geniinatuH Wood 759
405. Bleniiius L 759
^ ISlenniiia 759
[1159. fiiconim C. »Sr V.l 759
1159 (6). Btearnsi J. & G. (Addenda) 961
1159 (r). favosus Goodo & Bean, (Addenda) 961
1159 ((/). astcriaa Goodo & Bean. (Addenda) 961
„:._„-_ ^ PholisVnv 760
1160. earolinus C. &. V 760
406. NeoclinusGrd 760
1161. satiricns Grd 761
1162. blanchardi Grd 761
407. ClinusCuv 701
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
XLIX
Class IV. Pisces— contiiined. . ; ;; • Page*
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthoptori.
Family 114. BlcuiiiidiB. j'v A-vv.;
. ., ^ LabrosomusSw 762
11G3. michipiunis Q. & G 782
$ Gibhansia CooTp 763
1164. evides J. & G 76:t
408. Heterostichus Grd 761*
1165. rostratus Grd 764
409. Cremuobates Gthr 764
1166. integripinnis R. Smith 764
1166 (&). marmoratus Steind. (Addenda) 362
' 410. ChirolophusSw 765
1167. polyactoceplialus Pall 765
411. Murajnoides Lac 766
5 Murwttoides i 767
., 1168. gunuolliis L 767
1169. fasciatus B. & S 767
1170. oniatus Gi-d 767
1171. maxillaris Bean 7(58
1172. dolichogastcr Pall 7(58
^ Astvrnopterfix Rul^l> 7(59
1173. gunislliformis KUpp 769
41.2. Apodichthys Grd 769
1174. flavidus Grd 769
1175. fucorum J. & G 770
413. Anoplarchus Gill 770
1176. atropnrpnrcus Kittl 771
1177. alectrolophus Pall 771
414. XiphisterJor 771
1178. chirns J. & G 772
1 179. mncosns Grd 772
1180. mpestris J. & G 7-,:{
415. Cebedicbthys Ayres 77'i
1181. VI jlaceus Grd 774
410. EuinesogrammnH Gill 774
1182. praicisus Kniy 774
1183. subbifurcatns Stor 775
417. Sticbania Reinh 775
j 1184. puiiPtatus Fabr 775
418. Notogrammus Bean 776
1185. rothrocki Bean 776
419. Lumpenus Keinh 776
',.'^ ^ LeptocHiiua QUI 777
,J 1186. niaculatns Fries 777
i Anisarchua G'\\l 777
1187. meirius Reinh 777
:" ^"^ ^ Lnmpenua 777
1188. angnillaris Pall 777
,- 1189. fabricilC.&V 77H
420. LeptoblenninnGill 778
1190. nubilnsRIch 778
1191. serpent inns Stor 778
1192. larapetrieformls Walb 779
Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 10 iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Snbclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acauthopteri.
Family 114. BlenniidiB.
421- Delolepis Bean 779
fl 5 1193. virgatus Bean 779
^vL i/t-. !Cii>fi\fi\; . 422. Cryptacanthodes Stor 7S0
1194. maculatus Stor 780
423. AnarrhichasL 7HI
_1195. lupus L 781
1196. minor Olafs 7.1
1197. latifrons Steensinip & Halgrimsson 782
' ;^ 1198. lepturus Bean 7»*3
424. Anarrhichthys Ayres 782
V 1199. ocellatus Ayr 782
"i Family 115. Lycodidas 783
425. Zoarces Cuv 784
; : — 1200, angnillaris Peck 784
^>ve, t(^ <JAc4 tri . 42H. Lycodopsis Coll 784
1201. pacificus Coll 785
/' 1202. paucidens Lock 785
. 427. Lycodes Reiuh 785
'" 1203. paxillus G. & B 785
' 1204. verrilli G. & B 786
1205. vahliReinh 786
' 1206. esmarki Coll 786
1207. reticulatus Reinh 787
1208. semiundus Keinh 787
1209. nebulosus Kroy 787
1210. coccineus Bean 787
, 428. Lycodalepis Bleeker 788
1211. niucosus Rich 788
' ■ 1212. turueri Bean 788
' 1213. polaris Sab 788
420. Gymnelis Reiuh 789
1214. viridis Fabr 789
1215. stigma Benu 789
430. Urouectes Gtlir 789
1216. parrii Ross 789
. Family 116 Congrogadidai 790
431. Scytaliua J. & G 790
1217. cerdale J. & G 790
Family 117. Fierasferidie 791
432. Fiora8fftrCu\ 791
1218. dubiusPuln 791
;-■ Family 118. OpbidiidiB 792
433. Ophidium L 792
, ^Ophidium 792
_ 1219. marginatum Dek 792
,7 ^ 1220. josophi Ord 793
1221. bolbrooki Pntn 793
— -T 1221 (&). graiJllsi Poey. (Addenda) 963
1222. tayloriGrd 793
$ Lvptophidium Gill 793
1223. profuudornm Gill 793
433 (6). Genypterne Philippi . (Addenda) 963
1223 (&). omob igma J. & G. (Addenda) 9«>3
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LI
Class IV. Pisces— continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 120 (119). GadidsB 794
434. Uythites Reinh 795
1224. fuscusReiuh 795
435. Dineniaticlithys Bleek 795
^ Brosmophycia G'lM. (Addenda) 796,963
1225. marginatus Ayres 796
436. OnosRisso 796
^ Bhinonemua GWl 707
1226. cimbriusL 797
^Ono8 797
1227. reinhardti Kroy 797
1228. eusis Reinh 797
437. Phycis B. & S 798
1229. regiusWalb 798
1230. earlli Bean 798
1231. chussWalb 799-
1232. tenuisMitch 799
1233. chesteri G. «fc B 799
438. Haloporphyrus Gthr 800
1233 (fc). viola G. ife B 800
439. Physiculus Kaup 800
1234. dalwigkii Kaup 801
440. MolvaNilss 801
1235. vulgaris Flem .' 801
441. Lota Cuv 801
._.,^ — ; — 12156. maculosa LeS 802 ■
.^s^i,...A/.'~ ^'^i^ BrosniiusCuv , 802
—7,-7 1'^^'- brosmeMUlI 802
3Li<'r^^ 443 GadusL 803
$ MelanogrammuH Gill 803
1238. a^glilinusL 803.
Jtii^' "-" ^ Gadua 804
->, — ^. 1239. callariasL 4. 804,
#f'. ''xt- ^lileaiaSw 804
1240, gracilis Tiles 804
^ AliorogadaH GiU 805
^"/■'cd l'^41. proximus Grd 805
[..^JJ::: : .. ^^ : \ 1242. tomcod Walb 8C3 ■
:}j,n ef'tifvo^, J VoUachmaKilm 806
1243. virensL 806
1244. chalcoerammus Pall 807
J lioreogadm Gthr 807
1245. saida Lepechiu 807
444. Hypsicometes Goode 808
1246. gobioldes Goodo 808
445. MerluciusRaf 808
1247. bilinoaris Mitch 809
1248. smiridnsRaf 809
^, 1249. productus Ayres 809
Family 120 (ft). Chiasmodontidie. (Addenda) 964
446. Chiasmodon Johns 810
1250. niger Johns , 810
Ln
TAijLE OP CONTENTS.
[\n
tr
!
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Page.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order T. Acanthopteri.
Family 121. Macruridse S... 810
' ' 447. Macruru'} Bloch 811
1251. fabricii Sundev 811
' 1252. carminatus Goode 812
1253. bairdi G. & B 812
' 448. Coryphteno'des Gimuer 612
1254. rupestris Gunner 812
Order TJ. Heterosomata 8i;i
Family 122 (123). Pleuronectidaj 813
^ I i ., 449. BotlmsRaf. 8K)
j^(, f->^ »U<^>-^-u. ^ j^.j._ maculatus Mitch '. 815
450. Citbarichthys Bleek 81<)
^ Hemirhombus Blee^ 816
1256. psBtul us Goodo «fe Bean. (Addenda) 810,964
rVv 1256 (6). ocellatus Poey. (Addenda) 817,964
" ^ Citharichthya 817
'* 1257. sordidusGrd 817
>' 1257 (6). stigmaius J. & G. (Addenda) 965
'* 1258. spilcpterusGthr 817
-' 1259. arctifrous Goode 818
^ '" 1260. unicornis Goode 818
' 451. Hippofflossus Cuv 818
_' \ 1261. vulgaris Flem 819
i,>v *,cCy 453. Platysomaticlithys Bleek 819
f 1262. hippoglossoides Walb 819
. : ;' ' 453. Atberesthes J. & G 820
•'• - 1263. stomias J. & G 820
454. ParalichthysGrd 821
> ■ ^ ParaUchthya 821
12f.4 californicns Ayr , 821
- 1265. oeellaris Dek. (Addenda) 822,972
:\j^ j\ [\--^ 1266. dentatus L :... 822
1267. albigntta J. «fe*G '.. • 823
" 1268. squamilentus J. & G * 823
1269. oblongns Mit 824
1270. ommatns i. & G 624
^ Xyatrvurya J . &. Q 826
' - 1271. liolepis J. & G 825
' 455. Hii)poglo88oide8 Gottscbt; 825
i *•<** ^ llippoglosKoidva 826
"^tf'^H^-' _ _ 1272. platessoides Fabr 826
— —--rT' " 1273. elassodon J. & G 826
J.c^tv^.. 1274. .jordani Lock 827
'• ' 1275. exilis J. «&. G 827
$ I'se.Uichthys GvA 828
1276. niolanostictus Grd 828
->:. 456. ^lourouicbMiys Grd 828
1277. decurrouHJ.&O 829
'" 1278. vorticalis .1, & G 829
1279. ccenosusGrd 830
457. Hypsopsetta Gill 830
1280. guttulataOrd SIM)
TABLE OF CONTENTS. LIII
Class IV. Pisces— continued. . ' ^*««-
Subclass Physoclisti. ,:,..,
Order U. Heterosomata. .: . .>.'
Family 122 (123). Pleuronectidse. -^.-^^^j ;,;<<'
458. Pleuronectes L 831
^ Parophrya GtA 831
1281. vetulusGrd 831
^ hopaeita hock 832
1282. isolepis Lock 832
1283. ischyrns J. «fc G 832
r^Uoj/fip $ Lepidopaetta Gill 833
_1j 1284. bilineatusAyr 833
§ Limanda Gottsche 8:i4
1285. ferrugineus Stor 834
1286. asper Pall 8:»
1287. beani Goode 835
j^ ^ ^ Platichthya Gvd 8:55
fr'^l^-:^ 1288. stellatus Pall 835
^Pleuronectes 836
''")4(v ^^^' q'^i^^rital^erculatns Pall 836
''- jll3— 1290. glaberStor 836
—~-^'"' 1291. glacialisPall 837
5 Pscudop/ettronec/es Bleek 837
^.ay.^j,47v:::, 1292. americanus Walb 837
■s-'"""' 459. Glyptocoplialus Gottsche 837
f ^.f'J/' . VHd'^. cynoglosaiis L 838
'* i." I i( i^ ■ 1294. zachirus Lock 838
' '^ 460. Cynicoglossus Bonap 838
1295. paciticus Lock 839
461. EtropusJ. &G 839
1296. crossotuaJ. &G 839
462. Thyris Goode 840
1^97. pollucidiis Goode 840
,. ;, 463. Monolene Goode 840
' 1298. Hessilicauda Goode 841
463 (fe). Bajostoiua Bean. (Addenda) 965
1298 (6). brachiale Bean. (Addenda) 965
464. Achirne Lac 841
- 1299. lineatusL 841
465. Apboristia Kanp 842
1300. atricauda J. & G 842
1301. plagiusa L 643
Order V. Pediculati 843
Family 124. Lophiida) 844
466. LophinsL 844
i::'02. piscatorins L 844
Family liij (a). Antennariida 845
466(0). Pterophrynoides Gill 845
1303. histrio L 845
467. Antennarins Lac 845
1304. annulatns Gill 846
1305. pleurophthalmus Gill 846
468. Cbauuax Lowe 846
1306. pictns Low§ 847
Family 125 (6.) Ceratiidue
169. Ceratias Kitiyer 847
LIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Class IV. Pisces — continued. Fag«.
Subclass Physoclisti.
Order V. Pediculati.
Family 125 (ft). CeratiidsB.
1307. holbolli Kroy 847
470. Mancalias Gill 848
1308. uranoscopus Murray 848
471. OnirodesLUtk 848
1309. eschrichti LUtk 848
472. Himautolophus Beinh 840
1310. grcpnlandicus Reinh 849
1311. reinhardti LUtk 849
Family 126. Malthidie 849
473. Malthe Cuv 850
., 1312. vespertilio L 850
1313. cubifrons Rich 850
474. Halieutichthys Poey 851
1314. aculeatus Mitch 851
475. Halieutffia C. «& V 851
1315. senticosaGoode 851
Order W. Plectognatbi 852
Family 127. Ostraciidse 852
476. OstraciumL 853
$ tactojjfir^s Sw 853
1316. trigouum L a53
1316 (ft), triquetrnm L. (Addenda) 965
1317. quadricorue L 854
Family 128. Balistidis 8^i
,477. Balistes L 854
1318. vetulaL 855
, . 1319. capriscus Gmel 855
- 1320. poweli Cope 855
478. Monacanthus Cuv 656
t , ^Monacanthus 856
i 1321. occidentaliaGthr 856
^ Stephanole2n8 Gill 856
1322. hispidus L. (Addenda) 856,9Gr)
1323. davidsoni Cope 857
.) 1324. spilonotus Cope 857
^ Cantherines Sw 858
1325. puUus Ranz 858
479. Alutera Cuv 858
1326. schffipffl Walb 858
1327. scripta Osb 859
Family 129. Tetrodontida) 859
480. Lagocephahis Sw 859
1328. laivigatusL 860
481. Tetrodon L 860
1329. politns Grd 860
1330. testndiut'us L 861
133L spengleri Bl 861
1332. turgidus Mitch 861
1332 (ft). nepheluM Goode «& Bean. (Addenda) 9CG
1333. trichocephaias Cope j 862
482. Trichodiodon Bleek 802
1334. pilosusMitch 862
TABLE OF CONTENTS. lV
Class IV. Pisces — continued. _
Subclass Plij'sociisti, , **^*'
Order W. Plectognathi.
Family 129. TetrodontidsB.
483. DiodonL g^2
1335. hystrix L "'" qq->
1336. liturosus Shaw. (Addenda) 863 966
484. Chilomycterus Bibron ]^ 'gg3
1337. geoinetricus B. & S " g^.j
1337 (ft), fnliginosus Dek gg^
1337 (c). rcticulatus L. (Addenda) " qqq
Family 130. Orthagoriscidse or a
485. Molacaothus Sw '" oar
1338. nummularis Walb ' cu-e.
486. MolaCuv .".."..".."...!!!]"..!!.* 865
1339. rotunda Cuv '" ggg
487. EanzaniaNardo. (Addenda) ...'.'.''.'..'. 966
1340. truncata Retz. (Addenda) 966
LIST OF NEW GLAEM AND SPECIES.
The following specific and generic names appear as new in the present work. A nnnir
ber of other descriptions of new species in the Addenda are ahridged from niannscripts
and proof-sheets of the ciin'ent volume of the Proceedings of the United States National
Museum. It is probable that in all cases the date of their publication in these pro-
ceedings will be previous to the issue of the present volume.
Page.
Minnilus scepticus J. &G 200
Platygobio pallidus Forbes 220
Trycherodon Forbes 247
Try chiProdou megalops Forbes 247
Coregonus kenniootti Milner 298
Fundulus adinia J. &G SST)
Euthynnus Liitken 429
Lepomis symmetricns Forbes 4711
Cottogaster putnami J. &G 49H
Poecilichthya bullerianus Hay 519
Bothragonus Gill 728
Cottimculus torvus Goode (588
Isesthes J. &G 757
Clinus evides J. «feG 7(i3
Paralichthys ophryaa J. &G 822
Paralichthys ommatiis J. & G 824
Isopsetta Lockington 832
Petromyzou marinns dorsatns Wilder 8(58
Galeorhinus zyopterna J. & G 870
Fundulus zebrinus J. «&G 891
Menidia laciniata Swain 908
Menidia audens Hay 908
Xenistius J. & G 920
Creolus J. &G
I.VI
A SYNOPSIS OF THE FISHES OF NORTH AMERICA.
k. A nnm-
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M
Icbthyologj'^ {ix^^'t fislij ^''r"^» a tliscourKc) is the science of fishes.
A "fisb," ill the popular sense, is a meiuber of any one of the four classes
of aquatic or fish-like vertebrates, the groups here designated as PisceSy
Elasmohranchii^ Marsipobranchii, and Lcptocardii. A fish, in this com-
prehensive and somewhat indefinite sense, may be defined as a cold-
blooded vertebrate, adapted for life in the water ; breathing by means of
gills; having the limbs, if present, developed as fins ; the fingers and toes
being represented by cartilaginous rays connected by membrane; the
exoskeleton obsolete or developed as scales or bony plates ; and one or
more fins developed on the median line of the body, usually composed
of rays connected by membrane. .
Of a "fish" in the popular sense one could hardly say mofe, without
the necessity of the constant introduction of exceptions. Of a " true
fish," a fish in a strict zoological sense, — that is, a member of the class
Pisces, — a definition will be given further on.
Among the fish-like vertebrates, the writers, following Professor Gill
and other eminent authorities, recognize ^jwt classes, considered as
co-ordinate with the classes Batrachia, lieptilia, Aves, and Mammalia.
These four classes have been thus limited and characterized: . ■>
ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES. r '■:. .i1
" Skull undeveloped, -with tlio notocliord poraistent and extending to the anterior end
of the head. Braiu not distinctly diliorentiated. Heart none.
Leptocardii, 1.
•* Skull more or less developed, with the notochord not continued forward beyond
the pituitary body. Bruin differeutiatcd and distinctly dcveloj)cd. Heart
developed and divided at least into an auricle and a ventricle.
t Skull imperfectly developed, and with no lower jaw. Paired tins undeveloped,
with no Bhouldor-girdlo nor pelvic elements. Gills purse-shaped,
MARSiPonRANcnii, 2.
ft Skull well d«veloped and with a lower jaw. Paired fins developed (sonu'tiniea
absent through atrophy) ; and with a shoulder-girdle (lyriform or furcula-
shaped, curved forward and with its respective sides connected below),
and with pelvic elements. Gills not purse-shaped. (Lyrifera.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 1 1
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGY IV.
i Skull without nuMubruno bon(?8 (ti " rudiincntiil opon-nlnr bono" in Chhnwra ) ;
gills not freo, lUo branchial opouinnH MJit-liki', usually sj^verul in luunber;
exoskclcton placoitl, sonietiiMcs obsolete; eggs lew and largo.
El.ASMOBUAN'CIIII, \\.
\X Skull with mcmbiano bones; gills frco ; branchial openings a single slit on
each side, woaetinu's conlliiei-i ; cxoskclelon various, not placuid; cggM
coun)aratively small and nunieious 1'jscks, 4.
Class !-'• EPTOCARDII.
{The Lanvdcts.)
Skeleton iiK'inluiiiio-cartiliiginous; skull uiuloveloped, with Mio noto-
chord persistent and extending: to tha anterior end of the head. Brain
not dillerentiated. No heart; the liuietion ')f the heart beinj;- performed
by pnlsatiny:sinuses. Blood colorless. Kespiratcny cavity conllnent witli
the cavity of the abdomen; branchial clefts in great number, the water
beinji' expelled throuj;h an abdominal pore in front of the vent. Jaw.s
none; the mouth a lonjjitudinal lissure, with cirri on each side.
Small marine animals hij;hly interesting; to the zoologist as exhibiting
the lowest degree of development of the vertebrate type. Tne class
includes luit the single o\\\v,v CirroHtomi. (Aj-ro,-, thin; za/<(J{'a, heart.)
(Subclass L('i)tocardii Giinther, viii, 513-514.)
OuDHR A.-CmROSTOMI.
{The Cirt'ostomes.)
This order is equivalent to the family Branchiostomaildw. (Latin,
cirrus, a lock of hair; arona, month : the mouth being surrounded by a
fringe of cirri.) {Cirroatomi Giinther, viii, 513-511.)
. A . ■ ■ ■ t
Family I.— BRANCIIIOSTOMATID^.
{The Lancvlcts,)
Body elongate, compressed, naked, colorless, with no fins, except a
rayless ibid extending along the back, around tiie tail, i)ast the vent, to
the abdominal pore. Mouth inferior, a])pearing as a longitudinal lis-
sure, surrounded by conspicuous, rather stiff cirri. Ey6 rudimentary.
Liver reduced to a blind sac of the simple intestine.
Genera two, li ranch iontonia and EpigoHoptcrnSj differing cliiefly in
wmmimmmitm'
■IV.
Chimwra);
II Milliliter;
IJAXCIIII, .■{.
if^Io slit on
<oid; fgys
riSCKS, 4.
the rioto-
. ]jiaiu
irt'ornied
cut witli
li'.^ water
b. Jaws
;liibitin{jf
uo class
:, heart.)
MAlJSirOBRANCmi. * ' 3
the {greater (levoh>pnient of the dorsal fin in the latter. Species four
ov more, found iud)edded in the sand ou various coasts. {Cirrostomi
(Ithr. viii, 513-514.)
•Dorsal fold very low, nearly uniform Buanciiiostoma, 1."
1.— BRANCIIIOSTOinA Cost;*, 1834.
LancelctH.
(AinjMoxiiH Yarrell.)
(Costa, Cenni Zoolop;iei Napol. 1834, p. 49: typo liranchioatoma htbrlcum Costa x= TAmax
lanceohitita Pallas.)
The characters of this oenns are essentially those of the family as
jjivon above, the little development of the fins constituthig its chief dis-
tiiictivci character. ((?j»«V;?'«j gil^s; «tt«v/«, motith. )
1. It. <-arH»M'!lim .Siindevall. — Anieriean Lancelct.
This species oecjurs in abundance, buried in the sand in shallow waters,
aloiij-' (he American coast, from the mouth of Chesapeake IJay to the
West Indies. It has never been fully compared with li. lanecolutum and
otluu- species of the genus.
(Praiuhmloma caribwum Suudovall, OeiVers. Vot. Akad. Forhandl. 1853, 11.)
Class II.-MARSIPOBllANCHII.
{The Mijzonts.)
Skeleton cartilaginous; the skull impeifectly developed, not sc^parato
from the vert(^bral column. No ribs, uo true Jaws, no lind)s, no shoulder-
f-irdle, nor pelvic elements. Gills in the form of fixed sacs, without
briinchial arches, six or more in nund)or on each side. A single nasal
apertun;. IMouth subinferior, suctorial, nearly circular. Heart wilh-
out arterial bulb. Alimentary canal straight, simi)le, without ctecal
iipjUMidages, pan(Teas, or spleen. Generative outlet jjeritoneal. Verti-
cal (Ins with fe(>ble rays, continuous arouiul the tail. Naked, eel-shape<l
animals, inhabitii.'/ all waters, [juipffirat.v^ a small lumeh or purse j
^jtdy^ia^ gills.) (Subclass Ci/dostomata Giinther, viii, 490-512.)
onoGns OF MAUsu'oniiANcnn.
t
"Nasal duct tube-liko, with cartilnginona rings, penetrating tho palato.
ilYJ'KUOTKKTA, B,
** Nasal duct a blind aac, not penetrating the paluto lIvrKitoAuriA, C.
4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Ordke B.-HYrEROTRETA.
{The Myxinoiil Fishes.)
Nostril tube-liko, with cartilajjinotis rinjjs, i)enctrjitinjx the pahito, its
position at tlio oxtreitiity of the lioad, over the mouth ; snout witli oi;>lit
barbels; mouth without li])s ; one mediari tootli on the pahite and two
comb-like series of teeth on tlu> tonf^ue. Ihanehial ai>ertures at a f;Teat
distance from the lu'ud ; a series of mucous sacs along each side; of the
abdouuMi. Intestine without spiral valve. Ef;j?s larj^e, with a hornj
case provid<>d with thr<'ads for adhesion. Marine lamprciy-like animals,
burrowini;- into the flesh of fishes, on which they feed.
There is but one family, Mi/.riiil(l<v, unless we assij^n separate rank to
BdcUostoma on ac(u)unt of the «linerence in the j'ill-openiu'j^s. {u~e/iwaj
palate; rpr^Tv-, perforate.) (L'anjily i¥//.i7'«<V/rt' Giiuther, 510-(5J2.)
Family II.— MYXINIDiE.
{The HagflsheH.)
The characters of the family are included above. Genera two; species
few; marine animals, found in all temi»erate seas. {Myxmidw Giinther,
viii, 510-512.
•Branobiiil aporturea oiio on oacli sido, loading by six dncts to six hrancLinl sacs.
Myxink, 2.
•* Branchial ai)ortni(?8 six or nioiv on oacli nidt), t^acli leading;; directly to a branchial
sac BOELLOSTOMA, 3.
3.— WIYXIRfE LinnaMis, 1758.
Hng-fisheH.
(LinnaMis, Syntenni Natnra*: typo Mjixinc (lUiiiiumt L.)
IJody eel-shai)ed, covered by a thin skin, which is easily detached.
Along the lower side, for nearly the whole length of th<; animal, are
two rows of nuicims glands, each with an (»xternal opening, from whi<^h
exudes a quantity of mucus which renders these animals during life
excessively slimy. No eyes. iJraiu sunUl, of the normal fish type.
Skull li*^tle deveh)ped, cartibiginous; the flexible notoeh<n'tl enclosed in
its sheath, and extending from the base of the skull to the end of the
2. MYXINID^E — BDELLOSTOMA. 6
tiiil rcprosciiting tlie spinal column. Mouth round, suctorial, without
lips with ii piiii' of barbcLs bn each side. Nostril sinj(U', larf?e, on
the median line above, and at the very front of the head, provided
with two i)air8 of barbels. Teetli strong, a single median one on the
roof of tlie moutii, and two rows on eacli side of tlie tongue, wliicih is a
powerful organ, with a strong fibrous ten(h)n moving in a muscular
Kheatli. Alinu'utary canal a simple, nearly straiglit tube. <! ill sacs
placed on each side of the a'sophagus, lying directly against its out^r
Avails. The water passes into them by a small pore opening directly
from the o'sophagus into each sac. It is then passed out by a du<!t,
\vlii(;li continues backward ahuig thc! outer walls of the sacs to the
abdominal wall at the end of the last sac, wluao all the duct;i from one
isidi^ unite in one, and the water is emptied at the branchial opening on
each side of the median line. In close 4!onnecti(m with tlm branchial
opening on the left side theni is a third opening that leads by a very
short du(!t to the oesophagus, and heiuie into the branchial sacs, at
times when the suj)ply through the mouth is cut otf by the head being
buried in the food of the animal. Ovary single, on the .right side. No
oviducts ; t\w mature eggs falling into the abdominal cavity are exitluded
through the pc^ritoneal oitening at the side of the vent. — [Vutnam.)
A single species; colorless, parasitic animals, burrowing into the
bodies of tishes, and found in all temi)erate seas. {.'ii'>^<t, slinu'.)
2. ITI. {fliitiiiosa L. — Hag-Jink; Ilorcr; Slmtpinarhcn.
Blue above, whitish below ; head 3.^ to 4 in total length ; tail (5^ to 10
times in total 'ength; lingual teeth 8 to 11 in each row {Vutnam).
Coasts of Euroi)e and America; not abundant on our shores.
(L. Sy-st. Natmn); GiintliRr, viii, 510; Pntiuiiii, I 'io(». HoHt. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1873, 135:
Myxine limom (jimuil, I'roc. Ac. Nut. Sci. I'hila. 1858, 223.)
3.— BDELT^OSTOITIA Mtlllcr, IKW.
(Mlillcr, AbhiUKll. Akad. WiHH. Wicn, 18;>4, 71) : typo I'etromjizon rirrhntui) VornU'r.)
This genus ditl'ers from Myxine chietly in the structure of tlui bran-
chial api)aratus, there being six or more sacs on each si*le whi(;h receive
water directly ircmi the (esophagus as in Myxine^ but the emptying
ducts, instead of passing ba(;kward and downward to a (!omm')n exUir-
ual opi^ning, as in Myxine, pass direcstly through the wall of the body,
so that there are as many external oixiniugs as there are gill-saca. Warm
seas. (j5(5^A<l«c, leech ; tfrw/xa, mouth.) ;■ ; ., ^ i^-^^ i r..
6
CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
3. IS. stOUti* Lockiugtou.
" Eleven gill openings on each side ; ten teeth in the anterior and nine
in the posterior series. Fifteen inches long." — {LoeJcington.) Coast of
California ; not rare.
(Lockiugtou, Aiiier. Nat. Dec. 1678, 793.)
Order C.-HYPEROARTIA.
{The Lampreys.)
Kasal duct a blind sac, not penetrating the palate. This order is
equivalent to the single family Petromyzontidce. {u-^epcua, i^alate ; apno:;^
complete} i. e., entire.) (Pe^rowi^/^^owfidcc Gimther, 499-509.)
Family III.— PETROMYZONTID^.
{The Lampreys.)
Body eel-shaped, naked, subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed be-
hind; mouth nearly circular, suctorial, armed with horny teeth, which
are simjile or multicuspid, resting on i)apillie ; those immediately above
and those immediately below the opening of the oesophagus more or
less specialized ; eyes present; brancbial openings seven, arranged in
a linear series along the sides of the "chest"; nostril on the top of the
head ; lips present, usually fringed ; dorsal fin more or less deeply di-
vided by a notch ; the i)osterior i)art coumionly continuous with the anal
around the tail ; intestines with a spiral valve ; eggs small.
These animals undergo a metamorphosis ; the young are usually
toothless and have the eyes rudimentary. Such forms have, until lately,
been considered as formftig separate genera, which have been termed
Amiuocd'tcs, Scolecosoma, Chiloptcrns, etc.
Genera 5 or G; species 15 or 20; found in all waters in temperate
regions. They attach themselves to fishes and feed by scraping oil' tlie
flesh with their rasp-like teeth. Among our species, four groups, ap-
parently of generic value, may be recognized, but the characters in
* This wpccics may l)o identical with 7?. polytirma Grd, from Chili, incoiTPCtly <1o-
Bcribod in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 199, and thus characterized by Putnam,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 187:i, KiO:
" Head about one third of total leufith, and contained about 1^ times in the length of
the abdomen. Tail contained 7 to 8 times in total length. Base of tontjue hetwren ihe
Bcvcvth or vif/hth pair of (jilla. Gills ten on each side. Length from 13 to 22 inches.
Habitat: Coast of Chili." ., ■ v ; r ;. ..
3. PETEOMYZONTID^ LAMPETRA. 7
several instances need verification, especifilly in regard to the lingual
dentition. {Petromyzontidce GiintUer, viii, 499-509.) ^ = - -
• Secoud dorsal contiuuous with the caiidal.
a. Miixilliiiy tooth single, forming a crescent-aliapod plate, -with a distinct cusp at
each eud, between which is sometimes a median cusp.
6. Dorsal lius two, well separated (lingual teeth pectinate) Lampktua, 4.
]}b. Dorsal fin contiuuous, merely emargiuate (liugual teeth obscurely tricusiii-
.iate) AMMOCffiTES, 5.
aa. Maxillary tooth double or triple, composed of two or three i)ointed cusps, close
together, not forming a crescent-shaped jdate (lingual teeth iu two
pairs, the posterior pair at least pectinate).
c. Dorsal tin contiuuous Iciitii yom yzon, G.
cc. Dorsal lius eutiiely separated Petiiom YZON, 7.
4.— I.AUIPETRA Gray, 1851.
Lamperns.
(Gray, Chondropterygians, 140: ty]}G PetromyzonflmnatiliaJj.)
Liiini)rey8 of rather small size, with the maxillary tooth single, devel-
oped as a broad crescent-shaped plate, with a cusp at each end of it, the
two separated by a broad interspace, in the middle of wiiich is some-
times a smaller cusp. Dorsal fin divided by a tleep notch, which breaks
the <!ontinnity of the fin; second dorsal connected with the caudal;
iiiandibulary plate W'cU developed, the number and arrangement of its
tectli varying with the species; lingual teeth finely pectinate; lips
usually conspicuously fringed. The species are little known. One of
tliciii, L. Jhwiatilis, is European, and is closely related to L. plumhca; the
otlier described species are American. (Latin, lampetriij a lamprey,
from lambcrc, to suck ; pctra, stone.)
" Maxillary tooth tricuspid, a small median cusp being T)re8ent; raandibulary cusps
comparatively few and weak. {rJiitonjilioiiin Gill.)
t Mandibuluvy plate with ilvo cusps, the iniddlo ones smaller. *
t Lips friuged with conspicuous papillie.
4. L. tl'idcnf sita (Gairduer) J. & G. — Three-toothed Lampre;i.
Lips thick, fringed with numerous pai)ilhe, each papilla standing in
the middle of a little circular depression having a raised nuirgin, Avliich
is ])artly concealed by a rugose tessellated idate investing the, inner
surface of the lips, an<l of the same liorny nature with that which forms
the (uitside of the teeth; both are softened and peel off in spirits. Four
small, acute, conical teeth stand in a row across the upj)er ])art of this
plate, and four larger ones occui)y each of its sides, the U])per and lower
pairs being bicuspid and the middle ones tricuspid ; these stand on the
; ,
8
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHIOLOGY — IV.
'. t
sides of the maxillary ring or inner orifice, and have their ends turned
toward it; the inferior margin of this orifice is armed with a sh'ghtly
curved dental piece, having five acute points or teeth (the outer being
larger than the three middle); opposite to it on the upper side of the
orifice is another piece having two large, acutely conical teeth, with
a smaller central one. The tongue is also clothed with a horny-looking
substance, which is edged anteriorly by a row of about twenty fine
teeth. The dorsal fins rise in oven curves, which are highest in the
middle; the first is about one third of its own length from the second.
Back and sides bluish gray, with irregularly scattered yellowish patches;
belly yellowish white. Size rather large. — {Richardson.) Pacific coast
of North America, ascending streams.
{Pvtromyzon tiklentaius QiimXiwr, MSS.; Ricliarilsou, F. B. A. 293: Pctromyzon cilia-
tM« Ayns, Tioc. Cal. Ac. Sti. 18r)4, 44: I'etromyzon ciliatua et Uvidua Grtl. Pac. R. R.
SiU'v. :{7d, IJ7'J: Ichthyomyzuii IridentatUii Gtlir. viii, 50l>.)
U Lips vitliont friuges of papilliB.
5. Ij, ogiiliexodon (Gill) J. & G. — Six-toothed Lamprey.
This species is said to difi'er from L. tridentata in the absence of a
fiinge of i)apilla} around the buccal disk, and in the presence of six
instead of four teeth in the ni)per transverse row. — {Girard.) Sacra-
mento lliver.
{I'elromyzon tridvutatuH Gnl. Pac. K. R. Siirv. 377; not Rich. : Entoaphemm cpihcxodon
Gill, I'roc". Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 33.)
ttMaudibulary i>]ato witU six cusps, which are nearly equal in size.
6. li. nstori (Grd.) J. «fe G.
JJps fringed; head G^ in length; first dorsal lower than the second,
separated from it by a space nearly ecpial to a third of its length; no
anal fin; yellowish brown, darker above. — {Oirard.) Astoria, Oregon.
{Veiromyzon lutorl Givard, I'ac. R. R. Surv. 380 : Ichthyomyzoii mtori Giiuthei", viii, r)07. )
** Maxillary jtlato bicuHjiid, the small median cusp wanting; maudibulary plate with
about (Mght rather strong, subecpial teeth. {Lampetra.)
7. L. l»lumB»ea (Ayrts) Gill. — Lead-eolorcd Lamprey.
Lii)s fringed; head 8^ in length; first dorsal much lower than the
second, and separated from it by a space e(pial to half of its own length;
tiiil tai)ering to a i)oint;' a single bicuspid tooth on each side of the ori-
fice of the mouth. Pacific coast; a small species, scarcely distinguish-
able from the European L. fluviatilis. "" ;
(Petromyzon plumbcus Ayros, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, 28: Pctmmyzon ayrc*i
GUuthcr, viii, 505: Ammovateii cibariua Gkurd, Pac. R. R. Surv. 383.)
3. PETROMYZONTID^ ICHTUYOMYZON.
5.— AOTJUOCffiTES Dumdril, 1817.
Brook Lampreys.
(Duuidril— Cuvler, R(>gno Animal : type I'vlromyzon hra.,clnaVw L. =tlio larval foiin of
rdromijzon plumrl Hlocli.)
Liunpreys of siiuill si;«e, witli the dorsal lin contiiiuons, sometimes
oinar'nnate, but never divided into two fins, the posterior i)ortion con-
tinuous with the low anal lin aronnd the tail; maxillary tooth single,
broad, forming a creseenlic plate, wiih Ji large blnntish cusp at each
end and sometimes a small median cusp; lateral teeth very few ; tongue
with two broad transverse plates, each with a median cusp; species lew;
our single species is scarcely distinguishable from the connnon 'Tride"
or "Small Lamprey" of Europe, Amvioccetes branchiaUs. («///iOT, sand;
xoirrj, to lie.) •
§. A. iiigci* (Rivf.) Jor. — Small Ulack Lampreji.
Head moderate, nearly as long as the "chest"; the mouth compara-
tively small; lips with a conspicuous fringe of papilla^. ; dorsal lin high,
considerably depressed in front of the vent, but not divided into two
tins; the posterior lobe highest; anal lin evident; anal tube consjjicu-
ous in the spring ; eyes moderate ; maxillary tooth with its cusjis large,
trianj;ular, well sei)arated; a small jyointed median cusj) usually present
iu the adult; in younger spcu'inuMis the median cusp is obsoh'te, and in
half grown specimens the tooth forms a curved iilate without distinct
cusi)H ; mandibular plate curved, with eight to ten well develop«'d sub-
ecpial tooth-like lobes; inside of it is a plate bearing three teeth; lingual
teeth transverse, trilid; a plate on ea<'h side of the buccal orilicc^; the
remaining teeth inconspicuous. IJluish black above; silvery below. Size
rather small. L. (> to 10.
A small si)ecies ascending Western streams in the spring in great
muubers to deposit its si)awn. Cireat Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Upper
]\lississippi Region. It is perhai)s i<lentical with the European Ammo-
copies branehiaUs.
{Pel roin 1/20)1 niyriim Raf. Icli. Oh. 84; Joriliui, :V19.)
«.— 1CIITIIY0]?IYZ01V Girard, 1859.
Silvci'y Lam})rcys.
(Girard, Pac. R. R. Surv. x, HHl : fyi>o relromj/zon argvnteua Kirtlniul.)
Lani])rey8 of rather small size, having tlui dorsal fin high an<l con-
timious, with only a shallow omargination ; the teeth nearly (>(iual over
'■''a
10 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Ilio large buccal disk, the maxillary teeth being pointed, two in number,
set close together, without interspace, and not tbrming a crescent-shaped
plate; lateral teeth all unicuspid; mandibulary with numerous close-
set pointed cusps, appearing like tlistinct teeth ; lingual teeth in two
series, the posterior series finely pectinate, with a median suture dividhi-f
it into a right and left crescent-shaped comb; anterior series not divided;
the pectiniB coalescent. This genus is most nearly related to Petromyzon,
differing chiefly in the continuous dorsal. The two known species in-
habit the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes. {^/O^^, fish; /x'^Cw, to
suck.)
*MjiU(libulary plate with seven teeth.
9. I. ai'genteus (Kirt.) Grd. — Silvery Lamprey.
Body stoutish, compressed behind; head broad, with large buccal
disk, which is ti'inged, but not very conspicuously ; teeth i)retty strong
and nearly uniform, the two maxillary teeth being very similar to those
on the rest of the disk ; mandibulary teeth couuivent, the middle ones
the longest; upper margin of dorsal scarcely depressed in front of the
vent. Color bluish; sides silvery, olTten mottled; a small dusky spot
above or nearly above each gill-opening, usually conspicuous. L. 12.
Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley ; rather common ; ascending small
brooks in the spring.
{Pctromyzon argcnteus Kirtland, Boat. Joum. Nat. Hist, iii, 1840, 342, with plate. —
Ammoccctes concolor Kirt. 1. c. 473, with plate. — Ichthyomyzon hirudo Grd. Pac. R. R.
Surv. 342. — IcMhyomyzon hirudo Gthr. viii, 507. — Ammocaitcs argetiteus et hirudo Jordan,
349-'50.— J )H/HOC<»<<» a'pyptera Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 1860, 327.)
** Mandibulary plate with nine teeth.
10. I. castnneiis Grd. — Chestnut-colored Lamprey.
Lips with short fringes ; dorsal fin high, with a depression in front of
the vent. A little known species, differing from the preceding, if at all,
in the number of teeth on the mandibulary plate. Minnesota.
{IcMhyomyzon caataneus Grd. Pac. R. R, Surv. 381.)
v.— PETROMI¥ZOJ¥ LinntBUS, 1758.
Sea Lampreys. ,
(Artedi Linnajus, Systoma Naturuo; typo retromyson marinus Ti.)
Lampreys of medium or large size, with the maxillary t«eth separate,
pointed, and close together, not forming a crescent-shaped plate; man-
dibulary plat/O with seven to nine cusps; lingual teeth forming two
crescent-shaped plates on each side; first dorsal flu well separated from
' '1
3. PETROMYZONTID^ PETROMYZON.
11
the second, which is continuous with the caudal. Species two — marine,
ascending rivers, {jrirpa, stone; m'^»"') to suck.) ■; : ; < r.
1 1, p. marinus L. — Great Sea iMmprey.
Ilojid moderate, but little longer than the "chest"; buccal disk large,
with numerous conical teeth, arranged in obliijue series, those nearest
the aisoi))iagus largest and partly bicuspid; two pau's of lunate, pecti-
nate lingiiid teeth, one in front of the other, the serrations on the an-
terior pair usually confluent; fins moderate, the dorsals well separated ;
the second dorsal with a depression on the tail; lips moderately fringed.
Color olive-brown, mottled with hlackisli confluent patches ; dull brownish
below. Size much larger than any of the other species. L. 24 to 30.
Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, chiefly northward, ascend-
ing streams in the spring to deposit its spawn.
(rdromyzon marinus L. Syst. Nat. ; Gilnther, viii, 501 ; Jordan, 348. — Petromyzon
amcrieuiiuH Lo Sueur, Trana. Am. Pliilos. Soc. i, 383. — Fetromyeon amvricanua Storer,
Fish Muss, 251.)
la. P. nigricans Lo Sueur. — Lamper-cel.
Head very large, longer than the "chest", 6 J in length ; depth about
13; body little compressed; dorsal fins rather low, distinctly separated;
eyes and mouth very large; mandibulary plate with 7 to 9 teeth; the
rest of the buccal disk covered with rather large teeth disposed in ob-
lique cross-rows, five or more in each row, some of the innermost bicus-
pid ; anterior as well as posterior lingual teeth pectinate ; lips fringed.
Coloration nearly plain; bluish black above, pale below, usually a palo
spot between the eyes on the top of the head. L. 12. A rather small
species fonnd along the Atlantic coasts of our Northern States, and
ascending streams in the si)ring to spawn, some individuals remaining
])ermanently in fresh water. Abundant in Cayuga Lake, N. Y., from
which locality the specimens were taken on which the above description
was based.
(Petromiizon nigricans Lo Siieur, Trans. Amor. Phil. Soc. new series, i, 385; Storer,
FLsh Mass. 2r)3. — Ammocwtes Jtuviatilia Jordan, 349.)
Tliis species is very different from the European Lampetra flnviatilis.
It is poss.bly only a variety of Petromyzon marinus. Numerous other
Lamprevs have been described from our waters, but we find them un-
recognizable.
12 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Mi)
Class III -ELASMOBRANCHII.
(The Selachians.)
Skeleton cartilaginous ; skull without sutures. Body with median and
paired fins; the ventral fins abdominal; shoulder-girdle develoi^ed, lyri-
form ; caudal flu heterocercal, the upper lobe produced ; gills attached
to the skin by the outer margin ; gill-openings several, or single leadin;;
to several clefts ; membrane bones not developed, except sometimes a
rudimentary opercle; skin naked or covered with minute imbricated
scales or hard plates, sometimes spinous; no air-bladder; arterial bulb
with three series of valves ; intestine with a spiral valve ; optic nerves
united by a comiiissure, not decussating; ovaries with the ova few and
large, impregnated, and sometimes developed, internally; embryo with
deciduous external gills; males with prehensile iutromittent organs,
" claspers," attached to the ven tral fins. Sharks, Skates, and Chimseras.
[Uaffnd:, a plate or blade; Pixiyx^a, giUs.)
ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF KLASMOBRANCIIS.
* Gill-opoiiiuss slit-liko, 5 to 7 in uumber; jaws distinct from the skull. (Subclasn
SeXachU.)
t Gill-oponings lateral Squali, D.
tt Gill-openings ventral liKiM, E.
•* Gill-openings single, leading to fonr branchial clefts; jaAvs coalescent with thu
skull (subclass Uoloccphuli) .Holockpiiali, F,
Subclass SELACHII.
{The Sharks and Bays.)
Elasmobranchiates with the gill-openings slit-like, five (rarely six or
seven) in number ; jaws distinct from the skull ; no opercular nor pelvic
bones ; derivative rjidii sessile on the sides of the basal bones of the limbs,
rarely entering the articulation.
As here understood, this subclass is equivalent to the Flagiostomata of
authors, and includes the orders or suborders Raiw,, the Rays, and Squali,
the Sharlvs ; groups which are perhaps hardly worthy of ordinal value.
[ffi^a/o-:, a shark, from aiXa'^<K, cartilage.)
Order D.-SQUALI.
{The Sharks.)
Gill-openings lateral, slit like, five to seven in number; general form
elongate, the body gradually passing into the tail. The typical sharks
If
4. SCYMNID-ffi. IS
and skates differ much from each other in appearance; but intermediate
foriris connect the two groups closely. The position of the gill-openings
is almost the only constantly diagnostic char.acter. (Suborder Selachoi-
del Giinther, viii, 353-433.) (Latin, squalus, a shark, from the Greek
rahd- a sbark, which comes from r^^^irj, a weasel, or other musteline
animal, from resemblances in habits.)
ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF SQUALL
* PiH'toral fins moderate, without deep notch at the base in front.
t Anal fin absent.
a. Dorsal fins without spine ScYMNiD^, 4.
aa. Dorsal fmseach preceded by a stout spine (rarely concealed in the skin).
SPINACID.E, 5.
ft Anal fin present.
b. Dorsal fins two.
c. Dorsal fins both without spine.
(7. First dorsal fin behind the veutrals Ginglymostomatid^, 6.
dd. First dorsal entirely in advance of the ventrals.
e. Caudal lin not lunate, its upper lobe many times longer than the lower,
with a notch l)elow toward its tip ; tail not keeled.
/. Last gill-opening above the base of the i)ectoral.
</. Tail moderately developed, forming less than ono-third of the total
length ; eyes with nictitating membranes.
h. Head normally formed Galeorhinid^, 7.
hh. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its
sides Sphyrmd^, 8.
gg. Tail exceedingly long, forming about half the total length ; eyes
without nictitating membranes Alopiid.e, 9.
ff. Last gill-opening entirely in front of the pectoral. Carchakiid.e, 10.
ee. Caudal fin lunate ; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side,
i. Last gill-opening entirely in front of ventrals.
j. Gill-openiugs moderate ; teeth well developed. Lamnid^e, 11.
jj. Gill-openings very large, nearly meeting under the throat;
teeth small Cetouiiinid^, 12.
ii. Last gill-ojiening above the base of the pectoral.
Rhinodontid^, 13
cc. Dorsal fins each armed with a stout spine Heterodontid^:, 14
hh. Dorsal fin niugle; the first dorsal obsolete ; gill-openings 6 or 7.
Hexanchid-e, 15.
** Pectoral fins very large, expanded at the base in front, this expansion separated
from the neck by a deep notch ; no anal fin . Squatinid^, 1G.
SUPEB-FAMILY SCYMNOIDEA.
{The Scymnoid Sharlcs.)
„ _ Family IV.— SCYMNID^.
{The Sleeper SharJcs.)
Sharks with two dorsal fins, both icitlwut spine, and no anal fin; fins
all small j gill-open^ags small, entirely in advance of pectorals ; mouth
14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
but little arched ; a long, deep, straight, oblique groove on each side of
it ; spiracles present. (The absence of dorsal spines chiefly distinguishes
this family from Spinacidw.)
Genera six ; species six or more, mostly of the Atlantic. (GUnther,
Spinaeidw, pt. viii, 425-429.)
"First dorsal opposite vontr.il8; teeth equal in Loth jaws, very oblique; «kin ronj^li
with tubercles and prickles Echinouiiinus, 8.
** First dorsal much in advance of ventrals; the dorsals about equal; upper tee-h
narrow; lower quadrate, with a horizontal edge ending in a i)oint directed
outwards , SoitNiosus, 9.
8.-ECH|]«ORHINUS BlainviUe, 1816.
Spinous Shar1:s.
(Goniodus Agassiz.)
(BlainviUe, 1816; type Squahis spinosua Gmelin.)
Two very small dorsal fins without spine, the first opposite the ven-
trals; no anal fins; skin with scattered large round tubercles, sur-
mounted by prickles, like those on a bramble, and, like them, leaving a
scar when detached. Mouth crescent-shaped, a labial fold around the
angle of the mouth ; nostrils midway between the mouth and the end of
the snout. Teeth equal in both jaws, very oblique, the point being
turned outwards; several strong denticulations on each side of the
principal point. ISo nictitating membrane. Spiracles small ; gill-open-
ings of moderate width. A single species of the East Atlantic, straying
to our coast. ( ';??i'»c, a hedgehog, or sea-urchin ; ^cviy, shark.)
13. E. spinosus (Gmel.) Blainv. — Spinous Shark; BoucU.
" Spiracles behind the eye, behind the vertical from the angle of the
mouth. Teeth ogS'.o* Dorsal fins close together. Each tubercle with a
small spine in the centre. Brownish violet, with or without dark spots"
[GUnther). A large shark of the coasts of Europe and Africa; a stray
individual lately taken on Cape Cod.
(iSgitaZus sptnosMs Gmelin Linn. 1, 1500; Giinther, viii, 428.)
9.— SOiUNIOSUS Lo Sueur, 1818.
Sleeper Sliarlcs.
(Lwmargus Milller & Henle.)
(Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818, i, 2^22; type, Somniosus brevipinna Le
Sueur = iSgwa^Ms viicroccphah(« Bloch.)
Body elongate; mouth transverse, little arched, with a deep straight
groove running backward from its angle ; nostrils near the extremity of
the snout j jaws feeble j teeth in upper jaw small, narrow, conical ; lower
"lass^
5. SPINACID^.
15
teeth numerous, in two or more series, the point so much turned aside
that the inner mai;;in forms a cutting edge, which is entire; spiracles
moderate ; no nictitating membrane ; gill-openings narrow ; fins all very
small the ventrals nearly opposite the second dorsal ; skin uniformly
covered with minute tubercles. Species few, of the Northern Seas.
(Latin, somniosiis, sleepy.)
14, S. SMicroccphalus (Bloch) Gill.— Sleeper Shark; Nurse.
Body robust, rapidly tapering behind; greatest depth about one-
fifth the length; head somewhat less; mouth moderate, upper jaw with
five rows of small sharj) teeth, which are incurved and lancet-shaped ;
lower jaw with two rows of broad, quadrangular teeth, divided in their
centres by a perpendicular ridge and directed outwards, about 2G teeth
on each side ; spiracles small ; skin rough ; fins small, the first dorsal
about as large as the ventrals and larger than the second dorsal ; pecto-
rals short; caudal short and bluntish. L. 8 to 20 feet (Storer). Cape
Cod to the Arctic Seas.
(Sqnalus microcephnluf Bloch, Schn. 135; Sommosna breripinna Le Siicnr, Journ. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Pliila. i, '-^22; Scymnus hrevipiima Storcr, Fish Mass. 235; Lcemaryus horealia
Giiuther, viii, 426.)
- Family V.— SPINACIDiE.
{The Dog-Jishes.)
Body more or less elongate; head depressed; eyes lateral, without
nictitating membrane ; mouth inferior, rather large, arched ; teeth com-
pressed, variously formed ; nostrils inferior, lateral, near the front mar-
gin of the snout ; spiracles moderate ; gill-openings moderate, Jive on each
side, all in front of the pectoral fins ; dorsal fins two, each armed with a
sjrine ; the first dorsal in front of the pectorals ; anal fin wanting ; caudal
flu with the lower lobe small or obsolete; ventral fins inserted pos-
teriorly. ' -
Genera six or more ; species about fifteen; rather small sharks, chiefly
of tlie Atlantic. {Spinacidw, part, Giinther, viii, 417-425.)
' Teeth eqnal in both j.iW8 ; dorsal spines not concealed.
a. Teeth very small, straight, pointed, each with one or two smaller cnsps on each
side Centkoscyllium, 10.
aa. Teeth moderate, simple, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal cutting
edge, and a point directed outward Squalus, 11.
•* Teeth unequal, those in the upper jaw erect, triangular, those in the lr>wer jaw
more or leas oblique ; dorsal spines hidden beneath the skin. Centroscymnus, 12.
liii
dt'AlW,''^!
16 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
lO.— CENTROSC YLLiIlJITI Mttller & Heulo, 1837.
Black Dog-fishes.
(Miiller & Henle, Systeinatiscbe Beschreiuung tier Plagiostomen, 191 ; typo Spinax
fabricii Reiuhardt. )
Teeth equal in both jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with one
or two smaller cusps on each side at base ; mouth crescent-shaped, with
a straight, oblique groove at its single ; spiracles moderate ; gill-open-
ings rather narrow ; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine ; tlic
second dorsal entirely behind the ventrals. One species, [xivrpnv, spine ;
axulhov, ScylUum, an allied genus, from <r/wAAw, to rend or tear to pieces.)
15.— C. fabricii (R<'iiiliar<lt) M. & H.— Black Dog-finlu
Body covered with minute stellate ossifications ; coTor dark biown.
A shark of the Greenland Seas, lately taken off Gloucester, Mass., by
the United States Fish Commission.
{Spinax fahncii'Rv''m\\f>.\-(\X, Dansk. Vid. Solsk. Forh. 1828, iii, yvi; GUnther, viii, 425.)
1 1 .— SQ VAL.US Liunoeua, 1758. .
Dogfishes.
(JcanZ/iirts Risso.) .»
(Artedi, Liniia'us, Syatcma Nature ; typo Squahts acanthias L.)
Body rather slender; mouth little arched, with a long, straight, deep,
obli(]ue groove on each side; no labial fold along the margin of the
•nouth ; toeth rather small, equal in both jaws, their points so mucli
turned aside that the inner margin forms the cutting edge ; spiracles
rather wide, just behind the eye ; gill-openings naiTow, in front of the
jiectoials ; fins moderately devel()[)ed, the first dorsal larger than second,
much in advaiico of the ventral fins, Avhich are behind tlie middle of the
body, although in advance of the sec^ond dorsal. Small sharks, abound-
ing in the Temperate Seas. (Latin, stiualus, a shark.)
* Dorsal spine not grooved; its insertion rather boliiud inner angle of the pectorals.
IG.— ^). llcailtliiasL. — Picked Doff-Jinh ; Dotj-flsh ; Bonr Ihij ; Skittle-dog; Hoe,
Body slender ; snout i)ointed ; head 0^ in length ; depth about 8 ;
slate-color al)ove, pale Ix^h, ', back with whitish spots, especially in the
young. L. 1 to 3 feet; weight T. Ij jo poundvS.
A snuill sharj -toothed siiark, ranging vadely in the Atlautic, very
abuiulant along the sho;es of the Northern and Middle States. It is
somewhat viilued for its livers, from whi(5h " Dog llsh" oil is extracted.
American writers have usually considered our species {kSquolus ameri-
6. GINGLYM08T0MATIDJS.
17
cantiii (Storer) Gill) as distinct from the European, but uo reliable dis-
tinctions have been ])ointedout.
(SininliiK (iranthia» \j. Syst. Nut.; AvauthitiH amvricumiK Storcr. Syii<>i)sis, r)C)(); Aran-
tliias amcriritnufi StonT, FinIi Muss, 2'Vi; Acanthuix vnliinriH fTiiiillicr, viii, 418. Siiitulm
((i((A7i( (tinl. ) ^'i") tVom Ihf racifu- roust of the I'liitt'd Stutos, is cousitU'iiMl Ity Ur.
OiiiitlK'i" and others as tlie sumo si»<«ci('« ; Spinax {Aranth'u.H) suvllii (t\vi\ri}i,Yviw. Ac.
Nat. Si'i. I'liihi. 1854, 17(5; SuHalnn xurkVu (Jill, Proc. A<-. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1H62, 4l)S>. )
12.— CE.\TKOSrYITIlVl'S l$()ru;;e & Capello, lHt;4.
(Bocaf^f &- Capollo, Proc Zool. Soc. lH(i4.'.i(>;{ ; \y\w ('< ntvoHv\jm>i iix tuiolepix ]5()C. & Cap.)
Dorsal tins each witli a tiphu; wiiich is hiddrti below the sldn; mouth
wide, but little arched; a lon.^-, dee]), straight, obliiiue {groove on each
side of the moutli. Tec^th of the lower jaw ol)li(iue, with tin: jmiiit more,
or less directed outwards. lT])per teeth lanceolate, on a <|uadranj;uhlr
base, with a single cusp. Spiracles wide, behind the eye. Oill openings
narrow, {xi-^rfuo, sinue; <t/''v'-"'', an ancient nann^ of soin<' shark. Worn
ffz'V'vr, a I'on's whelj).)
17. i\ c«Elol<*pis l{oiaf<;<> A. C'lpcUo.
Labial groove prolonged forwards, but separated by a broad space
fntia that of tlu* other side. Tpper teeth very small, narrow and hui-
ccohUe. The distance between the nostrils is rather less than I the
length of the pirooral portion of tlu^ snout. TiOwer angle of the pectoral
rounded, not produced. Dorsal fins short, especially the lir.st, the
length of which (without the si)ine) is onl, • about ^, its distance from
the second. ViXtreinity of the ventials below the tiud of the second
dorsal. Scales on the head and nai>e with stria', the others smooth,
nitii a depression at the base. Unif<u'm blax-kish l)ro\\n. {(iUnther.)
Coast of Portugal and neighboring parts of ihe Atlantic, a specimen
tiiUcn near (iloucester, Mass.
(B()i;.'ij?o A:, Cu[)«5l!o, Proc. Zool. Soc. l'''(>4, „'»);<; Criitroiih.irna rrrlolrjiix (iiinthor, viii, 4i?'J.)
SlTPRK-FAMlLY SCYLLTOIDEA.
{The Srifllhhl Sharks.)
Family \'I.— (IINGLVMOSTOMA'IM D^E.
( The \i(r.se Sharks.)
Sliiirks with th" first dorsal nhore or hrhiml the reiiinds ; no spiiuvs;
anal tin |ueso,it; caudal tin bent upwai'ds, with n basal lobe; namth
iiileiior, \vit,h sm jM le*' l> in .several series; nostril conllnent with the
iiioiitli ; musiii valves ol b »tli sides forming a. (piadranf;nhu' llap in front
liull. Nat. Mt";. So. U\ 1'
'■<
m
18 C0NTRIBU1I0N&,T0 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
of the mouth, each being provided with a free cylindrical cirrus; an
upper and lower lij), the latter not extending across the symphysis,
fourth and fifth gill-oi)ening8 close together; eye3 very small. The
backward position of the first dorsal distinguishes this familj'^ from all
others in our waters. Genera two; species about four ; large shsirks of
the warm seas. (8q/Uiidce pt. Giinther, viii, 407-409.)
"Teeth iii both jawH in many series, each with a strong incdiaii cnsp, and cue or two
smaller cusps on each side GlNOLYMoyTOMA , M,
13.— GIWOLiYllIOfiTOlflA Miiller & Henle, 1837.
(MUller &. tl2i\\v,, VViegmauu's Arch. I8',i7, p. — ; type Squahtn drralus Onu'liu.)
The characters of this genus are tho.se of the family above given, wilU
the addition of the following, Avhich distinguish Ginghjmostoma from
Nehrins: teeth of both jaws in many scries, each with a strong njcdiau
caisp, and one or tAvo smaller cusps on each side. {YtYr^hiioi;^ a hhige or
hingcliko joint; rrzofia^ mouth.)
18. «. cirratum (Gmel.) M. & H.— Nurse Shark.
Uniform brownish ; young specimens with small, seal tered, round
black spots; nasal cirrus reaching the lower lip; angles of the fins
obtusely vouiuled ; caudal fin forming nearly one-third of the total
length. L. (i to 10 feet. {Giinther.)
A large shark of the warmer parts of the Atlantic, abundant in the
Gulf of IMoxico and the AVest Indies, and occasionally taken on our
South Atlanti". coast.
(iSgim/Hs cirmYHs Gmelia's'LlunirUH, I, 1492; Miiller & Heule, 23 ; GUuther, \-iii, 408.)
SupsR-FAMiLY GALEORHINOIDEA.
{The Oaleorhinoid Sharhs.)
Family VII.— GALEORHlNIDiE
{The True Sharks.)
Sharks with f'vo dorsals and an anal fin; no spines; jjcctorals mod-
erate; caudal fin not greatly (elongated, not lunatt?, mod<n'ately bent
upwards, notched toward its end, and with thti basal much less (level
oped than the upper; caudal i)edunclenot kei^led; i)osterior giliopening
above the base of the pectoral fin; (\veH witli nictitating »jiiend)ranes ;
head not hammei-shaped, the snout being longitudinally proib'ced as
usual among sharks. A largo family of twenty or more genera and about
7. GALEOEHINID^ — MUSTELUS. 19
sixty species; found in all seas. {Carchariidce part {Garchariina and
Mustelim) Gttuther, viii, 357-380, and 383-388.)
» Teeth Hat and paved, without cusps or cutting edges ; spiracles jjreseut. {MusteliiKB, )
a. No pit at the root of the tail ; lahial folds well developed Mustelus 14.
*» Teeth more or less compressed, with entire or strrate sharp edges. {Galeorhinina;.)
b. Spiracles present,
c. No pit at the root of the tail.
d. Teeth small, each with a median cusp and one or two small lateral cusps
on each side Triaci8, 15.
dd. Teeth larger, with a siugle cusp, oblique, notched and serrated,
Galkokiiini's, 16.
cc. A pit at the rout of the tail ; teeth all serrate ; caudal liu with a double
notch Galkocerdo, t7.
bb. Spiracles obsolete.
e. Teeth serrate, more or less (entire in the very young or very old) ; little
oblique or nearly upright.
/. Teeth well serrated (in the adult); those of the ujtper jaw com|)ara-
tively broad or triangular; those of the lower narrow and clavilorni,
Carchaiunus, 18.
//. Teeth scarcely serrated, constricted at base, narrow, clavifonu, and
straight in both jaws Isogomphodon, 19.
ee. Teeth all entire.
g. Teeth nearly upright, the points not much directed towards the
sides Aprionodon, 20.
gg. Teeth oblique and flat, the points turned to the right or left away
from the centre, so that the inner margins are nearly horizontal and
present a cutting edge Scoliodon, 21.
14.— mirSTELVS Ctivier, 1817.
{Hound Sharks.)
(Bellon, Cuvier, Rfegue Animal: type Muntelita vulgariK M. & H.)
Body elongate, slender, not elevated ; snout comparatively lonpf and
flattened; mouth crescent-shaped, with well-developed labial folds;
teeth small, many-rowed, flat and smooth, rhomhic, arranj>ed like pave-
ment, alike in ^>oth .jaws; eys large, oblonj? ; sjnracles small, just be-
liiiid the eyes; pectoral ttns large ; first dorsal large, not much l)chind
pectorals; second dorsal sonu'what smaller; anal opposite scccmd dorsal
and still smaller; ventrals well developed; basal lobe of caudal almost
obsolete ; cmbryc* not attached to uterus by a placenta. Small sharks,
the smallest of the American species, known at once by the smooth,
l)av<Hl twth. (Latin, muntela, a wesisel or martin ; the use of the word
.similar to that of yaXirj, yaXsd':.)
19. in. hinnillUS (niaiiiv.) J. & (J. — Smooth Hoiniil ; i>«// .S/irt)7i.— Kmls.sole.
Uody slender, ta[>ering backward from the dorsal fin to the louj?
Hleiidcr tail; snout depressed, moderately sharp; mouth sruill, the teetli
all alike, a fohl at the angle of the moutli ; first dorsal rather largUi
< 'A4 ■
■\
mm;:,Mm:mMm^<mMsmmsmmm
iff :: !
20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGV IV.
prolonged behind, nearly midway between the pectorals and ventrals ;
second doisal smaller, but larger than usual in sharks ; anal slightly
behind secv/nd dorsal, an«l much smaller ; pectoral tins broad and large,
leaching j)ast front of dorsal ; back slightly keeled. Smallest of our
sharks; abuiidant on the Atlantic coasts of both continents, especially
northward. Si)cciinens from Cape Cod and from Venice api)arently
differ in no important respe<'t.
{(raltvrhiiniH lihitndun BlaiiivilloFaiuu! Fnu'c. 18'J8,y3; MiisMun riilffarin HiiuthtiT viii,
:W(); MiislcliLs t'diiis Stoicr, Fish Mans. !W7.)
30. ]n. c»lirornicuM Gill.
First dorsal beginning over terminal third of pectoral ; its acute point
not reaching to insertion of ventrals; anterior angle of dorsal blunt ;
second dorsal similar to lirst, but snmller; snout rather more poinded
than in most of the species. I). 1.S + 17; A. 18; P. 22. Coast of Cali-
fornia. {Gill.} Scarcely dift'erent from the preceding.
(Gill, Proi!. Ac. Nat. l-'cl. Phlla. 1804, 148.)
15.— TKIACIS Milll.T & Heulo, 1838.
(llhitiotriacis Gill.)
{Ti'iakiH Milller & Henlc, Magazine of Natural History, vol. ii : type Triakiit aeyllium
Miillor & Henlc.)
Body compressed, elongate ; mouth large, crescent-shaped, Avith well
developed long labial folds; teeth small, numerous, similar in both
jaws, each with a longer median cusp, and one or two smaller ones on
each side ; eyes small, with nictitating nu'mbrau" ; si)iracles small, be-
hind the eyes; no pit at the I'oot of the caudal; no lower lobe to the
caudal; tlrst dorsal fni oi)])osite the space between the i)ectorals and
ventrals. Pacilic and Indian (hu'ans. (-/"^fT, three; ur, point.)
'J I. T. M>Hlir:iK<>in.til« Girard.— Ak/ Shark.
" Snout moderately ])rodnce(l, rounded. Nostril with a broad anterior
flap. The liist dorsal tin is nearly midway l)(>tween the i>ectorals and
ventrals, the second is not nuuli smaller than the lirst, an«l nearly in
advance of the anal. Upper parts with well delined black cross bands,
nanower than the interspaces. A row of rounded black si)ots along the
sides of the body, altcriuiting witli the iuterdorsal cross bars. Coasts
of California." {Oiinthcr.)
(Girard, Proc. A«'. Nat. Si'i. Phila. 18.')4, llXi ; (JUntlwr, vili, 384.— i/««<fc7M»yWw AyrcH,
Proi-. Gni. Ac. Nut. 8ei. IrtM, 18.)
*Jii. T. henlcKGill) Pntiiam.
C'Olor unilbrm reddish brown above, pah' Ix'low, the i)ectoral, ventral,
and uiml llus nuirgineil with i)aler; snout luodaced, slender; otherwise
■t:'k:'^A
7. GALEORHINIDiE GALEOCERDO.
21
essentially us in the preceeding {Oill). California. A single young
specimen known.
{RhinoMachhealei Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186«J, 486.)
16.— GALEOEtHlNVS Hlainville, 18lti.
Topes.
(Ga/fiw CuvuM-. 1H17.1
(Blaiuville, 1816: type Squalus gaU-^ut L.y
First dorsal opposite the si)ace between the pectorals and ventrals ;
month crescent-shaped, with the teeth alike in both jaws, oblique,
notched, aqd serrated ; spiracles present, small ; nictitating membrane
present; no pit at the base of the caudal fin; caudal fin with a .single
notch. Tropical seas. {yaXio-:, a kind of shark colored like a weasel ;
/k'^Ti, shark.)
23. CJ. palcus (L.) Blainv.— 'ropp,
A short labial fold on both jaws ; teeth ||. Second dorsal fin only
one-third the size of the first and somewhat in advance of the anal.
Length of tail neaily ecpial to distance between dorsals. {Oilntker.)
Enrope to the Indian Ocean. "San Francisco." {Giinther.)
(SqualuH {idleitx 1.. Syst. Nat. ; Galem canin GiinlluT, viii, :}79.)
I"?.— OAL.KOCERDOM1111.T& Honl.', IKC.
Tiger Sharks.
(MiilltTiS:. H<Mile, Wiejiinann'H Archiv, 18:17: type Haleocerdo /(V/Whh« Miiller d Henlw.)
Mouth crescei:t-shaped; teeth nearly equal in both jaws, oblique, ser-
rated on both margins, with a deep notch on outer margin ; spiracles
present ; caudal fin with a double notch ; a ])it on the tail alvove and
below at the base of the candal fin; first diusal o])posite the space be-
tween pectorals and ventrals. Large sharks, found in most seas, [yahu :,
a Icind of shark, marked like yakli^s the weasel ; xe^orJw, a fox or weasel ;
xlfiiio-^ craft.)
24. G, tiKl'iiiiiM MiUlor «Jt Ilciilt'.— 7V//<t Shark.
Color blown, with numenms dark spots larger than the eye; candal
lin forming abont one third of the total length, much longer than the
space between the d()r.sal llns; s'»cond ihu'sal somewhat in advance of
the anal; a hmg labial fold along the ui>per jaw. {Gihither.) Ca|»e Cod
to Indian Ocean ; a rather largii sharl;, known by its variegated i'olora-
tion.
(MUUdv & Heule, f>9 ; GUnther, 378.)
j^sfr'-HtiaBJfetfw'agaagtiitiim ' '-sl
d
: m
i'll
M
1.1 '
C
22 CONTRIBUnONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
18.— CARCHARIRTIIS BlainTiUe, 1816.
Blue SharJcs.
{Cynocephalus Klein, Gill.)
(CarcAariaa Cuvi«r, not of Rafinesque.)
( Prionodon Miiller «fc Heule. )
(Eulamia G\\\.) "
(Blainvillo 181(» : typo Careharimm commersom Blainville.)
Large sharks, without spirachis, with the teeth in both jaws strongly
serrated in the a<hilt, those in the upper jaw broad, those below nar-
rower, straight, and claviform ; lirst dorsal large ; second dorsal much
smaller, usually not larger than the anal. Species nnmerpus in. the
tropical seas. (za/>;^a/>(/r, rough ; /Jjvjj, shark; abbreviated from Carcha-
rorhinuH.)
* Body and liead slender ; dorsal tin inserted midway between pectorals and ven-
trals ( Carcharinua).
25. C. glaucus (L.) .Tor. & Gilh.— Great Bine Shark.
" Snout very long, nostrils rather nearer to the mouth than to the
extremity of the snout ; no labial fold excei)t a groove at the angle of
the mouth ; teeth of the upi)er jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near the
base ; lower teeth slender, triangular in young examples, lan(!eolate, with
a broad base, in old ones. Pectoral tin long, falciform, extending to the
dorsal, which is nearer the ventrals than the root of the pectorals." {Gun-
ther.) A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken on our
coast.
{Sqitalus ghiiicus h. Syst. Nat.; Carchai'iaH glauetia Onnthet, viii, 364.)
** Body and bead stout ; dorsal fln placed close behind tbe root of the pectorals
{KuUtmla Gill).
96. C. obscurus (,Le Sneur) J. «fc G.—Diinkji Shark.
park clesir blue above, wMfc below; head rather ])ointed, tlnttened
above and below; tirst dorsal rather large; second smaller than the
anal, and coiisiilcrably jn'oduced behind ; pectorals large, falciform. A
large sliark, reaching a length of nine or ten feet, inhabiting tlie North
Atlantic and freijuently taken on our coast.
(SqiialuH ohKrurtis Lo Sn<Mir, Journ. Ac Nat. Sci. Phila. 1*^18, i, '223; Carcharian
obgoiirus (Tilntb*'!', viii, ',M\.)
97* €. milborti (MiilliT & Ilenle) .lor. & Gilb.— 7y/«e Shark.
This species is rex)resented as having the snout shorter, blunter, and
!'i
7. GALEORHINID-E — I80G0MPH0D0N.
\i *.f\^''ty% ■
M
hi<Ther than in the preceding, and with the i)ectoral fins considerably
shorter and broader, not reaching half way to the ventral s.
Cape Cod to the Meditenanean Sea.
(Carcliarian {Prionodon) viilbcrti M. & H. IW ; Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1864, 262.— Car-
charias caruleus DeKay, :}49; Lamna caudata DoKay. 1154. )
27. /*. C. lamia (Ri8.so) Jor. & Gilb.
This species was provisionally identified by Prof. Putnam from a tooth
obtained on St. Peter's Bank belonging to a fish estimated to have been
at least thirteen feet in length. {Goo(U} and llean.) In this species the
upper teeth are little oblique, serrated, broad, and regularly trian-
gular; dorsal large; the second dorsal smaller than the anal; teeth
2Jr3J. (Giinther.)
27 — 30 ^
tCarcharias lamia Giinther viii, 1172; Prionodcu lamia Goodo & Bean, Bull. Essex
lust., isry, -M.)
19.— ISOGOMPHODON Gill, 1861.
Sharp-nosed Sharks.
(Gill, Auu. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 410; type Carcharias {Pnotwdmi) oxyrhynchus
Miiller & Henle. )
This genus differs from Eulamia principally in the dentition ; the
teetli are similar in form in botli jaws, constricted at the base, claviform
and straight, their edges scarcely serrated; the snout is slender and
rather conic and pointed. Large sharks, of the tropical seas. (fV«T,
equal ; r"^'P"'i ^ "'^-^^ ^r peg ; (J<5«uv, tooth.)
9§. I. limbatUS (Miiller &L Henle) {iWX.—Sfiolted-fin Shark.
"Snout somewhat pointed in front, rather produced, the distance
between its extremity and the mouth being somewhat less than the
width of the mouth ; nostrils nearly midway between the extremity of the
snout and the mouth; teeth ^^^l^, similar in form in both .jaws, namely,
erect, constricted, on a broad base, the upper more distinctly serrated
than the lower ; gill-openings wide, at least twice as wide as the eye,
which is small ; pectorals falciform, extending beyond the end of the
dorsal, the length of their up|)er margin being nearly four times that of
the lower. First dorsal commencing ver^' close behind the axil of the
pectoral; origins of the second dorsal and anal opposite to each other,
the bases of both being nearly equally long. Caudal fin long, with the
iil)per edge slightly undulated, its length being equal to the distance
tetweeri the origins of the two dorsal fins. The lower side of the ex-
tremity of the pectoral, and tlw extremities of the second dorsal am
I
24 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
iiiiii], and of th(^ lower caudal lobe black". (Giinther.) Tropical seas; a
stray fsi»ecimen taken at Wood's Hole, Mass.
; Carchariat i J'rinodon) limbntHf M. «Sc H., 49 ; Cnrvltarinn Umbatus Giinther, viii, 37:5. )
JO.— APRIONODOi\ Gill, IHfil.
Smooth- toothed IShorls.
yAprinn Miilh'i" «fc Henlc, preoccupied.)
(Gill, Auu. Lye. Xat. Hist. \. V. vii, -HI : type Sqtialua pundatua Mitch.)
Snout more or less jnoduced and <*<)nj<; ; teeth entire, without serrifc
or basal cus])s, all of them narrowed on a broad base, the lower erect,
the ujtper erect or only slij^htly oblique ; dorsal more or less posterior,
oi)posite tlie s[)a<rc between pectorals and ventrals. (a, privative; -/>»«>,
saw^ ; odor/, tooth ; the edges of the teeth being always entire.)
99. A. |>llllct:i}llM (Mitch.) (i\\\.—SiiiO(>fh-tonlla'd Shark.
'"Distance of th<' extremity of the snout from the mouth equals th:it
between the nostrils. Pectoral tin subfalciform, extending to the end
of the dorsal. Second <lorsal nuich smaller than the first." {Giinther.)
Atlantic ; i)robably not common on our coast.
{iisqualuH piinctatun Mit. Lit. &.■ Phil. TraiiH. N. Y, i, 48!>: Carcharias iaodon M, «Si: H.
JW: Carcharidii piinrtatii)' CAuiilun; \ui, 'Ml.)
2I.--8COI.IOBOIV Miillor & Henle, MW.
Ohlique-toothed Sharl's.
(MiilUr tt Hfiihs, Wic<rniaini's Archiv i'. Niitur<r. iii : type ScoUodon latipaitdiiH M.
A H.)
Sharks with the teeth entire, oblique and flat, the points directed
toward tlic sides of the mouth, so that the inner margins are nearly
horizontal, and i)resent a smooth cutting edge, those in front more nearly
erect; t<M'lh not swollen at the base; each of them with a deep notch
on the outer margin beh>w the sharp point; no sjnrades; a pit at base
of tail ; lirst dorsal well in front of ventrals, much larger than second.
(*rx«/("r, twisted or (^'ooked; oouv, tooth.)
30. S. t<»rrH*-iiova' (UnhnrdHon) GiU. —Sharp-voavd Shark.
Body slender; snout depressed, uxxlerately rounded; mouth U-shaix'd,
with a short labial groove at its angle, which groove extends on the
ni)per jaw as well as on the lower; distance between nostrils greater
than distance from nostrils to end of snout; gill <>i)enings narrow; first
dorsal moderate'., midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal
very small, slightly behind, and rather smaller than the anal; aual liu
mu(!h shorter than distance from anal to ventrals; a slight furrow along
'4\
1< 'If
8 SPHYNIDJ?. KENICEPS.
25
the middle line of the back, endiiijr in a pit at th«' root of the tail ; pec-
toral fins rather large; ventrals small. Color gnxy ; caudal tin with a
copspicuous narrow blackish edj^e. Xewfoundland to South America ;
common southward. Size rather small.
(SqualuH (CarchariaH) tcmv-iiorii Hichanlsoii. K. B. A. iii, 2H9: ('arr'iariaii trrrw-nurw
CfliutUer, viii, M).)
Family VlIl— SPHYRNID^.
[The Hammer lu'tided Shark)/.)
(reneral characters of the Galeorhinida', but the head singuhnly formed,
kidney-shaped or "• hammer "-shai)ed from the extension of its sides, the
iiostiils being anterior and the eyes on the sides of the "hammer";
mouth crescent-shaped, under the •' hammer" ; the teeth of both jaws simi-
lar, oblique. (;acli with a notch on the outside near the b.ise ; no spira-
<'les; last ^ill-opening over the pe«'torals; lirst dorsal aud pectorals
large, the dorsal nearer pectorals than ventrals ; se<'oiul dorsal ard anal
siiiall ; a pit at the root of the caudal ; caudal fin with a single notch
toward its tip, its lower lobe developed. Genera 3 ; species 5 ; inhabiting
most seas. Large sharks, known at once by the singular form of the
head. {Carehariidw, part: grouj) Zyffa'nina Giinther, iJSO-oS,).)
* N'oHtrils lu-ar th»> oyes.
(I. Nostrils simplj', with tin' IVontiil gro()v»>.s rudiiiuMitaiy or ohsoU'te ; lica^l reiii-
I'orni, its iiuterior and hiteril margins confluent, forming n semicirclt'.
Rexiceps, '22.
aa. Nostrils \ritli groovt^s extending in front toward llie middle of the head;
head trnly hammer-shaped Spjiyuxa, 23.
22.— RENICEPS Gill, 1861.
Bon net headed Sharka.
(Gill, Ann. Lyr. Nat. Hi.st, N V. 18()1, viii, i>. \Vi: type SquahiH Hhiiro L.) ,
Flead reniform, the anterior and lateral margins couliuent, forming
a n^gular semicircle, the posterior uuirgins of the sides of the hammer
veiy shoit; nostrils close to the eyes, with the grooves indistinct.
(Latin, rena, kidney ; rept<, head.)
'Al. It. tibllS'O (li.) UiU.—Shvrel-hmd Shark ; lioiinel Head.
Body rather slender, not much (;ompressed; head depressed, semicir-
cular in front, reniform, the posterior tree margins short, the lateral nun-
f^ins continuous with the anterior; ])ectorals large; first (hmsal high,
mi<hvay betweiMi ])ect(mils and \eni lals ; se(!ond dorsal much smaller,
l)i<>(laced behiiul, higher and sliortei- than anal; ventral fins moderate;
aiiulal moderat<^; mouth small, crescentic; teeth small, very obliiiue,
with a deej) notch on the outer margin. Color uniform ashy, paler
K^
tfi^^i!
26 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
beneath ; head 4;^ in length, 6 to tip of caudal ; width of head slightly
less than length of head. L. 3 to 6 feet or more. Atlantic Ocean j
abundant southward; ranging to China.
(SqitaliiH tibiiro L. Syst. Natunu : Zijtjcvna lihnro Giiuther, viii, 382.)
33.— SPIIFRNA Rufincsquc, 1810.
Hammer-head i^harkn.
(Ce«<rflcJo« (Kleiu) Gill; Zi/gwiia Cuwier ; preoccupied.)
(R;i<ino8r[iie, Ciirattcri tli Alcuni Nuovi Gontai, etc. : type Squalun zijgana L. )
Head truly "hammer"-shaped, the anterior, lateral, and posterior mar-
gins distinct; nostrils near the eyes, the openings confluent with a
groove, which extends along most of the front margin of the head.
Species few, reaching a large size ; found in ail warm seas. {/T<pijfja, a
hammer.)
3*i. S. zygfsena (L.) M. & H. — Ilanimcr-headed Shark.
Width of head about twice its length ; i'lrst dorsal large; second quite
small, smaller than anal ; pectorals rather large; color gray. A large
shark, found in all warm seas; common on our coast from Cape Cod
southward.
(Squalus zyga'na L. Syst. Natunn : Zfigcena JHa//c«s Giinther, viii, 381: Zygwna mal-
leus Storer, Fish Ma.ss. 238.)
SuPEU-FAMiLY LAMNOIDEA.
{The Lamnoid Sharks.)
Family IX.— ALOPIID^.
{The Thresher Sharks.)
» Body moderately elongate ; the snout rather short ; mouth crescent-
shaped ; teeth equal in both jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not
serrated; the third tooth of the upper Jaw on each side much smaller
than the others ; gill-openings moderate, the last one above the root
of the pectorals; no nictitatinf/ membrane; spiracles just behind eye,
minute or abvsent; flrst dorsal large, midway between i)ectoral8 and
ventrals; second dorsal and .inal very small; caudal fin exceedingly
long, about as long as the rest of the body, a pit at its root, a notch on
the ui)per lobe near its tip ; lower lobe moderately developed ; no caudal
keel; ventrals rather large; pectorals very large, falcate. A single
species, reaching a large size, iidiabiting most seas ; known at once hy
the great length of the caudal lin. {Lamnidce, part, Giiuther, viii, p. .'393;
geuiiH Alopecias.) ■ ■
JH !
: • i 10. CARCHARIID^. CAKCHARIAS. ^f
34.— AL.OPIAS RuiincHque, 1810.
Thresher Sharks.
CAlopeciaa MUller & Hculo; coiTected orthojjraphy.)
^Rafinesniic, Caratteridi Alcnni \. Qeneri, etc. : type Alopiaa mttcrourun Raf. =Squalua
rulpes Gmelin. )
The characters of the genus are includ<'(l .ibovo. {dkm::6-, a fox;
Latin, vulpes. A. rulpes was known to the ancients as «/.<uriX!a? = fox-li' e.)
33. A. vulp<*S (Gmel.) Bouap. — Thresher; Fox-Shark ; SwiiKjlc-lall ; Long-tail Shark:
A lar{;e shark, abounding in all warm seas, especially in the Mediter-
ranean and Atlantic. It is also occasionally taken on our Pacitic coast.
Known at once by the great length of the tail.
I SqualuH vulpes Graolin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 496; Alopecius vulpts Giintber, viii, 39.1.)
Family X.— CARCHARIIDJi:.
{The Sand Sharlcs.)
Body rather elongate, the snout sharp ; mouth crescent-shaped, wide ;
tlie teeth large, long, and narrow, subulate, most of them with one or
two small cusps at the base, their edges entire; gill-openings rather
liu-ge, all of them in front of the pectorals ; two dorsals, moderatci, sub-
equal, the anal similar ; tins, dorsal well behind pectorals ; caiulal well
developed, with a short basal lobe and a notch toward its tip ; no caudal
keel ; pectorals rather short ; no nictitating membrane ; spiracles minute,
pore-like. Genera 1 or 2, Carcharias 'Rat { = 0<lonta8pis Ag. ; not Car-
vharius C\iv. = Carcharinus) and ^^Migomphodus"; .species 3. Voracious
sharks of moderate size, chiefly inhabiting the Atlantic. {Lamnida;, part,
Giinther, viii, 392; genus Odontaspis.)
* Teeth large, awl-shapod, all or nearly all of them with one or two Hiaall cusps at the
ba«e CAKCHARIAS, 25.
35.-CAKCI1ARIAS Ratinesque, 1810.
Sand Sharks.
( Odontasp'iH Agassiz. )
(Riitinesfpie, Carat teri di Alcnni Nnovi Genori, etc. : type, and only sjyecies vtentioned,
Carcharias laiiriis Raf.)
Characters of the genus included above. [yApxapiK^ rough.)
* First and fourth teeth of the ux)por jaw and first tooth of the lower simple, with-
out basal cnsps. ( EHijomphodus (iill. )
34. C. americunus (Mitch.) Jor. &, Gill>.— «SaMrf Shark; Shorcl-iiosc.
Body elongate, its depth one fifth the length ; head rather pointed,
about one seventh of the length ; fins small- the first dorsal not much
•>,A f .
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(716)872-4503
28 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
larger tlian the second, both similar to the anal ; pectoral fins short,
obtuse, or truncate ; color gray. L. 4 to feet.
A smal' voracious shark with very sharj) teethj rather common on
our Atlantic coast.
{SquahiH amcriaiiiiiH Mitcli. Trans. lAi. «fe Phil. Soc. 1H14, i, 4f'3: Squalus UttoraViH
Mitch. Am. Moutlily Mn^. ii. 1818, IWR: Carcharian i/riseim UtoroT, ViahosMasH. 217
Odoniaspis anKTiraiiim GiintluT, viii, ',VJ2: KugomphoduH littnmlin Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Pbila. I»*fi4, i>r)0.)
Family XL— LAMNID^.
{The PorheayleH.)
Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide, with large
teeth, and the caudal fm lunate, the two lobes being not very unequal,
the upper lobe strongly beut upward; caudal peduncle with a keel on
each side ; gill-openings wide, all in front of the pectorals, entirely lat-
eral, not exiendiug under the throat ; first dorsal large ; j)et;torals large ;
ventrals moderate ; second dorsal and a/ial very small; a pit at the root
of the caiulal; si>iia<'lcs miiuite or absent. Genera .'i; si)ecies (i or
more. Those inhabiting our coasts have been much confused by authors.
{LamnUln\ part, (xiinthoi', viii, 38!)-;i02.)
*Tectli with cntin^ cdjfcs.
rt. Tcclli without basal ciisps, loiij;-, llcxnous, prisiuatic, and acute. .LsURUS, 26.
«rt. Tcotii, or most of tnem. with a small cnsj) on each si«l(> at base, compressed,
sharp, and somewhat triangular Lamna, '27.
**Teotli with serrated t'dgcs, coniim'sscd, ami Iriiingular in iorm..CARCUAaiODON, 28.
36.— 1SURV§ Ralinosque, 1810.
Porbeagles.
(Oxj/rhina Ag.)
(Raflnosquo, Carattori di A'cnni Nuovi Gcncri : type hunin oriirhjinchm Raf.=Oj!//r/u'»rt
fipalhnKtniii Hon.)
Snout rather long and pointed; first dorsal and ])e<!torals large; sec-
ond dorsal and anal very small; caudal ])eduiu;le slender; teeth hmg,
lanceolate, with shar]> entire cutting edges an<l no basal cusi)s. ((Vi*r,
equal; oup>i, tail; the two lobes of the tail being nearly equal, as in all
the memlx'is of this family.)
"First dorsal inserted entirely behind poctoralH, nearly midway bctweou iMictorals and
ventrals. (/Hitro))Hin Gill.) .^., ^^s£.._,^_-«..rt-frv--!»r^ "»-'
39. I. Klnu*'HM (^l- & H-) <J<'»"- <^ (iill).— .l/acfcor/ Shark.
This species, if reully occuiring on our coast, will be known from th(>
other Inuri by the position of the dorsal, which is distinctly behind the
13, 'a* li^
11 LAMNIDiE LAMNA. -
pectorals, nearly midway between them and the veutrals. This position
is represented in DeKay's rtsiure (Xat. Hist. N. Y. Fishes, pi. 03, fig.
200). Atlantic Ocean ; (Jnba {Poey).
(Oxi/rlntia ijlanva Miiller & Heulc, Gi): iMmna punctuti'. DuKay (uot of Mitchill),
1152: Isiiropnix dekaifi (Jill, Ann. Lye. N. V. viii, loli: Laraui ijlauca Glinlher, viii, 391.)
** Dorsal liu iusurtisd clu^ic hi-hiud the loot of the ])cctoiiils, iiiuch iicai'er pectoruls
than ventials. (luiinin,)
36. !• oxyrhynchins llni'.— Sliarp-iioni'd shark ; Mackerel .'^liark.
"Prieoral juution of the snont as ion};' as the h)n}iitudinal axis of the
(left of the month, tetrahedral, pointed. Anj^le of the montli midway
between the jiill-openin^' and nostril. T(H'th — on each sid«' ; long, lan-
ceolate, with shini> lateral edges, wiihont basal cnsps. The third tooth
on each side of the' npper jaw is much smaller than those next to it. Gill-
(il»('iiings extremely wide, Ihc width of the first being rather more than
its distance from tln\ last. Origin of the dorsal tin at a very short dis-
tance from the base of the ]»ectoral.s, which are falciform, the length of
their lower margin being onc^-fourth of that of the iijiper." {(iunther.)
(St(ner's ligurc of ^'- Ijamna punctata'''' (Fisli. Mass. pi. .'{7, f. 1) repve-
sents, so far as the. position of the dorsal is eoiujerned, the present
European species, instead of the preceding. No mention is nmde of the
juosence of lateral cusps on the teeth. The occurrence of a true Lsurm
oil our coast does not seem, however, to have been verified, although it
is not im]\^'obable.)
{Ltimna piiiictatn Storer, Fish. Muhs. ^25: Lumna npullanzanU (Uirither, viii, 390:
huru8 oxyrli'inchiiH liiif. Curiitte?!, etc.)
li. ' -*
27.— LiAMNA Cuvier, 1817.
iA rbeaglcs.
(Cuvior, Rfegno Auiinal, ii : tyjio SqunluH vorn,ihim» Gniclin.)
Botly short and stout, the back (considerably elevated ; snout promi-
nent, pointed ; teeth triaugidar, pointed, entiri', each one with a small
cusp on each side at base ; (one or both of these sometimes obsolete in
the young on some of th(> t(reth ;) giIl-oi)enings wide ; dorsal and |)ectora'
tins somewhat falcate ; second <lorsal and anal fins very snudi, nearly
opposite each other; first «lorsal (riose b(>hiiid the root of the pectorals.
(kiiftm, a kind of shark, iVom ^untu^ a horrible anthro])ophagous monster,
into whi(^h a <luughter of Helns was <'hanged by Juno, because she was
l)oh)ved by Jupiter; a bugbear used by the Greeks to frighten relractory
children.)
"^3^!S5?r
I
:■■;'
30 CONTSIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
S"?. Ij. cornnltica. (Gmol.) Fleming. — Beatimarin Shark; Porbeagle ; Tope.
Snout conical, pointed, ratlier longer than the cleft of the mouth ;
teeth - or - on each side (^ or - in European 8i)ecimens, Jide Gunther) ;
the third tooth on each side in the upper jaw small ; first dorsal begin-
ning over the axil of the pectorals; color gray. A large and fierce
shark of the Korth Atlantic, not till lately recorded from our coast. (A
specimen in the Museum of Butler University, from which the above
account was taken, w^as obtained by Dr. T. H. Bean at Wood's Hole,
Mass.)
{Squahia cornubivuH GmviMn, L. i, 1497; Giluther, viii, 389.)
2§.-€AKCHAR0I>01V Sniitb, 18—.
Cfreat White SharJus.
(Sir Andrew Sniitih, Proc. G»5ol. Hoc. Loudon, — : type Carvharodon ciipvuain Smith=iC.
roinleleti.)
This genus differs from Isnniti chiefly in the dentition, the teeth bein^f
large, flat, erect, regularly triangular, their edges serrated ; first dorsal
moderate, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal
and anal very small ; pectoral large, ventrals moderate ; caudal peduncle
rather stout; spiracles minute or absent. Sharks of ver" large size ;
found in most seas, {xapyafux;, rough; o<J<bv, tooth.)
38. C. I'Ondeleti Miiller &■ Heulo. — Mnn-eater Shark; Aiwoo(V8 Shark.
Body stout, de])th about 5^ in total lergth; mouth very large; both
jaws with live rows of large, triangular, serrated t«erh, those in the
lower jaw iuirrower, about - in each row ; first dorsal somewhat behind
})ectorals; caudal lin large iind strong. Color leaden gray; tips and
edges of pectorals black (Storcr). One of the largest of the sharks,
reaching a length of fifteen fe(^t and the weight of nearly a ton. It is
found in all tem})erate and tropical svias, but is rare on our coasts.
American specimens have been named C. atwoodi, but are probably not
distinct from the European.
(Miillor ife lltMilc, Plai;iostoiu(W, 7Uj GilutiuM-, viii, ',VJ'2: Carehariaa atwoodi Storor,
nshoHMiiMM. 22-^.)
Family XD.— CETORHINID^l
■ {The Jia.shing ISlMrhs.) ., , • ,i
Sharks of imnu^nsc size, with the gill ojjcnings extremely wide, ex
tending from the back nearly to the median lino of the throat; all of
them in front of the pectorals; mouth moderate, the teeth very small,
I*:
liii
13. RHINODONTID^
31
numerous, conical, without cusps or serratures; no nictitating mem-
brane ; spiracles very small, above the corners of the mouth ; lirst dorsal
large, midway between pectorals and ventrals ; second dorsal and anal
small; candal fin lunate, the upi>er lobe considerably the larger; caudal
peduncle keeled; pectorals and ventrals large. A single genus, with
probablj' but one species ; the largest of living sharks ; inhabiting the
northern seas. (Lawwitto, part, Giinther,viii, 394; genus Selache.)
29.— CETORHIWrS niainvillo, 1810.
BnsMng Sharks.
(Selache Cuvior.)
(Blaiuvillc, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1810, p. 169: type Cetorhintis tjunnetl Blahiv. = /SjjtoiMS
maximus L.)
The characters (tf the genus are included above. (z>;r(ir, whale ; pivr,,
•A shark {iS(p»afina), from /n>r/, a file or rasp, the rough skin of the shark
being used for polishing wood and marble.)
39. C. maximus (L.) Blaiuvilk'.— Z/aaAi/i*/ Shark.
Body rugose, the skin very rough, with small spines ; head snmll ;
snout blunt; eyes small ; teeth iv six or seven rows in each jaw, about
200 in each row ; first ilorsal large, triangular, over the spjujc between
pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much smaller, rather larger than
anal; tail large. Largest of the sharks, reaching a length of nearly
forty feet; found in the Arctic seas; straying southward to Portugal
and Virginia.
{Sqiuiliis maximus L. Syst. Nat. ; Selachna maximus Sturcr, Fish. Mass. 22d : Helavhc
nMxima Gllntlier, viii, :594.)
Family XIII.— RHINODONTID^.
{The Whale Sharks.)
Origin of the first dorsal fin somewlnit in advance of the ventrals; the
second small, opposite to the anal; both without spines; a ])it at the
root of the (jaudal, with the lower lobe of the caudal well deA'(^lo|)ed ;
sides of the tail with a keel ; no nictitating ni(>mbrain'; spiracles very
small; mouth and nostril near the extremity of the snout; ttieth very
small and numerous, conical; gill-openings w de, the last u\u' above the
base of the pectorals. Large sharks, of warm sens. Two species ai'e
known, Rhi.odon ijjinrus from the Capo of (Jood lloi)e, and the foUow-
ing. {Rhinodontida' (Jiinther, viii, 3'.)().)
'Tooth oach recuivod biuikwanl ami aontoly ])oiuto(l, swoUon, and with a. bccl-liko
projuctiou in front rintug IVoui its bust) Micuibtouub, 30.
.il.
f9
^'A
.>r
* .(■
tm
-ir
I
'ym^':
32 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMIiRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY- -IV.
30.— I?IICRISTO»lJS Gill, l-iUT).
CCrill, Pror. Ac. Nnt. Sci. I'liilii. Irti"), 177: type MiciiHloditu piiiirtotua (i'\]\.)
This j-eims is known from its teeth only. These sire <lescribe(l as fol-
lows: "The teeth are fixed find extremely minute, th<' larfjest little
mor<' than a line in len;j;th (in a shiirk LM> feet lony) and deerease
towards the ends of the Jaw; they are disposed in regularly transvers«'
rows, of which there are J 04 to 107 on ea(;h side, while in front there
are l.'J to 1(> in each transverse row ; ea(;h tooth is recurved backwards
and acutely i)ointed, swollen an«l with a heel-lilce }>r()je<'tion in froiit
rising from it;> base." — ( Gill.) {/uxpu-j small ; ifrn')-, an ujnight projection ;
OfVih':, tooth.)
40. M. punrtatuM <4il1.
Avery large spotted shark found in the (rulf of ('alifornia. ((Jill,
Proc. Ac. Nat. 8ci. Phila. l.S(i5, 177.)
Family XIV.— HETERODONTID^.
( The Port Jackfion Sliarhs.)
Sharks with two dorsal tins, both ]>rovi(led with si)ines; the first (h»r-
sal opposite to the space between pectorals and \'entrals; the second in
advance of the anal. Body elongated, obtusely trihedral, gradually ta])er-
ing fioui the anal region towards the caudal lin ; head high, with the fore-
head declivous, little prominent; notitrils confluent with the mrutli;
mouth rather narrow, the upi)cr lip divided into seven lobes, the lower
with a fold ; spiracles snnill, below the low(!r i)art of the eye ; no ni(!tit:U-
iug memlu'ane; gill-openings ratluu- narrow; dentition similar in both
jawH, viz, small obtuse teeth in front, which in the young are pointdl.
and jn'ovided with three to five ('Usi)s; th(5 lateral teeth hirge, ])ad-like,
twi«'e as broad as long, arranged in obli<pie series, one series being formed
by mudi larger teeth than those in theothcsr series; caudal fin moderate.
Genera 1, 2, or .'J ; species about 4; inhabiting the PacilicOcean. Ofnuicli
interest toi)aheontol<)gists from theii' supposed rehition to certain extinct
types. [CeHtmvloHlUUv (liintlu^r, viii, 417, 41.S; but HeteroihmtUH has
priority over Cestriicioii.'<
* Ikunchiai i'o;fi(Hi loujfcr tliaii lii|L(li, tlu- slits li(\iiig iihtlu elongated ; iiielar tectli lljii
II lid rlosciy coMtij^iioiis (lYItoi'l.ia'KODCS, ;>l.
ai.-OVKOPl.KL'KODlJSUilMHU-;. ...--^-
(tJill, Vvw. \v. ,Niit. S( i. IMiilii. Ir^'iH, -IHU; type ContrmwH J'randiirHimm\,)
Tlio eharacttns tlislinguishing this grou|) froii' //r/c'/v></(>///».s are tims
given by Professor (iill :
'• its
14. HETERODONTID^ QYROPLEURODU8.
m
"In the latter genus, the branches of the lower jaw are at tirst con-
ti/;uoiis and diverge from each other at an acute angle, while in front of
the obli«iue whorls of molars, and between the acute teetli of the front
which encroach on the sides, a <!Oi<liform area exists. The lateral or
molar teeth are numerous, and arranged in obli(iue whorls, Avhich rapidly
increase in size to the ttfth, behind which they again decrease. The
hninchial apertures are also comparativ^ely laige, the tirst being longer
than the length of the bran(!hial region.
"In Gyropleurodus, the branches of the lower jaw are widely separated
by an interval rounded in front and becoming wider behind, the sides
themselves being curved outwards; the aciute t(;eth are conlined to
the front and the molar teeth are few and disposed in about four whorls,
the first three of which slightly increase, while the fourth is almost
rudimentary. The branchial area is almost oblong."
Head short an<l high, broad, but with subvertieal sides; the forehead
vciy declivous from eyes, and with the snout wide and transverse, but
prominent; two blunt, diverging ridges are <!ontinued from each side of
the snout and abruptly merge into the more (;ons]>icuous superciliary
ri(lg<'s, the interval between which is nearly plane; teeth in front digi-
tated, with three or four cusps, (puncuncially distributed in low;; slightly
('(diverging toward the middle; in tlie upper jaw, on the sides, molars
(»bh)ng and llattened, arranged in about four oblique whorls, uniform or
increasing backward, except the last, which is smallest; on the sides of
th(i h)wer jaw, also, are molars oblong, with flattened crowns, and arranged
in transvers(5ly obli<pu' whorls, but de(5reasing backward {Oill). t)no
species known. (;">":, ring or whorl; rrA -ww, side; ddou^, tooth.)
II
41. O. fraiiciMci (Cinl.) Oill.
Dorsal fins (M)nsiderably produced backward at their jmsterior angle;
the compressed spine forming about half of the base of each (in ; anal
Hn huge, din-cted very oblicpu'ly ba«'kwards, renching the root of caudal ;
ciimUd fin forming about one fourth of the length; coh)r l)rownislj, varie-
};ated with sparsely scattered small black spots all over the body and
lins. C!oast of (Jalifornia {(iUl).
{('eitracuni ./Va/ic'i'm (Jirard, Proc. A". Nat.. Hci. Pliilu. 1854, 1%; Cvtracion J'randaco
OiinthiT, viii, 41(i; Gill, Pnu;. Ac. Nat. Hci. Pliilu. 18G2, 492.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 3 • : ^
'i";
TTTTf
i.'»'
.•]<; • ,
.
•iilii "I I
34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV,
Family XV.— HEXANCHID^.
{The Cow SharJcs.)
Body elongated, somewhat depressed anteriorly, tapering towards the
caudal fin. Head depressed, oblong and semi-oval or semi-elliptical
above, with the snout i)rojecting. Eyes submedian or anterior, without
nictitating membranes. Mouth inferior, large, arched in front, no labial
fold. Teeth in the two jaws unlike ; in the upper jaw one or two pairs
of awl-shaped teeth, the next six teeth broader, and each provided with
several cusps, one of which is much the strongest. Lower jaw with six
large comb-like teeth on each side, besides the smaller posterior teeth.
Spiracles small, on the side of the neck. Only one dorsal Jin, witlwut spine,
opposite the anal, and similar to it. No pit at the root of the caudal fin.
Giil-openiugs wide, six or seven in number. Genera 2 ; sijeciea 4 or
more; mostly ol'the Eastern Atlantic. {Notidanidce Giiuther, viii, 397-
399c) - .
* Gill-oponingij seven on each side ..Heptancus, 32.
32.— HEPTAWCUS KauDesque, 1810.
Perlons.
iNotidanua CnvieT, 1817 .)
(Heptranchias Raflnesque, Caratteri di Alciini Nuovi Generi, etc. : type Squalus
cincreus Gmelin. )
Characters same as those of the family with the addition of gill-open-
ings seven, which separates this genus from Hexancus. {tTcra, seven;
ayxo':, bend or sinus, for gill -opening.)
*Mediaii tooth of lower jaw without central cusp. (Notorhynchna Ayren.)
43. H. indicilS (Cuvier) Miiller & Heule.
" Snout short and rounded ; cleft of the mouth broader than long. A
single median pointed tooth in the upper jaw ; the lower median tooth
with lateral cusps, but without central cusp. The first cusp of the lower
teeth is much stronger than the others and serrated on itsouter margin,"—
{Giinthcr.) Dark bluish gray, Avith many small irregular black blotches.
Tail more than one third of total lengtli. Size large. Cape of Good
Hope to California ; not rare at San Francisco.
(XotiduiiHn iniUcuH Cuvier, Regue Auiniiil: NoiidanuH hidkus Giiuther, viii, 398: Xoto-
rhynchvs macvlo.lus Ayres, Proc. Cal, Nat. Sci. i, 72 : Notorhynchua maculattia Gill, Proo.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Philu., 1862, 49."i, and 18()4, 149 : Notorhynchua borealia Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1864, 150.
;*;l"
16. SQUATINIDiE — SQUATINA.
35
SuPEE-FAMiLY SQUATINOIDEA.
{TJie Sqiuitinoid SharJcu.)
Family XVI.— SQUATINID^.
" * ■ ' . \
{The Angel Sharks.)
Ray-like sharks. Body depressed and flat; mouth anterior; teeth
conical, pointed, distant ; pectoral tins very large, expanded in the plane
of the body, but free from it, being deeply notched at the base ; ventral
flns very large ; two small subequal dorsal fins behind the ventrals ; no
iinal fin ; caudal fin small ; gill-openings wide, subinferior, partly covered
by the base of the pectoral ; spiracles wide, crescent-shaped; behind the
eyes; nostrils on the front margin of the snout, with skinny flaps. A
single genus, with perhaps but one species. Sharks of singular appear-
ance, inhabiting most seas. {Rhinidw Giinther, viii, 430,)
33.— SQUATINA Diimeril, 1806.
Angel SharJcu.
(Rhinn Klein.)
(Aldn)vuudi, Diim6ril, Zool. Anal. 18^5, : type Squalua mivatina L. := Squutina an-
{lelus Dnm.)
The characters of the genus are included above. {Squatina, the Latin
name of 8. angeltts, from aquatus, skate.)
43. S« ang[elUS Dnm6ril. — Anyel-fmh; Monk-fish; Angel Shark.
Bluish Jish-gray above, much b]otche<l and speckled ; beneath white ;
caudal flu short triangular, lower lobe longest ; dorsal flns short and
high ; skin rough, with small stiff prickles, largest along the middle
line of the back ; eyes small. A small shark, with expanded pectorals,
like a ray, found in most warm seas, not very common on our coasts.
Onv species has been generally considered as distinct from th(^ pjuro-
pean, under the name 8. dumerili, but without evident reason. A spe-
cies considered by Dr. Gunther to be identical Avith 8quatitta angelus
also occurs on our Paeiflc coast. . :_ ,: -^4^,- ^ —-
{Sqvahts sqnafina L. Syst. Nnt.: Sqiuitina angelus DuniMl, Zool. Anal. lOS : Squalm
itimeriU Lo Sncinr, .lourn. Ac. Nat Sci. Phila. i, 225: Shinasqiintinn G^nthav, viii, 430:
Sqnatina cal\fortiku Ay res, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1859, 29.)
.^1^
in
* t*
* r
it?
h
36 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOHTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOOY — IV.
ill
{The ItayH.)
(lill-oponiiigs iiiifcnor, slit-Iik«% tlvii in liuiiiIxM'; HpiriicU's pivKi'iit ; no
anal fin; dorsal lins, if ])reH<Mit, InscrttMl on the tail; body typically
disk-like, broad and flat, the niarj-in of tlu^ disk b(»in}>' fornuMl by tlio
expandecl pectorals. Tail eoinparatively shnder, the (^andal lin small.
With the exception of the Raii<la\ nuist or all of the rays are ovo-vivi-
])aron8. (Suborder Jiatoidei friinther, viii, 4;M— 108.) (Latin, raia or
raja, a ray.)
* Tail (•ompamtiwly tliick, UHiially with iii.v«mI drvHul jiiid caiidal Imih; no Horratrd
caudal Hpiiic nor H(']»»rat<' cephalic liuH. {I'achiiiira.)
a. Snout Haw-like, much ]in>duced, arnicd witli Htroujj lalcrul teeth . . I'jusTiD^:, 17.
Off. Snout not saw-like.
b. Dink paHsinj; f^radually into tli<^ lonjj Htout tail ; ])ectora!H not extt^ndinjij to
ihe snout KlllN01»ATlI)/K, H.
bh. DInU abruptly c<uitniclcd at base of liu^ tail.
c. Electric or<^ans i)reHent ; disk perfect ly snioot h T()Hi'Kl)iNii>,t;, lit.
<r. Khw'tric firyaiis al>.se;it ; disk an<l tail more ;ir Icsh prickly Raiid.k, ^(1.
"Tail very sleudtir, whip-like, itw iiuH, if any, huuiII and near its liaHc. (.]faHti(uii-ii.)
(I. Pectoral lins uninterruided, conllueiit anuind the .snout; teeth small.
Ti{Y(ioNii)/ii;, \l\.
(Id. Pectoral (ins interrupted, the appendages on the snout (" cephalic tins")
separate from the pe<'tc.rals.
0. Teeth larfre, Hal, tessellated MYr-iouATM)/!!:, l^i.
ce. Teoth very snuiU, Hat or ttiltercular (■kimiai.uitkuu)/!';, 2'.\.
Super-family PRISTOIDEA.
(The PrixtoiU h'ayn.)
Family XVII.— PRISTID.l^:.
( Thr Saic-Jishcs.)
Body elongate, de[)ressed ; i)e(;toral lins moderate, the front margin
(piite free, not extending to the head ; snout produced into a very lonj;,
tlnn, flat blade, which is strmed with a series of strong tooth-like pro-
cesses along each edge; teeth in jitws minute, obtusr gill-openings
moderate, inferior; spiracles wide, behind the eye; nostrils inferior;
no tenta('les; no idetitating mend)rane; dorsal lins large, without s]>ine.
the lirst nearly opposite the ventrals. daiidal well developed, l)eiit
upwards ; a fold along each side of tail. A single genus, with five or
more species, inhabiting warm seas, sometimes ascen<ling the rivers. A
nimily of sharks, PriHtiophoHdce, similarly armed with a " saw," occius
iu the Pacific Ocean. {Fristklw Giiuther, viii, 430-43U.)
v^5^ V* 18. RHINOBATIDiE — RHINOBATUS. ;'^ 8t
84.— PRI8TIS LaMiam, 1794.
' Sawjinhea.
(Liitliiiin, Trans. Liuit. So*!, ii, p. 27(5: typo Squalun priatiH h.^VristUi autiqiKn^um
Latham.)
Tlie cliiirju'ters of tlui f?orms arc incliultd above. (;:/>{'«TT)jr, thci auci<'nt
uiuiu' ot'tlio saw-ttsli, from r/JcVrrr/r, a Ha\vy«q'.)
44. P.^iiitiquoriiiii ljiii\nm\.—Saw-JiHli.
Anterior dor.sal opposito vcntraLs; caiulal fin without lowca-lobe; nw-
tral ttiotli in 1(» to 20 pairs, nearly (Minidi.stant, stout, i)rovi<ie(l with a
cuttinj.'" anterior edge ; the size of the t<u'*;h subject to considernbU' varia-
tions; eaudal fin without h>w«u- h>be ; eoh)r grayisli. Jicngth 10 to lo feet.
Atlantic Ocean ; (u>niinon on b«»th shores, esjx'cially soulhward ; jjrobably
entering rivers.
(SqualiiH print in L. HyHf. Nutiirm : I'riHlin anlitjiittnim [iathaiii, TraiiH. Linn. Hor. 1794,
ii, W?; (JilntluT, viii, 4:J8.)
Family XVIII— RTIINOBATID^:
{Tlui Tjouff nosed Rayn.)
Shark-like rays. Trunk gradually jjassing into tln^ long and strong
tail, which is provijled with two well-developeil d<nsal lius, a eaudal lln
and a conspicuous «lernial fohl on each side; disk iu)t broad, tin; rayed
portion of the pectoral lius not Ix^iug continued to the snout ; noi'onspic-
uous spines, the skin being nearly smooth ; iu> electric organs, (jrcnera
.'J to o ; spe(5ies about 15 ; inhabiting warm seas. The form of the body
is as much shark-like as i« that of the shark Hquatina. {Rhinobatidoi GUu-
tlu'r, viii, 440-448.)
• FitHt (lorsal much behind tho vimtrals ; anterior uuHal valves not confluent.
KUINOBATUS, 35.
35.— RHINOBATUS Hloch & 8chuci<lcr, IHOl.
(Schnoi(l(n' cd. Bhxdi, Ichlhy. : type IlhinobaiUH rhinobatm HlcKili & Schnci(ler=fl/(tno-
haiuH iiranulatuH Cuv.)
Body depressed, gradually passing into the tail. Oanial cartilage
produced into a huig rostral i)roce88, the space between the i)rocess and
the pectoral fin being tilled by membrane. Spiracles wide, behind the
eyo; nostrils oblique, wide; anterior valves not confluent. Teeth ob-
tuse, with an indistinct transverse ridge. Dorsal ilns without spine ;
both at a great distance behind the ventral ftns. Caudal fin without
lower lobe. {i^ivTq^ a shark, Squatina; fiaro<:^ a skate.)
'X
W
1 r ■
fr^^
I .
■'^1
31 ^' ■■
i'^iiiffi
38 CONTRIBUriONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOOY — IV.
4ff. R. |»i'0«lii<*fiiN Ay ION.
"Tlu» an((»i'ior nn.sil viilvo is diljitul into a vim'.v hjhtow lattiiul fold,
Noarccly proJtM'tin^ lu\v(>ii<l tlui iuinii] iiiar;;iii. Tlu> l(Mi|{tli (it'tlu^ noNtril
JH sli^Iitiy iiioir tliaii its distance IVoin tii(« latiu'al niaixiti of tlic head
and moiH^ ihixu i\\o (listaiwo between tin* iimcrani^U'Mor (in^ luistiils, and
much less than tho widlh of tlu' mouth, winrh iH very slightly arched.
Snout prodiu'od, the (list4iue«> bet\ve(>u iho outer an}>;U>s of the nostrilN
heiii^ K of that betw<>on the iiu)uth and the end of th<^ snout. A series
of small, de|>ress(>d, polished spines alou^ the median ridpHiftht^ bark;
jjroups of small, polished tubercles on th«» orbital margin an<l on tlu^
shoulder. A broad {groove betAveen the rostral ritljjes, which are sepi:-
rated alonj; their entire lem^th. Snout lighter «'ol<»red than the rest of
the body." — {Streets.) Coast of California an«l southwaril.
(AyroH MSH.; (Jiriml, Vnw. Ac. Nat. Hci. IMiila. lHr)4, l'.H5; Stro.«ts, null. IT. M. Nut.
MilN vii, IH77, .V): Ithhiohatim kHcorhyiu'hnu Ciiiwlhrv, \iii. 111.)
SuPEK-FAMiLY TORPEDINOIDEA.
{T/ie Tori)edinoi(l IfnifH.)
Family XIX.— TOIIPEDINID^.
(^The NHnihJishcu.)
Rays with the trunK broa^l and smooth; the tail «H)mparativoly short
and thick, with rayed cauihil tin, and ,'ommouly two rayed dorsal this
the tirst of which is over or behind t lu^ vtMitrals ; a longitudinal foUl on each
side of tail; anterior nasal valves continent into a (pnidrangular lobe;
an electric orjxan composed of hexa^jonal tjd)es between the i)e(!tora[
fins and tlui head. Cenera (J; siuvies about 15; larpe rays, noted for
their power of {fiviiig' electric shocks ; found in most Heas. ( TorpedinUia'
GUnther, viii, 448-455.)
*l)oiHul Iiii8 two; viMitniln sMpamto; Hpiraclos well behind the «\v«'h....Toiu*kdo, ltd.
36.— TORPEDO l)uiu(<ril, \m\.
Eteetrie Rayn.
(Dum^iil, Zo(»l. Aualyt. p. lifJ: lyjx^ liaiit toi^ivdo \j.) ,
- Electri(! rays with the disk very broad, abrui)tly contracitc^ at tlu>
tail ; two dorsal tins ; (!au<lal tin well <leveloped ; ventral tins larjje, sepa
rate; 8i)iracles hufje, placed behind thecyes; mouth sniall; teeth loointed;
skin perfectly smooth. Large ruys, chielly inhabiting the Aijantic.
■«J-
80. RAUDA: RAIA.
'SO. T. OCCldmlnliw HtcMor. — Ciamp-ftHh ; Torpido ; Numh-Jlth.
V'uHt tloinal iiioH' tliaii twi<H' uh Imx*' hh wc.oihI, pl>u*(u1 over tho von-
tnilH; HpiracleH not i'iiii;;('il, tlitMr cdfjcs Hiiiootli ; color aliiio.st uiiiforin
bliirk, wiMi ol)Nnir(Mljirk('r Hpots; 1m'IM'JI(Ii wliitf; h'-u^tli 15 to 5 ('cot;
iufiidtli if of Ini^tli, tlu* ilJNk v«U',v l>liiiit or aliiioHt ctiiiirKiiiiilc iii front.
Alliiiitu' rouHt ; not v(My roinnion.
(.stor«<r, Am. Jonrii. .Sci. AiIh, Ifi, p. l()5 ; Ht<»n'r, l''iHh»'H Mann. 247.)
IT. 'I'. «"llliforillril AytvH.—< 'aHJhrnia Critinp-jM).
Dark ^rayi.sli brown al»ov(^, tbi<'kly .spotted witli bhu'k ; dink broud
and roiin(b'(i, tbrniin^ nioro tban half tb«' 4'ntir(^ U^iif^tb; t<uttb Hmall,
very »barp. (!oaHt ofC'alitornia. {AyrvM.)
(Aynm, I'loc. CiU. Ac, Nut. Hci. 1854, 70.)
Super-family KAIOIDEA.
{Thv True limiH.)
Family XX— KAUlJylO.
{Thv. Skaien.)
KnyH with tbci di.sk broad, rhombic, nion' or h-nH mnnonH or roujjh ;
tail Htoiit, rathcir lon^, with a, lon^itndinal told on each Nid(% thi^ Hkin
coniinoidy ronj^h with .spincH; iiHually two dor<(ai lin.s and HoinctinicH a
(•an<ial tin ]>r<>s('nt on tlu^ tail; ])(>(;toral (ins extending to the Hnout;
vcntraks lar^o; no .s(Trat('(l .spino on tho tail; Jio oleotrio organn; ovi-
parons, thct'jj^H b(>in(r laid in lar<;o Icatlu'ry <';^jj-<!a.si'S, Coni- nnfjlcd, with
twolon}^" tubnlar " hornn" atoaoh ond. (}on<aa 1 or nuin!; Hpcc,i<'H4(), numt
of thoni belon^jinj^ to tho gtMi-.m Huia. Skatew of goncrally small Hizo;
fiaintl in all so.a.s.
'Ciuidal I'm nulimcritary or ubwiiit ; jinctoralH not conflnent around tho unoat; von-
trulH/looply nottiliod • Raia, 37.
37.— RAIA LinnujUH, 17.'iH.
Rays.
(Artcdi — Liiinm«8, HyHf. Niit. : iy\H^ liain ('Uumta\i.)
This jjonns, a.s here understood, (■()mi)ri.s('s all thoso Itaiidw which havo
tho pectoral IhiH not contiiined around the Hnout, the ventrals dcioply
notched, and the caudal Hn little dev<'lo|)ed or wanting-; tJa^ tail is very
distinct from the disk, and is providcil with two rayed dorsal fins; the
skin of the body is usually more or lesH spijious ; tln^ dentition differs
in the two sexes, and the male is usually provi(h!d with a ditferentiat«d
patch of spines on eacli i)ectoral. Species numerous.
-I
.'lU
■ m
■}•!
1
■(-!'i
m
■^2
"'• ^ li
t ,
40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Our tnowledge of the Americ{?ii species Las been in a state of great
confusion until very lately, the first careful comparison of the speciex
having been made bj' Mr. Garnian in 1874. On his excellent paper* the
following account is based. {Raia or Bajn, the Latin name of fishes of
1 his genus.)
1. — Atlantic Species. n
* Outline of tho disk anterior to the apirac]''8 r<»nn«leil, not forming an angle at the
tip of the snout.
tRowa of teeth about ^g. i • , mi
4§. R. crinacea Mitchill. — Commor Skate ; Little Skate; Tobacco-box.
Form rlionfooid, with all the angles rounded; spines largtstonthc
anterior extensions of the pectorals, where they are clos<5-s(^t, strong,
laterally <;oini)res8ed and hooked backwards ; smaller ones ari^ scuittercd
over the head, abov^e the spiracles, above and in front of the (^yes, on
the back, the median line of which is comparatively smooth, without
larger median s«»ries, except in the young. A triangular patch on tlic
shoulder girdle; inner jwsterior angles of the pectorals nearly smooth ;
in the males near the exterior angles of the pectorals are two rows of
large erectik^ hooks, jjoiuting backwards. Females with groups of small
scales on each side of the vent; teeth small, the middle ones sharjj in
the males ; all blunt in the females ; jaws much curved ; each side of tail
with a dermal fold ; caai'al lius rough, not separate to the base, i jlor
light brown, with small round spots of dark brown ; femalei; larger than
t!»e males. L. 1 to 2 feet {Oarman.) The smallest and conunonest of our
. kates ; abimdant on oiu* coast, esjiecially northward.
{liaia (friiiacva Mitchill, Am. .louru. Sci. Arts, xi, 290, 18'2r>: liaia eglantcria GUnther,
viii, 4<)5J; (iarmun, 1. e. 17(5.)
tt Ki>WH of teeth 'i'i {^ t<» H9)-
49. H. ocellatn mU'.hill—OaUated Ray ; liig Skate.
General form and a]>])earance of the pr'cceding; the arrangement of
spi?ies Mmilar, excei)t that additional rows of spines are present down
the ba"k and along the siih'sof the tail; .;au(lal fin ]U)t separate, rough
with small ,si>ines; Jaws curved. Oolor light brown, with rounded dark
spots ; a translucent si>;ice on each side of the snout ; near the posterior
angle of the pectimil tlu're is usually (but not always) a large white
ocellus, with a dark si)ot in the centre and a ilarker bordc^r ; two smaller
similar spots often present {Garman). Sizti very much larger than thi^
* On tli;.> Skates (Kajie) of tho Kastern Coasts of the llaiteil Htates: By H. W. Out-
man. <Proc. Host. Soe. Nat. Hist, xvii, Nov. 4, 1874, pp. 170-181.
iil i'v\;
-''^l .' 'J^
RAIIDiT: RAIA.
41
preceding specien, reaching a length of nearly three feet. Tlie egg-
cases are more than twice as large an those of the suialler species.
(Mifchill, TiiuiH. Lit. &■ Pliil. Soc. i, 477, 18ir>r Baia diapharten, pt. ; Storer, Fish.
Mass. 240; Garmaii, 1. c. 177.)
"Outline of thndiHk iiiitorior to thii 8;)iiiM!l»'.s forming? n inoro or less markt'd angle
at the tip of tbo 8nouf .
(Angle at tip nf Riiout Hhort and obttiMo; rows of teetli ^8; body and tail with
large bucklers.
50. M. radiatll Donovan.— .S<«rr^ Uay.
In addition to the spines on the pectorals, head, back, and tail common
to the preceding species, this species is marlced by the presence of large
spinous plates or bucklers. Tliese are large strong spines, with broad
stellate or shield-like bases. They are arranged as follows : One or
two in front of ea"h eye ; one on each side between the eye and the
spiracle ; a ])air on th(! shoulder, the smaller in front ; and fourteen or
more forming a dorsal row, boginning just back of tlie head and extend-
ing to the caudal. An irregidar row of spines on euch side of the tail,
separated from the .nembrane by a band of shagreen ; males witli tv^o
or more rows of claw-like sjjines on the pectorals. Teeth with a long
sharp point, rising from the middle and hooking backwards in the male,
blimtish in the female; females larger than the males and ujore spinous.
{Oarman). Size medium. L. lito2feet. North Atlantic; fou^d both
in America and Europe.
(R'tia radiata Donovan, Hist. Brit. FiHli. v, pi. 114, 18^0; Gilnther, viii. 4(50; Oar-
mnii, I. c. 177: Idna amcrkana DeKay, 2(!0. )
tt Anglo at tip of Hnoni acute, moderately produced; rowH of teeth JJ.
31. R. esclutntcrin Jia(!^p<>de.— /inVr Ray.
Prickles comparatively small and very sharp, most numerous on the
anterior portion of the pectoral, over the hea<l^ on the snout, on the
middle of the back, and '>n the tail botw<'en the ix>ws of larger oi.es ;
enlarged spines present around the eyes air.l spiracles, on the middle of
the snout, in a median row along the back, and in two rows along each
side of the tail ; these spines very shar]), larger and smaller ones alter-
nating in the rows; a large spine in the middle of each shoulder; a
spine between the caudal llns. Color brown, with ban<!s, bars, lines,
blotches, and spots of darker in the middle of the pectoral ; a translu-
' >'
« ■•
4
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICTHYOLOGY — IV.
cent splice on each side of the rostrum. (Oarmtm.) L. about 2 feet.
Atlantic coasts of the United States ; not very common.
{Raia etjlanteria Bosc, MSS; Lac(5p5de, Hist. Nat. dos Poiss. ii, 103: Raia desmareatia
Le Sucnr, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. iv, 100 : Raia chantenag Lo Sueur, 1. c. 103 ; Garinan, 1.
c. 179.)
tt Anglo at tip of .snout mncli producod, blunt ; rows of teeth §^.
53> K« ISBVis Mitchill. — Barndoor Skate.
Angles of the disk more acute than in any of the others; muzzle
much produced, somewhat shovel- shaj)ed at tip. Spines of the body
very few and small. Some present above the eyes and spiracles, on the
snout, along the anterior border of the pectorals, and on the back ; those
on the back very small. A median dorsal row of larger hooked spines
extending along the median line of the posterior portion of the back
and the tail. Usually two lateral rows on the tail. Female rougher, as
usual among rays. Color variable, brownish, with paler spots, which
are usually ringed with darker. The largest of our Atlantic species,
reaching a length of about four feet. Virginia northward j not uncom-
mon.
(Mitchill, Amor. Monthly Mag. ii, 327, 1817; Storer, Hist. Fish. Masa. 18(57,248;
Garnian, 1. c 180.)
93. B. y^raneilata Gill.
" A remarkable species, with the back and ventral surface covered
with, mifiute sharp granular ossifications, obtained by Capt. Joseph W.
Collins on Le Have Bank. A species of the same type -as B. lavisj and
having 30 to 31 teeth on each side; the back granulated and slate
colored; the ventrals distinguished by reticulate markings, and the
claspers slender and scarcely expanded." {Oitl.)
(Gill MS.; Goode & Bean, Bull. Eaaox Inst, xi, 1879, 28.)
2. — Pacific Species.
A4. Vt, cooperi Oirard.—liuj Skate.
iJisk broad, its widest part behind the middle. Snout long, regularlj
long-acuminate, but not very sharp at tip, the anterior outline of the
pectoral not nuu^h undulated, and little concave. Interorbital space
very broad, almost flat, slightly depressed in the middle. Supraocular
ridge scarcely elevated. Eyes small, shorter than the spiracles. Spines
on body small and few. Two or three small spines around the eye. One
or two near the centre of the back. Otherwise none on median line of
back, in front of bane of ventrals, where a serie.s of spines begins, feeble
iv i 20. RAIID^ RAIA. ; :;
anteriorly, but growiug larger backvyaM. Females (as in other species)
with lateral series of spines on the tail. Upper surface mostly covered
with minute prickles, which are largest on the median line of the back,
on the tail, and the front of the pectorals. Disk smooth below, except
anteriorly. Teeth about ^f, the jaws rather strongly arched. Disk
one-flfth broader than long, its width twice the length of the tail.
Snout 3J in length of disk, 2^ interorbital width. Color brown, with a
(lark ring at base of i)ectorals. Upper surface everywhere with round
pale spots. The largest of our skates, reaching a length of over six feet.
The egg-case nearly a foot long. Abundant on the Pacific coast from
Monterey to Sitka.
(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Exp. Fish. 372 ; Jordan &. Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus-
1880,135.)
a. R. rhina Jor. &. Gilb.
Disk broad, the outer pectoral angle sharp, farther forward than in
R, cooperi. Anterior outline of pectoral somewhat undulated and ex-
ceedingly concave, so that the snout is very long, acuminate, and taper-
ing to the extreme point. Interorbital space quite narrow, little con
cave. Supraocular ridges slightly elevated. Eyes large, much longer
than spiracles. Spines on body comparatively strong; five to seven
above the eyes ; two or three near the middle of the back ; none on
the median line of the back until opposite the posterior end of ventrals,
where a series of rather sharp spines begins. Prickles on body above
rather large, shaq), strongly stellate; those on the snout largest and
most stellate. Skin above everywhere prickly in the female; the
inickles small and sparse on the base and edges of the pectorals and on
ventrals ; larger ou the median region of the disk. Male with bases of
hus smooth, and the prickles generally fewer and smaller; anterior
edge of pectoral M'ith sj)ines. Under side of disk almost every wuere
prickly in the females, smooth posteriorly in the males. Mouth some-
what arched. Teeth |^. Color light brown, nearly plain, with a dark
ring at base of j)ectorals, which grows obscure with age. Disk one-
tiMith broader than long, its breadth twice the length of the tail. Snout
iK'urly one-third the length of the disk, 3,^ times the interorbital width.
L 2^ feet. Monterey to Puget's Sound ; not rare. __ _.^, ., , , .,
(Jordan & Gilhort, I'roc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, —.)
5tt. R. bJiiocillntn Girard.— Common Skate (of California;.
Disk broad, its widest part well forward; outer angle of pectoral
blunt ; posterior edge convex ; anterior margin of pectoral uudulated, not
44 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
strongly conoavo ; .snout rather point«Ml luul projectinff al tip, but not
vory lonp;, it.s aouniiiuition boinfjf connntMl to its anterior half. lnt<ir
ocular spaw narrow, jleoply and unilbrnily coiu'avt'. ICycM large, longer
than spiraeleH. Supraocular ridge prominent. Spines on body rather
stmnger than in related speciies. Four or live over the eye; five or six
(rarely fewer) along the nie<lian line, in front of the middle of the hack.
A series of very small spines along the ntiddle of the buck, changing
opposite the middle of the ventrals into a series of rather strong hooked
spines. Tail with a stiong lateral series in females only, as usual in tlui
genus. Prickles on the body snmll and few. A small band of si)arse
])rickles near the median Vuw of back on each sid«» of tlu^ median series
of si)ines. Snout and intiMorbital spac(s i)rickly. No prickles on the
shoulders o«' on the flns, except the anterior e«lgei of tlu> j)ectorals. He
low smooth, excei)t the snout and front of ])eetorals. Teeth ■\%. Jaws
somewhat curved. (Jolor light brown, slightly mottled; a bhickish ring
at base of pectorals, which beiHunes faint in the adult. A snuill dusky
spot at base of ventrals and on posterior edge of pe<'torals. Disk one
tenth broader than long, its brea<lth twice tlu^ length of the tnil. Snout
one-fourth the length of the «lisk, three times the niteivrbital width.
L. 2 feet. Coast of (Jalifornia, from Monterey to Cape Mendocino;
abundant.
(Girurd, I'roc. Ac. Nut. 8ci. Philii. 1854, 196: Umptmi hiiioculata (Jimrd, U. 8. Pftc.
R. R. Expl. Fislu's, :i7:i ; GiinUi.T, viii, -1(54.)
Vrtr. incrmis .Ionian «Sr Gilhort (var. iiov.).
Difters in the small nund)er aiul feebleness of the spines and prickles,
and in the presence of a band of small i)rickles (in the females) on the
posteror ly.a't of the [)ect<)rals, ))arallel with the edge. Sujjraocular
spines almost obsolete. Tw») or three minute prickles oft-en present at
the shoulder. A series of minute stellate prickles beginning near the
middle of the back, be(H)ming hooked spines on the tail. Lateral caudal
spiiu's scarcely ditVerentiated. A band of snmll prickles on posterioi-
l)art of the back. Males almost smooth. Santa Barbara, Cal.
ftT. B. Stelllllnfa.Tonlan iV (iilbort. ""
""Disk much broader than long, anteriorly broa<lly arched ; the snout
vory obtuse, but its tip slightly exserted an<l acutish ; anterior margin
of pectorals somewhat undulated and (convex; posterior nuirgin very
convex. A row of stout supraocidar sjunes ; about six spines on the
scapular region, and a median row of strong spines on the tail. Entire
upper surface I'ougli with strong stellate prickles; these large C on
^..:..„ ,,...^ .::,,; .U.-r-JV^: ■ 81- TRYGONIDiE. \;ir,.% :/,:,.-;::-■ v.:V,:_^,.. ... 46
head, middle of buck, and on tail, lliider Hide smooth except nnU^
riorly. Teeth ^|f. (Jolor brown, everywhere Htrongly varicKJit^Ml with
li^'ht and .lark colorH; a bhick .spot at l>aMe of eacli pccNmil, .snri'ounded
by a pale rin^, and this by a bhu;k rin^ ; nuineronM black wpots of varionH
hIzivs, Mome of them ocellated, Hcatt^jred over the body; head with black
cr(»s.s-bar.s.
Di.sk one llfth broader than hmin ; the lenj^th of tail more than half
(ho width of dink; lh(i Hiiont 4A in lenjjth ofdi.sk, and IJ^timeHthe inter-
(nl)ital width ; the «nont in as lon^ a.«« in hhioculala, i)nt mnch wider,
appcarinj^ blunt and nliorl. L. li<J feet, iiay of Monterey, California;
locally iibun<l}iiit.
(.JonliHi &Um>oit, I'vw. U. .S. Niil. Miih. IHHO, VX\.)
Family XXI.—TRYGONIDiK.
{The mhiy Hmin.)
Disk u.sually inon^ or less broader than lon^ ; the pectoral linHunint<*r-
niptedly confluent in front, forininj; the tip of the snout; tail variously
formed, usually whip like, .souuitimes short and stout, Mometimes bearin;;
a sinji;le «lor.sal or (caudal lln, but never with two d<u-.sals. Usually on<M)r
more vertical fohls of skin on the tail, rarely a htteral fohl. Tail {generally
armed with a larjic, sharp, riitrorsely scurate spiiH'. on its upper surfmse,
toward the ba.se (two or thn^e spin^vs occasionally present). Ventral
liiis not (^maTginate. Hkin snu)(>th or variously prickly or spiiu>us, rough-
est on the adult. No din'erentiattMl spines on the [tectorals in the nuiles,
the sexes beint;' similar. Mouth rather small. Teeth small, paved, usu-
ally mor<( or less pointed or tubercular. Nostrils near together; nasal
valves forming a rectangular tlap, which is joiiu'.d to the upper jaw by
a narrow frenum. Hpiracles large, |)Ia.(!ed clo.se behi ml the eyes. Skull
not elevated, the eyes and s|>iracles superioi'. Ovoviviparous. Genera
about 10; species i5(). Found in most warm seas, some of them in the
fresh waters of (Central and Houth Ameiica. The large spine on the
nmscular tail is capable of inllictinga, si^'creajul even dangcirous wound.
(7'n/f/«nif/(if(iilnUnir, viii, i71-'IHH.)
•Tail HtioiU, provided with ii ntycd «'aii(liil fiti nuoi.oiMIUH,* 3W.
•*Tiiil HidiitUir, without, r-auilal liii.
tTail very Hhoit, shorter \\uu\ the Itroad (IIhU PTKlu»tM,ATKA, :i!>.
trrail whiii-liii(s hniKer than ihit ilink Dahvatis, 40
•
* Til tlio koy to the fainilieH of UaUv, on jiaf^e IMi, the ehnracter !iHsiniie»l to Trytjovidn!,
"Tail very Hh^iider, wlup-like, itHlliiH, if aiiy,Hinall and near itHluiHe," does not apply
to ilie K»"i»iH Urolophim, and Hhould he niodilled. All the " t'achytua" luive two «lor-
niiIh and a traou at Umnt of aeandai tin. In tint " MaHti<;nra" one or inoro of theso Huh
are ohaolute, and a aorrated candal Hpiuo Ih guuurally prcHont.
■i
it
Til'
r
■ t
:M
46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^IV.
3§ IJROLOPHUS MUUor & Henle.
Round Sting Bays. ' ■
if' '1 1
(Miiller & Heule, Plagiostouicu, 1837, 173 : type Urolophus aarantlacus Miiller &, Henle
:= Raia critciata LacdpMe.)
Disk oval or rhombic, the length and breadth not very unequal.
Snout rounded or slightly prominent. Skin smooth or somewhat prickly.
Tail rather short, little if any longer than the disk, muscular, provided
with a distinct rayed cpudal fin ; no dorsal tin. Upper part of the tail
with a strong serrated spine. Warm seas., Size small. {<ii'>pd, tail;
A«^«r, crest.) . - .
* Skill perfectly smooth. ; ; ..
58. U. Iialleri Cooper.
Disk nearly round, a little broader than long, with the anterior mar-
gins straightish, meeting in a slight angle. Snout (from the eyes) longer
than the width of the interorbital space. Tail somewhat shorter than
the disk. Skin without spines or prickles. ikAor light brownish, with
marbliugs and wavy lines of yellowish and dusky, sometimes with
yellowish spots, occasionally with wide, obscure dusky streaks, which
are crossed by similar transverse streaks. Belly yellowish tinged.
Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward ; exceedingly
abundant in sheltered bays. L. 12. The smallest of our sting rays.
Closely related to the Australian U. cruciatm, if not identical witl) it.
(Cooper, Proc. Ciilif. Ac. Nat, Sci. iii, 95, )
89.— PTEttOPLATEA Miiller &. Henle,
(Jlilller & Henle, Phif^iostomen, 1837, 168: type Raia altavela L,)
Disk much broader than long, its anterior margins meeting in a very
obtuse angle, its outer angles more or less acute. Tail very short and
slender, shorter than the disk, without tin, usually armed with a small
serrated spine. Skin smooth or very nearly so. Size moderate or rather
large. Warm seas. {7:T£/>aj fins ; Trlaria, broad ; nrepmtXarsia, an ancient
'Spiracle without tentacle. *• ,„, - ^,>-, *
59. P. ilUK'.liiru (Lo Sueur) Miiller & Htiule. —IMtei'flu Ray. 1 ..lll'l' 'j^Ji '
Disk scarcely twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth
skin. Tail about one-third as long as the disk, with a very slight der-
mal fold above ami below. Snout a little projecting, so that the anterior
edge of each pectoral is somewhat concave. Color brownish olive,
lonely marbled with grayish, and finely speckled. Anterior edge of disk
ai. TRYGONID^ DASYATI8.
47
with half spots of paler. Tail with four dark blotches above, forming
half rings. (Caudal spine wanting in all the specimens examined.) Vir-
ginia to Brazil ; not uncommon.
{Ilaia maclura Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 41 ; Duui^ril, Hist. Nat.
Poiss. i, 614 ; Giluther, viii, 487.) , '
60. P- niarmok'ata Cooper.
Disk about twice as broad as long, covered with perfectly smooth skin.
Tail 3f in length of disk, with a rather small cutaneous fold above and
below, the lower fold the longer, the upper about as deep. Interor-
bital space a little shorter than the snout. Snout slightly prominent,
but forming a very obtuse angle. Olive-brown, finely mottled every-
where with darker, the dark forming rciiculations around pale roundish
spots. Toil without dark rings. Caudal spine much smaller than in
other sting rays ; present in all specimens examined. Coast of Califor-
nia from Point Concepcion southward ; common.
(Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. iii, 112.)
40.— DASYATIS Ratiuesque.
■ . * ■ ^
Sting Bays.
( Try ffQii Aiianson.)
(Ratinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Geu. 1810, 16: type Dasyatis ujus Raliue8que =
Rata pastitiaca Linuicus.)
Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles. Tail very long and slender,
whip-like, without tin, but often with one or two vertical membranace-
ous folds. A strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail. Skin
more or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth. Teeth small, i)aved.
A few ])apilla; usually i)resent in the mouth behind the lower jaw.
Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seas. Many of the spinous
species are nearly or quite smooth when young, {ihtrrn-, shaggy or
rough; /3«t£'c, a skate ; hence properly i>as?y/M/i.'?.) ;• vr'
* UpiMT candul fold obsolete; lower well dovdopod. {Ilcmitriffion MUUcr «fc Hculoi.)
<il. D. cciltruil'll$i(MitcIiill) Jordan »feGilbert. — Common Utiiifj Jiay ; Clam Cravkir;
Stinganr.
Disk a little broader than long, its anterior angle obtuse. Tail rel-
atively stout, about one-third longer than the disk. A well developed
fold below, but the ui)per fold reduced to a mere trace. Disk perfectly
smooth in the young, with more or less of tubercles along the median
Hue of the back an<l the scapular region in the adult. Buccal papillsB
3. Width of mouth about half its distance from the tip of the snout.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Caudal spiue 1^ times width of mouth. Spiracles very large. Color
nearly uniform brownish. L. 8 feet. Cape Cod to Florida ; common.
(Perhaps includes more than one species.) .,:-;.,
(liaia centrura Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & PhiL Soc. N. Y. i, 471) : Pastinaca ha«talu De-
kay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 373 : Trygon hastata Giintber, viii, 476. )
Ujiper and lower caudal folds well developed. {Daayatia.)
63> D. sayi (Le Sueur) Goode & Bean.
Disk rhomboidal, a little broader than long, the muzzle moderately
promiiieut. Width of mouth contained about 2i times in the length of
the snout. Tail with two well-developed folds, the lower fold consider-
ably the larger, both smaller than in Z). diptenirm. Tail slender,
prickly, nearly twice as long as the disk ; its spiue extremely long ; its
length 2J times the width of the mouth. Skin smooth in the youn^^,
becoming roughish with age. Several rather strong recurved spines
along the middle line of the back. Spiracles moderate. Buccal papillic
5 (7). Color brownish. South Atlantic States to Brazil.
(liaja say Le Sueur, Jomu. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 42 : Trygon myi Dumdril,
Elasraobrauch. 603: Trygon pastinaca part GUuther, viii, 478.)
63. D. dipterurus Jordan & Gilbert.
Disk rhomboid, slightly broader than long, anterior margins nearly
straight, meeting anteriorly in a very obtuse angle ; posterior margins
curved ; lateral angles rounded ; tail nearly half longer than the di«k,
with a conspicuous cutaneous fold below and a smaller but evident one
above; jaws considerably arched ; buccal papilhe 3; teeth |^. Young
perfectly smooth. Adult with a row of low but rather stout tubercles
on the median line of the scapular region and two others on the humenil
region. Tail with small prickles. Caudal spine long, its length nearly
3 times the width of the mouth. Color bluish brown, nearly plain. L.
6 feet or more. Bay of San Diego, California ; abundant.
(DaayhaUa dipteriiruH Jordan «& Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 31.)
64. D. tuberculatlis (Lac6p.) Goodo & Beau.
Disk rhomboidal, a little broader than long ; anterior borders scarcely
concave, the posterior almost straiglit ; external angles rounded ; muz-
zle pointed ; tail below with a cutaneous fold, higher and longer thaii
the upper fold, covered for its posterior two-thirds with small ossifica-
tions ; tail nearly 2^ times length of disk. All the middle of the upper
surface of the body, from the posterior region of the head to the base
iiMi
■MM
-•^ 88. MYLIOBATIDJE.
of the tail, covered by an armature composed of a very great number
of small bony tubercles. Along the median line an irregular series of
tubercles with the base enlarged, jilmost quadrilateral, the points directed
backward ; a tubercle on the shoulder girdle on each side of the median
Hue. Five pnpillai in the mouth. Jaws strongly arched. Very young,
almost smooth. Uniform brown. {Dumcril.) Florida to Brazil.
{liahi iuhcrcnlutu Lac^pi>d(», lli.st. I'oiss. ii, lOG: Tryyon tnberculata DumtSril, Elasmo-
braucli. 60.'): Tnjgon tuhcrciilata Giintbcr, viii, 460.)
63* D« sabiiius (Lc Sueur) Goode & Bean.
Disk oval-rhomboidal, scarcely longer than broad, the anterior bor-
ders lightly concave, united by rounded angles to the posterior borders,
^hich are longer and a little convex; snout projecting; tail twice as
loug as the body ; upper part of the he 1 rough with small spines ; on
the middle of the back a row of tubercles commencing behind the head
luid prolonged on the base of the tail ; 5 buccal papilla> ; two siiines on
each side oi the shoulder girdle ; tail rough, with two short, low cutane-
ous folds; uiouth strongly arched. Color uniform yellowish brown.
[DnmSril.) " Distinguished from D. ccntrurus by the shape of the disk,
tbfl shape of the caudal spine, and the wing-like membranes on the
tail" {Goode in lit.). Perhaps '.dcntical Avith the preceding.
(Tnjgon sahina ho Bnenr, Jouru. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1824, iv, 109: Tri/gon sahina
Duui6ril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 007: Irygon tnberculata Giiutlicr, viii, 480, i)art.)
Family XXII.— MYLIOBATID^.
{The Eagle Rays.)
Disk broad ; the pectoral fins not continued to the end of the snout,
but ceasing on the sides of the head and reappearing in front of the
snout as one or two fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are suji-
ported by fin rays. Tail very long and slender, whip-like, with a single
dorsal fin near its root, behind which is usually a strong, retrorsely
serrated spine. Nasal Aalves forming a rectangular fh'p, with the pos-
terior margin free, attached by a frenum to the upper jaw\ Skull less
depressed than usual among rays, its surface raised so that the eyes and
spiracles are lateral in position. Teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessel-
lated, the middle ones usually broader than the others. Ovoviviparous.
Xo differentiated spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes being-
similar. Ventralsnoteniarginate. Genera 3 ; species about 20. Large
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 4 r . . , - v
I,;
„ ii
1
J
41
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1
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131
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.•=*i-««5«i«Pi«'*fes*:'*-.«<BB:iSr;i'
i' .1
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mi
50 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
sting rays ; inhabiting warm seas. Similar in habits to the Trygonid(H.
(Group MijUohatina Giiiithcr, viii, 488-495.)
• Muzzle entire.
a. Teeth iu a siuglo series, very broiid Aetobatis, 41.
aa. Teeth in severiil series, the middle series very broad Myliobatis, 4'2.
•* Muzzle emarginatc ; cephalic fins below the level of the disk ; teeth in several
series RiiixoPTEnA, 43.
41.— AETOBATIS Miiller & Ilenle.
Bishop Bays. ^
(BlainvUle; Miiller & Henlo, Plagiostonxen, 1837: type Rnja narinari Euphrason.)
General form of Myliohatis. Muzzle entire. Teeth flat, broad, form-
ing a single series corresponding to the middle series in Myliohatis^ there
being no small lateral teeth, tipper dental lamina straight, lower
curved, the latter projecting beyond the upi)er. Free border of the
nasal valve deeply emarginate. Skin smooth. Tropical seas, {airo-^
eagle; ftariq, ray.
66. A. iiariiiaB'i (Enphrasen) Miiller & Henlo.
Disk twice as broad as long, its anterior borders a little convex, pos-
terior concave, outer angles pointed. Cephalic fin about one-third
broader than long. Teeth of the lower jaw straight or more or less
angularly bent. Tail 3 or 4 times length of disk. Brown, with small
round pale spots. {Dnmvril.) Virginia to the Indian Ocean; not very
common on our coast.
{Baia narinari Euphrasen, Vet. Ak. Nya. Handl. 1790, xi, 217 : Baia flagellum
Bloch, Schn. 301; GUnthcr, viii, 492; Diimeril Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, G42.)
42.— MYL.IOBATIS C. Dumdril.
Eagle Bays.
(Dnm6ril iu Cuvicr R^guo Animal, ii, ed. 1, 137, 1817 : typo Baia aquila Linnaius.)
Disk broad, the outer angles Jicute ; cephalic fins forming a soft con-
vex appendage in front of the snout; jaws about equal; median teetli
very broad, nuich broader than long in the adult, i)roportionally nar-
rower in the young ; several series of narrower teeth on each side of
the median series. Free edge of the nasal valve not deeply emarginatc.
Tail very long and slender, with a small dorsal fin and one or more ser-
rated spines. Skin smooth or nearly so. Size large. In all warm seas.
(/xyAt'ac, a grinder ; /ISrtV, ray.) , , , , •„, _, . .
22. MYLIOBATID^ RHINOPTERA.
m
67. Itl* frcminvillei Lc Snciir.
Disk broader than long, the breadth equal to the length of the tail.
Skin entirely smooth. A blunt, whitish i)r()niinence over each eye.
]\Iuz/le prominent. Teeth of the main row 4 to G times broader than
long ; small teeth in three rows, lleddish brown. Tail nearly black.
Cape Cod to Brazil ; not uncommon.
(Lc SmMir, Jonrn. Ac. N;i'. Sci. Phila. iv, 111: MtiViohath fcis/x'nosHS Dutn6ril, Hist.
Niit. Poiss. t)37: Myliobalis a (ttoStorer, Hist. FiHlj. Mass. "J 15.)
6N. I^. californicus CAW.— California Sting Hay; ISalfixh.
Disk not quite twice as broad as long; the wings anteriorly convex, po.s-
tcaiorly somewhat concave. Cephalic fin very blunt, nearly 4 times as
broad as long. Tail nearly twice as long as the disk. Ventral large,
broader than long. Lateral teeth in 3 to 5 series on each side; median
teeth only 3 to 4 times as broad as long, even in the adult. Skin wholly
smooth. Color dusky brownish, the young somewhat variegated. San
Francisco southward ; very common on the Pacific coast.
(RhinojytiTa vcapertilio Girard, Boston Journ. N.'it. Hist. I<i7, 5-14: UolorJiiniis rc/tper-
filio Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 18G">, 3;U (not Myliohatia vespertiUo Blocker);
Gill, Anu. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1865, viu, 137.)
43.— RHINOPTERA Kuhl.
Cow-nosed Bays.
(Kiilil, Miillcr, Abliandlungen Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1836, 237 : type Rhinoptera brasiliensis
Miiller=: Myliobatis jusaieui Cuvier.)
Disk broader than long, with the anterior angles more or less acute.
Snout more or less emarginate on the median line. Cephalic fln emar-
oinate and placed on a i)lane below the level of the pectorals, the snout
thus appearing four-lobed. Free border of the nasal valve not emar-
ginate. Teeth in 3 to 20 rows, the median teeth more or less enlarged,
but often smaller than in Myliobatis. Tail long, whip-like, with a small
dorsal fin and a serrated spine. Tropical seas, {/nv, snout ; r.repuv, fin.)
69. R. quadrilo1>a (Le Suenr) Cuvier.
Disk one-third broader than long; anterior borders almost straight,
posterior undulated ; muzzle deeply emarginate. Teeth in seven rows,
the median teeth four times as broad as long. Tail very slender, a lit-
tle longer than the disk. Skin smooth or nearly so. Color brownish.
Cape Cod to Florida; not rare. Attains a large size. ^^ -, .-- ^~
[Rixw qitadriloba Le Sueui, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 44 ; Giiutber, viii, 494; Dum^ril,
Hist. Nat. Fkiisa. i, 648.
m
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52 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
..-il
Family XXIIL— CEPIIALOPTERID^.
{TJie Sea Devils.)
Rays of euormoiis size, with tho disk broader than long and the pec-
toral lins not continne'l on the sides of tl.e head, the anterior or eephalio
portion developed as two long ear -like appen<fages. Mouth wide, tcr
min.al or inferior. Teeth very small, Hat or tuhercidar, in many series,
those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting. Eyes lateral. Nostrils
widely separated, their valves united, forming a tlapas wide as the cleft
of the mouth. Tail long and slender, whip like, with a single dorsal liu
at its base, and with or without a serrated spine. Ventral fins not
emarginate. Skin more or less rough. Males without differentiated
spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous. General*;
species about 7. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes.
Found in the tropical seas.
(Myliobatidce, group B. Ceratoptcnnn GUnthcr, vili, 496-498.)
* Teeth in lower jaw only ; mouth terminal Manta, 44.
B I
44.— ITIANTA Bancroft.
{Ceratoptera Milller Sc Ilcnlc.)
(Bancroft, Zool. Journal, 1828-'29, iv, 444: type Ceplmloptcra manta Bancroft = i?am
birostris Walbanm.)
Disk broader than long, its exterior angles acute, the posterior mar-
gins of the pectorals concave. Head truncate in front ; the cephalic
fins long, turned forward and inward. Moutli large, terminal. Teeth
minute, present in lower jaw only. Tail whip-like, often (always?) with
out serrated spine. Skin rough, with small tubercles. Two species
known. {Manta, blanket, "a name used at the pearl fisheries between
Panama and Guayaquil to designate an enormous fish much dreaded
by the divers, whom it is said to devoiir after envelojnng them hi ita
vast wings.")
70, m. birostris (Walbanm) Jordan & Gilbert.— iSea Devil; Devil Fish; Maiifa.
Disk not quite twice as broad as long. Tail about as long as the disk.
Teeth in about 100 longitudinal series, which are separated by distinct
interspaces. Skin of body and tail everywhere covered with saiall
stellate tubercles, reuderiug the surface very rough. Brownish, the
24. CUIM^RID^.
53
iiiargius of the disk darker. (Dumcril.) Tropical waters of America;
uortli to North Carolina and San Diego, lieadics a width of about 20
feet.
C^liaia birostria Walbjiuin " : Cephaloptera rampiiruH Mitcbill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
Y. If'A '"^•': DiaholkhihyHdllotii IIolinoH, Proc. Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist. 1H56, :{9 : Cn-atop-
tcra vampyrus Dumcril, Hist. Nat. Puias. i, G6U : Ceratoptera tampyrua UUuther, viU, 498.)
Subclass HOLOCEPHALI.
{The Chimccras.)
The characters of the single order.
OuDER F.-IIOLOCEPHALI.
{The Chimccras.)
Skeleton cartilaginous. Gill-cavity witli four clefts within, but having
one external opening only, which is covered by a fold of skin, within
which is a rudimentary cartilaginous operculum. No spiracles. Mouth
inferior. Jaws without separate teeth, but armed with bouy plates.
Intestines with a spiral valve. No air-bladder. Jaws and palate
coalesceut with the skull. Derivative radii sessile on the sides of the
basal bones of the limbs, separated from the articulation. Pectoral fins
normally developed, placed low. Ventral flns abdominal. Tail taper-
ing. Skin smooth or nearly so ; its uuiciferous system well developed.
A single family.
{Holocepliala Guuthor, viii, 348-352 ; bXoc, solid; Ke<pa?i7i, head.)
'fj
.'lii
Family XXIV.— CHIM^RID^.
{The Chimccras.)
Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly , tapering posteriorly. Head
compressed. Mouth inferior. Upper lip deeply notched. Nostrils
confluent with the mouth, separated by a narrow isthmus. Jaws with
the teeth confluent into four bony laminje above and two below. No
spiracles. Males with a peculiar cartilaginous hook, armed with prickles
at the tip, autl turned forward on the uppcir part <if the snout. Pectoral
tins free, placed low. Ventral fins abdominal, many-rayed, provided in
the male with claspcrs. Dorsal fin usually divided ; anteriorly with a
very strong spine, which is grooved behind. Caudal fin low, fold like.
Skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly. Lateral line present, usually
with numerous branches anteriorly. Three free gills and two half gills,
^ ; 1,4 .
:lii
'm
I iPi
ii"
'4 Vi
immi
54 coxTUiimrioNs to nouth amkuican ichthyology — iv.
Olio on each sido. Istliiuus. iuoil<»r,U»^; uill rakoi's sinsill. Ovipamns,
thi» ojijr-oaM's lonjj, olliptioal. with -silky llIaimMils. (lonora *J ((7uwi(r»<i
ami Cfillorhunrlfu.'i); spooios about .^. Ahoumliiiji in tho soasoltonipor-
ato and ooM iv}ii»>ns.
•8uou( (<oft, not tonuinsUiuji in a »ut:n\i-ousl1;ip; Jail not lioiU uinvanl..CniM,i;K.v, 1,V
<ia.-riiikn.i<:H;i MimaMis.
(liinnaMiH, Mus. lN>jii.<>. Ail. l'ri<l. i, r>;l; Sjn^t.Nat. : lypi' ('Atm<im »M<tM.>»/nM»<> 1,.)
Hoa»l souiowhat ooiupivssiMl, the snout l>hiuiish. pn)trudinsj, lh\sliy.
not arnuMl ai tip with an appordaji'o. Kyos vory hir.uo, laloval. Tooth
-rathiM' s«n>nji'. 1-ips (luoUish, tho h>wor with a fiXMiuni. Latoral lino
vsimplo on tin* body, but forkiu}; aiitoiiorly, fonninj;' sovoral sovios o(
nnu'ous tnboson tlio hcatl. Malo with a «'hib sliapod,«'aitilajiint us luntk
on tho hoad, abovo (Iso snt>nt. This hook is ourvoil forwanl and down
war!, and is arniod at its tip with doourvo«l N[)inos. Its tip lits intti ;»
dopivssion in front of Iho oyos. (till oponin.ii small. Pool orals niotl
orafo. Vontrals ralhor laruo. with larjio bilid or trilid olaspors in tlic
inalo. IMalo also with n>u^h appondajjos at tho baso of tin* v«M\traIs.
pixttrudinji" lVon> a shoath ot'skin. First dorsal trianiiular, prooodod by
a stiXHiij spino whioh is uroovod bohind ami .sorratod on its odjios. ^^H•
ond dorsal ami «'audal tins low, ottiui moro or loss notohod. Tail o\
tondinu in tho hno of tlio axis of tho body, somi>tinu»s pi\>dnood in ;>
inainont. Skin snu)oth. Fishos of sinjjnlar appojuanoo; mostly of tiio
mnthorn soas; not valuod for food. (.M/uit/xi, Chim<nn,\\ fabulous mon
stor, with tho homl of a lion, body of a j?oat, ami tail of a sorponl.)
«. Clii»i>oi-s in lh«> male (rilitl. ^C^iwum.)
Tl. 4\ iiliiinlMMi (<i1l.
"A Cliinurra wi.h tho snout aouloly produood : tho antoorbital tloxuiv
of Iho suborbital lino oxtondinj? litllo abovo tho lovol of tho infiMuu-
inar.'iin of iho t>rbit : tho ^h>rsals oloso topothoi'; tho ilorsal spino with
its antorioi" surf;n<» ronndod ; tho vontrals trian.u"«ilar ami pointod ; tlio
pootorals oxtonding to tho outor axil of tho v«>ntrals: ami tin* oolor nni
forinly plmnbt-ous." ((till.) Atlantic ooa^^t ft\>ni Capo Co»l mirthwanl;
in tloop water.
(Gill, Tixw. Philos. Soo. Wa-Mluu«t«>u, lVc.*A», 1H77.)
«l, CliWpoN In fho malo MtM. ( Iliidiiilnfitm* (^ill.)
- -• '•" 1 ■ T i n M T I - t - I I ■ II I » a il
•<<m, V\w. Ao. \a(. Sii. Pliila. IS(5i2. XW : typo rkimoni colHci. ((^W, wfttor; A.j).V,
hari) i iViHU tho form uf tho Uj^ks auil tooth.)
34. ClMM.V.Uin.K
HIM.KUA.
m
1%, C' COlllirl IVunott. — luii-fKh : h:'cfihtint-ji.->h. — —- - " ^^-.— -^ «^.
luxly ;njlrriorl\ stontisli. toiuMiuii' into a sloiulor tail, which is not
ni^uliu'otl in a filivmoi.l. IVotorals about UvS lonj;- ;ks ho;ul. Doisal spino
3 tho ItMijith of <ho hoa«l. SooonU tlorsal U>\v, hiuhost in ftinit, thou
ry low, th'M\ lnjih«M\ tMuiiui;- abnii>tly Just holoro tho iH'jjinninu: of tho
»jUM' oaiuhil foUl. A small fohl botwivn tlvst and vsoooud dorsal, fi^H>
Y»
»1
ft»tn botli. l.owor o;nulal foUl lii.uhoi" than nppor, noitlu v quito ix^aoh-
iuji" tho tip of tho tail. No tUstinot i\\\\\\ tin. C\>lor siiayivsh, with nn-
iuon>us nmnd whito spots. Uolh dorsals odjiod with blaokivsh. L. 2
ftH't^ Taoillo ooast, fmm >K*r.ton\v northwanl; vory abundant,
(nonnott, lUn^ohoy's Voy. Z»H>1. Tl ; DnimTil. r,liU>4i:iobnuiohos, (>8l>; (lUnthcr, vill,
;>;»'
,0.)
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APDKNDA TO M A KSI I »< )mrA N( H 1 1 J, i^l.AH-
MoliKANCJIIII, lyVii.
.■f'i
Nmi'I). — Tlio (IihI I'oiiy oih) |nijrrH «»r llni pf^'Hcriti woil< w«m«i |»riiil<'«l in
\\\v Mpiiii^ ni' IH7i>, iiioi'(^ tliiiri >i your iM'loi'n work wiih rcHiiitMMl ttu tiio
ri'iriiiiiiitiK purl. Mraiiwliiln iiiiiiicioiih mMilioiiH iiiivr Imm^ii iii}mI«i tootir
lisi of mIiiii'Um, wliioli intty liii nolicnl licro,. A I'liw ♦•rroiH riiiiy uUo lni
('uiriM
l«<(l.
I'tijio 'J, IiihI Ihio: For " /'//;/V/o»o///rr«/«" hmkI /'//>///</» />///////«".
I'iim^ .'I: l''(>r " //. (7»» ''y^rxm" rcinl "I, It. hi iwrolal innH'uUnH) iUiiy^\
'I'lio Ltiiirrlrl orrin'H iiIho on (li«^ coiiHt of HoiiMi<<rn <!iiJiiorni)i.
I'li^o (h l''or".'l. II. nIoiiH l/(»rkinulun " roiul :
>':|. II. (loilllMVVl Mlllln.
^' rinin <'<»lor or pin pliMli, ||i(M>:il({(t of Mm* low<'r (old only piil<>. (lillH
iiHiiiiily I'J'II. 'r«M<(li i(> In (MM'.ii HcrlcH. Ij. 'JO inclicH. Mnout 1^0 Wuwh
ill loliil UmikII*; IkmmI to llrHt, {{ill opening lj|; briiiM-liiiil rr^ion H; tuij
H. <!oiiMr oiTiilU'orni)! iinij Honlliwiinl ; iiot< riirr, lUwiowin^ t'vitiii the,
{lill opcniii^M or tlir rycM into I<Im> IIchIi of liu'i^c, DhIm^h, nnd Koon lc;i.viri(;
ii'illiln;; rxrrpl. IJic IidmI, Hkin, iind Hkrh^ton.
"(ildHlrolirttiirhr il it iii In \j l,(ii'. ; Mllllci, Mr^rii, ilo YSnyA. iSirliii, iKil, HO; lUli.Uniilinna
jmljilrniiii (Jril.; clo.)"
I'lij^ci 7 : honipvlta {I'UilnHjihriuiH)* hidrnhUnH find //. jtlnnihro, nrc p<',r-
liiipK ^rncrii'iilly diHiiiicI, >ih IIm^ liii/^inil Icclli in llicJornM^riirc. pccMruiti)
iiikI in Mhi lidlrr ohNcinrcly triciiHj)idiil(). Tlio diH^noHJM ol' humpvira
HJioiiM Ito niodilird iiccordtn^jy.
J*UK(^ H: "5. h.ritilu:rtHloii^^i\.\u]^^ii. //. ««/or/" Hlionld lie siippn-HHod,
iihIIh\v llr(^ piohiibly idnitinil willi I'J. IrhlrvfalVH,
I'lilfo l.'J: l''or "(liN()i,YM(»HToMATii)/io" rrjMJ " HcYUJiD/i;"; tirid
iiiMlcr '*/" for "vcntriilH" mid " pcctoriil".
\\\\i,i\ 15: SonniioHHH PiirnHrpliiihiH Is nlMindniit- on t\w. Viwittv, c/mihI
ridiii rnpci I'lallcry norlliwiird. 'rwrlClli lino Iroin t lie. hot torn : For
"ptM'lorulH" rend "vi'.ntridH".
I'lijjfci 17: hiHtcnd ol' " h'tiniily Vf. — flhfilymoNfnmnh'dfr^^ etc., rcful :
*(»lll, MHH. Pror. Ac. Nut. He), riillii. IWI'i, :v.\, not, «tliiirn«;tiii/,««l. (tvror, within J
ttpiv, wt'dun; Cniiii Mio Niiiiin iiiiixllliiry toolli w«-(1k«'»I In botwiuui tlu! oIIk'Th.)
w
l> *
J:y
1 -'hi
: '1 i!
58 CONTltlUUTlONS IH) NOltTIl AMlUilCAN ICHTllVOLOaV — 17.
" Family VI.— S(!VLI.II Dyl^l.
"(77<(t lumssrltrn.)
"Sliiirk.s \vi(li (nvo dorsiil Ihis, willioiil N|)iin>s. i\u\ 1\\'hI iibovo or Im>-
liiiwl (li<^ vtMiti'iils. Aniil tin prcsiMit, n.suiill.y Ix^low (ho mccoikI (hu'Niil;
ciiiKliil iiii nitluM' loii^, with or without, a Itasiil Io1m\ Tiiil not k«>rl<>(l.
Hpiriii'h's proscnt. No niclitiitin^;' nHMnhnin(>. !j;iNt. ^iill opcnio};' iibovo
tho root of th(> pectorals. INIoutli nsinill.y hroiul, with sniiill t(M>lh, Ni'v-
oral Not'ios bcin^' in t'nnrtion. Trclh with a nuMlian <'ii.sp, and I to t
.sn»all ont'M on oach Ni<l(>. I'sini'il.v a <lislinct t'nnow at tho aiij,Mo of tla;
nn)nth. Nostiils noar tho month, MoiiH'liintvs conlliM'nl. with it, some-
tinu's prox iih'd with rini. Oviparons. (l(»Iora(ion ol'ton varicjiatt'd.
Tho Of»}i: cast's jpiadrato, with pl•ohonsih^ tnhcs at th^^ aii};h>H.* HInirks
of the warm soas. (ionora. 8 or ; Hpccitvs alxml .'tO.
"{SrnllihUr, (JllnniiT, viii, KMMU.)
'"* NoNtrils coiitliioiil with llu> nioiUh ; cuutliil IumiI iiiiwunls, with ItiiHiil loho. (din-
Hhimostumatiiuv.)
•'(I. 'I'oi'th ill hotli JawH in tunny N»>rioH, (>iii'h wilii iiHlniii^^nKMliiiii ciin)), tiinl one dv
two Niiiiillt-r iMispH on omli sido ; imsiil ririi pr«'Ni>iil (Jinoi.yskksi'uma, |;i.
« »» Nostrils not conllniMit with Iho moutli ; t'luuliil not hriit ii|nviir<lH. (.SVi/Z/i/fKr.)
"ft. NoHti'ils si'panitiMl by tin isthniiis; no niiHtil t'iiri ; tail not H<«rnil(>ii.
Wi;yi.i,h)M, l:» (/)).
" ISl. -<;ilIV4a.VITIOKTO!TIA Millh-r iS: llonlo." (Soo jmih'i IH.)
" i:i (ft).— 8€VLIilllI?l Oiivior.
"(Oiivior l\i'>;>n(' .\niiiial cil.'J, IS',".): \y\\oSi'!iUium r<tl>ihiHVn\ . Si/ikiIiih ,s/(7/(((in(Jiiu'I,)
" lUuly ratiior stont. Iload moro or h>ss NlM>rti aiul broail, tho'iioiil
low' and bhiid. I\lontl» rathor larjjo. 'lV»v(li small, sharp, trit-iispid, in
abont I'onr rows. Labial I'ohl small or obsol(>to. Nostrils imt. conlliiciil
with tho month, soparatod by a broad isthmns from oai^li othor, cadi
with a froo tlap aiul n«) cirrus. Spiracle nuidcratc, clo.so behind tlic
oyo. First «lor.sal bcoitmin};: over vent rals; secon«l dorsal nearly over
anal. Tail slendt>r, not much beid upwards. S|)ott(>d. NVarnu>r parts
of tho Atlantic and Tacitlc. As hero undcrstoo«l, distin^ui.slied from
ISvylliorliiiius iUainvillc, ISIO {8. caniculits Ij.), by tho scparatti nasal
valves, {trxiikktov^ a shark from irxiiHUo, (o tear.)
•'*lIoiul vory bwadaiul dopivasml, broador than loiijif. {Cci)huJo,i<\iiHiitm\ (Jill.)
•In HctatuUmtidd' t ho •<jrK-«'»»«'« '""o without tcntacU's and spirally twistod. Exc(>i>t
tln< SrjiHiUiv and llctci'tuhuituhv, «)nr sharks ar«> all ovovivi)>aroiiH.
tC.ill, Ann. I^yo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. l«il. 4l'J: typo SciiUiitm ;aN'a;/)N l)uin(<rll. (Kc^a^v,
head; OKiiAhiir, Soyllfuiu.)
Ani)KNP\ TO MAUHII'OIUlANOIIir, KI^AHMOnRANCinr, KT(J
10
•» |H ('»)• W. vcnIrloNlliil Oiiriiintt.— .S'i(T/f .V/»«rfc.
^'(ii'iiyiHli, (iii);:(Ml lirlow wilJi ycillowiHli. Ilaitk witli hhwk cross htirH,
ii|>|M>r purlH with l)tr^<^ i'oiiikI hhwU Npnts; sidrN iiImo with hiiiiiII whitish
H|)otH. 11(^11(1 very hroiid iirid <[. )>n>SH(Ml, luoiuhtr Ihnii hui;^', iiiiil iioUiiilf
lis ilcop us lii'oiMl. Snout, V4>i'y l><iiiit, projecting lit t hi beyond the rnontli.
Month very broiid, htt.le iirclied, witli only a UwAt of hiltiiil lohl. Teeih
Hiiiiiiiir in botii Jsiwh, Hunili, tricnspiil, in iibontf'our series, J|y in nnniber.
|<'irst' (lorsiil be^innin^ over iniihneoI'ventriilM; second dorsal be<^nnnin^
hcliind front, of nnid ninl <'nilini; before ernl of xnal. When can;;ht, this
Nliark inflates its stomach with itir, like the 'l'rtrniltnu!'l(i!, fill its diam-
eter is on(5-t>hir<i ifs whole len|rth. II, will then lloat, belly n|)wa,rd on
the watiH". \j. 15iJ WH. Motderey to (!hili; very ubnndant in IHu.da
Kai'bara Channel. A sniall, voracious shark, often taken in lobstcr-
pol.s,
"((Jiirniiiii, Hull. MiiH. (!(>iii|i. 'AimA. \'\, 1(>7: |HH(», M Sciflliiim lulUcpH \\\\r |)iiiii<'iiil,
K(«\. el Mux. /'<•<'!• If^r>;', Hi, |»l. H, IIk- -i- <'i'l'li<ili>n(jilliiim laticvpH .Ionian iV (iill)( if,,
I'n.c. II. H. NaL Miih. IHrtO, 40.)"
ViiliU'i It), in key, after "a", add:
" I/. I'liiilii'.yo not, ut,lHi,li<)<l l,o llioutoriiHlty u |thii;oiil,ii; t,(t«t,ji all oliUiso, willuMtl, haHiil
«)UH|IH Mll.HTia,IIH, I 'I.
'■)///. Kiiibryo al,l,u(rli<Ml to ilto iitoriiH l>y a iilu(;«)nt,u; moiik; of Mio tiol.li |)oiiit.fil, i.ai'h
wiMi oiidor l,w<» buHal cnHpH IfiUNoruiAciH, It (/;),"
After "/"<"1<1:
";. I'ltHli do'/Nul iioaroi- v»ut,n.lH tJiaii poctoralH ; omitryo not, atlaolusd (,o tlm iiIitiih liy
a, platMMita ('AitcnAiti,M;H, IH.
";r. Fli'Ht, (loiHal lUMirnr |M>ol>oralH tliaii vittitralH; (^tiihryo aMaclit-d (<» iiltriiH liy a [da-
i'vuin EULAMIA, IH (/;)."
After ".//"add:
*'///• 'I'ooMi ill upiHir jaw Hctrruto at hnm\ in lowor Jaw oiilini If vi'oi'iifo.v, lit (b)."
Pan(i2(): Eraser "L'O. MuHtvlm aali/ornicuH''^ whi(;h is doubtless id(;ri-
tical with Mmtclns hinwduH, and add :
"I'l (/;).-Klldl^OTIIIA(;i8 Uill.
" ( VkimwrimyUm (iill, 1H(;4. )
"((iill, rro(5. Ao.Nat.Sol.riiila. \mi, Am-. iy\w IthUiotrimiH hmlviVM.)
"Charaetcirs of tln^ {^enus MmfduH, ex<!epl, that eacli CMid)ry() is at-
tached to the uterus by a jdacenta. The teeth are sharper, some of them
bcin}>- |)ointed, and with one or nu)rc short basal cuspH. Warm Heus.
(/If.-, snout; Tfieinxt<;j Triaciis.)
«'20.-R. hciilcl Uill.''
(Seo text, "22. T. henleV^; coast of Californm; not uncommon.)
I
^ '■. J.
r
I
t
fgggH
IHil^Kl
li i
t ,;. ' I
60 CONTKimiTlONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICIITIIV3L00Y — IV.
**20 (/'). U. IlKViM (UiHHo) Jonltiii &, (iillu>rt.
"A small .shark rcstMiibliiifj; Mmtelus liinintliiH junl li.henlei, hwt dilJVr-
mg from tho I'ormor in tho Uoiititiou ami in tlui attimlimcnt of Mic cm
I ryo to tho ntcrns by u placenta, and from thci latter in the blnntcr
teeth. Only those in the posterior part of the npperjaw have a basal
cusp, and these usually but one only. This species is found on tln^
coast of Europe and Africa, and is accredited to our Atlantic fauna by
Gilnther (viii, 380).
"(.WuntchtK lirrix Ki.sso, Kiiropo Mt^Midioiiiilc, iii. Vi7 : ^flls^(■hls hvrin (Jiliitlicr, viii, ;?sr>:
I'h'iiraa'omnlon IwriH (iill, rnic. Ac. Nat. Hci. I'liila. lH(i4, 118; not of Jurduu iV, (iilbert,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. I8H0, 52, — lUiiHotriaciH hcnlei.y
Page 21: Oalcorrhinus yalcmj the "Oil Shark", is very abundant on
the coast of California, especially soutliward. Its teeth are coarsely
serrated on the outer margin near the base only. Galcocerdo tigrinm
also ranges nortliAvard to San Diego on the Pacific coast.
l*ages 23 : Carchnrinm <jlancns oc(!urs on the coast of California.
Page 22: Instead of "**" insert:
IS. . -1 '
..j:
" 1§ (/>).— EIJLABIIA Gill.
" (Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18^51, 401 : typo Carcharias lamia Risho.)
"Body rather robust, the head broad and depressed ; mouth inferior,
with the teeth in both jaws strongly serrated in the adult; less so or
entire in the y«)ung; those in tho upper jaw broad, those below narrow,
straight, and nearly erect. No spiracles. I*'irst dorsal largi', i)lace(l not
far behind i)eetorals. iVctorals falcate. SecoTid dorsal small. lOiii-
bryos attached by placenta', to the uterus as in ScoUodon and Rh'motria-
ck,* (In CarcharinuH ijlacentai are not developcKl, according to Augnsto
Dumeril, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i, 2 14.) Species numerous, ^ew, well ;
Xaiua, Lamia or Lamna, a fabuU)us monster, from Xat/id-y devouring
hunger.)"
Page 22 : The species (»f ^^J'Julamia^^ should stand as:
"2(}. E. ohmtm (Le S.) Cill", "27. JE7. milberti (M. & U.) Cill", and
"27 {b . /';. lamia (Kisso) Gill".
Page 23: Under "K. /<m»rt" add:
"ai (/'). E. lumia (Risso) UiW.— Hay Shark.
" Body robust, the back elevated. Uead broad and Hat ; tho snout
* So far as known to hh, t.l:? embryos in all onr ovovlviparous Hlmrks except Eula-
mia, Scaliodon, uud liluHotriacia ui'O without x>laucuta.
ADDENDA TO MAKSIPOmiANCIIII, ELASMOIJRANCHII, ETC. 61
loiif?, but wide lunl r()Uii<l(Ml, its Ic^iiKth from inouth greater tlmn rtiH-
tiuiee between no.strilH, wiiicli are iiean^r Hiiont tJuiii aiigh^ of the. mouth.
Ky*^ inocU'iate. Teeth ^JI, th<!ir form as in J'J. lamia, ilm np[K5r n^gularly
trii'-iguhir, without noteh, nariow in Ihe young, the lower narrowly tri-
angular, ereirt, on a broad l)a.s(s, all tlu! teeth diHtinctly an«l evenly Her-
rated. First dorsal beginning at a, distane(i a litl.le less than its own
l)as(> behind tin; peetorals, and (ending at a ]>oint a little more tlian its
own base behind the venirals. Jleight of first <lorsal two-thirds the
depth of the body; piH'toral reaching jiast first dorsal. Second dorsal
very small, not one-sixth the height of the first, smaller than anal and
nearly ojtposite it. Tail .'{^ in length. Color i>lain light gray. Warm
Bcas north to Sail Diego Bay.
''Our spiMMinens «liffer from descrij)tions of E. lamia in not having
the first dorsal higher than *hc body, and insisrted (!lose behind the; root
of the jieetorals. In E. ohscura and U, mUberti the upper teeth are
deeply notched on tluitmter margin".
rage24: After ^^Inogomphodon UmhatiiH^^ udd:
"19 (/>).— II YPOFRIOIV MiilNT&HciiK
" ( Ifypojmonodon (Sill.)
"(MiillfT A. II<Mil<>, rifiKioHtoTiicn, 1H37, ;?4: typo CarchariaH mnrloli MiiHor & Ilonlo.)
"(yharaeters essentially as in TJulamia,h\\t with the Imcer tcath entire,
the upper teeth coarsely serrated at base only, on one or botli sides ;
lower teeth erect. (n;r<), below j 7r/n'«v, saw; the upper teeth being ser-
rated at base.)
"ttM. II. brcvii'OKti'iN IVx^y. •
"Snout obtuscs; teeth of the upper jaw with the base serrate on both
sides I jiectoral tins moderate, llluish, fins without black sjiots. {Povy.)
West Indies; occ;iMional on our Clulf coast.
"(l'(M\Vi HynopsiH Vm\ CubonHinm, IHfJB, 451: Carcharian hrcviroHtriH (i\h\t\u)T, viii,
•M.y
Pag(»s 2({, 20, .'{0, .'{1 : Sphyrna zyr/wna, Lamna eornuhica, Gareharodon
rondclctiy Cetorrhinns maximiin, and a species of Innrns (i)robably I.oxyr-
rhyiwhm) occur on the coast of California.
Pago 34 : For the key to genera substitute :
"*Gill-opcnin{j;HRix on oacli sido TlEXAxruffl, 31 (h.)
'•''*0ill-<>pt;inng8H«vcu on each eido IlEPTHANcniAS, 32.
, -r
(■
J t I*
iif
1
V, 4'
' "I!
!;' 3'.
'ii;
62 rONTliimrTFONH TO NOUril AMKKH'AN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
"ttM'').- llKXAI^C'IHrH" KiitlicHriiio.
"{XotlflamisVwx'wr.)
" {]in(\noHi\\u\ Cnn\Hvr\ <li Alciiiii Niiovi (•ciutI, rtc. into, 14: <y|ti> StiiioUiH grificii»
IiimiiiMiH.)
" rnjiticlii;)! nportuiVH «/,p«mo!i('Ii nh1<>; olli(<rwi.s»>oHS(MitlnlIy jim in Thp
tr<t)iclii(f.s. Two sixM'ioH known. (?^, hIx; rtj'X(»T, ImmhI or situiN; lor gill
ojMMiin.u'.)
**ll (l')t II. coa'InuiH Jordan ^ (tilltort,— ■^ftfMrf-nosrrf iSVifjfH*.
"i'olijr almost black, iinsi)ol«('(l ; ii ji:r!i.viMli liilrnil striMik. llrad
lar}j:o, broad, dj^prcsscd and blnnl. No median loodi in upper Jaw,
About, HJx pointed tcetli in iVont of upper jaw, all entire and willioul
basal <'nsi)s. Kext. tlire<i teeth with (Mitiro edges and a. sinj;le <'usp on
the outer margin. HiMuaining teetl| of u|)p«M' Jaw serrate on the inixM-
margin, and with two or more basal ei;s])s on theoutcM*. INIetlian eusp
of low<M' Jaw very small. Other tetnh with six etisps, the llrst tla^
largest, the others regularly smaller, the inner «>dge in tluuidulls ser-
rated. Tail h>ng, twiee as long as head, ii little less tlnin one tliii'd tli(>
total length. JSealcs on upper odijo of tail euhirged. Monterey to Tu-
got's Sound.
'•(.lordiiii A:.(.;ilb«Ml, Troc. IJ. H. Nut. Miih. IrifiO.IlG'i.)
"Jia. IIKPTRAlMrillAM Uiiiliiomino.
' ' ( XoUvh>it«'h IIS AyroH. )
"(UiifinoHqiio, CariiitiM-i di Alcutii Nuovl Oonori, oto. 1810, III: iy]w SqimhiH oincrcHf
Gmolin.)
"(^«ill «)peuings.srrr« oneaeh si«le. Three speeies known, (^^rri, sovon;
Ppay^ia^ gills. The. eliaugo of this name to " UvptnuvhuH''^ is hardly Justi-
liable.)
♦♦ l»2. II. Bliartililtiis (AyrcH) Oirnrd.
♦'Sandy gray, with sonu^ round black spots, larger tluui tho pujiil,
rather sparsoly placed. Head rather d(»pressed ; the snout broad,
rounded; th(» nostrils near its tij); spira«'les large, nearer the gill-op(Mi-
ing than tho eye; a long furrow at tho anglo of th(^ mouth. No nuMlian
*Tho noo.«s.siU<'N ol' iniiiionclahiro ofloii riMiiiiro (lio H\il)8(itullon for tlio iiainoof
tlio <y])i<'Ml ficniis ol' a I'aniily of noiik* 1<>h,s familiar but earlier Tiatiu\ a» llmiiirliiiii
iV)r \otii{(inu.i, Cdfchnrias i'or OdoiiioKpin, ?)(i,ii/ft(i/H,v lV»r '/Vi/j/o/t, <'(o. I( Ih i)rohal)ly iiu-
lUH'ossary to chaiijjo wi ll-Uno\vn iainily iiaiiieH toacconl willi thoHe <'1ianK(\s. Auiomk
our sharks it \a jterliaiis l)otit>r (o retain llie old family names Odontnspididw, Notiilnni-
ihv, ('fsfnu'ioiilidir, instead of CanhariiiUr, Jlrxaiichidai, and Ihtiiodoutidw, uh ^iven in
Ihe text. The njinio Canhariidiv, UHed by varione authors for (ho (Inlcorrhinidiv, is in-
eligible, bccauso tho name Carcharias rightfully belongs to a gonus of another family.
ADnr.NUA TO MAUHII'OIIUANCIIH, Kr.AHMOnUANCIlII, KTC. 03
IcMtlli in upper j!i\v. TwohiiuiII \vv\\\ uvuv iniavihvr in front, niniplr iiml
iMiinl*'"! ; lw<> a. liKlo liirfxcr, Ix'liinU ninl oiilNidc of flM-Nc, tln-ti two
oliiciH diroc'dy Iirliiinl llio (ii.sl, pair. Ncixt, on cavli hUU", a> luofli rnncli
lin'K*')'; p(>iiiN'<l) ^villi a ronspicniHis rtisp on tlui otitci' Ni<l() at baH<i, and
Olio or umni «l<>nH<'nlaii<»ns iM'side. TUv otlicr <<M't,!i an^ lar^rr, Himilar,
but >n(»r<' m'lnilcd and nions olilicpic, a|>pi'osi<'liin}; llio lowrr tr«'tii in
form. 1'ln^ nu'diaii tuotli in Mio lower jaw in broiid, with n small nicdiau
(MiHp and two or tliico lait,'!^' latnal «'iih|^ on eacli nidr. 'I'lir rjtlior
teeth, <» on each Hide, are tniieli broiider than hi;,di, with ahoiit. l-(» Hharp
oiilwanl-direeted iMispM. The llrNt. ensp in loiifjcHt ami beiirw a Hiiiall
tooth near its l)ase. These teeth are <piitei Himilar and iiirieane Hli^htly
in size iUitwardM. Tail lon^r, L'7 in total length, the eaiidal tin moHtly
below it. Anal Hinall, just bchiii<l the Hmall dorsal. Coast of Calit'oriiia
Hinl northwani ; eoinmon.
"{XotovliiinrhiiH mnciilalHn Ayres, I'roc. Cat. A<iul. Nut. Scl. i, 72 ; not NoUdanm iw^'im
(!iivl«r, otc.)" ,
raue 'U», fiMirth line: After "small" add " or wanting'".
Under " * ", after " thiek", instead ol " usually with rayed", <;tc., read
"with two dorsal tins",
tinder "**"^ instead of tlio text, read: "Tail with oiio dorsal tin, or
IIOIH^"
raj?o .IS: A Her " RhinnhafKs pr(uluo(vn^^ a(hl :
"} Aiit.iirifir iiiiHiil vnlvo proloiifriMl (u llui internal ati^lo of Mio iioHtrilH; Htioiit not
oloiifjato. {Sjinliinii* Millhu" «St. IFonlc.)
"Disk rhombic, ab(»iit as broad as h)ng. The snout prominent, but
bliintish at tip, anterior ?narf^in.of jx-etorals forming less than a rij;ht
iiiijile. Eyes rather larpje. Rostral ridges Hei)arate their whole h-nj^th.
Tiiil stont, depressed, with a narrow lai«^ral fold, npper siirfaeo entirely
(!()vered with stont, elose set, sti^llaied prickles of ditVerentsi/es, lar^<^st
on the bases of the pectorals and smalh^st. on the outer (mI/^cs of the fins,
tliose on the Hp of snout andanti^rior e<lf^eof the pectorals noteidar^ed.
Stout, bliintish, sli};htly recurvcil Mj)ineH present as follows : ihm at th«
upper anterior an^jh^ of the <\yo and two Ix'hind it ; on<', lar^e one, at tho
middle of tlui shoulders, in iVont of whi<',h are two others; two Hcries on
ilio shoulders outside the median line, the iniuT of two, the outer of two
to four ; a serii^;* of about a do/on on the incMlian line of tlu^ back and
tall J no lateral scries on tho tail. Soxes aiuiihir. Under side covered
•Mllllor &. TlcMilo, PlagloHtoinou, 113: typo Syrrhina oolumnm M. & II, {iriiv, to-
gotlier; {)iv, Hiiout.)
-, ^'
i]
"I
I
64 CONTICIIUITIONM TO NORTH AMKUICAN ICHTHYOi.Oin' IV.
•h '■'
. • >
t '
wKli shujjnuMi, imulr of tri)in}j;iil!ir (loprcssihlo nMpnilloM. K«»y:loii IVmu
tlu» nostrils t(» Mm^ sliouMor ^irdlo .siii(»olli, i'M-rpI lln« lowtT lip. A Irw
otluTsiniill ii;ik('»l iiiTiiM Ik>Io\v. I'ltpcr lip«l«>\ riopcil. 'IV«'(li ij;^,. Color
brown, iii«»ttl(>il iiiid l):in-«>«l willi Itiiickisli ; n hIiicU liloicli on liindiT pntl
ofptH-tonils liclow. 'rnil rntin>r slioilcr I linn ilisk. I'^irst dorsiil nod t'lir
iM'liind vcniinls. Snonl ono lll'lli lln> l<'n«;tli of disk, (wico Iho inln-or
biliilspiU't . S;in !)i<>}i») liny ; :d)nnd:iid. Oid.v .vonn^ sprciinrnH kiM»\vn,
bnt' ii is pi-ol)idil.v ovoviviptwons sind lliciotort* not n luiioifl.
"{I'lotiiihhtit rxositirnli^ .lonlini .V (JilUoii, l'ro«\ H. S. Nat. Muh. |HK(», ;W: Xoplrnir
exaiiiiriiiliiH .Ionian «,V (JillM>r(, I'n»f. U. H, Niil. Miin. |HM(), r»:i: I'liiijonothlna iniMinrnin
lliiniiaii, Itiill. Mils. ('(inii.. /...".I. IMSi), \HK)
*»l.1(<). K. liiM'liaHiN.loiiliin '\- Oillinl.
"Disk hroiid, ovato, broiid<«r tliiiii \o\\ix. Tlio snout vn-y blimlly
roundnl, not |>roj(><'linjL^°, tlio )in;;l<^ I'oniiod by lli<> poctorids nntiMioily
very obtuse; iml»Mior ontlinoof tln> poctorjilsslij;lilly convi^x, not niidii
luted. 'I'iiil vi'iy Ntont, niiuih Ion;;cr tliiin tlio disk, its rd^^os with a
broad fold, broailer than in A', (.nisixiutdis. INM-tmal tins oxtrndiii;;
iilinost to the tip of the snout; rostral ridges wido apart, (Mm viM'^iii^',
inclosing;' a triangular aroa. lOyes small, wido apart, tlio br<»ad spirii-
(■U>s close lH>hind them, (-aiidal tin well <l(^velop(>d above ami bilow.
Dorsals similar, tlioir posttMior fr«'e marjjfins very convex. Moiilh
broad, its width nearly e(pial to its ilistanee from lip of snout, a. de(>|)
creast^ passinj^ around it beliiml, in front of which the lower lip lias thicii
folds of skin ; npp(M' lip not d(>velo])e«I, a. fold of skin passing' from lli<>
jin^le of tlu» mouth on eilln>r side to the itUKM' an{;le (d' the nostrils,
tlnMice straifihl across, inclosin.u" a «h'pr»^ss(>d t rape/oidal/^-sIiaptMl avcji,
bound beh)w by the curved outline o\' tlu> upper jaw. In this are thrco
cross-folds of skin. 'r<>eth '^,\]. (Jill-op(>ninf;s narrow, rtkin ev(»ry-
wlioro, abov(» and below, I'overtul with limi shai^retMi, tlH^pri<•kleH coarser
on the aideriorouter mar};in«)f the pt'clora..4 {^)j wher(^ ar<^ twoor llnvc
rows of retrorse spimvs. l'\)ur si ron;;' spines <mi the tip of tln^ snout,
forming' a rhombic ti};'nre; four or live spines around each (^ye. A loii^'
series of very stronj;- spines alon^' the median line of the back and tail,
and a series of similar ones on each side of the (ail ; !isin}4l(^stronj,''spiiu'
on the outer e<l};(i of the shonldiM'-^irdh^ and two between this and the
nietlian series, (-olor li}>iit olive brown, without distinct markinj^s. b.L'
feet. ]Jreadth of disk one-t^^nth more than its len}i:th; tail usitnlly liail
lon{?cr than disk ; snout two-ninths of length of disk, not half lonfjcr
than width of interorbital area. CoaKt of Califcu'uia. from Point ('oncc])-
cion southward; abundant, lu spite of its roscmblanco to tlio A'«(oi(l
ADIHINDA TO MAUHM'OHKANCIIII, KI.AflMOlSliANCIIfl, KTf!. 05
minis I'hitifnliiiin^ tiiiH H|H'«'M'H piovcH U) 1)0 vivi|>nr<)iiH. II is, Mmmt
lore, i'<'l*<'i red (o (In' l\'liiiinhiiti<l(V, llir ovipnrily <»!' Ilniuhv \H'\\\\f Wu^oHly
cliiinicli'i- ili.stiii<;iiisliiii;r llir two f'iiiiiilifH.
• 'I^I'Mni'hiiKt tiimMa .Innliiii \ OillMMl, I'ror. II. H. NiiL Miih. IHHO, 3rt.)
tt.|,'>((/). II. loiitiKlllosiiiit (iiiniiiin.
'•Oni.visli, willi Niiiiill ptiln* N|MitM, iiiiitortn fx'low. Oiillinc. HiriiJliir fo
tliiil of Ik. iirntliiiiiiH. Siioiil. Inii^j iiinl niiirow, Km riiljjt'H rloHc (oj,'c(Jht
IIiimii^ImhiI. IO.vcn liii';,M', l\vi«'(> iiH Iiiiffo jih Hpiriirli-H, liil<"roil»il)il HpiuMi
iiiiirow, I'oiiciiAc, IIS wiilo iiM iioNti'ils or iUr iiifcrspiict^ Ix-lwrni Mmmm.
DisliiiMMi holwcni oiilcr )iii;^r||.,s of iioMttils iiion- tliiiii liiilf tlic. niioiiL
Moiilli stnii^lit, ilH Willi li not (jiiili^ Ivvicc ilic iiilri-otl)itiil Hpiicc. Dors^il
1111)1 prroniliir Npinrs vi'iy Htiiiill; 5 liii-^cr HpiiicH on tip of siioiil. Sii
|irii(ii-iiliir)iiiil Ncapiilni'spitH'sohsolclr. L. L'li itMiirs. VV'idlti.'i in h-ti^^lli;
liiil iiitoiil '2\ snout lo llir iiioiilli r»]. (loiiHtot' Moiidu. {(Jarmnn.)
"(Hiiriiiiiii, Mull. MiiH. (.'oiiip. /<.;;i. jHHO, KIH.)"
I'ii;;!^ 17, (,'('11118 DiiNi/nliH: Tlic. rollovviii;,' synopHis oC i\u\ Aincricjiri
spccii'M <»r lln^ (iiMiiiN IhtHjial'iH^ oi'lM'lIrr DaHibttl'iH, Iiiih bci-n pn-piinrd (it
(iiir i'(M|iirN|. I>,v l\Ii-. tSiininrl (hiiiiiiin, of tliii Miisoiiin of ('oiii|,iirat.iv«r
/(liilomy. II WiiH n-rcivcd too Itilci for insrrlioii in llic, U^xV. W«i, tlicro-
loi'c, itlaci) it Ii4ii'«^ in llir rorin in which it wuh writt't'.n by IIh author:
I' ■
"?^ <b'
1 .i ■
' <!
TIIIO AMIOKKJAN SI'KdIIOS OF TIN'} (JIONDH DAHIIIATIH.*
J»Y Hamiiki, Oak.man.
T.'iil mnrr llimi Iwlcf' Mm IctiKtIi of llio (HhU,
lu'i'lcil 1)11 thi^ top ;
Hiioul, Hi'iilr, poiiitiMl ; tnil vory iorifj, round Inht.raulaUi
Niioiil nut. )>i'(tiniii<«iil. ; tnil cmnpri'HHi^)! Umga
roiiiKJ on tln' lop, rompicHHrd, with liilcinl wrifH of Inrjrfi tnlKfredrH;
(Hiiont not. pi'otiiincnl ; mil* rior 1111111; inn Hlij^lilly HinnotiH vcnlrura
HnonI proniiiunl, willi u HcricH nf lon;^, niirrow, (IcprtHHcd tiilxtndim on ilie
middle <d' Mm l)ii,id< Uila
Tail IfHN t litin Iwiiit iind nioro lliiiii ono uiul u lialf tiniru l.iio Icii^Jt of Mio diHk,
willi t \v<t ('X|(aiiHionH ;
(HhU Hiiliiircniiir ; HnonI. proniiiHMif. miMna
dJHk (piudi'!iii;;nl/ii' ; Hiiont not, pronnnent ««;/i
loMdcd on the top, willi an f.xpaiiHion Ixdow ; with ilntu; HcriisH of Inhfi-idcs on tlm
HlionldiTH hanlala
Tail icHS Mian oiid iind a lialf Mnion Uio Iciij^Mi <if Mm dink,
with two (ixpannionH ;
nioiilli with (ivt» papillin hrmiit
nioiith with tlircd papillai diplerura
*l)nn\jb»h(H VVail)anin,KIi'iiiii Iihthy<d. Knod. hIvo Index rcrnm, etc. \1\Y.\, 'Jfj: typo
laja paHliiiaaa L. Tlii.s nm; of tlin nanio lias iiroccdoncc of "Dabyulin" liuf.
Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. If 5
lh:.].'-ii
m
%
ml
66 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
DASIBATIS TUBEKCULATA. . .. •
Raja fuhrrrulnfa I>!ir<<p. ii, p. 10(5, pi. 4, fi<^. 1. . '
Jiaja ti(h<rc:ilat<i ,Sli;i\v, Cjt'ii. Zoiil. v, pt. '2, p. 290, pi. 1'27.
Trytjon (jumnuru Miill. Erriiiiu'.s Kcuso iim die Krdi', p. 'Zo, Taf. 13.
Tr;i()ou oationlU'ta Miill. 1. c. i». 25, Taf. 14.
Trifi/on tiihrrciilata Diinuril, Ehisniobr. p. G05.
Tri/f/on tubirculata Giinlhor, Cat. viii, p. 480.
Disk quadniiiguhir, a little wider than long. Snout produced, sliaip
pointed. Anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, the anterior
carved near the outer angle to meet the posterior, and the latter curved
near the hinder angle to meet the inner. Tail nearly three times the
length of the disk, with a slight ridge above and a narrow cutaneous
expansion below, roughened with small spines similar to those on tlia
head, bearing a long serrated si)ine. A row of elongated tubercles on
the dorsum and anterior portion of tail and one or more smaller ones ou
each shoulder. The posterior tubercles of the median row are so much
elongated as to resemble the spine. Mouth much undulated, with three
papilliG. Teeth small, unequal. Color yellow ish to olivaceous brown,
darkening with age. The young are without scales or tubercles. As
the animal grows older and the tubercles api)ear a few scjittered asperi-
ties appear on the head ; still later these increase in number and size to
sucli an extent as to cover the head and dorsum with a heavy coat of
mail made up of the closely-set flattened scales. The tubercles of the
back cease growing as the scales enlarge, and ultimately there is little
distinction between them. Usually the tubercle ou the middle of the
pectoral arch is larger ; those on the tail continue to increase in size
with age. A young fenuile measures in length of body 9.9, length of
tail 28,2, and width of disk U.C inches.
Caunavierias, Surinam, Para, Bahia, and Rio Janeiro.
DASIBATIS LONGA.
(Gartnan, 1880, Bull. Mus. 'jonip. ZoJil. vi, p. 170.)
Disk quadrangular, about one-sixth wider than long. Margins nearly
straight, anterior meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout.
Outer angles rounded, posterior blunt. Ventrals rounded. Tail more
than twice as long as the body, roughened with small asperities, dc-
lu-essed anteriorly, compressed behind the spine, keeled above the com-
pressed i3ortion, with a long, narrow cutaneous expansion on the lower
side. IMouth curved with five papillte. A row of small tubercles behind
the head on the shoulder girdle. It is likely that larger specimens are
provided with tubercles ou back and tail.
ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBRANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCIIII, ETC. 67
DistingiiishcMl from />. lata by the shape of the snout and disk and
tlu' keel on the tail, and from 1). centnira l>y the straight margins of the
2)t'ctoials and the keel.
One specimen secured at Aeapulco, ^lexico, by Prof. Alexander
Ajiiissiz. One light-colored, reddish-brown si»ecimen from Panama by
tlie llassler Expedition.
Leiigrh of body 11.5, tail 28, and width of pectorals i;} 8 inches.
Length of body of second specimen, 9.3, tail 21.5, and width of pectorals
11.2 inches.
Dasibatis centrura.
Sdja centrura Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, p. 479.
Trillion centrura Linsloy, Silliiiiiin's Am. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 47, 1844, p. lUG.
Trijtjon centrura Gill (uume ouly), Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer. p. 34.
Disk quadrangular, about one-fourth wider than long. Anterior mar-
gins siiuious, concave opposite the eyes, convex toward the slightly pro-
tuberant snout and rounded outer angles ; posterior straighter, a very
little convex ; inner conv^ex. Hinder angles blunt. Ventrals truncate,
A\ith rounded angles. TAil more than twice as long as the body, much
ct)inpressed, rounded above, with keel and cutaneous expansion below,
with one or more strong serrated spines at the termination of the ante-
rior fifth of its length, rough on all sides with spines or tubercles. Till
half grown the young are naked; as they approach maturity broad
Ktcllate-based, conical-pointed, irregularly-placed bucklers api)earon the
iiii<ldle of the hinder i)art of the back and on the top and sides of the tail.
Very large examples have the central portion of the back closely mailed
Avith small llattened tubercles. The bucklers bear more resemblance to
those of the Raja;^ radiata and clarata than to the tubercles of pnsfinaca,
hiHt((ta, or tnherciilata. Mouth arched forward, with five i)ai)illjx^. Teeth
in (luincnnx, blunt, smooth. Color of back and tail olive brown; light
to white below. From pantinacay which this species resembles in shape,
it is distinguished by the tubercles, by the length and compression of
the tail, and absence of all trace of keel or expansion on its ui)per side.
A young specimen measures from snout to tail 13.8, length of tail 30.5,
and width of pectorals 17.5 inches. The largest specinien in the collec-
tion has a total length of 10 feet 3 inches. Common south of Cape Cod.
Occasionally found northward. :.;-.- ^..-i^-u — ;_-.,. ^,-4.
■.- ^■
Dasibatis lata.
(Garraan, 1880, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. vi, p. 170.)
Disk quadrangular, one-fourth wider than long. Anterior margins
nearly straight, forming a very blunt angle at the snout, rounded near
>M^
4f
^?/f
'. (J
^l
1 {l*
V'
1 1
' i
' ri'i:
iH'r
( 1
AS
!?
1- H
»■ u.
* f '
i'.l' ,f '^
.V J
iU
i '
G8 CONTUIUUTiONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
tlio outer oxtrtMiuf los ; postoiior convex ; inner stml};lit a portion of lluir
length. Ventrals truncate, rMuuted. Snout produced, rorniin^- a
rounded protninenc«i in front of the niarf^lns «)f tbe disk. Iien;;lli fiom
tlu^ forehead less than the width of tlie head. A liiu' Joininfj; tlu' wider
portions of the disk passes nearer t«> t'lo head than to tiie sliovdih'is.
Tail nu)n'i than twice as lonj; as th«» body, without a trac«M)f keel above;
u lou}*' narrow exi»ansion below lias its orij;in o|>posit«' that of the spiic,
and teraunates in a keel which contiiuies to the (vxtreauty, rouf^hciud
Willi small tubercles, with an irregular series of broad-basetl conicul
tubercles on earh si«le. A pair of lar}i«', compressed, erect tubercles
staiulf^ imaicdiately in front ot tho caudal spine, ami a similar one is
placed over tlu' mitldle of the ]>elvic arch. These sufi^est a continuous
series in lar^'cr specimens. Thret» larj;'ei elongated tubeix'les, willi
points dircctetl biU'kward, similar to those of />. lu(st(tt<uovv{\\)yt\w mid-
dle of tlu* shoulder {;ir(lle. JMouth curved, six (;">-<»?) papilheat the Ixtt-
tom behind tlu> tet'lh; two of these art> in the ndddle in front, where
Jisually there is but one. Color li^ht olive, jn'obably j^rcenish in life,
whit«^ ludow. Distinjiuishcd from />. ccnfrnm by the promiui'nt snout,
the shape of the tubercles in the middle t)f the back, and the uarrowness
of the posterior portion of the disk. Lenj;'th of body Ul, tail .'55..'?, and
width of pectorals 1*0.5 imhes. J?"ut from the Han<lwich Islands by
Amlrew (Jarrett.
])At^IllATl« SAIJINA.
llPliii .'i'
Trillion .inhiiiii T,i>sntMir, ,)i>iir. Arail. Nat. Kci. I'hil. iv, p. llH>.
TrjIiHtii Kiihiiiit Miill. ft lli'iili', I'lieiiosloiiien, p. l(ii».
Triiijiin mltina Diuiu'iril, Elusmolinmclj. ]». HO*.
Disk subcircular. Simut i>n)dnced, blunt. Anterior marf;ins of llie
pectorals coticave near the snout, beco'nin<;' couv(>x toward,th(> broadly
rounded outer extr«'mities; hinder and inner niarjiins «'»)nvex. Upper
Jaw wilhadccp in«lenlation, receivinj; it correspoudinji' prominemH^ on
the lower. Tet>tli at the sides of this indentation nnu'li lartjei', reseiu-
blin;;- the nudars of livt todontus. IMonth with live jtapilhe. Tail hss
(han twiciMis lon}>; as th(^disk, tapcrin;^' to a lliui point, rou^^h with small
prickles sinular to those scat tiered over the head aiul back, n cntaiu'oiis
expansion abov(\ ami a broa*U>r, longer (UuWudow. These end nearly
opposite each other, the lower t>xtends Ibrward under tlu* spine. AVi'"'
a median row of tnluMi^les on the dorsum and one <u' a pair on each
shouhh'r. Distinjiuished iVtnn lulx'i'CKhtta by the shape of the snout, tlu*
rounded pectorals^ the shorter tail, the larj^er teeth, the greater curva-
ADDENDA TO MARSIPOBUANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCllII, ETC. 69
tiire ol' jaws, tho sniallci' sizo, and the tico lutanoous expansions. Of
iwcnty spcciiiuMisllki av«>ra^'o proportional Icnt^tli of lunly aiul tail is as
Ibnr and a half to ei;;ht. In no t'asc is tliti tail twii'c as lonj^us tho disk.
Color oi'liraceons brown; ventral snrfaro liyjlit. .Lrnj^tli of body of nn
adall Mialti 0. 1, UMi^th of tuil IT), and width of pei'torals H) inclu»s. Vom-
iiion in tho rivors of Florida alonj; tho (Julf roast. Several spt'eimeiis
ill the oolleeti»>n were eaptnreil iu Lake Monroe, at a distanci> from the
suit water, by Conut i'oiirtales.
Dasihatis savi.
Itajii niiii'i lii'siKMir, Jour. Acad. Naf. Sci. I'liil. i, p, -I'.*, li>;.
Milliohatia Mdi/i !>:!\a\, Ntnv Vitrk I'aiuia, I'i.sli. p. H7(i.
/Vi///<i» Mii'i Miill. rt lltiilc, riiijjiitsttiinou, p. l(U>.
MllliohitliH Hiiyi, Stonr, Syn, l'"i.sli. N. Amor j>. "JdJ,
Dnijoti miyi, Diiiuoiil, Jllasmoliniiich. p. dO',. -
Disk tpiatlranjjfular, iibout oiu^-sixth wider than Ion «;, anterior nnirjrins
nearly straij^ht, postt^rior and inner bordt^rs eonvex, outtM' and posterior
uncles rounded. Snout not ijrotrudin;^: beyond th^^ lines of the inarji'ins.
\iiitrals roun«led. Tail strong', rather more than om^ and a half tinu's
the ler.ji'th of tlu^ disk, witli a. strong' serrated spin**, bearinj^- a short,
li»\v ('uttvneons expansion behind tho spino on the np.per side, and a.
liMijicr, little wider onc^ below, eiidinj; nearly op])osite. Upper Jaw undii-
liiled ; lower i)rominent in the middh*. Teeth small, smooth in youn;;
;uitl females, sharp in adult males. Threes papilla^ i't the bottom of tlu^
mouth, and onl^ at each side, lltxly and tail naked. Color olive brown
ill adult, r«>d<lish or yellowish in youii}^ ; lowej- snrfat'^^ whitish. This
speeies closely re.><embles the ICuropean spi'ei«'s itastinaca. A eonn)ari
son (»f speeinu'us discovers tht* following; ditleremees: in Saj/i the ante-
rior margins form ii nion^ blunt an^h^ at tti(> end of the snout, w hieh is
less piominent at tlu^ ap»>x, the outt'r and pt)sttMior (>xtren\ities of the
lieetorals ar«> roumler, the posterior margins are more eonvex, the disk
is hroatler toward tins V(>ntrals, aiul llit^ tail ia lonjjer; in jKititiiiavii
tl:e lateral an«l himler an};les of the pet'torals and the lateral anj^h^ of
(lie ventrals are marked by blunted roriuM's. A sinj^'le snnill rounded
tiibei'ele on tlu^ mi«ldh^ of the back. There are speeimens in the col-
lection tVom y<*w York, I'ensacnda, llahia, and Kio .laujMro. A youn<j
rciiiiihv measured from snout to tail 7.1, length of tail 11, and width of
lurtorals 8.2 inches.
iJfr'hv
r
i,-/v.
70 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
1^^
II
ri
^IM ' r
Dasibatis iiastata.
Ti'jigon hantata DcKay, New York Fauna, Fish. p. 375, pi. 65, fig. 214 9. l-
Trygon hanlula .Storer, Syii. Fish. N. Amer. p. 2G1.
3V(///0H /las/ttto Dimidnl, Filasmobranch. p. 502.
Disk quadraugular, about one-fourth wider than long; anterior mar-
gins nearly straight, meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout,
curved near the outer angle to meet the slightly convex posterior mar.
gins ; inner borders convex ; outer and hinder angles rounded. Veu-
trals ahnost entirely covered by the pectorals, hinder margins convex.
Tail more than one and a half times the length of the disk, low-keelod
on the upper side, a long, broad membranous expansion below, rougii-
ened with small asperities, one or more serrated spines. Body smooth
in young, very old with scattered small asperities. A row of narrow
compressed tubercles along the middle of the back and on the base of
the tail; the j)oints of these tubercles are depressed and directed back-
ward. On each shoulder, parallel with the median, there is a shorter
row, the length of which varies according to the age of t!)'^ ■ 'idual.
Mouth witli three papilhc. Jaws with more curvature than those of
ccntrura and less than those of sahina. Young without tubercles.
Color bluish or olivaceous brown, darker on dcu'sum and tail, light on
lower surface. Measurement of a young specimen : length of disk 8.o,
width 10, and length of tail 14 inches. An adult male measured 20
inches across the pectorals and 10 in length of body. The museum con-
tains specimens from Florida, Cuba, rernambuco, and Kio Janeiro.
Dasibatis brevis.
(rrarmnn, 18H0, Riill. Mns. Comp. Zool. vi, 171.)
Disk (inadrangular, a little wider than long. Anterior margins ne.
straight, curved near the outer extremities to meet the conve}^j)ostei()i
meeting in a blunt angle on the end of the snout. Outer and posterior
extremities of pectorals routul, wit^hout trace of angles. Ventrals brond,
triuicate, with angles rounded. Tail less than one and a half times tlic
length of the di.sk, tapering to an acute point, depressed as far as to tlio
«l)im>, thence compressed to the end of the cutaneou.s fold, and round
from this point to the tip, with a sliort elevated membraneous oxpansioii
beliind the s])ine, and a longer and wider one (Hi the lower side, exli'id-
ing below the former and the si)ine. The exi)ansions have their hii; icr
extremities opposed; they end quite abruptly and are widest near tlio
ADDENDA TO MAESirOBRANCIIII, ELASMOBRANCIIII, ETC. 71
termination. Moutb with five papillic, outer small. Teeth small, blunt.
Upper jaw indented in the middle; lower with a prominence in front,
Disk naked in the joung. Adult specimens have three rows of tubercles
on the middle of the back disposed as are those of D. haHtata. A large
specimen from Payta has three large, erect, broad-based tubercles in
front of the caudal spine, and the tail rough with smaller ones. The
short rows on the shoulders contain from three to four, and probably
increase in number with age, as is the case with the closely allied Atlan-
tic coast species. Color light grayish or olivaceous brown, reddish near
the edges, white below, with round spots of brownish under the base of
the tail. Compared with D. haatata this species differs in the shorter
tail, rounder extremities of the disk, and the shape and size of the tu-
bercles and membraneous fins. D. hastata has no expansion on the top
of the tail, and that on the lower side is very long, of moderate width,
and tapers gradually. Those of B. hrcvis are comparatively short an<l
broad ; they rise gradually und terminate abruptly. From D. sayi this
si)ecies is to be distinguished by the great development of the caudal
expansions, their shape and length, and by the tubercles on shoulders
and tail. A large female measures in length of body 17, tail 23, and
widtli of pectorals 18 inches. A young male in length of body 8.1, tail
12j and width of pectorals 9.2 inches. Peru.
Dasibatis DIPTERURA.
(Jordan & Gilbert, 1H80, Proc. U. S. Nat. IMus. 31.)
Disk rhond)oidj slightly broader than long; anterior margins nearly
straight forwards, meeting in a very obtuse angle; posterior margins
curved ; lateral angles rounded. Tail nearly half longer than disk, with
a consi)n'.u()us cutaneous fold below, and a smaller but evident one above.
Upper jaw considerably curved, with a slight convex protuberance in
front, which lits into a slight cmargination in the lower jaw, Avhich is
convex, its outlines corresponding to the curves of the upper jaw.
IJands of teetli wider in front than laterally. Inside of mouth, belnnd
the b>v.cr jaw, with three lleshy i)roce88es. Teeth abou^;; HJ^; about 8 in
ji cross-series in tlm u])i)er jaw, and 10 in the lower. Color light brown,
Nomewhat '""arbled with darker, but without distinct spots ; tail black-
isli ; belly white. Skin everywhere perfectly smootli in the young ; adult
with small tubercles ah>ng the back. San Diego, Cal.
Of the nine speeioa enumerated above as belonging to American
U
i O ^^
- ~t
' ;*
msB
72 CONTKinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
waters one has been described from the Sandwich Islands. It is in view
of the i)robabiUtj^ of its occurrence as an occasional visitor on our West-
ern coasts that it is introduced.
As already noticed, in Volume VI, page 172, of the Bulletin of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, the species recently described by l)r,
(liinther, Trijffon bravhyurtis and Trygoii retictilatus^ beh)ng to the genus
Poiamotrygouj wliich includes the i>eculiar species of the family inhabit-
ing the rivers of South America,
»7— 7^r^ *-;-»■;-: "i-trr-f-
Class IV.-PISCES.
{The Tnu3 Fishes.)
Skeleton bony or cartilaginous. Skull with sutures ; a lower jaw pres-
eut ; membrane bones developed in connection with the skull ; gill-open-
'iigfs a single slit on each side, sometimes confluent ; gills attached to bony
arches, normally four pairs of them, their outer margins free. Median
and paired fius usually developed; a lyriform shoulder-girdle. Exo-
skcleton various. Ova comparatively small. Ko " (;lasj)ers ". Brain-
lUllerentiated and distinctly developed, lleart developed, divided into
au auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb.
As here understood, this group includes tlie great majority of recent
fishes, and is e(]uivalent to the Teleostci, Gauoklel, and Dipnoi of most
recent writers, the Actinopteri, CroHsopicrijgla^ and Dipnoi of Professor
Cope. Omitting all notice of the Dipnoi and the Crossopterij(jla, all the
iiicinbers of which groups are extralimital and <'onflned to the fresh waters
ot'tiie tropics, it will be convenient to divide the American representa-
tives of the class of rinccs into four series or subclasses — ChomlroHtel,
Holostel, Thy Hontoml, iiud Fhiisocllat I, tha first and second including most
of the Qanoldcl of Miiller, the second and third the Telcontei. These
jirou])8 are evidently' of nnequal value, the Physostoml and the Physo-
cUsti being very intimately connected, and the relations of the Holostei
with the DhysoHioml are [>robably more intimate than their relations
with tlie other Ganoids, as has been shown by Professor Coi)e. Never-
theless, these groups exist in nature, and their recognition under one
name or another is convenient.
ANALYSIS OF THE SUBCLASSES OF PISCES.
a. Artci'ittl Imlb imiHciilar, with nnrKU'ouB valvos; optic norvcs f()rmiii<^ a cliiasnm ;
ventral Huh abduininal; uir-bladdcr witlia dncfc ; tail lu'tcroceiral.
(St'iies (tANoidki.*)
h. Ventral fln witU an entire series of basilar segments; skeleton carlilaf^inonH.
CUONDUOSTKI.
Vb. Ventral fln with the basilar segments rndimental; skeleton bony.. Holostei,
:■• .•••■.
!.•
yivof, splendor ; from the enamelled scales.
73
'ill I'' ' 'i ;!'-
.jiiiii
m'i
■"►',.
74 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
aa. Arterial bulb with a pair of opposite valves ; optic nerves not forming a cbiasina.
(Series Tkleosti;i. ' )
c. Air-blaildcr (if present) connected by an air-duct with the stomaeli ov
a'sopliagus; ventral tins (if present) abdominal, their basihir segmuuts
rudimental, iisually without spines ; parietal bones usuiJly united.
PlIYSOSTOMI.
cc. Air-bladder without duct ; ventral fins (if present) usually thoracic or
jugular, without basilar segments ; siiines usually present, at least in tli«
dorsal and ventral liua; parietal bones separated by the supraoccipitnl.
PllYSOCLlS>lI.
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PISCES.
The following key is intended simply to facilitate tlie identification of
species^ Ifo attempt is made to indicate the natural characters or rela-
tions of the families, and only those species of any group which occur
within the limits of the United States are taken into consideration.
I.— VENTRAL FINS PRESENT, ABDOMINAL.
• Dorsal fins 2, the anterior chiefly of soft rays, the posterior adipose.
A. Body naked.
B. Head with 4 to 8 long barbels ; dorsal and pectoral fins each with a spine.
SlLUUID^, 29.
, BB. Head without barbels ; fins without spines.
C. Teeth st rong ; dorsal fin many-rayed Ai.epidosaurid;e, 40.
CC. Teethminute; dorsal fin short STKUXorTyciUD.i;, lU.
AA. Body scaly.
1). Teetli broad, incisor-like , CuAi{ACiNiD,E, 33,
DD. Teeth (if i)resent) i)ointed.
E. IMargiu of upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone.
F. Dorsal fin nearly median.
G. Body with phosphorescent spots Scopelid.e, 42,
GG. Body without iihosphorescent si)ot8.
IF. Head scaly ; scales cycloid ; teeth cardiform Scopelid;e, 4..*.
IIII. Head naked; scales ctenoid ; teeth villiform..rEitC()PSiD.E, 17.
FF. Dorsal fin posterior; teeth unequal; body elongate.. l'AiLVLEPil>ii;,41.
EE, Margin of upjier jaw formed by maxillaries posteriorly.
J. Body with phosphorescent sjiots ; gill-rakers none.
CnAULIODONTIDiE, 44.
JJ. Body without iihosphorescent siiots ; gill-rakers present.
V r SALMOXID.Ii:, 4G.
•• Dorsal fin single, preceded by free spines.
K. Body scaleless, naked or with bony plates.
~- L. Ventral fins I, 1, the spine strong ; snout moderate.
Gasteuosteid.e, 64,
','_ LL. Ventral fins I, 5, the spine slender; snout prolonged.
AuLOUnvNCHiD;K, (!;i
KK. Body scaly ; snont tubular AuLOSTOMATiDiE, (W.
• rt^cof, perfect ; bareov, bono.
KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. ?§
•** Dorsal fina 2, the anterior of spines only, the jiosterior cliiefly of soft rays.
M. rectoral flu with 5 to 8 lowermost rays tletaebeil and fila-
mcutoUS POLYNEMlDiE, 6d.
MM. Pectoral flu entire.
• N. Snout tubular, bearing the short jaws at the end; body
' » compressed Ckntuiscid^, 60.
]NN. Snout not tubular.
O. Teeth strong, unetiual ; lateral line iirosent.
'SpiIYUiENID^, 67.
00. Teeth small or wanting; lateral line obsolete.
P. Dorsal8i)iue84, stout; analspinesS.-MuGiLiD^E, 65.
PP. Dorsal spines 4 to 8, sleuder ; anal spine single.
AxnEKiNiDJi, GG.
••"•Dorsal fin soft-rayed, followed by a series of detached finlcts.
SCOMBEHESOCID^, 57.
•**** Dorsal flu single, of soft rays only or with a single spine.
a. Tail evidently heterocercal.
b. Body n;-.! ed; snout with a sjiatulato blade; mouth wide, without barbels.
POLYODONTID^, 25.
bh. Body with 5 series of body shields ; mouth inferior, toothless, pnieeded by 4
barbels Acu'ENSeuiu^, aii.
hhb. Body scaly.
0. Scales cycloid ; a broad bony gnlar plate ; dorsal fin many-rayed.
AMiiDit;, 28.
cc. Scales ganoid ; no gnlar plate ; dorsal fin short Lepidos rEiD.E, 27.
art. Tail not evidently heterocercal.
d. Body naked.
e. Throat with a long barbel ; no caudal filament ; mouth large.
Stomiatid^, 45.
ee. Throat without barbel ; caudal fiu with a long filament ; mouth small.
FiSTULARIID/E, Gl.
ece. Throat without barbel ; no caudal lilaro b; gill membranes joined 1o
the isthmus C ypiuxid.e, 151.
dd. Body scaly.
/. Pectoral fins inserted near the axis of the body; low# pharyngeal
bones fully imited ; lateral line along the
sides of the belly.. .ScoMREKEsociDiE, 57.
ff. Pectoral fins inserted below the axis of the body ; lower ph.iryngeala
separate.
g. Vent in front of ventral fins; eyes concealed Amblyopsid^e, 48.
gij. Vent behind ventral fins; eyes normal.
/(. Head scaly, more or less.
i. Upper jaw not protractile, its lateral margin formed by the
maxillarics.
" j. Teeth cardiform ; jaws depressed, prolonged EsociDiE, 51.
^ jj- Teeth villi form ; jaws short IJMniiiDiE, 50.
a. Upper jaw prot.actile, its margin formed by premaxillaries
alone CYPKINODONTIDiE, 49.
"" ftft. Head naked.
Jc, Gill-opening separated by an isHinms; mouth toothless;
lower pharyngeals /"alciform,
I. Dorsal fin with a serrated spiue Cyprinid^, 31.
21. Dorsal fin without serrated spine.
m. Dorsal fin with (usually) less than 10 (developed) rays;
pharyngeal teeth few (less tlian 8).
Cypuinid^, 31.
i
t- -;
-4
ii^
JG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGY IV.
■ : mm. Dorsal flu with (usually) more tlian 10 rays; pTiarynpcal
teeth nnrm-rouH Catostomid.e, ;!().
■ kk. Gill-openings not separated by au iathiuns ; lower pharyn.
geal bones not falciform.
«. Throat without barbel ; no phosphorescent siiots.
o. Lateral line present.
p. Lower jaw with a gnlar plate; teeth villiforni;
lins with scaly sheaths Elopid/E, ^(5.
* pp. Lower jaw without gular plate,
g ff. Tongue with canine teeth ; maxillary extending
beyond eye HYODCNTiDyE, 3o.
qq. Tongue without canines.
r. Mouth black within ; teeth all pointed.
Alkpocp: amdjE, 33
IT. Mouth pale within ; teeth on roof and lloor of
mouth blunt and granular . . ALisuLiDyE, ;i4.
00. Lateral line obsolete.
8. Lower jaw much shorter than upper.
t. Mouth small, toothless; maxillary not
reaching beyond eye.. Douosomatidji:, 38.
tt. Mouth very wide, the maxillary reaching
much beyond eye ENGKAULiDyE, 39.
88. Lower jaw scarcely shorter than upper ;
maxillary compound Cl J'EID.e, 37.
nil. Throat with a long barbel ; sides with phosphores-
cent spots Stomiatid^, 45.
IL— VENTRAL FINS PRESENT. THORACIC OR JUGULAR.
A. Eyes unsymmctrical, both on the same side of the head Pleubonectidje, lii3.
AA. Eyes symmetrical.
B. Gill-openings in front of the pectoral fins.
C Body more or less scaly or armed with bony plates.
D. Ventral fins completely united ; gill membranes joined to the isthmus.
* GOBIID.!;, 101.
DD. Ventral tins separate.
E. Ventral rays I, 5.
F. Suborbital with a bony stay, which extends across the cheeks to or to-
ward the preoperclo; cheeks
' sometimes entirely mailed.
G. Pectoral fin with 2 or 3 lower rays detached and free.
|( Triglid^, 108.
GG. Pectoral fin entire.
H. Slit behind fourth gill small or wanting.
I. Anai spines 3 Scorp^nid^e, IOC.
II. Anal spines obsolete COTTID^; 107.
HIT. Slit behind fourth gill largo ChiuiDvE, lOf).
FF. Suborbital stay AV.'iiUting ; cheeks not mailed.
J. Spinous dorsal transformed into a lamoUated sucking disk.
^ ECHENEIDID.E, 70.
'~~~ JJ. Spinous dors.al (if present) not transformed into a sucking disk.
K. Din-sal spines all or nearly all disconnected from each other.
L. Body elongate, terete E/ACATiDdi, 71.
LL. Body oblong or ovate, compressed.
M. Caudal peduncle very slender, the lln widely forked.
CAllANGIDii:, 75.
HiMlHMH
KEY TO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 77
MM. Caudal peduncle stontish, the fin little forlvod.
KTUo.MATKin.t:, 77.
. ..s ,. KK. Dorsal spines (if present) all, or most of them, connected by
membrane.
,,. N. Pectoral fin with 4 to 9 U)\vermo3t rays detached and
filiform I'OLYNEMID^, (jH.
NN. Pectoral fin entire.
O. Dorsal and anal with detached finlets.
P. Anal preceded by *2 free spines Carangid^, 75.
.,'...- ' , PP. Anal not preceded by y free spines.
SCOMUUID/E, 74.
00. Dorsal and anal without finlets.
Q. Lateral line armed posteriorly with keeled plates;
1 , , . 2 free anal spines.
,, ; . CAUANGIDiE, 75.
QQ. Lateral line unarmed.
R. Throat with 2 long barbels (placed just behind
^ chin) MULLID^, 95.
ER. Throat without long barbels.
S. Vomer with teeth.
:i , " T. Dorsal tin continuous, without distinct
spines.
U. Caudal fin deeply forked ; no pseudo-
branchiie.. .CouYPn.KNii).E,7d.
UU. Caudal fin rounded; pseudobranchiio
Itresent Icostkid.e, 101.
TT. Dorsal fin with a dillerentiated spinous
part.
V. Gill membranes joined to the istlunus ;
no lateral lino. .. GoBiiD^E, 104.
W. Gill membranes free from the isthmus.
W. Eyes lateral.
* • X. Anal fin preceded by 2 free spines.
- Scales cycloid, minute.
Caiiangid/E, 75.
— Scales ctenoid, moderate.
I'<).MATO:MIl)yE, 76.
XX. Anal fin not i)receded by free
spines.
Y. Tail keeled Cauangid^, 75.
. , YY. Tail not keeled.
Z. Anal spines none. '
^ ., , 8EunAXiD.E, 86.
ZZ. Anal spines 1 or 2.
• Scales largo, deciduous ; mouth nearly vertical Apogonid^, 89.
," Scales smaller, adherent; mouth nearly horizontal.
tAnal rays more than 20 Pomatomid.t:, 76.
ttAnal rays less than 20 1'ercid.e, 85.
ZZZ. Anal spines 3.
t PHeudobranchin^ small, glandular, covered by skiu CENTUARCHiDiE, 84,
tt PseudobrunehiiB large, exposed. • r : /,
H Front teeth ineisor-like, compressed Sparid^, 88.
HIF Front teeth all pointed ; no incisors.
^ Maxillary slipping under preorbital for its whole length.
PuiSTIPOMATIDiE, 87.
m
78 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOOY IV.
$$ Maxillary not slipping under preorbital i»osteriorly SEURANiDji:, 8G.
ZZZZ. Anal spines 4 to 10.
CENTRAKCIIIDiE, 8t.
WW. Eyes superior ; nioiitli nearly verti-
cal UitANOScopiDj;:, Ka
SS. Vomer without teeth.
a. Tail with a strong spine on each side; teeth incisor-like TEUXiiYDiDiE, d'J.
aa. Tail without spine,
b. Anal i)receded by 2 free spines ; gill membranes free fron* isthmus.
Carangid^, 75.
hh. Anal without free spines,
c. Teeth setiform; soft parts of vertical fins completely scaly ; body compressed
" and elevated; anal spines 3 or 4.
(1. Dorsal fin continuous C'Hi^ETODONTiD^, l)s.
(Id. Dorsal fin deeply notched EPHIPPID^, \)7.
cc. Teeth not setiform. •
e. Lateral line obsolete.
/. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus GOBIID^, 104.
ff. Gill membranes free from the isthmus CKNXRAKCUiDiE, 84.
ee. Lateral lino present.
(). Dorsal fin without distinct spines ; no anal spines Icosteid^, 101.
f/g. Dorsal fin with distinct spines.
/(. Anal spines 1 or 2.
i. Lateral line interrupted ; no slit behind fonrth gill.
POMACENTRIDiE, 96.
ii. Lateral line complete, extending to the tip of the caudal fin ; head
scaly SciiENiDiE, 91.
Hi. Lateral line complete, extending to the base of the caudal.
j. Upiier jaw with posterior canines; dorsal fin continuous.
Tkaciiinid^, lO-i.
jj. Upper jaw without canines ; dorsal fins 2 PERCiDiE, eo.
hh. Anal spines 3.
i. Anal with more than 15 soft rays.
j. Treoperclo entire Embiotocid^, 9;).
jy. Preopercle serrate Stromateid^, 77.
ii. Anal with less than 15 soft rays.
k. Dorsal spines 9 or 10.
/. Cheeks and upercles scaly GERRin.^, 92.
?/. Cheeks and opercles chiefly naked Labrid.*;, 95,
hk. Dorsal spines 11 to 15.
.. m. Upper jaw with posterior canines LABRiDiE, 95,
vim. Upper jaw without posterior canines.
* Jaws with incisors or molars, or both Sparid^, 88.
** Jaws with pointed teeth only PRiSTiPOMATiDiE, 87,
^ '•^•. Dorsal spines 17 or more ; anterior teeth canine-like.
LABRIDiE, 95.
hhh. AnalspinesB CiCHLiDiE, 94,
-— - EE. Ventral rays more than I, 5.
n. Caudal fin wanting; scales spinous.. MacruriDjE, 121.
;:iJ . :_ . — ^ . nn. Caudal fin well developed.
o. Tail isocercal ; ventrals jugular Oadid^, 120.
00. Tail diphycercal.
""'-;':'■'"{.'•' '-^'-'S/ ^, Ventral rays about 15; dorsal fin single, elevated.
:'■ ; Lampridid^iE, 80.
KEY rO FAMILIES OF PISCES. 71)
• p2>. VcmraVrays about I, 7.
j.'i' .;, ; . q. Dors.il spiues ;J or 4; vent anterior.
-; : . Apiiredodeiud.-e, 83.
gq. Dorsal siiincs about 11; vent normal; scales
^^ ■ large, very rougli.
BKRYCIDiE, 82.
qqq. Dorsal spines about 10; vent normal; scales
minute Zknid.e, 81.
EEC Ventral fins with or without spine ; tlie numberof soft rays less than 5.
■1 r. Dorsal liu composed of spines only.
8. Dorsal liu extremely high Buamid^e, 79.
88. Dorsal fin low BLKNXiiDJi;, 112.
rr. Dorsal iiu of si)ine8 anteriorly, of soft rays pos.
teriorly. «
t. Pectoral fins entire,
tt. Body entirely covered with series of bony
plates TlJlGLlDiE, 108.
««. Body not mailed,
t'. Suborbital with a bony stay.
COTTID^, 107.
' • vv. Suborbital without bony stay.
Bi.ENNIIDiE, 112.
tt. Pectoral fin divided to the base in two un-
equal parts TUIGLlDiE, 108.
rrr. Dorsal fin of soft rays anteriorly, of low spines
■ posteriorly ZOARClDiE, 115.
rrrr. Dorsal fin of soft rays only.
tv. Dorsal fin very short ; body mailed.
. ' ' TUIGLID^, 108.
• • . WW. Dorsal fin very long ; body with
' ■ , small scales.
X. Dorsal and anal joined to the cau-
dal ; pseudobrauchifD i>resent.
y. Gill membranes joined to the isth-
mus ZoAUCiDiE. lir>.
yy. Gill membranes free from the
isthmus OriiiDiiD/E, 118.
, OCX. Dorsal and anal free from the cau-
dal or nearly so ; no pseudo-
branchiae.
e. Tail isocercal ; chin usually with
a barbel Gauid^e, 1'20.
zz. Tail diphycercal, no barbel.
Brotulid.e, 119.
CC. Body scaleless, smooth or armed with tubercles, prickles, or scattered bony
plates.
•Broast with a sucking disk. *
A. Gill membranes free from the isthmus ; no spinous dorsal Gobiesocid^, 111.
AjV. Gill membranes joined to the isthmus.
B. Skin smooth Liparidid^, 109.
BB. Skin with tubercles or spines , CYCLOPTERiDiE, 110,
"Breast without sucking disk.
C. Ventrals completely united GoDllDiE, 104.
CC. Ventrals separate.
'1
§
U .
* *
.1 . '
i
l'.i,ii.
11 :■). 'i I .3-
S^^liii
80 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
D. Dorsal and anal fins followed Ijy finlotH.
K. Free anal siiines 2 CauangiD/E, T'l.
EE. Free analspiuos none ScoMBRiD^, 74.
' DD. Dorsal ami anal witliont finhits.
F. Upper jaw prolon;^ed into a, "sword" XiPiiiiD^, 72.
FF. Upper jaw not prolonged into a sword.
G. Suborbital with a bony stay CoTTiDiE, 107.
GG, Suborltital without bony stay.
U. Anal fin absent; caudal tin rudimentary or directed upward.
TUACaVPTKIUli^, 100.
HH. Anal lin present ; caudal developed.
I. Ventral rays less than I, 5.
J. Dorsal sjjiues none at all ; lateral line with prieklo.q.
, leOSTKID/E, 101.
J J. Dorsal spines very few (less than 6) Batuaciiid.e, 114.
3,1 J. Dorsal spines numerous IJHiXNilDiE, 112.
II. V<^ntrals thoracic, I, 5, or more.
K. Dorsal with ii seri<!s of bony plates at base Zenid^, 81.
KK. Dorsal without bony plates at base.
L. Anal ])receded by 2 free spines CauanoiD/E, 75.
LL. Anal with(»ut free spines Tuaciiiniu/E, 102.
BB> Gill-oiieuings small, behind the pectoral fins, Avhich are more or less pedic-
nlate.
M. Gill-openings in or behind upper axil of pectorals;
mouth small — Maltiieida:, r2(i.
MM. Gill-openings in or behind lower axil ; mouth large.
N. Head compressed ; no preudobrauch'".
A" XAniiD/E, 125.
NN. Head depressed ; pseudobranchi "ut.
LiOPIIIIDiE, )24.
III.— VENTRAL FINS ENTIRELY WANTING.
A. Gill-openings ventral, confluent iii a longitudinal slit ; body eel-shaped.
SYNAPIIOBUANCHIDiE, 54.
B. Gill-openings lateral, or not confluent.
C. Gill membranes united to the isthmus (J. c, gill-openings 8ei)arated by an
isthmus).
D. Dorsal fin single, of spines only.
E. Molar teeth present AxARmiicnADin-E, 1111.
EE. Molar teeth none Blexxiid/E, 112.
DD. Dorsal lins two, f?'lv nor spinous, posterior soft ; teeth ineisor-like.
BALISTIDiE, 128.
DDD. D^' .1 iln undivided, the spines feeble or none.
F Miout tubular, bearing the short, toothless mouth at its end ; hodj' mailed.
F. Caudal fin iireseut; head in the lino of the axis of the body.
• Syngnatiiid^, 58.
FF. Caudal fin wanting; head not in line of axis of body.
HlPPOCAMPlD^, 59.
EE. Snout not tubular.
"T:.^ G. Body elongate, eel-shaped. -- --^-- -_-_.. ^ — ..__..., —
H. Pectoral lins wanting. .
V, r- , , , I. Gill-openings very small Mur^nid.e, 52.
II. Gill-openings moderate ANOUiLLlDiE, 53.
HH. Pectoral lins present.
KEY TO FAMILIES OP PISCES.
81
J. Jaws attenuate, forming a long, snipe-like bcnli.
Nemiciitiivid^, 56.
J J. Jaws not attenuate.
K. Tail tapering into a filament SACCOPiiAHYNGiUiE, 54.
KK. Tail not filamentous.
M. Maxillarics and premaxillaries (listinv^t ZoARCiDiE, 115.
MM. Mamillaries and X'l^maxillaries uipru or less eoaleaccut
with vomer aud palatines.
AxauiLLiD^. 53.
GG. Body not ccl-sbaped.
N. Breast with a sucking disk.
O. Skin smooth LiPAniDiDjE, 109.
00. Skin tubercular Cycloi>tkiud^, 110.
NN. Breast without sucking disk.
P. Teeth in each jaw confluent into one.
Q. Body compressed, rough Ortiiagoriscid.e, 131.
QQ. Body not compressed, spinous.. DioDONTiD^, 130.
V PP. Teeth in each jaw confluent into two.
■ ", ' - TETUODONTIDiE, 189.
r '■ ' PPP. Teeth separate.
\''-:'.Ai^''..'-y..:-,^^ /■'■■:'-■."- K. Body enveloped in a bony box... OstuaciiDjE, 127.
RR. Body not mailed STSOSt ateid^, 77.
CC. Gill membranes free from the isthmus.
8. Vent at the throat.
> T. Vertical fins confluent ; body eel-shaped.
FlERASFEBIDiE, 117.
TT. Vert al fins separate ; body oblong.
AMBLYOPSIDiE, 48.
SS. Vent posterior.
U. Caudal fin wanting ; body naked.
Tkichiurid^, 73.
UlT. Caudal fin present.
V. Upper jaw prolonged into a sword.
XiPHiiD^, 72.
■^ • ,, W. Upper jaw not prolonged into a sword.
W. Body ovate, much compressed.
Stkomateid^, 77.
WW. Body oblong or elongate.
X. Gillmembranes broadly united; teeth
present.
Y. Dorsal fin of spines only.
BLENXIIDiE, 112.
YY. Dorsal fin of soft rays onl}'.
Congrogadid^, 116.
YYY. Don>al fins 2, anterior spinous,
posterior soft CoiTiDiE, 107.
XX. Gill membranes separate.
Z. Jaws toothless, the lower jaw
projecting. . . . Ammodytidjs, 69.
ZZ. Jaws with teeth, lower not pro-
jecting Ophidiid^, 118.
Bull. Nat. MU8. Ko. 16 6
•,M
U
I
i-J
-1. ,
I •
• 'ii'
r^'
ifei ^
4 -
.1;
,ia>
i I
t-f
1
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Subclass OHONDROSTEI.
i*,*
■.1-J'
.V- {The Sturgeons.) ' , > , . -as-'
Skeleton partly cartilaginous. Ventral fin abdominal, with an entire
series of basilar segments. No suboperculnm or preopercnlum. Branclii.
ostegals (single or) wanting ; a pnecoracoid arch ; no syinplectic bone.
Mesopterygium distinct j interclavicles present.* Arterial bulb with
several pjvirs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chiasma. Intestine
with a si>iral valve. Air-bladder connected by a duct with the oesopha-
gus. Tail heterocercal, its fin with fnlcra. Skin naked or armed with
bony i)lates. This group comprises two orders.
(Order Chondrostd Giintber, viii, 332-347. ;j;5yfSpof, cartilage ; uariov, bono.)
ANALYSIS OF ORDERS OF CH0NDR08TEI
Maxillary and iutcroporcio obsoloto; skin naked; brancbiliyals cartilaginous; air-
bladder cellular Sklaciiostomi, G,
Maxillary and interoi)orclo present ; skin witli bony shields ; brancbiliyals osseous;
air-bladder simple Glaniostomi, II,
Okder g.-selaciiostomi.
{The raddle-fishes.)
A praicoracoid arch ; no sympiectic bono ; premaxillary forming mouth
border ; no suboperculnm, preoperculnm, nor interoperculnm ; mesop-
terygium distinct; basihyals aud superior ceratohyai not ossified; inter-
clavicles i)re8ent; maxillaries obsolete; brancbiliyals cartilaginous.
This order contains but one family, Polyodontidw. {a^Myr^, shark ; (rtfJ/ju,
mouth.) J
Family XXV.— FOLYODONTIDiE.
■ {The Paddle-fishes.) '
Body fusiform, little compressed, covered with mostly smooth skin.
Snout prolonged, expanded into a thin, flat blade, the inner portion
formed by the produced nasal bones, the outer portion with a reticulate
bony framework, the whole somewhat flexible. Mouth broad, termi-
nal, but overhung by the spatulate snout, its border fornu'd by the i)ro-
maxillaries, the maxillaries being obsolete. Jaws v/ith nmny fine deiid-
Tlie ONte<dogical characters bore aud elsewhoro in this work are juostly taken from
Col)(^'H " Couiribution to the Ic^hthyology of the Lessor Antilles". Trans. Am. riiil.
Boo. 1U70.
pons teetl
present,
acute fla])
rakers Ion
iiuMubranc
mus. A s
base of bl
brauches.
farther ba
so tliat the
tail armec
torals mo(
bladder cc
branching
Two gei
{fular fislu
They feed
it up with
(I'olyodon
*Gill-rakor£
Lac6p^do, I
Gill-rak
(hil fulcra
States. (
25. POLYODONTIDiE — ^POLYODON.
8S
t'oua teetb. Similar teeth en the palatines. ITo tongue. Spiracles
present. Opercukmi riulimentary, its skin produced behind into a long,
acute lla]>. No psendobranchiaj nor oi>ercular gill. Gills 4J. Gill-
riiUers long, in a double series on each arch, the series divided by a broad
mombrane. Gill membranes considerably connected, free from the iath-
imus. A single broad branchiostegal. No barbels. Nostrils double, at
biise of blade. Lateral line continuous, its lower margin with short
branches. Dorsal iiu well back, of soft rays only. Anal similar, rather
ftirtlier back. Tail heterocercal, the lower caudal lobe well developed,
so that the fin is nearly equally forked. Sides of the bent portion of the
tail armed with small rhombic plates. Caudal fin with fulcra. Pec-
torals moderate, placed low. Vontrals abdominal, many-rayed. Air-
bladder cellular, not bifid. Pyloric cceca in the form of a short, broad,
branching, leaf-like organ. Intestine with a spiral valve.
Two genera known, Polyodon and Pscphurus, each of one species. Sin-
gular fishes, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States and China.
Tlioy feed chiefly on mud and minute organisms contained in it, stirring
it up with the spatulate snout.
(/'o/i/otioMtida; GUuthor, viji, 346-347.)
•Gill-rakors very fliio iiiul numorous; caudal fulcra small and uuinorous.
Polyodon, J6.
46.-POLlfODO]V Lacdpfede.
TaMle-finhes.
(S/}a<M?an'a Shaw : P?at»rostra Lc Sueur.)
Lacdptido, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i. 402, 1798: typo "Polyodon feuillv" = P. folium Blocb.)
( I ill-rakers exceedingly luimerous, very slender ; spatula broad. Cau-
dal fulcra 13 to 20 in number, of moderate size. Rivers of the United
States. (;r«AuT, many ; «5(bv, tooth.) . . y, '
13. P. spathula (Walb.) J. & Q. —-Paddle- fish ; Spoon-bill Cat; Duck-hill Cat.
Color olivaceous, rather pale. Opercular flap very long, nearly reach-
ing to ventrals. Spatula broad. Premaxillary extending far behind
the small eye. Slt.in smooth, or nearly oO, except the rhombic plates on
the sides of the tail. Ventrals near the middle of the body ; dorsal
well behind them; anal mostly behind the dorsal, and somewhat
larger ; these fins somewhat falcate. Fin-rays slender. Spiracle with
a minute barbel. Isthmus papillose in the young. Spatula 2 J to 4 times
ill length. Whole head, with opercular flap, more than half length.
Head, without spatula or flap, about 5. D. 50-GOj A. 50-05; V. 45*
M
11:
.,i - 1 i-r-
ml
(>* '^
H
t I'.
i M
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
L. 5-6 feet. Mississippi Valley and rivers of the Southern States ; gen-
erally abundant.
(Squalus epathula Walbanm, Artedi Piac. 1792, 522: "Polyodon /cutKc" Lac6I)^(lo,
Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 402 : P. fol'mm Schneider ed. Bloch, Syst. Ichth. 457 : Spatulana
reticulata Shaw, Geu. Zool. 1804, v, 362 : Platirostra edentula (adult) Le Sueur, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 227 : P. folium Gunther, 346.)
Obdeb H.-GLANIOSTOMI.
{The Sturgeons.) -
A proecoracoid arch. No symplectic bone. Maxillary present. No
suboperculum or preoperculura. Interoperculum present. Mesoptcry.
gium distinct. Interclavicles present. Basihyals and superior cerato-
hyal not ossified. Branchihyals osseous. This group is composed of the
single family Acipemeridce. (yka-n^^ a cat-flsh, Silurus ; aro/m, mouth.)
Family XXVI.— ACIPENSERIDJ5.
{The Sturgeons.)
Body elongate, subeylindrical, armed with five rows of bony bucklers,
each with a median carina which terminates in a spine. A median dor-
sal scries, and a lateral and abdominal series on each side, the abdomi-
nal series sometimes deciduous. Between these the skin is rough, with
small irregular plates. Snout produced, depressed, conical or subspjit-
ulate. Mouth small, inferior, protractile, with thicken'id lips. No
teeth. Four barbels in a transverse series on the lower side of tlio
snout in front of the mouth. Eyes small; nostrils largo, double, in front
of eye. Gills 4. An accessory opercular gill. Gill membranes united
to the isthmus. !N"o branchiostegals. Maxillary bone distinct from the
I)remaxillary. Head covered with bony plates united by sutures. Fin-
rays slender, all articulated. Vertical fins with fulcra. Pectorals
idaced low. Ventrals many-rayed, behind middle of body. Dorsal
placed posteriorly. Anal somewhat behind it, similar. Tail heterocer-
cal, the lower caudal lobe developed. Air-bladder large, simple, con-
nected with the (esophagus. Pseudobranchiie small or obsolete. Stom-
ach without blind sac. llectum with a 8X)iral valve. Pancreas divided
into pyloric appendages.
Large fishes of the seas and fresh waters of northern regions. Most
of the species are migratory, like the salmon, which are found in the
same waters. Genera 2, species about 20, although more than llvo
times that number have been described. The American species especi-
»• Spiracles obi
' M. Duiudril
26. ACIPENSERIDiE — ACIPENSER. 85
ally have been unduly multiplied, particularly by Auguste DumiSril,
who has found upwards of forty of them in the museum at Paris.
The actual number of American sturgeons does not exceed 7, and is
inoro likely still less. The changes with age are considerable; the snout
in particular becomes much shorter and less \cute, and the roughness
of the scales is greatly diminished; the ventral shields sometimes disap-
pear altogether The number of plates, although one of the best spe-
cific characters, is subject to considerable variations. . ^ >
(Jci;)fn«end(B Giinthor, viii, 332-345.) v; A:> -v / .;v ilk -
• Spiracles present ; snout subconic ; rows of bony shields distinct throughout.
ACIPKNSER, 47.
•» Spiracles obsolete ; snout subspatulate ; rows of bony shields confluent on the tail.
SCAPIlIRUHYNCnOPS, 48.
4».— ACIPENSER* Linnseus.
• Sturgeons.
(Ariedi, Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Jcipcneer aturio L.) .
Snout subconical, more or less depressed below the level of the fore-
head. A small spiracle over the eye. Caudal i)eduncle moderately
long, deeper than broad, the rows of bony bucklers distinct to the base
of the caudal fin. Tail not produced into a filament, its tip surrounded
by the caudal rays. Gill-rakers small, narrowed or lanceolate. Pseu-
ilobranchiai present. Species numerous. (Latin acipenser, a sturgeon ;
from «x{c, point ; jrevra, five ?)
yi. A. sturio L. — Common Sturgeon.
Snout rather shari^, nearly as long as the rest of the head, becoming
comparatively shorter and blunter with age. Barbels nearly midway
between mouth and tip of snout, shortish, not reaching the mouth.
Gill rakers small, slender, pointed, sparse, not longer than the i)upil.
»M. Dmudril (Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 89) divides this group into six subgenera, as fol-
lows :
a. Spines of dorsal shields situated near their middle. {Mcaocentrei.)
b. Stellate plates none.
c. Scutella (between largo shields) disposed without order Huso.
cc. Scutella disposed in quincunx Acipenskh.
6fi. Stellate ])late8 nunioroiis Antackus.
flo. Spines of dorsal shiehl at the posterior extremity. {O^iathocentrea.)
. d. Stellate plates none.
e. Lip emarginate Stkrletus.
ce. Lip entire LlONlscus.
dd. Stellate plat«8 numoroUi"* IlELOPS.
The same species at dilTcreut ages niuy frequently belong to two or more of these
Bubgoiiora.
w
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1
K\ i>.mi^^^^^^^
[ -
, pi^^H
i;;
^^!
I
V . 1
l^^^^^ffi
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I 1
BriilBiiiimirBiliir"iirTmiMmTiiiiit[nir
■i "
I A
' .*', .
M !.
86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Fulera rougliish, not enlarged. Lower lobe of tail rather sharp. Sides
of tail with regular rhombic plates. Plates mesocentrous, rather rough.
Anal smaller than dorsal, placed mostly below it. Anterior rays of
pectoral thickened. "Skin with voiy small rough points in vcrj'
young examples ; in older ones these ossifications are broader, rougli,
substellate, and more or less regularly arranged in oblique series." D.
40-44 J A. 20-30. Dorsal plates 11-14; lateral 27-36; ventral plates
11. Atlantic Ocean ; ascending rivers of Europe and North America.
Var. oxyrrasynchus (Mitchill), the American Sturgeon, has the num-
ber of lateral plates generally fewer — 27-29 instead of 29-36, as in Euro-
liean examples. The stellate ossifications are also said to be some-
"what rougher than in the Euroi)ean form. Massachusetts to Florida;
abundant.
(L. Syst. Nat. ; Giintlier, viii, 342 : Acipenaer oxyrhynohua Mitcliill, Trans. Lit. &
Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 462, and of most American writers.)
7 a* A> transmontanus Richardson. — White Sturgeon; Columbia River Sturgeon;
SaoramerJo Sturgeon.
Color dark grayish, scarcely olive-tinged, and without stripes. Dor-
sal shields mesocentrous, with a compressed bluntish spine, which is
anterioHy often serrated, and followed behind by a compressed keel.
Lateral shields rather opisthoceiitrous. Skin with stellate roughnesses,
but smoother than in A. medirostris. Snout sharp in the young, be-
coming rather blunt and short in the adult, when it is confjiderably
shorter than the rest of the head. Barbels rather nearer to the tip of
snout than to the mouth. Gill-rakers comparatively long, more than
3 times as high as broad, about 26 in number. Upper lobe of tai[
with rhombic plates. First caudal fulcrum, above and below, enlarged
and granular. Lower lobe of caudal rather sharp and long, not much
shorter than upi)er. Dorsal plates 12 ; lateral 36-49, usually about 44;
ventral 10. Anal fin mostly below dorsal. D. 45 ; A. 28. Depth 7 in
length ; head 4. Pacific coast, south to Monterey, ascending the Sacra
niento, Columbia, and Eraser's Eivers in large numbers in spring.
Reaches a weight of 300 to 600 pounds, and is used as food.
(Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amor. iii, 278, 1836: Aoipenscr hrachyrhynchus and aciiti-
rosWs (young) Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854,15,10: Acipenser transmoiUanut
anil bravhyrhynchus Qiinther, viii, 336, 337.)
70. A. medirostris Xyrea.— Green Sturgeon.
Color olive-green, with an olive stripe on the median lino of the belly
and one on each side above the ventral plates, these stripes ceasing op-
posite the vent. Shields generally opisthocentrous, with a stroDgly
■IHHiMli
26. ACIPENSERID^ — ^ACIPENSEE.
87
iy
hooted spine. Skin very rough. Snout about as in A. transmontanus,
sharp in the young, becoming blunt with age, usually rather shortei
than the rest of head. Barbels nearly midway between snout and
mouth. Gill-rakers scarcely higher than broad, about 17 in number.
Upper lobe of tail with some scattered plates. Caudal fulcra not en-
larged. Lower lobe of caudal short and blunt, little more than half the
length of the upper. Dorsal plates 10; lateral 28-30; ventral 9. Anal
fin about half below the dorsal. D. 37 ; A. 30. Depth 7J in length ;
bead 4^. Pacific coast, ascending the rivers from San Francisco north-
ward, reaching a large size. Less abundant tiian A. transmontamis;
not used for food, being reputed poisonous.
(Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 15; GUnthor, viii, 342: Acipenacr agaasizi Giiuthor,
viii, 344 : Acipenaer acutiroatria GUnther, viii, 344 ; not of Ayres.)
77. A. rubicundus Le Sueur. — Lake Sturgeon; Ohio Sturgeon; Black Sturgeon;
Stone Sturgeon ; Hock Sturgeon.
Blackish above, sides paler or reddish. Body comparatively elongate ;
snout slender and long in the young, becoming quite blunt with age,
when it is considerably shorter than the rest of the head ; shields large,
rongli with strongly hooked spines, becoming later comparatively
smooth. Skin with minute rough plates. Ventral shields growing
smaller with age, and finally deciduous. Dorsal shields 13 (11-10);
lateral shields (34) 30-39; ventral plates 8-10. D. 35; A. 26. L. 6
feet. Weight 50 to 100 pounds. Mississii)pi Valley, Great Lakes, and
northward. Our common tresh- water sturgeon, usually not descending
to the sea.
(Le Sncur, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. i, 1818, 388: Acipenaer maculoaua Lo Suour, l/ans.
Amcr. Pliii. Soc. i,3U3: Adpenaer rupertianua Kicbardsou, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 311:
Aiipenser carbonariua, Iwvia, and rhynchaua Agassiz, Lalco Superior, 271, 276: Acipenaer
riihicumhia, maculosua, and Ho2)elli8 Guntlicr, viii, 338, 339, 341 ; Miluer, Kept. U. S. Fish
Com. If7:i-'73,C7.)
7§, A, hrcvirostris Lo SuGVLT.—Short-noaed Sturgeon.
" Snout very short and obtuse, about one-fourth of the length of the
head. Barbels short, simple. Osseous shields rather small and distant
from one another, finely radiated and granulated ; 8-10 on the back,
22-28 on the sides, 6-8 along the abdomen. Skin very sparingly cov-
ered with minute prickles and very small scattered ossifications. The
greater part of the anal below the dorsal. D. 30." {O'dnther.) Cape
Cod to Florida.
(Le Sueur, Trans. Amer. PhiL Soo. i,390; GUnther, viii, 341.)
f. .i' J:
I Sh
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CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY — IV.
4§.— 8CAPinRBHiriV€HOPS GilL
8hovel-no86 Sturgeons. ,■ :. •
(Scaphirhynchua Heckel, Ann. Wiener Mus. Naturgesch. i, 1835,71; preoccupied in oruf.
thology.)
{Scaphirhynchops* (Gill, MSS. ) Jordan & Copeland, Ball. Buff. Sec. Nat. Hist. 1876, 161 ;
type Acipenser platorynchus Kafinesque.)
Snout broad, depressed, subspatulate or shovel-shaped. No spiracle.
Caudal peduucle very long, strongly depressed, broader than deep.
Rows of bony bucklers confluent below the dorsal fin, forming a com-
plete coat of mail on the tail. Tail produced in a filament beyond the
caudal fin. Gill-rakers somewhat fan-shaped. PseudobranchisB obso-
lete. Species about 4, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United States
and Central and Eastern Asia, {ffxd^rj, spade; ^oyx'K, snout; wi/', appear-
ance.)
79. S. platyrrhyocllUS (Kafinesque) Gill. — Shovel-nosed Sliiryeon; White Sturgeon.
Body elongate, tapering into a slender, depressed tail, which extends
beyond the caudal fin in the form of p. filament. This filament is long
and slender in the young, but is frequently lost in the adult. Bony
shields opisthocentrous, sharply keeled, the series confluent below tlie
dorsal, obliterating the smaller plates between. Two occipital plates
with short keels. A spine in front of eye, and one at the posterior edge
of the rostral " shovel " ; snout in the young with a few spines. Barbels
nearer mouth than tip of snout. Greatest width of head about half its
length. None of the fulcra enlarged. Dorsal and anal small. Anal
partly below dorsal. Gill-rakers small, lamellate, somewhat fim-shaped,
ending in 3-4 jjoints. Dorsal shields 15-18 ; lateral 41-40; ventral 11-
13. Head 4 in length. L. 5 feet. Mississippi Valley and streams of
the Western and Southern States ; common.
(AclpeHHer platorhynchus Rafinesquo, Iclith. Oh. 1820, 80: Scaphirhynchua raftnesqud
Heckel, Ann. Wiener Mus. Natuvgescli. i, 1835, 71 : Scaphirhynchua cataphractua Giiutber,
viii, 345.)
" Subclass HOLOSTEl --.
"■•'"' {The Bony Ganoids.)
Skeleton bony. Ventral fin abdominal, with the basilar segments riuli-
mentsiry, as in ordinary fishes. Primary radii of posterior limb generally
reduced to one rudiment. Suboperculum and preoperculum present.
• " In words beginning with />, /> is doubled after a prefix " (Liddell t^ Scott, Gr.-Eiij»i.
Lex. 1858, yi3) ; hence Scaphirrhynchopa, Uemirrhamphua, and all similar words are
properly written with the double r.
27. LEPIDOSTEID^.
89
Brifbchiostegals present. Coronoid bone and praecoracoid arch present.
Arterial bulb with several pairs of valves. Optic nerves forming a chi-
asma. Intestine with aspiralvalve. Air-bladder cellular, lung-lJke, con-
nected by a sort of glottis with the oesophagus. Tail heterocercal. Skin
covered with scales, which are ganoid or cycloid. As here understood,
this group consists of the two orders Oinglymodi and JIalecomorphi,
the Crossopterygia being considered as forming a distinct subclass. The
Chondrostei, ITolostei, and Grossopterygia form the series or subclass
Ganoidei, represented by five widely divergent families among recent
fishes and by a great variety of extinct types. These forms, so far as
known, agree in a number of respects already indicated, and diflfer from
all the Tcleostei^ or ordinary fishes, in the presence of several pairs of
valves in the arterial bulb, and in the presence of the optic chiasma.
The relations of the HalecomorpJii with the Teleostean order of Isospon-
dyli are, however, undoubtedly very close.
(Ganoidei Iloloatei part Giinther, viii, 324-325, 328-331. 62.og, complete; bariovj
bone.) ■ "■'
ANAXY8I8 OF ORDERS OF H0L08TEI.
• Vertel>rEB opisthoccelian ; maxillary bone transversely divided into several pieces.
GiNGLYMODI, I.
** VertebrtB ampliicrolian ; maxillary bone not transversely divided.
, y Halecomorphi, J.
Order I -GINGLYMODI.
{The Qar Pikes.)
Parietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebrae
simple. Symplectics present. Maadible with opercular, coronoid, an-
gular, articular, and dentary bones. Third superior pharyngeal small,
lying on fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Maxillary transversely
divided. A cartilaginous praecoracoid arch. Vertebrae opisthocoelian.
Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and five other basal elements. Tail
heterocercal. This order includes the single family Lepidoateiioe.
(j-i^'^'Au/zof, hinge; d^woT, tooth. !:?.•*/-,
Family XXVIL—LEPIDOSTEID^.
{The Gar Pikes.)
Body elongate, subcylindrical, covered with hard, rhombic, ganoid
scales or plates, which are imbricated in oblique series running down-
ward and backward. Both jaws more or less elongate, spatulato or
beak-like, the upper law projecting beyond the lower. Premaxillary
i ';
1 i
i>. Ij
l^^ it
90
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOOY~IV.
.»! i-i:
:im\r
\¥ ];• 'I
I** ,
I J ) j
forming most of the margin of the upper jaw ; the maxillary transversely
divided into several pieces. Lower jaw composed of as many pieces as
in reptiles. Coronoid present. Both jaws with an outer series of small
teeth, followed by one (or two) series of largo teeth, besides which on
the jaws, vomer, and palatines are series of small, close-set, rasp-like teeth.
Tongue toothless. Largo teeth of the jaws conical in form, pointed and
striate, placed at right angles to the jaw. These large teeth rest, accord-
ing to Agassiz, in a rather deep furrow, protected on the outside by the
raised border of the jaw, and on the inside by a ridge of the same
nature. Thesis teeth are pierced in the centre by a foramen, which
communicates with the maxillary canal, and through which the nervos
and blood vessels enter the pulp cavity of the tooth. The forms of tho
folded layers of dentine within the teeth are peculiar. Pharyngeals
w fch rasp like teeth. Tongue short, broad, emarginate, free at tip. Ex-
teriml bones of skull very hard ?\' d rugose. Eyes small. Nostrils near
the end of the upi)er jaw. An accessory gill on the inner side of tho
opercle. Pseudobranchiie present. l!fo spiracles. Gills four, a slit be-
hind the fourth. Bru.nchiostegals 3. Gill membranes somewhat con-
nected, free from the isthmus. Gill-rakers very short. Air-bladder cellu-
lar, lung-like, somewhat functional, communicating by a glottis with tho
oesophagus. Fins with fulcra. Dorsal lin short, rather high, posterior,
nearly opposite the anal, which is similar in form. Tail heterocercal,
in the young produced as a lilament beyond the caudal fin. Caudal
convex. Ventrals nearly midway between pectorals and anal. Pec-
toral and ventrals moderate, few-rayed. Vertebra) with balland-sockct
joints [opistliocoelian). Stomach not coecal. Pyloric appendages numer-
ous. Spiral valve of intestines rudimentary. Fishes of the fresh waters
of North America. Genera 1 or 2; species probably 3 or 4, although
more than 40 have been described. These fishes are of much interest
to geologists from their relationship to extinct Ganoid types.
(Zcpidoato'do; GUnther. .ill, 328, 331.)
• Largo teeth of tho upper juw in a siuglo series (in adnlt) Lkpidosteus, 49.
•* Large teeth of upper jaw iu two series LlTllOLEPis, 50.
49.— liEPlDOSTEVS Lacdpbde.
Oar Fikes.
(Lepiaoeteus Lac€p^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 331, 1803 : type Lepisoateus gavialia Lac. =
Etox osaeus L. )
This genus is characterized by the presence of but one row of largo
teeth in each jaw. There are in the upper jaw, first, the outer series of
MiiMllHH
27. LEPIDOSTEID^ LEPIDOSTEUS.
91
small, sharp, even teeth, then the series of large teeth, some of the
anterior teeth being nsnuUy movable. Next eomes a series of fine
teeth, in one row in front, beeoming a band behind. Then the vom-
erine teeth also in a long band, and posteriorly outside of the vomerine
bund a i)alatine band. These bands on the roof of the mouth are fre-
qnently somewhat confluent or irregular. In young specimens some
of the palatine- teeth are often enlarged, sometimes forming a regular
Hcaies. Lower jaw with an outer series of small teeth, then a series of
liug«5 teeth, then a broad '^and of fine teeth on each side. No teeth on
tongue. Each of the large teeth fitting into a depression in the op-
posite jaw. Waters of the United States. (Ae-n;, scale; daTiov, bone.)
* Ueuk long ami Hluiuler ; tho suout more tliuu twice tbo length of the rcat of the
80> Ii« OSSCU8 (L.) Agasaiz. — Long-noKcil Gar; Dill-fMh ; Common Oar Pike.
Olivaceous, pale and somewhat silvery below. Vertical fins and pos-
terior part of the body with round black spots, which are more distinct
iu the young. Very young with a blackish lateral band. Snout a little
more than twice tho length of the rest of the head, its length 15-20
times its least width. Head 3 in length ; depth 12. D. 8 ; A. 9. ; V.
6 ; P. 10 ; Lat. 1. about 02. L. about 5 feet. Great Lakes and rivers
of the United States from Vermont to tho llio Grande ; generally abun-
dant* ;,. :■;■, -v-^- ,,.--■■— ■;--"- ■ •■ ---■ : •■ --• .
{Ehox OBseua Linn. Syst. Nftt. : Lepiaosteus oxyurua Raf. Ichtb. Oh. 7;$ : Lepiaoateua huron-
ennin liichardsou, Fuuua Bor.-Aiucr. iii, 5i;i7 ; Gilnther, viii, :}30.)
'*lleuk shorter and broader, little longer ihau the rest of the head. {Cylindroateu8\
Raiiuesqne. )
§1. li. platystomus Raf.~Shoi-t-noHcd Oar.
Colors of fj. osseus or rather darker. Snout usually about one-third
longer tl-.-.u the rest of the head, sometimes about equal to it, its length
r»-G times its least width. Head 3} in length ; depth 8. D. 8 ; A. 8 ;
V. 6 ; Lat. 1. about C6. L. 2-3 feet. Great Lakes and southern and
western rivers, with the i>receding, but less abundant northward.
{Lepiaoateua platoatomua Kaliucsqnc, Ichth. Oh. 72; Glinther, viii.SriD.)
•M. Augufite Dnmdiil (Hist. Nab. Poiss.) divides this species, as reprnHentcd in the
MiiHcnm at Paris, into aeventcen, which are distinguished by trifling ditiereuces iu pro-
portions and numbers of scales. It is seldom safe to found either a species or a genus
of iishes on differeuces iu proportions alone.
r Kafinoaiine, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 72 : type Lepiaoateua platoatomua Raf. {KvTiivdpog, cylin-
der; boTEov, bone.)
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92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV^»
50.— liITHOLiEPIS Rafinesque. C, (
Alligator Gars. ; '
(J^radosfc'us Rafiuosque, 1820.) '.
(Rafinesque, Araer, Month. Mag. iii, 447, 1818 : type Litholepia adamantinua Raf. )
This genus is scarcely distinct from Lepidosteus, differing only in the
presence of a second series of large teeth in the upper jaw, along the
outer margin of the palatine bones, at their junction with the premaxil-
laries. Probably but one species, in the warmer parts of the United
States, and southward to Cuba and Central America. (Attfoc, stone;
XsTtU, scale.)
83* Ii< tristoechus (Bloch & Schneider) Jordan & Gilbert. — Alligator Gar.
Color greenish, paler below, the adult usually not spotted. Snout
usually not quite so long as the rest of the head, its least width con-
tained 3 J times in its length. Head 3 J in length. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; V. G ;
Lat. 1. 60. Scales in an oblique series from the ventrals to middle of
back 18-20. L. 8-10 feet. Rivers of the Southern States, Cuba, Mex-
ico, and Central America ; reaching a great size. '
(if Esox viridia Gmolin ed. Liun^, i, 1380: Eaox iriatcechua Schneider cd. Bloch, 395:
Ltjnaoaieua apatula Lac6p. v, 333 : Lepiaoafeua or Atractoateua ferox Rafinesque, lehth.
Oh. 73: Lejndoateua mavjuari Poey, M<5m. Cuba, i, 273: f Atractoateua tropicua Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803,172: Lepidoateua viridia Giiather, viii, 329.)
Oedeb J.-HALECOMORPHI.
{The Amias.)
Parietals in contact. Pterotic, basis cranii, and anterior vertebrae
simple. Mandible with opercular and coronoid. Maxillary not trans-
versely segmented, bordering the mouth. Third superior pharyngeal
lying on enlarged fourth. Upper basihyal wanting. Vertebrae ampbi-
coelian. Pectoral fins with mesopterygium and eight other elements.
This order includes only the family of Amiidce. (Latin haleeamorphus,
formed like a shad; in allusion to the resemblance between this group of
Ganoids and the IsoapondylL)
i:_ :... Family XXVIIL— AMIID^.
{Tlie Mud-fishes.)
Body oblong, compressed behind, terete anteriorly. Head subconical,
anteriorly bluntish, slightly depressed, its superficial bones corrugated
28. AMIID^.
9a
and very liard, scarcely covered by skin. Snout sliort, rounded. Lat-
eral margins of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries, which are divided
by a longitudinal suture. Jaws nearly even in front. Cleft of the
mouth nearly horizontal, extending beyond the small eye. Lower jaw
broad, U-shaped, the rami well separated. Between them a broad bonj'
plate, with radiating striae, its posterior edge free. Jaws each with an
outer series of conical teeth, behind which in the lower is a band of
rasp-like teeth. Bands of small teeth on the vomer and pterygoids.
Palatin(»s with a series of larger, pointed teeth. Premaxillaries not pro-
tractile. Tongue thick, scarcely free at tip. Nostrils well separated, the
anterior with a short barbel. Suborbital very narrow. A bony plate
covering the cheek, similar to the plates on the top of the head. Oper-
culum with a broad dermal border. Branchiostegals 10-12. No i)seu-
dobranchiae nor opercular gill. No spiracle. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Gill membranes not connected, free from the isthmus. Two
peculiar, long, lanceolate, obliquely striate appendages on each side
of the isthmus, projecting backward and covered by the branchioste-
gal rays, the anterior wholly adnate to the isthmus, the posterior
free behind.* Isthmus scaleless. Gill-rakers stoutish, very short.
Scales of moderate size, rather firm, cj'cloid, with a membranaceous
border. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin long and low, nearly uniform ;
the posterior rays not much higher than the others; its insertion in
front of the middle line of the body, opposite the end of the pectoral.
Tail somewhat heterocercal (more so in the young), convex behind. No
fulcra. Anal fm short and low. Pectoral and ventral fins short and
rounded, the ventrals nearer anal than pectorals. Vertebroe amphicce-
lian, as usual among fishes. Abdominal and caudal parts of the ver-
tebral column subequal. Air-bladder cellular, bifid in front, lung-like,
connected by a glottis with the pharynx, and capable of assisting in
respiration. Stomach with a blind sac; no pyloric coeca. No closed
oviduct. Intestine with a rudimentary spiral valve. Fresh waters of
tbo United States. A single species known.
•See Wilder "On tho Serrated Appendages of the Throat of Amia," Proc. Amer,
Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1876, 259, for a discussion of these curious organs.
■'I
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94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
51. — Ami A Liniisens.
> ' t * < .- Bow-Jim.
( Jmiatus Rafinesque.)
(Liim. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 17C6: typo Amia calva L.)
Characters of the genus included above. («/Jt£'a, ancient name of some
fish, probably the bonito, Sarda mediterranean said to be from a, priva-
tive, and Ilia, one, the fish living in schools.)
§3> A* caJvaL. — Mud-fish; Dog-fish; Bow-fin; Grindle] "John A. Gnndle" ', Lawyer
Dark olive or blackish above, paler below; sides with traces of
dark reticulate markings ; lower jaw and gular plate often with round
blackish spots. Fins mostly dark, somewhat mottled. Male with a
round black spot at base of caudal above, this surrounded by an orange
or yellowish shade. In the female this spot is wanting. Lateral line
nearly median, directed slightly upward at each end. D. 48(42-53);
A. 10-12; V. 7 ; Lat. 1. G7 (Gi5-70). Head 3^ in length; depth 4 to U.
Male about 18 inches in length ; female 24 or more. Great Lakes and
sluggish waters from Minnesota to Virginia, Florida, and Texas ; abund-
ant. A voracious fish of remarkable tenacity of life. The flesh is pecu-
liarly soft and pasty, and is of no value for food.
(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Gtinther, vli, 32G: Amia ocelUcauda Richanlson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.
iii, 236 ( (J ): Amia occideutalia Uekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 269.)
SuBcuss PHYSOSTOMI. ■ " • '
{The Soft-rayed Fishes.)
Skeleton bony. Ventral fins (if present) abdominal, with the basal
segments rudimental. Parietal bones usually united. Air-bladder (if
present) connected by an air-duct with the cesophagus. Scales mostly
cycloid. Lateral line usually running low. Parietal bones usually
united. Praecoracoid generally present. Eays of fins all soft and artic-
ulated, except occasionally one or two of the anterior rays of any fin,
which may be spinous. Lateral margins of upper jaw usually formed
by the maxillaries. Pectoral fin placed low, generally near the ventral
line.
This group corresponds essentially to the Malacopteri Abdominales of
different authors, the Cycloidei of Professor Agassiz. Although the
typical members of this group differ in many ways from the more special-
NBMATOGNATHI.
95
Ized Pbysoclistous Teliosts, yet all the subordinate characters disappear
as we approach the poiut of union of the two groups, leaving only the
presence of the air-duct as the ultimate distinctive character of the
Physostomi. In view of this inosculation of the two groups, many
writers (following Professor Gill) have united them both into one order,
Tcleocephali, after the exclusion of various aberrant members of each.
The retention, in some form, of groups emphasizing the difference be-
tween the spinous and the soft-rayed fishes seems to us very convenient.
(Order PhysoHtomi GVintheT, v-viii.)
ANALYSIS OP ORDERS OF PHYSOSTOMI. *
m
': e •■
A. Prajcoracoid arch present. - =
13. Symplectic bone none ; pterotic Bimple ; anterior vertobrsB -with ossicula audi-
tus; Bupraoccipital and parietals co-ossified ; maxillary imperfect,
forming the base of a barbel; no suboperculum . . Nematogxatui, K.
BB. Symplectic bone present.
C. Anterior vertebrie co-ossified and with ossicnla auditus.
Plectospondyli, L.
CC. Anterior vertebrte similar, distinct, •without ossicula auditus.
ISOSPONDYLI, M.
AA. Prsecoracoid arch none.
D. Scapular arch suspended to cranium ; a symplectic bone ; pterotic
and anterior vertebrae simple ; parietals separated by supraoccipital.
Haplomi, N.
DD. Scapular arch free behind the cranium ; jiarietals in contact ; no
symplectic; maxillary bone lost or connate Exchelycephali, O.
Oedee K.-NEMATOGNATHI.
:{ {The Cat-Jishes.) ; ' ^.
Parietals and supraoccipital confluent. Four anterior vcrtebrsB co-
ossified, and with ossicula auditus. No mesopterygium. Basis cranii
and pterotic bone simple ; no coronoid bone. Third superior pharyn-
geal bone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth ; second directed
backwards. One or two pairs of basal brauchihyals ; two pairs branchi-
hyals. Suboperculum wanting. Premaxillary forming mouth border
above. Interclavicles present, l^o scales. Skin naked or with bony
plates.
" This division is the nearest ally to the sturgeons (Chondrostei) among
Physostomous fishes, and I imagine that future discoveries will prove
that it has been derived from that division by descent. In the same
•After Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 452.
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96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
way the Isospondylous fishes are nearest the HalecomorpM, and havo
probably descended from some Crossopterygian, near the Mapliatia,
through that order. The affinity of the cat-fishes to the sturgeons is
seen in the absence of symplectic, the rudimental maxillary bone, and,
as observed by Parker, in the interclavicles. There is a superficial
resemblance iu the dermal bones." {Cope. 1. c., 454.)
This group comprises the Giluridce and their relatives, now divided
into several families by Professor Gill, (vyza, thread ; yvdOn^^ jaw ; from
the maxillary barbels, which are always present.)
ANALYSIS OF TnE FAMILIES OP NEMATOGNATHI.
* Operculum present ; dorsal fin, if present, short, anteriorly placed. ..Silurid^, 29.
Family XXIX.— SILURIDiE.
{The Gat-fislien.)
iiody more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates.
No true scales. Anterior part of head with two or more barbels, the
base of the longest pair formed by the rudimentary maxillary. Margin
of upper jaw formed by i)i<^maxillarie8 only. Suboperculum absent;
operculum present. Dorsal fin usually present, short, above or in front
of the ventrals. An adipose fin usually present. Anterior rays of dor-
sal and pcctoi-a!s usually spinous. Air-bladder usually present, largo,
and connected with tt o organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossi-
cles. Lower pharyngeals separate.
After the removal of numerous aberrant forms as distinct families,
the family of Siluridcc, as understood by Professor Gill, contains more
than 100 genera and upwat'd of 900 species. Most of the Siluridcc are
fresh-water fishes, inhabiting the rivers of warm regions, particularly
South America and Africa. Comiiaratively few of them are marine, and
these few are mostlj' tropical.
Our species all oelong to the division ct-Ued by Dr. Gilnthor, Siluridw
Proteropfflrrt?, and thus chara<iterized :
"The rayed <lorsal is alw.ays present, short, with not more than 13
soft rays, and belongs to the abdominal jiortion of the vertebral column,
being placed iu advance of the ventrals. The adipose fin is always
present ana r^ell developed, although frequently short. The extent of
the anal is much infer-r to that of the caudal vertebral column. The
gill membranes are not coLfluent with the skiu of the isthmus, their
** Anterior
v-V-' v -,:-^ 29. SILURID^ — NOTURUS. '"■■■■ --'■7.'*t>-'':..'^;:-: 97
posterior margins always free, even if they are united with each other.
V.lieiiever a nasal barbel is i)resent it belongs to the ])osterior nostril."
(SHiiridw i)art Gtiutlier, v, 30-G5, G'J-220: Ueteroptcra:, Protcroptvra, and IStcno-
hninchicp.)
* Auterior tuul posterior iiostrila romoto from each other, the posterior provided with
a barbel ; vomer and palatines toothless ; barbels 8. {Ivta-
liirino'.)
a. Adipose flu keel-like, adnate to the back; supraoccipital bone free behind.
NoTUUfS, 52.
aa. Adipose fin with its posterior margin free.
b, Premaxillary band of teeth with a lateral backward extension on each
side I'lLomcTis, 53.
66. Premaxillary band of teeth trnncate behind,
c. Caudal not forked.
d. Eyes eoneealed beneath the skin Gronias, 54.
(Id. Eyes normal Amu'uus, 55.
cc. Caudal forked ICTAi.uiius, .^)(>.
*• Auterior and posterior nostrils close together, neither with a barbel, the posterior
with a valv<^ ; teeth on the palate. {Jriina:)
e. Lower jaw with 4 barbels Arius, 57,
ee. Lower jaw with M barbels ./'Eluriciituys, 58.
5a.— IVOTURUS Rafinesque.
Stone Cats.
(Koturun Raf. Amer. Month. Mag. and Crit. Rev. iv, Nov. 1818, 41: typo Nolurva
ftavus Ralinescpie.)
r>()(l,y more or less elongate, anteriorly subcyliiulrieal, then(!e more or
less (■()ini)resse<l. Head above ovate and depi-essed. Skin very thick,
entirely concealing the bones. Supraoccipital entirely free from the
head of the second interspinal. Eyes small. IMouth anterior, rather
large, the ui)per jaw usually more or less i)ro,jecting beyond the lower.
Tooth subulate, closely aggregated in a broad band in each Jaw, whiiih
in tlie lower one is interrupted by a linear interval and in the ui>per one
is continuous. The band in the U])per jaw is either abruptly truncated
at each end (subgenus ISchilheodi's) or prolonge<l backward by a contin-
uation from the postero-external angle (subgenus Kotiirnn). IJrauchios-
toj-als {>. Dorsal fin situated over th(» posterior half of the interval
lu'tween the pectoral and ventral fins, with a short, sharp spine Jind
7 branched rays. A<lipose fin h)ng and low, more or less conneiited
with the a(!cessory rays of the caiulal (in, m)t free posteriori.)-, but ud-
iiate to the body; the membrant! sometimes high and contiiuious, some-
tiinos notched. Caudal tin very obli^pu^ly truncated or rounihsd, in-
sorted on an e<puilly oblicpu'ly rounded base. Uays rapidly decreasing
ill length interiorly ; luimerous nuUineutary ones present, both above
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10—^7
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98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO 5I0RTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
and below the candal peduncle. Anal fin comparatively short, and rap-
idly increasing in lieijj^ht for the first half of its length ; it has 12-20* rays.
Ventrals rounded, and each has 1 simple and 8 branched rays. Pec-
toral fins with a sliarp spine, of difterent forms in the difterent species.
Vent at some distance in advance of the anal. Lateral line comi)letc.
In or above the axil of the iiectoral fins is an orifice, whi<;h is the open-
ing of the duct of a ]wison gland. " From it may frequently be drawn a
solid gelatinous style ending in a tripod, each limb of which is dichoto-
mously divided into short bran(;hes of regular length." (Cope.) Size
small. Fresh waters of the United States, (wwro?, back ; Supri, tail ;
"means tail over the back", Rajinesqiic.)
•Premaxilliiry band of teeth without lateral backward processes. (Schilbeodcsi
lUeekcr.)
t Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind; adipose fin high and continuous with
the caiulal.
a. Pectoral spine about half the length of the head.
81. W. gryrinus (Mitchill) Raf.
^Nearly uniform yellowish brown, sometimes blackish, without trans-
verse blotches ; a narrow dark lateral streak and one or more dorsal
ones. Body com])aratively short and thick. Head large, its width 3^-
4^ in length of body ; depth 4-51; head;U-4. Spines stout and rather
long; that of the pecstoral fin straight, grooved behind, 2,^ in the distance
from snout to dorsal fin. Dorsal higher than long, inserted nearer anal
than snout. Anal 13. Jaws nearly equal, numeral process short. L.
6 inches. New York, entire Mississippi Valley, and Upper Lake region ;
rather common.
(Sihirusfffirinm Mitchill, Arner. Month. Mag. 1818, :122 ; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mns. X, 1(1 >: Xot nm 9 uialis J onla^., Bull. IJ. S. Nat. Mus. x, 10;*, 1877.)
rtrt. Pectoval spine less than one-third the lengtli of the head.
89. n. los»tacantBiUN Jordan.
Color yellowish, soinewhat mottled. Body slender. ITead small and
narrow, longer than broad. Vlyo small. Upper jaw much projecting.
S|)iiu's very short and sleiKh'r; that of the dorsal not one-third the
height of the fin; all less than one-third the length of the head; that
of the iH'ctoral retrorsely serrate on the outer edge, entire within. Ilejul
4^ in body; its width 5.] ; depth /5.\ ; distance to dorsal 2;* ; pectoral spine
"Throughout the account of this family the rudimentary rays at tlie front of tin'
anal are included in the cnunu^ration.
tBleekcr, Ichthyologiie Archipolagi Indici Prodromus, i, Silnri, 258: ty])o Sihirui
gyrtnm Mitch. {Sehillw, another genus of iSiluridw; €i6oc, like.)
29. SILURIDiE NOTURUS.
99
a in this distance ; dorsal nearer anal than snout. Anal 14. numeral
process very shcrt. L. 3 inches. Georgia to Mississippi ; not abundant.
(Jordau, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1877; Jordan, 1. c. 10;i.)
ttlVctoral spine serrato behind, rougliiali in front; adipt)8e fin eniar<j;inate.
bb. Pectoral spines extremely strong, more than half the length of head, curved ;
their posterior seme strong, spine-liko, hooked backward, each about as
long as the <liameter of the spines.
§G. N. miurcss Jordan.
Body nuich mottled, black and grayish. Top of head, tip of dorsal,
middle of adipose tin, and edge of caudal definitely blackish. Body with
four broad cross-blotches, one before dorsal, one behind it, one on mid-
dle of adipose fin, and one small one behind it. Adipose flu connected
with the caudal fin. Distance from snout to dorsal about 2*5 in length.
Pectoral si)ine 2;V in this distance. Dorsal fin higher than long. Body
not very elongate nor much depressed. Dorsal region often somewhat
elevated. Depth usually 4^-5 in length; head 3|-4. Dorsal nearer
anal than tip of snout. Anal 12 or 1.3 rays. Pectoral spine curved and
finely serrate without, with six strong recurved pectinations within,
e{ich nearly as long as the diameter of the spine. Humeral i)rocess
short. L. 4 inches. Great Lakes to Minnesota and Louisiaiui; com-
mon.
(Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1877,371; Jordan, L c. 100.)
§7. N. cBcBatherus Jordan.
Color much as in N. minrus, extensively variegated. Snout, cheeks,
and occipital region black. A black bar across front of dorsal, one lie-
liind dorsal, and another across middle of adipose Hv • base of caudal
lin bUu!k. One or two narrow horizontal bhuik bars across rsal aiul
anal near their tips. Caudal vagu(>ly barred, largely black, its tip
wliite. Body stout, broad irward, tapering behind. Head large, ilat-
tisli, ',V} in leii.i^th of body, without caudal ; dcy)th of body ^ in length ;
\vi{lth of head ; in length of body. Mouth large, the ui)per jaw much
projecting; bnrl Is rather long. Adijwse lln rather high, so <leeply
notched that the )utinuity of the flu is broken for a distance nearly
('(inal to the <lianu'ter of the eye. A keel on the back in front of the
;i'lip()se tin. Cau(hvl fin rounded. Distance from snout to dorsal 2'^ in
1( nj-th of body. Pectoral spine in this distance 2 times ; in head lA.
Dorsal spine one-half the height of the fin ; '^\ times in distance from
snout to dorsal; 2J in length of head. Pectinations of ju'ctoral spino
vciy strong, recurv^ed, nearly us long as the diametei' of the spine.
Front of pectoral spino with small teeth turned forward. Fiu-radii: D.
^^Hpm
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100 coxTiiinuTioxs to north American ichthyology — iv.
I, ; A. l.J ; V. I, H; W 0. Humoral i)roce88 long. L. 5 iucbes. Rivojs
of North Carolina and East Tonnosscc.
(Joidau, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. i'. 1877, :571; Jordan, 1. c, 101.)
bl>, Toctoral spincH shortUsli, nearly straii^ht, hiss than lialfl«>n;^tli of linad ; tlioscrra-
tiin»s \v('al{, k'Hs than half tho dianu^tur of tho upinu ; body idonyatcd.
88. N. CXiOiS Nelson. ^
Color brown, mottled, the fins somewhat niarj^ined with dusky.
Pectoral spine slijjhtly retrorseserrate without, with about small
straight teeth within, which are not one-third the <lianu^ter of the sj)iiio
in leiifjth. Head small, not very broad, but thin and depressed; itf*
width 5-0 in lenjj;th of body ; jaws nearly equal ; head 4 in lenj»tli,
depth 5-OA. Dorsal scarcely hifjjher than lonj:;. Distance from snout
to dorsal about 3 in hMijjth. Pectoral spine 3.WI in this distance;
dorsal sjjine low, as near snout as anal. Anal rays 14-17. Ilumerid
])ro(H's.s obs(Hire. L. 4 inches. Wisconsin to Missouri and Kansas.
(NelHon, Bnll. 111. .Mns. Nat. Hist. 187(5, rA; .Jordan, 1. c. 100.)
8». W. iilNi»:ilis (Rich.) Gill A- .Tordan.
Color dark brown, somewhat mottled, fins all dark-edjujed. Body
rather elongate, Pe(;toral si)ine retiors(»-serrate without, weakly ser-
rate within. If ad very broad, Hat, and thin, npj)er jaw ju-ojectin}; ;
head about 4.^ in length, depth (J. Dorsal tin one-fourth higher tlian
long. Distance from snout to dorsal about li.{ in length. Length of pec-
toral spine L*:| in sanui distance. Dorsal nuich nearer anal than snout.
Ailal rays l()-20. Humeral ])rocess conspicuous, sharp. Size large;
reaches the length of nearly a foot. Pennsylvania to South Carolina;
conunon.
(I'imcloiht^ iiixiiiiie Richardson, Tanna Hor.-Anicr. iii, ',V2, 18:?(i, hasi-d on I'lmnlodc
JirrA' Lc Sncnr, M<^n\. Mns. v, 1.^5: J'imvlodns IriiiiiiscalnH V. A V. xv, 144 : uXotiirunocci-
ifciitnlii' (iiinlhrr, v, HKt: Xotiiriis vionjiihitHH (Haii'd) Copo, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 18()!», i>:!7 ; .Ionian, 1. c. 100.)
**rroniaxillary hand of teeth \vi(h lateral hackward i>roco88on, as In niodidh.
( Xoliinin.)
90. W. fInvUM Utif.—Slonp-rat.
(/olor nearly uniform yellowish brown, someiinu^s blackish al)ove, liiis
yellow-edged, liody <'longalei Head dei)resse(l, broad and Hat, i.early
as broad as long. INIiddle region of body snbcylindritral. Tail vxmx
l)resse(l. Head about 4,^ in lei»gth ; width of head 5.^ ; (h^pth r>ij in
length. Distance to dorsal about .'5 in length. JJarbels short. A strong
keel on back behind (lorsal, leading to adipose tin; adipose lln «leeply
notched. Dorsal spine very short. Pectoral spine retrorscly Berratc in
m^
29. SILURIDiE — PILODICTIS.
101
front, Hlifjfhtly rough or nearly entire beliind ; its Icnf^tli 3 times in (lis
tiince, from unout to dorsal. Anal rays about KJ. Humeral |»roces8
very short and sharp. Size very large; retiches a length of more than
ii foot. Vermont to Virginia, Nebraska, and Texas; rather common.
(Rufincsquf, Amor. Month. Man- IHIH, 41; (fiiiithcr, v, 101; .Ior«lnii, 1. <-. 99: Notu-
riis m',cMvnl(iHn Oill, IMoi;. HoHt. Hoc. N.'it. Hint. IHlW, 45: NoturuH platyaphuliiH (iiiii-
thcr, V, 104.)
aa.— P1L.ODICTIS Kalin.wino.
Mud CatH.
{Opiaddns Kaf. 1820.)
(RafiiicHquc, PnMlroiiKMli'. Hoixaiit<'-<lix iioiivouiix ncinri'H, cfc, .Joiirii. Ph] h. Paris, 1819,
i22 : ty|i<' {'ilodictis I'uiiohkh I£al'. --:: SUiiruH olirarin Kaf.)
IJody nuu'.h elongated, very slender, much d<'presHcd, anteriorly
hroader than high. Head large, very wide and depressj'd, latterly
ex])a,nd('d, above broadly ovate, and in jnofilo <'un«'iform. Skin very
tliiek, entirely concealing the skull. Supra<)(;cipital l)oiu', entirely free
from the hea<l of the se(;ond inters[)inal. l']yes small. Mouth very
large, anterior and transverse. The lower jaw always proJe<!ts beyond
the ii|)per. Teeth in broa<l villiform baiuls on the intermaxillaries and
(lentaries. The interniaxillary band is convex anteriorly, and proceeils
to the insertion of the nuixillaries, where it is abrui)tly angularly de-
ll('cte<l, and proceeds backward as an elongatiHl triangular extension.
The band at tlu^ symphysis is slightly divided, and anteriorly .separated
by a small triangular extension of the labial membrane. The lower
hand of teeth is anteriorly semicircular and attenuated to the <;orners of
the mouth. There are about 12 branch io.stegal rays on each side. The
dor.sal tin is situated over the postenor half of the interval between the
pectorals and ventrals, and has a spine and about 7 brancluHl rays.
Tiie spine is rather small, and more or less enveloju'd in the thick skin.
The adipose tin is large, and has an elongated base resting over the ])os-
Icrior half of the anal; it is v(^ry obese and inclines rajudly backward;
it is rather less frec^ posteriorly than in AmlnruH. The anal tin is small ;
it couunences far b(>hiiul the anus, is a litthi longer than high, an<l is
composed of about 13 rays. The caudal tin is ol)long, subtruncated,
jtlaced on a vertical basis, and with numerous accessory simple rays,
recurrent above and beneath the caudal ])eduncle. The ])ect(uals have
11 broad (U)mpressed spin*', serrated or dentated on its external and in-
ternal margins, and with a i)rolonged llesiiy integument obli<piely
Ktriatecl. The V(!ntrals are rounded and have {♦ rays, I simple and 8
bruiiched. One species kuowu. (7:eA«?, mud; i;^^^?, iish.)
'■I wM
r'>
f . '
■A .
'^ili:^
102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
91. P. oil varis (Raf.) Gill & Jordan. — Mud Cat; Yellow CaJ ; liashaio ; Gonjon.
Mottled browu and yellowish, the latter color often predominant;
whitish below. Body ver^'^ lo»gj slender, dei)ressed forwards, closely
compressed behind, the head extremely flat, the lower jaw the longer.
Barbels short. Dorsal spine half the height of the tin. Caudal slightly
eraarginate. Anal tin short, its base about one-sixth the length, its I'ays
12-15. Humeral process short. Size very large, reaching a weight of
50-75 pounds. Rivers of the Mississippi Valley and Southern States ;
abundant in deep, sluggish waters. A tish of unprepossevssiug appear-
ance, although much used as food.
{Sdurua olivarin Raf. Amor. Mouth. Maj;. 1818, 355 : Uopladelus olivarls Gill, Ichth.
Capt. Siuipsou'a Expl. 187G, 4'<i(): I'vlodicklh if h olimria J onlau, I.e. 95: Pimvlodm pniu-
tvlatuH Giinther, v, 101 : Pimclodus Umo8U8 Raf. Ichth. Oh, G7 : Pimelodus ceiwua C. & V.
XV, 135.)
.54.— GROWIAS Cope.
Blind Cats.
(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18(54, 231: type Gronias nigrilahi a Cope.)
This genus agrees with Amkirus in all respects, ex(;ept that the eyes
are rudimentary and covered by the thick skin. The single species is
jrt'obably descended from some Amiurus of the type of tnelas, modifieil
in accordance with its subterranean life. (>'/»<"•'"?, a cavern.)
02. Cr. iiigfrilabris Cope.
Black above ; jaws and fins black ; sides varied with yellowish ; belly
pale. Eyes more or less rudimentary and concealed beneath the skin.
Jaws equal. Muzzle flat. Dorsal spine midway between snout and mid-
dle of adipose fin. Barbels short. Caudal slightly emarginate. Anal
with 18 rays. Branchiostegals 10. Cave streams (Conestoga River),
Eastern Pennsylvania.
(Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G4, 231 : Ainiuriia nigrilahria Jordan, 1. c. 92.)
53.— AimiVRVS Rafinesqne.
Cat-fishes.
(Ameiurva Rniiiieaquo, Ichth. Oh. 1820, G5: type Silurua cupreua Raf. = Pimclodxia vatalh
Le Sueur.)
Body moderately elongated, robust, anteriorly vertically ovate and
scarcely compressed ; caiulal peduncle also robust, but mu(5h compressod.
and at its end evenly convex. Head large, wide, laterally expanded,
above ovate, and in ])rofllo cuneiform ; supraoccipital extended littlo
posteriorly and terminating in a more or less acute point, which is (M1-
tirely separate from the second interspinal buckler j the skin covering
29 SILUKID.E AMIUKUS.
103
mi'
tlie bone» is thick. Eyes ratlier small, not covered by the skin. Mouth
large, teriuinal, transverse, the ni)i)er jaw in most si)ecies the lonj^er.
Teeth subulate, agi^reH'ated in broa«l bands on the intermaxillaries and
dcntaries ; the intermaxillary band is convex in front, ofeciual breadth,
and abruptly truncated near the insertion of the intermaxillaries ; the
lower dental band is anteriorly semicircular, attenuated to the angles
of the mouth. Branchiostegal rays 8-11. Dorsal situated over the in-
terval between the pectorals and ventrals, higher than long, with a
pungent spine and about G branched rays. Adipose lin short, ins(;rted
over the posterior half of the anal. Anal fin varying length, with 15-35
rays, the usual number being 20 or 21. Caudal lin short, usually tnin-
cate when spread open, slightly emarginate when not expanded. Ven-
trals each with 1 simi)le and 7 branched rays. Pectoral fins each with
a stout spine, which is commoidy retrorse-serrate behind. Lateral line
usually incomplete. Spe<iies very luiuierous, swarming in every pond
and sluggish stream in the Eastern United States ; one species (A. can-
tonensis) in Chhia. («, privative; /i££'>w/voc, curtailed ; the caudal fin not
uotched.)
* Oaiulal fin not forked, roiindod or slif^litly omjirgiuiito.
o. Anal iin v«ry abort, its riiyH 15-17 (18).
b. Body comparatively long and Hloiider.
93. A. briinnciis Jordan. — Green Mud Cat.
Clear olive-brown, more distinctly greenish than other cat-fishes ; a
blackish horizontal bar at base of dorsal. Body extremely elongate ;
anteriorly nearly terete. Head low, Hat, and broad, npi)er jaw very
strongly projecting. Dorsal fin very high, two-thirds length of head,
its spine nearer snout than sulipose fin ; depth 5^ in length. Head '.i^;
its width 4; base of anal 0; anal rays lG-18. Caiulal sHuhtly emargi-
nate. Young much less elongate. L. 18 inches; slenderest of the
Amiuri. Abundant in the streams of South Carolina and Eastern
(Icorgia (Sautee to the Chattahoochee).
(Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. 1877, 3()(i; Joi-dim, 1. c. 93 ; Jordan & Bray ton,
Bull. U. S. Nut. Mu8. xii, VJ8.)
aa. Anal fin niodorato, itn rayH 19-22.
<;. Lower jaw not projt^ctiiig beyond upper.
94. A. platyccplialus (Grd.) Gill.
Olivaceous, somewhat marbled, a bhuik horizontal bar at base of dor-
sal. Head broad and flat, nearly as wide as long. Mouth very wide,
the jaws about equal. Dorsal spine nearer snout than adii)ose flu, B.
II; A. 20-22, the base of the flu 4^-5 in length. North Carolina to
::• f
I : f
h
w?
JS ',
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Georgia; rathor common. Resembles A. hrunneus, but less slender and
with a (lillereut month.
(riiiivlodua idatyct'phalua Girtird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, IGl ; Jordan, 1. c.
92.) . ..., ■ -' ■ , , ;' . . - ,[.-:■■- ? r. '• ..*:,,
95. A. xacatEjoct'phalus (Raf.) Gill.
Chiell.v uniform yellowish brown, often rather pale. Head about as
broad as long, 4 in length. Dorsal si)ine nearer adipose Qn than snout,
its rays usually 10 (18-20). IMouth very broad. Body short and stout.
Barbels shorter than head. Humeral process very short, covered by
skin. Size snuill. Ohio Valley.
{Slhirua xanthocephalu8 Raf. Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Arts, Lond. 18*20, 51 ; Jordan, 1,
c. 42.)
96. A. mclas (Raf.) Jordan & Copeland. — Bull-head.
Color almost black. Body very stout, short, and deep, the depth 3}
to 4.^ in length, llead broad behind, rather contracted forward, tho
front stee])ly elevated. Anal tin sliort and deep, of 17-10 rays, its baso
nearly o in length, the color of the rays forming a sharp contrast with
that of the dusky membranes. Jaws nearly equal. Barbels loug(>r
than head. Iluiueral i)rocess rather long, rugose. Size small. JMissis-
sippi Valley to New" York ; common.
{HiluruH Hu7«« Raf. Quart. Jouru. Sci. Lit. Arts, Load. 1820, 51: PimrJodua catiihis
Grd. Ichtli. U. 8. Pac. R. R. Snrv. 1858, 208 : Pimclodua vonjlma Grd. Proc. Acad. Ni).t.
Sci. Phila. lf-T)9, 159: AmUiru^ ohemsCxiW, Proc. Bo.st. Soc. Nat. Hist. ldrc>, 15; Jordan,
1. c. 89: Pimelodua pullus DcKay, Now York Fauna, Fiah. 184: Amiiirus pul'.ud Jordan,
L c. 9:5.)
OV. A. niarmoratUS (Holbrook) Jordan.
Bod^ sharply mottled with brown, greenish, and whitish ; tho color
ation therefore singular among cat-lishes. Jaw^s equal, or nearly so;
depth about 4 in length ; slope of prolile very steep. Dorsal tin high;
the spine more than half length of head. Dorsal spine nearer adipose
tin than siuMit. Barbels lor.g. Bran(;hi.)stegals 10. ITead 3;^ in length.
Anal 21. L. 15 inches. ISouthern Illinois to Florida. Perhaps a variety
of A. catus.
(Pimrlod'ta marmoratiia Holbrook, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 54 : Jordan, I. c.
89.)
9§. A. catus (Linn.) GUI.— Bull-hmd ; TlorncdPou* ; Small Cat-fiali ; Schuylkill Col;
Sacramento Cat.
Color dark yellowish brown, more or less clouded, sometimes yellow-
ish, sometimes nearly black. Body rather elongate; depth 4-4<i in
length. Anal tin usually with 21 or 22 rays, its base 4 in body. Dor
sal tin inserted rather nearer adipose tin than end of snout. Upperjaw
usually distinctly longer than lower. Humer^il process more tUau Unit'
■MMi
29. SILURIDiE AMIURUS.
105
tlio length of pectoral spine. L. 18 inches. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley,
and eastward. The common bnll-head or horned poiifc of the North
and East, abundant in every pond and stream ; also introduced into
the rivers of California, where it has rapidly multiplied.
{^ Siluru» vatiis T.inn. Syst. Nat. x, IJOo, 1758: rUnelodus nebulosus Lo Suenr, M6ni.
JIus. V, 14'J, 1811) : I'lDuiodua atrariua DcKay, New York Fauna, risli. 184*2, 185 ; Jor-
dan, 1. c. yo.) *
c. Lower jaw projecting beyond upper.
99. A. vulgaris (Thompson) Nelson.
Darlc reddish brown or blackish. Body moderately elongate ; depth
4.J-5 in length. Uead 3J-4. Barbel long. Mouth wide. Ilead longer
than broad, rather narrowed forward. Profile rather steep, pretty evenly
convex. Dorsal region more or less elevated. Lower jaw strongly pro-
jecting. Anal rays 20. L. 18 inches. Vermont to Minnesota and south-
ward ; rather common.
(PimrlodiiH ruhjariH Thompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 138: Pimclodus dckayi Giranl,
Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. I'hihi. I8r)9, IGO: Pimclodus ailurus Uirard, U. S. Pac. E. R. Expl.
Fish. 1858, 210; Jordan, 1. c. 88.)
o«fl. Anal fin hnv^, of 24-27 rays, its base more than one-fourth tho length.
d. Head broad ; mouth wide.
100. A. Iiatalis (Lo Sueur) Jordan. — Tclloto Cat.
Yellowish, greenish, or blackish. Body more or less short and chubby,
sometimes extremely obese (var. natalis), sometimes more elongate (var.
lividus). Uead short and broad. Mouth wide, the jaws equal (var. livi-
dus) or the upper jaw longest (var ciipreus). Anal rays 24-27. Great
Lake region to Virginia and Texas ; generally abundant. Extremely
variable, and running into several varieties.*
(Pimchdan natalia hi) Sueur, M(5m. ^his. v, 154, 1H19 ; Giinthor, v, 101 ; Jordan, 1. c.
Sli: Silurun Uvidu8 llafiueacjue, Ichtli. Oh. 1820, 05: rimelodiw fclitms vt anIonicuHis Grd.
U. 8. Pac. li. R. Expl. x, 209, 291 : Fimelodus catti8, cupreiis, et cuprcoides Grd. Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil a. 1859, 159, KiO: i'(»u'Zorf«s rasnosus Richardson, Fauna Uor.- Amor.
iii, 132: Pimdodm cupreua Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820,1)5.)
M. Head elongate ; mouth narrow.
101. A. crcbcsfiHflis Jordan.
Color black ; belly paler ; fma and barbels black. Body rather elon-
gate, couipressed, tho depth about 4J in length. Dorsal region rather
elevated; the head quite long and narrowed forward, 4 times in
length of body. Head more narrowed than in any of the other spe-
cies. Width of the head in front of the eye but little more than half
its length. Width of the mouth about half the length of the head.
•for a discuaaion of which aoo Jordan, Bull. U. N. Nat. Mus. x, 80.
%4
■' i '-sJ-
a
HWM
wmmmmm
mmmmm
.# ■
'lit''
? f
tifl.
106 CONTRTIUTTION8 TO NOKTIf AMKUICAN miTlfVOLOOY IV.
(iiviil(\s( \vi<11li ol' (lu> \\viu\ contaiiH'd iiboiit 1^ tinirs in jIh |< nutli,
Dorsiil (ill .s|j;)|itl\ iKMii'cr tlii> .snout tliiiii the !i«li|His(< (in, tiiuisiiiilly
liijih, its spino Irn^, uh in tlu> s|MM'ios «)!' IvtnhiruH. I'ccloriil H|»in« v<My
Htnnijj, uIumU li;.iir;is long ;ih tln^liciid. Aniil lln long, iI«m>|», nt'nii.v niu>-
tliinl tlio l»Miglli ol' tln^ body, nn<l ronipostMl of 24 liivs. AilipoMo liti
largo. Candillin I'iitluM' wliort, tnnn'iili^ lu'Iiind. .Iuavm tMpial. Snpiii.
occipital l)on(> but. little fVci> behind. Kranchial apcrtni'c.s rather nmrn
ix'strictcd than n.sual. hN'siMublcs /. UxvuHtriH, but with the (rnncitio
caudal of A. natalis. ltivei\s ol' Fhiridii.
(Jonliiii, bull. U. 8. Nat. Mn«. x, 8').) '
AO.-KrrAl.l'ltlifH l^ilhios.1110.
Channel Vain.
(\h\{\\\i^t\\\y\ Ii'liMi. Oh. IHVIO, (U : t,\pi> Sihininpinwlaliif Kiilli»>.sqin>. )
Hody <>Iongaled, sh'uder, and nuu'h eoniprcs.st>d. Head usually .sleii-
«ler and conical. The .snpraoccipital bonci i.s juolonged backward, and
it.s eniavginated apex, in typii-al spe«'ies, receives the acuminate autiM'ior
point of the se<>oiHl interspinal, thus forming a ctmtinnons bony brid<;o
from the hciul to the dorsal spin* In .some species, this coinuM'tion is
more or less impiMt'cct, as in Aminms, to which genus all such species
have been hitherto referred. Mouth transverse^ and terminal, the uj»-
l>er Jaw pn)trnding beyond th«' Unvcr. Teeth subulate, aggregated into
a short, latiM'ally truncated band on each jaw. IbiuK'hiosicgal rays Sor
0. Dor.sal tin situated over the interval between the i)ecloral and ven-
tral tins, liigluM- than long, with one* long spin(>, and usually (iarticuliilcd
rays. A<lij>ose tin pedunculated, over the posterior portitm of the anal.
Anal lln h)ng, with L'0-,"{.T» rays; it connnen<!es n«>ar the v»Md. Venlriil
fins each with 1 simple and 7 braiu'hed rays. I'ect«)ral tins ea<'li with a
stout spine, ret n)r.se-serrate within, an«l about !> branched rays, ('andiil
tin clongatiMl and deeply ft)rlv(>d, with the lobes pt)iuteil, the upper fro-
♦puMitly the longer, (/oloration silvery. Fresh waters of North Amer-
ica, one species south wiuxl to Guatcuuila;* one in Western JMexico.t
•r, »irnrff.)H()/i« (Giinllior) .T<»nl!ni. Allied io T. jHrvatm, but the iiiiiil Nhortcr, llio
dopth T) ill . iij^lh. A. 'J8-2D. Kio llHUiuacinta, UuutiMnalii. {Amiuvun mvrhlmuilU
Giinthor, v, 10v>.)
t/. duijeni (Ik.an) .T. & (>. CMosdy allied to /. tilhUlun, Imt, with n narrower ln>ad (Ks
\ridTli .^ ill IcnjrtlO : the width of the pn-ina\ilhirv band of teeth about oHe-fhird tlin
length of the head ; hnnieral jiroeess .slifvhlly furrowed, not- 8tron)4;l.v rM>j;oH(^ iih in /,
alhidm, Ciuidal deejily forked. Color jilniiibeons, silvery behiw, P. S ; 1), 1,(1; A.
21 ; P. I, H. Kio Tiirbio, (Guanajuato, Mexico (west «»f tho Sierra Ma<hH*). {Amiumt
dM/?f8i Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. ii, aot, lri7i».)
29. flll,irRII).15 — TOTAT.tTRUfl.
107
((/^' "T, HhIi; aihiufHK;^ cat } lu)iU!o more corivctly, Ihoiigh Ihhh ciiiihoiiious-
ly, lilillmlnrvs.)
,,. Iliiny 1)1 itl^n t'rntii n<Mfipiit to «1orHul not qiiito coiitiiiiioiiH,
/). AmmI I'm in(i<lt>mtn, oC'^U-'i'i myn.
|0*i' ■• lophiiiN (Copo) J. &U.
I'lilii «»liv<« MimhIi, Hilvrry Im'Iow. \Uu\y inihor ntont. lU'Aul very
Ih'oihI, jiImhiI. iim wulv iih Uuta, ils \vi<llli .» / in loiij^tli of llm body. Eyo 5-0
ill iiitororbilal widlli. ('iiixhil not. drt^ply I'orkfd. |I|)|M*r jiiw not trinch
lli(> ]on;rcr. M<Hi(h vvidrr thiiii in any otiicr cat IIhIi. Ihinioiiil |>ro-
(css slonl, slioi'liHli, Hoinowliiit ^^^oH«^ Anal rayHlJl ; baNOol'jinal in
|(>ii|4tli. I'. 134 inclioH. ^^trt'uniH ahoni. (MicHiiprako ISsiy.
(Amiitruu lophiuH ijinivi, I'rou. Amur. I'liil. tioc. 1H7U, 4HiS : Amiurug lophiua .Jorduii,
10:i. I. «ll»lrtu« (>v«^ HiiiMii) .F. tV H.—U'liilfl Cat; Channel Cat, of thn rotomne.
l'iil(M)Iivti-bluiHli,Hilv«'ry bolow. Hody niodriafrly Htoid. Il<'ad ItMifjor
lliiiii wide, itH width 4-(5tiuioHin length. Mouth rather narrow. Upper
j;i\v KHirh ilio huiffor. Ky«< 3-5 in intororbital widtii. IliirbelH Jonjf,
(>x(('pt, niisal barbel. Oandal tin deeply forked, the upper lobe the lon^^er*
llniiH'ral proe<^HH nion* than half the length of the Hpin(«,, (extremely
niirose. Anal rays 21 ; base of anal 4^-5 in leii<4th. I)«UHal fin nearly
midway between adipose fin and Huoiit. L. IH inehoH. IN'titiHylvania
to North Oarolirui.
{t'imildilHH ulltiiliiit Ia^ SiiiMir, M^iri. Miih. v, MH, 1H19: 1'imelitdnit {j/hx Girani, Proo.
Ai'iul. Nut.. Hri. I'hila. 1H.M», lOO: AmUiruH nlbiduH Jontnii, I. o. H4.)
hh, Aiiiil ihi Ioii){, of ii3-27 rays.
101. I. lil|>UN(()ril.)>T. &. O.
Dusky oliva<H»ouH, sides Hilvery. Body rather slender. IT(uid narrow,
loiij^er than broml, its width 4,^ in hMi(;t/h, bein;; less than its length
above. Dorsal spine nuujh neart^r snout tJian adipose fin. liase, of anal
lis long as head. Anal 2.'3. Peetoral spines long and sleiuler, dentate.
liiuliels long. Hu]>ra(>ecipital bone almost meeting the interspinal ; its
rt'liitioiis therefoni very elose to JctaluruH punvtalUH. Streams of Texas.
(Pimdodi'H liipiiH Uril. U. H. Pau. K. II. Exp!, x, 211 : Amiurua lupus Jordan, 1. c. 83:
AmiuruH liipun (iliinllwtr, v, 101.)
lO.t. I. nlvolvcntrifi ((\)])n) .1. & O.
Similar to /. lupuHy btit the b(uul broader, its width ecpial t/» its length
al)()V(\ Dorsal spine scarcely n<Mire,r snout than adipose fin. Anal
21, shorter than head. Barbel longer than In^adj hnmeral process very
rugose. Neuso Tiiver, North Carolina.
[Amiurm niveiventria Copo, Proo. Amor. Phil. Soc. 1870, 486: Amiurm nivciventria Jor-
dttii, 1. c. 83.) ,
f, '
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i !
1
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ill*
tlr
m
t
W
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y
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i'l^fll
'9
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W 'i 1
"IM '^
HiMiMliii
108 rONTKlin TK^NH TO NOKTU AMKKICAN tCltTirY(H,O0Y IV.
100. I. ItioiiMtriM ^ Wi»ll>mm>^ ■'• * O.— ralJifh of lh>^ IaiUvd ; Hreat Fork-tmiM Cat;
Mim^isMipiti (\tl ; I'loi-iilii t'oi ; I'tanml mouth Vnt, ,, ,
OliviU'oouH nIjH.v, ^rowiiiff dtirluM* with iiffr; hUWh pnl'N witlioiil dnik
NpolM; iintil ilnsky (>(lu«'<l. lloUy ratltor stdiilcr (litiii in /. punctatitH.
Woiul lunch l)r«>;Mlor, lowor, und xunvo iloprosstMi I htm in /. pHmiaiiiH,
its jfrojilrsl withh Ihosixlhs its hMiylh. Inlcioihiliil spiUM' Konirwliiit
more thiin halt' (lie h^n^lh of hotnl. \Vi<ilh of tlio nxMitii tilionl liiilf
hotnl. E.yo ninilorato, wholly in Iron 1 of niithllr point of IhsiiI. Top of
ln>;ul «'ov«>nMl with n thicluM- skin tlmn in puiK'taiim, ho tliHt lluv hoiu's
SUV nojuiy ooncculod. Upp<>r Nnrliiro of ln'snl qnilo llulliHh, so thiit tho
oyos nr«> nnich noaror tho nppor than tho lowor huiIikum)!' tlu» hciid.
l^arhi'ls lonn', all black, tho maxillary barlu'I leaching' beyond hcnd.
llnuicral prot-css v(»ry slutrt ami blunt. covcn»d by skin, a. little inoiv
than one thirtl the lenjith of the piM'tmal spin«>. Caudal deei)ly forkctl,
tlu' upper lob(» iathi>r lonmM- and narrower tlum the lower. I>(M\siilii
little nearer snout than adipos(« tin. Il(>ad4in h'li^lh; d(>|)lh 5. Djs.
tunce to dorsal spini> '2-{. Anal bas«» as hnij;' as heaxl. 1). I, 5; 1'. I, !»;
A. -ft. Ilritish America to l''h)rida. and Texas ; abundant in all lar^(>
btMlii's of wat(M'. One of tln» lar^ivsl of the catllshes, reaching: a weij,'lit
of 100 pounds.
( f firt(/»».t /(K'HN/n'.s Wiilbiimn, Artoili Pise. IT'.I'J, 114: T l^imcloihin horrulin U\chiu>\m\\\,
Fmmii Pi>r. Amor. IMsli. 13.i: fAiiiiiirus honoHH ({ilnlln>r, v, 100: I'ititilodiis iiii/ri-
ctins liO Snour, Mi^in. Miih. v, IM, IHtH: Amiiiriis niijrintnit ,}ov\U\i\, \. o, Kl: Amiitrm
horrolia .loniiiii, 1. c. HI.)
hhb. Aiiiil lin Yen lonj;. of <r» rnys.
lOr. I. i>on<lor<)««iiN (MciiO .T. * a.—Grcnt Crtt-finh.
l?luish slate ab«»ve, whitish b(>low. Form of i. larunfris, but the
body deei>or and the head and mouth broader. (5reatest <leplh .{.Un
leuiith. Head ,'{'f| ; its wi«lth 4','. Dorsal nearer snout than adipose tin.
Can«lal tin not deeply forked. P. 1, 11; A. M5. {lieaii.) IMississippi
lliver (Saint Louis). Probably the larjxestof theeat-flshos, the original
typo 5 feet, in length and >v«M}ihin}»' ir»0 poumls.
(vfmiMrHs ;>()H(f(T(),'»M.'« Iloan, Proc. IT. S. Nivt. Miis. ii, iJHt), 1R70.)
(M. Pony l>ri(lni> iVoin i>i'(i]Mjt 1<> doixal (^n cumiilcft' ami conliinuMts.
d. An.il iuo(l(>rat«>, i(.s rays Vi4-;50, its baso W^-i in lon^di of btnly.
lOS. I. l»mil««lallBJ«(Uaf.).Tor.— r;irtH«»>f Cot; Jnite Cat.
Oolor lij»ht olivaceous above, the sides i)alo or silvery, aiul almost
always with irreijular small, round, dark sp«)ts. Fins often with dnrk
edjjinjxs. liody rather lonjx and slender, tlio back little elevatod.
llcad rather small, narrow, convex above, so tiiat the eye is little
(III. Anal (l»i V
2». Hii,riiii»>i': — AUiiiH,
109
iii>:iiiM' tli(> nppor tlnin Mmi town uiiI line. lOyo liir^c, tiir iiiiiltllr point
III' tilt' )i'iiu:lli of tlio ImmkI liriii^ iMMir iti( poHtorior nitir^in. Moiilli
tiitlirr Hiiiiill. Itiirlu'ls loti^. HpiiicH lon^. HUiii Miiii. Iliirii«>r)il |»t'o-
('(>ss hum iiikI Nlrtidci', iiion^ lliiiii litill'IlK^ l«>ii(;tli ol' llic pfctorul Hpiiic,
wliicli Ih Htnm^ly Hornilcd lirliiiKl. M«'iul l ; tlcpHi 5. Aiiiil 25-LM).
Kivci'M of tlui .SoiiMuMii uimI WrMti^rii HliitoM, IVorn Mtmtnnn, to Vrr-
iiiDiii, IMoxM'o, iuhI (J(M»r};iii, ; t^cncrnlly iilniinhint. in tlio rluiniu'lK oC tiMi
larger HtrciiiMH. It. roiicln'M >i woi^dit. ol' UO-LiH poiiiidH. Vnriiildc.
{Silnnii* piiiirtiitiis Uiif. Amor. Mniilli. Mnfr. |H|h, IS.V.) ; .loriliui, 1. v. 7{\: I'lmrhtilun
etrrulvKi'i'nH MM'. Irlith. Hli. (ill: rhnrlnthiH iiiiiiln/iirviihin \ji> H\ii'{\v, M<iii. Mim. v, I.V2:
,\miin'iin caiiilit/iirviiliiH Oiliillirr, v, KL' : rhiirlniliiH furrl/vr, iirtiriliH, r^lpvii, (iliriiiriiH,
hitinihi, mriinloim, jinioloniiH, htimmondl, iiolatnH, oto. Atiot. : Iiflalinun hrmllri hihI Hiwp-
Kiijii (;ill : Irlithwliirmi rolnmliiH .lortlati, I, o. 7<l.)
il,l. Aniil (In vory lotiK, Kh myH M'i-IM.
ioi>. I. rurc*umi«i ((;iiv. & Viii.) fiiit.
Color Hilv<uy, plain or HonMMvliiit Hp<»tt('(l. Annl fin rxtr«'Mi('ly i»Jon-
;;iil(^, its buHO nearly on«vllni(l tlir Icn^Mli of tlio Itody (witlioiit candiil);
its rayM iTJ-'M in nninlMir. P^yo smkiII, \vlM>lly nntrrior, tlir middle of
Ilii> li(>ii<l Ix'in^ ndindy l)<^llind iln posterior ninr^^in. Iloid Htnidl^nbont
\\ in IcMijftli ; d(*ptli 4 in JidnltM to 5^ in yoiuiK*''' Hp«'(rininnH Hlopo, fniiri
(iorsid to snout. Honu'wliiii ^'on(!JlVf^, cHptM^iidly in udnltH. iN-ctond Hpino
riillicr lon;^; lintnrrnl Hpino stont, NJiortisli, not rciu^liinf; middle, of
|i(M!torid Hpine." Skin thin. Hi/e rntlier Htniill. Ohio to Iowa mid
iVxiis; not. very eoimnon.
{I'imrlodiiM fitrrttliiH (,'11 v. iV Val. xv, V.V\ 1H40 : AmlvrnH fnrcatuH Glliitlmr, v, 103.
.Iiiitliin, I. i'. 7ri. )
97.— AKIUN Cuvicr &, Vulrnciormt^H.
ISca CatJUh.
(Ciivi(M'& ValoiHiioniH'H, \\\h\. Nut.. T'oIrh. xv, 53, 1840: iy\w I'imvl whin nHim Tlucliatuin.)
Body more or less elonj^nt*', Hid)terete. Head Hnl)e,oni<'iil,}irrtied with
a bony shield ii1»ovt», Ix^hind which arensnnlly two otherH, the ])(»Ht«uior
at lli(^ base of the dorsal N})ine. Hknil with a, fontaia^lle. Month not
l)iij,'(^, the upper Jaw the longer. T(M'th villiform or jjranular, in a band
ill wich Jaw. Teeth in one or two i>at<;hes ea<;h on the voincsr and pala-
tines, ill! of them sometimes eonthuMit into one band. 15arb<'ls ti (the
noslrils without barbel), close tofjfether, the posterior with a valve.
EyoH with a free orbital margin. Dorsal tin short, in front of the ven-
triils, with a. pnnf;«Mit Hi>in(^ and 7 rays. Adi) ose tin w(^ll developed,
posteriorly free. Caudal lln deeidy forked. Anal tin short. JNjetorals
each with a Hpine. Voutral rays 0. Skin smooth, naked, except oniho
wm 1
i?
110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTilYOLOGY IV.
occipital and nuchal regions, which are armed with bony bucklprs.
Marine cat-fishes. Species very numerous in the tropical seas. This
group has been divided into many genera, the value of whic^h we are
unable to determine. Our common species is not a typical Arins, but tlie
genus to which it belongs has not been properly defined. (From Ari
gagora, the Beugalese name of the tyi)ical species.)
a. Teeth all villifoim, iii p. largo rounded patch on each palatine and a small one on
each side of the vomer, these patches all distinct ; posterior buckler siuall.
(Anopsia* Gill.)
110. A. felis (Liund) J. & G.—Sca Cat-fish.
Steel-blue, sides and belly silvery. Body rather elongate, not com-
pressed, tapering mto the slender tail. Head subconic, dei)ret,sed, Hut-
tish above. Maxillary barbel nearly as long as the head. Mouth sinull.
Eye moderate, just in front of the middle of the head. Gill membraiu's
broadly united, partly joined to the isthmus, forming a narrow, free fold
across it. A snmll, bony; granulated buckler, broader than long, in front
of base of dorsal spine ; then a much larger nuchal shield with a me-
dian li ol, and a still larger occipital shield with a median furrow. A
low fleshy keel along the back. Humeral process nearly half the length
of the pectoral spine. Caudal deeply forked, the upi)er lobe the lon;;('r.
Head 32; depth 5. D. I, 7, its spine not filamentous, serrate in fnuit;
P. I, ; A. 10. L. 24 inches. Cai)e Cod to Florida ; common south-
wurd.
(Sihirus fcVia Liun6, Syst. Nat.: Arim milberti Cuv. & A''al. xv, 74: Arim milbirtl
Giiuthor, -', 155.) *
111. A. aqucstris Baird & Girard.
Similar, but with the spines liiglier and rhe maxillary barbels nnich
longer, reaching to the riiiddle of the pectorals. Pectorals reaching to
last ray of dorsal. Dentition and character of the cephalic bucklers
undescribed. Head 4. IJ. I, 7; A. 10; P. I, U. Coast of Texas; a
doubtfid species.
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185.'i, 2(i; Giinther, v, 173.)
a§.— JKLirRICHTHYS Baird & Girard.
Sea Cat-Jishes.
{Jihirichthjia Baird &. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,2(5: tjri)o Siluriis maiv
««»Mif chill.)
Body rather el uig;.tc, little compressed. Head depressed, broad
abovi^ Mouth large, Jjo upper jaw the longer. Teeth all villiforiri ; those
on the vomer and palatines forming a n:oro or less i)erfectly crescent-
* Ariojjaia et Notarlus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. leK33, 171 : typo Ariua milkni
C. «fc V. (Ariua; ti/'U', uppciu'anco.)
PLECTOSPONDYLI.
Ill
shaped band. Barbels 4. Maxillary barbels band-lilve, very loDg. Chin
with two short barbels. Nostrils close together, the i)osterior with a
valve 5 nnchal region with a granulated, bony buckler. Fontanolle
large, well forward. Dorsal fln short, in front of the ventrals, with 1
sharp spine and 7 rays. Pectorals with a similar spine ; both pectoral
and dorsal spines ending in a long, striated, band-like tilainent. Adipose
fln moderate, free behind. Caudal fin widely forked. Anal moderate
or rather long. Ventral rays G. Gill nieud)rane8 somewhat connectod.
Tropical waters of America; the species all marine. [aUoupu^^ cat;
l^db^, fish.)
112. iE. marinus (Mitchill) B. &, G.—Sea Cat-fiah; Gaff-topsail.
Dusky bluish, silvery below. Head rather short and broad, rounded
anteriorly. Eye rather large, low, ; i . i ^erior. Occipital buckler subtriau-
giihir, tapering behind, Maxillary barbels extending about to the end of
the pectoral spine. Pectoral si)ine longer than tlie dorsal spine, two-
thirds the length of the head, its filament reaching the vent. Dorsal
fllaraent reaching adii>ose fin. TJi)per lobe of caudal much the longer.
Anal fln falcate. Band of i)alatine teeth nearly contiiuious. Uead 4^.
D. I, 7 ; A. 23; P. I, lli; B. G; Vert. 20 + 30. Cape Cod to Mexico;
common southward.
(6'(fi(r«8 wian.-Jiw Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N, Y. i,4:5;i; Giluthcr, v, 178.)
OuDEu L.-rr.ECTOSrOlNi DYLI. i;: f '
{The PlectospondyloKS Fishes.) , /, ^ i^' jy
Physostomoua fishes with the ])arietals broad, distinct; pterotic nor-
mill; 8ym])lectic ju'esent ; opercular bones all present; no interclavi-
cles, and the four anterior vertebrre much modified and with ossicula
amlitus. This group consists princi])ally of fresh-water fishes, ami in-
ehulos about six families. Two strongly marked divisions are included
in it, the one the suborder EventognntM of l*rofessor Gill, and the other
the Characins, referred by I'rofeasor Gill to the Tsospon(h/li. Tln^ Chara-
dim resemble tlu Tsos})()ii(iijli\u general ai)pearance ami in the structure
(if the i)haryngeals, but differ in the mo«lification of tlu^ anterior ver-
tcbr.'B. (TT-lexro?-, joined together ; (n:('ivdu}.()<;j vertebrsc.)
ANALYSIS OF KAMIUK8 OF I'LKCTOSPONDYLI.
Mini II cftso pvoduotMi hntwcoii orliita; ItiiHiHcrnnii HiniplH; only two superior pharyn-
jj;»»nl hones; 1 )wor ]»hiiryii>joiilH falcif'onr, pnralh'l with tho gill-orclu ,; jaws
toothhiss. ( Eveutofjnalh i.")
* ei), W'jll; tDTof, wltWu; yvdflof, jaw.
5?
k
If
BJHiiBI
;
■l;1 v>
112 WONTKimrTIONS TO NORTH AMKUICAN KMITIlYOLoaY IV.
ii. Iliisal ItrmirliilivMlH y. jiIiiir.viijiiMil (colli imiut'ntuH, |»iM'tiiiiili>; iiitiNillnric^
rormiiiji i>fii< of dn' in,ir>>iii of llu> iipiK-r juw < 'A'i'«»HriiMii>,i.;, ;i(i
an. n.isdl ItidiicliihyalN ;J; plniryngi'iil Icctli Itnv ; iuiukIii of n|t|MM' Jiiw r<>niinl hy
ltn>iti,'i\illinii's sildiio Cvi'Iiinidi;, ;i|.
•*Hiuin I'MHo ii<)( idixlin'i'il lM>t\vtM>n orltitn; bimis oiuiili ddiiblc, HoinoliiiuH willi nnis
(Mjliu- oiiiinl; 4 to 1 Hiiiirrior phiirvnm'ul Iioiich ; lowor tilunviiK''"'" not ralci-
I'onn; MhiiHiil 1>riiti(-1iil\\t)lH; tvctli in Jiiwh iil'lcii |ir(<Hi<nl. (('lu^rtvhil.)
CiiAitAciMiM:^ ;i'^,
Family XXX.— (.\V1H)S1\)M1 I >/]:.
II''.
'M
( 77jf iSiichrrs.)
Hoily oblmijr olonofntc', tisiiiilly inoio or loss coinprosscil. ll(>n,i
nuno or Uvsh «'oiioid. OimmcIoh tiorinally «1(>V(»Io|m»(I. Noslrils iloiihlc.
No barbols. ISIonlli liuyo or .small, UHiinlly priilniclilo niid willi llcsliy
Mps. !\Iarj>iu of iipptM- jaw (bniuHl in llio ini<l«ilo by (lio Hiiiall prciiiiix
illarios, and on llio sido by llio niaxillarioM. .laws tooMilcsH. Ijowci
j»liary'i};('al bono.s ralcilbrni, ariuod willi a row of nnnioroiiM cond) liKc
tfotli. nr:in(>!iiost«\!;als .'(. (iill nuMnbranivs nioro «»r Icms unilcd lo |||(>
istlinins, rcshit'linjn Mio yill op«Miinj;.s to fin* h'uWh. (lilly I, ai nIH lu'
huni tlio Iburlh. l's^M^dobralH'llia^ pri>,s«Md. S»'alt>M cycloid, lar;i:(^ or
Ninall. laloral lin(Ml«M'urvod, soiiHMinioM wauling, lload iialicd. I'Iiim
not scaly. Dorsal tin comparatively Ion;; (of 11-50 rays), willioiil hue
spine. Anal tin short. ('au«I;;l tin mor»< oi- less Ibrkcd. Ncidrals uli
tlominal, with about 10 rays. IN'ctoral tins placc«l low, wilhoul spiii(>,
No adipose tin. Helly not siMialed. Alimentary canal lony;. Hloinacli
simple. No pylorit* <'(eca. Air bladtler larjj:(», divid<Ml into (wo or llnvc
])arts by transverse cjmstrii'tions, noli snrronntled by ii bony capsule,
(leuera II oi- fewer; species about (iO; iidiabilin^ th(> fresh wat(>rs of
>Jortli America, twospe<'ies in IOast(>rn Asia. They tww not mach valued
118 food tlslM>s, th<> llcsh bein^' flavorless and fnll of snuill bones.
((\i/;)n»M'(/(r, frroup (\itoi*lomiua (Jilnllier, vii, l'»*-'.^4.)
*Dorsjil liii i^loMUJili'. its developed rjiys 'jri oO in imod>er ; ait- Idaddf-r in (wo pmls,
t l''oMtan(>lle present ; body ovate; Heale.s larfje. (lUtluilichlhjiiniv.)
H. Dorsal rays '«*(-:(;<.
h. Mtinlli laiffe. t«Tininal. protraetile finwards; Ii]>N(liiii; pliaiyn)j,eal lioiiesaml
(iMMli weak Ici'ioiu H, ;V,i.
hh. Mondi smaller, inferior, prolraet lie downwards,
e. IMiaryofieal bones s(ronn. (he teedi comparatively coarse and larp', in
creasing in siz(> downwards ItiMiAt.icnriiVs, ilii,
(V. l'liaryn;;eid bonoH narrow, with the tcoth thin and \veak..(;Ain'h>i>i;s. (ij,
ft l'\mtanelle obliterated by ttn^ anion of the parietal bones; body ohMigate. {('iii'lqi-
till(v.^
d. Month small, inferior, with (hick papillose lips; scaler* rather Hinall.
CvcLia'ri'8, 6t
ao. CAT08T0MI I >J?. — ICTIOHUH.
113
••norsivl fiti Hliort, witli I0-1H riivH. (fatoiitnmttm.)
c. Air l>liitl(UM' ill (wo |iiirtM,
f. liiiloml liii<> ('(MM|)loto ivikI <'<>iil)'iii(iim ; hciiIch Htrwill, rift-liri in llm
liitor.'il liii)-.
f/. Fonlaiirllo liolio PANTOSTKIIS, 63.
Off. r<»iit(in«>llo pnwiit.
h. Moiilli iiiiVi'ior, Niiiall, witli Miick piiplllnHollpn.
('AI«»HT(tMIH, i'4.
Iili. Moil til vi<i',v 1iii-K*s l< rtiiiiiiil, ()lilii|iir; lipHtliin iiiitl iii'iiilvHtiiooUi.
i. I'liiiryiiKi'iil hoiirH inodrtiit'', willi lolli of iiii'diiini M/.r.
(.'IIAHMIHI I :s, (ifl.
Vi. I'lifiryiiKi'iil lioiioH hIcimiit, \villi vii.v iiniiicroiiH, tniiniti^ ict'lli.
l/ll'(lMY/.ON, r>(i.
//. Ijii(<'Iii1 liii<« iiid'iiiiplcd or wtiiiliii^; hciiIch linn<< (10 50 in ii Icitini-
liiiliiiiil Htfi'ii'H).
II. I. II torn I linn <<iilir<dy wanting Kkimvzov, <57.
lUI. l/iiliiiil lliM< iimri> or Icmm di'vclopcd Minyti(i:ma, (W.
er. Air-liiaddiM' in lliiro piirtH; lonliinilln prxwut; Hoalcin liirgo ; luLoral
linn I'oniplnto.
j. Monlli iiiiiniiil, till' lower Up I'lilim or ttH-rcly lolxd.
It, riinr.vnuciil lioiHH inodcintc, the tcclli comprcHsi'd, yrnd
iiiilly lnr^)^^ downwiirdH; montli modnratn or hiiiuII, Mio
lipN nmiiilly pliniti- Mmxohiuma, (i!(.
A/r. riiiiry,ij.^«'iil Iiouch vi>ry Hlronji;, wiHi Mm lower tcilli niiicli
i>nliir^*d, Niiliiyliiidrii'iil iind triiiicatn, tlio tt-nlli oT tlio
iipprr I ml' of I III' ItoiM' Hiiifill mid roinprcKm'd ; niontli itir^i',
HoiiDUvliar oldiipir, willi very lliirk lipH.
I'r.ArMi'irAitVNv, 70.
jj. Miiiilli HiiiKiiliir, llio ii|ipi'r lip not protriM^tilo, ((rcaily nn-
liirnfd, I III' lowi'r lip dcv rjopfil iih (wo Mcpiiriilt- IoIich,
idiiirynnMil honcH and (irdi ordinary tJ|nAHHi(,Aii;A, 71.
A1». -I4"ri4>llll.*>i l.'MliiM'N.pin.
l!ii()'alo Jislies.
i;iilliirMi|iH>, Irlilli. nil. jM'iO, .'•,5: lypo Awhliiilnn hiihiiUiH Ifiif.)
Ilciul V(M'y liir|.;(^ luul Htron;^, wide iumI deep ; itn Icnj^lli '>\\-'V\ in tliiit
III tlic body ; itH ii|)|n'r HiirCjivc Itrojid jiimI drpn sh(mI. lOyn inodcndc,
uiiollv tihtci'ioi' ill |ioMiti(>ii,flM> iniddliHif llic liriid Ix'iiij^M'iitiicly Ix'liiiid
il ; siihoiliiliil b(UM»H pn»pitrli(mii(«'ly iisinow. I-'onliuicllc, liii^*', w<'ll
npi'M. Opcmiiiii' )lppil^!llll^} liit'iifoly dcvt^lopcd ; I lie. KiiiMtpcic-iiliiti'
IikiikI; (lir opt'iciiliiiii ImoikI, .str(ni;;ly (nrrowcd. Month very Iiiij^*' for a
Mickcr, tcnniiiiil, proliiicJilr rorwiiids; tho twiddle of the prciiiaxilliiiioH
iiciu'l.v on IIm^ liiH'ol Wm" iiiiddl<io((li(M\v('; th«' poNtcrioiM'dj^ooftlK^ iiuixil
l;irv I'Xiciidiiif; iiboiil, to tlic linci of tli(^ iioHtrils. Mandible very Htroii^,
(ililiiinc, pliUM'd" lit SMI angle of 45'^ orniore when the mouth i.s <!losed, ItH
|)ost(>rior end exleiidin/if (o beyond oppoHJti^ the IVont of \\w eye, jt.s
Iciililh aiilthv h's.s than onc^-ihiid that of the heiid. LipH very Uttle de-
viloiied ; \\\{\ upper narrow and HiiiooHijHoarecly ap[)re(!iablc; the h>vver
narrow, nithc^r full on Itie siih'M, out rediieed to a nan'ow rim in front,
JJuU. JSat. MuH. No. 10 8
:!i I
c-jr-?:
K\
\V,
ha
wmmi
"'"i-r^i.Tf-.:-''"*-.'^?'"'
»i*»
114 roNTKiiumoNS to noktii American ioiitiiyolociy — iv.
cnlinOy th'sliliifc Itotli of psipillii^ nnd plicio. .Imwm wiflioul. «'iii'(iliij;i
nousNlu'iith. iMiu'ilorous h.vhIoih ofluMul wril (l«>\t'l<>p(Ml. iNllimiiM Hin.
row. lMiiMvnfi<'iil botH's liillior wciik, tlui oiitiT Hmfnco of I lie nirh
HtiMuliiip' onlwnrdH iiiid pivHoiiliii;; u poroiiH onfcr iiinrf^iii. 'rin> prdun-
<'l4^ ol' tlio Nyinpli.VNis JH iniicli Ioii^mm* priipot'tioiiiilly iukI iiitir<^ poinlnl
thmi in (^(t)'i)io<lrs imd Iii(holii'fitlii/s. T\h^ Icclli nni very nnincroiiM, hiihiHj
lliiti, iiiid ('oi II pressed iis in Cnrpiodis, hiil llio I(»W(»r ones nrc^ {i'nidiiiilly
lar^vr Hum llio npp(>r ones. Tlieir inuci- ed/^o is Nliinliii}^- oiiIavshiIn,
snul not miil'onnly incluMi ;is in liiilxtlii'lithi/s, or trnncidcMis in (U/rlrplns^
tho inncrniosl niuri^in risiiifr soincwlinl in the Hliiip(M>f ji. proi<M'linj;:<'iiN|i.
CJill nduTN oCiintrrior iircli Ion;; and slender iibove, 1 e<'()niinj.j sliorlci
«lo\vn wards. T.ody lieavy, robnsl, no( r'speeiidly nrelied above nor
j;r<'a1ly e(Hnpresse<i, ih(^ form sonunvlial elliplieal; llie (h'ptli 2^-.'l,Uii
Mie len;;lli of liu^ body. Heales lar^e, ildeli, nearly eipnd ov«'r Ihebixiy,
their posteri«>r o{\<xoh s«»niewluii N«'rra(e; lli<> lateral liiMi wt'll developcMJ,
bnti not as distinet as in rfrr/j/of/r.v, slight ly deenived aiit«'riorly ; [\\^^
nnnduM- of seales in its eonrse .'$r>-.t2; KJ-IH in a traiit-iverHo wries lioiii
dorsal lo vtMdrals. Dorsal lln with an elonjLrat«» basis, its innnlxMuf
rays Jia-iU); anterior rays soni(>wliat elevated, their lent,'fli aboni luili
that of tlH> base of th(> lln. Caudal not inneh forked. Anal tin not
nuieh elevat«'d, its rays abont U in nnnd)er. IV'etorals and ventriis
nuxlerale, the latt«'r with abonli 10 rays. Hexnal peenliarilies, ifaiiy, im
known. Coloration dark, not silvery. Air-bladd(»r with two ehaniliers.
i^m^ v«My lar};e. A sin;;l(^ species known. {ix""^i "^'' > ''""•» l>Mllalo.)
Ii:i. I. B»8nl>iilM« (l^'iiC.) \\x.—Rv(l-moiith llnfdlo Jish.
P.ody robnsl, nio«leral<>ly eoinpressed, lh«^ onlline soniewhai ellip(i(';il,
bnt (he back rather nlon^ enrve«l than tln^ belly; depth 2A-.*{J in h^i^illi.
Head very lar!>«> and thiek, .S.J in lenfilh (»!' ftody. Operetdar appaiiiliis
vory Htron^v, the op(>renlnni ilsell' tornnnjjf nearly hall' th<^ lennlh <»r llu^
liead. Seales very lar;it>. Diueloped rays of the dt)rsal 1!7~LM); anal nivs
0; ventrals 10. Scales 7-^J7 to 41 -(I. Coloratioji dnll brownish olivo,
not silvery. Kins dusky. Size very la r^M> ; reaches a. lenjxlh of neinly
.'{ leet and a w(Mp;ht of 20-;{0 |)onnds. Mississip[)i Valley ; [generally
abundant in the larj^er streams.
{Amhhdoii buhnlim Unf. .rmirn. PliyH. 18IH, 4'il ; AKiWHiz, Ann*!-. Jonrn. Hci. Ails, IK')!,
I'.Ui: S<'l(io;iii<ilhHs ('iiiniiitlld v. iV V. llinl. Nat. I'oiss. IHM, .|77 : " IvhlhiiiihuH cjidmUm
Ni'Irion, Hull. 111. Miis. Nu). IIIhI. i, .|;t ; Irhllii/obHH htihaliin .Jonliui, Uiill. II. t*. Nut.,
M»H. xii, 2M; SrUroniKitluiiK'iiiiniulhi (lilntlu'l", vli, '24.)
♦ 8»>«» .Ionian, UaU. IJ. 8. Nut. Miis, xii, '207. Tlicm Iuvh Imoii porluips a «'<mrii8iim
niuoug Mr. Nolsou'» t.vju's of tliis Ki»i'tloH. Oiio Hont by him to \\» is mi Ictiobus.
(A/,'IIHHi/,, AllllT.
Mead niodt
iiipidly rJHUifi;
iiinlian or rat
iiiirrow. t'on
III' sniall, Mioi
|y|tie;dly (put
III' the In^ad ;
IIk* lower pari
lliit upper pro
iiilo ^rajndes;
{liicMle, the pli
niil f|-K!:a,pe(
siiciilli. IM(M',i
.li'V('l(»|n'd, bul
istliruMs niod(
wliicli inci"<>aN(
i;riii(lin;;' <'df;e
lilllo <;nsp aJoi
crown, and <lo
sli'iiilei' and s
(ililon^'i the (
i'(iiiipress(Ml; I
very lar^M', abi
wmife. Jiate
IL'-It in ii vm
near {\h\ niiih
iiiilcrior rays i
liii, lla^ nund)e
liii well forki'd
lively lon^' an<
ate, lO-rayed.
known. (John
viiccons or mo
quile largo. '\
115
30. CATOSTOMirM-: nilUALICIITlIVS.
OO.-UIIHAI^K'IITIIVN AguHHU.
Jhlff'alnJlHfirH.
(A(,'iiHMi/,, AiiuT. .Idiirii. Hci. Arts, IHrifi, l!»i : lypc^ Cnriiindrn iirun A^.)
llciKi tii(Mlciitl(Mir rntiicr liiifro i|(m>|) nnd Miic.k, itH H(i|HTi(>r oiitlino
iii|)i<ll,Y rinuiK; >Ih N'li^lh iihoiit 4 in tliiil of (li)' 1>o«ly. Dyo inodniiic,
iiiciliiiii or i'ii(li(<r iMilrrioi- in poHltloii. Hiilxirlnliil Imuicm ('(MMpiinitivcly
iiiirrow. I'\inliin«'ll(' iilvvii.yH prrNiMit. and widely opcti. Monlli inodorato
III' sriijili, niort^ or I<>hm iiifrr-ior; IIh^ in:iiidil)lr HJiorl, little. ol)li(|iie, or
IV|)i('illly qiliii^ Iiori/onliil ; the uiiin<lilile leKH tliiiti one third the len^Mli
of the heiid ; the preniaxilhirieH In the closed month below the level of
tilt' lower piirl of the orbit. Ijp.s rattier thin, thieker than in JctiohwHj
tlioupper protraetile, niirrow, pliciite, the, pli<';e, Hornet iincH broken np
into grannies; lower lip eonipiiratively I'nII (Cor a biitlalo flHh), fiiintly
|ilic!i!e, the pliea^ broken np into (^rannle.s, the lower lip hiivin;^ the ^eri-
nil! fi HJiaped I'orni neen in (UirpUuhn. .law.s withont, eiirtiliif^Mnon.H
sliciith. Mneiterons HyHteni well <leveIopi(l. Operenhir a|»|»iirii.tnH well
,|i'veloped, bnl^. Ichh ho Uiati in Icllnhiis; the operenlnin Htron/^ly rni^'OMe;
istliiuiiH moderate. I'haryn;^feiil bones tri)int,Mdiir, with lar^e teeth,
wliieh in(!rea,se in ,si/e IVom above downwards. 'I'eeth eotnpreHHed, their
l^'iindin^ ed^e binnt, Hli^htly arched in the nnddle, and provided witJi a
liltie cttsp aloii^ the inner iniU'^in, wiiicli is hiitdly (h'tached f'roiri tho
crown, and docH not, rise above the snrliu'e.. (Jill-rakc^rHofard^'rior arch
Kh^nder and Htitl' a,bov<', ^rowinf^ shorti^r downwards. iJody oyhtc, or
oMon^; the <h)iHa,l ontline more or less arched; the sides of the body
(■(impressed ; t he ventriil ont line ciir\'ed also, bnt to a hiss deforce. H<;aleH
vtr,v larn'c, about e(puil over th(U)ody, their postej'ior ontlifM'S somewhat
M'lratii. Lateral lin<i w(^ll developed, nearly strai;(ht, with .'W-4'J Hcales;
IL'-ltin a erossseries from ventrals tr) dorsnl. Dorsal fin ]>e{rinnin;?
ni'iir the middle of tjae body, sonn'what in advanc(i (d'ihe ventrals; itH
iiiitcrior rays eleva("(l, tln^ir height about cfpnd to hiilf fhc^ biise of tho
I'm, the nnndxT of rays in the, ilorsal (in ran^'in/x from 25 to .'?(>. Oaudal
I'm well forked, the lobes about e(pial, not falcate. Anal tin compara-
livcl.v hill};' and rather low, ofHorl) developed rays. Ventrals morler-
iil(;, l(»-ra.yed. IVictorals rather short. H(^\ln^l pcK'ullarities, if any, un-
known. (Joloratioii dull dark brown, in-arly plain, not silvery. Fins oli-
viu'cous or more or less dusky. Air bhidder with two chambers. Hi/o
quite liirgc. This <?e!nuH Is closely iislated to IctiohuN, dift'ering only in
1.1. .
r
.1 .'. .»!).*-»
.<;■'
!ti
i
1
HI
'«
"mm
^ J
'■ 'mm
^rf.t
Hi
ii <
h^
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
the somcwliat stronger teeth. Tlie two genera, with perhaps Carpiodcs
also, should probably be reunited. Three species ii ^ known, two in the
United States* and a third in Central America.* ifiouiSaXo^j bufi'alo;
i/Oug, lish.)
114. B< tirus AjT. — Blg-mouthcd Buffalo.
Body much less elevated and less compressed than in B. nltus^
the back not at all cariuated ; axis of bodj' above ventrals aBout at t.lie
lateral line, and but very little farther from the dorsal outline than from
the ventral ; depth 3-34 "^ length. Head very stout, strongly trans-
versely convex, thicker, larger, and less pointed than in the otlior,
about 4 in length. Eye about equal to snout, 5J in head, much smaller
than in B. altm. Mouth large, considerably oblique, opening well for-
wards. Mandible longer than eye. Premaxillary somewhat below sub-
orbital. Dorsal flu lower and less rapidly depressed than in the next,
the longest ray scarcely half the length of the base of the fin. Anal fin
rounded; its rays not rapidly shortened ; the middle ones not much
shorter than the longest- Colors very dark; fins all black. Scales
8-41-7 ; D. 30 ; A. 10. Mississippi Valley ; in the larger |)treams.
(Carviodes urns Agasniz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 355: BuhaVichthuH nrus, niger,
ct hoiiaauH Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 103-195; Jordan, 1. c. 2UU.)
lis. B. Slltus Nolaon. — Small-mouthed Buffalo.
Body considerably elevated and compressed above ; the dorsal region
subcarinate; belly thicker; depth 2.^-25 in length; axis of body above
the ventrals, below the lateral line, and nearly twi(!e as far from the back
as from the belly. Head moderate, triangular in outline when viewed
from the side, 4 in length. Eye equal to snout, 4-5 in length of head,
nnich larger than in B. vrus. Mouth quite small, notably smaller and
more inferior than in B. unifi. Mandible about equal to eye. Dorsal
tin elevated in front and rai)idly declined, the highest ray reachinj;
much beyond the middle of the fin, the seventh ray about half tlie
length of the third or longest. Anal rays rapidly shortened behind, the
middle rays much shorter than the first long ones. Scales 8-39-0;
*B. mcridioiialh ((liinilicr) JokImm. Moulli small, inferior, slijrhtly corni/^-.ilcd.
Dopth 3ii-;?] in Icnifth. Hojul 4-4^, not innch longtM- fli.in lii;>h. .,y<' rntlicr sni.ill.
ont'-fil'tli of llic Icnjftli of the head iind two-lii'tliN tinit of flie snout. Snhorbiliils iim-
row. Anterior dornul rays not niueh }n()dn«'.ttl, sliorter than the head. Caudal forkiid.
Origin of ventral vertieally In-low the fourth dorsal ray. reelcuiil tin not extendiii;'
to ventrals. There are 5 longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line iiiid
the root of the veniral. Coloration uniform. Seules 7-;{8-7 ; D. 21) ; A. 10. Rio Usii-
maeiuta, Guateiuula. {(Hiiitlier.) {Scliroijnatliun maidioiialiit Gihither, vii, U',i.)
30. CATOSTOMID.E-— CARPIODES.
117
D. 29 ; A. 10 ; Y. 10. Coloration paler ; the lower fius slightly dusky.
Mississippi Valley' and southward ; generally abundant.
{Caioatomns huhalus Kirtliind, Rei). Zoiil. Ohio, 1838, 108, not of Kafinesque: liuba-
Ikhthys bnbalits Aj^assiz, Anier. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 195 : BubalichfhyH biibalus Jordan,
]. I'. '20(): Sclerognathns uri(n Giiuthcr, vii,22; B. altus Nelson MSS. in Jordan, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. Ib77, 715; appifrent'.y the oldest tenable name, certainly belong-
ing <o the 8i)ecie8.)
61.— CARPIODES Rafinesque.
Carp SucJcers.
(Sclerognath h« Valenciennes. )
(Rafinesqne, Iclith. Oh. 1820, 56: type Catnstomua cyprinuH Le Siienr.)
Head comparatively short and leep, sometimes conic, sometimes
blunt; its length ranging from 3 J to 5 in that of the body; its upper
surface always rounded. Eye moderate, median or anterior in posi-
tion. Suborbital bones well developed, their depth about half that of the
fleshy portion of the cheek below. Fontanelle always present, well de-
veloped. Mouth always small, horizontal and inferior; the mandible
less than one-third the length of the head ; the lips thin, the upper i)ro-
tractile, narrow, the lower quite narrow, /^-shaped, or rather n shaped,
beliiiid ; t)Oth lips feebly i)licate or nearly smootli, the plicuB often more
or less broken up. Jaws without cartilaginous sheath. Muciferous
system moderately developed. Opercular apparatus well developed;
the subopenile broad ; the operculum in the adult more or less rugose.
Istlniuis moderate. Pharyngeal bones remarkably thin and laterally
com] tressed, with a shallow furrow along the anterior margin on the in-
side, and another more central one on the outline of the enlarged sur-
faces. Teetli very small, comi)ressed, nearly equally thin along the
whole inner edge of the bone, forming a fine, comb-like crest of minute
serratures; their cutting edge rises above the inner margin into a
pmniiiient i)oint. (lill-rakers of anterior arch slender and stiff above,
becoming redm^ed downwards. IJody ovate or oljlong; the dorsal outline
more or less arched; the ventral outline more nearly straiglil ; the depth
from liiilf to one-third the length; the sides compressed, the back nota-
bly so, forming a sort of carina. Caudal peduncle short and deep.
{Scales large, alxmt equal over the body, their posterior margins r.lightly
Semite; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, with .'34-11 scales j
112-15 scales in across-row from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal fin begin-
iiiufj near the middle of the body, somewhat in advance of ventrals,
falcate; its anterior rays elevated and often filamentous, their height
vaulting from ^ to 1^ the length of the bast of the fin; the number of
Y
T '5
Uil
o;. w*
.-.■I'l ,•?.
i
It'*
'««;,?;■;■
i 'm
(.«,
1 1 I <i
118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY IV.
developed rays ranging from 23 to 30. Caudal iin well forked, tlio
lobes equal. Anal fin comparatively long and low, emarginate (in
males), its number of developed rays usually 8. Ventrals sbortisli,
with usually 10 rays. Pectorals short. Sexual peculiarities littlo
marked ; in some species, at least, the males in spring have the snout
minutely tuberculate. Coloration always plain ; pale olivaceous above,
white below, but hardly silvery, the fins all partaking of the color of
the region to which they belong. Air-bladder with two chambers.
Size medium or rather large. This genus is very close to Ictiohiis and
Buhcdichtliys. Its si)ecies are numerous and very diflicult to deteruiinc.
All belong to the United States. (Latin carpiodcs, cari)-like.)
* Dorsal An with the anterior rays more or loss shortened, their length one-half to
two-thirds that of the base of tho liu; muzzle more or loss conic and pro.
jocting.
a. Head short, 4-5 in length.
110. <J. carpio (Raf.) Jordan. — Carp SticJcer.
Head comparatively short, its length contained 4-5 times in the
length of the body. Body more fusiform than in the others, compressed,
but not much arched, the depth 2g-3 times in the length. , Anterior
rays of dorsal short, notably thickened and osseous at base, especiiilly
in the adult; the tirst ray nearer the end of the muzzle than the ba^io
of the caudal fin, the longest ray a little more than half the base of tlie
fin; caudal moderately forked. Eye medium, anterior, 4 J in head.
Muzzle short, but projecting nuich beyond mouth. D. 30 ; Lat. 1. 3C.
Size largest of the genus. Mississippi Valley ; generally abundant.
(Catostomm carpio Rvi(inos(\\w,h-Aith. Oh. 1^29,50; Jordan, 1. c. 200: Carinodcs num-
mij'er Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phi la. 1870,484.)
aa. Head intermediate, its length contained about 4 times (31-4^) in that of body;
anterior rays of dorsal not thielicncd at base.
117. C. tamidtis B. &, O.—Carp Sucker.
Body elongate, not much elevated ; the depth 2^ in length. IToad
3,^-4 ; the muzzle prominent, but rather bluntish. Front scarcely con
cave above eyes, the profile forming a somewhat uniform curve. Eye
small, nearly in head. Anterior rays of dorsal moderately elevated,
less than three-fourths the length of the fin ; the first ray nearly mid
way between snout and base of caudal. Caudal lobes blunt ; subor
bital- narroAV, small. Scales 0-37-5; D. 24-27; A. 8; V. 10. Ohio to
the Kio Grande and lTi)per Missouri; comnicu. Distinguished from
** Dorsal fin ^^
30. CATOSTOMIDiE — CARPIODES.
119
the preceding by the mucli smaller eye. This description is based on
specimens from Wabash Eiver.
{Carpiodca cyprinuH* Jordan, 1. c. 198: Carpioc1c8 tumidiia Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854,28: Carjnodcs damalin Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 183G,
170: Carjnodca grayi Cope, Proc. Amer. Pbil. Soc. Phila. 187 ,482.)
ll§. C. tDlompsoni Agassi z.—Xafce Carp.
Body stont, short, the back mnch arched, the depth 2i in length,
nead 4 to 4;]: in length, the muzzle moderately pointed. Dorsal rays
considerably elevated, two-thirds as long as base of flu. Eye small, 5.^
in head. Tip of lower jaw much in advance of nostrils, maxillary
reaching Hno of orbit. Anterior suborbital large, deep, roundish. Ori-
gin of dorsal about midway of body. Scales rather closely imbricated,
S-oU to 41-G ; D. 27 ; A. 7 ; V. 10. Great Lake region ; abundant. I'cr-
baps identical with the i)receding.
(Agassiz, Amor. Joiirn. Sci. Arts, 185o, 191 ; Jordau, 1. c. 198.)
aaa. Head loug, about 3J in length.
119. C. bison Agassiz.
Head long, contained about 3' times in length to base of caudal.
]\Inzzle elongate-conic, so that the eye is nearly median, the middle of
the length of the head falling i." front of its posterior margin. Body not
ffiuch arched, depth 3 in length. Anterior rays of dorsal pretty high,
not nutcli shorter than the base of the fin, not thickened at base. Lips
well developed. Eye large, 4^ in head. Scales 7-40-5 ; J). 27 ; A. 7 ;
V. 10. Mississippi Valley.
(Agassiz, Amor. Joiirn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 35G ; Copo, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila.
1870, 48:5; Jordan, 1. c. 197.)
** Dorsal ilu with the anterior rays very much elevated and attenuated, about equal-.
Hug, or more usually exceeding, the length of the base of the lin.
liO. C cypriwMSt (Lo Sueur) Agassiz. — Qiiillback; SpeMr-finh; Saii-finh; Skimback.
IVIuzzlc conic, projecting, obtusely pointed, tip of the mandible reach-
ing to opposite nostrils ; maxillary reaching to opposite front of orbit.
Anterior suborbital as deep as long. Head 3.^-4 in length. Eye large,
3|J-'15- in length of head. Body much arched above, the depth 2^-2^
in length- First ray of dorsal usually nearer muzzle than base of
* The original C'rtfostomMw ajprinna was doscribtMl from tributaries of Chesapeake
Ray. It cannot be the present species, as the dorsal is described and ligured as
Bfrongly falcate and the caudal deeply forked. Wo have seen no spi^cimens from tho
original locality.
t Possibly two or tlhroo species are hero included: vc/i/cr, with the anterior dorsal
rays longer than the lin ; <!///«'in««, with them somewhat shorter; and c\ttx8an»erinuSy
with a blunter Buout and tho dorsal rays very long.
Mi
■ ' ■> 1,4
; ■■ v 'it.' '4
I 1
^ . r^
." \
>'^-^mi^:^mmir^ '
■]
if ;,'«'^'i'
1!^:';^'
u ' '
^^■■
i
*1 ■:
ir,
120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICDTIIYOLOGY IV.
caudal. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes slender, the upper the longr r.
Scales 7-37-5 ; D. 20 or 27. Chesapeake Bay to Mississippi Valley ;
generally abundant.
(? CntoHtomus ctjprinua Le Suonr, .lourn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1817, 91 ; Giinthor, vK,
12 : Catostomua rdifer Rafinesqne, Iclith. Oh. 18'20, 5() : Carpiodea velifer Cope, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. Pliilii. 1870, 482 : Carpiodea velifer Jordan, 1. c. 19G: Carpiodea culiaun-
aerinua Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Hoc. Phila. 1870, 481 : Carpiodea cutiaanaerinua Jordan,
]. c. lUG : Carpiodea aelene Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 41.)
131. C. diflbrmis Copo.
Muzzle exceedingly blunt, so that the anterior edge of the mandible is
in line Avith the anterior rim of the orbit, and the maxillary reaches to
the anterior edge of the pupil. Anterior suborbital deeper than long.
Head 4J in length. Eye quite large, 3i-4 in head. Body arched, the
depth somewhat less tlian half the length. First ray of dorsal nearer
muzzle than base of caudal. Scales 0-35-4 ; D. 24 j A. 8 ; V. 9. Ohio
Valley ; not common. Perhaps a deformity of the preceding.
(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 480; Jordau, 1. c. 195.)
62.— Cl'CLEPTUS Rafmesqne.
Black Horse.
(Rafmesqno, .Tonrn. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1819, 421 : type Cyclcptus nigra-
ecm Raf. =:: Catostoiuua elongatua Le Sueur.)
Head very small, short and slender, its length contained 0-7 times in
that of the body ; its upper surface rouiuled. Eye small, behind the
middle of the head ; not very high up, its length 0-8 in that of the head.
Suborbital bones small and narrow. Fontanelle entirely obliterated by
the union of the parietal bones. Mouth small, entirely inferior, over-
Japped by the projecting snout; the upper lip thick, i^endent, covered
with 3-5 rows of tubercles, the outer quite large, the inner small ; lower
lip moderate, formed somewhat as in Catostomus, but less full, incised
behind. Jaws with rudimentary cartilaginous sheath. Mucifcrous sys-
tem not greatly developed. Opercular Jipparatus not greatly devel-
oped; the operculum smooth and narrow. Lsthnuis moderate. Gill-
rakers moderately long, soft. Pharyngeal bones strong ; the teeth stout,
increasing in size downwards, rather wide apart. Body elongate, mod-
erately compressed, not uuich elevated; the caudal peduncle long; the
greatest depth contained 4-0 limes in length. Scales moderate, about
equal over the body, not closely imbricated, with wide, exposed sur-
faces, the number in the lateral line from 55-00, and about 17 in a trans-
verse series from dorsal to ventrals. Edges of scales crcuate. Lateral
line well developed, nearly straight. Fins rather large, dorsal flu be-
30. CATOSTOMID.E — PANTOSTEUS.
121
ginning in front of ventrals and ending just before anal, of about 30 rays,
strongly falcate in front, the ttrst and second developed rays in length
more than half the length of the base of the lin, the I'ays rapidly short-
Aed to about the eighth, the length of the remaining rays being nearly
iniitorm and all short. Caudal tin large, widely forkeil, the lobes about
equal. Anal tin quite snudl, low, of 7 or 8 developed rays, scaly at base.
Ventrals nioderat e, with 10 rays. Pectorals elongate, somewhat fal
cate. Sexual peculiarities somewhat marked ; the males in spring with
black pignient ; the head then covered with small tubercles. Air-blad-
der with two chambers, the anterior short, the posterior elongate. One
species known. (z6xA«?, round; hrzru^, slender. "The name means
small round mouth." — liajinesqiw.)
122. C clongratUS (Lo Siienr) Ag. — Black Horse; Gourd-seed Suvlrr ; Missouri
Sucker; Sudccrcl.
Depth 4-5 in length ; head G-8i. Eye small, G-7 in length of head.
Longest dorsal rays a little longer than head. Pectorals rather longer
than head. Dorsal rays 30 ; anal 7 or 8 ; scales 9-50-7. Coloration very
(liuk, the males almost black. Size large. Length of adult 1 ^— 2i feet.
3Iississippi Valley; rather common. A singular and interesting tisu.
{Catostomua elonnatuH Im Simnr, Jmirii, Acail. ^at. Sei. I'hilu. 1817, 103: Schrogua-
thits elongatua Giiuther, vii, 23; Jordan, 1. c. 189.)
«3.— PANl *>STIi:US Cope.
Hard-headed Suckers.
(Cope, Licnt. Whcolcr's Expl. W. 100th Mor. v, (573, 187(5 : type MinomuH phtttjrhnuchus
Cope.)
Head moderate or rather small, 4-5 times in length of body, llattish
and rather broad above, anteriorly somewhat pointed. Eye rather
small, usually behind the middle of the head. Suborbital bones narrow,
as in CatoHtomus. Bones of head rather thick, the two i)arietal bones
firmly united, entirely obliterating the foutanelle. Mouth rather large,
entirely inferior ; each jaw with a more or less developed cartilagiiu^us
sheath, separable in alcohol, essentially as in Ghondrostoma, AcrochiluSy
and related genera. Upper lip broad, jiapillose, with a rather broad,
free margin and 2 or more series of tubercles. Lower lij) largely devel-
oped, with an extensive free margin deeply incised behind,' but less so
than in Catostomus. Pharyngeal bones and teeth essentially as in Catos-
iomiis. Isthmus quite broad. Body generally elongate, subterete, and
little compressed. Scales quite small, 80-105 in the course of the lat-
eral line and 30-35 in a cross-series between dorsal and ventrals, usually
more or less reduced in size and crowded forward, as in CatoHtomus.
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122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Lateral line well developed, straightisli. Fins generally rather small.
First ray of dorsal usually about midway of body, its rays few, 9-12
in number. Veutrals inserted rather under jiosterior part of dorsi:!,
their rays 10 or 9. Anal short and high, with 7 developed rays. Ca'S-
dal rather shallow-cinarginate. Pectorals well developed. Air-blad-
der with two chambers. Size rather small. Species numerous iu the
Eocky Mountain region, {-rh, all ; nffriov, bone.)
* Scales nHulcrato, 80-85 iu tlio latora! lino.
a. Scales siibequal o\ er the body, not reduced forwards.
123. P. plobcius (Baird & Girard) Jordan.
Body rather stout, subfusiform. Head slender, rather short, 15 in
length. Eye 5 in head. Ventrals reaching nearly to ■'-ent. Scales
small, scarcely crowded anteriorly, 80 in the lateral line, 20-30 in ;i
cross-series. Depth 4i in length. Dorsal midway between snout and
upper caudal rays. Caudal short, emarginate. Color dark brown,
faintly mottled ; sides with orange in the males. {Girard.) Lake Guz-
man, Mexico.
{Catostomua phbeius Baird «& Guard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 28: Catodo-
mus iHthcjua Giiuther, vii, 15; Jordan, 1. c. 184.)
124. P. dcSpliinus Cope.
"The dorsal outline is arched, the head flat above, not elevated Ixdiind
and much depressed on the muzzle. The nui^izle is wide and docs not
project beyond the upper lip, which is appressed to its lower face and
bears four rows of warts: its smooth comulissural part is narrow. Ou
the lov er lip the tubercles advance nearly to the commissure; this lip
is deeply emarginate posteriorly. The eye enters the length of the head
5 times, 2^ times measuring the muzzle, and twice the interorbital re-
gion. Head 4';| times iu hMigth to end of caudal basal scales. Scales in
30 longitudinal series, between dorsal and ventral fins. Ventrals iv-
markably short, extending little more than half way to vent, originat-
ir.g under posterior third of dorsal. Pectorals well separated. Lsthnnis
wide. Color above blackish, with a strong inferior marginal shade 011
the lower part of the sides, and the lighter tint above ; a brown spot
just above axilla is cut oil" from it by a band of the yellow color which
covers the belly and head below." (Cope.) Probably from Green Kiver.
{Minomm ilvlpliinus Cope, Ilayden'a Gcol. Surv. Wyoiu. Terr. 1872, 430.)
13.1. P. bardrH Cope.
This Hi)eci(^s U distinguished by its very short head and marked col-
oration, resembling iu that respect the C. guzmanienaiH of Girard; with
30. CATOSTOMID.E — PaNTOSTEUS.
123
tliis species it has, liowever, notliing; else iii common. "Head wide,
liiuzzle not projectinj^ beyond upper lip ; latter not pendant, with
juuTow, smooth conjniissure and 3 or 4 rows of tubercles. Lower
lip deeply incised, tubei"cnlar to near inner edge. Eye 5.25 times in
I'Mi^'th of head, twi-^e in interorbital width. Head 5 times to end oi'
basal caudal scales. Form stout. Body cylindric anteriorly. Dorsal
fm nearer end of muzzle tliau end of caudal scales. Scales of body
suheqnal, in 30 longitudinal rows between dorsal and ventral lius,
latter originating; beneath hinder border of dorsal, not (piite reaching
vent. Pectorals well separated. Isthmus wide, narrower than in .1/. (7c/-
phiinis'. Color blackish above; abroad olive band from upper part of
opercular border along upper half of caudal peduncle, and a broad black
hand below, narrowing to a line along the middle of the iiedunclc ; be-
low yellowish, a band of the same cutting off a blackish area above the
axilla, as in the last species." {Cope.) Probably from Green Kiver.
Tbis species and the two i)receding arc not well separated.
{Mhiomua hurdus Cope, Iltiyilou'a Geol. Surv. Wyom. Terr. 1872, 4;{G.)
aa. Scales very lunch r(!;hice(l and crowded anteriorly; upper lip full, pendent; car-
tilagiuous tilieatlis on jaws well developed, the commissure transverse and
abruptly an<f.il:ite at tl e coruers of the uioutli.
126. P. pHatyrrJaycacEius Cope.
Uody extremely elongate, the depth 5.^-7 in length. Head 45 in
length, short and wide, witli depressed and expanded muzzle, which
considerably overhangs the mouth. Isthmus very wide. Dorsal rays
11; ventral rays 9; scaLvs I0-8G-I2. Belly and lower (ins yellowish,
probably red in life. Utah Lak«. Perhaps identical with the next.
{MinomuH phityrhynchm Cope, Proc. Amor. Pliil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 134; Jordan, 1. c.
lH;i.)
127. P. pcMcrosMS (Oiran,') Jordan. *
Body moderately elongate, the depth 4^-5 in the length. Head
ratber short, 4:} in length, not specially broadened ; muzzle not greatly
overhanging the mouth. Lower lip full, with 4 or 5 rowsof tabercles;
iipjter with 2. Isthmns very broad. Head with consi)icuous mucous
tubes. Lower iins large. Dorsal rays 9 (rarely 10); ventral rays 10
(rarely 9); scales 11 to 14-83 to 87-13 to 15. Light brown above, with
(bisky spots and clouds ; males with the chin and Iins red, and a crim-
Non lateral band, llio Grande to Mojavo Desert and Great Basin of
l',tah; very abundant.
{f'ntoatomnK amcrosm Q\Tan\, Proc. Aead. Nat. Sci, Pliila. 1856, 174: Miiwmua jarro-
rii Copo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1874, US; Jordan, 1. c. IK^)
•• 8(;alc8 very small, 100-105 iu tho lateral lino.
=•1 ■
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124 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
12S. P. vircsceiis Copn.
Body eloijjjfsito, compressed, the caudal jxuujiftle (joutracted. Ilcad
short, wide, 5 in Uiiigth. Muzzle obtust^, little projectiug". Uppiu- liji
wide ; lower li^) full, eniarginate. Jaws with well-duvelopiMl caitilii^ii-
uous sheatiis. Scales nuujh reduced in size forwards. Dorsal rays lO-
ventral 1); scales 1«-10:}-1(}. Color olive; lower surface yellow, lleail-
Avaters of Arkansas Iviver.
(Copi-, Wlioelor'd Expl, W. 100th Mor. v, (57.-), 187G ; Jordan, 1. c. 182.)
64.— CATOSTOillUS Lo Sueur.
Suckers.
(Ilylomyzon Agassiz; Acomita and Minomiia Crirard.)
(Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. IMiila. i, 81), 1817 : typo Cijprinua catoatomns Forijter:^
Catotttomufi loiigiroHtntm Lc Sueur.)
Head more or less elongate, its length ranging from 3?, to 5 times iu
that of the body. Eye usually rather small, high up, and median or
raore or less posterior iu position. Suborbital bones narrow, longer
than broad, much as in Moxostoma. Fontanelle always present, usually
widely open, in two species reduced to a narrow slit, but never wholly
obliterated. Mouth rather large, always inferior, and sometimes nota-
bly so; the upper lip thick, protractile, papillose; the lowei" lip greatly
develoi)ed, with a broad free margin, deeply incised behind, so tliat it
forms two lobes, which are often more or less se]>arattMl. IMandihlc
horizontal, short, not one-third the length of the head and not reachiiijf
to oi)])osite the eye. Lower JaAV usually witliont distinct cartilagincms
sheath. Opercular apparatus nmderately developed, not rugose, l^lia-
ryngeal bones moderately strong, the teeth shortish, vertically com-
pressed, rai)idly diminishing in size upwards, the upi)er surface of the
teeth nearly ev^en or somewhat cus|)idate. JJody oblong or elongate,
more or less fusiform, subterete, more or less comi)ressed. Studes com-
paratively small, typically uuich smaller and crowde'^ anteriorly, the
nund)er iu the lateral line ranging from about 50 to 115, the number in a
transverse series between dorsal aiul ventrals from 15 to H). Ijateral line
Avell d(>.velope<l, straight ish, sonu'what decurved anteriorly. Fins vari-
ously developed. Dorsal with its first ray nearly midway of the body,
with from t) to 1-1 developed ra.vs. Anal tin short and high, with probably
always 7 developed rays. Ventrals inserttd under the middle or ]»oste-
rioi part of the dorsal, tyi>ically with 10 rays; in one subgeiuis usually
9; the number often sid)ject to variation of one. Caudal tin u.^ually
dee[)ly forked, the lobes nearly equal. Sexual peculiarities not much
30 CATOSTOMID.E — CATOSTOMUkS.
12."
i)
iiiarUcd; tlio fiiis liij>ber in the inulcjind the sinul somewhiit swollen iind
tulK'i(!nliite in the npiing. Breedinr^ males in some si)e(;ies with a rosy
or oranfje lateral l)an«l. Air-bladder with two chambers. Vertebra' in
i\commcrsoni and C. nUjricans 45—47. S[)ecies very nnmerons, all l)e-
loiijiin^- to the United States, except the Siberian C. rosfrattia Tilesius.
[■/M-io, inferior; (Tzo/m, month.)
•ScUflcs very small, much reduced and crowdoii iinterlorly, 83-115 in the lateral lino.
(CatoHtomuH.)
II. J'oiuant'llf almost oMitciiiti-d, reduced to a narrow slit; each jaw with a wcD-
(le*'eloped eai'tila^inoiiM .sheath (;is in I'aiilonk'iin).
139. C. discobolus Cope.
Body snbterete, compressed behind, the depth 5 in length. Interorb-
ital space 2 in head. Ifead qnite short, broad and roun<led above, 4'| in
k'niitli. Kye small, far b»ck and hij;h np, (5 in head. Month very
laisi'e, inferior, beneath the projectiiift' snont. Upi)er lip very Inll, pen-
dent, with abont 5 rows of tubercles. Lower li)? ver.> fall, moderately
incised, with abimt 10 rows, a notch separating; the npper lip from tho
lower. Each jaw with a slij^htly enrved cartilajj-inons sheath on its
odsc, the two parallel with each otlu^r and littiiiff closely together.
Fins small. Dorsal 11 ; candul little forked; scales 15-90-11, irregular.
Colors dnsky. Size small. Idaho to Wyomino; and Arizona.
(Cope, Hayden's Geol. Siirv. AVyom. Terr. 1H7(), 4:}r>; .Jordan, 1. e. 17!>.)
(('(. rontiinelle well developed : jaws williont evident eartil!iju;inouM Hheatli.
,<. Upper lip very hroad, with several ('> or (i) rows of larye pai)illa'.
130. €. IlltipinniH Biiinl &l (iirard.
l)()d,V shMuler and eloiifi'ate ; the caudal ]>eduncle e.s])ecially Ion;; and
very slender; the depth 5'^ in the length. Head moderate, 4-| in length,
rather slender, with prominent snont and rather contracted, inferior
mouth. Outline of tho month triangular, the ai)ex forwards. Tln^, lips
very thick, greatly developed; lower lij) incised to the base; its pos-
terior nuirgin extending backwards to opi)Osite the eye. Jaws with a
slij^ihr curtiliiginous i)ellicle. Eye small, high up. Preorbital bono
broad, scarcely twice as long as deep. Scales long and low, i)()steriorly
rounded, their horiwutal diameter greater than the vertu'.al, 17-08 to
iur)-17. Eins excessively developed, es^,ecially in the males, the free
bonier of the dorsal deeply iiu'ised. Height of each of the three verti-
eiil (ins in the males greater than the length of the head. Dorsal 13, in-
serted nearer snont than base of (uiudal. Caudal very strong, the rndi-
mcutary rttys at its base ujmsually developed. Loust depth of tail lesa
•'•4
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II. J. /L «
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126 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
than one-tliird the head. Coloration silvery ; the males probably rosy
and tuberculute in spring. Gila region to Wyoming; not abundant.
(Haird & Ginir.l, Proc. Actul. N.it. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 388; Giiutbar, vii, 14; Jordan,
1. c. 178 : I'i* Catoatomus ijnzmanicnsis* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 173.)
131. C. E'cSropBEiCBBS Jordan.
Body long and slender, subterete, compressed behind, the form es-
sentially that of C. longirostris, the depth contained 5'- times in the
length. Head large, 4 in length of body, the interorbital space broad
and flat, 2i in length of head. Eye small, high up and rather posterior.
Preorbital bone very long and slender, its length about 3 times it.s
depth. Mouth large, i)recisely as in G. laflplnnin, the upper lip pendent,
very large, \iith 5-8 series of tubercles. Dorsal lin not elongated or
esi»ecii:lly elevated, its rays 11, the beginning of the dorsal much nearer
base of caudal than snont. Caudal lin long and strongly ftn-ked. Anal
lin long and high, reacj^ing base of candal. Yentrals not reaching vent.
Caudal peduncle stout and deep, its least depth more than one-third
length of head ; its length about two-thirds that of head. Scales quite
small, about as in longirostris, the exposed portion not notably length-
ened. Chest with well-developed scales. Scales 1(5-100-14:. Colora-
tion dusky brown, a dusky lateral band, pale below, the dark colors ex-
tending low. Snout quite dark. Size large. Montana to Nebraska.
(Jordan, 1. c. 178.)
hi). Upp:'r lip conipara'ivoly thin and narro\v, -vvitli but few (3 or 4) rows of papillic.
132. C loiragHa'OSt5"DS Lc Sueur. — Long-uoscd Sucker; Xorthcrn Snelicr.
Body elongate, subterete, the depth 4;i-4~ in length. Ilead quite
long and slender, i^-4'^ in length, depressed and llattened above, brond
at base, but tapering into a long snout, which considerably overhangs
the largo mouth. Lips thick, coarsely tuberculate, the upper lip nar-
row, with 2 or 3 rows of tubercles. Eye rather small, behind the mid-
dle of the head. Scales very small, much crowded forwards, 95-111 in
the ccmrso of the lateral line, and about 20 (20-31) in a cross-row from
doi-sal to ventrals. Dorsal rays 10 or 11. INIales in spring with the head
and anal fin in'ofusely tuberculate, the tubercles on the head small ; tlio
sides at that season with a broad rosy band. Size large ; the larg(\st
species in the genus. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to
* This in probably a distinct spooios. It is stouter than C. htiiphinis, with Hliortir
nn<l deeper caudal lu'duncle and h)wer llns. A bhicki,sh lateral band. D. I'i ; Lat. 1.
ulioiit DO. Upper iii) witb 4 vo\\» of impilhe. The original type from Lako Guziimu,
Chihuahua, is now lost.
30. CATOSTOMID^ — CATOSTOMUS.
127
Alaska; very abundant northward. The most widely distributed
species. ■*
(^C:,^>rinus catostomm Forster, Phil. Trans. 1773, 155: Catostomua longirostrum and
Jiu(hi>nius Le Sueur, Jourii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1817, 102, 107 : Catontomns forntvrianua
Kicliaidson, Frankliirs Journal, 1823, 720 : Catostomus aurora Aj^assiz, Lake Superi.)r,
;{i)0 : Catostoinus hufhoniuti Guuther, vii, 13 : Catoatomus griaetia Giiuther, vii, 14 ; Jordan,
I.e. 175.) •
133. C. taBloensas Gill & Jordan. — Tahoe Sucker. *
Kather stouter, the depth 4J-5 in length. lEead very large and long-
iicnniinate, the muzzle nearly one-half itsiength, overhanging the rather
large mouth. Lips moderate, the upper pendent, with about 3 rows of
small papilliB; the lower rather full, similarly papillose. Eye nearly
median, rather small, 8i in head. Scales small and crowded forwards,
closely imbricated, 85-^0 in the course of the lateral line, and about
28 in a cross-series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal short, but longer
tliaii high, its rays 10. Coloration very dark; fins dusky; scales every-
where finely punctate. Breeding males profusely tuberculate. Size
large. Lake Tahoe ; very abundant.
(Jordan, 1. c. 173 ; Jordan «fc Henshaw, Eopt. Chief Engin. app. nn, 1878, 188.)
** Scalea small, crowded, and sm.allor anteriorly than posteriorly, 58-75 in the conrse
of the lateral lino. (Decactylua Kalinesque.*)
c. Upper lip thick and full, with several (5-8) rows of papilhe.
d. Fontancille veiy small and narrow ; both jaws with a weak cartilaginous
sheath.
131. €. ao>a!opus Jordan.
]]o(ly elongate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 4,J-4.J in.
length. Head small, conical, 4§ in ^''-ngth. Mouth quite large, with
full^ thi(;k lips, the upper very wide and pendent, with about ii rows of
very strong papilliX) ; lower lip two-lobed, siuiilarly papillose. Inter-
oibital space wide, convex. Eye elevated, posterior, quite small. Fins
moderate; dorsal higher than long, with 10, rarely 11, rays; ventral
rays 10. Scales small, crowded forwards, 10 or 0-70-8. Color dark ;
scales with dark punctulations. Nevada and Southern California.
(Jordan, 1. c. 173; Jordan & Henshaw, Kept. Chief Engin, app. ?ih, 1878, 188.)
Hi. Foul aiielle well dovolopod; lips without ovulout cartilaginous slioath.
c. Lateral line with 70-80 scales.
IS.'S. €. labintus A;^tos.
Head 4J in length, rather blnntish. Mouth moderate, the labial pa-
pill;e largely developed ; the upper lip full, with about 5 rows of Lirgo
* Hafinesfino, IrJith. Oh. 1820, GO: typo Catostomua boatonienaia Lo Sueur. (Jt/ca, ton;
iJaxrvAof, toes; t. e., 10 ventral rays.)
•I
O
ff
•f .
't u *
I )
h i
128 coNriiimrrioNM to nouth amkuican iciiTiivoLodY — iv.
Imt ntllior Hpniw pupilln'. Hmlrs 1'J-7I-M>. DoimuI Hii simrl, Iii;j:li(T
Ihnu loii'V. ol" !il»oiil II riiys, (N)lor UiirK iiliovo; Hides «»I<)iiiI(m| wiHi
bliicK iiiitl .yellow. Ivliitiiiitli ljiiUi\ Oregon. A litllt* Uiiowii Hprciivs.
<,.\.\IVM, I'm.'. Anul. Niil.S.I. ("nl. I,SV.. :ii ; .IokIiui, I. f. I7;i.)
I:l4t. «'. iiiiK'i'orBlllllw Onl. rn^iHihid Ulivf Siivkrr.
Ilod.v lioiiv.v lorwiirds. Iloml !tirK«> inul Iirnvy, oonv«'\. SimmiI Idiiitl,
iniu'li ov«>i>l:ippiti,u; 1tii> lioi'i/.ontiil iikmiIIi. IMonlli (piilr liir;{(>, willi vny
laru'o lips. (Ii«» tippt«r riill jiiul ptMi(h>n(, \vi(li (»-S nnv.s of NiroiiiK i>;i-
pillio. M(M(I liir^««, l| ill l(Mi<^tli, nillior iiiirrow, tpiiMlrtiiiuiiliir, \\u\
snout projocliii^'. lOyo Iiirji;°(>. l>or.sjil tin niiicli lon;r<'i' lliiiti lii^li, i(M
ni,V.s iiboiil. ir>. INH'tonils loiiu iiiul iinriow ; t'iiii<l;il well forked. Il(>;ii|
•I in leiiylli. Sciilen I'J-72-IO. ('olonilioii liillier diirk ; ii dusky I: Iciiil
,s|rip«»; l»(>lo\v iibnipd.v pia*. ColuiiiWiii Jtlver.
MJiiMnl. I'roc. Aoml. Naf, S. i. IMiila, 1H.M5, irr>; .Tonliui, 1. <•. 171.)
|:I7. i'. o4M'l«loiiiailM Am<
Siirriimi'iili) Siivkrr.
I
,i t
Ki.
luS,
i\^m
llotl.v VJitluM' sI(MI(Um', IiIII(* t>hniiled. ISloiilli <'<uiipiir;iliv(<l> ,siu:tll,
siiKilIiM" lliMiiiii <\<'omm<'t'soui ; llio upper lip witli r> or(l rowsof .sinallisli
piipilhe; lips nitluM* tliiii. Ileiid (piitv\ .snitill, founded tihove. W in
l<M»j>tli, the prt)lll«< s(i»(»p«M' lliiin in ('. ('omiii('r.ioniy llu> nhouI iii()r(>
pointed, the two sidivs of the li«»ji(l iiion> eoiivernent forwnrds. \]y{\
siiiiill. |)ors;il till Ion;4«M' tliiui liijili, its r;iys I'J-ll ; e;iud;il well forked,
(luMipper lolt(» the lon;;«M'. SimUvs 1. '{-".■>- 10. Diirk ultove, j;i;i(iiiiilly
p;il«M' billow. StreaniiS of Oiilifoiniii ; iibuiidant in the Saerainonto and
!San .l»»a«piin.
vAvivs, Pnv. C.\\. A.'.id. Nul. Hist. IS.M, IS; .lonliin, 1. c. I7,*.)
IitN. <'. Ctoriaaii'diiii (iir.'U'd. •
Color blaekish. I'ins latluM* hi^h. liateral llm> with SO seales (ao-
eor*lin,u' to tlu» liuure). l\ve large. IU>a«l o in hMi^i'th. IMoiilh siindl,
withbroatl lips. Kio llua.u'ui, Mexi<'o,W(Vst of tlu» Sierra Ma«lre. {(Urdnl.)
This spei'ies is, perhaps, allied (o V. occidcutaUny but may bouiV<«/(j.s7('«.v.
(i;ir!>nl. Vuh: Acad. X»f. Sri. rhila. IKV), 170.)
f!'. l.utovid lino nv illi (UMm hoiiIos.
iJl!>. i\ nrtloiiH .Tor. it Oilh.
Hody rather elou.uate, little eompressed, the baek broad. Head
broad, i'onieal. ]\lonth iMJtirely inferior, the inaiulibh> hori/.t)ntal ; upper
lip very wide, full, pendent w ith about S rows of eon rse, irre^jular papilkr;
lower lip very broad, eoarsely pai>illost\ cut to the base by a .sharp in-
eisiou. l\ve very small, 7 iu head, .'U in interorbital width. Dorsal tin
long- and low, its anterior rays three fourths the base of the tin, half
->i' *
30. CATOHTOMTD/F, — rATOHTOMIIS.
129
r .':r:'T;'
loii^'cr Miiiii (Imi liiMtriiyH; lUM'tonils ;iti<1 vontralM mIhh'I,; ciiiidii] Hliort;
;iiiiil Ion;;. IMiiir.vn;,f('iil Iuum-m riitlHT wciiU, with Hiiiiillisli l<'(!fli. I'liicU
isli iil>ov<' ; tiDilcH Willi IImi HJdcH rony ; OtiH (link. II<-!mI ."•!] ; (it^plli 4A.
I). 1.}; A. 7; NcalrH !Min-?>, I;. IS imlicH. dfiili Lako.
(Ini.l.iii A. (iillMTl, I'n.c. ir. S. Niil. MiiH. iii./ir.l, IHHO.)
I U>. <'• r<M'iiQi<liiN (lopo A Yiirrow. — (//«/( Lnkr. Snrkvr,
|!(M|y iniMlci'iilcly sloiit, liltic coitiiM-csMcil, tli«^ (ail slender, riviul hiiN-
('(init, (li<> |ii'o(!i<^ rc^niliirly <l('(Mirvc<l IVoni tlir nape, to Mio baNci of tlu-
picinaxillary H|»in«'M, \vlii<*.li al>ni|»lly |(ro(in<lt', fofmin^' a iliHlinci "noso*
;is in (^linsmintrH lionis ; |»r<'rnaxillaii«'H in (ront warciOy Im'Iow Hio, pro
(iil)il:i!. IMandiltlr lar;<;o, ol)li<pu>, placed at an an;;l<>, of .'t(P when tlie
nioatli is eJoMed, itH len^rMi .'( in liea<l. Upper lip Inll, (x^ndent, witJi
;i1mhiI 1 rowH oC eoarse papilla", lower lip nio«leia(e, divid<'d l>y a. hroud
iioteli, (>aeli lolie with ahont^ (» iowm of pajtilhe. lOye a< little, behind
iiiiil(ll(> of hea«l. I'irst ray of dorsal twi<;« liei^^ht, of the, last, itH huif^t!'
^Killer Ihan thatof tli<^ base of lint (in; eaiidal forked, the lower lobe
lousiest; pectorals lonn; anal hi;;h. Dnsky above, pide below. Head
|;do|!lh 1.}. I). II; A. 7; V.1>; Hcales H-(iO-H. I/. i;{ inches. Iltali
hiike; excessively abnnd>in(<. This specaes has evi<len( anini(ies wi(,h
('hdsmi.stcH.
(('(i|M' A Viiiiow, /,<k".I. \Vll(•(«l(^|•■H I'.xpl. \V. loOlliMcr. v, C.^H, |H7Ci ; .Jonlim A. (lil
lirll, I'nH', |I. S. Nlll. AtllM. IHHO, .|(;;t.)
,v. I ppi r lip compiU'ativoly Miiii, willi Iiiil few (2 or !l) rowH <»(' papill.ii.
/. Si iilcM iMMcli ri(lii((Ml, 1111(1 cmwdiHl anlt'iiorly ; doiHiil rayH 11-15,
III. i'. «*y|»li4» {.ixkin-rlon.
A conspicuous hnnip bebind (lu^ occiput, snpj»oried by a j^reatly ex
jiaiidcd, broadly trian^ndar itdernenral bono. Upper li|> with about .'(
vows of papilla-, lower lip with about; 8; the lower lij* divided to tim
liiisc by a broiul einar^iinition. I). 15; A.-H; V. 10; hat. ]. 72. (J(»lo-
i;i(io UMver at mouth of (Jila. {Lovllnfiiou.)
(l-i)cluii^r|.)ii,Pr(ic. Acad. Nat. Sci. i'liila. iHHit.)
Il'2. i\ 4'OlllillorM»iil (!Ja(•t^p^»ln) .Ionian.— OimnioH Siichr ; While Suchr ; Brook
Siirkvv; I'iiiv-NVdlvil Suckvr.
I'ody moderately stout, varyin^if with afje, sid)tor(^(<', heavy at the,
shoulders, (In^ dt^pth 4-1'^ in len;,f(h. Head rather larf^c and Htout,
(oiiical, llattish above, its len^ith 4-14 in body (-'{^-4,^ in young).
Snout moderately prouiineid, scarcely overpassinjjr tlio month. Mouth
nitlici kn}j;<^; the lips strongly ])apilIoHe, the up]»er nioderatx^ with !* or .'»
rowsof papilla\ Scales crowded anteriorly, much larj^er on the sides
tlmii below ; scales 1(M»4 to 70-0. Coloration olivaceous ; males in
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 9
:)
\ ^1
Hd
»,. p 'J
l-f'
I-
11:
I '
ii»i,_J!Ji|l«.li^JHi.JlJlt4iiiiiU,lJI!
r
\h ^'
lis,*, -' ■'
130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
spring: witli Ji faint rosy latenil baud ; youn^jf biowni.sli, more or less
mottled, often with confluent blackitsli lateral blot(!hes or a lateral band.
Lateral line usually iuiperfeet in the younj^. L. IS inches. All stveiun.s
from Labrador to I^Ioutana^ and southward to Florida. The commonest
of the suckers.
{Cyprhuia commermnii Lacdjiftde, Hist. Nat. roisx. v, .^)(»i, 1P03: CifprinuH tcren 'M'ltvhiW
Trans. Lit. A- I'liil. Soc. N. Y. l!^14, 4.'')H : Cntoxtomm Urex (JiintlKT, vii, If): CatoHtmnm
<ere« .rordaii, 1. c. IGli : ('alontomus communin anu hintoiiintitix Ia) SiUiur, Joiirn. Aeiul,
Nat. l:ki. I'liila. 1817, 'Jo, lOi), etc.)
ff. Scales scarcely reduced or cri)\vdtil aiitc^riorly ; dorsal ravs 10 or 11.
113. C. iniiii(;nis Baird & Girurd.
Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders, taporiii"
backward, the <lci)th about 5 in length, ilead moderate, about 4^ in
leugth. Mouth coiui)aratively small. liips moderate, the upjier nar-
row, with about 2 rows of large tubercles. Scales subequal, 58-03 in
the lateral line, 10 in a cross-series. A series of dusky spots along each
row of scales, the sjwts often obscure. (lila liasin.
(Baird Jt (iirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1H.")4, 2ri ; CopcA, Yarrow, Zooi. Wii,.,.].
er'B E>:id. W. lOOtli Mer. v, (i/O, 187G; Jordan, 1, c. 1()5.)
HI. C. cisirki 15aird &. Girard.
]>ody moderately stout, de])th 4| in length. Head very small and
short, about 5 in length. Eye moderate. Fins all notably small.
Scales snudl, subequal, 9-70-0 ; larger mesially than posteriorly. ]]w\\
with scattered nebulous spots. {Gimrd.) Arizona.
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ia')4, 27.)
*** Scales moderate, not crowded anteriorly, 4>^-^^^i in the lateral lino; head pcctiliiirly
Ibrnied. (Iljipenfclium Kaliuos(iuo.*)
145. C nig^ricmis L,e Sueur. — Ilofj Siirkcr; Slonc Uoller; Tolcr ; Craivl-a-hoUow.
Hammer head ; Stone Lufjger; Ilotj MoUij.
Head flattened above, transversely concave between the orbits, tlio
frontal bone thick, broad, aiul short, the physiognomy being therofoiv
peculiar. Ventral rays normally 0. Upper lip very thick, stronylv
papillose, with a broad, free margin, which has upwards of 8-10 series of j
I)apilla5 upon it ; lower lip greatly develoi)ed, strongly papillose, cod
siderably incised behind, but less so than in CatoHtomuH proper. Foil
tanelle shorter and smaller than in C, covimersoni. Pecitoral fins iiii
usually large. I). 10 or 11; Lat. 1. 48-55; 12-15 scales in a cross
* Rafinesque, Jotirn. Ac;ul. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1818, 421: type Exoglossmn rnnrroptem^
"Rixf. =Catosiomitii HiY/r/mjis Lo Sueur, {inti, below; td'vt^, five ; labium, lip, the livr-
lobcd lower lip being supposed to distiuguioh it from Exor/Ioasum. ) (= IIiiloituj:on Si.\
series,
in head
brown,
beconiii
dusky si
large;
Kansas j
{ho Siiei
Aiiur. Jon:
(Jordan, Bi
Jo
Head d
broad and
wards, tin
oyes. Ey
tmiifnal, \
at an angb
ifs lengtJi ]
li'iigth of tl
on a I(!vel v,
(Cor a suck(
iioadjtlie j)i
lij) modern t
front reduc(
•'lit papilla
lii'oader Hia
iK'ls niodera
narrow P
jronei'ally nh
<lic shouldei
stout. Eins
ratlier loiiij-,
ll:i Jiigli, re,
Scales iuod(
crowded ant
scries from d
tion nsual.
(?a<r/ia'w, to yj
30. CATOSTOMID.E CITASMISTF.S.
131
series. Doi>th 4A-r> in length ; head 4-4^. Eye rather small, 4i to 5
in head. Color olivaceous; .sides with brassy lustre ; belly white; back
brown, with several dark cross-blotches, irregularly arrangt^d, these
luH'oniing obsolete in old individuals; lower tins dull red, with sonic
dusky shading; young considerably variegated, th<^ sides spotted. Size
huge ; maxinuun length about 2 feet. New York to Alabama and
Kiinsas; abundant. Ascends streams to si)awn early in spiing.
((,(> .Siicnr, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 181H, W'i: HiilmHiizon viriricaitH Agaasiz,
Aiiur. Joiirii. Sci. Arts, 1855,^0.'); Giintlicr, vii, 1? ; .Ionian, 1. c. W)2.)
03.— CWASiniSTES .Ionian.
(Jordan, Dnll. Ilaydcn's Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, No. *^, 117, l^rd : typo Chaainistrs Horns
.lor.)
llciid disproportionally large, forming more than one-fourth of length,
broad and tlattish above; sides of head vertical, slightly directed in-
wards, the breadth through the cheeks less than the breadth above the
(>yes. Eyes small, high up, rather posterior. IMouth extremely large,
torniinal, the lowei jaw in the closed moutli being very oblique, placed
at ail angle of about 45 degrees. The lower Jaw very long and strong,
its length more than one-third the length of the head, nearly half the
length of the head in the adult, its tip, when the mouth is closed, about
on a level with the eye. Upper jaw very protractile. Upper lij) very thin
(Cor a sucker), and nearly smooth. Snout elevated above the rest of the
head, the premaxillary spines usually forming a conspicuous nose. Lower
lip moderate, consisting of a broad flap on each side of the mandible, in
front reduced to a narrow rim, the surface of the li[) nearly smooth, with-
out i)apillnc. Nostrils large. Suborbital bones narrow, but rather
broader than in Catostomns. Preorbital unusually large. JMucous chan-
noLs moderatelj' developcil. Eontaiielle very large. Isthmus rather
narrow Pharyngeal bones weaker than usual in Catostomun, the teeth
fjenerally smaller. Body rather slender, tapering pretty regularly from
the shoulders to the tail, but little compressed. Caudal peduncle rather
stout. Fins moderate ; the dorsal rays about 12 ; the anal 7. Pectorals
ratlior long, not quite reaching ventrals; ventrals reaching vent ; anal
fill high, reaching caudal; caudal fin rather long, its lobes equal.
Scales moderate, large on the caudal peduncle, much smaller and
crowded anteriorly, 00-05 in the lateral line, about 18 in a transverse
scries from dorsal to ventrals. Sexual peculiarities unknown. Colora-
tion nsual. Air-bladder in two parts. Size moderate or rather large.
(•/Mtidio, to yawn.)
.*,'■
i-t ■ .3
1 •
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- 1^' rfi
f ?fl
*
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m
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ifl
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4il
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'iiw. IMS^^i ■
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v.'l
-^^■1- '
.■"•.i^;i
^11
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'^^P''' '
:*■'•■■•
||l|
■H'
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'iv J
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^^^K-
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^^^^k'
^^^^M^.
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^■1
' X • ■ '^' ■■.'. '•'
^^^
^^-^••'
'.^^H^K
I '■'%■'■
'^^^^H
I . •:' •:
'^^^^B!^r^
^^^^^m';i
^^BR''
'..' . t- ' V *t ■ ' I*
^: M :■:■■)?■-:'
^^^^ .
It ■ ■ A
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^^^K
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nj/:
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ifBun
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H-
132 CONTRIIUJTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
a, rharyii;;i'!il Iiomch of iiioilcnid' Htrcii;;(li; llio uppor toclh iiiiniito, tln! lowtr en.
Inrp'd. (Chamniiilis.)
I'KK C'. lioi'llN .Jordan. — fmir Sucker of Utah lAikc.
Dopth about 5 in U'M;i(li ; In-ad '.\% liitcrorbital space broail, L", in
lioatl. lOyo 0-7 in head. Widlli oi" (he o[K'n mouth .'1} in head. 1). |,
U, the lln (dovatJHl in front, it.s anterior ray twice the hei;;ht of the pds
terior and abont e(pial to tlie base of the I'm; A. I, 7; caudal (ht ply
forked, llie lower lobe lonj;; h)wer tin.s Huiall. Scah'.s !)-(;;j-.S. Colop
(hi.sky above, i)aU^ below ; t lu^ scale.s of tlui back and .sides profu.sely cov
cred witli «lark punetulation.s. L. bS inches. Utah Lake; abundant.
(.Tordftii, null. IJ. S. Nat. Miis. xii.Uiy, 1878.)
aa, "I'liMrvii^ji'.il ImiKvs voryiliiii and tiat, with very iiiinicroiis miinifti tooth, jis in
Ciirpiodcfi.'^ {l.ipomyzoii Cope.*)
I'lT. C brovirosiris Cop<'.
"Shorter than (\li(.v(tti(s, e.sp(>cially the nuiz/h'. and the laller is willi-
out the hunii) i)roduced by llu' i)r(.lub(>rant priMuaxillary ■s[»ine.-*. Paiic
till fontanelle small. The low(>r lip fold is only present on the sides of
the nnindible. P.ody nearly eylindric. Scales lL*-7 1- H. Kadii : I). II;
A. 1). Color dusky above, .silvery below; tins colorless." {Cop:,) li. it;
inches. ]Uamath Lake, Orej^on.
(Cope, American Naturaliat, 187l>,785.)
Its. C. Iiixafus( opo.
" Form elonjjate. Ib^id lonpf, tlat above, and with a larj^e fontanelle,
Month terminal, the spines of the ])remaxillary ])rqjectinjjf so as to form
a lunnp on the top of the snout. Lower lip a very thin dermal fold, ex
tendinjj entirely around the chin. Sc^des 13-S()-0. Kadii : 1). 11 ; A.!),
Color clouded above, with black ])unctulations, below ])aler, witli rod
shades in some sj^ecimens; tins uueolored." {(Jope.) L. 3 feet. Kla-
math Lake and Ixivrr.
(Copo, American Natvirali.st, 187'l>, 784.)
60.— EIlIIflYZOW Jordan.
Chiih Suckers. »
{^^oxoK^oma Ag. ; not of Rat.)
(Jordan. Hnll. BntValo Soc. Nat. Iliat. 187(>, 9r): typo Cijpriniin ohloiigus Mitcli. -
CyjirinHS sncctta hac.)
IJody obloujj, rather shortened, heavy forwards, and considenibly
comprt^sscd. Head moderate, rather broad above. Mouth moderiito,
•Cope, Amer. Nat. .Jan. 1381, 59: type Chaanmtea brcvirosiris Cof (/IfzVoj, (o bo
deficient; /a'?[(V7, to suek.)
30. C*AT0ST0SIII).T: — KIiniTZON.
133
soiiH'wliiit iiilcrioi- ; tlu^ upper lip well (lovclopc'U fn'cl.V prolnictilo; the
lowci riioddratr, inloMcd, /y sliiipcil in (nitlino, plicate, wifli lli-2() pli<;;u
on ciK'U Huh). L()\v«M'iii\v willumt ciiitilii^^iium.s slicatli, ratlici- .stron^^esr
tiiiiii usual, and ohlicput in po.sitiou when tli(^ inoiitli is trloseil, thus .simi-
lar to thi: month of rcfi)lntx. li.v*' moderate, latlier hi;^h up, plac(Ml
iihoid. midway of the luuid. Suhorhital hones iionsiderahly (hjveloped,
not very nnieh narrower than the llesliy poilion of the ehecik helow
tjioii: ; tlio posterior .suborbital eoneavoconvex, about twiet) as lon;^ as
(l(>('i), sometimes divided; the ant(!rior somewhat de(*|)er than lon;^,Home-
iiitics divi<led into two, sometinu^s unit'ed with the pnM»rbital bone, whi(!h
is well developed, and nnieh lon}j;er than broad. Opcucmlar bones mod-
erately developed, scarcely or not ru;;()S(!. l'\)ntanell(< ritther Iary:e.
dill rakers rather lon^. Isthnnis inoilerat*'. I'harynj^eal bones w(!ak;
llio tteth (piit(^ small, slender, and weak, rapidly diminishinj^ in
Iciij^th u[>\vards, each tooth narrowly comp''<'"^'><'<J> with a (!usp on tho
iiiiK^r mar;nin of the cuttiiij; surface, and some inecpialilies besidcH.
Scales rather larfjfc^, more or less crowded forwards, soniiitimes showinj,?
iiTCf-idarities of arran^^oment ; the lon;j;itndinal radiating; furrows nuich
sti()ii,iL;;er than usual; the scales rather lon^jjer than de«'p, but so imbri-
cateil in the adult that tho (!xposed surface's appear dciiper than long,
liateral lino entirely wanting. Scales in the longittulinal scries from
liead to base of caudal .'5i")-45 in nundxr; scales in transverse row from
l)as(^ of ventral to dorsal 12-18. Dorsal tin rather short and hif^Ii, with
l(l-lt developed rays, tho number usually II or lli. I>e;;iiuiing of dor-
sal tin rather nearer snout than base of cjiudal. I'octoral tins mod-
ciato, not reaching ventrals ; the latter not to vent. Vcntrals under
!i point rather in advance of tho middle of dorsal ; their rays normally
!i, but occasionally 8 or 10. Anal fin high and short, more or Iosh
cinarjfinato or bilobcd in adult maUis. Caudal fin moderately forked
or merely lunate, its tAVo lobes about equal. Air-bladder with two
cliaiuhers. Two species known, {ipc, an intensive particle ; //'3Cw, to
suck.)
II!). E. !4UCCtt:& (Liic.) Jordan. — Crccic Fish ; Chuk Suckrr.
liody oblong, compressed, becoming gibbous with age, tho ante-dorsal
lopon more or less elevated in tho adults, tho doi>th .']} in length, ranging
iVom '2:1 i" Jidults to 4 in young. Head stout, short, about 4,^ in length
(4-4J), the intororbital space wide and depressed, the> lower parts nar-
rower. Eye not large, i'} in head (4.;J-5A). Mouth protrac^tile downwards
and forwards, tho mandible oblique. Scales usually closely imbricated
f11
' « ( ■ '
•1:
s . t
Ti
y
1 - A
•JBiiffiMilirif
)i
>i:
i ^
In "^'
134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
and more or less crowded forward.s, but often showing various irregulari-
ties in arniugeiuent, about 43 (39-15) in a longitudinal series and 1.")
(11-10) iu a transverse series between the ventrals and the dorsal. Fin.
rays somewhat variable, the dorsal with 11 (10-13) developed rays, tlio
aiial with 7, and the ventrals witli (rarely 8). Coloration varying witli
age; never distinct scries of black spots al;)ng the rows of scales.
Young with a broad black lateral band, bordered above by i)aler. In
some specimens from clear water this band is of a jet-black color and
very distinct; in others it is duller. Later this band becomes broken
into a series of blotches, which often assume the form o :" broad trans-
verse bars. Tn adult specimens these bars disappear, and the color is
nearly uniform brown, dusk^' above, paler below, everywhere Avitli ii
coppery or brassy, never silvery, lustre. The lins are dusky or smoky
brown, rarely reddish-tinged. Sexual dilToreu'^es strong. The iiiulcs
iu spring with usuall}^ thz-ee largo tubercles on each side of the snout,
and with the anal fin more or less swollen and emargiuate. Adult
8i)ecimens with th<e. back gibbous and the botly strongly compressed,
in appearance (luito uidike the young. Maxinuim length about 10
inches. IS'ew England to the Eocky IMountains, south to Texas ; very
abundant.
(Ci/prinim 8iicetta Lae. Hist. Nat. Poisa. v, GOO, 1803: Cyprhius ohlongm J. itch. Traus.
Lit. &, Piiil. Soc. 1, 45i), 1814: MotOHtoma oMoHtjam Gilutlior. vii, 21: Catoniomus
gibhosun Storcr, Fish Mass. 2dl ; Jordan, Man. Vi-rt. Jilt); Joiilan, IJu'il. U. S.Nat. JI.i.s.
xii, 144. >
1*11 I
1I%0. E. gfoodci .Jordan.
Body oblong, the back more elevated, the body deeper and more com-
pressed than in the preceding, the greatest depth iu advance of the
dorsal llii being contained about 2'^ times in the length, i^ape less gib-
bous than in E. sucetta. Head quite small and short, the large eye
*,cing almost exactly midway in its length. Its length 4j^ iri tliat
of the body. Eye 4.^ in head. Interorbital si)ac(^ rathei' narrow,
traui-^versely convex, less than half the length of the head. IMoutli
small, i)rotractile forwards, the lower jaw oblicpie ; lips as iu the pre-
ceding. Scales large, much larger and much more uniform in tlieir
imbri(;ation than in JJ. Hucetta,, 30 in a longitudinal series, and about
13 in a transverse stories from the ventrals tu the dorsal. Dorsul (in
high, of 12 developed rays; anal moderate, with 7; ventrals large,
with 10. Color dark olivaceous above; each scale along the sides re-
flecting pale from the stro'igly striated middle part, these giving in cer-
30. CATOSTOMID^E — MINYTREMA.
135
'•')a
tain lights the api)earance of imla stripes iilong the rows of scales; fins
dusky, espeeially at their tips. Rivers of Florida.
(Jordau, Bull. U. S.Nat. Mus. xii, 148, 1878.)
67.-I!IlNYTREMA Jordan.
Spotted Suclcers.
(Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 318: type Catostomus mdanopH Raf.)
Head moderate, rather broad above. Mouth moderate, inferior, hori-
zontal; the upper lip well develoi)ed, freely protractile; the lower rather
suiall, infolded, /^-shaped iu outline, i)licate, with 12-20 ])lica3 on each
side. Lower jaw without cartilaginous sheath. Eye moderate, rather
hijfh, placed about midway of the head. Suborbital bones considcr-
iibly developed, not ver;^ much narrower than the deshy portion of
the cheek below them; the posterior suborbital concavo-convex, about
twice as long as deej), sometimes divided ; the anterior somewhat deeper
than long, often divided into two, sometimes united with the preorbital,
which is well developed and much longer than broad. The number and
form of these bones, except as to their depth, are not constant in the
same species, a^d do not afford specilic characters. ()i)erculai bones
well developed, not much rugose. Fontanelle evident, r.ither large.
Gill-rakers rather long, in length about half the diameter of tl>e (\ve.
Isthmus moderate. Pharyngeal bones essentially as in Moxostoma.
Uody rather elongate, sabterete, beconjing deep and rather compressed
with age. Scales rather large, nearly ecpial over the body, the radiating
fiuTows not specially nuirked. Lateral line interrui)ted in the adult,
but with perfect tubes, imperfect iu partly grown specimens, entirely
{)l)solete in the young". Scales in a longitudiiuil series 44-47 in nu.nber,
12-14 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals. Dorsal fin rather
short and high, with about 12 developed rays, beginning rather lu^arer
tlie snout than the base of the (iaudal. Pectoral fins moderate, not
roaching centrals, the latter not to vent. Ventrals rather in advance
of the midtlle of the (iorsal, tlieir rays normally 0, rarely 8 or 10. Anal
fui high and short, often more or h's;^ emarginate in males, (^audal fin
nuxU'rately forked, the lobes about equal. Air-bhidder with two cham-
bcivs. Males in spring wrlh the head covered with many small tubercles.
OiKi species certainly known.* (/uvu?, reduced ; r/jyia, aperture; in allu-
sion to the imperfections of the lateral line.)
*M, auHtriniim IJoiiu. Body rather stout, the depth 4 in lonpth. Head 4 J in len):{th.
liijiH ]ili('atp, tnincato In hind. Liyht brown above, yellowinh below; Honie aealeH
IrowiiiHJi at base. Paired tins willi dark l)h)tclieH, I). 11; A. (1; rn-ah^s (V- 1 l-(i. Mi-
elKiaran; Mexieo (weat of Sierra Madre). Thin Hpecies is probably a Minytrema, but
tli('iiir-l»iaililer ban been removed from the typical HpeciiniuiM. ., , ;^ ,
(J/i/xo8fo»Mj a»(i/rt»a Boan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 187'J, o02.)
.'W'
I ; .
^iJ
f/'*S
sm
136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
ItiU. M. mcIaiMOps (Raf.) 'TorcliHi. — SjwKcd MuUd; Striprd Sitrkci:
Body oblong, little compressed, the young neaily terete, the adults
deejier bodied; the dori^al region not elevated. Depth about i in
length, varying fron) about 3 in adults to iS in the young. Head not
very large, d^ in length of body (ll-iA)> "•♦t si)e('ially depressed. Ma-
<',ous pores rather strong. Eye small, 5-0 in head. JNIouth quite inferior,
horizontal, rather small. Scales large, firm, regularly and smoothly
imbricated, in 40 (14—17) longitudinal series and 13 (12-14) transversa,
series, the scales not crowded forwards. Fiu-rays usually: 1). 12; A.
7; V. 0. Coloration dusky above, with usually a black blotch he-
hind the dorsal tin. Each scale along the sides with a small, more or
less distinct blackish spot at its base, these spots forming interru[)litl
longitudinal lines along the rows of scales. These lines are usually
very distinct, esi)ocially in the adult, but young specimens often show
them faintly. Sides and belly silvery, with a e()p[)ery lustre. Sexual
l)eculiarities moderately marked; very old nuiles with the head covered
with small tubercles in s])riug. No great changes with age, either in
form or coloration. Size large; maximum length about 18 iAiches.
Great Lalce region to South Carolina and Texas.
(^Catoatomus melanopn Raf. Icbtli. Oh. ISiO, 57: Catoslomns faacialus GiliUhor, vii, I'J;
Jordan, Man. Vert. 'MS; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xii, VA^ )
OS.-MOXOSTOiHA Rannc»<iuo.
lied Horse.
1<I I I
{Ptychoalomus Ag. ; Terelulua Raf.)
(Eafinc8(ino, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 54: typo Catostomua aniaurita liiiL)
Body more or less elongate, sometimes nearly terete, usually more or
less compressed. Head variously long or short, its length ranging from
3^ to oA in that of the body. Eye usually rather large, varying from .'i
to times in the length of the side of the head, its position high up
•Mid median or rather posterior. Suborbital bones very narrow, always
uuicli longer than broad, their width less than one-fourth that of the
lleshy i)art of the cheek. Fontanelle on top of head always well open,
the parietal bones not coalescing. IMouth varying miu'h in size, always
inferior in ])osition, the mandible being horizontal or nearly so. Lips
usually well <levelopcd, the form of the lower varying in dillerent sec-
tions of the geiuia, usually with a slight median lissure, but n« ver
deeply incised ; the lips witii transverse plica>,, the folds rarely so
broken uj) as to form papillio. Jaws without conspicuous cartilaginous
30. CATObTOMIDJi: MOXOSTOMA.
137
slicatb. ]\[uciferous system cotisideiiibly developed, a cliniii of tubes
alon;^ the supraorbital region, a braneli of wliich extends around be-
hind the eye and forwards ah)n{? the suborbital bones and the lower
t'(l<;e of the i)reorbital. Opercular bones moderately developed, nearly
siiioolh. Isthmus broad. (lill-rak<'rs weak, moderately lonjjf. Pharyn-
geal bones rather weak, nuich as in Erlmyzon and Catostomiifi, the teeth
rather coarser, strongly compressed, the lower 5 or (J much stronger
tliaii Ihe others, which are rapidly diminished in size upwards, ea(;h
with a i)rominent internal cusp. Scales large, more or less (pnidrate in
lonn, nearly ecpial in size over the body, and not specially crowded any-
wliere, usually about 41 in the hiteral line (ll-GO) an«l about 12 series
between dorsal 'ind ventrals. Lateral line well develoi)ed, straight or
anteriorly curved. Fins well developed, the dorsal inserted about mid-
way of the body, its first rays usually rather nearer snout than the cau-
dal, the number of developed rays usually about KJ, but varying in dif-
ferent species from 11 to 17. Anal lin short and high, usually emargi-
iiatc in the male lish, probably always with Tdevelopcnl rays. Ventrals
inserted nearly under the middle of the dorsal ; their number of rays
iionnally 0, occasionally varying to 10; the occurrence of 10 ventral rays
is probably an a(!cidental individiud character, and not a permanentspe-
cilic, one. Caudal (in deeply forked, the lobes about e(iiml, excei)t in two
species. Air-bladder with three ehauibers. Skeleton essentially as in
Catontonuis, the vertebnc in M. c<irx)io L'7-14. Sexual peculiarities little
luailced, the males in Um spawning season with the lower lins reddened,
and the anal rays swollen and somewhat tuberculate. Species very nu-
merous in tin; United States east of the llocky Mountains. They
spawn in spring, running up from tlio rivers into the smaller streams
for that ])urpose. They are dilllcult to distinguish, and hav" perhaps
been unduly nudtii)lied by authors, (//u^w, to suck; ffro//a, mouth;
hence, more properly Myxostoma.)
•Lips full, Hlronjjjly piii>illoao.
15ti. ITI. p:rQ>ilSo»iUin (Copo) Jordan.
lUaly comparatively stout, the dorsal region sonnnvhat elevated and
lounded, the depth being about 1 in length, the head about the same.
Kyo rather large, high up and well ba(!k, the i)reorbilal space being
longer than the other species. Toi) of head Hat. Dorsal rays 12-14.
Scales rather large, 0-42-5. Lips well developed, dee|)ly incised.
■'i
:£' ^ I
*4i
, I'l
im
jji i '
I*-- r
i«lc
I « ■
138 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Color silvery; back with smoky sliading ; lower fins white. Size large;
readies a lenj^tli of about 2 feet. IlTortli Carolina to Georgia.
{Ptychostojnua pai}illoaus Co\>t^, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Pbila. 1870,470; Jordan, Man.
Vert, 318; Jonlaii, Bull. U. S. Niit. Mu.s. xii, 134.)
** Lips distinctly plicate. '
t Lower lip infolded, /V-shaped when viewed from below, with a distinct incdiiiu
crease, in which the two halves of the lip meet, forming an acute angle;
mouth small.
a. Dorsal largo, with 15-17 developed rays.
153. M. vcBattMin (Cope) Jordan.
Body stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the depth 3-1 in
length. Head short, heavy, flattisli and broad above, 32-4^ in lengtli.
Depth of cheeks half the hMigtli of the head. Eye rather large, midway
iu head, 4-5 in its length. Muzzle rather prominent, bluntisli, over-
hangi ng tlie very small mouth. Fins very large. Dorsal long and liigh,
its height five-sixths the length of the head, its free border straight.
Pectorals nearly reaching ventrals. Color silvery; smoky above; lower
tins red. Size large. Upper Mississippi Valley to Georgia and south-
ward.
(Ptychostomus relatxs and collapnus Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1670, 471-47'^';
Jordan, Mai'. Vert. 317; Jordau, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 13J.)
aa. Dorsal moderate, with 12-14 developed rays.
b. Head comparatively large, about 4 iu length; dorsal rays usually VZ.
134. JTI. blicco (Cope) Jordau.
Head short and very wide through the opercles, flat above. Body
stout, the back somewhat elevated, depth 4 in length. Muzzle sub-
truncate, slightly projecting. Scales G-40-5. Olivaceous silvery be-
low; dorsal lin dusky. Kansas. {Cope.)
(Ptiichostomiis bucco Cope, Haydeu's G(!ol. Surv. Wyom. 1872, 437: Myxosioma con-
(jvHtiun Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 133; i)vol)al)ly not Catostomus coiigcfitun B, &
G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18r)4, 27, which Professor Cope thinks is a form of J/,
macro(>j)i(?o<a»i, he having obtained it in Texas and Arizona.)
t
155. M. piilBCDisc (Cope) Jordan.
Head rather long, 4J in length, flattisli above. Body elongate, more
nearly cylindrical, little compressed. ]\Iuzzle truncate. Olivaceous,
sometimes with rows of faint spots along the series of scales. ])orsiil J
and caudal tins black-edged. Size quite snudl. llesembles M. ccrvi-
num, but the mouth entirely dilferent. Great Pedee Kiver. (Cope.)
{PtijchoiifomuH pidicnsla, Proc. Am. Phil. Soo. Phila. 1870,471; Jord:;'.. Man. Vort.
317; Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xii, 133.)
bb. Head very small, about 5 iu length.
30. CATOSTOMID^ — MOXOSTOMA.
139
150. IW» COrcgonus (C'oi)e) Jordau. — Blue Mullet.
Muzzle couic, inucU projecting beyond the very small mouth; body
much compressed, broadly fusiform, the back elevated and arched.
Dorsal rays 14. Color silvery, with plumbeous shades above; lower
fins white. Size small. Catawba and Yadkin Kivers, North Carolina
{Cope.)
(^rti/chostomns corcgonus Cope, Proc. Anicr. riiil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man.
Vert. 317; Jordan, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1:54.)
ft Lower lip thm, forming a narrow, crescent-8liai)od border around the mandible.
157. in. album (Copo) Jordan. — White Mullet.
Head small, 5 times in length. INIuzzle prominent, but less so than
in J/, coregonus. Month moderate. Back a little elevated. Depth
about 3jV in lengtli. Dorsal rays 12-14, its free border often incised.
Scales G-45-i,. Coloration very pale; lower fins white. Size large;
reaches a weight of 4 pounds or more. Catawba and other rivers of
North Carolina.
{Pt>iGhostomns albus Cope, Proc. Anicr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man. Vert.
3UJ; Jordan, Jiull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 130.)
15§. in> tlialassillUlU (Cope) Jordan.
Head stout, as in 31. velatum, rather long, 4 in leng,th, tlattish above,
muzzle truncate, not very prominent. Mouth moderate. Bade elevated.
Dorsal tin long, of 14 or 15 rays. Sea-green above, white below ; lower
iins white. Yadkin iliv^er. (Cope.)
{PlyokoHlomus thalaHsinuH Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 472; Jordan, Man.
Volt. 31G; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, i:U.) '
ttt Lower lip full, its posterior edge truncate.
d. Dorsal rays 15-18 in iinud)or.
159. Itl. carpio (Val.) Jordan. — Carp Mullet.
Dorsal flu largely developed, its rays 15-18 in nund)er. Head rather
large, ^fi-^l "i length, broad above. Mouth large, with full lips. Eye
rather large. Body deep, strongly compressed, the back sonu^.what
elevated, the depth about 3^ in length. Dorsal iin high and large,
larger than in any other species of the germs, the flrst ray about as
long as the base of the flu. Scales 5-4.3-1, quite large. Coloration
very i)ale and silvery; the lower fins white. Ohio Valley, Great Lakes,
and northward. , ,^, ,-t^.^ ^ , ,.
{(. 'atostomua carpio Valencicnnos, Hist. Nnt. Poiss. xvii, 457, 1844: Catostomuif carpio
Ciiiiithor, vii, 20; Jordan, Mau. Vert. 312; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 118.)
1: ri\:
m
'VAh
1 54
CONTIUIIUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
dd. Dorsal rays I'^-1 1 in iiiiinlu'r.
0. Si-alfs lar;;(>, ll-.M) in (ho coMrsc of the latoral lino,
/. Caudal tin n(n"inal, tlio two lolu^s about. c(iual and Hiniilarly colori'd.
100. M. isiacrolopjdotllin (LoSuour) Jordan. — Common lied JJoiau; AIulUl;
lyiiitv iSuikcr ; Laiyc-vcakd iSuckcr. ^
Iloiul oonipaiativc'ly elongate, bluiitisli, rather broad and Uattoncd
above, 4-5 in leny;tli. Uody stoutisli, varyinf; to moderately elon-^atc.
Lips rather lull, thelflunlish innz;deproj(H;ting beyond th(^ large luoiitli j
greatest depth t>f cheeks more than half distamtc from snout to prc-
opercle. Eye rather large. Dorsal fin medinm, its developetl rays iL-
11, usually 13 in luunber, its free edge nearly straight, its longest ray
shorter than head. Scales large, about 45 in the Uitertd line. Oliva-
ceous ; sides silvery ; lower lins in the atiidt red or orange. CJreat Lakes
to Virginia, simthwestward to Arizona ; one of the most abinidaiit
lishes, reaching a length of 2 feet or more. The lied Horse of the Oliio
and Mississipi)i, with the heatl relatively longer and the mouth larger,
is perhiips worthy of distinction as var. thiqiicsni (Le Siunir) .Tor. Tlie
eastern form (var. mtivroleindotnm) is scarcely distinguishable from llic
next species.
{Calostomun mncrolcpiilotuK and tliniucsiii Lc Sncnr, Journ. Aoatl. Nat. Sci. I'hila. i,
94,105, 1817: Catoitlomus cr>ithruru8 lli(. Amor. Month. Ma-iC- l*^!^. •>'>4 : CaloshmiDi
</«(//«',sHi Oiintlior, vii, 18: Mn-rostonni lUdcrolrpiilotn and vjir.s. dmiinnui iumI huhr!im<iHn
Jordan, Man. Vort. lUU; Jordan, IhiH. U. iS. Xat. Mns. xii,lx.'l): riiirlioxtomiis dii-
qucsni, cnitlintnix, rohuiitin*, oncidn, lorhriimah; etc. Copo, Proo. Anicr. I'hil Soc. lK7(t.
MiixoiitoDin vitr;i(>ps Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y'. lb7<J, ;{4H, is probably a uioii-
strosily of t his siu'oios. )
161. !VI. aui'coBiiiii (Lo 8.) Jordan.
Head comparatively short, low and small, conic, 5-5.V in length. Back
elevated and compressed. Depth 3^ in length. iMouth small, over-
passed by the snout, the lii)S thin and small, the greati'st depth of cheek
half the distance from snout to preopercle. Eye small. Cidoratiou
bright yellowish brown, somewhat silvery ; lower tins bright red. Dor-
sal rays 13, the lln somewhat falcate, its free edge concave, its longest
ray longer than head. Scales 5-45-4. Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and
northward.
(CalO'^iomiut aurcoUtJi Lo SutMir, Jonrii. Acad. Nut. Scl. Phila. i, 95, 1817 : Catoalomiis
marrolcpidotiit C.iinthor, vii, 18; .Jordan, Man. Vort. 'Mi ; Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat, Mas.
xii, l'J4: f CypriniM h^ucuri llkh, rrankiiu's Journ. IH2U, 772.)
16S. in. crn^isilaCiro (Copo) Jonlan.
Body llattish, the back elevated and compressed. Depth 3'j'. Muzzlii
contracted, lower lip thiidc. Scales large, 5-44-5. Dorsal rays usually
32, Dorsal tin elevated in front, its first soft ray longer than the base
of tlio fin. CoU)r silvery, with smoky shading above, some of the scales
aO. CATOSTOMID^ — MOXOSTOMA.
141
bliicki.sli iit their b;isus ; lower lins white ; toi)of hciul, humonil bar, and
dorsal fin <lnsky. Ncuse Kiver, North Carolina,. {Cope.) Probably
identical with the preceding.
[PlllchoHlomuH ('r;iHniI<ihrinV.n\H}, Pnw. AmiT. Phil. Soc. Pliilii. 1^70, 4'i < ; .Ionian, Man.
Yen. :$1 1 ; Jordan, IJnIl. U. 8. Nat. Mns. xii, 12!).)
IfiS. in. conns (Co])") .Jordan.
r>ody llattish, the dorsal outline elevated, the form being like that of
M. fiori'ffonns. Head small and conic. Mouth exceedingly small, the
Hiiout far overpassing it, the muzz-lo being much longer than in M.
cmssUahro. Don.il rays 11. Eye large. Coloration smoky above, some
scales dusky at their bases; s'des i)ali^; lower lins white. Yadkin
Kiver, North Carolina. {Cope.)
(rtjichostomun conus Copo, Proc. Auinr. PIul. Soc. Phila. 1870, 47d ; Jordan, Man.
Vert. :U I; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mum. xii, I'JC).)
/. C.'iudal (in with tho npitor lobo longer than tho lower, tho two sinularly colored.
101. m. niilssii'ilin (Uaf.) .Jordan.
Caudal lin with the upper lobe falcate, much longer than the lower,
at least in tho adult, tho lobes similaily colored. Dorsal (in short and
high, falcate. Body (iompressed. IJack somewhat elevated. Depth ;{^
ill length. Head conic, llattish, 5.^ in length. Mouth very small, inmih
iis in aurcohnn, from which it can probably be distinguished only by tho
i'oriii of the caudal. J). 12-1.'$, half higher than long. Scales G-4C-5.
Ohio Valley and Great Lake region.
{('aloslomua anisurua Kaf. Iclith. Oh. r>4 : riynhoslomiiH lirerirrjm (Jopc, Proc. Ainer.
riiil. Soc. Plula. 1870, 478; Jordan, Man. Vert. 3ir>; Jordan, P.ull. IJ. S. Nat. Mua. xii,
t ■ ■
fj'f. Candril Ihi with th(^ lower loho distinctly lon,;er than tho upper and difTcrcntly
c()h»rcd, tho upper lol)o in tho achilt being red, tho inferior jot-lthick, ita two
lowermost dovolopod rays and their luenibranea abruptly palo (?iu both
80X08). ■• '■ ' ■ '""■ " • '■■ ■ ' ' - ' '"■" "■''''■
165. in. pa;ciliiruni .Jordan.
Body elongate, moderately compressed, somowhat elevated forwards.
Dci)th djV in length. Head about the same. Mouth medium, tho lips
full. ]">orsal rays 13. Scales largo, 5-44-4. Coloration usual, except
of the caudal fin ■; other fins all rod, with blackish shadings. Size
small. Louisiana and Southern Mississippi.
(Jordan, Pull. U, S. Nat. Mua. x, 0(5; Jordan, Man. Vert, nif) ; Jordan, Bull. U. S.
Nut. MuH. xii, PJ9.)
ec. Scales very small for tho genus, about 5Gin lateral lino; body raodoratoly elongate,
the depth about 4 in length.
lUG. m. itlbidlini (Grd.) Jordan.
Head shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 in length ;
eye large. Dorsal fin small, with about 11 rays, tho last rapidly
J
. . r
fi
i;
_J:
i' I
142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
U' 1
■*l
I
^'ih:
sbortoiiod. (Characters of iiiouth unknown, but probably similar to
macrolcpidotiim and pocciliinnn ; it is said to be "njuch larger lliaiiin
P. con(jcstHS^\) Rio Grande region. {Girard.)
(PtiirhoHtomiiH aUndus Gnl. Pror. Acad. Nat. Sii. I'hilu. li^uO, 172; Jordan, Man. Vort.
315; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xil, l-.>8.) ^
ddd, Doraal rays mostly less than 12 ; body very slender.
167« ilff. cerviMBim (Cope) Jordan. — Jumpinff Mullat ; Jump-rods.
Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forwards, about 5 in
length. Cheeks subvertical, their depth less than half the distance
from snout to preopercle. Mouth rather large, with thick lips, wlii(;U
are strongly plicate, the folds somewhat broken up. Ey(^ small. Fin.s
very small ; the dorsal rays 10-12 ; free edge of dorsal straight, its
longest ray less than head. Scales rather large, G-44 to 49-5. Color
greenish brown ; a pale blotch on each scale, these forming continuous
streaks along the rows of scales ; back with more or less distinct
brownish cross-blotches ; fins brownish, not much red, the dorsal black-
ish at tip. Size smallest in the genus. Length less than a foot. Ilivcis
of the South Atlantic States from the James to the Chattahoochee.
{Tcrctnhts ccrviiius Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sei. Pliila. ltf(J8, 23G: rtychontomua
cervinus Cope, Proc. Ainer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 478; Jordan, Man. Vert. 315; Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, l'2d.)
6».— PliACOPHAKYWX Cope.
Big-jawed SucJcers.
(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1370, 407: typo riacopharijnx carinatua Cope.)
Suckers like Moxostoma in all respects, excei)t that the pharyngeal
bones are much more developed and the teeth reduced in number, those
on the lower half of the bone very large, G-10 in nund)er, nearly cylin-
dric in form, being but little compressed, and with a broad, rounded or
flattened grinding surface. The forms and positions of these enlarged
teeth vary greatly. In a specimen before us the first tooth is thehi<;h-
est and most compressed, its summit being rounded and then abruptly
truncate. The second tooth is notably shorter and thicker, much larger,
and rounded on top, the body of the tooth serving as a peduncle for tlu^
swollen grinding surface. The third tooth is still shorter and similar in
form. The fourth tooth is similar to the iirst, being much higher than
the second and third, and Hat on top. The others seem to be irresu
larly alternated or arranged in pairs, a long one and a short one, tlic
long teeth in all cases being the most truncated, as if their surfaces had
been most worn off. The mouth is larger and more oblique than usual
30. CATOSTOMID/E QUASSILABIA.
143
iu Moxostoma, and the lips are thicker. Size large. {-?.a^, a broad sur-
liicc; <p(it'ur:, vhnrynx.)
16§. P* carinatu»i Copu.
Body oblong', moderately compressed, heavy at the shoulders. Head
very large, 3^ in length of the body. Eye small, behind the middle of
the head. Mouth extremely large, the lower jaw oblique when the
mouth is closed, tlie mouth, therefore, i)rotractile forwards as well as
downwards. Lips very thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full an<l
heavy, truncate behind. Head above eveidy rounded or somewhat carl-
iiated. Scales G-45-(). Dorsal rays 13 ; ventral 9. (^olor brassy green
above; lower flns red. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley j abundant
in many streams. '
(Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 407 ; Jordan, Man. Vert. 311 ; Jordan,
13uU. U. S. Nat. MuH. xii, 1.08.)
70.-<iUASSIL4BIA Jordan & Brnytou.
Harelip SucJcers.
(Lagochila Jordan «fc Brayton, prcoocuincd.)
(Jordan & Brayton, Man, Vert. E. U. S. od. 2, 1878, 401 : type Lagochila lacera Jordan
«fe Brayion.)
Suckers like Moxostoma in every respect excepting the structure of ^
the moutn. Head shortish, conical, with lengthened snout; its length
4^5 times iu that of the body, the opercular region being reduced,
so that the eye is well backwards. Suborbital bones narrow. Fon-
tanelle large, widely open. Mouth large, singular in structure, in-
ferior, the upper lip not protractile, greatly i)rolonged, closely plicate.
Lower lip much reduced, divided into two distinct elongate lobes, which
are weakly papillose. The split between tliese lobes extends backwards
to the edge of the deatary bones, which are provided with a rather hard,
horny plate, as in Fantostcus. The lov*er lip is entirely sei)arated from
the upper at the angles by a deep fissure. The skin of the cheeks forms
a sort of cloak over this lissure, the crease separating this skin from the
mouth extending up on the sides of the innzzle. The crease between
the lips extends down on the under side of the head. System of nnicif-
erous tubes well developed, riiaryngeal bones not dissimilar from the
usual typo in Mojcosfoma, rather weak, with numerous small teeth.
Body elongate, not much compressed, not elevated. Fins moderate,
formed as in Moxostoma. Scales large, as in Hfoxostoma, the latciral line
well developed and nearly straight, with about 45 scales in its course.
Air-bladder in three parts. Sexual peculiarities unknown; probably
little marked. {QuasstiSy broken or torn; labia, lip.)
If
14 i COXTUIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN TCTITTIYOLOGY IV.
109. Q. I:i<*4^l*n .Tur. A- \htiyi. — Frarv-fip Surlrr; Ciit-Upit; SplU-moulh Stukcr; Maii
Siivkir ; llithhil-moiith Siirhrr.
TI«\ul short, t'Olli(^•ll, witli loiifjtlioiHHl snout, the r«';;ioii between i\w
oyos HiittciUMl ami with prominent mucous ritlj^os. ('hci'ks ami hnvcr
j)art of hoad raliicr swolh'u. Opcn^lo nmch reduced, its oreatest U'n^lli
scarcely ;;reater than the diauu'ter of the eye. Head about t'i in len^ith.
Eye 4} '" h'UfJfth of head, about 2 in length of tlie snout, ils situalidii
thus quite posterior. Lenj^tli of the top of the hea<l Hfl in the dist;ui(((
from tiie snout to the base of the dorsal. ]>o<ly rather .-hMidei-, the form
Iveinj; between that of Moxo.stoma cerrinum and M. mncrolcpulotum, tli(>
depth 4;| in the lenj^tli. Dorsal (in rather low, its rays I, 12; A. 1, 7;
V. 0. Scales 5-15-5. (^olor olive or bluish brown above; si<les and
belly silvery ; lower tins faintly oran;;e. Ohio Valley and sontlnviud.
A singular spe(!ies, abundant in some sections (Scioto I{iver, Clinch
lliver, ChickaMiaujj:!i River), but oveilooked by naturalists until lately.
{Lagochila htocra Jonliin & IJrayton, Proc. Acad. Nnt. S(!i. Pliila. 1H77, '2^0: lAigovhUn
hiccra Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2, 'Ml : Jonliiii, Man. Vert. cd. iJ, 40(); .Fordan, Hull. U.
S. Nat. Mns. xii, 10(5.)
Family XXXL— CYPRINTOyE.
{The Carps.)
Cyi)rinoid fishes with the marjjiu of the up])or jaw formed by the ])ro-
maxillaries alone and the lower pharyngeal bones W(dl (lev(>loi)e(l, liilci-
Ibrm, nearly parallel with the a:! 11 arches, each provided with 1-.'} series
of teeth in small number, 1-7 in the main row, and a less nund)er in tlio
others if more are present. Head naked. Body scaly (exc-ept in Mala,
Flngopfenai, Pho.vhielhts, and Anlopntjc). Barbels 2 or 1 ; absent in most;
of our genera, and not large in any. Belly usually rounded, rarely
compressed, never serrated. Gill-openings moderate, the niembrancs
broadly joined to the isthmus. Brachiostcgals always .'{. Gills 1, a
slit behind tho fourth. Pseudobrancliia^ present (except in Orthuhm^
etc.). No adipose tin. Dorsal fin short in Ameri(!an species, elongate
in many Old World forms. Ventral fins abdominal. Air-bladder
usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and i)osterior lobo,
rarely vanting, not enclosed in a bony capsule. Stomach Avithout
ap,)endages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the intestines.
Fishes of moderate or small size, inhabiting tho fresh waters of the
Old World and of North America. Genera about 200 ; species nearly
1,000; excessively abundant whero found, both in individuals and
species, and, fioin their great uniformity in size, form, and coloration,
coustitutiug one of the most difficult groups in natural history iu
31. CYPRINID^.
145
wliicli todistiiifjiiiHlj {^oner.i and Hpocioa. Our goiiom aro mostly very
closely iclatcul, and nn) .separated by cliaracterH whieli, althoiigU reason-
ably constant, are often ofslijjflit stnietnral inipoitaniH'. From time to
time, (lilFerent authors liav(^ proposed to throw most of thesis ^ronjis into
tiie ^enus LvuciscnH, a pro(!edure whieh, without further diseussion, may
be Haid to have al\ ays led to confusion. The H[)rin}:f or breeding dress
of the njalo fishes is often peculiar. The top of the head, and.oft<',n the
fins ov various portions of the body, arc covered with small tubercles,
outf^iowths from the ei)idermis. The (Ins and jjarts of tlui body in the
sprin;^ males are often charfjfed with bright pi{j;ment, the prevailing? color
of which is red, although in some genera it is satin-white, yellowish, or
black.*
{Ciiprinidw, part., Gtlnther, vii, 25-339.)
'DorH.il fill Hhort, without rtovolopcd Hpinn.
t Aii-l)lud«lcr Hurruuudcd by niaiiy convolutions of tho very long alinioniury canal.
( Canipontomiiiw. )
A. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with obliqnc grinding Hurfacc and Hliglit hook; peri-
toneum Mack.
Cami'Ostoma, 71.
tt Air-bladder above the alinjentary canal ; toeth one-rowed. {Chondrosloininw. )
t IntcHtinal canal elongate, more than twice tho length of the Ixxly ; teeth with
grinding Hiirt'ace w»dl
developed; peritoneunt
UHually black.
B. Jaw8 each with a conspicuous, broad, straight-edged, horny idate; teeth 4-
5, stout, blnntiMh, hook-
ed, and short.
AcuocniLus, 72.
BB. Jaws without homy plate.
C. ToethG-GjStronglycomiuessed, knife-shaped ; pseudobranrhijn none; ru-
dimentary caudal rays
greatly developed;
scales very small.
Ortiiodon, 73.
, s
*No i)rogrc.s8 can be made in tho study of these fishes without a careful examina-
tion of the teeth. Tho pharyngeal bones in the smaller speeii's can be removed by in-
serting a pin or a hook through tho gill-opening, under tho slioulder-girdle. Tho
teeth should bo carefully cleaned with a tooth-brush, or a jet of water, or a pin, and
may bo examined by any small lens. In most cases a iirincipal row of 4 or r> teeth
will be found, in front of which is sometimes' a set of 1 or 2 smaller ones. The tw»
sides are not always synimotrical. "Teeth 4-4" indicates a single row of 4 on each
pliaryngeal bone. " Teeth 2, 4-5, 1 " indicates 2 rows of teeth on each side — on the ono
side 4 in tho principal row and 2 in tho lesser, on tho other side 5 in the main row
audi in the lesser. In the Leuciscine genera these teeth, or the principal ones, are
raptaiorial, that is, hooked inward at their tips. A grinding or masticatory snrJEace i»
an excavated space or groove usually at the base of the hook. A flattened or hov-
elled edge soraotiraes simulates a masticatory surface, and in some of the species tho
pinding surface is very narrow and - "nllned to but one or two of the teeth. In all cases.
where the unmber of teeth is given \n tho apecijlc descriptions following, this number
baa been voriiied on typical examples cither by Professor Cope or the writers.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 10
« ' SI
•. ' it
- mm
! '.
> '(
■f
-] ^M^Ti
ff
146 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
CC. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5; pseudobranclua) present; clorHal fin inserted poste-
riorly.
D. Lateral line complete; rudimentary caudal rays uumcroua; anal hxAn
olon;.;ato..LAViNiA, 74,
DD. Lateral line incomplete ; anal basis short ; scales minute.
CllUOSOMUS, 75.
CCC. Teeth 4-4 ; dorsal fin nearly median.
E. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal slender, firmly attached to the lirst
• developed ray.
F. Scales very small, 85-90 in the lateral line, which is complete.
Zoi'HENi)i;.M, 76.
FF. Scales larger, 35-GO in the lateral lino.
G. Lateral line eoinplete IlYnooxATiius, 77.
GG. Lateral line incomplete CoLiHcrs, 7h.
EE. First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal somewhat enlarged and blunt,
connected by nuin-
brauo with the first de-
veloped ray.
H. Lateral lino incomplete * Pimiu'iialks, 79.
nil. Lateral lino complete IIykoriiynx'Hus, 80.
tt Intestinal canal short, less than twice the length of the body ; teeth hooked, tlio
grinding surface, ifprcs-
, ent, narrow or rudimen-
tary; peritoui'uni usii.
ally pale.
$ Dentary bones parallel, united for their whole length. {Exo-
glossinw.)
1. Premaxillaries not protractile ; mandible with a conspicii-
ous fleshy lobe on each
side at base.
EXOGLOSSUM, 81.
$5 Dentary bones arched, free from each other, except at
the symphysis. {Leix-
(Aacinm.)
J. Abdomen behind ventral fins not compressed to an edge,
the scales pas.sing over
it ; anal basis generally
short.
K. Teeth in tho main row 4-4.
L. Maxillary without barbels.
M. Jaws each with a hardened bony sheath; tirst
ray of dorsal 8i)ine-liko,
Bonneeted by uienibrauo
■with tho first developed
ray ; teeth 4-4.
COCHLOGNATIIUS, 02.
MM. Jaws without bony sheath.
N. Lower jaw with tho lip thin or obsolete, not
developed a^ a fleshy
lobe on eaoh side at
^^j. — ^ base. — -•^--
O. Mandible, interopercle, and snborbital not
cavernous.
P. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 (1, 4-4, 2 in one ape
cies).
31. CYPEINIDiE.
147
R. Laturnl lino incomplete.
HKMITnKMIA, 83.
RR. Luter.il line complcto....CLioLA, 84.
PP. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
S. Lateral line complete.. MiNNiLUS, 85.
68. Livti-ral line incuiDpli^te ; HcaloH
Hinall -I'lioToroHUS, 80.
00. Mandible, iuteropcrcle, and Huborhitiil with
conspicnonH, externiilly
V iHible, cavernous eh lim-
bers ; teeth 1, 4-4, 0,
Ericymba, i<7.
NN. Lower jaw with the lip devc'lopcd an a lltshy
lobeoneach side; teeth
4-4 ; dorsal anterior.
PlIENACOBIUS, 88.
LL. Maxillary with a small barbel at its extremity.
^ U. Premaxillaries not protractile;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales
small ; dorsal posterior.
Rhinicuthys, 81).
UU. Premaxill.irics protractile.
V. Teeth 4-4, or 1,4-4,1, or 1,4-4,0.
"W. Scales very small; dorsal
posterior.
X. Lateral line complete.
Agosia, 90.
XX. Lateral lino incomplete.
Apocope, 91.
WW. Scales largo; dorsal me-
dian; lateral lino com-
" . plete.
Ceuatichtuys, 92.
VV. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2.
Y. Head convex above ;
teeth without grinding
surface ..CouESius, 93.
YY. Head flattened al»ove ;
teeth with grinding sur-
face.. .Platygobio, 94.
KK. Teeth in the main row 5-5 or 4-5.
Z. Maxillary with a bar-
n ' bel ; premaxillaries pro-
tractile.
a. Tfceth hooked, none of them molar ; teeth in thelesaerrow 2.
b. Caudal fin symmetrical, its rudimentary basal rays not greatly developed.
c. Barbel minute, lateral; teeth without grinding surface Semotihts, 95.
cc. Barbel terminal ; teeth with grinding surface Symmetuukus, 96.
U. Caudal fin unsymmetrical, the upper lobe much the longer, the basal caudal
rays greatly developed Pogonichthys, 97.
flfl. Teeth partly molar, much enlarged, obtusely truncate, lesser row with 2 teeth ;
scales small..... .Mylochilus, 98.
ZZ. Maxillary without
barbel.
d. Upper jaw not protractile; 2 or 3 teeth modified, molar; teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2,
5-4| 2 , MYIiOPBARODON, 99.
■ 'pi
.:,;r:|?;igi
n ';M
\l ^ <]
148 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
dd. Upper jfvw protractile; teeth not molar.
e. Teeth two-rowed, 2 teeth in the lesser row.
/. Lateral line noinpleto.
g. Teeth subcouical, scarcely hooked, sharp-cdgod, wide apart, the Ion;;
limb of the pharyngeal bono elongate.
Ptychoc'ttlus, 100.
gg. Teeth compressed, oloso-set, strongly hooked ; the pharyngeal boiu^ of
the usual form.
h. Caudal peduncle slender and elongate, the caudal ftn widely fctrkid,
its basal rudiuieuts much developed ; scales very siiiiill ;
head doproHMod ..Gila, lol.
hh. Caudal peduncle stout; basal rudiments of caudal little developed.
Sq'ialil's, 102,
ff. Lateral line incomplete Piioxinuh, lo:t.
ee. Teeth one-rov.ed.
- Lateral line complete.
g. Mouth of moderate sizo Lkticoh, 10|.
gg. Mouth extremely dniall OrsoroioDi'H, 10,"),
- - Lateral line incomplete ; teeth serrate TkycH/KUODOn, 100,
JJ. Abdomen behind ventral fins compn'H.s(Ml to an edf^o,
the scales not pa.ssing over it ; anal basipi usually elou-
j.;ate ; dorsal posterior.
t. Abdomen in f.'ont of veutrals rouiulod ; an.-il basis rather long.
j. Teeth 5-5, with grinding surface and serrate edges.
NOTKMIGONUS, 1'/?,
jj. Teeth '2, W>, 2, entire, without grinding surface. Alhuknijs, 108,
•"Dorsal fiu short, posterior, with a strong spine, conipo-sedof two, tlus posterior re-
ceived into a longitudinal groove of the anterior; iinicr
border of the ventral lius adherent to the body; tet'tli
hooked, without grinding surface, in two rows. {Vluijo-
jUerinw.)
I. Body -with small scales ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2 ; no barbels.
Lei'Iuomkda, 109,
II. Body scaleless.
m. Maxillary witliout barbel; teeth 1, 4-4, I Mkda, 110.
mm. Maxillary with a barbel ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2.
PLAGOPTKHtS, 111.
•••Doreal fin elongate; doraal and anal fins each preceded by a serrated si)iiii';
scales large; teeth molar; species introduced, {('y-
prhdnw. )
n. Barbels 4 ; teeth 1, 1, 3-3, 1, 1 Cypuixus.
nw. Barbels none; teeth 4-4 Cahassius.
Vl.— €A1?IP0ST01»IA Agttsslz.
Stone rollers.
(Agassi?!, Amer. Journ. Scl. Arts, 1855, 218: typo liutlUis anomnluH Raf.)
Body modorately olongate, little coLipressad. Mouth normal, the
jaws with thick lipa and rudiment, of a hard sheath. Premaxillaries
protractile ; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 0, with oblique grinding
surface and but a slight hook on one or two teeth. Air-bladder sua-
31. CYPRINID/^" CAMPOSTOMA.
149
pcnded in the abdominal cavity, and entirely surrounded by many con-
volutions of the long alimentary canal, which is G-9 times the total
length of the body. Ovaries similarly enclosed in the alimentary canal,
rerltoneum black. PseudobranchiiB present. Scales moderate. Lat-
eral lino present. Dorsal nearly over ventral. Anal basis short. iJo
spines. Herbivorous. Sexual differences very great, the males being
covered with large tubercles in spring. The singular arrangement of
tlio intestines in relation to the air-bladder is peculiar to Campostoma
among all known lishes. Size moderate, (xa/x-ij, curve; aruim^ mouth.)
• Scales small, 75-80 in tuo lateral line ; toeth 4-4 (f ).
lYO. C'. ornatiim Grd.
Body stout, llead large, blunt and heavy. Mouth large, the max-
illary reaching to near the front of the large eye. Tail rather short.
Coloration brilliant, precisely as in C anomalum. Head 3'^ ; depth 4.
I). 8; A. 8; Lat. I. 78. Chihuahua River. (Oirard.)
(Grd. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. IdOCi, 17G; GUnthoi, vii, 183.)
•• Scales moderate, 48-57.
t Teeth 4-4.
171. C. anomalum (Raf.) Ag.—/S/onp-ro?/pr; Slone-htgffcr.
IJody stoutish, moderately compressed, the ante-dorsal region becom-
ing swollen and prominent in the adult. Snout n\oderately decurved.
Scales deep, rather small and crowded anteriorly. Maxillary not reach-
iiij; to opposite the front of the eye. Color brownish, with a brassy lus-
tre above, the scales more or less mottled with dark. A dusky vertical
bar behind the opercle. Dorsal and anal tins (»ach with a dusky cross-
bar about half way up, the rest of the fin olivaceous in females, liery red
in the mah!.» in the spring. Iris orange in males. Males in the spring
with the head and often the whole body covered with large, rounded tu-
bercles. In no other Cyprinoid are these nuptial ai)pendages so exten-
sively developed. Head 4]^; depth 4f. D. 8;A. 7; scales 7-53-8 ; teeth
4-4. L. G-8 inches. Extrenu^ly variable, the young very different in
appearance from the old nuiles. Western New York to Mexico, every-
where abundant in dee[) or still idacos in small streams, running up
small brooks to si)awn in spring. Herbivorous. One of the most inter-
esting and curious of our lishes.
(/iH(if«H anomaliif> Raf. Tclilli. Oh. 52: Exorjlonmrn iuhhrn Klrtland, Rost. Jonrn.
Nat. HiHt. V, 272: Exoglossum HpinU'cphalum Cuv. & Val. xvii, 4M0: Chondrostoma pullim
A|{a8siz, Anutr. Jonru. Sol. Aris, 1854, 357 : Campoatoma callipteryx, mormyrus, gobioni-
'lUffi, uud hippops Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G4, 284: Campoatoma naautuM
150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18r)G, 176, from the Rio Grande, may he a distinct
spp'.'ics (specimens before ns have a sUniderer head and rather more comjiresscd ami
elevated body than is ucual in C. anomalum): Campostoma diibinm Gunther, vii, 1b3.
AgasHiz.Amer.Jouru. Sci. Arta, 1855, l!18; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, iitil.)
tf Teeth 1, 4-4, 0.
172. C prolixnm (Storer) Jordan & Gilbert.
Slenderer than C. anomalum. Head rather shorter and narrower.
Scales larger and less crowded/ and the coloration more uniform and
XJaler, or more silvery. Head 4f ; depth 4^. D. 8; A. '^ ; scales 7-49-0 ;
teeth 1, 4-4, 0. Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama ; abundant. Very
similar to the preceding, but probably worthy of specific distinction on
account of the difference in dentition, constant in all specimens exam-
ined.
{Leuciacus proUxu? Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. July, 1845: Campostoma anoma-
lum var. jjroZJj;«»i Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 326.)
•** Scales larger, about 45 in the course of the lateral line ; teeth 4-4 (?).
173. C. forinosiilum Grd.
Head short and blunt, with broad, jirojecting snout. Head 4 ; depth
4J. D. 8 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 45. Grayish above, whitish below ; sides more
or less marmorate ; a black patch at the base of the caudal and on tbe
dorsal. San Antonio Eiver, Texas. {Girarcl.)
(Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiUi. 1856, He.")
78.— ACBOCHILUS Agassiz.
Hard-mouths.
(Acrocheiltia Agassiz, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 211 : typo AcrocheiluB alutaccm
Agassi/. &, Pickering.)
Body elongate, little compressed. Both jaws with a largo, straight,
horny i>lato, sharp externally and very conspicuous. Upper jaw ])rotrac-
tile. No barbel. Teeth 4-5, stout, hooked, with broad masticatory sin
face. Intestinal canal elongate. Peritoneum black. Pseudobrancliiii!
present. Scales small, loosely imbricated. Lateral line present. Dor
sal tin slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis moderate. Caudal liii
broad, its rudimentary rays recarrent on the caudal peduncle. Size
rather large, {axfjoi;, ahari^'j ;^££-Iot, lip.)
1741. A. nliitacciis Agass. & F'wk.— Hard-mouth.
General form and appearance of the species of Gila, but tbe head not
depressed, and more blunt forward. Body elongate, not much com
pressed, its sides more so than the caudal peduncle j th(^ greatest depth,
over the ventrals, 4 in length. Caudal peduncle very long and slouder,
31. CYPRINIDiE — ORTHODON.
151
nearly terete, its length contained 4| times in the length of the body, its
least depth 2f in its length. Head moderate, 4J in length of body,
bhintish, the piofilo considerably rounded, the interorbital space
strongly convex. Mouth horizontal, subinforior, overlapped by the
broad, blunt snout, its breadth considerable, but the maxillary not ex-
tending far back, to opposite the front of the eye. ITpi)er jaw pro-
tractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of which is a small, straight,
cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the lower jaw, but much smaller
and not evident externally. Lower lip covered with a firm cartilagi-
nous plate, sharp externally, the upper surface being formed by its
bevelled edge. The transverse width of this plate is between four and
Ave times its (longitudinal) breadth. The plate extends in nearly a
straight line from o" angle of the mouth to the other; its transverse
width is contained 2^ times in the length of the head. Eye rather
large, 5J in head, l^ in snout, its position anterior and not high up, 2|
in iuterorbital space. Dorsal long, rather low, its first ray just behind
the first ray of ventrals, midway between the snout and the middle of
the base of the caudal fin. Caudal fin very long, the lobes about equal,
longer than the head, widely forked, the accessory r.ays at is base very
numerous and recurrent on the caudal peduncle ; about eight of these
may be distinguished on each side of the fin. Anal fin ratlier large;
ventrals broad, reaching vent. Pectorals moderate, not reaching two-
thirds of the distance to the ventrals. Scales quite small, somewhat
iiubedded in the skin, very loosely imbricated, or often scarcely imbri-
cated at all, the exposed surfaces longer than higli, profusely punc-
tate; squamation quite irregular; the scales smaller on back and belly
than on sides, most exposed on caudal i)eduncle. Lateral line much
(lecurved. Coloration very dark, belly paler, but nearly all parts of the
body studded with minute dark i)oints. D. 10; A. 9; scales 20-85-
l(i. Teeth 4-5, hooked, somewhat club-shaped, witli a broad mas-
ticatory surface. Peritoneum black ; intestines unich elongate, tilled in
this specimen with vegetable substance. L. 12 inches. Columbia lliver
and tributaries.
(AgiisHiz, Atner. Jouvn. Sci. Arts, xix, 214, 18r)5 ; Qilnthor, vii, '276; Jordaii, Proc. U.
S. Nut. Mu8. i, 83, la78.)
^._i. ,-:■.- 13.— ORTHODON Girard. _;__ ^...-.^.,_4-w.
(r,irar(l, Proc. Aciul. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISofi, 182: typo Gila mhrol<ipi(lota Ayrcs.) ' '
Body elongate. Jaws normal, the upper protractile, the lower sharp-
edged, with a knob at the sympliysis; no barbel. Teeth 0-6 or 0-5,
';'\!
1 1
m
mm
H
If ,
% 1
1
4- r=r
1» II ,
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
much compressed, lancet-sliaped, erect, nearly straigbt. Upper limb
of the pharyngeal bone veiy broad and concave, separated by a deep
notch from the dentigerous portion, the bone thin and brittle. Intes
tinal canal elongate, about 7 times the length of the fish; peritoneum
black. Scales small. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin opposite ven-
trals. Basal rays of caudal largely developed. Anal basis short.
Pseudobranchiffl none. Gill-rakers moderate, clavate, the inner edge
fringed. Size large. This genus is related to Chondrostoma, diflferii]g
chiefly in the absence of pseudobranchise and of the horny mandibular
plate. {ofiOog, straight; o'ocwi/, tooth.)
17.5. O. inicrolepidotus (Ayres) Grd.
Body elongate. Head moderate; the snout very broad; eye sra .,
about half the length of the snout. Mouth terminal, somewhat oblique,
broad, the maxillary not extending to the eye. Upper head of surface
flattisli, with two bony ridges. Fins rather large ; the caudal stroiijf.
Coloration plain. Lateral line ilecurved. Head 4; depth 4^. 1). 0;
A. 8 ; scales 21-105-12 ; Vert. 24 + 20. Teeth 0-G or C-5, formed mucli
as in Caiupostoma, but longer. Size largo. L. 12 inches, liivers of
California; Great Basin of Utah (Yarroic).
(Gila mici'oU'pidota Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 21, 1855; Oirard, U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fibli. 2:57, iig. ; Giiutlier, vii, 275.)
14.— LAVIWIA Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. xti54,137: type Lavinia exilicauda B. & G. )
Body elliptical, elevated, moderately compressed, rapidly contracted
to the slender caudal peduncle. Head small, conical. Mouth mod-
erate, terminal, oblique; the lower jaw included. Scales moderate,
not closely imbricated, the exposed surfaces somewhat hexagonal.
Lateral line decurved, complete. Belly behind ventrals entirely scaled.
Dorsal flu well behind ventrals, its last ray Just in front of the begin-
ning of the anal, which is rather elongate. Caudal flu little forked, its
rudimentary basal rays much increased in number and ver^'^ strong.
Intestinal canal elongate, 3 times the total length of the fish; pe-
ritoneum dark. Teeth 4-5 or 5-5, scarcely hooked, .tdtriform, with
rather broad but shallow grinding surface, the largest standing up
well above the surface of the bone. Gill-rakers rather long and slen-
der; pseudobranchiiB large. Size large. {Lavinia, a classical name,
without spe«;ial application to these fishes.)
long. Can
31. CYPRINID^ — CHR0S0MU8.
153
ire. li. exilicauda B. »fc G. ' ^^-'^^ ' -■ ' " ■ - ■•.-■■■■■-■■.';■;' :vj,v. ..».. •-
Body deep, compressed, tapering to the caudal peduncle, which is
very slender. Head small, short, conical. Mouth rather small, oblique,
the upper lip on the level of +he lower part of the pupil, the maxillary
falling short of the eye. Preorbital short and deep ; suborbital moderate.
Eye rather large, anterior, 4 in head. Scales rat^'ir large, 42 in front
of dorsal. Dorsal fin rather small. Pectorals short. Anal high and
long. Caudal well forked, its rudimental rays strong, about 10 in num-
ber. Color dark sibove, sides somewhat silvery. Scales with dark
specks. Head4jj; depth 3^. 13.10; A. 12; scales 13-G4-8 ; teetu 4-5
orC-5. L. 12 inches. Rivers of California.
(Baird & Girard. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 137 ; Girard, IT. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. X, 241: Leudscus exilicauda Giintlier, vii, 248: Laiinia haniujus Girard, Proc.
Aead. Nat, Sci. Pbila. 1856, 184; the namo species.)
75.— CHROSOI?IfJS Rafmesque, 1820.
Bed Minnows.
(Rafmcsquo, Ichth. Oh. 47: type Luxilua erythrogasler Raf.)
Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Jaws normal; no bar
bel. Teeth 5-5 or 4-5, moderately hooked, with well-marked grinding
surface. Alimentary canal elongate, about twice as long as body ; i)eri-
toneum black. Scales very small. Lateral line short or wanting. Dor-
si 1 behind ventrals; anal basis short. Size small. Colors in spring
biilliant. (;f/jo?, color; o-w/za, body.)
'Sides of the body with two black stripes ; the upper riinving from the upper angle
of the operele straight to the caudal, sonietinies breaking uj) in spots behind;
the lo?;er broader, extending from the snout throngh the eye, curved down-
ward along the belly, and extending to the caudal, where it ends in a black
spot (these stripes faint in the female).
l??. C. erythrogastcr Agass'xz.—Red-heUicd Dace.
Body oblong, tapering each way from the middle, little comi>ressed.
ITead moderate, rather pointed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique,
tliejaws about equal. Fins rather small; the dorsal and anal high and
short; caudal long. Scales quite small, finnly attached, but not much
iinbiicated. Lateral line developed less than half the length of the
body. Color brownish olive, with a dusky dorsal lino and often some
blackish spots ; two black lateral bauds as above described ; between
these a bright, silvery area. Belly below the lower band abruptly sil-
very. Females obscurely marked. Males in spring witii the belly and
the interspace between the lateral bands bright scarlet; bases of the
vertical flus also scarlet. In high coloration the body is everywhere
!"!
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154 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOTJTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
flu . ■
m
111!
■ ' V.
minutely tubercnlate and the fins are bright yellow. Head 4; depth 4.
I). 7; A. 8; scales 16-85-10; teeth usually 5-5. L. 2-3 inches. Penn-
sylvania to Dakota and Tennessee; abundant in small streams; one of
the most beautiful of our fishes.
{Luxilu8 or Chrosomua erythrogaater Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47: Luxilus erythroyaDttr
Kirt. Boat. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, iv, "23, tig. 1844 ; Cope, Cj'pr. Penu. 391 : LeuiUcus ery-
throgaster Giiutlier, vii, 247 ; Jordan, 3U2.)
** Sides of body with tho upper band beginning opposite the vent and cxtoiirting
backward to the middle of tho caudal, terminating in a black spot; lower
band extending from snout through eye, downward and backward, ceasing
at base of anal ; back with dark spots and cross-bars.
l'J'§. C. orcas Cope.
Form of the preceding, the snout rather more obtuse. Coloration
similar to that of the preceding, &xcept for the difference in pattern.
The back clear olive-green, with dark cross-bars ; belly, interspace be-
tween the lateral bands, and bases of vertical fins bright crimson ; tins
otherwise yellow. Head 4; depth 4 J. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. G7; teeth
5-5. L. 2^ inches. Tennessee and Eoanoke Elvers; even more brill-
iant than the preceding.
(Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1868,233.)
*** Body with two black lateral bands on tho side, which unite on tho caudal pedun-
cle, the lower broader, decurved, tho upper narrow and straight.
179, C, eos Cope.
Sienderer than the preceding ; the lateral line less distinct, often en-
tirely wanting. Variations in color as in the other species. Ilead 4;
depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 77; teeth 5-5. L. 2^ inches. Susquehanna
Eiver. Perhaps a variety of G. eryfhrogaster.
(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1801, 523; Cope, Cypr. Penn. 391.)
76.— ZOP HE i^iDUM Jordan.
(Jordan, Bull. Hayden's Geol. Surv. Terr, iv, 78G, 1878: type Hyborhynchus sidcrius
Cope. )
This genus is very closely related to Ryhognathus, differing only in
the small size of tho scales, there being 55-90 in the course of the
lateral line. Tho physiognomy is somewhat different, and tho dorsal
fin is inserted more posteriorly than usual in Hyhognathtis. As in ITyho-
gm thus, the teeth are 4-4, scarcely hooked, with narrow grinding surface,
and the intestinal canal is elongate, tho peritoneum black. Eocky
Mountain^egion ; one species in Western Mexico.* (C^f "c, darkness;
e'vUovj within; in allusion to the black peritoneum.) ' : 5 : --J -
* Scales very small, 85-90 in the course of the lateral line. ':
"Z. auatrale Jordan. Body rather elongate, formed much as in Campoatoma anoma-
htm, somewhat compressed, tho back somewhat elevated and rounded untcrioily.
Head rather large, slightly depressed above. Mouth moderate, low ; the lower jaw
31. CYPEINIDiE — HYBOGNATnUS.
155
190. Z. siderium (Cope) Jor.
Physiognomy of Apocope. Body fusiform. Ilead rather small, acu-
minate. Mouth terminal, the upper jaw the longer, maxillary reaching
line of orbit. Mouth forming more than a semicircle. Lower jaw hard,
jess attenuate than is usual in Hyhognathus. Eye small, 4j'„ in head.
Fins long, the ventrals reaching anal. Color dark iron-gray above, a
darker band of the same along the sides, above the lateral line, extend-
ing from the end of the snout to the middle of the caudal. Head 4 ;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 88; teeth 4-4. Arizona. (Cope.)
{IIyl)orhynchu8 siderius (iajjswsfor Hyhognathua) Cope, Zocil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mer. V, 670, IriTO.)
** Scales moderate, 55-60 in the course of the lateral line.
1§1. Z. pluinbciim (GiJl.) Jor. «& Gilb.
Body rather slender. Head moderate, rounded in front. Color uni-
form, sometimes a black spot at the base of the caudal. D. 8; A. 7; Lat.
1. 58 ; teeth 4-4. Arkansas and Indian Territory. {Girard.) This spe-
cies may, perhaps, be referable to Hyhognathus.
{Dionda plumhca aud apadicea Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 178 : Hybo-
rhyuchua puniceua, Grd. 1. c. 179 : Dionda (jriaea, Grd. U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. x, 230.)
■yT.— HYBOGNA'fc'HUS Agassiz.
(JZjToma aid Dionda Girard.)
(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, ''^'i : type Hyhojnathua nuclialia Ag. )
Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth horizontal. The jaws
normal, sharp-edged ; lower jaw with a slight, hard protuberance iii
front ; no barbel ; upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, cultriform, with
oblique grinding surface and scarcely any hook. Alimentary canal
elongate, about 4 times the length of the body. Peritoneum black.
Scales large. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal over ventrals. Anal
basis short. Size moderate. Species numerous ; mostly southwestern,
and little known, ('j/?"?, gibbous ; yvdOoi:, jaw.)
*Body comparatively elongate, little compressed, the depth less than two-aeveuths of
the length. . ;; tj '
0. Suborbital bones comparatively long and narrow.
slightly included; the premaxillary below the hn-el ot the eye; the maxillary just
reacliiug the frontof the eye. Lower jaw thin-edged, with a slight symnhyseal knob.
Eye small, 6 in head. Scales snmll. Lateral line complete, decurved. Dorsal
slightly behind ventrals. Dusky blui«'v above ; everywhere with dark points. A
black gpot at base of caudal. Hea<l4; depth 4-18. D. 8 ; A. 7; scales 10-5G-8 ; teeth
4-4. L. 7 inches. Lake Tupataio, Guauajnato, Mexico (west of the Sierra Madro).
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Aiii«. iw?o •wn\
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156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERIC^AN ICHTnYOLOQY IV.
1S2. H. nucliaiss Ag.— SUrery Minnow.
Body elongate, comparatively slender. Head moderate, rather short,
the profile evenly curved. Eye large, rather longer than muzzle, about
4 iu head. Upper jaw heavy ; lower jaw thin. Scales large and silvery.
Lateral line decurved, 12-14 large scales iu front of dorsal. Olivaceous
green above, translucent in life ; sides clear silvery, with bright reflec-
tions. Fins unspotted. Head 4; depth 4^. D. 8; x^. 7; teeth 4-4;
scales 5-38-4. L. 5-7 inches. A graceful minnow, abundant in most
streams from New Jersey to the Ui)per Missouri and southward. As
here defined, more than one species may be included ; but, if so, the
authors are unable to distinguish them.)
(Ag.a8siz, Ainer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 2"24; Giinther, vii, 184 : Hybognathus argyrUk,
evavsi, arul r<Y/(H8 Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plilla. 185(5, 182,209: Ilyboyiiatlius rKjim
GiiutluT, vii, 18.'): Ilybognathns onmcrhins Ooi»e, Proc. Amer. Pliil. Soc. Phila. IdTO,
40^: Jlyboijnathuaargyritis Jordan, 2S[),)
1§3. II. amarus (Grd.) Jordan.
Head very short, small and blunt; front convex rather than de-
clivous, as in JT. nuchalis. Suborbital bones rather narrow, about as in
H. nuchaUs. Scales moderate, 10 in front of the dorsal. Coloration of
H. michalis, but size much smaller. D. 8 3 A. 7 j Lat. 1. 35-38 ; teeth
A A
J. x«
Eio Grande region.
(Algoma amara Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1856, 180.)
I§4. n. flavipinnos Cope.
" This fish differs from H. argyrUis {nuchalis of the present memoir) in
the smaller scales and quite different coloration. Eye large, horizon-
tally oval, its length 2g in head, and equal to interorbital width The
muzzle is shortly decurved to the mouth, which is terminal and short.
The extremity of the maxillary extends half way from the end of the
muzzle to the line of the orbit. Origin of ventral fins below or a lil,tle
in advance of the base of the first dorsal ray. The pectoral is short,
not nearly reaching the ventral, which in turn falls far short of the
vent. The lateral line rises anteriorl3\ The occipital region is convex
and rather wide, the interorbital region nearly flat. Color dusky above,
a wide dusky lateral band, separated by a pale band from the back, A
faint dark spot at base of caudal. Fins pale yellow, unspotted. Head
5^ iu leugjth, with caudal fin; depth a little more. D. 8; A. 7 or 8;
scales 7-41-4. L. 2^ inches. Llano River, Texas." {Cope, MSS.)
1S5. II. nisi'otseniatus Cope.
Similar to //. flavipinnis, but with larger scales. Ventral flu origi-
nating a little iu advance of the first dorsal ray. Eye large, a little
BuU. U. S. Geol.
■rT
31. CYPRINID^ — HYBOONATHUS.
157
less than one-third the length of the head and a little less than the in-
terorbital width. Ventral fin nearly reaching vent. Color dusky, with
u bla^/k lateral band. Fins plain. Head 5 in length, with caudal;
depth the same. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-34-3. L. 2^ inches. Medina
liver, Texas. {Cope, MSS.)
art. Suborbital bonea short aud dcop. '
1§6. II. placitiis Grd.
Head short and bluntish. Body stoutish. Eye small, shorter than
snout, about 5 in head. Scales moderate, about 10 in front of the dor-
sal. Size comparatively small. Grayish above, silvery below. Head ,
4f; depth 4J. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 40; teeth 4-4. Mississippi Valley to
Utah. (Possibly two species are here included.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18,")6, 182: Hyborinathua nuchalis Cope, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 6(5: Hybognathua nuchalia Jordau, 289; i)robably uot of
Agassiz. )
aaa. Suborbital bones unlcnown; small species of the Texan region.
187. II. episcopus (Grd.) Jordan.
Slender and graceful, fusiform in profile, and compressed, with the
ba«k slightly arched. The head is large, forming about the fifth of the
kngth. Eye large and subcircular, the diameter 3^ in head. Fiuc
moderate. Scales large, the lateral line following the middle of the
flanks. Dusky above, a blackish band along the sides, ending in a
dusty blotch at base of caudal. Fins unmarked. Scales with fine
black dots. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 39. L. 3 inches. Rivers of Texas.
(Girard.) This or some very similxr species occurs in Southern Illinois.
(Forbes.)
i^Dioiida epiacopa, acrena, texenais, papalia, argcntoaa, and chryaUia Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 177-178.)
1S8. H. fliiviatilis (Grd.) .Tor.
Form, size, and coloration of II. amarus, but the mouth and eye
smaller and the scales smaller. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 40; 16 scales before
dorsal. Snout tuberculate in spring males. New Leon. {Girard.) ^
{Algoma fluviatilia Grd. Proc Acad. Net Sci. Phila. 1856, 181.) - ?;
"Body short, deep, compressed, the depth about two-sevenths of the length. ... t'
1§9. II. melanops (Grd.) Jor. . .y ,» - to;
Head moderate, 44 in length. Snout rounded. Eye medium. Black-
ish above; sides smoky, with black dots; a black spot at base of caudal.
Depth 3 J. D. 8jA. 7; Lat. 1. 43; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inches. Rio Grande
region. {Girard.)
{Dionda tiu-lanops and couchi Grd. Proc. Acad. Na^. "jcI. Phila. 1856, 178; Jordan,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iv, No. 2, 408.)
■< I?
.•■>
I :;;!
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
7§.— COLISCUS Cope.
(Cope, Haydcn's Gool. Surv. Wyotn. 1H72, 4.17: typo CoUacua parietalis Cope.)
This genus diflfers chiefly from Hybognathus iu having the lateral line
incompleto or obsolete. The mouth is oblique, and the dorsal fin in
advance of the veutrals. (xoAo?, deficiency; in allusion to the incomplete
lateral line.)
IdO. C parietalis Cope.
Body moderately elongate. Head wide, especially behind. Muzzle
obtuse. Lips equal. Mouth descending obliquely, the maxillary not
quite reaching the orbit. Eye 3§ in head. Scales small, the tubes of
the lateral line present on 7 tf them ; 14 in a transverse series. Dorsal
fin midway between snout and caudal. Suborbital bones slender. Col-
oration silvery, unspotted. D. 7; A. 8; Lat. 1. 42; teeth 4-4. L. 2-3
inches. Missouri River at Saint Joseph. (Cope.)
(Cope, Geol. Surv. Terr. Wyora. for 1870, 1872,437; Jordan, 289.)
79.— PimEPHALES Rafineaque.
Fat-heads.
(Rafineaque, Iclith. Oil. 1820,52: type Pimephalca promelaa 'Rai.)
Body short and stout, little compressed. Head short and rounded.
Mouth small, inferior ; upper jaw jn'otractile ; no barbel. Teeth 4-4, with
oblique grinding surface, usually but one of the teeth hooked. Dorsal
over ventrals, its first (rudimentary) ray separated from the rest by
membrane. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal elongate. Perit-oneum
black. PseudobrauchioB present. Scales rather small. Lateral line
incomplete. Size small. (-t/isAiy?, fat; zscpaAij, head.)
191. P. promclas Raf.— Fat-head ; lilac] '"•ead Minnow.
Body very short and deep. Head short, everywhere convex, almost
globular in ailult males. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Scales
deep, closely imbricated. Lateral line almost wanting, on 5-20 scales
only. Olivaceous, the dorsal with a large black bar across it, nearly
half way up, most distinct anteriorly, appearing as a simple dusky
shade in the young. Male fish dusky, the head jet-black, with several
large tubercles on the snout iu spring. A dusky shade along sides of
caudal peduncle. Head 4; depth 4. D. I, 7; A. 7; scales 7-47-C; teeth
4-4. L. 2 J inches. Ohio Valley to the Upper Missouri; generally
abundant in sluggish brooks. Varies greatly with age, sex, and season.
(Raf. Icbth. Oh. 53 : Fimephalea fasdatua Grd. Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fliila. 1856,
180 : Plargyrua melanooephalua Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 325: PimephaJa
31. CYPRINIDiE HYBORHYNCHUS.
159
milesi Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Pbila. 1804,282 (from Michigan, may bo a distinct
Bpcc'ies; the scales said to bo Lat. 1. 40, only three scries between tbo lateral line
anil the ventrals; !>-7 usually in i'. promelas): Pimephalca aijaHsizU Cope, Cypr. Penu.
394; Giinther, vii, 181 : rimej)halea milesii Giinther, vii, 181; Jordan, 288.)
§0.-IIYBORHTNCHVS Agassis.
(Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 2i2: typo Mlnnilus votatm Raf.)
Tliis genus diliers from Fimephales only in having tbo lateral line
complete. The maxillary ia often provided with a rudimentary or obso-
lete barbel. ((3/5m7, gibbous; /J(V;f"') snoat.)
•Anglo of mouth without trace of barbel.
192. H. confertus Grd.
Aspect of Pimcphales promelas. Body stout, the back moderately
convex. Head wide, formed as in the preceding species. Mouth term-
inal, very small, oblique. Eye 4 in head. Fins small. Lateral line
usually wanting on some of the scales along tho sides. Color essentially
as iu Fimephales promelas, the males even darker ; the head black ; a
bread black baud across the dorsal; borders of anal and border of
veutrals and pectorals black ; the lower fins said to be edged with white
in life; body somewhat mottled. Females more elongate, plainly
colored. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. I, 8; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 43; t^eth 4-4. L.
2| inches. Arkansas River to the Rio Grande; abundant. This species
is intermediate between iT^ftor/ty/MJ^MS and Piwep/m/es. ^
[Hyborhynchua confertus (?) aud Pimephalea maculoaua ( J ) Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. 1856, 180: Hyborhynchua tigellua Copo, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 071.)
193. H. notatus* (Raf.) Ag, — Blunt-nosed Minnow.
Body rather elongate, not elevated, moderately compressed. Head
moderate ; the muzzle blunt and convex ; top of the head depressed.
Cheeks vertical. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Fins small ; the
dorsal moderate, the first ray distinct and spine-like in the male, slender
in the female. Anal small. Caudal fin short. Scales moderate, deep,
closely inbricated. Scales in front of dorsal small and crowded. Eye
moderate. Color olivaceous, little silvery; sides bluish; a black spot on
the dorsal fin iu front, near the base ; a dusky shade at base of caudal ;
males in spring with the black on the dorsal more extended and the
bead wholly black ; snout with about 14 disproportionately large tuber-
cles. Head 4^ ; depth 5. D. I, 8 ; A. 7 ; scales C-45-4 ; teeth 4-4. L.
4 inches. New York to Arkansas; generally abundant.
{ifbmhis notatus Raf. Ichth. Oh. 47 ; Giinther, vii, 182 ; Jordan, 288 : Catostomua
•Specimens agreeing closely with this species, but having the intestines no longer
than the body (as iu Coohlognathus), have been lately sent us from Illinois River by
Professor Forbes.
!»'
;
160 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGT — IV.
pi
m.
;Ji!
¥ '-L'l
melanotua Raf. Ichth. Oh. '68: Bijhorhynchus persjncuun Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1H56, 185: Hybognathm perspicuua Gunihi'T, vii, 185.)
** Angle of mouth with a minute, thickish barbel.
194. H. superciliosns Cope.
Heud broader, more ridged above. Caudal and anal flns more dusky ;
otherwise like tbo last, from which it may be distinguished only by the
presence of the small barbel. Wjth the last, equally widely distrib-
uted, and even more abundant. Probably a variety.
(Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 234; Jordan, 289.)
81.— EXOGIiOSSIIin Rafinesque.
Cutlips.
(Rafinesque, Jotirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 420, 1818 : type Exoglossum Icautnirianum
Ra,{.=:Cyprinu8 maxilHngua Le S.)
Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Mouth peculiar, the
mandible being contracted and incurv^ed, its outline strongly three-
lobed. This appearance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie close
together, parallel, and are united thronghwut their length, instead of
forming a broad arch, as in all other Cyprinoid fishes. The lower lip is
represented by a bro.id fleshy lobe on each side of the mandible. Up-
per jaw not protractile. (Jpper lip thick, somewhat plicate. Pharyn-
geal bones small. The teeth hooked, without grinding surface, 1, 4-4, 1.
Scales moderate. Lateral line complete. Fins without spines. Dorsal
slightly behind ventrals. Anal rays 7-8. Isthmus broad, (iill-rakers
weak. Pseudobranchite present. Air-bladder normal. Alimentary
canal short; ])eritoneum white. Size moderate. One of the most
^ strongly marked genera of Cyprinidce, with a single species, {k'^w, out-
side; yhonaa^ tongue.)
195* E. maxillillgua(Le Siienr) Haldeman. — Cut-lips; Stone-ioter.
Body rather stout, ^ itle compressed. Head large, broad and flattish
above, with tumid -IhvjKS. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the end
of the maxillary not leaching the line of the orbit. Upper jaw longer
than lower. Scales rather crowded anteriorlj^, those in front of the
dorsal small. Color olivaceous; smoky or dark above; a blackish bar
behind opercle, and a dusky shade at the root of the caudal in the
young; fins unmarked. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-53-5;
teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. G inches. Western New York to Virginia; abim-
dant in the Susquehanna Basin, but not widely distributed. One of the
most singular of the Cyprinidce^ distinguished at sight by its three-
lobed lower jaw.
(Cyprinus maxiUingua Le Suenr, Jonm. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 85; Glinther, vii,
188; Jordan, 308; Cope, Cypr. Penu. 1866,360.)
31. CYPRINIDJ2 — COCHLOONATHUS.
§3.— COCHLOttNATHUS Baird & Girnrd.
161
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 158: type CochlognathuH ornatus li.
This genus lias the general character and appearance of Byborhynchus,
the dentition and the structure of the fins being the same ; the teeth,
however, rather more strongly hooked and with deeper grinding sur-
ftice. It differs in the structure of the jaws, which are provided each
with a hard cutting plate, to all appearance precisely like the Diodonti-
dw, the sharp bony edge being surrounded by the usual lip. First ray
of dorsal separated by membrane, and spine-like, as in Hyborhynchus
and Fimephales. Alimentary canal short. Peritoneum white. Pseudo-
branchiiB present. Lateral line complete. Anal fin small. (zoj^P-oi;,
shell ; yvdOo^, jaw ; the covering of the jaws being hard, like shell.)
196t C ornatus Baird & Girard. — Hard-mouth Minnow.
Api)earance, dorsal fin and coloration essentially as in Hyborhynchus
notatus. Body moderately elongate. Ilead rather long. Scales com-
paratively large. Dorsal fin over the ventrals, rather high. Anal fin
quite small. Caudal fin short. Dorsal Hm with a black spot near the
base in front and a dusky blotch behind. The dorsal spine conspicu-
ous. Caudal fin with a dusky median baud, in front and behind which
is a pale area. A dusky lateral band. Snout tubercnlate in spring
males, as in Hyborhynchus. Head 4 ; depth 4|. D. 8 ; A. 6 ; Lat. 1. 40 ;
teeth 1-4. L. 3 inches. Kio Grande. A singular little fish, with the
mouth resembling that of Chondrostoma or Acrochilus, but the structure
otherwise resembling neither.
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 153; Giiuther, vii, 187.)
197. C. biguttatus Cope.
" A fish of rather uniform diameter and deep caudal peduncle. The
bead is oblong and rather wide above. The muzzle has a decuived pro-
file and terminal mouth. The orbit is large, 3f in head, a little less
than muzzle and than interorbital space. Head wide behind and flat
above. The infraorbital bones are narrow, while the preorbital is large,
vrith convex inferior and concave superior border. Maxillary not quite
reaching line of orbit. Ventral fins inserted opposite second or third
dorsal ray, reaching to vent. Anal fin small. Pectorals reaching three-
fifths to ventrals. Color silvery, without dark markings, except a black
spot at the base of the caudal and on the anterior rays of the dorsal.
Head 5 in length, with the caudal fin ; depth a little less. D. 8 ; A. 7 j
scales 7-34-! L. 2 J inches. Trinity Eiver, Texas." {Coj?e, MSS.)
Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 16 11
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162 CONTlUnUTIONS to NOUTH AMKUICAN ichthyology — IV,
N3.-lIFIVIITUi:iVIIA C'oiu>.
{Co\H>\ rvo^\ AiMor. riiil. Sof. I'hila. 1^70, AOi: t>i»t< lltmitrtmiit riltnttt Co\h\)
Hody nuHloniti^ly olonjjiittv IMoutU uornml. No barlx'l. 'IVoth I-}
(l-aor 5-5), h(u»ko(l, with }iriiHlinj;:sui'ta('o. Scnlos larjio. Latoial liiu«
incDiuploto l>(>rsal tin slightly bohiiul tlio vtMitrals. Ana! basis sluut.
Sporios of small si/o. Tho typical spoi'itvs, ofwliit'h but a sijijrh* spocj.
nu'ii is known, has tho tooth I-."*; tho normal nunibor is probably l-i,
howovor, as in tho othor spooios. It', lunvovor, tho tooth in //. vitfaUi
a^^^ ptMinanontly 5-4, tho roinainin;^' spooios nuiy staiul undor the go-
norio nanio of r//r/()/»f'.* (v/u, half ; r/ir^/iu, poro.)
* Tooth l-.">f (llimitreinuf.) '
l»N. II. viltll^n Oopo.
IWnly stont. lloa»l vory short, tho nuiz/.lo obtnso. lM«)nth small,
obliipio, tho niaxillary not roaohinj; tho orbit. l)yo lar^(*, .'{.V in Ic'iul,
iMpial to lonj^th of nin//.lo. Posal tin bojiinninj'' a littlo bohind tho ww
trals. hatoral lino dovolopod for ab«»nt half tho lon^th. <\>iorati()ii
dark, a dark latoral band, abovo this a palo shado, tht» boUy pah». Head
1^; tlopth 4^. 1>. S; A. 7; vsoalos G-^kS-l; tooMi 5-1 (or 5-;">). b. jj
iuohes. llolston Kivor. {Vofu\)
(t'opo, Tm'. Aim«r. riiil. Si»o. IMiilu. IHTO, 4(W.)
*• Tooth t-l. {('hnoi><< .low)
I1>t>. II. I»ili'«>iiatu( opt'.
Uody lathorshMidor, tluM'andal podunoh>sonu>>vhal oontraoti'd. Mead
n»o«lorat(», tho inu/./lo vory obtiiso. IMotith obli»pu», tho Jaws alumt
I'tpial. Fppor lip «»pposito lowor pi>rt «>f pnpik My»» laryo, ;{ in head.
l(»n{;'«'r than inn/./,lo. Katoral lin(> dovolopod for a vory short distauco
only. Thirtoon soalos lu'foro d*MWil. Straw oolor»>d, tho soalos Imowh
«'<lj»od abovt*. .V shinin;;' blaok band from snout thn)n^h oyo to caiulal.
An oraufio l»ainl abovo this on tln^ siuMit. Ivo^ions m'U>w tho black
band silvory. I load 1,^; dopth 4^ U.H\ A. 7; Hoalos 5-;;(>-.'{; (odii
4-4. L'. l^-li inohoa. INIassaohnsotts to Maryland. .\ small but von
Innulsonn ly oolor«»«l spooioa.
(//.vM'Ni« ^t/v«•«(l/«N{^>l»o, Cypr. Povtii. iB(in. naj.) ""- "T.T" 7
ttOO. ir niticiiliitii lliiy. _:_ _. :___^ ' f- -r--'^^'
Hody Ion;; and sh>ndor, slightly olovato*! at tho dorsn], soint>'.\lial
ooniprossod lload ilattouod abovo. Snout. iHiundod. Mouth sinali,
tormimil, slightly obli«pus nuixillary not roaohin^ to opposite oyo. I'vo
* Vhrhpf Jonhui, Hull. Mayth'ti'H (Jotil. 8urv. Tori-. Iv, ItffH, 787: typo //j/M""'
ftt/>'(m«fM« Copo. Tf/jfAi:, want; o/r>), jioiv.)
31. CY1»IUN11).K — CLIOLA.
163
iMiual to snout, 3] in hoad. Dorsal sli<;l«tly boliind vontvals, nearer
snoiif tlKin base of caiulal. Lateral liiuMvith pores on 8 or 10 scales
t>iily. Straw-eolor; a narrow dark dorsal band, and a dark stivak on
oiu'li side of anal, a iilmnbeons lateral band, and blaek speeks on each
si'aUv A bhu'k spot as Iarj;e at; the eye at base of eandal. lK>ad l^\
(li'pth r». I>. S; A. S; st'ales r>-,'5S-,'{ ; teeth i-l, with {^rindiny; surfaee.
L. L'i inches. (Mdekasawha Kiver, Mississippi. Jt<>if.)
^!l;i.v. I'rof. U. S. Nat. Miis, ISSO, .MU) ',
•jOI. ■■• 3i('t4*l*«>«luil Copt'.
Hotly nnnlerately stout, ilie baek eonipresseil ami sonunvhat elevated.
lloail rather pointed, the tnuz/le aeuuiinate. Mouth obli«pu», the lower
jaw project in j>", the upper lip opj)osite the upper rim of pupil. Maxillary
{'xtoiuiinji" to opp«)site front t>f oilrlt. 'rhirtcen scales in front of dorsal.
Kyc ;» in head. Color oli'.iice(»us. A blackish dorsal band. Sides with
;i It'iuhMi or di'.sky band. D. S; A. S. Scales r>-^U>-.'5, the lateral hue
cxtoiidinK about lialf the U>n^th of the body. Teeth 1-4, often crenate.
L. L'A inches. Michi^^an and Wisconsin.
(Mburiioitu hvttroihn rom*, Pi-oc. Ai-ail. Nat. S»<i. Phila. lS('i|,vSl : Hiihupsin hdivoilon
Coiu", i'y\\\\ l'»Mii\. ;Wv»: Lc)n*ii>cint hiUtiodon Oilutlun', vii. "Jtil; llcmitirmiit ht'lennio't Jof'
tliin. Man. Vort. ;U).i.)
SI.-ri.lOB..\ tJinml. .
Sihwr Fins, .
(CotUmn, Ctl}trinfUtt, MoHianii, and //ik/noiuk.v (Jiranl ; Vhctonriiis niul TTtihtfmia Co\)(^ )
lliiioilus (iiliilluM ; /'.Vt>(/ii/i< Jonlan.)
^Cinnl, I'ltH'. \vi\{\. Nat. Svi. IMiila. tS'.ti, Ii)J : typo IVnilichthtiH viijilitx \M. \ Ctwh)
body ovate, oblouji', or elon};'ate, usually ciunprovssed. Mi)uth muiual,
usually rather small. No barlads. Scnhvs various, cianmor.ly hui-c, often
closely imlnicatetl. Lateral linec()mph>t(S usually decurved. Diusal tin
jjoiiorally uiore or less behind ventruls. Anal short «>r rather eh)nj;ate.
Tooth t-l, or 1, l-L 0, ov I, M, I* (1, 1-1, 2 In oju^ species), hooked, with
or without }»rindin{;' surface, the cdj^o ofti>n more or less serraf(\ tides.
tiiial canal short. I'erittuu'um nu>stly pale. Males in sprlnjj usually
pviokly, with the tins charj;ed with red or white pifi'ineid. A very larjjo
^miip (tf suiiill tlshes, usually brilliantly colored ; abundant in ell our
Soulli(>rn and liasttMii rivers, and extt»ndln^ southwartl to Western
Moxico.t .Ml aiH* .\nu*rican. (.V coined nanu>.) ^r— -, ,'jV'm-
' Sjiid Id Im I, ;5-;i, l in oi\t> Muccios, ('. vohilU, W {\\\h 1>o lini', ilio latlor NpiM'ioH will
r»im llio typo (tf u (I'stiiul pMiuH, VViinM/ti '.ilrara, Proo. \n'A. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IS')il,
i!t>l: typo TiaiViht oe/'^iw (ioanl. (A ooliiod iiaiiio.) j&Tf,»^w*s.;
'((I.) <'. «i//ij .Kxilaii. Poil.v nuutoialol.v olonn;»to, compTCsmMt. ' p, tho Imok
wmu'wliat oU>vato»l, lloatl Hliort, mnuowliat tloproNNod abovo, num iioly polntoil,
K)TUio«lor»to, Hliovtov titan Hiiout, r>-(} In hoad. Mouth ukhIIuui, obUquo, tomiiuidi
r.'
'it
i. :, i:^
tmtut
1G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOi^TH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
The speciea may be divided as follows :• .?► i v. - . i, ».
*
ij Scnlo.s not OHiuicially do(>p«'r than long ; not closely imbricated.
* Tootli 4-4 ; HpciricH orHiiiall hI'-c.
t Teeth with grinding siirfacci more or less developed. (Hvuor.sis Cojte, n()u A^.)
(rt.) Scales in tlni lateral line more than 45 alta. sa'ini,
a. Scales in the lateral line 41) or 44 iuditana, taaroccpltala, hwinaturu,
aa. Scales iu the lateral line 32-37.
Bpedruncnla, vuhila,fi'efcnms, longiroatrh, atramincd.
vohirella, microHtoma, Uneolatn, miHSvrknsh, pnwne.
ft Teeth withont. grinlinj;; anrface. (Cuola.)
b. A black spot on anterior edge of ilorsal and one at the base of the caudal,
rhiildi,
bh. No black spot on anterior edge of dorsal chlora, ni'jrotanialn.
** Teeth two-rowed.
J Teeth wilhont grinding snrfaco cobi'iHfiiinut.
U Teeth with grinding surface more or leas develnjted. (HtTnaoNirs (inl,)
saliidana, Htonriana, hndHonin, curiiopa.
i^ Scales deeper than long, very closely imbricated along sides of the body.
'Teeth 4-4,
t Edges of teeth entire. (CoooMA Girard.) •
t- Teeth with grinding snrfaco deveh)ped it'if, jiigaliH,
tl Teeth withont grinding snrface.
fl. Dorsal tin inserted notably behind ventrals; Lead \s'iv "•> "nd blunt, al-
most round . , ifiUata, ornata.
aa. Dorsal fin inserted directly over ventrals; head moderate, subconic.
calliama.
the premaxillary on the level of the pupil, tlie maxillary n«)t r(>acliing the frontof tlio
]>upil. .Taws e(iunl. rreorbital large. Scales not closely imbricated, 10 in frontnf
dorsal ilu. Dorsal over ventrals. Caudal peduncle deep. Itluish, sides silvery,
tins i>lain. Head 4J; depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 8-40-4; teeth 4-4, with ni-viow
grinding surface. Lake Tupataro, Guanajuato.
(IJiubonUti^ alttifi Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 301.)
(6.) C. saUa'i (Gilnther) J. & G. Caudal i)ednncle not quite twice as long as (loop,
No barbels. Snout obtus ly conical, longer than the eye, which is one-iifth the Iciijrih
of head. Upper jaw slight ly ovt>rliipping the lower. Maxillary not extending to ojo.
Dorsal immediately behind ventrals. Fins short. Brownish green above, riinutoly
dotted with black along the sides. He.ad 4; depth 3J. D. 7; A. 0; Lat. I, ^ ill
4—1, long, curved, with grinding surface. Intestinal canal with few con .
L. 3^ inches. Cnernavaca, Mexico, {(tiinther.)
(Ccratii'hthnii aallivi GilnthiU", vii, 484: Uitdaonins saliwi Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. . .
1870,221).)
(c.) r. iMV/ro/iriim/fr (Gilnther) .Tor. Body oblong, snout obtn.se, convex, lon.'^cr tli;in
the eye. Eye 4.J In head. Month subinferior, snuiU, the upper jaw the longer, max-
illary not reaching front of orbit. A black lateral band. Head 4jt ; depth.'), I), H;
A, 8; scales ()-:r)-3. Teeth probably 4-4, allliongh oidy 2-2 are present in one of tlii>
typical exii\uples, and none at uU iu the others ; uu ovideut grinding surface. L 4
inches, Atliseo, Mexico, ,,,.,,
{(fi-aodiiK phirolivnialuii Gilnther, vii, 49Ty: Cliola nigrota^iiafa Jordan, ?roc. U. S.
Nat, Mus. 1871>, 22(), The accidental loss of the teeth in two of the three typ^ al oxnm-
plea was the occasion of the establishment «)f the nominal genns (traodnn.)
•The render is advised to be cautions in the use of this key. Some ehnrncters ap-
pear In the adult only, and in other cases their presence is a qncstiou simply of
degree.
31. CYPRINIDiE — CLIOLA. „ . v 1G5
ft Kclgcs of tcctli moro or less Horrak) or crnnatc ; d«r.s.il Hlightly bi^hind vcntrnls
(MoxiANA fiininl).
gibbosa, J'orbrsi, honina, latrenaiH, dclicioHa, aurata, formomi.
«• Tooth 1, 4-4, 1.
; ^ 6. Teeth with tli« o.(lg«5s serrate or crcniito, UHually without griiuling sur-
faee. ((JVPUINKM-A (Sirard.)
c. Dorsal lin without couspieiious black blotch ou its upper posterior
rays. ,
d. No couspicuouH black spot at base of caudal.
'^■■y e, IJody very deep, compressed, the depth foruilug about a third of
the length umbrona, bnbalina, gniinisoni.
ec. Body slenderer, the depth III— li iu length.
5 - auai'iH, lepida, bUlingHiana, matroHtoma, Indibunda,
dd. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal notata, reauHia.
cc. Dorsal flu elevatiMl, wilh a c()ns])icuous blai'k blot(;h ou its posterior
':-j rays (oi'ten obsolete* in the young).
/.A conspicuous blacit spot at base of caudal calliura.
ff. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.
f/. Ttieth without grinding Hurfacti wlUpplel.
, gff. Teeth with narrow grinding surface aualostana.
ib. Tooth with entire edges in the adult. (Eikxjai.a Jordan.)
h. Teeth with narr«)w grinding surface ; anal short.
galaclura, euiiiatoma, nivea.
hh. Teeth without distinct grinding surface.
j. Anal fin short, of H or 1) rays.
k. A conspicuous dark blotch on tipper posterior rays of
dorsal.
I. Adult males with the fins chiefly red ; a conspicuous
' black spot at base of caudal... ca/fiatta, trtc/irotsfia.
II. Adult nuiles without red.
' • m. A very conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.
■" HtigmalHra,
mm. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.
vwrulea, chloriHtia.
i.i' • - ' fcJfc. No dark blotch on upper ijostcrior pan oi dorsal.
• sonata.
jj. Anal flu long, of 10 or 11 rays; flns high.
■' xwnuraf pyrrhomeluH, hgpscloptcra.
•
} Scales not especially deeper titan long, not closely imbricat^^d.
* Teeth 4-4 ; species of snuiU size.
t Teeth with grinding surface more or less dcvolopod.* {llybopak Cope, non
Agassi z.)
a. Scales in the lateral line 43 or 44.
a09. fJ. tiidltaiia (Copo) J. & a.
Form jiiul goncral appearance of ITyhorhynchus nofatus. Head ilat
above. Muzzle very obtiise. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Fins
low. Scales rather small, 27 in front of the dorsal. Olivaceous above;
dorsal scales narrowly black-edfjed ; no vertebral band; sides and* be-
low silvery ; usually a dusky band along sides, ending in a dark camlal
•Several of the species in this section are of doubtful validity, and some of them
may prove to belong to Ilybognalhus.
m-
...
"""■
■
, \_
fc'
4
- ■ *
A'
-■i-^--
.,.i
.~^
.■■i,
> U .H
• j'
■■ »
V
.4
■;f,
i?
1
mum
U. .J
il^'
IGG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
,. spot; a dark spot near the base of the dorsal in front, as in Ilyhorhyn.
elms. Head 4^; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-44-4; teeth 4-4, little
hoolced. L. 3 inches. Michigan to Indiana. _ , .
( niihopmn tuditanm Copo, Traua. Aiucr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1S6G, 381 : Lcuciacua tiulitanm
Gilnthor, vii, 259.)
303. C. tsiiiroccphala (Hay) J. & G.— Bull-head Minnow.
Body stout, somewhat compressed, broad and flat above, with deep
caudal ])cduncle. Uead broad and flat above, with an angle at tlie
temporal region. Muzzle broad and obtuse, less truncate than in Ifij.
horhynchus notatus. Mouth rather small, horizontal, terminal, the juw.s
about equal, maxillary not reaching to opposite anterior margin of eye.
Eye large, 3.j in head. Dorsal inserted above ventrals, nearer snout
than caudal. Scales before dorsal small, in about L*7 series. Dusky
yellowish; sides silvery, with an obsolete dark lateral band, which tcr-
minat(\s in a black spot; a black sjmt on anterior rays of dorsal liu.
Depth ^.i; head 4^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-43-4; teeth 4-4, with grind-
lug surface. L. 3 inches. Chickasawha River, Mississippi.
(Albiinwj)a taurocephalua Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mii8. 1880, 503.)
201. C. Iiaciiiatura (Cope) J. & G.
Head moderate, tlie muzzle little obkise. Mouth larger, terminii],
obli<pie, the maxillary reaching the orbit. Eye 3^ in head ; temi)oral
region rounded. Scales rather snmll, 21 rows in front of the dorsiil.
Lateral line slightly decurved. Plumbeous above; head blackish; ii
faint dusky lateral baiul, ending in a dusky spot at root of caudal tin;
caudal lin dull red ; fins otherwise ^lain. Uead 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8;
A. 7 ; scales 7-44-4 ; teeth 4-4, little hooked. L. 3 inches. Michigan
to Illinois; not very common. •
• "
(ITi/bopaia ha'inatuvua Copo, Cypr. Pciiu. '382, 18GC: Leuciacua Itwmatuiua Giiuthcr, vii,
2^y-)" - • :■ -, ■ - ,., . V-.., -,-..•.,.-.■- ■^,.,i./., ■;.■■ ■
aa. Scjiles in tlio latorallinc 32-37. , '■',['■',■
205. C. sE>cctriiiicula (Cope) J. & G. -
Body elongate. Head largo and rather Hat, nearly as broad as deep
Eye large, 3 in head. Muzzle remarkably thick. Mouth slightly ob-
li(pie, the maxillarj- reaching the eye. Fifteen rows of scales in front of
dorsal. Olivaceous, silvery white below; a leaden baud along the sides
and a conspicuous black spot at base of caudal ; head dusky; margius
of scales above lateral line, as well aa bases of dorsal and anal lins,
blackish; i:ectoral8, ventrals, dorsal, and anal more or less orange iu
31. CYPRINID^ — CLIOLA.
167
life. IIea(14} depth o^. D. 8; A. 9; Lat. 1. 37; teeth 4:-4. L. 3 inches.
Ileadwat^ii'S of IIo]stou Kivcr. {Cope.) j.j ..... i . . ,;,a,
(Ifllbopnix xpectrunculus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci, Pliiia. 1808, 231.) v".
206. C nubila (Forbes) J. & G.
Head narrow. Mouth inferior and horizontal. Lateral line anteriorly
(leflcxed. Eye large, 3 in head, rather longer than muzzle. Fourteen
scales before dorsal. Color very dark; a dark lateral baud from muzzle
to base of caudal ; fins all plain. Head 4^ ; depth 4. D. 8^ A. 9; scales
5-37-3; teeth 4-4, little hooked. L. 2^ inches. Hock lliver, Illinois.
(Albitnwps nnhilns Forbes, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hiat. ii, 56, 1878.) .3
207. ۥ frolonsas (Cope) J. & G.
Body slender and compressed, resembling Mlnniliis. Head convex
between orbits. Mouth quite oblique, the middle of the i)remaxillary
beiiif? opposite the line of the pupil ; maxillary not reaching to orbit.
Eye 3j in lunul. Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal. Lateral
line decurved. Olivaceous; a dark median dorsal band ; a plumbeous
silvery lateral shade ; cheeksr silvery ; a dark spot at base of caudal ;
fins plain. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-35-3; teeth 4-4.
L 2h inches. Michigan to Illinois.
(/////w;wi'^ /rc^cnsis Cope, Cypr. Ponn. 332, 18GG.) ' "^ '• '
20S. C. "ongirosJris (Hay) .T. & G.
Form of Ericymha huccata. Head rather small. Eye shorter than
snout, 4 in liead. Upper jaw rounded, considerably projecting beyond
the lower jaw. IMouth rather large, horizontal, maxillary extending to
opposite anterior margin of the eye. Scales large ; about 12 large scales
in front of the dorsal. Origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal, directly over ventrals. Pectorals not reaching
ventrals; the latter to vent. Straw-color, with an obs«)lete lateral baiul
and a narrow dorsal streak ; fins dusky. Head 4.^. 1). 8; A. 7; scales
4-30-3; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface. Chickasawha IJiver, Missis-
(Albiimopa lonfjirosMn Hay, Prro. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 504.) a.">, ; • • & i '/ ,/'?
a09. €. KtD'ainaGica (Coito) J. & G.—Straw-cntored Miniioit'.
Body moderately stout, little comi)ressed. Head rather broad, with
ronnded angles. IMouth small, inferior, horizontal. Snout very obtuse.
Eye largo, 3 in head. Fifteen rows of scales in front of dorsal ftn.
Pale olivaceous) sides little silvery; usually a darker dorsal baud ; fins
< 1
[;
r-rP
m
■i; f.
' ^v*!
MM
tmm
iiai
',4 ^' ■>
IK ^ :
r .■'' *
4L_1 _
"J
it
1C8 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV.
all plain. TToad 4 ; dopth 5. ScaUvs 5-30-1 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inclios.
Ohio Valley and lake region; generally abundaiit in small streaiiis.
One of the most insignitlcant of all our iishos.
{lljlhoiinathits Ktraminfius Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. ISO-t, 281}: Ilyhoiim stra-
minciw Copp, Cypr. Pcmi. 381.) ,
aiO. €. voluc«lln (Copo) J. & O.
IJody n\o(lerately stout. Head depressed, elongate, the vertex i)lano,
the muzzle elongate. Fins more ehmgatc than in most of the related
species, the pectorals reaching the ventrals. Can<lal peduncle slender.
Eye 3^ in head. Olivaceous, a slight dusky lateral shade; no dorsal
stripe; llns plain. Head 3;f; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8 ; scales 4-3 i-3;
teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inches. Michigan and Wisconsin.
(Ifjlhoijiiathiw rol ttnlliis Coi^«, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 18fi4, 283: Hi/bojyaia vohi-
ccllm Copy, Cypr. Pemi. 381: LeuviHCHU voliici'llus GUiithcr, vii, 200.)
211. €. inicrostoiilit (Raf.) J. & 0.
IJody elongate, the caudal peduncle not contracted. Mouth inferior,
horizontal, small, the maxillary not reaching the lino of the eye. Fins
rather short. Eye large, 3J in hetul. Fourteen scales before dorsal.
Preorbital bone nnich longer than deep. Olivaceous, translucent; a sil-
very lateral band, along which is a black speck at the origin of each
tube of the lateral line. 1). 8; A. 7; scales 5-33-2 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^
inches, "^/irginia to Kentucky.
{Mhnnliis microntomiin Raf, Iclitb. Oh. 1820,47: IlyhopsialontjiccpsCojio, Jouni. Acad.
Nat. Sci. IMiila. 18(W, 231.)
919. C. liiicolata (Agiissiz) J. & O.
Body slender, llead short. Muzzle obtuse. Mouth slightly obli(ino,
the jaws e(pial, the maxillary reaching to eye. Lateral line slightly de-
curved. 01iva(!eous, sides silvery, with dark points along the lateral
line, those especially abundant along the sides of the muzzle. Head
41 ; depth 4| . D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 0-34-4 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2 inches.
Nebraska to Colorado. (Cope.) Osage River. {ApamU.)
(Albitniiis /(Hf'()?(ifHs Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Couip. ZoCd. 1803,9: rAmciMcuHliHColatusGM-
ther, vii, 200 : Ifyhopsi^ HCiflla Cope, llaydiMi's Ocol. Surv. Wyoni. 1872, 438.)
ai3. C. mlssHrl«Hsls (Copo) J. & G.
lh)dy stout, with large head and thick caudal po<lunclo. Mouth snb-
inferior, somewhat obliipie, end of nuixillary reaching line of orbit.
Twelve scales in front of the dorsal flu. Fins rather long. Eye large, .1
in head. Coloration very pale olivaceous; a silvery lateral band and
some dusky specks at base of caudal j no dark dorsal lino j llns plain.
31. CYPRINin^E — CLIOLA.
169
Head 3;^; doptli 4.^. A. 7; Hcalcs 5-,{l-3 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2^ inclics.
Missouri to the Kio Grande; probably abundant.
{llyhopHiH mlmirinmn Copo, Iliiydon's (Jcol. Hiirv. Wyoin. for 1870, 1872, 4;J7.) ■ "
911. C. prociiC ((!opo) J. & O.
IJody slcn<l<^r, with lonj; caudal pe(bin(;le. Muzzle obtuH;», Mouth
liorizontal, inferior, small. Thirteen rowH of scales in front of the
dorsal. DejJth of caudal i)eduncle one fourth its Ienj,'th. Eye largo.
Olivaceous ; a dark dorsal line and a plumbeous lateral band overlying
bliick i)iginent; IJns unspotted. Head 4^; depth 5,^. Scales f»-.'{2-3 ;
teeth 4-4; A. 7. Ij. 2^ inches. Delaware and Susquehanna liivers.
One of the smallest of the Q//>riniflffc.
{lIilhoqnathuH prnrne Cope, rroc. Acnd. Nat. 8ci. Pliila. 18G4, 271): Jlijhoima proone
Cope, Cypr. Pcnii. 3S5: Loudncus proono (iilnthcr, vii, 2(J0,)
ttTeoth witliouti Krindinjf suifat-'o. (Clioln.)
b, A black Hjtot ou tlio aiitcrinr odgo of the «lorsal and ono at tho haso of the caudal.
21,1. C. viirilax «. & G.
l}o«ly subfusiform, comi)res8ed, not elevated. Head conical, bluntish.
Mouth rather small, obli(iue, the jaws equal, the maxillary not extend-
ing to the eye. Eye moderate, 3^ in head. Isthmus rather broad. Fins
small ; the dorsal longer than high. Scales large, somewhat higher than
long, 1(J in a transverse series from dorsal to ventral. Color brownish ;
a dusky stripe composed of crowded dots .^ jng the lateral line; a black
spot at base of <;audal, and one on tho anterior rays of dorsal. Head 4;
depth 4:|. ]). 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 30; "teeth 4-4, without grinding sur-
face". L. 3 inches. Arkansas to Texas. {Qirard.) • ? .
(CcmlwJilhns rigilax IJuird &. Girurd, I'roc. Acnd. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18."i3, :]90: Cliola
uyilax, vdox, and rivax (Jirard, I'ron. Acnd. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1H.'>3, 1!)2, and in U. 8.
Pac. U. li. Surv. x, 257,258. C. vIkox iu said to liavo scaloH "a good deal siuftUor",
but no data nro given. The typos of all tlirco are now lost.)
Ii/i. No black Hpot on antorior edgo of dorsal. , ; .'-■■ f
!I16. €. vlilora Jordan.
Body slender, compressed. Head rather small. Eye large, about 3
in head, longer than snout. Mouth rather small, quite oblique, tht
lower Jaw included when tho mouth is closed, tho nnixillary scarcely
reaching the front of orbit. Scales very large, about 12 in front of tho
dorsal tin ; the body entirely scaly except the thoracic region. Lateral
line somewhat decurved. Dorsal lln beginning directly over ventrals.
Color pale ; back greenish ; belly white ; side with a silveiy band ; no
spots on llns and no dusky or plumbeous shading ou tho body, cxce[)t
mmm>
170 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
sometimes a small dark spot at base of caudal. Head 4,^ ; depth 5. ]).
7 ; A. 7 ; scales 4-35-3 ; teeth 4-4, without grinding surface. L. ^
iuches. Upper Missouri region.
(Jord:iu, Bull. Ilaydcu's Gool, Siirv. Terr. iv,7'Jl, 1878.) -,
* * Tooth t\vo-rowo(l. ' : - ; '
t Tooth without grinding Htirfaco.
3 1 7. C. cobitis (Grd. ) J. & G.
Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, compressed. Head small,
subconiciil, <lepressed. Mouth small, terminal, oblique, without barbels,
the maxillary falling far short of eje; lower jaw inch '.xl. Eye mod-
orate, high up, midway in head; isthmus very wide. \'entrals slightly
in advance of ilorsal. Fins all high. Lateral line nearly straight. Body
olivaceous, with dusky specks above ; a black spot at base of caiulal.
Head 4 ; depth 4^. 1). 8 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. Go. Teeth without griiuliiij,'
surface, 1, 3-3, i,fide Clirard.* L. 2^^ inches, liio Gila. {Girard.)
(Tiaroga cohilia Giravd, Proc. Aciid. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18oG, 204, a.ud U. S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. Ichth. 00: Lcuciacus coh'itw Giintlier, vii, '-247.)
218. C. sima (Copo) Jor. & Gilb. '
Body robust. Head short and broad, with short, decurved nmzzlo.
Mouth large, oblique, tlie upper lip below the level of the pupil, tlio
maxillary extending past the front of orbit. Eye moderate, 4} in head.
Fins large, the dorsal well behind ventrals. Coloration entirely silvery,
brightest on the sides. Head 4^; depth 4]. D. 8; A. 9; scales
8-35-4, 22 series in front of the dorsal fln ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. U
inches. Eio Grande at San Ildefonso, Kew Mexico. {Cope.)
{AlburnvUus siniiis Copo, Zool. Lieut. Whoelcr's Expl. W. 100th Mor. v, 649, 187G.)
tt Tooth wiih grindiug surfaco nioro or loss developed, (lludsoniua Girard.t)
319. €. snliKlasBa Jor. &. Bra.vt.
Body eh)ngate, but less so than in G. storeriana, moderately com-
l)ressed. Caudal peduncle long. Head large, rather heavy and gib-
bous forward, the muzzle rounded in profile. Eye large, 3^ in head.
Mouth moderate, subinferior, the maxillary not reaching to the eye
Scales large, thin and loose, about 12 in front of the florsal fln. Lateral
line somewhat decurved in front. Fins rather small, pectorals not reticli-
ing to ventrals, the latter not to vent. Coloration pale olivaceous, nearly
* If this punibor of tooth i8 normal and not merely duo to accident, this epocics of
course does not belong to Cliola.
t Girard, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 185G, 210: typo Clupea hudaonia De Witt
Clinton. (The name from Hudson River.)
31. CYPRINID^ CLIOLA.
171
white, v.itU traces of a plumbeous liitenil streak. Ilead 4.^ ; depth 4^.
]). 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-3i)-.T ; teeth 1, 4-1, 1, two or three of the teeth oh-
tuse, not hooked, only one or two of them showing a masticatory sur-
face. L. 4 inches. 8;iutee Basin, North and South Carolina.
{Alburnop8 saludanm .runlan & Braytoii, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, IG, 167ti.)
280. C. stor«'rla:B:i (Kirt.) J. & CJ.
Body elongate, considerably compressed in the adult. Head quite
short. Muzzle blunt, decurved, shorter than the very large eye, which is
',i in head. Top of head flattened, somewhat concave between orbits.
Greatest depth of head nearly three-fourths its length. Mouth mod-
erate, nearly horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary extending
to the eye. Lateral line nearly straight, slightly decurved anteriorly.
Eighteen scales before dorsal. Coloration very pale, sometimes a dusky
spot at base of caudal, especially in the young. Sides with a broad
silvery band. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter not to vent.
Ciiudal fin long, the lower lobe the longer, dusky, with a pale edge.
Head 4-; ; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-39-4; teeth 1, 4-4, or 1. L.
4-8 inches. (Ireat Lake region to South Carolina. One of our largest
minnows. Perhaps more than one species is hero included, but we fail
to distinguish with any certainty the Eastern amarii from the lake form
[storcriana), from which the above description was taken, is fii:..;v *.-,!»
{Riitilug 8lorcrianii8 Kirtland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, i,71, 1842: HudHonins amarm .
Giiunl, I'loc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbila. Irf.'jC), 210 : llijbopbia storerianua Copo, Cypr. Pcuu.
'iSG: Leiicineus stortrianua Giiuthor, vii, 250.)
221. C lllldaiOllJia (Cliutuu) J. & G.—Spawn-eatm'.
This species scarcely differs from the foregoing except in the some-
what darker coloration, the black caudal spot being usually distinct,
and in the dentition, several specimens examined having the teeth 2,
4-4, 1, instead of 1, 4-4, 0, as in the preceding. The proportions, scales,
and lin-rays seem to be the same, and the form of the head and mouth
do not essentially difler. Streams coastwise, New York to Virginia.
(Chipra hmUonia Do Witt Clinton, Ann, Lye. Nat, Hist. N, Y. i, 49, 1824: HwUonius
//i(rm/i7('« Ginu'd, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci, Phi la. 185(5, 210: i/j/l»oj)8i« /lurfaomu*' Cope, Cypr.
ronn. 386: Leutiacus hudaoniua GUntbcr, vii, 250.)
222. C. curyopn (Boan) J. & G.
Silvery, with a bljick lateral band. Eye large, 3 in head. Head 4| ;
depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales C-38-5 j teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grind-
ing surface. Savanilah Eiver.
{Iliukoniua curyopa lieuu, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1879, 285.)
:■ .■I
^riafa
172 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
5$ Scalis (locpcr than long, very closely imbricated along sides of tlio body.
* T«!cth 4-4.
t Edges of teeth entire. {Codoma.*)
t Teeth with grinding surface developed.
233. C. Iris (Cope) J. & G.
Body deep, compressed, as in Gyprinella. Dorsal outline well arched.
Month moderate, oblique, the jaws subequal. Eye moderate, 4 in head.
Scales very narrowly exposed on the sides, the lateral line decurved.
Seventeen rows of scales in front of dorsal fin, which is inserted behind
ventrals ; pectoral lin reaching ventrals ; ventrals reaching anal ; dorsal
and caudal short. Males in spring with the snout in front tuberculate.
Color bright, clear green above ; a green band extending down behind
operculum ; head and belly vermilion-red ; a large, square vermilion spot
behind the green scapular stripe. Lower lius crimson ; caudal vermil-
ion ; dorsal olivaceous, unmarked. Females plain olivaceous and sil-
very. Ilead 3i| ; depth 3\. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 5-33-3 ; teeth 4-4. L.
2^ inches. Upper Kio Grande. The most brilliantly colored lish iu
New Mexico. [Cope.)
{riypailepis ids Cope, Wheeler's Expl. W. lOOtli Mer. v, G53, 1876.)
9584. C.Jiiif alls (Cope) J. & G.
Form stout, compressed. Back much elevated, descending steeply to
the end of the muzzle. Upper jaw rather the longer, maxilLary reach-
ing beyond the front of the orbit. Eye moderate, 4^ in head. Pectorals
nearly reaching ventrals. Sides and lower fins milky white ; a dusky
shade on dorsal fin ; a broad dark vertical bar behind head ; a dusky
shade on the side between ventrals and anal. The coloration, therefore,
essentially that of tiie species of the group Photogenis. Head 4 ; dei)tli
3. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 7-34-4 ; teeth 4-4 (said to be 1, 4-4, 1 in young
specimens), with rather narrow grinding surface. L. 2J inches. Mis-
souri River and Arkansas River. (Cope.)
(Moniana jiigalk Cope, Haydeu's Geol. Surv. Wyom. for 1870, 1872, 439.)
tt Teeth without grinding surface.
a. Dorsal liu inserted notably behind ventrals; head very short and blunt, al-
most round.
aSS5. C. vittata(Grd.) J. &G. ' - .— ••-^r ^- .. w . -
Body rather stout, heavy anteriorly, with long caudal peduncle ; the
back not arched. Head blunt and heavy, but less gibbous than in V.
ornata. Mouth moderate, quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching to
the eye. Eye rather small, nearly 5 in head. Scales rather small.
* r-irard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 194 : type Codoma vittata Grd. (A coined
name.)
31. CYPBINIDiE — CLIOLA.
173
Fins low. Lateral line somewhat deciirved. Color dark above, below
this a silvery baud, aud be'.ow this a dusky shade ; has in the typical
siKMiiniens plain. Head 4^ depth ilj. D. 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 53. L. 3 inches.
Valley of Mexico. v.
{Codoma viltata Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 195, and U. S. Mox. Bound.
Siirv. Ichth. 5;J.)
220. C. ornata (Gnl.) J. & G.
JJody stout and compressed, the head verj' blunt, thick, and rounded.
Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the jaws equal. Eye large, anterior, 3|
in head. Scales deep, closely imbricated, the lateral line decurved.
Dorsal a little behind ventrals. Fins all rather small. Snout prickly
ill the spring males. Color dark; sides with about 8 more or less
conspicuous cross-bars ; fins all with the middle part dusky or black,
the tips milk-white, the pectorals and the anal notably so. Head 4^ ;
depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 7; Lat. 1. 39; teeth 4—4. L. 2^ inches. Chihuahua.
{Codoma ornata Giraid, Proc. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185C, 195, and U. S. Mox. Bound.
Siirv. Iclith. 53.)
fl(j. Dorsal fin inserted directly over vontrals ; head moderate, subconic.
327. C. calliscma Jordan.
Body rather elongate, fusiform, comi)ressed. Head elongate, the
muzzle rath jr blunt, projecting over the moderate-sized, obliiiue mouth ;
maxillary not reaching to opposite the eye. Eye moderate, 4^ in head.
Scales firm, closely imbricated, 15 in front of the dorsal. Dorsal fin
extremely high; its height in the males one-fourth of the length of the
body, in the females somewhat lower ; its insertion almost directly over
the first ray of the ventrals. In all the other similarly colored species of
Cliola the dorsal is evidently behind the ventrals. Coloration brilliant,
clear dark blue above, sides and below abruptly silvery; a blue lateral
streak, much as in G. ccerulea, bounding the blue of the upper parts, the
white i)igment of the lower parts looking as if painted over the blue.
Dorsal with a large black spot on its last rays above. Dorsal, anal, and
caudal with the usual Latin-white pigment at their tips ; these fins other-
wise of a clear, bright ferruginous orange. Females slender and dull-
colored. Head 4 ; <lepth 4| . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales C-39-3 ; teeth 4-4. L.
2f inches. Ocmulgee Iliver, Georgia. An elegant fish, allied to the
species of Erogala. .:.;,i w
{Epiaema callinema Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 363: Codoma calUsema
Jordan, Bull. II. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52.) ,.. v ,
tt Edges of teeth more or less serrate or crenate ; dorsal fin slightly betind ventrals.
(Moniana Girard.*) .
* Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199 : type Leudacua lutrenata B. & G. (A
coined name.)
.!;■■
\mM
■•\'i
■<('^
174 coNTRinmoxs to noutii American ichtiivology — •■
'I
9'iM. €. Kil»l»OMn (Ord.) J- >V G.
IJody oxtrrmoly tUw]) ami coinprossod, tlio back inncli arclicd, cspo.
]»o<'ially anteriorly. Ih'ad .sliort, Miint and drcp, Ihr pr(»lih> <'(nitiiinnii.s
from 11m» siicmt to tluMK'cipiil willioiit aiij^hi. Mii//.N^ Mlioit aii<l bliiiit.
Eye small, .'{/ in li«'a<l. Month «piit«i snuill, very obliqnc; the nppcr lip
on the level of the pnpil, tlu» maxillary not extemlin;;" qnite to the oiltjt.
Seah's lar;je, the lateral line very inneh «le<'nrve<l. Doi'sal tin \v<'ll Ik..
hin<i ventrals; lower tins rather lar;;e, tln' peet«)rals nearly reaiihin;,'
ventrals, tho latter to vent. IMnish above; sides silvery; lower tins
milky; a more or less «lis(in(!t black spot betwe«'n the rami of the lower
Jaw. jMales tnbercniate in sprinfj. Head 4; depth 2^. D. 8} A. !>;
scales (U'U-3 ; teeth 4-4. Ij. L»v inches. KMo (Jrandc. '
{.Uonianii nihhoHit (i'lviivd, Vvar. Afiul. Xiil. Sci. Phila. lHr»(», 'iOl : CjumndUi complditaia
Jonltin, Hull. Maydni'sOeol. Siirv. Torr. iv, 3,()(ir), 1^78.)
*2''29.V.f ovhcsi.hmhiw.— ForhiH's nrd-Ji.ih.
l.ody oblonji', elevated, stronji^ly conn>ressed, the back arched. Caudal
pcdnncle rather slender. Head stont and deep, its npper ontline do-
])ressed, the napeelevate«l, forming an au{?le, so that the protile is some,
what concave. Month rather large, qnite obliqne, the lower jaw in-
elndcd. Eye small, 4 in head. Lateral lino stronj"- lecnrved. Tliir
teen ^-scales in front of dorsal. IVlales profnsely tii late in sprin;";.
Colors in life brilliant, steel-blue; the lower region silvery; tho belly
orange-red in the males; a eonspicnous violet-colored crescent behind
the shoulders, followed by a erimsou crescent; tins reddish, the anal
and caudal blood-red; chin without black spot. Head l^x depth .'?.
D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-;}r)-2 ; teeth 4-4. L. 2} inches. Streams of Soulli-
erii Illinois. Very near the preceding, but distinguished by the form of
the protile and the coloration, r i • v ,! .-v z: ? i?.* :;
{('Upriiulh forhvM Jordan, Hull. Ills. State Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 57, 1878.)
330, €. leoBiBiia (Gnl.) J. A- G. .
Body rather short and deep, compressed, with long caudal peduncle
Head moderate, tho snout subconical, moderately pointed. ]\lonth
rather large, obli<pie, the nuixillary scarcely extending to the orbit.
Eye moderate, 4 in head. Lateral lino decurved. Head 4J; depth ^.
D. 0; A. 0; Lat. L 40. L. 3.]^ inches. Rivers of Texas and Northern
Mexico. {Girard.)
(.l/onmna leonitia, conqilanata, and frigida Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,
11)9,200.)
31. CYPRINIlhi: — CLIOLA. ; ' ' -^ 175
9»1. C. IntrvuHlu (B. A fJ.) J. * O. - '" ' * * * —
I'.cmIv liUluT sluut iiiid tlii<'IvH«»t, the back not ^rirntly arelicd. Fload
nitluT heavy, the nm/zhi hhmt. Month inoihMat*', the jaws equal, tho
iiiiixillar.v not reaehinj;- orhit. Tiateral line deeurviMl. IIea(13i; depth
,1',. I). 7; A.J); Lat.I..'M»; lli seaUi.s in a trunsverso Heries. ArKansas
and Ked IJivt^rs. {(Jirard.)
(/,«'MdwH» liilrrnniH IJjiird «.St (Jimrd, I*n>c. Arud. Nat. Sci. IMiila. IH.'):{,;UH: Moniatia
liilrrn in jiiid iiiilrlitlla (iiiiird, I'roc, Aciid. Nut. Sci. I'liila. IHoO, IIR), yuO: Lvuiiscuii
liilnimn GiiatliiT, vii,2.^t<.)
iilii. €'. «lnliri4»jiin (Ciid.) J. & G.
liody t'lliptieal, nioih'rately eotnprossed. Head .shortish, rather Idnnt,
tlic protih' tbnninf; an «'ven (Mirve. Mouth nioih'rate, oblique, the niax-
lot
•J I
to th
Lateral li
,'hat «h
d. E
ary not rc^aeiiuifj to iiu^ (\ve. jjaterai inu» soin<'\vnaf «ie«!urve
iiKxh'rate, .iJ in head. Scales rather larjje. Head 4; depth . '5 J. 1). 8;
A. H; Lat. 1. .'J.'J. L. 2^ inches. Streains in the, Uio (Irande region. (6'i-
rnrd.) More than one .species nuiy be hen^ indudeji, but, if so, they can-
not bo re(^ojjni/.ed from Dr. (linird's descrii>tions. Of all of Girard'8
Moniaufv the types of <Jnly lutrcnniH ',\w\ proKerpina ^iii^\ now be found.
{MoiiiaiKi fUiiriosa , proHcrjnna, hrlaUH midii, rulila, nitida, uud yradUn Ciirard, Proc.
Atiiil. Nat. Sci. rhila. lHr)(i, l'JU-201.)
233. C. atirntR (Hid.) .T. & O.
IJody subfnsiConn, compressed, little elevated. Cautlal peduncle
rather slender. Head rather blunt aiid heavy. Mouth small, obliipui,
the upi)er Jaw projectinj;, msixillary not reachiuf; to the eye; upper lip
helow the level of the pupil. Lateral line little decurved. A dusky
str(>iik alou}? sides. Head ?>']', depth 4. T). 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 37. L. 2J
inches. Pi(!drapainte, New JMexieo. {Girard.)
{Momana anrata Vm\. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. ISrjCi, 200.) , • ^ ; '•
■.' ' '■■(''■'.■
231. <Morinosn (Girard) J. & G.
l?()dy elli])tlCj conpressed. Head small, rather slender and pointed.
Month moderate, oblique, the maxillary barely reaching orbit; upi)er
lip oil the level of the pupil. Eye larjLje, 4 in head. Lateral line de-
curved. Scales small. Dorsal tin rather high. Head 4J; depth 3;].
D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 40. L. 2J inches. Kio Mimbres, Mexico. {Oirard.)
If wo msiy trust Girard's figure, this species is well distinguished by tho
small size of tho scales.
{Moniana/ormosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 201.)
*«.*■
!i^'
-i/ll
'til
t:'1
: " -^^1
; ,*:J:
iMHOi
""""^'""'^'■^
176 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
•• Teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
6. Teeth witl' edgea more or less serrate orcrenate (usually without grinding sur-
face). {Cyprinella QiTiiTA.'*) * <
c. Dorsal fin without conspicuous black l>lotch on its upper posterior rays.
d. No conspicuou > black spot at base of caudal.
e. Body very deep, compressed, the depth forming about a third of
the length. , ,
335. C. umbrosa ^Grd.) J, & G. ?.. ;:':i. ; . j-
Body short, the back very much arched. Caudal peduncle robust.
Head sliort and deep, bhmtish. Eye large, 4 in head. Mouth moderate,
quite oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary nearly reaching the
fron'c of the eye ; the upper lip on the level of the pupil. Lateral line
decurved. Fins rather low. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4^;
depths. P. 8 ; A. 9 J scales 8-42-5. L. Scinches. Arkansas, etc. {Gi-
rard.)
(Ci/imnella umhrosa Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 197, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv.x,26(5.)
Si36. C. biibalina (B. & G.) J. i& G.
Form of the preceding, but the caudal peduncle slender. Eye large,
3i in head. Jaws equal. Lateral line decurved. This species appears
to differ from the preceding chiefly in its larger scales. Head 4 ; depth
3. D. 8; A.9} scales 6-3(J-3. L. 3 inches. Bed Eiv^er, Arkansas. {Qi-
rard.)
{Lenciacna huhalinua B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 391 : Cyprinella buha-
Una Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 365 : CypriiuUa beckicithi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1856, 207.)
S3Y. €. gunnisoni (Grd.) J. & G
Body short and compressed, the back arched, but less so than in tlie
preceding. Head small. Caudal peduncle moderate. Maxillary reach-
ing nearly to eye. L>e moderate, 3j^ in head. Ventrals in advance of
dorsal. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4J; depth 3. D. 8; A.9;
Lat. 1. 34. L. 2J inches. Cottonwood Creek, Utah.
ee. Body «len<l«>rer, the depth 3J-4i in length.
23§. C. simvis (Grd.) J. &. G.
Body short, compressed, the back slightly arched. Mouth oblique.
Eye 4 in head. Maxillary not quite reaching eye. Scales moderate.
Lateral line gently curved. Coloration plain in spirits. " By its gen-
eral form and appearance this species establishes a transition between
• Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1856, 196 : type LetidecM bubalinua Baird &
Girard. (Latin cj/j)rinella, a little carp.)
31. CYPRINIDiE — CLIOLA.
177
the deep aud slender species." Head4J; depth 3 J. D. 8; A. 9. San
Antonio, Texas. (Oirard.)
((,'//;»-ine^/a 6ttam'« Girard.Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei.Pbila. 1856, 197.) >■ <
239. C. lepida (Grd.) J. & G.
Tiody stout, fusiform. Caudal peduncle robust. Head heavy. Snout
rather blunt. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching quite to eye.
Eye moderate, 4 in head. Lateral line decurved. Scales larger than
ill any of the preceding. Colors plain in spirits. HeadSJ; depth Sljf.
I), 8 5 A. 9 ; scales G-34-4. Eio Frio, Texas. (Oirard.)
{Ciipriiivlla hjnda Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 197, and U. S. Pac. K. R. Sun-.
240. C. billingsiana (Cope) Jor. & Gilb.
Body stout, fusiform. Mouth slightly oblique, the jaws equal, max-
illary reaching orbit. Eye 3J in head. Dorsal considerably behind
veutrals. Coloration plain in spirits. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8;
scales G-31-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2 inches. Missouri Elver, at Saint
Joseph. {Cope.) " Dedicated to Joshua Billings, esq., author of origi-
uiil observations on * The Briny Codfish '."
(Cypriiiclla biUing8iana Cope, Haydcn's Geo!. Surv. Terr. Wyom. 1870, 1872, 439.)
211. €. macrostoma (Grd.) J. & G.
Body slender, the form being like that of the stouter species of Minni-
lu8. Head moderate. Mouth rather large for the genus, oblicpie, the
maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye large. Lateral lino somewhat
dcciu'ved. Dorsal behind ventrals. Brownish above ; cheeks and sides
bright silvery. Head 4 ; depth 4J. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat. 1. 3G. Eio Grande
region.
{( Uliriiwllamaoi'ostoma, luxiloidca, andlugubriB Girai'd, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Pbila.
18:)(), 198,199.)
213. €. ludibunda (Grd.) J. & G.
Vm\y elongate, subfusiform. Caudal peduncle slender. Eye large,
3 ill head. Snout subconical. Mouth nearly horizontal, small, the max-
illary not ext^ending to the eye. Silvery; lateral line with black dots.
Cottonwood Creek, Utah. {Gira"d.) A dubious species, apparently
distinguished from the preceding by the small horizontal mouth.
{CilprincUa ludihinda G.d. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 199.)
(W, A coiLsplcuous black spot at baao of caudal.
213. C. notata (Grd.) J. & G.
B(,dy stoutish, subfuaiform. Caudal peduncle slender. Eye moder-
ate, 3^ in head. Snout bluntlsh. Mouth small, oblique, the maxillary
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 12
i
I
T!
'™— "■"■'™^-""
178 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
not reaching to the eye. Vcntrals in advance of dorsal. Fins moderate.
(yoloration plain in spirits, except the black caudal spot ; sides silvery.
Head 4J; depth 3§. D. 8 ; A. 7 5 Lat. 1. 46. Rio Seco, Texas. {Girard.)
{Cypnndla notaia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 198, and U. S. Pac. R. it.
Surv. X, 209.)
244. C. vcnusta (Grd.) J. «& G.
Body slender, as in C. macrostoma. Head long and rather pointed
the snout subfonical. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary scarcely
reaching to the eye. Eye large, 3^ in head. Fins moderate ; the dor-
sal behind ventrals. Coloration plain in spirits, except the caudal spot ;
sides mostly silvery. He.ad 4^- ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 7-37-,'{
(36 in type of C. texana). Rivers of Texas.
{Cyprinella venusta and texana Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 198, and U.
S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtli. 54,55.) , "
cc. Dorsal fin elevated, with a conspicuous black blotch on its upper posterior rays
(obsolete in young examples).
/. A conspicuous black spot at base of caudal.
245. C callinra Jordan.
Body elongated, compressed, elevated in the middle, the profde be-
fore the dorsal curved. Snout projecting, forming a decided angle.
Head convex above, densely tuberculate in the males. Muzzle rather
pointed, overhanging the oblique mouth. Eye 4 iu head, less than muz-
zle and interorbital width. Dorsal fin inserted slightly behind v(!n-
trals. Lateral line strongly decurved, usually forming an abrupt flexine
just in front of the ventrals. Color in spirits pale silvery, the dorsal and
caudal blotches very strongly marked. Head 4f ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A.
8 ; scales 6-44-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 4^ inches. Rivers of Alabama
and Louisiana.
{CyprincUa callmr„ Jordar*, Bull. U. S. Nat. Miis. x, Gl,, 1877.)
ff. No conspiciiona black spot at base of caudal fin.
!l. Teeth without grinding surface.
tl46. C. Whipple! (Grd.) .Tor. & Gilb.
Body moderately elongate, subfusiform. Caudal pedimclo stoutisli.
Head shortish, rather pointed. Eye large, 4 iu head. Mouth little
oblique, the lower jaw included, maxillary reaching to anterior lim of
tijo orbit I upper lip on a line with lower border of orbit. Dorsal lin
very nearly oi)posite ventrals, greatly elevated, its height in the uiiile
more than one-fourth the length ; anal fin large. Lateral line little de-
curved. Coloration iu alcohol plain, excei>t the conspicuous dorsal
a. Teeth with
31. CYPRINID^— CLIOLA.
179
spot; probably brilliant in life. Head 4^; depth 3^. D. 8; A. 9;
ficales 6-40-4. Sugar-loaf Oreek, Arkansas. {Oirard.)
{Ciiprinella wJiipplei Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1856, 198, and U. S. Pac. R.
K. Siirv. x,270.)
(/(/. Teeth with narrow grinding surface. {Phc'ogenls Cope,*) '
247. C. analostana (Grd.) J. & G.—Silver-fin. : v'»j ,
Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, the dorsal and ven-
tral outlines regularly and gently arched. Head rather short and deep.
Month rather small, quite oblique, the lower jaw received within the
upper when the mouth is closed. Eye small, 4J in head. Leaden sil-
very, bluish in the males; edges of scales dusky ; a dark vertebral line;
a large black spot on the ui)per T)osterior part of the dorsal. Paired
fins and lower i)art of belly, as well as the tips of the anal and caudal,
and the front and upper parts of the dorsal, charged with clear satin-
white pigment in males in the spring ; in full breeding dress the dorsal
pigment with a greenish lustre; no creamy band at base of caudal;
males with the head and front covered with small tubercles. Head 4 J;
depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-38-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, the edges more
or less distinctly serrate. L. 4 inches. Pennsylvania and Central New
York to Missis8ipi)i Valley ; abundant.
{Cjiprinclla analoHtana GiriiVil,ProK, Acad.. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1859, 38: LuxUua kcntudci-
mm Kirthind, Bost;. Jourii. Nat. Hist, v, 27 (not. of Raf.) : IlijpaUepia kcntiickiensia Cope,
Cypr. Pemi. 371 : Leuviticus analoHtannit Giinthor, vii,25(): l'hoto/fi',niii8 Hpilop^enis Coim,
C'ypr. I'cnn. 378: Lcuciscus spilojjtttriis iii\ut\wr,\'\i,2^t4.)
bl). Teeth with entire edges (in tlie adt It). (Erof/ala .hndnnA)
h. Teeth with a narrow grinding surface ; anal sliort.
24§. C. galactura (Cope) J. & G.—MUky-lailed Shiner.
Body fusiform, moderately elongate, not greatly compressed. Mouth
rather large, jaws nearly horizontal, the upper projecting beyond the
lower. Scales less closely imbricated than in the preceding. Lateral
line little decurved. Eye snuill. Steel blue above, silvery below ; dorsal
with a black blotch on its posterior rays; caudal fln conspicuously
creamy yellow at base, then dusky. JNIales with the belly, paired lius,
and especially the tips of the vertical fins charged with milk-white pig-
niont iu the spring, the head and front then covered with small tubercles.
In high coloration the anal and caudal are sometimes pale reddish. Fe-
•Cope, Cypr. Penn. 1800, 378: type Photogeim Kpilopt'ntg Cope = Cj/j>rin«fia a»a}o-
stana iiid. (0()f, light; yfwdw, to he horn.) ; , •,
t. Jordan, P'.ill. U. 8. Nat. Mub. xii, 20, 1H78: type Photiujcnis stlgrnafurua Jor. {i)p,
8l)riiig-liuio ; ya2,a, milk.) ,
■■■''*? :.
>1 * !
ft-
Hi
hi'
ri
-1.
:1
.-1
If I
afHB^
•«,' ^M
180 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETU AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
In(lIe^< olivaceous, obacurely marked. Head 4^ ; depth 4J. D. 8 ; A. 8-
scales (J-41-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, usually with entire edges. L. 5-6 inches.
Cumberland lliver to Savannah Itiver; abundant in the mountain
streams. Known by its large size and the peculiar yellowish band
across tlie caudal.
( [{i/p'tiltpw (jalaoturus Copo, Proc. Acad. Nsit. Sci. Philrt. 18G7, IGO : LeuciHCua keutuclij.
ennis OiitiMu'r, vii,2r>l.)
JI49. C eurystoina Jordan.
Body elongate, compressed, tapering toward the snout and the long
caudal peduncle. Head moderate, larger than in C. nivea, rather
pointed, wide on top; snout rather long. Muzzle large, quite obli(iue,
the premaxillaries on the level of the pupil ; upper jaw slightly the
longer. Eye moderate, 3.J in head. Scales moderate, rather closely
imbricated, but less so than in C. analosfana. Pectorals not rea(;hing
ventrals, the latter about to vent ; vertical fins not especially elevated.
Color olivaceous, the sides bright silvery, a round black spoi nearly
as large as eye, at base of caudal ; dorsal blotch rather faint ; dorsal
fin chiefly yellowish green, ferruginous above, the extreme tip milky
white; caudal fin rusty, with milk-white tips; lower fins milk-white.
Snout and front in males tuberculate ; minute tubercles on sides of
tail. Head 4^; depth 4.V. D. 8; A. 8; scales 0-30-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1,
with narrow grinding surfaces, the edges of which are usually crenatc.
L. 3^-4 inches. Chattahoochee River.
{rhotoginiin eurjistomiiH Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187fi, JJSfi, r xclusivc of tlio
smaller Hpccinicus nitMitionod, which are Minnilus zonMiuH; not Codoma curynfoma Jor-
dan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. xii, H:^ Minniliis zouiHtiitu : Photofieniii hucopua Jordan &
Bray ton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xli, 41, 1878. ) . ,
a.10. C. nivca (Cope) J. & G.
Body regularly fusiform, the dorsal outline ijiore arched than the
ventral. Head conic. IMuzzle obtuse, not projecting. IMouth nearly
terminal, slightly oblique, maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye of, in
head. Coloration very pale, a narrow bluish band along the caudal
l>edun(!le, forming a faint spot at the root of the caudal. Dorsal liii in
the males considerably elevated, largely dusky on its last rays, the rest
of the flu creamy; the tips of the dorsal, the tips of the caudal, and tho
whole of the anal with milk-white pigment. Males with the snoui and
ante-dorsal region cov(?red with small tubercles. Head 4.5 ; depth 5^.
I). 8; A. 8; scales 0-3{>-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with narrow grinding sur-
face. L. 2i inches. Basin of the Santee, North and South Carolina.
{Itybopsia nii'euH Cope, Troe. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870,460: Photogcnia «»i'f«« Jor-
dan & Brayton, Bull. U. 8. Nut. Mus. xii, W.)
31. CYPRINID^ — CLIOLA.
181
m. Teoth withont distinct grindiiifj anrface.
j. Anal fin short, of H or 9 rays.
A;. A conspiciioiiH dark blotch on upper pop.terior rays of dorsal.
I. Adult males with the vertical fins chiefly rod; a consiiicuous black
spot at base of caudal. ...
!tSl. €. cnlli«itia Jordan.
Body rather stout and compressed, rati cr Iieavy forward, the dorsal
outline considerably elevated. Head stout and rather blunt, its upper
part flfittish ; the nuptial tubercles not numerous, arranged in a ftnv dis-
tinct longitudinal rows, not scattered without order, as in related species.
Month large, nearly horizontal, slightly overlapi)ed by the heavy snout,
the maxillary reaching nearly to the eye, the premaxillaries anteriorly en-
tirely below the level of the orbit. Eye large, 3 J in head. Scales large,
not very closely imbricated, 16 in front of dorsal. Fins rather large,
tue height of the dorsal in males nearly one-fifth of length of body.
Coloration dark and brilliant. Males with the back very dark steel-
blue; sides a clear silvery violet; belly and lower fins satin- white. A
lieavy black blotch on posterior part of dorsal, extending downward and
forming a horizontal bar at the base of the fin ; the rest of the fin ver-
milion, except the milk-white tip. Caudal fin bright red, yellowish at
base, milky at tip ; a broad golden vertebral band and a reddish lateral
streak ; a large, distinct, round black spot at base of caudal. Females
olivaceous, with less black ; the fins dull reddish. Head 41; depth 4*.
1).8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3 ; teeth 1,4-4, 1. L. 4 inches. Alabama Basin.
(Photoffenia caUiHUna .Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 337 : Codoma calliatia Jor-
dan, Hull. U.S. Nat. Mu8.xii, 5a.)
'H*l. C. trichroiiDtia Jor. & <]lilb.
Body rather slender, compressed. Ilead slender and pointed. Eye
moderate, 3:f in head. Mouth quite large, \'ery oblique, the uuixillary
reaching the anterior uuirgiu of the eye, the premaxillaries on the level
of the middle of the pupil. Lateral line considerably decurved, usually
with an abrupt angulation between pectorals and ventrals. Nineteen
scales before the dorsal. Fins moderate ; dorsal well behind ventrals.
Nuptial tubercles sparse on the head. Caudal peduncle and sides as
far forward as the ventrals tuberculate in spring males. Males bright
steel-blue above ; sides bright white ; a large black spot at base of cau-
dal, precisely as in C. callutia ; dorsal fin with abroad, dusky, horizon-
tal band at base, the mend)raue of the last rays jet-black, the tip milk-
white, the rest of the fin of a bright, i)ale vermilion-red ; caudal rosy,
it« tips white ; anal and ventrals nnlky. Fcnuiles duller, but the black
niark^iga distinct. Head 4| j depth 4^ ; scales 6-42-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
f
:^F1- 'hi
si
i I'
V.
I «■
r.m
?"W
)H.I
I
182 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
L. 3^ inches. Alabama Basin ; abundant in clear streams, with the
preceding and the next.
{Codoma trichroUttia Jorduu &, Gilbert, BuU.U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1878, r)0.)
II. Adult males without red.
m. A very conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. J. '; i,
253. C« stigfmatnra. Jordau. — Spotted-tail Minnow.
Body elongate, fusiform, compressed. Head quite long, rounded
above, the snout pointed. Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, oxer
lapped by the narrow upper jaw. Eye small, 4J in head ; iris white.
Maxillary reaching beyond uostrils; premaxillary on the level of lower
edge of pupil. Scales large, closely imbricated, 20 in front of the dor-
sal. Fins low, the dorsal rather behind ventrals, its height less than
one-fifth the length of the body. Color pale, clear olive ; black dorsal
spot not very distinct ; fins with their tiiis charged with satin- white
pigment, otherwise plain ; a very distinct, large, oblong or quadrate jet-
black spot at base of caudal, the color extending up on the rays. This
spot is visible on all specimens, and is larger than in any other of our
Cyprinidce; its length about one-third that of the head. First ray of
dorsal dark in front; males with an obsolete black spot on the middle
of the sides in front of the dorsal, as is often seen in Characinid(c, the
head, etc., tuberculate in spring. Head 4 J ; depth 4:^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ;
scales 7-42-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 4^ inches. Alabama and Mississippi;
very abundant. The largest species of this section of the genus and
one of the most graceful.
(Photogenic atigmaturua Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 3.37 ; Codoma stigma-
tura Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 52 : LuxiluH chicasavenaiH Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1880,506.)
mm. No conspicuous black spot at base of caudal. • '
954. €. crorulea Jordan. > • < r
Body fusiform, somewhat elongate, moderately compressed. Head
moderate. Snout rather pointed, overlapping the small, obliqne montli,
maxillaries reaching nostrils, premaxillaries below level of pupil. Eye
moderate, 3J in head. Scales firm, 15 in front of dorsal. L.^terul line
decurved. Fins all high, the height of the dorsal nearly one-fifth the
length of the fish; dorsal behind ventrals. Males with the snout
thickly tuberculate. Color bright steel-blue; the sides an<\ belly sil
very white ; a very distinct lateral baud of a bright blue-grten color,
most distinct posteriorly, and forming a spot at the base of tlu^ caudal
flu; dorsal blotch rather faint and diffuse; tips of dorsal, aual, and
ifc. No dark b:
31. CYPBINID^ — CLIOLA.
183
caudal charged with satin- white pigment ; the fins otherwise all of a
clear, bright yellow. Females and young with the markings obscure,
the blue lateral band usually evident. Head 4^; depth 4|. D. 8; A.
8; scales 6-38-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Alabama Basin.
(Vhotogenis cceruleua Jordan, Aim. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 338: Codoma caerulea Jor-
dan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. xii, 52, 1878. )
255. C eliloristia Jordau & Drayton.
Body short and deep, strongly compressed, the form elliptical, as in
C. pyrrhomelm, but rather deeper. Ilead rather small and pointed.
Mouth quite oblique, the maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit,
the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, premaxillary on the level of
the pupil. Eye small, less than snout, 4 in head. Lateral line decurved.
Fins moderate. Nuptial tubercles covering the whole body, except the
space anterior to the ventrals and below the lateral line; those on the
body much smaller than those on the head. Coloration dark steel-blue;
a very distinct blue stripe along each side of caudal peduncle ; back clear
green ; lower part of sides abruptly milk-white; black dorsal blotch large,
the lower part of the tin with bright i>ale-green i)igment, the tip milky ;
caudal dusky, its tips milky, its base pale ; anal and veutrals milky, a
taint dusky spot on last rays of anal ; iris white. Females slenderer and
less brightly colored ; no caudal spot. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 7 ; A. 8 ;
scales 5-37-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Santee Basin, South Caro-
lina.
(Codoma chhristia Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 21, 1878.)
Hi. No dark blotch on upper posterior part of dorsal. , ,
356. C. zonata (Agassiz) Jor. & Gill). ' ■ • >^' - - : nii. ■ . - v'l ;,'u"?r
Physiognomy of Ceratichthys dissimilis. Body elongate, not elevated.
Head elongate. Mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching
beyond line of orbit, the mandible somewhat i^rojectiug. Region in
front of dorsal lin more or less bare of scales. Eye large, 3J in head.
Dorsal beginning oi)posite ventrals, nearer snout than base of caudal.
Ohvaceous silvery below; a broad, silvery lateral band, witu dark
specks; sides of head with black specks; a dark vertebral band. Head
4 ; depth 4^. D. 7 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-3G-4 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches.
North Platte Kiver {Coi)e) ; Osage liiver [Aijnssiz).
{AlburnuH zonatm Putiuvni, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil. i, D, 18U3 : Photogenis piptolepia
Cope, Ilaydeu'a Geol. Surv. Terr. AVyoni. 1870, 438: Leuciacua zonatua GUuthcr, vii,
253.)
'■k^'
I -f
V <
fM.
'^l
184 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTUYOLOGY — n^
^•>
jj, Annl fin long, of 10 or 11 mys; lin« high. ^t,
9.1T. C. xacnurn Jordan.
JJody inodemtcly ehnigatc, subfnsifonn, heavy forwards. Head lioavy
sonu'what eUmgate, rounded abov(5. Moutli lar;je, oblique, the lower
jaw included, unixillary reaeliinj; almost to orbit, i>r4MnaxiIlary on level
of upper part of pui)il. Eye larjje, \V{ '\\\ head. Fins all rather l«»w, tlio
hei^lit of the dorsal (In, even in the males, only two-thirds the lenjidi of
head ; caudal tin large. Color dark steel-blue ; silvery below ; a faint
black spot at base of caudal ; scales above dark-edged. Mides with
the tins mostly bright crimson ; the (h)rsal largely black at its upitci-
posterior part; dorsal, anal, and caudal tins with white pigment ; belly
and bases of the lower tins likewise pigmented; head and caudal pe-
duncle tuberculate in sjuing. Head 4; depth 3^. 1). 8; A. 10; scales
0-35)-,'} ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3 inches. Altamaha Basin, Georgia; lix^ally
abundant.
(MinnUns xn'numx .Jordan, T> v. •, Acad. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1877, 71): Codoina jrnnum
Jordan, Hnll. U. S. Nat. Mut,. xii, 52.)
9SH. C. pyrrliomelas (Copo) J. & G.
Body deep and c()mi)ressed. Head stout, rather blunt. Mouth (»b-
li(pie, the jaws about ecpial, maxillary reaching front of orbit. ICyo
large, 3j in head. Pectorals barely reaching ventrals, the latter to
anal ; dorsal tin greatly elevated, its height in the male as great as
length of head ; caudal very broad and long, its peduncle stout and com-
pressed; anal tin large and long. Coloration of the males dark steel-
blue above; the scales darker edged; the belly abruptly milky white;
head pale reddish ; snout, tip of lower jaw, and iris scarlet; dorsal dusky
at base, the usual large bhuik blotch above, red in front, and broadly
milk-white at tip; tips of the caudal milk-white, next to this a dusky
crescent, a wide crescent of bright scarlet inside of the black, extend-
ing into the two lobes of the tbi ; base of caudal pale ; anterior region
and sides of caudal i)eduncle with rather largo tubercles. Females
duller. Head 4 ; depth 3}. D. 8 ; A. 10 ; scales 0-35-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
L. 3^ inches. Santee IJasin ; very abundant. The most ornate of onr
(riiotogenia purrhomeUu) Cope, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4G3: Codonia })yr-
rhomclas Jordan & lUayton, Unll. U. S. Nat. Mns. xii, 22, 1878.'
239. €. liypsclO-.>tcrn (Giinther) J. & G.
Body short, much compressed, the b.ack elevated. Head short, flat-
tened above, the muzzle i)ointed. Mouth large, very oblique, the juws
menuine: fro
31. CYPRINID^ — MINNILUS.
185
just equal. Eye large, 3 in head, about equal to Hiiout and to interorbital
space. Scales with the exposed surfaces very narrow. Latt^ral lino
iiuicii decurved; 10 largo Hcales before dorsal. Dorsal tin insert«;d en-
tirely behind the ventrals, greatly elevated, its longest ray a little longer
tluui head; aaal fin also very high and very long, extending almost to
base of caudal ; these fins somewhat lower in the females. Color sil-
very; the dorsal blotch conspicuous; a ilistinct bliu;k (;audal spot,
siualhr than eye and deeper than long; sides with a silvery baiul which
passes around the nose, below this a <lusky band. Breeding colors un-
known. Head 44 ; depth 4. 1). 8 ; A. 11 ; scales G-35-;j j teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
L 2J inches. Southern tJeorgia and Alabama. ^ h <,; . ;v' \ -^^ :
{Alhi(rnu8 formoHua I'utnain, Hull. Mas. Coiiip. Z<»ol. i, 9, IH63 (not Moniana formona
(liil.): LemiHOHH /iiyw(c/o/»/«'M» Gilutlior, vii, 255: I'hotogeim grandiplnni» ,)otA-M\, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mu8. X, 62, 1877.)
Sft.— ]fIIIVNILlJS Kafiuesqne.
Shiners.
(ft Xotropis RafmoHquo, 1818 ; Minnilm, Luxilnn, and Plarffyrim RafiiioHquo ; JlyptilepiB
Baird; AlburncHuH and Alburnopn Girard; Lijthrurm and Uijdrophlox Jurdau.)
(Riiliiinsquw, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47: typo MinnUua dincmuH B,a,(.)
Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed. Mouth normal,
mostly terminal and oblique. No barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, sharp-
edged or with a narrow grinding surface. Scales usually large, often
closely imbricated. Lateral line complete, usually decurved. Dorsal
liu inserted above, or more usually behiiul, the ventrals; anal fni short
or somewhat elongate. Abdonuni rounded. Coloration often brilliant,
the males in spring usually Avith red fins and the head with small tu-
bercles. A very large gr(ni[» of small fishes, especially characteristic of
the fresh waters of the Kastern United States. Various attempts have
been made to divide this group into natural genera, but the gradation
from one type to another is very perfect, (lilnglish minnow ; French
menuiHe; from Latin minuHj small.)
Tliis group may bo subdivided as follows : ■ > >
{Amilftu Mliort, its rays 7-9 (Honiotimcs 10 ill ,V. zt>Hi«<i««). • ' ; " ' - i
•Scales large, 35-50 in tliu lateral line.
tTcclh with tho yrinding nurlaco more or less developed.
t Species attaining a large, size, with the scahw along th«^ llank*> nearly twice M
deep an long, and so closely imbricated that the exposed sur-
-^ > . ,t ^ V ^ «. ■■ faces are very narrow ; back (devated and convex in tho adult ;
lower jaw included ; dorsal tin over ventrals (LnxiLua Raf.).
'^'^'-- voruutuB, selene.
U Species of moderate size, with the scales short and deep, but less closely im-
bricated than in the pretuiding; body elongate, not much ele-
vated ; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting; dor-
sal liu inserted behind ventrals covwyciiiii, zoniatiua.
186 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
tU Species of small size, with the scales not innch doeper than long, less cl(;se!y
imbricated ; body oblong or elongate, little elevated ; mouth
moderate, oblique or horizontal ; dorsal fin inserted close be-
■i^''_ 'ir', '-' hind yentrals; nux)tial colors mostly brilliant (Alburxops
'':■:■''.:):■■' -^■\y'i'^'d i'''' " Ord.).
,,_ ro8ett8, rubricroceua, lutipinnis, chlorocephaliis, chiliticu8, chahjhmw
chro8omu8, xwnocephalus, plumbeolu8, lacerto8U8, ahitmardi, blennm.
tt Teeth without evident grinding surface.
.,..., a. Teeth with the edges serrate; scales closely imbricated cercontigma.
aa. Teeth not serrate; scales loosely imbricated, scarcely higher than long.
b. Dorsal fin inserted directly over the veutrals ; anal rays 7-9 ; eye* verv
, . ,> i.H'i i large; scales large ("Episkma" Cope «fc Jordan).
ariommua, scabricepa, jejunua, Icuxiodm,
' ' bh. Dorsal inserted behind ventrals altipinnia, amabilia, majalopg.
** Scales small, about 55 in the lateral line bivittatua, timpanoijenm.
$ ^ Anal flu more or less elongate, its rays 10-14.
c. Scales comparatively small, more or less closely imbricated, and with
the exposed edges deep, as in Codoma and Luxilua; scales Iq
front of dorsal small ; teeth with grinding surface more or
less developed. (Lythrurus Jordan.)
d. A black spot at base of dorsal in front.
cjjanocephalua, afripea, dipl<rmiiia, ardeva, pundulatut.
dd. A black spot at the upper anterior part of dorsal ruhnpinHi».
ddd. No distinct black spot on the dorsal.
e. Body short and deep hellus.
. ee. Body slender and elongate matHtimiH, Urm.
cc. Scales comparatively large, not higher than long, and not closely im-
.. bricated; scales in front of dorsal large; teeth without grind-
-^ ing surface. (MiNNiLUS.)
/. Anal fin long, with about 14 rays olUjaspk.
' ff. Anal fin moderate, its rays 10 or 11. ' ■ v
g. Scales above lateral line in about 9 series umbratilh.
gg. Scales above lateral line in 5-7 series.
h. Ventral f ns reaching beyond middle of dorsal.
evepticu«, photogenia, tcleacopua, atilbiiia, percohromm, m-
bellua, dinemua, rubrifrona, janczanus.
hh. Ventral fins scarcely reaching beyond front of dorsal.
microptei-yx.
§ Anal fin short, its rays 7-9 (rarely 10). , • :
* Scales large, 35-50 in the lateral line. <'•
t Teeth with the grinding surface more or less developed.
t Species attaining a large size, with the scales along the flanks nearly
twice as deep as long, and so closely imbricated that the expo.scd sur-
faces are very narrow ; back elevated and convex in the adult iiiiile;
the lower jaw included; dorsal fin inserted directly opposite veutrals.
{Luxilua Raf.*)
360. ]?I. cornutus (Mitchill) J. & G.— Shiner; Eed-fin; Dace.
Body elongate in the young, in the adult short, compressed, with
the anterior dorsal region much swollen and gibbous. Head ratber
heavy, compressed, rounded between the eyes, the snout bluntisb.
Mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, the jaws nearly equal, the lower
somewhat included. Eye moderate, 4-5 in head, maxillary scarcely
* Ratineaque, Ichth. Oh. 1820,47: t^^6 Luxilua chryaocephaluaVia,i.^=Cijpnnmcornai\it
Mitch. (From Latin lux, light = "Shiner".) (=Hypailqfi8 Baird.)
31. CYPRINID^ — MINNILUS.
187
reachiug front of eye, the premaxillaries below the level of the eye.
Scales always deeper than long on the flanks, becoming extremely
so in the adult. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal moderate, inserted
directly over the ventrals in the young, thrown somewhat backward in
the adult bv the growth of the postoccipital region. Pectorals barely
or not reaching ventrals, the latter about to vent. Region in front of
dorsal typically with about 23 scales. Coloration dark steel-blue above ;
the scales with dusky edges, the bases also dusky ; a gilt line along the
back and one along each side, these distinct only when the lish is in the
water ; belly and lower part of the sides silvery, or bright rosy in spring
males ; dorsal fin somewhat dusky ; other fins plain ; the lower tins all
rosy in spring males j head dark above ; a dark shade behind scapula ;
lower jaw and region in front of dorsal to the tip of the snout covered
with small tubercles in spring males ; female and young fishes are plain
olivaceous above and silvery below. Head 4^ ; depth 3J, varying much
with age. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales (i-41-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with rather nar-
row grinding surface. L. 5-8 inches. Entire region east of the Rocky
Mountains excepting the South Atlantic States and Texas; almost
everywhere the most abundant fish in small streams. Its variations
are great. The following forms are worth distinguishing by name.
Var. gibbus Cope.
Sixteen scales before the dorsal fin. Anterior dorsal region in the
males extremely short and swollen ; the base of the dorsal therefore
very oblique. Michigan to Kentucky ; common.
{Unpsilcjua cornutiis gibbus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1807, 158.)
Viir. frontalis Agassiz.
Fifteen to eighteen scales in front of dorsal. Head heavy. Body
less gibbous than in the preceding. Great Lake Region, etc.
(Lt'Htisctts /ron^a/J« and (/rociijs Agassiz, Lake Superior, 368, 370.)
Viir. ccrasintis Cope.
Sixteen scales before dorsal ; scales 6-40-3. Head 4 in length. Eye
large, 3| in head. Colors very brilliant, in high coloration entirely red.
Eoanoke River. „ .
{llypsllepw cormitua cerasimis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G7, 159.) .. ; •
Var. eoriiutus. , ,..,.,.v.. . ..;^ ■?■.*<
Above described. The scales 22-25 in front of dorsal fin. Every-
where abundant. ., ,
{Cypnnm cornutua Mitcbill, Amer. Month. Mag. i, 324: ITijpaUepia cornntua Cope,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G7, 158 : Plargyrua typicua aud bowmani Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 196: Plargyrua argentatua Girard, 1. c. 212: Leuciacu^ cornutue
Glinther, vii, 249: Luxilua chrysocephalua Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 47.)
'M
; v.
'
j '
\
l»
.;
^
t
t
r -
hi
188 roNTUinuTiONS to north American ichthyology — iv.
Viir. ryniiPUA Copo.
St'iihvs of the iloiHiil iiml v«Mitral rogions very Niiiall, 31-40 in front of
the<lor.sal fin. Heales 10-K>-1. Coloration extremely dark j blue Wliuk
above; Huh oliielly black. Lake Hnporior. - - . s.
{Ifjiptihipiii eorinitnn cyancHu Cope, Proc. Aead. Nat. 8ci. Phtla. 18<57, 100.)
901. JH. M'ICIIO .Tonlan.
ilixly eIoii;;ate, «'oinpresHe»l. Head short and stont, rounded iihovc,
IMoulh terminal, obU<iiie, the lower jaw included. IMtizzle blunt mid
short. Eye very larpe, '.\ in head, witler than Hiiont and than intcror
bital sjiatie. Dorsal tin very hif^li. Lateral line little decurved. I>rij;lit
steel-bine above, with a very distin<;t silvery band overlyinjj a pjiiiii
beona shade; a dark spot at base of caudal; a dark vertebral liiu>;
cheeks, belly, and iris white ; tins plain, ]>robably red in spriii}?. Head
4i ; depth 4.4. Scales 4-40-3 ; t^^eth 2, 4-4, 2. Lake Superior.
(/.Mji/i(« «7<'n«' JordiMi, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. X, 00, 1H77.) ' '
{{ Spocioa of mmlorato sizo, with tlio acalcs nhorl aiul do«p, but loss closoly inihricntcd
than in tho pn^ciMlinj; ; body olongatt^ not much elavat»>(l; niontli liir;;)',
obli<iue, tho lower jaw project ing; «lorHal tin iuHcrted lutliiud ventralN.
Sff'i. m.. roecojfonis (Cope) .Tordan. — Rvd-chrckrd Shiner.
Body elonjjate, coini)ressed, not at all elevated. ITead straijjht and
rather i)oint«Ml. Mouth larjj;e, very oblicpie, the i)reinaxillary nearly on
a level with tho pupil, lower Jaw projectinjf beyond upper, maxillary
reaching; ])ast front of eye. Eye very larj^e, 3A in head. About 20 scales
in front of the dorsal tin. Back olivaceous; the scales dark-('(l;;cd;
belly and sides silvery, rosy in sprinj; males; a dusky scapular band;
a scarlet bar like a braiul down the line of the i)reoperclc; mu/,/lo and
upper lip red ; a red axillary spot ; outer half of dorsal black, lower half
yellowish ; outer part of caudal dusky, ba.se paler ; a faint lateral streak
aiul a dark vertebral line ; lower fins white ; snout swollen and tubcrcu-
late in springy males; fenniles silvery, with only traces of red markiii}j.s.
Head 4; depth 4:^- Scales 7-42-,3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 5 inches. (Cum-
berland to Savannah Itivers; abutulant in the mountain streams.
{HypsUcpin c'()rco(/<'«t« Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 1HG7, 100: Leuciacus coaoijcnk
Giiutlicr, vii, "ioJl.)
363. I?I. zoniMtius Jordan.
Body rather stout, comjiressed, the back somewhat elevated, tho
form that of a young Minnilus cornutus. Head heavy, broad aiul llattisli
above, the profile evenly descending. Mouth large, but smaller than
in coccogcnisj oblique, the jaws about equal, the upper lip opposite the
31. CYTRlNIDil': MINNILUB.
189
tiii<l(IIo of tlio «\VP, tho niaxillurv rpn<',hing tlio front of orbif. Kyii vci-^
hivnv, loiij^cr thiiiiHiiotit, '.i.^ in Im'juI. HcsiIoh not, vrry cluHrl.y iiiilii-i<;iiti!(l;
17 scah'H in front of dorNiil. Ii>it<;rul liiuiHtron^'ly dciiurvrd. Finn nio«l-
crat*', iM*<!toralH si-arccly n'a<!hinf; vontralH. Htoel l>luo ii!)ovo ; h'uU'h with
coiisithMablo copiM'ry luHtni; dorsal tin with a HJiarp j<^t bla<;l; horizontal
Ikii about half way up, reddish in yoiint; (IhIm's, tln^ tips of tho fin Moinct-
wliiit milky, th(^ base pale; a round bla(;k spot in^arly as lar{;<; as tho
eye at tho baH(M)f tho caudal ; analfln plain; oau<Ial tlndnll forru^inoiis
red, palis at basj^ as in M. cocvoycnlHy milky at tip ; ba«!k and sidos with
gilt linos, as in il/. ror/f »/»<«, tho formcir bo(;omin^ dark aftor doath ; a
faint rod bar down tho (^lun^kH as in M. cocvofjeniH ; a dark humoial bar;
iiialos with tho snout tuboroulato; fonialos jdain, no nni(;h rostunbliti};
Cliola inrystoiiKt, from tho samo wati^rs, that tho two spoj'ios havo boon
(oiiloundod. lload 'Af, ; dopth ."Sij. Soulos 7-4()-;{; tooth L', 4-4, 2, with
very narrow {;riiMlin;; surfaoo on ono or two of thoni. L. 4 inchos.
(!liatlahoo(!hoo Kivor, tlui typical oxamph^H fiom Huvvannoo Crook.
(Codoma eHrt/Hloniii Atmhiu & fliiiyloii, Hull. II. H. Nuf. Muh. xii, i'2, 1878, »)Xol. nyii,
(not l'li<iln;/cHiM euryHlomun .I(M'<liiii) : LiixiluH toiiintiuH Junlan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mim.
lH7D,'2:tt».)
ttt Species of Hiiiall Hizr, with (lie hciiIch not mTich dccpor flmii loiij;, Icrh rlom^ly iin-
lii'i(^a1tMl ; liddy oliioiifr or <-iiiii^)it(\ little *'ll^vat«'<l ; iiioiitli nioderatc, obli(iiio
or lioi'izoiital ; (loi'Ha! liii iimfiieil (dow) Ixdiiiul viuitialH; nuptial coIofh cumi-
miunly luilliaut. (^Alhuruopn (Jrd.*)
ilOlt in* roNCllN .Jordan.
body short and stout, littlo comi)rcssod. IToad rathor short, thick,
bluntly ronndod. Month moderate, slijjhtly oblique, tho jaws about
equal. Eye largo, nearly 3 in head, abotit equal to muzzle, a little loss
than tho broad intororbital space, l^'ifteen sijales before dorsal lin ; dor-
sal tin high, directly over vontrals. Olivaceon.s; scales dark-edged ; a
broad plumbeous lateral band ; lii)s black ; a dark caudal spot; a dark
vertebral line; anal region dusted with dark points; cheeks and belly
silvery ; nuiles with tho dorsal, anal, caudal, and i)ectorals mostly rosy
ml; iris, top of head, and tip of snout red. llead.'JJ; dei)th 4^. Scales
0-38-5 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2.] inches. Notalbany Uiver, Louisiana.
{Luxilua roiwuH .Jordan, Jlull. V. H, Nat. Muh. x, (il, 1877.)
*i{)!i. M. rubrlcroccuN (Cope) .J. & (i.—Iled Fall-Jiah.
Body moderately elongate, somewhat compres.sed. Tlead compara-
tively long and rather ])ointed. Mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws
about equal. Eye large, as long an suout, 3J in head, i)reraaxillary
*Giraid, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'»'5, 194: typo Alburnopa blenniua Grd. {Al-
hirnun; wi/", appearance.) {=^ Uydroj)hIox Jor.)
\t
* * * ■
11
:-i
i
u\\
''■I'
m
I'
J— 1.
r\
'.fc^
t^i^:
1 ]i*[
Rsa
TBI' s.
Ilia;
190 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
rather below pupil, maxillary reaching: beyond front of orbit. Lat(>Tnl
line somewhat (lecurve(^ Nineteen scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal in-
sorted somewhat behind ventrals. Females plain olivaceous. Males
dark steel-blue, a djirk lateral band of coaly punctulations, which is
usually distinct on the anterior part of the body, and passes thron^'h
the eye around the snout ; flns all ri(;h, clear red, the dorsal criinson
the caudal pink, the lower fins scarlet; head pale red, the lower ;>\v
flushed as if bloody ; eyes bluish or flushed with red ; a lustrous stre;'
along sides; silvery below. In high coloration the whole body is
or less red. Males v ith the head and autedorsal region dusted \vitli
fine white tubercles. Head 4 ; depth 4i. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales 7-38-3 ;
teeth 2, 4-4, 2, the edges of the grinding surface often serrate. L. 2h
inches. Headwaters of ^he Tennessee and Savannah Itivers. A sur-
passingly beautiful little fish, abounding in rock-pools at the foot of
cascades. . i ;.
{Ilyhopsis ruhricroceiis Cope, Journ. Acad, N.at. Sci, Philn. 18(58, 231 ; Jlydrophlox rubrl-
crocviis J ordiiu &, Brtiytoii, Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 32, 1878.)
266. M. lutipinnai^ .Ionian Si. Brayton.
Body stout and rather strongly compressed, the dorsul region some-
what elevated, the outline of the back sloping each way from the dorsiil
flu. Head short and rather deep, broad and flattish above, the iiuizzle
moderately rounded. Eye rather large, 3j| in head. IMouth rather hw^o,
but smaMer than in the ^receding, quite oblique, the maxilhiry leachiut;
to orbit. Mandible included. Eighteen scales in front of dorsal. In
life clear olive, with very intense green dorsal and vertebral linos ; an
intense metallic blackish band along sides; below this the sides are
bright silvery ; the whole body in the males bright, dear red, the color
of red berries; Any all briglit golden yellow ; tip of lower jaw black.
Head 4^ ; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 7-40-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. ^
inches. Oconee Kiver, (leorgia.
(Ilydroplilox. UUipinuia Jor:iuii & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Naf. Mns. xii, 36, 1878.)
26T. M. ciiilorocc|»li:aliis (Copo) .I.<r. & Gilb.
Body stout, with deep caudal i)edunclc. Head broad, witii doscoiul-
ing muzzle. Mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching beyond line of orbit,
premaxillary oi)i)osite lowiu" margin of jjupil. Eye large, 3 in head.
Interorbital space greater than nuizzle. Lateral lino moderately dc-
curve(? Sixteen scales', in front of dorsal. Color olivaceous, every
where dusted w't'.i blackish specks, which form a lateral band, wliicli
terminates in a dusky spot at base of caudal; green vertebral and lat
II) before th(
31 CYPRINID^ MINNILUS.
191
eral Hues ; top of head and upper portion of clieelis metallic green ;
males witli the belly dark crimson, the whole body more or less flushed ;
suoiit and antedorsal region tubercnlate ; fins plain. Head 4 ; depth
5, ]). 8; A. 8; scales 6-39-3; teeth 2, 4—4, 2 (1, 4-4, 1, according to
Cope, but we find 2, 4-4, 2 in numerous specimens). L. 2^ inches. Santeo
Basin, in North and South Carolina.
(//i//)0/>«JN t!/i/(>roce/.>/ifli«« Cope, Pioc.Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4{)1.) ;::; ,? H*
!;6§. in. chiliticus (Cope) J. & G.
Asi>ect more clupeoid. Head broa«l behind. Occiput convex. Muz-
zle iuniininate, greater than interorbital width. Eye large, 3 in head,
longer than muzzle, maxillary extending beyond anterior rim of orbit,
premaxillaries opposite middle of pupil. Lateral line strongly decurved.
Dorsal fin small. Olivaceous ; dorsal scales brown-edged ; sides and
below pure white ; males with the lips vermilion ; a vermilion band
through dorsal and one through anal fin. Head 4; depth 5A. I). 8;
A. 8 ; scales 7-3G-2 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Yadkin River, North
Carolina. {Cope.)
{Ililhopsia chiUticua Coiy6,Troc.AmGT. VhihSiicFhWa. 1870, A62.) , . .
260. I?I. chalybuctis (Cope) J. »fe 0.
Body moderately elongate, with rather abruptly elevated back and
slender caudal j)eduncle. Head flat above, rather narrow, nuizzle
Hither pointed. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw rather the longer. Lat-
eral line decurved. Eye large, 3 in head. Eighteen scales in front of
dorsal. Brownish above ; a broad, black, shining lateral band from
muzzle to base of caudal ; a light band above it on the muzzle ; belly
straw-colored, bright orange in spring males ; fins plain. Ilead 3J.
1). 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 6-35-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Delaware
Itiver, probably the smallest of the genus. {Cope.)
(IljlhopHis vhaljibaiua Cope, C.vpr. Poiui. 18(56, '.W^.)
370. ITI. chrosomiiN Joi-aan.
Form chubby, little comi)ressed, the ba(!k somewhat elevated, cau-
dal peduncle not much contracted. ITead rather large, rounded above,
tlio snout somewhat pointed. Mouth luoderate, oblique, the upper jaw
the longer. Eye 3J in head, as long as nnizzle. Scales everywhere large,
10 before the dorsal fin. Lateral line little decurved. Olea.'' hyaline
{iTcen in life, with blue reflections; belly, etc., clear silvery; a scarlet
hiiraciross dorsal, anal, and base of caudal ; a narrow scarlet band from
upper edge of oi)ercle8 straight to caudal ; beh)w this a silvery band ; a
low of black dots along the lateral line, forming a small, distinct spot at
m
192 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV
;i
r-
'*l
m^
l|:|
base of caudal ; top of head and vertebral line golden. Snout tubercii.
late in males. Head 4^ ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-37-3 ; tcetli
2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 J inches. Alabama Basin ; very abundant in clear streams.
A graceful little flsh.
( IlybopsiH vhrosomna Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 333 : Hydrophlox chroaomM
.Jordan & Brayton, 1. c. 49.)
371. Ifl. xsenov^cplialus Jordan.
Body rather short and deep, with thick caudal peduncle ; back wide
not elevated. Head large, llattish and broad above, the snout rounded.
Mouth large, oblique, the jaws nearly equal. Eye very large, 2J in
head. Lateral line somewhat decur\ ed. Thirteen scales in front of tlio
dorsal. Dorsal iin slightly behind ventrals. Dark olivaceous above, tlio
scales being extensively dark edged ; a dark band along the sides of (ho
caudal peduncle, which vanishes in black poiuts along the sides of tlie
body, reappearing on the head and passing around the snout ; a duslvy
bh)tch at base of caudal. Males without red markings, the snout swollen
and tuberculate in the spring. Head 4}; depth 5. D. S; A. 7; scales
5-38-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2f inches. Georgia to Mississippi.
{Hyboims xamoccphaluH Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1870, 334.)
979. m. pluinbcolus (Copo) J. & G.
Body oblong, compressed, the back somewhat arched. Mouth obliciuo,
the lower jaw slightlj' longer than the upper. Fins short. Eye larfje,
2f in head. Silvery, with bluish reflection ; top of head dusky ; a dark
spot at base of caudal. Head 4j^ ; depth 4'^. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; scales G-39-3;
teeth 2, 4—4, 2. L. 3 inches. Sagiiuiw River. (Cope.)
(Albiiriiopn plumbeoliis Cope, Proe. Acad. Niit. Sci. Phila. 18(J4, 28-i.)
973. M. laccrtosus (Cope) J. & G.
Body stout. Head broad and deep. Mouth wide, the lower jaw pro-
jecting. Eye large, 3,^ in head, equal to muzzle and to width of inter-
orbital space. Maxillary not reaching the line of the orbit. Scales
large, only 5 above the lateral line. Silvery: dorsal region dusky; no
red. Head 4. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 4^ inches. Headwaters of Tennes-
see River. (Cope.)
( Ihjbopm lacvrloHus Cope, Jonru. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila, 1868, 232,)
97 1. Ifl. sliuinardi (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.
Body moderately elongate. Snout subconical, not strongly decurved.
Mouth nither large, oblique, the lower jaw included, maxillary reach-
ing front of eye, ui)per lip above the level of the lower border ofoye.
Dorsal over ventrals. Eye large, 3^ iu head. Olivaceous j sides silvery;
31. CYPRINID«E MINNILU8.
193
fins plain. Hea«l 4^; depth 4^. D. 8; A. 8; RoaloH 5-40 1-3. L. ^
inches. Arkansas iMver. (Giraril.)
(Alhuniops uliiimanli ;in<l illecebroHUH Girar<l, Proc. Aoa<l. Nat. Sci. Phtla. 18.'>6, 194,
and U. S. Viu: R. \l. Surv. x, 261, 202. )
•i75. M. bl<>nniu« (Grd.) J. & (i.
Body inodcratcily oU)n{4ato. Ho.jul moderate, the snont short and
Htrongly convex, so that the mouth is nearly horizontal, the upi)er lip
!)eing below the level of the eye, lower jaw shorter than upper, max-
illary exteudirjg beyond trout of eye. Dorsal <lirectly over veutrals,
nearer snout tlum (;an«lal. Scales dee[»er than long. Lateral line de-
curved. IIea<l 4^; depth 4^. I). 8 ; A. 7 ; scales G-'lOH-ii. L. 3^ inches.
Arkansas River, {(lirard.)
^Alburnops hlenniua Grd. Frot;. Aciid. NtU. Soi. Phila. I85»i, 194, and U. 8. Pao. R. R.
8iirv. x,9CI.)
ttTfieth without evident grinding Hurfaco.
a. Teeth witli the e<lge.s Herrate ; scales closely imbrioated.
•if 0. in* cercostigma (Cope) J. «fc G.
"Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with sharp, serrate edges (without grinding surface).
Dorsal fin inserted 2 scales iH'hind tiiat above insertion of the ventrals.
Dorsal line compressed, elevated, rising regularly from end of muzzle.
Cranium convex abo^'e. Muzzle narrowed in proportion, slightly over-
hanging mouth. Eye 4i^ in length of head, U in length of muzzle, and
2 in interorbital width. Kxul of maxillary opposite i)osteiior margin of
iiares. Ventral outline less ctirved than dorsal. Caudal peduncle
mther stout. Isthmus narrow. Scales rather elevated, 8-39-3. Lat-
eral line gently decuived over ventrals. Head 4| in length to origin of
caudal, 1 scale less than <lepth at dorsal. Tln^ pectorals nearly reiu^i
tlio vcMJtrals, and the latter attain the vent. Radii: D. 8; A. 8; the
longest (anal) ray four thirds its base and three-sevenths distance to
longest fulcrum at origin of <',audal. Tot^d length 4A inches. Color
i>ri!fhtoIi\( above, without line or spot; bel«)w and sides, from fifth row
of scales ab' \e, gohlen silvery; all the fins, except the pectorals, with
white pigmei t at their bases, without nmrkings; a large, round bhick
spwt at base of caudal." Pearl River, Mississippi. (Cope.) The num-
Iter of teeth in the inner row as above described renders it necessary
tor us to refer this tlsh to the gtMuis Minniim. Its atflnities, however,
are evidently with Cliola, and the recorde<l dentition may be abnormal.
yCyprindla ocrooHtiijma Copt^ Proc. Afad. Nat Sf.i. Plula. 1807, 157.)
M. LV.th not Herrate; Healtts loosely imbrieal.u<l,etoaroeIy higher than long.
h. DotHal fin inserted direc^tly over the ventrals; anal rays 7-9; eyo very large;
scales large. (" Kpisetna"* (!opo A. Jordan.)
* Nani"^ preocetipiod.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. Hi U
•"*:->^
"P
m
Ik, ..-4-
194 CONTllIiJUTJONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV,
II ;-'
277. M. arioinuiUS (Copo) Jor.—nig-eyKl Shiver.
Body stout, moderately elev^ated, somewhat compressed. Head
h(«avy, broad above, the snout moderate, somewhat decurved. J\louth
moderate, oblique, the jaws equal, the upper lii) on the level of the pu
pil, the maxillary reaiihinj? the front of the eye. Eye very larj^e, L'j^ ju
head, much longer than snout, larger than in any other of the Aiiicri.
Ciin Cyprinidce. Fins moderate, the dorsal almost directly opjtosite
ventrals. Scah's large, 15 in front of the dorsal. Lateral line mucli de-
curved. Olivaceous ; scales above dark-edged ; sides and below bright
silvery; no red. Head 3^; depth i^. D. 8; A. 9; scales G-39-2; teeth
2, 4-4, J. L. 5 inches. Ohio Valley. A handsome species.
{I'hotoijeuiH ariommus Copy, Cypr. Peun. t'iiiO, 37H : CUola ariomma .Jordan, JSIaii. Von,
ed.-J,21>8.)
218. M. seabriccps (Cope) Jor. *
Body rather stout, iitth? couipressed, the back slightly elevated.
Head rather short an«l broad, the muzzle bluntish, somewhat decurved.
Mouth rather small, terminal, oblique, the maxillary reaching front of
orbit. Lateral line not much decurved. Fin s rather small. Eyelai'^'o,
3 in head. Oolor plain olivaceous; scales dark-edged above; sides
white, with a hiteral band formed of dusky s[)ecks, this band rnniiiiijf
through the eye around the snout. Males tiiberculate in spring.
Snuxller than M. anommus and less silvery. Head 4; depth 4^. D. 8;
A. 8 ; scales (3-;38-,'3 ; L*, 4-4, 2. Ohio Valley.
{Photofienin soabrivcpn Ci)\)v, Pioe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1867, 160: Cllola ncabriaps
Jordan, Man. Vovt. ed. % 2dti. )
S
279. I?l. JfjMims (Foi'l)e.s) J(n-- & Gill>.
Body ratlier slender. Head flattish above, the snout blunt and
rounded. Mouth rather large, oblique. Eye rather large, .'Jij in lioad,
eipial to sm»ut, less than interorbitnl space. Dorsal over ventrals.
Sixteen scales before dorsal. Color jmle, with a broad silvery lateral
band overlying a plumbeous shade; dorsal sometimes punctulatc.
Head 4; depth 4tJ. 1). 8; A. 7; scales 5-37-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. L. 3
in(!hes. Illinois lliver.
{EpiHema jejuna Forbos, Bull. IMs. L;i1>, Na(. Hist, ii, 00, 1878.)
3MO. !VI. louo.ioUlis (Cope) Jur.
Body rather slender. Muzzle rounded in profile. Mouth obli(ine,
the uumdible not projecting. Lateral line nearly straight. Twelve
rows of scales in fro.it of the dorsal lin. Olivaceous; scales above
dark edged; sides silvery, with a purple band; a black spot at base of
31. CYPRINIDiE MINNILUS.
195
oiiiulal ; muzzle and base of donsal red in the males. Head 4^. D. 8j
A. S; scales 0-39-3. L. 3 inches. Ilolston River. {Cope.) ■ , . -
(I'liotojaiia leuciodas Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 18G7, 1G5.) " * '
Ui. JJcirsal inserted behind ventrals. '
•2S1. ."TI. silttipicisais (Cope) Jor.
Hody rather short and deep. Ilend short, compressed. Eye very
liir,!;e, longer than snout, 2;] in head. Ventrals extending to beyond
lust rays of dorsal, reaching anal. Dorsal elevated, its height equal to
liair its distance from the snout. White ; a lateral silvery baud, strongly
piiiictate with black j a black band across eyo and snout. Head 41^;
ileptii 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 5-3G-2. L. 2,^ inches. Yadkin lliver,
No' Ml Carolina. [Cope.)
(AlbiirnelluH alt'qnnnia Copo, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 464.)
•i§:j. iTI. aauabilis (Grd.) Jor.
Uody elli[)tical, rather deep. Head short and rather deep, with largo
eye, which is considerably longer than snout, 3 in head. Mouth termi-
nal, oblique, the premaxillary op])osito middle of i)upil, the maxillary
barely reacliing the front of eye. Snout moderately pointed. Lateral
lijm (lecurved. Fins moderate. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals.
Color olivaceous ; sides silvery ; a dusky blotch at base of caud;)l. Head
;;>; depth 41. D. S; A. 9 or 10; scales 5-38 "?-3. L. 2\ inches. Kio Le-
oiia, ;i tributary of IJio Nueces, Texas. [Girard.)
(Alhurnua amabilh Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 193: Alburndlua amaUTia
(lininl, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Iclith. T)!.)
Wi. ITI. iiK'aalops (Grd.) .)or.
Very similar, but represented as having the head shorter, deeper^
and more obtuse, the i)remaxilhiry below the level of the pupil, the
maxillary extending to beyond the front of eyo. Olivaceous; sides
silvery; no black caudal spot. Head 4,^; depth 44. D. 8; A. 9; scales
piob.ibly as in the preceding. L. 2.V inches. Rivers of Texas, {(jirard.)
{Albnntua mcgnlops and sociKS Girard, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. Ic56, VX): Albur-
mllnn mciialopa and mdus Girard, U. B. JI<^x. IJonnd. Snrv. Iclitli. 52.)
**8cidc8 small, about &r> in (he lateral line. . - =-
i.S3. iH. bivillsilu*^ (Copi-) J. «& Ci. .1:1^
Body stout, tlie dorsal legion arched. Muzzle narrow, not promi-
ueiit, very obtusely descending. Mouth horizontal, tho maxillary reacli-
h\^ the iiont of the t)rbit. Eyo 4 in head, narrower than the Hat inter-
orbital apace. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals; pectorals.
*;:■»'! I
196 ooNTiniurrioNs to north amkuican ichtiiyolooy — iv.
roacliiii^ only h\i\f way to vontnils. (lolor silvery; tlui scales punctate
wjth blackish; a <lai'k baiul iVoni tlio siioiiUlcrs to the base of (Mii(ia|.
another iVoin the end of the nm//Je, across oporciiliini, to base of anal.
Head AH; depth 4. I). 8; A. 7; scales 12-r.;{-n ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. b, ;{
inches. Warm Sprinj^s, Utah. (Cope.)
{ /^/^o/)>.(N hirilliitns (;.)])<•, Hiiydon's (J.-oI. Snrv. Ton-, lor 1871, 1872, 474.)
mnH. !tl. fiiii|»uiiOMr4>ii««iA (Copo) .1. &. <i.
Body stout, rather i'oiupressed. Head heavy. Month oblique, l-'^y^
loufjfer than unizzle, '.if( in head. Dorsal tin slifrhtly in front of voii.
trals; pectorals not rea(^hin}; to ventrals, the latter reaching; v(Mit,.
Lateral lino more or less incomplete (in the typical examples, which are
all younjj; it is probably complete in the sulult). Color brownish ; the
scales tinely dusted with black points; a plumbeous lateral streak;
cheeks silvery ; fuis dusky. Head .'{3 ; depth 4 ; scales 1 3-52-(); teeth
2, 4-4, 2. L. 2 inches. Streams of Utah. {Cope.) This specnes and
the preceding are perhaps young Sqtialii.
(fliiooims Ihnpnnoocnfih Copo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1874, 1:I4 : IfyhopHintim-
pano/enHiH Cojio & Yivrrow, ZoJil. WluMsIor'n Kxpl. \V. lOOMi Mor. ^TA.)
0. ScaloH comparaf iv«'ly 8inall, more or hym closely iinbricatod, ami with tho i^xjmsod
iHlfion (li'cp (as ill (^odoma and LuxHuh); Hoalos in front of dorsal Hniiill ; (tMitlj
witli tho >i;rinding Hurlacti nioro or Icsh dovolopod. (Lythrurus .Ionian.*)
d. A black spot :it base of dorsal in front.
^§6. III. cyailO<>C|»linlllS (Copeland) \h\y. — IToh^k licd-finh.
Body short, stout, chubby, moderately compressed. Dorsal ontlino
elevated, the axis of the body being half nearer the ventral outliiio
than the dorsal. Caudal peduniile short, not contracted, tlu^ form re-
.sembling that of Piniephali's. Head very short, dtu^p, its greatest depth
three-fourths its length. Snout blunt, shorter than eye. Mouth largo,
very oblique, lower jaw projecting, luaxillary reaching to border of eye
Eye large, .1^ in head, not so wid«^ as the interorbital space. Fins larjjo.
JDorsal well behind ventrals, its longest ray about as long as head ; pec-
torals not reaching vontrals^ the latter to anal. Scales small, much
crowded anteriorly. Lateral line strongly <lecurved. Dorsal scales
small; thoracic region mostly naked. (Coloration dark bluish above;
sides not silvery. Males in spring profusely covered with small tubor-
clea; the sides and fins clear, bright rod; the back, and especially the
top of the head, of a clear glaucous blue. Dorsal fin in both sexes with
a largo black spot at the base of its anterior rays, this spot about sw
•Jordan, Man. Vert. 187 1>, iWii: tyiw SemoHlug diplemitis Kaf. {XvO/joy, bloo<l;
ou/od, tall.) i- ,■ / -,■ . .--: ;,,.j,v .,- •;i*:_.; ->■■'/:'-;?-,■;•*■•";■■•;' . "■;' i-s-f"'"."''
31. ('YPKINI1>/E MINN1LU«.
197
lurgc JiH tli<' <->('; (loiHjil, sinal., und ventruls bluckiHh at tij). Head 4J;
(U'ptli 4. I). 8; A. 12; scalofc lM«-4; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 2^ inclias.
Itivers ol Sotitlicni \Vis<u»n.sin, etc.
{fjjlthrurug cyano<!4'l)haluH iioitohiml. I'mc. Acad. Nftt. 8ci. Piiila. 1H77, 70.)
*2§H. VI. atri|»cs (.iDnlini) Hay.
Body iiiodcratel.v cloiif^ato, very Htrongly coinpresHed and olovated.
Head ('()iiii)aralively pointed. Moiitli rather hirge, quite ohiiiiuo, the
maxillary reachiii}; to the front of eye; lower jaw projecting. Eye
suiiill, Hliorter than muzzle, 4 in head, ycale.s clcsely imbricated,
crowded anteriorly. Lateral line strongly diMMuved. Uorsal tin be-
oiiiiiing midway between ventrals an<l anal, high anteriorly; pwitorals
not (|uite reaching ventrals; the latter to v<'ut Coloration of body
(lark bluish, without traces of vertical bars; sides not silvery, the scales
(lusted with dark punctulations; dor.«al with the usual black «pot at
base in front, smaller than in the other spet'ies; a black bar crosses its
Mlijicr part; anal colorc<l like the dorsal, tin; markings paler; ventral
liiis dusky. Males profusely tuberculate, and doubtless red in spring.
11, ad I.', ; depth 4. D. 7; A. II; scales 0-52-5; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3
iiiclies. Southern Illinois, This si>ecie8, and \ ossibly the preceding
iils(t, may be local varieties of M. diplcinlm.
^liillininiH atripiH .Ionian, Bull. 111b. Lalt. Nat. Hist, ii, 59, lb7b.)
!iHN. ill. <li|>lu;iiiill!4 (Ik'al.) Uay.—Jied-Jin.
Body elongate, compressed, little elevated, the caudal peduncle nota-
lilv long. Ileiid long, conic;, rather pointed. Mouth large, moderately
(ilili(|iie, tla^ premaxillary on the level of the pui>il, the nuixillary ox
Uiiding to opposite the eye, lower jaw somewhat projecting. Eye mod-
t'latc, about «'(pial to muzzle, 3^ in head. Scales closely imbricated,
irowded anteriorly, the antedorsal scales about .'JO. Dorsal fin high,
inserted about undway between ventrals and anal; pectorals not reach
iiij; ventrals, the latter to vent; caudal tin h>ng. Coloration dark steel-
liliio above; pale or silvery below; the males often showing traces of 8-10
iilisnuc crossbars; a conspicuous spot at base of dorsal in front; the
liiiN otherwise all jdain. Mides with the anterior dorsal region and the
head itroliisely covered with small whitish tubercles, the belly and
lowci liiis lieing of a bright brick-red in the spring. I'\'niales viiiy pale
olive, sometimes almost eidorless. Head 4;^; dei>th 4\. I). 7; A. 11;
wales U-47-;{; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. ;{i inelus. Ohio and Upper Missis-
xippi Valley and lake iegi(ui ; generally abujulant in small, (dear streams.
(SmoiiluK ilipU'iniuD lial'. Iclilli. Oil. : UypsiUiiis diplamia Co[>(*, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pliila. 18()7, Ki'J: Jordan, Man. V«rt, 'ii>i>. Leuoiacua di^Uwrniun of Kiilluud aud of Giiu>
\iivx h Luxilm<oniutux.j '*,.■"'
i
m
km
••ft
198 COXTIUIUJTIONS TO NORTn AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
2§9. M. nrdcilS (Copo) lUy.— Southern L'ed-fm.
Body eloiij^Jitc, liltlo coini)rosso<l and not at all elevated. Head long
conic, and pointed. Month larjje, oblique, the lower jaw scarcely lon^rcr,
the maxillaiy reaebiugj to oj)po-ite the eye. Eyo rather large, ;>.^ in Iirad.
Scales niodei'ate, silver}^ not closely imbricated. Lateral line decnivod.
Dorsal tin as in the other species; pectorals fallinjj ('.(nisiderably shoit
ofventrals. Coloration olivaceous; the scales dark-edged above : tlio
sides with a biilliant silvery band ; dorsal with a rather small black-
spot at base in front. Males in spring tuberculate, the entire body and
lins brilliant red ; crimson in spring, becoming more scarlet later.
Young males variously ])nrplish or pinkish. Head 4^; dei)tli 4'.
Scales 0-50-3 ; teeth 2, 4-4, L». L. 21 inches. Cumberland, TTpjx'r Ten-
nessee, and Eoanoko Rivers. A beautiful inhabitant of the clear
mountain streams.
{HijimlepiK ardcva Copo, Proc. A<'-a(t. Nat. Sci. Philii. 18<)7, lt;;5: LeuciseuH ardciis
Gilntlxer, vii, 'J.')?.)
*290. M. pun('tuI:U«is Ilay.
i>od.y short, deep, comi)ressed. liack elevated in front of dorsal.
ITead short and dee{). Prolile straight or slightly concave. Moiilii
large, quite oblique, maxillary reachin,g anterior rim of orbit, l^^yc mod
erate, 3J in head. Scales small, 25 in front of dorsal. Lateral line
Huich decurved. Dorsal beginnuig midway between muzzle and ba.si!
of caudal. Caudal pe<luncle compressed. Straw-color; silvery <mi sides
and below; scales above dark -edged; a <Uirk dorsal lino ; a dsirk band
on caudal i)eduncle; a. small black spot at base of dorsal. Head 1|;
depth 4.i. I). 8 ; A. 10 or 1 1 ; scales 11-40-:) ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with grind-
ing surface. L. 2 inches. Tuscumbia lliver, Mississippi. {Hay.)
(Hay, Proc. II. S. Nat. ISIiis. IS80, 508.)
tt A black 8[)ot on tlio n))i)i r autcuior part of (ho iloraal.
t!91. M. i-ial>ri|»iiiiii$ Hay.
Body long and shMuler, nuu!h compressed. Mouth large, oblique, tlio
lower .jaw somewhat projecting, the maxillary reaching the vertical iroiu
the front of the eye. Eye large, 3.i in head, slightly longer than snout.
Scales small, especially along the back, sonu'what higiier than long, l»ut,
not so closely imbricated as in M. hcllnn. Lateral linc^ much decurved.
Dorsal far back, midway between i)upil and base of caudal and convsid
orably i)osterior to ventrals; j)ectorals not reaching ventraKs, the latter
to veu:. Dark ; scales al)ove all with black points; a ])himberns latend
band, ending in a vague t^audal spot; a narrow dorsal baiul ; a I)Iiu',k
.spot on the upper anterior portion of tlu> dorsal and also on the anal,
31. CYPRIMD^E MINNILU8.
199
(.acli surrounded by a diftusc blotch ; tip of vontrals and cdpe of pco-
(oruIsdarU; vertical fins red. IJead4^; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 11 ; scales
$-ii>-^i. L. 2i inches. Chickasawha Kivw, Mississippi. ^ ^ i,
( i lay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils. 188U, r>Oy.) , ^^
HN'o flintiiict Idiick spot oil tlKMlorsal. .si
(/. ISody short and (loop.
292. M. bellus Hay.
Body short, de(>p, considerably coiujiressed. Dorsal region elevated.
Iloiul short. Muzzle short, rating' pointed, the profile somewhat con-
oivc. Mouth large, oblicpie, the TUiixillary extending to opposite the
iioiit of orbit, the lower jaw iirojccting. Lateral line much decurved.
.Scales crowded forwards, 25 in front of dorsal. Dorsal midway between
.snout and caudal, behind ventrals; pectorals not reaching ventrals, the
i;itt('r to vent. Caudal peduncle slender. Dusky above, with a nar-
row dark dorsal line; sides silvery, with pbunbeous streak; no sj)ot
at ha.se of dorsal; fins mostly black-tip[)ed ; belly tlame color in life;
liiis orange at base. Head 4i; depth H?-. D. 8; A. 10 or 11; scales
7-41-3; teeth 2,4-4, 2, "sharp edged, but with a n)asti(,'atory surfa(;o".
h. L'{, inches. Tond)i.i4beo liiver, Mississippi. {Jlay.)
(May, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, r.lO.)
vn. IJody sloiidoi' and clong.'ite.
a93. ITI. inatutiBiiis (Copo) .Tor.
r.ody slendei'. Orbit large, 3| in head, scarcely larger than length
ol iiinzzle, equal to interorbital width. Oliva(!eons above; the scales
hrown-shaded ; a plumbeous lateral band; sides and below brigLt Hil-
ary ; a dark si)ot at base of caudal. Males with the muzzle and chin
red. Head 4'; depth G. D. 8; A. U; scales 7-44-3; teeth without
-rinding surface. L. 2 J inches. Neuse Itiver. {(Jope.)
{Alburnvllua matnthtuH (Jope, Proo. An.rT. Phil. Sue. Phiia. 1870, 4G5.)
','94. I!I. lirus Jordan.
IJody slim, compressed. Head small, short, moderately deep, tlattish
above. Mouth rather large, very oblitpie, the lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting. Eye very large, longer than snout, 3 in head, the maxillary
iibout reaching its front. S(!ales snndl, loosely ind)ricated, their outlines
< xtrtiinely indil^tinct. Fins moderate. Coloration very pale translucent
HTccn; scales of back finely i)unctatc; 8i<lcs with a very distinct nie-
lallic. blue band formed of dark punctulations, this band passing
thioiigh the eye and snout and forming a most characteristic color-
marking; a streak of black dots along the bases of doisal and anal,
iii?pl
• im
^-Mi*l*»j4aMli«lTli"l'i nil I'll
200 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOOV IV.
that on tho doiHiil su^f^ostiiig the iKKMiliar spot of the other Lythruri •
tip of Hiiout Miiclv ; fills pale oUvaceous, red in tlie inale.^ Males \u
spring with tho head and antedorsal region profusely tubtucnhiU'd.
Head 4^ ; depth Gj. l>. 8 j A. l() ; neales S-4r)-4 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with very
uaiTowor obsolete grinding aurfaeo. L. 2^ in<'Iu's. Tennessije and Ala
bam a Uivtirs.
{A^ototropiH Htuit Jordiin, Ann. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. 187(5, 'M'li.)
** Scales u(>tii[)arat.ivuly lnrg<>, not higher than long, and not ch>8nly inihricaKxl ;
HcaloH in front of dorsal l:vrgo; tooth without grinding anrfaco. (MinniLua.*)
b. Aual tin long, i(a rayu 14.
»
99H. in. olif^nMiils (Copo) Jor.
" Under Jaw projecting a little beyond upper, maxillary extcMiding U)
op|)osite posterior nostril. Head oonic in profile, witli muzzle com
pressed, one-lifth of length to notch of caudal. Eye 3| in length ol
head. Opercidum higher than long. Kins short (except anal); ventr.ils
ttuttrior to dorsal. 1). 1,8; A. I, 14. Scales rather large, 5-41-2; lat
eral line with a long, gentle anteiior deflection. Above reddish; side.*-
of head and broail lakUMl band silvery ; body medially yellowisli.''
{Cope.) L. 2 inches. Kansas. Perhaps a member of some other genus.
{Albiunuti oligitxpi.s ("ope. I'roc. id. Nat. Sii. IMnlu. 1804, 28iJ: Abramiat oUyii«pk
Giinthor, vii, :MK».)
!i_l
^
66. Anal tin itxKlcratc, itN rays 10 or 11.
o. Scalos iiltovc lateral lino in aL-jui 9 aeries.
SI»6. in. iimbratilis (Grd.) .Tor.
A short, <le*5i) species, like a Notcmigoiim. Maxillary reaching orbii.
Lateral line deflexed. ()liva(X!0U8; sides silvery. Head 4; depth i.
1). 8; A. 11; scales 0-?-4. L. 3 inches. Arkansas llivor. {Oirard.)
{Alburnm umbratUin (Jtrd. Proc. Aoad. Nat. Hvi. Phila. 185(), lU^: Alburnellua umbraiilu
Gnl. U. S. l»ai'. U. R. Snrv. x, WG(>. )
00. Scales abov»> lati'ral lino in .V? Bories.
d. Ventral lins reaching beyond middle of doraul.
99T. m. sceplieus .Jordan »fe Gilb. Bp, uov.
Body short and deep, comi)ressed and somewhat elevated. Uciul
rjither large, deep, bluntish, resembling the head of Minnilus conmtus.
Moul'< moderate, terminal, oblique, lower jaw slightly included, uppw
lip opposite middle of eye, tho maxillary (extending to front of orbit.
Bye very large, longer than snout, 3 in head; interorbital space broad,
flatitish. Scales large. Lateral line much decurved. Fins moderate;
! AlbHi-nellHtf Girurd, i'roc. Aoatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. IKMi, 193.
31. CYPUINID.K — M1NN1LU8.
201
tlio dorsal well beliiii<l vciitials, Mn' tips of fclie ventrals extending to-
tho UiHt dorsal ray. (Jaudal ihmIiuu'.U? moderate. Ooloration very palej
Hides with a brifilit Hdvery l»an<l ; .scales with very littl<; dark edging;
iidark line ill base ut' dorsal ; ntalcs in .sprin;^ with the Hnont protiinely
tuoercnhite. Qtnid .'i:| ; clcpth 4. 1). H; A. ]{); Kcales 0-38-3 j teeth 2,
4-4, 1. L. 3 ineh(!8. Saluda Riv«'r, South (Carolina.
{ XolropU) phologmiH {'' imU-: vurii'ty ") Jonlim & Hiayton, Uiill. U. B. Nat. Mu». xli,
'i9M. ITI. pliotoKcniM (Cupu) Jor.
IJody more slender, coniiuessed. Head moderate. Month (]uite ob-
lique, lower Jaw weareely jini-jecting; maxillary about reaehlng orbit.
BiKik broad. Dorsal lin inserted behind middle of body, a little behind
vciitrals. Lateral line deeurved. Eye large, 3^ in head. Color oliva-
ceous, with brown vertebral and dor.sal lines; Hides and below bright
bilvery ; eheeks silvery. Ilead 4,^ ; depth 5.^. D. 8; A. 10; seales 0-40-3.
li. .> iiujhes. Alleghany region, Pennsylvania, to North Carolina, ou
both sides of the mountains ; abun<lant and variable. Var. cngraulinua
Cope is slenderer, the drpth in length, the head 3§.
{SqiKiliiui photoficiiiM Copci, I'roc. Acad. Nut. Hci. Pliila. l8(i4,'2H0: Photofienis huoopa
Cdiif, Vi(n\ Acad. Nat. Sci Phila. 18(57, KM : Lpiu^hcwi photogcnin GUntlior, vii,ii52.)
W9. in. teloNCOpus (I'opc) ,Jor. »fc (iill>.
Very near the i»r(^ceding, but with the d(usal fin inserted about mid-
way between 8n<mt and base of eaudal, not rnueh behind ventrals. Ey&
longer than muzzle, L*;'| in head. Mouth very oblicpie, mandible not jiro-
jiH'liiig. Color pale greenish ; the seales extensively dark-edged above.
Hciwl 4i; depth 5. I). 8; A. 10; seales 5-38-3. L. 3^ inehes. Teu-
nossee Kiver.
{I'holojienia telescopiin Co[>c', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18(57, 16."> : LeuoisouH teleaooptia
(Jiiiithor, vii, 252.)
30O. IVI. Mtilbiiis Jordan.
liody rather slender. Head rather long, somewhat pointed. Moutlt
large, oblique, the maxillary reaehing to the eye. Eye very large,
gr('jit(ir than snout and than interorbital width, 3 in head. Fins rather
hijjfli ; the ventrals reaehing to oi)])osite the last rays of the dorsal. Color
pale silvery green ; sides with a broad silvery band, on whieli are many
(lark ptnietulations; thes<i are numerous Just behind the shoulder-girdle
and at the base of the eaudal, where they form an evident spot; cheeks
pure silvery; lips dusky. Ilead 4^; depth 5. D. 8; A. 10; scales-
5-37-15; t<^eth li, 4-4, I. L. ;i inehoN. Alabama River. \ r,"
(SototropiM atHhiuM Jordun, Aim. Lye. Nai. Hin-t. N. Y. 1H7(5. 'J4H.) /
HI
'I
1 i. i.i|
202 CONTUIIiUTIOX.S TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV,
301. in. porcohromus t'npc. «
Body iiuMlt'iatcly eloiigulc. Ilc^ml rather long, tlieinnzzlo ;MMimiiia,t(\
M<m(h o!>liqiu', the jaws e<iual, iho rnaxiUary extending behind front of
orbit. Eye niothuate, .'{^ in h;n«th, as h)ng as snout. Dorsal begintiiii;r
slightly I)ehin<l ventrals, Seventeen seales in front of <lorsal. (Jolur
])ale, with lateral silvery band ; dorsal scales and scales at base of eaii
<lal with dark punctnlations. llead '.VJ^; depth 4,/. I). 8; A. 11; scales
7_;37_;{; ti-eth L", 1-4, 2. L. li inches. Saint Josei)h, Mo. {Cope.)
{.tlbnnH'llu.i piTcobroiaii:! ^2o\^(^, lIjiydi^u'H Gool. Siirv. Wyoiu. 1870, IIO.)
30t!. M. rilbcllllH (A,;;. ) ,1 or.— I.'oh;/ Minnow.
liody long and slon<leir, compressed, the back not elevated. Tliwul
blunt, conic/, proportionatcily shorter than m the other s{)ecies. Month
moderat<», very oblicpie, upper li[) on the level of the upper part of tlio
pupil, maxillary about reaching to the front of the eye.. Eye large,
rather huiger than snout, •i\ in head. Fins low; the dorsal well belli d
the ventrals, the tips of the vcntrals extending to beyond the middle of
the dorsal, Ijateral lino deeiirved. Color translucent green above;
sides bright silvery; scales above faintly punctate, but not enough to
render them dark-edged, nor to form bhttches along the shies; a faint
dark vertebral line; males in spring Avith the snout rosy. Head 4"^;
depth "4. n. 8; A. 11; scales r)-;?8-;j ; teeth 2, 4-4,2. L. 5 inches.
Great Lake region and Ohio and Mississippi Valleys; abundant in lakes
and river channels. Variable. The largest and handsomest species of
this genus,
(f?Nolropin a(herinoi(1en Raf. Aincr. Month. M!i}». & firit. Rev. 1818, '204 (very (lojil)t.
fill, i)('ih;iiKs a. Xotemifioniis): Alhiiniun ruhclhi'i A'^hsh\/,, Ij.'iko Snix^rior, 18.'t0, W'A: Al-
burnum iiitiduH Kiitlaiid, (Jl(>,voliiiHl An!i. Sri, 18;')), 41: AlburnelluN JicuIuh ami a kjo
Copo, Cypr. P«'nu. IHIiil, ',iH7 : LeHemum nibdluH and oopei Giinthor, vii, 'iM, 35!).)
303. Ifl. dillcmtlN Raf. — hmerald Minnow.
Very similar to the preceding, but smaller and more (M>mpressed, with
shorter snout, smaller eye, narrower and more convex interorbital space,,
which is not wider than eye, and shorter ventrals, which scarcely reach
the middle of the dorsal. Colors very pale; lips dusky. Head 4:^;
depth r>i (to4.V). D. 8; A. 10; scales (J-38-; J ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. .i^
inches. Ohio Valley. Described from specimens taken at the Falls of
the Ohio. .^
(Minniius dinrmus llai'. Ifhth. Oh. 4,'): Alburnus dileclus Gnl, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sii.
Philii. l8r)G, l!>3: Aibunidln.Hdihctnf< Gnl. IJ. S. Pfu- R. R. Suiv. x, 239: NolropU dihclm
and dinemuH Jordan, Man. "N^irt. 'JSUi, 297.)
304. in. riibrirrons (Copo) Jovdau.— Ros if -fa ord Minnaw.
Body moderately elongate, the ba<;k scarcely elevated, the caudal
peduncle somewhat contracted, llead longer than in the other species,
31. CVPU1NI1)/K — I KOrOl'OUlIS.
203
■ ; ^'
<'(»ni«! jvimI liitluT poiiitiMl. Moiitli liitiuT lar^is very obliqno, iipiu'r lip
iibovc rhu lirn^ of tlu) middle of tlio pupil, tltc iiiiixillury n^iuOiiii;; to op
pio^o the (\vo. Kye iiKMU'iMtc, ;inliMioi', t in head. OliviiciMuis }il)ovo ;
m'.iU'S w'illi darker edy;es ; sides silvery; a- dark v<Mtel)iul line; inalen
willi tlie Hiioiit tulMTcnlute in sprinj,', the roreliea.d, oprreular region,
iiiiil l>as«! of dorsal beiii^ then Hushed with red. Head 4 ; depth 4i^.
J). S; A. 10; scales r>-,51>-;j. T«'efli 2, i-t, U, little hooked, one of them
,s();:i«'tiuies sbowinj,' a wort of grindiu;:' face. L. 2^ in<!heM. Ohio Valley.
All elej^ant species. Much snialU'.r than tahdluH^ with larger head untl
deeper body.
{ AlhurnuH ru'in/iviii {\t\Mi, Vrtu-. A<r;i'l. Ni.t.. Hci. IMiilii, lH;i5, ^5: AlbiirucUus rnhri-
fni:ii C'<)|us Cyjir. I'oiiii. Id Id, Mid: f,i'in;i«viin rnhrifroiiH Giiiith«*r, vii, 2!i'>: iVotrnpin ru-
hri/roiix .Ionian, 'ii'').)
ao.». M. j<'iin»/-:iams (CoiM-) .lor.
I'.ody siiMider. with l(>n{? caudal peduiulc Head liirfxc, the muzzle
]()iii;-aeuuiiuate. Mouth lar;.'e, oblifpu*, the ui)per li|) below the liaie of
(li(^ pu[)il, the maxillary extendiuj; beyond front of orbit. Itlyo mod-
erate, 'S^ in head. Dorsal rather posterior, the tips <»f the vtMitrals ex-
teiidinj;' beyond its last ray. 01ivat!eous; a broad silviu'y band, with
pliiiiibeous sup(U"ior margin ; a dusky vertebral l)and. Head 4J ; depth
(i. 1). 8; A. 10; scales 5-;J4-2; tetith 2, 4-4, 1. L. ■> inches. Han Ude-
lonso (liio (rrande), New Mexico. {Cope.)
{JlburncUuH jeiuvsanuH Cope, Zool. Wlieuler'H Expl, VV. lOOtli Mi-r. v,(i50, leiTCJ.)
or. N'ciitrjil liiiH Hhort, Hc,nr«;<ily niiwliiiiy buyoinl front of iIorHul.
ao<». jTI, inieroptcryx ((;<>i>'') •'<>'■•
Body slender, compressed. Mead moderate, rather i)ointed. Mouth
hir^^e, oblique, the upjier lip on tlic level of the pupil, the maxillary
iv!i(;hiu<; to o[)posite the front of the orbit. Eye small, about as long
as muzzle, ."i.^ in head. Scales larffo. Lateral line decurved. Fins all
quite small, the dorsal farther back than in any of the preceding
species, so that the short ventrals do not reach much beyond its ante-
rior rays. Color olivaceous; sides bright silvery; <lorsal s(!alcs conspicu-
ously dark-edj^ed ; a dusky blotch at base of (;au«lal, underlying the
.silvery lustre. Head 4.^; depth ns. I). 8; A. 10; scales r>-;{0-2. L.
2,' inches. TIead waters of Cumberland and Tennessee Tiivers. — - -^-
{AlburnclltiB mioroptvriix Cope, Joiiro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IH()8, 2:53. )
■ ~" "" 86.-PBOTOPORrS Cnpo; ■.
(Copo, llaydon's Gool. Surv.T<M'r. 1871, 473: type ProtoporuH (lomtiiniiH Coitvs.)
Body ratluT stout. Mouth noruuil. No barbel. Teeth 2, 4-4, 1,
hooked, without masticatory surface. Scales small, iu 50-00 transverse
i" '!■
%i
* * ■ f f
'■H
■jy
KtM :
M"
I*
204 CONTRIBUTIONS TO XOKi'H AMEUICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Series. Lateral line short or nearly obsolete. (Dorsal flu not described.)
Amil basis short. Small flshes, differing from Minnilm in the incoui
plote condition of the lateral line; possibly merely the young of some
Hqualius. (-|r>(or.-?, before; ^'y""?» Pore.)
307. P. doiniiiniis Cope.
Boily rather stout, front convex. Muzzle obtuse. Mouth horizontul,
end of maxillary not quite reaching orbit. Eye 4 in head. Lateral
lino not developed as far as the ventral fins. Grayish ; a broad dark
lateral bana, spotted witli darker; back and top of head dark. Head
4i; depth 5. 1). 8; A. 7; scales U-SG-G; teeth 2, 4-4, L L. 2 inches.
Fort Hail, Idaho. {Cope.)
(Cope, lliiydou's Gool. Siirv. Mout. 1871, 47:», 1872.)
§7.-I::KI€YiTIBA Cope.
(Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1805, 88 : type Eriojmha buccxita Copo.)
Body rather elongate, little conii)ressed. Muzzle broad. Interopor-
cle, suborbital, and dentary bones crossed by (5onspicuous, externally
vis'ble, nuujouH channels. Li[)s thin. No barbel. Teeih I, 4-4, 0,
without grinding surl'ace, hooked, the edges entire. Scales rather large,
Latt 'ill line continuous. Dorsal fin above ventrals. Anal basis short.
Si!ver;y lishes of rather small size, known at once from all other nun
nows by the cavernous bones of the lower part of head, {ipi, an inteii
Hive particle; xob^rj^ a cavity; in allusion to the development of the mu-
cous channels.)
AQti. Vt. buccutit Cupu.
Body fufciform, lather elongate, little compressed, the back not ele-
vated. Il«Mid rather long, some^what depressed above, with broad and
prominent muzzic. Mouth rather small, horizontal, subinli rior, the
lower jaw considerably shorter than upper, upper lip below level of
])upil, maxillary not rea<;hing to eye, dentary bones dilated, the mu
eons channels conspiijucms, Sul)oibital very l)r()ad, silvery, with an
elevated longitu<linal ridgt^ an«l (•ous|»icuous cross-lines; opercle small.
Eye large, 4 in head. l^^iuH small, dorsal over v«Mitrals. Scales mod
erate. Lat'.u'al line nearly straight. Breast scaleless; 15 large seal ih
before dorsal. Color olivaceous, rather pale ; sides bright sdvery, with
bluish relleetions; a dark dorsal streak, conspicuous posteriorly; lin.s
plain; males witnout tubercles or bright tiolors. U^ad 3{^; i\vi\){\\ T),
D. «; A. 8; seal' ^ {.'Ua; teeth 1, 4-4, (►. L. 5 inches. Ohio Valhi.v
to Mis8i8si|)pi'(/ia/i; locally very abundant. Oneofoui most remark
able species of (Jypriuida:.
(Oo|><', I'loi:. Ai'iid. Nut. Si'i. Pliil:*. IHli.^, H7. inul Cypi. I'umi. :»ni ; (HIiiHut, vii, 185.^
31. CYPRINIDii': — IMIKNACOUIUS.
SS.-PHEIVACOBIIJN Cope.
205
* ( San^dium Copo. )
(Copp, Prop. .Vciid. Nat. Sci. Pliil.v. H )7, '.)(}: hypo I'hfiuu'obim terctiiliut Coi>oi.)
Body oloajjiito, little <',oinpro-s.sc<l. .Moiitli inferior, the lower lip thin
lufisially, but eularjifed into a (iesliy lobe oii each side toward the angle
of the mouth, thus pre.senting a superficial re.seniblanco to that of Exo-
glonsum, with which the genius has i)robably real affiidties; uijper lip
with a callous covering within; dentary bones distinct, except nt sym-
pliy.'-'s. No barbel. Upper jaw protractile. Teeth 4-4, hooked, with-
out grinding surface. Scales rather small. Lateral line complete.
Dorsal fin in front of ventrals ; anal basis short. Isthmus e.KtreinoIy
wide, [iitestines short ; peritoneum white. Small species, with the
aspect of young suckers, (^yt'wa^, dccei)tive; ,?£«<?, life; the appearance
of tlie fish suggesting an herbivorous species with long intestines, which
it really is not.)
'.Scales modonit *, i:<-50 in th« course of tlio lat/ttral line.
»0!>. P. tcrctulus Copo.
Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevat^ul, the tsaudal pe-
duncle stout. Head stout, the muzzle elongate, obtusely deourved,
lit'iivy. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal, the maxillary not reaching to
t!yc. Isthnms wi<le. Breast scaly. I^ateral line nearly straight. Eye
large, high up, 3.^ in head. L*ale yellowish ; the ^.^caics above dark-
edged ; snout blackish . a plumbeous lateral l)and ; fins plain. Head 4fjj
depth 4§. U. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 0-43-6 ; teeth 4-4o L. 3^ inches. Kan-
awlia River.
(Copo, Pim\ Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1807, %.)
310. P. iiiirabiiis ((ird.) Jordan.
Body modcM'ately slender. Head short, rather blunt anteriorly.
Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to the eye. Eye large, 4 in
head. Olivaceous; a silvery lateral band and a dusky spot at base of
oaud; ,1. Head 4; depth P\. I). 8; A. 7; scales 0-51-5 (teeth 1, 4-4, It).
li. '{^ inches, .\rkansas Kiver. [Oirard.)
J'^ogloaaum iiiirabih! OrA. Vnw,. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Idf)*;, ISM, and U. 8. Pac. K. R.
^ itv, X, '250: ExoijlosHiim mirabik OUulhcr, vii, 188; tSarddium acopiferum* Copo,
* Body moderately elongate, the hack not elevated. Canclal pcdnnclo stout. Hood
rtitnor nhort and thick, witli prominent but obtune mu?!zle. Mouth nmall, horizontal,
wiiolly iuf'nrior, Mie ni.ixillsiry not reaciiiiiK Uie «^ye. Top of head f tt. Lateral line
iwarly siraigiit. liye large, li in head. Yollowisli, with a silvery lateral baud, which
t.flrmiiiatf>H in a Itliick caudal 3[)ot ; tio do sal liand ; fins plain. i!i'ad4J; depth 1?.
D, 8; A. 7; Boales G-4''4-5; tooth 4-4. L. 3inohes. {Cope.) Missouri '^iv». a
mm^m^
jUHHUBttlttliaMIU^
lif1JtTihh»'*I^MnW»
Pi.,
-1 »•
206 CONTRl MOTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Hajdcu'sGcol. Siirv. W.yoin. 1^70, 440, 1H7-2; Juraaii, Bull. Hayfleu'« Geol. Surv. Terr,
iv, No. :>, (i'.iii (ii rjiMn v <hul)l)y spccinu'ii from the Rio Grande, with scales C-4r)-7
the bri-ast iialad, is n-lerrcil hy us ti» thisspi.cicH): / Phenmobiua lereiuJuH var. Uosttrmn
Nolsou, Hull. Ills. Mus. Naf. lli.st. i, li:)7(>, 4(i.)
** Scales Hiuall, aliout (iO in the lateral line.
311. P. iNitn'stoniiiH .Ionian.
Ij()»ly liitlu'i' slciiuU'r, noaiiy terete, scarcely compressed iit all, back
not elevated, cavulal |)e(luiicle stout. Ilt^ad very large, the mnz/le blunt
and heavy, the cheeks tumid, rdouth small, inferior, altogether below
the level of the eye, the maxillary barely reaching to the nostrils. Eyes
large, high mj), behind middle, of head, and 3.V '.u its length. Scales
small, thin, .ml loosely ind)ncated; the back and belly scaled; chest
naked. Lateral line nearly straight. Twt^nty-two scales iu front of
dorsal. Fins all small. Width of isthmns 'Ih in head. Pale oliva-
I'cons; white below; a silvery lateral band, nnderlaid by dusky, which
forms a vague blotch at base of caudal; back dusted with dark si)eck.s;
* \\ of head olaek; a yellowish vertebral line. Head 4^; depth C'J. 1).
H; A. 7; scales 7-00-5; teeth 4— t. L. 4 inches. Alabama River.
(Jonlan. Amu. I^ye. Nal. llisi, N. V. l-^TG, :'.;!.'.)
'AVi. V. llk'anoB>«i Cope.
Body very slender, little enmiMessed, back not elevated, caudal i)c-
duncle long and slender. Head long and rather slender, Hat aboM^,
the muz/le broad, blunt, and piojee.ting. Mouth entirely inferior, larger
than iu the other si>ecies, with conspicuous lii)s. Eye largt;, placeil very
high, behind the middle of the head, ^.} in head. Scales small, L'l in
front of dorsal. Lateral line straight. Chest and middle line of belly
naked. Width of istlnniis JiaU length of head. Fins small. Head 4.,';
depth (>. I). 8; A. 7; scales 7-0l)-(»; teeth 4-4. Tcimessoo Itiver.
(Cope, I'voe. Acad. Naf. «( i. IMiila. i^'M, '.Mi.)
SO.-RIISr^SCam'BIVS Agasslz.
BlucL-HOfivd Dace.
(Arfiuntnii Ileelvel, juxoecupied in ICntomology.)
(Agassiz, Lake Superior, I8ri(», ;!53: lypo Cijprhiua atronmua I^Iitchill.)
Body rather elongate, not much compressed. IMouth small, std)iii-
ferior, normal, the upper jaw nt)t inotractile, the upper lip contimioiifj
with the skin of the forehead, a barbel terminal on the maxillary.
Teeth mostly ii, 4—1, li, hooketl, withoui grinding Hurfaco. lutestiuul
31. CYPRINlDiE — RHINJCHTHYS.
207
canal short. Scales very small. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal liu
inserted behind th<' ventrals. Anal basis short. Size small. Colora-
tion dark, rosy in spring, (/u;-, snout; r/.Uoq^ llsla; the snout in most
species being prominent.)
31JJ, B. cataractae (Vul.) .Jor.— ArtKcz-Hosw/ Daw.
body elongate, little compn'ssed. not elevated. Head long, the muz-
zle ilattcned, narrowed, and extremely prominent, the mouth being en-
tirely inferior and horizonti I. Eye nearly median, its diameter cou-
taiucd twice in the length of the Miout, about 5 times in bead. Isthmus
wide. Barbel evident, ijateral line commencing opposite the upper
posterior angle of the operele, dccurved. Pectoral lins enlarged in the
males. Color olivaceous, paler below, with numerous dusky i)unctula-
tions; the back often almost black; some of the scales usually irregu-
larly darker, producing a mottled appearance; no black lateral bands;
yeimg specimens with a dusky lateral shade; a blackish spot on the
operele; males in sjuing with the lips, cheeks, an<l lower fins crimson.
Head 4; depth 5. u. 8; A. 7; scales 14-G5-8; teeth L', 4-4, 13. L. 5
inches. New l']ng'and to Virginia and Wisconsin; frecpienting clear
and boisterous streams and rock-pools.
\<iobio calaractw Cnv. & Viil. xvi, ,]U>, lH4"i: Lermseiis iiaHulim Ayri's, IJohI. Joiirn.
Nri. Hint, iv, 209, 184;{: Argnreua nuHutm Cope, Cypr. Pcnn. ^(iK: lihinivhthijs vnxuiua
fliiiitluM', vii, 18ih CcnitichlhijH calarncttxt GiiiiMior, vii, 17o: JthiniclithuH ninniwratua
A;:iissiz, Lako Siiporior, ;J5'1; RtiUiiahtUnH murmorutnu Giinthor, vii, 16'J.)
311. It. maxillosu<>i Copi.
Uody elongate, not elevated. Head long, the muzzle long and project-
iiij;, as in the preceding si)ecies, but rather heavier, the mouth l)roader,
tlic maxillary extending nearly to the <'ye Barbel evident. Eye small,
lii^h u[>, median, 5^ in head, I''ins small, caudal not deei»ly foiked.
hiiteral line decurved. Silvery; darker above; a dusky lateral shavie,
iit least in the young. Ilead 4; dei)th 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 11-70-8.
L. r» inches. Upper Missouri region southeastwaiil. Vviy close to the
pieeeding.
(CoiKi, I'roc. Actul. Nat.. Sci. Phila. 1804, 27H,)
ItH'l. If. tntii«(BMontaiiiiM (Jopo.
'fills si)ecies, the conunon Uhiniclithi/i; of New Mox'co, dilfers from
JiliinichtliyH maxUlosm in having the dorsal fin equidistant between the
base of the caudal and tlie end of the muzzle, and in having the longi-
tudinal series of scales below the lateral line more numerous (12~13),
m
208 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
and equal to those above it. D. 8; A. 7; scales 13-70-13. Tributaries
of the Rio Grande in Colorado and New Mexico. {Cope.)
{Uhinichthya mojcilloam Cope & Yarrow, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 644,
1877 (not of Copo, 1864); Cope, Amer. Nat. July, 1879, 441.)
31G. R< obti^siis Agassiz. — Brown-nosed Dace..
Very similar to B. atronasus, but usually rather stouter, the barbel
more distinct, the head a little shorter, and the coloration somewhat
diii'erent. Back olivaceous, mottled with darker; sides with a rather
faint brownish band, margined above and below with paler; belly sil-
very ; a dusky blotch in the middle of the base of the dorsal fin; uiale«
with the pectoral fins enlarg d, and with the lateral band rosy. Head
4; depth 4^. D. 7; A. 6; scales 4r-G3-8; teeth ? 4-4, 2. L. 3 inches.
Wisconsin to Georgia ; abundant in clear brooks. Probably a variety
of the next species.
(Agassiz, Amor. Jouni. Soi. Arts, 1854, .357; Gilnthor, vii, 190; Jordan, Aim. Lyo.
Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1870, 331: Rhinichthya lunatiis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1864,
278 : lihinichthys meleagrts Agassiz, Amer. Joiun. Soi. Arta, 1854, 357 : Ithiniohthyameleagrit
Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 46: Rhinichthya meleagria GUnther, yii, 190.)
317. R. atronasus (Mitch.) Ag. — Black-noaed Dace.
Body moderately elongate, little compressed. Head moderate, rather
broad and flattish above. Snout moderate. Mouth small, horizontal,
subterminal, the lower jaw included, barbel minute but probably always
present, upijer lip on the level of the lower part of the pupil, max-
illary not reaching nearly to the eye. Eye small, nearly median, U in
snout, 4^ in head. Fins rather .small; dorsal fin well back. Scales
quite small, somewhat imbedded. Lateral line somewhat decurved.
Color blackish above; some of the scales irregularly darker ; a black
band passing from snout through eye and along the sides of the
body; a pale streak below this ; belly silvery ; males in spring with the
lateral band and the lower fins, and sometimes the whole body, bright
crimson ; males in late summer with the lateral band scarlet or orange,
the red color growing fainter later in the season. Head 4 ; depth 4J.
D. 7 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 04 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. .'} inches. New England t^
Ohio and Virginia ; very abundant in clear l)rooks and mountain streams.
{Cypnnua atronaaua Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 4(50; Glluthor, vii, 191.)
90.— AOOSIA Uirard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8cl. Phila. 1856, 186: typo Agoaia chryaogaater Grd.)
Body moderately elongate. Mouth moderate, normal, the preniax-
illarios x)rotractilo, the maxillaries with a terminal barbel. Teeth 4-4,
Laj«t,„Tiri!raSE'ffiSGMffl»2Vil
31. cyprinid;e — apocope.
209
nooked, with grindinj;;' surface. Scales quite small. Lateral line con-
tinuous. Dorsal over or slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short.
Size, aspect, and (joloration of RhinwhtJu/s and Apocope. (A coined name,
wirliout uu^aning.)
3IS. A. chrysossister Giranl.
Body rather stout, the back slightly elevated. Head heavy, the snout
bltiutly conical, covered with tubercles in males in spring. Mouth
siiiiill, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw included, preiiuixillary entirely
lielow the level of the eye, the maxillary not reaching its anterior mar-
gin, barbel minute. Eye ratluu- large, about 4 in bead. Fins well
d(n<'l(>i)ed. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color t)livaceous above,
with black spots ; yellow below ; a black streak along the sides. Head
4j\; depth 4^. D. !); A. 8. ; Lat. 1.00. L. 3^ inches. Rio Gila, Ari-
zona. (Oinird.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliilfi. 185fi, 187, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth.
48.)
319. A. metallica Grd.
Stouter, the head shorter, and the snout more convex. Dorsal rather
iiiglier and narrower. Scales (in tjgure) considerably larger. Colorar
tion and i)roportion8 essentially as in the preceding. Lat. 1. 75. Rio
Gila.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Pliila. 185(5, 187, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtb.
49.)
91.— APOCOPF (Jopp.
(Cope, Hayden's Qeol. Surv. Mont, 1871, 47*2 : type A poropc cnrrhttjtoni CoytPi.)
Body somewhat elongate. Mouth normal, rather .small, .vith thickish
lips and a terminal maxillary barbel, premaxillaries i)rotractile. Teetli
mostly 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales very small.
liiiteral line weak, often more or less broken posteriorly. Dorsal fln
inserted behind the ventrals. Anal basis short. • Isthmus broad. Size
small. Colors dusky, with red in spring. The species are closely re-
lated and difficult to separate, and the geinis is scarcely distim^t from
Agosia. {dTroumr^, a deficiency, in allusion to the incompleteness of the
I literal line.)
'Lateral lino with (50-70 soalos.
ViO. A. carriniirtoni (Jopc,
Body rather stout. Head blunt and heavy, the snout scarcely over-
liaiijjitig the mouth; maxillary not quite reaching the line of the orbit;
Itiirbols minute: isthmus wide. Eye 4^ in lu^ad. li in iuterorbital
B\dl. Nat. Mus. No. 10 14
<.M
«i '
it,/ ,^
^^
210 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
width. Dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, nearer caudal than muzzle.
Lateral lino in the young running about half way to caudal, nearly com-
plete, or wanting on some scales only in the rlult. Olivaceous; a dark
lateral band ; dark shades along the back ; i des with the loral region
and the bases of all the fins except the dorsal scarlet. Head 4^; iicpllj
6. D. 8; A. 7; scales KMJO-ll; teeth 1,4-4, 1. L. 4 inches, Utah
to California ; very abundant in i-ock-pools.
(Cope, Hayden'H Geol. Hiirv. Mont. 1871, 472 ; Jordan & Honshaw, Rept. Chief En<'.
U. S. Ge.og. Siirv. W. lOUth Mer. 187e, 191.)
321. A. nubila (Grd.) Jor. & Gilb.
This species is very similar to A. carringtonij but in Girard's original
types the head is quite slender, while in the latter species it is blnnt
and stout. Lateral line continnous, but broken and feeble posteriorly.
Body stout. Mouth small, barbels small. Fins rather small. Color
blackish, with a darker lateral shade. Head black above. Head 4] ;
depth 4i. 1). 8; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. GO. L. 4 inches. Washington Territory.
{Argyrcus nubilm Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(), 181) : Argi/reuK nubituit
Girard, U. S. Pac. It. R. Surv. x, '241.)
322. A. vulBicrata Cope.
Body elongate. Mui<;:le obtuse, not projecting. Mouth inferior, hor-
izontal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Eye as long as muzzle, 4
in head. Dorsal fin behind line of ventrals, nearer caudal than snout.
Barbels small. Olivaceous; yellow below; a blackish lateral band;
head blackish above; males with the chin rtd. Head 4^; <l(^pth 5i.
D. 8 ; A. 7 ; scales 12-65-12 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2^ inches. Utah to Cal-
ifornia, Oregon, and Arizona; generally abundant in the mountain re-
gion.
(Coi)e, Hayden'H Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 47:^; Cope, vol. v, Zool. U. S. Geog. Surv.
W. 100th Mer. 187(5, (140; Jordan & Honshaw, Rept. Chief Eng. U. S. Goog. Surv. W.
100th Mer. 1878, 11)1 : Tyjoina rhiinchtlujoxdea Cope, Ilayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871,
473: Apocope couvni Yarrow, vol. v, Zooi. U. S. Geog. Surv. W. lOOHi Mer. 187G, 018.)
B23. A. hcnsliavii Cope.
Body rather elongate. Miiz:ile rather long, broad, obtuse, but over-
hanging the mouth. Barbel small. Eyes small, high up, shorter tliaii
snout. Ventral fins reaching anal, but not reached by the i)ectoraIa;
dorsal fins originating somewhat behind base of ventrals. Color pule,
with a few dark clouds on the sides and dark shades on head ; lower
fins r(^d at base; young with dark (jrossstreaks. Head 4|; deitth 4^.
D. 9; A. 7; scales 14-02-10; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Utah and Idaho; abun-
dant in I'rovo liiver. Not very diflfereut iiom the preceding.
{Jihinichthya hcunhavii Copo, Proc. Aim-r, Phil. 8oo. Phila. 1874, 13;); Cope, vol. v,
ZoOI. U S. Goog. burv. W. lUOth Mer. (545. )
\;,^5 «:■
31. CYPRINID^ CP:RATICHTHYS.
211
321. A. OSCllla (Grd.) Cope.
Difters from A. henshavii in having a longer and more attenuated
body, and narrow, sliarp-pointed muzzle. Base of dorsal intermediate
between base of caudal and end of snout; ventrals reaching anal, but
not reached by pectorals. Yellowish white above ; bright yellow below j
a broad blackish lateral band ; a narrow black stripe around muzzle j
males with the lower jaw and lower tins crimson in life. Head 4^ (" in
total length") ; depth 7^; eye 4?- in head. D. 8; A. 7 ; scales 10-G3-10.
(Colorado to Arizona. {Cope.)
(Argyreus oacuiun aud notabilia Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 18G, and in U.
S, Mex. Bound. Siirv. Icbth. 47 ; Cope, vol. v, Zoiil. U. S. Geog, Surv. W. 100th Mer.
()47.)
'"Lateral line with 80-90 scales.
323. A. vcntricosii Cope.
Tiody rather elongate. Muzzle obtuse, but narrowed anteriorly, not
ovcriianglng the mouth. Eye 4 in head, shorter than snout. Caudal
IxnUmcle stout. Barbels small, sometimes obsolete. Scales very small.
Dusky olive above; a blackish lateral band. Males with the axils of
the pectorals and ventrals scarlet; a scarlet spot above the gill-openings
and one on the side of the muzzle. nead4; depth 4|. D. 8; A. 7}
scales 18-89-15 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2f inches. New Mexico to Arizona
and Oregon ; abundant.
(CeratichthijH ixntricosus Cope, Proe. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1876, 136; Cope, vol.
V, Zoiil. U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer. 648; Jordan & Henshaw, Ropt. Chief Eng.
U. S. Geog. Surv. W. 100th Mer. 1878. 1!)2.)
9:2.— CERATICUTIIVS Baird.
Horny Heads.
(Nocomis Grd ; tllybopaia Ag.)
(Baird, 1853, brief notice ; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1850, 212 : type Semott-
lus higultaius Kirthiud.)
Form various. Mouth terminal or inferior, with lips thin or some-
what lleshy, a consi)icuous barbel terminal on the maxillary, premax-
lllaries projectile. Teeth 4-4, or 1, 4-4, 1 or 0, hooked, without evident
i,Tiudiiig surface. Scales rather large. Lateral lino continuous. Dorsal
fin inserted over, in front of, or slightly behind ventrals; anal basis
short. A large and varied group. (z^|oa?, horn j ixOu^yii^]!) from the
nuptial tubercles of the typical spetiies.)
The species may be thus dividi'd :
•Spuciescf large hissf, with tlie mouth anterior, the lower jaw included ; the dorsal
(in sli^'htly behind the ventrals (CKKATlcirniYa).
Mf/uttatuit, mUropoijon. simmetriais^
mim
: It
4 *
J'3.
m
Mi:;' 1
I'.
•'s
212 coxTRinniONS to north amkrican ichthyology — rv.
*• species of .siiijill size, witli th« inoiitit siibinferior .inil hori/ontal ; the dorisal fin in-
serted sliy^litlv ill front of the ventnils, iiiul tlie scalcH generally lar^e ami sil-
very (f UvuoPsirt A^fussi/. ).
ft. Teeth two-rowed cumiiii/i, liinfiii, ainblops, ruhri/rotiH, hypninotu».
bb. Teeth «»ne-rowed dit'^imiliH. itirlftun, (imtirnliii, (fdidHH.
"••tipecicH of small size, with the niunth subinferi<»i- and horizontal, with thickened
lips; the dornal tin inserted slightly bohiiul the ventrals, nsnally with a Itlaek
Idoteh on its last rays; scales rather large, silvery.
labroaua, zanemitH, nioiKuliiin.
*Speeiesof large size, with the month anterior, the lower jaw iucluded; the dorsal
tin slightly behind the ventrals. {CeratlvhthyH.)
aa6. V. bi^lltlatllS (Kirt.) Grd.— //(>/•»(/ Hmd ; Hirer (huh; Jerker.
Body rathor rolmst, little elevated, little coiii])ressed. Head larj,'o,
rather broadly r<junde(l above; the snout conical, bluntish. Mouth
rather lar^e, subterininal, little obli(iiie, the lower jaw somewhat the
shorter, the upi)er lip rather below the level of the eye, and the maxil-
lary not reaching to the front of the eye. Eye small, median, high up.
Suborbitals very narrow; preorbital larj^e. Fins moderate; the dorsal
rather posterior, slightly behin«l the insertion of the ventrals; caudal
broad, little forked. Scales large, not crowded anteriorly, 18 rows in
front of the dorsal. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color l)luish
olive; sides with bright green and coppery reflections; a curved
dusky bar behind theopercle; scales above with dark borders; ix'lly
I)ale, but not silv«'ry, rosy in spring males; tins all pale orange, with-
out black spot. Males in spring with a crimson spot on (5ach side of
the head; the adults with the top of the head swollen, forming a sort
of crest, which is sometimes a third of an inch higher than the level of
the neck and is covered with large tuben^les ; young with a dark (;audal
spot. Barbel well develoi>ed. Head 4; depth 4[. D.S', A. 7; scales
6-41-1; teeth 1, 1-1, 1, or 1, 4-4, 0, sometimes 4-4. L. (>-t) inches.
Pennsylvania to the (ireat Basin of Utah and southward; everywhere
uibundant. The most widely ditfused of oiu' CyprmidiK. Western speci-
mens usually have the teeth in two rows.
{Semotihoi bUitiitatiiH Kirtland, Host. Joiirn. Nat^ Hist. IrtlO, iii, ;i44; Cope, Cypr.
Poun. 1866, 36(5; CJiinther, vii, 178: Xocomin nrbraitveiinis iuul f Xocomis belUcuH (i'wtivA,
Proe. Acad. Nat. Se.i. Phila. 1H.')(), 2V.i: CeratichtliyH cyclotia anil atigmatUus Cope, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. lHti4, 277, '278: i'eraUchthya cyclotia ij'nnWwr, vii, 178: Ceratich-
thy a aiigmaiicua O.Wu%\\i-^i\ vii, 17'J.)
^97. €. iiii4'i'0|»0{iroii Copp.
Body moderately stout. Head much as in MinnlhiH mrnutuH, broad,
the muzzle obtuse, the pioflle rounded, descending. Mouth slightly
oblique, its itngle opposite front of the orbit. Eye 3| in head. Barbel
luiuuto. Caudal peduncle slender. Yellowish brown, with brown ver-
31. CYPRINIDiE — CERATICIITHYS.
2\[\
tebnil biiinl ; ii hrown lateral shade. Head 3^; ileptb i\. I>. 8; A. 7;
scales (J-K)-;» : teeth 4-4. L. 'Mj inches. One specimen known, from
Conestojja kiver, i*ennsvlvania. Perhaps a variation of tlu; preceding.
(Cope.)
((•(ipo, I'roc. AciMl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18«4, 277 ; CSIintlicr, vii, 179. )
3*i§> C Myiiiinvtri<;us (Uaird & Girard) J. &, G.
Body elongate, slender, moderately compressed, not elevated. Head
short, rather slender and pointed. Mouth small, little oblique, the lower
jaw included. Eye large, anterior, huiger than snout, .'i in head. Bar-
bel small, but evident. Scales small, ratlur loosely imbricated. Lat-
eral line strongly decurved. Dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Coloration
|)uU' ; scales dotted with black; cheeks silvery. Head 4| ; depth G. I>.
8 ; A. S : scales 9-58-4 ; teeth 4-4, without grinding surface. L. G inches^
Rivers of California.
{I'oqoinclitliijn fijimmilridiM li. «V G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Phila, 1H.^)4, i:SG : Leucosomvs
njimiiKlriciin (iiinthiT, vii,y(>7.j
"8]K'cit!s of Hriiall nixv, with the month subinferior and horizontal; the doraal fin in-
serted slightly in front of the ventrals, and the scales generally large and
silv»>ry. ( ffyhopxlx Agassiz.*)
/). 'rcclli two-rowed.
:piO. €'. riliningi Glinthi-r.
IJarbels minute. Eye entirely in the ant<^rior half of the length of the
ticad, aiul nearly as long as the snout, which is obtuse, rounded, convex,
tlic mituth being sui)inferior. Interorbital space convex, as wide as the
(irl)it. Suborbital ring extremely narrow. Origin of dorsal fin a little
lu'hind ventrals. somewhat nearer root of caudal than end of snout.
IV'cronds not reaching ventrals. A grayish silvery band from gill-
opcniiig to the root of caudal, where it terminates in a black spot,
lloiid t L ; body T). I). 8: A. 8; scales G-4o-G ; teeth one; rowed ?
L.'W, inches. [Giiiithet:) "California"?
((iiitilher, vii. )77.)
!i:iO. <'. luceim .Ionian.
Ilody elongate, comi)resse<l, the back somewhat elevated from the oc-
cip'ii t() the base of dorsal, thence rapidly declined to the long and
slciider caudal peduncle. Head short, compressed, the cheeks nearly
vi'iiical. Interorbital space rather broad and (lat, somewhat grooved.
Kye very large, circular, high uj), placed lu^arly midway of the length
of the head, its diameter about equal to the length of the snout and
'Ayassiz, AiniT. .loitrn. Sci. Arts, i'^ri4, ;{r>8: typi- /////>()/»k/n iiraeiHiiAy;. (/ ijof, gibbouB;
Wl"' , CilCC. )
mmmm
ttitk
m
! > 'I J
214 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
scarcely greater than the width of the iuterorbital space. Preorhitul
bone large, oblong, conspicuous, and silvery. Mouth rather small, hor-
izontal, the lower jaw included, the edge of the premaxillary below the
level of the eye, the maxillary not reaching to the vertical from the
front of the orbit. Barbel quite small. Snout boldly and abruptly do-
<!urved much as in C. amblops, the tip of the snout thickened, foruiirijf a
sort of pad. Lateral line decurved. Rows of scales along the back
convergiug behind the dorsal wliere the upper series run out, as in
Minnilus cornutm. Fins rather higher and more falcate than in Q,
biguttatm. The dorsal fin inserted well forward, over veutrals. Pec
toraV lins pointed, not reaching veutrals, veutrals not reaching vent.
Teeth 4-4, hooked, without grinding surface. Translucent greenish
above; sides and below brilliantly silvery; cheeks and opercles with a
bright silvery lustre; lius plain ; a slight plumbeous lateral shade. Head
4J; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; 8cales5-4L'-4. L. 5 inches. Fallsof the Ohio.
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1879, 238.)
•331. C. amblops (Kat.) Gv<\.— Silver Chub.
Body rather slender, somewhat heavy anteriorly, not much com
pressed. Head large, somewhat Uattened and broad above. Eye very
large, longer than snout and longer than iuterorbital space, 3 in lusad.
Mouth horizontal, subiuferior, and rather snuill. Muzzle bluntly de
curved. Upper lip below le\'el of orbit, maxillary not reaching the line
of the front of the orbit. Barbel evident. Fins moderate. Lateral
line somewhat decurved. Sixteen scales before dorsal. Color translu
cent greenish above; scales somewhat dark-edged; sides with a bright
silvery band, which overlies dark i)igment, so that sometimes a plumbe-
ous or even blackish baud a])pears ; a dark band through eye around
snout ; males ".vithout tuberciles or red coloration. Head 4 ; depth 5.
D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-4 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2-4 inches. Ohio Valley
iind southward. Southern specimens (var. wincliclli) have the head
narrower and the barbel rather shorter.
{Itntiliis amblops Raf. Ichtli. Oh. IS'JO, 51: ? Jlnbopnin graviliH Agasaiz, Aiikt. .Jouni.
»Sci. Arts, 1854, 'SM : Gohio rrrnalis and Jli/bopsh winchrUi Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
A^hila. 18oG, 188, 211: Cvmtichliins hj/alinua Cop<', Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1809, SJ):
■Cerativhtlujti hijaHDUii GiinthiiV, vii, 179: Nocomw amblopH Jovihiu, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist,
-N. Y, 1870, 328.)
333. C. riibrifi'oiis Jordan.
General form of the i)receding. Head long, narrower than in the pre-
•ceding, longer than in the next. Eye moderate, 3^-3-^ in head, wider than
the interorl»ital space. Mouth smalhu-, interior, overhung by the bluntly
bb. Teeth one-
:n. CYPRiNiD^: — ceratichthys.
215
decurve^l but not very broad muzzle. Barbels quite long and distinct.
Thirteen scales in front of the dorsal. Fins well developed ; the first
developed rays of the dorsal about twice the heij^ht of the last. Pale
oliviiceous; sides with a plumbeous silvery band, in some specimens
forming a stripe through eye and snout, and a dark spot at base of
caudal; cheeks silvery; snout in males red, with numerous dust-liko
tubercles; specimens in high si)ring coloration have the fins largely red.
Hoad 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-3(}-;j; teeth 1, 4-4, 0. L. 3
inches. Basin of the Altamaha, Georgia.
(Nocomia rubrifrona Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1976, 330.)
333. C. hypsinotus Copo.
Body much stouter, more elevated, and more compressed than in the
preceding. Head short, broad above, much smaller and more conical
than in the preceding. Outline of back rather abruptly declining behind
front of <lorsal fin, so that the base of the fin is oblique. Mouth inferior,
horizontal, small, the maxillary reaching the line of the orbit. Barbels
fiinall. Eye small, 3i in head. Color silvery, with a double series of
black specks along the lateral line, and a lateral band of dusted black-
ish, which passes through eye and snout; males with the fins bright
red, and the body with a deep violet lustre, as in Minnilus ruhricroceus.
Head 35; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 3
inches. San tee Basin, in X rth Carolina and South Carolina.
vCopo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 4r)8 ; .Jordan & Dr.aytou, 13idl. U. S. Nat.
Mils, xii, 1878, 2'). Ceratichthys leptocephalnn Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G,
'dJ, from Salom, N. C, may bo the same, hut th(» flescription ia wholly iihsuffieieut for
determination.)
bb. Teeth one-rowed.
334. C. dissiinilis (Kirtlaud) Copo. — Spotted Shinir.
Body long and slender, little compressed, with long caudal peduncle.
Head long, rather flat above, the snout somewhat bluntly decurved, pro-
' ji'cting a little beyond the rather small, horizontal mouth ; lower jaw
iiichuled ; both jaws with the skin hard in front, forming a sort of lip
l;it(!i'ally. Barbel considerably shorter than ])upil, maxillary not reach-
iiij,' nearly to orbit. Eye very large, high up, somewhat directed up-
ward, rather behind the middle of the head, forming more than one-
third the length of the head. Opercle small. Dorsal rather large, its
l)osterior border oblique; anal small; caudal well forked; pectoral
rather long. Scales rather large, 22 in front of dorsal. Lateral line
nearly straight. Olivaceous ; sides silvery, with a bluish lateral baud,
which is widened into .several dusky spot.s, fbrnu'd by dark punctnlatious,
* >-
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iMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Photographic
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Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. M5Sn
(716) 873-4303
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21G C0NTR1I5UTI0NS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
and most distinct posteiioily ; a dusky band on bead, tbrougb eyes and
snout; tins j)lain. Head 4^; deptb oi. D. 8; A. 7; scales 0-47-5 ;
teetb 4-4, otten wi.b sbght j^mnding surface. L. 5 incbes. Obio Vul.
ley an<l tribntaries of tbe Great Lakes.
{LeuuacuH dmhiiiliif Kiitliiiiil, Boat. Jonrii. Niit. Hist, iii, ;{11, 1840: CoratichthyH din.
>iimilin Cope. Cy[ir. Penti. 367 : Cemtichthya disnimilis Guuther, vii, 177.)
333. €. «tei-letii»i Cope.
Body slender, witb long caiulal iieduncle, tbe least deptb of wbiuli is
little more tlnin a tbir«i of tbe greatest deptb of tbe body. Head long
and slendCi, tbe muzzle mucb projecting and broadly rounded. Mouth
moderate, inferior, tbe maxillary not reacbing tbe front of orbit, liar-
Cels conspicuous. Eye moderate, 4.i in bead. Fins ratber long, t le
caudal deeply forked. Color silvery: sides witb a few duskj^ siuiIcm;
forebead i)iidv in tbe males, as in C. riibrifrom. Head 4; deptb 4'^. D.
8: A. 7; scales (•-;}( !-.■» ; teetb 4-4. Kio Grande, in New Mexico. {Cope.)
(Cope, Zoiil. Wl-HH'l»!r's Expl. VV. KtOtii Mer. v, 0;V2, lb7G.)
336. C. »P» iivalis ((ir«l.) Cope.
Head (.'ontained about 4J times in tbe total lengtb. Differs from 0.
yelidm and (/. cenmlis, its Ameriijan congeners, by a ratber compressed
body, elevated and arebed upon its middle region, and tapering rapidly
towards tbe peduncje of tbe tail. Tbe snout is more prot;:uding tluui
in 0. !feli(h(s^ tbe (\ve larger, an<I tbe ventral fins inserted somewluit
nior<! forwards. Tbe scales are also larger (about 30 in tbe lateral lino
in tlie tignre), deej er tban long, anteriorly subtruncated and posteriorly
rouiuled, witb radiating furrcvws iii)on tbe latter section only. 1). 1, 8;
A. I, 7, etc. Tbe color is yellowisb brown, souiewbat ligbter beneath
tban above, witb a silvery streak along tbe middle of tbe Hanks. Kio
San Juan, Cadareita. New Leon. {Girurd.) (Of course tbese little lishes
have uo intimate relation witb tbe Euro|iean genus (Joblo, wbicb is an
ally of SeinotUas, witb tbe teetb 3, 5-5, 3, and tbe barbel lateral and
very long.)
{(iohhi (vnUraliHViivavil, Proo. Acad. Nat. 8ci. I'hihi. 18.50, l!iU.)
83V. <:. KClidiis (Urd.) Jor.
liody very slender, not elyvated. He!a<l slender and elongate, tlie
Butnit protuinent and tapering. Eye small, ratber bigb, 4 in head.
Moutb small, subterminul, tbe maxillary not extending to tbe cyti.
Fills large. Lateral line Jecurved. Scales ratber large. (Joloration
Bilvery; a dusty lateral streak, and a blackisb spot at base of caudal.
31. CYPRINID^ CERATICHTHYS.
217
Head 33; depth 5.^. I). 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. i4. L. 2 inches. Milk River,
Montana. (Oirard.)
{Gohio (lelidm (Jul. Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. IS.'iC.. 188, and U. S. Pac R. R. Surv.
""Species of small Hize, with tlni mor.th Hiihinferior and horizontal, with thickened
lips; the doinal (in inscrtiid slij;hll\ lifhiud the ventrala, asually with a black
blot(;h on its last rayn; scales rather lar^e, silvery.
33§. €. labrosiis Cope.
Body slender, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head long,
gently decurved tc» the muzzle, which scarcely overhangs the mouth.
3i(»iith entirely horizontal, the maxillary reaching the orbit. Eye 3"| in
lioad. Dorsal inserted slightly behind origin of ventrals (not directly
over, as stated in original <lescription). Lips thickened. Barbels very
long. Color silvel'y; sides .sometimes with vague, dusty cross-bars.
Head 4.^; depth oi. D. 8; A. 8; scales 6-34-4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. L. 2 J
inches. Catawba Ri\'ei", i^^Torth Carolina. [Cope.)
(Cope, Proc. Aiiier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 458.)
339. €. xaiiciniis Jordttn & Brayton.
Body long and slender, little compressed. Head rather long, narrow,
and pointed, very slender in young specimens, stouter in adults. Snout
decurved in profile, an angle in front of the nostrils Muzzle long, over-
hanging tlie large mouth. Lii)s mu<;h thickened, the lower with a con-
spicuous internal fringe of papilke. Barbels extremely long, longer
tiian in any other of our Gifpritmhr, their length more than half the
diameter of the t»ye. Eye moderi'te, nearly median, 3;^ in head. Scales
ui .'derate, closely iuibri<5ated, IG in front of dorsal. Lateral line slightly
decurved anteriorly. Fins rather small. Caudal deeply forked, its pe-
duncle long and sleiuler. Coloration pale; a small, round black spot at
base of caudal ; dorsal scales dark-edged ; a dark lateral streak, obso-
k'te anteriorly; large specimens with a large dark j)atch on the last
rays of the dorsal, as in Gliola analostana ^ base of the (!audal with dark
p!)ints; males in spring with the head and neck profusely tuberculate
and the fins flushed with criTuson. Head 4^; depth 44- D. 8; A. 7;
scales 5-40-3 ; teeth 1, 4-4, 1 . L. 3 inches. Saluda River, South Carolimi.
(Jordan & llrayton. Bull. U. S Nal. .Mos. xii, -£>, ll^8.)
3<I0. ('. Hioiia<*llll«i Cope.
Body sleiMler. somewhat t'oinpressed, not nnieh elevated. Head long
and ratlu'r sleuiler, flattish abov«'. with in'ojcicting muzzle. M(Mith in-
ierior, horizontal, small, the nuixillary not reaching tln^ eye, which i»
218 CONTillBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
^•"^m
rathor small, 4^ in head. Scales rather small. Lateral line somewhat
decurved. Twenty-four scales in liout of dorsal. Fins moderate. Color
light olive j a n)etallic vertebral band: sides and belly silvery ; no lateral
baud; a black spot at base of caudal; muzzle dusky; membrane of
upper posterior part of dorsal fin black. Head 4; depth 5^. D. 8; A.
8; scales 8~5G-4; teeth 4-4. L. 4 inches. Tennessee Kiver.
(Copo, Jourur Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1867, 227.)
•♦ 'iZ
-u*
L'V
:i
I
1
93.-COUJKSIUS Jordan.
{Jordan, Bull. Haydcn's Geol. Siuv. Terr, iv, 76b, 1878: type Nocomia milneri Jordau =
Leucosomua dhsimilia Grd.)
Body elongate. Uead normal, not depressed, the prolile convex.
Mouth terminal, normal, a well-developed barbel at the posterior end
of the maxillary. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface.
Scales rather small. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal flu over or
slightly behind ventrals; anal basis short Size rather large. (Dedi-
cated to Elliott Coues.)
•Scales small, (JO-70 iu the course of tho lateral lino.
t About thirty "cales in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrah'.
341. C sqiiaiiiileiitiis (Cope) Jor.
I'orm stout, profile nearly plain. Muzzle not prominent. Mouth
horizontal, the maxillary not reaching the orbit. Eye rather small, 4§
in head, sho^^ter than snout. Isthmus wide. Barbel quite small. Dor-
sal lin slightly in advance oJ ventrals, behind middle of the body.
Scales (piite small. Olivaceous above; sides silvery; a lateral band of
dark punctulations. Fins plain. Head 3i; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales
17-00-14; teeth 2,4-4, 1. Henry's Fork of Green liiver, Wyoming.
{Cope.)
(CcraliohthyH nquamilenltia Cop(^, Haydeu's Geol.'Siirv. Wyom. 1870, 442, 1872.)
ft About 20 scales iu a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals.
342. C. dli»isimilis (Grd.) Jor.
Form of i^anotilus eorporfdis, but more elongate and less compresiscd.
Head llattisli above, the snout broad, projecting over tho large, ob]i(]iie
mouth, maxillary reaching front of eye. Barbel very evident. J^yo
huge, as long as snout, about 4 in head, 1^ in interorbital space. Scales
small, crowded forwards, those on the back snuiller. Dorsal flu begin-
ning over last ray of ventrals. Dusky above; sides somewhat silvery;
ixu obscure dusky band through eyearoun<l snout; fins plain. Uead 4^;
ir ^ '
31. CYPRINID^. PLATYGOBIO.
219
depth 4J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-08-7; tectli 2,4-4,2, L. 6 inchos.
Lake Superior to Upper Missouri region ; i)robably abundant.
(? (lobio phimbens Agasaiz, Lake Supoiior, SlJfi : Lvucosomua dissmilis Gixanl, Proc.
Ac;i(l. Nai. Sci. Philu. 185(), 189, and U. S. Pac. K. R. Siirv. x, 250: Nocomia milncri
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. x, C4, 1870 ; Jordan, Bull. Haydcu's Geol. Surv. Terr.
iv,784, 1878.)
3/|3. C prosthcinius (Copo) Jor.
Body fusiform, r.itber slender. Hoad small, the muzzle abruptly de-
s('(>n(linf? Mouth rather small, somewhat oblique, the maxillary not
reaching to the orbit. Eye 4 in head. First TAy of dorsal opposite vcn-
tiuls. Color dusky; a plumbeous lateral band; white below; fins plain.
Head 5; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; scales 11-03-8, somewhat crowded
anteriorly; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. inches. Upper Great Lakes.
(Ccralichtliijn pro8thi)iuius Copo, Cypr. Ponn. 18ti(), :if35: CcraUvhthya plumbeun Giln-
t\m; vii, 142.)
»* Scales rather large, ahont .'jO in the lateral line and 10 in a transverse series.
341. C. pBiysignatlius (Cope) Jor.
Body slender, the caudal peduncle stout. Head wide and depressed.
Dorsal outline little arched, the j)rofile descending steeply to the lip.
Lower jaw included, niaxillary reaching anterior border of orbit. Bar-
bels v/ell developed. Eye J§ in head, 1.} i:« muzzle. Twenty-three rows
of scales in front of dorsal. Dorsal iin inserted in front of ventrals.
Olivaceous above, white below; a phimb»\ius lateral band: fins plain.
Head '6^ ; depth 5. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 5-49-4 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Arkansas
River at Pueblo. {Cope.)
{Cvmliohihija phyaignathuH Cope, Wheele.r's Expl. W. lOOth Mor. v, G51, 1876.)
94.-PL.ATVOOBIO Gill.
Flut-hcaded Ohubn.
(Gill, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 18G1 : typo Pogon'whthijH conimunia GrJ.)
Body rather elongate, somewhat compr(>ssed. Head rather short,
bioad uiid dei)ressed above. Mouth normal, rather large, subler-
miiial, with a well-developed barbel at its angle, at the extremity of
the maxillary. Scales large. Latera-l iine continuous. Dorsal in-
serted anteriorly, rather in front of the ventrals. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, with
rather narrow grinding surface. Size large. {TcXarOq, broad; Latin
(lobio, a gudgeon; the broad. Hat head resembling tlie head of a Oila.)
345. P. gracilis (Rieh.) (Jill & Jor.— /'7rtf-/icadtvi C/tttft.
Body rallu^r elongate, sonjowhat compressed, little elevated. Head
small and short, its upper surface very broad and depressed, the inter-
t'
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220 (.'ONTUIIUITIONS TO NORTH AMEKICAM ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
orbital width bein^' ncaily hull" the hMi^^th of the head. Mouth ratlu'v
Ijirjijc, slightly obliijue, The upiH^i- bpoii the h'vel ol lh<> h)\ver part ot'tlu;
eye, the maxiihirv rea«'hiiig the line of the front of the eye, the upp«'i jiiw
very protractih*, the lower jaw included. Eye small, rather hi^jh up
and anterior, (I in head. I'inM ratiicr huf^c; d<»rsal in advance of tiui
nii<Ulle of the body; caudal peduncle rather stout. JScale.s larjic and
silvery; lateral line decurved; 23 scales in front of dtusal. <'oloiati()ii
pale; back bluish: .si«les and below silvery; head mostly white; lins
pale. Head f, ; depth 1,'. I). 8; A. 8 ; scales (»-i50-5 ; teeth 2, 4-1, l>.
L. 12 inches. Hocky Mountain region from the Kansas and Yellow
stone llivers to the Saskatchawan ; abundant.
{Vifpriiiun (LvKciitcHii) (jraciUn Kicli, Kauiiii llor.-Amer. I'isc. 18IU5, 120: roi/oniihihiis
<ommn»in (iid. I'mc A-ad. Nat. Sci. IMiila. lH,-,(i, IS,'^. ar.d IJ. S. T-ic K. If. Snrv. x,
'247: PoijoiiiihthiintmiimiiHin («ill, Iclilli. Ciii)(aiii SiiiipsouV Surv, 40H: I'oijoulvhlhfiHd'ia.
lyi/ohin) niiloiiclhiH Vo)H', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IHOt, 'i77: Lru('incu>i t/racUli' CWti-
ther, vii, 24(»: LriKonomnx rotumtinif and gnhmUtiH (iiintln'r, vii, li(i7, 2t)H.)
31<(. I*, pallidum KorlK'8, sp. nov.
"The depth is contained 4g tiujes in lenj^th, and the head I. Tiieeyo
ecpuds the snout, aiul enters leufith of heatl .'J;^ tinu's and tlu> interor-
bital s[)ace twice. The head is tlat above and tlu! snout overhanjiirs tlio
mouth, which is large aiul wide, with a ma.\illary barbel about on(^lliinl
iis long as the eye. The mandible reaches a vertical line drawn tlir<»ii;;ii
the middle of the iris in front. The greatest dt^pth of the head entors
its length Vj tinu's. The scales are ()-55-,"), with 22 rows before doi-sal,
where they are mu»;h smaller than elsewhere. The lateral line is stiaiji;lil,
except for a few scales in front. The pectoral tins are large and pointed,
reaching the ventrals, iiud the latter attain the vent. The front ol' rho
dorsal is situated a trille before the ventrals and a little nearer snout
than caudal. I). 8; A. 8. The color in alcohol is plain, witli a
phunbeous lustre along sides, ami traces of a «lusky late) Jil Htripe behind
dorsal. The pharyngeal teeth are stout. 2. 4-4, 2, hooked, with masti-
eatery surface. L. 2.3 inches. One s|»ecinu'u from the Ohio Uiver at
Cairo, probably adult, as the snout is tid)erculate.''' {Forbids, MSS.)
»5.-SEMO'riLlTS Ifaliiimiuf.
CIlKhs.
(LeuvononiHfi HtH'Uol ; (■liiloiivmiin Haird.)
(KaliiR'supu', k'htli. Oh. 4'.', I'^'iO: type Stmotilitu dormlis Rnf. —•.Cyprhiiis corpunilis
MHvh.)
Body robust. Head large. Mouth ti'rminal, the upper jaw pro
tractile, a small barbel on the umxilhiry just above its extremity, lu.
;n . CYPUINID/K — SKMOTILUS.
221
testinal cJinal sluHt Tooth 2, r»-l, L', li(><>k<Ml, witliout inusl icutory sur-
lacc. Sciilos modornti'. Ijiitornl lino coiitinpoiis. Dorsal more or less
l)Ost*'i'i«»i' lo von' als. Anal basis short. Spocios of largo sizo, dillorinj;"
I'loiii S<iualivn in tho i)roson('o of a maxillary barbol. («■/;//«, bannor —
,/'., dorsal lin; tho se(M)nd i)art of tho \vor«l was olsowhori' nsod by
i;iiliiios(|UO to moan "spottod".
• Iiisiititiii of (Idr.sjil till cvidj'iilly Id'himl vciitiiils and ii()t,il)Iy hchiiid tlio iniddlo of
(ho body ; .sirales Deduced in f^izi- aii<l iiiiich crovvdod anteriorly ; a block spot
at base (ifddr.sal in front. {HemoiUnH.)
,147. S. <-4»l'|»Ol'ali!4 (Mitch.) VnU\. — <'hHh; Ifonnd Dace.
r.ody stont, tho dorsal otitlino aroJiod in iront of tho dorsal, tho body
tiipcring baokward from a point oonsidorably in adv^anco of tho dorsal,
so that tho biiso of that fin is obliqno. I load larjijo and hoavy, broad
iiiid jonndod abovo. Snout broad. Month l)road, oblicjnt!, tho low«?r
j;iw' slifihtly inchnlod, tho u'iper lip Just bolow tho lovol of tho pupil,
tli(» maxillary barely reaching the front of tho |»upil ; maxillary bar-
bel small, not ovidont in spooinions of h'ss than 'J or 3 inches iu
Iciifith. Eyo rathor small, abont 5 in hoa<l. Scales small, <;onsidorably
(Towdod and rodn(!od anteriorly, abotit 'M) series in front of the dorsal
tin. Lateral line considerably decnrvod. Fins small ; tho <lorsal well
licliiiid vontrals, its last ray well in advance of tlio base of anal. Color
dusky bluish abovo; si<los with a vaf>ue dusky band, black in tho young,
disappearing in the adult; belly creamy, rosy-tinted in tho males in
K|)riMg; dorsal fin always with a consi)iciu)ns bla(!k spot at tho base in
front, which is btudorod with r(>d in the male; a dark vertebral line;
scales everywhere edged with dark |>nnctulations ; a dusky bar behind
opj^rclo ; males with tho snout coarsely tuborculate in si)ring. Head .3.^ ;
depth 1. 1). 7; A. 8; scales 0-<58-0 [those in the lateral line varying
from r>2 (? var. paUhluH^ Alabama to Arkansas) to upwards of (>o] ; teeth
L', 0-4, 2. L. 10 inches. \V(^storn Massachusetts to (Georgia and lT])i)er
Missouri ; ev(U'ywhere very abundant, ascending small streams.
{I'mmnnx oorporalix and atromaoiilatim Mitcliill, Auior. Month. Mag. ii, 324: SemolUuH
ikmiUti and vviiholii>* RafnH'miuf, Ichth. Oh.4t>: fAm<;i8(^ii8 ir'm aiu\ xforeri C\iv. & Val.
xvii; Scinotihia eori>orali>i Copo, C'ypr. Ponn. 'VV,\: LeucommuH lorporalia GUnther, vii,
W: Lr.ncommHH pallidus (Lat. 1. 52), Leiicoaomua incraumtus (Lat. 1. 64), Semotilm
macrocephalm, and SemotilnH spedosus Girurd, Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Phila. IB.'jG, '2.')l,
•2r-2, 504.)
31N. §. thoi'oniiiniiiis .Tnrdan.
Body short and rather stout, abruptly narrowed behind dor.sal. Head
sliort and thick, almost rouiul. Mouth largo, obli(iue, the jaws equal.
4
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222 CONTUnurTIONH to north AMRHICAN I(jnTIIYOLO(^Y — IV.
Baibcl l..t«T:vl, well (1<»v(>1<>|km1. IO.v(^ .small, 5 in 1h*!m1. Ohoek.s swollen.
Scales l;iij;(*r lliiiii in S. corpondis, not imicli crowded I'orwjinl. Lateral
lino nuuih dtuMuvcd. Dorsal Hn entirely l>eliin<l ventnils, its last ray
over the (hHt ray of the anal. Imiis all small. Coloration of «S'. corpo.
rails; the black <lorsal spot distiiul. Head iJ;/ ; dei)th t. I). 8; A. ?•
scales O-lS-5; teeth li, 5-1, U. li. 1 iiu^hes. I'Mint Itiver, (leorj^'ia.
(J«>nliit>, IJiill. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, (lH, ItJ??.)
** IiiBi'rtiou of doiHul lin sc-arccly lu'liiiid vcntrul.s; ncah-s nearly »"<iual over tho body-
no eoiiHpiciionM Idack tloraal n\w\, (Lciimsomiit lleekel.)
349. «. IlllllariM (llaf.) .Jm-.—lnill-JhU; Sih-er Chub.
Body oblong", robnst, little (!oini)ressed. Head hirjje, convex, tho
snont bluntly conic. Mouth lar^e, terminal, somewhat obli<|ue, tho
lower jaw inchuled; pnMnaxillary below the level of the eye, the max-
illary barely reaching; the front of the orbit. Eye moderate, rather h\<^\\
up an<l anterior, 1^ in head. Barbel shorter than i)ni)il, not evident ii>
younj; spec^imens. Scales lar^e, U2 in front of dorsal, not crowded an-
teriorly. Dorsal fin slio-htly behind middle of body, just behind veu-
trals. Fins moderate. Coloration brilliant; steel blue above; sides
and belly silvery ; males in sprin,ir with the belly and lower tins rosy or
crimson, lleadl; depth t. 1). S; A. 8; scales 8-45-^1 ; teeth 2, fi-t, :i.
L, 18 inches. Largest of our biasteru Cyprinidcc. Abundant from
Massachusetts to Virginia, east of the Alleghanies.
{Cyimnua huUariaR'Ai\noM\ni\ Xi\\n\ Month, Maj^. and Crit. Rov. IH17, r.iO: Lcumeui
arffcnteus and pulchvllus Storcr, Kept. !• IhIi. Ma.is. lrt:5t), 90 : ChiloncmuH pulchellun Storor,
Fish. Mass. 28(5 : LcnroKonum cataraoliiit Baird : Stmwiiluh rhothous Copo, Cypr. Pcnn. 3C2:
Leiu'08omua pulohfUua Giiulhvir, vii, 'Jii'J.)
90.— SYiTIITIKTBlJRUS Jordan.
(Jordan, liiiU. Iliiyden's Oeol. 8urv. Terr, iv, 788, 1878: tj-pe Pogonichlhya argnreioaui
Girard.)
This genus diilers from Pogonichthys chiefly in tho caudal fin, which
is developed as in Scmotilus and other related genera, tho two lobes
equal, and the ruditnentary basal rays comparatively few and small.
The presence of grinding surface on tho teeth and tho i)osition of tho
barbel chielly distinguish Si/mmclrurus from Semotilus. {aumxeTptx;, sym-
metrical ; ovpd, tail.)
330. S. ar;iryriosus (Girard) Jor.
Body elongated, pretty strongly compressed. Head moderate, con-
siderably compressed, tho snout subconi(;al. Mouth moderate, nearly
horizontal, the lower Jaw included, tho maxillary reaching tho front of
^■^%lK -
CI. cypkiniim: — htypodon.
223
tlu' oyp. K.ye larfjc, '.'t\ iti hv.ul, Sculcs moderate, very silvery. Lut-
onil lino HJij^liily <I('ciirv('(l. FiiiK nillicr liinli. Dorwil fin ratlier in lul-
vaiico of vonlriilH. (huuhil iin witli i(s ludiincntaiy layH low and little
(icvcloped, tli«'. two lobes equsd. IltowniMli above, with black dot.s;
Hides iind below bii^jht Nilvf'iy. IJead 4,^. 1). 1); A. 8; Lat. 1.00; teeth
'j, r»-(4, 2). L. 4 iiieheN. Presidio, (Jal.
(/V)</rtn/fA//M/H uriiiirriosiin (i'wiird, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Pbila. 18.'")4, 154: LeiKVHomuB
aryymoHUM (.IWiiiUfi, vii, 2(»7.)
»7.— POOOIMICIITIIVS Giriird.
(Qiran!, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IH.'>4, 13(»: typo PogonichthyH incBqitUobui H. &,
0.=: LeuoiHouH macrolcindnl iiH Ayrcs.)
Body elongate. Head smull, conical. Month moderate, terminal,
normal ; maxillary wi(l« a well-de'. 'loped barbel ; premaxilhnies jirotrac-
tifo. Tei^th 2, 4-5, 2, or 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, with well-marked grinding
surface. Scales lather largo. Lateral lino (continuous, dccurved. Dor-
Hal Iin beginning rather in advance of ventrals. Anal basis short.
Ciindal fin with its rudimentary rays numerous aiid greatly developed,
Bupported by strong a|)opliyses of the caudal vertebra', the upper lobe
oi the (in consJ<lerably longer than the lower. Intestinal canal short;
|u'iitoneUm brownish, irpecies of large size, (ttw^wv, beard ; ^;^ryNc, lish.)
351. P. mncrolupidotus (Ayrou) .UM-.—SpUi-iail.
Hody (elongate, somewhat compressed, the back a little elevated, the
lonn somewhat that of Cydcpim. I.Iead short, slender. Mouth mod-
c.nito, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching front of orbit; lower
jaw included; preorbital longer than deep. Eye large, A\ in head;
intcrcrbital space convex. ])orsa,l fin midw.ay of tho body, rather in
front of tho ventrals. Scales rather largo, moderately imbricated. Lat-
eral lino decurved. Fins rather large ; upper lobe of caudal half longer
tliau head. Coloration uniform, somewhat silvery. Ilead 41; depth
3;|. D. 1); A. 8; scales 10-GG-G; Vert. 2G -f 15; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. L. 12
iuclies. liivers of California. Singularly distinguished from our other
GiiprinidcD by tho great develoi)meiit of the ui)per lobe of tho caudal and
its rudimentary rays.
{VogonichthyH iiuvquilohiis IJaird &. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 13G
(August), ami II. S. Pac. R. R. Siiiv. x, 245: Lcvcoaomua incrquilohua Giinthor, vii, 271:
Lenciacus macrohiHilotus AyiCH, Placer Times and Transcript, 1854, May '.iO ; Jordan,
PiDc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, [KG.)
07 {b). STYPODON Garman.
(Ganuan, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 90, 1881 : typo Stypodon aigni/er Garni.)
Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, deciduous scales. Lat-
eral line complete, decurved. Dorsal and anal fins short. Mouth small,
!fe> '■!
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224 coNTKinrTioNS to north American ichthyology— iv.
anterior; promaxillarie.s protractile; fold of lower lip uot crossinjr ii,^
symphysis; lower jaw trenchant, without horny covering ; no barbels.
Gillrakers short. Pharyngeals strong. Teeth 3-.'3, of the Myloehilnn
type, more or less cylindrical, with rounded grinding surfaces, posterior
more slender and subconical. ((Tr?;r»^, stump ; (Wwv, tooth.)
Sfr-:-
1*1 '-">■' -i
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352. S. sigiiifcr (iarniiui.
Dorsal and ventral outlines similar. Eye large, longer than snout.
Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of eye. Lower Jaw tlio
longer. Pectorals not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal. Brown j
silvery below ; a broad brown lateral band, bordered above by a nar-
row silvery line. Head 3§ ; depth 3§. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales G-35-2 :
" teeth 3-3, stout, stump-like, with convex summits." Lago de Parras,
an isolated lagoon in Coahuila, Mexico. {Garman.)
(Garniiin, 1. c. l»t).)
9S.— ]VIVL.OCHIT^IJS Agaasiz.
{Mylocheiliis Agassiz, Amcr. Joiiru. Sci. Arts, 1855, '229: type Mylocheilus lateralii
Agassiz = Leucincus caurhnis Rich. )
Body elongate, not elevated, little compressed. Head rather short,
conic, somewhat pointed. Mouth rather small, little oblique, the lower
jaw in(;luded ; maxillary with small barbel at its end ; upper jaw i)r()-
tracf'le. Scales moderate not closely imbricated. Lateral line do-
curved. Dorsal fin beginning nearly opposite ventrals. Caudal fin with
the rudimentary rays little developed. Anal basis short. Intestinal
canal about as lonjj; as body. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or 2, .~)-4, 2, two or three
of those in the main row molar, much enlarged, blunt and truncate
above. (A third deciduous row sometimes present, according to Girard,
in this genus and in Mylopharodon; we have seen nothing of the kind.)
Size large. (/xoAoc, grinder; ;^e?A()?, lip.)
353> I?I. caiirinus (Riehanlson) Ord. — Columbia Chub.
Bye large, shorter than snout, 5 in head; interorbital space broad,
convex. Mouth horizontal or nearly so, the maxillary not reaching the
front of the eye ; suborbital bones wide; preorbital elongate. Color
dark above; sides silvery, a dark lateral band; below this a pale
stripe; under which is a dark stripe which extends about to the vent;
fins plain; belly and pale stripe red in spring males. Head4f; depth
4^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 13-70-10; teeth 2, ry-o, 2. L. 12 inches. Streams
334. M. coi
31. CYPRINID^ PTYCHOCHILUS.
225
chiefly Wfist of tlu^ Cilscade liniige, from California to British Coluiubii,
often entering the sea ; abnndant.
(Cifpriniis (Leiiciscits) murhiux HifhiirdsDii, Fanna Bor.-Anicr. Fishes, IS'M, 1)04: My-
kcheilm latcralin, caiiriiius, nud fralercitliiH Giraid, V. S. Pac. R. R. Siirv. x, 2V>i-2K>:
leuvosomus caurinus Giintlier, vii, 270,)
99.-I?IVL.OPIIARODO]y Ayics.
(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acatl, Nat. Sci, 1855, 33: typo Mylophnrodon robnsiua Ayvca ^^ (iita
conocephala B, & (r. )
Body elongate. Head large, pike-like, the upper jaw not protrac-
tile; no barbel. Teeth 2, 4-5, 2; two ov three of the teeth in the main
row molar, truncate or bluntly rounded at the apex, much enlarged.
Mouth terminal, rather large, with thickened lips. Scales rather swiall.
Lateral line continuous. Dorsal tin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal
basis sliort. Size very large. This genus has been confounded with
Mtjlochilus, from which it differs in the noii-protractility of the upper
jaw. (Shortened from Mylopharyngodon — iw?.o^, grinder; fdpuy^,i)h'd-
rynx; 6Su>yj tooth.)
334< M. conoccphalus (Bainl <& Girard) Grd.
Body elongate, subfusiform, compressed. Head broad and depressed,
tlie snout tapering, almost wedge-shaped. Mouth horizontal, the jaws
about equal, the maxillary extending to eye. Eye small, about 7 in
head, 2A in snout; preorbital elongate. Intermbital space as long as
maxillary, 3 in head. Scales rather small, of thC' type usual in the
Pacitic coast Cyprinidcc. Dorsal tin a little behind ventrals. Caudal
till U in head ; caudal peduncle very long, 4i in length. Color dark,
paler below. ' Head 3h; depth i'^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-74-7. L. 18
iiicbes. liivers of California. Next to the species of PtychocMlus the
largest of our Cyprinidw.
{Gila conocephala B. & G, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134: Mylopharodoa ro-
ims/iis AyrcH, I'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 33: Mylopharodon conoccphalus audrobuntuH
(!rd. r. S. Pac. II. R. Siirv. x, 2ir>; GUntbcr, vii, m^.)
100.— PTYCIIOCH1L.US AgaHsiz.
(Plliclwcheilus Agasbiz, Anior. Joiiru. Sci. Arts, 1855, 229: type Ptychocheilna gracilix
Agassiz =:^ Leuciacud orcgonevm Rich. )
Body elongated, little elevated, the caudal peduncle not contracted.
Ilead long, slender, pike-like. Mouth nearly horizontal, widely cleft,
the maxillary extending to below the eye, the upper lip rather below
the level of the eye, the lower jaw included both anteriorly and later-
ally; no barbel; lips thick. Scales small, little imbricated, mostly
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 16
V m
in
i(i
(J
fi '
^, t
"■i.
f'i
^ > h
m
' 11
4" ./-.''.
CTT
)' :
1.
it.
'S,
i
-r
1) , _
■»■
. 226 CONTRIBUIIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
longer thau deep. Lateral Hue deciirved. Dorsal lin well back, some-
what behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Caudal fin strong, its nv^x.
mentary rays not greatly developed. Intestinal canal short. Teeth 2
.5-4, 2; the straight limb of the pharyngeal bone extremely long and
slender, its teeth wide apart, subconical, scarcely compressed, and but
slightly curved at tip, the hook being turned in the direction of the
angle of the bone ; no trace of grinding surface. Fishes of very large
size, reaching a length of more than 4 feet, the largest of the Leucisciue
Cyprinidce. With a general resemblance to Sqiialius and Gila, this genus
differ strongly in the form of the pharyngeal bones and teeth, {^ru-j^r^
fold; x^i^o:, lip; the skin of the mouth behind the jaws being folded.)
3«I3. P. orcg^onensis (Rich.) Grd. — Sacramento "Pike,"
Body comi)aratively robust, with stout caudal peduncle. Mouth large,
the maxillary reaching middle of the eye. Eye small, 2^ in snout, 7|
in head ; in young specimens the eye is proportionately much larger.
Lateral line strongly decurved, much nearer belly than back. Coloratiou
olivaceous ; the fins in spring with red or orange ; scales thickly punctate
with dark dots. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 8; scales 12-73-6 (13-79-9
in Columbia Kiver specimens); teeth 2, .5-4, 2 (in all specimens exam-
ined; not 2, 5-5, 2, nor 2, 4-4, 2). L. 3-5 feet. Rivers of the Pacific
sloije, chiefly west of the Sierra iS^evada. Largest of our Cyprmida'.
{Cifprinus {Lenoiacus) oregonensis Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 305, lc'56: Ptiicho-
clwilua gracilis and major Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 2*29: Gila jrandi)
Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 18: PUjchocheilua oregonensiH and (jrandk
Girard, l^. S. Pac. R. R. Siirv. Fish. !ii98-300 : Leuciacua grandia and oregonenaia Giin-
ther, vii, 239.)
3S6. P. rapax Grd.
Body shorter and deejjer thau in Pt. oregonensis. Head similar, rather
more depressed above. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching middle of
eye. Lateral line moderately decurved, passing along the median line
of the body between dorsal and ventrals. Dorsal inserted but little be-
hind ventrals. Coloration dark; the sides somewhat clouded; fius
plain. Head 3'^; depth ^. D. 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 78. L. 12 inches.
Monterey, California. Perhaps not distinct from the foregoing.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 209, and U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, M.)
9S7. P. harfordi Jor. & Gilb.
Form of P. oregonensis, but more slender, the lateral line similarly
much d ^curved. Scales much smaller than in P. oregonensis. Caudal less
deeply forked, the pectoral longer, reaching f to ventrals. Head ■
31. CYPRINIDiE — GILA.
227
depth 5|. IX H; A. 7; scales 17-90-0; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. .iO inches.
Sacramento Kiver, with P. oregonensix, but less common in the markets.
(Jonlau &, (Jilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mum. 1861. )
358. P. luclus Grd.— Colorado " l'ike'\
Body slender, elongive, with long, slender, depressed head ; the form
and general appearance hoing that of Ft. oregonen.sis. Maxillary reaching
past anterior margin of the eye. Eye small, U^ ni snout, 7 in head.
Lateral line very strongly decurved. Fins low, the dorsal evidently
behind ventrals. Scales very small. Coloration iilain, darker above.
HeudSJ; depth 5 J. D.O; A. 9; Lat. 1. 104; teeth 2, 4-5 , 2. Colorado
River; abundant.
((lirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. lo.")U, 209, and IT. S. M»'-x. Bound. Surv. Iclith.
GT).)
lOl.— GILA liaird & (lirard.
(Haird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18.")3, 3()S: typo Gila robuMa l\. &. G.)
Body elongate, little compressed, the back :nched, especially in tlie
adnlt; the caudal peduncle typically extremely long, slendei", con-
tracted, much narrower than the base of the caudal fin, which is widely
forked, with its basal fulcra very much developed. Head in typical spe-
cies broad, depressed, its profile ccmca ve. Mouth large, horizontal, and
overlapped by the broad snout. Dorsal fin behind the middle of the
body, slightly behind ventrals. Anal basis short. Intestinal canal short.
Scales very small, little imbricated, sometimes scarcely imbricate at all,
longer than deep, especially posteriorly. No barbel. PseudobranchitB
present. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, close set, compressed and hooked, without
grinding surface. Vertebrie about 46 (5 or (5 more than usual in Sqiialuia).
Intestinal canal short; peritoneum dusky. Species of large size, the
typical form remarkably unlike the usual Cyprinoid type, but varying
through a series of intermediate forms directly into Squalim, so that
the genus is hardly distinguishable by any definite technical character,
unless the greater number of vertebne be found constant. {Gila, the
name of the river where the typical species Avas first obtained.)
* Head depressed anteriorly, the occipital region high, so that the profile is notably
concave.
359. O. cleg^ans B. & G.
The extreme species of this type. Body elongate, somewhat com-
pressed, the region before the dorsal elevated, forming a sort of hump,
the dorsal fin inserted on the downward slope of the back, so that its
base is quite oblique. Caudal peduncle extremely long and slender, as
li
. I < I iV Iff
* i -liiMl*'-
i3BH
r
■ Vf^M
if'*
.■(■•
i'
■m:--^ >:
i<F-. -^
.€.-
mm&
228 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
broad as deep, and nearlj'^ terete, its length (from end of anal to middle*
of base of caudal) 1^ times the length of the liead, its least deptli about
one-seven-li of its length, its extremity dilated and compressed. Ilea,!
short, broad, the snout depressed and broadly rounded ; the auterior
part of the head from b'»hind the eyes broad and depressed; the pos
terior pari high, so that the profile forms a concave arc. ]\Iouth ratlitr
liirge, nearly horizontal, the upper lip on the level of the lower part of
orbit, the maxillary extending to the front of the orbit, the lower Jaw
on all sides included. Skin of the lower jaw hard. Eye small, anterior,
placed low, 5 in head. Isthmus narrow. Gill-rakers rather weak.
Fins all long and falcate. Pectorals reaching ventrals. Caudal liu
deeply forked, its lobes long and pointed, the upper somewhat the
longer; the rudimental basal rajs strong, about 12 ir. number ou each
sides. Scales scarcely imbricated at j.U, on the caudal peduncle hardly
touching each other, on the sides of the body much longer than deop;
their texture thin and membranaceous; scales on back aiul belly mucli
smaller than those on the sides. Coloration bluish above, pale below.
Head 5; depths. D. 0; A. 10; scales 23-98-10; teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L.12
inches. Colorado and Gila Rivers.
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 361); Giranl, U. S. Pac. 1{. 1{.
Snrv. X, 2*^6: Leuchcua degana Giiuther, vii, 241.)
360. G. robusta Baird & Girard.
Body elongate, the back elevated and the head depressed as in (i.
elegans, but the caudal peduncle notably stouter, its least depth about
one third its length, 3^ in the length of the head. Mouth large, the
upper lip ou the level of the lower part of the orbit, the maxillary reach-
ing past the front of the orbit. Fins rather lower than in G. eleijam,
the i^ectorals in the male reaching the ventrals, but falling short in tlus
female. ICye small, low, anterior, 5-S in head. Lateral line mudi de-
curved. Coloration plain. Head 4; depth 5. D. 1); A. 9; scales
17-00-10 ; teeth 2, i5-4, 2. L. 12 inches. Kio Colorado and Kio (Jila.
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. P'dla. 1853, 3G8, and U. S. Pac. R. K. Sun.
X, 285: Ldidscna robuafiia Gilnthcr, vii, 241.)
361. O. Kr.iPiami Baird &. G'rard.
General form of the preceding, with similar head and caudal pedun-
cle, but with rather larger and more closely imbriciited scales. Upper
iip below level of eye, maxillary reaching front of orbit. Caudal fin less
deeply forked, and pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals. Colora
31. CYPRINID^ GILA.
229
tiou plain, darker above. Head .'i^; depth 4i. I). 9; A. 0; Lat. 1. 82.
Rio Gila and Colorado Basiu.
(Hainl & Giiard. Prr,c. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I8u3, ;W9; Girard, TJ. S. ilex. Bound.
ijiXTV. Ichtli. 01 : Lcuciscns tjraiiami GuutluT, vii, '242: Ptychocheilus roras Girard, Proc.
Acatl. Nat. Sci. riii'a. IH'>V>, -^09, and IT. S. Pac. R. K. Snrv. x, 30^. The typis of
"rorax" exaininod by na is a tnie Gila.)
363. O. afliiiis Abbott.
A species iiUied to the preceding, described as follows : " The body is
slender, tail greatly attenuated, head constituting something more than
one-lifth of the total length. Eye rather small, subelliptical, its diam-
eter (5^ times in the entire length of the head. The posterior extremity
of the maxilltiry extends to a vertical line drawn posteriorly to the an-
terior edge of the orbit. Anterior margin of the dorsal fin nearer the
base of the caudal than the extremity of the snout. Anterior margins
of the ventral (ins somewhat nearer the extremity of the snout than the
base of the caudal. The lateral line is nearly concurrent with the ven-
tral outline. The numbers of the fln-rays are: D. 10; P. 10; V. 8; A.
l);C. liSif." {Abbott.) Dull violet above, pinkish below. Kansas Hi ver ;
Platie River. (We have some time since examined specimens from
Platte River, and thought them distinct from 0. robusta and G. graham i,
but iiaving lost our notes are unable to add to Dr. Abbott's account.)
(Abbott, Froc. A«ad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISOO, 4/4.)
363. G. Ki-ucilis ISaiid &. GiiaL-d.
Body slender, the back not much elevated, the caudal peduncle not
very slender, about twice as long as deep. Head large, its upper pro-
file not very strongly concave. Mouth large, terminal and oblique, the
upper jaw scarcely longer than the lower, maxillary reaching past the
frout of the eye. Interorbital space broad. Pectorals falling consid-
erably short of ventrala. Caudal deeply forked. Dorsal well behind
veutnils. Head 3i; depth 4J. D. 9; ^.9; Lat. 1. 88. Gila and Col-
orado liivers.
(Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 309; Gir.-vrd, IJ. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. X, 2S7 : Lvucincua zunnenm Giiutlier, vii, 241.)
** Head conical, scarcely depressed, the prolilo not concave.
(I, Holly scaled.
364. G. omorii liaird & Girard.
Body slender, the back not notably arched. Caudal peduncle very
slender, its least depth about oue-iifth its length. Head rather small,
ouic, scarcely depressed above the eyes, its pioUle continuous with that
230 CONTRinUTlONS TO NOKTIl AMRUICAN lOIITIlYOLOaV — IV.
of (1)0 hit('](. Mouth .sni.'ill, nciirl.v i(Mtiiiiuvl, tlio nuirnllary not rciicliiii^r
to (lio tVoiil of tlu^ tn'bit. I'i.vo ratluM' Inrjjfo, iiiitorior, not pliuu'd low.
Scalos Hinall, ONiMU'iiiU.v on tlio buck »Mnl boll.v, tbo cxpoHtMl NinriU'CH
louy:«M' than (Um>|>. Fins lar^o; llu> poctorals t-oa<'liin^ vtMit-ials; tli«
oaudal doopl.N* forkod. Donsal (in instM(«Ml inMiror tlio top of Nuout than
to tho biiso of nuubil. lload li\ ; <loptli Ij. I). I); A. <>; hat. I. <.KS. Ujo
(!ila. (Oininl.)
(Mainl iV (lininl, Pro.-. A.-iul. Nii«. S.i. V\\[\n. IK'".?, \\KH; (Jiiiml, IJ. H. Mcx. ilouiul.
Hui'v. Iclitli. »>'2: lA'udHciia rmorii ()ilnllit«r, vii, llili.)
SUA. U. iiii4'r«Mi ('()])<>.
\\o{\\ rath«M' sUmhUm-; protilo an«l intiM-orbital rop;i«)n p:on(l.v coiivox.
Maxillary not reaching lint* of orbit, ('aiulal piMbincIo Hlonilor, its ItMixt
(lopth 4 in lioa«l. Kyo 5 in lioad. IVctonils not roacliinjj: vtMitrals.
Dorsal boliind \ontrals, Sih«My whito; bark narrowly tlark-Hliadcd;
pootoral (his pink. Iload I; (U'pth •t^ I>. t); A. 10; snilos LM-T-13;
tooth 2, 5-4, L\ (5roon b'ivor (Kio (%)lorado). {iUipv.)
(Co\w, Ha.vdouN (;i'.>l Siuv. Wy<»iu. IHTO. 441, lH7'i.
an. Ht^ll.v s«'i»l«'l«'M,s.
396. a. M>iiiiiiii«la Copo A Yarn)\v.
Ilody ino(lorat«>ly «h'i'p, with Nlon<U»r and taporinj; caudal pcdunohi,
the least depth of which is about ono third its lonj^th. Itat^k bttlo etc-
vatotl, not aix'hod in front of dorsal. Iloa«l snndl, traiisv'.-rsoly convex,
its proldo continuous with thai of the back und not ct)ncavj5. Mouth
rather suialU oblitpie, terminal, the upper lip opposite th(<' middle of the
orbit, the maxillary not roachin};- the lino of the orbit. I'^yc! larfje, ratli(>r
anterior, but not very low, its length 4 in head. l<Mns moderate. Dor-
sal slijjhtly behind \eutrals. Hrownish above, lower tins pink. Ilcjul
5; ilepth r»\». D. 10; A. 10; scales 2:-{KS-l2; tooth U, 5-4, L». L. (1
inches. Kio Virgen, in I'tah. {(jopc.) This species tonus a transition
to SquCitim and other normally formed Ci/prinida;
(Copo A Yarrow, Zoiil. Wlioolci's i:\pl. W. lOOMi Mor. v, fiGd, 1870.)
lOa.-MQIIALIirS Itoiiapartfi.
Jhur.
(3\7fs<Kt Uotiaparto; Cheonda, Tifioma, Sihoma, and ClinootoniH* (.liriinl.)
(Bonapnrto, Faniin Italicn, 1837, If G: typo Cjf^rinn« leucmm L., tho European
"Daoc".)
Body oblonji', eompi-essed or robust, covei-ed with nioderato or sniall
scales, which aiv not closely ind)ricated. Lateral lino complote, do
curved. Mouth lar^e or suuUl, \isually t4)rminal, tho lips normal, with-
out barbel. Teeth mostly 2, 5-4, 2, sometimes 2, 5-5, 2, or 1, 5-4, 2,
•-"f-
81. CYPRlNIOil': — flt/TTALnm
231
liooki'tl, with iiati'ow f^iindin^' Hiii-fiu-(« o; ?m)||(>. (<h-in<liii({ Hiirruro
prcHciit in SqualiKM IcucihouH, ohHoK^to in iiioHt of our HpccicH.) Aiuil
iHUsiH Hlioii or Noininvtiiit ('lon^ati'. Docsal tin poKtorioi, nHniilly iMtliind
veiilralH. IntoNlinal «ranal Hliorit. Hi/o >;<UM'iall.v larj,^'. A very lar^fo
|riiMi|), onci of Mio lar^ivst cnriiMit (;rn(>ra> in icIitliyoloK.v* r(>|>reH(Mit<Ml hy
liiiiiKM'onH N|HM'ioH in IImi rivtirH of Mnro|Mi, AMia, and Noiih Ainericji.
MoHl of otir Hpccii'H luivo bcien poorly «I('IIihmI. TIio nnij<»rily of (linird'H
ori(;inal typcH liavo liocn pr«fHorv<!(I, and tlio dcHcriptionH lu-rr j^ivcn uro
miii:ily Uiln'u from llnMn. Mticli lar^^or H<>ri(>H of viwU form aro n(*.<;i;H-
Miiry boloni tlio Hpec.ioM<;an Imi properly diHeriminated. In<livi<lnal irrei;-
iiiiu'itieH in dentition nni eominon in IIiIh ^(MntN. (l<'rom HqiiahiH, a
NJiurk; Mome early writers on iclitliyolo^ry having eaJied the typieal Hp(v
cics iStiualus minor, for no evilent, reaHon.)
The Np«u^i(<N nujy be divided as followH:
'Tcctli iioniiiilly wiMxHil ^liinliii^ NinTa<'4>.
K'iiihIiiI pi-dunclo iiol vi>ry nIoiiI., IIh IciiHt. <li«[)tli iicil. two-MiirilH Miu loii}{t.h <»i' tho
liciul.
{Month very wiilr, (lie lower Jaw iniii'h projccfiii;^ heydntl iii»|K't', Mie upper lip
on Mie level ol'tlie iriiddleol' tlie pupil, iiiiil the maxillary reaehiiiK t<i lin-
low Mie pupil ; liody elongate, roiii|ireHHe(l ; dorwil well haekwiinl ((Jm-
No.sroMUS (Jrd.) eloii()nliin, randoinuhiH, vhIoi, I'lniduloidiH,
II Month tiioderale or Hinall, terminal, c>l>!i(|iie, llie lower Jaw titile |iroJ()(;tiii)(,
premaxilliiry liidow Mie levidof'llie |)iipil, and the maxillary not. reae,hin)(
to the |)upil. (TKioMA <irtl.)
((. Anal hahiH (don^alt^ itH rayn W-VZ.. ..hiiilrojihlox, liimia, montunuH, humholdti,
lut. Anal haNiH Hhort', \ln luyn H or 1).
/;. HcaleH in iat<ual lino ri()-(ir>.
cniomiH, nriJmlariiM, pamlorn, numfariluH, nutn, putrhor,
vijieijiiiH, Ihwatus, ;/racilin, vonj'orm'm, Inrolor, oIichiih, piirpurviia,
hb, BcaloH in latural liint (iG-UO.
pulnlirlhiH, inlvrmnliuH, al'mw, r.opci, iiii/ar, enniipcrMUH.
tICatidai piMlnindi) very d(M'P and einnpreHHitd, it,H l(;aHt. dtplli nearly e(|nal to tlin
greatest, di^pth of the lutad ; doPHal ovor ventralH; Hcah'H rattier lAr^n
(SiiioiMA (iirard) f/ilihomtii.
•"Teeth with evident. urindiiiK Hiirt'ace. (H(jUAt,niH.)
c. liidniHt. N|)ee.ieH, llitt depth U-itJ in lenKtli; lateral line 1«hh tliau (K).
rhomalvuH, HipiamutiiH, atrariiiH, cramiUH,
rv, ShMidcr npech^H, tli(t dtqdh 'l-'l^ in length; lateral line (>()-7() ((-'m';()>fl)A
(Jrd.) ,...rarul<'un, cooperl, tni/rnnTriH, modeHtim.
"i'cuth (norimilly) withont ^^rindinff mirfaee (variouH IrregnlarltieH often proHont, no
that tile charaeter Iuih little valuo). ,
ICaiidat pedinnde not very Htout, its luaHt depth not two-thirdH flie length of tho
liitad.
!. t Mouth very wi<h^, tli<» lower Jaw inneli propHitiiij? hoyoiid upper, tho uppor
lip on the level of the middle of the inipil, and the maxillary reach-
; :!• / iiig' to helow the ))upil ; hody elongatn, coiiipreRHnd ; dorHal well back.
((.7iMo«<(>mM» Oirard.")
*Girard, rroc. Acad. NAt. 8ci. Philu. 185G, 211: typo Luxilua ehngatua Kirtland
(x^iVgj, to Incline; (Jro//a, uiovsth.)
I '}i
i.^m
'LAi
' J-
I.
232 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOOy — IV,
ft' '
3ii7. S. elongiiius (Kirnaml) J. &.G.—nvd-8i(kd Shiner. '' '
Body elongate, coinpro«ise<l. Mead long, rather pointed. Mouth very
large, oblique; the lower jaw notably projecting, with a small knob at
the syiriphysis; upper lip on the level of the pupil; maxillary extondiu},'
to the middle of the orbit; posterior angle of operelo acute. Eye mod
erate, nearly 4 in heiA. Scales very small. Fins short and high, the
dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. Lateral line decurved. Color dark
bluish; the scales mottled with paler; sides with a broad black band;
belly more or less silvery; the front half of the lateral band bright
crimson in s])ring males; the belly and lower tins more or less reddened;
a dark vertebral band. Head 4; depth 5. D. 8; A. 0; scales 10-70-5;
teeth 2, 4-5, 2. L. 5 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississip])! Val-
ley, chiefly from Pennsylvania to xMinnesota.
{Liisilits eJougatus Xiitlaiul, Kept. Zoiil. Ohio, 1(59, :ind in 3o8t. Jonrn. Nat. Hist.
iii, :!;?;) : Leiiciscua elongatua Giiuther, vii, '245: Clbioatomns clongatus Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185!>, 212: (»'i7« e/oHflrate Jordan, 1500: CUnoatomm prorigcr Co\w, (l\;\n:
Pcmi. 375: Leuciacua jvoriger Giiuther, vii, 245: Gila lirorigcr Jordan, 1500 (may be a
difl'cri'ut species; sidca more eoniprcsaod and luuro silvery; Lat. 1. Gil; teeth 2, 4-,'), 1;
common, with tlio other.)
368. S. vandoisulus (Val.) Jor & Gilb.
Body oblong, deep and compressed. Head rather large. Mouth
large, oblicpie, the lower jaw projecting, and the mandible extendiiifj
to the pui)il. Eye moderate, 3J in head. Lateral line decurved. Color
bluish green; some of the scales of the back irregularly darker, pro-
ducing a mottled appearance; no dark lateral band; males in spring
with the region behind the head and above the pectorals as far back
as the anal of a bright rose-red, brightest anteriorly. Head 3^; d(q)th
3'^. D.J); A. 8; Lat. 1. 53; teeth 2, 5-5, 2. L. 5 inches. Virginia to
Georgia; abundant.
{LcuciacHH vamloiaulva Ciw. &, Val. xvii, '.Wl: Clhwatomiia affintJ Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 212: Latciacua randoiauhta Giiuther, vii, 25G: Leitciaciis affinia
Gnnther, vii, 257: CUiwatomua affmia Cope, Jonni. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiln. IHfiH, 228:
Gila vaiidoiaula Jordan & Bray ton. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xil, 24.)
360. S. cstoi* Jordan «fc Brayton.
Body ellii>tical-elongate, compressed, the caudal peduncle rather long,
but not so long as head. Head very long and large, flattish, but not
broad above. Mouth larger than in any other of our Cyprinida', veiy
oblique, the upper jaw on the level of the pupil, the maxillaries ex
tending to opposite the middle of the orbit, the length of the gapo a
little more than half the length of the head, the lower jaw considerably
the longer. Eye rather large, less than snout, 4 ih head. Scales mod-
31. CYPRINIDJE SQU ALIUS. .
233
prate. Lateral line strougjly decurved ; 23 series of scales in front of
dorsal liu. Fins high. Color dark olives above, many scales irregularly
darker; sides sil'. jry; no dark hiteral band; a broad shade of deep
rose-color along the sides in spring nudes, below which most of the
belly is bright crimson, these red colors brightest anteriorly. A nar-
row, tlark lateral streak like a i)encil -mark, from head to tail, overlaid
by the scales. Head 3;^; depth 4^. 1). 8; A. 8; scales S-oO-f); teeth
1', 5-4, 2. L. 4 inches. Cumberland and Tennessee Rivera.
{(lila entor Jordan «fe Brayton, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 6(i: Gila eator Jordan, 300.)
i)70. S, £unduloidos ((ird.) Jor. & Gill>.
Body rather elongate, somewhat (;omi)ressed, with arched back and
liitluu' slender caudal peduncle, the latter longer than head. Head
moderate, smaller than in any of the i)receding species. Mouth as in
the i)receding, but less deeply cleft. Eye large, 3 in head. Dusky
above; a dark lateral bam', with a narrower pale streak above it; belly
and lower part of head yellowish, red in males in spring. Head 4^;
depth 4.^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 0-48-4; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Streams tribu-
tary to Chesapeake Bay, south to North Carolina. (Cope.)
(Clino.stomu!' fiaiduloides and caroUnus Grd. Proc. Aiiad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18o6, 212:
ClinoHtomus fiiiKhiloiilcH Oopo, Cypr. Pciin. ilTG: LeticiHcuH J'unduloidcs (Jiiuthcr, vii, 250.)
it Month moderate, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw little projecting, the premaxillary
below the level of the pnpil, and the maxillary not reaching to ])uj»il. ( Tigoma
Girard.")
((. Anal basis elongate, its rays 10-12.
371. S. Iiyilrophlox (Cope) Jor. &, Gilb.
liody rather slender. Head small; front straight. Mouth rather small,
obli(iiie, the maxillary just reaching line of orbit, lower jaw ])rojectiug.
Eye small, 5 in head, ih in iuterorbital width. Anal lin long. Color
iilive above, with a dusky lateral border, below this a crimson band,
a'ul still lower a, blackish band, which runs above the lateral line to the
base of the caudal fin; cheeks, sides, and belly crimson anteriorly in
iiiides, silvery in females. Head 4:|; dei)th 4^. D. 8; A. 11; scales
ir)-o8-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. inche.*:. Blackfoot Creek, Idaho. {Cope.)
A spee- ;s intermediate between the typical Glinostomi and the Tigomce^
closely related to ;S'. wonfuHW*, etc. ^^
[CVmostomun hydrophlox Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872.)
♦Giriml, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5, 205: type Gila puchella B. «fe G. (A
cuinpclnamo.) i . . ,„> .^ . iv, , ., si^-> > -
Pi
234 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
372t S. ticnia (Cope) J. & G.—Leather-ndcd Minnow.
Body rather elongate, but deep and compressed, formed as in Clino-
stomuft proper. Head rather small, short, compressed, but broad above,
the Jaws equal. Mouth oblique, short, the maxillary reaching the front
of the orbit, the upper lip opposite middle of orbit. Eye large, ^ in
head, equal to iuterorbital space. Lateral line decurved; 33 scales iu
front of the dorsal fin. Coloration greenish silvery; the back dusky; a
blackish lateral band, between t'vo silvery stripes; the lateral band aud
below bright orange, red in the males. Head 4J; depth 4. D. 9; A.
10 or 11; scales 12-58-5. L. 3-5 inches. Salt Lake Basin; abundant
in Provo River. Very close to the next, dift'ering in shorter anal and
rather deeper body.
{CUnontomns twnia Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, I'Xi: Gila twnia Cope, Zool.
Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 658.)
373. S. moiitanus (Cope) J. & G.
Body rather slender. Muzzle decurved, obtuse, but less so than in 8.
tcenia. Jaws equal ; end of maxillary extending beyond margin of orbit.
Eye large, 3^ in head, equal to iuterorbital space. Anal fin elongate.
Lateral line decurved. Olive above; a dark lateral band; sides crimson
in males. Headl; depth 4. D. 9; A. 12; scales 12-5G-C. L. 3Jiuches.
Idaho to Arizona; abundant in the Utah Basin, with the preceding.
(CUnosloinns montanua Cope, Iliiydeu's Geol. Surv. Mout. 1871, 476, aud Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1871, 1:56: Gila montana Cope, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th M»>r. v,
657.)
374. S. Iiuiiiboldti (Gid.) .J. & G.
Body short and deep. Head moderate. Mouth terminal, obliqne,
the cleft rather short, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye largo, 4
in head. Lateral line little decurved. Dorsal fin rather behind ven-
trals. Anal fin rather elongate. Color bluish; sides with two dusky
lateral bands. Scales large. Head 4; depth 3. D. 8; A. 12; scales
12-5G-8; teeth 2, 4-5, 1. Humboldt River, Nevada.
{T.gima hiimboldll (Jrd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H.')6, 206, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. X, 291.)
aa. Anal basis short, its rays 8-9. ^
h. S(!alos in latta-al Hue 50-65.
375. S. cruoi'ciis J. & G.
Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not strongly compressed.
^ Head broad, rounded above, maxillary reaching front of eye. Eye
rather large, 4^ in head. Lateral line running low. Dorsal a little
behind ventrals, scarcely nearer base of caudal than snout. Caudal
-\M[>'''
31. CYPRINID^ — SQUALIUS.
235
evenly forked. Pectorals short, uot reacbinjj; nearly to veutrals; ven-
tnvls to vent. Dusky bluish; skies dark; a red spot at bases of ven-
trals and anal. Ilead4; depth 4. D. 9; A. 8; scales 11-56-6; teeth
2, 5-4, 2. L. 6 inches. Utah Lake.
(Jonlau &, Gilbert, Troo. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1H80, 461.)
376. S. ardesiacuN (Copo) J. «fc G.
Body rather stout, compressed. Head heavy, muzzle short. Mouth
short, very oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary reaching past
the front of the large eye. Eye 4 in head. l*ectoral fin long, nearly
reaohiug anal. Olivaceous abov^e ; a narrow dark lateral baud, follow-
ing the direction of the back. Anal tin short. Head 3^; depth 4^.
D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-63-8; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 4 inches. Exact locality
unknown ; probably Nevada.
{Gila ardeaiaca Cope, Zool. Whe.'ler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, 060.)
SI"?. S. pandora (Cope) J. & G. — Chub of the liio tirande ; Peacadito.
Body fusiform. Head small, broad and rather flat at the muzzle.
Jaws equal, maxillary not reaching line of orbit. Eye small, 6^ in head.
Dorsal fin posterior. Silver j, darker above. A broad, ill -defined lateral
band. Physiognomy of Ceratichthi/a rather than of iiquialim. Head 4;
depth 4i. D. 8; A. 8; scales 17-61-9 (17-59-10 to 18-65-11); teeth
normally 2, 5-4, 2, sometimes 2, 4-4, 2, or even 1, 4-4, 1, in abnormal or
immature specimens; the second tooth sometimes with a small grinding
surface. L. 8 inches. Eio Grande region. "The most abundant fish
in New Mexico," and quite variable in characters usually very constant
among these fiahes.
{Clinontomus pandora Cope, Hayden's Gool. Surv. Mont. 1871, i7!j.)
378. S. marfifaritus (Cope) J. & G.
Body stout and thick, little compressed, *he back somewhat elevated.
Caudal peduncle thick. Head blunt, thick and rounded. Mouth small,
terminal, oblique, the upper lip below the orbit, the maxillary not reach-
ing the line of the orbit. Eye rather large. Scales rather small. Lat-
eral line decurved. Fins rather large. Dorsal fin posterior. Colora-
tion above dusky olive; sides plumbeous silvery; belly white, crimson
in spring males; snout dusky; fins plain; scales punctate. Head 4;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 11-58-8; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L. 3 inches.
Susquehanna Eiver. A handsome fish, quite unlike any other American
species, resembling most P/toa?im<s neo</a?«s. • * . ' -"
(CHnostomuH margarita Coi)o, Cypr. Ponu. 186H, 377: Lcuoiscus viargarita. QVinther,
vii, 246.) •
.'ifw
.* i< »^
»• iff IT<4l
11
I
! f
'1 f'l'
MH\:
> ^im
'«:i
!.■'
23G COXTRIHUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
:i7». ^'. KUla (Copi") J. A. 0. .. : : ..."■■■ ^:-:u-'-:
liody lalhcr robust, lu^avy anteriorly. IIea<l larger, with wido front
and broad, obb(|ue luoutli: luiixillary reucliiiifj Iront of eye. Ky*^ ^,
in head, 2 in interorbital width. Dorsal fin posterior. Cohn* dusky
above; belly silvery; axils ol' lins erinison in males. llea<l .'U; d('|)tli
4H. I). S; A. S: s<ales KMJO-ll; teeth 2,5-^1,2. L. 7 inches. New
Mexico. {Cope.)
(<;j/a !7«/a Cop«j, Zoul. Wlioi'ler's r.xpl. W. imith Mer. V, «()!.)
380. S. pulrli4>l> (Cnl.) .lor. A- r.ill>.
Body rather slender, little conij)ressed. Head rather long and pointed.
Month obliqne, terminal, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely
reaching the front of eye. Scales moderate. Lateral line decurved.
Fins large. Dorsal behind ventrals, its ti]) \jhen depressed reacliin^f
the posterior base of the anal. Pectorals nearly reaching ventrals.
Coloration brilliant; dusky above; sides and belly golden (red in life?);
sides with a vague dusky baud, llead 3^; depth 4 J. J). 8; A. 8;
scales 13-03-7; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, without grinding surface. L. G iiK^iies.
Chihuahua Itiver. A handsome species, resembling SqualiuH vocnileim,
but with the lins larger and the number of teeth ditt'erent. Although
Crirard places this lish among the Tigomw with grinding surface on the
teeth, we are unable to iind such surfa<!0 on his typical specimens.
AUtl it we hav3 examined have the teeth sharp, and 1, 4-4, 1. If this
dentition is constant, it may be necessary to refer A. ptdcher to a ditt'er-
ent genus.
{Tiijoma piilchra (Jiranl, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18r)<), 207, andU. S. Mcx. Bouinl.
S.irv. Iclitli. (?:..)
3§l. S. ogre^ius (Gid.) J. & G.
Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head moderate. Snout thick-
ish, subconicjil. Mouth oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary reachiiifj
front of orbit. Eye moderate, 4J in head. Lateral line not much de-
curved. Color bluish black ; sides with two irregular bands of dark-
spots ; the interspace red in males. Uead 4 ; depth 4. D. 8 ; A. 9 ; Lat.
1. G5. Great Basin ; exact locality unknown.
{Tigoma cgrcgia Gnl. U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. x, 291.)
3§3. S. linentus (Grd.) J. cSd G.
Body elongate, subfusiform. Head njoderate. Snout subconical.
Mouth oblique, lower jaw somewhat included, maxillary reaching to
orbit. Dorsal flu posterior. Scales small. Lateral line with an opeu
Surv. X, 292.)
K'^Q^^sf i:j 31. CYPRINID/E SCJUAUUS.
237
curve, ninning unusually low. Yellowish ; above dunky, with darker
spots aud narrow dark lines. Head 4,^. D. 8; A. 8. Utah liaain; ex-.
act locality not known. {Girard.)
(Tlfjoma lineata Giranl. I'roc. Acud. Nat. Ht;i. I'liila. 1H5G, *i<l(;, and U. .S. I'ac. K. R.
Surv.'x, a92.)
3§3. S. ffracillN (Crd.) .1. «.V <i.
Described as still slenderer and with still smaller scales than in S.
UneaUix. Lateral line little decnrved. Snout sub(!onical, rather short.
Coloration plain, dusky ivbove, paler below. 1). S ; A. 7. Exact locality
unknown; i)robably from Utah. {GiraKl.)
{Tiijoma gracilis (}rd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. I'liila. 1H.')(), 201).)
3§4. S. confortnis (H. A (i.) J- «& ('■
Body robust, rather elevated. Head moderate, the mouth rather
small, oblique, maxillary not (piite reaching eye. Eye moderate, nearly
5 in head. Dorsal lin considerably behind veutrals. Scales large.
Liiteral lino decurved. Purplish brown above, yellowish below. Head
\\h; depth 3^. D. 8; A. 8; scales 0-52-5; teeth 2, 4-?, 1 L. 4 inches.
Tulare Valley, California.
{Lavinia conformis B. «fc (t. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 137: Tigoma conformis
Gnl. IT. S. Pac. U. K. Siirv. x, ii8J).)
385. S. bicolor (Gii-ard) .1. & G.
Body robust, heavy anteriorly, tapering backward. Head long.
Mouth large, the maxillary reaching to the eye. Eye small, 6 in head.
Scales rather large. Lateral line decurved. Dorsal tin inserted almost
directly over ventrals. Fins rather small. Dusky above, sides and
below silvery. Head 3;^ ; depth 3;f . D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales 13-04-0 ; teeth
2, 5-5, 2. L. 12 inches. Klamath Lake, Oregon.
(Tijoma hicolor Grd. Proc. Acad. TSiat. Sci. Phila. 1H5G, 'Mi, and U. S. Pic. K. II.
Surv. X, '28J.)
3§6. S. obcMls (Grd.) J. & G.
Body short and compact, the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head
small, the snout short and rounded. Mouth moderate, maxillary reach-
ing to eye. Eye moderate, 4 J in head. Dorsal tin smaller than ayal,
nearly median. Scales moderate. Lateral line little deflected. Bluish
gray above, yellowish below. Head 4^. D. 8 ; A. 9. Salt Lake Valley.
(Girard.)
{Tigoma obeaa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nut. Soi. Phila. 1856, 206, and U. S. I'ac. R. K. Snrv.
X, 290.)
SI
h
i. lift
» '"JIM
i I- \
238 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
. I" A
3§7. §. pui'pureuM ((ird.) •lur.
^ Stout and (ioinpressed. Ueud lonp. Latorul line deciirved. DoiHal
tin slifflitly behind ventrals. Fins all small. IJlackish above, pale be-
low. Head .^; depth aif. A. 8; scales 13-02-8; teeth 2, 4-!, 1 San
Bernardino, Mexico.
( Tigoma piirpitrca iivi\. I'rnc Aciwl. Nat. Sci. Philu. 185(5, 'JlMi.)
bb. Scales in lateral lino ()r>-S(),
3§8. S. |»ulch«>llns (H. & (>.) J. & O.
Body lonji" and slender, the caudal peduncle rather nari'ow, but not
specially i'ontracted. Head slender, rather ]>ointed. Mouth moderate,
somewhat oblicpie, the maxillary scarcely reaxjhinjjf to the eye. Lateral
line strongly <lecurved. I'Mns high, th( dorsal somewhat behin<l ven-
trals. Eye t.V in head. Grayish; two dusky lateral streaks; belly
white. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. ('(i ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Kio
Mimbres, a tributary of Lake (luzman, in Mexico.
{Tijoma puU'hdJa Baird & (Jiianl, Proc. Acad. Nat. f-Ci. Pliila. 185-1, 2i>: Tujoma
pnklulla Grd. IT. S. Mcx. Bonnd. Sniv. Iclitb. ii2.)
389. J«. intorinodius ((ird.) J. & G.
" Intermediate between S. jndehelluft and 8. purpureus, much nearer
the former than the latter." Similar to the i)reci'ding. The caudal pe
duncle slender. Dorsal tin somewhat behind ventrjils. Fins small.
Coloration silvery, with dark dots. Head 3^; depth 4. D. 8; A.!);
scales 15-73-9. Rio (lila.
(Tii/oma intermedia Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PJiila. 185(>, 20(». )
390. S. .'ilicise .Tony.
Body elongate, little compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines
sinular. Head short, rather stout, its^ breadth f its length. Snout
rounded, jaws e«iual, the maxillaries reaching front of eye. Eye 4 in
hea'l. Pectoral tin as long as head, not reaching ventrals. Dark
plumbeous above, with a median steel-blue lateral band; belly pinkish;
cheeks silvery. Head 4^ ; depth 4^. D. 8 ; A. 8 ; scales minute, 18-80-1').
Utah Lake.
OJouy, Proc. I^ S. Nat. Mns. 1881, x.)
391. S. eoB»ci Jordan A (Jilbtsrt.
Body comparatively elongate and compressed, the caudal i)eduucle
long and rather slender. Head short, rather broad and flattish above,
the interorbital space convex and broader tlian the eye. Eye moderate,
as long as snout, 3^4 in head. Mouth rather small, low, terminal, ob-
31. CYPRINID.E SQUAL1U8.
23S
liqiio, the premaxillary Jiwt below the level of the pupil, the iiuixillary
reiu'hinff to just below the level of the eye. Dor.siil (in inserted souio-_
wiuit behind veutrals. Pectorals short, not reaehiiijjf nearly to veutrals,
the latter not to the vent. Scales very small. Lateral lino somewhat
docurved. Bluish olive above, with dark points ; a dusky lateral shade ;
liiis nearly i>lain ; axils red in the males. Head 4.^; depth ;J^. I). S;
A. 'S; scales about ll)-80-lL' teeth 2, 5-1, 2, tyj>ieally without {^rindinjj;
surface, but subject to an unusual amount of irregularity, occasionally
2, 4-4, 1 or 2, and sometimes with grinding surfiice. L. inches. Uio
Grande and basin of Utah ; very abundant. Described from specimens
from Bear Kiver, Wyoming.
((rila egrcffia Cope, Zool. Wheekn"'« Kxpl. AV. lOOth Mcr. v, ()(5'i (not Ti(;>mu vgrvijia
(iirnnl, u.h (Jinird'H origiuul apucimeua huve Liit. 1. (».'>); Jor, &, Uilb, I'loc. II. S. Nut.
MiiH. IHHO, 4(51.)
392. S. niirer (Cop(^) J. «.^ G.
Body robust, the back elevated antiaiorly, the caudal piMluncle short-
ish and not very stout. Oc(!iput depressed. Head large. liJye rather
liirge, 5 in head. Mouth large, moderately obli(]ue, the lower Jaw in-
cluded, the maxillary extending to the i)upil. Fins small, the dorsal
well backward. Scales small, posteriorly smaller and more crow<led.
Lateral line little decurved. Color dusky, the scales with l)la(;k dots.
Head 3J; depth 3^. I). 8; A. 8; Lat. 1. 80; teeth 2, 4-r>, 2, said by
Girard to have a developed grinding surface, which, however, we are
unable to find. Rio Gila. A well-marked species, approaching the
genus Qila. •
{(Vila fiibboaa B. «fc (i. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philii. 1854, '28: Tigoma glhhosa Giranl,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. IrtoG, 207, and U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith. (U : ? (iila
nigra Copn, Zoiil. Wheolor's Expl. W. lOOtb Mer. v, G'SS, The name gihbosa is, iiufor-
tiiuiittily, preoccupied.)
393. S. conspersus (Ganu.) J. &. G.
Form of 8. niger. Profile of head concave, maxillary, reaching front
of orbit. Pectorals extending three- fourths distance to ventrals, which
reach vent. Brown above; scales of back and sides speckled with
darker; an obscure dusky lateral shade. Head 3f ; depth 3 J. D. 8; A.
8; "teeth 4, 1-1, 4, clawed"; scales 13-09-9. Nazas Eiver. (Garman.)
{Gila conapersa Gurniau, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoiil. viii, 1881, 91.) ^. -.^^ ^-_-..
ft Caudal peduncle ver}"^ deep and compresHed, its depth nearly equal to the depth
of the head; dorsal over ventrals; scales rather large. (Sihoma Girard.)
^M,S.Kit»hOSUS{Gn\.)J.&G.— Mullet; Chub.
Body short, deep, compressed, the antedorsal region arched, the
"audal peduncle nearly as deep as jug, about as deep as the head.
m
240 rONTRiniTTlONH TO NORTH AMKUTCAN KMITIIYOLiMJY — IV.
I loud conic, tlic prolllo Httu^p, Mm lunx/.lc Nliort and rather pttiiitid,
Montli small, ul)]i(|n(% tlio jawH nearly cipial, tno tipper lip on the level
of the lower part of the pnpil, the in.ixillary Ncarcely reat^hin;; to IVunt
of eye; isthnnis very narrow; preorl)ital neaily as deep as lon-^f. |.;y,.
small, ant4M'ior, r> in head. l<^i'is low. Dorsal tin oppi»sit<^ ventnils
ntvirer candal than snont ; caudal tin short, little tork(Ml, sear<'ely hroiitlcr
than the very deep caudal peduncle, the spines of the caudal verleltin'
very stronj;. Scales lary;e, rather closely indiriisited, their exposed sm'
faces rather deeper than lon^; LM> scales before d(usal. Lateral iinf
<lecurved. ('olor l)rownish; sides white; younji spott«'d above; scales
everywher(> with dark dots; (Ins plain. Mead 1^; di^pth.'L !). H; A.S;
scales J)-r>(>-7; teeth 2, 5-4,2. li. 12 inches. Iiiv«Msof (/alilbrnia ; very
abundant. One (»f the most pecidiar of otir ('///)>//* (V/(f, but hardly cniisti.
tutinjr a distinct j;enus.
(/w?rinirt «T(iJ«n(<'((M(/(j Haiid A (iiranl, Vuw. Anid. Nit.l. Sci. 1'Iiiln. IK')!, 1117 (Au;{imt>;
Siboma rrintnii'iiiiilii iVwixn], Vvnv. Acini. Nat. Sri. I'liiln,. 1H,")(), VJOH, hmiI I'. S, I'dc. |{
|{. Siirv. I'lsli. \i'.)r»: Lriivixriin ri'dssiciiiiitii (iiliitlicr, vii, 'Jl^t: l.nirim'KH ijilihonii:! Amcs,
Daily Placor TimoH and TraiiMi"rii>t, May 'M\ Is.M: l.avinia fjihluiMtt Ayn-s, I'loc, Cjii.
Arad. Sci. IH.'..!, yo.)
**T«M'th with ovidont niiiidiiij^ siirfai'i'.* (.S(/h«/ih«.)
c. KubiiHt spocics; depth a to :i^ in lou^jlh; latoral liiif 1(<hh than til).
liiHi. H, rllOlliallMIN .lor. A: (iill).
Body very n)bust, elevated anteriorly, the sitles compressed, alth(ni;;li
the back ivS very broad. Mead broad, the i)rotllc concave as seen from
the side, the interorbital space tlattish, scarcely raised above the ey<'.
Snout broatl,elrva(ed at tip, preinaxillary on th(^ hn'cl of impil. Moiitli
very oblicpie, the mainlible iiuich luojeclinj;', nuixillary reachinj; front ol
eye. Rye small, anterior, 1/ in snout, 7 in heatl; isthmtis very narrow.
Scales lar^jfe, subequal, broadly exposed, linn. Lateral line tlecurvcd.
Dorsal nearly median, insertetl directly over vontrals. Caudal <'vciily
forked, the peduiu'le lonj;; and deep. Pectorals short, extendiiio- three-
fifths the distance to ventrals, ventrals about to vent. liower tins slioit.
Color blackish; everywhere dark. Mead . U ; <h'i)th JU. D. :); A. 8;
scales l()-or)-,"» ; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, short and stout, one of them with ^rindiii^'
surface. L. 12 inches. Utah Lake. One of the largest and best marked
species.
(Jordan «fe Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1880, 4(51.)
•A variable cbaractor in thlH jfrmip.
' SI ■ U^. 1<
.i*r'
31. CYPKINII)^, — H(jrAMUR.
241
,<|04l. !■!• M|Ullllllltllll (Oill) .1. iV. (>.
Itoily vory robiiNt, Niibuvut«', roiiipn^HS(Ml. Ilciul Itu't;*^ ami loii^^,
(Oiiiciil. Moiitli I'Htlicr liir^r, olili(|ii(>, ti^nniriiil, tlio iiinxilliuy nsirhin^;
Iron to* orbit, Uwi iipprr li|> on thci lv\v\ of tUit |«>w«'r part of tln', ttyo,.
Hyc iiuMlrratc, anlnior, r»j{ in ImmuI. Dorsal (In .sriiiill, iiiHcitiMl posfi'-
riorly, but <lin'«^tly ov«m" i\w vrnlrals. S<!al«'H nio<l«M'at«', Hiiborbicular,
wiilrly <'xposc(l. ('olor «lark or blackiHli; tlni Mc^alrs all uiar^^incul with
liliicU; IliiN tluHky. Ilrad :i\', depth .'{. I). «; A. S; ncalcH 10-r.;M{;
tcctii 'J, Ti-I, li. L. H inches. Halt. Lakc^ Basin.
(Tiiliimii Hiiiiiimata ii\\\, Vrof. KomI. Hoc. Nal. HJMt. 1H(>I, mid TcliMi. Cnpt. Hitii|moii'H
lispl. |H7(i, •lO."'..)
;M>r. N. niriirliiw (CJnl.) J<»r. *, Oill».— r;<o/t Mullet; Chub of Utah Lake.
ISody ratluir stont, the randal pcMlunc^lo, not slender. Head nioder'te,
siihcoiiieal. Month arderior, cpnte snnill, the. iiiaxillary not rua<'hin;; to
the eye. I'^yei small, TiA in lu^ad. Fins (|iiit<^ small. Dorsal tin nearly
or(|uit«M)ver th(^ ventrals. .Seales larp", not mneh iu'dirieated, li.T bo-
I'orc dorsal. Tiat<sral line deenrved. Olivaceous, blackish above, the
color formed of small black j>oints. IIea<l 1; (lejdh ."».^,. I). 0; A. 8;
sculcs ll-r)7-({; t('eth 2, 5-4, li, usually with civident K'''u<1'"« surface,
;iitlMiiit;h phu'cd by Girard and ('ope in Hihoina, which wants siudi snr-
I'KT. b. 20 inches. Utah llasin. Very (common in Utah Luki^ A larj;o
siK'cies, usi^d as food; and very destructive to younj; trout.
{Sihoma ulniria (Jnl. I'roc. A<'iwl. Nut. Sci. I'liilii. IH'»(>, iJOH, anil II. H. Piic. U. R,
Siirv. X, 21(7: Siboma atraiia uiul viir. loHyirApv Unite, Zool. Whoolcr'H l'Jxi>l. VV. 100th
M.T. V, (51)7.)
:j«N. S. 4-raNMi!>( ((}nl.) .lor. »fe (Jill».
Hddy robust. Ilciad ratluM- small, the snout short and depressed.
Mouth moderate, oblicpie, the maxillary not leiwihing to the eye. Eye
small, in head. Dorsal fin inserte<l slij^htly behind ventrals. Hcales
iiuxlcrate, broadly exposj^d. Dusky above, sides and below paler. Head
I; depth .'U. D. 8; A. 8; seales 10-57-7; teeth 2, 5-4, 2, with narrow
piiidiufi' surfaces L. 10 inches. Sifccramentt) lliver, California.
[Tifioma vraaaa Old. Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 207, aud U. S. Pac. li. R, Snr v.
x,29:i.)
<v. S'.cMidor .spociciH, the depth 4-4J in length; lateral liuo (50-70. (Chvonda* (ird.)
399. S. c<erillcus ((ird.) Jor. &. (iilli.
Body sleuder, subfuisiform. Head sleudcr, the i<iiout long, couical,
* Chamda Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5, 207; type Clieonda coopcri Grd.
(.VcoiiKMl name.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 10
i-.-
M
I '^v
:*
nili
Z Ml
ft
Jf^'V
t>iMiiit>.ll
-■''i^m)
.::rJ^f,S!A: ■i^.,J,■
242 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH jfiMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
rather flattened above. Jaws equal, the maxillary reaching to orbit
Dorsal fin inserted behind ventrals. Aual flu quite small. Scales
rather small. Dusky bluish above, pale below ; scales everywhere witli
fine punctulations. Uead 3^; depth 4J. D. 9; A. 7; scales 13-01-7-
teeth 2, 5-5, 2, with narrow grinding surface. Lost Kiver, Oregon.
(Chconda cocrtilea Grd. Proc. Aca'l. Nat. Wei. Phila. Id5G, '207, and U, S. Pue. l{. i?
Siirv. Fish. 295.)
400. S. cooperi (Gnl.) Jor. & Gilb.
Body elongate, subfnsiforra. Head moderate, the snout tbickisli,
subconical, slightly projecting. Mouth oblique, the maxillary not (juito
reaching to the eye. Eye large, 4J in head. Fins large, the anal no-
tably so. Dorsal somewhat behind ventrals. Coloration plain, rather
pale. Head 4i^j depth 4J. D. 8; A. 10; Lat. 1. (i3. CoUunbia lliver.
(Cheonda cnoperi Gnl. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18oG, 207, and U. S. Pao. 11. K,
Snrv. Fish. 294: Leuciscua cooperi Gllntli-.r, vii, 243.)
401. S. nig^rcsccns (Grd.) Jur. & Gilb.
Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head long and rather jwinteil.
Caudal peduncle long. Mouth terminal, oblique, the maxillary scarcely
reaching to eye. Snout prickly in male specimens. Fins moderate, the I
dorsal slightly behind ventrals. Color very dark, the sides with black |
spots, t^e scales with line punctulations. Head 3^ ; dei)th 4. I). 8;
A. 7; scales lG-70-10; teeth 2, 4 (-5,2?). Boca Grande and Janosj
Eiver.
(Tigoma iiiyreaeenaQvil. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 207, and I J. S. Mcx. Houiul,
Surv. Ichth. (54.)
40a. S. iiis^cstlis (Gavm.) J. & G.
Brownish, paler below; flanks not lustrous as in S. nigrescoift. Form I
moderately stout, the outlines regular. Dorsal behind ventrals, its froej
border convex. Anal truncate. Distinguished from S. nigrciii'cns byj
the greater length and the shape of the head, and a dilferenco in thel
position of the dorsal. Head 3^ ; depth 3.^. D. 8 ; A. 8; scales 14-05-9.1
Saltillo, Coahuila.
{Cheonda modciita (larnian, Bull. Mhh. Comp. Zool. viii, 92, 1881.)
103.— PIIOXINUS Agassiz.
Minnoim.
. gaasiz, M(?m. Soc. Nat. Hist. NoufchiXtd, i, :{7, 1837* type Cyprinm phoxinmL--
riioxiiiit8 la'r'iH Aff.; the comnion "Minnow" of Enropc.)
Body stout. Mouth normal, without barbel. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, or L'J
5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface. Scales usually small, littld
-t t
v)^f;.,f
31. CYPRINID^ — PHOXINUS.
243
imbricated. Lateral line incomplete or wantinj;. Dorsal lin behind
veutrals. Anal basis shor<^^. Species of small size and brilliint colora-
tion ; tbnnd both in Europe and America, (^o^iw;?, a minnow; from
f«,-",-, tapering.)
♦Scales vciry Hinnll, 75-90 in tlio Ijitoral lino.
103. P. noo^scus Cope.
Body short and thick, little compressed, the back little elevated.
Head very hvrge and broad, the muzzle blunt. INIouth moderate, quite
()bli(iiie, tiie lower Jaw projecting; maxillary reaching to beyond front
of orbit; upper lip on the level of the middle of the pupil. I'Mns mod-
enite. Dorsal well backward, much nearer caudal than suout, some-
\vh;it behind ventrals. Pectorals lauge. Scales very small, almost
imbedded in the skin. Lateral line dccurved, very short, not exlend-
iiifj to ventrals. liack and belly scaly. Eye large, 3A in head. Color
very dark; back plain, almost black; a black band througli snout aiul
eye to caudal; above this a i)ale band; below thisabr.ptly white; belly
iind lower tins (;rimson in spriug males; pectorals dusky. Head i$.^;
(lei)th 4^. 1). 8; A. 8; scales 18-80-11; teeth 2, i-Ty, 2. L. .'3 inches.
Midiigan to Iowa; not common.
(Copo, Cypr. Peiin. 186(5, 37r); GUutlier, vii, 247.)
"Scales luodorate, 40-45 in the lateral lino.
404. P. flainineilS Jordan & Gilbert.
Body moderately stout, slenderer and more compressed than in P.
neofin'Hs. Head rather short and deep, the up])er outline round(>d, the
muzzle rather blunt. Eye lar e, 3iV in head. IMouth small, obli(pie, Mio
Jiiws about equal, the upi>er lip on the level of the pupil, the max-
illary extending to th*'' front of the orbit. S<rales much larger and more
loosely imbricated thivn in the other ;q)eeies. Back and belly scaled.
Lateral line short, decurved, on 14 scales, not reaching base of ventrals.
Fins small, tlie diu'sal well backward. IJack dark; a black lateral band,
formed of dark specks; above this a pale band ; the belly below this pale;
brifiiit scarlet red in the males hi spring. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8j
scales 7-4IJ-5; teeth 2, 4-5, '}. L. 2.^ inches. Tennessee Kiver.
i..ortlan & Gilbert, Man. Vort. E. IT. S. ed. 2, 187H, 30:i; Jordan & Hrayton, Bnll.
U. 8. Nat. Mns. xll, (5(5.)
405. P. milncrianus Copo. ^ , .
"Form elongate, chin slightly beyond upper lip. Pharyngeal teeth
2, 5-4, 2. Scales in 15 longitudinal rows between the dorsal and ven-
M^'Mf!
1 "i'S
I ^>J
n
.a
'mm,
244 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
tral fius. Diameter of orbit eqial to length of muzzle, and entering
length of head 3J times. The latter enters the length to origin of the
caudal flu 4 times. The greatest depth enters the same o.J times, Tho
dorsal flu originates above a point behind the entire base of iIk; vcu.
trals. Kadii : D. I, 8 ; A. I, 8. The mouth is rather large, the extreni
ity of the maxillary bone extending nearly to the lino of the pupil of the
eye. The head is rather Hat above and wide, the parietal width Whyr
about one- third the length between the last dorsal ray and the base of
the caudal. The distance to which the lateral line extends is uiikuown
because the scales of the posterior part of the body n,re lof^-^ . Color
brownish olive above, below silvery; a black band, not well defined on
the borders, extends from the end of the muzzle to the base of tht cau-
dal fin, where it terminates in a black spot; a reddish spot at the base
ofthe anterior dorsal rays; muzzle dark." {Cope.) L.2J inches. Upper i
Missouri Ei ver. " This species diii'ers from P. neogoiutt in its slender form
and the small number of rows of scales."
(Copo, Amer. Nat. July, 1879, 440.)
*** Scales large, 35-40 in the lateral liue.
406. P. phlegcthontis (Cope) Jor. & Glib.
Body short and deep. Mouth very oblique, the jaws even, the maxil-
lary reaching front of the eye, which is rather large. Dorsal behind ven-
trals. Lateral line entirely wanting (in the typical examples; probably!
more or less developed in the adult, perhaps complete, in which oasol
the species is a Telestes). Olivaceous; a broad plumbeous lateral baud;,
a dusky dorsal line; belly golden. Head 4; depth 3^. D. 7; A. 8;|
scales 11-37; teeth 1, 5-4, 2. L. lA inches. Beaver Kiver, Utah. {Coik.)\
(Clino>ito)nm phlegcthontiH Copo. Pror. Amor. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 137: Gi\i\
phlocfethontk Copii, ZoiJl. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mor. v, 657.)
104.— LEUCUS Heckel.
Roaches.
[Myloleuvus Copo ; fAhjansca Giranl ; not LcncuH Kanp, 1824, a iioiiiinal geuus ofl
Laridw, the word Lenvm being r. misprint lor Lcucuh. )
(Leuco» Hiickel, RuHseggers' ReiHCU, i, 1038, 1843: typo Leucos dmlpimis Ilockel.)
Body stout, compressed. Mouth normal, oblique; no barbel. Teetij
4-5* or 5-5, hooked, with narrow grinding surface, the lower usually on
I Tr»t«~i fv,i^^ ^*fe'' ^ ^ "i
• Teeth 4-4 in the lype of Leucva tinccUa.
31. CYPRINID-ffi — LEUCUS.
245
a prominent raised prominence of tho bone. Scales moderate. Lateral
line continuous, decu^ved. Anal basis short. Abdomen not comijressed.
latestiaal canal not elongate. Species numerous in Europe, Asia, and
America. This genus is very closely allied to the European Leuciscus
Cuvier, differing in the presence of teeth 5-5 or 5-4, instead of G-5 or
G-6. The name finally to be adopted for this group, if admitted as dis-
tinct, is uncertain. (Aewzw?, white.)
J, Tc'th 4-4,* with entiro edges. {Algansea Girard.t)
407. li. tincella (Val.) J. & G.
Body stoutish. Head heavy. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxil-
liiiv not reaching to the eye. Jaws about equal. Eye rather small.
Caudal peduncle thick. Fins small, the caudal short. Dorsal just over
vcntrals. Scales quite small, firmly attached and not closely imbricated,
as ill Myloehihis, etc. Coloration dark, plain ; fins unspotted. Head 3| ;
deptli3|; scales 17-70-9; teeth 4-4. L. 6 inches. City of Mexico.
{[jnn-iscus iinceUa C. «S: V. xvii, 323; Guuther, vii, 244.)
M. Tenth 4-5, with entire edges. (Myloleucua Coptj.t)
10§> L. obesus (Grd.) .Tor.
Body stout. Head short, the muzzle not decurved. Moutn small,
[oblique, terminal, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, maxillary nearly
reaching to orbit. Eye 4J- in head ; preorbital deeper than long. Color
(lark ; the belly silvery ; the st;ales everywhere dusted with black specks ;
a dusky lateral baud. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. 9; A. 8; scales 12-58-7
(13-58-9, Cojjc) ; teeth 5-4. L. G inches. Utah Basin ; abundant.
(Al(iansm ohcsa Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185G, 183, and U. S. Pac. R. R.
ISttiv. Fisli. 239: Leuviaciin obeaus GUnther, vii, 244: MyJoleueus pulverulentus Cope,
iHavdcu's Geo]. Surv. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872; Jordan & Henshaw, Rept. Chief Eng.
ISe, App. NN. 1U2.)
1409. L. formoSUS (Grd.) Jor.
Very close to the next, and perhaps identical with it. Body a little
Imore slender, tlie scales smaller, and profusely dotted with black as in
ll, o&esMS. Head 3^; depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-5^^-0; teeth 5-4.
|L, 4 inches. California.
(Ahjanaea formom iiirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 183: Lcucisous formoaua
ICiintlicr, vii, •*.45; .Fordau & Honshaw, 1. c. 193.)
• In specimens examined ; tho normal number is probably 5-4. If permanently 4-4,
Hpnsea may bo re),;ardod as a distinct genus.
tOiraril, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 184: type Leuciscus tincella Val. (A coined
mil',)
JCoite, llayden's Geol. Surr. Mont. 1871, 475, 1872: typo Myloleucua lyulveruUntus
'/i'^ = Alganaea oheaa Qixxox^. (a^u/IoJ, grinder ; /lei;x(5$, Leucus.)
Hi
m
'U\
i. I
m
:<•
246 CONTRIiJUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
it
•:V
?»
410. Bj. bicolor (Gnl.) Jor. ii,':,-";
Body moderately stout. Head rsither heavy, the muzzle very short
iiiid conical. Mouth moderate, very oblique, the jaws equal, the max-
illary reaching line of eye. Scales rather large. Lateral line decurved.
Eye rather large, 4 J in head. Color transparent, olivaceous; a distinct
l)lumbeous lateral band. Fins dusky-shaded. Scales with some brown
dots, but not profusely dusted with black specks as in the two preceding
species. Head 3'^; depth 3^. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-50-5 (11-48-5, Cope)-
teeth 4-5. L. 5 inches. Steams of Oregon, Nevada, etc.
{Alganaea bicolor Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiki. 185(), 183: Leuciacua bicolor
Giinther, vii, 245: Myloleucua parovanua Copr, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v
GOD; Jordan & Heusluiw, 1. c. 193.)
411. It, anticus (Cope) Jor. & Gilb.
" Xearest to the fonnosm of Girard, but differs in the much more pos-
terior position of the fins. In this the anterior base of the dorsal is
equidistant between end of muzzle and base of tail; in anticus much
behind the median point. The ventrals are much nearer the caudal
thiin the chin ; in .tbe/brmos?is the reverse is the case." Body moderate,
shortened behind. Caudal peduncle short, thick. Caudal fln short,
little forked. Mouth oblique, muzzle not reaching line of orbit. Eye
5 in head. Profile long. Hat, descending ; dorsal outline arched. Pur-
plish slate abov^e, yellow below; sides of head and edges of scales puuc-
tulate. Head 3 J. D. 8; A. 8; scales 10-50-0; teeth not described. L.
5 inches. Texas. {Cope.)
{Ahjanaea antica Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLiia. 1864,282.)
412. L,. boucardi (Gliuther) Jor. &. Gilb.
Body moderately elongate. Head thick, obtuse. Mouth broad, its
(ileft not extending to the eye. Snout convex, the lower jaw included.
Eye moderate, 4;^^ in head. Caudal tin moderately forked. Origin of
dorsal fln close behind that of the ventrals . Brownish; a bluish lateral
band, forming a faint caudal spot. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 0; scales
0-30-4 ; teetli 5-4. L. 3^ inchei. Cuernavaca, Mexico. [Qilnther,)
{LcHchcua boiivardi Giinther, vii, 485.)
105.-OPSOPCEODUS Hay.
(Hay, Proc. I J. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 507: type Opaopcvodua emiliw Ha,y.)
Form of Ihjbognathiis. Mouth very small, almost vertical, its position
entirely anterior, with scarcely any lateral cleft. Teeth 5-5, with grind-
ing surface and seriated edges. Abdomen not compressed. Dorsal
:^fnf
31 CYPRINID^ — TRTCHERODON
247
nearly over veutrals. Anal basis short. Lateral liue complete. Intes-
tinal canal short. Peritoneum white. Small. (^diiioTzoUw, to feed daintily;
*y;, tooth.)
413. O. emiliae Hay.
Body rather elongate, moderately conij^.ressed, not elevated. Head
short, slender. Muzzle blunt and rounded. Mouth very small and verj-
oblique, smaller than in any other of our Cyprinidw, withscar .ely any
lateral cleft ; its size, when opened wide, less than that of the eye. Man-
dible short and deep, strongly curved, jaws equal. Eye lonj?er than
snout, 3 in head. Dorsal beginning over i)osterior raysof ventrals, nearer
snout than base of caudal. Pectoral very small, not reaching veutrals,
tlie latter to anal. Caudal peduncle long and slender. Anal short and
() V. Breast naked; 16 large scales before dorsal. Yellowish; sides
silvery; •scales above dark-edged ; a dark lateral band from snout to
caudal, above and below which are series of black dots; anterior rays
of dorsal dark; sometimes a black spot on the posterior rays. D. 9;
A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 5-5, serrate. Eastern Mississippi.
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1380, r.07.)
106.— TRYCIIERODON Forbea.
(Forbes, MSS. geu. nov. : typo Trychcrodon viegalops Forbes.)
Pharyngeal teeth in one row, 5-5 or 5-(), strongly hooked, deeply
creuate, without masticatory surface. Lateral line imperfect. Dorsal
over veutrals. Intestine shorter than head and body. Peritoneum pale.
Thorax naked almost to ventrals. ]\Iouth terminal, upper jaw protrac-
tile. No barbels, {rpuxepa^, ragged ; 6dwv^ tooth.)
414. T. iilcg:alops Forbes, spec. nov.
"A small, fusiform species, with a small, terminal, oblique mouth, a
very large eye, an imperfect lateral line, a narrow black lateral stripe,
a partly naked breast, and large fins. The dorsal has a large dusky
black blotch on the front rays. The depth is contained from 4 to 5
times in the length without caudal ; the head 4^ to 5 times. The eye
is longer than the snout, and goes but 2i^ times in the head. Its verti-
cal diameter equals the interorbital space. The mandible scarcely
reaches a vertical from the anterior border of the nostril, and falls far
short of the orbit. The lateral line is variously imperfect; sometimes
present only on the first 4 or 5 scales, and sometimes extending,
with uumerous interruptions, to the middle of the caudal pedunclo. It
if?
; : I ;
,-:. ■ «
248 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOQY — Jv.
is slightly decurved when present on the anterior half of the body.
The caudal fin is long and very deeply furcate. It is contained ;5U4
times in head and body, and the median rays are about t\vo-lifth!< the
length of the longest. The dorsal is high, its longest ray reaching nearlv
or quite half the distance from front of dorsal to tail. The front of the lin
is a little nearer nose than caudal. The pectorals extend about three
fourths the distance to the ventrals, and the latter nearly or quite attain
the vent. D. I, 7 or 8 ; A. T, 7 or 8; scales 5, 38-40, 4, with 15 or IG rows
before dorsal. The ]>haryngeal bones are thin, and suddenly and
broadly dilated at outer third, this part of the bone being nearly .'3 times
as wide as the inner, and in shape not unlike a horse's jaw-bone. Tiie
odontoid process is unusually distinct and high. The teeth are very
slender, strongly hooked, and sharply and irregularly crenate, the edges
having a spinose appearance. The scales are crowded, higher than Ion;;,
a;id wanting on the anterior half or two-thirds of the breast. Color in
alcohol yellowish brown, with a faint silvery lustre on sides. A narrow,
black band, about one scale wide, extends around the nose, through the
upper half of the eye, to the tail, terminating therein the most highly eol
ored si)et'iinens in a. narrow vertical bar. The scales above the lateral
band are all dark-edged. In all the specimens the dorsal shows a large
aubmedian blotch in front, crossing about 4 rays. In one this blotch is
so enlarged as to include the whole anterior half of the tin, except a
small space at base, and a second blotch extends similarly across the 3
posterior rays, leaving only a narrow pale vertical stripe between,
Length of largest s])ecimen 2^ inches. Se^ral specimens trom the
Illinois lii ver at Tekin and Peoria, and from Maciiinaw Creek." {ForbeH,)
iOT.— NOTEIVIIOOIVUS Ratinesqiie.
Golden Shiners.
{Saibe DeKay.)
(Ranuc8((U(', Joiirii. do Physiqiu.', do Chyuiio ct d'llistoiro Natnrollo, Paris, 1819, 4'<J1 :
type XotemijoniiH aiirdfun l?'.f. -^=Cypiinu8 chrnmlcucus Mitch.)
Body subelliptical, strongly compressed, both back and belly curved,
the curves different; back narrowly compressed; belly behind ventral
tins forming a keel, over which the scales do not pass. Tail not keeled.
Head small, conic. Mouth small, terminal, oblique, normal, without
barbels. Scales rather large. Lateral line continuous, strongly dc
curved. Dorsal tin inserted behind the ventrals. Anal fin with its
base somewhat elongate, of from to 18 rays. Teeth 5-5, hooked, with
31. CYPRINIDiE — NOTEMIGONUS.
249
grindiug surface, the edges of which are more or less creuate. Alimen-
tary cfiiial short, though rather louger than the body. Size rather
large. As here understood, Notemigomis differs from the European
Xbramis (Uream) only in the much shorter anal fin — from 9 to 20 rays in-
stead of 30 to 40. All its 8i)ecies aie American. There is much varia-
tion in the length of the anal and in the form of the mouth among the
species left in AbramiSj and a reunion or a different division of the
group may be necessary', (vwroc, back; if/it', half; y^'tvo^^ angle; the
Iniek being almost carinated.)
•luaeition of dorsal midway of body or nearer Huoiit than base of caudal,
t Anal rays 9 or 10.
413. N. K^rdonens (C. & V.) Jor.
Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head obtuse. Isthmus small.
.Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw included. Eye 4 in head. Dorsal
nearly midway of body, little behind veutrals. Olivaceous. Head 5J;
(Icptli 3^. D. 10; A. 9; teeth 5-5, with grinding surface and serrated
edge. Scales 7-39-3. South Carolina. One specimen known.
{Leiicincua gardoneua Cuv. & Val. xvii, lUG: Chondrostoma gardoneum Cope, Trans.
Auit'r. Phil. Soc. Phila. 18615, 3D5: Lcudscua gardontm Giinthor, vii, 258.)
416. W. lucidns (Grd.) Jor.
Body rather elongate, subfusiform. Head moderate. Snout subcon-
ical, tapering. Mouth somewhat oblique, larger than in the other spe-
cies, the maxillary reaching eye. Eye large, 3 J in head. Dorsal nearer
tip of snout than caudal. Scales rather large, much deeper than long.
Grayish above, yellowish beneath. Head ^^. D. 8 ; A. 10. Canadian
Kiver. {Oirard.)
(LiixUus lucidtts Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185(5,^0;}, and U. S. Pac. R. U.
Surv. X, 282.)
tt Anal rays about 13.
417. IV. leptosomus (Grd.) Jor.
Body rather elongate, slen Jer, the back elevated. Heiwl small and
short, its profile continuous mth that of the back. Mouth small, quite
oblique, the maxilhiry not reaching the front of the large eye. Eye 3^
iu head. Insertion of dorsal tin about midway between snout and base
of caudal. Anal lin high and long. Bluish, silvery below. Head 5;
depth 3;|. 1). 9; A. 13; Lat. 1. 55. Texas. [Oirard.)
(LuxilH8 leptuHomtis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 203, and U. S. Mex.
Bouud. Surv. Ichth. GO: Abramiat leptosomus GUnther, vii, 300.)
'• Insertion of dorsal nearer base of caudal th j,u snout,
a. Anal rays about 11.
•''-U'-ra
fe
250 CONTUIHLTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
I*i;
'1 18. N. occideiitalis (Hainl & (}irar*l) Jonliui.
Body ino(lyriit(ily oloiigjite. Snout subconical, rather tapering.
Mouth oblique, the maxillary not reaching orbit. Eye large, 4 in head,
lirownish above ; sides silvery; the belly speckled with gray. I). 10 ;
A. 11. Tulare Valley, California. {Girard.)
( r.eiicoHomiis occid( II talis Haird & Girard, I'roc. Acad. Nat S<'i. Phila. 1854, 137 : Am-
iluH occUlfiiitaliH Girard, U. 8. Pac. II. R. Surv. x, 1280: Abramis occidcntalia Gilntbor, vii,
nor>.)
aa. Anal rays about i:i (12-14), ...
419. M. clirysolcucus (Mitch.) -lor. — Golden Shiner ; Bream.
Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Head short, sub-
conic, compressed, the prolile somewhat concave. Mouth small, ob-
li(pie, the upper lip on the level of the upper part of the pupil, the max-
illary not reaching the front, of the eye. Eye moderate, about 4 in head.
Fins medium. Color clear greenish above; sides silvery, with bright
golden retiections; htjs yellowish; the tips of the lower Uns sometimes
orange in spring males. Head 4^; depth 3. I). 8; A. i3; scales 10-
51-3; teeth 5-5. L. 12 inches. New England to Dakota and Texas;
everywhere abnndant in bayous and weedy ponds. One of the most
familiar and characteristic of our Cyprinidw.
(Ci/prlmtH chrynolviiviin Mitch. I{ei)t. Fish. N. Y. 1815, 23: Abramis rersieolor DeKay,
N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 191: Leuvosomus aiiuricanus Storcr, Fish. Mass. 283: Stilbe americana
Cope, Cypr. Pcun. 18(U), 389 : Leaciscus, Leiicosomus, Litxilus, I'largyrus, Stilbe, Stiliiua,
or Aliraiiiin aiiurieaniix of various autliors (not Cyprinua americanm L.): Litxilus scco
Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18:)6, 203: Abramis americanm GUuther, vii, 305;
Jordan, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mas. x, 05.) • .
a. Anal rays a\)out 10 (15-18).
420. N. ainei'icaiiiis (li.) Jor.— <S'ou/A6rn /ireani.
Body moderately elevated, very strongly compressed. Head rathei
broad and flat between the eyes. Mouth small, quite oblique, the max
illary barely reaching the eye. Eye very large and prominent, anterior,
about 3 in head. Dorsal tin short and very high, almost falcate, well
back. Anal tin high and long. Scales rather large, the lateral liiu
running very low. Color j)alc olive, with silvery lustre ; lower fins red
in the males in spring. Head 4.^; depth 3.^. D. 8; A. 16; scales S-43-
2; teeth 5-5. L. 12 inches. Itivers of the South Atlantic States ; locally
abundant. * ; '
(Cifpriniis amei'icaima Linn. Syst. Nat.: LeuciaeuH bond Cnv. ♦& Val. xvii, 313: Xotc-
migoiius imlianun Jordan, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187C, 364; Jordan, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mu8. X, 05.)
ballcatua Grd.
E. R. Surv. F
31. CYPRINID^. LEPIDOJfEDA.
109.-RICIIARDSO1VIIJ8 (iirard.
251
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Philiv. lrtr)(>, 201: typ*) Cifitrimui ballmtun Uicb.)
Body oblong or elevated, strongly coniprcHsed. IJead rather Hinall.
Month terminal, oblique, jaws normal ; no barbels. Teeth li, 5-5, 2,
or li, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding surface, the edges entire. (Mll-
lakcrs very small. Belly compressed behilul ventral lins, the scales
l)as;;iiig over its edge. Back of tail not keeled. Scales rather small.
Liit(;ral line continuous, decurved. Dorsal fin well behind the ventrals.
Anal basis elongate. American; closely related to the European genus
AlburnuH. (Dedicated to Sir John Kichardsou.)
431. B. ImltcutiiM (Rich.) Grd. *"
Body strongly compressed and somewhat elevated. Head small, the
snout rather short and conical. Mouth terminal, oblique, the lower jaw
slifllitly projecting beyond the upper. Eye large, 3^ in head. Colora-
tion plain, the sides bright silvery, crimson in males in spring. Anal
and caudal large. Dorsal low, much behind ventrals. Base of anal 4J
in length. Head ^^, depth 3 J. D. 10; A. 17 or 18; Vert. 40; Lat. 1.
13-02-0; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Columbia Kiver and northward ; abundant.
{Cyprinu8 (Abranm) haltvatua Ricliardson, Fauna Bor.-Aiiier. iii, ;i01 : ItichardsoniuH
halhatua (jvd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 278: Ahramia balteatun Oiinthor, vii, ;{t)l>. )
423. B. lateralis Grd.
Body slenderer and less compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, ob-
lique, jaws equal. Anal basis 5J iii length. Blackish above; a dark
lateral band; the interspace and belly pale; crimson in males in sum-
mer. Head 4.^; depth 3,^-4. D. 10; A. 14; scales 13-55-0; teeth 2,
5-5, 2. Cobimbia River and streams about Puget Sound.
{Rkhardaonius lateralw Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1856, 202, and U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. FiHh. 279: Abramia lateralis Giiiillier, vii, 309.)
100.— LEPlDO]?IEDA Copo.
(Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. PhUa. 1874, 131: type Lepidomeda vittata Cope.)
Body elongate. Mouth terminal, without barbels. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
hooked, without grinding surface. Scales small. Lateral line com-
plete. Dorsal tin with a strong spine, comi)osed of two, the posterior
received into a longitudinal groove of the anterior. Inner border of the
veutral iius adherent to the body. Dorsal fin inserted behind the ven-
trals. Anal bagis short. Size small. (A^rrt^oc, scaly ; Meda.)
'W'
3^
4^'
--?i>
M
5i
if!
*
M
!l«
I I
'A
•!l
hi
ft
,.-,M
K i!H
^sm
262 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTOYOLOGY — IV.
493. L. vlltata Cope.
Body rather .stout. Head wide and flat above, Hlightly depressed be-
hind the eyes. Muzzle obtuse, not prominent. Mouth terminal, ob-
lique. Eye "v-f in head. Scales small, covering; the whole body except
the space behind the pectorals; 20 series above the lateral line and 5^
in front of the dorsal. Preorbital bone tre[)ezoi«lal. .Second dorsal
spine as long as the liisi. and wider. Dorsal rays somewhat eidar/j^ed
and ossified. Pectoral rays scarcely enlarged. Color silvery ; a lead
colored lateral band and a black dorsal band. Head S'^ ; depth 4^. I).
II, 7 ; A. 9 ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3A inches. Colorado Chiquito River,
Arizona. (Cope.)
(C».pe, Pror. Anier. Phil, Soc. Phila. 1874, i:U, and Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mor. V, G42.)
434. li. Jarrovil Cope.
Body more elongate. Mouth nearly horizontal, lower jaw somewhat
projecting. Eye larger than in L. vittata, 3^ in head, the maxillary
reaching its anterior border. Spines slender. Scales very small and
difficult to detect, 51 series before the dorsal tin. Olivaceous ; a median
black vertebral band ; sides silvery ; bases of ventral fins red. Head 4;
depth 5. D. II, 7; A. 9; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. L. 3 inches. Colorado Chi-
quito Kiver, Arizona. {Cope.)
(Cope, Proc. Acjul. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, i:V.{. and Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Men V, 643.)
110.— OTEDA Girard. '
(Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, lUl : type Medafulgiia Grd.)
Body elongate. Mouth terminal, normal, no barbels. Teeth 1,4-4, 1,
hooked, without grinding surface. Body entirely scaleless. Fins as in
Jjepidomeda. Size small. {Meda, a classical feminine name, of no con-
ceivable application to these singular lishes.)
435. in. fulgfida 6i<]. , ,, .
Body slender, elongate, compressed. Head elongate, subconical,
the snout rounded. Mouth large, subterminal, slightly oblique, the
lower jaw included, maxillary extending to below orbit. Second dorsal
spine highest ; dorsal behind ventrals. Colortition silvery. D. II, 7 ; A.
8; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Eio Gila. {Oirard.) --rrr^^" ,, :,
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 191; Gtiuther, vii, 263.)
WA "t ■
31. CYPRINID^ — CARA88IU8.
253
111.— PLAOOPTEBUS Cope.
(Coj)e, Proc, Amor. Phil. Sor. Philu. IH71, '301: typo Plagoptrrui argentimm^'a Copo.)
Body slender. Month terminal, a barbel at the extremity of the max-
illary. Teeth 2, 5-4, 2, hooked, without grinding; surl'aee. Botly en-
tirely Rcaleless. Fins as in Meda and Lcpidomeda. Size small. (-^«;'ij,
wound; Ttrzfiw, fin; in allusion to the armature of the dorsal fln.)
•
420. P> urgcntii^siinus Copo.
Body slender. Head rather broad, the muzzle slightly depressed, over-
liaugiug the rather small, horizontal mouth. Lips thin, the maxillary
reaching front of eye. Eye moderate, 4^ in hea<l. Dorsal tin entirely
behind veutrals, the first spine curved, longer than the second ; soft
rays of the dorsal thickened and ossified at base ; fifth ray of the ven-
tral bound to the abdomen by a membrane for nearly its whole length;
pectoral rays osseous at base. Lateral line complete, slightly deflexed.
Color clear silvery ; dorsal region dusky, with minute black dots. Head
4; «lepth «. D. II, 7 ; A. 10; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. L 2J inches. San Luis
Valley, Western Colorado. {Cope.)
(Copo, Proc. Amer. Phil. Sw. Phila. 1874, 130, and Zool. Whooler'g Expl. W. 100th
Mcr. V, 640.)
lia.— CARASSIUS Nilsson.
Cnieian Carps.
(Nilssou, Prodroinus: type Cypriuun caramm L. ^=: Carassiun vulgaris Nilss.)
Body oblong, conipressed, and elevated. Mouth terminal, without
barbels. Teeth 4-4, molar, but compressed. Scales large. Lateral
line continuous. Dorsal fin very long, with the third ray a stout spine,
which is serrated behind ; anal short, with a similar spine. Ventrals
well forward. Large species of the iresh waters of Europe and Asia;
often domesticated. {Carassius, a latinization of the vernacular names
of the European Crucian Carp, KarasH or Karaiisthe.)
427. C aiiratUS (L.) Bleektir. — (fold-Jinh.
Bodj stout, covered with large scales. Dorsal and anal tins with the
spines strong, coarsely serrated. Coloration olivaceous, usu.'illy orange
or variegated in domestication. D. II, 18; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 26; teeth
4-4. L. 12 inches. China and Japan ; introduced everywhere as an
aquarium fish, and now naturalized in many of our eastern streams.
The variations Jire innumerable.
{Cjiprinva auratus LinuiEiiB, Syst. Nat. ; Giiutber, vii, 32.)
; J;
■ H
^i!
sf
i^u.
m
264 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
113.-CYPBIWITS LinumuH.
Carps. '
(Artedi ; LiiiuiiMiH, Sy-st. Nut.: tyiH^ CyprinuH carpio L. )
Body robust, compressed, reaerablinj^ thut of the ButfaioiiBli. Month
m» derate, anterior, with four long biirbels. Snout bhint, roundwl.
Teeth molur, broad and truncate, 1, I, 3-.'$, I, 1. Scales hirge. Lateral
line continuous. Dorsal lln very lonj;, with a stout spine, serrated
behind; anal fln short, also with a spine. Large fishes of th«^ frt\sh
waters of Asia; introduced into Europe and America as food-tislies,
(xuTTfHvo;, the ancient name of the Carp.)
43§. C. carpio L.—Carp.
Body stout, more or less (K)mpre8sed, heavy anteriorly. General
color olivaceous. D. 111,20; A. 111,5; scales 5-3S-5; teeth 1, I, .'J-3
1, 1. L. 18 inches or more. Fresh waters of Central Asia; introduced
as a food-lish into Europe and America. In domestication it has rim
into many varieties, distinguished by diii'erences in form, squamation,
and development of the flns.
(Linnwua, Syst. Nat.; Giinther, vii, 25.)
Family XXXTI.— CHARACINID^.
kizr
I
{The Gharacins.)
Body variously formed, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked.
Margin of upper jaw formed mesially by the premaxillaries and later-
ally by the maxillaries; no barbels; premaxillaries not protractile.
Teeth various, often incisor-li a^ often wanting. Branchiostegals nsii-
ally 3. Gill-membranes U!«i.ea to the isthmus or not. No pseudo-
branchiae. Gills 4, a slit beaiud the fourth. Lower pharyngeals not
truly falciform, but more or less curved, armed with small, sometimes
villiform, teeth. Adipose flu usually present (absent in Erytkrinhw).
Pyloric cceca usually numerous. Air-bladder transversely divided into
two portions, and communicating with the organ of hearing by means
of auditory ossicles, as in the Cyprinidw. Anterior vertebroe coalesced
and modified. A very large family of 60 genera and 300 species, inhab-
iting the fresh waters of South America and Africa, where they take
i.-; ..v.v
32. CHARACINlDiE TETRAG0N0PTERU8.
255
tbo place of the Salmonido' and Cyprinhlrc of the NorthtMii Ilciuisphero.
A single species reaches the United States.
(CVirtradHirfrt' Glinther, vii, -JTS-SHO.)
•A<lii»08e flu proHcnt.
t Dentition coni])lote in hotli jawa; gill-opcninfiH wide, tlio ini'inltranrH not at-
tached to thu isthmnH ; nasal openingH of eucii sidu cIohc together; tcuth
couipre88e<l, notched. (Tclrngonopti'i'inw.)
i Anal fin olongato (layH *20-50); belly in front of vcntraLs roinidcd ; jironirMillury
,; teeth in a double Heries; a single scries of teeth in lower Jaw, with no conical
teeth behind it ; no canine teeth; gill-rakers setiform-.TiiTiiAUONOPTKii us, HI.
114.— TETRAGONOPTERVS Cuvior.
{Jstyanax B. & G. ; PacilnrivhthyH Gill.)
(Artedi; Cnvier, M6m. du Muh. iv, 45rr ISlH: tyi>e Tctragonopterna argeiitcHH (^uv.)
Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with moderate scalers.
Belly rounded. Cleft of mouth medium. Anterior teeth strong, incisor-
like; lateral teeth small. Premaxillary and mandibuhir teeth subequal
in size, with a compressed, notched crown, the former in a double, the
latter in a single, series. Maxillary with few teeth. Nostrils of each
side close together, separated by a valve only. Lower pharyngeals very
slender, curved, approaching the form in Cyprhdda:^ armed with a single
series of slender, hooked teeth. Gill openings wide, the membranes
free from the isthmus and from each other. Gill-rakers setiform. Dor-
sal iin midway of body, above or just behind ventrals. Anal tin long.
Species about 40, in all the warmer parts of America. (r£7/>«j'wi'o?,
four-angled; -zspw^ fin or wing; of no special ai)plication to this group,
the original word used by Klein and Artedi being Tetragonoptruti.)
a. Body oblong, moderately elevated, the depth less than half length. {AittyaHax Baird
&Girard.*)
429. T. argentatus (Baird & Girard) J. & G.
Olivaceous; a broad silvery band along sides; a black spot at base of
caudal, running up on the fin. Body oblong, compressed. Snout blunt,
lower jaw included. Dorsal inserted above ventrals. Pectorals reach-
ing ventrals, the latter to vent. Head 4 in length ; depth .'5. D. 10; A.
21; scales C-38-6. Arkansas to Mexico; probably abundant; the north-
ernmost representative of the family.
(Astyanax argentafita B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 27, 18.'54: Aatyanax
argenlatus Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 74; Giinther, v, HHO.) : -
* Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 26, 1854 : type Aaiyanax argentatua
B. & G. {a^Tvdya^, a son o{ HcctoT.) ,.„.,,„.
m
'V. d
■' wm
i I'M
rn
■s»
i-'h
=^.
mitmtvsmamBSBimiiseiis
256 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
■
I
IU--
m- -.
1!
mpm
mm:
Order M.-I80SP0NDYLI.
{The IsospondyloiM Fishes.)
Parietals present. Syinplectic present. Xo iuterclavicles. A i)riT»t'oi'
acoid arch. Anterior vertebrai simple. No auditory ossicles. Phiiryu-
geal bones simple above and l)elow, the lower not falciform. Gills i^ a
slit behind the fourth. A very large group, presenting many moiliiitii.
tious of structure, (iffn^, equal; aTzdvduko^, vertebra.)
{I'hysostomi Glint her, part.)
ANALYSIS OK FAMILIES OP I80SP0NDYLI.
• Tail <lij»liycorcul.
a. Lateral margins of upper jaw fonnod by tho maxillarios.
b. Adipose lin none: no phosphoroseeut spots; body usually scaly ; head naked-
throat without barbel.
c. Latsral line present.
d. Gular plate nouo.
c. Air-bladder none ; dorsal posterior, opposite anal and similar to it ; month
small, with small, point-'l teeth; doeji-sea tishes.
Alkpockpuamd.i:, ;«!.
ev. Air-bladder present ; dorsal in front of anal.
/. Mouth small, horizontal; posterior part of tongue an<l tht! ruoidi tim
mouth covered with coarse, paved teeth. ..Ai.hulid.k, :i4.
//. Mouth larger, oblique; teeth all pointed; those on tlu' tongut- larKf.
IIYODONTID.K, X).
dd. Gular plate present ; mouth large; teeth all pointed Elopid.s, Hi!.
ce. Lateral line obsolete.
ij. Mouth terminal, large; maxillary in three parts, mostly broad.
Clupkid.k, :>7.
gg. Mouth smal!, inferior; maxillary short and narrow; not in tiiioo
parts DonosoMATiD.i:, :(8.
ijgij. Mouth very large, subiuferior; maxillary very narrow, produced
backward ENGitAUi.i!>ii).i:, ;!',),
bb. Adipose lin present (rarely absent, and the body with phosphoiesccnt spots).
h. Throat with a long barbel; .scales very small or wanting; nioutli
large Stomiatum;, l.'),
/i/». Throat without barbel,
i. Sides with phosphoresoeut ap' is; oviducts present; dee))-seft
fishes.
j, PseudobranchiiB none; body scal.v Cuaii.iodontid.i:, U.
jj. I'seudobranchiu) present ; body naked. .STKUNOPrYciiiu.i:, Hi.
it. Sides without phosphorescent spots; ovkliicts none.
.Sai.momd.i;. III.
aa. Lateral margins of upper jaw, like thi^ anterior margin, formed by the prcinax-
illari<'8 ; adipose fin usinilly present.
k. Prcmaxillaries short, with villiforni tec>th ; mouth sniiill;
bones of head cavernous ; scales ctenoid, .Pkhcopsio,!:, I?,
. kk. Promaxillaries elongate ; uumtlt largo; bones of licail not
cavernous; scales mostly cycloid.
/. Dorsal short, u'Mirly median; bo«ly scaly ..Scopki.id.k, W.
W. Dorsal short, posterior: body Kciily. PAHAi.KPnniM:, 41,
III. Dorsal occupying nearly the whole length of the Imrk;
body naked ALBPiuosAuniu.K, 40.
33. ALEPOCEPHALID^ ALEPOCEPIIALUS.
257
Family XXXIIL— ALEPOCEPHALID.E.
Body oblon}?, compressed, covered with tliiii cycloid or keeled scales,
or with naked, prickly skin. Head naked. Lateral line developed. No
biirbi'ls. Mouth moderate oc large. IMargin of the upper jaw formed
1)V the prcmaxillaries and the maxillaries, the former being placed along
the lipped anterior edge of the latter. Teeth feeble. Opercvilar ap-
paratus complete, its bones thin. No adipose tin. Dorsal fin long
iiiul li)\v, posterior, inserted opposite t\m anal; pectorals short, i)laced
nitUer high ; veuuals usually well back, sometimes wanting. Gill-open-
ings very wide, the membraues free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiai
present. No gular phite. No air-bladder. Stomnch curved, without
blind sac. Pyloric c(i?ca in moderate number. Fishes of the deep seas;
but one species known until recently. Lately 5 genera and 7 species
have been described from the abyssal faunae of the mid Atlantic and
I'acitic.
(AhpocejyhaJidw Gimtlior, vn, 477.)
(I. Scales cycloid ; dorsal and anal suboqnal, opposite eac'a other; month small ; jaws
nearly even; small tooth in jaws, vomer, and palatines. Alicpocephali's, lir».
1I5.-AIL.EPOCEPHAL.US Risso.
(Risso, Mom. Acad. Nat. Sci. Tnrin, xxv, 270, IK20: typo .ilcpoccphahta roatmtuH Risso,
from the Mediterranean.)
Body oblong, compressed. Mouth rather small, the snout somewhat
prolonged. Jaws nearly equal in front ; a series of small teeth in each
jiiw and on the vomer and palatines. Eye very large. Gill-membranes
oiitiioly separate. Branchiostegals (>. Opercular bones thin. Dorsal
low and rather long, with a scaly base, opposite and similar to the
anal. Pectorals and ventrals rather small. Caudal moderately forlced.
Scales rather large, thin and cycloid. Dee])-8ea fishes of the Atlantic
and Mediterranean, {a, privative; Ae-t'r, scale; xtfaX-j^ head.)
430. A. bairdll Goodo & Bran.
ITnifo'in indigo-blue, the color extending to the inside of the mouth
and the gill-membranes. Body rather elongate. Head moderately
compressed, subcouical, the lower jaw included. Maxillary extending
nearly to b(>low middle of eye. Eye large, as long as snout. Dorsal
slightly in advance of anal. Head 4j\ in length; dei)th 5^. D. Uli; A.
:."»; r. 12; V. I, \) ; pyloric co'ca 15; B. G; scales T-IJH-U. L. Ii4 inches,
(irand Banks; dredged at a depth of 200 fathoms. {Ooode tt Bcivu)
(Goode A- Hoan, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. il, 53, IHTU.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. KJ 17
\ ' I 'Ai
258 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
Family XXXIV.— ALBULID^. ^
•^ ' {The Lady-Jishes.)
Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small
brilliantly silvery scales. Head naked. Snout conic, subquadrangulai,
shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small, inferior, hor.
izontal mouth. Maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supply.
mental bone, slipping under the membranous edge of the very broad
preorbital. Premaxillaries short, not protractile. Lateral uiarpfiu of
upper jaw formed by the maxillaries. Eye large, median in head, with
a bony ridge above it, and almost covered by an annular adipose eye
I'd. Opercle moderate, firm. Preopercle with a broad, flat, nicmbni
Jiaceous edge, which extends backward over the base of the opercle.
Pseudobrauchia) i)resent. Gill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Gill mem-
branes entirely separate, free from isthmus. Branchiostegals about
14. A fold of skin across gill-membranes anteriorly, its posterior free
edge crenate. Ko gular plate. Both jaws, vomer, and pah; t"v« i,
bands of villiform teeth. Broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth
on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and pterygoid boue.s. Lat-
eral line present. Belly not carinate, flatfish, covered with oidiniirv
scales. Dorsal fin moderate, in front of ventrals, its membranes scaly.
No adii)ose fin. Anal very small. Caudal widely forked. Pyloric octea
numerous. A single species known, found in all warm seas.
{Clupcidw group AlbuUna GUnther, vii, 4G8, 469.)
116.— ALBIJL.A Grouovius.
m
IIJI' i 'i.
(Gronovius; Blocli & Schneidor, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 432: typo Albula conorhynclnm
Bloch «fc Schnoid«r-=:^«oii; viilpea L.)
Characters of the genus included above. (Latin albm, white.)
431* A. VUlp<!S (L.) Goodo. — Lady-fish; Bone-fish.
Brilliantly silvery; olivaceous above; back and sides with faiiif strealis
along the rows of scales ; fins plain ; axils dusky. Upper lobe of
caudal the longer. A band of peculiar, elongate, membra nacoous
scales along middle line of back; accessory ventral scale large, llend
3f ; depth 4. D. 15; A. 8; scales 9-71-7. L. 18 inches. Cape Cod to
Southern California and East Indies; abundant in tropical seas. Not
much valued as food, but beautiful and gamy.
{Esox vulpca L. Syst. Nat. : Albula conorhynchm GUnthor, vii, 468.) . ,t
35. HYODONTID^ — HYODON.
259
Family XXXV.— IIYODONTID^. ;r,
. .'v : i ,x {The Moon Eyes ) • V i*
Body oblong, compressed, covered with moderate-sized, brilliantly
bilvery, cycloid scale.^. Head naked, short, the snout blunt. Mouth
moderate, oblique, terminal, the jaws about equal. Prcmaxillaries not
protractile. Maxillarj'^ small, slender, without evident supplemental
boue, articulated to the end of the premaxillary, and forming the lat-
eral margin of the upjier jaw. Dentition very complete. Premax-
illary and dentary bones with small, wide-set, cardiform teeth. Max-
illarics with feeble teeth. A row of strong teeth around the margin
of the tongue, the anterior canine and very strong ; between these is a
band of short, close-set teef h. Vomer with a long, double series of close-
set, small teeth. Similar series on the palatines, sphenoid, and ptery-
;;oids. Sides of lower jaw fitting within the upper, so that the denta-
lies shut against the palatines. Eye very large, the adipose eyelid not
miicb developed. Preorbitals very i\arrow. Nostrils large, those of
each side close together, separated by a flap. Gill-membranes not con-
nected, free from the isthmus, a fold of skin covering their base. No
g.lar plate. Branchiostegals 8-10. Gill-rakers few, short and thick.
Pseudobranchia) obsolete. Lateral line distinct, straight. Belly not
serrated. Dorsal fin rather posterior. Anal elongate, low. Ventrals
will developed. Caudal strongly ibrked. No adipose liu. Stomach
borseshoe-shaped, without blind sac; one pyloric ccccum. Air-bladdtr
large. No oviducts, the eggs falling into the cavity of the abdom m\
before exclusion. A single genus, with 3 known species, inhabiting
i fresh waters of North America.
' ' iojUWis GUuther, vii, 375, 376.)
IBT.—HirODON L« Sueur.
Moon Eyes.
\{niodoii Lo Suenr, Jonru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. \, 3'.i4, 1818: typo Iliodon terghm Lo
Suour.)
Generic charr^cters included above. {Oott<JTj(;, hyoid; <ii'^<uv, tooth;
"bvoid" is the bone shaped like the letter J", forming the base of the
[tongue.) '■ '' - -.- ^ — .^ .;' ■L_4^.._i^_i4-
'Bdly ill front of ventrals strongly carinated ; dorsal rays (developed) 9,
\m. II. alosoides (Raf.) J. & G.
Body closely compressed, becoming deep in the adult. Eye mod-
Icmte, smaller than in other species, about 3J in head, the maxillary
is: I
-*
'HI
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260 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
reaching to beyoud its middle. Caudal peduucle rather stouter than iu
H. tcrgism, and the fin not so deeply forked. Back less arched and
snout blunter than in the other species, the mouth larger and more
oblique. Pectorals longer and ventrals shorter than iu H. tergimn
Belly carinated both before and behind ventrals. Bluish; sides silvery.
with golden lustre. Head 4J; depth 3^. D. 9; A. 32; scales G-5G-7.
Ohio River to the Saskatchawan ; common northward.
(Amphiodon alosoides Raf. Journ. Phys. Paris, 1819, 421: Hijodon chrysopsia Richard-
son, Fauua Bor.-Amer. iii, 232, 183G: Htjodonchryaopsia Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x
^, 1877 : Hyodon amphiodon Haf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 42.) - .; . >
•Belly iu front of ventrals not carinatocl; dorsal fin with 11 or 12 tlcvelopctl ijiys.
t Belly behind ventrals carinated.
433* II« ter^isiis Lo Sneur. — Moon Eye; Toothed Herring.
Body^ oblong, moderately compressed. Eye large, 3 in head, the max-
illary barely reaching its middle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals,
the latter just short of vent. Belly behind ventrals somewhat carinato.
Color silvery, ;;Iive-shaded above. Head 4J; depth 3. D. 12; A. 28;
scales 5-55-7. L. 12 inches. Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley;
abundant in our larger streams. One of our handsomest fishes; not
valued as food.
(T,o Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1, 364, 1818: Iliodon clodalua Lo Sueur, I.e.
367: Cyprimia (Abraniiaf) amifhi Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 110; GUnther, vii, 375;
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, G8, 1877.)
H Belly nowhere carinated.
A34. H. selenops Jordan & B(>an.
Body more elongate, little compressed, not elevated. Belly nowhere
carinate. Eye very large, 2^ in head. Pectorals not reaching nearly
to ventrals. Clear silvery. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 12; A. 27; Lat. 1.
50. Cumberland River and southward.
(Jordan & Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 68, 1877.)
Family XXXVI.— ELOPIDiE.
{The Big-eyed Herrings.)
Body elongate, not much comi)ressed, covered with cycloid scales.
Head naked. Mouth broad, terminal, the lower jaw prominent. Piv
maxillaries not protractile, short, the maxillaries forming the lateral
margins of the upper jaw. Maxillary composed of about three pieces, ,
extending backward beyond the eye. An elongate bony plate between j
the branches of the lower jaw (like the gular plate in Amia). Bands]
36. ELOPIDiE — MEGALOPS.
261
of villiform teeth in both jaws and on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
tongue, and base of skull. No large teeth. Eye large, with an adipoee
evelid. Gill-membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus.
IJriinchiostegals numerons (20-35). Gill-rakers long and slender.
Pseutlobranchiie present or absent. Belly not keeled nor serrated,
covered with ordinary scales. Lateral line jireseut. Dorsal flu over
or rather behind vcntrals. Caudal fin forked. No adipose fin. Pyloric
cceca numerous. Two genera, not much alike, with 4 or 5 spec'es, widely
distributed, sometimes entering fresh waters. ; v
{ClupcUlw group Elopina GiinthtT, \u, iGQ-472.) -.-,-,
'Body elongate, covered with siuall scales; anal fm smaller than dorsal. (Elojnnw.)
a. P iMidobrancliia) present Elops, 118.
" Body oblong, covered with largo scales ; anal tin larger than dorsiil. {Megalopinw. )
b. Pseudobranchi-TB obsolete Megalops, 119.
11§.— EL.OPS LinnjeuB.
Big-eyed Herrings. '''^'
(LinntEUS, Syst. Nat : type Elopa aaurua L. )
Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales. Dorsal fin
slightly behind ventrals, its last rays short, the fin depressible into a
sbeath of scales. Anal fin smaller, similarly depressible. Pectorals
and ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale. Opercular
bones thin, with exi)anded, membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital
sheatli or collar. Lateral line straight, its tubes simple. Pseudobrau-
cbife present, large. Species 2 or more, widely distributed, remarka
ble for the development of scaly sheaths. (e'Aoi/', name of some sea-fish —
I a sword-fish or sturgeon; from i;.a«>, to drive or move.)
i 13S. E. saiirus L. — Big-eyed Herring.
Uniform silvery, darker above. Gular plate 3-4 times as broad as
I long. Head 4J;%epth 5-6. Eye large, 4-5 in head. D. 20; A. 13; V.
15; B. 30; scales 12-120-13. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to Cape of Good
[Hope and China. A handsome fish, not rare on our Atlantic coast.
(Liun. Syst. Nat. ; GUnther, vii, 470.)
■-'■/ -'^.jt-L^,?- 110.— MEOAJLOrSLaciSp^de. 7^^'' "^Z-" ^'^ -
■■.-' J, Tarpuma. -—-——■— """^rJ'^^-'!'i^:.':'-'-
|(Coinuior8on ; Lacdpfedo, Hist. Nat. des Poissous, v, 289, 1803: typo Megalops filamen-
toaiia Lac. = Clupea cyprinoidea Broussouet.)
Body oblong, compressed. Head large, compressed. Eye very large.
IBelly narrow, covered with ordinary scales. Mouth large, oblique.
i
4
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I'i'
liJ:> .•
262 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
Maxilhiry broad, extending beyonrt the eye. Villiforra teeth on jaws
vomer, palatines, tongue, sphenoid, and pterygoid bones. Scales large
linn. Lateral line nearly straight, its tubes radiating widely in eimh of
its scales. Dorsal fin short and high, over or behind ventrals; last ray
of dorsal elongate, filamentous, as in Borosoma and Opisthonema. Anal
lin long, falcate, its last ray produced, its base much longer than that
of the dorsal. Caudal liu widely forked. Pectorals and ventrals rather
long. Gill-rakers long. Anal lin with a sheath of scales; dorsal fin
naked; caudal fin largely scaly; nape with a collar of large scales,
Pseudobranchite none. Species of very large size, largest of the Clupcoid
fishes, found in all warm seas. (//^^'aAov'', large-eyed.)
* Origin of dorsal beliiud tho ventrals.
436. ]fl. thrissoid<;s (Bloch &. Schneider) Giiuther. — Tarpum; Jew-fish.
Uniform brilliant silvery, back darker. Body elongate, conii)rosse(l,
little elevated. Head 4 in length; depth 3f. D. 12; A. 20 ; Lat. 1. 4i>;
B. 23. Dorsal filament longer than head. Atlantic Ocean, enterin<r
fresh water; common on our southern coasts, and noted for the groat
size of its scales, which are used in ornamental work.
{Chipea thriaaoides Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 424; Giiuther, vii, 472.)
r
Family XXXVII —CLUPEIDJa.
{The Herrings.) .i .
Body oblong or elongate, raoriB or less compressed, covered with cycloid
or pectinated scales. Head naked, usually compressed. Mouth rather I
large, terminal, the jaws about equal. Maxillaries forming the hiteral|
margins of the upper jaw, each composed of about three pieces. Prej
maxillaries not protractile. Teeth mostly feeble or wanting, varioiislyl
arranged. Gill-rakers long and slender. Gill-mefhbranes not couj
nected, free from the isthmus. No gular plate. Gills 4, a slit behind tlie
fourth. Branchiostegals usually rather few (G-15). Posterior lowei
part of ojiercular region usually with an angular emargiuation, tho tip^
of the larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate. Pseudobranchin
prese it. No lateral line (at least in our species). Dorsal tin median i
some ivhat posterior. No adipose fin. Ventrals moderate or small (waiitl
iug in Pristigaster). Anal usually rather long. jGaudal fin forked. Belljj
sometimes rounded, sometimes compressed and armed with bonywij
ratures. Genera 15; species 130; iidiabiting all seas, and usually swiiia
ming in immense schools. Many species ascend fresh waters, and somj
37. CLUPEID^ SPRATELLOIDES. 263
remain there permanently. The current genera are ill defined and
apparently too numerous, and we have followed Dr. Giinther in refer-
rin.ir most of them to Clupea. The rudimentary teeth are extremely
variable, even in the samo species.
(Clupeiike groni^ Clupeina and Duaaumieriina G'iLnthor, v'l'i, il2-'iG7.)
* Belly roiiudod, covered with ordinary scales ; supijleinontal bouos of maxillary very
narrow. (Duasumieriitia:')
a. Veutrals small, behind dorsal ; teeth small, persistent on jiiws, vomer, palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue Etrumkus, TiO.
aa. Ventrals below dorsal ; teeth wanting oi deciduous Spratelloiues, 121.
•* Belly compressed, armed with bony serra) ; supplemental bones of maxillary broad.
( Clupeince. )
ft. Scales with their posterior margins entire and rounded. .: ■: j, ;,,
c. Last ray of dorsal not produced,
d. Scales thin, deciduous Clupea, 122.
dii. Scales lirm, ailherent, regularly arranged Harengula, 123.
ci\ Last ray of dorsal produced in a long fdameut Opisthonema, 124.
bb. Scales with their posterior margins vertical, and pectinate or fluted.
' ' " Brevooutia, 126.
120.— ETRUIWEUS Bleeker. '
Round Herrings.
(Blceker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv, Japan, 48: type Clupea micropua Schlegel, from Japan.)
Body elongate, fusiform, subcylindrical, snout pointed. Mouth ter-
minal, rather wide, the maxillary extending to opposite the eye, its sup-
plemental i)ieces slender; jaws and most of the bones of the mouth
with small but permanent teeth. Scales cycloid, entire, very decidu-
ous. Branchiostegals fine, about 15 in number. Pyloric coeca numer-
ous. Belly rounded, covered with ordinary scales. Fins all small,
the anal especially so. Ventrals behind dorsal. Two species known.
{fiTpov, abdomen; (J/iM<r, even?)
437. E. teres (DeKay) GUnther. — Round llcrring.
Olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below. Body terete and fusi-
form. Head slightly compressed forwards. Mouth small, mnxillary
reaching front of orbit. Eye large, equal to snout. Fins all very small.
Vomerine teeth present. Head 4 in length; depth C. U. li; A. 10.
Atlantic vjoast of the United States; not common.
(Atom la-m DoKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 184>, 262; Giinther, vl, 407.)
131.-SPBATEL£.OIDE§ Bleeker.
(Blocker, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiv, Ilaring, 29: typo Clupea argyrotaniia Bleeker.)
Body elongate, subcylindrical or slightly compressed, covered with
moderate-sized deciduous scales. Abdomen obtuse, without keel or
■I,'
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26i CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
serrature. Moutli essentially aa in Clupea. Teeth none, or minute and
deciduous. Gill-membranes separate, with about tlat branchio.ste<;als.
Pseudobranchiae well developed. Dorsal opposite ventrals; anal fiu
short. Stomach with long, blind sac; pyloric coeca iu moilerate nuin.
ber. Pacilic and Indian Oceans. {Spratellus, spnit', eI5«;?, reseiublaiici'.)
438. S. fl>ryoporu« Cope. -,;.'. .-...,_...' •■, 'A'.-v- -^ ■■■^.■■''^ ■v^.r- ■
Form compressed, moderately elongate. Belly rounded, excei)t be
tween ventral fins and vent, where it is angular. Maxillary lnoad,
flat, reaching- to opposite middle of pupil. Ventrals a little in t'loiit (»t
middle of dorsal. Lower fins short. Pectorals 2J in distance to ven
trals. Golden; bluish above. Top of head with a bifurcate dei)res8ion,
filled with delicate, branching mucous tubuli3s; opercular and post-
frontal regions with similar tubes. Ilead 5; depth 4^. D. 18; A. 18;
scales 51-12. L. 14 inches. Coast of Alaska. {Cope.)
(Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.)
laa.— CLUPEA LinusDus. .
Herrings.
(Clupea, Alosa, Pomolobus, Meletta, Spratella, etc., of authors.)
■(LiunaiUH, Syst. Nat.: type Clupea harengus L.)
Body oblong, more or less compressed. Mouth moderate, termiual,
the jaws about equal, or the lower projecting Teeth feeble, variously
placed, rarely absent. Mandibles very deej) at base, shutting within
the maxillaries. Gill-rakers more or less long and slender, nHmerou«.
Scales thin, cycloid, deciduous, entire, rounded posteriorly. Dorsal fin
rather short, nearly median, beginning in advance of ventrals, its pos-
terior ray not prolonged in a filament. Ventrals present. Anal mod
erate. Belly compressed, more or less strongly serrated, at least be
hind ventrals. Species very numerous; found in all seas. (Latin elin)eii,
a herring.) . ! ,
Our species may be divided as follows:
•Vomer with an ovate patch of teeth; ventral serratures weak; herrings (Cm'Pka).
' ' " ■ harengus, mirabilis.
** Vomerine teeth none,
t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle produced forward below. (Pomolobv.s
-': Raf;)
a. Ventral serratures weak sagax.
aa. Ventral serratures strong.
b. Jaws with persistent teeth chrysochhm.
bb. Jaws without persistent teeth (Meletta Val.).
mediocria, vcrnalia, a'stivaUs,
ft Cheeks deeper than long; shad (Alosa Cuvier) mpidimma.
! JliiitiJf i'^
37. CLUPEID^ CLUPEA.
265
•Vomer with an ovate patch of teeth ; ventral serratures weak; herrings. {Clupca.)
439. C. Iiarengus L.— Common Herring; " Wliitvbail" {young).
Bluish ; silvery below, with bright reflections. Body eloiifrate, com-
pressed. Scales loose. Cheeks longer than high, the junction of the
maudible and preopercle under middle of eye. Maxillary extending to
middle of eye. Upper jaw not emarginate. Lower jaw much project-
ing. Grill-rakers very long, fine and slender, about 40 on the lower
put of the arch. Eye longer than snout, 4 in head. Dorsal inserted
rather behind middle of body, in front of ventrals. Pectorals and ven-
trals short ; anal low. Abdomen serrated in front of ventrals as well
as behind. Peritoneum dusky. Ilead 4^; depth 4^. D. 18; A. 17;
Lat. 1. 57 ; ventral scutes 28 + 13 ; vertebrae 50. Atlantic Ocean ; abun-
dant on the coasts both of Europe and America. Spawns in the sea.
(Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, vii, 415: Clupea elongata Le Suenr, Joum. Aca<l. Nat.
Sci. Phiia. i, 5J34.)
440. C mirabilis Girard. — California Herring.
Bluish above; sides and below silvery; peritoneum dusky. Lower
jaw strongly projecting; upper jaw not emarginate Belly scarcely
compressed in front of ventrals, serrate onlj' between ventrals and
anal. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Vomerine teeth weaker than
in C. harengus; usually a few teeth on tongue and prenmxillary. Ver-
tebrae also fewer, 30 + 20=50. Insertion of dorsal slightly nearer front
of eye than base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 4. D. 10; A. 14; Lat.
1. 52. Pacific coast of North America. Very similar to C. harengus^ and
equally abundant.
(Girard, Free. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 138; Giiuther, vii, 418.) • ^■
** Vomerine teeth none.
t Cheeks longer than deep, the preopercle prodnced forward below. (Pomolohua
Raflnesque.*)
' •' a. Ventral serratures weak ; mouth entirely toothless.
441. C. sagax Jenyns. — California Sardine; Sadina.
Dark bluish above; silvery below; a series of round black spots on
the level of the eye, running backward, bounding the dark color of the
back ; similar smaller spots above, forming lines along the rows of scales ;
these spots rarely obstmro or wanting, especially in old examples ; tip of
lower jaw yellow ; lower part of dorsal yellow ; peritoneum black. Body
very slender, subsiform, slenderer and less compressed than a herring,
tlie back rather broad. Veutrsil serratures very weak. Maxillary reach -
* Raflnesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38: type Pomolohua chrysooMoria Raflnesque.
operculum; XofJoi, lobe.)
{iT&fiC,
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266 CONTKIUUTIONS TO NOttTII AMEUICAN ICHTUYOLOOV — ly,
ing nearly to middle of eye. Mandible little projecting, the tip included.
Gill-rakers longer than eye, very slender and numerons, close set. Op.
ercles, top of head, and 8cai)ular region with conspicuous briiiithiii"
tubes and stria}. Insertion of dorsal considerably nearer snout thau
base of caudal. Pectorals and ventrals with sheathing scales. Ihad
4; depth 5. D. 15; A. 17; Lat. 1. 53; scutes 18+14. L. 12 inches.
Paciflc coast of North and South America ; very abundant, spawninj,'
in the sea. Resembles the European Sardine {C. pilchardus), but lia.s
no teeth, and the belly liess strongly serrate.
(JenjnH, Zoiil. Bwifile, Fish. 134: Meletta coerulea Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. x,
330 : Aloaa musica Grd. U. S. Nav. Astron. Exped. Zoiil. 24G : Alauua calif ornica Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186:^, 281; Guuther, vii, 443.) - '
aa. Ventral serratnres Htrong.
b. Ja%V8 witli persistent teeth, at least on premaxillaries, and sometimes ou sym-
physis of lower jaw.
442. C. clirysochloris (Raf.) Jor. & Gilh.— Ohio Shad; Skipjack.
Brilliant blue above; sides silvery, with golden reflections; no dark
spot behind operclo. Body elliptical, highest near the middle, much
compressed. Head rather slender and pointed, its upper ])rofile
straight. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its tip entering the itrofile;
upper jaw emarginate. Premaxillary, and often tip of lower jaw, Mith
moderate-sized teeth. Maxillary large, reaching to opposite posterior
part of eye. Eye large, well covered by adipose eyelid. Fins moderate.
Caudal peduncle slender, the caudal widely forked. Gill-rakers coii;-
paratively few, short, stout, and coarse, about 23 below the angle of the
arch. Oi)ercles with radiating and branching stride. Peritoneum pale.
Head 3^; depth 3f. Eye shorter than snout, 4^ in head. D. 10; A. 18;
Lat. 1. 52; ventral scutes 20+ 13. L. 15 inches. Gulf of Mexico and
Mississippi Valley; abundant, and resident in all the larger streams,
and introduced through the canals into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan.
A handsome flsh, not valued for food.
(Pomolohus vhnisochloriH Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 38.)
1>. Jaws wifcbout persistent oth; a few teeth usually present on the tongue. (^Alektta
Val.)
443. C nicdiocris M-itchilh—Hlckwy Shad; Tailor Herring ; Fall Herring.
Bluish silvery; sides with rather faint longitudinal stripes. Head
comparativelj' long, the profile straight and not very steep, form more
elliptical than in the others and less heavy forwards. Lower jaw con-
siderably pi ejecting; upper jaw emarginate. Opercles rather less
emarginate below and behind thau in C. vernalis. Fins low; dorsal
37. CLUPEID.E CLUPEA.
267
fin inserted nearer snout than basp of caudal. Peritoneum pale. Head
4; (leptli 3|. D. 15; A. 21; Lat. 1. 50; ventral scutes 20+10. Now-
foumlland to Florida; rather common. Little valued as a foo<l-tish.
(Mitili. TiauB. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 451: Clupea maitowaoaa GUnihev, vii, 438:
Jlosa lineata Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, U4"^, aud Hist. Fish. Maus. W>2.)
414. C. vernalls Mitch. — Alewife; Branch Ilerring ; Gaapereau,
Bine above; sides silvery; indistinct dark stripes alonj? the rows of
sciik's; a blackish spot behind opercle. Body rather deep and com-
pressetl, heavy forward. Head short, nearly as deep as long, the pro-
tile somewhat steep and slightly depressed above the nostrils. INIaxil-
lary extending to posterior margin of pupil. Lower jaw somewhat pio-
jectiug ; upper jaw emargiuate. Eye large, slightly longer than snout,
3^ in head. Gill-rakers long, 30-40 below the angle of the arch, shorter
and Htouter than in C. sapidissima. Lower lobe of caudal tlie louger.
Dorsal fin high, a little higher than long, its height G^in length of body.
Head 4§; depth 3 J. D. 10; A. 19; Lat. 1. 50; scutes 21+ 14. Perito-
nciuu pale. Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant; entering
streams to spawn ; laud-locked in the lakes of Western New York.
(Mitchill, Kept. Fish. N. Y. 22. aud Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 454 : Clupm
pseudoharengua Wilson, Rees's Encycl.: Aloaa tyrannus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 15tJ:
Fomolobus paeudoharengua Gill, Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1871-72, 811: Ponwiobua vernalia
Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst. 1879, 24.)
445. C. BBStivalls Mitchill. — Glut Herring; Blue-back.
Very similar to the preceding, from which it is best distinguished by
the black i)eritoneum. The fins are lower and the eves smaller. At-
lantic coast, appearing later than the preceding; less abundant and
less valuable as a food-fish. > ••
(Gliipea wativalis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. il, 1814, 456: Aloaa cj/anonoton
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 161 : Pomolohua wativalia Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst.
1879, 24.) , , . .
tt Cheeks deeper than long, the pr<soporcle scarcely prolonged anteriorly below; no
teeth, or a lew, caducous, on the jaws; shad. {Aloaa Cuvier.*)
446. C» sapidissima Wilson. — Common Shad.
Bluish above; sides white or silvery; a dark spot behind opercle, and
sometimes several along the line dividing the color of the back from
that of the sides; axil dusky; peritoneum white. Body comparatively
deep. Mouth rather large, the jaws about equal, the lower fitting iuto
a not(;h in the tip of the upper. Preorbital moderate. Cheeks much
n»a
> 'V
. !^S
* Cuvier, Rfegno Anini. od. 2, 1829: type Clitpea aloaa L. (Latin alausa or aloaa, uu
early name of the shad; English allia, German alae, Latin halve.)
208 (MINTUIIUJTIONS TO NOKTIt AMKUICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV.
ih'rprr lliiiii loiifjf, (lio pn»()|K>in'ki isxti'JHliii^ littlr Ibrwiinl, joining; n,,,
iiiiiiiilililo at a point ratlit^' Itcliiiid tli(> <>>(;. Oill nikors (>\ti'«'iiH>ly loiiir
uimI sIciMlor, iiiiicli lon^(«r than (\vu, about <>b below tint an^lt^ of tlio
arcli. l*Mii.H Niiiall. DoiniiI iiiiicIi iicaror Niioiit Mian liam^ of «:iii<|;i|,
lb';nl l|; (h'ptli .'{. I). 15; A. LM; hat 1.(10; vctitral Nciitrs Jl -f K;.
Atlantic coast of tlio llnlt(><l Htatos; asct'inlinf; rivrrs to Hpawn. Oii(«
of the nioNt inipoi'tant ot* our too(ltl.sli. Also introduced on tlic I'iiciiic
coast.
(Wilson, Uim'h'h I'licyrlopoiliu: .Hona privnliibiliH DoKiiy, Ninv York l''ittiiiu, I'ihIi. •^.'m:
Alvm 9ttj}Hli»»iiH» vf iiioNt late Aiiiorit'jin writoi'H, )
ia;i.~IIAIlliI%*»lJLA Val.«ii<i..im.'M. ■-»
(Viili'ncicnnoM, WM. Niit. l'oisn. xx, 277, 1H.|7: typo lluniiuula IntiiliiH VmI.)
ClniracJiM's Cvsscntiidly tlioso of the jjcnus (Jltipca, »'x<'cpt that \\w
scales arc iiriu, adherent, and regularly arranged. (Latin diminutive
of /(a/'t>/t(/u/(, herring.)
'14T. II. p4*ll!incolW Dootlu A; 1U>un.
IUmI.v «leep, with projecting belly, formed much a8 in tln^ ^\nu\.
Head very short. JScales of the back in front of dorsal with radial iiuj
strije and sharply serrated edges; otlu'r scides smooth, with I •'giilur
but unarmed IVcH* nnirgiuH; scales all marked with wavy lii oiiio-
times forming reticulations. Lower jaw rather long, maxniary ex-
tending beyond front of orbit. Teeth very small, inconspicuous in IIk*
jaws. A large patch of asperities on the tongue. (Jill rakers Ihu', closo
set, shorter than the eye, about 50 below tlu^ angle. J^^ye largt?, loii}>er
than snot:'., ;( in head. Head 4; depth ti. 1). 10; A. 17; Lat. 1. -10;
scutes 12 behind ventrals. Pensacola, Fla. {Ooode ct Bean.)
{JI<ircngu!a pvnaacoUv (iootU\ & Hoaii, Proo. U. H. Nat. Mus. 1S79, 152.)
ItfJ.-OPISTIIONEinA (.ill.
Thread Herring. ■ - r
(Gill, Pro< . Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18151, y7: typo Cbipea Ihrma ONbock.)
Chan cters essentially those of Ilarenyula, except that the last ray of
the dorcial is produced in a loiig lllameut as iu Dorosonia. {uruaOs^ be-
hind; w)~/ia, a thread.) „ . / ;. .
4I4§. O. tOirissa (Osbcek) Gill.
Bluish above; silvery below; an indistinct bluish shoulder-spot; each
scale on the back with a dark spot, these forming longitudinal streaks.
Body oblong, compressed. Belly strongly serrate. Tongue with minute
teetli. Jaws toothless; lower jaw slightly laojecting; maxillary reach-
37. ('LIJPKH).!; — lUlKVOOKTIA.
200
inj; iK'iirly lo middlr •t'otlut. (Jill raUors vory lonff and Nlciidcr. I)<>r-
Hiil till iiiNci'tcd ill IVoiit <>r vciitraiN, iinirli iioarrr Ntioiit Miaii bas<* of (van-
dal. noiNai (lliiiiH'iit alMdit aH loiijf hh li«'ad. Anal v«Ty low. Paired
tins Hiiinll. H(;al<>H rather llriii, hiikioMi. II(^a<14; dr|)tli •'{.} in length.
J). 11>; A.lil; Lat. 1. TiO; Hciitew 17 + 1 1. AManti<', coantH of Ainciica,
(!lii('ily soiitliwat'd, ilie IU^hIi Haid to Im* Hoinctiincs poisonoiiH. » "'
(ClHiwa IhriHHd OhImtU, lti)iw<, W'M: Clupca thrimia (fihithtir, vH, 4112: ('luftm libirlaliB
Glint Im'I-, vil, 4,^'\, I'ltrilic coiiHtuf Ci^iitral uikI Hoiilh AtiM>ri<;a, Ih at l<t<Mt vrry Hiiiiilar.)
l2A.-BKI^VOOItTIA (iill.
Mcnlunh'UH.
(Gill, I'll"'. Arnd. Nat. Hci. Phila. IHOl, ;{7: \y\ui CI upra mcnhadm Mitch. ^Clupe
t!)rainiuH htitrit\»\) i : i is
15<)dy clliptiiral, eoml^^^^H<1(l, doopost anteriorly, tajifrin^ Ix^liind.
Ilciid very larj^e. OlieekH de<'per than lon^. Month lar^e, tin; lower
jiiw inelmleil. N«» teeth, (iill rakers very I(»n^ and Hlend(T, detiHely
set. (iillarehes an^nlarly bent. Scjalos deeper than lonjf, (!los(?ly im-
bricated, tliiMr eA'poNcd edjj;eH vertieal, and fliite<l or pectinated. Dor-
Hjil lln low, rather posti'rior. Anal fin Hniall. Intestinal canal (donjjate.
I'critonenin dusky. Hpecies few, inhabi'inj? the Atlantic. (Dedicated
to.I. ('arson Hrevoort.)
•ScaliH with tluiir odj^cH OTitiro, fliit««l.
149. II. imlronus (Joo(l(». ' * •
Head larjjer than in B. ijirannuH. Fins lonj^, the lieij^ht of the dorsal
prcater than the length of the maxillary; tliat of the anal more than
liiiir the iHMj^ht of the maxillary. Pectorals rca(!hin{i beyond front of
vciitrals; inserti(m of dorsal in front of ventrals, just bi^hind the middle
jioint b(;tween the snout and the base of the (jaudal. Scales mod(;nite,
with their niarKins entire, tinted. Axillary appendafjes larjjf". Lar«e
scales at base of pectoral. Opercnlnm delicately stiiated. (Jn(;nisli
gray above; sides silvery, with brassy lustre; scapular blotch incon-
spicuous. Head 3 in length; depth 2j|. D. 19; A. 22; Lat. 1. r>0-(}5.
Gulf of Mexico. (Goode.) , , ..
((!o()(l(>, Proc. U. S Nat. Mus. i, 39, 1878.) : ; ':*"
*"8caU'H (ivory where with thoir edges strongly Herratcd. . ,.j; ■
450. B. tyrannus* (Latrobo) Goode. — Menhaden; Momhunkvr ; Bony-finh; IVliite-
Jiah; Buy-fish; Fat-hack; Ydlow-tatl,
Head and jaws shorter than in B. patronua. Fins comparatively short,
*A paraHitio CruBtacoan ( Oniacus prwgusiator Latrobe) is found in the nioiithsof a very
largo jiroportion of the individuals of this species. The specific names l)oth of the fish
and the Crustacean refer to this p -culiarity, the ancient Roman rulers ( tyranni) having
had their tasters (prwguetatores) to tasto their food before them, to prevent poisoning.
:''M
t n
m
m
270 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
the height of the dorsal less than the length of the maxillary; heijjht, ot
anal less than half the length of the maxillary. Pectorals not reacliiug
to ventrals. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, about midway
between snout and base of caudal. Scales moderate, strongly seriiUed
arranged very irregularly. Operculum strongly striated or almost sniootii
( var. ttwrea). Gill-rakers much longer than eye. Bluish above; sidos
silvery, with a strong brassy lustre; fins usually yellowish ; a conspicuous
dark scapular blotch, behind which are often smaller spots' Head 3!-
depth 3. D. 19; A. 20; Lat. i. 60-80; ventral plates 20 + 12. L. 12-18
inches. New England to Brazil ; very abundant southward, spawiiin^r in
the sea. Held in no esteem as a food-fish, but very valuable for oil and
manure; the young canned as sardines.
{Clupea tyrannua Latrobo, Tmns. Aiiicr. Phil. Soc. Phila. v, 77, 1802 : Clupca ininhtKJa)
Mitcbill, Trans. Lit. &, Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 4515, 1814 : Chtpea menhaden Giliither. vii, liUi:
Cliipanodon aureus Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 5'2 (Brazilian var. OMwa (Jo<.«). ('luptu
aurea Giiuther, vii, 437 : Alosa menhaden Storor, Hist. Fish. Mass. 337 ; Goodf, Pntc. U. S.
Nat. Mas. i, 5, 31, 1878; Goode, Rojit. U. S. F»sh Comin. for 1877, complete bioj^raphy.)
■'vlt*^
Wm'^ .'.
Wm'-:
fm^^
K'Vl
Family XXXVIII.— DOROSOMATID^.
{The Gi::sard Shads.)
Body short and deep, strongly compressed, covered with thiu, decid-
uous, cycloid scales. Belly compressed to an edge, which is armed with
bony serratures. Head naked, short, rather small. Moutu small, in-
ferior, oblique, overlapped by the blunt snout; no teeth. Maxillary
narrow and short, with a single supplem ntal bone, not extendiiij;' to
opposite the middle of the eye, and forming but a small portion of tlic;
lateral margin of the ui>per jaw. ^landible short and deep, its rami
enlarged at base. Premaxillai ' not protractile. Gill-rakers slender,
exceedingly numerous, not very long, similar on all the arches. Gill-
membranes not united, free from the isthmus PseudobrancliiiX', large.
An adipose eyelid. No lateral line. Dorsal fin about midway of the
body, usually behind ventrals. Pectorals and ventrals moderate, each
with an accessory scale. Anal very long and low. Caudal forked. No
adipose fin. Stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. Genera
2, species about 12. Mud-eating fishes of the coasts and rivers of warm
regions, of little value as food. '.^ ^,., . ^ ..■ y___,
(C7upewi<c group CViatotJigstBa Giinthor, vii, 4(M>-411.) . i.^ ■.; . ,:
• Last ray of dorsal produced iu a long illaiuont DonosoMA, 12(5.
39. ENGRAULIDIDiE.
271
126.— DOJtOSOlUA Knfmesqiie.
{,»^y d >r; '
Gizzard Shad.
{ChatoesHus Cuvier, 1829.)
(Kafincsqne, Iclitli. Oh. 1B20, 39: typo Dorosoma notata llaf.=^CIupca heternra llaf.)
Cbaractei's of the fumily, with the addition that the last ray of the
dorsal is prolonged and filiform as in Ophihonema and Megalops. {<^opi>-,
ii lance; aS>ixa^ body ; in allusion to the form of the body in the young.)
451. D. cepedianum (Lo S.) Gill. — Gizzard Shad ; Hickory Shad.
Silvery; bluish above; young with a round dark spot at the shoulder;
tips of ventrals and edge of anal often dusky. Body deep, compressed,
the back elevated in the adults. Dorsal about median, its filamentous
ray about as long as head, sometimes longer, sometimes shorter. Caudal
widely forked, the lower lobe the longer. Head 4J; dei)th 2|. Eye ^i^
ill head. D. 12; A. 31; Lat. 1. 5C; L. transv. 23; scutes 17 + 12. L. 1.")
inches. Cape Cod to Mexico; abundant southward, entering all rivers,
iiiul permanently resident ("A'^ar. heterurum^^) everywhere in the Missis-
sippi Valley in the larger streams; also introduced into Lake Michigan
and Lake Erie, and land-locked in ponds from New Jersey to Nebraska
and Texas. A handsome fish, of no value as food.
{Megalops cepediana Le Suonr, Jouni. Acad. Nat. Sfi. Phila. 1817, 'Ml : ChatoessuH
cepedianus Giintlier, vii, 409: Clupea hetenira Raf. /Auier. Mouth. Mag. 1818, ;J54;
Vhatuilsms ellipticHS Kirtland, BoHt. Jonrii. Nat. Hist, iv, 235.)
Family XXXIX— ENGRAULIDID^.
' , {The Anchovies.)
Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with thin, oy(!loid
scales. Head compressed. Mouth extremely large, nearly horizontal,
usually overlapped by a pointed, compv?ssed, pig-like snout, (rape
very wide, the maxillary very long and slender, formed of about three
l)ioce8, extending backward far behind the eye; in some genera, much
1\'yoiul the head. P::emaxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly
joined to the maxillaries. Teetb small, variously arranged, usually fine
and even, in a single row in each jaw. Eye large, well forward, so that
ii.o snout is very short. Preorbital narrow. Opercles little developed,
luonibranaceous. Gill-rakers long and slender. Branchiostegals slender,
7-1 4 in number. Gill-membranes separate or joined, free from the isth-
mus. Pseudobranchirei present. No lateral line. Belly rounded or weakly
f*'
fi "
^\\\^\-)\\V\\\^'i\-.\>\t'< S>'!»("r0\ i'H»»»\i'(>)l'll. H>i> oHI h|*r>»|lMf»'< IrfliilJ t'tl^H'iiu>lv ^1 I'll'! till
^>»n'inV!\nU!U1\«>MIS! MU\\ l\tl m»<'iU»Vh1t'. llM tMl(il(l lii'lllini i'iini nl II).- t|i,|Mi|||
«mwvV.jrt\V j\h\|>**'H«H h»\VtM»»l \\s\K\^\'\ HdUllllMlt'rt HlM" h»tt>ll(ll(tK ltl>yiMii| ^|||
^sjMv^^fH^A t Hvth «mn)l, »»> \\mt«h\>t. IH mi'' lit- ImM) Jii^t*.. NHM.HHtitiM'M. js^t,
0,i*v^^\^^>^ Huf. Krtt VSv<t«, v> rtj»l, 1W:h t.yv*' .^^OfHHrt ^»fw»Jw rtmt^ihi.)
}\\\\\\ ts\\\\\\\ii. >'<m^Miw-<o>t, nn»Mi»«i \\\\\\ nHliiM- linyo, Ihlii, th't'ltlniMiH
^;^<>Kv\!\h< \\\\- W\\\\\\\ \s>c\\ \\\^\s\\{ [w Hu' l>Hf4«M»r Mh< nituitHltlc. Upii
v^^^um ^\!<vt>N\\. mombi-i^HfUMM^us* IViMh ««h!tll, mmmhIIv dm iIk- jdhm,
\-«>mo>\ ^>t>l!M<n«^!». !vn<1 ^*hM'\yi»l<U, thi»s«M»r ono or l>it||» jiiwm MiMiiiMiniiM
^>\>!*x\|«^xv AlV:»l l\^» <\<o«<oV!»!«\ Um» IViMM «'!»M(I(»I ^ll^^ m,\ « IH 10). Nil |m«i'
h>\^>t i^<!^n\»M\t)«. l>ov«tvl \\hxw\ mUhvivy ol \\\y\\\, |>(»«I«>iI(M' (k mmiIihIm.
x\Usi^Wtt^. H\tuu>hWv><tivy^O(* O-li. i\\\\ iHt'(nlMin««'s m»l intili'tl, li>;)vliiy
!h<^ >^rt\'»v\v <«ihmu!* nMO(^v»"int v^^mvI«>s wWnW '>(^. \\\ nil «nvm n>|iltuiM,
(vvrv)A^v «^ st^Mo. i\ \\\\\u^ \\t\\\\\ \\\\\w U\ pvloMlHj ftv'tl?, luMiilnjii In iillii-4iiiii
tvNtW rUwv.v Irtt^M'iU \m\\\\\.)
UU«sh rtl>\>\-x^^ si-tUvR rtn«l ^ol«>v, mihory, \\o\ ht»nHlni>«M»l. No mIIvimv
liMvi'!^! Iviv^ht U\>xl\ \\\\\%^ o<Mop\v«MO«l, t-ojtiulril iilM»\t>, hII^IiIIv Citli
^>(>ouxsl rt«<^ \M\M»iuU«)i. UnMol M«MVvl\ <\vUm» us Um^ tm «li>o|». IIm'
<AV3ix\ xt^rv wivj^v tho f<p of th'> .H«ooi, MtuiUnn ovltMHllo}f bo.vonti \vo\
^ mM\\\ih\t\ t>|>iMvW\l,H^<>iM thno looji. j»lt»oo«l vovy ol»ll«|nol.v. dill
!Wik\M^ \x^v Kwji. nuu^l* hmn^w tluut Uu* i\v»»» lloiol ;5,\; drplli r>i
<V \4; A.i^>2; U-iK I 40: 1^, 14. L. 7 «oolov«. IWillc oouf^(, IVom \ uii
oiMUvrV Ulrt««l tx^Wnit o\(«vim*l> «U>mHli»ot. Tho IutmohI orournn
\ Ji^«<»»NH».?«»i f^^j^^if ,Vn>«*> Voyji^ri^ \Vi»>jh\ \W' ^Vit»'«tHM'» WMtn^i* UllullitM'. vii, HW;
;m. l';N(lMAt'l,ff»ll»^i— 8lOLifil*lin»Mf«.
9jin
liiit! Ill liit«i'Mt:liool«;: f;»(//i »»»/(■> /•»/»■/(»'>/»« 'Jlmid, 1'. M. Niiv, A«<f«»iii, Kxpid. /i»/il. ^"ImI).
I llfll.v ('t(iti|iH'«M»'(l lit (III Mli|t' Mtnl hilnM.r «»'<-i-iif<>*f.
Kill. •«. llBOWMl MIHIt>l.) J, ^ U< l»»('/(((»/r
(HIviM'HtMMi mI(1«'h Mllvff.v; fli<» m|Iv«'»,v ltii«'fMl litifMl filiodt m wUI^
iiM llio H'«% VIM'.V <llM(liM'f, KMM'h m (liMfi l»( oMf oMif'f HpH'W'M. (Wxly
i!illii«t j'Imifiiilj", iMiotpH'MMi'd, Moi I'lfVHh'*!. MmmI nilltfr Hhort, fl^^
miiiiii itiMlcclltijr tuncli Im>.voii«( IIm« flfMil' Mi«* UiwN- jfiw. 'l'^^Mr pr^-Hy
qllllHi'. IIIKslMlliy l>\(MMlltH( Ifl'yHfMl ll!lH«» or (ttlMMlilih^ tlljf Wit nuH<'
iviH'liiiiu lit Mm« ••<I(m< mI' IIh> ylP o|t«'f(lii)(. Ily^' Imik**, Mj )r( h<'(i<(. Oil!
iiiltciM Inny, lull hIiimIm- Himii In /Sf. I'ltrnprmHHii. A mil wifli n Mlr<'fiflf of
HHili'Mi iliii-Niil ImmmIimI iii>iii(>I' cimkIiiI liiiMt Hdodl. Mcitd M'/; d<')ifli f^.
II, I'Jt A- i*0| IjmI. I. III. I,. 1 11 Iiu'IK'n. ('ii|»o<'m«I I<. JIim/1I; v^fy
iijitliitlsiiil mmiiIIiwiikI.
(,0/irt'Mt»fih»i('»tMllllt>l. flvNl, Wnl. ItWri MIKillK-h vll, !1M<T: t'lil/U'H ritlithi MUthUI,
|i,,ii« I, II, A I'lill Mil.'. N, V. I, H'lll' h!ii!lfiiiilt>4 Hillflilllt (mtilhhf, vll,;«i|; /Uiffnuinn
HfflllM'i "I IIIHkI It'ft'dl. WllllMM. )
mi. N. Illlllcil« (IIoimIk a Mhmi) .Utf. fit (lllli.
Hiittiil «uiiii'\vliiil HsiiipH'MwiiwI. MiivlllM/y mllulilly <lllfifNl,/<fi/11fit't«^fl'
iii>iili> poliil, \vlil('li ««iI(mmIm Ii!|I'|{wiimI In IIm' ^11) ofM'iilf(t(,M, foof h<wl >\\htm
||s('iillii> ItMVt'f Hl|^fi«j iiilniili* M'olli ill Ixilli JiiwM. full rjilNTM rrfrf vf-fy
iimiicnuiM, llii> ltMi|4(«Hl im Iniiy; iim flio cy*'. Orlyln (il'HorHnl friMlwfiy hft
IwpiMi iittMlt'ilnr iiiiii^iti oi' (iilill iiimI Mk^ i«> >I of flio <^)iimIiiI. f/!iN>rfi(
Htil|H> iiii(> llili'it Mil' liniylil nl' llio liody. Ilritd '.\f, In l<>fi«Mi; dofnHi r4.
live )!ii>iil«*i lliiiH Hiimil. h. iTi} A. 2'J, {(hmilf li' flfnn.) C/hMir Wuf^-if
lliiiliitr, l''l(til(lii. llvidiMilly <*losi'ly N'ImIi'iI I<» A/, hrinvni.
[l:»tminU* hhilimn (iooili! A. Uiiiiii, ri-eio. (;. H. Niil. Mim. II, :l'i;i, l^7l».>
llHi'ltv (ittl liiilitiiloil iipHt«iiiil(w1.
II Moily iitil Hlmiiylv f(it!i|Mi'«Hti<l, VCfV Nlcildcf.
iA4. M. |M«rni>i<>flllll« ( pKt'v) .l<ird Ollti.
Ildilv «'l(iii(jsiil«>, miK'li hIimkIi'Iit I.Idih In H. hrnwn^, nuA mrf. n<f mfi<ih
rMiii|tivMH«'(l. IIi'imI iioI h«mIi'<<|i mm In H, hnmnij Wimi |KiinU'(I, M»»i nmmf,
nihil mIiim|i, \<)y{y iiiIIm*!- himmII, I^ In lM>ii(t, not. lon^(^r Mian HUO\if.
Miixllliiiy (ri'lli wrlhlov<'lo|MMl> nuMHJilMiluty t<'^Mi vt^ry nU'in^fr. Oill-
iiiliciM vi>ty loiij(, iiH loiiK HR oyis MiixillMiy Nliort^r Ui»fi in a. h,"ni>nif
not KMii'liliiu (|iiito to Mm \mm of Mk^ nnindllilft. Dclly mliKfiMy f.<iim-
luoHW'il, not HonnUMl, HiuiIoh v«iry ih^j-iduoiiH. Vr.nfrHh stUort, v>rjr
Hull. Ntil. Mum. No. 10 18
if
' '•i
; !
;l «i
'iikmmmm^?:'m^''m^f^!Xmtt&*
W- .
pifc' ■ f ■: 1 1
274 CONTRIDimONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTlIYOLOQY — IV.
slinliMy ill front of dorsal. Caiulal pcdimclo long and .slondor. Dorsal
insi'iU'd scanicly nearer eundal than .snout. Silvery stripe broad, half
wid«r than the e.ve, bonlered above by a dusky streak. Head ;j|.
depth (». I). IL'; A. LM>. L. 4 intjhes. West Indies; o(!easional north.
>vard. A speeinien in our <!oIlee,tion from Wood's I loll, Mass. '
( ICnyraulix jwrfiiHciatiiH I'ooy, Mom. ('iibii, ii,;U'i: JinyrauliH purfaHvintuH {iihiihi'T vii
391.) ... : , .-, . ' '
aa, Ho»ly Htrongly comprosmMl, iriinHhiccMjfc ill lifii. , '■v>; .*■ > ?> = ' ., '
490. S. «l«>licntisNiiiliiK ((iimnl) .l«>i-. «.V (iilb.
Vt^rv pah^, olivaceous, (ranslueeni, with some dark [)oints, and a sil-
very lateral band not as wide as the eye. llea<l short, nearly as di'i'p
as lonjjf. I'iye large, mutth longer than the blunt snout, whieh j)r(ij('(;ts
considerably beyond th^^ lower Jaw. (i ill-rakers numerous, sIcmkIci'
nearly as long as the eye. Maxillary reaching past the root of I he man-
dible. Lower h)be of caudal the longer. Anal rather lowy;. Dorsal
inserte«l midway between caudal and front of eye. Head l\ ; deplli i'j.
]). i;{; A. 2;{. Lat. 1. 40. L. 3 inches. San Diego JJay and southwanl;
locally abundant.
(ICHiiraiilimh'tiratmiiHiiH ilivavd, I'roo. Acad. Nut. 8ci. Pliila. 1854, 154, aud U. S. I'iic,
It. It. Sui'v. X, ;W:J: 1'Jinjnutlin ddicaliHHiiniiH Glhxlliov, yi\,\V.)l.)
4iSi7. S. (i*oaii|>r«'s»iiiN ^(Jirarl) Jor. & Gilb.— "(Sj>m/."
N'ery pale, olivaceous, translucent; a silvery lateral band as broad as
the eye. JJody strongly compressed, deeper than in other species.
Head short, nearly as deep as long. Eye large, anterior, nuich lo.ifjcr
than the blunt snout, which does not project nuich beyond the lower
jaw. (i ill-rakers numerous, sleuiler, nearly as long as the eye. Maxil-
liu'y reacddng beyond the root of the nnimlible. Lower lobe of caudal
the longi'v. Anal fm very h)ng. Dorsal inserte«l midway between cau-
dal anil front of eye. Pectcmd with a basal sheath. Head 4A ; deplli ',]'\.
D. 12; A. ;n. Lat. 1. 40. L. inches. Very similar to S. (lellcatissi-
vius, but larger, with a longer anal lln. Point Concepcion to Mt^xico;
abundant southward. ; . *
{ICiKjrtxiiUs I'oinprcnnuH Gininl, U. S. Pao. R. R. Siirv. Fish. 330: Enijraulin t'omprc.wui
CUnthor, vii, 31)5.)
Family XL.— ALEPIDOSAURIDiE.
( The Lancei-JhhcH.)
Body elongate, rather compressed, si^delesa. ITead compressed, with
the snout much imxluced, and with the cleft of the mouth very wide.
Premaxillary very long and very slender, forming the entire margin of
the upper jaw, not protractile. Maxillary thin, needle-like, as long c
40. ALEPIDOSAURIDiE — ALEPIDOSAURUS.
276
the ])roniaxillary, immovablo. Tcietli vcjry unequal, iininovablo, and
snbjcc/t to many variationH in tho Hanio sju'cii^H; a Hcri«8 of Hinall tcetli
the cntiro lenij^tli of the prciniaxillary ; those, in front HonietiincH larfjor
iiud « iii'vcd. Palatine teeth coinpreHsed, triiiin^ular, pointed; two or
three of the anterior ones exeee«lin;jfly lonjf and stroiif;, fiuifj^-Iike; th<^
|)()st('rior ones moderate. Teeth of the lower .jaw simihir to those! on tiie
piiliiliiies, one pair in front and two or thr(Mi pairs in the middht l)ein;^
iiiiioh enlarj;ed. No teetli on the tonfjne. Ky(^ larp*. (lill-openin^fs
very wide; the j^ill iiKMahraiuis not niiite«l, free from the istliinns. (Jill-
rakers stilf, shortish, spiiK* lilv(\ l{raiiehi<)st<'f,''iils 5-7. l*s<'U(lol)ran(!llii^^
liirfje. Operenlar l)on(^s thin, meiid)ianiieeous. Dorsal (in v«'ry lon;jf, oc-
(Uip.yinfjf nearly tlu^ whole of tln', haitU, of more than 10 rays; adipose lin
present, moderate; anal tin moderati^; eanda! tin forked. Air-bladder
iioiio. Larfje fishes of tiuMleep seas, found in the Atlantic, and I*a«;ific.
One {j;enus and ({'or S spe<'ies. Kvery j»iirt of th<i AU'jndoHniirnn is so
fni},nle that it is extremely didiciilt to lu-ociin^ specimens. Thc! strtietnre
of the dorsal tin is so delicate! tliat it must be liable to injury eveti in
the water; tin; bones are vc^ry feebly ossill«'d, and tlu^ librous lij;iimeiits
connectinfi; the vertc^bra^ are very loose and extensible, so that the body
iniiy be eonsid<M'al)ly stretcjhed. "This loose aonnection of the sinj;lo
])iirts of the body is found in numerous deep sea lisluis, and is men'iy
tho conseepienee of their witiulrawal from tin". i)r(!ssure of the water to
which they are exi)osed in the (bipths inhabited by them. \Vhe!i within
the limits of their natural jiaunts the osseous, nuiseular, and fibrous
liarts of the body will have that solidity whic^h is n^piired for the rapid
and powerful movements of a ]U'eda1ory fish. That fishes of this jjiuuis
(Ah'pi(lomuruH) belong to the nu)st ferocious of the class is prov«'d by
their dentition and the contents of their stomach, but it is worthy of
notice that althouj^h the nu)uth is so deeply cleft, the lower Jaw cannot
bo moved from the upper at a greater angle than about 4()o." {Q'dnther.)
(liropcHd(v, f^roiip Alcpidotiaxrhin Giintlior, v, 420-12:1.)
13§.-ALEPlDOSAlJRIJ$i Lowe.
Lancct'JiHlies.
' r' _
[.\\f\i\mxwm Lowe, Proc. ZnBt. Soc. liond. 18;W, 104: typo Alcpimiiriis fcrox Lowo.)
Clianu'ters of the genus inciluded above. Tlu^ nanu^ Plagyodun Steller
(Pallas, Zoogr. lloss. Asiat. iii, 383) has been lately accepted by J)r.
|(lili)(li(>r for this genus. A specimen of one of the Pacific species was
obtained by Stella' from thc Kurilo Islands, and a brief description of
t ^ . % 1 1
aid «0Niitnunn?i8 iu Kuurn AMinnn'AN inmivni.tiuv IV.
tf» \\\\\\\A' iho 1U0UI* of Hrtf»w»nf«<f. li'h l»v l«l»i» In iniMUtMj'Hpl, «'i»m nil..,
Wimh nMOhMl \\\ iSilliiM, uIHmmM iMdoiMj'hHMtl. Mli'llt<» \vh»fi' ImHIih,
l.i\\^l>«n^«, \\\\\\ \\\\\^i\\vu\\\ omimI Htr niniH* rMtM/itif»r« im it nitMiiMiiiniiiij
\l<V««ifi\U»tU>H \\\\ \\\(* \\\\\\\v\\\\\\' S|MM'lnMM> 0« M|M>»'I»'M, (tlUl flMl It) |||t> Mt»((N(<
\\\ w [M\\u\H\\\ n«M»\tM. H Mt'iMttM <oHM, nl |no!«»>ttl, Im«m| In ii'Inlii ll(i« iimihi.
i4^^»'»f»V'H»M>t»>v. \.s HH\lHl\«M Urrlti Nt'ltllM .tun^'iKf^ HlttlMlM — M\ H((||||m,)
* \ tM\Mn\ hvyt ^^ \vv it». ^ in>ttftf.tiWMi»»,)
Tho lv<^{tll\ ol lht» \\v'm\ \a t\\l«'t» llir Itflfilt! or lln> lmtl\,itnil inllifi Ii.m><
\\\\S\\ xww' h\\\\\ \\\ iho lolttl. M,\r tttiMlltiii, tl lt< lintil, it« mIiIi» hm ||||.
<tUV<-\»»\>ilnl HjMU'O. PotMitl l\tt tttm»|t t*lt»VHll't|j (UM'IntUlM l'lHlt|aHl»>t|, lull
W\S\ hMh»htt»jii n»M»Vl\ to \l»ttl»HlMt Ht'Ml m\ oltllM-Mitl, jM'flOtnl. Iltlll M'llliiil
^t^vt'!Mo«l, TpjMM nnnlitl IoIm> |>hMltt«'i>tl Into II lt»tiM "li'intMil. I» II ||;
\ W IVi WW JAt N.O 10. yfiifnfhn:) I»»m>|Mvi(I«>»m ol llio Alhiilli'i
<i\h^l\ «>^!niu»»«l oO tho >'ohnI oI iMiiMMitclntMrllM l»\ Ilii» l'tilli«il HlnlcM
V'<!*h Oownw^sMion. A M|MM<im«»t» \\\' (hl« tM' h«»hh« t»loM««l> t»>lnliMl mimm-Iiw
hi»)* lv»M\ ^»hMMnv»nv\ hv, Hotnt in MumIui. -
V <V*''>'»>'«»».i'^>'»vv <,«\\v\Vv ^^1^m. j».>»<»l. wm>. \.\y\\\\. l, 'M^\ I1lliillit>t, v, Wl )
<Vmvs:»< \\\\ \\\\\\ [\h\\\\\ :\\ »>nvM, H\o UtMl or wlilcli h tullmf mIuuI. iiml
«u\hMi<M^\ ht»!» a ^n>M0it\rt\1 oottmii»Mrtnl tlilm», which Im im'imiiiIiiIi>(I in
!\>M\<. \o\u<n<H\os \\\ \\^m\ us hn»)a n« Iho ht.'iul. \. I.'*; U. H. Mini
t^Ul \^w. A>^rt«t N\U, M, \'\\\\is, <!*ii^» \'^i t^W.^»«»»»»•H» ^lltYrt«(^ nihil lit'i. V, W:l
tW.'rtfMtx «>><»>< <^<U, \Sm\\ A»'rt>l Nrtt. H(-l. IM\ll«. IWW, J:»l. IVinii Moiilotcv i KmmniM
M m«tOrttv<\ ^^v<^U\\o»^ o«\\, whioh "lUtW**-". \\^\\\\ i'. N»»tNi Ity tlii' oldoiin H|M>iriiliiiii,
fW «<NHA\ <\\»rtt t\\rt>v>i«li«i Alum«> M i\w «'<vnl(>mM>\\l liOVtun*''! ''"!'>' Iimic iilnni' lln'
^*\tt\m}i »>\t^>iv, \n«» wuh rt« »^Wl^^«t> >>\>'H\iO(on tu Iih ln««i<, « hlili tliwilltiw ihiiiiI,v
tV tHoM ot" rt o«v\«\ rt* \\»>\< (»!« <<»o rtowli^tiKt* i>r 1hi> nioilon ln>l(iu llii< tll\|iliii|i
Kanui.v \i.r PAicAi.Krinih.K ^ -
( rhf' tSt^'^trfUih.)
h- - .
I^mIn olon)ijUx\ somowhot »»t»»n|>iVH.mMl, l\>t'iiu««l iion'hiiMlnn Hiitrni'iiiiii,
\>N\\M\"sl w \t\\ \\\vU>ul st\»Uvs or inodoi itto or vitlJtor htt'int* sl^.o. I Inul loii^;,
Ws«rtll> ^v.^l> <MV th** suUvH. Mouth \im\v hn'^»\ hovov jitw prolci'liiij;.
l^vmrtxillrtVA not |m\itvt\U\ v*m\v looji ;uul j^UmuIov, t\ninlun: Ihooiiliiv
Itt^^ym ot «ho ui>|HM jjj^NV. M»»\iUju\v long i\\\\\ NloiuhM, oIohoI\ iuIIumviiI
*f5iR «NvH\ A*'"*^. X«t-> 5«i>4. rhilA. !5«lft}, l\?H; |,v|^^ .^If/nsimfM* rtUii'tU* Vwy, ftvm
I'l'l"'!' JllW (M
41. l'A^MM1^•l(•l(•4^- «iff»fM 277
liiilit' |tH»HtM«tlll)n V. 'r«w»ll( MiMiM- tthtimt, pn\iiU<(\,\u mI»»i/J<> N^f•l^(l| m»
|||(> lll^VM lillll pIlllllldCMI M(l(M« ttl (llt>MIMtl lotVM' )flW flltfl |(Ml((Hn««M MOrM^
lliitiM vt<i,v loll);; mill rmiu 111(1', 1111(1 iikimI of lliCMi hN\\y (|(<|if(<MMMrli<(.
niM'KtlllM ImiMI'M lllltl. l'Hl>ltl|(ilMIIII('llll«< |tt'CM(<lll. Olll iriMlltlMf IM'M N«>)f
iiiiili', I1-i<l< ri'iiili IliK ImMiiimim. lliiitlclildMJcuiilM iilfdiil I. ii\\\ mkt-tH
mIiihI. hIiiuis Mtiltiiv lll(i>. |il>'(> Imi^(>. IiiiIm-mI llii(« |>r('H(>ri(, Mm nciil^M
,i>4itiilly i<iiliiiM*'<l. hiiiMiil (III mImiiI imkI Mtfiiill, tM«lilii(l Mi« irii(t(ll(> (if tfi^
Initio, IH'IUIV III' l(llll«' MVM- IIm> VI'IiIimIm, A(|i|»((M(N fill pK-NMll} IIJl/ll f)ll
low, iiilltM- liMiiit} i'IMkIk! (Ill hIkiiI, mimi(iw, lnrhcd j p('«l(»fiilM iiiilK^f
slllllll, pIlH'I'll llMV, I'vImiIc ('(MMMMllM', Nil Ulf l»lll«l(l(l . I'llONplKrN'rt
i.i>iil MpnlN Hmv ((I Miiiii'. fhlii'M (if lli« (l(*c|i wiiicrN (if Mi^ A(li;riM(^ uwl
I'lit'lllf, ii«mi<iiiIiIIm/j f-iiilif/nnin In loidi mid defilKioff, A. »UtuU) ^«ijiU«
mill IiIhiHI M M|M'('I(»M HM> IMIW IdKtWMi
(.VM(/»»'Ni/tl', II iiltji /'(i(((/(7il<^//»»H(llt((lM<|v V, 1(«, -fi/d ) f'
mo. winnin iM(i»(»>M<(((c,
ji. £.;> : { I'limlviih I(Inw».)
lHitlliif'<i|Hi', ('MImUmI til Alf'iml Niidvl Uciioi-I, cfn. |M(0< tt(>; f,«r^»^ Af«^^//» liiinlhiii Unf. iit
llti> M*'tllli<i)rini-MM I
(liiMiM'li't'M (»r I lie liriiiiM liicliMlcd u\ut\i\ Two Ki-riMii Mf-^ ii*(i<rtfly
iiMoitMl/iMJ, dll1Vi'lii|r III IIm^ d(>v(>l(i|iiii('iil (if lli(W')iiii(i<'M(il' Mi(> l(>w(>r Jow^
iMliiinii'lot' witlcli ii|ipi>iii'M Id liiH (iC iiiliKii }iiip()rliific(s (fiiMh nu/lh, n
hIiiIii*, nil iiiK-liMil iiiiiiMxd' fulfil j/rtniii.)
'I.MWi'i jiuv Willi ;l tt vfiv l(MiK fiiiiK lll«(< (r<t<((i (((( NU'U Hide, (ftii/lh.j .
14(0. «. iiilM»'M«« •'"•'liiit <* <Mllii.||. ;v
MimIv viM'V hIcimIi'I' iiiid ("Idii^dlc, ('(impicHMcd, Mi(M((>pMi furtit'tim fti'drif,
iiiii> hUIimmiMi oC llii^ IimikIIi MimkI ihIIk^i Mitwidcr, >ndcri(rrly fio'intHl
mill iiinili'iiilrlv dl>p^l^H^<'d. Mould liii'^c, liofl/oiil)il, llM^f;Mp(^ CKf^fKlirii;
iiiiiro lliiiii liiiir I ho li'iijilli id" I lie ImmmI. IMiiryiii (ti' t)n\ iipftcr |)iw fotwH\
('iitin'l\ lt,v llio viM'.v Mlciidcr, iiMirly hIiiiI((IiI, (ncfiui'dlldrlcM, witich urc
i'l<)Nit|,V iippri'MHiHJ III Mio loii|{ iiiid Hl('iid(*r titiixillMricH, Mux'tWurU'A *^%-
Ii'IuIIiim: I'» Ih'Iow llio i\vo, iMMirl.v h« liir mm IIk* m«fidil»iil»r i«>iut. Tip (tf
ii|i|H>i' jiiw (Miiiirt^ltiiilr; lipid' low(M- jiiw diHicc hr(M(l, hirru^d rip, »Fid
lllliiiK' In llii< iioli'li id' llii« upper jiiw. I'rcrniiKilliiricM nrtual wifh f%
Hi'iii'M of Hiiiiill, fdinrp, f^iilH^piiil, cIohc hcI f«>,(dli, which (iic, h(K»kcd hjwk
i ^viird; 11 toii^;, Mloiiilor ciiiiliM^ In fidiit. on cHch nldc. fi/>wer |;iw wifh
|"n iiltoiil l(» hIiih'p, Hloiidor lindh on <'H('Ii Hide, lh<'«<i U'fih very nn<'<pij»l,
HoiiuMd' llioni Mliorl, lliico or four very loiij; iind r.uuiiu- Uku. Sffir thft
i'roiil JH ono riuiy:-liUo lootli on oaoli Hide, tlicn n coriMidcrHblf. tuU'THinu.e.^
11,
,1 ^
•jASjii^^'i
"It- >««*«««.
278 coNTitnumoNs to noutii American ioiitiiyouxjy — iv.
l)«'Inn(l \vlii«'h (ho otliors avo urrnn^od purtly in two iowh. Most of ilmn,,
tiMMli, (vspociiilly (lio iniUM' ntid liii't^or oiioh iiiul (ho iinttM-ior ciitiiiicN, aro
fVooly <h»pn'ssil»I(». A long Hvr\vH of tooth on t\w jmUitinoH, ono «»r two
oC tho :ni(tM'i«)r to(>(h on osioh hUUs iitul ono or two othoi'H h)n>f, nIcikIci
and rung liki'. Tonyno i'nH} lUitoiiorly, i'onp;hish, hnt iipparontly wiili.
out toolh. Scalos vory liiijifo, <'y«'h»id. Dorsal tin in.sorto*! Noiucvvlial
hohind tiio ini(hii<' of tho body, at. a distanoo of lUMirly 4 thnoH its base
in Iron I id' tho anal, its hoigid a littlo nn>idor than tho lonnlh of jis
baso. I). 11 ; A. 25. Anal lln aidoriorly noarly us hiyli as tliod(»r,saI,
its postovior rays low. IVotoral tins phuMMl low, rathor short, about as
long- as tho niaxillary. (\nulal tin short, narrow, appanMdIv tbikcd.
Vontrals (lost in tho typo) probably in tVont of Mio «h)rsal. <'ol(>rii(ioii
light olivo, tho sidos silvery, with dark ])nnotnlations. PoriloiuMim
«ilvory, nndorlai<l by bhu'k pi};niont. Saida, Ilarbara('hannol,('alil'oniia.
(.) iilan & tJllltorl, I'nx'. tl. S. Nut. Mils. IHeO, «7:J.)
•*I.owor jaw without fUiig-lUvt^ toolh. v''*i»"«i/»';*is KiHsd.")
fi. Vontral (lu8 iii8«rt«Hl bchiml tho doi-Hid. (/trctOfl-fniM 0111.)
461. S. boivnils (UVInhnrdt) Jtmlau tV OiH»«>rt.
OlivaoooMs. vSnont as long an rest of hoad ; niaiidibh^ Ini'lndcd, lis
uptnrnod tip lltting into an oniargination of npjxM'.iaw. Toi^th as in ,s'.
C()»'»<Arf?».v, but oonsidorably strongor. Pootoral and vontral tins small.
tl»o lattor in.sortod bohind tho dor.".al. ll'nd 1|\; dopth I'J. II. 7; I). 8;
A. IV2\ \\ It; V. !». Ciroonland to (Jnlf of Saint Lawronco.
{1\ivah'})is horaiUit h'oiiiliiUiK, Xattirv. Malhoin. Al'iiainll. vii, 1t.^: t'ornfrph hoyeiiUn
Gilnthor, v. 418: Arctozeitun bomilis iiiW, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Hoi. I'hilu. IHIH, 18f<.)
•iO*i. Si. roriiMM«ii<« .Tor. & Gilh.
Dusky olivaoootis; sidos of hoad silvory; l>aso.s of flns gononilly
blaok ; rami of ntandiblo oaoh with a doiddo sorios of nunnti; pliofs-
phoivsoont spots. Hody vory olongato, of noarly uniform doptli, (lie
oaudal i>odunolo vory slond<M*; abdomou compro.S8od. Head Ion;;;
snout sharp, half long'Ii of hoad. Eyo largo, high, .laws o«pial ; max-
illary reaching vertical from nostril; tip of Iowhh* jaw ilfling into an
omargi nation of i>romaxillarios. None of tho tooth fang-liko; preinax-
illaries laterally rvith minute teeth; 4 or 5 longer teeth in front; vomer
with luinuto teeth; anterior palatiuo teeth long, tho poat'iior short;
t<ioth of lower Jaw slond.'r, distant, unequal. Scales dociduotts, those
of lator.U lino enlarged. Fins all very small ; ventrals eutirely behiuil
•Risso, Etir. Mi5rid. iii, 47v», 1886: type Coregontu j>arale}>i» lUsiiO. {napu, iioari
^ciriV, scales.)
49. 8C01'15LIDi15 — SYNODUS.
279
0'
(lorHiil, tIn'li'«1int»itico from front of oil vjf, twl(ni Unit, from tmHoof cinulal;
(liHtmico of front of dorsal to lt:iH(> of oinilnl Inilf ilH <liHtan<;o from tip
of Ntiont; (Manila) widt^ly forked. Mead t; depth l.'(. I). H; A. .'U; P.
11; V. U. bat. 1. (K). I'njfct Hound, warcjily dillerin^ from Mio pro-
cediiijX. Hio teeth a Jit.fhi weaker.
(I'anikpiH iornnntiiH .lor. *. (lilb. I'loc. II. H. Nut. Miih. IHHO, ill.) \
"I
I
Familv XlAl—tiCOVl'AAUM. :
(77/r! NntpcliilH.)
Iloily oldong or (>lon^at(>, (^ompieHscd or not, naked or covered with
HCiilcM, whieh are nsnally cycloid. Month veiy wid(^, the (Mitire inar((iu
of tlu^ upper Jaw fornu'd tty IIm^ loii^ ami HJender premaxillaricH, ehmely
lullierent to whi(;li are tJie NlemU^' luaxillarieH, tlici latter Hometime.s rndi-
iiKMiliil or o1)8ol<^te. Teeth variouH, moHtly <;ardiform on both jawH,
toiijiue, and palatines; canines often pn'Menl ; lar^e teeth UHually de-
])n>SHihle. NoharbelH. Opercular honcH UHnally thin,oft<M: incomplete.
(jlill-iiiembraneH Keparale, free from the iHlhinuM. ISranc/hioHte^alH imit-
ally numeiouH. I'Hetuiobrancliiai preHcnt. (iill-rakerH variouH. Lat^u'al
line iiHually pr(!M«!nt. (Jlnu'kH and «>pcrcl«'K <*<»mnioidy Hcaly. Adipose
tin present in most of the genera. Dtusal iln mIkuI, median or ratJier
imleriof, of soft rays oidy. i'ectoials uml ventrals present. A?nil llu
moderate or loiij?. Oandal forked. Hkelelon weakly ossilhid. Air-
liliidder small or wanting. Iidestinal canal short. Hides sometim<>.N
with piiosphores<HMit spots. Hggs imdosed in th(» siicsof tlui ovary and
(xtnided through an oviducst. G<'nera 10, species about /5(), mostly iu-
liiibitiug deep water in warm n^gions. • : ii^
{Sroiiclidw gmup iSaarina (iiliillitT, v, :j;KJ-<1I7.) '
•Itnily witlumt. pli mj)lKmwc(>iit> h])oIh. (SjiHodniitinw.) ' '
(I. iVrlli not (xirbrd; iiiiixillary not. (Iilut<><l. boiiinil; teoth on tlio jialato in a HJnglo
liniid on fiicli hUIo Rynoous, 130.
**U(Hly Willi piiKHplion'Mctuit HpotH. [SroiwUiifi\)
b. Uody conipi'OHHiid, covered with larp;e, Htnootli wuiIoh Myctohiu.M, 131.
ictsr-- ■•
180.— SVNODUm Hloch A Sohnoidor.
Jjkard-JiHhcH.
(SanruH Cuvicr, 1H17.)
(OronoviuH; Bloch &, Scluieid. Ichtli. IHOI, liOCi: typn Khox niiuodnn L.)
Body oblong or elongate, nearly terete. Hc.ad depressed, the snoat
triangular, rather pointed. Intcrorbital region transversely concave.
t i
280 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Mouth very wide; premaxilljiry not protractile, very long and strong
more tlian half the length of the head; maxillary closely connected
with it, very small or obsolete. Premaxillary with one or two series of
large, compressed, knife-shaped teeth, the inner and larger depressible.
Palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single broad band. Lower jaw with
a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger teeth dei)ressihle ; a
patch of strong, depressible teeth on the tongue in front, and a loner
row along the hyoid bono. Jaws nearly equal. Eye rather largo
anterior. Supraorbital forming a projection above the eye. Pseudo.
branchijB well developed. Gill-rakers very small, spine-like. Gill-
membranes slightly conuecteil. Top of head naked. Cheeks and oper-
cles scaled like the body. Body covered with rather small, .adherent,
cycloid scales. Lateral line present. No phosphorescent spots. Dor-
sal fin short, rather anterior. Pectorals moderate, inserted high. Ven-
trals anterior, not far behind jiectorals, large, the inner rays longer than
the outer. Anal short. Caudal narrow, forked. Branchiostegals 12-lG.
Stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric cceca. Skeleton rather
firm. Species numerous. Voracious fishes of moderate size, inhabiting
sandy bottoms at no great depth. In most warm seas. {ffU'^6<h)or, ancient
name of some fish, from au.^udov<;j teeth meeting, not shutting i)ast ea<jli
other like scissors.)
* Snout rathor poiutod, lonijor than eye; upper jaw the louger. (Synodua.)
4^^, S,fCBtcns{h.)G\U.— Sand Pike; LizarUfmh.
Olivaceous; yellowish below; back mottled; upper surface of head
brownish, distinctly vermiculated with yellowish; ventral fins, lower
side of head, and inside of mouth tinged with yellow. Eye moderate,
5^ in head. Scales less regularly a: ranged and the rows less obliciiie
than in 8. lucioceps; those on the opercle in about 5 rows, on the cheeks
in 7; 25-30 scales along back before dorsal, 4 in a vertical row between
adipose fin and lateral line, 5 in au oblique row. Pectoral fin short,
not reaching ventrals, its length three-fourths that of the premaxillary.
Ventral large, its length from outer edge of base greater than from tip
of snout to upper edge of gill-opening. Interorbital space considerably
concave, with radiating ridges. Head 4^. B. 12; D. 11; A. 11; V. 8;
scales 7-04-8 (the vertical rows counted obliquely). L. 12 inches. Cape
Cod to South America; common southward. Not valued as food.
{Sahno fccicns L. Syst. Nat.: Saurus fwtens Giluther, v, 396: Saurua fcetena Ilolbrook,
Ichth. S. Car. 187.)
42. SCOPELID^ — MYCTOPHUM.
281
461. S. lucioceps (AyrcH) Gill.
Olive-brown above, grayish below, with some golden luatre on sirtos;
back witli slaty reticulations; head not vermicnlated above; lower si<lo
of head and ventral lins yellow. Eye 5 in head. Scales arranged in
regular, very oblique rows; those on the opercles in about 8, on the
cheeks in about 9 rows; 40-50 scales along the back before the dor-
sal, in a vertical row between adipose flu and lateral line, and 10 in
an oblique row. Pectoral fln longer, reaching base of ventrals, its
length about equal to that of the premaxillary. Ventral fln not so long
as the space between snout and upper edge of gill-opening. Interor-
bital space little concave, nearly smooth.^ Head 4 ; depth 8J. I>. 11;
A. 12; B. 14; scales 13-G6-1C (the vertical series counted obliquely).
L, 12 inches. San Francisco to Mexico; rather common in summer.
(Saurua luciocejpa Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 66: Saurua lucioccpa GiiutLer,
•*Boily rather stout; snout short, obtuse, shorter thau eye; lower jaw the longer.
;;,J^ {Trachinocephalua GiW.*) . :% . , . ,
465. S. Hiyops (Forster) Jor. «fc Gilb. "v .
Grayish, mottled or barred; scapula black. Body moderately elon-
gate, tapering backwards. Mouth very large, maxillary more than half
length of head; snout shorter than eye ; lower jaw somewhat projecting;
top of head corrugated; interorbital space concave. Anal fin compara-
tively long. Ventral fins very long, reaching about to the vent. Head
3§ in length; depth about 5. D. 11; A. 14; scales 4-58-7. Tropical
seas; not common on our South Atlantic coast.
{Salmo myoj)a Forster, MSS. Bloch & Schneider, 421: Saurua myopa Giinther, v, 398.)
i,h 131.— MYCTOPHU]?! Rafinesque. .^ "^
'• (Scopelua Cxwier, 1817.) , ' ; V',
(Ralinesquo, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810: type Mijctoiyhum punctaUtm Raf.)
Body oblong, compressed, covered with large cycloid scales, those of
the lateral line sometimes enlarged. A series of round luminous spots
along the lower side of the head and body. Head compressed. Mouth
large, the jaws usually about equal; premaxillary very long, slender;
maxillary well developed. Teeth in villiform bands on jaw^s, palatines,
pterygoids, and tongue. Eye large. Gill-rakers very long and slender.
Branchiostegals 8-10. Pseudobranchije large. Air-bl§dder small. Py-
*G11], Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amor. 1861, 53, no description: type Salmo myopa
Forster. {tijoxivoi, Truchinus; neipaXr}, head.)
ii
;k
■ 't.
.^m
i'A-
m
-r^
*SfJ
; *»?»».■ •s'ij'**' ^■■^i^&.M^'
282 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTII AMEIIICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
loric ccKca few. Dorsal flu near tli« middle of the body; vontrals
uaujiUy below it, with 8 rays; pectorals well developed: udiposi; lin
Hinall; anal usually long. Small flsbes of the opeu seas in most re-
gions; si)ecies numerous. Several un<le8cribed species have been lately
taken off our Atlantic coast by the U. S. Fish Commission, (vu^, night'
f (/?, light ; hence amended by Cocco to Nyctophus.)
466. IW. crcilUlure .Ionian & Gilbert. • ' ^-v i'*^ ' /
Body much compressed, deepest in front of the base of the pectorals,
biuntly convex anteriorly, tapering behind. Ventral region nnich more
arched than dorsal. Caudal peduncle long aiul very slender. Head
short and high, abruptly rounded in profile, the snout very blunt.
Jaws eciual, the snout not projecting beyond the mouth. Maxillary
very slender, scarcely widened to its tip, and not dilated, its extremity
reaching beyond the eye to the nuirgin of the preopercle. i^reuiaxilhi-
ries anteriorly on a level of the jiupil. Teeth very small, i)resent on
all the dentigerous bones. Hami of the mandible nearly parallel, (join-
ing together in a sharp keel below. Orbital margin above and in front
with a thin membranaceous rim, that in front distin*t and formed by
the upturned edge of the preorbital. No orbital spine. Nasal bones
membranaceous, their edges upturned, forming a horizontal groove.
A groove between the frontal bones. Orbital margins separated by
a groove from the preopercle. Margin of preopercle very obIi<iue.
All the membrane bones extremely thin, papery. Eye large, 3^ in
head. Gill-rakers long and slender. Head 3^ in length to base of
caudal ; depth 4J. Ilead and body completely covered with thin mem
branaceous scales, those on the middle of the sides not elevated and
not noticeably larger than the others. Free edges of all the scales
crenulate, some of them, especially on the back, with the crenations
acute, but Avithout spines, the scales being truly cycloid. About 4.')
scales in a longitudinal series. A phosphorescent spot on each man-
dible near the symphysis, o3 pairs of spots along the belly, in front
of ventrals, 6 between ventrals and origin of anal, and 21 between
front of anal and base of caudal. Caudal peduncle above and below
with two or three backward-directed spines, which are apparently the
exserted tips of vertebral processes. D. 12; A. 10; the fins rather
low. Origin of dorsal nearer the snout than the base of caudal, nuicli
behind the base of the v< ntrals. Ventrals short, not reaching half way
to vent. Pectorals reaching base of ventrals. Color very dark Ksteel-
blue above, silvery on sides and below, with dark metallic lustre; tho
43 STERXOPTYCHIDiE MAUROLICUS.
288
usual pliosphorescent apots present, as above described; no evident
cR'aui-colonMl blotch on the buck of tail. L. 2^ inches. Santa Barbara
OliiUincl, Ciiliforiiia. • ■
(Jiuduii at Ciilbnrt, Fioc. U. 5. Nut. Muo. 1880, 274.)
407. I»I. glaclaSe (Rt-inh.) J. & G. . ' ' -■ -, -f ^ ;* '■ ;r '
Siiont very short and obtuse, with the upper profile descending in a
very strong curve ; cleft of mouth oblicpie ; maxillary reaching to the
iinjilc of the i)ra'operculuin, and terminating in a triangular dilatation.
Scales smooth, those of the lateral line enlarged. Eye very large, more
than one-third the length of head, which is nearly as deep as long.
Depth 4, nearly ecpial to length of head. D. IS; A. 17; V. 8. Lat. 1.
30. Coasts of Scandinavia and Greenland. {G'dnther.)
{Scopelm glitcialis Kciiiliiinlt, Dausk. Vidensk. Selsk. 1838, vii, US, 126: Scopelua
glucialin GUuther, v, 407.)
^^. r Family XLIII.— STERNOPTYCHIDiE. :
V ' tr {The Sternoptychids.) ,^.4. ^v .
Body oblong or ovate, naked. Mouth very wide, its cleft oblique or
vertical. Margins of upper jaw formed laterally by the maxillaries, the
edfics of which are toothed. Teeth pointed, mostly small. Opercular
apparatus incomplete. Gill-openings very Avide, the membranes not
connected, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiic present. Gill-rakers
long or short. Lower part of body and head with series of phosphores-
cent si)ots. Adipose fin present, often small. Dorsal fin moderate,
usually median, sometimes preceded by a rudimentary spinous dorsal.
Eggs extruded through oviducts. Skeleton imperfectly ossified. Small
tisbes of the deep seas. Genera 4; species about 12.
{aternoptijchidw groiipa Sternoptychina uiid Cocciina Giiuther, v, 364-391.)
*No scales ; no I'udinientary Hpiiions dorsal; pseudobrancliiai present. {Coidinw.)
t Lower jaw prominent Mauuolicus, 132.
133.— ]IIAIJROLICVS Coeco.
Argentines. . .; ; J
(Cocco, Lettcre sni Salnioui, 3"2: type Maurolicus amcthijaHnoputictatus Cocco.)
Body oblong, compressed, naked, covered with silvery pigment;
series of phosphorescent spots along the lower side of the head, body,
and tail. Head compresse*!, the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of mouth
wide, oblique, the lower jaw prominent. Maxillary large, broad, much
produced backwards, receiving the slender premaxillary in the upper
■•^i:- M^
!.;;!
V .fj
r-. i'[
■:m
I .
^^i:A^*fej*i«5«v¥ii«gt!
lis*:-'- -I
.I.-Ji-I:
si":-ii!i.i;«i^
284 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
concave part of its margin. Both jaws with minute teeth. Gill-rakers
very long. Pectorals and ventrals developed. Dorsal well back, but
before anal. Adipose fin rudimentary. Anal fin long. Branchiostegals
8 or 9. Size small. Species about 4. (Dedicated to Maurolico, au
Italian naturalist.) . j> , ; j , • ^ ^ ^ ;u;i.( > >»^ v -
"Phosphorescent organs ai)pearing as imiiresaions on the skin. " - .
46§. ni* borcaEis(Nil8s.)0iinther.
Dark greenish, sides silvery. Body compressed. Mouth wide, the
lower jaw much i)rojecting. Teeth small. Eye large, 3 in head. Five
luminous spots on the throat, 12 between pectorals and ventrals, above
these a row of 8, 5 between ventrals and anal, vent to tail 24. Dorsal
nearer tail than snout. Adipose flu very small. Ventrals below dorsal.
Caudal forked. Head 3^; depth 3 J. D. 10; A. 15. L. 2^ inches.
{Storer.) North Atlantic; rare off our coasts.
(ScojhIus borealia Nilsson, Obscrv. Zool. 9; Giinther, v, 369: Scopelua humhoHH DeKay,
N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 246: Scoj)elu8 hiimboldti Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 328 (not otCuvior).
Family XLIV.— CIIAULIODONTJD^E.
{The Chauliodonts.)
Body oblong or elongate, cciripressed, covered with rather large, thin,
deciduous scales. Lateral line present. No barbels. Series of f)hos-
phorescent spots running along the lower side of the head, body, and
tail. Head much compressed, tho bones thin, but ossified. Mouth with
the cleft extremely wide, its margins formed by maxillaries and pre-
maxillaries, both of which are provided with teeth. Teeth unequal,
some of them long and pointed, fang-like. Pectorals and ventrals well
develoi)ed. Adipose fin present. Caudal forked. Gill-openings very
wide. No pseudobrauchije. No air-bladder. Deep watervS of the At-
lantic. Genera 2, Oonostoma and Chaulodm^ differing widely in the
position of the dorsal, the size of the anal, and the development of the
gill rakers ; 2 species are known.
{Ster nopt ychida; gxow^ Chauliodoiitiiia Giinthor, v, Ist'l, 392.)
•Dorsal in front of ventrals; no gill-rakers; anal with less than 20 rays.
CuAUiJOUUS, 133.
133.— C1IAIIL.IODUS Bloch &, Schneider.
Vipcr-Jishes. . :
(Bloch & Schneid r Syst. Ichth. 180?, 430: type ChauJiodus aloani Bloch&Schiu'iaor,)
Body elongate, compresseil, covered with very thin deciduous scales
of moderate size. Head short, much compressed and elevated, the
4£. STOMIATIDiE.
285
lower jaw projecting, the snout much shorter than eye. Mouth ex-
tremely wide, the cleft reaching mu(5h beyond eye. Premaxillaries
with four long fang-like canines on each side. Mandible with pointed,
wide-set teeth, the anterior ones excessively long ; none of these large
teeth received within the mouth. Maxillaries with fine teeth; palatine
with a single series of small pointed teeth; no teeth on the tongue.
Eye moderate. Pectorals moderate. Ventrals large. Dorsal fin high,
placed anteriorly, well in front of the ventrals. Adipose flu moderate,
sometimes fimbriate, opposite the low, short anal. Caudal moderate,
forked.. Gill-openings very wide. No gill-rakers. Branchiostegals
numerous, {yaoho:, exserted; ddoh-y tooth.)
409. C Sloani Bloch & Schneider.
Greeni.sh above; sides silvery; belly blackish. Dorsal not far behind
head, its first ray produced in a long filament. Pectoral fins short.
Ventral fins elongate, longer than head. About 30 phosphorescent dots
in a series from the chin to the ventrals. Scales of the body subhexag-
onal. Head nearly as deep as long, 7 in total length ; depth about the
same. B. 17; D.G; A. 12; V. 7; Lat. 1. 56. L. 12 inches. {Oiinther.)
Mediterranean and deep waters of the Atlantic ; a specimen found in
the stomach of a (!od on George's Banks.
(Bloch & Schneuler, 4^0; Giiiither, v, 392.)
Family XLV.— STOMIATIDiE.
{The Stomiotoids.) •
Body elongate, naked or covered with thin deciduous scales. Mouth
very wide. Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries,
which are provided with teeth along their edges. Teeth usually very
strong, unequal, some of them often fang-like. Gill-membranes not
joined, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals numerous. A long
fleshy barbel suspended from the throat. No pseudobranchiie. Sides
with phosphorescent spots. Dorsal flu short, median or posterior, with-
out spines. Adipose fin present or absent. Pectorals and ventrals
present. Opercular apparatus incomplete. Skeleton feebly ossified.
Efiffjs excluded through oviducts. Deep-sea fishes of the Att tntic.
Genera 4; species 8 or 10.
(.S/omia/id«;GUnther, V, 424.) ., ^ ., ,, ...,,,
*No lulipoMe fin ; «h>r8ftl opposite anal. (Slomladnm.)
0. Body with (ino deciduous scales Stomias, 134.
oa. Body naked. - h^^--^ *- -"--
if*
U '*
\ .
< I
I .
1-4-41-
' 'I''" f
M
I fi
28G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
6. Vomer and palatines with teeth Echiostoma, I3r).
bb. Vomer and palatines toothless Malacosteus, lao.
** Adipose fin present; dorsal in front of anal; body naked. (AHtroncstliina'.)
. ASTJtONESTlIES, 137.
134.— STOmiAS Cuvier.
. • ■ - ?-
(Cuvier, Regno Anim. ii, ldl7: tyjio Esox boa Risso, from the Mediterranean.)
Body elougatc, compressed, covered with exceedingly fiue aud decid-
uous scales, which are scarcely imbricated, lyiug iu subhexagouul de-
pressions in the skin. Head compressed, the snout very short and tlie
cleft of the mouth extremely large. Mouth obli(iue, the lower jaw pro-
jecting. Teeth pointed, unequal, those of the premaxillaries and inaiull-
ble very large ; maxillary with line teeth ; vomer with a pair of fanys ;
palatines and tongue with smaller pointed teeth. Eye moderate. Oper-
cular portion of the head short ; a large fleshy barbel suspended from
the hyoid region. Vent far back. Dorsal comparatively long, far back,
opposite the anal. Pectorals and ventrals rather small and short, the
latter far back. Caudal fin moderate. Lower side of head, body, and
tail with series of phosphorescent dots. Gill-openings very wide. Xo
pyloric cojca. Singular fishes of the deep waters of the Atlantic.
((Trw/ija?, " mouthy," from azu/uiy mouth.)
* Hyoid barbel not fringed.
410. S. ferox Reiuhardt.
Black. Xeither pectorals nor ventrals produced. Caudal rounded.
Depth about 12 in total length; head 10. D. 17; A. 21; P. 0; V. G.
{Giinther.) Greenland, south to Cape Cod, in deep water.
(Roinhardt, Vidensk. Solsk. Natnrv. etc. x, ji. Ixxvii ; Giinther, v, 426.)
133.— ECkilOSTOHIA Lowe.
(Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1843, 87: typo Echiostoma barbatam Lowo.)
Body elongate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, tlio
snout .^hort and the cleft of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, un-
equal, those of the premaxillary and the front of the lower jaw being
longest; maxillary teeth in a single series, those of the lower two-thirds
being small ; teeth of the hinder part of the mandible in a double or
triple series; vomer with a pair of fiings; palatines with a single series
of small pointed teeth; two groups of similar teeth on the tongue. Eye
of moderate size. Oi)ercular portion of the head very narrow and ilex-
ible; a fleshy barbel on the centre of the hyoid region. Dorsal <ln far
back, opposite anal. Caudal forked. Vent not far in advance of can<lal
fin. Pectorals and ventrals feeble, the latter behind the middle of the
(«(Tr/j(i
44. STOMIATID^ — ASTRONESTHES.
287
body. Series of phosphorescent dots aloDg the lower side of the head,
body, and tail. Gill-openings verj* wide. Gill-rakera minute. Nopseudo-
branchife. No air-bladder. Atlantic, (ej/ct, a viper; ffrw/^a, mouth.)
471. E. bartoatum Lowe. * .: ^ >
Black, with an elongate, club shaped (phosphorescent) rose colored
spot between the maxillary and the eye. Barbel as long as head (in
si)ecimens seen), fringed at its tip. "Upper ray of pectoral produced in
a long aiid slender filament reaching nearly to the root of the venfrals"
(wanting in specimens examined). Ventrals narrow, elongate. Ilead
ill length ; depth 9. B. 12; D. 12-15 ; A. 17; P. 3-5; V. 8. L. 9 inches.
Deep waters of the Atlantic; lately taken off Gloucester, Mass.
(Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1843, 88; Giintber, v. 427 ; Goodc & Bean, Bull. Essex.
lust. 187t), 23.)
136.— IWAl-ACOSTEUS Ayrea. - i:^-^;;
(Ayres, Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, 53: typo Malacosteus niger Ayros.)
Body ehmgate, compressed, scaleless. Head rather compressed, the
snout very short, tlie cleft of the mouth very wide, extending to behind
the root of the pectorals. Teeth i)ointed, unequal, in single series on
both jaws and tongue; nou" on the palate. Opercula membranaceous.
Dorsal far back, opposite anal. Pectorals rudimentary. Ventrals
rather posterior. One species known. (/zaAa/wc, soft; cJatcov, bone.)
4'y2. ]!I. nigcr Ayres.
Black, with a white loral spot. Snout very short, convex. Lower
jaw with very long canines. Barbel long and slender. Pectoral rays
coalescing into a thin, long filament. Ventrals filamentous, ^'ead 3^
with caudal; depth G. 1). 19; A. 20; P. 5; V. G. Korth Atlantic; a
suigle specimen known, (yl »'c«.)
(AjTes, 1. c. ; (iuuthor, vi, 497.)
13Y.-ASTRONE8TI1ES Richarason.
(Ridiardson, Iclitb. V •. Sulpb. 97, 18t5: type Asironesthea nigra Rich.)
Body rather elongate, conii)ressed, scaleless. Head compressed, the
snout short, the mouth wide. Teeth pointed, unequal. IJpi)er jaw with
four long, curved canines; lower with two; maxillary teeth fine, sub-
rqnal; palatines with a single series of small, pointed teeth, similar to
those on tongue. Eye moderate. Throat with a barbel. Dorsal flu
long, inserted in front of anal, behind ventrals; adipose fin iiresent;
candal forked ; paired fins well develope<l. Gill rakers minute. Ko i>seu-
dobranchia'. No air blad<ler. Lower parts with phosphorescent spots,
(«(rr/)(»i/, star (star- fish); e(T<?£w, to eat.)
'?'!
•J»i«
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1
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i
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, 1
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288 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTDYOLOQY — IV.
498. A . niffcr Rich.
Black, with about 23 luminous spots between chin and ventrals. Bar.
bel a little longer than head. Dorsal begiiniing just behind base of
ventrals; pectoral not rea(;hi.jg nearly to ventrals. Jaws equal. Eye
large, well forward. Head 4; depth 5|. D. 17; A. 14. Deep waters
of the Atlantic; described from specimens from the Grand Banks, per-
haps belonging to a different species.
(Richardson, Ifhth. Voy. Sulph. 97; GUnther, v, 425.)
Family XLVL— SALMONID^. =
{The Salmon Family.)
Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales. Head naked.
Mouth terminal, varying much in size and form; maxillary forming the
lateral margin of the upper jaw, provided with a supplemental bone;
Xnemaxillarics not protractile. Teeth various, souietimes wanting, (iills
4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiie present, but often simiU
or rudimentary. Gill-rakers various. Gill-membranes not connected
free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 3-20. No barbels. Dorsal usu-
ally nearly median, not greatly elongate. Adipose fni present. (Cau-
dal lin forked. Anal tin moderate or rather long. Ventrals moderate,
nearly median. Pectorals placed low. Lateral line present. Abdo-
men rounded. Air-bladder large. Stomach coecal or si])honal ; the py-
loric ccBca few or many, sometimes obsolete. Ova generally large, fall-
ing into the cavity of the abdomen before exclusion. Genera about 20;
species 125. A large and varied family; its members inhabit chielly the
fresh waters of northern regions, nmny of them being anadroinous,
running up from the sea to spawn in the rivers. One genus {Retro-
■pinna) is found in New Zealand, and the species of Microstoma, Argen-
Una, and IfyphalonedruH are mostly deep-sea fishes. In economic im-
portance this family ranks among the very first, and the salmon and
trout in all northern regions are the choicest prizes of the angler.
(Salmonidw Giintlicr, vi, l-'iOo.)
•Pyloric croca f«nv or iioiio; istoiiiach ocecal. *
t Dorsal iiii nearly over the voutrals. {Argcniinina!.)
a. lU'ancliiostegala '.i or 4 ; body elongate, subcylindrical .... Michostoma, U8,
aa. IJrauchiostogals ()-8; body comprpssed.
b. Adipose lin long and low, acarcoly shorter than dorsal fin.
Mallotus (jllV.)
bb. Adijiose (in normal, short and high,
c. Ventraln inserted in front of the middle of the dorsal ; mouth large.
Y, ., d. Scuios very small; malos with villous bands; tooth feeble; pectoral
C" . ,,f^ rays 16-20... Mallotus, 140.
46. SALMONID^ — MICROSTOMA.
289
,'ij;
■«.<•
>«j''
nr-
dd. Scales liirger, similar in both sexes; pectoral rays 10-12.
e. Tooth feeble, thoao ou tongiio very weak; scales small, adherent.
TuALKUirruYs, 141.
ee. Teeth Htron<];er, those on tongue enlarged; scales modcrufe, decid-
nons OsMKnus, 112.
cc. Vcntrals inserted under or behind the middle of dorsal; mouth moderate
or small.
f. Scales cycloid. i ; = ; > .■-.' ,. ; >
(/. Jaws with nunnte teeth; maxillary reaching past front of eye.
Uypomicsus, 143.
' 90' Jaws toothless; maxillary not reaching front of eye.
' " Argkxtina, 144.
ff. Scales ctenoid HYPnALoxKi)i{u.s, 14r>.
•» Pyloric cieca many; stomach siphonal.
^Jaws toothless or with a few feeble asperities; scales rather large; anal fin
, , , , sonu^what elongate; maxillary short and broad ; not im-
adromons ( Cori-i/oniiiw) CoUKOONUS, 140..
tfjaws witJi distinct teeth; scales mostly small. (Sdhnoninw.)
..^ V,. ''■ Dorsal lin very lon^'; and high, of about !20 rays; scales mod -
orate ; tongue toothless ; not auadrontous.
■^' »i TlIYMALLUS, 147.
J hh. Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 9-15 in number; tongue with
teeth.
i. Dentition very feeble, ujcomplete; anal fin elongate, of about
17 raj's; scales moderate ; not anadromous.
Stknodus, 148.
ii. Dentition strong and complete; conical teeth on jaws, vo-
'i'.Ji ! '» ' i '■ nu'T, and palatines; tongue with two series of strong
, /; teeth (deciduous in very old specimens of OHcor/i//HC'Attt');
- ' scales small.
/- < '" ' ' ' u J> Anal fin elongate, of 14-17 rays; vomer uanow, long, fiat,
ri , , , , , ^ > with weak teeth; species black spotted.
Oncouhyn'ciius, 150.
" ij. Anal fin short, of 9-11 developed rays.
^ ' , k. Vomer fiat, its toothed surface plane; teeth on the shaft
of the vomer in alternating rows or in one zigzag row,
those on the shaft jilaced directly on the suvfaee of tho
bone, not on a free orest ()K)sterior vomerine tct^th Home-
.'> times deciduous); sptu'ies black spotted Sai.mo, 151.
kk. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft strongly depn'sstd, with-
out teeth; very suKill, about 2(10 in the course of the lat-
eral line; species not aiuulromous, spotted witli red or
gray Salvkmnub, 152.
13§.— MICROSTOinA Cuvier, ''
(Cuvler, R<"^gne Anim. ii, 1817: typo Gaatcropdccus microstoma Hiaso = Microstoma ro-
titnaatnm liisso.)
Body eloiigiitc, cyliiiflrieiil, covered with large, tliin, silvery scales.
Iloiul short. ;Mouth very small, terminal; premaxillaries very small;
maxillarles very short and broad, not extending to the front of tho very
large eye, which forms more than half the depth of the side of the head.
Lover jaw and vomer with a narrow series of line teeth; no other teeth.
Dorsal lln short, inserted before or behind the ventrals, which ai'c behind
Jinll. Nat. Mus. No. 10 10
i'i,\
f' ,
-r,.
.^
i- iil
Ii
M h
w
'.,.'
■ ,1 »\
20O CONTIUIIUTIONS TO NOliTll AMIillllCAN ICHTlIYOLOaY — IV.
tlio middle oi'tlic body; iiiial fin sniidl; ciiudid niii.iII, foiUrd, its i'(>ii||j,]
psirt HCid.v ; poctoiiil ijUImt iiiinow; iidii»o.s(^ ilii Niiiall, fViiij»<'d, present
in Ihr .voiinjj^, Itnl u.'^tiiill.y disappt'ininix with UfH'. niJincIiioNtr;;id,s.'l()|.|
l\s(Mid(>l»i;m('liiu» well d»'V(>Iopod. Air-bladdciliirfic, Kihi'iy. }iu pvloijc
<Mrc:i ; niiicoii.s nuMnlunnoorstoinacIi papillose. AtlanticOccati, in (K'lp
Avators. (,'tu/jo;, small; frrfJ,"", moutli.)
411. ITI. (;r4i>iilnii«li<>iiiii IJcinli.
"Tliis fish appears to be intermediate" bi>t\voen ArtjcniiiKi and Mirm-
nfoiun, liavinj»" the <lorsal fin ins«Mtetl for the }j:ieater part iu advance of
the vontrals, and a series of nin» tetith in tlic lower Jaw. T«'eth on lli(>
vonier, none on the ton<»n«^ Adipose fin eonspieiions. The hei>;Iit of
the body is one-half the lenf>th of the head and om>tenth of the Iota!.''
Jt. .'I; 1). 11; A. 10; V. 10. {(iiintlirr.) (Jreenland.
(.yicrostomtin ffriiiil(nt<Urit.s Ri'inl\. Vulciisk. Heluk, Niilnrv. MiiMioin. AriiiiiKll. viii
1H41, Ixxiv; (iiinther, vi, \»tlf).)
Form and dentition of Tlinft'ichtlit/M. No trace of scahvs in tlu^ known
cxanjples, whieh are iinnuilnre. l>«»rsal tin well backward over ventmls,
its insiM'tion nearer the tip of the eandal than the snont; adipos<> I'm lonj,'
and low, its heij^ht mneh less than the len;;th of its base, its base little
hhoiter than that of the «lorsal; p(M't»>ral rays in Inerc'ased nnnil)ei;
anal moderate. I'sendobranehiju well developed. Bram^hiostef^als 1).
Vylorie caim'u 4. ^
4'3'JI. HI. villosHM (MiilUr) Cuvier (.i/(>MH,7).
Translneent whitish; a silvery lateral strip<^; npper rt'fjfions closely
pnnctate. I'ye a little shorter than snout, 4 in head. ]\Iinnto teelli n\
both jaws; mid»lle of tongue rouj^h; maxillary reachinfj front of i)n|)il.
Ventrals and pectorals about eipial in leuf^lh to the lonj^'est dorsal ni.v.
Avhich is 7 times in lenjjth of body; ventrals inserted below (Irsl niy of
dorsal, not reaehitiij vent ; sjjaee between dorsal and adipose (In two-
thirds len<;th of head; lenjjth of adipose tin more than twice its height.
two thirds base of anal. Head 4; depth (>. D. I'J; A. 21 ; V. 8; P. 1(1.
L. 4 inches. Behring's Straits. Probably developed scales wlieii adult.
*As thrso pajijes are passin^j through tlie i)ros8, we learn from Dr, Penii flint flio
finli lioi-e (K'seri 1)0(1, coUei-tetl by liim in Ht'liiijifj;'H St.ruilH, in not u distinct (jfi iiiis aiil
ppecit's as at tii-st. Hnj)i)o.se<l, bnt the jonn^ of MaHolun rillonuH. We tlu'rel'oro snp-
pre8s the ]>roposed senerie und Hpeoille iianiea, letting IhodeHcription remain, it beiiiy;
t«H» late to oaneel tho latter.
46. SALMONIDiE THALKICIITHYS.
140.-]?IAI.M>TIIS Cuvior.
291
> 1 1
Capel
intt.
(CiiviiT, Uf'jiiio Aiiiiii. IHOT, vA. 9, ii: typi' Clniwa riUma Mllllm.)
I'iddy cloii^iili', <'()mi>r<'ss((l, covrrcil willi niiniitc NoilrH, a IhumI (»f
wliit'Ii, ii'><>v<>, tlu^ hilrrnl liiu^ arid nloii}; oacli sido «»r tlio, liclly, iirc, cu
liii'M'd, and ill niiiliiro iniil(>H IIh'.v Ix'coiiiccIoiit^'iitr-liUKM'oliitr*, dciiHely
imliiiciilvd, with IVcr, inojccliii}; ijoiiils, foniiin^ villoiiM baiidH. In very
(lid iiiaU'M tlui HcaU-H of tlxi bark aiMi holly ai'<> HJinilarly iiiodirnd, and
tlio top of the Junul an«l the rayn of tlio i)aii«Ml flnn an- lincly jrraini-
liitcd, Monlli latlit^' largo, tho maxillary tliin, extending t(» below the
iiii([(II(^ (»f tlio largo eye. Te<^tli minute, forming Hingle w^ieH on the
j)i\vs, vomer, palatineH, and j)t(MygoidH| lingual te<',tli Homewbat en-
liir}i<'d, in an elliptical i)at(di. Lowi^r jaw lU'ojecting. DorwaJ iiiKorted
over ventralM. Hranebio.stegals H-IO. Lower fins very large. INre-
torid Hum larg(\ horizontal, with very broad base, tln^r rays in increaHcd
iiumlit^r (1(>-L*0), rNeiuhdnanehia', (]uit(^ small. (lillrakerH long, slen-
(Icr. Tylori*'. edM'a 0, small. Ova very snuill. Marine Hpecjies of the
North Atlantic; and I*aeiti(^ (/u/JAwroi;, villous.) ;•'
III
i ' i
4r«. jW. Vlllosiis (Milllt'i) CnvitT.— f'rt/>«7iM.
Dusky olivac('«)us al)ove, grayish silvery on sides and below. If<!ad
1(111^', pointed. IJaseof anal in mah^s eompnvssed and prominent; p<'c-
torals reaching more than half way to vent ra Is, the latter to anal. Eye
lar;,M', l\^ in head. Head 4.^ in length; depth about 0. 1). 12; A. 18.
liiit. I. c'fl. 150. Greenland to (Jai»e (Jod and Alaska; abun<lant north-
ward.
{CUqwa villom Mllllcr, Prodr. Zool. Dhii. 1777, 245; dlintlior, vi, 170.)
i.: i»U.'
! . urn
111.-T1IAM:I€IITIIYS Giriml.
' J^nlachon.
'V#
(fllrnnl, tT. fl. Vnc U. H. Surv. Fisli. lHr)9, :i25: typo ThaMrhlhjn stcrenni Gnl.-^.9rt7mo
paiifivuH Iticli.)
This genus is intermediato between MallotUH and (jHmctns, difU'erifig
from the hittt^ in its rudimentary dentition. All the teeth arc very
Iwble, sleiulor, and deciduous, although occasionally present on all th«
hones of the month. No i)ermanent teeth on the tongue. The scaleH
arc iinich smaller than in Osmerus, and more closely {wlherent; larger
tliiiu iu Mallotm, and similar iu tUo two sexes. The coloration is dusky.
r-
i*
292 ('ONTinHlTIONS to NOUTII AMKllICAN HMITHVOLOOY — W^
►"^m.ili flslios of i\w Xordi PikmIIc, iMMHiM'Unl»I«» for lliriroxtrcino oilinpsf^
WIh'ii «lii('«l {|h\v bnni lilu» n fiiiMlIc [OdXetn^ rieli; (;f''(K, (InIi.) • ; ;
!|.!
■•Tr. T. |>JU«lll««H«(HiHi.)Of«l.— /■;«^^.7lml,• ffimf^^A.
Color wliito, s<'i»nM'ly Hilvory; tipiu-r royions nMulcMcil dnrU iron j^uiv
by tlio ticcnniiiliitioii ol' <liirK |inn«liiIiiti«tnN. Jloily ijitlicr rlon^ai,.
hIoihUm', i\n«l Iivsm ooinprosMcd (liiiii in Osmrnts. Ih'iul lonjj, Itlnntcr
Hum in Uppomtsiis pirfiosvs, loss «'oni|»n\s,s«M|, luoiulof, iind nioi(> ((ni-
vox sjbovo, INIonlli Isn-^o, Hio nnixillury rnllnM' niirrow nnd lonjf, n-acli.
inj; boyoiul tho niiddlo oC llio liilln'r Nninll ry^i*; lowor jaw proioclinj/.
OpiMolo with s(ronj4 I'onoiMilvio wlriio. (iill inKtMH nninorons, rallicr
long and Hlond<M\ Vonliids Isjijio, innoilod JumI in front of dorsa!
rsontbdmun'liiio snnill. Ilond I'j'; dopjli <5. H. S; D.ll; A.LM; I'.n.
\.M. 1. 7."»; pyloric «'o>oii II; vorlobra* 70. it. 12 iiu'lios. Oroyon lo
Alaskii, !is<'on«lin|ij tlio rivors in on«»nnon8 nnnd)ors in (lie Hprin/jf. An
cxcollont piin-lisli. nnsnn)nK.sod in «l(>lionoy ol' IIohIi.
(SrtUno {}faUohiyl) prtcilhu!* IvM.IhuiInoh. I'jinim Mm. Aiiicr. lit. 'iQ(\: ThdUhhlhyt
tttventii U'm\Vi\, l'. S V-.w. U. \i. .Sinv. I'InIi. :Wr>; (iiliilln>r, vi, KiH.j
lia. 0«:»lKlflIN I-innanis
(Ar1c«1i ; T,inii«MiH. Sysl. Nul. : ty\)(^ Snhno rpcrhinHnJu) ^
Body olonjialo, oonipix'ssod. Ilo^d long, pointod. T\routli wide, tlio
slondor maxillary oxiondinji" lo past Iho nnildio ol' (bo oyo; lowor jaw
pn^joj'linji'. Proorbilal and suborbital bon<'s innrow. Maxillarios and
prouiaxillarios wilb lino t<»olli: b»wor Jaw with huuiII to(»tli, wliioli an^
Uirgor post<Miorly: loufiuo with a I'ow ulroFiy', t'aniu liko loolh, larjicst
attluMij>: hyoid bono, voumm, palalinos, ami ploryjioidn with wide set,
tooth, ((ill rakors lonji and sloudor. Ibanohioslofials S. Stialos lar;i(>,
looso, 00-70 in tho oonrso of Iho laloral litu». l)oi\sal .snudl, about mid-
way of tho bo«ly, ovor tho voalrals; anal rathor louj;. Vorlobno about
(U). Pyloric ou'ca snudl, fow. JSiuall lishos of Iho coasts of ICuropo and
Northern Aniorica, sonu^linuvs ascon<lin}; rivers. Thoy arc couNidoraldy
valued as food. (oV/'jj/x'c, odon)ns; tho name is equivalent lo the Muj;-
lish "smelt".) , _„..
<i. Voiuor with a oroavS-sorlos of «niall toctli ; spooloa «pn\vnh\g In iho noa.
41», O. IhnlrU'lilliyH Ayros.
Olivaooons, sides silvery and souunvhat translucent. Body conipani-
tivol^v deep and compivsscd. llead rather short and deep, the niaxil-
40. SALMONID/T: — ohmkrda.
2<J3
)„|.y bnijul, Its vi\ti(* Hfifuiffly rnrvcMl, oxtpmliii/; to ofiposito poHtcriof
niiu'tri" <•' 1»ii|»il. l*i«Mn!iAilliiry '>ii ihci lovcl of npiMT p.iit ol' ptipil.
Miin<lil»l«' |ir(ti('('tiii]if, ilH tip sjumc.wIihI ciiivimI iiiiwnnl. I'i.v«i lorit;«'r
tliiin Kiioiit, i ill licad. Fiim lii^'li, tlir prctonilH iikidiII.v r<>iichiiiK vcn-
traH, iind tli<^ vcittnilH to ntiiil ; niui) roicliiti;; )il>otit to riiiidiil. Toctli
\v(>iik; iniixillnry to«'tli Hniicrly viNiMc. FIcimI 4A; «I<'|)tli r»,;i. I». f); A.
IS; I*. II. liiit. 1. <I0. L. IMiichcH. I'ucillc cuiiHt iroiii 8uii i'mncisco
iiorlliwiinl ; nitluT cotiiinoii.
(A.vri'H, rio(!. Cat. A.-fi.l. Naf.. Hci. IWiO, (12; (IIIhUkt, vi, 1(W.)
Ift). O. nttoiiiiatii*! l<<irkiiiKiiiM.
(iriM'iiiHJi, hhIch Hilvcry. Body ('loii<r!it(', ('ompn'NHcd. Ilciul raflicr
loiifT, Homcwliiit poinliMl; niiixilliiry rxicndintj \mHt pupil; lower jaw
prKJccliii^r; iiiiixilliiiy riiflicr niur<»\v, iJKhi convex. OiilliiH', of hotli
jiiwH m'iirly Hlrnijilit, Iomm nirviMl tliiiti in (f. (hakivhIhijH. Tcf^Mi on
(tiiiK'K*^ strong- tuit. tiiii(;li Hiiiiillcr tliaii in (). viordnx; teeth on niaxil-
lary conHpiciiotis; front of bolli jawH with rather wtronf^ teeth; pahv-
\m liH'lh variable, nNiially slron;^. lOye hiv\H'^, 4 In head. V'mn low.
IVcloralN not. reaehin;; venhalw, nor ventralw anal, nor anal to eandal.
Ilciid ti; depth (1. I). 10; A. 15-17; W II. liai. I. (»r.. \>. 10 inehe.s.
('(laHtof (Jalifornia; not rare. Very close to 0. tlialvivhlhyH, but proba-
bly (li.stinet.
(I.ockinjrt.oii, Pioc. n. H. Nat. Miih. 1HH(», (10.)
nil. ViMiicr willi '2-1 Htroii^ faiif{-lik<! if«(li ; himmIi's aHcomlhig livcrH,
4N0. O. Iliordiix {MUch.) {i\\\.—Amvrlvan Smelt.
Transparent jifreetiish above, wilvery on Hides; body and fins with
som(> diirk pnn(^tidali(»iis. Hody rather Ion;,' and slender. Ifead lar^e,
Avilli l,ir;x<' iiionth and slron;^er teeth than in the other species of the
p'iMis. Huiall tcM'th aIon;x I Imed^e of the. maxillary ; stronjf fan^ like
tct'tli on tonjj;ne and front of vomer; eardiform leeth on ])alatines. |>tery-
jjoid.s, and hyoiilbone; inandible wilh moderate teeth, ils tip i»roJe(;tinj?.
Scales deciduous. Dorsal tin rather posterior, the ventrals under its
front. Lower llns moderate, none reachitjj; the next behind it. (lill-
rakers two-thirds diameter of eye. Mead 4; depth (lA. D. 10; A. 15j
1\ I.'?. Lilt. 1. (iS. L. lij hudies. Atlantic/ <',oast from Vi:;i;inia iiorth-
wanl, enteriiif; streams and often land locked. Very close to tho
Kiu'opeau (). epcrhimis, but the latter has larj^er scales (Lat. 1. 00),
sliorter j^ill rakers, and rather weaker teeth.
{Alhrrinamnrdax Mitcliill, TraiiB. Lit. &IMiil.H»»c. N. Y. 1814, 44(5: Omnrruii viridcueent
Li! Suiuu', Joiiru. Acud. Nat. Scl. I'liiia. i, 2;J0: (hmvrus viridcHccns (iUiither, vi, 1(57.)
IM
:J^
I;
'f :i,
?*'■:
294 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOQY — IV.
Var. spc(;ti'UEn Copo. — Wilton Smell. ' •
Slender. Dead short, with very large eye, and short mouth and iii;ix.
illary. Maxillary not extending beyond middle of pupil. Eye 3 in hciid.
Head4|' depth 8 J. D. 10; A. 15; Lat. 1. OG. L. transv. 10. Small.
Wilton Pond, Kennebec County, ]\Iainc; land-locked in fresh watiT.
{Cope.) " '^:' ■•■■'>.--■'■•■:;'':••■.-■'■•■■ -cv -' ■■■■yy-v
{Osmvi HH »pcctrum Coi)c, Proc. Auicr. Phil. Soc. Phil:i. 1870, 490.)
Var. abltOtCi C(>p(5. — Cobcssicontic Smelt.
Stouter. Eye smaller. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of jinpii.
Eye 4^ in bead. Head 4^ ; depth 7. Lat. 1. 08. L. transv. 10. Land.
locked in Cobessicontic Lake, Kennebec County, Maine. {Cope.)
{Osinerua abbolii Cox>*5» Proc. Aiuer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 490.)
481. O. dentex Steindaclmor. ^
Dark brown above ; sides silvery or golden ; head and body with dark
points. Eye two-thirds length of snout. Teeth as in 0. eperlanun and
0. mordax; maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye, its length live
times in distance from tip of lower jaw to dorsal. Height of dorsal half
length of head; heightof anal two si venths. Head 4; depth 5|. D. 10;
A. 13; y. 8; Lat. 1. GO; L. transv. i^. . Port Clarence, Alaska, to north-
ern China. {Bean, MSS.)
(Steiudacliuer, Sitzuugsb. Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wion, 1x1, 1870, 429.)
143.— HYPOmESUS Gill.
:f '-'--._ • Stir/ Smelts. , • '. v
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18{)2, 1G9: type Argentina pretiosa Grd.)
Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with thin scales
of moderate size. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, forniod as
in ArgyrosomuSj the shortish maxillary not extending quite to middle of
eye; its outline below broadly convex, lower jaw projecting. Teeth
minute, on jaws, vomer, palatines, pterygoids and tongue. Ventrals
inserted directly under middle of dorsal, midway between eye and base
of caudal. Branchiostegals 0-7. North Pacific. (6-w, below; pi/yo;,
middle; in a^^'ision to the position of the ventrals.)
4§a. H. preJiosus (Grd.) Gill.— 5it»/»S/He/f,
Light olivaceous; a silvery band along the lateralline. Eye as long
as snout, 4 J in head. Fins low, the longest dorsal ray 8 in lenj^th,
■without caudal; pectorals scarcely reaching half way to ventrals, 7
46. SALMONIDJE — ARGENTINA.
295
in lenstli of body; ventrals not reacliing vent, their length S\ in body.
Ucatl U', depth 4^1 D. 10; A. 15; P. 14; V. 8; Lat. 1. 70. L. 12
inelR'S. Piicilic coast, from California northward; abundaiit, sj»a\vninff
in the surf. A very linn-lleshed and fat little tish, scarcely inferior to
tbc cula<;hon. , .
(Anjiiil'tiia jirdiosa Gnl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. \S'A, lof): Omnerua preVioswa
Giriinl, U. S. Pac. 11. R. Surv. Fish. 324 : Oamerus danijatua Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci.PliilJi- If^H 17.) ^ ■ ;. r
4§3. II. oSodiis (Pallas) Guiither. '-^
Darker. Fins higher, the longest dorsal ray C in length of body;
pectorals reaching two-thirds the distance to root of ventrals, their
leniith a in body ; ventrals in length of body. Lat. 1. 5G-()0. Alaska
and Kiimtschatka, spawning in fresh-water ponds. {Bean, MSS.)
{Salmo (Oamtrus) o?kZ«» Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. As, iii, 1591; Giintber, vi, 169, iu jiart.)
141.— ARGEWTIl^A Linnffiiis. . »
Argentines. -V
(Artedi; Linnajns, Syst. Nat. : type Argentina Hphyrcena L.)
Body oblong, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are
often rough with spinous points. Mouth small, the maxillaries very
short, not reaching to the eye. Eye very large. Jaws toothless; an
arclu'd series of minute teeth on the head of the vomer and on the fore
part of the palatine ; tongue typicallj-, with a series of small curved
teeth on each side. Dorsal iin short, in advance of the ventrals. Cau-
dal lin deeply forked. Eggs small. Fishes of the deep waters of the
Korth Atlantic and Mediterranean, never entering fresh waters. (Latin
argent itm, a'dvev.) ■, .■
* Scales more or less rough. (5i7«» Rciuhardt.*)
I§4. A. syrfCMsimn Goode &. Bean.
Body compressed. Ilead not quite twice as long as deep. Snout
nearly 3i iu head. Insertion of dorsal midway between snout and adi-
l)Ose flu; ventrals under last ray of dorsal. Scales very large, cycloid,
covered with minute asperities; a median row of scales along the back
and the belly. Color olivaceous; sides silvery. Head 4^; depth 5J.
15. G; D. 12; A. 13; V. 14; scales 3-G0-4. L. 17 inches. Sable Lslaud
Bauk, in deep water. - — '-■ " - - :- ^ ' .
(Goodc & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 2()1.)
*Kciiibardt, Beniiiikn. til den Skand. Ichthyol. 11: type Salmo ailus Ascaniua.
(From the Norwegian name Vas-Sil, said to mean rough barring.)
■i.V
mM
^1
m
296 CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
ia4.-EI¥PClALO.^'£:DnUS Goodo.
(GoiKlc, Pioc, U. S. Nat. Miia. 188U, iii, 4«3: typo H. vhahibeius Goodo.)
JJody sub terete, covered with lulbeient rouj-b-pectiiiate or ctenoid
scales. .Mouth riither hirfie, the niaxillary reuehiug to beyond front of
orbit; lower jaw iHoJeetiuj^. Teeth on jaws, small, sharp; toii<rii(.
smooth. Dorsal in Irontof ventrals. Otherwise essentially as iu Arf/en.
Una.. Deep sea. {Jjifu'/.n^^ under the sea; h'^^o/iu^^ dweller.)
485. II. cBialybeiiis Goode. , ....,,.,,
Grayish, mottled with brown; scales metallic oilvery. Body plunii)
terete. Maxillary broad and flattened posteriorly, extending? to iroiit
of pupil, its lenj^th 2'^ in head. Interorbital space broad, 4 times the
diajueter of eye. Scales arranged in regular transverse rows, overla])
ping in such ii manner as to resemble obli(iue plates on the sides. Lat-
eral line i)rominent, straight. Insertion of dorsal midway between peo-
toralN and ventrals, or snout and a<lipose fin; pectorals long; ventrals
under middle of dorsal; caudal forked, llead 4; depth 4. D. 11; A.
8; r. 17 or 18; V. 9 or 10; Lat. 1. 62. Deep sea, off the coast of lUiode
Island.
(Goodo, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18S0, 484.)
n
146.— COBEGOIVUS Luinicus.
Wlute-Jish.
(Artedi; LiinitDnH, Syat. Nat. : type Corcgonus lareretiis L.) . ; ,1, »
Body oblong or elongate, compressed. Head more or less conic, com-
pressed, the form of the snout varying considerably. Mouth small, the
maxilhay short, not extending beyond the orbit, with a well-develoi)e(l
su])i)le:m'ntal bone. Teeth extremely minute, if present. Scales mod-
erate, thin, (myeloid, ra.ther tirm. Dorsal lin moderate; caudal lin deeply
forked; anal lin somewhat elongate; ventrals well developed, rseiulo-
braucI'i;o large. Gill-rakers varying from short and thickish to voiy
long and slender. Air-bladder very large. Stouiach horseshoe-shapi d,
with many (about 100) pyloric cuica. Ova small. Species about 40, in-
habiting the clear lakes of Xortheru Europe, Asia, and America, in
Arctic regions descending to the sea. Most of them spawn in late fall
or winter near the shore, at other seasons often frequenting consider-
able deptlis. The gronj), as here defined, includes a number of sections
characterized by minor modifications of strncture, some of which liavo
been considered as genera. It seems to ns that the number of distinct
species has been overestimated by i)revious writers, and that the geo-
graphical range of each one is much wider than has hitherto been
'•' '.
46. SALMONID.E — COBEGONUS. 297
m'licr.illy supposed. The species arc liiy;lily Viilued for food, tbo flesh
luiii" jieiK'iiilly palo and of flue flavor. The coloration is very iiui-
Ibriii; bhiish olivaceous above; the sides and below sflvery. («<',v''J>
the temples; j-tuv^?, an;;le.) , ... ... • .^
Xliis {ieiuis niiiy be subdivided as follows:
»L(nvc'r.j.i\v iuchulcd; proiuuxilliuics broail, placed vcrticjvllyor tho lower edgo tiiruod
inward.
tGill-i'iili*''*' "IxTtj tliickisli, few in iininl»or; preorbif il broad, wider than pn[)il ;
maxillary sliort and ratlier broad, not reacbi:);^ to tlm liiU' of tlie eye; the
Biiiall supplementary bone mostly nurrow and .sharply ellii)tieal ; montli very
small (Pkosopiitm Mllner) coMf«i, wUliainxnni, quailrilateraUn, kennicotll,
ttGill-raker.4 numerous, lonj^, and slender; preorbital Ion.; and narrow; maxillary
comi)aratively lon^, the Hupplemental bone ovate. (CouiXio.NL'.s.)
J Tongue too; liless, or nearly so ; back elevated cliipe'iformis.
Jf'fouguo with about three series of small teoth; body elongate, compressed.
hibradoricns.
Itt Tongue nearly toothless: back not elevated hoyi.
••Lower Jaw projecting; iireinaxillarii's narrow, placed more or less horizontally.
§ Uody ehmgate, subfnsiform; scales small, uniform, convex behind (Auc.viso-
soMfS Agassiz) merki, arttiU, ti\<ir\[nnim.
{^HJody short, deeji, compressed, s!iad-likt>; curve of tho back simi!:ir to (hat
of the belly; scab's large, larger ft>rwards, rather closely imbricated, tho
posterior nuirgin little convex (Allosomus Jordan) tttllibcc,
•Lower jaw included; preniaxillarios broad, placed vertically or turniid inward.
tGill-iakers short, thickish, few in number; preorbital broa<l, wider than pupil;
miiKillary short and rather broad, not reaidiing to the liiuv of the «\ve; tho
small .supi>lementary bone mostly narrow and sharply elliptical; mouth very
small. (iVo8o;>j«m* Milner.)
4§6. C. coaicsi Milner. — Chief Mountain TJldte-fiHh.
Head narrowed anteriorly, the snout prolonged, jiig-like, protruding
beyond the mouth. Maxillary 4 in head, barely reaching eye. Sub-
orbital and supraorbital wider than in the other species. Depth 41 in
kngtli ; length of head abont tho same ; body therefore elongate, not
elevated nor much compressed. 1). 12; A. 10; scales 8-88-7. Chief
Moniitaiu Lake, Montana, a tributary of the Saskatchawan. Very close
to the next, if really ditterent; the head and mouth larger in the single
specimen known. ■
(Milner, Kept. U. S. Fish Com. 1872-'73, 8S: Prosojnuni cohcsi Milnor, in Jordan, ilan.
Vert. ed. 2, 3G2.) .
48?'. C. WaflBaamsoni Girard. — nocky Mountain White-fish. lili^'L
Ijody oblong, rather deeper than in C. qiiadrilatcralis, but little com-
pressed. Head shortish, conic, tho proflle more abruptly decurved
than in the others. Snout compressed and somewhat pointed at tip,
which is entirely below the level cf the eye. Maxillary short and very
* Jliluer, in Jordan Man. Vert. ed. 2, 301: type C. qnudrilateralia Rich. {Tpoau-elov,
"mask; from tho broad preorbital.)
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298 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIiYOLOGY — iv.
broiul, reaching just about to the anterior margin of eje ; therefore
apparently longer than in the next, owing to the shortness of the snout.
Maxillary contained 4 times in the length of the head ; mandible 3 times.
"Mouth inferior. Eye 45 in head. Adipose tin very large, exteiidin.f
behind anal. Depth 4 "^ in length; head 4*3. D. 11-14; A. 11; scales
8-74 to 88-7. Gill-rakers short and thick, shorter than pupil ; about
10 below the angle. Clear streams and lakes from the llocky Mount-
aiws to the Pacitic; abundant in the Sierra. Nevada. An excdleut
food-lish ; variable.
(Giraid, I'loc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185G, 133; Giiutlior, vi, 187.)
488. C. qaiattriiiltcralas Richardsou. — rUot-Jinh; Mcnomonec WliUc-fish; Shad
i I « iter; Jio tin d-Jtuli.
Body elongate, not eknated nor much compressed, the bade rather
broad, the form more terete than in any of the other species. ]\IoutIi
very small and narrow, inferior, the broad maxillary not reacliint,' to
opposite the'eye, C^ in head. Head long, the snout comi)resse(l and
bluntly pointed, its tip not below level of eye; proHle not str()ii,i;ly de-
curved. Preorbital wider than i)upil. Mandible originating under mid-
dle of eyt '^i i'.i head. Adipose tin small. Gill-rakers short and stontish,
but rather longer than in C. wiUlamsoni. Ilead 5 in length ; (lei)tli 4],
D. 11; A. TO; scales 0-80 to 9t)-S. Color dark bluish above, siiveiy
below. Lakes of New llanipshire, IJi)per Great Lakes, uorthwestwuid
to Alaska; abundant in cold, deep w..ters.
(Richardson, Fninldin*H .Tourn. 18*^3, 714; GiinlluT, vi, lt(): Coirtjonnn iiom'-aiHiluT
Piescott, AiU'-r. Jo'U'u. Sci. Artsxi, U42, 1H51: Voregonna wuw-aiKjliai Oiiulher, vi, IfO.)
4S0. C koiinicotti Milnor, MSS. xji. nov.
Body oblong, elliptical, the back not greatly elevated. Head very
p.hort and deep, the snout bluntly deeurved and not projecUn;^, tlio
depth of the head at the nape greater than the distance from the end of
the sntmt to the opercular margin. ]\Iouth not inferior, the jaws almost
eqn.d; maxillary extremely short and broad, not quite reaching to the
eye, its length 5,'. in head, its supplemental bone broad-ovate, Imiadcr
than in eJitpciformis. Gill rakers as in C. qiKulrilnlcrolis. Proinbital
rather broad. Color pale, as in chipeiformis. Uead 5.^ in lengtli. D.
11; A. i;{; scales 10-00-10. Types Koa. 8971 and OOtH) of the T'nitod
States National IMuseuni froai Fort Good Hope, British America, and
Yucon liiver, Alaska, :ci>j»ectively. A strongly marked speiies, well
distinguished among tho American forms by the very obtuse head, Imfc
perhaps identical with some Siberian species.
„^P
•4!^
46. SALMONID^ — COREGONUS.
209
ffGill-rakcrs nnniorous, long and slendor; preorbital long iviid narrow; niaxillarios
comparatively long; t!io snpph'ini'ntal bono ovate, rather broad. {Core(fonu8.)
t Tongue toothless, or uearly so; back elevated.
4<»0. €. eiupciformas (Mitch.) Milucr. — Common White-finh.
Boily oblonjf, c()ini)resso(l, always more or less elevated, and boeoinii)<;"
notably so in the adult. Ilead comparatively small laid short, the snout
bliuitisli, obliquely truncated ; tip of snout on level of lower edge of
])i,l)il; width of preorbital less than half that of pupil. Maxillary
reaching past front of orbit, about 4 in head. Eye large, 4-5 in head.
Gill rakers iuoderate, % diameter of eye, about 20 below the angle.
Color olivaceous above; sides white, but not silvery; lower tins some-
tiuies dusky. Head o; depth 3-4. D, 11; A. 11; scales 8-71-9. L. 20
inches. Great Lakes and northwa;** ; the best known and most highly
valued of the American white-lishes. This species, like others of wide
distribution, is subject to considerable variations, dependent on food,
waters, etc. Feeds on nuuute organisms.
(Salmo chipeiformix Mitchill, Anier. Month. Mag. ii, 321, 1818: Comionm aUiux Lo
Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1, 2'M, 1818 : Corcnonns «//>«» Giinlher, vi, 184, and
of iiitlliDrs geniirally: Corcjonns riclumhoid Giinther, vl, 185: CoretjonnH ^iapidinximits
GiiullK'r, vi, 18t): Coiwjoiihh liilior (.{".mther, vi, 18G: Core<joHm olHttjo, (ho " Ot.si'go Lake
13ass'", DcWitt Clinton Med, «fe iMiil. llegister, iii, 188.)
tt Tongue with about three series of small toeth; body elongate, couipressiMl.
491, C IsilbradOlicUS Rich. — " IVIiUing" ; Musquaw Eiver While finh.
Body rather elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. ITead
rather long and slender, compressed. Mouth rather small, lite jaws
equal, the maxillary reaching to the front of the i)upil. ]\Iaxillary
bone broad, rather short, its supplementary j)ieco ovate. JMandible
reacliing middle of eye. Eye large, 4j] in head. Supraorbital bone
narrow. (1 ill-raker;} ratlier long. Bluish black abov<i, silvery below;
scales with dark punctulations; fins all dusky. Dorsal fin high in
I'lout, the last rays short. Head tr] ; depth 4;\. D. 11; A. 11; scales
9-SO-S. L. 12 inches. Great Lake region to the lakes of the Adi-
loudaeks and White Mountains, and northeastward ; generally abun-
dant in cold, dear lakes.
(Ivi hurtlson, Fauna IJor. Anier. iii, 20!5, 18.'W; Giinlher, vi, 17U: Corcgonuf ncohan'
toiiicmia I'roMcott, Ainer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, xl, 34*«J, Ibul.)
tttToiigno nearly toothless; buck not eh>vatcd.
40'!, C lioyi (Gill") Jorduvi. — Lake Moon-ojr; ( inco of Lake Michifion.
llody rallier elongate, compressed, the back somewhat elevaled-
Head rather long, in form iutormediate between Corcgonm and Ar<j>jro-
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300 COXTUIUUTIONS TO NUUTll AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOOV—lv.
somiia. l\r<)iilli rntluT lurpfc, icriniiiiil, tlu» lower Jaw rvhU'iitly Nlu)ii(.|.
tliiiii npiMM, cvni wluMi tiioinoiilh i,s<i|)«'n; tijioi' inn/./h^ I'lillici' lilmiilv
tnmoatc; maxillary rcacliiiifx 1<> opposite iiiiddh* of pupil, about .'! ji,
luMul ; iiiaiulihlo exlemliii^j: to posterior inaij^in of pupil. >Siipiaurliit;||
uiul prc'orhital narrow. lOye very lar^e, .'<] in head, 'rou^nc widi
traces of teeth. (Jillrakers sh'uder, ahout -."> l»>low I!h^ aii^-le, r;i|||(.|.
lonji', nearly us loiijj: as eye. Psendohraneliia' very lar^e. l-'inx |,,^v.
iVeo iuar;iiu of dorsal very oblique. Color bluish abov»', sides ami lie.
low vieh silveiy, brij;!;hter than in any other of our (Umijoni^ mukIi as ju
//,V'>f/'»" and Alhtda. Lateral line almost strai^jht. Ileadt^; depth t'.
I>, 10; A. 10; Si'a' >s T-Ta-T. h. IL' inches. Deep water.^of Lake :\lj,.||.
l}»an, Lake Onta. . , ami nei;;hborin}>' lakes; tin' smalh'st an<l IhhkI.
Komosf «U' our Congoni. It is intermediate in its relations between the,
typieal Corcifoni and Arfjifrosomus.
v.lr(7.v»uv()Hi»»» hotii (tiiil, MSS.) Miliior, Urpt. IJ. H. IMmIi (^oiii. lH7^>-7:i, HO, 1^74.
.lord in, M;m. \ .Tl. «>il. -2, 27ft.)
**l<ovvii :i\v ]»rttit'('(in;j;: )>nMiiaxilliirifs narrow, ]>I!1''(m1 more or Ichs liitii/diilMlly.
\Hli>(l\ (>loii)j;;i(t\ snltl'u«il'itiiii; .scales Niiiiil I, iiuirmiii, convex lt(>iiiii(l. (l/yiyro-
KOiniiM Ajjiissi/.')
40^. C. iiirrlii (itiir.
ISteel bluish above, with many dark points; belly white; dorsal iuiii
caudal mostly blackish; ju'ctorals and ventrals tippe«! with black; eye
blackish, the iris silvery. Hody ratluM" eloujjate, compresse«l, Imihh
of mouth as in C. ori<<li^ t\\o lowt'r jaw c<Misiderably proJeelin;»; max-
illary br<»ad, with ratlu'r broad suppIeuHMital bone, threi^ times as ion;^
as wide, extcMulinjj to middle of the very larjjt' eye, its lenj^th .'? in hc;;!l;
l)nM)rl>ital cxtrtMuely imrrow. Lenjjtth of mandible somewhat more than
least deptli of tail. Teeth iu>ne, or redaced t«) minute asperities 011
the ton^iu'. (Idl-rakers nmuerous, very loufjf an<l slender. Dorsul
very l»ij;h, mucli hi;;her than lon^, its last rays rapidly shortened, {\h>
first rays twice tin* length of base of tin; insertion of dorsal midwny
IkHwccu snout and middle of adipose tin. Caudal lar;;c, well forked;
anal small; vcijtral insert c«l under mitldle of dorsal, very lon^", t^; lcii,!4lli
of head; pectoral the sanie Icnjjth. Scales as in V. nrtvdi. Head a;
depth 5r;. Kye W in head. D. U; A. 14; V. 11; scales 7-.S0-S. I'.ehr
inj;\s Sea to the north shore of Siberia, ascondiuj? rivers; lately obtaiiiid
by Dr. Dean in Alaska.
(Salmo r/M;«'<»i«/«'« I'tillaH, Zot-.j^r, Uoh». Asiat. ill, -110; not CoirijonuH oliqH'imltn I.ii-
c^pfeilu; IJiinlbor, vi, lUft.)
•Agrtssiz, Lako Siiin»ri«r, ir»0, S;ft): typo Coreaonu^ diipri/ormit DeKay, uot of
Mili'hill, -=C'i>r<'i/OHW« urtedi Li> Sueui\ {iX/jyvpo?, silver; dCbfta, body.)
40. SALMONID^E — COKKOONUa.
301
401. <'. UD'(«mI8 Fii' Wiiciir. — Lnla^ Ifi'irin;/; Cisco; Mlvhiijan Herring,
IJody clout;)! t«', (U)iniu('.s.st'<l, not clcviilcd. Ilciid ('(mipicsscil, ijiUmt
poiiilcd. Moiilli liitlicr liir<jr<>, the, iiisixrlliiry n-uchiiifj iilumt l<» tlio
iiiidilh' of tlici pu|)il, iilxMit .'U ill liciad ; Mm; tiiiindihh* L'| in lioid. Pro-
or!»ilid botio lon;^ »>ii<l Niondcr; Hiil)()rl»ital broiul ; Hii|»raorhitiil m^iirly
lis loii.y; iiH <'.V(', iilxml, 4 limes ns loti^ ns broiid. ICyo 4-5 in ImmuI.
fiill liilicrH very lon^j ntid Nh'iider, ii.s in rV/f/zm, ns \{n\>^ hm eye, LTj-'K)
lidlow tins aiijiilc. P.liiisli bliiiik or j^reenisli iibove; sides silvcu'y; KealeH
\viMi diii'k specks. I''ins nn»st!y piile, (ho Iowjm* ihisky tin;;ed. II«mi(1
4^;(lcplli l.j. I). 10; A. I'J; sciiles H-75 to 00-7. It. IL' inciies. (^lejit
liiilics Mild nordiwiird to Aliisksi and Tiiibriidor; v(^ry abiindiint, iiMiially
)'i(>i|iicMliii'; shiillow wiilers. In nuiiKtrous small lakes in Indiiiiia and
Wisciiiisiii (denevii, 'rippcciinoe, <)<u>iioino\vo(',, etc.) is tliCi modilied viir.
mv {.\v<jtjvoHnmi(H Hi)i('(i dordiin, Amcf. Nat. 1H75, 1.'30), wliicli lives in
the deep waters, eoniinj^ into sliidlowci- waters to spnwii in Deeember.
{('imijmmnrU'dl \a\ Hiuiiir, .loiini. Acai?. Nat. Sol. I'liilii. i,y;il, HtH: CurvfiomiHcliipd'
fiirmh* (lilntluT, vi, !!•-', iiinl of iiniily nil iiiilliois, I ml not So I mo chiiirifnniiin of Milcli-
ill; Siilmo ((''»>•(, '/<!»» hn) Ii <!)■<■ II 'i 111 Iiii'l.jvnJHCM, l''iiiiiiii. finr.-Amrr. iii, 'Jld: SkIiiih (t'oniiii'
nnn) /"'W'c* IMi^hnnlHoii, Kimmi lloc.-Ariior. ill, ^07: Coitijohiih liukliiH (lilnllior, vi, lUH:
Coirijiiii.iti hiireiiijUH HWuihfv, vi, lH >.)
(U>,t. i'. iiif;rrl|>iiiiiiN ((Jill) .h>r.—JUiir-/}ii ; lilaik-Jln.
r.edy slonl, rusirorin, compressed. Ileud stout. Montli lar^*', tlio
lower jiiw projeeliii}^. ICye nillier lar;^e, loii^jfcr tiian snout, iib(nit 4
ill lieiid. Teelli very iiiiiiiite, but appnu-Jabb^ on premnxillaries ind
(oimiie. (Jill inkers very numerous, loiijij nnd slender. (!oIor dark
Itlnisli iiliove; sides HJIvery, with dark piinetnlations; Tins all l)lue-
M;hK. Head I]; <leptli :V\. I). 10; A. 12; scales O-SS-7. L. 18
iiu'lies. Deep waters of Lake ]Mie,Iii;:aii ; locally abundant. Lar/^er
lliiiii most of I lie other (Jornpni. Known at oik^o by the black fins.
(AnjiirimmiiH iilnriiiinnh ((<ill, M.SS.) Miliicr, Kcpl. U. H. Finli (Jotii. |H7i>-'7:$. 87,
IH?:,; .loidiiii, Mini. Vi'il. M7:>.)
f\Itu(Iy hIiimI, ili'op, rompn'sn.Kl, .sliiid-liko; curve of tlin hack Hiiiiiliir to tluit of tho
Itclly; Hciilcs lar^^c, tiolahly liir^jiT forwiirds, rallifr cloHcly iinliiiciifcd, Mie
ixi.sti'iior maiyiii lilllo coiivfx. ( llloHoinuH .Joiduii.")
4»«. <'. flllliflM'C Uuh.'-riiUihifl; " Vnnurd U'liilr I'ish".
l)()dy short, d«'ei>, compressed, Hhad-lik**, the dorsal and ventral
curves similar. Caudal pediinch^ short and deep. Head coni<!, com-
inosKi'd, miicli as in C. nUjrijtlnniH. Month larfjf^, tlifi maxillary as \on^
•.lordini, Mail. Vort. mX. 2, 1H78, JJl: tyim VorryoiiuH litUibeo Rich. {u/l/lo5, ntbcFi
(lillVrcui; dibfia, body.)
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S!iy;-
302 CONTUinUTIONH TO NOUTU AMKUICAN ICIITlIYOLOaY — ly.
rts tho <\vo, (^xtondinji; piist tlio fnnit of fho [nipil, Uh Hupplcitiniliil i,„„„
lunrowly ovnlo, \villi pn»loii{r,M| )oiiil; jmavn rcptiil wImmi rIoscH. |i;y„
Itir^c, IIS long lis NiiDiit, 4>J in lioiul. Prcorltitiil iiiinow; Nnpnioi-liitui
cloti{::!it(\ rcctiinjirulju'. HciiIcn nnl(M'ioHy coiiNidwriiblv niljii^cd, flicjr
(liitinchM' liitir liirjL^iM' (liiin tl)(> iiiinn<>t(>r of (Iiomooii tlMM-iiinliil prdtinci,..
Color bIniNli iil»ov<>; h'uWh whilo, piinrliifo wHIi Otio tlotN; v.u'h nvwh
wiHi a silvory nron, Ihcst^ lormiiijij a Nt'iuvs ol' <liHliin't Ioiij;iiii(|i|,.||
Bcripos. lloiul 4; drptli .'{. I). 1 1 ; A. 1 1 ; H«'iiU«H .S-7 t-7. li. IS inclicH.
lirout Lalvos and norlliwiird. A liiindNonic and \V4>ll marked .sp(>ci(<H.
{Srthno (('(»m;rt»M.>t) InHihro MWh. Vnxiw.i nor.-Aiiior. iii, Wl, IKIOj Ollntlicr, vi, I'.i'j;
Ar<jyrosomufi tullihw ,)onh\x\, iMiiii. Vort. lUU.)
lit. TIIV!»I4I.M'N Cnvirr.
(irnjiling/i.
(Cuvior, l\i^!jn«' Anin<. <'<l. a, ii, IH'JO: (ypo Satmo ilnimaUiiH I,.)
11«)<1\ oblong, ooniprossod, lit(l(>(>lcv{itod. Uoad rallirr .sliorl. Mdiilh
niodoralo, ((Mininal, (ho .short maxillary «v\i«Miding pa.sl 1 ho iniddio of llio
largo «\vo, Itnt not to it.s postorior nnirgin. 'rcclh Nlcndcr and spiii\s(>(jn
tln> niaxillarios, pi»Mnaxillarios, and lo\v«'r Jaw; vomer Khorl, willi ;i
^<mall patch ot" tooth; t(>(Mh on tho palatin«»H; tongno toolhloss, or
uoarl.v fs»». dill «)p<>ning,s wido. nranohio.stogals 7 or M. (iill lakorM
Hhort and rathor utilV. Snhorbital and pioorUilal bonos narrow.
Soalos snndl and loost\ 75-100 in tho poav.so of tho latoral lim^ Dorsal
tin v<M\v long and high, mostly in advanoo of tho vontrals, of abont JO
mys; adiposo tin small; oattdal tin forUod ; anal tin Nmall, of IO~iri.
mys. Coloration brilliant, tlu> doivsal with wd or blno Np«>ts. rsou-
dobranohia* woll dovolopod. Air bhuhlor vory largo. Pyloric appoiid
agos abt)nt 15. lloantifnl lishos of tlu» frosh waters of northorn regions.
{(h'\naXXit(;^ tlio rirooU nanu» of tho (Jrayling, tho ll«h having tho odor of
thymo — Onuos.)
49T. T. sltfiiHVr Kioliiir«l8on.--.4mrficrt« OrajiUnrf.
Bmly elongate, compressed, highest nndoi the anterior portion of llio
dorsal, lleail rathor sliort, vsnbconie, compros.stMl, its ni)perontlin«M'oii-
tinnous with anterior enrvo of tho baok. Month moderate, tho iniixil
lary extendi iig to below tho middle of tho eye; jaWwS abont e(iu;il.
Tongue, in the yonng, with teeth which are usnally absent in the adult.
Eye quite largo, about l\ in head, ratln^r longer than snout, about c(pial
to tho intortu'bital sj^aco. Scales uunlorato, easily detached. Lateral
';?^'.v=.
40. SAIiMOMDyr. TirVMAfJ.US.
303
Ijiic ticiit'Iy Mfnii;:1i(. A Httiiill Itiiic s|i)i(;(^ bcliitid iMllnntis. Dorsal fin
lon^; »»<1 I'IK'^ it^ Icn^tli DitlH'i- ^icnlci- lliiiti Mi«^ <lt>pMi of lioily, it.s
]ii>iir|it viir.viii;^, ^:r(>atPMt in Mm^ iidiIcm; uili|ioH(', (in liilluT kiikiII ; iitiiil
jiii Kiiiiill- (lill t'iiUn's sIcikUm, Hliori, iilioiit' 11 Ix-low IIk; iiii^lc iUAar-
iiiiiiii Itrillhiiil, (in viir, trirolor) piirpi isli i^m'm.v; .yonn;;; Kilvrry; sides of
IicikI vvilli I>ri{j;:li4 MniHli nii«l bt-on/>(^ idh-clionH; hU\vh of lioily with
siiiiill. l»liH'K', Incfrnliir HpotH, nioHt, niinirronH |ioHl('ii«»ily in yonnj,' Hpj-ci-
iih'Iin; vcnli'jil lins oiiiiih*, dusky, willi dijij^'oiiiil ro.sc roI(»i«'(I Iiih'h; dor-
s;il willi It Idnclc line idon;^ its hiisc, (ln-n n roMocoloicd our, flu-n ji,
liliicKiHli one, llicn i'o,si>. coloicd, biiicliisli, nnd i'os(>. coloird, tlic. lust
siiipc conlinnod iih ii ntw of iqioln; iil)«i\«'i (lirw in u vow ofdiiNliy-^rccn
h|h(Im, flicn n nnv ol" minnto roso coloicd H[iots, Uicn a liroiid dnsky an-a,
tliciiiiililh^ part of Old (In tipped witli rose; atnd and adipoKc tinKdoHky;
(('iili.il rayH of rjindal ])ink, outer rjtyH dusky. Jlejid 4','; depth 4'r*,
I). L'O; A. II; HesdeH H~1HM>. !;. IH inelics. K<»rthern jMidii^'an to
'Idiilimii, nortliwjird to Ahiskii. and Iho Ar(!ti(; Ocaw, ahoundin;^ in
clcMr, cold HtreaniH in suiliibh^ loeutioiiH. ProlV'SHor Milner (Kept. IT. H.
I'isli Coin. ISTL'-T.'l, 740, rf Hcq.) r('(n>{;nlzeH thrcn distinet sp(>(.'i('H, which
Hi'cin to ns ratlior rh varieties of one HpecicH. These are —
I'Voia Uritisli Ain^^riea and AliMka. HaH the Hcah'W snialler, (Lat. 1.
!)S), file luiixillary shoiter, and the hea«l rather h-Hs thiin one tilth the
li'ii^tli; tlie dorsid rnyH are perhups more nnniennis, and the Un in the
mules iuiu^h hi;j[h(>r.
(I'oirnoifHH Hifiiilfir Ificii. l^iiiilttiii'H .Fmnn. 1H!jn, 711: Hnlmn (TInimnthiK) ni fvifcr
\\\A\. V;\\\\\i\ Hoi-.-AiiK!!'. iii, lUU; (iiiiitliiT, vi, yoa; Aliliitr, Jicjit. U. 8. JiMJi Com.
1M7^7;I, 7:h)
V;ir. Ii'irolor Cope. — MUhffan Graylhig.
i'loMi varionH Htreanm in the n<»rtliern part o{' tlie Kontlnrn peninsula
of Mi(lii};ini. Huh a lonj;('r Iieiid than tin', preceding, forming si little
more tlinii one-Urih the lengtli, and the 8uale« hirger, JKMIli in the lat-
(t.'l line.
(Thumillns Irirolor Tdpo, Troc. Arnd. Nftt. flcl. Phlla. 18(55,80: Thymnlhn IriroJor
Ciiiitlii r, vi, yoi : ThiimnUun Irimlor MiliuT, Itupt. II. 8. Fieb. Com. 1872-'?:«, TM, and
ol' liitii wiilt'iH on angliiiK ^♦'"•'''"'"y')
Yiir. ilioiitlllli'iN Milner. — Montana GraDUnrf.
From the headwaters of tlni Missouri. Simihir tu tricolor, T)ut has the
body deei»er, the (h'pth being about 4^ in the length.
{TliiimaUus viontanHH Mihicr, U('i)t. U. S, Tiab Com. l«72-73, 741, 1874.)
«** *
VI -^ki^-^
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ff
304 CONTKIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
148.— STCIVODVS Kichurdsoa.
Inconnus.
(Luciolnitta GiiJithcr,)
(Rlcliardson: typo Suhno markcnzii Ricli.)
IJody riither elon;;iite, littlo compressed. Head loiijf, tlie cleft of (1^.
mouth wide. Miixilhiry long', broad, lanceolate, exteiidiiij; far backwaid
lower jaw projectinj^ much beyond the upper. Dentition very feeble
the teeth extremely small ; maxillary toothless; vomer, palatines, and
tonyiic with narrow bands of mituito villiforin teeth. (Jill-rakers ri<M(l
awl-shaped, r()Uf;li interiorly. Branchiostegal^j 10. Pyloric c(pca in
great number. ])oisal fin moderate, over ventrals; anal rather loii"-
caudal forked. Scales moderate. Coloration silvery. JMijiratoiy trout
of large size, inhabiting the streams of Arctic America and Asia.
((Tr/v(*<r, narrow; oilobr, tooth.)
•19S. S. tnacIiCBlzui RiulKU'dsoii. — rnconnu.
l>ody elongate, subterete. Head long and compressed, with flattened
vertex. Eye moderate. rrooi)erclc much curved. Dorsal fin nearer
caudal than snout. Bluish above; sides silvery, as in the Comiuni.
Head lU. D. 10; D. l.'J; A. 15-, scales 11-100-10. Mackenzie\s liiver
and its tributaries.
(Stilmo i)virkfn:n Kiidiardson, Franlvliii's Jourii. 182',?, 707 : Luciolrittta muckcn^lci
Giiutlier, vi, KM.)
149.-ONCOKBIF«rCEIUS Suokloy.
Facijic Salmons,
(Siicklcy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1H;!1, 31-2: type Salmo itrouhn Rich.)
Body elongate, sublusiform or compressed. Mouth wide, the maxil-
lary long, lanceolate, usually exten«ling beyond the eye; jaws with
moderate teeth, which become in tlio adult male enormously eidarffod
in front. Vomer h)ng and narrow, flat, with a series of teetli bolh on tlie
head and the shaft, the latter series comparatively short and weak;
palatines with a series of teeth; tongue with a marginal series on each
side; teeth on vomer and tongue often lost with nge; no teeth on the
hyoid bono. Branchioslegals more or less increased in number. Scales
moderate or small. Dorsal fin moderate; anal fin comparatively elon-
gate, of 11-20 rays. Pyloric apjiendages in increased nnnd)er. Gill
rakers rather numerous. Ova large. Sexual peculiarities very stroii{j;ly
developed; the snout in the adult males in summer and fall greatly
distorted ; the prcmaxillaries j^rolonged, hooking over the lower jaw,
which iu turn is greatly elongate and somewhat hooked at tip; the
;. '^ -^46. SALMONID^ — ONCORHYNCHUS. 305
teetb oil these bones also f^reatly enlarged. The body becomes deep
and compressed f a fleshy humi) is developed before the dorsal fin, and
the scales of the back become imbedded in the llesh. The flesh, which
jg red and rich in spring, becomes dry and poor. Salmon, mostly of
large size, ascending the livers tributary to the i^orth Pacific in l^Torth
America and Asia, spawning in the fall. Only five species arc certainlj'
kuown. {oyo^, hook; /Jy;'/oc, snout.)
The species may be divided as follows :
•Gill-riikora comparjitively short aim fow (20 to 25 in number).
fl. Sciilos very small, moro than 200 in a lonj^itmlinal scries gorhischa.
aa. S(;alea medium, about 145 (138-155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric c(Eea about
150.
J). Anal rays 1:3 or 14 ; black spots small or obsolete. ; B. 13-14 kcta.
hi). Anal rays about IG; back and up^icr lins with black spots; B. 15-19.. c/iouicfta. -
aaa. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125-135) in a longitudinal series ; pyloric
Cd'ca 50-80 - i"(««/c/i.
♦'Gill rakers comp.aratively long and numerous (30-40 in number); scales large; lat.
1. about 130 nerka.
•Gill-nikors comparatively short and few (20-25 in number).
(1. Scales very small, moro than 2W in a longitudinal series.
493. O. gortouscha (Walb.) Gill & Jordan. — Ilumpbach Salmon; Iladdo; Holia;
Gorbuscha; Dog Sal::wn {Alanka),
Color bluish ; sides silvery ; back posteriorly, adipose fin, and tai-l
with numerous black spots; fall males red, more or less blotched with
brownish. Body rather slender, in the female plump and symmetrical,
in the fall males very thin and compressed, with the fleshy dorsal
hump much developed and the jaws much elongated, strongly hooked,
and with extravagant canines in front. Ventral appendage half the
IcDgtli of the fin. B. 11-12. Gillrakers 13 + 15. A. (developed rays)
15; D. 11; scales 215 (210-210), those of the lateral line larger, 170.
Pyloric cocca very slender, about 180. V/eight 3-G pounds. Tacific
coast and rivers of North America and Asia from Oregon northward;
not rare; occasionally taken in the Sacramento. Known at once by
tlic very small size of the scales.
{Salmo {lorbuscha Walbaum, Artedi Pise. 1792, 69: Sal mo proteus Vallas, Zoogr. Koss.
Asiat. ill, 370: Salmo gibber Bloch & Schneider, 40i) : Oncorhytichus protcm Giinther, vi,
157 : Salmo protcm Suckley, Monogr. Salmo, 97; Jordan, I'roti. U. S. Nat. Mns. i, 71,
1878; Salmo Hcoitleri Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 158. Onrorhynchua acouleri Giinther,
vi, 158.)
aa. Scales medium, about 145 (138-155) in a longitudinal series; pyloric coBca about 150.
h. Anal rays 13 or 14 ; black spots small or obsolete.
500. O. kcta (Walbanra) Gill & Jordan.— /'oj; Salmon; Hay-Tco; Le Eai Salmon.
Dusky above; sides paler, little lustrous; back and sides with no
Bull. Nat. Ms. No. IG ^20
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306 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICITTnYOLOGY — IV.
(Icfinod spots, but only fmo spccklinga, which are often entirely obso,
leto; heiul dusky, scurcely any me Uil lie lustre on head or tail; eaiului
dusky, plain, or very finely maculate, its edge usually distinctly Idack.
isli; lins all mostlyblackisli, especially in males; breeding males generally
blackish above, with sides brick-red, olten barred or mottled. (Iciiemi
form of the Quinnat,but the head proportionately h)nger, more de))ios.s,.,i
and i)ike-llke ; the preoperclc more broadly convex behind, and the inax-
illary ext(Miding considerably beyond eye. Gill-rakers few, coarse, uiid
stout, as in the Quinnat. Accessory i)ectoral scale short, not half the
length of lin. Head 4; depth 4. I). 9; A. 13-14; scales about 2S-ir)0,
30; B. 13 or 14, rather broad; gill-rakers + 15; pyloric coica 140-18.r
weight about 1'2 pounds. San Francisco to Kamtscluitka, ascendiiij,' all
streams in the fall, and spawning at no great distance from the sea-
abundant in liehring's Straits. At the time of its run the males of tbin
species are much distorted and the flesh has little value.
{Salmo keta vol Kayko Wiilbaimi, Artodi Piac, 17'.>2, 72: Salino kcta vol Kayko IJloih
& Scbnoidcr, IriOl, 407: Salmo lufiocephalna Piillas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiut. iii, ;{7:;,', l'^ll-';il:
Salmo aiuin SiK'kh'y, Aim. liyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1858, 9, aucl Monogr, Salmo, 101; Oh-
corhynchiis lagocephalua Giiuthcr, vi, IGl.)
Ih. Anal rays .about 16 ; back and upper fins with black spots.
501> O. ciiouiclia (Walb.) J. &G.—(;?«i«Ha< Salmon; King Salmon; ColuniUaM-
mon ; Sacramento Salmon ; Chinnook Salmon ; Ti/ec Salmon ; Fall Salmon {mah);
Sj)ri n (J Salmon ; JVinter Salmon ; Saw-kiceij ; Choaicha.
Color dusky above, often tinged with olivaceous or bluish; sides and
below silvery; head dark slaty, usuallj'^ darker than the body and littlu
spotted; back, dorsal fin, and tail usually profusely covc^red with round
black spots (these are sometimes few, but very rarely altogether want-
ing) ; sides of head and caudal fin with a peculiar metallic tin-colored
lustre; male, about the spawning season (October) blackish, more or
less tinged or blotched with dull red. Head conic, rather pointed
in the females and spring males. IMaxillary rather slender, tlic small
eye behind its middle. Teeth small, longer on sides of lower Jaw than
in front; vomerine teeth very few and weak, disappearing in the males.
In the males in late summer and fall, the jaws become elongate and
distorted, and the anterior teeth ranch enlarged, as in the related spe-
cies. The body then becomes deeper, more compressed, and arched
at the shoulders, and the color neaily black. Preoperele and op-
erclo strongly convex. Body comparatively robust, its depth greatest
near its middle. Ventrnls inserted behind middle of dorsal, ventral
appendage half the length of the fin; caudal, as usual in this gcuus,
strongly forked, on a rather slender caudal peduncle. Flesh red and
46. SALMONIDiE — ONCORIIYNCIIUS.
307
nVh in spring, bccomitig paler in the fall as tlio spawning season
approaclies. Head -4; depth 4. 15. 15-10 to lS-19, the munber on the
two sides always nnlike. I). 11; A. 10. Cllll-rakera usually + ll
(j. e., above the angle and 14 below). Tyloric iireea 140-185. Scales
usually 27-l4()-2{), the number in a longitudinal ^eries varying from
11()_1,~»5, and in California specimens occasionally as low as 135. Verte-
l)ia> (id. L. 30 inches. Usual weight in tlie Cohunbia Iliver 2U pounds,
elsewhere 1(5-18 jmunds, but individuals of 70-100 i»ouuds have been
taken. Ventura Iliver to Alaska and Northern China, ascending all
liir^ic streants; especially abundant in the Columbia and Sacramento
Elvers, where it is the principal salmon. Upwards of 30,000,000 pounds
are now takcTt yeirly in the Cohunbia River. It ascends the largo
streiiins in spiing and summer, moving up, without feeding, until the
spawning season, by which time many of those which started lirst may
have travelled more than a thousand miles. After si)awni g, most or
all of those which have reached the ui)per waters perish from ex-
haustion. It is by far the most valuable of our salmon. It has lately
been introduced into many eastern streams.
{Salmo tHhawi/tacha* Walbaum, Artedi Piac. 17'J2, 71: Salmo oricntalis Pallas, Znnar.
Kdss. Asiiit. iii, ;W7, Irtll-'iU: Salmo qninnat Ridi, F;uina Hor.-AtiH'r. iii, '2l'.>, .and of
writers goiionilly: Oncorhjinchus quhrnat (.iiiitlicr, vl, V'tH: Oncorh i/nvhua orientuliH
(5iiiiMiLT, vi, l.')!*: Oncorhi/nchua quinnat Jonhiu, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 69: Fario
anjureiiH CJiianl, Acart. Nut. Sta. Pliila. 1H5(), 218: Salmo quinnat, conjIiienhiH, anil
anjiireuH Suckloy, Mouogr. Saluut, 10."), lO'J, 110: Salmo Inchawy India liloch«fc ydiucidor,
kill, 407.)
aaa. Scales comparatively large, about 130 (125-135) iu a longitudinal series; i)ylorio
cceca 50-BO.
502. O. kisutc9l (Wall).) Jor. «& Gilb. — Silver Salmon; Kiautch; Skowilz; Hooj)td
Salmon; Coho Salmon; JJielaya Ilyha.
Bluish green; sides silvery, with dark i)unctulations; no spots except
a few rather obscure on top of head, back, dorsal fin, adipose fin, and
the rudimentary upper rays of the caudal; rest of the caudal tin un-
spotted; pectorals dusky tinged; anal with dusky edging; sides of head
without the dark coloration seen in the Quinnat; males mostly red in
fiiU, and with the usual changes of form. Ilody rather elongate, com-
pressed. Head short, exactly conical, terminating in a bluntly i>ointed
snout, which is longer and broader than the lower jaw. Head shorter
than in a young Quinnat of the same size. Interorbital space broad
and strongly convex. Operclo and preoporcle strongly convex behind ;
the preopercle very broad, with the lower limb little dev^eloped. Cheeks
* A barbarous spelling of the word "c/touic/ia" wbich wo have thought proper to
eimplify. j ,
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308 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
broad. Eye quite small, uTucli smaller than in young- Quinnat of thr
same size. Suborbital very narrow, with a row of mucous pores alon^
ft
its surface. Maxillary slender and narrow, but extending somewhat
beyond the eye. Teeth very few and small, only two or three on the
vomer; those on tongue very feeble. Gill-rakers 104-13, rather loii"
and slender, nearly as long as eye, toothed. Fins small. Pectorals
and ventrals short, the ventral appendage three-fifths the length of tlie
fin ; caudal strongly forked, on a slender peduncle. Head 4 ; depth i.
B. 13-14. Pyloric coeca very few and large, G3 (45-80) ; scales 25-127-
29. D. 10; A. 13-14 (developed rays). L. 15 inches. Weight 3-8
pounds. A small salmon, ascending streams in the fall to no great dis-
tance. Abundant from San Francisco northward.
(SaJmo Msutvh Walbanm, Arterli Pise, 1792, 70: Salmo hjitutsch Bloch & Schnoider
18U1, 407: Salmo sanguinolenlua Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. iii, 379: Oncorhynclim mn-
giiinolentua Giiuther, vi, IGO: Onc^rhynchua lycaodon Giiuther, vi, 155, iu part: Salmo
nconlcri Siickloy, Jlonogr. Salmo, 94: Salmo tstippUch Ricbaidaon, Fauna Bor.-Anier.
iii, 224, 1S:{6: Salmo tsuppitch GUnther, vi, 118 (not of Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i,
7**, 1878,^ Salmo purpuratua); Oncorhynchua tsuppitch, Jordan, Forest and Stream, Sep.
teiiiber 10, 1880, 130.)
** Gill-r.akers comparatively long and numerous (30 to 40 in number) ; scales large,
in about 130 scries.
503. O. nerfca (Walbaum) Gill & Jordan. — Blue-back Salmon; Red-fiah; Frazer's
liiver Salmon; Sugk-cye Salmon ; Kraanaya Ryha.
• Color clear bright blue above; sides silvery, this hue overlying tlio
blue of the back; lower fins pale, upper dusky; no spots anywhere in
adults in spring; the young with obscure black spots above; males
deep crimson red in the fall ; the fins blackish, the caudal then often
speckled with black; young breeding males {'■'■ KennerlyV) often shari)ly
spotted. Body elliptical, rather slender. Head short, sharply conic,
pointed, the lower jaw included. Maxillary rather thin and small, ex-
tending beyond eye. Teeth all quite small, most of them freely mova-
ble; vomer with about G weak teeth, which grow larger in fall males, in-
stead of disappearing. Preoperclo very wide and convex; opercle very
short, not strongly convex. Preopercle more free behind than in 0.
chomclia. Ventral scale about half the length of the fin; caudal fin nar-
row, widely forked; anal fin long and low; dorsal low. Flesh deej) red.
Males becoming extravagantly hook-jawed in the fall, the snout being
then prolonged and much raised aboAe the level of rest of head, the
lower jaw produced to meet it. Mandible 1^ in head, in fall males, 1$ in
females; snout 2 J in head, in fall males, 3^ iu females. Head 4; depth 4.
Gill-rakers as long as eye, more numerous than in any other of our sal-
mon, usually 16-23. B. 14+13. D. 11 j A. 14; scales 20-133-20;
46. SALMONIDJE SALMO.
309
pyloric cceca 7i3-95. Vertebra? G4. L. 24 inches. Weight 4 to 8 pounds.
Columbia River to Kamtscliatka; genenillj- abundant, esi)ecially north-
ward; ascending streams in spring to great <listances, and often fre-
quenting mountain lakes in fall, spawning in their small tributaries; one
of the most graceful of the Salmonidw, scarcely inferior to the Quinnat
when fresh, but the flesli more watery and less valuable when canned.
{Salmo ncrlca Walhamn, Artcdi, Pise. 17t>2, 71 : Salmo nerka Bloch & SeLneider, l^iOl,
417: Sahno lycaodon Pallas, Zoogr. Ross. Ahiat. iii, 370: Salmo japonensis VnUas, 1. c. :
^ Salmo dermatinu8 and con8«p<tt8 Richardson, Voyage Herald, Zoiil. 167, 1G8 (probably
O.keta): Salmo paitciclena H'lLhiirdHOQ, Fauna Bor.-Anicr. iii, 222: Oncorhynchus lijcaodon
pt. aud 0. pauvidens Giiutber, vii, 155, 158: Salmo cooperi, paucidena, warreni, and
rithardi, Suckley, Monogr. Saluio, 92, et acq.; Jordan, Man. Vert. 357 ; Jordan, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Miia. 1,71, 1H7B: Salmo kenneiUji Suckley, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii,
307, 18G1, and Monogr. Saliuo, 145 (young male or grilse, in breeding season) : Salmo
hnnerlyi GUntlier, vi, 120; Uypaifario Icennerlyi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802,
330: Oncorliynchiia Icnnerlyi Jordan, Man. Vert. 357, and in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i,
7'.', 1878: ? Salmo tapdisma, arabatach, aud melamplerua Cuv. & Val. xxi, 314-G.)
150.— S4Li]!IO Linnaeus.
Salmons.
(.\rtedi; Linnroiis, Syst. Nat. : type Salmo aalar L.)
Body elongate, somewhat compressed. Mouth large; jaws, palatines,
and tongue toothed, as in related genera ; vomer flat, its shaft not de-
pressed, a few teeth on the chevron of the vomer, behind which is a
somewhat irregular single or double series of teeth, which are some-
times deciduous with age. Scales ! rge or small, 110-200 in a longitu-
dinal series. Dorsal and anal fins short, of about 11 rays each; caudal
flu truncate, emarginate, or forked, its peduncle comparatively stout.
Sexual peculiarities variously developed ; the males in typical species
with the jaws prolonged and the front teeth enlarged, the lower jaw
being hooked upwards at the end and the upper jaw emarginate or per-
forate. In some species these i)eculiarities are little marked. Species
of moderate or large size, black- spotted, abounding in the rivers and
lakes of Northern America, Asia, and Europe; one or two Atlantic
species marine and anadromous. The non-migratory species (subgenus
Fario) are in both continents extremely numerous, closely related, and
difficult to distinguish. The excessive variations in color and form have
given rise to a host of nominal species. European writers have de-
scribed numerous hybrids among the various species of Salmo, real and
iiomiual, found in their waters; as also among the various European
CyprinidcB. We have thus far failed to find the slightest evidence of
auy hybridism either among our American SalinonidcB or Cyprinidw,
in a state of nature. Puzzling aberrant or intermediate specimens
ti
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310 CONTmBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — VT.
certainly occur, but such are not necessarily "hybrids." {Salmoj the
Latin name of S. salar, originally from salio, to leap.)
The following observations on the snecies of trout are taken, with
some slight abridgment and alteration, from Dr. GUnther's accouut of
this family (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi):
There is no other group of fishes which offers so many difficulties to the icbthvnl-
ogist, witli regard to tho distinction of the species, as well ad to certain jjoints in
their life history, us this genus. * ♦' * Tho almost infinite variations oitlicsclisli.a
are dcj)en(lent on age, sex, and oexual development, food, and tho properties of tho
■water. * * • The coloration is, first of all, suhject to variation, and consi'qiiciitlv
this characttT hut rarely assists in distinguishing a species, there heing notonewliicU
would show in all stages tho same kind of coloration. The young in all the siu'cics
of tliis genus are harred, and this is so constantly tho case that it may he usid as a
g<>neric or even as a family character, not being peculiar to Salmo alone, but al.s(, to
Tliymallua aad i)robably to Coregonus. The number of bars is not quite constant, but
t'\o migratory trout have two (or even three) more than the river-trout. Whcu tlie
SalmoiifH have passt-dthis "parr" state, tho coloration becomes much diversiiiiul. Tlio
males, especially during and immediately after tho spawning time, are more in-
tensely colored and variegated than tho females, speciaums not mature retaiiiinj; a
brighter silvery color, and being more similar to tho female fish. Food a])i!eais to
Lave less mfluonce on tho coloration of the outer parts than on that of tho tiesli ;
thus, the moie variegated specimens are frequently out of condition, whilst well-fed
iuilividua'.s, with pinkish flesh, are of more uniform though bright colors. * • •
The water liiis a marked iulluen(•(^ on the colors. Trout with intense oeellatcd spots
«ro generally found in clear, rapid rivers and in alpino pools; in tho largo lakes, with
pebbly bottom, the fish aio bright silvery, and the ocellated spots iiro mixc^tl witli or
replaced by X'shaped black spots j in dark holes, or lakes with i^eaty bottom, they
often assume an almost uniform blackish coloration.
Tho brackish or salt water has the effect of givin<r them a bright-silvery coat,
without or with few spots, none of them ocellated. With regard to size, the various
species do not present an equal amount of variation. Size appears to depend on the
abundance of tho focd and tho extent of tho water. Thus, tho migratory sii('('i(>H
do not appear to var^ eonsi<lerably in size, because they fin<l the same conditions in
all tiie localities inhabited by them. A widely-spread species, however, like Sulmo
fano (or in America, Salmo purjuiraliis)- when it inhabits a small nuiuntain ])ool, with
scanty food, never attains a weight of 8 ounces, while in a largo lake or river, where
it finds an abundance of food, it attains to a weight of 14 or 1(5 po^mds. Suuh larf;;o
river-trout are frequently named or described as 8almou-trout, Bull-trout, Steel-heatk,
etc.
Tho proportions of the various parts of the body to ono another vary exceoihugly,
in the same species, with ago, sex, and condition.
Tho fins vary to a certain degree. Tho variation in tho number of rays in any ouo
g(>nus (except Oncorhynchits) is inconsiderable, and of no vali.s for specific distinction.
Although some spocics appear to be distinguished by a comparatively low dorsal and
anal fin, yet tho proportion of tho height of these fins to their length is a rather un-
certain character. In most of the spccieB tho fin-rays are longer during the stages of
growth or development. Tho caudal fin especially undergoes changes with a';e.
Yt)U'\g specimens cf all species have this fin more or less deei)ly excised, so thai the
young of u species which has the caudal emarginato throughout life is distiu-
giiished by ?. deeper incision (.<* the fin from tho young of a speciea which has it
truncate in the young state. Tao individuals of tho same species do not all attuiu
to maturity at tho samo size.
46. SALMONID^ — SALMO.
311
Finally, to complete oitr enumeration of those variable characters, wemnst mention
that in old nales, dnring and alter the spawninj.^ season, the slciu on the back becomes
tiiickeuod and sponj^y, so that the scales are quite invisible or hidden in tho skin.
After this cirs jry review of variable characters, we pass oi> to those which wo have
found to bo coiistauc in numbers of individuals, and in which it is difficult to perceive
gjirus of niodil'cation due to external circumstances.
Such characters, according to the views of the zoologists of tae present age, are
Bufficieut for the delinition of species ; at all events, in every description they ought
to ))L' noticed, an<l tho confused and unsatisfactory state of our knowledge of Sal-
monoids is chietly caused by authors having jiaid attention to the more conspicuous
but unreliable characters, and but rarely noted one of those which arq enumerated
here.
1. Tiie form of the i)rcopcrculum of the adult fish.
2. The width and strength of tho maxillary of tlie adult fish. In young specimens
and iu females tho maxillary is proportionately shorter than in the adult.
1 The size of tho teeth, those of tho premaxiilaries excepted.
4. The arrangement and permanence of the vomerine teeth.
.5, T"ie development or absence of teeth on the liyoid bone. In old examples these
are often lost, and their absence in a species usually jirovided with them is nc t un-
common.
G. The form of tho caudal fin iu specimens of a given size, age, or sexual develop-
ment.
7. Tho size of the scale-i, as indicated by counting tho number of transverse rows
.ibovo tho lateral line. The scales of the lateral line are always more or less enlarged
or irregular and the number of scales shoiiM be ascertained higher up ; this is one of
the most constant and valnable of all the specific characters.
8. A gr»at development of tho pectoral fins, when constant in a number of ypeci-
mens iVoin the same locality.
9. The numb(sr of vertebne.
10. The number of pyloric cooca.
11. Tbo number of gill-rakers.
The species may be divided nn follows :
•Marine salmon, anadroinous, with the vomerine teeth little developed, those on the
shaft of the bone few and deciduous; scales large (Lat. 1. i'20); caudal weU
Mirked, truncate in old individuals; no hyoid teeth; sexual dilfereuceH
Btrong ; breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upwards, tho »ii)per
jaw emarginate or perforate to receive its tip (Salmo) aalar.
•* River salnon, not anadroinous, with tho vomerine teeth largelj' developed, those on
the shaft of tho bono numerous, persistent, in one zigzag row or two alter-
nating rows; sexual dift'erences not strongly marked, the male with tho
premaxiilaries somewhat enlarged. (I'auio Valenciennes.)
0. Hyoid hone entirely toothless.
h. Scales larger, l'JO-150 in a longitudinal series.
c. Caudal (in forked irideun.
C3. Caudal fin truncate gairdneri.
hb. Scales small, 165-UO.') in a longitudinal series.
d. Caudal fin truncate ./tpilurua.
aa. Hyoid bono with a narrow band of small teeth (often lost) ; scales small (lat. 1.
155 to 190) purpuratuH.
•Marino salmon, anadromous, with tho vomerino teeth little developed, those on tho
shaft of tho bone few and deei<luous ; scales large ( Lat. I. ViO) ; caudal fin well
forke<l, truncate inold individuals; no hyoid teeth ; sexual difi'erencesstroug;
breeding males with the lower jaw hooked upwards, tho upper jaw cmurgi-
- nt.to or perforate to receive its tip. {Salmo.)
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312 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY^iy.
501. S. salar Linnsous. — Common Atlantic Salmon.
Body moderately elongate, symmetrical, not greatly compressed
Head ratLer low. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching jnst pa.st
the eye, its length 2^3 in head; in young specimens the maxillary
is proportionately shorter. Preoperculum with a distinct lower limb
the angle rounded. Scales comparatively large, rather largest pos-
teriorly, silvery and well imbricated in the young, becoming imbed-
ded iu adult males. Coloration h\ the adult brownish above, the sides
more or less silvery, with numerous black spots on sides of head
on body, and on fins, and red patches along the sides in the males-
young specimens (i)arrs) with about 11 dusky cross-bars, besides black
spots and red patches, the color, as well as the form of the head
and body, varying much with age, food, and condition ; the black spots
in the adult often X-shaped or )0<shaped. Head*; depth 4. B. U-
D. 11; A. 9; scales 23-120-21; vertebne CO; pyloric cceca about 05.
Weight 15-40 pounds. North Atlantic, ascending fill suitable rivers
in Northern Europe and the region north of Capo Cod ; sometimes per-
manently land-locked in lakes, where its habits and coloration (but uo
tangible specif 3 characters) change somewhat, when it becomes (in
America) var. sebago. One of the best known and most valued of
food -fishes.
(Linntena, Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, vi, 11, and of nearly all authors : Salmo gloved Girard,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854,85: Salmo sebago Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu,
1853, 380; Suckley, Mouogr. yaliuo, 143: Salmo schago and gloveri Giiuthci", vi, 153.)
** River salmon, not anadromous, •with the vomerine teeih largely developed, tlioHe
on the shaft of the bone nunieroiis, persistent, in one zigzag row or
two alternating rows; sexual dift'ercnees not strongly marked, tho
males with tlie premaxillaries somewhat enlarged; Hesh often pale.
(Fario Valenciennes*).
a. Hyoid bomi entirely toothless (tongue with teeth as usual).
b. Scales large, in 120-150 series.
0. Caudal liu forked.
503. S. iridCUS Gibbons. — California Brooh Iroui; Eainbow Trout.
Body comparatively short and deep, compressed, varying consider-
ably, and much more elongate in the males than in the females. Head
short, convex, obtusely ridged above. Mouth smaller than in any
other species of the genus, tho rather broad maxillary scarcely reach-
ing beyond the eye except in old males. Eye larger than in our other
species, 6 in head. Vomerine teeth in two irregular series. Dorsal tin
• Valonciennea, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxi, 227: typo Fario argenteus Val. (Fario, a
Latin name of tho "Salmon Troiit"; included species Avith a single low of iternia-
nent teoth on tho vomer; Salar, Vul. 1. u. 314, iucluded thosu with two rows, a dis-
tinction of uo importance. ) -^ " ■ '
46. SALMONIDJE — SALMO.
313
moderate; caudal fiu distinctly tbougli not strongly forked, more deeply
incised tbau in any other of our species of Fario. Scales comijraatively
lar'^e. Coloration bluish above, the sides silvery; everywhere above
profusely but irregularly spotted, the spots extending on the sides and
on the vertical fins; spots on caudal small ; belly nearly plain; sea-nm
si)et'iinens nearly plain silvery ; males with red lateral band and blotches.
Head 4 ; depth 3^. D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 21-135-20, varying considerably,
tbc highest number noteti ])eing on the typeof "JPario newherriV\ 33-14G-
33. L. 24 inches'. Weight J to pounds. Streams west of the Sierra
Ifevada, from near the Mexican line (Rio San Luis Key) to Oregon; very
abundant, and subjec': to many variations in size, form, and color.
(Gibbons, Proc, Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 3G; Giiuthcr, vi, lit); Sucklov, Monogr.
Saliuo, V29; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. i, 75: Fario gahlneri Girard, U. S. Pac.
K, R. Surv. Fish, x, 313 (not Salino gairdneri E'ch.): Fario neicherrii Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1858, 224 : Fario clarkii, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
21'J (not S. clarkii Rich.): Salmo masoni Suckley, Mouogr. Salmo, 134.)
cc. Caudal fiu truncate (in the adult).
506. S. gairdneri Rich. — Steel-head; Hard-head; Salmon Trout.
Body rather stout, not very deep mesially, but with the caudal pe-
duncle thick. Head comparatively short and rather slender, in the
females small, in the males the jaws mcro or less prolonged ; maxillary
rather narrow, the small eye nearly above its middle; lower jaw in-
tlnded; upper jaw in males emarginate at tip and at junction of premax-
illary. Teeth rather small, those on the vomer in two long, alternating
series, which are about aa long as the palatine series. Preopercle
rather wide, with the lower limb short; opercle moderate. Gill rakers
short and thick, 8+12 (essentially as in our other species of Fario).
Ventral appendage not half the length of the fin. Tail wide, squarely
truncate in the adult, somewhat emarginate in the young. Flesh rather
pale. Bones much firmer than in the Oiicorhynchi. Color blue above;
sides silvery; head, back, upper fins, and tail more or less densely cov-
ered with black spots; belly usually unspotted ; males with cr)lors height-
ened, the back greenish; a broad flesh-colored lateral band, deep re<l
on the opercles; fins not red; no red on the membrane of lower jaw;
B. 12-11; D. 11; A. 12; scales 20-135-20; pyloric cfcca 42; vertebras
38-1-20. L. 30 inches. Sacramento lliver and northward. A largo
trout, abounding in the mouths of the rivers, reacning a weight of 20
pouiuls. It 8i)awns later than the salmon, and is founi\ in the rivers,
spent, at the time of the spring salmon run. It is then nearly useless
as food, but at other times similar in quality to other trout.
{1 Salmo pnjkisn Vv'albauni, Artodi, Pise. 17112, 5!), appnrontly confused with S. purpur-
atus-.l Salino muikiui Uloch «Sb Schuuidcr, 411): Salino ^ur^uraluH Giiuthcr, vi, Uti: Salmo
n^
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314 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
truvcatuH Snrklcy, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18.')S, 3: Salmo ijainhicrl Ridiardbo
Fauna IJor.-Anicr. iii, 2"J1: Salmo ./airdnni Sucklry, Moiiogr. Salmo, 114: Galmotiu '
catiii) Guntlu-r, vi, 122: Salmo (jairdniri Giintlier, vi, Urt.)
bb. Scales small, l().')-'JOr» in a longitudinal soriea.
d. CiHidal fin truncat« or double-rouudtul, not at uU forked in the adult.
«S07. S. spiliiriis Cope. — IHo Grande Trout.
Body eloiifjiite. Head heavy, but proportionately short, its \\\mj
surface considerably decurved ; interorbital space transveisely convex
obtusely carinated; the head more convex than in any other of our
si)ecies. JNIouth very lar^e, the maxillary reaching far past the eye.
Teeth on vomer in two distinct series. Dorsal lin low in front, lii(ri,
behind, the last ray more than two-thirds the height of the (irsi ; la,>,t
ray of the anal rather long; caudal with its middle rays about as loii"
as the others. Profusely spotted; bacjk and sides with round black
spots, the si)ots most develoi)ed posteriorly, few on the head, most im-
merous on the caudal and adipose flu; sides with pale blotches. Head
3J; depths. D. 11; A. 10; scales 37-170-37. L. 30 inches. Uppor
Rio Grande and Basin of Utah, frequenting mountain streams.
(Copo, Haydeu's Geol. Surv. Mout. 1871, 470, 1872; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. xMns. i
74.)
Var. plcui'iticus (Cope) Jor.
A more abundant and much more widely distributed form, having
the head and mouth equally large, but the top of the head less con.ex,
the median carina being more marked, especially in the young. Tlio
scales are deliiiitely smaller (39-200-40) and the coloration is ratluT
darker. This form abounds in all suitable streams from the Kio
Grande, through the Basin of Utah. Specimens intermediate between
spilurus and plcuriticus occur.
{Salmo pleiuiticus Cope, Ilayden's Geol. Surv. Mont. 1871, 471, 1872; Jordan, I'roc,
U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 74, lo78.)
aa. Ilyoid hono with a narrow band of HUiall teeth (easily scraped olt" and very often
naturally deciduous, especially iu old examples).
508. S. piirpiiratus rallas. — Salmon Trout of the Columbia; Yellotoatone Trout;
Jlovky Mouittaiii Jtrook 'Trout; Lake Trout.
Body moderately elongate, compressed. Head rather short. jMoutli
moderate, the maxillary not reaching far beyond the eye. Voiuerinc
teeth as usual, sot in an irregular zigzag series; teeth on the hyoiil
bone nornnilly present, but often obsolete, especially in old exainplos.
Dorsal tin rather low; caudal tin slightly forked, less so than in iridius,
more than in n2)Uurus (the caudal more forked in young individuals
I ! I!!
4G. SALMONIDiE SALMO.
315
than ill t^'C adult, as in all trout). Scales moderate, varyinjj to rather
>;niiill. l>ack and caudal i)eduncle profusely covered with rounded
bliick sjtots of v.-iying size; doisal, caudal, and adipose fin covered
with siiKiU spots about as large as the nostril; a few sjxjts on the head;
iR'llv I'liicly spotted; inner edge of the mandibles below with a red
blotcli; sea-run specimens are nearly uniform silvery; males with a
broad lateral band and patcln^sof light red; extremely variable in color
.,,,(1 loriii. Head 4; depth 4. 1). 10; A. 10. Cceca 43. Scales variable
ill si/c, .'J;{-irjO-;50 to 39 -170-.'{0. The conunon trout of the Kocky IMount-
jiiiis and Cascade region, abounding in all the streams of Alaska,
()ii'j;()ii, and Washington, where it descends to salt water, and reaches
;i w('ij;lit of -0 pounds (Columbia Kivor, Charles J. Snuth); also in the
VcUow.stone region, the Upper JMissouri, the Upper Ilio Grande, Colo-
i;ul(), and the lak<'s of the Great Basin of Utah, being very abundant
ill Utah Lake. ]!^^ot common south of Mount Shasta in California.
This species is ai)])arently the parent stock, from which our other blaok-
spotti'd trout have scarcely yet become diiferentiated. Considerable
local variations occur, esi)ecially in size, coloration, and size of scales.
The rt'd blotches on the lower jaw between the deutary bones and the
iiu'iiibiiuie joining them is very constant and characteristic.
{Mmo purpuratua Pallas, Ziiol. Kohs. Asiat., Jii, 374, 1811-31: Salmo clarki Rich.
I'liiiiiii Biir.-Aiiu'r. iii, 2::i1, I8;5i]: Far'u) Hlcllalun Giranl, I'loc;. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila.
l-jd, 'JiO: Salmo brcvicaiida Snckloy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, 308, IHOl: Salmo
gkllattis, n'lbbsi, and brericanda Gilutlier, vi, 117-120: Salmo clarki Jordan, I'roc. U. S.
Nat> Jliirt. i, 77 : Saliuotmippilch .Jordan, l*ro(!, U. S. Nat. Mas. i, 72; i''«cio«HroraGirard,
rroc. Aciul. Nat. S( i. I'liila. viii, 218, I83(i: Salar lewiai Grd. I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pliilii. IS.');"), 211): Salar vinjlualis (iirard, 1. c. 220: Salmo carhalua Cope, Haydcn's Gcol.
Siirv, ]\l()!it. 1871, 471-472: Salmo Utah Snckloy, Mouogr. Saliuo, 13lj: Salmo aurora,
kwm, and virtjiitalia GUuthcr, vi, ll'J-123.)
Var. boil vici'i licndiro. — Jf'uha Lake Trout.
.Similar to S. jyurpiiratus, but with dark spots only on tho dorsal, cau-
dal, and adipose lin, and on the tail behind front of anal, where the
spots are very profuse, smaller than pupil. Anterior regions dnsky
bluish, not silvery; red blotch on inner edges of deutary bones below
very conspicuous. Head shorter and deeper than in imrj}uraUts the
snout shorter and blunter, not longer than eye, which is 4 in head.
Operclo and preopercle less convex than in ptirpiiratns. IMaxillary 2^
in head. Caudal moderately forked. Head 4; depth 4§. D. 10; A. 11;
L. 12; Lat. 1. 175. Size small. A singularly colored local variety, found
in Waha Lake, Washington Territory, a mountain lake without outlet.
{^Sahm boumri Boudiro, MSS.)
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316 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
Var. stomias (Cope) J. & G.
Body short and stout. Head largo and wide, above broad ami flat
without keel, with wide mandible and mouth, the end of the luaxillarv
extending- half the diameter of the eye bi^yond the orbit. Itiyo ij in hem]
Maxillary bone of nearly uniform width. Caudal tin truncate. Gen.
eral coloration of S. spllurus, the black spots most numerous posti'ii
orly. Head 4.^; depth 1^. J). 12; A. 10; scales 42 above lateral line
which probably contains about 200 scales. L. 24 inches. Kansas Khei-
to Upper Missouri. (Cope.) Like >S^. s^iilunis in its large mouth and
very small scales, but dillering in the presence of hyoid teeth and in the
broad, flat head. We have seen only the head of an old male of this
form, but think it will prove to be a variety of S. purpuratus.
(Salmostomias Cojic, Haydeu's Geol. Snrv. Wyom. 1870,4:53, 1872: iSalmo siommj Jor-
dan, Haydoii's Geol. Sury. Terr. 1878, 795.)
Var, hcnsliawi Gill & Jordan.— Xafce Tahue Trout; Silver Trout; Black Trout.
Body elongate, not greatly compressed. Head compiiratively slender
and long-acuminate, its upper surface very slightly carinated ; nuizzle
somewhat pointed, but bluntish at the tip; head not convex above-
maxillary rather short, about as in purpuratus^ not reaching nmch be-
yond the eye. Vomerine teeth as usual; a small, rather narrow, but
usually distinct patch on the hyoid bone. Dorsal fin small ; caudal tin
short, rather strongly forked. Scales medium. Coloration dark, the
sides silver^' ; back about equally spotted before and behind ; sides with
rather distant spots; belly generally spotted; head spotted even to the
snout ; dorsal and caudal also spotted. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. 11 ; A.
12; scales 27-100-27 to 37-184-37; coBca 50-GO. L. 18 inches or more,
usually Aveighiug 5 or C pounds, but occasionally 25-30. Lake Taboe,
Pyramid Lake, and streams of the Sierra Nevada. Evidently a variety
of Salmo purpuratus, but with a longer and more conical head. A line
trout, now coumion in the San Francisco markets.
(Salmo hcnshawi Gill & Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 358: Salmo henshawi and Salmo
imppitch J'udiin & Ileiisbaw, Kept. Chief Eug., 1878, App. NN, I'JG, 197, plate: Salmo
heHshawiJovilau, Proc. U. Nat. Mue. i, 75, 1878.)
151.— SALVEL.INUS Riehardson.
Charrs.
(CafoncDoKay; Z7ni6?a Rapp.)
(Nilsson; Riehardson, Fauna Bor.-Auier. iii, 170, 1833: typo Snlmo sah'vlinus L.)
Body moderately elongate. INIouth largo or small. Teeth of jaws,
palatines, and tongue essentially as in Salmo, the hyoid patch present
',171^
!?■?-
46. SALMONID.E SALVELINUS.
317
or not. Vomer boat-shaped, the shaft much depressed, with or without
raised crest, with teeth on the chevron an<l none directly on the shaft.
Scales v.ry small, in 200-250 rows. Fins moderate, the caudal forked
ill tlie young, truncate in some species, in the adult. Sexual peculiari-
ties uot strongly marked, the males with the premaxillaries enlarged
and a fleshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw. Coloration dark,
with round crimson or gray spots, and the lower fins sometimes with
iiMirgiuid bands of black, reddish, and pale. Species numerous in the
clear streams and lakes of the northern parts of both continents, some-
times descending to the sea, where they lose their variegated colors and
become nearly plain and silvery. The members of this genus are iu
rrenoral the smallest and handsomest of the trout. (Salvelinus, an old
name of the charr; allied to the German Siilbling, a little salmon.)
'Vomer with a raised crest hehind the clievron, free from the shaft; the crest armed
with teeth; hyoid teeth strong; hike trout, gray-spotted {Criaticomcr* Gill &
Jordan).
f
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J09. S. nainaycMsli (Walb.)Goode. — Mackinaw Trout; Great Lake Trout; Longe
{Vermont); Totjue {Maine).
Body elongate, covered with thin skin, there being no special devel-
opment of fatty tissue. Head very long, its upper surface flattened.
Month very large, the maxillary extending much >^yond the eye, the
lioad and jaws proportionately lengthened and pointed. Teeth very
strong- Caudal fin well forked. Adipose fin small. General colora-
tiim dark gray, sometimes pale, sometimes almost black; everywhere
with rounded paler spots, which are often reddish tinged ; head usually
venniculate above; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Eye
arge, 4 J in head. Maxillary nearly half the length of the head;
interorbital space nearly J. Head 4J; depth 4. B. 11-12; D. 11; A.
11; Lat. 1. 185-205. L. 36 inches. Great Lake region and lakes of
Northern New York, Kew Hampshire, and Manie, to Montana and
northward; very abundant in the larger bodies of water; varying in
form and color in the different lakes.
(Sahno namaycush'Walh, Artedi, Pise, 1792,68: Salmo namaycvshGiinihPT, \\, 123, and
of authors generally : Salmo amethijslinus Mitchill, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818
410: Sahno confinis DeKay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 238: Sahno adarondacuft Norris:
Sahm toma Hamlin: Criativomer nainaycush Jordan, Man. Vert., ed. 2d, 359: Salmo
jiscotpctOiinther vi, 123.)
•Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2, 1878, 35G : type Salnio namaycusU Walbaum. {Crista, crest ;
Domcr, vomer.)
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318 rONTIillUITIONfl TO NORTH AMKKICAN ICHTHYOLOUY— ly.
Var. iil«iro\%'4>C (AkiihhIz) J. & («. — Sincotcft Satmon,
l\oi\y sliorl iiikI «I«'('|), rovorod willi tlii<'k skir, IIumo boin^ nn oxcos-
sivo Iriuh'iic.v l<t (ho «Irv('lo)>iiuMit<>r fally tissiu^ Mead vit.v nIkmI, aini
d»M'p, its up|M'r sinfiU'c bnmil jiikI sliorl, rov«>n'«l by a Kkiii ho llijckji^
to «'otii|>l(>t('l,v liido (lir bones; no (listiiict nu'ilian ciirina. MoiiHi vny
larjir, its }ii\])v n.ino\v«<r tlian in S. iinmai/cush. Troth weaker Ihau in
»S'. nuinoiK'ii.sIt ; snpi>U'nu'n(al bone also shortiT an<l broader. .Mmji
lary a Mt(h> niore tliiin hall' lll(^ len^^tli ol' the head, ('andal lln \v,.||
forked. iSeales rather small, abont ITointhe lateral line. Coloratioii
as in »V. »(fm*r»/r»M/», bnl nsnally paler; lln-rays the same. Lake Sii|m..
lior; abnndant, bnt not yet found «*lse\vhere. \ery <los«> to the pnctd.
in^, bnl dilVerin;; in the shortness and breadth of the boM(>s of Hie ||,.,|,[
and in tin* I'xtreme fatness of the llesh. If is probably a loeal viiritiy
ratlKM- than a distinct species.
(Salmo sinvowi I Ajjassiz, Luko Siiporior, IH.Vt, 'MYX)
•* Vmnrr williotil r.iistul cnvt, tlio olu'vrtiii only liciii;; (oollicd ; n (1-m|ii>1I('i1. (s,il.
vrlinus. ) ,
a llyoiil l»on« witli n narn»w luivlian hivMl of tcotli (NoniolimcH losl).
510. S. oq«ias«U (<lnl.) (^ill iV .lor. — (hiiioHHti Trout; Itlin-htuk Troitl.
litxly elonjiafo, considerably compressed, less elevated than in tlio
othtM' species ol this ^jcnns, the dorsal ontlin(^ re^jnlarly bnl not
stronjily cnrveil. Ib'ad quite small, much smaller than in any oIIhi
of our trout, its upper snrfa^'e tlattish. Mouth (piile small, thc! iiiaxil
lary short an<l moderately broad, scarcely extendinji to the poslcridr
marjiin of the eye. l-^ye larjje, ',\.\ in head, .laws about equal. Scales
small, those alon.y: the lateral line somewhat enlar^'ed. Pe<^toral aiid
ventral tins iu)t elo!ij;ate; caudal Cm well fork«'d, uu)re so than in tlio
other sju'cies. Preoperde as in aV. fouiinolis, but the lower liinb inoro
developed; operdes without concentric strisii. Coloration dark blue, tlio
red spots small and rouial, nuu'h sandier than the pupil, usually coiiliiud
to the sides of the body ; sides with traces of dark bars; lower tins varic-
{rated, as iu S.fo)itinali,<<. Head 5; depth it. 1). 10; A. 5). Lat. I. L\'K);
};ill rakers about (i-f- 1 1. L. 12 inches. SnniUest and handsomest of our
trout, as yot known only from the lJan};eley Lakes, in Western Maine.
{Stilmo Oiiiinssa Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liilu. 18r)4, '.^(i'i : Sa tmo oqiiansn (iihiilM,
vi, 1C>4 ; .Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nal. Abis. i, 81.)
51 1. S. nuresi (Oiintlun) Ilcan.
- Greenish above, sides silvery or deep red, with very small ivu spots,
much smaller than the pupil ; lower fins deep red, with the anterior
40. HAI-MONIh/K — HALVKIJNIJH.
319
,„iirj;iii.s .ycllowisli \vlii(««. I'xxly loii^f iiiid Kicndrr; Iicud iuMicr Niiiiili,
tbosiioiil Itlitiil ; iiioiitli not liirgc, (lu^ iiiiixilliiry nsi(;liiii;^^ posterior tiiiir-
rrjii til' orbit ill iiDih^ only ; trctli very Kiiitill ; tcrtli on IIm' tniilillo lino of
tlic livoid l>on(^; !iii);lo of pn'opcrcU' nincL roniidcil; i^iil covcI'm willioiit
(>()iic('iitii<' ^4t^iio; pectoral not loiif^er tlnin tlie liead witliotit. snout; veii-
tralsiiot to vent; eaiulal deeply forked; Heales minute. Mead t); depth
.Vd. I>. M ; A. !>; 15. 1 1 ; e,«eeii liH-lL!; veit.H.'S. L. lU inelieM. ((liinlhcf.)
Liilu'.'i of Ar<!li«' Aineri<'a, l)iN<',overy Hay, and (^iiinberland (liilf.
(.sV//)/i(K/(n(«ii (Jlliillit-r, I'roc. Zotil. Hoc. Lmiil. IH77, 47(1, pliiin; IJcim, Hull. II. H.
Nal. Mil"*, '^v, I :».'>. ^
ftia. N. Ur«*llirM« (<Jllir.) (iill tV .Fur.
Dull ^jreeiiisli, Hilveiy or ied<lisli below; lower tiiiH yellowiMli ; no red
s)i()tH(oii KpeeiineiiH seen). i'>ody rather elongate; head sinall, the snout
very obtuse; inoiith moderate, the maxillary in the, male rea<'hinj,' about
to |i()sterior mar^^dn of orbit ; teeth small; a band of hyoid teeth; pn;-
opcnle nith a distinet lower limb; peetoial little shorter than head,
rciU'lmij;" iiiorc! than half way to ventral. (Jaudal moderately forked;
Hcales minute. Ilea«l 4A ; depth 5; 1). 11 ; A. 10; 15. 11; e<e,ea M-W
h, VI iiidn's. Vi(!toria, Lake and Floebeif; IWiacli, Arctic; America, the
iKtrlluMiimost Salmonoid known. {(I'iinlliar.)
(Stilmo urdiiruH ililnlhw, I'roc, Zniil. Hw.. Loiul. liS77, 21M, plfit.r.)
,)lll. >«i. llKlilllU (VViilii.) .r. & (',.—l)oU>i fardcn Trout; Hull Trout; Red xpollcd
I'll I II t ; Siiliiioii Troitl ; Malina: (iotvt, ^ . ,• ^^ j> ,,, 2.
r.(i<ly stout, the back somewhat elevatcMl, do(^[)('r an<l less comjjressed
tliiin ill i^, fonl'tn'Mlx. Head larf;(', snout broad, Hat tinned abovc^ JNIoiith
liU}je, the maxillary reaehin;;- past the, eye,. lOye, 4.1 in head. J''in.s
sliort; the caudal fin slif^htly forked «)r almost truiicat*!; ailiposo, fin
iisiiiilly lar}4«'; iu largo specimens its length is twice that of th() eye.
(iciicial color oliva<!eous; the, si«les with round red spots near the size
oi'tlie eye, tim back commonly with smaller pale oiuis, a featureof color-
iUioii which distinguishes this species atoiicc from th(! others; lower fina
colored as in Jon Una lis, dusk}^, with a i)alc stripci in front, followed by a
(lark one; Hea-run specinuMis silvery, with the sj)otM faint or obsoh^te; fins
aiul hack without dark reticulations. Gill rakers without concientric
striii'. Head 3 ji ; depth 4. D. 11; A. 1); scales ;i0-2i0-;j(>; pyloric
ctt'ca large, 45-50; gill-rakers about 8 4-12 a« iu others. L. 15 inches.
Streams west of the Cascade llauge, froui Northern California to Alaska
-t
I. ••
'■**,
'^■*
'I
'<'■■-■
' ' ,' ■ »
k* -
E*:'-
t 1 ,
J >
1
■fey: 1:^
j^:'^.;.-^
lif \: ■
m
^"V^ft-
'\
320 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY-— ly.
and Kamt8(!li!itkii, ;?enoriilly rthiindaut northwanl, (lescondiii-r to the
sea, where it reaches a wei^lit of about VI jviiinds.
(Snlmo mnlmn W.illniiiin Artvdi, ris('. 179'J, fi(i: Salmo callarlan Piillns Zoo^^r. Romho.
Asiiii:. iii, 11511, IHll-IU : Salmo ctillariaH (Jiiiitlicr, vi, 14;{: Salmo >i/ja'/«/*j/t»i(Jiranl. I'rcn
Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. lHr>(!, '218: Sahiio purkci Siickloy, Ann. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. jh^
:{0'.>: Salmo mmpbcUi Siicklcy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. lH(;i,:?i:5: Snlmo parUiJonlii
ami mmphvllU (JiintluT vi, 121, IIH, 14'.>: Salrv,linin itpcclabilin Jouhiu, I'roc V. s. Nat
Mas. i, 7'J, lH7ri: Salmo tudfn C'(»in', Proc. Amcr. i'liil. Soc. IMiila. 187:$: Sitliiu) hairtHi
Siicklcy, Ann. Lye. Nat,. Hint. N. Y. 18111, ;jt)l): Salmo baird'U Giinther, vi, 1:21; Sake.
liiius baiidi Jordan, rioc. U. S. Nat. Mns. i, &2.)
aa. Hyoid teeth wanting,
31'1. S. floiitiiialH (Mii.ch.) Gill & Jor.—nrook Trout; Speckled Trout.
Body oblong or eh^ngate, moderately compressed, not much elevated.
Head lary:e, but not very lonjj, the snout bhuitish, the interorbitiil space
rather broad. Mouth lar;^*^, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond
the eye. Eye large, usually somewhat above the lino of the axis of tho
body. Caudal tin slightly lunate in the adult, foikcd in the youiig;
adipose tin small; pectoral and ventral fins not especially eloiijjate.
Red spots on tho sides, rather smaller than the pupil; back mostly
without spots, more or less barred or mottled with dark olive or black;
doi'sal and caudal iins mottled or barred with darker; lower flns dusky,
with a i)ale, usually orange band anteriorly, followed by a darker one;
belly in the males often more (U' less red; sea-run individuals (S. canadt)'
sis Smith, the Canadian "Salmon Trout") are often nearly plain brifjht
silvery; many local varieties distinguished by shades of color also occur.
Head 4.J; depth ih. D. 10; A. 0; scales 37-2;30-30; gill-rakers about
G+ 11. L. 18 inches or less. The best known of our trout, abounding
in all clear, cold streams from Pennsylvania to Dakota and novtlnvaid
to the Arctic Cinde, southward in tho Alleghanies to tho headwaters of
the Savannah, (Chattahoochee, Catawba, and French Broad.
(Salmo fontiiialis Mitch. Trans, Lit. i!e Phil. Soe, N. Y. i, 4;?r>: Salmo foniinalh Giin-
ther, vi, l.Vi, and of nearly all anthers : Salmo canadenHin* Hamilton Smith, in Grillitirs
Cnvior, x, 474, 1SI54 (Canadian ''Salmon Tront"): Salmo immaculatuH* II. K. Stoicr,
Bost. .lourn. Nat. Hist, vi, 384, IS.V) (Canadian "Salmon Trent"): Salmo immacHlatus
Giinther, vi, 125: Salmo hndsonicus Snckley, Ann. Lye, Nat, Hi.st. N, Y, I8(il, 310:
Salmo hndsonirua Giinther, vi, lb',\; Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus, i, 81: ? Salmo hcaniii
Rich. Franklin's Jonrn. 70, i.)
515. S. hoodi (Rich.) Gill & Jor,
Body rather elongate. Maxillary rather strong, straight, extending
to or beyond hind nmrgin of eye. Preopercle very short, with a very
short lower limb. Pectoral not reaching half way to ventral ; adipose
•The nominal species canadensis and immacvlaiua are based on Rea-run specimeuii
larger sizti^ the so-called " Salmou Trout". _
'Wi**\^
46. SALMONID^ SALVELINUS.
321
lli(liii<,'
Oiin-
■iliitir.s
Storcr,
iritlatiia
1, :!10:
IwaniH
ndiiig
very
lipose
lieuL
fin very small; caudal deeply forked. Body and caudal fin covered
with round pale spots of moderate size. B. 12; D. 10; A. 1); Lat. 1.
185. Uootliia. {Gilnther.)
(Salmo hnndii Richardson, Ilosa, Voy. Nat. Hist. App. Iviii, anil in Fauna IJor.-Anier.
iii 173: Salmo lioodii GUnthor, vi, 150.)
516. S. rossl (Rich.) J. & G.
Olive brown above, the dorsal and caudal similarly colored; belly
red; scattered red spots near the lateral line, llather slender ; snout
very obtuse; lower jaw remarkably long, with a knob at tii) (luale).
About .'JO teeth on the tonpfuo. Conspicuous pores on the face bones
posteriorly. Scales very small, imbedded. Jlead 5. J3. lU-13 ; D. lli;
A. 11; T- 1^5 ^' 10* Arctic 0(;ean, about Boothia Felix. {Richardson,)
An imperfectly known species.
{Salmo ro88ii Richardson, Nat. Hist. App. Rosd's Voy. Ivi: Salmo rosaii Suckloy,
Monogr. Salmo, liiO.)
5l». S. K*tidus (Rich.) Gill & Jor.
Body somewliat elongate; head moderate; snout medium. Maxillary
strai^jht, strong, extending beyond the orbit in the male. Teeth mod-
crate, 2 or 3 behind head of vomer. Preoperclo with the lower limb
very distinct. Fins well developed; i)ectoral reaching scarcely half
way to ventral; caudal flu forked. Head 5. B. 11; D. 11; A. 10; Lat.
1.215. Boothia. (OUnther.) Perhaps a form of >S'. «f«<7mj/t».
{Salmo nitidua Richardson, Fuuua Bor.-Amor. iii, 171, 183C: Salmo nitidus GUuihor,
vi, 150.)
51§. S. »tagnalis (Fuhr.) Gill & Jor.
Body elongate; head of moderate size. Snout elongate, pointed,
with the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper in adult examples.
Teeth small. Maxillary elongate, narrow, extending beyond tlie eye.
Preopercle very short, with a very short lower limb. Opercle and prc-
opercle very consi>icuously and. densely striated, the stria) radiating
from the base of each. Fins much develoi)ed, the dorsai much higher
than long; pectoral very long, reaching more than half way to ventrals,
which are also very long; adipose fin very small; caudal well forked.
D. 11; A. 10; Lat. 1. 210; B. 11; coBca, 41. Lakes of Greenland and
Boothia Felix. {Gunther.)
{Salmo siagnalia Fabricins, Fanna Grccnlandioa, 1780, 175: Salmo alipes Richardson,
Nat. Hist. App. Ross's Voy. Ivii, and Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 169: Salmo a{i/)e« GUnther,
vi, 149.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 21
^-^i^'*!lri
!' '
322 contkibutions to north american iciithyology—iv.
Family XLVII.— PERCOPSID^.
{The Trout Perches.)
Body moderately elou'^fate, somewhat compressed, the caudal pedun-
clv' long ind slender. Head conical, pointed, naked. Mouth small
horizontal: maxillary short, narrow, without supplemental hono not
reaching to the large eye ; margin of upper jaw formed by promaxillu-
ries aloni', which are short and not protractile. Teeth very smail. villi.
fonn on premaxillaries and lower jaw only. Tongue short, adherent.
Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiic nre.s-
ent. Branchiostegals G. Gill-rakers short, tubercle-like. Operclc with
entire edges. Lower limb of the preopercle well developed, tlie angle
nearly a right angle, its inner edge ^ith a raised crest. Bones of the
head cavernous, as in Acerina and Ericymha. Cranium with a raised
crest, which does not extend to the occiput. Scales moderate, rather
thin, adherent, their edges strongly ctenoid. Lateral line continuous.
Dorsal short, median ; ventrals anterior, just in front of the dorsal
8 rayed; pectorals narrow, placed rather higher than usual; anal
small; caudal forked t adipose fm present, small. Stomach si[)lional,
with about 10 well-developed pyloric coeca. Ovii rather large, not tail-
ing Into the abdominal cavity before exclusion. Air-bladder present.
Small ilshes of the fresh waters of the cooler parts of America; a sin
gle genus, with probablj^ but one species. The group is one of special
interest, as it combines with ordinary Salmonoid characters the structure
of ihe head aud ntouth of a Percoid, resembling notably the European
genus Acerina,.
{rercoimdw GUnther, vi, 207.)
152.— PEItCOPSIS Ag.i88iz.
Trout Perch,
(Agassiz, Lako Superior, WSO, 284: typo Pcrcopaia {lutlatua Ajr.)
Characters of the genus included above, {-spxrjj perch; (\''i^, appear-
ance.)
910. P. SiUt^atus Ag.as^iz.' ,
Palo olivaceous, a silvery stripe along the lateral line, becoiniufj oli
solete forwards ; upper parts with obscure round dusky spots made of
dark points. Head slender and conical. Mouth small, subiuferior,
maxill'iry not nearly reaching front of orbit. Caudal peduncle long and
_,:. 48. AMBLYOPSID.E. ' 323
slender. Pedtoneum silvery. Head 3| in length; depth about 4 J. D.
11 • A. 3 ; Lilt. 1. 50. L. G inches. Spawns in spring. Delaware River
\(i Kansas and liorthward ; abundant in the Great Lakes. One of our
most remarlcable fishes.
(A'Mf^s'Z) Lake Superior, 1850, 283; Giiuther, vi, 207: 1 Pereopsia hammondi* Gill,
ProcrAcacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18U4, 151.)
Oedek N.-IIArLOML
. , « {The ffaplomous Fishes.)
5To iirecoracoid arch. ParietJil bones separated by the supraoccipital.
A symplectic. Opercular bones present. Anterior vertebra} unaltered.
Pharyugeal bones distinct, the superior directed forwards, three or four
in number, the inferior not falciform. No interclavicles. Mouth with
teotli. Air-bladder with a pneumatic duct. Ventral fins abdominal,
raroly wanting ; i»ectorai fins placed low ; dorsal fin nior-e or less pos-
terior, usually witliout spines. Head and body usually with cycloid
scales. No adipose fin. Species chiefly inhabiting fresh water. (a-Aor;?,
sihiplo; (o.'ioi;, shoulder; in allusion to the want of the precoracoid arch.)
(I'InisoHtomi part (familiea Esjcida:, UinbridiPf Cyprinodoittida and Ilcteropygii) (iiin-
tiier, vi, vii.)
ANALYSIS OF FAMILiKS OF HAPLOMr,
a, MavKiii of upper Jaw formed by pronmxillaries alone; ovoviviparons.
I). Vent jn>j;nlar; promaxiliaries seareely protractile Amulyopsid.f,, 48.
66. Vent abdominal ; premaxillaries freely pr(>tractilo CYruixoDONTiD.i:, 10.
(Id. Margin of upiier jaw formtnl laterally by the niaxillaries; preniaxillarios not pro-
tractile.
c. Jawa not prodnc'd ; teeth villifonn, equal UMnuini:, 50.
cc. Jaws produced; tooth cardifonn, unequal Esocid.e, 51.
Family XLVIIL— AMBLYOPSIDiE.
{The Blind-fishes.)
Body moderately elongate, compressed behind. Ilead long, de-
pressed. Mouth rather large, the lower jaw projecting ; premaxilla-
ries long, scarcely protractile, forming the entire nuirgin of the upper
jiiw. Jaws and palatines with bands of slender villiform teeth. Bran-
cliiostftgals about 0. Gill-rakers very short. I'seudobranchiiB con-
cealed. Gill-inend)rano8 more or less completely joined to the isthmUvS.
• Heiid lar;j;er, ^J in length, exclusive of caudal; dorsal hijiher, the lon}j;est ray 4J
in length; aa:il hijfher, lonjifest ray ^t in lengtii; pectoral eq-'als hei;i;lit*'of dorsal ;
ventnil 5J in length, reacbiug vent, which is nearer snout than margin of caudal tin.
"vausus. {(JiU.)
..n
i I
Ik'
^;
v-i
' f
.• 1
hQ
i:l -v.
'a^dtm
•
I 'I- ■
ft r
fil'
i
r
* '
^r*Bm,~m
w
III*' I ' I
My . *.\
€s'-
—11 I 11
324 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY — IV.
Head naked, the surface sometimes crossed by papillary ridges. Body
with small cycloid scales, irregularly placed.- No lateral lino. Ye„|;
jugular, close behind tlie gill-openings. Ventral fins small or wanting
pectorals moderate, inserted higher than in most soft-rayed fishes; dor.
sal without spine, nearly opposite the anal; caudal truncate or ronnded.
Cranium without median crest. Stomach ccecal, with one or two pyloric
appendages. Air-bladder present. Ovary single. Some (and probably
all) of the species are ovo viviparous. In two of the genera the eyes aro
very rudimentary and hidden under the skin, and the body is translu-
cent and colorless. Fishes of small size, living in subterranean streams
and ditches of the Central and Southern United States. Three genera
and four species are " all of the family yet known, but that others will be
discovered, and the range of the present known species extended, is very
probable. The ditches and small streams of the lowlands of our south-
ern coast will undoubtedly be found to be the home of numerous indi-
viduals, and perhaps of new species and genera, while the subterranean
streams of the central portion of our country most likely contain other
species." {Putnam.)
{Ilcteropyfj'd Guiitbcr, vii, 1, 2.)
a. Eyes rudiineutary, couccaled ; body colorlosa.
h. Ventral lias present Amblyopsis, 153.
hb. Ventral tins obsolete Ty^'iii^ioiiTiiYS, 154.
aa. Eyes developed; body colored ; veutrals obsolete Cuologasteu, 155.
153.— AIVI'3IiYOP§IS DeKay.
(DeKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 187: type Avihlyopsis opelceus DeKay.)
Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the skin. Surface of head crossed
by vertical tactile ridges. Gill-membranesfully joined to isthmus. Ven-
tral fins present, quite small, close lo anal. Colorless fishes of small
size, inhabiting the cave-streams in the limestone regions of the West-
ern Suites. (a//.(9A(j?, obtuse 5 d^''{'?, vision.)
520. A. spcleeus DeKay.
Colorless. Mouth comparatively large, the length of its cleft about
equal to base of dorsal. Pectorals reaching front of dorsal; caudal
long, rather pointed. One pyloric ccecum. Head 3 in length ; deptli
4^. D. 9; A. 85 V. 4; P. 11. L. 5 inches. Subterranean streams of
Kentucky and Indiana.
(DoKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 187; GUntber, vii, 2; Putnam, Amor. Nat. 1672,
30, llg.) •,
154.-Ti'PIILieHTIIV!« Girnrd.
(Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, C2: type Tiu)hUchihy8 suhterraneus Gt(\.)
This genus differs from Amhlyojjsis only iu the absence of the ventral
\JiA
48. 'AMBLTOPSID^ OHOLOGASTER.
325
fius. Tbe species are of smaller size, and are found iu the same waters.
(ro^A').-, blind ; lxOh<;^ fish.)
521. T. subtcrraneus Grd.
Colorless. Head rather blunter and broader forwards than in A.
spelccus. Mouth smaller, its cleft shorter than base of dorsal. Pecto-
rals scarcely reaching dorsal. One pyloric coecuni. D. 7 or 8; A. 7
or <S. L. 2 inches. Subterranean streams of Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Alabama. "
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Gci. Phila. 1859, 62; Putnam, Amer. Nat. 1872, 30, fig.)
l^.'S.— CIICLOGASTEB Agassiz.
(A^assiz, Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts, xvi, 135, 1853: type Cholonaster cornutus Ag.)
This genus has the general characters cf Amblyopsis, but differs in
the absence of ventral tins and in the fully Jeveloj)ed condition of the
eyes, which are small and lateral. The species aro not pellucid, but
colored like ordinary fishes. No papillary ridges. Pyloric" cceca 2.
Ditches and cave-streams. (;^wAt.?, maimed} yaffrrjp^heUy, in allusion
to the abortive ventrals.)
522. C. coniutus Ag.
Yellowish brown, dark above; sides with three dark longitudinal
stripes, becoming dots on the tail; middle rays of caudal fin dark;
fins otherwise uncolored. Mouth moderate, oblique, the maxillary not
oxtending to the eye. Pectorals reaching nearly to front of dorsal,
perfect, small. Snout with two horn-like projections. Head iij ; depth
4J. D. 8 or 9 ; A. 8 or 9. L. 2^ inches. Ditches in a rice-field, Wacca-
maw, S. C. (Putnam.)
(Agassiz, Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts, 1853, 135; GUnthcr, vii, 2; Putnom, Amer. Nat.
1872, 30.)
323. C. ag^asslzi Putnam.
Uniform light brown; fins somewhat speckled. Head 4 in body, its
length scarcely greater than the greatest depth. Pectorals reaching
little more than half way to fiont of dorsal. D. 9; A. 9. L. 1^ inches.
{Putnam.) Subterranean streams iu Tennessee and Kentucky.
(Pntnani, Anicr. Nat. 1872, 30, fig.)
A specimen of Chologaster obtained bj'^ Prof. 8. A. Forbes in a cave-
stream of Southern Illinois does not agree well with either of the above
species. The following description has been furnished us by Professor
Forbes:
The head is 7^""° long, and the body, without head or tail, 19""". Head iu length,
therefore, 3^ times. The oye is above and well behind the maxillary, and goes about
M-l
'ii-
:-^\^m
. ■;
fl
Sr's^^
Ak
r-
326 CONTRIBUTIONS- TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
6 in head. Tlie pectoral reaches half way to the dors.'il. Th(! color in precisely as de-
scribetl for cornutus, except that the middle stripe is decidedly jialer than th(^ ;;nmn(i
color of the body, but darker on the head, the chaujje bcinjj abrupt at the o])('rciilar
margin. The (tandal iin is dark brown, with several vertical rows of white Hpccksor
blotches running across the rays. The anterior part of the dorsal is similar in color
but palei". Total length a trille over an inch. A scale fnun the region nicntioiRMl i^y
Putnam is similar to that of aijaasizi, but with 5 or G concentric lines and \\ riuliatiug
furrows.
The specimen thus agrees with cornutus in position of eyo and jjlau of niarkings
with a^iamtlzi m length of pectorals and structure of scales, is intermediate in Icn^rtii
of head, and agrees with neither in color of caudal and dorsal and tint of middlo
baud. {Forbes, in lit. November 4, 1880.)
Mi . •
" 1. ' 1
m>
Family XLIX.—CYPRINODONTID^.
{The Cyprmodonts.)
Body oblong or moderately elongate, compressed behind, dojjressed
forwards, covered with rather large cycloid scales, which are adhcrcMit
and regularly arranged. Xo lateral line. Head scaly, at least above.
Mouth terminal, small, the lower jaw usually projecting; margin of the
upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries only; premaxillaries stroiij;,
extremely protractile. Teeth incisor-like or villitbrm, sometimes i»roseiit
on the vomer, but usually in the jaws only; lower pharyngeals sepa-
rate, with cardiform teeth. Gill-membranes somewhat connected, free
from isthmus; gill-ral£ers very short, thick. Branchiostegals 4-G.
Pseudobranchiic none. Dorsal tin single, inserted posteriorly, of soft
rays oidy, rarely with a single spine or a rudimentary spinous dorsal;
caudal tin not forked ; ventral fins abdominal, rarely wanting ; i)ectoral
fins inserted low; no adipose fin. Stomach not coecal, without pyloric
ai)pendages. Air-bladder simple, often wanting. Sexes usually unliki',
the fins being largest in the males. Most or all are ovoviviparons,
thii young well developed at time of birth. Fresh-water fishes of Sontli-
ern Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, some of them occurring in bays
and arms of the sea. They are mostly of small size, and the species are
very ditli(;ult of determination. Genera 30; species about 140.
(Cyprinodontidw Gimtlxer, vi, 29l)-35().)
Note. — In the following analysis the genera known from Mexico are also included,
their mimes being placed in italica,
• Intestinal canal comparatively short, little convoluted ; teeth mostly fixed ; dentary
bones firmly joined. (Camivora!.)
a. Anal Iin of the male not modified into an intromittent organ.
6. Teeth incisor-like, notched ; insertion of dorsal nearly opposite ventrals. {Cy-
prinodontinw.)
0. Teeth in a single series; body short and deep.
d. Dorsal very long, with lG-18 rays, the first spine-like. ..JonOANRU.A, I.'mi.
dd. Dorsal sliort, of 10-11 rays, the first ray Binall Cyprinodon, 157.
49. CYPRINODONTID^ ^JORDANELLA. 327
ib. Teeth all pointed : voiitrals present. (Fitndiilina:)
e. Teeth in more than one series; air-l)la(Uler jiresent.
;t /. Dorsal lin comparatively largo and well forward, its rays nsually more
than 11 and the first ray nsually in front of the
anal FrxDUi-is, 158.
Jf. Dorsal fm small and posteriorly plaeed, its rays nsually 7-ltl, and the
first ray generally hehind the front of the anal.
g. Anal fin small Zvgoxkctks, IfiO.
cc. Teeth in one series ; dorsal fin in advance of anal.
h. Dorsal and anal fins short, each with ()-i:{ rays Li'CAXIA, 100.
hh. Dorsal and anal fins long, each with more than "iO rays.
Oh-drdiiiichthiis.
aa. Anal fin of the male advanced, uiodKied into a sword-shap'jd, Intromittent
organ. (AnahlepiiKv.)
i. Eye uornml (»'. c, not divided into two portions by a horizontal
partition); teeth in hands.
j. Jaws iot prodnced.
k. Dorsal fin hmg. 14-10 rays Pseudoxipkophorus.
Jck. Dorsiil fin short, 9-lOrays Gamhusia, 161.
jj. Jaws mnch prodnced lUloneaox.
" Intestiual canal elongate, with numerous convolnti<)ns ; anal fin in the male usually
modified into an intromittent organ; dentary hemes
h)osely joined ; tt^eth movable. {Limnophagm.)
I. Teeth all pointed. (PacUiiiKP.)
m. Teeth in more than one row; dorsal more or less in
advance of the anal, greatly enlarged in the male.
M. Caudal fin in the niahs with its lower h)be much pro-
duced ; dorsal fin long, of 12 or more rays.
Xiphophoru8.
nn. Caudal fin normal, alike in the two sexea.
0. Dorsal fin long, of more than 12 rays.
MOLUKXESIA, 102.
00. Dorsal fin short, of less than I'i rays . . I'wcilia, 103.
turn. Teeth in a single series; dorsal fin short.
p. Dorsal inserted in advance of anal.
Plafypwcilus.
pp. Dorsal inserted posteriorly to anal.
GlUAUDIXUS, 104.
U. Teeth incisor-like, tricuspid (Goodt'uue) Goodea.
156.— JORDANCIiliA Goode & Bean.
(Gooile & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. ii, 177, 1879: typo JordaneUa floridw G. &, B.)
Body sliort, (lecp, compressed. Ueiid short, ^lontlj snmll, very pro-
tractile, the lower jaw the loiij^er; lips i'lill. Jaws each with a single
scrifis of rather broad, wedjje-shaped, incisor teeth, the cutting edge of
which is deeply notched, usually triiid. Branch iostegals 5. Dorsal flu
elongate, the number of rays lG-18, the first being a robust spine; in-
sertion of dorsal flu behind ventrals, in advance of front of anal, its
lust ray behind the last of anal ; dorsal lin not greatly elevated. Anal
fiuBborter and smaller, similar in both sexes; ventral lins small, with
a scale at base; caudal fin rouuded; pectorals short and snuill. Intes-
f "S
^ *^ W *! ■
ff, f - ■ >s
n
m ^
:; ■•*'?iif
328 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
tinal canal rather long; three times length of bod;y. Sexes similar
(Dedicated to David S. Jordan.) . . i..
534. J. florid^ Goodo & Bean.
Body ovate, short and deep, with elevated back, deej) caudal )u».
dunde, and steep profile. Head moderate, flat and broa<l between tlio
ejes, its profile less steei) than that of the hack. Eyys large, 3i-4 in
head. Montli small, anterior, the lower Jaw projecting. Scales mod-
erate, the humeral scale ! ot much enlarged. Dorsal tin inserted mid-
way between snout and base of caudal, its flrst ray robust and spjiu'
like, grooved behind, longer than the diarneter of the eye, and about
as high as the succeeding soft rays. Fins all rather low, the ventnils
reaching just past the vent. Scales with strong concentric stria;.
Color olivacrous; sides orange or brassy, with a broad steely-blue
stripe along each series of scales; 4 or 5 vague, dilluse, black ver-
tical bars, most distinct in the young, nearly obsolete in the adult; a
large, diffuse, dusky blotch on the sitles, below the dorsal spine; flus
mostly dark, the dorsal barred or speckled in the males, nearly plain
in the females, sometimes a dusky blotch ou its last rays; body and
lins everywhere finely punctulate with black; a dark bar below eye.
Head 3.]; depth 2-^^. D. I, IG, or 1, 17; A. 1, 11, to 1, 13; Lat. 1. 2r>-L>7;
L. transv. 11 or 12. L. IJ inches. Streams of Central and Eastern
Florida; abundant. The above description from specimens taken by
Dr. J. A. Ilenshall in San Sebastian Kiver. The original types were
from Lake Monroe. Herbivorous, at least in i>art.
(Goodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 117, 1879.)
157.— C¥PKIlVODOi\ Lacdpede.
(Lchias Ciivior.)
(Lac6pi>do, Hist. Nat. Poisa. v, 486, 180;{: typo Cjiprinodon rarirgatna Lac.)
Body very short and stout, the back somewhat elevated. Mouth
small. Snout short. Teeth moderate, incisor like, tricuspid, in a sin-
gle series. Scales very large; humeral scales usually enlarged. Dor-
sal fin moderate, inserted in advance of front of anal ; its first ray not
enlarged; anal sandier; ventral fins small. Intestinal canal Httlo
longer than body, (lill-membranes considerably united, free from the
isthmus. Chubby little fishes, inhabiting the brackish waters d
America, Southern Enrope, and Northern Africa; sometimes liviug iu
hot salt springs. {xuT:pivu<;y carp; ddwv^ tooth.)
49. CYPRIXODONTID.E CYPKINODON.
329
525. C. vas-icgatus Lac.
]}od,v short and deep, tlic back considerably arched. Mouth as in
the others, suiall and terminal. Humeral scale 4 times the size of the
others. l!^.y« longer than snout, [i^ in head, less than iuterorbital
space. Orijjfin of dorsal al)out mi(hv;i3' of body, behind ventrals in old
snecimeus, rather in advance in the young; males with the dorsal liu
elevated, but not reaching, wheu depressed, nearly to caudal. ]\Lde
fish dusky, with only traces of bars; caudal iin with a dusky bar at
base and on posterior edge; tips of dorsal and anal dusky; the scales
ill the breeding season with small tubercles. Femjdo olivaceous; sides
silvery, with darker bars and irregular nuirkings; a dark bar at base of
caudal ; a dark spot on posterior part of dorsal. Head 3^ ; depth 2j^,
1). 10; A. 10; scales 25; L. transv. 11. L. S 2.J inches; ? 1^ inches.
Cape Cod to Mexico, in brackish waters, entering streams.
(Lac<5pt'(i<\ Hist. Nat. I'oiss. v. 4^(5: Lvhian oriniin UoKay, New York Fauna, Fish.
'21.'i; (iiiiitluT, vi, 150.'): Ci/prinodoii horhiiiH IJ. & G. I?ro<!. Aoail. Nat. Sei. Phihi. IH5;?,
S89: Cyprinodoii hovhiuH Girard, U. S. Mex. ]).)un<l. Surv. Ichth. G7: Cjiprinotloii borinua
Giintlior, vi, :?l)7: Cyprinodon exiiniu8 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851), irj8.)
5^6. C. Kil^bosMS P.aird & Girard.
Siiuihu- to the preceding, but the body still deeper and the back and
fius still more elevated ; the scales apparently somewhat smaller ; anal
much smaller than dorsal ; coloration similar to that of 0. varicgatus.
Head 2|; depth 1^. D. 10; A. 11; Lat. 1. 28; L. transv. 11. Indi-
anola, Texas. {Oirard.)
(Haiid & (iirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18515, 390; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound.
Suit. Ichtli. ()7.)
527. €. latifasciaflis Garnian.
I'orin and dentition of G. fjibhosus. Black caudal band much wider;
a li^'ht band from middle of opercle to lower half of caudal ; a dark
band above this, sepjirated by a narrower band of light from the dark
olive of the ba(;k; silvery color of belly separated from the light band
on the Hanks by a short baud of brown; tins clouded with brown; cau-
dal with a narrow dark band across its base and a broad one across its
extremity. Head 4 in total length; depth 3. D. 12; A. 11; V. G; P.
11; Lat. 1. 30; L. transv. 11. Parras, Coahuila, Mex. {Garman.)
(Oariiuui, Jkill. Mm. Coiup. Zocil. viii, No. 3, 92, 1881.)
528. C. ('I<>{jrnn<4 Baird & Girard.
Body more elongate than in any of the preceding; the ui)per outline
of the lieiul less depressed, so that the profde is continuous; flns low,
the dorsal quite small; its rays scarcely extending to the beginning of
W^k
^ in
*) I
/■I
1'
m
f • ti
f;-5Sf:3'i-9.'i> i:.;* 'te.' •emi^l^-.
I ■
!!
t
J'' f i
I,
hi
t
I ,
330 CONTRinUTIONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
the cjimlul peduncle. Bluish black, sides somewhat variog;itod with
darker, the males somewhat spotted ; edge of caudal iiti black in the
male; a black patch on last rays of dorsal iu the female. Head 3.J-
depth li 'o 3. D. 11 ; A. 10; scales 20-12. L. 2^ inches, llio (huiuie.
{(liranl.)
(Hiiinl & (iiraid, Proc. Acail. Nat. Sei. Philii. 1853, 389; Girard, U. 8, Mex. Hound.
Surv. Ithlh. ()(■>.)
339. C, csilifioriiiciiMS Ord.
" It may be easily distiuf^uished from its congeners in North America
by its uniform system of coloration which exhibits neither bands nor
spots. The jyeneral aspect of its body is rather short and deep, except
in the younj^ which .assume a subfusilbrm appearance. The larjfcst
specimens which we have examined measure about an inch and u half
in total lenf;th. The head constitutes the fourth of the length, tlie snout
being abruptly rounded off. The mouth is, proportionally si)eiikin;,',
of medium size, whilst the eye is rather small, subcircular; its diaiucter
entering three times and a half in the length of the side of the head. The
dorsal iin is higher than long, and superiorly convex ; its interior margin
being nearer the apex of the snout than the posterior margin of the
caudal. The anal fin is nearly as large as the dorsal, deeper than long,
inferiorly convex, i)articularly upon its i)osterior half. The caudal is
post< iorly truiicated, nearly linear. The ventrals are small, project
beyond the vent and reach almost the origin of the anal. The i)ectoral.s
are well developed, rounded off, extending as far as a vertical line drawn
at the insertion of the ventrals. The rays are: D. 10 + 1; A. 11 ; C.
3, 1, 8, 8, 1, ;j; V. 7; P. 12. The scales are much deeper than long,
anteriorly truncated and posteriorly rounded off or convex. The color
is olivaceous brown, with a dark grayish tint along the back, and u
golden tint beneath." {Oirard.) San Diego, California.
(Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 157.)
530. C. iiiacularius Baii-d & Gii-ard.
Apparently very similar to G. varicgatus ; the female dark above,
with dark bars on the sides and a dark shade across the dorsal fui ; lins
rather small. Head 83 ; depth 2-2^. D. 10; A. 11 ; scales 20-9. L. 2
inches. Rio Gila. (Girard.)
(B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1853, 389; Girard, U. S. Mox. Bound. Surv.
Ichtb. ()8.)
531. C. carpio Giiutbcr. i. ; . jw4a..j,r u «.
Slenderer than C. varicgatus ; humersil scale scarcely larger than tho
others ; dorsal fin inserted slightly behind ventrals ; eye 85^ in head, a
j: -Yij^? 49. CYPRINODONTIDiE FUNDULUS. 331
little shorter than snout; olivaceous, silverj'^ below. Head 3; depth
oi. D. 11; A. 10; scales 25-10. "America." {O'dnthcr.)
(UuulLer, v 1,30(5.)
1S8.— FIJNDU£.US LacdpMe.
KiUlJishcH.
{Ilydrargyra LacdiJt-de : Xciiisma Jordan.) *
(Lac«^ln'<lC) Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, .'J7, 1803: typo Fundulua mmlfiah LaedpMe =: Cofciiis
hctcrovllta L.)
Body rather elongate, little elevated, compressed behind. Mouth
moderate. Jaws, each with two or more series of pointed teeth, usually
toriuinj; a narrow band. Bones of the mandiole flrudy united. Scales
moderate. Branchiostegals 4-(5. Preopercle, preorbital, and mandi-
1)1(' with nuicous pores. Dorsal and anal tins similar, moderately devel-
(ipcd or rather large, the dorsal usually inserted in front of the anal.
Vi'utrals well developed. Air-bladder present. Sexes ditt'ering in
color, size, nvd development of the tins, the anal fin ia the male nor-
mal. Intestinal canal short. Species very numerous, mostly Ameri-
ciiii, inhabiting fresh waters and arms of the sea. They are the largest
in size of the Cyprinc:lonts, and some of them are very brightly colored.
[UiWii fundus, bottom, the supposed abode of the '■'■Fundulus mudfish.^'')
The species may be divided as follows:
* Dorsal tin beginning in advance of anal,
t liiancliiostegals 6. (Hydraugvua Lacdpfede.)
a. Males with dark cross-bars and a black dorsal spot ; femaloa with longitudinal
stripes majalis, swampinus.
aa. Males and females with dark cross-bars similw, zebra.
aaa. Males without sharp markings, the scales rough in spring ; females plain.
parvipinni^.
tt Branchiostegals 5. (Fundulus.)
b. Dorsal long, its rays IG or 17 ; body with round black spots, at least in the
nuilo seminolis.
bb. Dorsal moderate, its rays 10-14.
c. Scales rather small, 40 or more in a longitudinal series.
d. Cross-bars if present, black diaphanus, covfluenius,
dd. Cross-bars silvery.
c. Teeth small, in a baud menona,
ee. Teeth in about two series, the outer enlarged adinia.
cc. Scales large, less than 40 in a longitudinal series.
/. Males with 9 or 10 silvery cross-bars ; females with black bars ; tins
plain nxgrofasclatm.
ff. Males with silvery spots and bars ; females nearly plain olivaceous,
or barred with black hetcroclitaa.
•* Dorsal tin beginning above or slightly behind anal ; fins high. (Xenisma Jor.) >
. g. Branchiostegals 5 ; spots in regular series catenatwi.
gg, Branchiostegals 4 ; spots irregular Htell^'er,
: rrri
■i
H, . --if r!il
,?«'4V'
i:
III
1.
iiifS-'''
332 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
* Dorsal fin l»ct;inniii'5 in aclvance! of anal.
t l}ran(!liio.stt'nalH (). (//i/rfrrt»y/i/m* Lacdpodc.)
a MaU:8 with dark crosH-bars; feinak's with longitudinal stripes.
533. F. lliaJaBiN (Wall).) Othv.—KilUfiHh ; Maiifmh; liockfwh.
Body obloii}^', scarcely elovsited, little compressed; head rather pro-
loiijifed anteriorly, the mouth small, t(^rQiinal and very ol)li<iue; scales
rather larjjfe; dorsal tin moderate; anal tin very high in the males, mod
erate in the females ; ventrals h)ng in the males, reaching past IVout of
anal; eye moderate, shorter than snout and than interorbital space- u
slight angle formed by the proiile, in front of the eye, due to the greater
flattening of the snout. Male fishes dark olivaceous above; sides sil-
very or somewhat golden, with about a dozen broad transverse bars of
the color of the back; i)osterior part of dorsal fin with a black patch-
fins yellowish or pale. Females olivaceous above, white below, a narrow
black band along sides about on the level of the eye and as wide as the
I)ui>il ; below this two similar black bars anteriorly and one posteriorly,
the upi)er one being interrupted ; oue or two black bars at base of cau-
dal. Females usually larger than the males. A large specimen taken at
Beaufort, N. C, sui»posed to be a male of this s[)ecies in high coloration,
showed the foUowing colors in life: Back olive, sides and belly brij^ht
salmon yellow; lower fins clear yellow; pectorals and anal with some
dusky; i)osterior edge of caudal dark ; dorsal nearly all black, a larjje
black Oct 'Hated spot on the last rays; opercles and under parts of head
with an inky sutlusion; cheeks, toj) of head, and mouth bronze yellow;
sides with about 18 narrow dusky vertical bars. Teeth in a broad band;
an outer row of rather large teeth. Oviduct adnate to first anal ray for
a short distance. Head 3^; depth 4. D. 12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 3G; L.
transv. 13. it. o-G inches. Cape Cod to Florida, the largest of our
Cyprinodontldw ; abundant in shallow bays.
(Vohitia majal'tH Walhauin, Artedi, Pise. \'Z, 1792: Eaox flavuliis Mitch. Trans. Lit. &
Phil. Soo. N. Y. i, 4;i9; Giiuther, vi, '.i^i: Uydrargyra inajalia C. & V. xviii, 207.)
533. F. su^ainpiiius (Lac) Gthr.
Very similar to the preceding, but the scales apparently somewhat
smaller; greenish olive, with a silvery longitudinal band, and 12-15
blackish vertical streaks. Head 4; depth 4-^. B. 6; D. 14; A. 12;
Lat. 1. 43. South Carolina. ( Val.)
(Hydrargira awampina Lac6])6de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 378; Giinther, vi, 323.)
• Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 378, 1808: type Hydrarjira awampina Lac. {idop,
water; upyvfiog, silver.)
if
40. CYPRINODONTIDiE — FUNDULUS.
(ifl. Miilcs nnd feinales with dark cross-bars.
333
ml' •'• >*iiMii** (Hainl A, Giianl) Gthr.
];ody moderately eloiijjate. Head rather pointed and elonj^ate, as
ill /'. iiKijnlis. Sexes similarly colored; both olivaceous above; the
.sides silvery, with 10-1") dark vertical bars; males with an ocellated
spot on the last rays of dors.il. Ventral fms short; insertion of dorsal
midway between front of orV)it and end of caudal. Head .'3;\ ; dei)th 4.
1). 11; A. 8 or 9; Lat. 1. 33; L. transv. 13. Coast of Texas, ascending
stroams.
{Jl,(lvarfi]ira similh Paird & Girard, Proo. Aoad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'>3, 381): ITn-
drunijiru Himilix Gii'ard, \'. S. Mex. Bound. Ichtli. IW: FunduluH vimilia Gilutbor, vi, 323;
.Ionian, Hull. U. 8. Geol. Snrv. Terr, iv, 400.)
53.1. F. acbra (Girard) Gthr.
Body elongate, compressed, subfusiform, the back slightly arched.
Head subi)yramidal, very much depressed. Eye 4 in head. Fins mod-
crate; liigher in the males than in the females. Scales smaller than in
;•'. si mills and more closely imbricated. Olivaceous above, with a black-
ish spot upon each scale; sides yellowish, with narrow transverse
black bands or bars, about 10 in number, more consi)icuous in the males
than in the females, and extending from the back to the belly; inter-
spaces wider than the dark bars. Fins plain. Sexes similar. Head
^. D. 13; A. 14. L. 3 inches. Rio Grande in Mew Mexico. {Girard.)
{Ilndiumjum zthra Girard, Free. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IdSU, 60; Giinther, vi, 324.
Not ol Dekay. )
«((«. Mules without sharp markings; scales rough lu spring. Females nearly plain.
3;i6. F. parvipinnis Girard.
]\Iale, light olive green, mottled with darker; sides with silvery and
brassy lustre; lower parts yellow; about 20 short blaclrisli cross-bars
along middle of sides, broader, plainer, and more closely set behind ;
sides and tins with dark points; uijper fins dull olive; lower yellow.
reiiiale larger, olive green above, sides not barred, with an obscure
dusky lateral band on caudal peduncle. Fins plain. Fins very high
ill the male, small in the female. Scales large; in the males in spring
roughened or ctenoid by small granulations and prickles, similar to the
uuptial excrescences of some Cyprinidce; tins also rough. Oviduct form-
ing a sheath at base of first ray of anal. Head 3^; depth 3'^. D. 13;
A. 11; Lat. I. 38; L. transv. 12. L. 4 inches. Coast of California from
Point Concepciou southward ; very abundant in bays and lagoons.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S54, 154; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x,
yOo; UUulher, vi, 319j Steindachncr Ichth. j cjitrjige, v, 155, ItiTG.)
lif
:m
.. ' ti
fl
i\- -
i- .;
'1
:■ ■■■
BJ^ffl
^;.,%
' J u/ ,
-J
1
'I
p
If
%
I.' *
I* <-
'1
334 coxTRinuTioxs to north American ichthyology— iv.
tt Branchii)st»'fr.'il8 fi. {Fiindulim.)
h. DorHiil loiij?; its rays Ki or 17.
337. F. semiiiolis Giranl.
Body rather stout. Head subpyrainidal, the .snout tapcriiif^. Kyp
4S in Lead. Dorsal fin lii^a, its orifjfin nearer apex of snout than orijxin
of caudal; anal deeper thc*n long. Ventrals not reaching vent. Soaks
deeper than long, of moderate size. Dark brown with larg«' round
black spots, the spots corresponding to the scales, upon their line of
intersection. Dorsal and caudal spotted. IJead 3'ij; depth .'ig. D. 17-
A. 13; V. G. Florida. {Giranl.)
(Girurrt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18r)9, 59; Gilnthor, vi, 325.)
hb, Doreal mortcrate, its rays 11-14.
e. Scales raf her small; more than 40 in a longitudinal scries.
d. Cross-bars blackish.
53S. F. diaphanus (Le S.) k^.— Spring Minnow.
Body rather slender, not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Ilead
moderate; quite flat above. Fins not large; dorsal and anal rather
low; ventrals scarcely reaching vent in the females; somewhat huij^er
in the mtales. General color olivaceous; sides silvery; 15-25 narrow,
irregular blackish cross-bars on the sides; back always more or less
spotted with blackish; fins nearly plain. Teeth pointed, the outer
not much enlarged. Head 4 ; depth 4*. Eye large, 3.J in head. D.
13; A. 11; Lat. 1. 40; L. transv. 12. L. 4 inches. Coasts, ascending all
streams to their fountaiti heads. Abundant in various tributaries of
the great lakes. Upper Mississippi, west to Colorado, and in ponds and
streams of the Middle and Eastern States.
(H>idrar(J!ira C.iaphana Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Naf. Sci. Phila. i, 1'^17,130: Ilijdmrmira
mvUifaHciuta Lc Sueur 1. c. 131: Fuiidnliis mnltifaitciafiiii Giiuther, vi, 324, and of most
writers; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, (57.)
53%*. F. confllHcntus Goodc & Bean.
Yellowish, with a longitudinal streak along each row of scales and
about 14 distinct irregular vertical dark bands. Head low, flat. Snout
not produced. Interorbiial space 2 in length of head, eye 4 in liojul.
Origin of dorsal midway between tip of caudal and middle of eye.
First raj' of anal under second of dorsal. Anal higher than long.
Scales crowded. B. probably 5. Head 3.|; depth 3|. D. 10; A. 10;
Lat. 1. 45. Lake Monroe, Florida. (Ooode & Bean.)
(Goode & Bear*, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 118.)
i:
49. CYPUINODONTlDiE FUNDULUS.
335
ja. Cross-l'ars silvery.
e. Tfi'tli i" 1>:iii<Ih, the outer not enlarged
,110. F> inoiioiia .Jordan & Copcland.
i;o(l.v elouj^iite, slif^htly coinpres.scd, not elertitod; head lonj;;^ and large,
rather narrow above, tlie interorbital .space half wider than eye, whieh
is 4 ill head. Dorsal moderate, inserted in advance of the anal, which
is short and deep; paired lins short; vent midway between eye and base
of caiKlal. Color [i ) <lark olive brown, with about 10 shinin^ji silvery,
vertical bands, whieh are narrower than the dark interspa(!es; the inicr-
siiiices broadest behind; fins plain; teeth pointed, curved, outer little
cnlarjred. Head 3r ; depth 5. D. 12; A. 10; B. 5; scales 48-12. L.
31 inches. Rock River, Wisconsin.
(J,)nlan & Copcliuid. Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S77, 6S.)
f,. TtM'tli in about two series, the outer enlarged.
.111. F. ndiilia J. & G. nom. sp. nov.
Body short, deep, and compressed; head moderate, broad, and flat
flbove, the interoibital space rather more than half greater than the
width of the eye; eye 4 in head; dorsal and anal lins rather large; dor-
sal iust rted almost exactly over fiont of anal ; teeth mostly in two series,
the outer very strong; vent midway between eye and base of caudal;
scales small, closely imbrio'ted. Color olivaceous, with 15 to 20 silver
cross-bars, almost as wide as the interspaces posteriorly, wider than the
interspaces anteriorly, extending over the belly and joining their fellows
on the opposite side ; the bands variable, but usually wider and more
crowded than in F. menona ; fins plain. Head 3§; depth 4. D. 13;
A. 11; scales 44-15. L. 2 inches. Coast of Texas, ascending streams;
our specimens from the Rio Grande.
(? JrfiHirt mitllifaHciata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 117: Fnndiilua zebra
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Ti-rr. iv, No. 2, 1878, 6(>4. Not Hydrartiyra mul({f(miata
Le Siu!ur, nor Hyilrargijra zebra Grd., nor Fimduhtu zebra Dekay.)
(c ScalcH rather large, less than 40 in a longitudinal series.
/. Males with U or 10 silvery cross-bars; females with black vertical stripes; tins
plahi.
r>43. F. nigrofasciatus (Lc S.) C. & V.
Body rather short and deep; bead rather long and depressed; the
snout obtuse, a slight angle being formed above the eye; dorsal mod-
orate, well back; anal short and deep; eye lorger than snout, 1^ in
interorbital space, 3.^ in head. Olivaceous above, silvery below ; fins
iu both sexes immaculate; males with 9 or 10 very dietiuct silvery
:l
4 1
m^"^^
•V ;*i. ;•?
i
r.:^
«. 'f\
'1
m'
f^.^^: '»'
■^PSTi^r;'
336 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
cross bars, each about, as broad as a scale; females with about as umnv
narrow black bars, which do not extend on the luick or belly; sciiks
punctate. Head 3| ; depth 4. U. 11 ; A. 0; scales 33-n. L. L'A ineln,;
{G'dnthcr.) Arlantic coast of United States, not very common.
{Iljldrarffyra mtjrofase'mta Lo Suenr, Joui'n. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1H17, i njj.
Storer, Fish Mass, 21)5; Giiiither, vi, ;i25.)
ff. Males with silvciy spots and bars; females nearly plain olivaceous; fins spotted
343. F. lieteroclitUS (L.) Giinther.— ConuttOft KilUfvth; Mummichog; SaU-Katn
Miiinoiv.
Body thick-set, short and deep; anteriorly broad, posteriorly com-
pressed, the back elevated ; head rather short, blunt, broad and Hat on
top; eye moderate, about equal to snout, about half the width of intiT.
orbital space and one-tifth of the lenj;th of the head ; tins moderate, the
dorsal inserted in males midway between snout and tip of caudal; i,i
femides farther back ; oviduct attached to anterior ray of anal firi, its
openinjj near the tip of the ray; teeth in broad bands, jwinted, tlie
outer series eidarj^^ed. Coloration in males dark dull green, the lu'liy
more or less orange yellow; sides with numerous quite narrow ill-
defined silvery bars made up of spots, most distinct posteriorly; besides
these are numerous conspicuous white or yellow spots, irregtdarly scat
tered ; vertical tins dark, with numerous small round pale sjjots ; dorsal
often with a blackish spot on its last ray; anal and ventrals yellow
anteriorly; under side of head yello\y; young males sometimes with
dark bars. Females nearly plain olivaceous, lighter below, witliout
spots or bars, the scales finely punctate; sides sometinu's with a few-
faint vertical shades. Head 3§ ; depth 3§. D. 11 ; A. 11 ; scales 3()-i;i;
L. 3-5 inchc s. Maine to Mexico, everywhere very common in brackish
Avaters, the most abundant of cur Cyprinodontida'. Southern speciiiiciis
l)erhaps reach a larger size (var. granila) than northern, and some speci-
mens (var. imculentuH) have the head wider than usual.
{Cohiih hcteroclUa L. Synt. Nut.: 7i»ox/>iV,'« /(»/««, Mitch. Tinns, Lit. A- Phil. Soc. y.
Y. i, 441 • Fiiiidiiliin piaci'Iciitiiii of most Aniciicai' authors: I'luidiilim zihra •Dt'kivy, N. Y.
Fauna, Fish. iilH, 1H4'J: I'uudulim (jraiidis Haird & Girard, Proc Aca.l. iS'at. Sci. I'liilii.
18.");J, 1589 : J<\inditli(a (fmudis GirtU{\, IJ.'S. Mex. Bound. Surv. lehth. (U): FiiiidiihiH Jlori-
dennw Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IH.'iO, U>7: Fundtihw jmculcntita Storer, 1 isli.
Mass. v!94; Giinthcr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. vi, ;J18.)
*• orsal fin beginning directly above or slightly behind anal. {Xvniama* Jor.)
'Jordan, Bull. Butt". Soc. Nat. Hist. 1S76, 142: typo Xenmna sUdlifem Jor. {^ei'tdiua,
r surprise.)
49. CYPRINODONTIDiE — FUNDULUS.
337
Branch iostcgals 5; spots in regular series.
S44. F. catenatus (Storer) Gthr.—Stud-Jish.
Similar in form i-3 F. stelUfer, but larger, with lower fins and difter-
ent coloration ; dorsal and anal fins even in the males, falling short of
the ciiudal ; color bluish or greenish, with a round orange spot (in the
male) on each scale, thus forming series of regular lines of dots ; females
with smaller brown spots on the scales, also forming lines. Anal
prickly in £i)ring males. Teeth in broad bands, the outer somewhat
enlar^'t'd. Head 4; depth 4.^5. D. 14; A. 15; Lat. 1. 50. L. G or 7
inches. Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, locally abundant, one of
the larn'ost and handsomest of the Cyprinodonts.
{J'arilid vah'uata Storer, Syuop.siH Fish N. A. IH4(), 430 ; GUuther, vi, 322 ; Cope, Joiim.
Acad. N:i(. Sci. Pliila. 18G8, 238: Xcniama catvnaia Jordau, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.
y. 187(5, :v<w.)
gg. BranchiostegaLs 4 ; spots irregular.
343. F. stcllifcr Jordau.—Sjjotled Stud-Jish.
Body rather long, somewhat compressed. Head broad find flattened
above, in the usual fashion. Eye large, about 4 in head. Scales closely
ii'ibricated, deeper than long. Dorsal flu beginning slightly behind
anal, its last rays in the adult males highly elevated, reaching the
base of caudal, their height equal to the depth of the body; anal sim-
ilar, more elevated in front and less so behind, the last rays falling just
short of caudal ; fins lower in females and young ; pectorals reaching
vciitrals, the latter to anal in the males. Teeth in a narrow band, the
outer souunvhat enlarged, blunt and curved. Coloration brilliant; livid
blue above, somewhat silvery below; body and cheeks, with large,
bright dark orange spots, irregidarly placed, not following the rows
of scales, and not always in the middle of the scales ; these spots not
uaiform in size; females with olive-brown spots horizontally, oblong
and sinnller than the orange spots of the males and more regularly
placed ; a blue loral blotch, with a green one below it ; a pale yellow
blotch on the back in front of the dorsal, verj^ conspicuous when the
first anal ray. Head 3;^; depth 5. D. 13; A. 13; V.C; Lat. 1. 53. L.
fish is ill the water, but fading in spirits. Ovidiict not extending on
3-4 iiiclies. Alabama River, in clear streams and springs; a beautiful
fish. . M.. ' ■ •
(Arrtwmn ntcUifcm Jordan, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187C, 322.) ^'■'^''' ' '
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 22 " r ^^
i
• I
fc • / <ii "^ .
i ,
■I
mm.
338 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
h:'!"
139.— ZYGOnrECTES Agasslz.
Top Minnows.
(MioristiuB Gill.)
(Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1851, 135: type PoeclUa oUoacea Storer.)
This genus is closely related to Fundulus, difi'ering chie% in the small
size and posterior position of the dorsal, which has usually less tbaii
ten rays and is commonly inserted behind the front of the anal Un.
The species are smaller in size than those of Fundulus, and different in
appearance, so that we feel reluctant to unite the two genera, although
the technical differences are very slight. From the Old World genus
JTaplochilus, Zygonectes is distinguished by the short anal fin. The fe-
males of Zygonectes are scarcely distinguishable from those of Gambusia.
Species all American. Surface swimmerj?, feeding upon insects.
i^ydv, yoke ; vf/KTr]C, swimmer; they being said to swim in pairs.)
* Body rather elongate. (Zygonectes, )
a. Sides without black band.
•546. Z. rubrifrons Jordan.
Body moderately stout, little compressed, not elevated, the caudal
peduncle deep; head rather long, broad between the eyes, flat above;
eyes large, 3\ in head, their range horizontal; mouth rather large.
Teeth small, nearly even, in a narrow band. Scales moderate. Dorsal
fin very short and small, placed a little behind the anal or about even
with it, its position in the males rather more posterior ; anal short, high
in the nialee ; ventrals very small ; pectorals small. Color, males dark
olivaceous, with a dark, bronze-orange spot on each scale posteriorly,
much as in Fundulus catenatus. Below, these spots are bright orange.
Taint, narrow vertical, orange bars along the lower and posterior part
of the body. Vertical fins with orange spots. Jaws and space ui front
of eyes bright orange-red ; paired fins dusky. Females almost uniform
brassy-olivaceous, without evident spots or red markings. Head li^ in
length to base of caudal; depth 3j|. D. 7 or 8; A. 8 or 0; Lat. 1. 31*;
L. transv. 11 or 12 ; B. 5. L. 2^ inches. San Sebastian Eiver, Flor-
ida, a larger species than most in the genus, and with the dorsal fin less
posterior.
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. t8T9, 237.)
St7, Z. licnsBialli Jordan.
Body rather stout, deep and compressed, the profile nearly straight,
the back little elevated, and the caudal peduncle deep; head moderate;
flu Ti:
Vr:-
■'fi-
49. CYPRINODONTID^ — ZYGONECTES.
339
nioiitli rathor large ; jaws each with a series of. long and rather slender
caiiine-like teeth, behind which is a band of small teeth; the canines
larger in the lower jaw; eye large; scales rather large; dorsal fin short
and bigh, inserted slightly behind the anal in the males, exactly opposite
it ill the females; caudal large; anal fln larger and rather lower than
dorsal; ventrals quite small; pectorals moderate. General color oliva-
ceous ; sides covered, especially posteriorly, with rather large, irregu-
larly placed orange spots, which also extend on the vertical fins; dorsal
dusky, with a dark bar; head without red; caudal and anal more or
less yellow; females obscurely marked; young with diffuse greenish
vertical bars. Head 3 J in length to base of caudal ; depth 4. 13. 5 ;
D. 7 or 8; A. 10 or 11; Lat. 1.33; L. transv. 10. L. 3-4 inches. San
Sebastian River, Florida. The larger, species of the genus, looking
like a Fundulus.
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1870, 327.)
3I§. Z. floripiniiis (Cope) Jor.
General form of Z. notatus; lower jaw somewhat projecting; external
series of teeth in both jaws enlarged ; eye large, 3^ in head. Olive gray,
scales with ochre borders; fins yellow, broadly edged with crimson.
Head 4^; depth 5. D. 10; A. 13; scales 29-10. L. 2 J inches, llivers
of Colorado. {Cope.)
(Ilnplochihis floripinnia Cope, Zool. Lieut. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v, G95, 1870.
.VIO. Z. lincatus Garman.
Brownish, finely punctulate with brown; white below; lips, top of
head, and a line along middle of back dark ; tail with faint transverse
bands. Moderately stout, compressed. Crown flat. Eye large, as
l()u<i; as snout, IJ in interorbital width. Lower jaw slightly longer.
Outer teeth long, slender, curved. First ray of dorsal almost opposite
lirstof anal, one- third the distance from base of caudal to front of eye;
caudal truncate. Head nearly 3; depth 4,^. D. 11; A. 14; V. 0; P. 15;
Lat. 1. 30; L. transv. 12. Northeastern Wyoming. (Garman.)
(Uarmiin, Bull. Mus. Zoiil. viii, No. 3, 88, 1881.)
fi.i. Sides with a broad, dark lateral baud ; fins plaiu or speckled.
.150. Z. notatus (Ra*".) Jor.— Top Minnoiv.
IJody rather slender, compressed behind. Head low, depressed, and
rather elongate, the snout somewhat produced, the lower jaw scarcely
projecting; interorbital space broad, its width about half length of
head; eye large, less than snout, about 3 in head. Fins moderate, the
•\-k
-if
^,•
1 » '
f
(I
'i ir\- mm
it,
11
Kit
340 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
dorsal and anal elevated in the males. Teeth in a broad band, the
outer series considerably enlarged and canine like. Coloration browu.
ish olive, with a broad, dark purplish-black lateral band running from
tip of snout through eye to base of caudal ; darker in males than in
females; young specimens have the edges of the band serrated; a few
series of small black dots along the sides of the back; dorsal, caudal
and anal lins dotted with black ; top of head with a conspicuous trans-
lucent spot in life; concentric striae on scales, strong. Head 4; depth
4 J. D. 0; A. 11; scales 34-11. L. 2-3 J inches. Michigan to Alabama
and Texas, generally abundant in ponds and canals.
{Scmotilusl nolatua Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 86: Poccilia olivacea Storer, Synopsis, itg.
Fandahts tcncllua B. i G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185;J, 389 : Zygoncctcs 2)ulchcUm
Giranl, Pioc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Phila. 1851), GO: Fundnlm aureus Coijc, Proc. Acad. Kat.
Sci. Phila. 18;).'), 78: Haplochilus pulr.hcUus Giiuther, vl, 314: Uaplochilus aH/CHs Giiu-
ther, vi, 31;'); Jordan, Man. Vert. 264.)
** Body short and deep. {Mlcrintius Gill.)
cSSl. Ti. iltralatUS Jordan & Bray ton.
Body short and stout, compressed, especially posteriorly. Head
moderate, broad and flattened above. Dorsal fin well back, moderately
high; anal fin rather larger; paired fins small. Coloration dull olive;
no stripes or bars; scales slightly dark-edged; a large jet-black Idotch
on eacli side just above and somewhat in front of the vent, due to the
black peritoneum showing through the translucent sides; dorsal and
anal fius speckled. Teeth small, the outer little enlarged. Head 4;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 8; scales 30. L. \% inchos. Neuse Eiver, North
Carolina.
(Jordan & Brayton, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 1878, 84.)
532. Z. EOicIanops (Copu) Jor.
Body rather short and deep. Head broad ; eye as long as snout,
3 J in head, 2 in interorbital width; teeth in a band, the outer series
scarcely enl.arged. Fins short. Yellowish brown; scales darker edged;
body without distinct longitudinal stripes or bnrs; belly golden; a very
conspicuous jet-black spot just below the eye, and confluent with it iu
the adult; dorsal and caudal fins with series of black dots; caudal very
large. Head 3^; depth 3A. D. 7; A. 9; scales 28-7. L. 2^ inches.
Neuse Kiver {Cope) to Southern Illinois [Forbes) and Mi8sissipi)i {U.mj\
locally abnndant.
(IIa;ilochilu8 melanopa Copo, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1870, 457; Jordan, Bull. 111. Lab.
Nat. Hist, ii, 52, 1878; Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 501.)
49 CYPEINODONTJD^ — ZYGONECTES. •
341
553. Z. dispar • Agassiz.
Body short and deep, much compressed. Head short and very broad,
the flat iuterorbital space being two-thirds of its length, and barely twice
the diameter of the eye; the distance between the eyes above greater
than the distance between them below Snout broadly rounded. Fins
moderate; dorsal much smaller than anal. Outer series of teeth some-
what enlarged. Coloration pale olive, bluish in life ; a V( ^y distinct
brownish line along the edges of each row of scales, appearing wavy or
serrated as it follows the scales; about 10 of these longitudinal stripes
are present; males with the lines interrupted, appearing a>^ series of
dots and further marked by about 9 dark cross-bars; adults with a dark
blotch below the eye, sometimes confluent with it. Oviduct free from
anal. Head 32; depth 3 J. D. 7; A. 9; scales 35-10. L. 2^ inches.
Lake? and sluggish streams from Ohio to Iowa.
(Agassiz, Amer. Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 353; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila.
ISTT,"!)?.)
554. Z. brachypterus Cope.
« Base of the first dorsal ray behind the vertical line equally dividing
the base of the anal ; ventrals not reaching base of anal. Scales large.
Head wide, with overhanging supercilia ; iuterorbital width twice the
diameter of the orbit, which enters the length of the head 2J times.
Color uniform olivaceous, the scales with brown edges; cheeks silvery;
no spots on the head. Body stout. Head 4J, D. 7; A. 8. Scales
30-lf. Lenj^h 2." {GopCj MSS.) Trinity Eiver and other streams in
Texas.
* Professor Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 353, mentiona three more species of
this geu'is, which have not since been recognized, besides two (Z. lateral'^ and Z. zona-
tus) which are evidently identical with Z, notatus, and another, Z. Uncolatus, which
Professor Putnam informs us is identical with Z. noUii.
Z. nottii Agass.
'•The darker continuous longitudinal lines alternate with fainter inteirupted ones.
Males with distinct transverse bands ; dark olive above, fading upon the sides ; sil-
very bolow. Operculum, throat, and space in advance of*the eye oi'ange color." Mo-
bile, Ala.
Z, gutlatua Agass.
"A largo dark spot upon the centre of each scale on the back and sides, forming
longitudinal rows of disconnected dots. The transverse bars of the male are mnch
narrower and nearer together than in Z. Uncolatus (nottii). Dark olive above, fading
upon the side. Abdomen silvery." Mobile, Ala.
Z. heroglyphima Agass.
"Anterior and upper parts of the body sprinkled with dark dots, i)as8ing into longi-
tudinal rows backwards. Light olive above ; silvery on the sides and below." Mo-
bile, Ala.
,ili!:;fi-t
>» f*' ,
lii
II.
fl-^l
,:■ V'
^*i!^A '"'.
342 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY— ly.
SliS. Z. sciadicus (Cope) Jor.
Body short and stout. Eye equal to snout, 3J in head, 1§ in inter
orbital space. Fins small. Coloration uniform olivaceous, without spots
or lines. Head 3J. D. 10; A. 12; scales 39-13. L. 2 inches. Platte
lliver. {Cope.)
(Fundulua aciadicua Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1865, 78: Ha^lochilua Hciadkm
GUnther, vl, 316.)
5tSG. Z. chrysetus (GUnther) Jor.
Head depressed anteriorly. Snout shorter than the eye, which is 31
in head and IJ in interorbital space. Fins moderate. Light olive-
colored, with narrow, dark, vertical streaks on the sides; caudal with
bauds of brown dots. Head 3J; depth 4. D. 9; A. 11; scales 34-12.
Charleston, S. C. {GUnther.)
{Haplovhilus chryaotus GunthdT, vi, 317.) j-
S57. Z. zonatus (Mitch.) Jor.
Eye large, 2^ in head. Dorsal almost reaching the caudal, which ia
lanceolate. Sides with 12 black cross-bars ; dorsal and anal dotted with
black; other fins immaculate. D. 7; A. 10. Head 4 J in total leugth.
South Carolina. {GUnther.)
(lEaox zonafua Mitch. Traaa. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 443: Fundulua zonatua C. &. V. xviii,
196: Haplovhilua zonatua GiintheT, \i, 316.)
35§. Z. cingulatus (C. &. Y.) Jor.
Anal rather larger than dorsal; sides with ten or twelve broad, well-
defined, vertical dark bars, nearly as broad as their interspaces; dorsal
with a large black spot posteriorly, immediately in front of which is a
white one; other fins immaculate. D. 8; A. 9. Head 3|. Coast of
New Jersey. {GUnther.)
(Fundulua cingulatua C. & V. xviii, 197 (D. 8; A. 10): Hydrargyra luoiw Bairtl, Ninth
Smithsonian Rept. 1855, 344: Haplochilua luciw GUnther, vi, 316.)
160.— I.1TCANIA Girard.^
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihi. 1859, 118: type Lucania venuata Grd.)
Mouth moderate, the snout not produced ; both jaws with a single
series of conical teeth? Scnles rather large. Dorsal and anal rays iu
moderate number, the dorsal in advance of the anal; anal flu not
modified in the males. Very small fishes. (A coined name without
meauing.
• GIRARDINICHTHYS Bleeker. _- _^^^
(Limn«r(7«s GUnther.) ? j
{Bl&okoT, CyTpxin, 1860, 431: typ\j G-irardiniohthya innominatua.)
Body stout. Mouth small, the upper jaw very protractile. Teeth small, subcylin-
drical, in a single series iu each jaw. Scales rather small. Dorsal and anal fins long,
49. CYPRINODONTID^ — LUCANIA.
343
559. L. venusia Grd. .. ' , ^ v -w "■..:.., t. , ... c.; •>..,■
Body oblong, much as in Zygonectes. Dorsal midway ot body, mod-
erately elevated, much in front of anal. Snout rather pointed. Brown-
ish sliylitly spotted. Head 3^; depth 3^. D. 13; A. 11; Lat. 1. 27.
L. U inches. Indianola, Tex. (Girard.)
(Limia venusta Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 71, 1859; Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1859, 118; GUuther, vi, 310: Lucania affinia Giiard, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci.Pliihv. 1859, 118.)
560. L. parva (B. & G.) Beau*
Form elongated. Head less than one-fourth the length (with the
caudal). Eye 3 in head. Coloration plain. D. 10; A. 10; V. G; L.
transv. 8. Very small. Long Island. {Giinther.)
(Cuprinodon parvus B. <& G. Ninth Smithsonian Report, 1855,345: Cyprinodon par-
f,w GUiitlier, vi, 307.)
561. L. goodei Jordan.
Body elliptical, rather elongate, the back considerably elevated to a
point just in front of the origin of the dorsal fin ; the caudal peduncle
rather deep and compressed. Head short, comparatively narrow, and
bluntly pointed. Mouth small, terminal; both jaws with rather large
conical canine-like teeth, apparently in a single series. Eye large, near
the middle of the side of the head, its diameter contained 2 J to 2^ times
iu the length of the head, about equal to the width of the interorbital
space. Scales large, their exposed surfaces higher than long, in about
30 (29 to 32) longitudinal and 7 vertical series; humeral scale like the
others. Fins large, especially in the males; origin of dorsal about mid-
way between snout and base of caudal, conspicuously in advance of
anal; height of dorsal fin in the males two-thirds the length of the head,
about equal to the length of the base of the liu ; anal tin similar and
nearly as high and long, beginning nearly under the middle of the
dorsal; caudal moderate, subtruncate; ventrals long, in the males
each with 20 or more rays, nearly opposite each other; anal fin not modified in the
male. Intestinal canal short. Moiiico. (Girardinus; /^Ov?, fish.)
(j. innominatua Bleeker.
Head thiclc, the snout obtuse, the mandible being directed vertically upward; neck
arched so that the upper profile of the head is concave. Eye 5 iu head, i the width
of interorbital space. Olivaceous, with brown cross-bauds, which are sometimes
conJiuent. Head 4 ; depth 3^. D. 20; A. 22; Lat. 1. 44. Vicinity of city of Mexico.
(liiinthtr.)
(Lucania sp. Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 114; Bleeker, Cyprin. 484:
Limnurgua varkgatus GUuther, vi, 309.)
* Dr. Beau iuforms us that this species, tlio types of which he has examined, is a
Ltuania.
■^1
iV
m
ttn
■ ■ i
Ill
if ■•
M
344 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOGY — IV.
reaching the front of t Je anal, in the females reaching the vent; pecto-
rals reaching past front of ventrals in both sexes. Color olivaceous
the scales with dark edgings; a very distinct black band in botli sexes
rnnning through eye and snout straight to the base of the caudal
whore it ends in a round black spot ; this baud is about as wi<l(3 as a
series of scales, although developed on parts of two series; a conspjcu.
ous black band in both sexes along the lower edge of the caudal pedun-
cle, from the root of the caudal to the vent, dividing and passing ou
each side of the anal fin; fins in the female plain; in the male, basal
half of dorsal and anal jet black, outer half pale with a black edge-
pectorals and especially ventrals also dark-edged ; caudal ftn faintly
mottled ; vertical fins with more or le|8 red in life. Head 4; do])tli 4;^.
D. 9; A. 9. L. l,i inches. Arlington River, Florida, a tributary of the
Saint John's. ,
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 240.)
161.— GAIUBIJSIA Poey.»
(Heterandria AgSiHsiz.)
(Poey, Mem. Cuba, i, 382, 1851: type Gambmia punctata Poey, from Cuba.)
Body moderately elongate. Mouth medium ; both jaws with a baud
of conical teeth ; snout not produced ; the lower jaw prominent. Eyes
• PSEUDOXIPHOPHORUS Bleaker.
(Paoiliodes Stcindachner.)
(Blocker, Iclithyol. Iml. Prodr. Cypr. 1860, 483: type Xiphophorits himaciihtus Ilockcl.)
This genua haa the general cliaracters of Oambuaia, differing in the lur<for size of
the dorsal fin, which haa 14-16 rays instead of 6-10. Mexico. {ipEvdoi, false; Aijj/to-
phorus.)
* Anal process ending in a small hook.
P. iimaciilatua (Heckel) GUnther.
Each scale with a brown creacent; a black spot behind upper end of gill-opening,
and a round blackish apot on upper half of root of caudal. Head 4^; depth 4^. B. 6;
D. 14; A. 10; scales 29-8. L. 4 iuchea. Mexico. (GUniher.)
{Xiphophorua bimaeulatus Heckel, Sitzgaber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, 169; Giinther,
vi, 332.)
** Anal process without hook.
P. reticulatua Troschel.
Coloration aa in the preceding; caudal fin entirely blackiah. Depth 6 in total
length. D. 16; A. 8. Mexico. {Giinther.)
(Troachel, MliUer's Reise Mexico, iii, App. 104; Giinther, vi, 333.)
BELONESOX Kner.
(Kner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiaa. Wien, 1860, xl, 419: type Beloneaox belizanua Kner.)
Cleft of the mouth much developed laterally, the jaw bones being much produced.
The int«rmaxillarios form together an elongate triangular plate, but are not ancby-
40. CYPRINODONTIDiE — GAMBUSIA.
345
normal. Scales large. Dorsal and anal fins both rather short, the anal
more or less in advance of the dorsal ; anal fin of the male modified into
a long introraittent organ, and much advanced. Intestinal canal short.
Braiichiosteg^^s C. Small fishes inhabiting the fresh waters of Mexico,
Cuba, and the Southern States. The numerous species are imperfectly
known. < •*■«.-....;; .^-.-.'^ ;..■; .■■-'- ' ■•' -■ ■:. -^ -- ":'";^-
("The name owes its etymology to the provincial Cuban word Gambimno, which
BiiriiKit's nothing, with the idea of a. joke or farce. Thus one says 'to tish for Gambu-
$inos' when one catches nothing." — Poey.)
563> O. patruelis (15. & G.) Girard.
Snout broad, subspatulate, the lower jaw projecting. Eye longer
than snout, 3 in head, IJ in interorbital space. Anal process in ^
longer than head, not curved at its extremity. Caudal peduncle rather
elongate. A faint dark line across upper part of trunk; sometimes
series of dark dots on sides of body; an oblique dark band below orbit;
caudal with dark spots; coloration sometimes uniform. Head 3§;
depth 4. D. 8; A. 9; scales 32-8. South Carolina to Mexico; abun-
dant iu lowland streams.
(Ileterandria holbrooki Agassiz MSS. : Gambusia holbrooJci Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pliila. 1859, 61: Gambusia holbrooki Giinther, vi, 334: Jleterandria patrudiH B. &
G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, 390; Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Suiv, Ichth. 72.)
S63. G. hamilis Giinther.
Slender; anal larger than dorsal, and much anterior to it. Olive;
dorsal and caudal with narrow blackish cross-bars. Head 4^. D. 6;
A. 9. Matamoras. (Oirard.)
(Gamhnaia graoilia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 121, preoccupied;
Giinther, vi, 335.)
561. G. arlingtonia Goode & Bean.
Uniform brownish olive; fins with a few blackish dots. Snout
broad. Lower jaw projecting. Eye longer than snout, 3 in head. Dor-
sal inserted midway between posterior margin of eye and tip of tail.
Pectorals reaching ventrals; ventrals to vent. Head 3J; depth 4. D.
9 1 A. 11; V. 6; Lat. 1. 33; L. trans v. 11. Arlington Elver, Florida;
known from females only, and very likely a Zygonectes.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1879, 118.)
losed together. Mandible long, somewhat prominent; both jaws with a broad band
ofcardiibrm teeth. Scales rather small. Anal in advance of dorsal, modified iu the
male into an intromittent organ. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short. Car-
nivorous. Mexico. (Belone ; Esox. ) -
B, helizamia Kner. *
Slender. Olivaceous ; sides with series of brown dots ; a black spot at root of caudal.
Head 3; depth 5^. D. 9; A. 10; scales 00-18. Mexico and Central America. (^Kner.)
(Kner, 1. 0.; GUnther,Ti, 333.)
i
m
m
^^:.M
E"*''N
. ^1
-Mipi
I
t ■ -.
346 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
d>69. O. afflnis (B. & G.) Grd.
Body moderately stout. Dorsal and anal fins similar in size and
shape, the latter not much advanced. Coloration plain; dor.sal and
caudal dotted with black. Head 4j depth 3^. D. G; A. 8. Texas.
(Oirard.)
(Hctcraiidria affiiiia B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 390; Girard, U, S.
Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclitli. 72; Guuthor, vi, 336.)
966. G. nobilis B. & G.*
Body very deep, elevated in front of dorsal. Anal much smaller
than dorsal. Ventrals very small. Coloration plain. Ilead 3A; depth
3J. D. 8; A. 7. L. 2^ inches. Texas. {Oirard.)
(Hctcrandria nobilis B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 390; Girard, U.S.
Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith. 71 ; GUuthor, vi, 335.)
(Two other species from the Rio Graude region, G. apeciosa and G. senilis, are briefly
and probably unrecognizably described by Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Itioi)
121).
163.— inOLLIENESIA Lo Sueur.f
(Limia Pt oy.)
(Le Suenr, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 1821, 3: type Mollieneaia latipinna Le
Sueur.)
Body rather stout. Mouth small; mandible very short, its bones not
united, the dentary being movable; both jaws with a narrow baud d
small teeth, besides an outer series of long, slender, movable teeth,
which are curved and slightly compressed, placed on the outer edge of
the jaw. Branchiostegals usually 5. Scales rather large. Anal fin
* G. gracilis (Meckel) Gtlir.
Anal process twice as long as head; the extremity bent. A dark band from upper
end of gill-opening to the caudal. Head 4; depth 4. D. 8; A. 9; scales 29-7. Ori-
zaba, Mexico. (GUnther.)
{Xiphophorus yracilia Heckel, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1848, i, pt. 3, 300; Giiu-
ther, vi, 336.)
tXIPHOPHORUS Heckpi.
(Heckel, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wisa. Wien, 1848, i, pt. 3, 163: type Xipliophorus helleri
Heckel.)
This genus differs from Mollieneaia chiefly in the structure of its caudal fin, the lower
rays of which in the males are prolonged into a long sword-shaped appendage, which
in the adult is sometimes as long as the rest of the fish. Anal of the male modified
into an intromittent organ, one or two of the enlarged rays being provided with hooii-
like processes. Bianchiostegals 5. (Iz^o?, sword; ^o/3£a}, to bear.)
X. helleri Heckel.
Sides with blue and yellowish-green bands or dark spots. Prolonged caudal ap-
pendage of the male nearly as long as the body, yellow, with black edges. Anal pro-
cess with numerous hooks. Head 4^-; depth 3|. B. 5; D. 13; A. 9; scales 29-S.
Mexico. (GUnther.)
(Heckel 1. c; GUnther, vi, 349.) __„ „„„ ,j,,„ v.r«. ^ , ?, r
TTTT'
49. CYPRINODONTIDJi — PCECILIA.
347
behind the dorsal, the anal of the male being modified into an intromit-
teut orpin ; caudal fin alike in the two sexes ; dorsal fin highly elevated
iu the male, its base elongate, of twelve or more rays. Intestines elon-
gate with numerous convolutions. Small mud-eating fishes, of varie-
gated colors, found in Cuba, Mexico, and our Southern States. (Dedi-
cated to Monsieur Molllcn, French minister of finance, a patron of
p6ron, the friend and scientific associate of Le Sueur.)
J67. !»'• lalipinna Lo Sueur."
Body short and deep, compressed. Eye equal to snout, 3J iu head, 2
iu interorbital space. Inner teeth almost obsolete; outer series large,
freely movable. Dorsal fin in the males greatly elevated, in the females
moderate. Greenish, silvery below; a row of dark spots along each
series of scales, and the lower part of the trunk also with a series of
rouml brown spots; each scale with a silvery hinder margin; dorsal fin
in S with 4 or 5 brown lines interrupted by the rays, and with a row of
vertically ovate spots on its upper half; caudal membrane with black
(lots, the lower half of its hinder margin black. Female less spotted.
Head 3 J; depth 3 J. B. 5; D. 13 ; A. 7; scales 27-8. L. 2 J inches.
Florida to Mexico; abundant in streams of the lowlands.
(Le Sueur, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1821, ii, 3; Guntlier, vi, 348: Pacilia mulH'
lineata Le Sueur, L o. 4 : raecilia Uneolata Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Iclith. 70 :
LimiapcceilioidegGvd.U. S. Mex, Bouud. Surv. Ichth. 70: Limia matamorenais Grd.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 116.)
103.— P€B€ILIA Bloch & Sclineider.
iLimia Poey.)
(Bloch tfc Schneider, Systoma Ichthyologiaj, 1801, 452 : type Poeoilia vivipara Bloch &
Schneider, from Surinam.)
This genus differs from Mollienesia only in the smaller size of the
dorsal, which has usually nine or ten rays and is nearly opposite the
aual in the female, but behind it in the male. The numerous species
— - — - - — , i^
♦if. formosa (Grd.) Gthr.
Body rather stout. Snout short. Fins diflferent in the two sexes. Olivaceous,
scales Avith brown spots ; doraal fin with transverse series of blackish spots ; other
fills immaculate. Head 3^ ; depth 3^. D. 12; A. 10. Palo Alto, Mexico. (Girard.)
[Limia formosa Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 115; Giiuther, vi, 349.)
if. jonesi Gthr.
Brownish, each scale with a black margin ; a black band between eye and scapula;
a round black spot on upper half of root of caudal ; anal with a black line along each
ray; other fins plain. Eye shorter than snout, 4 in head, 2 in interorbital width.
Dorsal (in female) much longer than high ; anal small, opposite middle of dorsal.
D.12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 29; L. transv. 9. Yolcanio lake, Huamantla, Mexico. {Gunther.)
(Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, 370, 1874.) . -
11
l"^, ' '
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11
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I
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348 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOaY— jy.
iuliabit the West Indies, Mexico, auJ South America. {Kouih):;^ varie-
gated.)
* Brauchiostegals 5. (Pwcilia.) ' - ■ 5 '
56§. P. couchianit (Girard) .Tor. & Gilb.
Body short, back convex; head small; scales very large. Brownish
each scale with a large brown spot ; an obscure black lateral bund ; fins
idain, except the dorsal, which has a few black si>ots,. Ilead 4. I). 9.
A. G. Nuevo Leon, Mexico. {Girard.)
(Limia couchiana Grd. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 116: Pcecilia couchii GUnther
vi, 347.)
164.— CilBARDINirS Pocy."
(Poey, Mom. Cuba, i, 383, 1851 : type Girardinm metallicua Poey, from Cuba.)
Body moderately slender; mouth small; mandible very short, its
bones not united ; snout short ; both jaws with a single series of slen-
der, movable, pointed teeth ; scales rather large ; anal fin more or loss
in advance of dorsal, in the male modified into an intromittent organ;
intestinal canal elongate ; mud eating. Very smaH fishes, the smallest
• PLATYPCECILUS GUnther.
(GUnther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, o59, 1866: typo Platypacihia maculaiu8 Qunthfr.)
Small lishes allied to Girardinua, but with the origin of the anal fin behind that of
the dorsal. Mexico, (ff/laru?, broad; ttoikiXoS, P<jecilu8= Pcecilia.)
P. maculatus Gthr.
Body much compressed and elevated. Caudal pidiincle shor j and deeji. Olivaceous,
a roundish black spot on middle of root of caudal ; a black spot on middle of side of
body; dorsal often spotted with black; margins 01 ana' and caudal black. Head 3J;
depth 2^. D. 10 ; A. 9 ; scales 25-8. L. 1^ inches. Mexico. (GUnther.)
(GUnther, vi, 350.)
GOODEA Jordan.
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 299 : type Goodea atripinnia Jor.)
Form of Fuiidulua, but with the intestinal canal elongate, the dentary bones loosely
joined, and the teeth slender, raov.ible, triompid, attached in a single series on tlie
outer edge of the jaws, not clo" •',, ,et. Fins small, the dorsal and anal similar, the
dorsal slightly in advance of au:U. No spines. Scales moderate. Limnophagous.
Sexual changes, if any, unknown. Mexico. (Dedicated to G. Brown Goode.)
G. atripinnis Jordan.
Bluis'ii above ; sides nearly plain ; a silvery streak along each row of scales.
Vertical fins chiefly black, especially on lie distal half. Body oblong, compressed,
the back nearly straight, the caudal pcd-mcle deep. Head short, broad, depressed.
Month small. Lower jaw projecting. Teeth loosely inserted, not close together. Eye
3i in head, a little more than half the width of the iuterorbital space. Humeral
scale somewhat enlarged. Fins small. Dorsal slightly in advance of anal. Caudal
small. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 12 ; A. 13 ; Lat. 1. 38 ; L. transT. 13. L. 4 inches.
Guanajuato, Mexico. From a salt lake in a volcanic basin. '• ■'"-'•
(Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 299.),
60. UMBRIDiE.
■"-;"-
349
verteb-'ate animals known, found in the fresh waters of the warmer
narta of America. (Dedicated to Cliarles Girard.)
569. O. formosus Grd.
Ijody short. Snout very short. Anal smaller than dorsal. Brown-
ish olive, with a black streak from the snout along the middle oif the
side crossed by 6 or 8 brownish-black vertical streaks ; a black sj»ot at
bases of caudal, dorsal, and anal. Uead 3^ ; depth 3^. D. 7; A. 9;
Lat. 1. 28. L. 1 inch. South Carolina to Florida j said to be the small-
est known lish.
(Ginird, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 62; Gllnther, "i, 354.)
570. O. oecidentalis (B. & G.) Grd.
Brownish above, with a black literal strijie; a black line along lower
margin of tail. Fins unicolor. Head 3^ ; depth 3^. D. 7 ; A. 7. Gila
Basin. {Girard.)
[Etternndna ocoidvntaUs B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1853, 390; Girard, U.
S. Mex. Hound. Ichth. 73 ; Gilnthor, vi, 354 : Girardinua sonoriennis Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. Id59, 120 : Girardinua aonoriensis Giiuther, vi, 355. )
Family L.— UMBRIDiE.
{TJie Mild Minnows.)
Body oblong; broad anteriorly; compressed behind. Head large,
datteued above. Mouth moderate, the maxillary without distinct sup-
plemental bone. Bands of villiform or cardiform teeth on premaxil-
laries, lower jaw, vomer, and palatines ; premaxillaries not protractile.
Lateral margin of upper jaw formed by the broad, short maxillaries,
which are toothless; lower jaw the longer. Gill-openings wide; the
membranes scarcely connected ; gill-rakers little developed ; branchios-
tegals 6-8. Scales moderate, cycloid, covering head and body ; lateral
line obscure or wanting. Dorsal flu moderate, posterior, in advance of
anal ; ventrals small, close to anal ; pectorals inserted low ; caudal fiu
rounded. Stomach without blind sac; no pyloric cceca ; pseudobranchite
hidden, glandular ; air-bladder simple ; oviparous ; sexes sunilar. Car-
nivorous fishes living in mud or among weeds at the bottom of clear
sluggish streams and ponds, extremely tenacious of life, like the Cypri-
nodanUdcB. Genera 2 ; species 3, Umbra crameri of Austria, and the
following. The family is very close to the Esoddcu, differing mainly in
the smaller morth and weaker teeth.
(Umbridm Giiuther, vi, 231, 832.)
.-i .:■ .m
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I III
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350 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
Pectoralanarrow, with few (12-15) rays; ventralraysB; scales moderate. Umbra 165
** Pectorals broad, with many (33-36) rays; ventral rays 3; scales small.. Dallia m
165.— ITJniBRA MUlIer.
Mud-fishes.
(Melanura Agas£>iz.)
(Kramer ; Miiller, AbLandl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Borl. 1842, 188 : type Umbra crameri
MUUer.)
Body oblong, covered with cycloid scales of moderate size, without
radiating striae j no lateral line. Head shortish, little depressed. Eye
rather small. Cleft of mouth moderate. Ventral fins 6-rayed, below
or slightly in front of dorsal ; anal fin much shorter than dorsal. Pec-
torals rather narrow, rounded, placed low, with 12-15 rays, which are
much jointed. Caudal rounded. Preopercle and preorbital witli mu-
cous pores. Branchiostegals 6. Gill-rakers short, thick. Size small.
Two species, very similar to each other, inhabiting the waters of the
United States and Austria. (Latin, umbra, a shade.)
571« U. limi (Kirt.) Gthr. — Mud Minnow; Dog-fish.
Dark-green or olive, mottled, sides with irregular narrow pale bars,
these often obscure or wanting ; a tlistinct l)lack bar at base of caudal ;
whitish stripes sometimes present along the rows of scales. Head ^
in length} depth 4|. B. C; P. 14; D. 14; A. 8; V. G; Lat. 1. 35; L.
transv. 15. L. 4 inches. Vermont to Minnesota and South Carolina.
Abundant northward in weedy streams and ditches. " A locality which
with the water perfectly clear will appear destitute of fish will perhaps
yield a number of mud-flsh on stirring up the mud at the bottom and
drawing a seine through it. Ditches in the prairies of Wisconsin, or
mere bog-holes, apparently affording lodgment to nothing beyond tad-
poles, may thus be found filled with Melanuras.^ (Baird.)
{Hydrargyra limi Kirtland, Bost. Jonrn, Nat. Hist, iii, 277 ; Melanura annulata Ag.
Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts, ISM, 1115 : Umhra limi Giinthor, vi, 232: LeueiaempygnKrnslh
Kay^ Now York Fanna, Fishes, 214 : Umira pygmoia Jord.'in, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, .'JJ ;
the eastern form, pygmwa, usuaLy slightly differing in proportions.)
W:
M
166.— DALLIA Bean.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1879, 358: typo Dallia pcctoralis Bean.)
Body oblong, covered with small, partly embedded cycloid scales; a
trace of lateral line; a line of mucous tubes below eye. Eye small.
Cleft of mouth moderate. Villiform or almost cardiform teeth on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; those on premaxillaries enlarged. Ventrals in
61. ESOCID^.
'Lrr .r<^'-^-^:i'y\^mTi
351
■m
frout of dorsal, composed of 3 rays ; base of anal about as long as that
of dorsal; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fin rounded, with a somewhat
fleshy base, with 33-36 rays. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Streams of
Alaska. (Dedicated to W. H. Dall.)
3T9. D« pcctoralis Bean.
Body dusky brown, mottled with whitish. Belly whitish, often
speckled ; fins with dark spots. Body rather elongate. Eye small, 6
or 7 in head. Pectoral about half as long as head; ventral one-third;
anal beginnings opposite front cf dorsal and ending nearly opposite its
hist ray. Scales on belly very smrM. Head 4; depth 5. D. 12; A 13;
P. 34; V. 3; scales 11-77-11. L. 8 inches. Saint Michael's, Alaska.
(Bean, Proc. U. ». Nat. Mua. 1879, 358.)
Family LI.-ESOCIDiE.
{The PiJces.)
Body elongate, not elevated, more or less compressed. Head long ;
the snout much prolonged and depressed. Mouth very large ; its cleft
forming about luilf the length of the head ; lower jaw the longer j upper
jaw not protractile, most of its margin formed by the maxillaries, which
are qnito long and provided with a supplemental bone ; premaxillaries,
vomer, and palatines with broad bands of strong cardiform teeth which
are more or less movable; lower jaw with strong teeth of different
shes; tongue with a band of small teeth. Head naked above; cheeks
and opercles mo/e or less scaly; gill-openings very wide; gilT-mera-
braiies separate, free from the isthmus ; gill-rakers tubercle like, toothed ;
branchiostegals 12-20. Scales small ; lateral line wea'«;, obsolete in
young specimens, developed in the adult. Dorsal posterior, opposite
and similar to anal ; caudal fin emarginate ; pectoral fins small, inserted
low; ventrals rather posterior; vent normal; no adipose fin; no bar-
bels; stomach not ccBcal, without pyloric appendages; pseudobranchijw
frlandular, hidden ; air-bladder simple. Fishes of moderate or large size,
inhabiting the fresli waters of the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and
North America. Genus 1 ; species about G, one of them cosmopolitan,
the rest all confined to America. The species are all noted for their
greediness and voracity.
(iSwcida aiiuther, vii, 226-230.) -.-
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352 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
167.— ESOX LinnaeiiB. ' .
Pike8.
(Liijuaius, Sj'stema Naturaj : typo, Esox luciua L.)
Characters of the genus included above. (Latin, esox, a pike; Greek
^ffo? ; probably from ^<r«c, equal ; o'^y?, shari).)
a. Checks as well as opercles entirely scaly ; braucliiostegals 11-14 ; color greenish
reticulated, (PUoreUus* lint.)
h. Brauehiostcgals normally }2.
573. E. ain«ricanas GmoVm.— Banded Pickerel.
Bodj' short and robust ; head heavy, with blunt short snout, ; eye
rather large, abjut 5 in head, its diameter nearly half the length of the
snout, its posterior margin scarcely behind middle of head; upper
branch ioste gals scaly. Dark green ; sides with about twenty distinct
blackish, curved bars, sometimes obscurely- marked, but not distinctly
reticulated ; a black bar below eye, another from upper edge of opercle
through eye to snout. Head 3|; depth U. B. 12-13; D. 11; A. 11;
Lat. 1. 105. L. 12 inches. A small pickerel, abundant frou, M. "hii.
setts to Florida, in streams east of the mountains.
(Eaox lucina, /j americanna Gmelin, Syatema Naturu!, 1788, 1390: Exox nigcr Le Suoiir,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 415: Esox fandatus Dokay, Now York Fauna, Fislus,
224: Ehox oniatun Storer, Fish. Mass. 313: Eaox nigcr Giiuther, vi, 2'Zd: Esox ravendi
Holbr.Ich.S.C. 18(50,201.)
574. E. saluioneiis B.a,f.— Little Fickercl.
Body moderately stout, somewhat compressed ; head rather short,
longer than in E. americanus, but shorter than in E. reticiilatiis, the eye
being exactly in the middle of the head ; eye large, less than 3 times iu
snout, about in head; caudal wed forked. Color green or grayish;
sides with many curved streaks, sometimes forming bars, but more
usually I'oruiing marmorations or reticulations, the color extremely vari-
able, sometimes quite plain ; sides of head usually variegated ; a darL
bar downward from eye, and one forward ; base of caudal sometimes
mottled; other tins usually plain. Head 3J; depth 5-6. D. 11; A. 11;
Lat. 1. 105. L. 12 inches. Mississippi Valley and southeastward, a
small species very abundant in the small streams and bayous of the
South and West, _.- . --^ ._:^^;-,;i_,.^ ,,^- — ,i:,__^.^'^-
(Rafuiesiine, Ich. Oh. 1820, 70; Jordan, Man. Vort. od. 2<1, 268: Eaox umbrosua Kirt-
land, Cleveland Annals of Science, 1854, 71) : Eaox umbroaua Copo, Trans. Am. Pli i
Soc. Phila. 18G(), 401): Eaox cypho Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 181)5, 79: f v -
eypho Gilnther, vi, 230: Eaoxporoaua Cope, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila. 180(5, 408. Ti ^i
form {cypho =poro8u;.), distinguished mainly by the arched back and steep profile, is
probably a variety or accidental form of the preceding.)
* Hatiuesque, Ich. Oh. 1620, 70 : type E»ox vitlatua Raf. (A llatinization of jpiokwel)
61. ESOCID-E — ESOX.
353
W. Branc'iiostegals 14-16.
5*5, K. reticulatlis Le Sueur. — Common Eastern Pickerel ; Green I'ike.
Body rather slender, deepest uear the middle and tapering backward
toil slender caudal peduncle ; head long, the snout prolonged, so that
it is not much shorter than the rest of the head; eye small, about 3^ in
snout, <S in head; caudal well forked. Color green of varying shades,
Hides with golden lustre, and marked with numerous dark lines and
streaks, which are mostly horizontal, and by their junction with one
another produce a reticulated appearance; a dark band below eye; fins
i)liiin. Head 3| ; depth G. B. 15 ; D. 14 ; A. 13 (counting developed
ravs only as in other cases) ; Lat. 1. 125. L. 24 inches. IVIaine to Ala-
bama, everywhere east of the mountains, not found west of the AUe-
jihanies.
(Lc Sncnr, .Tourn. Acad. Nat. Sfi. riiila. i,440, 181« ; Giiuthcr, vi,2-i9; Storor, Fish.
Miis.s. liU.aiul of all authors: J'Jsox affinis Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1800,11)8: Eaox phalc-
riitus Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, AW.)
flfl. Cliecks scaly; lower half of opercles bare; branchinstegals 14-lG; species light-
spotted on a darker ground. (Enox.)
576. E. Iiicius L.—Pike.
Body moderately elongate, the back little eknated ; head rather long,
the eye exactly midway in its length. General color bluish, or greenish
i>ray, with many whitish spots which are usually smaller than the eye
and arranged somewhat in rows; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins with
roundish black spots ; young with the white spots coalescing, forming
oblique cross bars; a white horizontal band bounding the naked part of
the operculum. Head 3^; depth 5; eyeCJinhead. B. 15, in the Amer-
ican var. estor (13 or 14 in European specimens); D. 17; A. 14; Lat. 1.
123. L, 2-4 feet. Fresh waters of the northern parts of Europe, Asia,
ad Xortli America; in the Eastern United States south to Northern
' .'.:)', very abuiulant.
, Ymu- hirius L. Syst. Nat. ; Giiutlier, vi, 220, and of aiithors gonernlly ; Eaor entor Le
Piiciir, .louni. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 413, 1^18 : A'soar cxtor Giinther, \i, 228 : Esoxdcpran-
(/(MGiiiithor, vi,229: J&'sox boceus Agassiz, L. Siiperior, ;U7.)
aaa. Lower '.iilf of cheeks as well as of opercles hare ; hrancliiostegals 17-19; black-
spotted on a lighter ground. (il/u»t'«/oH(/H«* Jordan.) ;„__:^
itH, E. nobilior Thompson. — Mmkallunge.
General form of E. luciiis, the head a little larger proportionally ;
eealy part of cheeks about as wide as eye ; the scales on both cheeks
•Jordan, Rept. Ohio Fish. Com. , 1877, 91:/: type Esox nobilior Thompson. (Latin,
maaca, mask; longm, long.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 23 -
' ii
'- I T* -I
;Vs^li|Si
5-5' r<
354 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— jy.
•
.and opercles in about 8 rows. Color dark gray ; sides with rouud blackish
spots on a ground color of grayisb silvery ; belly white ; fins spotted
with black. Head 3'^ ; depth G. B. 18 ; D. 17 ; A. 16 ; Lat. 1. 150. l. ^
to 8 feet. A magnificent fish, by far the largest of its family, fouiuyn
the Great Lake region and northward.
(Emxentor Dokay, N. Y. Fiuma, Fishes, 222, and of various authors, not of Lo Sueur-
Thompson, Proo, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IboO, iii, 163; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat, Miis. x 54
and of most lato writers.)
MJ,|..
Order O.-APODES.*
(The EeU.)
Scapular arch free behind the cranium; no prtecoracoid arch. Air-
blauder, if present, with a pneumatic duct. Ventral fins wanting,
Maxillary and premaxillary more or less connate with other bones or
with each otijer, sometimes entirely wanting. Pharyngeal and oper-
cular apparatus often deficient. Vertebrre in increased number. Ver-
tical fins without spines, usually confluent around the tail. Gill open
ings usually narrow, separated by a broad isthmus, sometimes close to-
gether or confluent. No pseudobranchiae. Body eel-shaped; naked,
or with rudimentary scales.
As here understood, this order includes most of the old order of
Apodes, excluding as separate orders the Olanencheli {QymnotUhv) and
the IchthyoccplwM {Monopteridw). It thus includes the Ilolostoml, En-
cheJycephali,, and Colocephali of Cope, which may be united provision-
ally until the osteology of vairioua aberrant forms is made known, (a,
l)rivative; rroo?, foot.)
{Symbranchidcv ami Murwnida; GiiuthoT, vWi, 12-li'}.)
ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OP APODES.
•Vent nincli behind head; jaws not greatly produced; dorsal without spines,
t Muscular and osseous systems well developed.
a. Preoperclo Avauting; lower pharyngeals wanting; gill-openings very small.
Muu/ENiDvi;, :>t
aa. Preoperele present ; lower ]»haryngcal8 present.
h. Gill-openings well separated Anguillid.e, rA
bb. Gill-openings contiguous; mouth very large, Avith small, sharp toetli.
Synaphobranchid.e, r)4.
tt Muscular and osseous syetems feebly developed; gapo very wide; stomach ex-
tremely distensible SACCOPnAUYNOiDii:, Tw.
••Vent under the poetorals; both jaws produced into a very slender beak; body ex-
tremely slender; middle of dorsal with spines NEMlcllTHYiDiE, 56.
• Called Encheli/oephali iu the analytical table on poge 81
52. MUR^NIDJS — MURiENA.
Family LIT.— MUR^NID^.
355
' {The Murwnas.)
Body elongate, eel-shaped, naked. Head subconical, elevated at the
occiput, the snout rather slender; skull less developed than in fishes
generally, the opercular bones rudimentary, the preoperculura generally
wanting. Premaxillary rudimentary or wanting. Ethmoid very wide.
Maxillslry, symplectie, pterygoid, basal-branchihyal, superior and in-
lerior i)haryngeal bones all wanthig, except the fourth superior pharyn-
(real which is jt'.w-lflve, and supported by a strong superior branchihyal.
Twth various". Gill-opening reduced to a small slit or foramen. Ven-
tral fnis noni. Pectorals usually wanting ; dorsal and anal low, conflu-
ent around the tail, somethnes wanting. Skeleton well ossified. Mus-
cular system well developed. Genera 5 or G ; species about 110. Abun-
dant in warm seas, often reaching a large size.
{MHrwnida; cnfjyaclnsto! Guuthor, viii, 93-13C: order Coloccphali Cope, Trans. Amer.
I'hil. Soe. 1870,456.)
a. Pectorals uone ; vertical fiiis well developed ; nostrils round ; teeth all acute.
MURiENA, 168.
16§.— IflirRiEIVA LiuntEUS.
(Artedi ; Linn. Syst. N^at. : type Murwna helenw L.)
Pectoral fins none; dorsal and anal fins well developed. Posterior
nostril round, with or without tube; anterior nostril with a tube.
Teetli well developed, acute. Tongue not free. Ko lateral line. Body
usually moderately elongate. Species very numerous in warm seas.
(lu'ipaiva, the ancient name of Murwna hclcncc; from /lOfwvy a sweet oil.)
fl. Posterior as well as anterior nostrils tubular. (Munena.)
.5T». M. inclanotis (Kaup) Gthr.— Moray.
Brownish black, everywhere with numerous round yellowish spots,
most of which are smaller than the eye, these sometimes confined to
the head and trunk; a largo round black spot around the gill-opening;
angle of mouth black. Nasal tubes subequal in length, shorter than
the eye. Maxillary teeth biserial, and in young examples ma^idibulary
teeth also. Canine teeth somewhat knife-shaped, of moderate length.
Mouth capable of being completely shut. Gill-opening narrow, not
Avider than the small eye. Snout of moderate length. Cleft of mouth
of moderate length, about 2J in length of head. Tail longer than body.
Head 2J in length of trunk. West Indies, &c. {Giinther.) Specimens
I,'
:-i
1 > »j
/)•!
y^J"^.
.? :;
Ml
: • t\ -» 'j
t^ 4.14
>"^.1
I
Hill
I
.•i
;i A
3'
. ■■■ill
356 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
probably belonjjing to this species latelj' obtained at Charleston, S. C.
by Mr. R. E. Earll.
{Limamunvna mdanotis Kaup, Aalc Ilambnrg Mus. 27; Gilntlier, viii, 1)8.)
aa. Posterior nostril without tube. (Gymnothorax* Bloch & Schneider. )
579. M. inordax Ayres.— Cojjfliej- i'c/. • . ,
Dark brown, vaguely reticulated with narrow, paler niarldn^s ami
spots; a round dark blotch about gill-opening; lower side of head ami
throat with about 15 dark lengthwise strejiks; belly with siniilar
streaks running crosswise; a dark line on each side of base of anal
with short cross-branches. Snout short, narrow, and pointed. 0(!ci])
ital region becoming fleshy and much elevated w'ith age. Tail form.
ing about half the total length. Head 7 in length. Tube of anterior
nostril half as long as tlie eye; posterior nostril with a slight border.
Eye above the middle of the gape, 2J in snout, which is G^ in rest of
head. Gill-opening slightly larger than eye. Sides of upper jaw with
two series of teeth posteriorly, the outer series of small, close-sot, re-
curved, trisingular teeth, which are iuiniovable ; inner teeth rbout 5,
similar, but larger, dei)ressible; a groove between the two s«^ries; in
front of these, continuous with the outer series, are 3 fixed, knife-
shaped teeth, then a movable tooth, then 3 fixed teeth ; on the middle
line of vomer 3 depressible fangs, the posterior the largest of the teeth;
in the lower .law a single series, corresponding to the outer series in
the upper jaw, some of the front teeth enlarged and fixed. Eeaclies a
length of 5 feet. Point Concepcion to Capo San Lucas ; abundant
about tlie islands, and remarkable for its ferocity.
(Ay res, Proc. Cal. Acatl. Nat. Sci. 1859, 30.)
5§0. M. oc«13ata (Agassiz) Jonyns.
Teeth uniserial, some of them slightly serrated. Mandible with 12-11
teeth on each side, the two anterior being canines of moderate size;
"intermaxillary" teeth not much larger than "maxillary"; there are
no teeth on the mesial lino between the "intermaxillary" teeth. Tho
mouth can bo shut completely. Anterior nasal tubes short. Snout
short, thi(;k. Eye rather small. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width,
exte iding beyond eye. Tail longer than the body. Head about half
as long as trunk. Brownish, with numerous, small round white spots
irregularly disposed, the largest about as largo as the eye. Dorsal iiu
* Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichtli. 525, 528; originally equivalent to Murma.
(yv/uvo?, naked; Oopa'i, chest; in allusion to the absence of pectorals.)
63. ANGUILLID^. 357
with subalternate large wliito and black spots ; anal (and dorsal) with
a broiid black margin. {Giinther.) Florida and Texas southward.
iQijmnnthorax occllatm Agussiz, Spix Pise. Brasil, 91; Giintber, viii, 102: Neomurccna
nitfromflrj/irta/a Giranl, U. y. M»;x. Bouud. Surv. Ichth. 7(3.)
Family LIIL—AXGUILLID^.
_.., .., {The TrueEch.)
Body elongate, serpentiform, naked or covered with imbedded scales,
lleatl conical, the snout not much i)roduced, sometimes very blunt.
I'reoperculum i)resent. Premaxillaries present, 8ei)arated on the me-
dian line by the ethmoid. Maxillaries wanting or connate with the
jjreinaxillary, which forms the border of the mouth. Superior uranchi-
hyals and inferior and superior pharyngeals well developed, the latter
of three bones. Teeth various. Gill-openings separate, not very small
(except in Slmenchelys). Ventral fins none; dorsal and anal low, usually
confluent around the tail; pectorals generally present, placed raiher
high. Vent not far from anal fin. Skeleton ossified. IMuscular system
Avell developed. Ueart not far behind gills. As here understood, this
family includes a wide variety of forms, which have been often arranged
in several families. It is probable that some division will bo found nec-
essary, but we have not the data on which to make it. Genera about
20; species about IGO. In all warm seas, many of them ascending
rivers.
{AnyuilUdcr, part; Gtbr. viii, 2:}-90.)
a. Tongue not free anteriorly.
b. Etui of tail not surrounded by tbo fin; nostrils labial. (Ophisurince.)
c. Poctoral fins wanting (rjiroly rudimentary); teetb small, eon ical.C(ECULA, 1C9.
CO. Pectoral fins present ; teetb acnto OPHICHTHYS, 170.
bb. Eud of tail surrounded by tbo fin.
rf. Nostrils labial. (^Myrinw.)
e. Teetb granular MYKicnxnYS, 171.
d(l. Nostrils superior or lateral. (Mura-nesociiiw.)
f. Pectoral fins present ; dorsal and anal rudimentary Neoconger, Hi*.
aa. Tongue free anteriorly ; pectorals present ; nostrils not labial.
• g. Suout subcouical.
h. Body scaleless, (Congrino'.)
i. Jaws with nu outer series of close-set teotli; lower jaw not pro-
'^''"" Ejecting. CoNOKU, 17:^.
hh. Body with rudimentary, linear, imbedded scales, arranged at rigbt
angles witb each other. {Anguillina;.)
j. Teeth in bands; lower jaw projecting Anguilla, 174.
gg. Suout very short and blunt; body scaly; mandible very strong.
(Simenoheljiinw. )
k. Teeth blunt, incisor-like in one series ; gni-o]»pning a very
short longitudinal slit Simencuelys, 175.
I
I
m I
im
358 CONTRILUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
IS,:
169.— CffiCUIiA Valil.
{Sphagebranchm Bloch & Schneider.)
(Vahl, Skrivt. Naturh. Selak. iii, 1794,149: typo Cceoula pterygeraV ahl=zi Dahnhk
polyophthalmua IJleeker.)
Body extremely slender. Teeth equal, small, conical, on jaws aud
vomer. Nostrils labial. Tongue not free at tip. Pectoral fins wanting
or rudimentary ; dorsal fin present. Extremity of tail fret. Gill-
openings small, separated by a narrow isthmus. Eyes small. (Latin
ca'cus, blind.)
9§1. C. scuticari$i (Goodc &. Boau) J. & G.
Brownish, paler below. Teeth small, conical, in two series on jaws
and vomer. Gill-openings close together. Dorsal fin beginning far iu
advance of the gill-opening, a little nearer the tip (»f the snout than the
gill-opening, at a distance from the former equal to three times the
length of the snout. Head 8^ in distance from gill-openin<» to vent,
and 8 iu tail. Snout pointed, G in head. Pectorals extremely small,
their length less than 3^0 the total length. {Goode <£• Bean.)
(Sphagcbranchua 8cu(icaris Goodo & Bean, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mua. 1879, 344.)
170.— OPIIICHTHYS AM.
(Ojyhisurus Lac6p6de.)
(Alil, Special. Ichtli. 1789, 9.)
Body elongate, naked. Teeth all pointed ; vomerine teeth present.
Nostrils labial. Tongue not free at tip. Dorsal and anal fins present;
l)ectoral fins developed. End of tail not surrounded by the fin. Spe-
cies very numerous, found in all warm seas, {oi/'c;, snake; t/<?u?, fish.)
•Canine teeth very distinct. (Mi/8trio2)hi8* Kaui).)
tTeeth iu each jaw in a double series,
582. O. punctifer (Kaup) Giinthcr.
Snout narrowed, short, spoon-shaped, twice as long as the eye. Cleft
of the mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, fixed, unequal in size, those
of the premaxillary in a single arched series, the foremost being the
longest of all the teeth; outer series of teeth in jaws witb canines;
vomerine teeth triserial, rather small. Lips not fringed. Gill-openings
wide. Origin of the dorsal fin at some distance behind the pectoral,
which is well developed. Tail somewhat longer than the body.
* Kanp, Apodea, 1856, 10: type Ophiaunia roatcllatua Rich. {f.tv(jrpov, siwon; o^ii,
snake ; from the form of the snout.)
53. ANGUILLIDCE OPniCIITHYS.
359
Brovmisli, witli numerous small roundisli black spots. {"Giinther.)
^Vest Indies, north to West Florida.
fCrolalopniii punclifcr Kuiip, Abliaudl. Naturwiss. VertMn Ilamhiir}^, iv, 2, 1860:
^lacrodonoplm viovdax Pocy, Repf,. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, ii, 25*i, 18(58: Crolalopnia mordax
Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 187!), 154; Giiuther, viii, 50.)
»*Notlistinct canine teeth; snout moderate. (MuramopHiH" ho Snenr.)
t Teeth in the lower jaw iu a double series; cleft of mouth wide.
jgS. O. triserialis (Kaup) Giinther.
Body with larger and smaller roundish black spots, alternating;
head with many small black spots above and below j belly plain; head
and body with longitudinal streaks. Gill-openings curved, well sepa-
rated, a little longer than pectorals. Ilead with longitudinal wrinkles,
its loiiyth two-fifths the distance from the gill-opening to the vent.
Mouth wide, its cleft more than one-third the head. Eye moderate, 1§
iu snout. Teeth pointed, fixed, all biserial, except those on vomer,
which are uniserial. Pectoral flu 3^ in head, the dorsal beginning
above it.s terminal portion. Tail rather longer than body. Southern
California to Brazil. (Described from Garrett's type of 0. califormensis.)
{MnnniopHifi IrinvriaUs Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 12; Giinther, viii, 58: OjihiHurm californi-
cim'» (iarrott, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 06.)
{{Tct'tli iu lower jaw in one series. {Herpetoichthya Kaup.)
581. ©. occllatus (Le S.) Giinther.
A series of round white spots along the middle of the side of the
body and tail; dorsal fin with a black edge; some white dots on the
back behind the head and a white line across the occiput. Length
of the head rather less than one-third of the distance of the gill-
opening from the vent. Snout pointed, the upper jaw projecting be-
yond the lower. Cleft of the mouth wide, two-fifths the length of the
liead. Eye of moderate size, two-thirds of the length of the snout, and
situated in the anterior third of the head. Teeth pointed, fixed, un-
equal in size; the intermaxillary teeth largest, arranged in* a curved,
transverse series; maxillary teeth in a double, vomerine and mandibu-
lary teeth in a single series ; only the anterior inandibulary teeth form
a sliort, double series. Length of the pectoral fin rather more than
one-third that of the head; dorsal fin commencing opposite the poste-
rior third of the pectoral. Tail longer than the body. {Giinther.)
West indies, north to West Florkla.
(Munrnopsia oceUatua Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 108; Giinther, viii,
()8: Uerpctoichthya ocellatua Goodo «fc Hean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mun. 1870, 155.)
*Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v, 108: type Muranopaia ocellata Lo S.
{nvpatva, Murosna; o^ii, appearance. )
''S4;
m:
tp
■ ff
m
Is
ihi
u^'
<~ *w*«
m
WfliriimMlrilllf
<1
r ^
SCO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH iVMERICAN ICHTHYOLO( V ly^
171.— IflYKICHTHlS Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Thila. 1859, 58: type Myrichthya txgrinm Grd.)
- Pectorals present; dorsal inserted in advance of base of pectorals at
a point nearer to them than to the eye. Head lavge ; the lower jaw
shorter than the upper. Teeth granular, disposed in elongated patches
on the jaws, palatines, and nasal bones. Eyes well develop(Hl. Gill-
openings lateral, moderate. Body naked. IVostrils near the end of tbe
snout, the upper very small, opposite the lower, which are consi)icuou.s
and tubular, {fwpo^, Myrus, an ancient name of Murwna; i'^'V'j?, fish.)
5§3. in. tieriiius Grd.
~ Brownivsh above, throat and belly dull whitish ; roundish, dark brown
spots on the body in four longitudinal series ; belly plain ; throat with
whitish spots; spots on head smaller and deeper in color. Fins oliva-
ceous ; pectoral and anal plain ; dorsal spotted like the body, white-
edged. Body subcylindrical, somewhat compressed, tapering backward.
Pectorals broader than long. Head 12 in length. Cleft of mouth ex-
tending beyond eyes. Teeth unequal, in many series; three series on
the front of the dentary bones; two on the upper jaw and two on the
shaft of the vomer. Length 2 feet. (Girard.) Adair Bay, Oregon, not
found by recent collectors.
(Girard, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 58.)
173.— NEOCONGER Girard.
(Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Ichth. 1859, 77: type Neoconger mucronatus Grd.)
Scaleless. Pectoral fins present: dorsal and anal fins rudimentary,
passing around the tail, towards the end of which they are more devel-
oped. Cleft of the mouth extending beyond the small eye ; maxillary
teeth slender, in several series; vomerine teeth uniserial, forming a patch
in front; posterior nostrils near the anterior rim of the orbit, anterior
near the Uip of the snout; tail not much longer than the body. Gill-
openings vertical, rather large. Gulf of Mexico, {vioi;, new; xoy^poi;,
Conger.) > sv.Mi, ,
586. IV. mucronatus Grd.
Dark reddish brown above, paler below; head small, slender, pointed;
upper jaw the longer; dorsal fin beginning just in front of the vent,
forming a membranous ridge uutil near the tail, where it expands and
becomes fin-like ; pectorals small. Coast of Texas. {Oirard.)
(Girard, TT. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichtli. 1859, 77; GUnther, viii, 49.)
53. ANGUILLID^ — ANGUILLA, /• > , 361
1T3.— AWGUIE,r,A Thunberg.
'r
Eels.
(Thnnberg, Nouv. M6m. Stockh. aoout 1791: type Afurwna anguilla L.) ■ .
Body elongate, compressed behind, covered with imbedded scales,
which are linear in form, and placed obliquely, some of them at
right anfjles to others. Lateral line well developed. Head long con-
ical, moderately pointed, the rather small eye well forward and over
the angle of the mouth. Teeth small, subequal, in bands on each jaw
and a long patch on the vomer. Tongue free at tip. Lips rather full,
with a free margin behind, attached by a frenum in front. Lower jaw
projecting. Gill-openings rather small, slit-like, about as wide as base
of pectorals and partly below them. Nostrils superior, well separated,
the anterior with a slight tube. Vent close in front of anal. Dorsal
iuserted at some distance from the head, confluent with the anal around
the tail. Pectorals well developed. Species numerous, in most warm
seas, ascending streams, but mostly spawning in the sea. (Latin, angu-
illa, an eel.) .
5§7. A. rostrata* (Lj Sueur) Dekay. — Common Eel.
Brown, nearly jilain, often tinged with yellowish; paler below. Dis-
tance from snout to dorsal about one-third the length. Distance between
anal and front of dorsal about equal to the length of the head. Head
8| in length, 2^ in distance from gills to vent. Pectoral shorter than
mandible. L. 50 inches. Atlantic coast of the United States ; very
abundant from Maine to Mexico; ascemliug all streams and resident
throughout the Mississippi Valley. Also recorded from China.
(Murwna rontrata and hoatoniensis Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 81 : An-
gmlla bonlonivtms Giinther, vii, 31. Yar. T tcxana Kaup, from the Gulf of Mexico ia
cliaraotcrized by its thicker lii)8: Anguilla tcxana Kaup, Apodal Fish. 45: Anguilla
lyrannua Grd. U. S. Max. Bound. Surv. Icbth. 75.)
* Another species has been accredited to our coast, viz :
A. vuhjaria Raf. — European Eel. Distance from snont to dor8<al 3f in length.
Distance from front of anal to front of dorsal, about a third longer than the head.
Head 9J in length. Pectoral about as long as the mandible. Vertebras 45 -f- 70. Coasts
of Europe, perhaps straying to our coasts. " I have examined an example from Now
Jersey; it is in the Liverpool Museum (Giinther)."
(Mura-na anguilla L. Syst. Nat. ; Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 37 ; Turton,
Brit. Fauna, 87; Giinther, viii, 28: Anguilla acuiiroatris Riaao, Eur. Mdrid. iii, 198.)
5;-H
t If
v: -M
m
i •
*'. v\
i ' I
362 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY-~iv.
1»4.— COWOEB* Cuvier.
Conger Eels.
(Cuvier, Rogiio Aniin. II, 1817: typo Murana conger Linn, etc.)
Body formed as in Anguilla, the skiu scaleless. Head depressed
above, anteriorly pointed. Lateral line present. Mouth wide, its clei't
extending at least to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in the outer
series in each jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting-edge. No
canines. Band of vomerine teeth short. Tongue anteriorly free. Ver.
tical fins well developed, confluent around the tail ; pectoral fins well
develo])ed; dorsal begiiniing close behind pectorals. Gill-opeuiiifrs
rather large, low. Eyes well developed. Posterior nostril near eye-
anterior near the tip of the snout, with a short tube. Lower jaw not
projecting. Skeleton different in numerous respects from that of An-
guilla. Vertebne about 50 + 100. In most warm seas.
The name Leptocephalus was first given to a peculiar band-shaped,
pellucid, worm-like animal, the type of a considerable group of fishes,
the Lcptocephalidw or Jlelmiohthyidw, which has been made to constitute
a distiuct order, Lemniscati. It has, however, been satisfactorily shown
by Cams, Gill, Giinther, and others, that these singular fc are not
distinct species, but are early stages in the development of „i fishes,
Leptocephalus morrisil, of Conger nigcr, and the others of various An-
guilloid, Stomiatoid, and Clupeoid forms. (See Giinther, viii, 13G.) It
is thought by Dr. Giinther that the Lei)tocephalid forms are probably
"indiv'luals arrested in the development at a very early period of their
life, yet continuing to grow to a certain size, without corresponding
development of their internal organs, and perishing without having at-
tained the characters of the i^erfecfc animal." [xoyypo-:^ Conger, the an-
cient name of the Conger Eel.)
«5§§. C. nigcr (Risso) J. & G. — Conger Eel.
D irk brown above, lower parts soiled white; dorsal and anal pale,
"witii a black margin (sometimes uniform black) ; pectorals dusky, edged
with paler; pores of lateral line whitish. Dorsal inserted over the pos-
terior margin of the pectoral, or slightly behind it ; pectoral one-third
*Tho prior name Leptocephalus (Gmeliii, Syst. Nat. i, 1150, 1788: type Leptocephalus
morrisi Gmel., an arrested larval form of Conger) should, in strictness, supersede Con-
ner. The use of the term for the adult normal fish would, however, load to confusiou,
as Leptocephalus has for ue.trly a liundrod years been applied to various singular
organisms, lately shown to be undeveloped forms of eels and of certain laospondyU,
1..
53. ANGUILLIDiE — SIMENCHELYS.
3G3
as lon{? as the head. Teeth in a sinj^le series on the sides of the jaw, in
a broad patch at the tip. Cleft of mouth extendin<; to beyond the mid-
dle of the rather large eye. Jaws equal or the lower included. Dis-
tance from snout to >cut three times the length of the head. Head 7^.
1^.50 inches. Europe, to Soutli America an«l East Indies, frequently
takou on our Atlanlic coast. We arc unable to detect any ditterence
between American and European exami)les. It sometimes reaches a
leugth of 8 feei .
{Annuilla conger L. SyHt. Nat. : Murwna nigra Kisso, Iclith. Nice, 1810, 93: Conger rul-
^aris C'uvior, Eoyiic Anim. 1817: Anguillaoctanka Mit(?hill,Journ, Acad. Nat. Hci. i, 407:
Conger occidentalia Dokay, N. Y. Fauna, FiHlies, ;U4, 1842: Conger vulgaria (Jiilnther, viii,
3d: Conger ooeanivua (jil\, liopt. Com. FishciieH for 1871-72, 811.)
179.-SIIfIEN€IIELYS Gill.
Pug-nosed Eels. •
(Gill MS. ; Goode «fe Bean, Bull. Ehscx lust, xi, 1879, 27 : tyi)o Simcnchclys })arasilicHa Gill.)
Body eel-shaped, covered with linear imbedded scales, disposed at
riglit angles as in Anguilla. Lateral line present, faint. Head very
short, rounded, very blunt anteriorly, slightly compressed. Mouth
small, entirely anterior. Premaxillaries and maxillaries of each side
side coalesced and separated from thost of the other side by the eth-
moid. Jaws equal, their edges hard, provided with a single series of
small, rounded, close-set, incisor-like teeth. No vomerine teeth. Tongue
broad, somewhat free anteriorlj'. Mandible very deep and strong.
Operculum sabre-shaped. Gill-openings ve^y small, inferior, longi-
tudiual, well separated, situated in front of the pectorals and below
them. Both nostrils large, the anterior with a slight rim, but no tube.
Lips full. Pectorals short ; vertical tins coniluent around the tail, the
dorsal beginning not far behind pectorals ; vent in front of anal, near
middle of body. One species known, probably the typo of a distinct
family. (Tj/i*;?, img-nosed; ey^^Xw., eel.)
5§0. S. parasiticus Gill.
Dark brown, nearly plain. Eye rather large, anterior, but behind the
angle of the mouth, scarcely shorter than the snout. Head \ length of
trunk ; about ^ distance from snout to origin of dorsal ; width of gill
slit equaling diameter of orbit ; interorbital space nearly half length of
head. Vent not much in advance of middle of body. Dorsal begin-
ning just behind tips of pectorals; fins rather low. Off-shore banks,
south of Newfoundland ; abundant. Individuals have been found bur-
rowing in the flesh of the halibut.
(Gill, MS. in Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex Inst, xi, 27, 1878.)
«
■i
ImM
3G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
if
Ih
Ill; '
iij''!'
%4
Family LIV.— SYNAPHOBRANCHID^.
{The Si/naphobranchoid Eels.)
Body eelsbaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at riftt
augles, as in Anguilla. Lateral line present. Head long and pointed
the snout produced. Mouth very long, the eye being over the middle of
its cleft. Jaws about equal ; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in oach
jaw, becoming a single series anteriorly; those of inner series in upper
jaw and of outer series in mandible somewhat enlarged ; vomerine teeth
in a imrrow band anteriorly. Gdlopenings inferior, horizontal, close
together, convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but
separated by a considerable isthmus within. Tongue long, free only at
the sides. ^Nostrils large, the anterior with a short tube, the posterior
before the lower part of the eye. Pectoral w ell developed ; dorsal low,
beginning behind vent; anal longer than dorsal, rather high, its rays
slender, branched, not imbedded i;i the skin; vertical fins confluent
around the tail. Vent near the anterior fouri;h of body. Muscular and
osseous systems well developed. Stomach very distensible. Deep-sea
fishes; a single genus with 4 species known.
(^MurwiUdw, group Synaphobranchina GiintUcr, viii, 22-23.)
170.— SYWAPIIOBBANCIIUS Johnson.
(Johnson, Proc. Zoijl. Soc. London, 1862, 169: typo Synaj)hohranchii8 k( ipit Johnson =
Mnraua pinnata Gronow.)
Characters of the genus included above. (ffuvuv''5?i> joined; l^i'ayp^^
gills.)
590. S. piilliatus (Gronow) Giinthor.
Uniform brown, rather darker below ; the vertical fins darker behind,
light-edged anteriorly; inside ot mouth blue-black; gill-openings dark.
Jaws subequal in length, sometimes the lower, sometimes the I'ppor the
longer; the upper with a projecting lleshy il[;; nia-xillary reaching to
opposite gill-openings, whi(!h are rather longer than the la'.ge eye.
Ilead 3^ in distance from snout to dorsal, 2^ in distance to anal, 83 in
length. Eye broader than interorbital space, rather nearer ti}) of snout
than end of maxillary. Pectoral slender, longer than snout. New-
foundland to Madeiru, "a common resident of the aeep waters of the
off-shore banks in 'JOO to 300 fathoms, where individuals are often taken
on the fishermen's trawl lines."
(Murmna pinnata GronoWy Byst. Ich. oil. Gray, 1854,19; GUuther, viii, 22; Ooodo &
Boau, Bull. Easor lust, xi, 1879, 20.) .
50. NEMICHTIIYIDiE.
Family LV.— SACCOPHARYNGID.E.
^ .. . , (^The Gulpcrs.) y '
Jliiscular system verj feebly developed, with the bones very thin, soft,
and wanting in inoiganie matter, connected by a lax, easily torn fibrous
tissue. Head and gape enormous. Snout very short, pointed, flexible,
like an ai)pen(lage overlapping the gape. Eye small. Maxillary and
iiiamlibiilary bones very thin, slender, arched, armed with one or two
series of long, slender, curved, widely-set teeth, their i)oints being
directed inwards; palate toothless. Gill-openings wide, at some dis-
nmce from the head, at the lower part of the sides ; gills very narrow,
free, and exposed. Trunk of moderate length. Stomach distensible in
an extraordinary degree. Vent at the end of the trunk. Tail band-
lilio, exceedingly long, tapering into a very fine filament. Pectoral
present, small. Dorsal and anal fins rudimentary, the former smaller
tlian the latter, and indicated by a groove bordered by a whitish line on
piicli side, and commencing at a short distance behind the head; a short
tine ray occasionally visible towards the end of the trunk. Anal rays
distinct, commencing behind the vour, and visible for some distance.
One species known, from the North Atlanti.'.
{Miinriiklm, group S(iccoj)har!jn(jina Giinflior, viii, 22.)
lT».-SACCOPIIAKYWX Mitchill.
(Mitoliill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Itist. N. Y. i, IS'24, KvJ: typo Saccojjhariiiir flagellnm Mitch.)
Characters of the genus included above. (Latin, soccus, sack;
pharyn-F, pharynx.)
591. S. flagcElum MUcli.
Uniform deep black. Three specimens have been found float lug in the
North Atlantic, with their stonuichs much distended, they having swal-
lowed some other fish, the weight of which many times exceeded their
own. {Giinthcr.)
(Mitdiill, Ann. Lyo. N.at. Hist. N. Y. i, 1824, 82; OUntlier, viii, 22: Ophlognathui
ompuUanm Ilarwood, Pliil. Trans. 1827, 277.)
Family LVI («).— NEMICIITIIYIDiE.
'■.,■:. .■!-:> 1. ,:■:..„ 1 .L - . iit =*."!:■..■■.. ■ .■■-■■■
Body excessively slender, not strongly compressed, deepest near the
mi(Ufle, tapering backward to the long and very slender filament like
tail, and forward to a very long and slender neck, which is abrui
36G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy
m:-.
'-m
enlarged at the occipital region. Ko scales. Lateral line obsolete
Head resembling that of Belone, the head proper small, short, and rather
broad, with flat top and vertical sides. I^ostrils large close togothorin
front of the eye, without tube or flr.p. Jaws excessively prol()n<r(.(i
almost needle-like, the upper the longer and somewhat recurved. Teotli
in both jaws small, very numerous, close-set, retrorse. Gill-op('riinrr«j
rather large, running downward and forward, sep.arated by a narrow
isthmus. Pectorals well developed. Vent close behind pectorals, the
abdominal cavity extending far behind it. Anal fin beginning near the
vent, higher than the dorsal, becoming obsolete on the caudal fllanient.
Dorsal beginning close behind occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded
by a long series of very low spines, which are slightly connected bv
membrane, their height rather less than the length of tlie interspaces •
on the tail, the spines again give place to soft rays. The soft rays of
the fins are connected by thin membrane instead of being imbedded in
thick skin, as in eels generally. Color translucent, the lower parts
dark, the back pale. Stomach not distensible. Muscular and osseous
systems well develoi)ed. Abdominal cavity extending far behind the
vent. One genua known, with three species ; singular inhabitants of
the deep seas. The position of this family among the Apodes is jxTliajts
open to question. A second genus, Cyema Gthr., with shorter, soft body,
posterior vent, and shorter vertical fins surrounding the tail, perbaps*
belongs to this family.
(Murwnidw, group Nemichthyina Gilntlior, viii, 21.)
178.— NEMICHTHYS Richardson.
{TA'ptorlujnchus Lowo: Bclonopsin Brandt.)
(Richardson, Voyage Saniarang, 1848, 10: typo Ncmichthya acolopacem Rich.)
Characters of the genus included above. (v^7/ia, thread; <>^'y?, flsb.)
50?. N. scolopaccus Rich.
Head comparatively stout, its depth one-seventh its greatest length.
Eye moderate, less than one-tuird the length of the head without suout.
Length of pectoral fins slightly less than height of the anal, which is
less than the height of the body and rather more than the greatest deptli
of the head. Pale above, belly and anal fin blackish^ the color not
abruptly changing, the back somewhat speckled. L. 36 inches. At-
lanj;ic Ocean, in deep water; many specimens lately taken with the
beam-trawl off the New England coast.
(Richardson, Voyage Snmarang, 10; Giinther, viii, 21: Lcptorhynchna Icnchtcnhrgi
hovi'ii = Bcloii02)sie leuchteiihergi Brandt, M<5m. Ac. St. Petersb. Sav. fitraiig, lt04,
171-174.)
Air-bladder,
PUYSOCLISTI. 3^7
J93. !V. avocetta Jordan & Gilbert. - >
Heatl slenderer, its depth one-ninth its greatest length. Eye large,
one-third the head, without snout. Length of pectoral scarcely greater
than height of anal, which is scarcely less than the greatest depth of
the body, and more than the greatest depth of the bead. Translucent;
l,cllj' with close-set dark spots, its lower edge and anal fin black, the
back abruptly white and unspotted. L. 22 inches. Head 10; depth 3b;
depth of anal 64 in length of body. Tuget's Sound; one example
known, differing in some slight respects from all Atlantic specimens
examined.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mii8. 1880,409.) ;
SUBCLASS PHYSOCLISTI.
' {The Physoclistous Fishes.)
Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct, in the adult. Parietal
bones separated by the supraoccipital. Ventral fins usually thoracic or
jugular, normally with 1 sj)ine and 5 soft rays. Pectoral fin normally
inserted high, with vertical base. Vertical fins usually with spines,
rremaxillaries normally forming the entire border of the upper jaw.
Tail houiocercal. {<puao^, bladder', xhiffrdg, closed.)
ANAI.Y8IS OF THE ORUEB OF PUYSOCLISTI.
a. Scapula suspended to tbe .anterior vertebnc ; maxillary distinct ; superior brau-
cliibyals an<l pbaryngeak present ; inferior pluirynf^eals not united; no
interclavieles ; body elongate ; ventral fins abdouiiual or wanting.
Opistiiomi, p.
aa. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal.
6. Lower pharyngeals co-ossilied ; fins without spines; veniral fins abdominal;
third and fourth superior pharyngeals much enlarged.
Syxkntognatiii, Q.
W. Lower i)haryngoal8 separate (or if united, fins with spines and veutrals thoracic).
c. Gills tufted ; superior branchihyals and pharyngeals and basal branehihyals
wanting; ventrals, if present, abdominal LoPHonRANCiiii, R.
<x. Gills pectinate.
d. Superior branchihyals and jjlmryngeals reduced in number ; ventrals abdom-
inal llKMinUANCUII, S.
(Id. Superior branchihyals and pharyngeals normally developed ; ventrals mostly
thoracic or jugular.
€. Rones of the Jaws not united. - _
/. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill-openings In front of them.
g. Cranium normal Acantiiopteri, T.
gg. Cranium anteriorly twisted ; both eyes on the same side of the head.
Hktkimsomata, U.
ff. Pectoral fins pediculate, their basal bones reduced in uniu r and elon-
gate; gill-openings in the axils Pediculati, V.
ee. Bones of the jaws co-ossified ; the dentary with tlie articular, and the pre-
maxillaries with the maxillaries Plkctounatiii, W.
.le:-^.
^mi
I
i ■'■'I
368 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTHYOLOGY— IV.
Order P -QPISTIIOMI.
{The ISphuj Eds.)
Scapular arch suspended to the anterior vertebra}. Superior idiarvn-
geals and branchihyals ossified, the third pharynjreal a littli; larfiw
the fourth small. Three basal branchihyals ; inferior pharvii<f('iil.s
distinct; maxillary bone distinct; 8upraoccii)ital separatin<? parietals-
no interclavicles ; symplectic present; prajcoracoi*! wanting?; i)aiietals
separated by the supraoccipital ; air-bladder, if present, without pnon-
maticduct; dorsal with spines; ventrals, if present, abdoiriinal. Tlio
tishes of this order dlflfer from other Physodiati and agree with the
Eels in having the scapular arch free from the cranium ami attailu'd
to the anterior vertebra}. Two families are known. (orrtV^^Tj, backward;
(hixoq^ shoulder.)
ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF OPISTHOMI.
a. Ventral fins wanting; dorsal fm Avitb tho soft portion well developed.
MASTACKMHKLlDyK, 50 (J).
aa. Vent''al fins abdominal, of uuineroiis spines and soft rajs; soft portion of tliodor-
sal lin obsolete Notacantuiu.!;, r)G(c).
Family LVI (?>).— MASTACEMBELIDiE.
[The Spiny Eels.)
Body elongate, eel-like, naked or covered with very small scales,
Mouth obliciue, of moderate size, either the snout or the chin being
produced in a fleshy api)endage ; lower jaw little movable; upper jaw
not protractile. Teeth small. Gill-openings restricted to the resion
below the convexity of the operculuu), the upper ])art of the oper-
culum being covered by the skin of tho scapular region ; gill-iiieiii-
branes free from the isthmus ; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. I'seii-
dobranchia} small or obsolete. Tail isocercal. Dorsal lin very long,
the anterior part composed of low, free spines, tho posterior of soft
rays; anal fin with or without spines; caudal fin separate or not,
Ventral fins wanting; pectorals small. Air-bladder present. Brim
chiostegals 0; i)yloric coeca 2 (in Mastacemhchis). Fishes of the fnsli
waters of the East Indies. Genera 2; species about 14. We follow
Dr. Bean in attaching provisionally to this family a singular fish fioin
66 (&). MASTACEMBELID^ — PTILICHTHYS. 369
tho >'ortl' Pacific, the osteology of which is nnknowii, and which may
jcaWy he\oi\g to the AcanthoptcH.
{ilastacembcUdm Oilntlur, iii, 539-543.)
Scales nono or nidimontary; body very elongate, tapering backward to a point.
(Ptilichthytnee.)
b. Lower jaw with a projecting fleshy appendage at tip; gill-membranes broadly
uuited Ptilicutuys, 179.,
1T».— PTILICHTHYS Bean.
(Bean Free. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881: type Plilichthys goodei Bean.) / ■
Body extremely elongate, serpeiitiform, little compressed, tho tail
tapering to a point. Skin naked, or with a few thin, loose, scattered
scales; no lateral line. Head unarmed, rather small; upper jaw not
protractile; snout short; mouth oblique; lower jaw projecting consid-
erablj' beyond the upper, with a protruding fleshy appendage at tip.
Maxillary reaching the front of eye. Mandible little movable. Both
jaws with fine, close-set, sharp teeth, in one row, the posterior teeth a
little the largest ; no evident teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-open-
ings restricted to below the most convex part of the opercle ; tlie mem-
branes broadly united below, free from tho isthmus. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiaj very small, almost obsolete. Gill-
rakers short and stout. Pectorals short; ventrals wanting; dorsal
lieginning close behind the nape; the anterior portion for about half
the length of the body composed of very low, stiff, free spines, hooked
backwards, the posterior portion higher, of slender soft rays oouneoted
by tbiu raembraue. No caudal fin, the tip of the tail free. Anal sim-
ilar to the soft dorsal, without spines. Vent at considerable distance
from the head. North Pacific. {rrtXov, quill ; i-^Ou^ fish.)
5M. P. goodei Bean.
Orange or yellowish, tho body with a blackish longitudinal stripe, the
analdarker in color than the dorsal. Eye rather large, as long as snout,
5 in bead; cheeks and opercles long; pectoral flu half as long as tho
head; soft dorsal and anal deeper than tho body posteriorly, the anal
a little lower than tho dorsal. Vent near the end of the anterior third
of the body ; distance from the vent to the beginning of the soft dorsal
3J times the length of the head ; length of head twice its greatest depth,
5JiQ the distance to the vent; appendage of mandible half as long
as eye ; free tip of caudal two-thirds eye. Dorsal spines 90 j soft rays
of dorsal 145; of anal about 185; P. 12. L. about 12 inckes. Aleutiaa
Islands.
(Boan, ProcU. S. Not. Mns. iv, 1881.)
Bull. Nat Mus. No. 1« 24
I. t:
i
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• vi .!..■'* Winn
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370 CONTKimrnoNS to N()I{Tlt AMRUICAN IfltTltVOl.OrJV— ly.
Family LVI (r).—N()TA('AN'rini)/K.
Uodv otonfruto, HOUunvliuioompnvsHod, t'ovoiiMl wtili Voi'.VfinnllHcnli.N,
h«*ud Hi»i»l\ : liihMul \\\)y\ prosrnl. Ilnnl hIioiI, 1Ih> niioiiI |tin||ii(|i„
boyond (tio iDoutli. \\\\\vU \ho\' uun\o\i\\oH\7{\ liotiirotidi) : hntli inwHwitli
it mnioH of wlt'iuliM', t'lom> Ht»| t(M>lh. I'j.vo liihMiil, rullicr Htmill. Ojn
opotMiifis witlo. not n»s(ii('l«Ml nhovo, <Im> nuMnltriiiu'H not uiiiliMl, ||,,,,
1h>n» (ho iHthimis. pH«Mul«)l»riiin'liin» noiio. (}ill ihIumh loti|r, nIcihIih
(lil)s 4, II slit hi>)iii)il (ho i'oni'lh. Pot-mil On Hlioii, tiioilititi, ootii|ii)siH|of
n I'ow vovy mIioiI (Voo Hpino.s, wKIi BoinolimoH u Hiiifilo hoI'I iii\. Aiml
lUi \«MV lon^i, moiKMUloly liiyli, hoyimiiiifx lUMir llio iiihldio ol' t|it> |,,),iy
M\\{ o\(onilinf> ulony; (ho lowor siWo of (ho Itnml liko (nil, ooiilhit'iil wiih
(hOvmnnllo:\U(li»l ; iuitoii«»ily >vi(hiMiinoi(»iiHH|»liioH. Vondnln iilMloniinnl,
noiuly nio«lii»n, of 'J-4 iiiin(ioiiln(o iiikI uhoiil H null iiiyM; (he Htm vciv
oUvHO (oonoh olhoi', ittul oHott ooiiiphMoly iitiilod. PooIoiiiIm hIiuiI.i imv,]
mdioi- hifih. (5ouom 2^ npooioH »iltotil(l| (loop wiilor (IhIioh, I'oiiinl in
mos( sorts*
<xVrt,'rt.<rti»'A» (?nnthor, iii, r<.|4.)
<». Dov'sal Bi>itt(»« U-W ; wtottt. \vi( I»o»t ph>b«»Rfl« NoTAOANTIU'h, iw),
IRO.-NOTAl'ANl'llirM lUoH..
{ .itsinthontitux \\Uw\\: Compiiloiion (''uliiiclnR.)
ifiMfis vfisiis lUocli. ,\iiNl;iiuli»ol(o l'i.Hchi>, \ii, lit : rt(/c (Jill )
Snottt tto( pixMlnood into it piH>bt»soi,s. Dofssil Mpiiios 12-15. ('Inn
ntMvrs o( the jfiMius olhoi'>vi.HC inoliuiod tibovo. (k'tSt"?^ buck; «xuw,'a,
spiuo.)
ftliS. N. rltotniillKi Hlooh.
i\>lor plitiii, or with tbi.sUy biviul.s on tho baotf. t^lrat ftptno of tlio dor
sal opposite tho vontral lh» ; in> no('( my in tho iixll of tlu^ IumI Npiiio,
Voutmis oloso tojiothor, lunl Joitiod by tho intoititil bonloi- ol' (Ikmi hum
branos. IVotoruls 13 tintos in tho lonj»'(h of (ho ll.sh ; voiiliiilH l'l'
Umos itt loit^th. Uojul S itt longlh; doptli 12. li. 8; I). \ ; A. XIII,
lir»; C. S.; V, 17; V. Ill, S. Lsit. 1. 100. {Vah^nvinnu's.) Coast of
GiXHMibuid. ThivS or soino othor olosoly rohitod spooioN hn.s boon li JHy
trtkon in dcvi* walor olV tho ooast of N<»\v ICnjjhunl.
(" Xota,<inlh*if chfmt)U:i lUoch, .\\\\\. «loi lUihm. UoNoHm'h. I7H7 " : .htiiillnniolns mmi
l^Utch, Ausl. I (jH'ho, xJi, 114; .It^iHthofiotus tnisuK Hlooh A iSvhtH'iiln-, M,vhI. li lilli. ;fJU;
S<>Ut<viKt},H* »rtj«w« ("nv. A Vivl. viii, Mu : yotiKimlhuH nnmH Oitiitlior, iii, D4 : Campylo-
4»n /«bricii Kcinli. Vidouiik. !i«J»k. Aflmuai. ISM, 1)10.)
ht. AanmwMVMnnuAf..
a7i
OiMMOH q-SYNI^NT()(iNATin.
|,(»\vi'i' pliinviiwiil Immm'm rnlly iiiiifoil ; poroiiil mihI IliinI Hiiporior |»l»)i«
iviiir*<iil!^ Miiicli ('IiIimuimI, oviiI, tiot till iciihili'd III tlin cDiiiliirii, Rrixlini;
pMKCHHCHlnrwiiidH; llM>r<iiii'tli wtiMliiiK. Vciilriil (liiHiilMlofiiiiiiil, wifhoiif,
Hiiiiio, ll'*^ '".VS liMM'o Mum /"». Hciipiiln. HiiM|M>iMlr<l to llio vniu'uuu l»y a
jHiMl tciiiponil Ihhk^, wliicli 1h HlnidiM- tiiiil i'iir'('ti.l('. l'Hti«^li^l lioiio miik-Ii
i(diiiM>il. Hiipnirliivii'U^ iiitt.diHiiiiri; no iiittMrhivicIt^ MaHiHorrj-fUiiMifi
(liiiilil)^ in IVoiii, IhiI. uilhodli itiiiHnilni tiilxs V\\\h williortt MpiiicM. Ail*'
lilmldci iiHiitilly liirgi^ willioiM. piMMinmti*'. dm 1.. TIiIh onirr jfn'linl«'s
„iilv llio rmiiily <'i' HroiiihrrvHitrhliVj nml iniirkH llio fcntriHitiori (Vom the
/ 7/ (/,«)« ^»mt to the Aconthnpffri. IIh n^latioiiH with thr llaiflnmlMis very
iiilimiiln. (rrMv, trO^rthnrj twr»T, williin; ^i"i!'A(?, .j»i.w.)
[I'lmontoml |jt. filially SmmhviPMvhUm Uiltitlior, vl, idlKJ-aJH, ;
Family LVIl.— S(;()MhKU,KS( )(!I IM^i.
[The (Jar jMim and f<V}/infiflHlirM,)
Holly olilotig or (Ooiif^ato, coviMril with (myeloid hcjiIch, whii'h art*: iihiI'
iiljy ilrciiliioiiH. Iiat(;i'al liiii^ iiiniiiiij; very low, aloii)i( the HideH of the
hilly. Head more or Whh Hi'.aly, iiHiiiilly witli vertienl Hiden. MoiiMi
viiriiiiiM, tli(\)nwH beiiifr ot'ti'ii pridon^ed intoti. iii-ali. I'rrriDixilinrien not
prill nirlile, hinged at> biiHi^ rneHially; margin of the npper jaw ehictly
iiiriiiril l)y Hie ttriMiiaxilhirieH ; tlie nhott inuxilhirieH oi'U'.n eiiteriri;^ the
liiti'iiil margin ; inaxilliiry oftrii aHeliyrioned with flie firernaxiMary ; it«
iilp^ Hlippiii|{ niidiM' th(^ front, of the jMeorliitiil. Dentition varioiiK.
Dormil tin witliont/ Hpinew, iiiHi-rted on Mie powterior ptirt of Hie body,
opposili' the aniil and nHiiiilly Hiinihir to it'. Vetitriil^ iilHloniiniil, of Hev-
I'l'iil Moi'l, rnyH, UHiiiiIly iiiMerted poMterloily. No iwlipoHe fin. I*ee,t<»ral
llii iiiNerted hi^h, HoinetinieH iiHcd hh nn or^an of tli^ht. C/aiidal fin
UHUiiIiy forked, Hie h>w«'r h)l)e th<', hintjer. Vejit ehme, in front of anal.
Niwtrils lar^fe, doable, near the ey<^ Lower |iharyn(;ea]H fully iinit^Ml.
(lill iiKMiibraneH not nnited, free from the iHthmnH. l*Hetidobranehi;e
liiiliiiMi, glandular. (lillrakerH variouH. (iillH 4, a Hlit Iw^hind thn
fourth. Air-bla<lder UHiially iar^e, HometimeHeeJInlar. Iiit^^-Htinal eanal
usually Himplo, without cu;ea. Carnivorous. One genuH {Zenarchrp-
mi
^-■m
» ' > *a
asm
372 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY^iv^
terus) viviparous, the other oviparous. Genera about 8, species ico-
abounding in all warm seas, some of them entering fresh waters.
(Soomberesocidce GUnther, vi, 233-298.)
"Jaws with sharp, wide-set teeth; both jaws prolonged, forming a beak; ^n\cu
none. (Belonince.)
a. Gill-rakers none j no teeth on vomer or palatines T ylosurus l8i
*• Jaws with very small teeth, or none.
b. Maxillary anchylosed to premaxillary.
0. Both jaws more or less prolonged ; dorsal and anal with finlots. (Scomhert.
aocina.) Scombeuksox, itj;)
CO. Lower jaw only produced ; no finlets. (ITcmirhamphtTKe.)
d. Anal fin of the male not modified ; species oviparous. /• -
Hemirhamphus, 183.
bb. Maxillary separate from premaxillary; neither jaw producrl; no finlets ■
pectoral fins elongate. (Exocaelirxe.)
e. Ventrals anteriorly placed, not reaching to the anal. Halocypselus 184.
ce, Ventrals posteriorly placed, reaching past front of anal.
f. Chin without barbel Excca-:Trs, 185.
ff. Chin with one or two barbels or fleshy appendages. Cypselukus, 180.
181.— 1«/.OSURlJS Cocco.
Gar-fishes.
(Cocco, Lettere in Giomalo Sci. Let. Sicilia, xvii, 18: type Tylosuriu' cantraini
* Cocco = Esox imperialia Ra{.) y
Body elongate, very slender, not much comi)ressed. Both jaws pro
longed into a beak, the lower jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer
in young fishes, the very young resembling Hemirhamphus. Both jaws
armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, besides which is a series of
longer, wide-set, sharp, conical, unequal teeth. No teeth on vomer or
palatines. Maxillaries grown fast to premaxillaries. Scales small, de-
ciduous. Lateral line running along the side of the belly, becomiiij!;
median on the tail. No finlets. Doi^al fin usually elevated anteriorly.
Caudal fin short, truncate or forked. Pectorals and ventrals small, the
latter inserted behind the middle of the body. Gill-rakers obsolete. Air-
bladder present. Ovary single. Bones usually green. Size compara-
tively large. Specie^- uumerous. Voracious fishes, found in most seas.
This genus differs from Belonef {Belone vulgaris Cuvier) in the absence
of gill-rakers and vomerine teeth. (ruAo?, callous; ovpd^ tail; in allusion
• We are informed by Dr. Vinciguerra, of Genoa, that the gill-rakers are obsolete
in Tyloaurua imperialis, as in all the American species formerly referred to Belone,
t Cuvier, R5gne Auim. ii, 1817: tyyie £sox belone h. ■= Belone vulgaris Vhmh^.
{fieXovrf, nn ancient namu of some fish whoso "belly splits to allow the escape of tbe
eggs, the wound afterwards healing," doubtlesb Syngnathua; ftiXoi, a dart.)
67. SCOMBERESDCIDiE — TTL0SURU8.
373
to the caudal keel, on wliich the genus was originally based, a character
of little importance.)
Caudal peduncle not keelod.
b. Posterior rays of the dorsal prolonged, longer than the anterior rays.
596. T. Mana{C.&V.)J.&Q.
Olive green above, silvory below, sides with a row of obscure dusky
blotches in the young ; i)osterior portion of dorsal fin black. Snout a
third longer than the rest of the head. Maxillary hidden by the pre-
orbital. Dorsal beginning opposite front of anal, its posterior rays much
elevated, their tips reaching beyond base of caudal. Anal fin slightly
falcate, the last rays very low. Tail compressed, deeper than broad.
Head 3 in length. D. 20 ; A. 27. Virginia to the West Indies and the
west coast of Mexico, occasional on our coast.
IBclonehiana Cuvier & Valenciennes, xviii, 432: Bclonc hians Giinther, vi, 248.)
JJ. MuWlo and posterior rays of dorsal short, subeqnal.
c. Dorsal and anal long, each with more than 20 rays.
597. T. latimanus (Poey) J. & G.
Green above, white below. Head and body elongate. Eye lOJ in
head. Beak twice as long as the rest of the head. Pectoral rather
long and pointed, broader and shorter than in T. longirostris. Bones
uot green. Caudal forked. B. 24 ; D. 24 ; A. 25. Cuba ; occasional
on our Atlantic coast. (Buzzard's Bay; Goode.)
(Belone latimana Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 292, 18(50: Belone latimanus Giinther, vi. 249:
Bdone latimana Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 6.)
cc. Dorsal and anal shorter, each with less than 20 rays.
(J. Tail compressed, deeper than broad.
! 5a§. T. notatUS (Poey) J. & G.
Green above, yellow below; vertical fins bluish, their tips tinged
with orange. Free portion of tail compressed, deeper than broad.
lleatl flat abov**. with deep scaly median groove. Superciliary region
striated. Base of premaxillaries depressed ; maxillary hidden by the
preorbital. Teeth moderate, wide-set; no vomerine teeth. Eye less
than interorbital space, f the postoxbital part of head. Body broad,
Bubcylindrical. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head ; veiitrals
very small; anal scaly at base; caudal slightly emargiuate. Scales
; rather large. Head 2 J. D. 13; A. 14. (Giinther.) West Indies, north
i to West Florida.
{Bdone notata Poey, Mem. Cnba, ii, 293, 1860: Belone notata Giinther, vi,248: Belone
,.;:ta/s Goode «fc Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 151.)
dd. Tail depressed, broader than deep.
ill
i
|l v>
mmm
374 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—iv
599. T. longlrostrls (Mitchill) J.«fe G.— Gar->ft; BiU-ph; Xcedh-Jinh.
Olive green above, silvery below; a silvery lateral stripe; a dark
spot above root of i)ectoral ; fins nearly plain. Free portion of tail
moderately depressed, not keeled. Head long, flat above, witli a
broad, rather shallow, scaly median groove. Top of head not ruTos,.
usnally faintly striate. Maxillary rather more than half hidden by the
preorbital. Teeth moderate; no votnerine teeth. Gill-rakers obsolete
Body subcylindrical, its depth less than the length of the pectoral
which is about equal to the postorbital part of the head. Ventruls a
little nearer the head than the caudal ; dorsal and anal somewhat fal
cate; caudal fin truncate, or slightly eniarginate. Scales thlu and
small, deciduous. Head 2^ 5 snout 4. D. 15; A. 18. L. 4 feet. Maine
to Brazil ; very abundant on our Atlantic coast. It often ascends rivers
far above tide- water.
(Esox longiroatria Witch. Amor. Month. Mag. ii, 322, 1817: 7?e?one frMnmfa Le Sunir
Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 126, 1821 : Bdone trunoata GUnther, vi, 244 : licloneicn-
tator Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. 30.)
aa. Caudal peduncle keeled.
eOO, T.exilia (Grd.) J. &G.— Needle-fish. •'
Translucent green, silvery below; an olivaceous vertebral streak and
a bluish lateral band; fins plain. Body very slender ; headlong. Eye
more than a third of the postorbital region. Maxillary not neariy all
hidden by the narrow preorbital. Top of head flattish, with a broad
scaly groove. Pectoral fin shorter than jwstorbital part of head, its
length more than gro.itest depth (f body; ventrals short, a little nearer
head than caudal; dorsal and anal falcate, rather low, the anal begin-
ning before dorsal and ending in front of its last ray; caudal tin
unequally lunate. Scales very small and thin. Head 3J. D. 15; A.
17. L. 3 feet. Coast of California, from Point Coucepciou southward;
abundi^nt.
{Belone exilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 1854, 149: Belone exilia Girard.U.S,
Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 158: Belone exilia Giiuther, vi, 238.)
l§a.— SCOITIBERESOX Lacdp6de. : •.
■■■('•- f*' •' v ':■ ',. _. : : ,\ ' i :,;, ."i ■ i ■, ,:;•■'
aa. Jiiws scarce
(5nj/m Rafinesque: Grammiconotus Costa.)
(Lac6p^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, .344, 1803: type Scombercaox camperi Li&c.^^Eaoxtaum |
Walb.)
Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, thin, deciduous scales,
Jaws more or less prolous-d, sometimes forming a beak, jjrovided]
of California i
67. SCOMBEBESOCID^E — SCOMBEBESOX.
875
ffith very feeble teeth; lower jaw tlio longer. Maxillaries joined to
nreiuaxillaries. Tectorals and ventrals small; dorsal small, opposite
■inal" last 4-0 rays of dorsal and anal detached, forming flnleta. No
nvlonc cffica. Air-bladder large. Gill-rakers numerous, long and slen-
der. Size rather small. Species 2 or more, ranging widely in the open
sea. {Scomber; Esox.) .- , .,.,. - * ,
a. Jaws produced in a beak. "' ' ' • .. • .
60l« S.saurMs(Walb.) Fleming.— ^awri/; Skipper; Bill-fish.
Olive brown above, sides and below silvery; a distinct silvery band
as broad as the eye bounding the dark of the back. Head broad above,
narrowed below, tapering anteriorly to the very slender pointed beak;
snout longer than the rest of the head. Fins all small; caudal flu
forked; ventrals midway between base of caudal and front of eye.
Uead 3^ in length; depth 9. D. 9— VI; A. 12~VI; Lat. 1. 110. L.
18 inches. Atlantic Ocean; rather common on both coasts, aiul found
in the open seas.
[fyoxsaurm Walbaum, Artedi, Pise, iii, 93, 1792: Scombereaoi camperi Cuv. & Val.
xviii, 4C4: ScombcrcAOX acutellatum Lo Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 132, 1821;
Fleiuiiij;, Brit. Anim. 184 ; Giinther, vi, 257 : Scomber euox atortri Storer, lliat. Fish. Mass.
;il5: ticoHiftcresox ronde/e<i GUutUer, vi, 257.) v: '
da. Jaws scarcely produced, not forming a beak,
603. §• brevirostris Peters.
Dark green above, silvery below ; sides with a lateral silvery stripe,
bounded above by a dusky streak; upper fins mostly dusky; lower
pale. Body much elongate, compressed, widest above, the abdomen
and lower edge of head trenchant. Upper jaw conical, not produced,
oudiug in a very acute tip; lower jaw slightly longer, its tip produced
lor a very slight distance, and flexible; triangular portion of premax-
illaries as long as broad; snout a little more than half length of rest of
head; iiiterorbital space flat; maxillary reaching front of orbit. Teeth
very minute, in a single row in each jaw. Eye large, in front of middle
of head. Pectoral fin somewhat emargiuatc, ^ length of head; ven-
trals small, far back, slightly nearer tip of snout than tip of lower lobo
of caudal; dorsal inserted slightly behind front of anal; both flns low,
the Unlets small; caudal widely forked, the lobes equal. Scales small,
(leciduons, those on top of head forming an elliptical patch. Head 5^;
depth 9. D. 9— VI; A. 12— VI; Lat. 1. ca. 125. L. 14 inches. Coast
of California, rare.
(Petei-8, Monatsberiiibt Akad. Wiss. Berl. July, 18GG, .'>21 : 1 ScombcreaoxaairaGiimthoT,
vi,258.)
m
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1- " n
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1^ )
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376 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOOY^iy.
I > . IHS.-HRiTIIKIIAIflPIIVS Cnvier.
Half-beaks. '
(Cnvior, UiV>" Anlni. ii, 1H17: tyjui Hemirhampkua commergoni Cuvi«r.)
Body olongiite, compressod, tlio doraal outlino parallel with that
of the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender
beak, bf/nlered with membrane; premaxillarieH forming a tiiiinfjular
plate, the teeth of which lit against the tootluul portion of tlio man.
<lible; maxillaries joined to premaxillaries. Teeth feeble, soiiiotinics
tricuspid. (Jill-rakers rather long. Head covered above willi lurfrp
shield-like scales. Scales large, deciduous. No Unlets; caudal liu
more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; dorsal and anal siinijar
not modi(U><l in the nnUes. Oviparous. Air-bladder large. No pylorie
cojca. Young with the lower jaw short. Species numerous, in all warm
sesus, going in large schools. Size comparatively small, (^/k, half-
/5d/ivf'(»?, beak.)
a. rcctoraltins short; vcntruls luoiU'nito. {HemirhamphuB.)
603. II. uaiifascintus Kuii/nni. .
Greenish, sides with a well-deliued silvery band, narrower than the
eye, about as broad as a scale. Tip of lower jaw red. Lower jaw (from
end of upper jaw) 4^5^ in total length from its tip to base of caudal
Head (without nuiiulible) 4J in length from tip of upper jaw\ Pre-
maxillaries broader than long. Eye about equal to interorbital space,
§ postorbital part of head. Ventrals nearly midway between eye and
base of caudal. Dorsal and anal sctaly. Caudal moderately forked, the
middle rays being longer than the eye. Back not compressed. Head
(with lower jaw) 2'|-3; depth 7^. D. 14; A. 15; Lat. 1. 54. L. 12
. inches. Capo Cod to Panama and Indian Ocean ; common ou our
South Atlantic coast.
(Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acail. Sci. Inst, Bonon. 1842, v, 320, tab. 25; Gilulher, vi,
!M)2: Heinirhamjthtie riohardi Cav. et Yah xix/26.)
BOl. H. rosie Jordan & Gilbert.
Green, with a silvery lateral band, rather broader than a scale. A
triple vertebral streak. Lower jaw dark reddish brown. Lower jaw
(from tip of upper) 4A in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head
■without mandible 3*- in length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillaries
about as broad as long. Eye less than interorbital space, about half
postorbital part of head. Ventrals rather nearer tip of caudal than
eye, midway between base of caudal and gill-opening. Dorsal and anal
67. SCOMBERESOCID^. — IIAL0CYPSELU8.
377
fins not scaly. Ciiiulal moderately forked, the middle rays beinj:f twl(!0
the length of the eye. Peetorals nhorter than imstorbital part of
head. VeiitralH a little shorter. Baek broad. Head (with lower
jivw) -rl- ^^' ^'^5 ^' ^^i ^^•*'^* ^* ^^* Southern California, not very
common,
(jordun & (lill>ert, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mu8. 1880, 33.^..)
an. IVtffHivl fiiiH v»)ry long; ventralH vory short ; body very Blonth-r. {Euhptorham-
j^Aua-Gill.)
eo*. H« lo^Kirosl*"*" Cuvicr. \ ■
Olivaceous, sides silvery. IJody extremely slender and elongated,
inucli compressed, almost band like. IJaek thin, subearinate. Lower
jiiw very slender and long, niueh longer than the rest of the head.
TcetU very feeble. Eye large, about equal to snout. Pectoral fins
loii^' and slender, half as long as mandible, more than one-fonrth the
length of the rest of the body. Upper rays of pectorals broad an<l
(omprossed. Ventrals not longer than eye, ins(!rted far ba(;k. Caudal
I'm iuH'(iually forked, the lower lobe the longer. Head (J)j; dei)th 10.
Maiulible about 3. D. 22; A. 19; V. 0. L. 18 inclies. Ca[)e Cod to
Indian Ocean, in the open sea; rare on our Atlantic coast. -.
(CiiviiT, Ut'^f^no Aiiiiii.; Giliitlicr, vi, 270: Ilvmirhamphuit vian-orhfinvhuH Giinthor, vi,
•270: EiilptoHiamphua longirostris Putnam, Proc. 13o8t. 8oc. Nut. Hist. Icj70, 238.)
... ■ vi,ry;'r li4._llAl,0CYPSEHJS Weinland.
(Woiiilaud, ProcBost. Soc. Nat. Iliat. 1859, vi, 385: "typo Kxocwtun mem<jaiitcr Mitch.")
This genus diflfers from Exoccetus mainly in the anterior position and
small size of the ventral fina, which terminate in advance of the anal
flu, aiul are not used as organs of Uight. Species not very numerous.
(al,-, sea; z^sAo?, a swallow.) ,
606, II. cvolans (L.) Wcinl. ' z^-
Olivaceous above, with dark specks; silvery below, with a bright blue
lustre. Pectoral ftns black above and behind, the lower border whitish.
Snout obtuse and short, % the diameter of the eye. Eye not large, 4:^
itt head, less than the width of the broad, rather convex, interorbital
space. Distance from snout to first ray of ventral about equal to dis-
tjuico between root of ventrals and last ray of dorsal. Pectoral fins
long, A the length of the body, reaching the root of the caudal ; second
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185l>, 131: type Euleptorltamphua breroorti Gill=
nemirhamphu8 longiroair'm Cuvier. {evXeTtroi, very ulendcr; /jaj^cpoif beak.)
i
■Hi<:
i '
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378 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
ray of pectoral divided, third ray longest. Ventral fins not reachinj;
nearly to vent. Dorsal inserted a little in advance of front of anul its
anterior rays not half so long as the head ; 20 scales in front of dorsal
and G between dorsal and lateral line. Gill rakers long and slender.
Head 4; depth 5^. D. 13; A. 13. Lat. 1, 42; Vert. 25 + 19. In mo^t
warm seas, not rare on our Atlantic coast, where it spawns in suiniuer.
(Exocwtua erolana L. Syst. Nat. i, 521 : Exocatun ctoJans Giintbor vi, 1>8;2: Ejcocatut
evolana Liitken, Vidcnsk. Meddel. ITatiirb. Foren. 187G, 102; Weiuland, 1. c.)
607. II. obtusarostris (GUntber) J. & O.
Very similar to 11. evolans^ but with the dorsal fln inserted above or
behind the lirst ray of the anal ; the distance from the snout to the first
ray of the ventrals less than the distance betw^een the root of the veu-
trals and last ray of the dorsal , 7 to 8 rows of scales above the lateral
line; lins more distinctly marked. D. 13; A. 13. Lat. 1. 40. {Liitken.)
Tropical seas, north to Louisiana.
(Esocu'lHn obtiiHiroHtris Giinther, vi, 283: Exocxtua ohtusiroatris Liitken, Vidonsk.
Meddel. Nutiirh. Foreu. 1870, 102.)
185 .-EXOCaiTUS Linnffius.
Flying fishes.
(Artedi; Liniiieua, Syst. Nat. : typo ^jrocaius i'o/i<ans L.)
Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed. Head sliorf,
blunt, narrowed below. Mouth small. Jaws very short, about equal.
Chin without bi*''bel. Maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries.
Teeth very feeble or wanting. Eyes large. Gill-rakers moderate.
Scales large, deciduous. No tinlets. Dorsal fin short, oi)posite anal.
Caudal widely forked, the lower lobe the longer. Pectoral tin.s very
long, reaching i)ast the beginning of the anal, ami serving as organs of
flight, their groat size enabling these fishes to sustain themselves in the
air for some time.* Ventral fins *largj, posteriorly inserted, also used
as organs of flight. Air bladder very large. No pyloric cocoa. Species
numerous in all warm seas. [i~d)xoiroq, sleeping out; the ancient name
of these fishes, which were supposed to come out on the beach to sleep
at night )
* Tbeso iiab(<8 are enabled to suataiu tliaaisolves in the air for upwards of a minute.
Tboir movements are fcxcoodingly rupii*. Tbeir impulse, apparently, comes iiiaiiily
from tbo strouij; tail, wbicb lias a sculling motion in tbo water, by wbich tliey acquire
a great veloci ' v. Wbeu tboy iirst emerge from tbo wat^r, Ibe pectorals are Ritrciui mid
vibrato rapidly, iko tbo wings of an insect, and tbe ventrals are closed. Tlie motion
of the pectoral issimultane"- ,; witb the motion of ibe tail, and is probably caiisrd liy
the latter. Wlien tbey reaeb a borizontfil position in tbe air, tlio pectorals and \tii-
trals are sxiroad, and aiti)i'rently used only to retain tbe impulse previously reoeived.
57. SCOMBEUESOCID^ — EXOCCETUS.
379
508. E. californlcus Coopor. — Fbjlng-fish; P'olador. . = ;.
Steel-blue above and on both sides, belly abruptly silvery. Pectorala
bluckisli, with the posterior edge paler ; an obscure oblique pale band
across lower iiart; caudal plain dusky; ventrals pale, partly dusky;
dorsal rather pale, with a dusky blotch above. Body stoutish. Lower
jaw rather the longer ; both jaws with minute teeth. Eye large, rather
loii'nn- than snout, 3 iu head, nearly equal to the diameter of the slightly
concave interorbital space. Pectoral tin reaching i)ast the dorsal
and falling just short of the caudal. Second ray of pectoral divided,
the tliird longest. Ventrals about reaching middle of anal, their length
3J iu body, their insertion midway between middle of opercle and base
of tail. Anterior rays of dorsal half the length of the head ; 43 rows of
scales between occiput and dorsal, 7 between the dorsal and the lateral
Hue. Head 5; depth G; ]). 12; A. 10; Lat. 1. 58. L. 18 inches.
Southern California ; very abundant in summer about the Santa Bar-
bara Islands.
(Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei. 1864, 93; GiUither, vi, 295.) - •
609. £• novcboracnnsjs Mitchill.
Dark bluish above ; iiectorals blackish, with the lower edge pale, in
the young with two black bars; ventrals mesially blackish, the edges all
white; caudal lobes mesially dusky, the edges pale. Head short; snout
very blunt, shorter than the very large eye, which is narrower than the
broad, concave, interorbital space. Pectoral fins very long, reaching
past the base of the caudal ; second ray of pectoral divided ; ventrals
reaching considerably i)ast anal; their inserriou midway between the
preoperclo and the base of the caudal. Dowsal fin inserted opi)08ite
aual. Head4§; depthSJ. D. ll;A.9. Lat. . 42-48. North Atlantic;
not rare on our coast.
(Mitcliill, Aiucr. Month. Mag. ii, 233, 1S17; DoKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 230;
fCuv.& Val. xix, 99.)
610. E. inclanuriis Cuv. & Val.
Bluish above, silvery below, the pectoral fin blackish, except a por-
tion of its middle and inner edge; ventrals plain or nearly so. Head
of moderate length, not very blunt, the interorbital space broad wiu.r
than the eye and somewhat concave. Eye very large, longer than
snout, 3 iu head. Pectoral fin 1% in length, reaching past the base of
the last dorsal ray and the tip of the last anal ray. Vnntrals inserted
midway between the posterior edge of the eye and the middle of the
base of the caudal, their tips reaching nearly to the base of the last
liiij^l
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380 CONTIlinUTIONS TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOaY — ly.
auiil ray ; socoiul ray of i)ectoruI llu divided. Dorsal (In low, itH insertion
nearly opposite front of anal. IImuX 4; depth 0. D. 11; A. 9; Hcalcs
C-52-3. North Atlantic ; occiasional on our (;oaHt.
(Tf (-nv. iSt. Viil. Hist. Niil. I'oiHs. xix, lOl ; siiid t«» huvo a Muck blotch on tli« iiiipor
part of tlu> biiNt^ ol'tli*^ tail, n-culliiiK Mi*> t'.Dlorutioii oiHpvuiuH o( Sarguii, a reutiitu not
noticed by uh on any ol'onr llyiug-titih.)
Oil. E. cxilicilN (•nu^Iin.
Uluifsh above, silvery Inflow, sides with (Ive broad, transverse bars-
I)ectorals and ventrals irrefjfularly banded and blotehed with blue and
black. IJody very slender; snout short, ,\ length of head. Dorsal and
anal fins similar and opposite. Ventrals inserted slij^litly behiml tlie
middle of the body; jieetorals I'fj in length of body; second ray of pec
torals extendinj^ beyond llie membrane in a spine-like process. Ven-
trals 3 in length. Head G in total length with caudal. D. 12; A. IL'.
Lat. 1. 48. {(hxxic.) Atlantic Ocean; a small sjjecies, possibly the
young of some other.
(Omolin, Syst. Nut. i, MOO, 17H8 ; GUntbor, vi, 21)1 ; Goo(h), Bull. U. S. Nat. Mim. v,
64.) ,
180.-rVPSEL.URVS SwaiuHou.
Bearded Flying-Jishes.
(Cypsiluriin Swainson, Classilication of Fiybos, 18U9, 290: typo ExocoDttia nuttalH Lo
Sueur.)
This genus dillers from E.rocaitm in the presence of one or more bar-
bels or cutaneous api)endages of delicate texture on the tip of tlie n).in-
dible. The species are all of snnill size, and it is jjossible that in soiuo
of them these appendages are lost with age. (Kui/'chii^ a swift or swal-
low; odfHx.^ tail.)
01 !l, C. riircntiis (Mitch.) Wciulaml.
Barbels 2, ribbon-like, usually little if any longer than the eye. Eye
large, narrower than the broadly, slightly concave, interocular space.
Adult nearly plain; young with three broad, black bands across the
belly in front of the ventrals; operculum jind i)ectorals marbh'd with
black; lower cauilal lobe with three blackish cross bauds; postoiior
part of venlral and lower part of anal black. Ventrals and pecjtoials
rea(!hing past base of caudal ; ventrals inserted nearer the root of the
caudal than the snout; dorsal very high, higher than the body, the
longest rays not reaching the caudal. Anal not low. llcad 4 iu
imm::
f*-
>
LOPIIODRANCnil.
381
length, not very short nor very blunt. D. 13; A. 9. Atlantic Ocean;
not very <!(nninon on our coasts.
(Exocalun furmtuH Mitoli. TraT\H. Lit. and Phil. S«)c. i, \\\), 18ir>; Exocattwt fiircnhiit
Oiliitlici", vi, 2815: Hxorwtuit niitlaUi Lo Sihmit, Joiini. Aciul. Nat. Sci. IMiila. 1H21, 10: Kx-
ffialuinultallii (HU\t\uir, vi,28(>: ICxocvBtiiH furcatun lAUktm, Vitluiidk. MoiUlel. Nutiirh.
Forcii. Iri7(i, 100; VVoiiil. 1. r.)
6I3> €. comatlis (Mitch.) Wmuland.
Grooiiisli above, paler below ; ventrals soinewhat <lusky ; lower edge
of pectorals pale. JJody moderately elongate ; head niedinin ; eye very
liuge, loos*''' than snout, about 3 iti lu^ad. H;irb(d very loiif?, ribbon-
like, rciiehin}^ in the adult aw far as the base of the ventrals ; a small
Niiniliir barbel, shorter than the ey<5, on each side of it at base. IN^itoral
(ins rciichinf? to last ray of dorsal, the third ray lon}i;est, the second sjdit.
Insertion of dorsal nearly midway between vc^ntrals and anal; ventrals
siijjlitly nearer j?ill-oi)enin}?s than base of caudal, their tii)s nearly reac^h
infj end of anal, which is smalhu* than dorsal ; (caudal well forked, the
lower lobe h)ngest. Head 4; depth lijj. 1). 12; A. 0; Lat. 1.47. L. 8
inches. [IMtken.) Atlantic Ocean; occasional on our coast.
(ExocirtiiH wmaluii Mitch. TraiiH. Ijit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 4'18: ICxocmlim mmatHH
OiintliiT, vi, 128(1: Kxixujctiut onmatiin l)(>Kay, Now York Kaima, l''inh<w, 'JIM : KxovmtuK op-
jienf/icM/'i^i"* Wood, .lourii. Acad, Na(. H(!i. Pliila. \HiA,W.\: ExocmIuh voinalua Liitkun,
VUlousk. Mcddel. Natur. Foriui. 1870, 10(5, ilg. 1,
OttDEB R.-T/)Pir()iuiANcn[r.
{The Lopliohranchs.)
Gills tufted, not laminated, composed of small rounded lobes atta(;hed
to the gill-anjhes. Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-tcn>-
porui. Superior branchihyals md pharyngeals, an«l basal braiujhi-
liyals wanting or wot ossilied. Mouth very small, bounded above by
the prciaaxillaries. 'ost-temporal simi>le, co ossirted with the crannim ;
basis of the cranium .^itnple. Pectoral fins with elevated l>as(ss. Inter-
davicles well dovelopc . Anterior vertebrae modi(ie<l, the diapophyscs
miicli expanded. Air-bhuhhT simple, without air-duct. Snout pro-
duced, bearing the small toothless mouth at the end. Gill covers re-
duced to a largo simple plate. Skin with bony plates. Muscular
system little developed. The families mentiotuMl below have neither spi-
nous dorsal, nor v^entral fins; the Solcnontomathlw of the Indian Ocean
have all the llns well developed. (A«v''(>?, crest; i3f)d)-^ta, gills.)
(iop/iotranc/iifGUnther, viii, 150-'20o.) — ■ - ' •' '
4 . V
'tal
■''^^i
]v^-rS
m
^1 ^i
y-
■ -i
1
• '1
\ '
♦■ f
t i
'^'4
i>.
■71
382 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY. — ly.
'i.tif'T'' iBiPI"''M Jill
:l
^" ' ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF LOPIIOBRANCniI. .•. ■
a. No spinous dorsal fin ; no ventral fins ; gill-openings narrow. );.'<
6. Axis of head in a line with that of the body S vngnatiiip^e 58
bh. Axis of the head forming an angle with that of the body..HiprocAMPiD^ 50
Family LVIIL— SYNGNATHIDiE.:
The Pipe- fislics. ;,.
Body elongate, very slender, covered with bony plates. TIead slender
its axis continuous with that of the body. Snout long, tube-like, bear-
ing the short toothless jaws at the end. Gill-openings reduced to a
small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle. Tail long, not
prehensile, usually provided with a pmall caudal fin. IMale fishes with
an egg pouch, usually placed on the under side of the tail, souietimes
on the abdomen, and formed of two folds of skin which meet on the
median line. The eggs are received into this pouch and retained until
some time after hatching, when the pouch opens, permitting the yorni"
to escape. Dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays only; pectorals
present, small; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually present. Genera
10 or more; species 1130. Small fishes, found in all warm seas, somo
times enterinfif" fresh waters.
(Syngnathiilce, group Si/ngnathina Gilnthor, viii, 153-193.)
a Humeral hones united below; caudal fin present; pectoral fins well devolopod;
dorsal nearly opposite the vent Siphostoma, 187.
1§7.— SIPHOSTOIfIA* Eafiuesque.
(iSi/nf/nffY/jws of most recent authors.) *
(Rafinesquo, Caratteri di a^cuni Nnovi Genori, 18, IHIO: type Sipionathua pelafiiniiiLf)
Body elongate, very slender, six or seven angled, not compressed,
tapering into a very long tail; the dorsal keels of the trunk not contin-
uous with those of the tail. Head slender, tapering into a long tuk'-
like, sub terete snout, which bears the very short, toothless jaws at the j
Olid. Humeral bones firmly united with tlie " breant-ring.'' Body cov-
ered with a series of bony, keeled, radiated i)lates, arranged in linear j
soVies. Dorsal fin distinct, rather short, opposite the vent, which is
near the middle of the body; caudal fin present, rather small; anal fin
•The genus Sifngnaihua of LiniKsna, originally equivalent to the modern orderofj
Zophobranchii, was first subdivided by Rafinesquo in 1810. The name Siphostoma wmI
given to S. pdagiem, and its relatives, the Sgngnathua of late writers, that of Tiphltl
to S. t'lphle, the Siphonostoma of late writers, while Sijngnathua was retained for &|
cequoreua and its relatives, the group now usually called Nerophia, ,.
minute,
Male fisl
by two c
iishes. ^
among t
jfeniis an
is very di
a. Breast si
b. Atlai
614. S. fv
«
Olivacec
dorsal witi
Occiput us
covering 4
Belly in fei
body. Lat
D. 35-40. ;
described fr
{ffpignatliiia ,
Gilb. Proc. U.'
jKckianiis G'diit
Faima, Fish. ;)
on. s. loiij
Color of o
feiiialos, nuic
Ivoeled. Dor
from snout
'S. ttffinia (GUnt
"Tliolougtho
j Head iic.-u-ly one
I line of flu, snout
I Anfcrior part of
' VI- than hodj-
I Vi'ut below the
I ''«<l,v-riii«8. Can
I Willi iii(li,stiuet .
I Total lon;,'thG ii
[fiu 2 inches. Lot
Aiiofhcr form o
Iti'iiialcs very high
jlliohead. bccipi
p'Ks. Distance 1
|Hai'lc carina. Ho
{Siphonoatoma sp
58. SYNONATDID^^SIPnOSTOMA.
383
minute, close behind vent; pectorals develojied, aliort and rather broad.
male flslics with an egg-pouch along the under side of the tail, formed
by two cutaneous folds, and splitting lengthwise to extrude the young
flsUes. Species numerous, inhabiting all warm seas; abounding iu bays
anion"" the sea-weeds, and entering the rivers. The species of this
(Tcnns are subject to many variations, and their proper discrimination
is very difficult, {anpov, tuhc, (rzo/ia, month.)
a Dreast shields not covercdby skin; lAver jaw projecting. (Siphostoma.) > :x-
6. Atluutic coast species.
G14< S. fiBSCUm (Storer) J. & G.— Common Ptpc-fiah.
Olivaceous; sides mottled and blotched as in other species; base of
dorsal with darker spots. Mnzzle shorter than the rest of the head.
Occiput usually more or less keeled Dorsal fin longer than the head,
covering 4-4-5 rings. Distance from snout to dorsal 3 in total length.
Belly in females scarcely carinate. Tail ofie-third longer than rest of
body. Lateral lino and upper caudal edge not continuous. Head 9.
1). 35-10. Rings 18-1-37. L. 10. Atlantic coast, common northward;
ilescribed from specimens from Wood's Holl, Mass.
[Stjngnatliiia fu8cu8 Storor, Ropt. Fish. Mass. 1838, 102: Siphonontoma fusctun Jot. &
Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 22: S;ingnathH8 pecklanua Storer, 1. c. 1(»;J: Sjingnathus
mdhinns Giinthor, viii, loT: Sifnfjnathns fasciatits and viridvuvvna DeKay, New York
I'amiii, Fish. 319-321: 1 Si/ngnathits affiitis* Giluther, viii, 1G4; I'rom Louisiana. )
G15. S. louisinaiiE (Giiuthcr) J. & G.
Color of other species; base of dorsal spotted. INIuzzlo longest in
females, much longer than the rest of the head. Oceii)ut somewhat
keeled. Dorsal fin shorter than the head, on 3-|-5 rings. Distance
from snout to dorsal 2J in total length. ]3elly iu females scarcely
'S. affinis (GUnther) J. & G.
"The leiigtli of the siu.nt is a lltMo h^ss than that of the remaining part of the head.
Hond nearly one-ninth of the total length. A distinct ridge runs along the nitMliau
j line of the snont and nnchal shields, yupraorbital ridge contiiuied over the temples.
I Aiitiiior part (^f the opiirculnm with a faint ridge. Shields withont spinels. Tail
Idiigrr than body. Caudal pouch half as long as tin* body. Lateral line interrupted.
I Vcut bolow the posterior third of the dorsal, which occupies l> rings, r> of which are
body-rings. Caudal iin w<dl develop«ul ; anal fin rudinieufary in the male. Back
wKli intlistiuct brown cro.'iS-bars ; a brown band from t\w eye along the Ruont."
Total length C inches. Head 10 lines. Trunk IJ inch. Length to origin of dorsal
[fiuiJ inches. Louisiana. (GUnther.)
Another form or species has the body stouter and the color darker, the dorsal in the
[feiualt's very high, and blhckish, with paler spots. Muzzle about e<iual to the rest of
jtlie head. Occiput somewhat cariuated. Dorsal flu shorter than tho head, oii 3-J-5
jriujrg. Distance front suout to dorsal 2^ in length. Belly iu tho females with a sharp
Iblaek carina. Head 7. D. 30-31. Rings 15-f 33. Saint Johu'a River, Florida.
{Sipkonostoma sp. Jordan, Froo. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1880,22.)
.11
i;%^-w-
! ;>■ '•
ii ' : '
Mi 'iri
■'N, «
wm
8.-^
t, ♦
384 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOOY— ly.
cariiiated. Tail ono-flfth longer tban the rest of the body. Lateral
line and upper caudal edge not continuous. Head 7. I). 33_37
Kings 18 -f 33-20 4- 38. L. 12 incites. Virginia to Texas; described
from specimens from Beaufort, N. C.
{Si/ngnathiia louisianw Gilnthor, viii, IGO: Siphonoatoma louUiance Jordan, Proc. U. 8
Nat." Mas. 1H80, t>2.)
bb. Pacific coast spocioa.
610. S. californiensc (Storor") GiU.— Big Pipe-fish.
Olivaceous, varying to brownish red, yellowish below, head and body
viirionsly marbled and speckled with whitish, the markings posterioilv
taking the form of short horizontal grayish stre.aks, anteriorly often
forming narrow bars; usually a brownish lateral band. Top of head
not carinated. Snout very long, from 1^ to 2 times the length of the
rest of the head, its len.i^th proportionately greater in the adult, and
usually greatest in males. f)or8al shorter than head. Lateral line not
continuous with upper edge of tail. Belly not carinated. Opercle with-
out ridge. Dorsal rays 42 (varying from 38 to 44). Rings 20 + 4G
(those behind the vent varying from 40 to 48 in number; 40 to 43 in
\ax. (friscoVmcatmn ; 40 to 48 in var. calif ornivnsc). L. 14 to 18 inches,
much more than in our other species. Pacific coast of United States,
everywhere common, especially northward.
{Sijngnalhus califonmnsis Storoi", Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, 73, 1845: Siinfinatht
californicnuis G\\l, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IHd'i, 28:5: SnnnnatliKS fjriacoliiuvtiis Ayren,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1854, 14: Syngnttthtts grisvoUiieatim Giiiitlu'i", vii', KiO: Sjinyna-
thus abhotti Girard, U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fisli. 310: Synynathua caUfoniiensis iiiviml,
U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 344.) l/jL ' / (A. Qljt^ f x, <t/,
617. S. Icptorhynchust (Girard) J. & G. ^ti-tvMJ-fv^ i <r o
Yellowish brown or blackish, spotted or vermiculated. Head raised
above, but usually not carinated. Snout l^-lj times the length of tho
rest of tho head. D. 30-35. Rings 17+37-43. L. 10 inches. Other-
* Another form or apccica, occnrring at Monterey and Santa Barbara, ngreos T\'ith
tlio prccedin<5 in si/o, color, plates, fin-rays, «!k,c., bnt dilFora in having tho siiout short
not longer than tlio rest of tho head. Tlio eyes aro rather BUialler than in S. califor-
nienae, and tho kCula aro perhaps h-ss sharp.
t Another coiiunon forni,»\vhich is probably a variation of this species, is —
S. dimidiainm Gill.
Similar to S. leptorhynchua, bnt with tho snont very short., scarcely as long as tho!
rest of the head. Head slightly crested above. D. 30; ripgs 15-f-38. L. 8 inches.!
Coast of California, chiolly sonth of Point Conccpciou.
{Syngnalhita breviroatria Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 156 (naino prcoc-
cnpied): Syngnathiia dimidiatiia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 284: Syngntttki\
dimidlatiiB GUuthor, viii, 65.)
59. HIPPOCAMPIDiE.
5^5
\risP essentially as iu S. californicnss. Nuchal plates somewhat keeled
invar, leptorhynchus ; not keeled in var. arundinaceum. Coast of Cali-
foiiiiii. chielly south of Point Concepcion ; abundant.
I S^iiyiKilhiM IvptorhifiichiM {iirar(\, Proc. Acud. Nut. Sci. Pliila. 1854, ir>(5: SungnafhttR
jfptorliiliicli lid Ciiraril, U. S. Pac. K. U. Siirv. Fish. ;M(i: Syngnathm UptoihiinchnH iiiW,
Proc. Aiiid. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 18G2, 284: Syngnathna arutidlnuceua Giranl &. Gill, 11. cc.,)
(1(1. Breast Khiohls covered by loose skin ; lower jaw iucliidod. {DcrmaioHtclhus" Gill.)
6l§> 8* punctipinne (Gill) J. & G.
Brown; dorsal tin speckled. Body comparatively robust Snout
moderate, a little longer than the rest of the head. Eye large. Occi[)ut
with a raised keel; joint between the occiput and the first dorsal shiehl
more p<n'fect than usual, so that the head can be placed at an angle with
the body. Greatest depth {".bout equal to length of post-orbital part of
hciul. Skin on breast and anterior ventral plates thin, showing the
striation of the bones. Tail twice as long as trunk. Head 8; I). 41 ;
rings 19+39. L. 12. San Diego, Cal. Only the original types known.
[DermatoHtethua puncUpinniii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 1802, '263.) '
Family LIX.— HIPPOCAMPIDiE V '
J {The Sea Horses.)
Syngnathoid fishes destitute of caudal and ventral fins, and with the
tail prehensile. Form of the body and head singular; in the typical
geuera the body is compressed, and the head, which is idaced nearly
at right angles with the axis of the body, is surmounted by a bony
crest. These little fishes have thus a remarkably horse-like physiog-
nomy, like that of the conventional "knight" at chess. Mouth very
small, terminal. Dorsal fin median, of soft rays only; anal fin minute;
})ectoral short, with a broad base. Gill-openings very small. Egg-pouch
of the male usually at the base of the tail. Genera about 4; species
about 30, most of them belonging to Hippocampus. Fishes of the open
seas of warm regions. They attach themselves by their tails to sea-
weed and other floating substances, and arc often carried to great dis-
tances by currents.
{SjngnathUlm, group Hippooampina GUntlior, viii, 194-206.) - - -
a Body compressed ; occipnt with a narrow bony crest, which is surmounted by a>
"coronet" ; shields with tubercles or spines Hippocampus, 188.
"Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 283: type Dermatoatethm punctipinnis GilU
(3£/)/(«, skin; dreOo?, breast.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 25
/ mA
ir.!
t
i'l'i
i ';■ ■■
f-
• f-
l^
; :• 1
-i' ¥im
,
t//
mm
r_ .
-^^rM4m
fir:' 1*«
■ ..» *|Ih
* '
1
^'wU
.i-
i ;,
; ; _
*ttl?fHW
,;> Ill.?^»-v>
•'.AUsi -
< ■ (
w::
386 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOOT — ly.
1§8.— HIPPOCAIWPIJS Rafinesque.*
- Sea Horses.
(Rafinesquo, Iiidice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 1810, 37: typo Syngnathus hippocampus L. =;
Hippocampus heptagonus 'Rai.)
Body strongly compressed, the belly gibbous, tapering abrui»tly to
a long, quadrangular, prehensile tail. Head with a distinct cnrvtd
neck, pljiced nearly at a right angle with the direction of the body
surmounted by a compressed occipital crest, on the top of which is an
angular, star-shaped coronet; top and sides of the head with spines.
Body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on the
body each with G spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4. Pectoral
fins present; anal minute, usually present; dorsal fin moderate, opposite
the vent. Egg-pouch in the male a sac at the base of the tail, termi-
nating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm seas. {l-::6/.a!ir.u^^
the ancient name, from f;r?ro?, horse; xd/x:zo^^ a wriggling sea-monster, or
a caterpillar.) ...
619. H. heptagonns Raf.—5ea florae.
Yellowish brown ; eyes and cheeks with radiating wavy lines of llj,'Iit
Ijrown ; snout with a narrow white cross-band near its middle (Jidc
Goode) ; sides with a few small pale spots ; dorsal dusky above. Tuber-
cles of body and tail i)rominent, slightly recurved, usually provided
with slender filaments, the tubercles of each alternate or each third ring
on the back usually larger than the others. Occipital crest very high,
with 5 tubercles, the anterior with long filaments. Snout as long as the
opercle, which is marked with radiating striae. D. 18; P. 18; A. 4.
Rings 11 ■+• 36. L. 5 inches. Warmer parts of the Atlantic ; north to
England and ^Newfoundland ; rather rare on our coast. Very abundant
in the Mediterranean. European examples exaniined by us are pro-
fusely spotted, the snout plain ; ours is possibly a different si)ecies.
(Sgngnathua hippocampm L. Syst. Nat. ; Rafinesquo, 1. c. 37 : Hippocampua auliquorum
Leach, ZoiJl. Misc. 1814, 104: JUppocampua antiquorum GiinihoT, viii, '200: Ilippocampui
■antiquorum Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1878, 45: Uippocavtpus hrcvirosMs Cuvicr,
Regno Auiin. : Hippocampua hudaoniua DoKay, N. Y. Fauna, Fishes, 322 : Bippocampm
hudaoniua Storcr, Hist. Fish. Mass. 416: i Uippocampua ladcaudatua GUuthcr, viii, 205,
"tail without knobs.") ■ v . ;^^?, -.
«20. H. ingcns Gr<l. ' "'" '~"":^"V"' Z:'^'^''^'^'^ ---<.--
Chestnut brown, mottled with darker, and dotted with white. Body
rather slender, its depth about equal to the distance from snout to ]tos-
* = Hippocampue Leach, Zool. Misc. 1814, 103.
60. CENTRISCID^. 387
teiior margin of orbit j tail longer than head and body together; snout
rather shorter than operclo ; supraorbital spine nearly half diameter of
eye* coronet well developed, with five spines. D. 19; A. 4. Kings 10
^.38. San Diego, Cal, and southward; reaching a length of nearly a
toot.
(Giriinl, U. S. Pnc. R. R. Surv. Fishes, 1858, 342.) "' ' ' • -' •;-
.■.:..^ ■',>:: •-::^^ ■■-■■ .:v^,;.^■■^^
Order S.-HEMIBRANCHIT.
{The Hemibramlis,) :^...'r--^'-i\-, '['-.f/.
Superior branchihyal and pharyngeal bones reduced in number ; in-
ferior pharyngeals separated. Ventral fins abdominal or subabdominal.
Moiitli bounded above by premaxillaries only ; interclavicles developed.
>fo pneumatic duct to the air-bladder. [Cope.) There are also several
striking peculiarities in the structure of the shoulder girdle and the skull,
by which these fishes differ from the Acanthopteri, with which grouji un-
der one name or another they have usually been combined, (^//j, half;
jjpdr/ta, gills.)
ANALYSIS OF FAMILIK < OF UEMinRANCHII. :•
•Bones of head produced iuto a loug tube, which hears tlie short jaws at its end.
a. Body short, compressed, scaly ; no teeth ; 8i)iiious dorsal present.
Centriscid.e, CO.
aa. Body elongate ; teeth present.
b. Dorsal spines none ; a long caudal filament ; no scales Fistulauiid^e, G1.
66. Dorsal spines present, disconnected ; no caudal filament.
c. Body covered with ctenoid scales Aclostomatid.e, ()2.
cc. Body scaleless, with bony shields Aulobhynciiid/E, G'.].
** Bones of head moderately produced ; ventrals I, 1 ; dorsal preceded by free spiui-s ;
body scaleless, naked or mailed Gasterosteio^, 61.
* Family LX.— CENTRISCIDJE. V •
{The Snipe-Jishes.)
Body compressed, oblong or elevated, covered with small rough scales;
no lateral line ; some bony strips on the side of the back and on the
margin of the thorax and abdomen, the former sometimes conUueut iuto
a shield. Bones of the skull much prolonged anteriorly, fori'iing a long
tube which bears the short jaws at the end ; no teeth. Gill-openings
wide ; branchiostegals 4. Two dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the
second of which is very long and strong ; soft dorsal and anal moderate ;
ventral fins small, abdominal, of 5 soft rays ; pe(;torals short ; caudal fiu
emargluate, its middle rays not produced. Air-bladder largo ; pseudo-
':4'-
„«
iir
f
I
388 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV
branchiae pieseut. Gills 4, a Hlit behind the fourth. No pyloric ((Bca •
intestinal canal short. A single genus of three or more species, chiedy
of the Old AVorld, one of them straying to America.
(C'enfnVft/a part, genus Cen<n«c«8 GUnther, iii, 518-5114.)
1§9.-CENTBISCUS LiuniEus.
• ; Snipe-Jishea.
(LinnsDUS, Syst. Nat. 1753: type Centriacus scolopax L.)
The characters of the genus are included above. {xsvrpifTxo^^ an
ancient name of some spinous fish ; from xivrpw^^ a spine.)
631* C. scolopax Linu. — Snipe-fish; Trumpet-fish; Bellotcs-fish.
Eoae red or reddish olive above, silvery on the sides and belly, Body
strongly compressed and somewhat elevated, covered with small itiiated
scales, each stria terminating in a rather strong spine ; second tlorsat
spine very strong, serrated posteriorly, its length about ^ total leiifjtli
of fish ; snout several times longer than the rest of the head. Head 2i
in length ; depth 3 J to 4. D. V-12 ; A. 20. Mediterranean Sea ; occa-
sional northward; accidental on our coast.
(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, iii, 518.)
Family LXL—FISTULARIID^.
{The Trumpat, fishes.) ^ , .
Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep. 5fo
Scales. Bony plates present on various parts of the body. Head
very long, the anterior bones of the skull much produced, forming a
long tube, which terminates in the narrow mouth; both jaws, and
usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth ; membra lie
uniting the bones of the tube below, very lax, so that the tube is capa
ble of much dilation. Branchiostegals 5-7 ; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers ob-
solete. PseudobranchisB present. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal fiu
entirely absent; soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin
opposite it and similar; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced
into a long Jlament ; pectorals small, with a broad base, preceded by ii
smooth area as in Oasterosteidcc ; ventral fins very small, wide apart,
abdominal, far in advance of the dorsal, composed of C soft rays. Py-
loric coBca few ; intestines short. Vertebrae very numerous (4 + 49 + 33).
Fishes of the tropical seas, related to the Sticklebacks in structure, but
61. FISTULAllIID^ — FI8TULARIA.
389
with prolouged snout autl different ventral fins. A single genus, Fiatu-
laria, with two or more species.
(Fintularidic, part, genus Fistularia Giinther, iii, 529-535.)
190.— FISTIJLA«IA Linuiciis.
Trumpetjinhes.
( LiuniL' us, Syst. Nat. 1758: typo yia/nJarJa /aftaccaria L.) ■.
Characters of the genus included above. The bony shields, charac-
teristic of this genus, are thus enumerated by Dr. Giinther:
"1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull (conflusnt neural spines).
"2. The p.Tiir of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones,
separated processes of the occipital bone — similar to those we have
observed in Mugil, where, however, they are not separated from the
oeciitital, and arise more outwardly than in Fistularia. These shields
are the longest, provided anteriorly with a ridge, which is prolonged
aud extends far backwards between the muscles of the back. This
ri(l<?e is flexible, and does not interfere with the lateral movements of
the lish; it appears to serve as a base for the attachment of muscular
tibres.
",*). The narrow shield on the side is the coracoid, and composed of
two bones, the posterior of which is somewhat dilated and llxed to the
lateral dorsal shields.
"4. The ventral shields are the pubic bones; their posterior half is
broadest, porous inferiorly ; they are narrower before the middle, leav-
ing a free lanceolate space betvyeen them, and are again a little widened
anteriorly, where they join the humerus and urohyal." {G'dnilicr, iii,
532.) (Latin, fistula, a tube or pipe.) .
«. Skiu covered with dermal ossifications, •
622— F. tabuccaria Liuu. — Trumpet-jlah.
lieddish brown above, variegated with numerous blue spots on the
sides aud back. Mouth slightly oblique, lower jaw the longer, over-
lapping the upper; snout niuch prolonged, tapering but little forward;
its edges with fine serrations or none. Margin of orbit with sharp com-
pressed points in front and behind. Mandible about 4 in snout; snout
3f ill length of body. Head 24. D. 14; A. 13. Warm seas; occa-
sional on our South Atlantic coast.
(Liun. Syst. Nat.; Giinther, iii, 529.)
r:
^m
' .ii
J.
f'kmM
:^^^ir
! 'f'
390 CONTRIBUTIONS 10 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
aa. Skin amooth, Tvitboiit dermal ossifications.
623. F. Kcrrata Ciivier.
Grayisb ; sometimes with a series of blue spots along the back or sldos-
head silvery below. Form much as iu the preceding, but head and body
broader and more depressed ; edges of snout more distinctly serrated
a foramen in the axil of pectoral. Snout 3^ in length. Head 2S. n.
14; A. 13. Warm seas J rare northward j perhaps the same as the pre-
ceding.
(Cuvier, Rt*gne Anim. 1817; Giiuther, iii, 5U3.)
4^ Family LXIL— AULOSTOMATIDiE.
{The Flute mouths.)
Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales. Lat-
eral line continuous. Head long ; mouth small, at the end of a lou"
compressed tube. Lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the syinphy.
sis. Premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triiuinnhir
with a supplemental bone. Teeth minute, in bands, on lower jaw and
vomer. Branchiostegals 4. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Psendo-
branchia} well developed. Gill-rakers obsolete. Gill-membranes sepa-
rate, free from the isthmus. Air-bladder large. Spinous dorsal pres-
ent, of 8-12 very slender free spines. Soft dorsal and anal rather loiij;,
similar, posterior. Caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest, but
not produced into a filament. Ventrals abdominal, of six rays, all articu-
lated. Pectorals broad, rounded, the space in front of them scaly. Two
pyloric cceca. A single genus, with two species, found iu troi>ical seas.
(^FistuXaridos pt. genus Auloatoma Giiuther, iii, 5:]r>-538.)
191.-AVl.OSTOraA Lac6i)cdo.
(Lacdpftde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, :{57, 1803: type Fistularia ehincnaia L.)
Characters of the genus included above. («u/'c tube; aru/ia, mouth.)
634. A- macnlatum Val.
Olivaceous, with one or two series of brown or blue dots along each
side of the back; another irregular series from the preoperculum aloug
each side of the belly to the anal fin; three or four silvery lines on each
side of abdomen, replaced on the head by irregular oblique streaks;
anterior part of dorsal and anal with a horizontal black streak; caudal
fin usually with two round black spots; ventral fins plain. D. X-23;
A. 25; V. 0. {G'dnther.) Caribbean Sea, north to Southern Florida;
probably identical with A. cMncnse. ^ ^ *'
(Valenc. iuCuv. Regno Animal, 1817: Auloatoma coloratum Milller & Troscb. Schomb.
Hist. Barbad. 1848,.G73: Atilmtonia coloratum Glintber, iii, 53G.)
1! ' •
63. AULORIIYNCHID^ AUL0RHYNCHU8.
391
Family LXIII.-AULORHYNCHID^.
^i!^-
Bo;ly elongate, nearly cyliiidiicil, with a very slender, depressed cau-
dal peiluncle. Skin naked, with a few series of partly caucoaled i)late8.
Mouth terminal, small, at the end of a tube whieli is about as long as
the rest of the head ; teeth very small ; branchiostegals 4. Gill-mem-
branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus. Dorsal fin with many
small, low, free spines, each of which is depressible in a groove ; soft
dorsal short, elevated in front ; anal similar to the second dorsal, pre-
ceded by a single spine ; caudal flu small, forked. An oblong, naked
area in front of the pectorals. Ventrals thoracic, but inserted some-
wbat behind pectorals, I, 4, or I, 5. Genus 1 ; species 2. Small fishes
of the North Pacific, intermediate between the Sticklebacks and the
Trumpet-fishes.
{Aulorhyitchidw Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1832, 2:i3,)
0. Ski u of bead nuked ; ventrals 1, 5; pectoral fins oinurjfiuato.. -AuLOUiiYxcnus, 192,
103.— AULORUVNCIIUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18GI, 1!)9 : type Anlorhynchiinjlavidua Gill.)
Body very long and slender, almost cylindrical; caudal peduncle
elongate, tapering, much depressed, espe(!ially posteriorly. Skin naked,
with a series of small, rugose shields, one on each side of the lateral line,
one on each side of the dorsal fin, and a double row on the lower edge
of caudal peduncle. Lateral line present. Head not mailed. Mouth
small, horizontal, at the end of a tube which is slightly longer than
the rest of the head. Premaxillary bones much expanded, with long
and slender processes; lower jaw projecting, with a flap at symphysis.
Teeth in the jaws rather sharp, almost in one series; palate tooth-
less. Dorsal spines numerous, entirely separate, equal and very short,
the first inserted above the pectorals. Dorsal and anal fins posterior,
nearly equal, oblong, elevated in front; caudal fin small, emargiuate;
liectoral fins emargiuate, the upper an<l lower rays longest; ventrals
not much behind pectorals, each with 1 spine and (4) 5 rays. (awAo?,
a tube; ^o/yoi;^ suout.) , . . ^. ?;•
0. Lateral shields imbedded, not sxnnous. (Aulorhynchtis.)
625. A. navidus Gill.
Tawny, with about 20 darker cross blotches on the back ; minutely
puuctulate above; opercula and ante-pectoral region with bright golden
or coppery lustre, bordered above by a blackish band. Gill rakers slen-
h ^'Vi
M 1
> *l
N
m
I ■■VI
* '!<
392 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
(ler. Dorsal spines minuto, much shorter than pupil. Caudal peduncle
louger than head. Head 4; depth IG. D. XXV-9; A. I, Oj y. I 5
Pacific coast, from Monterey northward ; not rare.
(Gill, Proc. Acml. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G1, 1G9: Auliacopa «pinc8ccn« Peters, Berlin Mo-
natsberichr, 186(> ; Steind. Ichthyol. Beitr. V, 153.) . ^, ., ^ ,., ..
Family LXIV.— GASTEROSTEIDiE.
(The SticJclebacJcs.)
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, tapering behind to a slender
caudal peduncle. Head rather long, the anterior part not produced into
a tube. Mouth moderate, with the cleft oblique, the lower jaw promi-
nent. Teeth sharp, even, in a narrow band in each jaw ; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Premaxillaries protractile. Preorbital rather
broad; suborbital plate large, often covering the anterior part of the
cheeks, forming a connectioa with the preopercle. Branchiostegals 3.
Gill-membranes broadly joined, free from the isthmus, or not ; gill-rakers
moderate or rather long. Opercijes unarmed. Skin naked or with ver-
tically oblong bony plates ; no true scales. Dorsal fin preceded by two
or mor » fvee spines ; anal similar to soft dorsal, with a single spine ;
ventral fins subabdominal, consisting of a stout spine and a rudimentary
ray. Middle or sides of belly shielded by the iiniominate bones. Pec-
torals short, unusually far behind the gill-openings, preceded by a
quadrate naked area, which is covered with shining skin. Caudal tin
narrow, usually lunate. Air-bladder simple; a lew pyloric ccjeca. Gen-
era 3, Gasterooteus, Apeltes, and Spinachia. Species about 20. Small
fishes inhabiting the fresh waters and arms of the sea in Northern
Europe and America ; noted lor their pugnacity. They are exceedingly
destructive to the spawn and fry oi" larger lishes
" It is scan^ely to be coucdved what damage these little fishes do, and
how greatly detrimental they are to the increase of all the flsl.es anion};
which they live, for it is with the utmost industry, sagacity, and greedi
ness that they 8?ek out and destroy all the young fry that come their
way." {Gihither.) Most of tha Sticklebacku build elaborate nests which
the male fish defends with much spirit.
{Gasteroatekla Qilnthct, i, 1-7.)
a. Innoniinato bones joiued. f«>rming a triajigulur or lanceoluto plain on tlio incliim
lino of the abdomer OASTKiiosTF.rs, I'.W.
aa. Innominat«» bones wKiely wrparated, formiijg a bouy ridge on each ,idi', betwicii
which arc the voutrul tin Apelti's, I'M.
aimi»aJia<M
Ill
64. GASTEROSTEIDiE — GASTEROSTEUS. ^ • 393
193.— OASTEROSTEUS Linnrons. s
' SticklehacJcs.
(/Vi'tetli; Liunaeiis, Syst. Nat. X, 1758 : typo GosterostcMS acttZeo<u« L.)
Sticklebacks with the innomiuate bones coalesceut on the median line
of the belly, behind and between the ventral fins, terming a triangular
or limceolato plate. Tail slender, keeled or not. Skin naked or variously
covered with bony plates. Dorsal spines 2-10 in number, variously de-
veloped. Species numerous. Fresh waters and shores of all northern
regions. {yoLarijp, belly ; dariov, bone.)
The group may be divided into the following sections, which are
perhaps of generic value :
(I. Gill-nicinbranes posteriorly froo from tt -«- Isthmus.
b. DoiHal spines 7-11, divergent ( Pi/gosteua Bre voort) pttngitius.
bb. Dorsal spines .'), in a rij^ht line { Eiica Ha J onhiu) inconstana.
m, Gill-ui»iUil>i'*'Q6'*^ot^''*'0 from tlio Lstlimus ; body more or less mailed {G aster out tus).
"' mivrovcphaltw, biacukatoa, atkinni, aculcatim.
(I. Gill-membranes posteriorly free from tlio isthmns.
4. Dorsal spines 7-11, divergent (P//j/08tett«* Brevoort).
636« G. pungitius L. — Nine-apincd Sticldcbaclc.
Olivaceous above, profusely punctulate, irregularly barred with darker,
silvery below. Body very slender, somewhat compressed, tapering into
tbo very long and slender caudal peduncle, which is much depres.sed and
stroiifily keeled^ broader than deep. No dermal bony plates ; skeletal
plates not all covered by skin. Post-pectoral plate well developed,
striated. Head shortish, the snout rather blunt. Thora<nc processes
well developed, widely divergent, forming a U-shaped ligure Dorsal
spines moderate, the anterior diverging to the right or left at various
iiiigles, the posterior more nearly erect. Anal 8i)ine large, larger than
the dorsal spines. Innominate bone feeble, lanceolate, not cariiiated,
its edges raised. Ventral spines moilerate, serrulate, their length more
til III one third that of the liead. Gill-rakers long and slender ; gill-
iiiembraiies free from the isthmus posteriorly. Head 4; depth 5-0.
1). IX, 1, ; A. 1, 8. L. 3 inches. Northern parts of Europe, Atlantic
coasts of America, Great Lakes, and northward; a widely distributed
species, found in both fresh and salt water. ^
(LinnuMis, Cyst. Nat.; Guntlier, i, (i: GaHtcroHteua occidentalU Cuvior & Valenoiounrs,
iv, .'i(t9: Oastvruatoiia dclcayi Agassiz, Lake Superior, ;U1 ( Massachusotts) : Gaatf oateitg
•lirovix rt, MSS. (Jill, Canadian Naturalist, Au;!,usf, WC)^^: type Gmtvroattua occirfpw-
talii C. Si, \. = Gaaivroatcua j}uiiyiiiua L. {itvyi), ruuip; odreoy, bune.)
I|)fvf;4ii|^r
!>i , ,11
,' >■> .
M - "
*.: r.K
:,;.vt^
ti
■717^7 ,
:* v^'v^*^ ''f,»r.r,~,vr- ^v^'."
' 'A-
fa^
w
394 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITlIYOLOaY— iv.
ndmlomiH A;i;a8siz, Liiko Superior, IWO, :U0: Oautcrohtcua concinnua Richanlsou, Pann.
IJor.-Anicr. Fishes, 57 ^SaHkutcluiwiui River aiidUreat Hear LaUo; D. VII-I,<»; A.I BV
dasteroHtvun inmueiiHiH Storor, Host. Journ. Nat. Hist, i, 404 (Main« ; D. Vll-j^y. /
I, H). Th'i two last, porhapH roprosout a disliuot siilmpecioa, tlistiiiguibluul by the
presence of 7 IVoo ilorsal spiiu-s.)
Subs, bruchypodn Uoan.
Siiuiliir to pungitim, but the ventral spines very short, tlioir Iciifrti,
a Httle less than one-third that of the head. D. X-I, 10; A. I ]o
Ballln's Bay to Ahiska; abundant.
(Hcan, Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xv, 1-21), 1H79.)
bh. Dorsal spiiu-s about .'>, iu a right liuo (Eucalia * Jordan).
9*H. (i, iiBCOnr .ns Kivt. — Urook Stivlclchaek.
Males in spiiufr jot black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and
young olivaceouH, nu>ttled, and dotted with blaek. Body niodciiitolv
elongate, little compressed, the caudal peduncle comi)aratively stout
not keeled. sSkin smooth, entirely destitute of dermal i>lates, the skele-
tal plUes covered by it. Innominate bone small, lanceolate, covered h\
the skin. Space in front of pectorals snmll ; thoriu^ic processes very
slencUn- and widely separated, (!overed by skin. Gill niembriuu's some
what free posteriorly; gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines four or live, low,
subecpnil, iu a right line, a cartilaginous ridge running along the biiseot'
the flu; anal spine similar to dorsal spines; ventral spines short aiid
sharp, serrated. Head o.] ; depth 4. D. IV-l, 10; A. 1, 10. L. li._i iiielies.
New York to Kansas and CJreeidand, in fresh Avaters only; abmuhuit
in the Great Lake region.
(Kirtland, Host. Jonru. Nat. Hist. iii. !27:i, 1841: (JaHfvroHieitH inicro,w8 Cope, Piw.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IHli,''), 81: Ijueulia iiironntdiin Jonhux, Troc. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'iiilii,
1877, tJi) : (iaHtn-onteiiH pygmwuH Agassiz, T,ak(^ Superior, 18.'')(l, U14, tVoin Lake Suijcridi;
this is perhaps a distinct species, ditVering in the small uunilier of lin-rays; 1). Ill, 1,
(?; A. I, (i. I'JuiHiUa imoiiHfaus var. caijutja .Jordan, Man. Vert. 187(i, *.i4!' ; Hi)e(iiinMis
from Cayuga Lake, N. Y., with compr«'ssed and elevated btidy, slenderer tail, and
higher spines : f (lasteroalcua williamaoiiii Girard, U. S. Pac. R. K. Exp. and Surv. x,i)4.)
aa. Gill-nienibrancs not free from the iathuius; body uiorc or less uiailcd. {(lankm-
teiin. )
0. Tail naked, not keeled, t
* .Jordan. Man. Vert. E. U. 8. 1^7(5, 248 : typo Oaateroateua invouatana Kirtland. {ti\
well; «a/l/'(V, nest.)
t Olivaceous brown, darker above; sid^s spotted with blaek; belly yellowish; luiul
3 in length; depth rt in total length; eye HJ in length of head ; tipof lirst dorsal
spine not n'aehing the base of the second. ]). III-I, ll>; A. 1,7. ((linrd.) William-
son's Pass, California. This form may dill'er from (K iniviiatttna in the suialU'r lunulur
of tloixal spines.
t Several recent writers liaA'e in<licated i heir belief that the naked tailed (ilicldi-
backs are simple varieties <»f tln^ oidinary species. This nuiy \h\ true, but we linvo
not yet met with distinctly intermediate forms, either on the Atlantic or Paeilio coast,
G4. GASTERObTEIDyE — GA8TEROSTEU8.
395
(j.2§. <». niJcrocepEaalus (liranl.
OlivatH'ons, Hilvory below; .skin thickly puu(;tuliito ; males bluekisli in
spiiii}.', with coppery or {;fohlen luHtre. liody short, deei), moderately
(Oiiipn'sscd. (Jaiulal i)eduiicle rather deep and coin[)rcssed. Posterior
njiri of body unarmed. Processes Ironi shoulder-girdle below widely
(livcrfiiiig, leaving a triangular area on the breast; naked area in iront
of pectorals small. Ventral spines serrate, without distinct basal cusp.
Spines of soft dorsal and anal small. Innominate bone lanceolate, twice
lis long iis broad. Dorsal spines attached to bony plates, as in 0. aeu-
icdtus. Dead .S ; depth 3;/. I). II-I, 11; A. I, 8. Lateral plates, 4 to (J.
Piicifn! coast of the United States, ascending streams, abuixlant south-
ward.
((iiiiinl, Proo. Acad. Niit. Ri'i. Pliila. IRHl, \'V\: OnHivroMniH pIrhriuH and inopinatua
Girard, 1. c 117: (laHteronhux puyctli, (Jiravd, II, 8, I'uc. U. 1{. Siirv. Fish, d^.)
621>. O. I»ia«"«il<*ntcjs Sliaw.
Oioiscly related to the [>receding, but rather larger; the innominate
bone triangular, two-thirds as broad as long. Ventral spine with a
distinct basal cusj) on its outer edge. !). II-I, 12; A. T, 0. Northern
Eiu'oiu' and United States fiom Cape Cod northward. Considered by
most European writers as a variety of G. aculeatm.
(Shaw, (ion. Zool. iv, 008, 1805; Giiuihor, i,.^): GmlvroHivm (jjimntintH Cuvior, R^.gue
Aiiini.: Ga8t<rn»h'UH hiiirim Cnv. iti Va\.\v, 481: CuHlerontcHHcuvieri Glriirtl, Ikwt. .Jonru.
Nat. Hint, vi, 2.')4 ; (!aiiki-ontriin uculcatitH tracliiiniH (iomh' & Hoan, Bull. Essox lust. 1^79,
,i; CtiKkrontviiti whvallaiidi I'lit.nain, Piou. Essi-.k lust. 1607,4.)
(1(1. Tail kticlod, armed with i)late8.
no. U. lltkillNll liuan.
Roddinh, silvery below and with dark bands across the body. Body
Hloinler, as in O. pum/itins. Lateral pli'tes 15 in u'lmber, the postericu*
viry thill, covered by skin. Tail keelel. Ventral spines long, nearly
oiMpiite r(^aching the vent; dorsal spines in a straight line. Read '.iff
ill length; depth 5. 1). 11-1,11; A. I, 8. {Bean.) Sehoodic Lakes,
Miiiiic.
(lloiHi, Proc. IT. 8. Nat. Mus. 1870, 07.)
63li 4il. nC'Ulciltllf^ L. — Comtnon SllcklahaeJ, ; nar»nf icicle,
Daric greenish above; sides silvery, or ytdlow; inLMubranes of ventrals
olteii red. Head rather long. Caudal ]>edunele very slender, covore<l
with ])lates siuiilar to those on the body, and provided with a conspicu-
0118 keel. Processes from shoulder girdle below, covering most of the
iireast, leaving a narrow uiikeu area between them. ()[>er(;le linely stri-
ate. Large rugose bony plates on ea(!h side of base of <lor.ssil spines,
tbo hitter joined to tUeui by a hinge and capable of being flrndy set, like
ih "•
r
^T
if.
. XL
■I
r^
■4r
,i i ,•''
396 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
tho spines of cat-fish. Naked area iu front of pectorals large. Pelvic
bone lanceolate. Ventral spine with a basal cusp. Spines all her/ate
those of anal and soft dorsal small. Head 3^; depth 4.J. D. II-I 13.
A. I, 9. Lateral plates 33. L. 4 inches. North Atlantic; very abuiul.
ant on both coasts.
(Linn. Syst. Nut. Giluthor, i, 4: Gantcroaiem novehoracensla Cuv. & Val. iv, .W2: Qq,.
teroateua hiaculcatua Storcr, Hist.Fisli. Mass. 40; GaHteroatc.iia hiacuhatan ct nordmrnccnm
DeKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. (55, 0(5: Gaateroateus nUjvr Cnv. «fc Vul. iv, .')()4; (;„j.
teroatemi trachiirua Cnv. & Val. iv, 481: Gaateroatvua biapinoaua Walbaum, AitcUi Pise
1792, 450, the oldest Amurican name.)
Mubsp. cataphractus (Pallas) J. & G. — Salmon-killer; Stickleback.
Extremely similar, but more robust, the body and head a little shorter
and deeper. Caudal keel very strong. San Francis o to ^Vluska ami
Kamtschatka; very abundant northward.
(Gaateracanthua catapliractua Pallas, Mdm. Acad. Potersb. iii, 'A25, 1811: Gastemtem
oholariua Cnv. & V.al. iv, 500: Gaateroatetia aerrataa Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci,
lh55, 47: Gaatcroateus intirmediua Gir^iid, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 185(5, 135: Uankr.
oateus tnaculptus Rich. Last Arctic Voyage.)
194.— APELTES DcKay.
(DoKay, Now York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 67, nomcn nudum: type Gaateroateua qundracm
Mitch.)
Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed, tho back elevated
at the beginning of the soft dorsal iln, thence declining iu nearly a
straight line to the tip of the snout. Tail very slender, not keeled.
i!Jo bony dermal plates ; tho skin naked. Innominate bones not joined
on the median line but separated, forming a bony ridge on each side of
the abdomen, below which the strong ventral spines are dei)ressible.
Chest mostly bony; bare area in front of pectorals small, but distinct
Gill-rakers rather short. Gill-membranes attached to the isthmus,
without free edge. Free dorsal spines 3, strong, the first the longest,
directed to one side ; the next two directed toward the other side at
different angles; attached spine of dorsal and anal well developed; a
bony ridge on each side of the spinous dorsal, (a, privative; -tirij,
shield.)
638. A. qnadracus (Mitch.) Brovoort.
Brownish olive Jibove, mottled with darker; silvery below; male
almost black; ventrals with tho membrane red iu spring. Head i in
length; depth 4. Caudal peduiude very long and slender, about 5 in
lengtli. D. Ill — T, 11; A, T, 8. L. 1.} to 2h inches. Atlantic wKistol'
the United States; V(iry abundant northward.
{GaateroateuH quadracua Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. i, 4H0, 1815; Gasterostm
apeltea Cnv. & Val. iv, 505; Gaalcroakua quadraona GUuthur, i, 7.)
ACANTHOPTERI.
397
Order T.-ACANTHOPTKRI.
{The Spiny-rayed Fishes.)
Crauiiiin normal, symmetrical ; tbo maxillary bone distinct from the
nreinaxillary, which forms the border of the mouth. Bones of the
iiiaiidihle distinct. Gills normal, laminated, rarely reticulated. Gill-
opeiiiiigs in advance of the pectorals. Opercular api)avatus complete.
Basal bonos of pectorals not enlarged. Pharyngeals well developed,
the third superior pharyngeal usually largest. Lower pharyngeals
separate or united. Ventral lii;s variously placed, often wanting, nor-
mally thoracic and sixrayed, the first ray 8i)inous. Anterior rays of
dorsal and anal normally developed sm spines, but often soft and artic-
ulate. Air-bladder, if present, without pneumatic duct. The most ex-
tensive of the orders of fishes, comprising a great variety of forms.
[axayOa, spiue; -T£f>i>'^,ixU.)
{AcanlhoiJf'^flKjii, Pharynyofinathi, antl Anacanthini Giiiithcr, i, ii, iii, Iv. cxchisivc of
various lainiUes. Orders Pcrcesocts, Fcrcomorpln, and PkarijtKjognalUi Copo, Traus.
AmiT. Phil. «oc. 1870, 456.)
ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF ACANTIIOI'TERt.
A. Voiitral tins abdominal; doraala two, well sopai'atcd. {Perccaoccs.)
B. Donfitiou strong ; vortcbrm '24 SPUYiiiENiDiE, 67.
BB. Dentition feeble ; vertcbric more than 24 ; earnivorons Atuerinid^, 06.
BBB. Dentition feeble; vcrtebriBt>4; linmophagous MuGILlD^, 65.
AA. Ventral tins, if jjresent, thoracic or jugular.
C. Ventral region an ithout suekiug-disk.
D. Suborbital without bony stay.
E. Ventral lins present, the rays in normal number,* I, 5.
F. Lower pharyngeal bones separate (except in certain Sciwiihlw)', gills 4,
a slit behind the last.
G. Gill-menilrancs free from the istlimus.
H. Spinous dorsal transformed into a lamellated sncklng-disk, situated
, on the top of the head.
EcnKNKIDID/E, 70.
HH. Spinous dorsal not transformed into a sucking-disk.
I, Scales small or obsolete, mostly cycloid ; spinotis dorsal compar-
atively little developed ; caudal
peduncdo slender,! the tin widely
forked. t {ScomhriJ'onn liahos.)
K. VcitebriB more than 24 or 25; no free anal spims.
L. Spinous dorsal represented by free spines; caudal not forked;
' body elongate, fusiform.
ELACATIDiE, 71.
•Except in certain StromatcUlcr, Acanlhurt()a', and T<vntei(l(v.
t Except in PomatomidcB, JilacatidoOf and somo tStromatvutai,
•u
398 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
LL. Spinous dorsal well developed, depressiblo in a gronv
— Scales miuuto or wanting ; premaxillaritN nou-pro-
-, traetile Scomiuud.k, 74^
» Scales of moderate si; ; premaxillaiii's jjnitijvc^
tile NoMi:ii).i.;, 7R('j)
LLL. Spinous dorsal littlo develop*-. .r not di.s(in<;iii,slial)l,.
from the 8ot't parts; no (inlets.
M. QSsopliagns without tooth-like process. CouYni.KMDj,; ;(j
MM. Oesophagus with tooth-liko process... Sthomatkid.j; 77
KK. Vertebra) liH ("24-26); two free anal spines (sonictinies obso-
■ lete).
N. Scales minute or obsolete, cycloid; tail widely forked.
CAItAXdlD.*, 7,-,.
NN. Scales small, weakly ctenoid; tail little forked.
PoMAToAiin.i:, 7fi,
II. Scales well developed, mostly ctenoid;* caudal peduncle not
especially slender.
O. Pectoral with the lower rays detached and filiform-
two short, separated dorsal fius;
head with muciferous system well
^ developed.
POLYNEMIIU:, 68,
00. Pectoral fin entire.
P. Throat with two barbels; dorsals two; scales large.
MULLID^, 90.
PP. Throat without barbels.
Q. Skull cavernous; anal spines I or 2; lateral lino
extending on the caudal fm; hoad
scaly ; no teeth on vomer.
Sci.i;xii)/E, 91.
QQ. Skull not especially cavcrncms.
R. Anal tin c<mii)uralivoly short, with less than Kit
soft rays; vomer mostly with
teeth. ( Perciform lishes. )
S. Scales caducous; dorsal fins two, the first short;
mouth very oblicpu'.
Apogoniixi:, 89.
SS. Scales adherent.
T. Aual spines 1 or 2; dorsal fins 2; pscndo-
braucJiia3 small or obsok'tc.
ri;iiCiD.E, W,
TT. Anal spines 3t or more (rarely obsolete).
U= Pseudobrancliiffi small, covered by the
skin, or obsolete.
V. Vomerine teeth ; lateral line present.
Et.assomatid.k, 8.T(/)).
VV.
Vomerine teeth none ; lateral line obso-
lete C'KNTRAUCIIID.F,, '^,
UU. Pseudobranehiic well developed.
- W. Maxillar.v not slipping under prcor-
bital for its whole length.
•Small or wanting in some Urunoecopidw, Trichodoiiiidw, and IroHtvulw.
t Except in some Sparido . I'riacanlkidcr, i'cntmrchida; etc.
t Obsolete in somu Sei'iauid'O] more than three iu some Venirarchida.
t«-).
ly the
ut.
83 (h).
1 prcor-
FAMILIES OP ACANTHOPTERI.
399
,, ' ' , I Moutli nearly vertical; at'ftl fiu lonj;;
v.,<;i, . ■ whole head closely scaly.
,.■ . . PRIACANTIIIDiE, 8() ('')•
.... tt Mouth nearly horizontal; anal (in
. ,: rather short Skkuanii)^, 80.
WW. Maxillary with its upper edyo for its
whole length slipping under the
preorbital Si'AitlDiE, 8H.
BR. Anal fin elongate; pseudobranchiiu jircHcnt;
spinous dorsal little di)V('lope<l.
X. Dorsal spines present; sholeton well
... . - ossified.
Y. Pectoral lins broad, procnrreut for-
wards.
t Body scaly ; slit behind fourth gill
small; eyes superior.
llHANOSCOPIDiE, 103.
U Body naked; eyes lateral.
TiucnoiJoxTiD.i;, 102.
YY. Pectoral fin narrow, not. procur-
rent; body .scaly.
Latimd.k, 101 (6).
XX. Dorsal spines obsolete ; skeleton
more or less cartilaginous.
IcosTKii).*;, 101.
GG. Gill-mombranes united to the isthmus, restricting the gill-openinga
to the sides.
Z, Body not elevatiid ; lateral lino
obsolete; spinous dornal short and
weak ; inner rays of ventrals loog-
est Goniii)^, 104.
ZZ. Body elevated; lateral line
present; spinous dorsal well de-
veloped {VhwtodoHliform fishes.)
a. Teeth setiforni, in many rows ;
vertical finsdeusely scaly ; tail
unarmed.
6. Dorsal fin divided.
EiniiPPiD/E, 1)7.
tb. Dorsal fin continuous.
ClI/ET()DOXTII>iE, 1)8.
aa. Teeth inci.sor-lik<!. in one
row; tail with 1 or more
spines on each side.
AcANXiiump.i;, 99.
FF. Lower pharyngeals united. {Pharyngoonathi.)
c. Nasal openings single on each side; scales mostly ctenoid.
d. Qills '>ii, last slit small or obsolete; pseudobiiinehiie present; aual
> • I' spines 2 PomaCIcntuid/K, 9G.
dd. Gills 4, a slit hehind the last; pseudobrancliiie olL-^oIefe; anal
spiues 'i or more. . -ClcillJD/E, 95.
cc. Nasal openings 2 on each side ; anal spines 3; scales mostly eycloid.
e. Vivijjarous; dorsal fin with a scaly sheath ; anal rays slender and
numerous EMinoTociu^:;, 93.
*'' ee. Oviparous; auul raya rather few.
'm
i if ■
m
I !
400 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN lOHTlIYOLOGY — iv.
/. Teotb villiforin; proinaxillariea cxtronioly protractiU'; f;i]lH4
slit behind last; pBeudolinmchia.
concealed Geukid.i;, yy.
ff. Teeth not villiform; proraaxillarieH moderately protractile; jriu^
3i; last slit obsolete; pscinloldan-
chia)welldeveloi>ed.LAiJuii).i;.y.i
EE. Ventral fins, if present, with the rays in more or less than the uoruuil
mimber (I, 5).
h. Ani^l fm present,
t. Body compressed and elevated ; the scales very small, or uono,
j. Dorsal spines indistinct.
fc. Ventral rays 4-6 Bkamii>,i:, ao.
fcfc. Ventral rays abont 15 Lampkidid.k 78.
jj. Dorsal sjnnes well developed ; ventrivls rays about 1,7. Zkmd/K 81.
a. Body not specially elevated.
I. Vontrals thoracic (if present).
j». Ventrals with more than 5 soft rays; scales ctenoid ; head
armed.
n. Vent normal BEnYciD/E, 82.
nn. Vent in front of vontrals; dorsal spines few.
Apiiuki)()Di:uii)/e, 83.
•mm. Ventrals few-rayed or Avaiitinj;; scales small orwaiitiii".
0. Upper jaw produced into a sword; dentition feeble-
gills reticulated... Xii'Hiii)/K, 7:>,
00. Upper jaw not produced ; dentition very stroiiij;; body
elongate TiitciiiuiuD/E, 7;!.
21. Ventrals jugular (if present).
J). PseudobranchiiB present. (Z^/cnjiJi/orm fishes.)
q. Dorsal with many spines, sometimes entirely spinouH.
BlknxMid.e, 11;{.
qq. Dorsal with few spines or none,
a. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus.
Z0AUCID4J, 115.
««. Gill-membranes broadly united, free from the
isthmus; ventrals none.
CoxonoGADin.E, llfi.
«m, Gill-mombrancs separate, free from the istlimiia.
I t. Ventrals filamentous, at the throat ; jaws with
teeth OniiDiiD^E, 118.
%t, Ventrals none; jaws toothless.
Ammodytid/E, 69.
j[j|p. PseudobranchiiB obsolete.
M. Dorsal without distinct sjtiuous part.
V, Vent at the throat ; ventrals none.
FiEUASFEiunj:, 117.
«i'. Vent posterior.
IP. Scales cycloid ; caudal fin present.
Gadii)^, 120.
tow. Scales spinous, keeled; no caudal fin;
the tail attenuate.
Macrtjuid.e, 121.
MM. Dorsal fin with a distinct spinons part,
composed of a few spines; ven-
trals I, 2; gills :5, the gill-mom-
branes broadly united to the
isthmus BATRAcniD.^;, 112.
.'.-.r-
65. MUGILID^.
401
hh. Anal fin none; skeleton not ossified; caudal mdimontnrv, or not in
the lino of axis of body,
TUACIIYPTICKID^:, 100,
DD. Suborbital vitb bony stay. (Cottiform fisbos.)
V. Head not mailed.
' X. Slit bebind f()urtlijr''l largo; body evenly
' ■ " scaled CmiMD.i:, 10r».
XX. Slit bebiud fourth gill small or wanting.
y, Gill-membiaues separate, free from
iHtbmus; ventral fins normally
formed, mostly I, 5.
SCOISP/ENID/E, 100.
yy. Gill-membranos broa<Ily joined, at-
tached to the isthmus or not;
ventral fins \ ariously imix-rfect.
COTTID^, 107.
w. Head mailed, externally bony.
z. Ventrals few-rayed, close together;
last gill-slit obsolete.
Agonip E, 107 (ft).
gz. Venl.als 1, 4, or I, ^, i ually wide
apart; last gill-slit large.
.Tkiglid^, 108.
CC. Breast with a sucking-disk.
a. Gill-openings narrow; spinous nor-
sal little developed; sucking-disk
formed of the united ventral fins;
pyloric c(Bca numerous; subor-
bital with a bony stay.
ft. Skin smooth; vei-tebraj very nu-
merous LlPARIDIDiE, 103.
ftft. Skin tubercular; vertebrio rather
few C YCLOPTKUi n^:, 1 10.
aa. Gill-oponingswide; s[)inouH doreal
wanting; sucking -disk between
the ventral fins; no pyloric co'ca;
body naked.. .(iooiEnocwAi, 111,
Family LXV.— MUGILIDiE.
{The Mullets.)
Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with ratber large
cycloid scales ; no lateral line, but the furrows often deepened on the
middle of each scale so as to form lateral streaks. Mouth small, termi-
nal. Jaws with small teeth, or none ; premaxillaries protraiitile. Gill-
openings wide, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Bran-
chiostegals 5 or 6. Gill-rakers long and slender. Gills 4, a slit behind
fonrtb. PseudobranchiiB large. Two short dorsal flus, well separated,
tlie anterior with 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is much shorter
tban the others; second dorsal long' r than the first, similar to anal;
Bull. Xat. Mus. No. 10 20
mm
rr-^
I ' i,'. ■
402 CONTIIIIJUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIlTnYOLOGY iv.
anal spines 3, rapidly graduated ; ventral fins abdominal, not far baci-
attaclied to the elom^ate coracoid bone, coin])osed of one spine and iue
rays; caudal forked. Air-bladder large, simple. Intestinal canal loinr
Peritoneum usually black. Vertebra? 24. Genera 3; species 70-,so-
iidiabiting the fresh waters and coasts of warm regions, fecdiiur „„
organic matter contained in mud. A considerable indigestible portion of
the latter is swallowed, and in order to prevent larger bodies from pass-
ing into the stomach, or substances from passing through the {fjll-opon
ings, these tishes have the organs of the pharynx modiliod into a
iiltering apparatus. They take in a qujintity of sand or nuid, and
after having worked it for some time between the pliaryngeal bones
they eject the roughest and indigestible portion of it. The npptr
jdiaryngeals have a rather irregular form ; they are slightly arched, the
convexity being directed towards the pharyngeal cavity, tapering an-
teriorly, and broad posteriorly. They are coated with a thick, soft
membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin of the bone, and is
studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is pro-
vided with a series of long gill-rakers, which are laterally bent down-
wards, each series closely (itting to the sides of the adjoining aioli-
they constitute together a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit
for the water, retaining at the same time every solid substance in tlie
cavity of the pliarynx. {Gunther.)
The Mugilidce, AtHerinidw, Sphyrccnidw, and OpldocephalUhc compose
the group or suborder of PcrceHoces, thus characterized. Ventral lins
abdominal ; branchial arches well developed, the bones all present ex-
cept the fourth superior branchihyal. Third superior pharyngeal nnich
enlarged ; lower pharjngeal distinct. Scales cycloid. Pectorals ele-
vated, about on a level with the upper posterior angle of opercnlnni;
spinous dorsal usually present. (Latin, Perca, a perch; Esox, a pike—
the group being intermediate in its position between the Percoidsaud
the Uaplomi.)
(MiKjiluJw Giiutber, iii, 409, 467.)
•Jaws with a series of oilia, bafc without true teeth; jiart of the stomach mnscnlar,
gizzard-like , Muun-, 195.
193.— mUOIL LinucDUs.
{Mullets.)
(Arto'.li ; LinuaDiis, Syst. Nat. : typo Mugil cepkalua L.) ^
Body oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large cycloid scales.
Jiead large, bhintishj convex above, scaled. Mouth small. Jaws tooth-
•^i*'^''r,'wryr
ii^-i.Uj
65. MUGILID^ — MUaiL.
403
'Hi ':
](.<is usnally provided with short, flexible i.'ilia resembling teeth ; lower
jaw forming an angle at the symphysis. A portion of the stomach mod-
itied to form a muscular gi/.zard. Species very numerous, found in
jrreat schools near the shore in all warm regions. (Latin Mugil, the
aucient name, from mulgeo, to suck.)
•Ailiposo pycUd well developed.
a. Scales medium (40-42 series); sides with dark stripes; anal rays III, 8.
633> IW. mcxicanus Steindachner. — California Mullet; Macho.
General form, coloration, and appearance of M. alhula, the head
rather longer, broader, and more depressed ; interorbital space about
half length of head. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal with small scales,
the posterior part of the fin naked. Eye rather small; the adipose
eyelid very thick. Bluish above ; sides silvery, with dark stripes along
the rows of scales. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. 1 V-I, 8 ; A. Ill, 8 ; Lat.
1, 42. Pacitic coast, chiefly south of Point Concepcion ; abundant j very
close to the next- of which it is probably a variety.
(. steindachner, Ichth. Boitriige, iii, 58, 1875.)
634> IVI> albula l,.— Striped Mullet.
Body rather elongate, little compressed, snbterete. Snout not broad,
moderately depressed. Mouth moderate, the lips thin, the maxillary not
nearly covered by the preorbital ; angle made by the dentary bones ob-
tuse, or nearly a right angle. Spauv. at the chin between the nuindib-
iilary bones oblanceolate, acutish anteriorly. Scales comparatively
small, a few on the dorsal and anal fins. Pectoral fins placed little
above the axis of the body. Coloratiou dark-bluish above ; sides sil-
very, with conspicuous darker lateral stripes ; a dusky blotch at base
of pectorals. Head4J; depth 4. D. IV-I, 8; A. Ill, 8; scales 42-l.S.
Atlantic coast of United States ; very abundant southward, where it
is much valued as a food-fish.
(Linu. Syat. Nat. : Mugil plumieriBloch, Ansl. Fisch. taf. 39(5: Mngil lineatua Ciiv. &
Vul. xi, 98: Mugil lineatua Gthr. iii, 417: Mugil herlandieri Grd. U. S. Mex. Uoiiiid.
Siirv. 20, fig. 1 — fig. 4 represents the young of M. brasilienaia. )
aa. Scales larger (3S series); sides without conspicuous dark stripes; anal rays III, 9.
635. m. brasiliensis Ag. — JFJiite Mullet; Liza.
Body oblong, rather compressed. Snout moderate. Mouth mod-
crate ; the maxillary mostly concealed under the preorbital ; angle made
by the dentaries about a right angle. Space at the chin between the
mandibularies somewhat club-shai)ed. Scales comxjaratively large j soft
tmi
'Hi
1 . ''
- J
',1
mi
IMAGE EVAI UATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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33 WIST MAIN STRHT
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IV"" :•♦ '
404 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — ly.
dorsal* and anal fins covered with small scales; pectoral fins mostk
naked, inserted liigli. Coloration bluish above ; the sides silvery, without
conspicuous dark 8triy>es, but with shining streaks along the rows of
scales ; a dusky blotch at the base of the pectoral ; tips of caudal und
soft dorsal blackish. Head 4 ; depth 4. JD. IV-I, 8 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales
38-12; vert. 11 + 13. Cape Cod to South America, .ind Lower Califor.
nia; abundant ; on our Atlantic coast, usually reaching a smaller size
than Mugil albula.
(Agassiz Spix. Pise. Brazil, 234 : Mnrjil etirema and Mujil petrosua Cuv. «& Val. xi
87, 8i); Giiiither, iii, 431: Mugil Uiieataa Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.)
Familv LXVL— ATIIERINID.E.
■ (Tltc Sllvermles.)
Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with cycloiil
scales of moderate or small size. No lateral line ; some scales often
with rudimentary mucous tubes. Cleft of the mouth moderate. Teeth
small, on jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines, rarely wanting;.
Premaxillaries protractile or not. Opercular bones without spines or
serrature. Gill-openings wide,, the gill -membranes not connected, free
from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behiml the fourth. Pseudobraiichi;e
present. Gill-rakers usually long and slender. B ranch iostegals T) or 0.
Dorsal fins 2, well separated, the first of 3-8 feeble, flexible spines, the
second of soft rays. Anal with a weak spine, similar to the solt dorsal,
but usually larger. Ventral fins small, abdominal, noc far back, of 1
small spine and 5 soft rays. Pectorals moderate, inserted bigh. Air-
bladder present. 'No i>yloric coeca. Caudal and abdominal vertebrre very
numerous. Carnivorous fl^vshes, mostly of small size, living in great
schools near the .^hore in temperate and tropical seas ; a few species in
fresh water ; nearly all the species have a silvery band along the side.
Genera about 8 r species CO.
(JtAerinirfo; pt. Gilntbcr, iii, 391-407.)
a. Premaxillaries freely protractile (their skin not continuous with that of tlic fore-
head).
6. Prcmaxillary narrow, its edge nearly straight; teeth on vomer.. Athkuina, lOii.
66. Prcmaxillary broad posteriorly, its edge curved ; no teeth on vomer.
0. Teeth none Leuukstfies, 107,
' Dorsal and anal partly naked, pectoral wholly bo in specimens from North Caro-
lina ; dorsal and anal densely scaly, ^eutural mostly scaly iu specimens from Acapitkc^
Mux., otherwise similar.
H*
w
6G. ATHERINIDiE — LEURESTIIES. 405
fc. Toeth in bands. > ^ .; / ; *> , . v ,s ■>'
d. Jaws produced in a short beak Labidesthks, 198.
(Id. Jaws not produced, the lower short Menidia, IDS).
ga, Fremiixillaries not tr>;ly protractile (skin of the preuiaxillaries ui'JsiaUy contiuu.
ous with that of the forehead). • ;'
c. Teeth iu villiform bauds ArnERiNOi'Sis, 200.
ee. Teeth in a single series, each one bicuspid AxuEKiXors, 201.
Id6.— ATIIERinrA Linnuius.
Friars.
(LiniLDiis, Syst. Nat. xii, 17GG: type J//teri»ja /w'/)»e/it« L.)
Body oblong, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique; jaws
about equal, their edges nearly straight ; maxillary extending to the
front of the eye. Premaxillaries narrow posteriorly, anteriorly protrac-
tile. Villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species
imiiieroiis, mostly European. (aOs/n-^r^, the ancient name, from dOi^p, a
kirbor spike, from the form of body or the numerous bones; possibly
from aOepi'Eiv, to despise, from their diminutive size.)
636. A. Carolina Cuv. «fe Val.
Very similar to the European A. Jiepsctus, but with the head smaller
ami the body slenderer. Depth O;^ in total length, with caudal. 1).
VIII-1, 12 ; A.I, 15. L. 4 inches. South Carolina ; not seen by recent
writers. {Cuv. <fc Val.)
(Cuv. & Val. X, 445, 1835.)
63?. A. veil ana Goodo & Bean.
Snout obtuse, top of head broad and very flat ; cleft of mouth some-
:vliiit oblique ; jaws equal anteriorly; maxillary extending beyond front
of orbit. Teeth very small in the Jaws and on the vomer. The silvery
band occupies the third row of scales, its width less than half the diame-
ter of the eye. Diameter of orbit contained twice in length of head,
greater than interorbital width and more than twice the length of the
Kiioiit. Spinous dorsal beginning behind the vertical from the tips of
the ventral fins. Head 3^ in length; depth 4§. D. V-T, 9; A. I, 10;
Lat. 1. 30 ; L. transv. O.J. ( Goodc tfc Bean.) Clear Water Harbor, Florida.
(Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. ii, 342, 1879.)
197.— LEIJBESTHES Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jtmlan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 29: type Alherinopsis tenuis Ayres.)
This getuis agrees with Menidia in every respect, except that the teeth
are obsolete. But one species is certainly known. {Xeupo^^ smooth ;
i'jOuo^ to eat.) T-T- -
U§. L. tenuis (Ayres) J.&Q.
Clear hyaline green, with the lateral silvery streak very distinct,
wider than eye, on IJ rows of scales ; edges of scales above bordered by
' '^;.'f« til
■ i •
*:■;■;•--:}
I
0t
i
406 COXTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKUICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— jy.
(lark imiiita. Scales small, smooth, and firm, closely iinbricalcd, tlHr
c'.ljjcs cronato. Maxillary not reac^hinj? to pupil. Promaxillary v((iy i,,.,,
tractile, tMirved, its posterior portion broad. Lower jaw shorter tlmu
upper. First dorsal (in over front of anal, much nearer base of caiuliii
than snout. Eye equal to snout. Mead U; depth 5. D. V_i, «». ,\ j
22 1 Lat. L75. L.o inches. CoastufCalifuruia^ abundant in ^auDieiro
{Athcnnopnia tenuis Ayrcs, Proc,. Cal. Aciid. Nat. Sci. 18(50, 76.)
10S.-L.ABII>ESTIIE}Si Copo.
((\)]>o, I'roc. Amor. Phil. Soo. I'hila. IS7(), •t.').'): typo dhiroxloma Himtlum Ci)]w.)
This }j:enus dill'ers from MeniiUa chietly in the i)rolon}::ation of tlw^ jaws
both of whiiih are i)roduced into a short depressed beak. (As,}!,-, a pair
of forceps; itrOiut^ to wiL)
6't^« L. nIi'^ciiIiin Copo. — lirook Silnrmle; Skipjack,
Pale olive green, translucent; lateral silvery band, very dislinct,
scarcely broatier than piipil, bounded above by a dark lino ; back dotted
with black. 15ody eUmf^ate, very slender, compressed. Head Ion-,', Hat.
tish above, narro" below. Snt)ut vslender, conic. Premaxillaries broad
posteriorly, very protractile, i)roduced forwards, the snout louf^cr than
t he lai jjfc eye. Edjje of upper jaw strongly concave. Teeth very slender
mostly in one series, forming a narrow band in front. Scales siuall,
thin, with entire edges. Spinous dorsal very small ; soft dorsal short.
Anal lin long ; caudal forked; pectorals moderate. First dorsal inserteil
somewhat behind the vent. Head 4.}; depth 0; eye JJA in head. 1).
I V-I, II; A. I, 23 ; Lat. 1. 75. L. 3^ inches. I'onds and slu{,'};isli
streams; iMichigan to Iowa and Tennessee; locally abundant; a vory
graceful little llsh.
(ChiroxUmin m(rHtn:n Cope, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'hila. 1865, 81: Laiidcallivs sknht
Copo, IVoo. Amor. Pliil. Soc. Pliila. 1870, 40.)
190.— I?IElViDIA* Duiaparto.
Silversidcs.
^^Argi/rea DoKay : HasiUchthya Grd. : Lahidcathca Cope.)
(Bouap.irtc, Fauna Italica, about 1810: typo Alhirina menidia L.)
Body elongate, more or Jess com]>ressed. Head oblong, compressed.
Mouth small, the gape curved, very oblique, usually not reaching the eye; j
• Chirostoma Swainsoii, Clussin. Fishos, etc. 1H3U, 243 {=Atlu'rinoidca DlcMiker^ Alhm-
nirhthyii \lh^t}\wr ^^ LoUrotftuUhim (ird., all tliow> noiiiiiial umiora based on tlio snnie tjju', 1
Aihtrina humhohiliana Cnv. & Val., IVoiii Mexico), iHdiHtinKuiNliodfroin il/cHirtiVi by tin
very lonj? and strong niandiblo which protrudoa beyond tho nppor jaw. There (ire »j
few voniorino teeth, and tho pruiuaxillury la oxtromoly protractile.
6«; ATllEUINID^. — MEN1DI\.
407
ihnlhvs sicciiliii
lower jiiw short; inaxilljiry slipjiitif; o.utitrly lunlor pn orbital; jaws canli
with ;i l>;n><l o*" «i'ni*l*'j usually villifonn teeth. I'remaxillarieM very freely
,.,)(,ac(ile», their spines eomparatively loii^', nearly ecpial to tho eye,
txtoiidiii^' baekwiud beneath a f'ohl of skin \vlii<'.h eonnects the bases of
tho maxillaries; posterior part of preniaxillaries broa<l. No teeth on
vomer or palatines. Scales ent ire, or with the edges erenate or hu^iniato.
giK'eies nuMKUous, of niodcMato or simill size, some of them entering;
fix-ah waters. (ManiiJia, an old name of some small silvcay lish, fr<?m
;,,/);, tho moon.)
«10. IW. boNcKC. &V.)J. & a.
Clear transparent gnuMi; sides with a well defined silvery bind, «|
(liiiiiK'U'i'ol the eye ; back and ehin with large, blaek (b>ts. ICyii large, '.iff
ill iioiul, a little longc'r than snout. Scales (Irm, their edg(!s strongly
cri'iiiilc, Ihose on the back laciniate. Ui)per jaw the longer. I'Mrst dor-
sal very feeble, over the beginning of the anal, rather nearer the tip of
the eaiKlal (han the snout. I)istan(;e from ilrst to seeoml dorsal jj length
of head. Pectorals reaching ve.iirals, nearly as long as the head.
VeiiUiils falling far short of tho bast? of the first <lorsul; second dorsal
very short. Tt^eth short, even, forming a inirro'y villifonn band. J lead
4|; (le;»th 5.}. J). IV-f, .S; A. 1, 'J2 ; scales d;"*-?. L. r>inche8. Atlantio
Coast of the United States, <!hielly southward; abundant.
{Alhcniia mctiidia Jiimi. Syst. Nut,.: Alhcriitahosci Cnv. ct Val. x, 'Km, IHH,'): Athcrina
vwtiilhi Dclvay, Now York I'^auiiii, Fish. 11"^: AUivrinivlilhyi mvnidia ot uolala (Jiiiiliicr,
iii, -lo;;.) : ■ ,
ttll. M. vsiK^^wn* ((iooilo &. Iloan) J. & O.
Silvery streak occupying tho lower two-thirds of the third and tho
upper two-thirds of thy fourth series of scales. Eye 3 in head, as long
as lower jaw, greater than snout and less than interorbital width. I'rc-
maxillaries freely protractile ; teeth rather strong. Scales laciniate on
tho buck, ncyrly entire laterally. First dorsiJ ijiserted opi)osite tlio
space bctvyfcon the anal tin and the vent, nearer base of eau<lal thaa
snout. Pectoral about as long as head. Caudal slightly foiked, tho
lobes ccpial. Vertical tins excessively scaly. Head 5; depth IV^ 1).
V-1, 7; A. I, 18; scales 48-7. L. t inches. Virginia to Gulf of Mexico.
{Chirostoma ragrana Ooodo & Uoau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. IWT'J, 148.)
619. W. notata (Mitch. ).T. & 0.—.Si7i'cr«ido. .,
TraiKsparent green, with a lateral silvery band lialf the width of tlie
•We hiiVH boon able to verily this clmructor on only n few of the foreijjn HpocieH.
Wo are tiieroforo uncertain whether Ihc bulk of the Hpeciea referred by Dr. Giiuthcf
to "Alhcrinicktliya" belong to Menidia or to AtherinopaiH.
rl---
408 CONTUinUTIOMS TO NOUTIl AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGV— ly.
eyo; ftcalcs above with spots nlonfj their od^jes, so thiit; their outlines
sire eleinly (lellned ; ehiii speekUul. HeiUeswith entire edj^es. livola,,,,.
.'^.^iii head, iil)<)iitiish)ti}j:!is the snout. Jhwh equal. Fir.st <h)r.sal liir^cr
than in M. bosci, inserted in front of th(^ anal, over the vent, ahout mid.
Avny between snout, and base of (;audal. I>istan(!e between dorsals X
h'njjth of head. IVeloral searetdy shorter tlnui head, rea(!hiii^' ])a,st bn,,,,,
of ventrals, which do not reach the ven*, or the front of tlie dorNuj.
Body slenderer, and more compressed than in M. bos:;i. Teeth jn f,>^y
Beries, some of them larjjer. Head 5; dei)th 0. D. IV-I, 8; A. I 23-
scales l(!-1(). \,. 5 inches. Atlantic coast of United States, chicHy
jiorthward; abundant.
(iJ'fwi.frt nolata Mitcliill, Trims. ]At. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1811, 440: Alhmm, mtaia
Dtikiiy, Now York ruuna, V'wh. Ill: Alherina mcnidla Oav. ot Viil. x, 402: CklroHlonui
itotatiim oi iiuMt Kjccnt writciu.)
«.|;i. :?I. l><>D'y!tiii3i (Cope) .T. & O.
Pale olive, with a silver band on 2J rows of scales. I3ody stouh'r (hiiu
nstial. l"'irst <lorsaI far in advance of second, inserted over the vont
slightly neisrer base of caudal than snout. ICye lar}i;e, .'{ in head. .Man-
dible slightly i)rojecting. Si'ales not described. Head 4] ; depth G.
D. V-I, 11; A. r, IS. h.2S inclios. J'otouiac Jtiver. {Cop<;.)
(^/l.')•().s^(M(( lieryllhium Co|u«, TraiiN. Am. Phil. Sv)c. IbOO, 4015.)
01 r,. ITI. I>B*3»sJlliie8Ssa« (Q<i«».v «fc Ouininrd) .7. I'i O.
Olivaceous, the silvery lateral stripe less th.iu half the diameter of the
eye ; scales on back coven^d with dark dots, y^ali^s all entire. Cldt
of mouth reachiiijjf to nearly opposite eye. Jaws eijual. Teeth not
formiu}^ a dose band. First dorsal inserted over the fru.it of the anal,
iienrer the base of the caudal than the snout. Pectoral as Jonsr as tlio
head, reaching well i)ast root of ventrals, which reach the vent. Kyo
^sVinhead. Head 4; depth 5. I). IV-F, 1); A. 1,131; scales 40-8. L
',\ inches. I'Morida to IMexieo and Brazil. Described from a speciincu
obtained in S.iint John's Kiver, Florida. „
(^ AlluniKt brasH ii'iinin ()\wy & O.iimanl, V»)y. Uran. PoisH. :?:?2: Atherina bran'.lknsii
Ouv, i*;: Val. :;, -107: AHicrinichlhi/H hranHiciwiK iiiinihi'V, iii, -llM.)
01.t. Itl. iX'ClillseiEo; (Ooodo & Ilean) .1. A; G. ^ „..,
Silvery streak occupyin.y; the fourth and upper half of the llfth row
of scales. Kyo 3 to J.V in head, about equal to the snout and the inter-
orbital width. Mouth very protractile; lower .jaw long, more than
one-third the lenjjfth of the head. Scales not described. First dorsal
tin far in advance of the anal fin, in front of the vent, about niidwiiy
Ill bran'.Uenm
60. ATITEniNID/E ATI1ERINOP8.
409
IhHwi'CII Imsci of ciUKlul and Hiiont. Ciuuliil deeply forked, its lobes e(iiml.
ncad 4; depth 5. 1). V-I, H; A. I, 15} Hcali!8 -'VS-U. L. 1 mches.
I-'lorida. {(hKuhut lU u.) •
iChiiokloma iicniiigulw iiowU^ & IJom, I'roc. II. ft Nivfc. Miih. 1871), 14H.)
itOO.- ATIII':ill!«OI'HBN (Jirara.
rcHcUiliUo <U.l Rcif.
(Girnnl, Pr<»;\ Acal. Niif. ftni. IMiilii. 1851, I'M: tyixi Aihv.rinopmH mliforn'''ni>ln Gnl.)
This {jeims differs from ^f^;nu^'m in tlu; noii piotraetility of the upper
jiiw. The spiiK'S of the [)reinaxillaries are very short, immh shorter
than tlie eye, aii<l they 'ire covered by a slciu whielj is eontliiuons with
that of the lorehead, btiii;^ only capable of .<neh motion as is ]>ermitte<l
bvllx^ extJMision of a fold of skin between the Jaws and the frontal
irjfioii. SpeiMes reaehinjif a (tonsiderable si/e ami having iniportaneo U8
fi)i)(l lislies. {afhfitvTj, Atherina; ". ':r, appearan(;e.)
(>I6. A. «':i!iir««"CBi**D8»<.i«< (limn!. — CnUforma Smelt.
Traii^liiet'nt gieenish, a bnrni.shed lateral stripe whi(!h is rather
|iliiiiiluHMis than silvery, some yellow on t!ie opercles. liody elongate,
littlccoiiipressed. Maxillary naircnv, not rea»'-hing to tin; eye, not slip-
piii^MUider the i>reorbital. .lawseviMi; teeth small, pointed, in narrow
biMids; inner series of ui'.per jaw <!idarged. dill rak(us very long an<l
sh'iKli'r. Scales erenate, somewhat rough, but not la(;inij;.ie. I'irst dor-
sal large, inserted in front of anal nearer base than snout; secoiul dor-
salinscrted in front of middleof anal, which has a scaly sheath. Pee-
toriils nearly as long as head, not reaching to ventrals, the latter J.alf
way to vent. Eye small, 5 in head. IIea<l 4;j'; depth 5. J). IX-I, 12;
A. I, L*l»; scales 77-l.'{. L. 18 inches. i*a(rili<; coast cf United States;
very abundant; a food-fish of consi<lerable importaiu;e.
{(iiiiinl, Troc. Acsid. Nut. Sci. Pliila. lrtr>4, l:!4; (iiriml, U. ft. I'ac. U. U. Surv. Fish.
X, lO;!: J(/i()i;(it7i///i/«(Y////()>')iii'nNi«{jliin(lu'r, iii, 4(Ki. )
aOl.— ATIIEB!WOP.S SlciiKliiclinor.
(Stcindiicliiior, l^'litli. lJcitril;j;<(, iii, 01, 1875: typo Athcriiiopsiii affum Ayn-n.)
Teeth hljid, airinged In a single row in each Jaw. Otluu wise as in
AtheriiuqfsiH. One Si«'cie8 known. (a%nvij, Atherina; w^S appearance.)
Cn. A. adiiiiM (AyroH) Stoijuiachncr. — Little Smelt.
Clear hyaline green, a silver.N lateral band, TJ scales wi<le, narrower
than cyo, bordered above by a ]>ur]>!ish line. Back and sides thickly
punctate. IriH uiid opercles with bright yellow. Maxillary not reaching
I
if ■ ( !
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410 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
pupil. Lower jiiw slightly shorter than upper. Teeth close-set, incisor.
liice, Y-shsiped, the forks divergent; those in lower jaw hirgest and luost
movable. Eye hirge, not longer than snout. Spinous dorsal moderate
inserted over the vent, its origin midway between jmsterior angle of oi,.
ercle r'nd base of caudal. Pectoral about as long as the head, rcacliinjr
ventrals, the ventrals not to vent. Body stouter than in related species.
Scales firm, crenate. Peritoneum dark. Head 5; depth 4^. D. VI-I n-
A. I, 22; Lat. 1. 54. L. a foot. Pacific coast of United States, with
Atherinopsis caH/orniensis, and equally abundant.
(^AUieriiiopHw affinis Ayres, Proc. Cul. Acad. Nut. Sci. 1830, 73.) •
Family LXVII — SPHYR^NIDiE.
{The Barracudas.)
Body elongate, subterete, covered with smal! cycloid scales. Ilcjul
very long, pointed, pike-like, scaly above and on sides. Mouth horj.
zontal, large. Jaws elongate, the lower considerably i)rqjecting ; upjjor
jaw non protractile, its border formed by the premaxillaries, behind
which are the broad maxillaries. Large, sharp teeth of unecinal size
on both jaws and on palatines; none on the vomer; usually a very
strong tooth near the tip of the lower jaw. Openndar bones without
si)ine8 or serratures. Gill-openings wide, the gill -membranes not united,
free from the isthuuis; gill-rakers very short or obsolete. Brancliioste-
gals 7 ; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Psuedobrauchia3 well developed.
Air-bladder large, bifun'-ate anteriorly; many pyloric cceca. Lateral
line well developed, straight. Pectoral fins short, placed in or below
the line of the axis of the body; ventrals I, 5, abdominal, in advance
of the mi<ldle of the body ; first dorsal over ventrals, of 5 rather .stout
spines; second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and oppo-
site to it; caudal fin forked. Vertebne 24. A single genus of about 15
species; voracious pike-like fishes, inhabiting nearly all temperate and
tropical seas.
{Sjih yrcenidw GiintheT, ii, ^34-'M\.)
aoa.— SPHWRiElVA BlocU. ; /
Barracudas.
(Artedi; Bloch, Ichth. : tyjto Esox sphyrwna GmcH.)
Characters of the genus included above. {ff<f>6pacva, the ancient name,
" hammer fish," from a<popii^ a dart.)
• Pectorals not reaching nearly to front of dorsal.
67. SPnYRiENIDiE — SPHYR^NA.
411
<H§. St ai'ffcntca Gtd.— Barracuda. - "
Brownish, with bluish lustre; bellj' white, scarcely silvery. Body
clougiite, little coujpressed. Lower jaw much produced, fleshy at tip.
Eye 10 ill head. Maxillary not reaching front of eye; about 3 in head.
Teeth moderate, little compressed. 8i)inous dorsal inserted a little
nearer snout than caudal, just in front of ventrals, well behind the end
of the pectorals, which are a little longer than tlio ventrals and less
Jiaa one-tenth the total length. Scales very small. Head 3 J ; depth
7J. D. V-I, 9; A. I, 8; scales in 238 series, IGO in the lateral line.
L. 3 feet. Pacific coast, from San Francisco southward; abundant; au
important food fish.
(Giranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 144; Stcindaclincr, Ichth. Beitr. vii, 1;
GQutbcr, ii, :{38.)
619. S. spcf (Ilaiiy) Lacdpfedo. — Barracuda.
Olivaceous, silvery below ; young with dusky blotches across the back
and along the lateral line. Body rather slender, with rather large
scales. Marillary not reaching eye; 2J in hesd. Teeth moderate.
First dorsal inseited cl'ghtly in front of base of ventrals, nearly midway
between snout and base of caudal, much behind the end of the pectorals.
Space between dorsals about one-sixth of the total length. Pectorals
about as long as ventrals, 12 in total length. Eye 8 in head. Lower
jaw with a fleshy tip. Head 3; dei)th 8. D. V-I, 9; A. 1, 9; Lat. 1.
130-150. L. 24 inches. Cape Cod to the Mediterranean (the common
European species) ; not rare on our coast.
{Emx npel Haiiy, Encyolop. Method. Poiss, iii, 7187 : Sphyrwna vulffaris Giinthcr, ii,
334: Ehox ftphyrwim Giiiul. Syst. Nat. 13H9: Lacdpfede, Hist. Nat. PoiHs, v, ;J2(i: fSphy-
rama bonalis DcKay, New York Fauna, Fish. 3U : Sphyra^na borealia Goodo & B(;aii,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1871), 14G. Moro than one apeciea has been confounded under
the above names.)
"Pectoral reaching front of spinous dorsal.
6-50. S. gua^uancho Cuv. & Yal.
Origin of first dorsal fin in front of the middle of the body, more or
less in advance of the tip of the i)ectoral8. Ventrals in front of the
dorsal. Fifth dorsal spine midway between tip of snout and base of
caudal. Pectoral as long as postorbital part of head. Inter8i)ace be-
tween dorsals 5^ in length. Eye C in head. Opercle with 2 points.
Head 3,^; depth?. D.V-I,9; A. II, 8; scales 14-110-17. L. 18 inches.
Cape Cod to Florida and Cuba. {Goode tfc Bean.)
(Cuv. & Val. iii, 342; Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 146: Sphyrtena
guayuanche Poey, Memorias, ii, lG(i.)
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412 CONTKIIHITIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv.
0''SI. S. piciidil lilocli & Sclinoiikr.— /'tcH(/a ; JJarracuda.
Ori«;iii of lirst dorsal opposite vontrals, far in advance of tlic niuldi,,
of the body, at the tip of the pectorals. Interspace between dorsals one.
fifth of total len<;th. Pectoral fins one-eleventh of total len}j;th. Scales
larj-e. Head ll.\ in total length; deptli "\. 1). V-I, 9; A. I, J); scales
O-S-MS. Vertebra) 113 + lli. L. 3^ feet. {0 anther.) West IikIIi-s
north to Florida.
(Bloch & .S"lmci(l('r, IHOl, 110: Sphi/ra'na barracuda Ciiv. &. Vol. iii, 3i;{j Ciintlur
ii, ;J3v5; Gootle & Beuu, Proc. U. S. Nut. Muh. 1H7U, 14(5.) '
Family LXVIIT.— POLYNEMIDiE.
{The Threail-Jins.)
Body oblong, eompresse*!, covered with rather large scales, which aro
feebly ciliated or smooth ; lateral linecontinnous, extending on (he cau-
dal lin. Head entirely 8(;aly ; snout conic, projecting over the horizontal
mouth, which is rather large, the maxillary extending to beyond the eye,
Eye lateral, anterior, large, with a largo adipose eyelid. Villilbrni teeth
on jaws and palatines and usually on vomer also. Pseudobranchiic con-
cealed. Ihanchiostegals 7. Gill-membranes separate, free from istli-
nuis. (tills 4, a slit behind fourth. Dorsal flna 2, well separated, as
in the Pcrcesoces^ the first of about 7 feeble but rather high spines, the
second rather larger, of soft rays. Anal fin similar to the soft dorsal,
sometinuvs larger; caudal fin widely forked; second dorsal, anal, and
caudal fins usually covered with small scales; vcntrals I, 5, thoracic,
but placed well behind the pectorals ; pectoral tins moderate, placed
low, divided into two parts, the lower and anterior portion composed
of several filiform articulated appendages, free from each other, organs
of touch, liones of skull with a Avell-developed muciferous system, as
in Sci(vni(hv. Basis cranii double, with tube ; post-temporal bil'iucale;
scapula with median foramen ; superior pharyngeal bones 4, third
largest, narrow, directed forward. Basal pectoral bones divided ; two
normal, supporting the fln, one longitudinal without rays, and one a
plate on the eoracoid, supporting elongate rays. Stomach ccecal, with
a few pyloric appendages. Air-bladder various, sometimes wantinj,'.
Vertebr{e24. General; species 25. Tropical seas. A singular group,
in some respects intermediate between 8ci(vnifl(c and Mugilklcc, but not
closely related to any other of our fishes. Most of them aro valued as
food fishes.
(PoJifimnidw Giiiithcr, ii, 319-333.)
a. Vomer with tooth; prooperclo sorrato; anal flu not much larger than rppotkI dor-
sal POLYNE.MUS, 'M.
p:*.
G8. POLYNEMIDiE P0LYNEMII8. 413
»08.— POLYMEIWITS LinniouB.
(7Vi<7tWi«M Klein; Gill.) : ■
(^,111. Svst. Nut. : type /Wi/H«*mM«;»rtraf/»«fl'M« Linn.)
Teeth in villilorm bsiiulH cm both JawH, vomer, pjilutinos, and i)tery-
gom-s. {'ivopt'iclo Hliaiply scrratiMl on its posterior margin, its anjflo
with a .scaly llap. Scales rather small, finely ctenoid. Fir.st dor.sal
with 7 or 8 feeble, rather hifjh si)ines, the first and last short. Soft
dorsal ami anal tins about e(pial to each other; pectoral filaments 3 to
t). Pyloric cieca in cjreat number. Species numerous in warm .seas.
^-ok>-, many; w77/*a, thread; from the numerous i)ectoral api)endages.)
• I'ectorul apiMJuduges 7. --y'- •:.^- -:• ■ir:i'\- '' .■":■'^■
^it9> P- pU^ntlisri (Jm\) Gthr.
Silveiy; pectoral fins black. Maxillary extendinpf backwards past
eye to ba.se of mandible. Pe(;toral filaments about as lon<f as the fin.
Spinous dorsal high; soft dorsal similar to anal, its last ray in-oduced.
Iloiul :n in length; depth about 3A. D. VII-I, 12; A. 11, 13; scales
(1-58-10. West Indies; occasional on our South Atlantic coast.
[PoUnUu'tyhiH plnniUri La<\ v, i>l. 14, f. '.I; Giinthor, ii, 321: Trivhidion plamieri Gill,
Prof. Ac. ^at. 8ci. IMiilii. IHtU, '^/U.)
*• Pectoral iipiusndagcH H. , * ► ' •
650. P. oclolills (Gill) J. & G.
Silvery, vertical fins pnnctulated with black; i)ector'.il fins black.
Pectoral filaments short, reaching middle of interspace between dor.sal
fiiis. Maxillary 2;| in length of head. Eyes large, about 4 in head.
Head ;U in length; depth about 3J. D. VIII-I, 11; A. II, 14; scales
(J-G()-10. New York ; one specimen known.
{Tfkhidion ovtojllis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliila. 1861, 280.) , '
631. P. oclonomus Grd.
Ihownish, sides silvery ; fins white. Pectoral filaments very long, the
longest reaching i)ast the front of the anal fin. Eye 4 in head. Head
3.J; depth 3^. D. VIII-I, 12; A. II, 13; scales 6-01-10. {Oirard.)
Florida to Texas.
(Giiani, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 181)8, 1G7; GUnthor, ii, 320: TricUidion octo.
WHIMS Gill. Proc. Acad. Nut. Sifl. Phila. 1861, 286.)
Illll
J I
1
111
414 contributions: to north American iciiTHYOLoaY— ly
Family LXIX.— AMMODYTID^.
The Sand Launces.
Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales. Ilead
long. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the lower jaw consider.
ably projecting, the syinphysia produced. No teeth in jaws. Gill.
openings very wide; gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmns.
Branchiostegals G to 8. Pseudobranchiae large, lamellate. Gill-rakers
long and slender; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Opercles well de-
veloped, witliout spines or seiratures. Ej'e moderate. Premaxillaries
very protractile. Maxillaries long and slender. Lateral lino running
along side of back. Spinous dorsal absent (or represented by a few
weak spines) ; soft dorsal very long Jiud low, fragile, extending from
behind the head to near the base of caudal. Caudal fin small, forked.
Anal similar to dorsal, but smaller. Vent somewhat behind middle of
body. No ventral fins. Pectoral fins inserted low. No air-bladder.
Pyloric coeca usually 1. Genera 4, species 8. Small fishes swimming in
large schools and often burying themselves in the sand. Found along
the coasts of northern regions.
(Ophidiidce group Ammodytina Giinther, iv, 384-388.)
• Body with many traiiyverse, oblique folds; a longitudinal fold of skin a'ong sides
of belly ; vomer unarmed.
a. Dorsal fin without spines Ammodytes, 204.
aa. Dorsal fin preceded by 7 small free spines ArgykoT/ESIa, 305.
S04.-AI?IJfIODYTC:S Linnseus.
Sand Launces.
(Artedi ; Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Ammodytes toUanus L.)
Body elongate, lanceolate, the skin with many transverse folds run-
ning obliquely downward and backward, the small cycloid scales
mostly placed in cross-series between them. Lateral line concurrent
with the back. A fold of the skin along each side of the belly. Vomer
not armed with a bicuspid tooth. Color silvery. Vertebrae G3. («/i/i«f,
sand; 8uw, to dive.)
652. A. americanus DeKay. — SandLaunce; Sand Eel; Lant
Olivaceous above, silvery below ; sides with a steel-blue stripe. Pec-
toral fins much longer than snout, reaching front of dorsal. Lateral
folds 125-130. Depth equal to length of mandible, which is 2^ in head.
immingm
69. AMMODYTID^ — AROYROT.fiNIA.
Iletul t'J; depth about 10. D. GO; A. 2S. Newfouudliind to Capo Ilat-
teras Jibiuuhint. Scarcely diirereiit from vl. tofttauMS o' EJiirjpe.
(DcKiiy, Now York Fuunii, Fish. lH4si, 317; Giiutbor, iv, 3c>C; Storor Hist. Fitb.
llas».)
$33. A. pcrsonatas Gril.—Sand Launce.
Clear hyaline green ; sides silverj'. Pectoral fin half lenj:fth of head,
reachiiif? past the front of the dorsal. Lateral folds 130-150. UeJid 4^ ;
depth 0. Kyo 2 in snout, (i in hea<l. D. 54; A. 24. L. G inches.
Monterey to Alaska, very abundant; probably also a variety of A.
Uhianus. /^,v - ,y^''^^-^f<'.. /-A ^•'- ' J - ■'^- .-4;/.^^. /^/
(Giranl, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 137 ; GUnther, iv, 387.) /(^^>57
631. A. ainscanus Cope.
Dorsal inserted above middle of pectoral. Maxillary reaching front
of orbit. Mandible less than depth of body. Head 4^ ; depth 0. Eye
2 in snout, G in head. Lateral folds 182. D. 02 ; A. 31. L. 6 inches.
Sitka, Alaska. (Cope.)
(Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1873. Probably also a forra of -4. toUanus.)
635. A. dub^us Reiub.
8kiu with about 150 very distinct folds. Dorsal fin inserted over
posterior third of pectoral. Ilead G ; deiith equalling length of mandi-
ble, 2^ in length of head. D. 05; A. 34. Cape Cod to Greenland. ,
[Oiinther.)
(Keinhurdt, Dausk. Vidcnsk. Selsk. Afbandl. 1838, 132; GUntber, iv, 387.)
305.— ARGYRClTiENIA Gill.
(Gill, Cat. Fish. East Coast N. Amor. 18G1, 40 (not characterized): type Amnodytes
vittatm DeKay.)
This genus is supposed to differ from Ammodytes in the presence of a ^
rudimentary spinous dorsal, composed of about 7 minute free spines.
(a/jj-yp?, silver; ratwj'a, ribbon.) ' ,
656. A. vUtata (DeKay) Gill.
Greenish olive above, with a broad silvery band along the sides, w hich
is margined above with blackish ; silvery below. Body oblong, some-
what compressed, slender. Head small and pointed, flattened and
grooved above, compressed beneath. Eyes large. Snout terminating
in a bifid tip. Mouth rather large, protractile, toothless. Lower jaw
longest. D. VII, 54; A. 28. Sag Harbor, New York. {DeKay.) It
has not been seen since its description by DeKay, and its existence
is extremely doubtful.
{Ammodytes vittatus DcKay, Now York Fauna, Fiab. 1842, 3!8.)
f2
. -.M.t!'
mi
416 conjRibutions to north American ichthyology ly.
Family LXX.—ECHENEIDTD^;
' {The Remoras.) .
Body fusiform, eloiiffato, covered with minute, cycloid scales. Mouth
wide, with villiforin teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and usually on
tongue. Prernaxillaries not protractile. Lower jaw prqjectiuf,' boyoml
iipper. Spinous dorsal modified into a sucking-disk, which is placed on
tlie top of the head and neoh, and is comi)osed of a double series ot
transverse, movable, cartilaguious plates, serrated on their posterior or
free edges. By means of this disk there fishes attach themselves to
other fishes or to floating objects, and are carried for great distances in
the sea. Onercles unarmed. Pectoral fins placed high; \entral tins
present, thoracic, and close together — I. .T; dorsal ami anal fins 1oii<t
without spines, opposite each other; caudal fin emargiuate or rouiukMl.
Branchiostegals 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-rakers short-
gill-membranes not united, fiee from the isthnuis. PseudobrauduiB ob-
solete. Several pyloric appendages. No air-bladder. No flulets. No
caudal keel. Vertebrje more than 10 + 14. Genera 2; species about
10, found in all seas, all having a very wide range.
t
(5c'0JH&m/rp part : giMius jKc/)CHCJ8 Giintiicr, ii, 37G-385.)
a. Rays oT jioctorals normal
o«. Raya of pectoral liiis stiff, broad, ossecaa.
EcuKXEis, 20G,
... RUOMyoCIUULS, WI7,
a©6.— ECHEWJCIS Liniia>u8.
(Artedi ; Linn. Syst. Nat. : type ^c/icjim ?>attcm/c8 L.)
Pectoral rays soft and flexible. Characters otherwise included above.
{l-j^sviji-y an ancient name, from 'i^^, to hold back; vao?, a ship.)
o. Be ly very slender; vertebra) 14 -j- 16. (Ethcnek.)
657. E. naiicrates L.— P('<;af7or. ■,
Brownish; belly dark like the bock^ as usual in this family; sides
with a broad str'pe of darker edged with whitish, extendirg tlirou{:li
eye to snout; caudal black, its outer angles whiti'-h; pectorals and veil-
trals black, sometimes bordered with i)alo; dorsal and anal broadly
edged with white anteriorly. Body elongate, subterete, slender. Disi;
long. Dorsal and anal fins longer than the disk; inner rays of ventral
fins niirrowiy adnate to the abdomen; caudal bevroming emargiuate witli
age. VertebrcB 14-f 10. Vertical fins low; pectorals 2 length of head,
rather long and acute. Lower jaw projecting, with the tip flexible.
70. ECHENEIDID^ — RHOMBOCHIRUS.
417
^jjxiUai-y barely reaching verf ical from nostril. Head 5 J in length j
disk 3|; width between pectorals about 7^. D. XXI-XXV — 32-41;
X. 34 (32-38). In all wai m seas, north to Cape Cod and San Francisco.
(Linn. Syst. Nat.; GHuther, ii, 384: Leptecheneis naucrntea Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sil phila. 1864, CO. Echenew naucrateoidea Zuieiiw, Nova. Acta. Acad. Sci. Imp. Pelro-
nyl. ir, 279? Lepiecheneia naucrcicoides Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 61, Ech-
ifjjojjicauda Mitch. Amer. Monthly Mag ii, 244. Echeneia Uneata Violhr. I'^htlx S. C.
1360 102, and Eclieneia liolbrooki, Gliuther, ii, 382, are namea applied to speciuiens with
thodisk comparatively long, but with only 21 lamiuiB.)
ja. Body rather robust ; vcH;ebra) 12 + 15. (i?e»»wa * Gill.)
I Dorsal raya about XVIII-23.
63§. E. remora L.— iJemora.
Uniform dark brown. Body and tail comparatively robust, the latter
compressed. Pectoral fins rounded, short, and broad, their rays soft
and flexible; ventral fins adnate to the abdomen for more than half
the length of their inner edge. Tip of lower jaw not produced into a
flap. Vertebrae 12 + 15. Head broad, depressed Disk longer than
the dorsal or anal fin. Maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit.
Caudal lunate; vertical fins rather high; pectoral f length of head.
Head 4; disk 2^; width between i^ectorals 5J. D. XVIII— 23; A. 25.
Warm seas, north to New York and San Francisco, usually found at-
tached to large sharks.
[Echeneia remora L. Syst. Nat. : Echentia jacobwa Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839,
P): Echeneia remora GUnthcr, ii, 378: Eemwa jacohaa Gill, Proc. A.cad. Nat. Sci. Phila^
M, Dorsal rays about XVI-30. (Remoropaia Gill.)
639. £. bracEiyptcra Lowe.
Light brown, darker below; fins paler; body robust, the greatest
depth nearly twice the length of the short pectoral fins; disk shorter
than base of dorsal, rather broad ; upper jaw angular. Caudal nearly
truncate. Head nearly 4; width between pectorals 6^. D. XVI — 30;
A. 26. Warm seas, north to Massachusetts.
{Echeneia hrachyptera Lowe, Proc. Zoot. Soc. Lond. 18^19, 89: Echeneia quatuordecemlani'
ii!fl(M« Sloror, Hist. Fish. Mass. 40G: Echeneia hrachyptera GUuther, ii, 378: llemoropai»
hracligpterua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 1804, CO.)
90Y.-RIIOIIIBOCHIRUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1833, 38: type Echeiieia oattoohir Cuv.)
This genus agrees with Remora in every respecjt excepting the struc-
tare of the pectoral fins. These are short and broad, rhombic in outline,
•Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 239: type Echeneia ren^ora L. {Remora, an
toeipntnan ■, "holding back.")
Bull. Nat. MuB. No. 10 27
^
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k'.-v^i t .!> .it !''■( 'its
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418 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— -ly.
the rajs all flat, broad {ind stiflF, being partially ossified, although showintr
the usual articulation ; upper rays of pectoral broader than the others
One species known. (/(J«/i/9«?, rhomb; x^'Pi band.)
660. K. osr.eochir (Cuvier) Gill.
Light browu; underside of head, ventral line, part of ventrals and a
spot on pectorals pale. Mouth very small, maxillary not nearly reaching
to the line of the orbit. Disk very large, broader and rougher than in
Echeneis rernora, extending forwards beyond the tip of the snout. Can-
dal fin emarginate, with rounded angles. Head 4| in length; disk 21 •
width between pectorals 5. D. XVIII— 21 ; A. 20; P. 20. West Indies
north to Cape Cod; parasitic on species of Tetraptv.rus.
{Echeneia oateochir Cuvier, Rfegne Anim : Echeneia oateochir Gttnther, ii, 381 : £c/ien«ij
ietrapturorum Poey, Memorias, ii, 25C.)
Family LXXI.— ELACATID^.
{The Crab-eaters.)
Body elongated, fusiform, subcylindrical, covered with very small
smooth scales. Head rather broad, low, pike-like. Mouth rather wide
nearly horizontal, the maxillary about reaching front of eye; both
jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue with bands of short, sharp teeth;
lower jaw longest. Premaxillaries not protractile. First dorsal repre-
sented by about eight low, stout, equal, free spines, each spine Impressi-
ble in a groove; soft dorsal long and rather low, somewhat falcate, sim-
ilar to and nearly opposite the anal? two weak anal spines, one of them
free from the fin ; ventrals thoracic, 1,5; caudal fin forked; no caudal
keel; no finlets; no sucking-disk ; no air-bladder. Branchiostegals 7.
Pyloric cojca branched. Vertebrae more than 10 + 14. A single genus
with probably but one species, a large, strong, voracious fish, found in
all warm seas. {Scombridw part, genus Ulacate, Giinther, ii, 375.)
30§.— EliACATE Cuvier.
(Cnvier, R?>gne Anim. ed. 2d, 1829: type Elacaie malabaricti Cnv. = Gasteros'em
canadua L. )
Characters of the genus included above. (jyAazarij, a spindle or an
arrow, from the form of the body.)
«
661. E. cannda (Linn.) Gill.— Crab-cater ; Cohia.
Olive browuj sides with a distinct broad band of darker, and a less j
distinct band above and below it; below silvery. Head much depressed, j
Mouth moderate, the short maxillary reaching front of orbit. Pectorals |
broad and falcate ; caudal deeply emarginate, the upper lobe slightly
72 XIPHIID^ — XIPHIAS. 419
the longer. Lateral line wavy and irregular, utscending posteriorly.
Head 4i in length; depth 5§. D. VIII-I, 2G; A. II, 25. L. 6 feet.
In all warm seaa, occasional on our Atlantic coast in summer.
(Gasteronteus canaduA Linn. Syst. Nat. : ElacaieatlanticuaCwv. & Val. viii,334: Elacate
niflia Giiiitlier, ii, 375 ; Holbrook, Ichth. S. Car. 97.)
Family LXXII.— XIPHIIDJE.
{The Sword-fishes.)
Scombroid fishes of great size, with the body elongated, naked or
covered with rough rudimentary scales, and the upper jaw very much
prolouged, forming a "sword," which is composed of the consolidated
vomer> ethmoid and premaxillaries. Teeth small and rudimentary, or
wanting. Dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, continuous in
the young, without differentiated spinous part, the posterior portion
much smaller than the anterior. Anal fin similarly divided in the
adult. Caudal peduncle slender, keeled. Ventral fins thoracic, incom-
plete or entirely wanting. Caudal fin widely forked in the adult. Gills
of peculiar structure, the laminae of each arch joined i^to one plate
by reticulations. Gills 4, a slit behind fourth ; gill-membranes separate,
free from isthmus. Pseudobranchia) present. Brauchiostegals 7. Air-
bladder present. Pyloric coeca very numerous. Very young individuals
differing much from Ihe adults; the fins high, both jaws prolonged into
a beak, and the head armed with long spines. Genera 3; species about
5; powerful fishes, inhabiting the open seas, most of them valued as
food. {Xiphiidce GUnther, ii, 511-514.)
a, Ventral fins entirely wanting ; teeth none. (Xiphiin(B) Xiphias, 209.
dfl. Ventral fins present; teeth small. {Umtiophorinte.)
b. Ventral rays united into one ; dorsal fin low Tetrapturus, 210.
bh. Ventral rays three ; dorsal very h'gh Histiophorus, 21 1.
900.— XIPHIAS LinntBus.
Sword-fishes.
(Linn. Syst. Nat. : type Xiphias gladiua L.)
Sword-fishes without teeth and without ventral fins. Body somewhat
compressed. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning opposite the gill-
openings, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the
body ; second dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second
anal. In the young, teeth are present and the two dorsal fins are con-
nected, the fin being elevated as in the species of Eistiophorus. First
auul similar to first dorsal, but smaller, less falcate, and far behind it}
I '*': !'■'
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.' ^
K'
I 1
11 :'
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m:
i|l4
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420 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
pectoral fins moderate, falcate. Skin naked, more or less rongb es.
pecially in the joung, which have rudimentarj' scales. Swoixl ilattenod
Caudal keel single. Intestines long, sinuous. Air-bladder simple. Pel.
vie arch obsolete. Fishes of great size, reaching a weight of 300 to 4(K)
pounds, the flesh valued for food, (ctf {'«?, the ancient name of Xiphkn
ffladius, from cfV'"?> a sv/ord.)
662. X. gladius L. — Common Sword-fish.
Very dark bluish above, dusky below; "sword" almost black above
below lighter. Cleft of mouth extending beyond eye. Head about 2\-
depth about 5J. Snout 3 in length. D. 40-4; A. 18-14. Vert. 14 -f 12.
Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts ; also in the Pacific, north to the Santa
Barbara islands.
(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; GUnther, ii, 511 ; Storer, Fiab. Mass. 1867, 71.
aiO.— TETRAPTUBUS Raflnesqne.
Spear Fishes.
(Rafiuesque, Indice d'ltliol. Sicil. 1810, 30: type Tetraptums belone Eaf. of the Medit-
erranean, ) *
Sword-fishes with small teeth in the jaws and on the palatines, with
the ventral fins represented each by a single spine, and with the dorsal
fin not greatly elevattd, divided in the adult, its height not greater
than the depth of the body. Body much compressed. Skin with rudi-
mentary embedded scales; sword rounded; caudal keel double. Air-
bladder sacculated. Vertebrre 12 + 12. Intestine short, straight.
{rerpa, four; Ttrepdv, wing; ffupd^ tail, from the wing-like caudal keels.)
663. T. albidus Pocy.— /?i7i-^s^ ; Spear-fish; Agvja Blanca.
Dark blue above ; whitish beneath; fins dark blue. Nape elevated,
the greatest depth of the body opposite the opercle. Eye midway be-
tween opercle and tip of lower jaw. Dorsal inserted in front of base of
pectorals. Caudal forked at an angle of 70 to 80 degrees. Head (to
end of upper jaw) 2|; depth 7-8. Length of caudal lobes 4J. D. Ill,
39-G; A. II, 13-C. Length 7 to 8 feet. {Poey.) Cape Cod to West
Indies ; not rare on our coast.
(Poey, Mem. ii, 2'M: f Tetrapturus belone Raf. Histiophorue belone GUnther, ii, 513.)
664. T* anipliis Pooy. — Aguja de Casta.
Color dark blue ; paler below, with bluish cross streaks. Body stouter,
more convex at the nape, the greatest depth being behind the oper-
cle. Caudal forked at anangle of 90 to 100 degrees. Dorsal inserted
._Jk__:
73. TBICHIUEIDiB.
421
rather behind base of pectorals. Head 2f ; depth 5. Length of caudal
lobes 3^. D. Ill, 38-7 J A. II, 13-7. Length 8 feet. {Poey.) West In-
dies north to Florida j perhaps a form of the preceding.
(Poey, Mcmorias, ii, 24;{.)
911.— IlISTIOPHORVS Lnc6pMe.
Sail-Jishes.
llttiophorus LacAfihAe, Hist. Nat. Pojss. iii, 1802,374: type latiophorus gladi/er Lac.=
Scomber gladiua Brou88onet. )
Sword fishes with small teeth on the jaws and palatines, with the ven-
tral fins present, of 2 or 3 rays, and with the dorsal iins extremely high,
contiguous, its height much greater than that of the bodyj anal flu
divided. Body slender, much compressed, covered with elongate scales.
Intestines short, nearly straight; air-bladder sacculate. The sword is
usually shorter than in Xiphiaa^ and the lower jaw more developed.
The skin is also rougher. Large fishes of the warm seas. {1(tt:ov, sail;
iftipiui, to bear.)
665. II« gladius (Brouss.) GtliT.—Sail-Jiah.
Membrane of dorsal fin with numerous small spots. Dermal produc-
tions lanceolate. Upper profile of head descending in a straight line.
Snout longer than the rest of the head. Head 4 in total length ; depth
7 or 8 in the same. D. 4G-7 ; A. 10-7; V. 2. Vertebrse 14-f 10. {Oun-
ther.) Atlantic and Indian oceans ; occasional on our coast.
(Scomler gladiua Brouas. M^m. Acad. Sci. 1786, 454 ; Gilnther, ii, 513 : Hiatiopherus
indkua Cuv. & Val. viii, 293 : Riatiophorua americanua Cuv. & Val. viii, 303.)
Family LXXIII.— TRICHIURID^.
{The Hair-tails.)
Scombroid fishes with the ventral fins imperfect or wanting and the
spinous and soft parts of the dorsal not differentiated. Body extremely
elongate, compressed, naked. Mouth wide, the jaws armed with strong
unequal teeth. Premaxillaries net protractile. Pseudobranchise pres-
ent. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill-membranes separate, free
from the "sthmus. Lateral line present. Dorsal fin very long, low,
usually continuous, tbe rays all similar. Caudal fin small or absent; if
present, forked. Anal fin very long and low, sometimes scarcely rising
above the surface of the skin. Ventrals thoracic, rudimentary or want-
ting. VertebrsB of abdomen and tail in greatly increased number. Air-
bladder present. Pyloric cceca numerous. Genera about 5 ; species 12,
Mi
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V
If *
1^ -■ *'i
i'a ?r
422 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
in the tropical seas. Very close to the Scomhridcc, from which grom»
as here understood, the Trichiuridcc differ chiefly in the non dift'erenti
ation of the dorsal spines. {Trichiuridcc jiart; Giinther, 312-319.)
"No caudal fin ; tail taporing to a point; dorHal iiu single; no ventral iiiiR.
TKicmunu8,2l2.
9ia.— TR1CIIIURV8 LinniBus.
Hair tails.
(Leptiirus Artedi; Gill.)
(Linninus, Syat. Nat. xii, 176(5: type Trichiurus lepturus L.)
Body extremely elongate, band-like, the tail very slender, taperhi" to
a fine point, without caudal fin. Hejid long, with a very wide mouth
the jaws armed with unequal and very strong teeth ; upper jaw with
about four long, strongly compressed barbed teeth ; teeth on the pahi-
tines, none on the vomer. Lower jaw longest, preorbital covering cleft
of mouth posteriorly. Dorsal lin single, low, occupying the whole of
the back, the spines not distinguishable from the soft rays ; anal very
long, its base more than half the length of the body ; composed of de-
tached spines, which are very short, nearly hidden in the skin, the ante-
rior directed backwards, the posterior forwards ; ventml fins wanting
or reduced to small, scale like appendages; pectorals small. No scales.
Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the belly. VertebroB 39 -f- 120.
Color silvery. Voracious fishes of the high seas ; reaching a consider-
able size, {rpcxiovy a little hairj oupd^ tail.)
a. Ventral tins entirely wanting in the adult. (Trichiurm.)
666. T. lepturus Lhm.—IIair-iail.
Uniform brilliant silvery ; dorsal dark-edged. Snout long and pointed,
about as long as pectoral ; maxillary reaching nearly to pupil, concealed
by preorbital. Head about 7 J in length ; depth about 16. Eye 2 in
snout. D. 135; A. about 100. Warm seas, north to Virginia and
Lower Galiibrnia.
(Linn. Syat. Nat. xii; Giinther, ii, 346.)
Family LXXIV.-SCOMBRIDJE.
{The Mackerels.)
Body elongate, not much compressed, covered with minute cycloid
scales, or else wholly naked; the scales anteriorly sometimes forming a
corselet. Lateral line present, its course undulate. Head subcouic,
74. SCOMBRID^ — SCOMBER.
423
nointed anteriorly. Mouth rather large; preraaxillary not protractile;
maxilltiry without supplemental bone ; jaws with sharp teeth, large or
small. Vomer and palatines toothed or not. Prcoperde entire ; opercle
unarmed. Gill-openings very wide, the membranes not united, free from
the isthmus. Gill-rakers usually long. Pseudobranchiai present, large.
A slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fins 2, the first
of rather weak spines, depressible in a groove, the second similar to the
anal; «inal spines weak; last rays of dorsal and anal usually detached
and separate, forming series of flnlets ; caudal peduncle extremelysleudor,
usually keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate; ventral fins
moderate, thoracic, 1, 5. Vertebra} in greater number than in Carangidcc,
the uuinber more than 25. Pyloric cajca numerous. Air bladder fre-
qiieutly absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant. General?; species
about 70, Fishes of the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all
having a wide range. Most of them are valued as food-fishes.
(Scombrido! lit. aud TrichiuridcB jit. Gliuther, ii, 349-373.)
a, Fiulots present; dorsal spines less than 20. {Scombrinw.)
b. Spinous dorsal short (of less than 12 spines), remote from the second.
c. Vomer and palatines with teeth; corselet obsolete Scomber, 213.
cc. Vomer and palatines toothless; corselet well developed Auxis, 214.
Ih, Spinous dorsal long (of more than 12 spines), contiguous to the second.
d. Caudal keel present.
e. Corselet imperfect or obsolete; teeth of jaws strong; minute teeth on
vomer and palatines Scombeuomouus, 215.
ee. Corselet developed.
/. Palatine teeth strong ; vomer toothless; vertehne normal... Sarda, 216.
/f. Palatine teeth villifonn.
g. Vomer with teeth; vertebrae normal, the lower foramina small.
OUCYNITS, 217.
gg. Vomer toothless; abdominal vertebria with the lower foramina en-
larged aud a portion between the vertebraj proper and the hiomapophy-
868 developed in the form of a net-work or trellis Euxnyi.NUS, 218.
913.— SCOIIIBER Linna)ua.
Mackerels.
(Linnffius, Syst. Nat. 1758: type Scomber acombrua L.)
Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal pe-
duncle slender, with two small keels on each side. Mouth wide, with
a single row of rather small, slender teeth in each jaw and on the vomer
and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital. Scales
very small, not forming a corselet. First dorsal of 7-12 feeble spines,
separated from the second by an interspace greater than the base of the
fin; second dorsal small, followed by 5-9 detached flnlets; anal similar
to second dorsal, with similar flnlets ; pectorals and ventrals small, the
m
m
j-t £.t r
mm
triii
m
5 ;\
1; :^' '
424 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly,
former on a level with the eyes; caudal fin small, widely forked. Pyloric
appei:da}j[eH exceedingly numerous. Air-bladder usually wanting. Specie
few, widely distributed, everywhere highly valued for food, {txoiiftpur
IjhUii Scomber, the ancient name of the common mackerel.)
a. Alr-bI»i1«1or prusotit, Htuitll.
667* 8. pneumatophorusDolaRuche.— CAubA/aoA;ere2; Tinker Mnokcrel ; Eatttr
Atavkerel.
Blue, with about 20 wavy, blackish streaks, whi(!h extend to just Iw-
low the lateral line| sono of these form reticulations, and incloso i)alo
spots of the color of the back ; belly and sides silvery ; a black axillary
spot. Head rather pointed. Maxillary reaching front of pupil. Eye
4 in head, nearly equal to snout; pectoral f length of head. Head 33'
uei)th 5. D. IX— I, 12— V; A. I— I, 11— V. Lat. 1. 200. L. 1 foot.
Atlantic and Pacific, north to Maine and San Francisco; common iutbo
Mediterranean and in Southern Galiibrnia; irregular in its appearance
on our Atlantic coast.
(Do l)v Roche, Ann. Mus. Nnt. Hist, xiii, JllT); Oilntlior, il, 359: Smnihet' grex Witvh.
Trans. Lit. & I'bil. 8oc. N. Y. IHL'i, 422: Scomber dckatji Storcr, Finh. Miihh. 1867,52;
Scomber die.go Ayrcs, Proo. Cftl. Acnd. Nat. Sci. i, 1)2, IKW; Scomber colias pt. Stein-
(lachner, nee Scomber colias of GUuther aud C. & V., whieh haa but 7 durual upiues.)
aa. Air-bladder wanting.
60§> S. ss*oinbru8 L.— Common Mackerel,
Lustrt IS diJtk blue above, with about 35 wavy, blackish, transverse
streaks; below siiv^ry; base of pectorals dark. Snout rather long and
pointed, compressed. Mouth large, maxillary extending to anterior
margin of orbit. Ventrals and pectorals short, the former nearly half
length of head. Eye less than siuMit, 5 in head. Head 4 in length;
depth 5^. D. XII— 1,10— V; A.I,11— V. L. 18 inches. North Atlantic;
abnndant on both coasts, aud occasionally tjirayiug to the Pacific. A
well-known food-fish.
(Linn. Syst. Nat.: Scomber scomber GUuther, il, 357: Scomber vwiirtHa Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass. 54.)
914.— AVXIS Cuvicr.
Frigate Mackerels.
(Cuvier, R^gne Anim. 1829, ii : typo Scomber roohei Risso. )
Body oblong, i)lump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly covered with
small scales, those of the pectoral legion enlarged, forming a corselet.
Snout very short, conical, scarcely compressed. Mouth rather small,
74. SCOMBBIDiE — SCOMBEKOMORUS.
425
the jaws equal. Teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on tlic jaws
only. Tail very slender, dei>rc8Hod, with a rather largo keel on each
side. I'irst dorsal short, separated from tlie second by a considerable
jiit^i^pare. Second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 fiidets.
IVctoriils and ventrals small. Ko air-bladder. Brancihiostogals 7.
I'vloric c(eca dendritical. Gill -rakers very long and slender, numerous.
Vertcbnc peculiarly modilied, essentially as in EuthyimuH. (a3c«T, an
aucieiit name ol' a young tunny, from ai^'w, to grow.)
, A> rochcl (RiHH(f) GUnthor. — Friyat^ Mackerel,
Blue, variegated with darker above, becoming i)lain with age; belly
silvery. Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at cau-
dal peduncle. Eye as long as snout, 5 in head. Opercle very broad.
Scales of corselet and along anterior dorsal region i;omparatively large.
Maxillary almost entirely concealed by preorbital. Dorsal spines rather
stiff; space between dorsals four-fifths length of head. About 33 gill-
rakers below angle. Tectoral reiiching i)ast middle of first dorsal. Head
4; depth 4^. D. X-12-V1II; A. 13-VlI. Vert. 39. Mediterranean to
the East Indies; lately api)eariug in great numbers on our Atlantic
coast. A food-lish of little va'uo.
{Scomher rochci Ilisao, Ichtli. Nico, IHIO, 1(55; Gllnflier, ii, 309: Scomber li»u$ Rafln>
esquo, t'aratteri, etc. iBlO, 45: Auxia vulgaris Cuv. & Vul. viii, 13U.)
ai9.-SCOITIBEBO]IIORUS Locdpiide.
{Cybittm Cuvier.)
(Lacdpfcdci, Hist. Nat. Poisa. iii, 292, 1802: typo Scomheromoraa plumierii hac.=Scom'
her regalia Blucli. )
Body elongate, naked or with rudimentary scales, which do not form
a distinct corselet. Uead pointed, comparatively short and small.
Mouth wide, the strong teeth in the jaws often compressed or knife-
shaped; villiform or sand like teeth on the vomer and palatines; max-
illary not concealed by preorbital. Spinous dorsal low, of 14-18 feeble
spines. Soft dorsal and anal short, similar, somewhat elevated and
falcate, each followed by 7 tolOfinlets; ventrals small; pectorals moder-
ate, near the level of the eye. Air-bladder present. VertebrsB normal.
l'i«h<>s of the high seas ; graceful in form and beautiful in color; among
the best of food-fishes. (*rzo/i/9^«<;, Scomber; 6iwpo<;y near.)
6T0t 8. concoloc (Tjockington) J. &, G.
Male dark steel-blue, the sides silvery, without streaks or spots;
female with two alternate soiica of brown spots, the silvery on sides
Ii
i !»!^:'
>?.'
1 '1
i
i.m
'Ui{
426 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly,
clouded with dusky; fins nearly plain, dark. Mouth slightly oblifnu,
tlio nia.xillaiy reaching to luvsterior margin of pupil. Teeth of Jiiw^ <:„ii,.
I)aratively small, subconical, little cotnpressed; those of vomer and pain.
tines minute and granular. Eye 5.^ in head. Pectoral lins 8 in Icnirtb
inserted rather above axis of body; ventral fins small; spines ot dorsal
slender and fragile, the longest one-fourth as long as the head ; dorsal
flns separated by an interspace equal to one-third the length of base i.f
spinous dorsal; caudal shorter than head, its lower lobe longest. Gil;.
rakers long, 18 below angle. Head about 5; depth rather less. D.
XVII-lC-VIir; A. I, 10- VIII. Monterey Bay, California; rare. A
food- fish of high quality.
(C/iriomiira cojico/or Lockiugton, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1879.)
071. S. mnetllatUS (Mituh.) J. & G. — Spanish Mackerel.
Bluish and silvery above with bright reflections ; sides with numer-
ous bronze spots which are nearly round and about as large as the pupji.
Spinous dorsal white at base, dark above and on the anterior half of
the flu. Caudal keel well developed, with a smaller keel above and
below it. Head small and pointed. Mouth rather large, obliipic; max-
illary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Teeth large, compressed,
about 32 in each jaw. Gill rakers few, slender, about 12 below angle.
Interspaces between dorsals shorter than eye ; caudal as long as head.
Head 4^ in length ; depth r»J. D. XVIII-18-IX ; A. II, 17-VIII. Coasts
of iforth America, north to Cax)e Cod and Lower California; one of our
most valued food-fishes.
{Scomber maculattis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phi], Soc. N. Y. i, 4*Jfi, 1815: CybiummacU'
latum Giiuther, ii, '.i72: Cybium maoulaium Ilolbrouk, Ichth. S. Car. (iO.)
672. S. regalis (Bloch) J. & G.—Cero.
Silvery; sides with a brownish, broken, longitudinal band, above and
below which are numerous brownish spots, persistent in the adult; an-
terior portion of spinous dorsal black. Body rather elongate, its dorsal
and ventral curves about equal. Lateral line descending obliquely,
slightly undulate along the tail. Mouth large ; maxillary reaching to
below eye. Teeth triangular, strongly compressed, about 20-16. Pec-
toral scaly. Head 4 in length ; depth ^. D. XVII-1, 15-VIII ; A. II,
15-VIII. Cape Cod to Brazil; not common on our Atlantic coast;
reaches a weight of 20 pounds.
{Scomber regalia Bloch, Ausl. Fische.taf. 3113: Cybium regale GUnther, ii, 372: Scorn-
heromorua plumierii Lac. iii, 21)2: Cybium acervum C. &, V. viii, 1831, 186: Cybium rejalt
Poey, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 4.)
74. SCOMBRID^— 8ATIDA.
427
4?8. S. caballO (Cuv. & Vul.) J. & Q.— Sierra.
Sides of body with indistinct darker yellowish spots; adult immacu-
late; Pj'inons dorsal without black blotch anteriorly. Eyo large.
M(Mitli large, maxillary reaching to below eye. Lateral lino descend-
in;? abruptly below the second dorsal. Teeth triangidar, strongly com-
pressed, ;d)out .30-25. Tectoral scaly at base only. D. XI V-1, 15-VIII ;
A. 11, 1«'>-VIII. (Poey.) Warm pnrts of the Atlantic; occasional on
our coast ; reaches a weight of 100 pounds.
(dibiiim (ubaila Cnv. «& Val. viii, IHHI, 187: Cijhium cahaUa OHnther, ii, ^3: Cybium
0Mculatum C. & V. viii, 191 : Cybium caballa Poey, Proe. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1878, 4.)
910.— SARDA Cuvicr.
Bonitos.
(Pelamya Cuv. & Val. 1831, precccupied iu Horpetology. )
(Cuvicr, Ri'^gne Auim. od. 2d, ii, 1829: tyjie Scomber pelamya Brilnnich=- 5comJer aarda
Bloch.)
Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral
region forming a corselet. Caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled.
Head large, pointed, compressed. Mouth large. Teeth in the jaws
ratber strong, conical, slightly compressed; similar teeth on the pala-
tines, but none on the vomer ; maxillary not concealed by preorbital.
Gill rakers long and strong. First dorsal long and rather low, of 18-23
ratber stout si)ines, which are gradually shortened behind; iuterval
between the last spine and the second dorsal short; second dorsal small,
followed by 8-9 fiulets; anal fin similar, usually with one less finlet;
paired tins small ; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil. No
air bladder. Pyloric ccBca very numerous, dendritical. Vertebrae nor-
mal. Fishes of rather large size, with metallic coloration. (Latin,
mrda; Greek, adpoa, the anr'ipnt name of the typical species, also known
as Amia, Pelamys, etc. ; so called from its being taken in the neighbor-
hood of the island of Sardinia; hence also the diminutive aapdivrj, the
Sardine.)
674. S. inediterrancn (IJloch & Scbncidex) J. & O.—Bonito; Skip-jack.
Dark steel-blue above, with numerous narrow, dark stripes from the
back obliquely downwards and forwards ; silvery below. Body elongate,
scarcely compressed, robust ; corselet distinct, small, not extending be-
youd pectoral. Teeth moderate, slightly compressed. Gill-rakers rather
small, 13 below angle. Maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Head 3^ ia
length; depth 4. D. XXF-1, 13-VIIIj A. 1, 13-VIIj P. 10. L.2J feet
ii |i
I' >i'i I *■;■
mm
HP
i
■»'-ii
428 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY^lv.
Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; abundant; a food-flnh of rather low
gra<Iu.
{Scomber pclnmyn HrUnnioh, Ichth. MuhhII. 17(>8, GO, not of L. SyHt. Nat. : ,%„i^,.
mdilcnancun Hliuh & Schn. 1H<)1, 23: Pelainya aarda StoTov, Viah. Moss. (U; i'e/aj,.
$arda GUiith(<r, ii, ;Ui7: Sarda pelamya Uill.)
eV.t. S. chllcnNis (Cnv. & Val.) J. & Q.—lionUo ; Skip-jack; Tana.
Dark uiotallic blue; sides dusky; about 5 biackish stripes riuinin"
oblicjuely upward aud backward from the pectoral region to tlio ii|,i,,.i.
tidgo of the tail, these variable in number and direction. Ucud poinU'd
conical, naked. Maxillary reaching posterior border of eye. IN^jtorals
l)laced just below the level of the pupil, scarcely half as long as liciul.
Gill-rakers long, strong, about 18 below angle. Corselet niodoratelv
developed. Uead 3^; depth about 4. D. XVIII-I, 12-VlU; A. II,
11-VI. L. 2-3 feet ; weight IG pounds. San Francisco to Patagonia
and Japan; abundant northward in summer; very similar to the pre-
ceding but with the spinous dorsal always shorter.
(Pelamya chilenaia Cnv. & Val. viii, Hi'.\: Pelamya lineolata Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R.
Strv. riah. lUG: Pelamya chilenaia GUuthcr, ii, lOG: Pelamya orientalia GUnthur, ii, lOfi.)
aiT.-ORCYRiUS Cuvier.
Tunnies.
(Thynnua Cnvier, 1817, preoccnpiod in entomology.)
(Cuvipr, Rbgne Anim. 2d ed. 1829: type Scomber thynnua L.)
Botly oblong, robust, with very slender caudal peduncle. Head con.
leal. Mouth wide, with one series of small, conical teeth in the jaws and
bauds of minute villiform or sand-like teeth on the vomer and palatines.
Scales present, those of the pectoral region forming an obscure corselet.
First dorsal of 12-15 spines which grow gradually shorter backward, the
iutervjil between last spine and second dorsal slight ; secoL .1 dorsal and
anal short and rather high, each with 8-10 finlets ; ventrals moderate;
pectorals moderate or very long, rather below the level of the eye. Ver-
tebrsB normal, the lower foramina very small. Fishes of the open sens ;
often attaining a very great size, {dpxuvoi;, an ancient name of 0. thyn-
nus.)
a. Pectoral fins sabre-sbapod, reaching beyond end of second dorsal. {Albicores.)
676. O. alalonga (6mel.) Risso. — Albicore; AUUnghi; German.
Bright metallic steel-blue; belly bluish silvery; flns colored like tbe
body ; pectorals blackish, with silvery lustre. Body little compressed,
regularly elliptical, its weight great in proportion to the length. Tail
74. SCOMBRIDiE — EUTIIYNNUS.
429
strongly keeled, broiuler than deep. Corselet indistinct. Scales rather
large. Pectoral reaching beyond second dorsal and anal, inserted a
little below level of pnpil, its base a little wider than the large eye;
vcntrals short. Head li\; depth 3J. D. XIV-II, llf-VIII; A. II, 12-
VII. h. 3 feet; weight 15-20 jmunds. Iii all warm seas, in the open
(H;ei«i; abundant in summer in the Mediterranean and about the Santa
Uarbara Islands; occasional on our Atlantic coast.
(Scomlicr alatunga (»nui\. SyHt. Nut. 17SH, W\0, minprint for alalonga, fide Cuv. & Val. :
Thmnun olalovf/a Cuv. &, Viil. viii, I'JO: ThijnnuH panficua Cuv. & Val. viii, 1311:
Jhiinnu»(ill>nrora, alalonfja, and pacijicus Vtilntlu'r, u, 'MV-i/MCi: Orojnus pacificuaCoopvr,
proc. C'al. Acad. Nut. Sci. 18U3, 75: Orcyniu genno LUtkou, Spulia Atiantica, IBHO, 473.)
a, Pectoriil fiiiH comparatively uhort, not reaching beyond the end of the Bpinous dor-
sal. {Tunnita.)
J7V. O. Ihyniius (Linn.) Poey. — Tunny; Horse Mackerel ; Albicore.
Dark blue above; below greyish with silvery spots. Mouth rather
large; posterior margin of preoperclo somewhat shorter than inferior.
Eye small. Dorsal and anal falcate; caudal very widelj-^ forked; pec-
torals reaching nearly to end of spinous dorsal. Head 3^ in length ;
depth 4. D. XIV-I, 13-IX; A. 1, 12-VIII. North Atlantic, on both
coasts; the largest of the Scomhrida;, reaching a length of 10 feet or
more and a weight of half a ton.
(Scomber thynnua h'mn. Syst. Nat.: Thyvnva aeeundo-doraalia Stnvf^T, Fish. Mass. 65;
Uynnus thynnua O'inthor, ii, 3(W: Tnynnu^ rulgaria C. &V. viii, 58: Thynnuabrachyp-
terwsand corctti Giinther, ii, 363.)
9X§.-12IJTI1¥NI«VS LUtken.
Little Tunnies.
{Thynnua Liitken : Thynnivhthya Oiglioli ; both names preoccnpied.)
(Liitkon MSS. in Epist. Feb. 1881 : type Thynnua thmnina C. &. V.)
This genus differs from Orcynus, according to Ltttken*, " (1) in the
absence of teeth on the vomer ; (2) by the complete absence of scales
outside of the corselet, while in the Orcyni of the same size the
skin is covered with small scales; the limits of the corselet in the
Tunny and Albicore are obscure, so that it cannot properly be said
that they have distinct corselets; and (3) by an important osteological
character, namely the peculiar development, in the form of a net-work or
trellis, of a portion of the abdominal part of the backbone, between the
vertebrae proper and the htemapophyses. This organization is common
to Th. thunnina {alliteratus) and Th. pelamys, and is found modified in
"Spolia Allaniioa, 1880, 596.
■I
7W
:l
.y
8
.tM.'
,,^Kr: ''V-:if|ttl''^'l
«--Y'«r
1^
Jim:'
ll ', ■«'■'
' ■■.'-■'■ '
'fi:{ ' ■
IP' "
Ti'S.:.-
f-
\:i' iiJi'
■, ^
r. ' ■!( * ■
fflHll
til ■
IHi
|;
''■vr.
mr
c^/'^^^
430 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY— ly.
the genus AuxisJ^ Species of smaller size than the Tunnies, mostlv
pelagic. {Baird.) (ew, true; Ouvvu<:, tunny.)
678. E. alliteratns (Raf.) J. & G.— Little Tunny; Albicore.
BluibU above with wavy, blackish, longitudinal streaks; silvery
below. Inferior margin of preoperculum half longer than posterior.
Dorsal spines moderate ; pectorals reaching the vertical from the nintii
dorsal spine. Head 32 in length ; depth 4',. D. XV-I, 12-VlII; A. I
12-^ 'II. Atlantic Ocean ; occasional on our coast.
{Scomber alliteratns Raf. Caratteri di Alouni'Nnovi Geueri, 1810, 46 : Thynnus aMnin
thunnina, and brevirostria Giliitber, ii, 363-;{65.)
670. E. pelainys I'L.) LUtkon. — Oceanic Bonito.
Back bluish; on each side of the belly 4 brownish longitudinal bands.
Length of posterior margin of the preoperculum 1§ in that of the in-
ferior. Pectorjil reaching the vertical from the tenth dorsal spine; dor-
sal spines rather feeble. Head 3J ; depth 4 (to fork' of caudal). D.
XV-I, 12 + VIII; A. II, 12+711. {OUnther.) Tropical seas; occa-
sional on our Atlantic coast.
{Scomber pelamtj^ L. Syft. Nat.: Thynvtis yclamys GiintUor, ii, 365: Thynnm pehmiji
Cuv. ot Val. viii, 113.)
Family LXXV.— CARANUID^. ^
The Plot fishes. • ^
Scombroid fishes, with the body more or less compressed and often ele-
vated, sometimes naked, or more usually covered with small, thin, cycloid
scales. Head compressed, the occipital keel prominent, usually trench-
ant. Mouth of varying size, the dentition various, the teeth generally
small ; premaxillaries usually protractile ; maxillary with or without a
supplemental bone ; preopercle urually entire in the adult, in the very
young armed with three or more spines.* Lateral line complete, anteri
orly arched, the posteri r part straight, sometimes armed with bony
plates. Dorsal fins more or less separnted, the spinous part rather weak,
the spines usually depressible in a groove; anal fin loiig, similar to tlie
soft <lorsal, alwuys preceded by two stiff spines, usually separate, bnt in
the j'oung often more or less connected with the flu or with each other;
these sometimes disappear with old age, and sometimes the spinous dor-
sal also vanishes; often a procumbent spine before the dorsal iiu; ven-
tral f' thoracic, well developed, 1,5; caudal peduncle very slender, the
fln w»v,ely forked; jiectoral fins narrow. Gill-openings very wide, the
membranes usually not united, free fiom the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit
* For an account of the trausformntions of various members of this family, see Lilt-
keu, Sjiolia Atlaniioa, 1880.
75. CARANGID^— TRACHUJJUS. 431
behind the last. Gill- rakers usually long. Brancbiostegals commonly
I Ail-bladder present, often bifurcate behind. Pseudobranchire lar^^e,
present in all our genera, sometimes disappearing with age. (Esopha-
gus unarmed. Pyloric coeca generally numerous. Vertebrae fewer than
in tlie Scombridcv, about 25 in number. Coloration generally metallic
5 ami silvery. Genera 25; species about 130, abounding in warm seas,
often n'oviug northward in summer, like the Scombridw. Most of the
species are widely distributed, and nearly all are valued as food.
(Carangklat pt. GUuther ii, 417-485, exclusive of certain genera.)
•Lateral line armed with bony keeled platea, at least posteriorly. {Caranginre.)
ij. Annaturo of lateral lino extending its whole length Tkacuukus, 219.
(10. Annaturo of lateral line on ita straight posterior portion only.
]). Dorsals and anal each with a detached (inlet Decapteru8, 220.
hb. Dorsal and ani'l without fiulets.
c. Spinous dorsal developed Caranx, 221.
cc. Spinous dorsal rudimentary or disax)x>()i>'i'lng with ago ; scales rudim'^ntary.
BLEPIIAR13, 222.
"Lateral lino unarmed.
d. Premaxillaries protractile,
e. Anal iin about equal to the soft dorsal, its base longer than the abdomen ;
tail not keeled.
/. Thoracic region trenchant ; body excessively compressed.
y. Dorsal outline more convex than the ventral outline ; profile very steep;
head very short and high ; preorbital very deep. {Seleninw.)
Selene, 223.
gg. Dorsal outline less convex than ventral ; profile not atecp ; preorbital
moderate. (Chloroscomhrinos.) CliLOROSCOMnRUS, 224.
ff. Thoracic region not trenchant; body moderately compressed. {Tra-
chynotiiKX.)
h. Forehead convex . Traciiynotuh, 22.'>.
ee. Anal fin much shorter than the soft dorsal, its base not longer than the
abdomen ; tail keeled. {Svriolinw,)
i. Finlets none.
j. Dorsal spines free, in adult Naucrates, 226.
jj. Dorsal spuies connected by membrane Seriola, 227.
it. A two-rayed finlet behind dorsal and anal Elagati8, 228.
dd. Premaxillaries net protractile ; dorsal and anal with finlets; maxillary
very naiTow, without distinct supxilemental bone. {Scombroi-
dinw.) ScoMEROiDES, 229.
iil9.— TKA€HVRVS Raflnesqne.
SaureJs.
(Rnfinosqiic, Indiced'Ittiologia Siciliaua 1810, 20 : type Scomber traohuriis L. = Trachtmu
saurus Raf. )
Bo.\, rather elongate, somewhat compressed, not elevated, tapering
to a slender caudal peduncle, which is as broad as deep. Scales iiresent,
not very small. Lateral line armed throughout with i)lates, those on the
caudal peduncle larger and spinous; an accessory dorsal branch to the
lateral line. Snout rather long. Mouth moderate. Minute teeth mostly
wj 1%?'^^!
m-'
T7f«
i. ■
tP ■.
|i>'
NO:
pi:
432 CONTP.IBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOaY— ly
in single series on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Dorsals two, the first
preceded by a procumbent spine. No flulets. Two strong spines before
the anal, connected by membrane. Pyloric cceca numerons. In aii
warm seas, {rfm-^oopoz, the ancient name of T. sauriut; from rpayu-
rough; oupa, tail.)
6§0. T. symmctricus (Ayres) Giranl. — Horse Maokerl.
Similar to T. saunis, but slenderer and less compressed. Arch of
lateral line longer, as long as straight part, the junction of the two much
beyond tip of pectoral ; plates on the anterior part small, crowded, their
height less than half eye. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. VIII-I, 31; \,
Il-l, 27 ; Lat. 1. 48 + 47. Coast of California, from San Francisco south-
ward ; very abundant in summer.
{Cararx tymmetricua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1855, 62; Girard, Pac. R. R
Surv. Fish. 107.)
981. T. saMrils Rnf.— fforso Mackerel; Ship Jack; Sanrch
Greenish, sides silvery ; a dusky opercular spot. Body more com-
pressed and deeper than in the preceding. Head rather long. Mouth
moderate, the maxillary reaching the front of eye. Eye large, equal to
snouty 4 in head ; arch of lateral line short, reaching scarcely beyond pec-
toral, 1^ in straight part, the plates high, nearly as high anteriorly us
posteriorly, their heiglit more than half eye. Head 3^ ; depth 4. 1).
VIII-I, 29; A. II-I, 28; Lat. 1. 40 + 37. L. 1 foot. Southern Europe;
occasional on our South Atlantic coast.
{Scomber trachurua Liuu. Syst. Nat. i, 17r>B : Caranx trachuriia Lacdpbde, iii, 63 : f Car-
aiuromorua phimierianua Lac6p. Hisit. Nat. Poiss. iii, 84 : ISelar japanicua Bleek'sr, Vorh.
Bat. Gen. xx, vi, Japan, pi. 8: Trachurua aaurua Rnfincsquo, 1. o. 5iO: Trachurua iravhum
GUnthoi, ii, 41U.
330. DECAPTERIJS Blcuker.
Mackerel Scads.
(Bleeket. Natniirk. Tydachr. 18.')5, v, 417: type Caravxktirra Cnv. & Val.)
Body elongate, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform. Head
short, pointed. Mouth rather small ; jaws about equal, the dentitiou
feeble. A supplementary maxillary bone. Premaxillaries protractile.
Scales moderate, enlarged and spinous along lateral line posteriorly;
second dorsal and anal each with a single detached flnlet; free anul
spines very strong. Abdomen rallier shorter taan anal fin. Gill-rakers
long and slender. Species numerous. (fhx<i?, ten ; nveptiv^ fln ; there being
ten fins, counting the spurious flnlets and excluding the free spines.)
689. D. piinctUtUS (Agasaiz) Gill. — Scad; Bound Robin.
Bluish above, silvery below; a dark opercular spot. Eye rather
small, shorter than snout, about equal to tiio width of cheeks or tho in-
w-
^i
7& CARANGID^ — CARANX.
433
terorbital space. Maxillary reaching front of eye. Teeth on vomer and
jxlatini's, none on tongue; teeth in jaws in single series. Lateral line
little arched ; arch of lateral line nearly as long as etraight part. Scutes
Duraerous, deep, crowded, about 40. Pectorals short, shorter than
Ijead. Breast, cheeks, and top of head sc^ly. Depth 5 in length;
mAiff. D.VIIl-I, 30-1; A. 11-1,24-1. L. 12 inches. New York to
the West Indies ; not common on our coast.
I iCaranx punotatua Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bros. 1829, 108 : Caranx punctatua QUnther,
il,42(i.)
I§8. D> macarellUS (Cnv. & Val.) Gill.— Mackerel Scad.
Silvery, plumbeous below; a small black spot on the opercle. Lat-
eral line nearly straight. Head 5; depth 6. D. VIII-1, 33-1; A. II — I,
21-1; scutes 25. {OUnther.) Warm parts of the Atlantic, northward
to Cape Cod ; scarce on our coast.
(Caranx maoarelltia Cuv. & Val. ix, 40: Ccranx macarellua GUnther, ii, 426.)
991.— CARANX Lac^pMe.
Crevalles.
[Caranx, Carangops, Carangus, Paratractus, and Trachurops Gill ; Caranx, Gnathanodon,
Selar, Carangoides, Carangichthya, etc. Bleeker.)
(Commerson ; Lacdpfede Hist. Nat. des Poiss. 1802, iii, 72 : type Scomber apecioaua
Forsk&l.)
Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back sometimes considerably
elevated, sometimes little arched. Head moderate or rather large, more
or less compressed. Mouth moderate or large, oblique; maxillary with
a well developed supplemental bone, excending to below the eye. Pre-
maxillaries protractile. Teeth variously developed ; sometimes minute,
granular, and deciduous {Garanx)y sometimes with an outer row of
stronger teeth (/t?e?ar, etc.) or with small canines (Carangus); villiform
teeth often present on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Gill-rakers long.
Eye large, with an adipose eyelid. Dorsal spines rather low, connected ;
second dorsal long, elevated in front; both fins depressible in a groove.
Anal lin similar to second dorsal and nearly as long, preceded by two
rather strong spines, its base longer than the abdomen. Caudal fln
strongly forked, the peduncle very slender. Ventral fins moderate ;
pectorals falcate; no flnlets. Scales present, usually ver^ small. Lat-
eral line wifh ite posterior portion armed with strong bony plates, which
gi'ow larger on the tail, each plate armed with a spine; a short dorsal
branch of lateral line, usually present. Preopercle entire in the adult,
serrate in the young, usually with a mombranaceous border. Species
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 28
* I.J 7 * '
•I
l! <*
TT
lii'.
43^ CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIVOLOGY— ly
very imrnerous in all warm seas, most of tbem valued for food. As her
underHtood, this genus includes a considerable variety of forms, diflerinrr
iu the dentition and in the shape of the body. Its nieirbers sccin how
ever, to form an almost unbroken series from one extreme to another
{xdpa, head. "A cause de I'espece de prominence que presente leur tite
de la force de cette parti j, de I'eclat dont ello brille, et d'ailUMirs jKuir
annoncer la sorte de puissance et do domination quo plusieuris osseux
de ce genre exercent sur un grand uonibre des poissoDs que frcqucuteut
les rivages" Lac6pede).
Our species may be divided aa follows :
o. Teeth present, Hiiiall, nearly uniform, or the outer somewhat enlarged; no canines
(*>/«>• meeker.)
h. Body fuHifonn, elongate crumcnophthalmui.
bh. Body ovate or subfuKiform.
(!. Dejith oue-third or less than one-third the length to base caudal.
piHqiwtue; cahallm; cihi.
cc. Depth more than one-third the length bcaui; fakatm
aa. Teeth unequal; lower jaw with small canines. {Carangun) faUax; hipput,
a. Teeth present, small, nearly uniform ; the outer row sometimes enlarged ; no cuuiniH,
{Stlar* Bloeker.)
ft. Body fusiform, eWgate. (TrachuropB G\]\,)
684. C. crumenophthalmus (Bloch) hac.—Goggler ; Big-ciivd Send.
Bluish olive above, silvery below, a faint opercular spot. Body ob-
long-elongate, little compressed, the back not elevated. Head elongate,
rather pointed, the lower jaw projecting ; maxillary reaching i)ast tlio
front of the eye, which is very large, longer than snout, about 3 in head.
Eye much deeper than the cheeks and greater than the interorbital
width. A single series of small teeth in enijli jaw ; very weak teeth on
vomer and palatines ; a patch of teeth on tongue. Shoulder-girdle near
isthmus with a fleshy projection, in front of which is a deep (nnss-fur-
row; adipose eyelid largely developed. Scales comparatively large.
Cheeks and breast scaly. Gill-rakers long, numerous. Lateral line
scaixjoly arched, its scutes weak, but little carinated. Dorsal s[)ine3
slender ; free anal spines strong ; pectorals falcate, nearly as long as
head. An angle at lower posterior part of opercular region as iu Clupca.
Head 3^; depth 3^. D. VIH-I, 26; A. II-I, 22; scutes 35. Cape Cod
to Madagascar; abundant in tropical seas.
(Scomber cnDnenophthalmns Blooh, taf. 34:1; Gilnthor, 11, 4*29: Trachuropa crumennh
thalmua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 4:11.)
66. Body ovate or subfusiform.
0. Depth ouo-thlrd or less the length to base of candal.
'' ^Bleekor, Notuurk. Tydschr. 1865, ▼, 417.
75. CARANOIDiE — CARANX.
435
|g9. C. pisquctus Ciiv. & Val.— Crcm/W.
Greenish olive, golden yellow below ; a black blotch on opercle. Body
oblong, moderately elevated, the dorsal and ventral outlines about
equally anjhed. Profllo forming a uniform curve. Snout rather sharp.
Mouth slightly oblique, a little below axis of body. Maxillary reaching
about to middle of orbit. Teeth comparativt.y largo ; a aingle series in
lower jaw ; ui)per jaw with an inner series of smaller teeth ; no canines j
tcetU on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Eye rather small, shorter Iian
5nout, 3i in head. Gill-rakers long, numerous. Pectoral as long as
lieatl, barely reaching anal, its broad basal part half its length. Scales
moderate; cheeks and breast so-ily. Top of head naked, with se-Mes
of mucous pores. Lateral lino with a weak arch anteriorly, which is
about half length of straight portion. Lateral scutes numerous, devel-
o|)e(I • whole straight part of lateral line. Head 3;^; depth 3. D.
VIII-I, 24 ; \. II-I, 19 ; Lat. 1. 50 (scutes). L. 1 foot. Cape Cod to
West Indies; the mos^t abundant of the Carangidw on our Atlantic
coast northward.
(Ciiv. & Viil. ix, 1)7 : Caranx hippos Holbr. Ichtli. S. C. 1830, 90 : Paratraotun pisque-
toGiil, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IdG^, A32: Caranx vhryaoa GUuthur, ii, 445.)
6§6. C. caballus Qilnthcr.
Greenish above, silvery below ; a black blotch on the opercle, none
elsewhere. Form of 0. pisquctus ; rather elongate, not greatly com-
pressed; the dorsal and ventral outlines regularly and nearly equally
arched ; a low occipital carina; a prominent supraocular ridge. Scales
comparatively large, the scaly sheaths of the vertical tins well developed.
Cheeks and upper part of opercles scaled ; breast scaled, jaws naked.
Teeth in a narrow band above, those in front somewhat enlarged, those
of lower jaw mostly in one series ; feeble teeth on tongue, vomer, and
palatines. Mouth rather small, the jaws nearly equal ; maxillary r«;ach-
ing front of pupil. Eye large, 3J in head, the adipose eyelid unusually
developed. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and slender, 28 below angle.
Curve of lateral line low, the straight part beginning under first ray of
second dorsal, at a distance rather more than length of head; length of
arch 1§ in straight part. Scutes of lateral line strong. Pectoral fins
very long, slender, and falcate, their length considerably more than that
of the head ; a little less than 3 times in length of body, their tips reach-
iug fourth anal ray ; the broad basal part forming little more than one-
third the total length of the fin ; ventrals short ; a concealed spin&
hcforo dorsal; second dorsal and anal a little elevated in front, the long
'•jH;S
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430 coNTurnuTioNS to north American icnTiiYOLooY— iv.
est ray nearly lialf length of head, the last rays of tho fln scarcely risinu
above the 8(;aly sheath. Head 4; depth 3J. D. VIII-I, 24; A. II,t
Ul; Lat. 1. 41 (developed scutes). San Diego, Oal., to South America
(Description from original types of T. boops,)
( Tmch'nu hoopg Oiranl, U. 8. Pao. R. H. 8arv. Fish. I8r»9, 108, not, Caranx bnnnK nf
C. & V. : Caranx cahallun ailutUer, Trans. Zool. 8oo. Lonrt. 1861), 431 : Caranx gimrd
• 8tcindaolinor.)
6§Y. C. cibi Poey.
Dusky bluish, golden below, without spots. Body rather elongate not
elevated, muzzle pointed. Profile regularly curved. M axillary roacliincr
front of eye. Teeth villifotm on jaws, vomer, and palatines. llrciUit
and vertical flns scaly. Last spine of dorsal short, strong, freo. V{x-
torals as long as depth of body, falcate ; ventrals short. Eye 4i ju
head. Head 3Jj depth 3. D. VIII-I, 25; A. II-I, 22. West liulie.s,
north to Florida.
(Poey.Memorios, ii, 224, 1858.)
CO, Depth more than ono-third the length.
68S. C. bcani Jordan.
Silvery, bluish above; no black spot on opercles or flns; spinous
dorsal and sixil dusky. Body ovate, deep and compressed, somewhat
elliptical ; the profile anteriorly not elevated, forming an even curvo con-
tinuous from tho snout to the base of the dorsal, the snout therefore not
blunt. Top of head not much compressed. Premaxillaries on tho level
of the lower edge of tho pupil ; maxillary not reaching to opposite tho
front of the pupil. Teeth rather small, in a narrow band on eju;l: jaw,
without distinct canines; villiform teeth on tongub, /omer, and palatini.
Cheek about as deep as the eye, which is rather small, considerably
shorter than snout ; adipose eyelid little developed. Gill-rakers loiijj.
Breast entirely scaly ; soft parts of the vertical flns densely covered with
small scales. Pectoral fln falcate, a little shorter th«in the hond, reach-
ing past the front of the anal ; caudal equally forked. Plates of lateral
line small. Head 3J^ ; depth 2^. D, VIII-I, 27 ; A. II-I, 23 ; Lat. 1. 28.
Beaufort, North Carolina.
(Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 486.)
680. C falcatus Holbr.
Greenish above with blue reflections^ sides and below golden or
silvery ; caudal fln yellow, inner edge of upper lobe black ; a black axil-
lary spot, opercle faintly blotched. Body oval, much compressed, with
the axis nearly midway between the back and belly; profile very con-
75. CARANOIDiE — CARANX.
437
Blow golden or
yfx. Month very small, oblique, tlio maiJllary scarcely reaching the
middle of the orbit. Uead sniall, short, about as deep as long. Eye
l^rge as long as snout, 3^ in hetul. Gill-rakers shortish, rather strong,
<)0 below arch ; anal spines sniall, the second longest; upper lobe of the •
caiulul falcate, more than a third longer than the lower. Lateral scutes
iiiiraiTOUS, very strong. Teeth rather strong, in one scricH in each jaw ;
toi'th on tongue few or none; those on vomer and palatines minute,
deciduous ; scales small ; cheeks u'lked, breast scaly; lateral line strongly
arched, the arcjh about one-third the straight portion ; scaly sheaths of
dorsal and anal very high, extending the whole length of fin. Pectoral
falcate longer than head, reaching aim!. Ileiid 4J; depth 2^. D.
VII-l, 28; A. II-I, 25 J Lat. 1. (scutes) about 50. West Indies north-
ward; not cttmmon.
(Holbrook, Iclith. R. C. 1860, 94 : Caranx amhlyrhi/n chits Oiintlicr, i\, 441, pt. not
ofC. &V.: Caranjopn falcatua Gill, Proo. Acad. N.*t. 8ci. Phila. 1H(W, 431.)
M.Toetli unequal ; lower Jaw with small caninos. {Carangm * Qrd.)
690. C. fnllax C. & y.
Bluish, sides golden or silvery, a very small, black opercular spot. ,.
Form of C. hippua, but the profile not so strongly arched. Teeth as in
C, hippus. Breast entirely scaly ; anterior part of soft dorsal flu black ;
DO spot on the pectorals. Scutes present on whole of straight i)art of
liiteral line; arched part of la^eral lino 1| in straight part; an abrupt
angle at junction of the two parts. Pectoral shorter than head, max-
i illary reaching posterior edge of pupil ; cheek and ui>per parts of opercles
scaly; scaly sheaths of fins little developed. Head 3f ; depth 2^. D.
I VIII-I, 22; A. II-I, 10; Lat. 1. 35 (scutes). Warm seas, north to South
I Carollua ; not common.
(Cuv. & Viil. ix, 95: Caraux Aiji/jos GUutlier, ii, 449: Caraiix richardi Holbr. Icbih.
J8.C. 1860, 9(3.)
!69l. C. hippus (L.) Ollnlhcr.—Ctevalld ; Horse CrevalU.
Oiiviiceous above ; sides and belov/ silvery or golden ; a distinct black
I blotch ou opercle and one on lowor rays of pectorals, the latter some-
times wanting ; axil of pectoral dusky ; anterior edge of dorsals black ;
I upper edge of caudal peduncle dusky. Body oblong, the anterior pro-
i file very strongly arched. Head large and deep. Mouth large, low, and
nearly horizontal below axis of body; lower jaw included; maxillary
I extending to nearly opposite posterior border of eye. Teeth in upper
'Girard, U. S. M«x. Bound. Surr. Ichth. 1829, 23; tyx/e Scomber oaran^iwBloch; name
I a modification of Caranx,
hi '
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438 CONTnillUTIONS to north AMERICAN ICIlTIIYOLOOY^iv
Jnw In n hroiul vllliform band; an ontor Rorloa of U^rgo, wide sot
coni.
Hillc
uiul
cal ti^eth; teeth of lower jaw in one row, a (lintinet (ianine on oicU
of synipliyHls; villiforin teeth on vomer, pahitineH, ptcMypdds
tonjjne. LaU^ral lino with a wide arch, its length J^ that of Htmiifht
part; i»lateH not coverinjjf all of Htraight part. Dorsal Kpincs sliort
rather stojit; proounibent npine olwolete. (Hill-rakers Htout, not vcrv
long, 15 below angle. Occipital keel Hharp. Eye not vny larm,
longer than Hnont, 4 in hejui. Pectoral falcat<ii, longer tliiin licad
llreast naked, with a sniall i)ateh of scales in front of veninils only
Candal 1oIh>s e<puil. Head .'4; depth Ji^ ; Lat. 1. (scntes) about 3o
D. VIII-I, 20; A. ll-l, 17. CajH) Cod to West Indies; connaou soutli.
ward.
{S(M}mhn hipiHM \j, Synf,. Nut: Cantniinit /if/>;wwOill, Proo. Acinl. Nat. Sci. Pliilii. ISfi?
4:W: Citmnx tleffUHor Holltrook, It-hfli. S. V. IW5(), 87: (.'rtrnru rnn/HiM (Jllutlu«r, Trnm
Zo«">I. Soc. liOiKl. IH<)(), 4;W: Scomber r» ran tjii it Illooli, tiif. il4(): iSVom/xr r/in/dim Mitcliill
Trans. Lit. and riiil. 800. N. V. i, 'I'Jl: (\trnnniin ckriiHOn Oill, I'rod. Acml. Ntit, Sri
Phila. 1H(V2, 4H4: Caranffu« enculontuM GnX. U. 8. M«x. tktuiul. Siirv. Iclith. Z\: Varant
car(ingu$ UUuther, ii, 448.)
999.-BI.EPIIARBS Cuvior.
Cobblcrjitthcs.
(GailiM Lac^pbdc, precHiCupiod: iSc.vn>, Ilynnin and GalUchthyti Cuv. & Val.: likpha-
richthyH QUI)
(Cuvior, R^gllc Anini. ii, 1817: typo Xr»g cilinriH Uloidi.)
BiMly rhoinlM)id, deep, strongly conipressed, more or less ('oiiii)let('Iy
covoixmI with niiniite embedded scales, sometimes apparently naked;
those ou the straight portion of the lateral lino enlarge<l, bony and
spinous, as in Caranx, but less developed. Month moderate, with
bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue. First
dorsal fin little developed, the spines short and rudimentary, mostly
disappeiiring with age; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other; the
first five or six rays of each flu elongate and flliform in the young, bo
coming shorter with age; ventral fins elongate in young; on flnlets.
Caudal peduncle narrow ; the caudal widely forked. Gillrakers mod
erate, stout. This genus is not essentially ditferout from Camm.
Warm seas. (,5,l£ya/»«»f, cilium.)
602. B. crinitus (Akorly) Dckay.
Bluish above, golden yellow below; a dark blotch on operclo; a
black spot on orbit above ; a black blotch on dorsal and anal in IVont.
Bo<ly oval, much compressed, highest at the elevated bases of dorsal
and anal flus. Preorbital very deep. Mouth nearly horizontal in the
>^
75. CARANOIDif: — SELENE.
439
idiilt, very obllquo In tho youiiff. I'^irHt rayH of dorsal and anal flla-
n)(>ntou«» cxccM'dinfily lon^j lun'oniin^ Hliortcr with ngv. Lateral lino
with a wido an-Ji, tho onrvcMl portion abont ecpial to Htrai^ht. Hcaly
hIkivHi of tins lirtlc dov^^loI^ed. H(int<(H beoonio Htronjjor and blnnttT
ttjtli a},'0. V(?ntral < broad. Occipital kcol sharp. Pectorals hni}j an<l
fiilcatc, lonf,'t'r than head. Head .'{^ in leni;th; dopth \\ to 2. D. Vf-l,
10; A. Il-I» 1'5. Scntes 12. (^ape Cod to Sonth Anieriiia; not very
iibiindiiMt northwardrf.
(/AMnn-inilm Akrily, Kwwv. Jour. Sol. xi, 141; Dok. N. Y. Fininn, FIhIi. 123: Caranx
M/orGiliillior, ii, AM.)
9ii;t.-l§l':LGNE Lucdpudu.
Moon Jlnhea.
{ArgyrloniinlAivAy^hiVt'. Vomer CawU'T.)
f;,„coj)Nl)', Ili«t. Nttt. I'()iHH, iv, .'ifJO, IHOIl: typo Sclcnc aryentea Lac.)
Ilody very doHc^ly coniprcsscd and nnich elevated, tho profile very
obliqiit^or nearly vertical ; ed;?esof body <;very where trenchant, especially
iiiitoriorly. Head short and vtny decq), tlni opcrcle very short, ami the
prcorbital extremely deei>; an abrupt anjjfle at the occipital n^gion.
Moiitii rather suuill; ))remaxillaries ])rotractile, fitting into a notch
l)ctwcca tlie bases of tho maxillaries; nuixillaries broad, each with a
siipplcJiiental bone. Tongno narrow, free. Teeth niinnte, on jaws,
toii{,Mio, vomer, and ])ah<tines. Gill rakers long and slender. Si)in(;s of
tins usually weak, more or less filamentons in the young; free anal
spiiiea immovable, sonmtimes obsolete in tho adult. Soft fins falcate
ornofc. Nofinlets. Head naked. Scales minute. Lateral line unarmed.
Coloration silvery. (te-I'?."?, tho moon.)
c, Soft (loiHivl tuul aiml with tho anterior raya nnu-li produced in tho adult. (Sdene.)
693. S. vomer (L.) Llltkon. — Bfoon-Jinh; Look Down; JTorec-htad.
Bhiish above, sides and bdow silvery with golden reflection.s ; ante-
rior edge «)f soft dorsal black; axil dusky. Diameter of eye, length of
operclc, and distance from eye to i)rofile about equal ; eye 2 in maxillary,
2J in preorbital ; mandibles very deep, the dentary bones thin, ai)proxi-
inate; one or two of tho dorsal spines greatly elongate and filamentous
ill the young, short in tho adult ; ventrals variable in length, usually
about as long as the eye in tho adult, variously elongate in partly grown
specimens. Head 3 in length; long dorsal rays 2; pectoral 2'}; long
anal rays 2^; depth 1^. D. VII-I, 22; A. II-I, 20. Warm seas;
rather common southward, north to Long Island, and Lower California.
(Zeus vomer L'na. 8yHt. Nat.: Zeus capillaris Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y.
■<t . ■ -III
h ^ii
pi»3
M
i. :
I i
I, .
I'!
440 UONTHlUL'riONS TO NOlMll AMUUICAN ICHTIIYOLOOY— IV.
Arpfiirh>i»HK f'xti'iflvH* l,iti<UliiHlitii, I'ttM'. Tul. Aftnl, Nikt. Hcl. |M7(l; 'V/r«i'(i)(/cii((yi(ii,|„|,,
Aliil <4tf;,vH«>iii(«t<Timi<r(|mrlly gi-owit) itf itiimt mooiit wri(«>tii. MhlttMi, H|Mi|iik Atlnniii.
IMHt, n47. in whioli nt«Mii(«li- tli*^ Htn^fN or Hiowtli of MiIn hiiiI oMi«<r N|ii<(>lt'M nnt f|,||
•l<>m>i-iltiMM ■
Mil. AU ll«> <)ii'> M>r.v low, nonooriho vwyn pmiliitunt or niikiiiiMitoiin hi llio inlnli, m„
601. n. n««ll|»lilill« iMi(><1i.) MI(Uon.-7f.Hw HkA.
<lix»oniHh iihovo, bt'i.iw h:o|»Ioii or mIIvim-.v. Yoiiiik with ii MmK Itloid,
(It <M'i|aJn of Nti'iiiglH piii't of lii(<M'itl Un«>. lto«ly oltloti^, ilintuhji', iii^^
o)i.«vii(o«l thiin iti (ho othrr MpiM'ioM; prollh^ initoriorly iumiiIv \<Mtiiii|
hi^hoNi i)hov<> (ho (\V(\ nnout noinowhiit pnitniiliii^, belly ninst hhIkmI
in thi\v<>iin^: ntoiilh «)hlii)iio; tniixilliiry nMohiiiK: viMiictil iVniii trout (if
orbit. Vontnil (Ins niinnio; Uorsnl nn<l nnul vt»ry low, j'Mpcrinlly in iii„
ft«lnl(, (ho lonp: rivyH ili.Mipponrinij: vory onrly ; pooloriilM I'uloiito, iilxntl mm
\\n\ir DM hoiul. Iloiiil l\\ in lonKth; <lop(h l||. U. \'III-I,'JI; A. IM,
17. Tropioul Antoriou, nordi (o t^tipofoU; not vory ooninion oiioiir
otNists.
(7fwx it.'M;)(M»M MttrU. Tmnn. T,lt. * I'till. Soc. N. Y. lH|fi, :W4: .(»7/j/M(mt(« «(•(/;,(,.
nh iJU<<<t\oi. ii, l,v.» : Vomn' htttwoi V\\\ . A Vul. Is, |HI» : Vomvv hiou>tt( Dokitv . Ni«w Ymk
l''n\u\u. ('iHli. Vil i I.lltkiMi, Spoliiv Aditntico, IHMO.rCt: Inmrt fwr^Ki I'oitt", I'me, Acml,
Nftt. Soi. rhilii. If^'O, tU': .(fj/i,»>»<i>ii»«« ttftim(j<ti/«WM(t llutotioltlor.)
It •.
tt«l.rill.OltOMOITIIIItliSI (ilmrtl.
( ■WtViM);»f«ryr AhiibhI/, jtn'ooonplod.)
(Gimnl, r«Mo. Ao.nl. Ntvt. »«'(. riiUi*. IHoH, UVi^t typo Srrioln atmoitolUn V\i\\ &\\\\.
Boily oblong ovato, olosoly otunpro.ssod, bn( no( olovatod ; (lio iiIkIoiiumi
pixMninont «n(oriorly, i(» ourvo boinjr nmoh groiitorthnn (hoourvo of tlio
l>rtok. (Voipu( un^l (hornoio ro);ion (itMiohunt. (^uuliil j)o«lun(>KMm
iuvn»\v, tho (in \vi«loly forUod. Soalos Nnuill, Nino<»(li. Ijiiloral linoinciicd
in (V«>n(, nnarnioil. lload nonrly nakod. Proorbiial low. Moudi mflur
sntall, ol>li!ino, lowor jaw soarooly piH)joo(lnj;f ; uppor Jaw jirotriu'tih';
maxillary bix>!id, omarginaio bohiiul, \\\[\\ a largo mipplonion(iil bono,
.TaWvS, vonuM*, and ]>a1atiiu\s wi(h I'ooblo tooth, nioHtly in winglo soricii.
First dorsal of fooblo spinos, oonnootod by n»on»brano; si'oond dorsjil
and anal long and low, vsiniilar, ntuoh longor (han tlu^ shoH nhdonion.
No t\nlota. Anal spinOvS strong. Vontrals snaill; i)octor«ls luloato.
Gill-rakors long. (xHwfio<:, grocn; «rxo/i(?/»(»c, niaokoitil.)
• Cuvier. Kogiio Auiu). ii, 1817 : typo I'oma' bi-owni Cuv. ~ ZctM Mtijiinnh Mitchill;
(Latin tx>M«r, a plowshanv)
7n. OAnANOtl)^, — TnACtlYNOTlTN.
441
1011, (*. chrirMiriiM (l<.) (till.
iiIhivo; <liii'k o|M>i'«Miliir iiimI itxIlliMy hp<iIm; iiiHidoot' inoiiMi lihu^k. HomI
r,itli<<i' (liM>prr lliiiii loii^;; opon^lom vtM-y Htimt ; niioiiI Hliott. Miuilli v(*fy
olilii|ii«; iiiiixilliMy nMUfliiiiK Hiitrrior iiiiir);ln of (\V(t; t^yn VM-y lArKn^
loiiK^'f ""1^" '*'i<*ii(9 i^lHMit. .'( ill IhmkI. rtiiidiil pcdiiiirlo loii)xi>r tlnin
ili^np, iiH illiinM>t«>r )<'HM (tiiiti Mutt of tlit^ <\vo; vciitrtilM vit.v niimiII, llttiiif;
iiitoii Uioovo ill wliioii Mio VMiit, \h niliiiitcd; prctonilK loii);, r)ilf'tit<', lum-
Ihiiil llioliMitfni. liciul .'l<{ ill Irii^IJi; iti^pMi 2h. I>. VIM — I, 'JO; A.
Il^l, LMi. (Hipo <'ii(l to liowoi- Oiilii'oriiiii himI IimIIii; ('oiiiiimmi cm (nir
HtMitli Atliiiitio (MMint.
(Sitimlur i<hrjiiiiirini filiiii. Wysf. Ni»l.! ^f^l^rll|l^rrl^r rhrfi^urun (Jlliiflifr, II, IIMi: KrrUilit
„i«m»/M'''''H'iiv. .V Viil. lx,«ill: Svrliihu'hhih IIoHikki!;, Ii-IiMi. H. 0, HWl, 711: (Jlilor-
o,nmlirnii ciiiiHoHit ^^ti\. IcIiMi. II. H. M«<x. IIoiiimI, Hiirv.ill.)
•aft.— TIIAIJIVI^OTIIM l.luY.l.^<|0.
I'onipanofi.
{lUtlhrnhpmnn llolltroiik : lUtlloiltm iWrwrtX.)
(t.n)'<<|ii'«i)(«, Hint.. Nut. Poinn. II, IHOO; \.y\w i'hirUnhn filminm Mlot^li.)
ilod.v <M)iiipn*HNi><l, iiioil<>ni.i(>l,Y (di^viittMl, tlin Kcnrnil (Mitiinc ovale.
('luiiliil prdiiiM'in Mliort, uiid nitlirr Hlfuidcr. AImIoiik'Ii not. trciiciKUit,
Nlioiicr lliiiii tli() iiiiiil fill, liciid iiiodtfriit<^l,v (u>iiiprcHH«'d, M'vy tdiiiit, tint
Hiioiil idii'iiptly ti'iiiMMito. Moiitli iM'iii'ly liori/oittui, tJM) itiiixillii.iy iciMdi-
iiii; tlin tniddli^ of tlio (\vo; piriiiiixllliuicH protriM'tilr; iiiiuiilnry wiMi-
oitl «liMliiirt> Hiippl(MiM>iit)il lioiu^ .liiwH, votiirr, iitid piiliMJiicH wiMi l»widH
III' villirurtii t<M^tli, tv'liicli \u'{\ dcc.ldiioiiH willi h;;o. Vii'U]H\vvh'> ciitln; in
lli(> iidiilt. (iill rnJioiH HJiort. Oill-iiiotiiiiniiM-s coiiHidcnildy iiiiltc.4i.
HpiuoiiN doiHiil n-prcHontcd l»y Mix lutlHT low HpiiicH, wlilrJi an» vAtu-
wvW\\ by iiKMiilnaiKi in ilit) yoiiii^ and urct iVoo In Mic. adult. In old
H|M>('iiii(iiiH IIm^ HpincH appear Htnati on mtc.oiiiit of cticroacdnncntH of \hv.
tloNii, and iillOnatoiy ofdMi dlHiippcar. Hocond doi-Hal lon^;, ch-vattMl In
fitiiit; niial oppoNitt^ (o it, and Hindlar in form und hI/.c; two Htont, n(;arly
freoNpiiH'H in front of anal, and one (;onn<>(;t4!d witii ttic fin, tliene often diH-
upiHMirin^witli ii(;e. HcalcH Htiiall, hiiiooMi. Lateral line unarmed, litMn
arched; no (raiidal keel. *'Wlieti extremely yoiin^ tlie- pr(^oi»ereiilum Ih
urmt'd at the aii^cle with three large HpineH, an<l Hinsiller ones alM>ve ami
below. The NpinoiiH dorHal Ih clevelojied hh a perfect fin, and teeth are prcH-
entoii tliejawH and palatine arch. In thin Htagc the HpecieH has never
l)c«n (Iea(!rlbod by previouHnaturaliHtH, ami <;onHefpiently ban received no
name, us tho correspouding stage of Naucratea {Nauclerm) haH. At an
a,'
, .'4*Mil
4
V ■
■i •
f • '■ ek
a *
t .
442 C0XTRIBUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTnYOLOGY— ly.
early period the preopcrcular r.pines are absorbed into the substance of
the preoperculum and disappear. The spinous dorsal and tljo teeth are
still retained. In this condition it remains for some time, M,e spinous
dorsal, however, gradually losing its relative size, while the soft vortical
fins increase. In this stage the species belongs to the genus DoUodon
of Girard. At a later period the membrane connecting the dorsiil spines
has become obsolete, and the species then represents the genus Trachi-
notu8j as understood by Cuvier and Valenciennes, and others. Finally
in old age, the teeth of the jaws, palate, and pharyngeal bones have fallen
out, and the lobes of the dorsal, anal, and caudal iins attairtod their
greatest extension and become pointed. This final stage l:as been made
known by Holbrook under the new generic name of Bothrolicmm^ (Gill
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 440). The pseadobrauchiie also dis-
appear in old specimens. The species of Tmchyiotuis are among those
most highly valued as food-fishes, {rpox'j^, rough; vcotu-, back.)
a. Body witliont dark bands.
b. Vertical fins without black.
69«S. T. carolinus (L.) Gill.— Common Pompano.
Uniform bluish above, sides silvery, golden in the adult, without
baitds ; fins plain silvery or dusky. Body oblong ovate, elevated, pro
file forming a gentle curve from the middhi of the back to the snout,
where it descends abruptly. Dorsal and anal falcate, their lobes reach-
ing when depressed nearly to the middle of the lin ; pectoral reaching to
opposite the vent. Gill-rakers short, slender in the young, becoming
thick in the adult. Head 4; depth 2^. D. VI-I, 25; A. II— I, 23. L.
13 inches. West Indies, north to Cape Cod ; the most valued food-fish
of our southern waters.
{Gaatcrosteua carolinm Linn. Syst. Nat.: Trachynotua pampanua GUnther, ii, 484;
Bothrolcemua pampanua Holbrook, Ichtb. S. C. 18G0, 81.)
ih. Vertical fins largely black.
«97. T. ©vatus (L.) Gthr.
Bluish, sides silvery; lobes of the dorsal and anal more or less black.
Body comparatively deep. Head about 4. Depth 1% to 2. D. VI-I,
19 ; A. II — I, 18. In all warm seas ; north to Virginia on our Atlantic
coast.
{Gaateroateus ovatwe L. Syst. Nat.; Gilatber, ii, 481.)
69S. T. Koreensis C. «& V.
Dorsal, anal, and caudal lobes black. Snout obliquely truncated;
maxillary reaching to below the centre of the eye; anterior rays of dor-
^^5?^
75. CABANGIDiE — NAUCRATE8.
443
gal and mal extending beyond the middle of the fins when depressed.
Heatl 4J in total length; depth, 2^; caudal lobes 4. D. VI— 1,20; A.
II-I 17. Florida to Africa. {G'unther.) Not evidently difl'erent from
the preceding.
(Cuv. &. Val. viii, 419; GUntlier, ii, 483.)
aa. L" ily with vertical dark bands.
e09. T. Klaucus Cuv. & Val.
Bluish, sides golden, with four narrow blackish vertical bands, the
first under the first dorsal spine, the second under the fifth, the others
under the soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins falcate, much elevated ante-
riorly, reaching beyond base of caudal ; caudal lobes elongate. Head
3|; depth 2. D. Vl-1, 19; A. II-I, 18. Pyloric cceca 13. Tropical
sejis, north to Virginia and Lower California.
(Cuv. & Val. viii, 400; Giliither, ii, 4S:J; Ilolbrook, Ichth. S". C. 192.)
I '•;
;.#
'•■' -V '■
936.— NAIJCRA.TES Raiiuesque.
Pilot-fishes.
(^ouoZerusCuvier; youug.)
(Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alciini Nnovi Genori, &c., 1810, 44: typo NaucraUa conductor
Raf. = Gastcroateus doctor L. )
This genus differs from Seriola only in the reduction of the spinous
dorsal to a few (4 or 5) low, unconnected spines. The young {Ifauclerus
Cuv.) have the spines of the dorsals connected by membrane, and a more
or less distinct strong spine at the angle of the operculum. A single
species, in the open seas, (vawz.oarij?, ruler of the ships, i. e. holding ships
fast — a name apjplied by the ancients to Echeneis and other fishes.)
700. N. ductor (Linn.) Raf.— P;?o<-/8/i; Romero.
Bluish, with five to seven dark vertical bars. Body rather elongate,
little compressed. Snout rather blunt. Mouth terminal, oblique, small ;
maxillary scarcely reaching orbit. Caudal keel large, fleshy; pectorals
short and broad; ventrals rather large. Head 4 in length; depth 4.
D. IV — I, 26 ; A. II — I, IG. In all warm seas ; occasional on our Atlaiitic
coast.
{Gaateroateua ductor Linn. Syst. Nat. : Naucratea noveboracenaia Cuv. & Val. viii, 325;
Gttutlier, ii, 374.)
;■ hi
4-i'l CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTIIYOLOGY^iy.
.' K
'■•r^'
■• ■■•y
ill-' « i
SSY.-SGRIOLA Cnvicr.
Amber-JinhM.
{UaUUractiu Gill.)
(CavicT, Ri^gno Anim. cd. 9, ii, 18iK): typo Coraiw dHHMWN Risso.)
Bodj' oblong, modemtely coini)ro88iHi, not olovttttHl. Occiput and breast
not trenchant. Hwul usually nioro or loss conical, not very blunu
Mouth eoniparativoly largo, with bri>ad bands of villiform tooth on both
jaws, tongue, vomer, and palatinos; a briNul, 8tn>ng, suppleiuontal niaxil.
illary Iwne; premaxillarioa protnurtile. Scales sunill. Lateral lino
8e4UX!el,v arcluHl, forming a kot^l on the caudal i>edunole, not arnioil with
lH)ny ])lates. Sides of head with seniles. First dorsal with about sovou
low sp OS, counecteil by membrane ; second dorsiU very long, olovattnl
in fi*ont ; anal similar to the soft dorsal but not nearly so long, shorter
than the alHlomen, juxhumUhI by two very suuill fhni spines, which dis-
appear in old ilshes; no llnlols; ventral ttns voi-y long; pectonds vshort
and broad. Gill-mkors nuHlemte. Species of moderate or larjje sizo,
often gracefully coloivd; most of them valued as f(HHl-tlshos. This
genus should pi-obably ha united to yancrates. (Nmo/rt, the Itnliaii
name of ^\ dumei^!!L)
TOI. S. Inlnndl Cuv & Ynl—Yvnow-ML
Bright steel-blue above, sides dull silvery, an irivgular yellowish
lateral band; llns ilusUy yellowish green; ciimlal dull yellow. HoiJy
ivgularly fusiform, st)mo\vliat compivssod, tapering to the sharp snout
and siender wiudal pod.mcle. Maxillary ivach ing fmnt of pupil. Month
not very large. ill rakers long and strong. Head naked, except on
the cheeks. Fins scaleloss. Caudal keel moderate ; caudal Uduvs noarly
eqiml. Spines of ntoderate development, the five anal spines disappear
ing with ago. Pectorals shorter than vcntrals, vliich aixi half lenjilh of
head; longest dorsal ray I ho'ght of body. Pyloric cummi very nniuor
ous. ne;;d 4; depth 4. I). V to Vll-1, .W; A. 11-1,21. L. .Meet. In
most warin sea^; abundant in summer about the Santa liarbani Islituds
s;
also (K'casional on the South Atlantic coast. An excellent footl-llsh.
(Guv. &Vul. ix, yiW, IKW; GHnthcr, ii, 4(Ul: Snioln mirmUtata Srhlogo!, I'nun,
Japan. PoiiM. 115, pi. (ii>)
TO)l. 8. rlvoliltnit On\ . •!&. Vnl.— /fixjl- Salmon.
(3olor ur.iform ; an oblique black band l\'om the nape tlimugh the oyc
to the pivorbital. Snout conicjil, 1 J times the diameter of t he eye. Max-
illary not rcaching the vertical from coutro of pupil. Back, nock, and
i ■;;
75. CARANGID-E — SERIOLA
445
ftlHiomon alijjlitly pompi"csar<\. Voutmls rtMc!uii{j vont; soft dorsal
f;il('j»to. its luM{?Vir in lonfjjth. Scalos small. IVpth .'V|; IuvkI 4. 1>.
VII, I. '29', A. II, I, HI ; Lrtt. 1. rtbout 131. {Oiinther.) i'ojust of Hraztl
to Florida.
■ Chv. iS: V^ivl. ix. 207 : Si^riohi h'niaricHit;!' f^iMht^r, ii, 4'M: Striola f»<)M«ir»>ii.'»i/f Om>«lo iV
H,<»u. rnu\ U. 8. Naf. Mus. ii. 187l>. Vii): f Seriolahow" Ciiv. & Vul. ix, iiOl*; Liltlvini,
Siwli* Alliu>ti*'«» 188(), WM: Utriula jalcaUit CJiluthor, ii, 41)4.)
}0S. §. stcnrnsil Ooodo «.<& Honn.
Color bluish aUovo, whitish boiieath, a band of uTiHMiish ytilow jis
\vid«^ n*' tho oyo extondinfj fmin tho proopori'lo to tho oxtriMuity of Mu>
tail; tins {fix^ouish; tnuos of bands on tho «>i)on*lo. Hotly subfnsiforni,
highest at orijjin of socond tlorsal, thcnci" taporinjj ovt'nly to snt)ut and
tail. Caudal ihmIuiu'Io soiaowhat dopwssod, with lateral oarinai and
stwnj?^''''"'*^'^'*''^** {{roovos above and below; nnixillary iTaehinj; vertie^il
(torn middle of orbit* Teeth viUiforin in jaws, on vonuvi, palatines, aiul
inouo nietlian awd two lateral series o»i ionjjfuiv Scales small on tho
oheeks, none on lin»b of preo»'i»veie or the rtMuainder of the hea«l. Head
;{iinlenjjth; depth 4j{. Eye (5^ in head. D. VII-I, 31$; A. II-I, 10.
[Cnmie i('- licnn.) Gulf of Mexii^o, north to Pensaeohu
(l^HHlo A Hoivn. V. S. Nut. Mus, 1871). ■1>^ )
TOI. S. T.onnta (.Mitoh.) 0. A: V.—liuddcr Finh.
llliiish above, white below; sides with about lm>ad blaek bars,
Ihc fonninj; thive larjje blotches on the dorsal an<l two on tho anal;
thi> bars jjrowiu}; faint or disappearinjj with ajje; an oblique dark
band fix>m the spinous dorsal tt) the eye, the space above this olivaceous;
spinous dorsal black; ventrals niostly black. Head lonjjer than dwp;
pixUUc desccudiu}' in a gentle curve; top of head to base of dorsal fbi
wmpix'ssed. Mouth iu\i:'ly horizontal ; nuixillary irachinj; to beU>\v tho
miihlle of orbit. IVctorals small, wumled, as lonjr as the eye and snout ;
v»>ntmla two-Miiixls length of hea«l. Vent beliind middle of body.
Head 3i in length ; depth, 3^. l\ VIl-I, 38 ; A. ll-I, L*!. L, 30 inchea.
Oai>oOo«l to Florida; rather coinnum.
(Stomyr sotctlun Mitch. Trinm. I.lt. niid Phil. Soo. N. Y. lHir», 427; Gllntlior, ii, 4(V>:
Aiio/n <vn)/»»»fM«iV lloll). lohth. 8. V. lHtU),7ii; l\x»m8«>ntl» Camlinn, wants tho vorticnl
li;m(l«, lint is not othi<rwi:<o ohvtously tlitV(<n<nt ; lliis iii duubtlvsa duo to iucrunturd
.ij!:<\ «« HoU>i\wk*H typo WIV8 ovor two foot in h-ngth.)
»J«. §. ftesclntn (Hlooh) Cr.v. A Vttl.
l^rtHMiish alM>ve, yellow below ; body with sixteen narn>w and somtv
wimt irregular brriwn cmasbands, arranged in pairs; those between
* Hotly doopor, oyo Inrjjfcr, spvnos stoiUor, and oandul hnmdor than in S. dnmfrili.
D. VII-I, ai; A. II-I, SiO. Sllvwy wLu » brown tou»iH>rftl band. South Carolina.
lOw. ^ Val.)
f -I
■ vN.
h
'■if'' '1
S 4 fi '
««
' ' **'
* Mgfcfc^
■* r "l
"^^^^^^^^1
^^p
^HH
I'Ni-
'''HUbiM
.>^mm
,fli
yM-i ^ 1:. - .
446 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY— ly.
the soft dorsal and anal extend on those fins, forming fire blotches on
the former and three on the latter; a blackish band between the eyes-
ventrala black. Head short, deeper than long ; profile convex. Dorsal
and anal fins not elevated. D. VII-I, 30 j A. II, 20. {Cuv. & Val]
Coast of South Carolina.
(Scomber faaciatua Bloch. Iclith. taf. 341; Gliiithor, ii, 4t)4; Cuv. «& Val. ix 21t-
Zonichthi/s" faaviatus Swuiuson, Class. Fish. 1839, 248.)
3a§.— EliAUATIS Bennett.
Yellow Taih.
(Seriolichtinja Bleeker: Decapiua Poey. )
(Bennett, Narrative of a -whaling voyage, ii, 283, 1840 : type Seriola bipinnulata, Qnoy
& Gaimard.)
Second dorsal and anal long, each with one detached finlet composed
of two rays. Otherwise as in Seriola.. {ijXaxdrrj, a spindle.)
V06. E. pinnulatns Pucy.
Bluish, with two longitudinal bluish bauds, yellowish below. Body
fusiform, very elongate. Cheeks scaly. Maxillary reaching a little be-
yond nostrils. Eyes 7 J in head. Caudiil keel feeble ; caudal lobej' i ^
long. Pectorals pointed, halfas long as head. Fins not scaly. Two rajs
connected by membrane in each finlet. Head43; depth 5J. D. VI-I,
26-11; A. ir-I, 17-11. L. 2 J feet. {Poey.) West Indies, north to
Florida: rare.
(<SerJo?a2)t»m«/«<a Poey, Momorias, ii, 233, 1858.)
'3a».— SCOmBIBOIDES Lacdpi^de.
Leather-jacJcets.
(Lacdpfcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 52,1802: type Scomberoidcs noeli Lac.)
Body compressed, oblong or lanceolate. Caudal peduncle slender,
not keeled. Head short, compressed, acute. Occipital keel sharp.
Mouth rather large, with small sharp teeth in bands on jaws, tongue,
vomer, and palatines, and sometimes on the pterygoids. Jaws about
equal, the upper not protractile ; maxillary very narrow, without dis-
tinct supplemental bone. Gill-rakers rather long. Scales small in our
species, linear, and extremely narrow, embedded in the skin at diO'ereut
angles. Lateralline unarmed. Dorsal spines rather strong, 3 to 7 in
number, nearly free in the adult; second doisal very long, its posterior
rays penciliated and nearly or quite disconnected, forming fiulets; uual
* The genus ZonichthyH Swainson, 1. c, based on tliis species is cbaraoteriKed by the
deep hood, its depth at the ooc>put being greater than its length. {Zovoi, z,ouo; i]fiv(,
fish.)
7G. POMATOMIDJE.
447
rather longer than soft dorsal, much longer than the abdomen, its last
j^ys forming similar finlets ; anal spines strong j ventral fins depres-
sible in a groove; pectoral fins very short. Species numerous in the
tropical seas. The American species belong to the subgenus or genus
OligopU'GS, characterized by the toothless pterygoids and the peculiar
gcales. The dorsal spines are seven in Scombroiclcs proper {Chonnemua
Cuvier),,the pterygoids are armed with teeth, and in most of the species
the scales are normally developed. {^xt)/i,3po^j mackerel; e{(5«?, like.)
a. No pterygoid teotli; scales linear, embedded (OUgopUtea* Gill.)
TOT. S. OCCldcntalls (Liun.) J. & Q.— Leather-jacket,
Blnish above, bright silvery below; fins yellow. Body lanceolate,
glendar. Eye as long as snout, about 4 in head; opercles short.
Maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit. Scales very long and
oarrow, embedded in the skin, placed obliquely at angles with each
other, their appearance unlikeordinary scales. Fins low; pectoral as
long as eye and snout; caudal very deeply forked, the lobes equal.
Head 5 in length; denth 4. D. V, 1,20; A. 11— I, 20. Both coasts of
Central America, and West Indies, north to New York and Lower Cali-
fornia; not rare southward.
[Gaatci'oatem occidenfalis Linn. Syst. Nat.: Chorinemna occiilen talis GUuther, ii, 47.5;
OligopUles oooifkntalis GU\, Troc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Philj«. 186J, lOG.)
Family LXXVI.— POMATOMID^.
{The Blue-fishes.)
Body oblong, comj^ressed, covered with rather small scales, which
are weakly ctenoid. Caudal peduncle rather stout. H(^ad large, com-
pressed Mouth large, oblique. Premaxillaries protractile. Maxillary
DC '■! ,Hng under 'he preorbital, provided with a large supplemental
'")i, ' ver jaw projecting; bands of villiform teeth on vc/nor and pal-
atines, i ' '0 on the vomer forming a triangular patch; jaws each with a
Ringle series of very strong, compressed, unequal teeth, widely set; upper
)aw .vith an inner series of small depressed teeth ; villiform teeth on the
base of the tongue. Occipital keel strong ; free edge of preopercle pro-
duced and serrated. Gill -membranes free from the isthmus, not united.
Brancbiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchise
Irgo. Gill-rakers slender, rather few. Opercle ending in a flat point.
llik.)ks and opercles scaly. Lateral line present, unarmed. Dorsal
*Gill Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 166: type Oaaterosleua occidentalU L.
(o,li/os, few ; oaXirtfi, attaed.)
to
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111
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i* - ■
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448 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHTOLOGY— -ly.
fins 2, the anterior of about 8 weak, low spines, connected by mfimbrano
and deprossiblo in a groove ; second dorsal long, similar to the eloncate
anal, both fins being densely scaly ; fln-rays slender. Two very small
free, anal spines, sometimes hidden in the skin. Ventrals thonunc I 5
Pectorals rather short. Caudal flu forked, the lobes broad. Aii-biad.
dor simple, with thin walls. Pyloric ccoca very numerous. Yort^bne
104-14, as in Carangidcc. A single species, found in nearly j^ll warm
seas. This family is closely related to the CarangidtBj from which groan
it is an oflshoot toward the Percoids.
{CarangidtB, gouus Timnodon Qiinthor, ii, 479-480.)
980.— POItlATOMirS Lac6pesde.
Blue-fish,
(^Temnodon Cuvior.)
(LacdpMp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 430, 1802: typo Pomatomm akih l-tao. :=Ga»terostnu sal
tutrix h.)
Characters of t u« genus included above, {izw/ia, operculum ; To/ui?
cutting; from the serrated preopercle.)
1'0§. P. snitator (L.) Gill.— />/wc-^«ft; Qnen-jUh; Skip-jack.
Bluish or givenish, silvery below; a black blotch at base of pectoral.
Body r«>bust, moderately Compressed ; belly compressed to a bluntish
edge. Head deep ; top of hejul and a ridge on each side above tbo
cheeks naked. Cheeks much longer than the opercles. Pectorals placed
rather low, their length a little more than half that of the head. Head
3J; depth 4. D. VIII-I, 25; A. 11-1,20; Lat. 1.95. L. 3 feet. Atlantic
and Indian Oceans; of late years very abundant on our Atlantic coast;
a large, voracious flsh, extremely destructive toother fishes; valued for
food.
{Perca mltatnx L. Syst. Nat. xi, 17()0, i, 293: Gasteroaleua saltaMx L. Syst. Nat. xii,
1766: TcmvodoH mllator Cuv. & Val. ix, £25: Tcmnodon naltaior Storer, Hist. Fish.
Iilu88. 300: Tcmnodon saUator Gilnthor, ii, 479.)
Family LXXVI (&).— NOMEID^.
( The Nomeids.)
Scombroid fishes with the body oblong, more or less compressed,
covered with cycloid scales of moderate size. Vertebra) more thaa
10 -f 14, as in Scombndcc and Stromatcidac. Mouth large or small,
usually with minute teeth; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary narrow.
Gill- membranes separate, free from the isthmus; pseudobranchioe large.
No tooth-like processes in the oesophagus. Preopercle entire, or crenu-
77. 8tromateid;e.
449
lute. Lateral line unarmed. Ventrals thoracic, l, 5, sotnotinjoa depress-
ible in a deep groove in the abdomen. Dorsal fins separate ; the spines
usually feeble, connected by membrane. Soft dorsal lon;^, sometimes
flith linlets; anal tin similar to soft dorsal, without free s])ines; caudal
pBilutide shuuVer, the flu widely forked. Pyloric cieca numerous, (rcn-
era 5 > species about 10. Fishes of the tropical seas.
(Scomhridw, jjroup Nomeina Oilnthor, ii, 387-;K)2.)
i, Cluft <>f mouth narrow; veutrnlH roccivoil in a «loop ^jroovo in tlio abdomnn.
NOMKUS, 231.
aSl.-NOItlEUS Cuvicr.
(Ciivior, R^jJ;no Aniin. 1817; typo Gohiuit gro!>ovU (iinolin.)
Body oblouff, rather comiirossed, covered with rather small cycloid
scales. JTead Hattish above; occipital crest little developed; cleft of
the mouth narrow. Teeth small, in a single series in the jaws; teeth
on the vomer and palatines. Pseudobranchia) large. First dorsal with
10 or 1 1 spines ; second dorsal and anal very long, similar to each other,
ffjtliout (inlets ; anal flu with 3 rather strong spines, none of them free ;
caudal lin not deeply forked ; ventral lins long and broad, attached to
the belly by a membrane, depressible in a deep furrow in the abdomen.
Lateral line running high. Air-bladder present. Pyloric c<Bca very
numerous. Vertebrro 10 + 25. Warm seas, {vo/xshi;, pastor; early
travellers having compiled the fish to a mullet, herder or berger in
Dutch.)
r09. I¥. SfronovH (Gmel.) Gthr.
Brownish above, silvery below, the sides below with large round
brown spots; ventrals black, with silvery edgings; anal with 3 brown
spots. Maxillary reaching to below the front of the eye; vimtrals
reaching front of anal, pectorals still further. D. X-I, 20; A. Ill,
26. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans; north to
Florida.
{CoUm gronovli Gmelin, Syet. Nat. 1788, 1205: Nomcus mauritU Cnv. &, Val. ix, 243:
Glinther, ii, 387.)
Family LXXVIL— STROMATEIDiE.
{The Broad Shintirs.)
Scombroid fishes, with the body compressed and more or less ele-
vated, covered with small or minute cycloid scales. Profile anteriorly
blunt and rounded. Mouth small. Premaxillaries protractile or not.
Dentition feeble ; no teeth on vomer or i)alatine8 j (esophagus armed
Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 10 29
»• M^^i
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1
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It.
f
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8-1 t , t
450 coNTiiimrnoNs to north American ichtiiyolooy — ^iv.
with miiiuMous lioniy, biirbod or hooked tootli. dills 4, a slit Itchind
tho Ibiirtli. (iill-iiiciubnincs oiilicr IVoo or more or less JoiiH-d i„ tli«
istUums. (lill-r.ikcrs rather Ion;;. I'soudobranchiie presont. (!h(>(\lis
8oaly. PrcoporcUuMitlro or sorrato. Lateral lino well developed, d,,,.
sal (In single, lon^, with the spines few or weak, often obsolete ; anal fin
lon;jf, similar to the soft dorsal, nsiially with three snniU spines, whinii
are often depressiblo in a fold of skin; ventrals thoracic or in;,MiI;u
normally 1, 5, bnt sometimes reduced or aUo;;ether wantin;;; caudallin
lunate or forked. Usually no air-bladdiT. Pyloric cceca coiniiioidv mi.
niero.ts Vertebrannore than 10 -fit. (leiuira about 5; species 25-;{o.
Sujall IIsIh's, f«)und in most warm seas. The two std)fami!ies, bolli rcpro
sonted in our waters, diil'iM* wi<lely from each other in general iippcar-
ance, but ajxree iti the singular character of teeth in the (esophagus.
{S<n)mhruliv and Carangidw, pt. Oiluthcr, ii, ;U)7-4lM, 48.'). Oonoru Siromakua, Ccntro-
h>pbu8, and I'ammclns.)
•Vi'iitral <lus iiiiimto or alwonfc; opercular bonos ontiro; sralos luiimto; caudid fm
forki'd; ])roiiia\illarios nof. protracfcilo. (Stroinntcimr.)
a. Caudal peduuclu uut koulud; gill-tuuiubraucH i'ruo from tho iHtluiiiiH.
Stuomatkhs, 23'J.
•' Vontral tins woll dovolopod; V.I, 5; soalos innilorato ; pnmiaxillnricH protnvdilo;
caiidal lunato. {l'vn(roloi>hiniv.)
b. Dorsal wpiiuvs »h(»rfc and Htout; preopordo, intoroperdo, and Hubopcircln fluolv
w'rrato Lnais, m
aS4.-SirilOITIAVCVS Linna^nH.
irarrcst Fkhcs.
{PcprihiH and lihombun Cnvior: PoronotuH (lill.)
<Artcdi; Linnanis, Sysfc. Nat. : typti StroinaUms Jlatola L.)
Body ovate or suborbicular, strongly compressed, tapering into ii
slender caudal peduncle, whicli is not keeled or shielded. Head short,
compressed, the protile obtuse. Mouth suuill, terminal, the jaws sub
equal. Prenuixillaries not i)rotractile. Jaws each with a single series
of weak teeth. Scales very small, cycloid, silvery, looselv inserted,
extending on the vertical fins. Opercular bones entire, (lillineni
branes separate, free from the Isthmus; gillrakers moderate. Lateral
line continuous, concurrent with the back. Dorsal llu long, nioro or
less olevat* d in front, i)receded by a few indistinct spines— usually one
or more ]> ocumbent spines in front of dorsal and anal, each of these
with a free point both anteriorly mid posteriorly; anal fin similar to
dorsal, or shorter, usually with three small spines; ventral fins wanting
in the adult, a rudiment sometimes visible in the young; a single small,
77. STROMATEID^. — STROMATEUS.
ArA
sliiirp spine, nttmihed to tho pnbic boiK^, often oc<!Up.vinff tho pincc of
ilio veiitmlH; pectomlH loii^ an<l narrow. <)au<liil \vi(]<>l,v forked. H])c-
(iPH iiiuncrouH. {rrrpw/iarto^, an anciunt natrio of Home brijfhtly (colored
lisli ill the Ited Sea; from nrfxh/in, a bedqnilt.)
„ Vriitnil ihis obHoIoto ; ])«<lvio ^pill(^ pn^mMit.
ii. Doi'Hiil aiifl (inal IhiH ialciitci, tlK^i*' unlcrinr rayn tniiili lon^rr than ili« head;
l«»(ly Hiihorliic.iilar. (lihoinhiiH* Lar/^pnlo.)
flO. f*. lll«|»ldotQI.% (I/.) .1. & (l.—Ilarvmt FIbIi.
(Ireenisli above, golden-yellow ix'low. Body Hiiborbienliir, bonnded
liycvcn curveH. Month very Hinall, oblicine, nuixillary reuchinff front
of orbit. No pores alonj; tiie Hides of ihii ba(^k. Ptujtorals shorU'r than
liciul, rciiehing half way to eandal ; soft dorsal and anal fins falcate, the
loii;jfcst rays of anal nearly lialf lenj^thof bcdy; (;aiidal lobes eqnal
SaloH tliin and de(!i<liioMs, not very small. ]I(^a<l 3; d<4)th li^. J). 45;
,\. 40; liiit. 1. about 00. Vcrtobrui 15-f 15. Capo Cod to South Amer-
ieii; (ioinmonost southward.
[Chwioihm alcpidotm L. 8,VHt. Nat. : S/rrnopttfx ijariUnii HI. & Schii. 1801, 41)4 : Rhomhut
liiH(;i'/)i«ni» Cuv, & Val. ix, 401 : StmmuteuH (ianU'ttu{i\\\\i\\i'r, ii, IIOU. )
U\, DorHal and anal fliiH not i'alcatc;, tlu^ir anterior rayH Hliortur than tlio head ; form
ovato.
c. No 8<U"i«H of larjxo port'H alonj; tlio Hich'H of tho l»ack.
fll. S. loinBiflDifilius AyrcH.— (V«7(/"«rn(rt I'ompatio.
Bluish abovi^, bri{^ht!y silver^' below; iins ]>nnctnlate; anterior lobes
of dorsal and anal dusky-ed|jfed. Body ovate, blunt anteriorly, with a
short, slender tail, the caudal tin widely forkc^d. Mou. . very small,
temiiiial, the maxillary extending to the eye. Teeth very feeble. (Jill-
iiikers short, slender, less than hali" diameter of «'yo. ICyesmall. One or
L'prociunbent sjunes before the dorsal; lonj^est rays of dorsal ^ of head;
piiliic spine small; pc^ctorals lonjjer than head; no i)oreH ahmg base of
dorsal. Spines of dorsal and anal very small or entirely obsolete. S(!ale8
small, silvery, deciduous. Head 4 ; depth 2. 1). JIT, 4(5; A.III, 40. L.
lOinclies. Pacific coast of United States; abundant in suinincir; highly
prized as a food-fish.
(PoyouotiiH HimiUimuH Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ISoO, 84.)
n. Aspries of larno pores along tho hawi of tlio doiHiJ fin. {Poronotuii\ Gill.)
713. ilii. ll'incantBlll!^ Pock. — I)oUa>'-Jinh; Jlaivcst-JlHh ; liuiicr-finh; La raiidlc.
Bluish above, below silvery. Body oval, much compressed. Dorsal
'Lacijpodc, Hist. Nat. PoIhh. ii, 321, 18()0: typo Chwtodon alepidoUiB L. (^(jonftoi,
rliDiiib. ) *
tfiill, Cat. Fisli. East Coast N. Am. If^l, 35 (not characterized): typo Stromateua
lriaraH</i«« Peck, (jr opt}?, pore; rairo?, back.)
ii
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452 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICFITHYGLOOY-— iv.
and veiitrnl outlines about equally curved. Snout very blunt, rouiMh^
in proille. Mouth SLiall, the niaxillaiy not reaching the orbit, ('uiidai
peduncle very short; anterior rays of dorsal and anal little i'lcvatwl
Lateral line high, a series of conspicuous pores above it near tU{\ base
of the dorsal. Pet'-torals much longer than head. Gill-nikcrs latlui
long, 5 diameter of the eye, which is 4 in head. Head 4; depth li.'.
D. HI, 45; A. HI, 38. L. 10 inches. Maine to Cape Hattcras; very
abundant.
(P»?ck, Muui. Auiur. Aoad. ii, 48: Ithombua cryptonm Cuv. & Val. is, 408; Giiiithor n
398.) ■ ' '
383.— LIRV8 Lowo.
Eudder-Jinhes.
{Palinuru8 DeKay, proocciipiert in Crustttcoa: Palinunohthija Gill: Pammclm GUnther.)
(Leirus hosvo, Prrto. Zool. Soc. Loiid. 1839, 82: typo Leiriia bennotti Lowo = Ccntrolophio,
ovaliaC. & V.)
Body ovate, compressed, more elongate and less compressed than in
Stromatem. Profile very blunt and convex. Mouth moderate ; inaxil
lary narrow, with a small su[)plemental bono; i>romaxillaries protii\'!
tile, little movable. Jaws nearly eipial, eiujh with about one series of
small, slender teeth ; no teeth on vomer or palatines, rreoperculmn
interoperculum, and suboperculum finely serrated. Gill-rakers Ion;;;
gilj-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Scales small, smooth;
larger, thicker, and more adherent than in Stromateiis, Cheeks scaly.
Fins rather low; dorsal fin long, preceded by C-8 short but ratlier
strong spines, the Last ones connected by membrane, the others nearly
free; anal fin similar but shorter, preceded by 3 spines, which, like tlie
dorsal spines, are nearly imbedded in thick skin ; vortical fins doiiscly
scaly towards their bases; caudal fin emarginato; caudal peduncle
stout; ventral fins large, thoracic, 1,5; pectoral fins moderate, rounded
or falcate. Two species, differing from the European genus CentrohpJm
chiefly in the development of the dorsal spines^ which in the latter genus
are indistinguishable from the soft rays, {htpo^, thin.)
713. £•. perciformis (Mitoh.) J. & Q.—Rudder-flah.
Blackish grtien, everywhere dark, the belly scarcely paler and not
silvery. Eye rather large, with an adipose eyelid, its diameter nearly
equal to the snout, 4.J in head. Maxillary reaching to opposite frout
of pupil. Top of head naked, covered with small mucous pores. Pec-
torals nearly as long as head. Head 3^; depth 2 J. D. VII, I, 21; A.
78. LAMPRIDIDiE — LAMPRIS.
453
III, 1f>; Tjat. 1. 75. L. 1 foot. Maine to Capo Ilatteras; rather com-
mon northward.
(Coriiphmna prrmformis Mitch. Amcr. Moiitli. Mag. ii, 1818,244: PalinuruH pcrciformit
Ih'Kny. Now York Fanna, FIhIi. 184ii, 118: I'alinuriclUhyii perciformiti Hill, Pioc. Acad.
,\at. IS*:'- I'liiltt- 1H60: Pammdm pcrcifornm Giliither, ii, 485.)
Family LXXVIII.— LAMPRIDIDiE.
(The Opalis.)
Body ovate, compressed, and elevated, covered with minute, very
deciduous, cycloid scales. Head small, rather pointed. Mouth small,
terminal, without teeth, its angle with slits in the skin to permit the
motion of the jaws, as in Orcynus. Premaxillaries protractile. Opercu-
lar bones entire. Dorsal fln single, very long, elevated, and falcate in
front, without distinct spines ; anal long and low, not at all falcate ;
both tins depressible in a groove; ventral flns thoracic, but behind the
pectorals, composed of 14 to 17 rays; pectoral flns large, falcate, their
bases horizontal; caudal fln moderately forked, its peduncle short and
slender, without keel. Lateral line present, much arched in front.
Brancliiostegals 6. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus. (Esophagus
not armed with spinous teeth. Air-bladder large, bifurcate behind. Py-
loric appendages very numerous. Vertebrte 45. Fishes of large size
and gorgeous coloration, inhabiting the open Atlantic. A single genus
witb one or two species.
(Scombridw, genus Lampr'u, Glintber ii, 415, 410.)
934.— liAIVIPRIS Retzius.
Opahs.
(Retzius, Nyn Ilandlung, iii, 91, 1799 : typo Zeua guttatun Brlinnich = Zeua luna Gmelin.)
Characters of the genus included above, {kainrpu^^ radiant.)
714. Ii. gnttatns (Brilnnicb) Rotz. — Opah; Eing'Jiah ; Sun-fish.
Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on the belly; everywhere
with round silvery spots; head, opercles and back with ultramarine tints,
jivws and flns vermilion; flesh red. Longest dorsal ray shorter than
pectorals, which are nearly as long as the head. Anal very low in
front, a little higher behind. Head 3^; depth If. D. 54; A. 40; V.
14-17. Vert. 23-f22. L. 3-4 feet. {Lowe.) Atlantic, occasional ofif
Newfoundland. One of the most gorgeously colored of fishes.
{Zeus guttatna Briinnicli, Danako. Sulslc. SIcr. iii, 1788, 398: Zeua luna Omclin, Syst.
Nat. 1788, 1225: Lampfin luna Uiiuther, ii, 416; Cuv. & Val. x, 39: Lampria lauta Lowe,
Fish. Madeira, 27.)
•»:'^!
ill
4
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» ; f '
454 CONTUIBUTIONS TO NOUTII AMERICAN ICIITnYOLOOY— IV
Family LXXIX.— CORYPITiENID^E.
{The Dolphins.) •
Itody oloiifjato, corn pressed, covered with smjill cycloid scales, (i^.f^
of the month wide, obliiiiiu, the lower Jaw projecting?. Cardilorm t«M'tli
in the ,juw» and on the vomer and palatine boncHj a i)atch of vijlirorn,
teeth on the tongue; no teeth on the (esophaguH. ()per(!ular hones
entire. Skull with a crest, which is much more elevated in tin; iidnlt
than in the jonn/jf. A sinj^le, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated
extending from the nape nearly t^ the caudal iin; anal siniil;ii-, but
shorter; both without distinct spines; pectoral fins very short iind
small ; ventrals well developed, thoracic, I, 5, partly received into a
groove in the abdomen ; caudal fin widely forked. Lateral line i)r(>,s('iit.
Gill mend)ranes free from the isthnuis. liranchiostegals 7; no jisciido
branchiae No air-bladder. Pyloric appendages very numerous. V'ertc
bne m(n*e than 10 + 14. A single genus, with six or eight species. Very
large fishes, inhabiting the high seas in warm regions, noted for tlioir
l)rilliant and changeaWc colors. To this family belongs the Dolpliin
or Dorade of the ancients, Corypha'na hippiirus L.
{Scombridw: gouuH Corj/phwna Giiiithur, li, 404-408.)
933. CORVPIIiENA Linnimis.
Dolphim. '
(Lamptigus C &V.', young or crcstless forms.) ,
(Linnipns, Syst. Nat.: typo Cor!n>hwna hq)piiru8 L.)
Characters of the genus included above. The species are not well
known, having been unduly nndtiplied by authors, {xopt'xpatvaj the name
apidied by Aristotle to Coriiphwna hippurus^ from xm^oo?, helmet; ^«cvw,
to show.)
•Jiff. C. piinctulnta (Cnv. mid Val.) Gihr.— Spotted Dolphin.
Sea-green, silvery below, with scattered black spots on the sides and
back ; a series of distant rounded spots along the base of the dorsal
fln ; head with brown st^'nes. Body elongate, compressed, taporin";
gently backwards; profile very convex, snout blunt. Mouth large,
oblique; maxillary reaching middle of orbit. Pectorals short, falcate;
ventrals long and rather narrow. Eye large, nearly as long as snont.
Head 4 J ; depth about a. " D. 51 ; A. 25." Warmer parts of the
Atlantic, occasional on our coast.
{Lampuffus jmnctulatua Cxiv. aud Val. ix, 327: GUntber, ii, 408: 1 Coryphcena cquiscli
L. Syat. Nat.)
80. BRAM1.')/B — PTERACLI8.
455
ii
710. r> Aueurl Ctiv. &. Vol.
This s|)(;cieH appearato differ from thopr(ice<1iiif;in tlio iiKTcuHod iiuin-
iHToriiii rays. Tlio clovatod crest represented in DeKny's fl^^nreof his
^^i\(jlobiecpH^ is a character of very old individuals. "D. 04; A. 20."
(Ci/r.«tKa/.) "D. 0.'J; A.29." {DeKay.) Atlantic coasts of the United
Stiitos; rare.
(Cuv. &, Vttl. ix, 302 : Coryphwna glohlrrpit DoKay, Now York F»unn, Fi«li. 1842, 132.)
Family LXXX.— BIlAMIDiE.
{The liramoldH.)
Body oblonpfor elevated, compressed, covered with cycloitl or spinona
scales. Mouth wide, oblique; the jaws, vomer, an«l palatines provideil
with sm dl teeth. Promaxillaries protractile. Snout more or less ob-
tii8« and convex. Dorsal and anal ftns very lon^, both more or less
elevated; ventrals thoracic or juf?ular, the nund)er of rays usually not
1, 5. Branchiostegals 7. I'seudobhinchia', i>r(^sent. Pyloric append-
ages few. Vertebno more than 10 + 14. Genera 4 ; species about 10,
ii)habitin{; the open seas.
(Scombridw : g(Mi«ra Jirama, Taracteit, and rteraclin VA\\\{\xv)T, ii, 408-411.)
•Dorsal fin very l)ij?h, extending from the forehead to the euudal fin, romj»oHed of very
sleiwler, inurticulatuMpineH; anal tin tiiniilar; ventral fins jngnlar. (Pteraelinw.)
a. Jaws, vomer, and palatines with Hinall teeth ; air-bladder very Hmall.
I'tkuaclis, 23G.
936.— PTEKACL18 Gronovins.
(GronoviuB, Act. Hoi vet. vii, 44, 1772: type Coryphwva velifera PalhiH.)
Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate-sized cycloid, lobat^
or omarginate scales. Eye large. Dorsal liu very much elevated, ex-
tending from the forehead to the base of the caudal, composed of filiform
spines, its form triangular, its base scarcely less than the total length
of the flsh ; anal fln similar in form, also composed of slender fniglle
8i)ines ; ventrals jugular, nearly un.ler the eye, long, of 4-0 slender rays.
PsondobranchijB present. Air-bladder very small. Most of the species
of this singular genus inhabit the Indian Ocean, (rre/x)^, fin or wing;
xktiu), to close. " The name indicating the double rows of scales which
embrace the bases of the two vertical iins.")
717. P. carolinus Cnv. & Val.
Silvery, with bluish reflections. Mouth larger, scales larger, and
fourth ray of the dorsal stouter thaii in other species. D. LII j A. LXI V.
I !i.
! 1
I
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456 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
Coast of South Carolina; known only from a mntilated specimen t inches
long, evidently the j'oung of some pelagic species.
(Cuv. & Vul. ix, 368; GUnther, ii, 411.)
Family LXXXI.— ZENID^.
(The Dories.)
Body short, deep, much compressed and elevated, naked, or covered
with minute scales, or with bony protuberances. Teeth small, in narrow
bands or single series, on the jaws and vomer and sometimes on the
palatines. Mouth rather large, terminal, the upper jaw protractile.
Eyes lateral. Opercles and other bones about the head often armed
with spines. Branchiostegals 7 or 8. Gill-membranes little united, free
from the isthmus. Pseudobranchiae large. Air-bladder large. Gill-
rakers usually short. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal tin emar
ginate, or divided, the anterior part with strong spines, the posterior
part longer ; anal flu with or without spines ; ventral fins thoracic, their
rays I, 5 to I, 8 ; caudal flu usually not forked. Lateral line obscure
unarmed. Pyloric coeca exceedingly numerous. VertebraB about 32.
Genera 5; species about 10; flshcs of singular appearance, inhabitiug
warm seas.
{Scombridw, group Cyttina, Giinther, ii, 393-396: Cyttidw Giiuthor, Intr, Stu i]i.
450.)
a. Scales minute or wanting ; anal spines very strong ; no palatine teeth. {Zeninw.)
i. Anal spines 3; bases of both dorsals armed with sxiiuous plates. Zexopsis, iiXi,
33Y.-Zi:^'OP8IS Gill.
.(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 125: type Zeua nebuloaus Temminck &
Scblegel, from Japan.)
Body ovate, much compressed, without scales, not warty. Head
deeper than long, its anteiior profile steep. Mouth rather large, upper
jaw protractile; teeth small, on jaws and vomer, none on the palatines.
Various bones of the head and shoulder girdle armed with spines.
Series of bony plates along the sides of the belly and the bases of tho
dorsal and anal, each plate armed with a strong spine. Eye larjje,
jjlaced high. Gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines very strong, usually 10
in number. Anal spines 3. Ventral fins long, mostly I, 7. Caudal
peduncle slender, the fin not forked. Two or three species known, differ-
ing from Zeus, mainly in the presence of 3 anal spines instead of 4. Pe-
lagic. (Ce6?, Zeus; w^c?, appearance. Zeus is from Ceu?, Jupiter.)
82. BERYCID^.
457
Z. ocellRtas (Storor) Gill.
Color silvery, nearly plaiu ; a black lateral ocellated spot in life, (lis-
apiK'aiing in spirits. Body short, deep, compressed. Skin wholly
iiaiced, except for the bony bucklers, which are armed each with a central
spiue hooked backwards and marked with radiating ridges; 7 bucklers
along the base of the dorsal, the 5th and Gth largest ; 2 on the median
line iu front of the ventrals, the second largest; one median plate, and
1) pairs between ventrals and anal, and 4 along the base of the anal. Top
of the head with rcnghish ridges, but without spines; a spiue at the
base of each d^r.tary bone; the broad maxillaries each with a supple-
mental bone; teeth nearly obsolete. Eye large, much nearer the gill
oiKsning than the tip of the snout. Gill-rakers short. Caudal peduncle
very slender, the caudal flu short and rounded; pectorals very short;
ventralvS large, the rays I, G, the first soft ray closely appressed to the
spiue; aual spines short and stout, the soft rays, like those of the dorsal,
low; dorsal spines filamentous. D. IX, 26; A. 111,24. Pv'ilagic; one
specimen taken at Provincetown, Mass. (Description from the original
type.)
[Zeus occllatiia Storor, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hiat. vi, 888; Gill, 1. c.)
Family LXXXII.— BERYCID^.
{TJie Squirreljislies.)
Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered Avith very strongly ctenoid
or spinous scales. Head with large muciferous cavities, covered by thin
skin. Eye lateral, usually la^ge. Mouth more or less oblique. Pre-
maxillaries protractile ; maxillary rather large, usually with a supple-
mental bone. Bands of villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer
and palatines. Opercular bones usually spinous ; frequently every mem-
brane bone of the head strongly serrated. Branchiostegals mostly 8.
Gill -membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth. Pseudobranchise present. Gill-rakers moderate. Cheeks
and opercles scaly. Ko barbels. Dorsal fin long or short, usually with
stroiig spines ; anal with 2-4 spines ; ventral fins thoracic, usually I, 7,
the number of rays greater than 1, 5 ; caudal fin usually forked. Pyloric
cceca uumerous. Genera 5-C; species about 50. Rough-scaled and
brightly colored fishes of the warm seas; two species straying to our
vti- i-:\'
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458 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
coast. Many of them inhabit considerable depths in the ocean. The
young often difter widely in appearance from the adult.
(/ier^cidte GUuther, i, 8-50 ; exclusive of certain genera.)
a. Dorsal fin continuous, the spinous part short ; anal spines 3 ; abdomen Rorratcd
HoPLOSTETllfS, 238.
aa. Dorsal fin deeply einargiuate, the spinous part long ; anal spines 4.
HoLocEXTitus, 2;i0,
\\->;
!■:■■
i»-i ■■!
i.,ii. 1
238.— HOPILOSTE THUS Cuv. & Ya\. , . .^,.;
(Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poias. iv, 469, 1829: type Hoplostcthus mcditena-
neua Cuv. & Val.)
Body short and deep, much compreased. Head short, compressed
very blunt anteriorly, deeper than long, with very conspicuous iinicoiw
cavities. Eye very larf^e. Mouth very oblique, the jaws equal wiien
the mouth is closed. Maxillary long, broad behind, with a distinct sup-
plemental bono, which reaches the posterior border of the eye. Toeth
very tine, villiforin, on jaws and palatires, none on the vomer. Sub-
orbital with radiating ridges and a few spines; a vertical ridjjrc on tbe
front of the opercle. Opercle little developed, its spine small or obso
lete; a strong spine at the angle of the preopercle; the long verticnl
limb of the preopercle finely serrated. Gill-membranes separate, free
from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 8. Scales moderate or small,
ctenoid ; lateral line present, its scales enlarged ; abdomen with a series
of bony plates each, ending in a retrose spine. Dorsal tin cor»tinuons,
short, the spines graduated, G in number; anal with 3 graduated spines;
caudal forked, its rudimentary rays spinous; pectorals low, rather long;
ventrals I, G, rather short. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric ca^ca numerous,
Vertebrre 114-15. Deep-sea fishes. {oTtXo^, armed ; (ttsOo^, breast.)
Y19. H. iiicditerraneus C. & Y.
Silvery, rosy in life ; fins scarlet, peritoneum and inside of mouth
black. Eye very large, much longer than snout, forming about ono-tliir(
the length of head. Abdominal plates 9-13 in number. Body aboviMviti
very small rou^iish scales ; sides nearly or quite naked (in the young
example seen;, scaly in the adult. Pectorals reaching flr.st soft ray ot
anal; ventrals to vent; fins rather low. Head 2A; depth V}. 1). VI,
IG; A. Ill, 8; Lat. I. 28. Length of ai)ecimen 3 inches, lately dredged
b}' the U. S. Fish Commission off" Chesapeake Bay. Coasts of Southeiii
Europe.
(C. t V. iv, 431); Gilnther, 1, 9: Travhiohlhys spcciosus Lowo, Fish. Madeira, 651.)
82. BERYCIDiE — HOLOCENTRUS.
SI39.— IIOLOCENTRUS Blocb.
459
Squirrel-fishes.
{Ehynchichthys Cuv. & Val. ; youug. )
(Arieui ; Bloch, AuoL Fisclio, iv, 01, abont 1787 : typo Holocentnia sogo Blooh.)
Body oblong, moderately compressed, the veutral outline nearly
straight, the back a little elevated, the tail very slender. Head com-
pressed, narrowed forward. Operculum with a strong 8i)ine above,
below which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at the angle
of preopercle. Orbital ring, preorbital, preopercle, interopercle, sub-
oi)ercle, occiput, and shoulder girdle with their edges sharply serrate.
jlouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in the adult ; in the
young (which constitute the supposed genus Rhynchichthys), the snout is
much produced. Maxillary broad, striate, with a supplemental bone.
Eje excessively large. Scales large, closely imbricated, the posterior
margin strongly spinous. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal deeply emar- <
ginatc, the spines usually 11, depressible iu a groove; soft dorsal short
and high ; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite small, the third
very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely forked; both
lobes with the rudimentary rays spine-like ; ventrals large, I, 7, the
spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable for the development
of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface of the body, (oxor,
wboliy; xivrpov, spine.)
730.11. pcntacaJitJlBlS (Blocli) Vaill. & Boo.— Sjuirrel-Jiah.
Chiefly bright red, with shining longitudinal streaks; tins not black.
Month small, the maxillary scarcely reaching middle of orbit. Soft
dorsal as high as the body ; ventrals much longer than pectorals, reach-
ing vent. Head 3J in length ; depth 3^. Eye about 2^ in head, D.
Xi, 15; A. IV, 10; Y.I, 7; Lat. 1.50. Vertebra) 11 -f l«. Ooeca 25.
West Indies ; .accidental on our coast ; once taken at Newport, R. I.
"Its bright color and nervous^arting motions rendering it one of the
most conspicuous denizens of the rock-pools. The local name refers to
the erunting noise uttered by them, which rescnbles the bark of a
squirrel." (Goode.)
(liodianuH pentaoanihu8 * Bloch, Aiisl. Fische, iv, 40, taf. 225 : Holocentnia nogo Blonh,
Aiml. Fiscli(>, iv, (U, taf. 232: I'erca rufa Walbatim, Artedi, Pise. 171)2, a.")l ; Holo-
ceiitnm Umnipiiine GUuther, 1, 28'; Vaillant & Bocourt, Miss. 8ci. au Mox. 144.)
'Opercula squamosa. Auteriora 5 spinis pone hoxTida." {Block.)
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4G0 CONTIiinUTlONS TO NOKTII AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOnY-~iv.
Family LXXXIII (a;.— APIIUKDODElUL).E.
{The Vinitc PcrchcH.)
Body oblong, clovat(Ml ut. tho ojwso of tlH5 dorHiil, coinprivsH«>(| li(>liiii,i
the head thick and deprosstMl, the proiUo eoncjivo. C.iuual pcdniulc
thick. Mouth moderate, iso.newhat oblique, the lower jaw pntjoctin"-
maxillary reaching: to anterior l»order of the eye. Teeth in villjforin
bandn on .jawH, vomer, pi^atines, and pterygoids. Premaxillarirs not
priftractile ; maxillarieH .small, witliout evident Hupplemental bono,
Preopen;le and prorbital witii tluiir free edges sharply Nerrate; npordu
with a spine. IJones t)f skidl sonu>what cavernous. Hides of (Ik^ heiui
sc^ily. liower pharyngeals narrow, sei)arate, Avith villiforin tvctli.
(}ill-mend)ranes slightly Joined to the isthmus anteriorly. (Jill rakers
tubercle-like, dentate. Pseuilobranchiu^ obsolete, dills 4, a small slit
behind the fourth. P»raniihiostegals 0. Scales moderate, slron),'ly
ctenoid, adherent. Lateral line impi'srfector wanting. Vent always an
terior, its posititni varying with age,* from Just behind the ventral llns
iu the young, to below tlu> i>reopercle in the adult. Dorsal thi .siii;f|(>,
median, high, with but l\ or 4 si)ines, which are rapidly gra<lnatetl, tlin
ttrvst being very short. Anal small, with li slender spines; ventral tins
thoracic, without distinct spiiu», the nund»er of rays usually 7; caudal
tin rounded behind. Air-bladder simple, largii, adhei*cnt to the walls
of the abdomen. Vertebrae U-f-lH. Pyloric cieca about 1L». A singlo
genus, with probably but one species. Coidined to the United States.
(Jj)A>'<!rfodcrirf(r Gliuthor, 1, 271.)
910.— APIIREDODF.RIJS Lo SiuMir.
Pirate VervhcH.
(Lc Snoui'; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nut, Poiss. ix, 44r», l8y;J: typo Aphre(lo<Uru» fiihlmmLi
Suour = iS(X)/(»/»»i« «(i.vrt»M« (lilliaiiiN.)
Characters of the genus incbn'ed strove. (d^iHln^, excrenuMit; (V/n;,
the thmat, fixim the position of the veitt; heneo nioro correctly Apk-
<lodcrn,'<.) ■ -
mi. A. NiiyitililH ((lilliamN) OoKuy. — I'iratv Perch.
Color dark olive, proflisely speckled with dark points which oftoii
nuiko bljudvish str\>aks along i-ows of scales; two blackish bars at huso
of oaudal, between which is a light bar. Head Jl; dej)th 3. ]). Ill, 11
^This siugular fact was first noticed by Profossui- S. A. Forces.
83. ELASSOMATIlliT: — ELA880MA.
4GI
(IV, 10); A. ir, (5; V. 7; U. 0} Lat. 1. 47-58. L. 5 IiicIioh. 8Inj;f?i;0i
utrcivi"^ and bayoiiH from Now York couHtwiHo to rj«)uiHijiim, and Miron^li-
„iit tli<^ MiHHiHHippi HaHin in lowlands and Htn^aniH with alluvial bot-
toms; loiJally abundant, vaiiablo. The Hinffiilar vaiiationH in tho posi-
jion of the vonl havo given riwc to novcial nonnnal Npoc-ics and a nonil-
iial {ictiUH.
(.Wf*/""'" "".'M'"*"' '''"''''""t .lourn. Adiid. Nut. Hr\. riiila. iv, HI: AphwAodcrM ijlUb:)-
,«.i('. iV V. ix,4'lH: Slcniotrrmin inolcpdi N^ilmm, IJnll, Illn. Nut,. Miih. \,'X), 1H70: Apliro-
ilcdinmrookkinnH.UK-Aixii, rn>n. Acad. N/it. 8()i. IMiila. iH77,('iO: AMti'rnol.'nmia vwmlnnia
jdiilaii, Hitli. U. 8. Nat. Muh. x, 52: AphoihdvniH innltiph .tonlaii, Man, Vort. nd. 2, '*''!'.);
liiiiillx r, i. 271. Vnr diMcription of variat.ioiiH In tlio |Hmitioa of tho votit, hoo Jordan,
111,11. III. Lab. Nat. Hist, li, 4*3, 1H7H.)
Family LXXXIIi (6).— ELAySOMATlD/K.
{Tho Wa/tsmncH.)
]\m\y oblonj;, coinprc88C<l, covered with rather large, eyeloi*! HcalcH.
Moiilli Hinall, terminal, the lower Jtiw proj(M',tint?; both jawH with rather
stroll}; eonic teeth in few HcrieK; no teeth on vomer or palatines; ni»p<'r
jaw very protractile. Jtonen of head with entire edgcH. OluickH and
o|U'i('leM scaly, (lill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmns;
jriliriikers tubercle-like. Lower pharyngeals narrow, separate, with
slinr|) teeth. Branchiostegals ai)i)arently 5. Jiateral lino obsolete.
Vent normal. Dorsal lln single, snuill, with about 4 spines; anal with
;i spines; ventrals thoracic I, 5; caudal rounded. pHeudobran(5hlj«
iioiu'. Vertebral 21. One species known, a very singular little flsh,
Olio of the smallest known, inhabiting the fresh waters of the United
States; ititermediate between tho Aphrvdodcridxv aiid Ccntrarchidw.
941.-EI.A880IfIA .Ionian.
(jnrtl.m, Ilnll. IT. 8. Nat. Muh. x, 50, 1877: typo IClasHoma znnata .Jnriltiu )
Characters of the genus included above, [i^airaomfia, a diminutioH.)
Vi*i, E. xocanluin Jordan.
Color olive green, everywhere ftnely punctulato; sides with about
eleven parallel vertical bands of dark olive, about erpial in width, nar-
rower than the eye; tl.e bands about as wid(5 as the pale interspaces;
!i conspicuous roundish black spot, nearly as large as the eye, on tli<^
man just above tho axis of the body, under the beginning of the
(lors;il; soft llns faintly barred; a blackish bar at base of (;audal.
IJody ol)long, compressed, the nape rather broad and dei»ressed. Head
narrowed forward. Eye largo, 3 iti heatl. Mouth small, oblique, the
ii '
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402 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERIC.VN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
maxillary scarcely reaching pupil. Teetli in jaws stout, conical, sliffbtlv
curved, in two or three rows. . Head 3; depth 3J. D. IV, lO; j^ jjj
o; B. 6; scales 42 + 19. L. 1^ inches. Smallest of our spi nous-rayed
fishes, inhabiting sluggish streams and bayous, from South lUiuols to
Texas and Alabama.
(Jordan, Bull, x, U. S. Nat. Mus. 50, 1877; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2,248; Jordan
Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 47; Hay. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 1880, .fjOO. ) '
Family LXXXIV.— CENTRARCHID^.*
{The Sun-fishes.)
Percoid fishes with the body more or less shortened and compressed'
the regions above and below the axis of the bodj' nearly equally devel-
oped, and corresponding to each other, and the pseudobrancliiae im-
I)erfect. Head compressed. Mouth terminal, large or small. Teetli
in villiform bands, the outer slightly enlarged, without canines; teetli
present on premaxillaries, lower jaw, and vomer, and usually on pala-
tines also, sometimes on tongue, pterygoids, and hyoid. Premaxilla-
ries protractile; maxillary with a supplemental bone, which, in one
genuS; is sometimes minute or o'jsolete. Preopercle entire or some-
what serrate; opercle ending in two flat points or prolonged in a black
flap at the angle. Preorbital short and deep ; first suborbital narrow,
the maxillary not slipping under its edge. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth. Pseudobranchiae small, almost glandular, nearly or quite cov-
ered by skin. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. Bran-
chiostegals C or rarely 7. Gill-rakers variously formed, armed with
small teeth ; lower pharyngeal bones separate, their teeth conic; or
sometimes paved. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Body fully sculod, the
scales usually not strongly ctenoid, rarely cycloid. Lateral line present,
usually complete. Dorsal fins confluent, the spines C-13 in number
(usually 10), deprcssible in a shallow groove; anal spines 3-!). Intes-
tinal canal short. Pyloric cceca 5-10. Vertebrae about 30. (coloration
usually brilliant, chiefly greenish. Sexes similar; changes with age
often great. Fresh- water fishes of North America; genera 10; species
about 25, forming one of the most characteristic features of our fish
fauna. Many of the species build nests, which they defend with much
courage. All are carnivorous, voracious, and gamy. All p-ro valued as
food in direct proportion to the size which they attain.
*Wo aro iudcbtod to Mr. Chaa. L. McKay for the results of his studios of this family,
5u tho advance of tho publication of a uionograpli of the group.
84. CENTRARCIIID-iE — CEN'»'EARCHU8. 463
This is a very natural and peculiar group, but its claim to recognition
ag a distinct family is questionable, as the only character of importance
which separates it from SerranidcB is the rudimentary character of the
pseudobranchifB. There is a strong analogical resemblance between
the Gentrarchidce and the Cichlidce.
(Percidw, group Grijitina, pt. GUnther, i, 256-2G1.)
a Dorsal fin scarcely larger than anal; gill-rakers very long and slender.
5. SpiiK'WS dorsal longer than soft part, the spines about 12; anal spines usually 8.
Centraucuus, 242.
hh. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, the spines r>-8, anal spines 6.
POMOXYS, 243.
art. D«rsal fin much larger than anal ; gill-rakers shorter.
c. Body comparatively short and deep; dorsal fin not deeply divided.
d. Tongue and pterygoids with teeth ; mouth large.
e. Scales ctenoid ; caudal emarginato.
/. Operculum emarginate behind; anal siiiues 5-7.
g. Branchiostegals 7 Archoplitks, 244.
gg, Branchiostegals 6 Ambloplites, 245.
ff. Operculum ending in a black convex process or flap ; anal spines 3.
ClI^NOBKYTTUS, 246.
ee. Scales cycloid; caudal fin convex Acanthauchus, 247.
d. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth small.
ft. Caudal fin convex ; operculum emarginate behind.
{. Dorsal fin continuous ; dorsal spines normally 9; anal spines 3.
Enneacanthus, 248.
it. Dorsal fin angulated, some of the middle spines higher than the
posterior ones; dor-al spines 10; anal 3 Mesogonistius, 249.
hh. Caudal fin emarginate; operculum prolonged behind in a convex
process or flap, which is always black Lepomis, 250. ^
cc. Body elongate; dorsal fin low, deeply emarginate; mouth large; caudal emar-
ginato MlCUOPTEKUS, 251.
343.— CCNTRARCHUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(Cuvior & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, ()2. 1829: type Lahrua irideua Lacdpbde.)
Body short and deep, compressed. Month moderate, the lower jaw
the longer; maxillary with a well-developed supi^lemental bone. Teeth
on vomer and pcalatines. Opercle emarginate behind. Gill-rakers seti-
foriii, very long, finely dentate, in large number (20-30 of the large ones).
Fins large; the dorsal and anal fins about equal in extent, the soft por-
tion of the latter longest and most posterior, the two fins being obliquely
opposed; dorsal flu with the spinous part longer than the soft part, of
about 12 spines, which are not rapidly graduated; anal fin with about
8 spines. Scales large, not strongly ctenoid, {xeurpov, spine ; apxo^,
anus, from the development of the anal spines.)
733. C. niaeroiitcrus (Lac.) .Tor.
Body ovate, strongly compressed. Head small. Mouth moderate,
very oblique, the maxillary reaching pupil. Preopercle and preorbital
I
I. k m
' • .rf''i-l
mm
' * • i " ■
1' ?, '" ?i
\V:
i
464 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv
finely serrate ; 5 or 6 rows of scales on cheek. Fins liigh ; ventral spine
reaching? beyond the vent. Mandible about half the length of the Lead
Color green, with series of dark-brown spots on sides, below lateral line
forming interrupted longitudinal lines; belly yellowish; a dusky oper-
cular spot; fins with reddish or brownish markings; the dark colors
on vertical fins forming reticulations around paler spots; conspicuous
ocellated black spot usually present on last rays of dorsal fin, especially
distinct in the young, disappearing with age. Head 3^; depth 2. D.
XI or Xir, 12; A. VII or VIII, 15; scales 5-44-14. L. G inches.
North Carolina to South Illinois and southward; abundant in lowlaud
streams.
{Labrua maeropterua Lacdpfede, Hist. Nat. Poisa. iii, 447, 1802; Jordan, Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus. X, aO: Labrua indeua Lac^p^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 716, 1802: Centrarchm
irideua Holbr. Ichtli. S. C. 1800, 18: C'ientrarcliua irideua Gilnthor, i, 257: Centranhus
irideua Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 30.)
948.— POMOXYS Rafinesque.
Crappies.
(Pomoxia Raiinesque, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 417, 1818: type Pomoxia annulam
Raf.)
Body more or less elongate, strongly compressed, the snout projecting.
Mouth large, oblique ; maxillary broad, with a well-developed supple-
mental bone. Teeth on vomer and palatines ; few or none on tongue.
Low?r pharyngeals narrow, with sharp teeth. Gill-rakers long and
slender, numerous. Opercle emarginate; preopercle slightly dentate.
Scales large, moderately ctenoid. Fins large, the anal larger than the
dorsal, of 6 spines and about 17 rays ; dorsal with 6-8 graduated spines,
the spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part; caudal fin emarginate.
Sranchiostegals 7. {-w;ia, oi)ercle; «Cw?, sharp; the opercle ending in
two flat points instead of an " ear-flap.")
a. Dorsal spines f). (Pomoxya.)
724. P> annularis Raf. — Crappie; Bachelor; Neto Light; CamphellUe.
Body elongate. Head long, the profile more or less strongly S-shaped,
owing to the projecting snout, depressed occipital region, and very
prominent thickened ante-dorsal area. Mouth very wide, the maxillary
reaching past the pupil. Scales on cheeks in 4-5 rows. Eye large, 4
in head. Color silvery olive, mottled with dark green, the dark marks
chiefly on the up|)er part of the body and having a tendency to form
narrow vertical bars; dorsal and caudal fins marked with green; anal
fin pale, nearly plain. Fins very high, but lower than in P. sparoides.
Head 3 j depth 2^. D. VI, 15 j A. VI, 18 ; Lat. I. 36-48. L. 12 inches.
84. CENTRARCHID^ — ARCHOPLITES.
465
Variable. Mississippi Valley, &c.; abundaut soutliward, cliiefly in
slnggisli streams ; valued as a food-fish.
(Bafincsqiie, Amer. Monthly Mag. 1818, 41 ; Raf. Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1818,
417- Raf. Icbth. Oh. 1829, 33; Jordan & Cojieland, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 187C :
VonMyx sioreriua, hrevicauda, intermedius, anul i)rotacantliu8 Gill, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 18'A G4-6G: Ctntrarchua nitidua GUnther, i, 257.)
Off. Dorsal spiuea 7 or 8. {Hyperistiua" Gill.)
ytjj, p, sparoldes(Lac.)Grd. — Calico Baaa; GraaaBaaa; Barfiah; Slrawheiry Baas.
Body oblong, elevated, much compressed. Head long, its profile not
strongly S shaped; the projection of tbe snout and ante-dorsal region
and the depression over the eye being less marked than in P. annularis.
Mouth smaller than in P. annularis, the maxillary reaching about to the
posterior edge of pupil, the mandible shorter than pectorals. Scales on
cheeks in G rows. Fins very high ; anal higher than dorsal, its height
4-5 times in length of body. Color silvery olive, mottled with clear
olive-green, the dark mottllngs gathered in irregular small bunches, and
covering the whole body ; vertical fins with dark olive reticulations sur-
rounding pale spots; the anal marked like the dorsal ; a dusky opercular
spot. Head 3 ; depth 2. D. VII or VIII, 15; A. VI, 17 or J 8 ; Lat. 1. 41.
L. 12 inches. Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley to New Jersey,
and southward to Florida and Louisiana ; chiefly in lowland streams and
lakes ; a handsome fish, valued as food.
(Lahrua aparoidea Lac6p. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 1802,517; and iv, 717: Centrarchus
sparoidea C. & V. iii, 8, 1829: Centrarchus hexacanthua C. & V. vii, 458, 1831 : Centrar-
chus hexacanthua Giinther, i, 257: Pomoxya hexacanthua Holbrook, Ichth. 8. C. 29:
Pomoxya nigromaculatua Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 247, and Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 37,
based on Cantharua nigromaculatua Lo Suenr MSS., noticed by C. & V. iii, 8.)
344.— ARCE^IOPIiBTES Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 165: type Centrarchus interruptus G'rard.)
Body oblong, compressed, the back elevated. Mouth large, oblique,
ho broad maxillary with a well developed supernumerary bone. Teeth
on jaws, vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids ; lingual teeth in two
patches ; pharyngeal teeth pointed. Gill-rakers long and strong, com-
pressed, numerous, about 20 in number, some of them on the upper por-
tion of the arch. Branchiostegals 7. Operculum emarginate, the lower
pomt much the larger, striate, the ridges terminating in small spines;
preopercle, interopercle, subopercle, suborbital and preorbital with their
inferior edges conspicuously serrate; dentaric^s and preopercle with large
D'.uciferous depressions or pits. Dorsal fin with about 13 spines; anal
• Gill, Amor. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1834, 92 : typo Centrarchus hexacanthua C. & V. {vTinp,
bigb; idnov, Bfiih)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 30
l\ ;i^
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466 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
usually with 7 spines. Caudal emarginate. Scales strongly ctenoid
California. (a^;^o?, anus ; orrAjrij?, armed.)
736. A. iiiterruptns (Grd.) Gill.— Sacramento Perch.
Body oblong-ovate, compressed, the back cousiderably elevated ante-
riorly, depressed over the eye, the snout projecting at an angle. Mouth
terminal, very large, the maxillary very broad, extending beyond pupil.
Eye very large, 4 to 5 in head. Scales on cheek in about eight series
Dorsal spines rather low, strong; anal spines similar. Pectoral short
barely reaching anal. Color blackish above, sides silvery, with about
seven vertical blactish bars, irregular in form and position and more or
less interrupted; a black opercular spot; fins nearly plain. Head 28-
depth 2J. D. XEIF, 10; A. VII, 10; scales about 7-51-14. L. 12 inches.
Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers; abundant; the only fresh-water
percoid \^ dst of the Rocky Mountains.
{Centrarchns interruptua Girard, Proc. Acac*.. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 129: AmhlopUtes
intcrruptu8 Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 10: Centrarchus interruptm Giinther
i, 237 : Centrarckus maculosus Ayteti, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1854, 8.)
34S.— AlflBIiOPIilTGS Rafiuesque. ' : > 2 „
Bock BasH. -
(Rafinesque, Ichth. Oil. 1820, 33: i^]}e Lepomia icthcloidca 'Raf.=Bod'iamtariq)eatns'Rsit)
Body oblong, moderately elevated, compressed. Mouth large, the
broad maxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone ; lower jaw
projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue, and pterygoids ; lingual
teeth in a single patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp. Branchiostegals G.
Opercle ending in 2 flat points ; preopercle serrate at its angle ; other
membrane bones chiefly entire. Gill-rakers rather long and strong,
dentate, less than 10 in number, developed only on the lower portion
of the arch. Scales large, somewhat ctenoid. Dorsal fin much more
developed than the anal fin, with 10 to 11 rather low spines; anal spines
normally 6. Caudal fin ems'iginate. {a/iiSluq, blunt; ok^ttj^, armed.)
73T* A. rupestris (Raf.) Gill. — Common Rock Baaa; Bed-Eye ; Gopgle-Eye.
Body oblong, moderately compressed. Head large, the profile little
depressed above the eye. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to
opposite posterior part of pupil. Eye very large, 3 J in head. Gill
rakers few, about 10 developeu. Scales on cheeks in 6 to 8 series ; pre-
opercle serrate near its angle. Color olive green, brassy-tinged, with
much dark mottling ; the young irregularly barred and blotched with
black, the adult with a dark spot on each scale, these forming inter-
84. CENTRARCHID^ — CH^NOBRYTTUS,
467
rupted black stripes; a black opercular spot ; dark mottlings on the
soft dorsal, anal, and caudal. Head 2^ ; depth 2-2J, D. XI, 10; A.
VI 10; scales about 5-39-12. Cceca 7. Vert. 14+ 18. L. 12 Indies.
Verniout to Great Lake r«gion and Manitoba, south to Louisiana ; very
abundant west ot the Alleghanies.
(Bodianm rnpestris Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. 1B17, 120: Centrarchus ceneus C. & V. iii,
84: Centrarchus mneus GUnthor, i, 25G; Jorrlan, Man, Vert. od. 2, 237: Ambloplites cavi-
/ro»8 Copo, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1838, 217, ia probably a young specimen of this
Bpecies.*)
346.— CH/i:]V€3RVTTlJS Gill.
War-mouths.
(Calliuma Ag. not of Raf.)
(Gill. Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts, 1864, 92 : type Calliurua viclanops Grd. = Pomotia gulosus
Cuv. & Val.)
This genus has the general form and dentition of Ambloplites with the
convex opercle, 10 dorsal and 3 anal spines of Lepomis. Preopercle
entire. Branchiostegals 6. Caudal fin emarginate. Scales weakly
ctenoid, (x'^^'-'^j to yawn ; Bryttus, i. e. Lepomis.)
a. Dorsal beginning above the opercular spot.
y2§. C. anIisJius UaKsiy.— Goggle Eije.
Body heavy, deep and thick, stouter and less elongate than in the
next. Head deep. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching nearly to pos-
terior margin of the eye; the supplemental bone strong. Scales on
cheeks in 7 or 8 rows. Opercular flap broad. Eye small, 4J in head ; pre-
opercle and mandible with large mucous pits. Dorsal beginning directly
over the opercular spot, which is above base of pectoral ; spines of dor-
sal very stout, the longest as long as from snout to middle of eye. Color
in life dark olive-gree ^ above ; sides greenish and brassy, with blotches
of pale blue and bright coppery red, the red predominating ; belly bright
brassy yellow, profusely mottled with liright red; lower jaw chiefly
yellow ; iris bright red ; opercular spot as large as eye, black, bordered
with copper color; 3 or 4 wide dark red bands radiating backwards
from eye across cheeks and opercles, separated by narrow pale blue inter -
* A.cavifrona Cope.
Physiognomy more of Centrarchus. Month largo, very oblique, the maxillary
reaching beyond the middle of the pupil ; chin prominent. Outline of cranium cou-
cavo. Eye large, 3 In head. Scales of cheeks very few, minute. Mucous cavities
largo. Siivory, dusted with dark points; scales with a narrow vertical dark shade
at liase ; soft fins dusky; a small black opercular spot. Depth 2^. D. X, 18 ; A.
VI, 11; scales 7-38-13. Roanoke River, Virginia. {Cope.)
-M-
v^Ml
m
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468 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — Iv.
spaces; upper fins chiefly black, mottled with orange and blue; lower-
fins dusky ; a small black spot on last rays of dorsal ; color in spirits
very dark, the reddish shades becoming b!ack ; young with vertical
chains of spots. Head 2% ; depth 2^. D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales
G-40-12. L. 10 inches. Lake Michigan and Uijper Mississippi Valley
abundant.
' (GlossopUtea melatuyp8 .lor. Man. Vert. ed. 1, 1876, 223, 317: Chanobryttua guloms Jor^
dan, Man. Verf. ed. 2, 1878, 237 : ChwnobryUua gulosus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y. 1876, 359, not Pomotia guloaua C. «& V. ; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas, 1681.)
aa. Dorsal fin beginning behind the vertical of the base of the pectorals.
739. C. gfulosus (C. & V.) Jor. — War-mouth; Red-eyed Bream.
Verj^ similar to the preceding; the body more compressed and more
elongate, the profile less steep. Scales of cheeks larger, in about G-8
rows. Opercular spot smaller. Eye 4.J in head. Dorsal beginning
behind base of pectoral ; pectoral short, barely reaching anal. Color in
life clear olive-green clouded with darker, usually without red or blue;
a dusky spot on each scale more or less distinct ; vertical fins mottled
with dusky ; a faint spot on last rays of dorsal bordered by paler ; 3
oblique dusky bars radiating from eye; belly yellowish. Head 2J;
depth 2^. D. X, 9 ; A. Ill, 8 ; scales 6-43-11. L. 9 inches. Virginia
to Texas ; abundant only southward. Close to the preceding, but dis-
tinguishable by the posterior insertion of the dorsal.
(Pomotia guloaua Cuv. «fe Val. iii, 367, 1839 : Centrarc lua guloaua uiul viridiaC. & V. vii,
437, 460, 1831 : Centrarchua guloaua Giinther, 1, 258 : Calliuru« floridenaia Holbrook, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 53: Sri/<^«8/oneJen8i«Giinther, i, 260 : Lepomia gillii Co\)e.,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 225 ; Chwnobryttua viridia Jordan, Ann. Lye. N.it.
Hist. N. Y. 1876, 360: Chanobryitua viridia Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 238: Callium
melanopa Girard, IT. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 11 : Bryttua melanopa Giinther, i, 2(10: Zr-
pomia charybdia Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 21.)
24T.— ACANTHARCHUS Gill. '
(Gill, Amer. Jonm. Sci. Arts, 1834, 92: type Centrarchua pomotia Baird.)
, Body oblong, robust, not much compressed or elevated. Mouth not
very large, the broad maxillary with a well developed supplemental
bone ; lower jaw projecting. Teeth on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
and tongue ; lingual teeth in a single patch ; pharyngeal teeth sharp.
Gill- rakers few, rather long and strong. Opercle emarginate ; preoper-
cle entire. Scales cycloid, large. Lateral line complete. Dorsal spines
usually 11; anal spines 5; caudal fin rounded behind. (azav<?a, spine ;
apXov, anus.) . ' .
84. CENTKARCHID^ ENNEACANTHUS.
469
¥30* A« pomotis (Baird) Gill. — Mud Sun-fiah.
Body oblong, moderately compressed. Snout short. Mouth wide,
the gape short; the maxillary reaching posterior part of orbit. Eye not
very large, 3 J to 4 in head. Cheeks with about 5 rows of scales. Dor-
sal spines low ; the longest about as long as from snout to middle of
pupil. Color very dark greenish ; body usually with five rather indis-
tinct blackish longitudinal bands along the sides ; cheeks with dark
bands, which run nearly parallel, the lowest passing across the maxillary
around the front part of the lower jaw. Fins plain dusky. A black
opercular spot. Head 2§ ; depth 2. I). XI, 10 ; A. V, 10 ; scales G-43-12.
L. 4 inches. Southern New York to South Carolina, in sluggish streams
near the coast.
[Centrarchm pomoiia Baird, 9th Smithson. Rep. 1854, 325; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed.
2 ',i!J7: Centrarduia pamotia, GUuther, i, 250.)
348.— ENNEACANTHUS GiU
HemiopUtva Cope: Copelandia Jordan.)
(Gill, Arn. Journ. Sci. Arts. 1864, 92: type Pomotia oheaua Grd.)
Body rather short and deep, compressed. Mouth small ; the supple-
mental maxillary bone well developed. Teeth on vomer and palatines,
none on the tongue. Opercle ending behind in two flat points, with a
dermal border. Preopercle entire. Scales rather large, the lateral
line sometimes interrupted. Dorsal fin continuous, normally with 9
spines ; anal fin smaller than the dorsal, with 3 spines ; caudal flu con-
vex behind. Branchiostegals G. Species of small size and bright color-
ation. Abnormal variations in the number of dorsal and anal spines
have given rise to the nominal g&nQVSL Hemioplites and Copelandia.
(ewea, nine; azav<?a, spine.) ,
731. E. eriarchus (Jordan) McKay.
Body rather elongate, the profile forming a nearly uniform curve.
Eye large, 3 in head. Mouth moderate, " maxillary reaching slightly
beyond front of pupil ; its supplemental bone well developed. Scales
on cheek in about 3 rows. Soft dorsal high, its longest rays equal to
distance from snout to front of opercle ; anal fin very large, with strong
spines. Pectorals reaching beyond anal spines; ventral spines reaching
anal. Lateral line incomplete. Olivaceous; vertical fins with round
(blue?) spots. Head 2f ; "depth 2^. D. X, 9 ; A. IV, 8 ; scales 4-33-10.
L. 3 inches. Menomonee Eiver, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; but one speci-
men preserved. It is probably an Enneacanthus with an abnormal in-
■ *■ r
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470 CONTUIBUTIONS TO NORTn AMERICAN ICHTnTOLOOY— iv.
crease in the number of spines. Spe ' "m***?.^-,!^.- ajju^vlanH with the same
numbers are occasionally foun('t
{Copvlandia eriarcka Jovdau, Proc Ai , Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 56; McKay, Proc. U 8
Nut. Mns. 1881. J ' ' *
■yaa. E. obesMS (Bair'^'^;".i.
Body oblongo^'^/f elliptical. Scales large, little crowded. Dorsal
spines 2J in h> ^rVs long as from snout to jwsterior margin of eye. Anal
flu large* Jrfitral spine not reaching vent, its first ray not reaching tlio
base of vue last anal spine; caudal fin moderate, about as long as from
snout to middle of opercle; opercular spot rather large, more than halt'
the size of the eye, velvet black, bordered with purple. Eye 3^ in head-
cheeks with four rows of scales. Color olivaceous, with 5-8 well-defined
dark cross-bars ; spots on body and fins i)urplish or golden ; cheek
with lines and spots ; a dark bar below eye. Head 2§ ; depth If. D.
IX, 10; A. Ill, 10; scales 4-32-10; the pores developed usually on
about 20 scales, but sometimes on nearly all of them. L. 3 inches.
Massachusetts to Florida, abundant in sluggish streams near the coast,
(PomotiB ohesiia Baird, 9th Smiths. Kopt. 1854, 324: Briittu8 oheuus Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nat. So. Phila. W.VJ, 5.3; Jortlan, Man. Vert. 245: Bryltua faaoiatua Holbrook, Journ.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18,j5, 51: Bryttua faaciatua GUnther, i, 260; Cope, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1878, 65: Pomotia guttatua Morris, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185!t.)
733. E. ffloriosus (Holbr.) Jor.
Body oval, moderatelj^ compressed, the profile concave above eye.
Opercular spot scarcely larger than pupil. Caudal about as long as
from snout to anterior margin of preopercle. Color olive-green, yellow-
ish below, speckled above with golden; no vertical bands; fins rosy,
with golden spots, often a dusky spot at base of caudal. Head 2|;
depth IJ. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 10. L. 2^ inches. Maryland to Florida,
in clear sluggish streams. t
{Bri/ttua glorioaua Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 51: Bryttua glormat
Giiuther, i, 260; Uhler & Lugger, Fishes Maryland, 112.)
YSl. E. Slmulans (Cope) McKay.
Body comparatively elotigate. Mouth moderate, very oblique, the
maxillary reaching just past the front of orbit. Dorsal spines medium;
soft rays in the males somewhat elevated, reaching to or beyond (var.
pimiiger) the base of the caudal; the longest soft ray as long as from
snout to front of opercle, or (var. pinniger) as long as head; fins iu
females all lower ; pectoral fin reaching nearly to middle of anal. Eye
34 in head. Lateral line usually, but not always, complete. ' Color dark
olive; young with traces of vertical darker bars; ear-flap small, with a
84. CENTRABCIIIDiE — MESOGONISTIUS.
471
blae border, and a pearly spot in front; a dark bar abont width of
pupil t'xteuding obliquely downwards below eye ; sides of bead, whole
body imd vertical fliis, in the males, with round bright blue spots ar-
rau{,'fd in irregular rows, these spots most distinct on the cheeks and
opercK's and on the lower part of the sidtis; females duller, with larger
and fiiiuter spots more regular in position. A dark bar below eye.
Head li;^; depth 2^. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9 (occasionally D. X, or A. IV,
in abnoruial specimens) ; scales 3-30-9. New Jersey to North Carolina;
abundant near the coast.
(Hemioplitea simulann Cope, Journ. Acail. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 218; based on speci-
men with 4 anal spines: Jinneacanthus margarotia Gill & Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.
X, 28, 1878: Ennt acanthus guttaiua Cope, Jouni. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 18G9, 219:
Enneacanthiia pinniger J or&.va, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 27, 1878, a southern form, dis-
tinguished by the larger size, brighter color, and larger lius, all doubtlesa the result
of more favorable surroundings.)
349.— mESOGONISTIVS Gill.
Banded Sun-fishes.
(Gill, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, 18G4, 92: type Pomotia chatodon Baird.)
Body short and deep, compressed. Mouth small. Teeth present on
vomer and palatines, none on the tongue; supplemental maxillary bone
biiiall. Gill rakers rather strong, dentate. Opercle ending in two flat
Doiiits, with a dermal border; preopercle entire. Scales large. Dorsal
with ten spines ; outline of the fln angulated, the middle spines being
much longer than some of the posterior ones; anal ftn much smaller
than the dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin posteriorly rounded. Size
small. (/i£<TM?, middle; ijwvra, angle; OffTtov, sail.)
T3t(. M., chsetodon (Baird) Gill. — Black-handvd Sun-fiah.
Body suborbicular, compressed. Head moderate, the profile nearly
coQcurrent with the dorsal curve. Mouth very small, the maxillary
reaching nearly to the eye. Eye large, 3 in head. Cheeks with 3-4
rows of scales. Fins rather large; dorsal fin high in front, the middle
portion depressed. Lateral line continuous. Coloration clouded straw-
color, the sides with 6-8 conspicuous but rather irregular black vertical
bars, the first through the eye, the second in front of pectorals, inter-
rupted on the operculum, the third at the front of the dorsal covering
the membrane of the first three spines, and forming a medial black
stripe on each ventral fln, the fourth at front of soft dorsal, the flfth
opposite its last ray, the last at the base of the caudal; black oper-
cular spot, with a crescent-shaped paler centre. Fins mottled. Head 3 j
I" '^Aa'l.i't"'I^i-3i' I
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472 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
depth 1%. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 12; scales 4-28-10. L. 3 inches. Ne\T
Jersey to Maryland, in sluggish streams. A handsome little fish.
(Pomods chwtodon Baird, Ninth Siuithsouiun Rei)ort, 1854, 324: Pomotis chwtodon
GUuther, i, 263; Jordan, Man. Vort. ed. 2, 245.)
h.'
h^[l. \
!■!'
aaO.— LiEPOmiS Rafiulsque. -i
Sun-finhcs. '
(Ichthclls, Pomotis and Apomotis Eafinisqno: Bryttua Cuv. & Val. : Xenotis, Xystro-
]}lUm and IlcUoperca Jordan: Eiqtomotis Gill & Jordan.
(Rafineaqno, Journal de Physique, 1819, 402 : type Labrus auritus L.)
Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back in tlio
adult somewhat elevated. Mouth moderate or small, the jaws about
equal; maxillary narrow, the supplemental bone small or reduced to a
mere rudiment or altogether wanting. Teeth on vomer, and usually on
l^alatines ; none on tongue or pterygoids ; lower pharyngeals narrow,
the teeth conic or paved. Gill-rakers mostly short; preopcirculum
entire; opeiculura ending behind in a convex flap, black in color,
which in some species becomes, grcatl.y develoi)ed with age. Brancliios-
tegals i>. Scales moderate. Dorsal fin continuous, with ten spines ;
anal with three spines; caudal fin emarginate. Coloration brilliant,
but evanescent. A large genus, one of the most difficult in our fish
fauna in which to distinguish species. The form of body, development
of ear-flap, and hei;^ht of /jpines vary greatly with age. The number
of fin-rays and scales are assentially the same in all. (AeTTJc, scale; ;rw/xa,
operculum, a character supposed to distingush the genus from Sparvs.)
The species may be subdivided as follows:
* Lower pharyngeals narrow, the teeth mostly conic,
a. F^.aryngeal teeth all, or nearly all. slender, acnto.
ft. Supplemental maxillary hone well dovel(>ped; piilatine teeth present; gill-
rakers stilTund ratluir lon;^;. (Apomotis Maf. ) . cyanelliis, symmetricus, phenax,
hi). Supplemental maxillary rednced to a slight rudimevit.
c. Gill-rakefM stiff, not very short; palatine tcoth nsnally present. (Lepomi»,)
• d, Gill-rakers comparatively long and slender; ear-Map shoi-t.
iachyriis, macrochtrus, mystacalis, elovijatita, hturimts, punctattts, vn.iiatiis,
dd. Gill-rakers short, thickish ; cariiap very long ami narrow in the adult.
auritM.
cc. GilT-rakors weak and floxihlo, very short ; nn palatine teeth. (Xctotis Jordan.)
' megalotit), marpinatm, homhifrom,
ilib. Snpi)lemontal maxillary ohsolete ; gill-rakers slender. {Jldioperca.)
e. Palatine tet lU present ..hiimiUs,
ee. Palatine teotl: none ; a black dors:il patch paUidas.
aa. Pharyngeal teeth mostly bluntly e»nio. (X jatroplitca Jotian.)
heron, tnryorus, alhnhs,
••Lower pharyngeals broad, with the teeth paved, nearly spherical, truncate above.
Jiupomotia Gill & Joiuuu) notaUis, holbrooki, gibboBiis, Urii«,
84. CENTRARCHIDiE — LEPOMIS.
473
a Pharyngpal teeth all or nearly all Blender, acnte ; lower pharyngeals narrow, th«
teeth mostly conic.
b. Supplemental maxillary evident ; palatine teeth present ; gill-rakers stiff and
rather long. {ApomoHa * Bailncsque.)
fStJ. Ij« cvandiMS Kaf. — Bed-eye; Dive-spotted Sun-fish.
Bodv oblong, rather elongate, becoming short and deep with age ;
niodt itely compressed. Head large, with projecting snout. Mouth
K large, the maxillary broad and 6at, with a small supplemental
boue, reaching nearly to the middle of the eye ; lower jaw projecting.
Dorsal spines quite low, the highest scarcely longer than snout (in the
adult, longer in young). Scales small. Opercidar spot small, less than
eye, broadly margined, the black confined to the bony part. Pectoral
short, not reaching anal. Color variable, the prevailing shade green,
with a strong brassy lustre on sides, which becomes nearly yellow below ;
each scale usually with a sky-blue spot and more or less of gilt edging,
giving an appearance of i^ale lateral streaks; besides these marks, dusky
or obscure vertical bars are often present, and the sides are sprinkled
with dark dots ; vertical fins marked with blue or green, the anal usually
edged in front with pale orange; usually a conspicuous black spot on
posterior base of dorsal and anal, these often obsolete ; iris red ; cheeks
wI'lU narrow blue stripes. Scales on cheeks in 8 rows. Head 3 ; depth
2.J. D. X, 11; A. in, 9; Lat. 1. about 48 L. 7 inches. Very variable.
Great Lake region to Mexico; very abundant south westward ; asceud>
ing smdl brooks.
(Raf. Journ. do Physique, 1819, 420 : Icthelh meJanops Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, m : Cal-
Vmrus longuliis, diaphanus, formosus, and vdcrops Girard, U. 8. Pac. 11. R. Surv. Fish.
and U. S. Mex. Bound, Surv. Ichth. 1859: lirifttua signifer Grd. U. S. Pac. li. R. Surv.
F'sli. tiO : liryttns lojigulua Giinther, i, 260 : Lepomia microps, mineopaa, and vidanops
vJope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1868 223, 224 : Apomotia cyanellus Jordan, Man.
Vert. E. U.S. ed. 2,239.)
737. L. syillinetricus Forhes, sp. nov.
Color dark, most scales with a vertical dark bar at base ; cheeks mot-
tled, not striped ; sides with about 10 vertical bars, widest forward ;
pectoral fins pale ; ventrals dusky in the male ; dorsal fin in the female
with a dark ocellated 8i)ot on its Last ray. Body short, deep, with reg
iilar outlines. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw longest, the maxillary
reaching the front of the pupil ; supplemental maxillary present. Pala-
tine teeth present ; pharj ngeal teeth rather blunt. Gill-rakers stiff and
long. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Opercular angle not prolonged,
• RaOnesque, Journ. de Physique, etc., 1819, 420 : type Lepomia cyanellus Ruf. ; a,
priujitivo; »©/<«, operculum; ovi, ettr=roripomi« Raf. 18ii0.
■.
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11
i
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474 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
its black spot higher than long, shorter than eye with a narrow pale
border. Spinous dorsal rather low, two-thirds height ot soft, the loujr.
est spine as long as from snout tc middle of eye ; caudal peduncle sborf
and deep ; caudal slightly emarginate ; pectorals and vcntrals reachinr;
vent. Head 2§ ; depth 1%. Eye a little longer than snout, 3| in head.
D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 ; scales 6-34-14. L. 2J inches (adult). Types 15
specimens, in Illinois Laboratory of I^atural History from Illinois Iliver.
(^rfies MSS.) , ;
'J'3§. 1.. plieiiax (Cope & Jordau) McKay.
Appearance of Lepomis pallidus. Body rather short and deep ; snout
short, projecting, forming an angle over the eye. Mouth inoderate, the
lower jaw slightly the longer, the maxillary reaching middle of eye, the
supplemental bone strong. Eye moderate, 4J in head. Opercular spot
larger than eye. Scales on cheek in 7 rows. Gill-rakt^rs very long.
Dorsal spines short and strong, as long as from snout to middle of eye*
pectorals long ; soft dorsal high, anal higher. Color in spirits nearly
plain olive-green ; no black spot on dorsal or anal. Head 2 J ; depth 2^.
D. X, 10 ; A. Ill, 9 } scales 6-43-14. L. 6 iuches. Beaseley's Point,
Kew Jersey.
(Apomotia phenax Cope «fe Jordan, Bull, U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 26, 1877; McKay, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mils. 1881.)
hb. Supplemental maxillary reduced to a slight rudiment.
c. Gill-rakers stiff, not very short ; palatine tooth usually present. {Lejyomis.)
d. Gill-rakers comparatively long and slender; ear-ilap short.
939. Li. iscliyrus Jor. & Nelson.
Aspect of L. pallidus. Body elongated, robust, much elevated.
Mouth wide, the maxillaries reaching middle of orbit. Palatine teeth
present. Occiput prominent ; top of head flat and short, forming an
angle with tlio descending profile. Scales on cheeks in 6 rows. Fius
high, the .'iorsal spines rather low and very strong, the longest as long
as from tip of snout to middle of orbit. Opercular flap large, with a
broad pale edge, entirely surrounding the bl.ack. Eye large, smaller
than opercular spot, 4J in head. Color dusky, mottled with orange and
b'ue; cheeks with wide obscure blue bands; a dusky spot on dorsal
and anal behind; belly and lower fins coppery yellow; lower jaw and
lower parts of head leaden blue. Head 2§ ; depth, 2^. D. X, 12; A.
Ill, 10 ; scales 5-46-14. L. 7 inches. Illinois Eiver. T^ TT^
(Ichthclia aquilenaia Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist, i, 37 (not Pomoiia aquiknm
B. «fc G.); Jordan & Nolsou, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 25, 1877.)
84. CENTRARCniDJE LEP0MI8.
475
9410. L. inacrochirus Rnf. >
Brigbt steel-blue, with many bronze orange spots, wbicli cover nearly
tbe whole surface, so arranged that the ground color forms a series of
vertical chain-like bars, very conspicuous in life ; vertical fins mottled
with bronze and usually more or less edged with pale orange ; sometimes
a faint black dorsal spot; no distinct blue stripes on cheek, but the
sitlos of the head shaded with purplish. Opercular flap small, black,
luargined with pale. Body rather elongate, the head somewhat acute.
Pectoral fins reaching beyond ventrals to anal. Gill-rakers rather long
and slender, strongly toothed, 11 developed. Supplemental bone minute.
About 7 rows of scales on cheeks. Head 3; depth 2 J. D. X, 12; A.
Ill, 10; scales about C-42-15, L. 5 inches. Ohio Valley; a small,
bamlsome species.
(Raf. Journ. de Physique 1819, 420; Jordan, Man. Vert, ed, 2, 239: Lepomia nephelut
Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G8, 222.)
741. L. mystacalJs Cope.
Body deep, comi)re8sed. Eye large, 3J in head. Dorsal spines
robust, little shorter than the soft rays; paired fins long; maxillary
extending somewhat beyond frort of orbit; four rows of scales on
cheeks; opercular spot short without border. Gill-rakers slender.
Dusky, sides silvery, with irregular, short, dark vertical bars ; a palo
baud from mouth across preopercle, a dark line below this, then a silvery
baad; lower parts and most of vertical fins yellow." Head 3g; depth
2. D. X, 12 ; A. HI, 12; scales 7-51-15. East Florida. {Cop^.)
(Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. See. 18^7, G6.) , >. - y- . • \
742. L. clongatUS (Holbr.) Gill & Jor.
Body rather elongate, compresses Front steep. Caudal peduncle
long. iVIaxillary extending to front cf eye. Eye large, 3 J in head.
Scales on cheek in C ro s. Opercular flap moderate. Fins high, the
longest dorsal fin as louj^ as snout and eye. Dusky above, yellowish
below, with faint dark vers ^al bars on the sides, and a dark blotch on
the tail behind the dorsal fin; cheeks with pale bluish lines; fins plain.
Head 2§ ; depth 2 J. D. X, 11; A. HI, 9. L. 4 inches. South Carolina
to Florida. {HolbrooJc.)
{Pomotia dongatua Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nnt. Sci. Phila. ISSf), 47: Pomotia elongatus
G'.iuther,i, 2(52: 1 Lepomia OjMlialmieua Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1808, 224.)
713. li. inili'inns (Grd.) McKay.
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the form precisely as in L. cya-
nellus. Mouth rather largo; maxillary about reaching front of eyej
r
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476 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
teeth on vomer and front of palatines. Gill-rakers moderate, or 10 de-
veloped. Supplemental maxillary scarcely appreciable. Eye oqual to
Jnterorbital width. Cheeks with 7 rows of scales. Spinous dorsal rather
high, the longest spine about as long as from tip of snout to pupil; pec-
torals short, scarcely reaching vent. Scales small, reduced on breast.
Dark greenish ; a black spot on dorsal as in L. cyanelltis. Ilead 2^ •
depth 3. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-42-15. Texas.
{CaUiuriie murimi8 Grd. U. S. Pac. K. R, Surv. Fish. 1858, 18, pi. 7, fijr, 1; the other
pecinieiis oxaininod by Girard belong to L. cyanvllua : lirtjttm murinus Giiiithtr i
GO; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1881,88.) ' '
8
2G0
I&IU
7'4'i. L. piinctatus (Cuv. &. Val.) Jor. «
Body deep, compressed, the profile steep ; an angle above the eye.
Mouth moderate; maxillary reaching past anterior margin of eye; sup-
jdemental maxillary present, small. Palatine teeth present. Gill-rakers
rather long, stiff, and strong. Opercular fla]) small, short, and deep
shorter than eye. Eye large, 4 in head. Scales on the cheeks in 7
rows. Dorsal spines high, the middle ones highest, nearly as long as
snout and orbit. Olivaceous, with numerous small deep brown spots
smaller than pin-heads, resembling lly-specks; these are most distinct
on the lower part of the sides, where they form lines along the rows of
scales, and on the opercies; sometimes they cover the whole body. Fins
plain dusky. Head 3; depth IJ. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 10; scales 0-40-13.
L. 5 inches. Streams of Florida; a handsome species, known at sight
by the peculiar coloration. >
(Bryttus pnnctatiw and reticnlatvs Cuv. & Val. vii, 402; Jordan, Proc. IJ. 8. Nat.
Mus. ii, tJ24, 1879: Lcpomia apiatua Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Pbila. 1877,65: Lqn-
opomna apiniua Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 'lb, 1877.)
743. li. miuinlus Jordan.
Body oblong and somewhat regularly elliptical. Mouth rather large.
Opercular flap short and broad, entirely black. Scales of cheek in
4 series. Eye large, 3^ in head. Giil-rakers shortish, but stitt'.and
rough. Palatine teeth present. Dorsal si)ines rather long, as long as
from snout to posterior edge of pupil Pectorals long. Color dark, a
scarlet spot on each scale, forming red longitudinal stripes ; a dusky
mark on each side of each red spot; belly largely orange red; fins dark;
no dorsal spot; iris red. Head 2^; depth 2|. D. X, 10; A. Ill, 1»;
scales 4-40-11. L. 4 inches. Alabama to Texas 3 not rare; a small,
brightly colored species.
(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 2(5, 1877.)
84. CENTRARCHID^ LEPOMIS.
477
dd. Gin-ral^«"'8 sliort, tbickish ; car flnp in the adult very long and narrow.
746. I" aurltus (L.) Raf.— Long-cared Sun-fiah.
Body elongate, not much elevated. Snout moderately prominent.
Mouth rather large, oblique, the maxillary reaching past front of eye.
Cheeks with rather small scales, in about 7 rows. Scales of breast very
small. Palatine teeth few, rather large. Gill-rakers quite short, not
much longer than in Lepomis megalotis, but stift* and rough, set v.ide
apart, diminishing in size Jrom the angle forwards. Opercular flap
very long (longer in the adult than on any other of the Suu-flshes
except Lepomis megalotis), narrow, usually not wider than the eye. In
the young the flap is variously shortor, but always narrow; lower
margiu of flap usually pale. Dorsal spines rather low. Color olive;
belly largely orange red; scales on the sides with reddish spots on
a bluish ground ; vertical fins chiefly orange or yellowish ; head with
bluish stripes, especially in front of eye; fins becoming dusky in spirits;
nodjjsky blotch on last rays of dorsal and anal. Head (without flap)
3 in length; depth 2J. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 47. L. 8 inches.
Maine to Louisiana; abundant in all streams east of the Alleghauies;
the typical form, above described, chiefly northward.
(Lahriis aiirituH Linn. Syat. Ntit. ed. x,283, 17r;8: LahruH auritun Linn. Syst. Nat. cd.
xli, 475, 17'T): livjittHa unieolor Cnv. & Val. vii, 464: Pomolis ruhricauda Storer, Bo8t.
Journ. Nat. Hist, iv, 177: PomoHs appendix Storor, Hist. FisL. Mass. 1867, 14.)
Var. solis (Cnv. & Val.) McKay.
Similar to the preceding, except that the scales on the cheek are
larger, in 5 or 6 rows; the scales on the breast are not very small, and
there is usually a dusky blotch on the last rays of the dorsal. Virginia
to Louisiana, in streams coastwise; abundant, replacing the true auritua
in the streams of the Southern States.
{Pomotis soUh Cnv. & Val. vii, 408: Jchthdia ruhr'icaitda Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 1860,
15; McKay, Proc. V.. S. Nat. Mua. iv, 89.")
cc. Gill-ralvors weak and flexible, very short ; palatine 1 eeth none. ( Xenotia * Jordan. )
Ti?.- L. meg^alotis (Raf.) Cope. — Long-eared Sun-fiah.
Body short and deep, compressed, the back very strongly arched ; the
profile very steep, usually forming an angle above eye, but sometimes
full and convex. Mouth small, oblique, the premaxillary rather below
the eye, the maxillary extending to opposite middle of eye. Scales on
cheek rather large, in about 5 rows. Dorsal spines very low, not much
longer than the snout. Opercular flap in the adult very long and broad,
with a broad or narrow i)ale blue or red margin, the margin sometimes
•Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1677, 76: type Pomotia fallax B. & G. (€f koS,
wonderful; ouS, ear.)
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478 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
Ik- •
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■4,
very broad, sometimes almost wanting ; the flap half or more longer
than the eye in the adult, much shorter in the young, its dovelon-
ment subject to great variation. Brilliant blue and orange; the back
chiefly blue; the belly entirely orange, the orange on the sides in spots
tbe blue in wavy vertical streaks; lips blue; cheeks orange, with bright-
blue stripes; blue stripes before eye; iris red; soft parts of vertical tins
with the rays blue and the membranes orange; ventrals dusky. Head
■without flap, 3 in length; depth 1§-2J. D. X, 10; A. Ilf, 8; scales o-
38-14. L. 6 inches. Michigan to Minnesota, South Carolina, and Mex-
ico; very abundant in most streams. One of our most brightly-colored
fishes. Extremely variable: the young are often elliptical in form, and
the size at which the characteristic ear-flap is developed varies sieatly
with different individuals. We have thus far failed to distinguish any
tangible varieties. Some Southern specimens have the ear-flap lon'^er
{faUax)', some l!fortheru ones have the scales rather larger {imcriptim)
or the margin of the ear-flap broader than usual {peltantes), or wantinj,'
altogether [lytlirocliJ^ms). Some Southern specimens (hreviccps) have a
dusky spot on the !nst rays of dorsal. These characters gradually dis-
appear on examination of a large series.
( lehthelis megaloiia Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820,29 : Xenoiis megalotu .Jordan, Man. Voit. ed 2,
242: Ichthells aiirita Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 29, not Labriia auritus L. : Lcpomis auritun Cope
Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G8, 220: Xenotis lythrochloria Jordan, Bull, U. S.Nat.
Mils. X, 40: Pomoiia vitida Kirtland, Boat. Jouru. Nat. Hist, iii, 472: romotix fnUnx
Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 24: Pomotia fallax Girard, U. 8.
Pac. R. R. Surv. Fisli. 27: Pomotia ruhricauda GUuther, i, 262: Pomotin brvviceps B, &
G. Proc. Acad. Nar,. Sci. Phihi. 1853, 390: Pomotia popel Girard, U. S. Pac. R. I{. Surv.
Fish. X, 2(5: Pomoiia aanguinolcniua Af;as8. Aiiier. .Joiim. Sci. Arts, 1854, 302: Xenolisnolk
Jordan, Ball. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, 22, uot Pomotia aolia C. & V. : Pomotia conveiifrom
Baird «fe Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 24 : Xcnotia aurcolua Jordan, I5iill,
U. S. Nat. MnH. x, 41: Pomotia inscript ua Agassiz, Amer. Jonrii. Sci. Arts, It'.'-.l, :i(y:
Xcnotia inacriptua .Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 42: Lcpomia peliastea Cope, Proc.
Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1870, 454; McKay, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. iv, Sd.)
74§. li. margnnatus (Holbr.) McKay.
Body short and deep. Snout shorter than the diameter of the eye,
the maxillary extending to tbe orbit. Paired flns rather long. Color
olive, with darker vertical bars; head and body with numerous blnish-
green spots; opercular appendix bordered with green. Head 3; depth
2. D. (IX) X, 12; A. Ill, lU. Fiwr'da. {Holbrool:)
(^Pomotia marginatiia Holbr. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 49: Pomotia margi-
nnina GUuther, i, 2(54.)
749. L. boanbifi'ons (Agass.) Jor.
Body rather short and deep, with the profile very steep and the back
very much arched, the greatest depth of the body being over the
mi^.-
84. CENTRARCHID^ — LpPOMIS.
479
opercles; opercular flap very small, uumargined. Eye large; a slight
angle in front of the eye. Gill-rakers unknown. Mouth moderate,
placed very low; the premaxillaries entirely below the eye; maxillary
extending back to the middle of the pupil. Dorsal spines moderate,
the last ones somewhat shortened. Anal fin large; i)ectoral8 and ven-
trals reaching anal. Scales of cheek in 5 rows. Light brown; fins
pale, unspotted. Scales of belly and sides dotted with golden orange.
Head 2|; depth 2^. D. X, — ; A. Ill, — ; scales 5-?-ll. L. 4 inches.
{Agassiz.) Tennessee River. Known to us from the original descrip-
tion and from a tracing of a drawing received from Professor Bliss.
yVomoUahombifrona Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 303.)
flflo. Supplementary maxillary obsolete : gill-rakers sleuder, rather stiff. {HcUoperca*
Jordan.)
i. Palatiue teeth present.
750. L. hamilis (Grd.) Cope, — Red-spotted Sunfiah.
Body oblong. Scales large. Spines rather high. Profile not very
steep. Eye 3 J in head ; mucous pores on head very lai'ge ; opercular
flap rather long, broad, with a very broad red margin which entirely
surrounds the black. Gill-rakers rather long, blunt, 8-10, well de-
veloped; cheeks with about 5 rows of scales. Bluish, with conspicuous
greenish spots and mottlings posteriorly ; sides with many conspicuous
ronnd salmon-red spots; usually a faint black spot on last rays of
dorsal; belly and lower fins red. Head 2^; depth 2^. D. X, 11; A. Ill,
9; scales 5-34-11. L. 3 inches. Kentucky to Kansiis and Texas; lo-
cally abundant; a small, highly-colored species.
(Brijtius htmiliH Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 201; Girard, U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 18.'j8, 21: Lcpomis anaijaUinus Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
18C8, 221: Lepomis anagallinua Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 3, 240: ? BrijtluH oculatus\ Cope,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ]8()5, 83: ? Lepomis oculatus Cope, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 18(58. 221.
(M, Palatine teeth none ; a black blotch on last rays of dorsal.
751. L. paltidus (Mitch.) Gill & Jor. — Blue Sutifish ; Copper-nosed Bream; Dol.
lardce.
Body comparatively short and deej), compressed ; the young slender,
the adult nearly orbicular. Caudal peduncle rather slender. Head not
"Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1876,355: type Labrvs i)aUidu8 Milch. {rfXiov,
sun; TTFpHtj, perch.)
\L, oculatus Cope.
Similar to L. humilis, but tho body deeper, the caudal peduncle and fln forming
but ouc-third of the length. Head short; opercular flap long, with a black spot aa
large as eye, surrounded by a broad pale margin ; body without rod spots. Depth 2^.
Scales 5-32-11. L. 3. (Cope.) Minnesota.
In.
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480 CONTRIBUTIONS TO Js'ORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
larjEfe, the projecting snout nsnally forming an angle above eye. Mouth
quite small, oblique, the jaws about equal, the maxillary barely reacli-
ing the front of the eye. Five rows of scales on cheeks. Opercular
flap very short in the young ; in the adult rather long and wide, witliout
pale edge. Gill-rakers moderately long, nearlj^ terete, bent slifrhtiv
downwards, about 10 well developed. Dorsal spines strong and hifrj,
usually longer than snout and eye. Ventral fins reaching anal ; pectorals
reaching past anal spines. Olive green; adults dark; young more or
less silverj', with a purple lustre in life; sides with undulathig, often
chain-like, transverse greenish bars, which become obsolete in the adult-
no blue stripes on cheeks ; a dift'use black blotch at base of posterior
rays of dorsal and anal, often obscure in young; no red on fins; very
old si^ecimeus often with the belly coppery red. Head 3 ; depth 2. D.
X, 11; A. Ill, 10; Lat. 1. 44. L. 8 inches. Great Lakes to Florida and
Mexico ; very abundant ; one of our most widely difiused and variable
species.
(Lahrus palladHs Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 18L^), 407 ; Jordan, Man. Vert.
241: Labrua appendix Mitchill, Amer. Month. Mag. 247, IHlCJ (not Pomot'is appendix of
authors): Pomotis incisor C, & V. vii, 4(')(): Pomot is incisor Gilnther, i, 2(59: IcIitluJiH in-
cisor Holbrook, Ichth. S. C. 12 : Pomotis f/ibbosus C. & V. vii, 4(57 : Pomotis spcciosna, and
aqiiilcnsis B. «fe G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 24 : Pomotis speciosus Giinther, ', 2(ii!:
Pomotis luna Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish, x, 22 : Lcponm longispinia, mcqalotis, and
ardcsiacus Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H6H, 220, 222 : Lepom is purptiraacens Cope,
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phi hi. 1H70, 453: Pomotis obscurm" Agasmz, Amer. Journ. Sci.
Arts, 1854, 302: Lepiopomus obacurus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 1876, 317, a deeply
colored variety, from the Tennessee Basin and southward.)
CO. Pharyngeal teeth mostly bluntly conic. {Xysiroplitesi Jovian.) ..
II '
[#■■■
VSa. L.. heros (B. .fe G.) McKay.
Appearance of Lepomis pallidus. Body robust, deep ; the front steep,
the projecting snout forming a considerable angle at the eye. Caudal
peduncle rather long. Mouth moderate. Eye large. Scales on cheeks
ill 4 or 5 rows. Opercular flap broad, about as large as eye, with an
orange margin below and behind. Spines strong and rather high.
*The life colors of ^'Lepomis obacurus" are as follows:-
Dark green above, the . shoulders and front of back with distinct greenish-black
spots; sides with Avide dark-green bars; chest bright coppery-red, spotted with l)!iU'k-
ish and orange ; sides of belly with blackish und carmine ; face, lower jaw, and lower
p.irts of head of a peculiar bright leaden l)l»e; cheeks orange and lead-blue, not
striped; opercular spot large, all black; vertical fins dark blue-green; a black spot
ou last rays of dorsal and anal.
t Jordan MSS. Cope, Proc. Amor. Philos. Soc. 1877, 66: typo Xyatroplitcs gillii Jor-
dan =i?n/t/M« a/6ii/M8 Grd. (^vSvpov, a scraper — gill-rakor; OTtXirrfi, armed.)
liU-l'
84. CENTRARCHID^ — LEPOMIS.
481
Pectoral fins long. Olivaceous, plain in spirits; belly silvery ; cheeks
not striped; visually a faint, spot on last rays of dorsal, and so.netiines
of anal also. Head 2|; depth 2. D. X, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 5-30-15.
Texas; one specimen known; distinguishable from Lepomis pallidvs only
by the blunt teeth.
(Pomolis heron Baird &, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 25: Pomotis hcrwt
GTi\- U- i^' Mox. Bound. Surv. Ichtk. 6: XijatropUtea heroa Joruau, Man. Vert. ed. 2,
244.)
r58. L. curyorus McKay.
Body very robust, compressed; form nearly oval; dorsal witline
more convex than ventral; profile steep, convex. Mouth oblique,
small; maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth stronger than
others; teeth on front of palatines. Lower pharyngeals with the rather
long posterior spur turned up, stoutish ; the inner angle rounded, some-
what obtuse. Teeth stout, very much blunted, not close set; the inner
considerably stronger and less blunt than the rest. Gill rakers short,
stout, about eight in number, the inner surface roughened. Maxillary
with a small but perfectly distinct supplemental bone. Eye very small,
considerably less than length of snout. Scales on cheeks in 6-7 rows.
Opercular flap nearly as long as snout, surrounded by a very broad,
mler, membranous margin; scales on the opercle large, in 5 rows.
Dorsal spines low, the longest as long as from snout to eye; much
lower than soft rays. Caudal peduncle and fin short and broad; ven-
trals and pectorals short, reaching vent. Scales on breast larger than
those on cheeks. Head 3^; depth 2|. D. X, 11; A. Ill, 10; scales 6-
43-14. L. G§ inches. Lake Huron; one specimen known.
(McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 89.)
73i. L. albuliis (Grd.) McKay.
Body elongate, rather deep mesially. Caudal peduncle rather elon-
gate. Snout projecting, forming an angle above eye. Mouth wide*
the lower jaw projecting; maxillary reaching just past front of pupil.
Eye as long as opercular flap, 4 J in head ; flap moderate, broad, with a
very wide pale edge below and behind. Dorsal spines moderate, as
long as snout and half of orbit. Five rows of scales on cheek. Lower
pharyngeal teeth blunt, almost paved. Light olive, uniform in spirits;
traces of dusky mottlings on last rays of dorsal and anal. Head 2i;
depth 2. D.X, 10; A. Ill, 0; scales 0-42-13. L. 5 inches. Florida to.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 31
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482 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTITYOLOGY— iv.
Texas; not coiiiiuoii; like the pieoedinif Hpeciea, intermediate Ix'twcen
Lrpomin proper ami FjitpomoCtH.
(I>r;illiis (ilhiiliin (Jrd. I'rtic. Anul, Nut. Sci. Philii. 1K'>7; fJininl, U. R, Pn,-. I{ v
Snrv. \, 11>: llriitliiH (ilbiihtM (iiintlwr, i, VJ.V.t: XiiHfroiilitiH i/ilH Joulim, Piill. II. s. Nit
MiiH. X, V.M, 1H77; MrKiiy, Prur. V. 8. Nat Miih. 1hh|, Hl».)
•" L<)\v«'r iiliaryiifri'iilH Im-oihI ; iilinrviijO'nl U'otli ]>av«<(l, Hiilmphrricitl in furin, trnnrnfe
atidvc. {luipomoliH (Jill A Jordiin,*)
T.ia. JL. Eiol^rookl (f*uv. A Va\.) McKay.
Body robust, elevate<l, tlie snout nitlier produced. Eye lnifro 4 j„
heiul; maxillary reuehiii}; fiont of orbit. Dorsal tin liifjrii, flic spjnos
about as liij>li as the soft rays; peetoral fins very lonjf. (Mici'ks wjtli o
ro\vs«>f scales. (I ill-rakers rather lon^, obtuse, stron^jly toothed. Opcr
cular llap short, broa«l, with a broad oran/jje margin beh)\v and hcliiiul.
No palatine teeth; pharynjjeal teeth paved. Dusky olive, silvery he.
low; throat yellow; tins dark, with yellowish rays; no black dorsiii spot.
Head .'Vn'; depth 2.^. D. X, ll>; A. HI, 11. L. 10 inches. South Caro
Una to Florida; abundant.
(I'omolin liolhrtMki Cav. &■ Vul. vii, JfiJ), tft3l : Pcmods apeeionun Ilolbr. .Tonm. Acod.
Nat. Sri. Piiiia. IHTki, 18: I'omoth miirolophiiH iU\nl\\M; i,2()4: 1 Xi/HtropliltH IniiiiimdiiiiH
(•oju', Pror Amcr. I'liil. Soe. Phila. 1877, G!i: ICnpomoth holhntuki .Ionian, I'ror. I', .s.
Nut. iM.m. ii, 1H71), '2-^4.)
Y<SG. L. iiotutoa$« (Aju;a8H.) McKay.
Body robust, elon{;ate, the snout i)rojectin}T:, the profile sc^ai-cely {gib-
bons. JNlouth ratluu* wide, obli<pu', reach':;j:f the front of ey<'. Eye
rather large. Opercular flap wide and rounded, shorter than in I,, gil).
boHua, with a rather wide pale border all around. Scales very lar;,'(';
4 rows on cheek. Spines rather hij?h and strong, the longest dorsal
spine as long as from muzzle past middle of i)upil. Soft fins liijjli.
(j ill-rakers short and not very ytilf. Tharyngeal teeth [)aved. Color
j)ale olive, mottled; a faint dorsal spot. Head 3; depth 2^; 1). X, 11;
A. IH, 11; scales 4-35-13. L. S inches. Illinois to Alabama.
{Pomotiii iiotatua Ag. Amor. ,T«mrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 302: Eupomotis pallidus Jordiiu,
Bull;,U. S. Nut. Mas. x, 21, 1877; not I'omoth pallidus Aga'ss.)
. 7S7, li. lyihtoosBDS (L.) McKay. — Common Sun-finh ; Bream; Pumpkin-seed; Suntui.
Body short and deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex; usuiillv
an angle above tVe eye. Head rather small. Mouth small, oblique,
the maxillary scarcely reaching the front of the eye. Dorsal spiues
rather high, as long as eye and snout; the soft rays higher. Pectorals
•Gill & Jordan, Fiold and Forest, 1877, ii, 190: type Sparue aureus Wolbaum-Pfrco
gibbom h, (eu, well; ffS/i/o:, oporcle; ot'?, ear.)
84. CENTRA lirillD.f: — LEPOMI8.
483
lone. Scaloa largp; 1 rows on clM'ck. IMunytij^cal toctli all tnmciito,
l);iv('(l. Color ^ri'i'tiiHliolivci ubovc, hIijuUmI with hliiisli, t ho hmIoh spot-
ted iiiid blotcJu'il with oninjfo; Ixdiy oniiifxc-yollow; choi'ks oraiifjt',
with I>I'>'' wavy HticakH; lowor fins oraiij;*', upper bhuHh and orunfjfo-
Ki)ott»'<l. Opercular flap ratlu^r Hinall, the lower poHterior part always
bri'dit searlet, a mark which (listin|ruislicH this species when adult at
once IVom all our other hij^licolored sun fislu's. Head •i\; d(4>tli 2. J).
X 11; A. Ill, lOj Ijat. 1.47. L. H imdies. (Ireat Lake rcfjion to Maiiu;
iitul southward to Florida, east of the Alicj^hanies; found only in the
iioi'tliern ])arts of the MiFsissippi Valley. One of our most abundant
and liuniliar fishes.
(I'cmi (jihhoia li. S.VHt. Nut. ihI. xi, 2l);i, 17(i0 (after Pcrcn flnrfalili» gihhma, rrntre
htlio, of VntvHhy): Spiinm uurcua Wall>., Aitciii. I'i.o. l?!);?, \IW (aHU'T "({oldCiHcIi"
of SclHipIl): I'omoliM viili/ariH Ouv. & Val. iii, !•!, IH'/.): Morone maciilata Mifchill, Kf-
piiH, ill piirt, Finl». N. Y. 1H14, IH: I'omot'iH vuhjuriH Hdlltr. Ichtli. H. (-'ar. H: J'oiiwHh
tiiUmrix StDi'tT, Fisli. MaHH. 12: VomuliH uurituH (HhiiXiw, i, 2<>1: Eupomotu anrvus ,]ov-
,1.111, Mini. Vort. a-Jl.)
r.lS. L. llriis McKay.
"This species resembles P. inmnor {L. pallidum) In the outline of tlio
body, the nature and coloration of the scales, and in the size and form
of the fins, but it differs greatly from it by its large mouth, the frc^e
cxtroinity of the upper jaws reaching the vertical line of the middle of
tlio (\ve, by the presence of teeth upon the i)alate, ai'.d l)y the ventral
fins being placed immediately uuih^r the pectorals. The black oper-
cular appendage, which Is very short, has a narrow orange border be-
hind; there is a black spot at the base of the posterior rays of the
dorsal; both dorsal and anal are marked by one or two dark stripes;
theciuulal is crossed by several dotted vertical lines; there are eight
or nine dusky bars across the sides between the head and tail. This
species be<- •• < the same relation to PomotiH that Pomoxin bears to the
true CcntrarchuH in the size of the mouth and the form of the body,
iind I have no doubt it will some day become the type of a distinct
genus." (Agassiz.) Tennessee lliver, at Huntsville, Ala. We are
informed by Professor Bliss that the types of this species have the
pharyngeals paved.
{PomoUs paUidus AgasNiz, Anier. Jonm, 8ci. Arts, 1854, 303, not Labrus pallidH$
Mitch.; McKay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 89.)
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484 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY ly.
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•SI.— IfllCROPTKKrS Lnc<;pMe.
Black Baas.
(Huro and GryateH Cuvicr and Valcuciennes: CalliuruH, Dioplitcs, Lepomu, etc. Rafin.
esiiuo.)
(Lnfdp^dp, Hint. Nat. Poiss. iv, 325, IHO'i: typo Microptertm (Momien Lac.)
Body elongatci-ovate, compressed, the bsuik not much elevat<»d. ripiul
oblong-conic. Mouth very hirge, obli(iue, the broad ma.viUary roacliin.r
nearly to or beyon<l the posterior margin of the eye, its supplenicntal bone
well developed. Lower jaw prominent. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala
tines; usually none on the tongue. Preoporcle entire; operculum eud
lug in two liat points, without cartilaginous flap. Uranchiostcgals nor-
nuilly (). Scales rather snuill, weakly ctenoid. Lateral line continuous.
Dorsal flu divided by a deep notch, the spines low and rather lii'cblo 10
in number; anal spines 3; the anal fin much smaller than the dorsal-
caudal lin emarginate. Size large. Two si)ecies, among the most im
portant of American " game-flshes." {/uxpo^, small; nrsfwv^^n', the dor-
sal flu in the typical specimen having been injured, its po.sterior rays,
detaclied and bitten oft" short, were taken by Lacepedefor a separate fui.)
a. Mouth very kirge, tho maxillary in the adult extending beyond the orbit; scales
rather large, 65-70 iu the lateral line; 7-8 series above lateral line.
Y39> m. salmoidcs (Lac.) Hen.shall. — Large-mouthed Black Bass; Oswego Bass;
Green Bass; Bayou Bass.
Body ovate-fusiform, becoming deeper with age, moderately com-
pressed. Head largo. Mouth very wide, the maxillary in the adult
reaching beyond the eye; iu the young shorter. Scales on the cheelc
iu about 10 rows; scales on the trunk comparatively large. Lingual
teeth sometimes present. Dorsal fin very deeply notched. Colora
tion of the young dark-green above; sides and below greenish-silvery;
a blackish stripe along the sides from opercle to the middle of the
caudal fln; three dark oblique stripes across the cheeks and opercles;
below and above the lateral band some dark spots; caudal tin pale at
base, then blackish, whitish at tip; belly white. As the fish grows
older the black lateral band breaks up and grows fainter, and the color
becomes more and more of a uniform pale dull green, the back being
darker; a dark opercular blotch usually present. Head 3^; depth 3.
D. X, 13; A. Ill, 11; scales 8-G8-16. L. 1-2 feet. Elvers of the
United States, from the Great Lakes and Red River of the Is^orth
to Florida and Texas; everywhere abundant, preferring lakes, bayous,
■ Mb
84. CENTRARCIIID^. MICR0PTERU8.
m
and shiKn'**'' wators. Tt prrows to a larger size than tho next specioa,
•umI i« it'i>'l'lv distiufjuiNlMHl by its coloration and the larjjer mouth and
larger H<aU's. Both species vary irnieh with ditt'erent waters.
(Labrun mlmoidrn Latdinidi', lliHt. Nut. Pt»iH«. iv, 71(1, 1H()2: Lrpomin pallida R:if.
Tclitli. f'li- •"*» I'^J^t'; Jonlun, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hint, xi, 314, l^"?? : CichUi Jtoridana I,o
Sueur, Joiirn. Acud. Nut. Sci, Philu. 1H22, SiSO: //»«ro nigricam V. &. V. ii, 1*24: Z/mio
ii,-,,^,(.(„i« (Jiintber, i, 2.'>5: MicropleruH iiiijnvaHH (Jill, I'lof. Auut. Amm<)<'-. Ailv. Sfi. 1H7U,
70 (iiiiil of most late writoiM): DioplitcH nuvvennin Ord. IJ. iS. Misx. Bound. Ichth. \\\
}jUroptirus salmoidvs IleuHbuU, liouk of the Black BasH, IHHl, 11(>, )
aa. MoiKli smallftr, the maxillary in the adult not extendin}? beyond orbit; scalns
Hitialler, 7i2-75 iu thu lutural lint;; 10-12 Hcries abovu thu laiurul Hue.
y60. iW» dolomieu Lac. — Small-mouthrd lilack Basn.
Body ovatefiisiforin, becoming deeper with age. Head large. Mouth
large, but smaller than in M. mhnoidcs, the maxillary ending consider-
ably iu front of the hinder njiirgin of the orbit. Scales on the cheek
minute, in about 17 rows; scales on the trunk comparatively small.
Dorsal lin deeply notched, but less so than in M. salmoidcH, the ninth
Hpiue being about half as long as the longest, and not much shorter tlian
tlie tenth. Coloration quite variable, the young dull golden green, with
bronze lustre; darker spots along the .sides, which tend to form short
vertical bars, but riever a dark lateral band; 3 bronze bauds radiating
fi-oni eye across cheeks and opercles; a dusky spot on ])oiut of opercu-
lum; belly white; caudal fin yellowish at base, then black, with white
tips; dor.sal with bronze spots, its edge dusky. In some waters the tin-
markings are obsolete, but usually they are very conspicuous in tho
young. Southern 8i)ecimens usually have the scales of the lower part
of tbe sides with faint dark streaks; adult specimens have all these
marks more or less wholly obliterated, and become ultimately of a uni-
form dead green, without silvery lustre. Head 3J; dei)th 3^. D. X, 13;
A. Ill, 10 or 11; scales 11-74-17. Elvers of the United States, from
the Great Lake region to South Carolina and Arkansas; abundant,
frequenting running streams, and preferring clear and cool waters; its
southern limit is bounded by the presence of such waters. As a game
fish this species is usually more highly valued than its congener.*
(Lacdpfedc, Hist. Nat. Poiss, iv, 325, 1802; Henshall, Book ot the Black Bass, 1081,
H: Bodianiis achigan Rat". Aiuer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 120, 1817: Gryxtai
lalmoides C. & V. iii, 54: Gryates aabnonoidts Giinther, 1, 252: Miciopterua aalmoide^
Gill, Proc. Auier. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1873, G7, and of many American writers: Callinrna
pmictulatua lint. Ichth. Oh. 2G: Gryaiea faaciatua Giinther, i, :;i58: Centrarchua ohacurua
GUnther, i, 258.)
•Both this species and the preceding are popularly known in the Southern States
by the grossly erroneous name of " Trout."
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486 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy.
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■ Family LXXXV.—PERCID^.
{The Perches.) ■ " - s . •
Bo^ly more or less elongate, terete or compressed, covered more or less
completely with rather small, ctenoid, adherent scales. Lateral line
nsnally present, not extendin.*? on the caudal fin. Mouth terminal or
inferior, small or large, the premaxillaries protractile or not ; maxilUiries
large or small, without distinct supplemental bone. Jaws, vomer, and
palatines with bands of teeth, which are usually villiform, but some-
times mixed with ctiuines; occasionally the teeth on the vomer or pala
tines are absent. Head naked, or more or less scaly ; preopercle entire
or serrate ; opercles usually ending in a flat 8j)ine. Branchiostcgals (i
or 7. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth ; gill-membranes free or connected,
not joined to the isthmus ; gill-rakers slender, toothed ; pseudobrancliiie
i^'mall, or glandular and concealed, or altogether wanting ; lower jdiaryii
geals separate, with sharp teeth. Fins geherallj^ large ; two dorsals,
the first of G o 15 spines ; anal fin with one or two spines (three in
Perelcliihys, a fieuh-water genus from Chili). Ventrals thoracic, I, 5;
pectorals often very large ; caudal lunate, truncate or rounded. Anal
papilla often present. Air bladder small and adherent, often entirely
wanting. Pyloric cteca few. Vertebra?, 30 to 45.
. Genera about 22; species, 90 to 100; inhabitants of the fresh waters
of cool regions, most of them being American and nearly all belonging
to the fauna of the United States. The great mnjority of the speeies
belong to the subfamily of Ethcostomatina; the Darters, all the species
of V li'.ch group are American. They are among the most singular und
interesting of our fishes. They differ from the typical Pcrehuv in their
svnil) size, briglit colors, and large fins, and uk re technically in the
rudimentary condition of the pseudobranchiie and the air bladder, both
of which organs are usually inappreciable. The preopercle is unarmed,
and the numl)er of branchiostegals i.^ six. An anal papilla is likewise
develoi)ed, as in the (lohiida', to which group the Darters beara(!<msid-
erable superficial resemblance, which, however, indicates no real aflinity.
The relations of the Darters to the Perches have been aptly expressed
by Professor 8. A. Forbes:
"Given a supply of certaih kinds of food nearly inaccessible to tne
oulinary fish, it is to bo expected that some fishes would becouje
especially fitted for its utilization. Thus the Ftheostomatimx as a group
85. PERCIDiE.
487
are explained in a word by the hypothesis of the progressive adapta-
tion of the young of certain Percida to a peculiar place of refuge and a
peculiarly situated food supply. Perhaps we may without violence call
tliese the mountaineers among fishes. Forced from the populous and
fertile valleys of the river beds and lake bottoms, they have taken
refii'^e from their enemies in the rocky highl mds, where the free waters
play in ceaseless torrents, and there they have wrested from stubborn
nature a meager living. Although diminished in size by their constant
struggle with the elements, they have developed an activity and hardi-
hood, a vigor of life and a glow of high color almost unknown among
the easier livers of the lower lands. * * * Notwithstanding their
trivial size, they do not seem to be dwarfed so much as concentrated
fishes.' (Am. Nat. 1£80, October, pp. 69' ':'02.)
The colors of the EtheoHtomotitKC are usually very brilliant, species of
PoeciliohthyH, NothonotuH, and Biplenum being among the most brilliantly
colored fishes known; the sexual differences are often great, the females
being as a rule dull in color and more speckled or barred than the males.
Most of them prefer clear running water, where they lie on the bottom
concealed under stones, darting, when frightened or hnngry, with great
velocity, for a short distance, by a powerful movement of the fan-shaped
pectorals, then stopping as suddenly. They rarely use the caudal fin
in swinnning, and they are seldom seen moving or tloating freely in the
water like most fishes. When at rest, they support themselves on their
expanded veutrals and anal fin. All of them can turn the head from
side to side, and they frequently lie with the head in a curved position
or partly on oni? side of the body. The si)ecies of AmmocryphK and
perhaps some of the others i)refer a sandy bottom, where, by a sudden
plunge, the fish buries itself in the sand and remains quiescent lor
hours at a time, with only its eyes and snout visible. The others lurk
in stony places, under rocks and weeds. Although more than usually
tenacious of vitality, the Darters, from their bottom lile, are the iirsc
to be disturbed by impurities in the water. All the Darters are car-
nivorous, feeding chiefly on the larviB of Blptcra, and in their way vora-
cious. All are of small size; the largest (Pcrcina) reaches a length of 8
inches, while the smallest {Micropcrea) is i)iobably the smallest si)iny-
rayed fish known, barely attaining the length of an inch and a half.
Tliey are of too small size to be used for food, although, according tt>
Raiinesque, "they are good to eat, fried."
The Peroina; iive represented hi America by two genera, and in Euro;>e
hy the same two and three others — Acerinaj Percarina, and A8£ro — tho
m
r
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• Ji-j
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488 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
latter boaiing a strong external resemblance to the EtlicostomatUm and
serving as a connecting lijik between tbeni and the more typical forms
{I'vrchlw part.GlintluT, i, 58-78; Keneru I'erca, Luviopirca, I'ikoma, liohumma ^'ce.
rina, rircarina, A8j>ro, Pcrtivhtliya, ami PvrviUa.) . ->, ,
• Aiiiil HjtiiioH OHO or two.
a. I'setuloliraiu'bia- ImiM'ifoct or wanlinj?; preopercloontire; branchiostegals 0. [Etbe.
ontomafiiiw.)
b. rrnwaxillarios protraoUU'.
c. Body oxtrcmoly clougato, siibcyliiulrical, traiisluri'nfr, tlu-. belly at least naked-
lateral line c'cniipleto; j{ill-nieinbran«'8 broadly united,
r?. Anal Hpiiio single ; anal liu nearly as large as secoud dorsal.
AMMOCRYI>TA,8rtO,
dd. Anal spines two; val fin small Jua 253.
cc, Boily less («longAtfl, . que, cbielly scaled.
e. Anal spine obstMire, normally .single.
,/'. Lateral line eomplcte, or wanting on a few scales only . . Bolkosoma, %i,
ff. Lateral lino incomplete Vaillantu, 255.
■^c. Anal spines two, tbe lirst conunonly tlie longer.
II . (.ilill-nn'mbranes more or less broadly united; belly avUIi ordinary scules.
h. Maxillary bone normal Ulockntiia, i^A
hh Maxillary adnate to tbe pn'orbital Dii'LKsiuy, 257,
yy. .fill-nnnibranes scarcely connected.
i. Belly witb enlai'ged cadnccms plates Cottooahtek, a.W.
ii. Belly w II bout enlarged caducous plates Imostoma, 259,
lib. rrouiaxillarics not jirotractih".
j. Lateral line-complete.
k. Ventral line witb a series of enlarged, spinous, caducous scuIch
or (if tbese are lallcn) a naked striji.
I. Moutb small, inferior, lienealb a i)ig-likeKnout..rKi(ciNA,200.
II. Moutb larger, the snout not projecting beyond it,
Alvoudus, 2(il.
Icli. Ventral lino without caducous scales.
7H. G Il-membranes scarcely connected.
n. Anal tin larger than second dorsal Hadiioi'Tkims, 2ii2.
nn. Ana! liu smaller than second dorsal. .Notiionotis, 2G;{.
>H»»i. (Jill-membranes broadly connected .. .Naxostoma, 2li4.
jj. Lateral line i)resent, incom])let<'.
0. Gill-membranes broadly united Etiikostoma, 2(i5.
00. Gillniembraues separate or nearly so.
IVKciMniTiiYS, 2'in,
jj). Lateral line olisoleto . . . : Mkijoimouca, 2(i7.
«a. PscUdobrancbia) well developed; iireopercle serrate ; brancbiostegalsT. (' (rdiKV.)
p. Canine teetb noiw ; body oblong Pkiua, 2(K
j)l). Caniuo teeth in jaws aud pahuines; body tlongatc.
SXIZOSTKUIUJI, 269,
a-ia.-AIfllUOCBYPTrA Jordan.
iSand Darter H.
(* rieuroleph Agas^iz; not Plvurolcpis Egerton, a genua of extinct Onnolds.)
(.Ionian, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. x, (5, 1877: type Jmnmrjipta ftrani .lordan.)
Body slender and elongate, sub-cylindrical ; pellucid in lifo. Head
* Agassiz, Bull. Mus. Coinp. Zool. i, 5, IS&i: type Elheosfoma ju Unddiim Buird MSS.
85. PERCID^ — AMMOCRYPTA.
489
slender. Month rather wide, terminal, Ijorizmital, the lower jaw in-
cIikUhI; preinuxillaiioH very i)rotractile ; teeth on the vomer. Scales
tiiiii ctenoid, little imbrii^ated, present ulonj;- the re{;ion of the lateral
line ik'id on the tail, sometimes wantiny; on the back or belly ; lateral line
complete. Head scaly or naked; no ventral plates; the belly naked.
Oill-ineinbranes considerably united, t'ornunj;an anyle at their junction.
Dorsal tins moderate, about e«puil to the anal tin and to each other;
(lorsa! with about ten spines; anal spine single, weak. Vertebrae 22
^ 32 A. pellueula). Darters of moderate or rather lar^fe si/e, inhabi-
tiu" tlie sandy bottoms of clear streams, where they bury themselves
entirely ex(!epting the eyes ami snout. Ctdoration translucent, with
bright reilections. (M/i/tor, sand; xfiu-Ta^, concealed.)
a. Cli('tU« i>ii<l oi>«rc.l«'8 nuked; Itody imperfeclly neulu^.
701 > A. benni Jordan.
Body greatly elongated, sub-itylindriiial, transparent. Head rather
large, heavier than in A. pdlucida. Mouth rather wide, nearly termi-
nal ; the upper jaw somewhat th'.; tong«'r; outer teeth strong, hooked.
Opercular spine obsolete. Head entiiely naked. Body Uiiked, except
the caudal peduncle, which i.s sparsely <;overed with thin, imbedd(>d
scales, aiul a series of rather huge scales along the sides, on wlii<;h the
lateral line runs. Dorsal tins high, wide apart, about e(|ual in height to
the anal tin and to each other; caudal tin emarginate. (-olor trans-
lucent, without bars or spots, the lateral line shining-golden in life.
Spinous dorsal with a large black spot on tlie membraiu', anteriorly,
another lu'ar th(i middle, and some small ones behind; other tins with
their nienduanes dusted with dark points. Head 3>^; depth 7h. D. X~
10 ; A. I, fl ; Lat. 1. 05. L. 2.^ inches. Louisiana and M'ssissip[)i.
{Ammovrynta heanii .Tnrdnti, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. s, .'), 1877 •.,Amv\ocnjpta gvlida Tlay,
Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mua. IdHO, 41)0 — iipparcntly the young; the Hize sinuliur uud the tins
lower.)
oa, CUct'ks and oporcles Hcnly.
lO'l. A. peliucS«la (Hiiird) .T. & Q.—Snnd Dartor.
Translucent; scales with line black dots; a t^eries of sn«a11, s«piarish
olive or blui.sh blotches along the back an«l another along each side;
lateral spots connected by a gilt band. Bod.> slender; head stout.
(!lieeks, operdes, and temporal region scaled ; the scales imbediled ind
more or less cycloid. Neck above thinly scaled or naked ; 8(;alesof body
not very rough, those ttlong lateral line and caudal i»ednncle most
closely imbricated; belly entirely nalud; opercJe ending in a short, Hat
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490 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
Hpiue. Maxillary barely reacliing to opposite the* large eye; eyes Iiiirii
up, separated by a narrow, grooved space. Pectorals short, rcadiin.r
tips of ventrals, half way to vent. Head 4^; depth 7. D. X-10- a.
I, 8; Lat. 1. about 75, about G series of scales above it. L. ,'{ incjics.
Ohio valley and northwestward ; abounding in clear sandy streams ; one
of the most interesting of our fishes. *
{Etheo foma pellmMum Kainl MSS. : Pleurolep'w pclliicidiia Agassi/,, Bull. Miis. Coinp.
Ztxil. i, r>, 18();t: rhuroh'pix ptUucidKx Vaillant. l{ocli('nhcs sur Etlu'o.stom. in Nouv.
Arcliiv. Mils. 1874, i;!8: rieiirolcpix j)elhi(idun Jon\au, Man. Vert. i:d.'2,'2VJ: I'hurokm
peUuvhlnH .Ionian & Copolaiul, Aiucr. Nat. 1877, 8(5.)
763. A. nspi'clla .Jordan.
Head long, rather slender. Eyes very large, high up and \ .>ry close
together. Mouth not large, sub-terminal, horizontal. Cheeks and oi^t-
cles with i)ectinated scales. Opercular siiine well develoi)ed. Sciiiiuiia-
tion nnich more complete than in A. pellucida, the scales small and
quite rough, largest posteriorly. Throat and belly naked, the S[»a(;e
between the ventral tins scaled. Back of neck sc^aly. Fins large, the
dorsals well separated; the spinous high, highest in front; second dor-
sal smaller, smaller than anal; anal spine high, flexible; caudal lunate.
Coloration clear (divaceous, sides with 8 to 10 dark squarish Idotelu's,
quite small and far apart; a blackish shade finward from eye, and a
dusky shade across ojiercle. Said to present in life "alniOvSt all the
colors of the rainbow." Head 4J ; depth 8. I). I X-10; A. T, 8; Lat. 1.
98, ten series above the lateral line. L. 4 inches. Illinois to Alabama.
in sandy streams; a much larger and rougher speides than the i)rccedin}r.
{Vlcurolepix nuprdhm .Jordan, Bull. Ills. Lub. Nat. Hi»t. 2, ;18, 1878; Pkiirolqik oh-
prcllus Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 404. )
253.— I«A .Jordan & Brnyton.
(Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii,88, 1878: typo /Vm7iV/i7/(t/.v WOths Topi!, )
This genus dilVers from Aminocrypla chiefly in the presence of twowcll-
develoi>cd si»ines in the anal fm. The anal lin is proportionately smaller,
and the scales are larger and rougher, more fully covering the hody.
The sipiamation of the head is more conqdete than in any other ginus.
Spe(!ies slender, translucent in life, (n*?, an arrow or dart.)
764. 1. vitrca (Cope) J. & B.
Form of Ammocrypta. Dead slender, acununate; mouth not very
Famuli; tenq)oral region scaled; cheeks and opercles covered with larj^e,
imbricated, very roughly ctenoid scales, these scales extending forward
to the maxillary and backward to edge of operclo and on suboijcrclej
85. PERCID/E — BOLEOSOMA.
491
thefi'<'We opercular spine is almost hidden by them. Middle and lower
i)art of the sides of Jhe body covered with hirj^e, imbricated, very rou^h
scales, these less closely set below; breast uaked; behind the ventrals
the niMhlle line of the belly with some small scales, behind which is a
nuked space bounded by small imbedded siuiles, and extending as far
as the vent; back from mi<ldle of first dorsal forward naked, jjosteriorly
more or less scaly. Fins low and small, the second dorsal larger than
the first or the anal; the spines slender; anal spines short; i)ectoral
fliis long and narrow. Translucent, with small dark spots on back and
sides, besides liner specklings ; fins (dain. Head 4.^; depth 7. 1). Vlt
to IX-11 to 13; A. J I, to 8; Lat. 1. GO. L. 2 inches. Neuse Kiver,
North Carolina; locally abundant.
(I'lrrHichthya ritreus Copo, Proc. AiiK^r. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 2611; Jordan &
Braytoii, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xli, 82, 1878.)
■ I
- 1 " 'ti
994.-BOLX;OSOIVIA DcKay.
Tessellated Barters.
(Arlina and Ealrella Grd.)
(DoKay, Now York Fauna Fish. 1842, 20: typo Bohosoma tessellatum DcKny = EthcoS'
tovia olmatedi StoriT. )
Body moderately ehnigate, fusiform, not translucent. Head small,
narrowed forwards, the profile convex. Mouth sin all, horizontal, tiie
lower Jiiw included; T)remaxillaries lu'otractile. Maxillary not adnato
to preorbital. Vomerine teeth present. Scales large. Lateral lineccn-
tiuuous (rarely wanting on two or three scahvs). IJelly with onlinary
scales. Gill-membranes narrowly connected. Dorsal spines 7-10, slen-
der; soft dorsal much larger than anal; anal normally with a single,
short, slender spine, the first soft r.iy simple, but articulate. Vertebno
{B. nignini) 17 + 20. Coloration olivaceous and speckled, the males
blackish in spring. Size small. {i3(i^t^, a dart; a<btj.a, body.)
0. Dorsal spiiios normally 0.
h. CJit'cks H(!,aly ; Ntuiond tlornal with 11^ or 14 rays olmatedi.
66. C'IicoUb ami breattt normally naked (occasionally fully scaled),
c. Body fusiform, with Hlcnilor (Miudal pcdnnc'lo; fins nioil(>rate; second dorsal
with 11 or 12 rays; lateral line usually not quite complete..... nii/rum,
_'. cc, body robust, compressed; tins very liigh. —
d. 8«'cond dorsal with 11$ rays; lateral line with about 4' scales effnlgena.
dd. Second dorsal with 10 rays; lateral line about !>5 rcxillare,
aa. Dorsal spines 7(f) mojms.
■:,. ,.
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492 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
a. Dorsal spines normally 9. ' • ,
;, b. Chocks scaly; second dorsal with 13 or 14 rays. t .
"76.5. B. oSimstedi (Storer) Agassiz. '; :.~^ '
Body sleuder, little compressed, with long caudal pedi tele. Head
slender, rather jiointed. Cheeks and opercles scaly; space before dor-
sal naked; breast naked. Fins verj' high, pectorals reaching past tips
of veutrals. Coloration olivaceous, tessellated above; sides with
blotches and zigzag markings; fins speckled or somewhat barred*
head not speckled, dusky in males; usually a black stripe forward from
the eye and another downward. Head 4; depth 5.J. D. IX-14; A. I
9; Lat. 1. 50. L. 3.J inches. Great Lakes to Georgia and Massaclui-
setts; the commonest eastern sjiecies. A southern form, var. macula-
ticeps, has the cheeks scaly above only, and is more speckled; var. atro-
maculatum, found eastward, has the breast closely scaled.
{Eiheoatoma olniHtcdi Storer, Bost. Joiiru. Nat. Hist. 1842,61: Boleosoma tr.HnvUnUtni
DeKay, Now York Fauna Fish. 1842, 'JO; Agassiz, Lake Superior, 291); Giiuthcr, 1,77;
Cope, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1HU8, 1213; Vaillant, I.e. 79: Bolconoma mavnlaliceps
Cope, Proc. Aincr. Pliilos. Soc. 1870, 2(.i9: Estrvlla atroniavulaia Girard, Pioc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.'S9, GG.)
ib. Cheeks and breast (normally) naked.
d. Body fusiform, with slender caudal pcdimcle; fins moderate; second dorsal
with 11 or 12 rays; lateral lino usually not quite complete.
766. B. laagTiaBn (Raf.) Jor. — Johvn:j Darter.
Body fusiform, slender. Head conical, moderate, the snout some-
what decurved. Mouth small, lower jaw included. Cheeks an<l breast
naked (speciniens occasionally found with these regions closely scaly);
opercles scaly; space before dorsal mostly scaled. Fins hij^h, but
smaller and lower than in the other species. Coloration pale oliva-
ceous; back much tessellated with brown; sides with numerous small
W-shaped l)lotches; head speckled above, mostly black in the males;
a blick line forward from eye, and sometimes a line downward also;
iius barred; males in the spring blackish anteriorly, sometimes almost
entirely black. Tubes of the lateral line obsolete on the last 4 or 5
scales. Head 4J; depth 5. D. IX-12; A. I, 8; scales 5-51-9. L. 2J
inches. Ohio Valley, Great Lake region, and Upper Mississippi; very
abundant where found. It perhaps varies into Ji. olmstedi, but may be
distinguished, as far as we have seen, by the shorter dorsal.
(EthcoHtoma uiffra Raf. IcliMi. Oli. 1H20, ',V7\ IMcoaoma vutnilatum Agasaiz, Luke Su-
perior, 18.'"»0, WQ'y. lioUioaoma breripiuvc (Jaitv, Proc. Arier. Philos. Soc, 1870,208; Giiu-
thcr, 1, 77 : liolconoma mututum Vaillant, 1. c. 88 : f PccciUcMhua wc»(rttn Cope, Proc. Aciid.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 18o4, 232: liqlcotoma maculatuJi) Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 224.)
%m.:m;^i
. if,
86. PERCID^ — VAILLANTIA. 493
dd. Body rohnst, compressed ; fins very high. y «>
e. SlcoiuI dorsal with 13 rays; lateral line about 40. •.
767. B. effaaUffens (Grd.) Cope.
]5o(ly rathijr slender; caudal peduncle not contracted ; opercular spines
rudimental ; muzzle abruptly decurved. Eye 3J in head. Fins very
hi<Th; caudal very much rounded; vaut'^als reaching anal; i)ectoral8
still loii};:er. Color brown, with traces of nine spots on the side; muzzle,
cbin, and spot below the eye black ; fins black, the second dorsal and
caudal with white specks. Head 4^; depth 6J. D. IX-13; A. II, 8j
scales 5-40-6. L. 2^ inches. Maryland to North Carolina. {Cope.)
(Arlina effnlgetiH Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 64; Cope, Proc. Am,
Pbilos. Soc. 1870, 289.)
«•. Second dorsal with 10 rays; lat. 1. about 35,
fOi* B. vcxillare Jordan.
Body rather short «nd stout; caudal peduncle not contracted;
opercular si)ine moderately developed; space in front of dorsal fin
naked; muzzle moderately decurved; eye moderate. Second dorsal
verj high, higher than long; pectorals and ventrals long, nearly reach-
ing anal. Coloration olivaceous, the sides with traces of vertical bars;
first dorsal, ventrals, and anal black ; second dorsal and caudal strongly
barred with pale in fine pattern; head black in the male; lateral line
complete. Dead 4; depth 41. D. VIII-10; A. I, 7; scales 4-35-G.
L. 2| inches. Rappahannock River, Warrenton, Va.; a single speci-
men known.
(Jordan, Proc. (I. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 237.)
m. Dorsal spines 7.
769. B. li?sopMS Cope.
Body stout, the back rather elevated; the caudal peduncle somewhat
contracted; muzzle somewhat decurved; mouth termin.al. Dorsal fins
much elevated. Color light brown, with six small dark dorsal spots,
ami ton similar small spots ahmg the dorsal line; a bar around muzzle
a!id one below ej'e. I). VII-14; A. 10; scales 5-47-8. L. 2J inches.
Loyalsoc Creek, a tributary of Allegheny River. {Cope.) One speci-
men known, perhaps an accidental variation.
(Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 270.)
' "^ il59.— VAILL.ANT1A Jordan.
(Jordan, Bull. U. 8 Nat. Mns. xii, 89, 1878; type liohomma mmurum Forbes.)
This genus agrees with BoleoHoma in all respects, except that the
lateral line is incomplete, usually ceasing near the middle of the body.
(To Leon Vaillant, author of an excellent monograph of these fishes.)
If
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494 CONTRmUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICITTIIYOLOOY — ly.
7TO. V. enniura (ForbcH) .Tor.
Body sloinlcr, olonjjiito, witli long candnl peduncle. Back .soincwiuit
elevated. Head small, rather slender, the Hnout HlM)rter tlciii (.y,>
8troii;;ly decurved. Mouth inferior, hori/ontal, mnall, the inaxillaiv
exten<lin{j to the nii<ldle of the eye. (Jill inembraneH little connect*'!!.
Cheeks, operdes, and breast closely covered with rather larjje scales-
median lino of neck naked; open'uhir si)ine strong; scales moderate-
lateral line quite short, nearly straight, reaching to the middle of the
spinous dorsal, developed on 20 to 30 st-ales. Fins small, the dorsals
well apart; first dorsal larger than the second, which is larger tliaii the
small anal. Coloration as in .Jiolconoma, olivaceous, the back spottcMl
and tessellated; sides with about ton irregular spots; a dark spot on
opercles. Ih'ad spott;\ above; a black lino across the muzzle; no bar
below eye ; dorsals and cautlal tin linely barred. Head 4.',; dej)th a.i
1). X-10; A. 1, 8; scales 5-;jO-10. L. 2^ inches. Jiivers of Illinois.
(liolvoHoma camura Forbes, Dull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 40, 1H7H.)
771. V. cliloroNOina Hay.
Body slender, cooipn^ssed, the dorsal region mucli arched. Caudal
peduncle h)ng and slender, the body abruptly contracted at the vent.
Head small, convex in i)rolilo. Cheeks and opercles scaled, lireast
scaled or naked. Dorsals separated by a distance equal to half the head,
about equal to each other, larger than the anal. Lateral line developed
on 4 to 20 scales. Creenish yellow, with numy blotches and zigzajf
markings of brown ; a row of about 10 of these blotches along each .«iido,
nu)st distinct on caudal peduiude; about 8 square brown dorsal spots.
Top of head, opercular spot, and subocular spot, black. A black streak
from eye to snout. Head 4A; depth 5|. D. IX-11; A. I, 7 or I, 8; Lat.
1 50 to 00. L. 2 inches. Eastern Mississippi; apparently not different
from the preceding.
(Hay, Proc. U. S Nut. Mua. 1880, 41)r>.)
956.— III.OI'EIVTRA Jordnn.
(Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 223, 1878; type Arlina atripinitin Jor.)
Body nu>derately elongate, little compressed. Head short, thick, with
tumid cheeks. Mouth small, horizontal, tho lower jaw included. Pre-
maxillaries protractile, little movable; maxillary movable, not joined to
the preorbital except at its root ; vomerine t«eth present, small. Gill-
ra*-mbraiu's more or less'roadly connected. Sralea moderate. No ven-
tral plates. Lateril line complete or incomplete. First dorsal with 12
ST). PBRCIDiE — ULOCENTRA.
4r5
spinps; anal smallor tbtin Hccond dorsiil, with two wclldovolopcd siiiiics,
the t\rs* tliolongor. Small Hppcics, rather brijihtl.v colored. («*u^o^, com-
plete; xsvr/x'v, Hpiiie; the development of the anal spines diHtinj^uiMhin^;
it from /^'it'0«o/Ma.) v ♦ "^
179. !'• phBox (Copt") J. «& G.
Vermillion red, with faint small brown dorsal Hpota; a sorfes of .similar
bine spots alonj? tll(^ lateral line. SpinouH dorsal with a dark bine bor-
der; second dorsal with a dark shade; eandal cross-barred. IJody rather
fitoiit. Head compressed. Month terminal, the premavibaries freely
protractile ; opercnlar sj)ine strong?. Cheeks and opereles nak<'d. IJreast
and neck scaleless or nearly so. Scales rather larpje, the belly scaled
liko the sides. (Jill inentbranes not described. Lateral line strai^dit,
roacliiiijr middle of second dors.al. Anal tin small, other tins larjic J),
X-lli; A. II, T); scale8r)-5li-S. L. 2 inches. Trinity River, Texas. ^Cope.)
(/J(»/((M(»mrt j>/if«x Cope, Dull. U. 8. Nat. Mu8. xvii, 30, 18H0.)
TT8. I', stitfllliea Jordan.— <Sp«;fc.
body slender, formed as in Tioleosotna. TTead narrow and thin, the
snout somewhat pointi^l, obli(|nely trnncate in i)rofHe. Month narrow,
horizontal, snbinf<Mior, its cleft nearly reaching eye; premaxillaries little
protractile. Lateral lino extendin;jf to opposite middle of seisond dorsal.
Scales rather larfje. Opereles, cheeks, and neck s(!aly; breast naked,
(lill-membranes not very brojidly joined; opercular spine sharj). Fins
rather large; eandal emarginate. Olivaceous, tessellated and si»e<!kle(l
above; sides with about 8 W shapcMl dark green blotches below th(» lat-
eral line and various duller oni's above; upper parts in the larger speci-
men.s sprinkled with wmall orange sjxjts, which are more conspicuous
after death, when the green has faded. Fins mottled; spinous dorsal
with a band of orange-red a!)ov;>, and one or two narrow dark ones below
it. A dark stripe forward and another downward from eye. Head 4J ;
depth 5. 1). X-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-40-7. L. 2^ inches. Georgia to
Louisiana; rather common in the ponds and streams of the hill country,
(Pohonoma stigmceum Jordan, Anu. Lye. Nut. Hist. N. Y. 1876, 311.)
aa. Lateral lin« complete. _, , .
YTi. 11. atripinnis Jordan. . '
Body rather short, somewhat compressed behind. Head extremely
short and deep, the snout very short and abruptly rounded, as in Dip-
lesium. Eye large. Mouth amall, with equal jaws. Cheeks and oper-
•■ 1' . \
4-
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i4
49G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly,
cles acaly ; the cheek scales small and closely set ; a triangular series
of scales on temporal region; throat smooth; neck above closely
scalj' ; belly closi-ly scaled. Fins large; spinous dorsal high the
second still higher, but smaller than the first, its base about equal to
the length of the head; dorsal fins contiguous, slightly connected.
Color olivjM;eous ; head abovj^ entirely black ; back with 8 dark cross.
bars; about 11 bar-like blotches, somewhat indistinct, arranged alon'^
the lateral line ; fins chiefly black; membranes of the second dorsal
and ventral fins entirely black, that of the spinous dorsal with a broad
black horizontal bar at base, above which are numerous distinct black
oblique streaks ; anal with a broad black bar ; caudal and pectoral fins
largely dusky. Females and young probably paler. Head 4^ ; depth
4}. D. XI[-10; A. 11, 7; Lat. 1. (not counted). L. 2J inches. Cum-
berland River; but one si)ecimen known. >-
(ArUna alrijjinnia Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1877, 10; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed.
2, -22.3.)
■/■■••• • ' t
77S» U. simotera (Cope) Jordan. •
Body short and rather deep. Head small ; the snout very obtuse, as
blunt as in Diplesium. Cheeks, opercles, and breast scaly. Dorsal flus
well separated. Back and sides each with a series of quadrate blackish-
green blotches ; belly saffron-color; upper parts sprinkled with red
spots ; first dorsal margined with orange-red; a row of oval red spots
across the middle of the fin ; second dorsal with the membrane chiefly
blood-red; a black spot on occiput and opercle; a dark stripe downward
and one forward from eye; caudal fin l)rown, barred. Head 5; depth
4. D. X-11 ; A. ir, 7 ; scales 10-52-12. L. 3 inches. Headwaters of
the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers; an elegant and peculiar species,
carrying to an extreme the gobioid appearance of these fishes.
{Hijostoma mnoterum Cope, Jonrii. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18(58, 215: Hjiontomasimotenm
Vaillaut Reclierclies, lUO: Dijtiemum aimoterum Jordan, Man. Vert. od. 2, 223.)
lu; ■?...: '^^
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9J7.-DIPI.ESIVJVI Raflnesqne.
(Hyostoma Agassiz.)
{Diplesion Raflnesqne, Ichtli. Oh. 1^30, 37; typo Etheoatoma blcnnioides Raf.)
Body elongate, subterete. Head very short and blunt, with tumid
cheeks; the profile very convex. Mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Pre-
maxillaries protractile, little movable, joined to the forehead mesially
by a slight frenuni ; maxillary not protractile, adnato for most of its
length to the fleshy skin of thei)reorbital; lower jaw very short; teeth
85. PERCID^ — COTTOGASTEH.
497
in jaws strong ; no teeth on vomer or p.ilatines. Gill-membranes broadly
connected. Scales moderate, rough. Lateral line complete ; no enlarged
ventral plates. Dorsal fins large, the spinous dorsal longer and lower
than the second, of about 13 spines ; anal smaller than second dorsal
with 2 strong spines. Vertebrae {D. blennioides) 19 +22. Coloration
largely green. ('Jc?, two ; rUaiov, near; dorsal fin nearly divided in two.)
776. D. blcnnioides (Raf.) Jor. — Green-aided Darter.
Body stout, elongate, little compressed ; profile very convex. Eyes
lar'^e, high up and close together; a longitudinal furrow between the
eyes. Mouth small, horizontal, quite inferior; upper jaw concealed in a
furrow under the snout. Scales moderate; those on the belly large, not
caducous; cheeks with fine scales; opercles with large ones ; neck scaly;
chest naked. Anal pa^pilla very large. Anal spines strong ; caudal fin
emarginate ; lower rays of the pectorals, and the rays of the ventralsand
anal enlarged and fleshy in the males. Color olive green, tessellated
above; sides with about eight double transverse bars, each pair form-
ing a Y-shaped figure ; these are sometimes joined above, forming a sort
of wavy lateral band ; in life these markings are of a clear deep green;
sides sprinkled with orange dots; head with olive stripes and the usual
dark bars; first dorsal dark orange brown at base, blue above, becoming
pale at tip; second dorsal and anal of a rich blue green, with some red-
dish; caudal greenish, faintly barred; young and female specimens are
more or less dull, but the pattern is peculiar. Head 4J; depth 4f. D.
XIII-13; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 65 to 78. L. 3-5 inches. Pennsylvania to
Kansas, south to Alabama; one of the handsomest and most abundant of
the Darters.
{Etheostoma hlennioides Raf. Journ. de Physique, 1819, 419: Pileoma cymatogramma
Abbott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 327: Hyoatoma cymatoijrammum Vaillant,
1. c, 102; Jordan, Man. Vert. 222: Hyostoma blennioperca Cope (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1868, 214) is a form larger than usual and with rather smaller scales : Hyostoma
newmani Agassiz (Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 305) is slenderer, with rather larger
scales on the hody and on the cheeks. Both grade into the common form. )
39§.— COTTOOASTER Putnam.
(Rheocrypta JoT{[an.) ' '
(Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1S63, 5 : type Boleoaoma ti^aaellatum, Thompson, uot
ofDeKay.) ,;..,..:;■-.;:; ,!:,"■.: _ A^ , J--v-:^i-.v^,^.U- '-.^.^-----ir^-
Body rather robust, little compressed. Head moderate, bluntish.
Mouth small, the lower jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxil-
lary not adherent to the preorbital. Teeth on vomer. Gill-membranes
nearly separate. Scales ctenoid ; those of the middle line of the belly
Bull. Nat. Mus. No.16 32
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8MAGE EVALUATION
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MS8'>
(716) 873-4303
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498 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
enlarged and spinous, falling off at times, leaving a naked strip; lateral
line continuous. Dorsal fins large, the second usually smaller than tbo
first and smaller than the anal. Anal spines two, strong, the first the
longer. Size moderate.
(HOTToi, sculpin; yadiTT^Pfhelly.) ^ ' ■ -'-y'
777, €. cop«landi Jordan.
Body rather slender and elongate. Head rather large and long,
somewhat narrowed, resembling that of Boleosoma, Mouth small, hori-
zontal, subinferior. Eye large, 3^ in head. Cheeks naked; opercles
and neck each with a few scales ; throat naked. Ventral plates well
developed; scales moderate, strongly ctenoid. Color browniJi oli\e;
a series of rather small, horizoutally-oblong, black blotches along the
lateral line, forming an interrupted lateral band; back tessellated;
blackish streaks forward and downward from eye; ventral fins dusky
in the male; vertical fins with dusky specks; a black spot on anterior
rays of spinous dorsal. Head 4J; depth 5J. D. XE-10; A. II, 9; Lat.
1. 5G. L. 2^ inches. White River, Indiana ; abundant near Indianapolis.
(Rhcocrypta copelandi Jordan, Bull U. S. Nat. Mas. X, 9, 1877: Bheocrijpia copelandi
Jordan, Man. Vert. 222.) . r
TYS. C. putnami J. & G. (nom.sp.nov.).
General form of the preceding. Mouth Large, the maxillary reaching
to the pupil. Snout convex. Cheeks naked; opercles closely scaled j
chest naked; neck above scaly; scales large. Tessell&ted above; sides
with ten sq lare blotches, which are small and slightly connected by a
dusky baud; spinous dorsal with a brown median band; second dorsal
and caudal barred; entral in the males dusky; a dusky stripe down
ward and one forward from eye. Head 4 ; depth 6. D. XI-11; A. 11,8:
Lat. 1. 44. L. 3 inches. Lake Chan)plain. (Described from No. 1314,
U. S. Nat. Mus.)
{Boleosoma teasellatum Thompson, Appendix Hist. Vermont, 1S53, 31; not of Dekay:
Cottogaater tvasellatua Putnam, Bull. Mus. Couip. Zool. 1863, 5.)
3;i9.~iniOSTOIIIA Jordan.
(Jordan, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 49: type Badropterua ahvmardi Grd.)
Body robust. Head large. Mouth comparatively large, horizontal,
the loweT- jaw included; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary not aduate
to preorbital. Belly without caducous plates. Fins as in Alvordiim, the
anal larger than the second dorsal, {etfxt^ to move; o-Tofia, mouth.)
TY9. ff. sBiumardi (Grd.) Jordan.
Body stout, heavy forward, compressed behind. Head broad and
85. PEECIDiE — PERCINA.
499
thick. Eye large, 3 J in head. Mouth large and broad, the lower jaw wide,
a little shorter than ihfi upper; maxillary reaching to the eye. Cheeks,
opercles, and neck scaly; chest naked; belly naked anteriorly, scaly for
a distance in front of the vent; scales rather large. Dorsal fins large,
the first larger than the second, which is smaller than the anal, though
longer; the two dorsal fins well separated; anal fin large, very deep, in
some specimens (males?) reaching to the caudal; anal spines strong, the
tirst the larger. Color dark, densely but vaguely blotched with darker;
sides with 8-10 obscure blotches, the anterior ones bar-like; a large black
spot on base of spinous dorsal behind, and a small one in fiont; second
dorsal, caudal, and pectorals barred ; a very strong black suborbital bar,
and a faint dark line along muzzle. Head 3|; depth 5. D. X-15;A.II,
11; scales 6-56-11. L. 3 inches* Wabash, Illinois, and Arkansas Rivers.
(Hadropterm ahnmardi Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1659, 100; Jordau, Proo.
Acad. Nat Sci. Philn. 1877, 49; Jordau, Mau. Vert. 222.) , '
360.— PERCINA Haldeman.
' ' ,vrvV' Log Perches.
{Pileoma DeKay.)
(Haldeman, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. viii, 330, 184*: type Perca nelulosa Hald. =
Scicena caprodes Raf. )
Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with small ctenoid
scales. Lateral line continuous; ventral line with enlarged plates,
which fall off, leaving a nake ,i strip. Head depressed, rather pointed,
the mouth being small and inferior, overlapped by a tapering, sub-
tnucate, pig-liko snout ; upper jaw not protractile. Teeth on vomer
and palatines. Giil-membranes scarcely connected. Dorsal fins well
separated, the first the larger, of 13-15 spines; the second dorsal rather
longer than the anal, which has two spines, the first of which is usually
the shorter. Air-bladder and pseud obranchiro present, rudimentary.
VertebroB (P. caprodes) 19 + 22. General pattern of coloration olivace-
ous, with dark vertical bands alternately long and short. (A diminu-
tive of Perca.)
'>'§0. p. caprodes (Raf.) Grd.—Xo/7 Pcrc/i; liockjiah; nog-molly; Hog-fiah.
Body elongate, compressed. Head long and pointed, depressed and
sloping above. Mouth small, quite inferior, the maxillary not reaofc-
ing nearly to the front of the eye. Cheeks, opercles, and neck scaly ;
chest naked. Fins rather low. Color yellowish-green, with about 15
transverse dark bands from the back to the belly, these usually alter-
uating with shorter and fainter ones, which reach about to the lateral
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500 CONURIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
line; a black spot at the base of the caudal; fins barred. Heall 4>
depth G. D. XV-15; A. II, 9; Lat. 1. 92. L. 6-8 inches. Great Lakes
and streams of the South and West; the largest of the darters.
(Scicena caprudeg Rafinesqne, Amer. Month. Mag. 1818, 534: Pileoma semifaseialum
DcKay, New York Fauna Fish. 1842, 16: Etheontoma caprodes, nebuloaa, semifmmta
and bimaculata Storer, Synop. Fish. N. A. 270-272; Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1859, 66: Pileoma aemifaaciatum Giinther, i, 76: Pileoma caprodea Vdllant 1. c. 4:{'
Jordan, Man. Vert. 220: Pileoma carbonaria Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1653, 387: Pileoma carbonaria GUnlher, i, 76: Pileoma carbonaria Girard, 1859
10: Percina carbonaria Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat.. Sci. Phila. 1859, 67; the latter a
variety from Texas with the fins mostly higher. )
Var. manitou Jordan. ■ 'v- ;'■>.?
Space in front of spinous dorsal naked ; lateral bars short, more or
less confluent, each one not meeting its fellow of the other side across
the back; otherwise essentially as in the preceding, with which it inter-
grades. Chiefly northwestward; abundant in Wisconsin. Examples
intermediate between caprodes and manitou from Potomac River {Bean;
Jouy) and Illinois {Forbes).
(Tercina manitou Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 53.)
961.— AI.VOKDIUS Girard.
Blade-aided Darters.
(Etheoatoma Agassiz; not of Rafinesque.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 68: type Alvordiua maoulatua Girard.)
Body rather elongate, little compressed. Mouth rather wide, ter-
minal, the lower jaw included, the snout above not protruding beyond
the i)remaxillaries, which are not protractile. Teeth on vomer, and
usually on palatines also. Gill-membranes separate. Scales small,
ctenoid, covering the body. Belly with a median series of enlarged
spinous plates, which fall off, leaving a naked strip; sides of bead
scaly or not. Lateral line complete. Fins large, the soft dorsal smaller
than the spinous or the anal. Anal spines 2; dorsal spines 10-15.
Vertebrae 23 -\- 22 {A. aspro); 17 -j- 22 {A. evides). Coloration bright;
sides with dark blotches. The most active and graceful of the darters.
(Dedicated to Maj. B. Alvord, who discovered "Jh'ordiua maculatua" at Fort Gratiot,
on Lake Huron.)
a. Vertebrro more than 40; dorsal spines 11 to 15; palatine teeth present. (Alvor-
diua.)
h. Cheeks, opercles, and ante-dorsal region entirely scaleless ; head very long and
large; lat. 1. 75-80 macrocciihahw,
hb. Cheeks covered with fine scales ; opercles with larger ones.
c. Head very slender, with long acnminate niuzizle; jaws nearly equal; space be-
fore dorsal scaled; lat. 1. 65-70; lateral blotches small, quadrate.
phoxocephahtt.
00. Head stouter, with wider muzzle; lower jaw included a$pro, neviaemis.
85. PEKCID4I ALVORDIUS.
501
lal ; space be-
Ui. Cheeks naked ; opercles scaly above only ; space before dorsal naked ; muzzle
blunt.
(f. Ventral shields moderate ; colors dull, plain crassuH.
id. Ventral shields very large, 4 or 5 times the size of the ordinary scales ; colors
brilliant variatns.
aa. Vertebrae less than 40 ; dorsal spines 10 or 11; palatine teeth obsolete ; males wi^h
the lower fiuo tuberculate in spring. {Ericosma Jordan. )....e«t<ie«,/o«datu«.
a. VertebrjB more than 40 ; dorsal spines 11 to 15; palatine teeth present. {Alvordim.)
b. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaleless ; head very long and large ; lat. 1. 75 to 80.
7§1, A. macrocephalus (Cope) Jor.
Body elongate. Hend long aud large ; mouth rather large, maxillary
reaching to opposite anterior margin of orbit. Eye shorter than snout,
^ in head. Yontral shields twice as large as other scales. Head.^ neck,
aud chest without scales. Color light brown, with a ?,lightly undula-
iJDg whitish band from upper angle of opercle to caudal peduncle ; back
with dark quadrate spots ; sides with 9 blackish longitudinal spots,
alternating with smaller ones; streaks downward and forward from
eye; vertical fins somewhat barred; spinous dorsal with a median
blackish band ; head spotted above. Head 3J; depth 7. D. XV-13;
A. II, 11; scales 11-77-15. L. 3 inches. Ohio Valley; not very common.
{Etheosioma macrocejahalum Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1866, 401; Jordan, Man.
Vert. cd. 2, 220.) '•.;,:V. ■v^'ir.v.yv'r V ■' ^ ■ ' -.'' ■ "
ift. Cheeks covered with fine scales; opercles with larger ones. '
c. Head very slender, with long acuminate muzzle ; jaws nearly equal; space be-
fore dorsal scaled; hit. 1. 65 to 70; Lateral blotches small, quadrate.
7§3. A. p3lOXOCephaluS (Nelson) Cope <^ Jordan.
Body rather slender, compressed. Head extremely long, narrow and
tapering, the snout very acuminate. Mouth large, the maxillary reach-
ing to the eye ; the lower jaw unusually narrow and long, scarcely shorter
than upper. Eye about equal to snout, 4^ in head. Cheeks, opercles,
and neck with small scales; chest naked. Color yellowish brown, some-
what 83 in A. anpro, but the lateral spots smaller and more numerous,
quadrate in form ; a small blackish spot at each end of the lateral line.
Head 4; depth 5 J. D. XII-13 ; A. II, 9; scales 12-08-14. L. 4 inches.
Indiana to Kansas ; not common.
{EthcoHtoma lihoiocephalum Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1, 35, 1876; Jordan,
Man. Vert. Ed^.id, 221.)
cc. Heatl stouter, with wider muzzle; lower jaw included.
7§3. A. aspro Cope & Jordan — Black-aidrd Darter.
Body rather elongate, fusiform, compressed behind. Head moderately
elongate, less pointed than in some of the species. Mouth moderate,
the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching just past the front of the
eye. Bye about equal to snout, 4 in head. Gill-membranes little con-
in
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502 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv.
nected. Lateral line straight, prolonged forwards to the eye. Opercles
with rather large scales ; cheeks covered with very small cues, which
are sea I'cely visible; breast naked; neck naked, or more or less scaly
body otherwise entirely scaly, the scales small and rcugh. Straw-yel-
low or greenish, with dark tessellations and marblings above, and about 7
large dark blotches along the sides, which are partly confluent, thus form-
iug a moniliforra band ; lins barred. Ilead 4 ; depth G. D. XIII to XV-
12 ; A. II, 9 ; scales 9-65-17. Ohio River to the Upper Missouri, chiefly
northward; one of the most curious and elegant of the darters. Its
coloration varies much in intensity with differences in surroundings.
Specimens from the Ohio Valley slenderer than the typical form, with
narrower head, scaly neck and jialer colors, form a slight variety ap-
proaching xi. phoxocepJialus.
{Elheoatomahlcnnioides Kirtland, Bost. Journ. Nat.Hist. 1839, 340— notof Rafinesque:
Ethcostoma blennioidea Vaillaut., 1. c. 7)7 ; Cope & Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila,
1877, 51: Alvordiii8 maculatm Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 220, probably uot of Girard,
who describes the head as scaleless.)
■,•'■.-■
784. A. nevisensis (Cope) Jor.
" This is an elongate flsh, with muzzle obtuse in profile, as well as wide,
viewed from abov^c. Cheeks, operculum, and middle dorsal line scaled.
Ventral line without spinous scales ; one only being present in the sym-
physis of the 'coracoids'. Anal fln with base a little shorter than spi-
nous dorsal; the species may really be a Pccciliehtkys. First dorsal
moderately elevated ; second, peculiar in spinous ray, well separated
from the first dorsal. Caudal fin slightly forked. Ground color above
yellowish, crossed by 9 dark chestnut quadrsite spots on the median line,
which are wider than their interspaces and are connected at their ends
by an undulate chestnut band. Below the latter a similar longitudinal
band on the anterior half of the body. Six quadrate black spots on the
sides, with a small spot between each. A dark band from end of muz-
zle to scapula ; below it on operculum, a silver spot. A black bar below
eye. Belly white. Caudal and second dorsal distinctly, pectoral and
ventral faintly black barred. A series of black spots along middle of
first dorsal." Head 4^ ; depth 4^ D. XIII-I, 12 ; A. II, 8; scales 8-53-
11. L. 34. (Cope.) Maryland to North Carolina.
{Hadropterus mactilatiia* Grd, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859; not Alv. maculatus
Grd. : Elheosioma nvviaenae Cope, Proc. Anier. Philoa. Soc. Phila. 1870, 2()1.)
hbb. Cheeks naked ; ojiercles scaly above only ; space before dorsal naked ; muzzle blunt.
d. Ventral shields moderate ; colors dull, plain.
*Th9 types of this species, lately examined by us, seem to bo identical with A. neri-
senais ; cheeks with rather large scales ; middle of breast with scales ; ventral platea
large. Scales 7-56-18. D. XIV-12 ; A. II, 9. Maryland.
85. PEECID^ ALVORDIUS.
503
T§5t A. crassus Jordan & Brayton. • , . .^ ...
Body stouter and more compressed than in A. aspro. Head stout;
mouth as in A. aspro, the maxillary reaching front of eye. Outer teeth
slightly enlarged. Cheeks entirely naked ; opercles scaly; breast and
anterior part of neck scaleless; ventral shields moderate. Coloration
essentially as in A. aspro, the blotches rather faint and band-like, Dei»th
5; heail 4. D. XI-12; A. II, 8; scales 7-54-7. L. 3-4 inches. Rivers
of North and South Carolina.
{Etheosloma macnlatiim var. Copo, Proc. \cad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1870, 2(51 (not ITadrop-
(erm mavulatns Grd.); Jordan & Brayton, Bull, xii U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 12.)
dd. Ventral shields very large, 4 or 5 times the size of the ordinary scales; colors
brilliant. .'--■. ■':;'■■::■' \." " -' ■_ ^''-'^v^.v:
'?§«. A. variatus (Kirt.) Jor.
Body moderately elongate ; deeper than in A. aspro. Head rather
short and stout. M< nth large, the maxillary reaching the eye; lower
jaw seal cely shorter than upper ; outer teeth somewhat enlarged. Eyes
moderate, about as long as snout, 3^ in head. Head naked, with the
exception of a few scales on the upper anterior part of the opercle ;
neck and breast scaleless. Vential shields larger than in any of the
o^her species; four times as large as the other scales, G to 8 in number,
with strong radiating points. Coloration bright olive, the back with
short brown cross bars ; the sides with broad brownish shades; black
blotch on neck and on opercle ; blackish bars downward and forward
from eye ; flns barred, the spinous dorsal with a black band. Accord-
ing to Dr. Kirtland, the males are further variegated with blue, green,
and orange. Head 3^; depth -5. D. XII-12; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-9.
Ohio and Pennsylvania. , ,, , : .^ ... ,
{Fiheofitoma variafum Kirtland, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist. 1840, 274: Etlieostoma pelta-
um Staiiffer MSS. Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 18J4, p. 'i'.Y.i : f Alvonlhis iiutculatua
Oirard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, C8: Ethcostoma jitUalum Vaillunt, 1. c. 61:
Ahordiua peltatus J oidan, \. c. ''■i20.) -.-. , « ms ,,
aa. Vortebnu less than 40; dorsal spines 10 or 11; palatine teeth obsolete; males with
tLo lower iins tuberculate ill spring. {Erkonma'' Jordan.) ,
ViT. A> evides Jordan & Copoland.
Body moderate, somewhat compressed. Head heavy, the profile
rather convex. Eye rather large, high, 3i in head. Mouth moderate^
somewhat oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary reaching front of
eye. Cheeks, neck above, and throat naked ; Opercles with rather Ifirge
scales; ventral plates little enlarged. Fins large; second dorsal lower
' Eritoitma Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 8, 1877 : typo AhordiuH ecUlva Jordan &,
Copolaud; (/)^j, spring-time; Koi/^eoa, to adoru.)
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504 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY Jv,
than anal, but with longer base. Coloration extremely brilliant • dark
olivaceous above, tessellated with dark ; sides with about 7 broad trans-
verse bars extending from below the lateral line on one side across the
back and down the other side ; these bars are wider than the eye and
are connected along the lateral line by a faint black stripe. In the female
these bars are black and the intervening spaces yellowish. In tlie male
the bars are of a dark rich blue-green with metallic lustre ; the con-
necting longitudinal line greenish-bronze; just above this line is a
luminous yellowish streak, and above iu each of the interspaces between
the burs is a bright blotch of bronze-red ; entire lower parts of the body
of a bright clear yellow, which becomes on the under side of the head
throat, and branchiostegals a bright orange-red ; blackish green streaks
downward and forward from eye ; cheeks orange-red, the color of iron
rust ; dorsal fin orange-colored, with a bright bronze edge, a blockish
spot on the last rays; second dorsal and caudal pale orange; two bright
yellowish spots at base of caudal ; anal bronze, with a blue-black shad-
ing ; ventral fins dark blue-black ; pectorals faintly orange. Males with
the rays of the ventral and anal fins covered ;vith small corneous tuber-
cles, exactly as iu some Cyprinidcc. Female and alcoholic specimens
show little of the bright colors, although the same pattern is preserved.
The spinous dorsal has u dusky spot on its posterior rays, and the fins
are destitute of the dark bars found iu the other species of Alvordius,
Head 4^; depth 5^. D. XI-10; A. II, 8; scales 9-03-9. L. 2-3 inches.
White Eiver, Indiana j locally abundant ; one of the most brilliant of
fishes. ■ '-"r ^v---:.^'?:- '.1 /^'•■•-•':^-/- ,•' ....._,.
(Alvordius evidea Jordan & Copelantl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 51: Ericoma
evidea Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, 8, 1877.)
;,»■!'•■
Y§§. A. fasciatus (Grd.) Jor. <
"It has the same blenuioid aspect as its congener {Alvorduis aspro) ;
the total length of the specimens observed measuring about two inches
and a quarter, the head entering in it fourtimes and a half. The eye is
of medium size, subcircular; the diameter being contained 4 times in
the side of the head. The first dorsal is lower and longer than the
second, to which it is contiguous. The anal is well developed, rather
deeper than the second dorsal but shorter upon its base. The caudal
fin is subtruncated. The ventrals and the pectorals a^e of moderate
development, their tips being nearly even. The rays are D. X, 12 ; A.
I, 8; the scales are small, deeper tliau long, posteriorly rounded off and
minutely pectinated, whilst their anterior margin is truncal* d, exhihit-
ing numerous radiating ridges upon the latter section only. Their im-
51: Eiicosma
85. PERCID^ — HADR0PTERU8.
505
brication takes place after the fashion of the Sciienoids ; instead of
loDgitudiual series, they constitute transverse oblique series. As to the
coloration, it is but imperfectly preserved. Transverse bands of deep
chestnut alternate with white or yellowish ones. These bauds or fas-
cia are better defined below the lateral line than above it, where tliey
are soinetimes interrupted. The head is brown, with a vertical black
streak across the orbits. The fins are yellowish, uuicolor, except the
first dorsal, which is margined with black. During life we imagine this
fish to be one of the i>rettiest inhabitants of the fresh waters of this
continent." ( Girard.) Chihuahua River, Mexico. The tyi>es of this spe-
cies are lost, but it is doubtless closely allied to A. evides.
{Di^le»ion faaciatus Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. WZ9, 101.) <« ?
363.— HADItOPTERVS Agassiz. :.v'-v^v*
{Efypohomus Copo: Plesioperca Vaillant.)
(AgaBsiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 305: type Hadropterus ni(jrofa»ciatua Ag.)
This genus differs from Alvordiua only in the absence of the caducous
ventral plates, the belly being covered with persistent scales, similar to
those on the sides. {uSp6(;, strong ; nrepov, fin.)
a. Anal iiii large, not smaller tiiau the second dorsal. ' ' '•
h. Scales small, more than 75 in the lateral line; body elongate, little compressed ;
D. XV-15. (flypoftoniMs* Cope.) . ,
TSO. M. aurantiacus ((!ope) Jor. ; , v,/v<: . ■ ; ,;
Form elongate ; caudal peduncle slightly contracted ; orbit smaller
than length of muzzle, 4 in head, excluding the opercular spine ; man-
dibles shorter than muzzle ; cheeks and operculum covered with small
scales; scales very small, covering the ventral line; gular region
smooth ; third dorsal ray longest, fin outline rapidly descending poste-
riorly; first anal ray below first of second dorsal; caudal flu even.
Golden-brown above, with a series of small round brown spots nearer to
the basis of the dorsal tin than the lateral line ; the latter traversed by a
broad black band, which i)asses on sides of head arwmd muzzle ; below
bright citron-yellow ; fins unspotted. Head 4J; depth G. 1). XV-15;
A. n, 11; Lat. 1. about 85. L. 4^ inches. {Cope.) Headwaters of Ten-
nessee River.
{CottopoBte}' aurantiacvs Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1869, 211 : Uypohomus
awmtiaiius Cope, Pi'oc. Amer. Pliilos. Soc. 1870, 451 : Hadropterus auraitliacua Jor-
dan, Man. Vert. 221.)
bb. Scales large, less than CO in the lateral line ; body robnst, more or less compressed ;
ilorsal XII-12. (Hadropterust)
"Hypohomua Cope, Pfoc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1870, 451: type Cottogaater auraniiacua
Cope, (uffoj, below ; 6yUo$, uniform.)
t Pleaioperca, Vaillant.
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50 S CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAIT ICnTnYOLOGY--lv
790. II. nigfrofasciatus Agassiz. — Crawl-a-hottom.
Head and body stout and heavy, the body ccrapressed. Mouth moder-
ate, the maxillary reaching front of eye; eye moderate, 4 in i^a^j
Scales rather large. Fins all large. Breast usually naked, but some-
times closely scaled; scales on the median line of the belly somewhat en-
larged, but not caducous nor especially spinous. Dark olive above with
blackish markings; sides with vertical bars, somewhat diamond-shaped
but quite narrow; these acute above and below, more or less confluent
lilong the middle, about 12 in number; the bands dark greenish, vary-
ing to jet black, most distinct near the middle of the body and broadest
bebind; inner half of each of the vertical fins black; outer half more or
less speckled and barred; top of head black, a black band through eye
and snout, and a dark vertical shade below tlie eye; a small black spot
between two smaller ones at base of caudal fin. Head 4; depth 5. D.
XIl-12; A. II; 10; scales 7-58-15. L. 4 inches. Rivers of the Southern
States from South Carolina to Louisiana; one of the largest of the
darters.
(Agassiz, Amor. Jonrii. Sci. Arts, xvii, C05, 18o4; Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. X.
Y., 1877, 310: Plcniopcrca ancepa Vaillaut, 1. c, 37: Alrordim apillmani Hay, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 491, from Cliickasawha Ilivor, Mississippi, specimens with the
eye larger, the snout more pointed, the iins higher, and the color very dark.)
'"^,
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363.— NOTHONOTVS Agassiz.
Blue-hreasted Barters.
(Agassiz, Bull, Mus. Comp. Zoiil. 1863, i, 3: typo Etheoatoma maculatum Kirtlaud.)
.. Body robust, or rather elongate, compressed. Mouth terminal, mod-
erate ; the lower jaw somewhat included ; premaxillaries not protractile ;
mp-xillary movable. Teeth strong, i)resent on vomer and palatines.
Gill- membranes scarcely connected. Scales moderate or small, ctenoid;
those of the middle line of the belly not enlarged, i)ersistent. Lateral
line well developed, nearly straight. Fins large, with strong spines;
first dorsal longer and larger than the second with 10 to 15 spines ; anal
with two strong spines, the anterior usually the larger. Coloration
often brilliant. {voOix;, prominent; v&to<;, back, in allusion to the large
size of the dorsal fins, the name given in opposition to Catonotus.)
a. Head short, the muzzle abruptly decurved; lat. 1. 52; dorsal spines 10 to 12: fins
dark-edged.
vol. Rf. camurus (Cope) Jor. — Blue-hrcaated Darter.
Body stout; head short; muzzle abruptly decurved, the mouth some-
what inferior; lower jaw included. Caudal broad, truncate. Males very
85. PERCID^ — N0TH0N0TU8.
507
)ng spmea;
dark olive or blackish, with an obscure band of a paler shade ; belly
paler ; breast and throat deep rich blue ; sides profusely sprinkled with
crimson dots; these spots someiiines arranged in short longitudinal
series of threes and fours; series of olivaceous lines along the rows
of scales ; first dorsal with a black spot at base in front^nd a crim-
son one on the margin between the first and second rays ; second dor-
sal cauilal, and anal crimson, bordered with yellow, which again is
bordered with black or dark blue on the edge of the fin; the crimson is
deepest next the yellow; pectoral and ventral fins with a broad red mar-
gin. Famales less distinctly' marked; olivaceous, somewhat barred.
Head 4; depth 4^. 1). XI-13; A. II, 8; scales 7-53-8. L. 2J inches.
Ohio to Tennessee in clear streams ; one of the most elegant members
of tliis most beautiful genus.
{Pwcilkhthya camurua Copo, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pliila. 1H70, 2G5: Kothonotua
camurus Jordan, 1. c. 225.)
flfl. Head rather long and iioiuted; muzzle 7iot tlecurved. '.,
b. Dorsal spines 10 to 12. -
c. Scales small ; lateral line 55 to 65 ; fina not dark- edged.
d. Body slender.
798. N. sangiiifluus (Cope) .lor. ,
Body elongate, with dorsal line not elevated, and the caudal peduncle
very deep. Head flat, acuminate, the front descending very gradually,
the mandible rising as gradually to itsextremity; orbit rather large, equal
to suout, 4 in head; end of maxillary reaching front of pupil; teeth
of outer row larger. Fins generallj'. especially the caudal, short ; latter
slightly rounded; first dorsal much elongate; first anal spine very
large. Coloration above black, shading to dark olive below, and with
a narrow, wavy, leather colored dorsal band; throat turquoise blue;
sides and dorsal region marked with small circular spots of bright crim-
son, irregularly disposed, and in considerable number; first dorsal
uncolored, with a black spot at base anteriorly and a dark shade througli
the middle; second dorsal blood-red, without border; caudal with two
large crimson spots confluent on the middle line of the tail at its base,
without border ; pectorals and ventrals not red-bordered ; i'emales dull,
with the fins black-barred and not crimson. Head 4 ; depth 5^. I). XII-
12; A. II, 9; scales 9-58-10. L. 2 J inches. South Fork of Cumber-
land River, Tenn. (Cope.)
{Pacilichthys sangiiiflmis Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870,264: Kothonotua
ianguijluua Jordan, Man. Vert. 226.)
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508 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
dd. Body comparatively deep, compressed. " ?' "•:',' 'itrs. . ^
703. IV. maculatns (Kirtland) Ag.
Body model ately elongate, deep, and compressed. Head long and
rather pointed. Mouth rather large ; jaws equal. Dorsal fin elevated
the longest rays reaching caudal. Olive green ; sides with rather large
spots of brilliant carmine ; vertical fins more or less barred with red
and white. Head 4 ; depth 4f . D. XII-13 ; A. II, 8 ; Lat. 1. GO. L.
2J inches. Mahoning Eiver, Ohio ; not yet recognized elsewhere.
(Ethpostovia niaculata Kirtland, Boat. Joum. Nat. Hist. 1840, 276: E. maculata Storer
Synopsis, 270: Nothonotus maculatua Agassiz, Bull. M. C. Z. 1863, 3: Nothonotus macu-
Za<M« Jordan, Man. Vert. 225.) ,- .■-
cc. Scales larger ; lateral lino 43 to 47 ; body stout. '
794. N. rufllineatus (Cope) .Jor.
Stout, the dorsal line elevated and descending regularly from the base
of the first dorsal to the end of the muzzle. Muzzle short, regularly
conic, about equal to eye, which is smaller than usual, 4J in head.
Dorsal well developed ; caudal peduncle deep ; caudal fin small, trun-
cate. Scales large. Color pale olive, with numerous narrow lonj>i-
tudinal lines, each on the adjacent margins of two rows of scales; these
lines include a number of quadrate spots of a mahogany or brick-red
color, which alternate with each other, but are not regular in position
or number; pectoral region bright turquoise blue; belly bright reddish
orange; head with two longitudinal mahogany-colored bands, and a spot
of the same below the eye; five red spots on each side of the head, one
on operculum, preoperculum, suboperculum, and on each lip; fins all
broadly crimson-bordered, the anal and caudal with narrow black
edging ; two orange areas at base of caudal ; anal vermilion, with yel-
low base and black margin on posterior half. Females more olivaceous,
obscurely barred and with the fins speckled. Head 4 ; depth 4^. D.
XI-12 ; A. 11, 8 ; scales C-45-7. L. 3 inches. French Broad lliver.
Warm Springs, N. 0. (Cope.)
(Poecilichthys rufiHiuatua Coiw, rroc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870, 267.) 'I'
lb. Dorsal spines 14 ; scales small; lat. 1.53; bock not arched, '
791. IV. vnlneratus (Cope) Jor.
Body fusiform, stout. Caudal peduncle very deep. Dorsal outline
scarcely arched : top of head gently and regularly curved to iL e end
of the muzzle, much as in N. sanguiflmis. Orbit four times in length of
head, equal to muzzle. First dorsal not low; caudal truncate, r'^'nded ;
anal small ; scales small. Color light olive, with about eight vertical
85. PERCIDiE — NANOSTOMA.
509
dkar olive bars on the sides, which are inteirnpted above Ihe lateral line j
a few irregular crimson dots on the sides. Fins uniform, transparent,
except the first dorsal and caudal ; the former has a median series of
red spots, the latter is pale orange, with a black margin ; no cross-bars
ou flus in the .aale ; second dorsal with a black n»ar>jin. Head 4 ;
depth 4.^. D. XIV-13; A. II, 8; £cales 8^-53-9. L. 2 inches. French
Broad River. {Cope.)
(/'cEcinc/i^/iys vuinem<«« Uope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.Phila. 1870, 200.) ".^
• Species incompletely described. ' . •,
The following species have not been recognized since their original
description. Thej^ perhaps belong to Nothonotm.
T96. N.MesscllatMS (Storer).
"Body oblong. Head gibbous, less than one-fourth the length of
the body. Lateral line straight. Top of the head and upper portion
of the sides of a greenish-brown coior; 8 or 10 transverse bluish bands
on the sides ; the intervals between these bands are yellowish, and in
the centre of each is a bluish rhomb; a black blotch at the base of the
tail; the lips, opercles, and rays of the first dorsal gamboge-yellow.
D. XlI-13; P. 13; V. I, 5; A. II, 10. L. 3 inches. Florence, Ala.
Caught in running water." (Storer.)
(Etheostoma te«8ellata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845: E. teasellata Storer,
Synopsis, 273. )
TOT. N.T cincre as (Storer).
"Body oblong, compressed. Head gibbous directly over the eyes.
The upper portion of the sides is of a light yellow color, crossed longi-
tudinally by 3 or 4 cinereous interrupted narrow bands, one or two of
which commence at the snout, the others back of the head, and are
lost anterior to the tail ; between these bands is a series of longitu-
dinally-arranged oval blotches, of a similar color, and from these bands
descend obliquely backward and downward to the abdomen narrow
transverse lines; lower portion of the sides yellowish-white; first dor-
sal margined with red; second dorsal and anal variegated with red
dots. D. XI-13; P. 15; V. I, 5; A. II, 8. L. 3-4 inches. Florence,
Ala. Caught in deep, still water when fishing for perch." (Storer.)
{Etheostoma cinerea Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1845: E. cinerea Storer, Synop-
364.— MAMOSTOmA Putnam.
sis 273.)
(Putnam MSS. Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 7, 1877 : type Pcecilichthya zonalU Cope. )
Body fusiform, not greatly compressed. Mouth small, subinferior,
M •:;;?' ■
' : t^'f*/
■*'. •»-•
^i
-^ '' *
^:Wi
P
k
510 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
the preuiaxillariea not protractile. Vomerine teeth very feeble or
wanting. Scales large. Gill-membranes broadly connected; no en-
larged ventral plates. Lateral line complete. Dorsals well separated
the second larger than anal, higher and shorter than spinous dorjsai-
dorsal spines about 10; anal spines 2. (v'avoc, small; ffro/^a, mouth.)
a. Cheeks, oporcles, and throat closely scaled.
IDS. N. zontalc (Cope) Jor.
Body slender, somewhat compressed. Head small, rather short; the
month small, subinforior. Snout decurved, rather obtuse, maxillary
not reaching front of eye. Cheeks, opercles, neck, and throat closely
sealed. Eye rather large. Teeth very feeble, those on the ^ omer not
evident ; probably none on the palatines. First dorsal well developed
sei>arated from the second, vvhich is higher and shorter than the spin-
ous dorsal, and considerably larger than the anal; caudal emafginatc.
Bright olivaceous above, golden below; 6 dark-brown quadrate dorsal
spots, which connect by alternating spots with a broad brown lateral
band, from wliich 8 narrower dark-bluish bands more or less completely
encircle the belly; iiaired, anal, and caudal fins golden, brown-spotted;
middle half of the first dorsal crimson; a series of round crimson spots
near the base of the second dorsal; occiput, a band on muzzle and one
below eye black ; a black spot on operculum and one at base of pec-
toral; females duller and speckled with ventrals barred and laie-al
bars feebler. Head 4^; depth 5. D. XI-12; A. II, 7; scales 11-50-12.
L. 3 inches. Mississippi Valley, in clear streams; rather rare.
(Pcecilichlhun zoiialis Cope, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 16()8, 212; Jordan, Man.
Vert. JWo: 2^"anoatoma vincti^ea Jordan. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. ii, 236, 1^79; thel'eiuule.)
TOO. IV. elegans Hay. ;., ,
Body stout, somewhat compressed. Head short and deep, with
swollen cheeks. S?iout abruptly decurved. Mouth subterminal, hori-
zontal, small, the /naxillary not reaching the front of the eye. Eye 4
in head. Latenal line nearly straight. Cheeks, opercles, and back of
neck scal,y; chest and region iust behind ventrals naked. Spi.ions
dorsal half as high as long, a little longer than the head; soft dorsal
% as long as head and § as high ns long; anal § length of head, as high
as long; pectoral fins very large, reaching beyon<l ventrals to vent.
Color purplish ; G large quadrate black blotches along back and 8 broad
transverse bars along sides fainter, these alternating with dark sjwta;
many of the scales above with jet-black spots forming longitudinal
streaku; two black spots at base of caudal; a few black spots behind
85. PERCIDiE NANOSTOMA.
5J1
eye* dark spots downward and forward f''om eye: ventral and anal
fius indigo-blue; pectorals with Wue; a bar of deep orange-red along
base of boL'u dorsals. Head 4; depth 5. D. X-12; A. II, 8; scales 5-
42-6. L. 24 inches. Chickasawha Eiver, Mississippi. (Hay.)
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 493.)
aa. Checks, opercles, nnvl breast entirely scalelcss.
800. N. thalassinum Jordan & Brayton.
Body rather stout, compressed behind, the back somewhat arched.
Head large, the snout rather blunt and convex in profile. Eye large,
liigli up, longer than muzzle, 3 J in luad; interorbital space rather nar-
row. Mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the maxilla *y reaching to the
orbit. Upper jaw slightly longer than the lower. Head entirely naked ;
throat naked ; neck naked anteriorly. Fins all large ; membrane of the
lirst dorsal continued to the base of the second; longest dorsal spine
scarcely shorter than the soft rays, the base of the spinous dorsal a
little longer than that of the soft dorsal: anal not much smaller than
the soft dorsal, its first spine the longer; caudal fin deeply lunate; pec-
torals reaching nearly to vent. Male, in life, with the body dark green
and blotched above; sides with 9 dark blue-green vertical bars, the
five next the last most distinct; spinous dorsal reddish at base, then
a broad black band, the uppermost third of a bright ferruginous red;
second dorsal blackish at base, reddi3h above; caudal with 2 orange
blotches at base, black mesially, jitile oranre distally; anal fin of a
brilliant blue-green color at base, pale at tip; ventrals greenish; head
mostly grass-green ; the streaks forward and downward from eye dark
green; females duller and more speckled. Head 4; depths. D.Y-
11; A. n, 8; scales 5-43-5. L. 2^ inches. Salude Eiver, South Caro-
lina; abundant.
(Xuthonolaa thalamtms Jordan & Brayton, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 13, 1878.)
801. N. tessellatiim Jordan.
Color olivaceous, the markings obliterated in the type. Body fusi-
form. Head broad and heavy, entirely naked. Mouth moderate, hori-
zontal, the lower jaw included, the maxillary extending to opposite
front of eye. Anal higher than second dorsal, but not so loiig, its
spines strong. Gill-membranes broadly united. D. X-12; A. II, 8;
hat. 1. 48. L. 2J inches. Allegheny River; only the type (1199, U. S.
Nat. Mus) now known.
{Hadropterut tetiellatua Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. it, 7, 1877.)
i
i4 s ' ni
'II ;
512 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
§03. IV^ inscriptum .Tonlnn & Brnyton.
Body rather stout and deep, strongly compressed. Caudal peduncle
rather deep. Head large, rather obtuse, the profile quite gibbous a
considerable angle formed opposite the eyes, which are high up and clo8e
together. Eye about equal to snout, 3.} in head. Mouth moderate
slightly oblique, the maxillary resiching eye, the upper jaw the loiifjer.
Head entirely scaleless ; neck above scaly ; breast naked ; belly cloHcly
scaled ; scales large. Fins large; spinous dorsal longer than soft dorsal
which is somewhat larger than the anal; the two dorsals conne(!ted hy
tnombrane; dorsal spines a little more than half the length of the head*
pectorals large. Color olive, with a bright scarlet spot on ea(di scale
these forming continuous lines along the rows of scales; 3 nark blotches
across the back ; one in front of dorsal, forming a black spot on the ante-
rior spines; one between the two dorsal flns, fornung a similar black sjjot
on the last rays of the spinous dorsal ; and one on the caudal peduncle,
behind the second dorsal ; sides with about irregular dark-olive blotches
just below the lateral line; edge of spinous dorsal black, below thisbrijjfht
orange-red, a dusky bar at the base; entire anal flu, cheeks, oi)ercles, and
a bar below the eye bright blue; fenmles without red spots, the sides
blotched. Head 4'^; depth 4^. I). XI-12; A. IF, 3; scales 5-40-:). L.
2i inches. Oconee lliver, Georgia; one of the most beautiful of the
group.
(NothonoUts {;i«cW^)/i(8 Jordan «fe Pmyton, Bull, IT. S. Nut. Mus. xii, 34, 1878.)
SeS.-ETHEOSTOIVIA Rafmosqiio.
(Ca/onotttfl Agassiz.) »j
(Riifiucsquo, Jonrn. do PliyHiqiio, 1819, 419: typo FAheostoma flahdlari» Raf.)
Body elongate, comi>ressed. Mouth terminal, more or less oblique;
upper jaw not protractile. Vomerine teeth present; teeth in the jaws
st'-ong, the outer series canine-like. Opercular spine well developed.
Gill-membranes broadly united. Scales rather large. Lateral line
incomplete; an enlarged, black humeral scale. First dorsal fin low,
considerably lower than the second dorsal, of 7 to 9 subequal spines,
which, in the males, end in little fleshy knobs; anal flu smaller than
the secoiul dorsal, with U spines, the first of which is always the larger.
Vertebrn3 (7^. Uneolattim) 14 -+-21; size small. Coloration dark. The
species are extremely quick in their movements, and their coloration,
although not gaudy, is very elegant.
(Th« word Ethcoatoma is stated by Railncsquo to mean "various mouths," tho species
known to him — i. e,, I'ercina oaprode-s, Diplesium blcnnioides, and Etkeoetoma Jlabdlarc—
^'I'W
85. PERCIDiE — ETHEOSTOMA.
513
heitiR H*' (litTfTt^nt, in respect to tho form ot »he mouth, that h« conceived thftt they
luiilbt beloi'J? ♦*> diirercnt Mubgenura. T lie etymology of the word is not evident.)
Head entirely naked; lateral lino short; lovrcr jaw i)roniinent,
b. Body with longitudinal dark HtripcH.
§J3. V" llacolntMm (Ag.) ,1 or.— Sir i-pcd Darter. •
l}o(ly olongatP, compreaaed, the back scarcely arched. Head long
and rather pointed, entirely destitute of scales. Mouth rather larj^e,
tcrmiiial, oblique, th(5 lower jaw the longer. Eye moderate, longer than
the siumt, about 4 in head. Opercular spine strong. Fins all low, the-
first d«>rsiil in the males about half as high as the second; higher in the
females; caiuial large, rounded. Anal spines longer in females than in
the males; dorsal and anal spines pointed in the female, in the nuile with
tliicken«'d tieshy tii)s. Scales moderate. Lateral line extending about
toend of th'st dorsal. Neck and throat n",ked ; scales on sides extending
up to the base of the dorsal tin. Color dark; each scale with a dark
Rjiot, those forming a series of conspicjuous longitudinal lines along the
rows of scales; second dorsal and caudal conspicuously cross-barre<l ;
head blackish, with dark stripes radiating from eye; males further
marked with conspicuous dark cross bars. Head 4; depth 5. D. VIII-
12; A. 1 1, 8 ; scales 7-53-7. L. 2^ inches. Minnesota to Indiana ; abound-
ing in clear or rocky streams; one of the most singular and handsome
of the darters.
{CatonotuH linrolatuii AgaMve, Amer. Joum. Sci. Arts. 1854, 305: Catonotus lineolatus
Viiillaut, 1. c. 118. )
W, Bo;ly not striped.
§04. E. flubcllare Raf.
Very similar to the preceding, but rather more elongate and lens
compressed. Head rather larger. A narrow strip along base of spinnijs
dorsal not scaled. Coloration paler, there being little or no trace of the
longitudinal stripes, so conspicuous in E. Kneolatum; the males with cioss
blotches, the iemales nearly plain olivaceous; second dorsal and caudal
fins barred ; black humoral spot conspicuous. Lateral line usually vei y
little developed ; lower jaw less projecting than in U. lineolatum. Head
4; depth 5. 1). VIII-12; A. 11,8; Lat. 1. 46. Length 2J inches. West-
ern New York to Ohio Valley ai;d North Carolina; very abundant iu
the tributaries of Lake Ontario.
(Raflnes^iue, Journ. de Thys. etc. PnriR, 1810,419: Catonotus flahel1atHi> VaiUant',
Rcchorchcs, 1873, 121: Catonotus fasdatua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851), (??:
Oligocfphaliis humiralis Oirard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 183U, GO: ICatonotug
Bull. Nat. Mils. No. 10 33
4;! Vi, !i
h
•>7
.'i- ■■:
■ 1
\ t < '
514 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy.
iennicoffi* Putnam, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. 1B63, 3: Etlwontoma linsleyi Rforor Pro
Soc. Nat. Hist. IHol, 37: Catonotiu flabellatits Vnillant 1. p. 121: Calonotm Unul "
Vuillant, Roclierches. 1&/3, 125: JCtlieostoma flahellare Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2 227 \
flaCliocks,opcrcleH, neck, and throat closely scaly ; jawseqnal; lateral line nearly com-
plete.
§05. E. squamiceps Jordan.
Body rather elougute, considerably compressed, the caudal peduncle
deep. Head large; the jaws comparatively short and equal. Lateral
line wauling only on a few of the posterior scales, and with occa-
Hional tubes behind the continuous series. Spinous dorsal low and
♦short, the spines about equal, less than half the height of tho second
dorsal ; bases of the two dorsals about equal, slightly connected bv
membraiie. Color dark, without spots, stripes or bands, in sjjirit.s-
male mottled, with about C cross-blotches ; vertical fins cross-barred ;
lower fins black in the male, pale in the female; a large black humeral
spot. Bead 3^ ; depth 5. D. lX-12 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-50-G. L. 2|
inches. Ohio Valley ; not common.
(Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 11, 1877.) ' ; '
966.-Pa:CIl.ICHTHYS Agassiz.
Bainbow Barters. •< ?
{Oligoceplalua, Boleichthijs, Aj)Iesion, and Alrarius Girard: Antatichthys Vaillant;
Hololepit Agassiz.)
(Agassiz, Amer. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 304: type Poecilichthya ranatus Aga8si/,=£'(/ieo«-
ioma cairulea Store r. ) • ■: ■-:
Body variously robust or elongate, usually comprot^sed. Head rather
large. Mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, terminal or nearly so; vo-
mer with teeth ; piemaxillaries not protiactile. Gill-membranes scarcely
connected. Scales rather large, those on the belly similar to the orhers.
Lateral line wanting posteriorly, its tubes beginning at the orbit. Dor
sal spines 6 to 11, the middle ones highest and more than half the lieijjlit
of the soft rays ; second dorsal larger than spinous dorsal or anal ; a;:ai
with two spines, the first usually the larger. Vertebra in P. cwndcvs,
15 -f 18; in P eos, 15 + 21. Size small. Coloration usually brilliant.
(-outAo?, variegated ; r/ffh-:, fish.)
* The original types of Catonotua kennicoHi, now in poor condition, show the follow-
ing characters:
Color plain, withont trace of lines or spots ; pectorals, caudal, and both dorsals
checkered wit'.i black. Black humeral spot large. Cheeks, opercles and breast imlud.
Scales rather largo. I^ateral line extending to below inidille of second dorHal. Gill-
juenibrancB Ibrniiug an angle with each other. Pectorals a little shorter than iioad.
Head 3J; depth 5^. D. Vlll, 10; A. 11, 5; scales r)-40 6. From Southern TMiiiois.
low the follow-
85. PERCIDiE PCECILICIITHY8.
515
a. Dorsal spines 8 or more ; anal spines well devoloppd.
b. Humeral re<rion with an enlarged black scale-liko process.
c. CliP"'i8 and opereles naked ; nape naked ; body striped , rirgatiis.
cc. Cheeks and nape naked; opercles scaly .acxatUia.
ccc. Checks, opercles, and nape more or less scaly punctulatus, arteaia:.
hb. Humeral scale obsolete or wanting.
d. Opercles and cheeks naked; preopercle cremilate; anal spines very long.
Je^ndus.
d(h Opercles scaly ; preopercle strictly entire.
e. Lateral line nearly straight.
/. Cheeks naked; or with only 3 or 4 small iml)edded scales close behind
eye cwruleus, spectabilix.
//. Cheeks evidently scaly, at least above mprigenia, jcHHioi,
ee. Lateral line forming a slight curve above the pectorals ; dorsals sub-eqnal.
Dorsal spines 9 or 10. (Boleiohthi/s Girard.")
g. Cheeks scaly bufhriaiiua, barratti, fiisiformifi, erochroits, eos,
gf). Cheeks naked exilia, tcarreni, graciliit.
flfl. Dorsal spines G ; fnal spines obsolete? {Alvarius) lateralis.
a. Dorsal spines 8 or more ; anal spines well developed.
h. Humeral region with an enlarged scale-like process, which is always black,
c. Opercles, cheeks, and nape naked ; body striped.
§06. P. vircatus Jordan.
Body slender, siibfuailorm, compressed, the back somewhat elevated,
tbe caudal peduncle rather deep. Head long, rather slender and pointed,
little compressed, the snout but little decurved. Mouth rather large,
somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching to the pupil, the lower jaw
scarcely shorter than the upper ; teeth small, even, in several rows.
V,}G rather large. Posterior border of preopercle above, obtusely cre-
uate. Scales rather large; lateral line distinct, on about 20 scales; 53 in
a lengthwise series. Head naked ; nape and breast naked. Color green-
ish, each scale with a small blackish spot, forming conspicuous lateral
stripes, as in Etheostoma lineolatum ; back and sides with cross-blotches;
liunieral scale largo and black; dorsal and caudal fin faintly barred.
Head 3§ ; depth 5. D. IX-10 ; A. 11, 8. Rock Castle River, Kentucky ;
resembl 'S the species of Etheostoma.
(Jordan, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. ii, 236, 1879.)
cc. Cheeks and napo naked ; opercles scaly.
§07. P. §axat9lis Hay.
Body rather slender. Head pointed, the profile descending in a
gradual curve. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to opposite front
of pupil. Eye equal to snout, 4 in head. Cheeks, breast, and throat
naked; opercles with a few large scales. Lateral line little arched, its
tubes on about 35 scales. Doisals well separated, the second shorter
and higher than first. Greenish, with darker tessellations; a black
■\Vi
y*\\
»!■
♦ t,'(
1.1
'bUi
.43
ii
'HH
'^-^.i'l
\v.
516 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
humeral scale, a black streak downward and forward from eye; oporcles
mostly black. Head 4; depth 5. D. XI-10; A. II, 7 ; scales 11-50-5,
L. 1^ inches. Chickasawha Eiver, Mississippi. {Hay.)
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 495.)
000. Checks, opercles, and uape more or less scaly.
S0§. P. pnnctalatus Ag.
Body, elongate, compressed, the back not elevated. Head slender
rather long and pointed, compressed. Mouth large, terminal, oblique tlie
jaws about equal, the maxillary extending nearly to opposite middle of
eye. Scales quite small; a few imbedded scales on upper part of cheeks
and behind eye; neck mostly covered with small scales; throat naked.
Fins rather small, the pectorals short. Color, in life, not known; in
spirits, the sides of the body clouded or reticulated with darker; a con-
spicuous black humeral spot; first dorsal dark at base, then pale, with
a narrow dark border; the other vertical fins similarly colored, the dark
colors probably blue in life; females with the sides and Acs speckled.
Head 4; depth 4^. D. X-11; A. II, 7; scales O-CO-20. L. 2J inches.
Missouri to Texas.
(Agassiz, Amer. .Jonm. Soi. Arts, 1854, 304: lioleichfhys jphipplei GiravA, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101: Xothonotua puuctulatm Agaasiz, Bull. Mus. Coiup. Zool. i. 3,
18G3.)
809. P. artesise Hay.
Body elongate, compressed. Head large. Mouth large, terminal,
nearly horizontal, the lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching
to opposite front of pupil. Palatine teeth in a broad band. Eye equal
to snout, 4^ in head. Cheeks entirely covered with small scales; oper-
cles with large scales; scales along back very small. Lateral line ex-
tending to end of second dorsal, on about 45 scales. Dorsals contig-
uous; first dorsal as long as head, its height less than half its length;
solt dorsal considerably higher; anal a little over half length of head;
pectorals reaching tips of veutrals, much smaller than in P. carukus.
Yellowish-olive, with transverse oblique bars of darker, and sprinkled
with small blotches of carmine; pectorals and ventrals dull blue; dor-
sals with a broad band of carmine along their middle, bordered on each
side by orange; tips of dorsals dull blue, as is the base of the soft dor-
sal; base of spinous dorsal with several carmine spots; anal mostly
crimson, tipped with blue; caudal blue, then orange, carmine orange,
and tipped with blue; a black humoral scale. Head 3^; depth 5. D.
'»! \>r
85. PERCIDiE — PCECILICHTflYS.
617
XI-13; A. II, 7; scales 8-5G-11. L. 23 inches. Torabigbee River,
Mississippi. {Hay.)
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 494.)
bb. Humoral scale obsolete.
d. Operoles and clieeks naked; preopercle crenulate; anal spines very long.
§10. *P' lepidus (B. & G.) Grd.
Body rather stout, compressed, tapering backwards. Head sub-
couical. Mouth moderate, with equal jaws; maxillary reaching front
of orbit. Eyes large. First dorsal rather low ; dorsal fins somewhat
connected. Head, as well as throat and neck, entirely scaleless. Color
olivaceous, with some dark (blue?) bars; seal .s dusky at base; dorsals
and caudal mottled or barred. Head 4^; depth 4<|. D. IX-11 ; A. 11,
G; scales in about 50 series. L. 2^ inches. Texas.
{BoUmoma lepida B. «fc G. Proc. Acad. Nut. 8ci. Phila. 388, 185;}; Girard, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 11: Ol'ujoccphalua lepUlua Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila.
li^yl), G7: Bolvoaoma lepidum GuntUer, i, 77.)
dd. Opercles scaly; preopercle strictly entire; anal spines moderate.
e. Lateral lino nearly straight.
/, Cheeks naked, or with only 3 or 4 small imbedded scales close behind eyo.
§11. P. CflEI'USeMS (Storer) Agassiz. — Blue Darter; Rainbow Darter; Soldier-fish.
Body robust, rather deep and compressed, the back somewhat ele-
vated. Head large, compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique,
the lower jaw somewhat included, the maxillary reaching front of orbit.
Palatine teeth in one row. Neck and breast usually naked. Fins all
large; dorsal fins usually slightly connected. Males olivaceous, tessel-
lated above, the spots running together into blotches; back without
black lengthwise stripes; sides with about 12 indigo-blue b.ars running
obliquely downwards and backwards, most distinct behind, separated
by bright orange interspaces ; caudal tin deep orange, edged with bright
blue; anal flu orange, with deep blue in front and behind; soft dorsal
chiefly orange, blue at base and tip; spinous dorsal crimson at base,
then orange, with blue edgings; ventrals deep indigo; cheeks blue;
throat and breast orange; females much duller, with little blue or red,
the vertical fins barred or checked; young variously marked. Head
3:|; depth 4^. D. X-12; A. II, 7; scales 5-45-8, the lateral line devel-
oped on about 30-35 scales. L. 2^ inches. Mississippi Valley; very
*Four more nominal species of this typo are described by Girard (Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pliila. 1859, 102) under the names Apleaion potsii, Oligoccphalus (frahami, O. leone^n-
«i«, and 0. pulchcUiis; the first from Chiliiinluia, the next two from Texas, the latter
from Canndian River. A. potail has Y>. X-I, 11; O. grahami haa D. IX-13; A. II, 8;
0. konvima D. IX-10; A. II, 7; O. pulcluilua A. II, G. All are probably identical with
r. lepidus.
•«<.
.1 - > • ti
a 1 ' *?»1
I
I
518 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— iv.
abund.aiit in river channels. One of the most gorgeously-colored darters
but less s:raceful than most or them.
{EtlicoHtoma cwntlea Storor, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nut. Hist. 184r), 47: PacilichthiiHctrruknt
Ajiassiz, BnU. Mns. Coinp. Zool. i, 3, IH'iii: Pmcllichthya variatua Jordan, Man, Vert
ed. 2, 226: Aiitalivhtliij8 pulvluilluii Yuilluut, 1. c, 113.)
813. F. spectabilis AgasHiz.
Very similar to the preceding, but more elongate and rather more
compressed; the colors similar, but the upper portion of tlie sides with
distinct blackish stripes along the rows of the scales, and tlie {•round
color of the back and sides having a peculiar whitish or bleached an
pearance. The two dorsal fins usually well separated. Scales usuallv
present below and behind eye. Head 4; depth 4J. D. X-12; A. II 7-
scales 5-40-7 ; Lat. 1. on 20-25 scales. L. 2-3 inches. Mississijtpi Val-
ley : rather less abundant than the other, and ascending small or even
muddy streams. Probably merely a brook variety of the preceding,
from which it is not always to be distinguished with certainty.
(Agaasiz, Amor. Juurn. Sci. Arts, 1854, 304; Jordan, Man. Vert. od. 2, 227.)
ec. Clieelis evideutlj' scaly, at least above. ■- ,
813. P. asprisenis ForboH.
' Body rather stout, compressed. Head small and pointed. Eye large,
longer than snout. Mouth terminal, oblique, the jaws even. Breast
always naked; opercles scaly; cheeks closely scaled, the lower fourth
rarely bare. Dorsal fins usually separated. Coloration mottled green-
ish ; the spinous dorsal dusky behind, in life with a broad band of blue
and crimson ; soft fins speckled. Head 4; depth 4^. D. XI-12; A. II,
8; Lat. 1. 49, the tubes developed on 34-41 scales. L. 2^ inches. Illi-
nois Kiver. ■
(Forbes, Bull. III. Lab. Nat. Hist, i, 41, 1877; Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2, 404.)
814. P. Jessise Jordan & Brayton. "^
Body fusiform, rather deep and compressed. Head rather large,
moderately pointed. Mouth rather large, terminal, the upper jaw
slightly longest. Cheeks scaly above, the greater part naked; operelos
scaly; throat naked; neck above scaly. Lateral line extending nearly
to end of second dorsal. Fins moderate. Chestnut colored above, with
about 9 quadrate bar-like blotches of a dark-blue color along the sides,
and about 5 dark cross- blotches on the back; fins mottled with chest-
nut; a ytdlow or orange band across the dorsal; second dorsal and anal
speckled with golden. Head 4j depth 5. D. Xn-12j A. 11, 9; scales
85. PERCID^ — P(ECILICHTHYS.
519
^7-7, the tubes of tbe lateral line on about 35 scales. L. 3 iucbes.
Chickainauga Kiver, Georgia.
(Jonliin, Mau. Vert. ed. 2, 1878,227; Jordan & Drayton, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii^
Sy.ltiTH.)
te. Lateral lino forming a alight cnrvc above tbe pectoralo; dorsals subcqnal; dorsal
spines 9 or 10. {IJoleiclUht/a* Grd.)
g. Cheeks scaly.
§15. P. foMtlerianus Hay, (sp. nov.).
Bod J' elongated, contracted behind ventral flns; dorsal region ele-
vated. Mouth horizontal, small; maxillary extending to opposite
anterior edge of pupil. Opercles \rith 2 rows of scales along lower
edge; cheeks densely scaled; lateral line running high, extending to
opposite end of anterior dorsal, on jl3 scales. Pale greenish, yellow
below; .above and on sides much raottleil with brown; about 10 square
blotches along back; a dark spot on opercle, one behind and one below
eye; a streak on snout between eyes; dorsals with dark markings; a
red streak along margin of spinous dorsal; anal fin nearly wiiite; cau-
dal bi'rre.'l. Head 4 in length; depth 5|. Eye 3^ in head. Caudal
peduncle '.^ in body. D. IX-11; A. II, 0; scales 3-44-12. Black
Eiver, Mississippi. {Hay MSS.)
816. P. barr.-^tti (Holbr.) J. & G.
Body comparatively short, chubby and compressed. Head father
large. Mouth large, oblique; the jaws equal, the teeth rather strong.
Eye large, 3 in head. Scales large, varying in number. Lateral line
beginning at the eye, arched high over the pectorals and ceasing about
midway of the body, developed on about 20 scales. Opercular spine
strong. Dorsal flns moderate, about equal, separated by an interspace.
Color greenish, with dark specks; fins mottled; a dark lire downward
aud one torward from eye; a series of rather small greenish blotches
along each side and on the back. Head 3f ; depth 4^. D. X-12; A.
n, 7; lateral line 45-55. L. 2 inches. Maryland to Illinois and south-
ward ; chiefly in streams of the lowlands.
{Doh'osoma b'arratti Holbr. .Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 56: Hololcpia barrntii
Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. IHi'A, 233: UoMepw barratti Vaillant, 1. c. 127: Bo-
Idchthjia clcfiana Jordan, Anicr. Lye. Nat. HiHt. N. Y. 1876, 308: Bolcivhihjis dedans
Jordan, Man. Vert. 404, and i^robably of Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859,
104.)
•JSo/eit7i//u/8 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hci. Phila. 1859, 103: type Boleichthys cxiiis
Grd. {/Jo\ti, dart; ixOvi,i\Hh.)
I
i
520 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
SIT. P. fusfifornais (Grd.) J. <& O.
Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed. Head rather long
and uat row ; muzzle short, decurved, shorter than the eye. Mouth coni-
jKiratively large, terminal; maxillary reaching past front ot eye. Eyes
)arge, 4 in head. Opercular spine strong. Lateral line begiiuiing at
the eye, on about 12 to lo scales. Neck scaly ; belly and thront scaly.
Olivaceous, dotted with dusky points ; second dorsal and anal speckled.
nead 4; depth 6. D. X-9; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 55. L. 2 inches. Masija-
chusetts to New Jersey.
(lioUoHoma fnsiformis Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 1854, 41: ITohlepin fu»[-
formis Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliilu. 1804, ii:J3 : Uololvpia fiusiformis VaiUunt, 1. c.
131; lioleidtthys fuoi/ormis Jordan, Man. Vert. 2*<i8.)
§1§. P. ca-oclirous (Cope) J. «fe G.
Body elongate, compressed; the dorsal outline curved, the ventral
Hearly straight. Head long, decurved and narrowed in front. I\Ioiuh
siibinferior ; the maxillary reaching past front of eye. Eye 4 in head
greater than length of snout. Opercular spiue strong. Lateral line
developed on about 16 scales. General color rather dark; bhuikisli
above ; a black streak on muzzle and one downward from eye ; a dark
band, irregularly notched, along the sides, besides dark specks ; caudal
barred; the sides along the lateral baud marked bj' red dots in life.
Head 4; depth C. D. lX-10 ; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. 43. L. 2 inches. Streams
tributary to Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. {Vaillant.) ■
{Bololcpia crochrous Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1834, 233: Hololcpia nochroui
Vaillant, 1. c. i33: Boleichthya crochroua Jordan, Man. Vert. 228.)
819. P. COS Jordan & Copeland.
Body elongate, slender, somewhat compressed, especially behind,
rather heavy forwards, with very long and slender caudal peduncle.
Head long, rounded in front. Mouth small, little oblique, the upper
jaw a very little the long^ r. Dorsal fins high, about equal ; caudal trun-
cate, (.'heeks, opercles, and neck closely scaled. Breast naked, or with
a median series of small scales. L'lteral line developed on 22 to 20
scales. Color dark olive, with darker markings ; 10 or 12 dark dorsal
spots or bars, and as many short dark-blue bars across the lateral line
nearly opi»osite the dorsal bars, but not continuous with them ; the in-
terspaces between these bars, as well as most of the ventral region,
bright crimson in the males, nearly plain in the females ; lower parts of
the sides, cheeks, etc., with various sharply defined but irregular black
markings ; second dorsal, caudal, and i)cctoral8 strongly marked with
"■W^i
85. PERCIDvE PCECILICHTHYS.
521
wavy bands; first dorsal bright bbie in the males, with a broad median
band of crimson; speckled in the females; top of head dark; black
streaks downward and forward from eye. Head 4; depth 5^. D. IX-
11- A U, 7; Lat. 1. 58. L. 2^ inches. Indiana to Minnesota; abun-
dant in clear cold streams ; one of the prettiest of the darters.
(Bokichthiis V03 Jordan &, Copeluud, Troc. AcwI. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 46: liolcichthyt
(OS Jordan, Man. Vert. 22f.)
gg. Cheeks naked ; opercles scaly.
§30. P. csllis (Grd.) J. & G.
Uody compressed, tapering towards the caudal peduncle, which is
slightly cont. acted. Eye large, subcircular, 3J in head ; maxillary
reaching anterior edge of pui>il. Lateral line nearer the dorsal than
the abdoniiual outline; jjcctorals extending further than the ventrals.
Yellowitsh-brown, speckled with grayish -black, dorsals and caudal
barred; a dark spot on the occipital region and a streak in advance of
as well as beneath the orbit. Head 4^ (with caudal). D. X-10; A. IF,
8. L. If inches. Little Muddy River, a tributary of the Upper Mis-
souri. {(Hrird.) Differs from P. eos in the naked cheeks.
{Bokichilnj^ exUis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 103.)
§21. P. warffCMi (Grd.) J. & G.
"Resemiiles P. exilis more than any of its congeners by the shape
of the body and the general appearance. It difi'ers by a more compact
body, a proi>ortionally shorter head, smaller scales, au<l the number of
fin rays. Giound color yellowish-brown, the middle of the flanks macu-
lated with transverse spots of blackish ; the bellj' exhibiting a rather
orange hue ; the iirst dorsal has a series of vertically elongated black
spots resembling a dark baud across the middle of the fin ; the second
dorsal and caudal are transversely multilineated. A black streak may
be seen in advance of the orbit and another beneath it." D. IX-1 1 ; A.
11,9. L. 2 inches. Cannon Ball Eiver. {Girard.) Perhaps identical
with the preceding.
(Doleichthya waircni Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18£9, 104.)
§22. P. graciflHS (Grd.) J. & G.
Slender and graceful ; first dorsal lower and longer than the second ;
aual ranch deeper than long; tips of the ventral fins extending a little
further back than those of the pectorals. Olivaceous, spotted with
blackish ; second doi:sal and caudal barred ; a longitudinal black streak
in advance of the orbits and a vertical one beneath them. Head 4J
m
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r
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r
i:
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'
522 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTIIYOLOOY— iv.
(with caudal). D. X, 10; A. 8. L. 1 J inches. Rio Seco and llio Lcoria
Texas. [Girard.) The types of this specits, examined by um, have the
lateral line incomplete and the i>remaxilhiiie8 not protractile.
i UolcoHoma gracile (jivatd, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8ci. Pbila. 1859, 103.)
•* Dorsal spines 6; anal spinoii obsolete f (JirariiM* Girard.)
§33. P. lateralis (C.rd.) 3.&.G.
"A representative of the Etheostomoid family was procured by the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission at the Itio (iramle
del Norte (Itio Bravo). It constitutes a new generic type allied to
Catonotm, and to which we have applied the name of AlvariuH^ rvith the
following characters. Head elongated and tapering. Mouth tenujimi
large, not protractile; lower jaw longer than the upper. Teeth very
minute. 0[)ercular apparatus, cheeks, and throat scaly. Fir.st dorsal
nearly equal in height to the second, from which it is quite distinct.
Anal fin nuich smaller than the second dorsal ; caudal fin triuicated •
live soft rays to the ventrals. Ventral scales uniform." Body sleuder
elongate. Head subcouical and tai)ering forward. Eye equal to snout.
4 in head. IMaxillary reaching pupil. First dorsal about equal to second
and separated from it. Anal smaller than second dorsal, the last rays
of the two fins opposite each other. Scales very small. Lateral line
median. Brownish, back si)otted ; sides with a narrow blackish streak,
which extends around the snout; first dorsal with a black spot on its
upper posterior edge; caudal transversely barred. D. VI, 10; A. 8. L.
1^ inches. Rio Grande. [Girard.)
{Alvariu8 lateralis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101.)
ml '
267.— MICBOPEBC A Putnam.
(Putnam, Bull. Mus. Corap. ZofJl. I, 18153, 4: typo Microperu^ punctulata Putn.)
Body rather short, compressed. Mouth moderate, the jaws about
equal. Premaxillaries not protractile. Vomerine teeth present. Gill-
membranes scarcely connected. Scales large. Lateral line obsolete.
Dorsal fins small, subequal, well separated, the first with six or seven
spines; anal fin much smaller than second dorsal, with two well-devel-
oped spines. Color greenish, with dusky markings. Size very small,
probably the smallest of the spiny-rayed fishes. (/i«/>o?, small; -epxr^,
Ijerch.)
824. M. prcBlnaras Hay.
Body short and stout. Snout conical, pointed; jaws equal; month
*^/mri«s Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 101: type Alvariua lateralis. (A
coined name without meaning. )
85. PERCID^ — PERCA.
62S
rmall, «li{?litly oblhiue, maxillary reachiug front of eye. Eye small, 4
iu head. CUeeks and «p«irele8 with large scales. Opercular spine well
developed. Scales large, the tubes of the lateral line developed on two
of them; dorsals well separated. Anal spines slender, high; pectorals
aud ventrals reaching about to vent. Olive, speckled with brown; ten
browuish spots along the sides; black streaks downward and forward
fi-om eye; dorsal tins mottled. Head 4; depth 4^. D. VIII, 11; A.
11,0. Lat. 1. 36. L. l.J inches. Alabama and Mississippi.
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 498.)
925. Ifl. ^unctalata Piitnum. — Least Darter.
Body rather short and deep, somewhat compressed, the back arched.
Caudal peduncle rather long. Head moderate. The snout somewhat
decurved. The mouth moderate, terminal, oblique. Ch'^eks naked.
Operclos somewhat scaly. Opercular spine very small. iNeck and chest
naked, ^o trace of lateral line. The usual series of tubes along the tem-
poral region. Scales quite large, strongly ctenoid. Vertical fins short.
Anal spines strong, the first usually the largest. Coloration olivaceous,
the sides closely speckled and with vague bars and zigzag markings ; sec-
ond dorsal and cjiudal barred ; dark streaks radiating from eye ; a dark
humeral spot. Head 3|; depth ^. D. VI- VII, 10; A. II, 0; Lat. 1.
34. L. 1 ^ inches.' Smallest of the darters, and one of the smallest of
fishes, aboiinding in the clear streams of the Northwestern States.
(Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i, 18G3, 4; Jordan, Man. Vert. 229.)
'A'
J,
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1
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1
20§.— PERCA Linnaeus.
Perch.
(Arlefli: LinnsEus, Systema Natnrro : type Perca JluviatUia Jj.)
Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the back elevated. Cheeks
scaly; opercles mostly naked; the operculum armed with a single
spine. Preopercle and shoulder girdle serrated. Mouth moderate,
terminal ; premaxillaries protractile ; teeth in villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; no canine teeth. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-mem-
branes separate; pseudobranchiaj small, but perfect; no anal i)ai)illa.
Scales rather small strongly ctenoid. Lateral line complete. Dorsal
tins entirely separate, the first of 12-15 spines; anal fin with two slender
spines; caudal emarginate ; air- bladder present. Pyloric ccecaS; ver-
tebrjE {P. fluviatiUa) 21-|-20. Fresh waterij of northern regions; three
species now known: P. fluviatilis in Europe, P. schrencM in Asia, and
P. americana. This genus has long been considered the type of the
I ■" •
1
n
It 4
I I
III
524 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH Ai.EFICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
spitiy-rayod lishos, and in many systems it has been placed firsl in the
series of tishes. (-^/>«'j, Pcrca, the ancient name of P.Jiuviaiilis^ fVom
rjfntx;^ dusky.)
826. P. aincricnna Sohraack.— FcJ/ow Perfft; American Perch; Itingrd Pir,h.
Back dark olivaceous ; sides golden yellow ; belly pale; sides with 6
or 8 broad dark bars, which ext< nd from the back to below the axis of
the body ; lower lins largely red or orange ; upper tins olivaceous ; usually
no ilistinct black spot on anterior or posterior part of spinous dorsal.
Back highest at origin of spinous dorsal, which is more or less behind
insertion of pectoral ; profile convex from dorsal to occiput, thonoe con-
cave anteiiorly, the snout projecting. Month somewhat obliipie, max-
illary reaching opi)Osite middle of orbit. Cheeks closely scaled tlirouoh-
out, the s.'ales imbricated ; opercular striie and rugosities on top of head
well marked. Pseudobranchiju quite snuill. Gill mkers stout, short-
ish. IIciMl 3\ in length; depth 'M^. I). XIII-I, 14; A. II, 7; scaUvso-
55-17. Fresh waters of the Eastern United States; chielly northward
and eastward ; abundant.
This species has been recently considered as a slight variety of the
European Pcrca Jfuriaiilis. It is, howeve:, distinguished by the follow-
ing characters : The head in P. amerieana is rougher, the opercle more
strongly striate, the bones ge.k;»rally with finer and more numerous sernv;
the preorbital is serrate, the scales on the cheeks are larger, imbricated
and distinctly ctenoid ; the nuixillary extends to opposite the middle of
the pupil. The gill-rakers are stout, the longest but thr(»e times as \\v^\\
as broail The i)seudobranchia', are much snuiller than in P.JhivintiUji.
Firist spine of the dorsal over or behind the posterior edge of the opercio,
a series of scales downward from it reaching about to bavse of pectoral.
In P.Jfuvi,(tilitt the dorsal is further forward, and the anterior spines are
considerably highcv than in P. amrncava. The scales are usually lar}jor
in the American species, the dark bars are more sharply defined, and the
black spot on the membrane of the last dorsal spines, well dellnetl in P,
JJui'iatiliH, is usually wanting. The most important characters, ihe dif-
ference in the insertion of the dorsal, and in the gill-rakers and pseudo-
branch iu", have not been noticed by those writers who havnj dccidul
that our species is identical with the European.
>«« atncricniia Schrnnok, nbont 1790, fhlo Gill: Botlianus flarcK^ns Mif<'h. Trnns.
^ &• Phil. Hoc. N. Y. Iril.'), 4'il : Verca flarcavcm HoU rook, Iciith. S. C. IHfid, 2: /Vr(«
flareawtt8, aoiita, and j;r«<;»7«« (Jiiiithor, ', 59-60: Perca fluviatUis var. Steiudachucr,
Sitzun(jHl>cr. Wioucr Akad. 1878.)
85. PERCID^-r-STIZOSTEDIUM. 525
969.— STlZO$«TEDIlTITI Knluiosqiie.
Pike Perches.
{Lucioptrca Cuvier: Cenlropomm Bicekcr.)
(gtizostct^ion Rafinesque, Ichth. Oh. 1820, 2'^: type Perca mlmonca Haf.)
Boily slotulcr, elongate, fusiibiin. Head subconit'al, 'ong. Cheeks
and opontles more or less scaly ; top of the head with some scales.
Mouth lar<je, the jaws about equal; preniaxillaries protractile, little
lUOvaWe. Teeth iu villilbnu bands, the Jaws aud ])alatiiies with louj?,
sharp caninevS. Gill rakers slender, strou}?; f?ill -mciubranes separate,
rrcopcrcle serrated ; onercle with one or more spines, ternnuations of
riuliatiii,iX striin. Dorsal tins separate, the first with 12 to 15 spines;
anal s|)iiies 2, slender; ventral tins not close tojrether. Scales small,
stronjily ctenoid ; lateral line continuous. Pseudobranchia'! well devel-
oi)ed. Pyloric co'ca 3 to 7. Large carnivorous fishes of the fresh waters
oi Xorth America an<l I'iUrope; two stronjjly inarked species on vavh
continent. (rt-rtCio, to prick; r^rs^tov, a little breast j "the name means
pungent throat," according to Raflnesque.)
a. Pyloric croca 3, suboqnal, all about as long as tho stomach. (Stizoateilhim.)
§8T. S. vitrouin (Mitch.) 'Toi'lniiA Copolautl. — Wall-eyed Pike; Dory; Olrt»s-eye;
Yellow Pike; liliie Pike; Jack Salmon.
Dark olive, finely mottled with brassy, the latter color forming indis-
tinct obli(iue lines ; sides of head more or less vermiculated ; lower jaw
fiosli colored ; belly and lower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large
jet black blotch on the membrane of the last two or three spines, other-
wise nearly plait. ; second dorsal and caudal nu)ttled olive and yellow-
ish; base of pectorals dusky without distinct black blotch. Body slen-
der, heconiiug compressed with age, theba(;k more arched than in S.cn-
mdcnsr. Dorsal spines high, nuu'e than half length of head; soft dorsal
nearly as long as si)inous dorsal. Head ;V^ ; depth about 4A. Eye shorter
than snout, 4A~.")ni head. D. XIII-I, 21 ; A. 11, 12; Lat. I 00. Pyhnio
Circa '\ rather long. Cireat Lake region, Upper ]Mississii)pi, and some
Atlantic stre.iujs, north to the fur countries; an abun«lant and valued
food tlsli, reaching a length of nearly 3 feet and a weight of 10 to 20
pounds.
(Ten-a rilren Mitch. Sup. Aincr. Month. Mag. ii, 247, 181fi: Luriopcrm amerieana
Cuv. tSj Viil. ii, liii] Lncioperea americntta Giiiithcr, i,74; .Ionian, Hull. 11. 8. Nat. Muh,
x, 411: I'aca saliHouea IJaf Amur. Mouth. Mag. v, ;r)4, l8ltJ: Stizoale hinm sahnontHm
1
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526 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH JlMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. x, 47: Sfhosfethium vitreum var. salmoneum Jordan Man
Vert, ii, 2:50, the "Blue Pike," a local variety iu Ohio and southward ; bluer, with tbo
body shorter and deeper, the size Hmaller.)
aa. Pyloric cceca small, unequal, 4 to 7 iu number. (Ciinopcrca Gill & Jordan.*)
8a§. S. canadensef (Smith) Jot.— Sanger; Sand-pike; Gray-j)i1ce; Ilorn-Jlsh.
Olive gray above, sides brassy or pale orange, with much dark mot-
tling ; young pale orange with large dark lateral shades ; spinous dor.sal
with 2 or 3 rows of round black spots; no distinct black blotch on
the i)osterior part of the fln ; a large black blotch at base of pectorals •
second dorsal with r^bout 3 rows of irregular dark spots ; cpudal dusky
and yellowish. Body elongate, more terete than in the preceding. Head
quite i)ointed, depressed, about 3J in length ; depth 4^-5. Eye small,
5 in head. Opercular spines varying in number and size. D. XIII-1
18; A. II, 12; Lat. 1. 95. Pyloric coeca 4-7, smaller than in 8. vitreum,
L. 15 inches. Great Lake region, Upper Mississippi and Ohio Rivers.
(Luciopcrca canadensis C. H. Smith, MSS. in Griffith's edition Cuvier's Animal King-
dom, X, 27,'), 183U: Lucioperca canadensis Gilnther, i, 75: Luciopcrca grisca DcKay, N.
Y. Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 19; Luciopcrca grisca Giinther, i, 7(>; Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. X, 48 : Luciojyerca boi'ea Grd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857.)
t :
Family LXXXVI.-SERRANID45. ,:
{The 8ea Bass.)
Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with adher-
ent, ctenoid (rarely smooth) scales of moderate or small size. Month
horizontal or little oblique, usually large. Premaxillary protractile.
Maxillary broad, with or without a supplemental bone, its i)osterior part
not slipping under the edge of the preorbital. Jaws with bands of toeth,
some of the teeth sometimes enlarged and canine like ; no incisors uor
molar teeth; vomer and palatines with bauds of villiform teeth; tongue
sometimes with teeth ; pterygoids toothless. Gill-rakers usually stiff and
rather long, armed with teeth. Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth.
Pseudobranchia) large. Lower pharyngeals separate, rather narrow,
** Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. x, 48 : type Lucioperea canadensis Smith, xvov, dog;
TtFp-HTj, perch.
t Three varieties of tliis species may usaally bo recognized:
a. Var. canadcnse, of the St. Lawrence region, with the opereles and bones of the heai!
considerably rougher, the number of opercular spines, which are merely the free
ends of the slriie, increased ; the head is also more closely and extensivelysc.ily;
0. Var. griseum (Delvay ), the common form of the Great Lake region, described above;
and
c. Var. borcum Grd. from the Upper Missouri region, with the head slenderer.
These forms interg^radc and are doubtless varieties of the same species.
■ ^l'*
86. SERRANID.E.
527
^itli pointed teeth. Gill-membranes separate, free from the IstLnius.
Bran<;liiostegal8 7 or 6. Cheeks and opercles scaly; preopeicle with
its posterior margin usually more or less serrate; opercles usually ending
in one or two flat points or ejins. !Nc8trils double. Lateral line con-
tiniions, single, not running upon the caudal fin (except in Ccntropomns).
Skull without cranial spines, not cavernous. No suborbital stay. Dorsal
fin variously developed, continuous or divided, the spines generally stitf.
Anal fin rather short, with 3 spines, which are rarely reduced in number
or obsolete. Ventrals separate, throacic, 1, 5. Pectorals well developed.
Caudal fin truncate, rounded, or moderately forked, its peduncle stout
and not keeled. Vertebra; about 25. Air-bladder present, usually rather
small, and adherent to the walls of the abdomen. Intestinal canal
short, with several or many pyloric appendages ; the stomach ccecal.
Genera 40; species about 300. Carnivorous fishes, chiefly marine,
and found in all warm seas ; a few in fresh waters.
As here understood, the Serranidcc comprises the most of the family
of Pcrcid(V as understood by Giinther and others, exclusive of those with
imperfect pseudobranchi{e, those with one or two anal spines and with
the number of vertebrae increased, those in which the whole length of
the maxillary slips under the preorbital, and the forms related to
Priacanthns. Even after these eliminations the family is considerably
varied. The definition of genera in this group oflers many difiiculties.
(Pcrridw, grouiis Perdna, Scrranlna, exclusive of certain species, GUnther, i, Gl-2'20:
Scrranidw, Labracidw, Centropomidw, Gill.)
*Anal spiucH strong; dorsal spines several.
tUranchiostogals seven.
a. Teeth all villiforin, without canines.
b. Candal fin deeply forked ; dorsal divided,
c. Tongue toothless ; supplemental niaxillarj' present. (Ceniropominw.)
d. Second anal spine strong Ckntropomcs, 270.
ce. Toiiguo with tec ♦^^h; supplemental maxillary wanting. {Labracina;.)
c. First dorsal with 9 8j)ine8 Roc ';n8, 271.
hb. Caudal fin not forked.
e. Tougue toothless ; head scarcely armed.
/. First dorsal of 10 spines, depressiblo in a groove.. Steueolepis, 272.
ee. Tongue with teeth ; head well armed.
g. Dorsal continuous ; a rough ridge on the opercnlum.
POLYPUION, 273.
aa. Teeth not all villiforra, some of them mom or less enlarged and canine like.
(Scrraninw.)
h. Maxillary without distinct supplemental bone ; lateral canines
usually stronger than those in front Sehranus, 274.
hh. Maxillary with a distinct snpplemental bono ; anterior canines
strongest ; inner series of teeth depressiblo.
i. Cranium above with three parallel raised crests ; anal rays
about III, 11 TIJI80TU0PI8, 275.
<'. •■
^•.:m
m^
528 CONTUIUUTIONS TO NOUTIF AMKKUWN K IITHY()1,(U)Y
-IV.
ft
«•
i. Crnnintii wUli only tho in*>iliiin vrvnt, dovrlopod ; miul
nhoiil HI, !l Kpinki
hhh. Maxilliiry iiiikiKtwii; " pyloric cd'cn iniiiiiiin'iiMi'.
rilOMicnopM .J77
ft nnnirhioN<i>jfnlN ('•; «li>r«al Hpinos 10, tlut tliiril lllatiimitotm ""lim/jth
•* Auul Hpim's olmulcto or rodncod to a; hchIch very miiall, mnootli. {Itliniiliiinn,)
j. OorNnl HpinoN *i or Uonly Khyi'tk tH,a7|).
»»0.— rERITltOI»OI?HJN LiMi^podo.
{Oryhthroj- HlocUcr. )
(Lno^^pi'^dc, MiH«.N«t. Poijw. iv,21H, 180'^: typt> Mount iiinlMmrtlh Mlocli.)
Hody oloMpito, oovoi^hI with rntluM* Hinnll, ctoiuiid hcuU's. \\viu[
oblonff conical, tlc|)rcss(Hl, lower jiiw projcctinff ; teotli on jaws, \ oino-
an«l palatines, all villiforni, wiihout canines; tonfjnc Hniootli. IMiixillarv
with a strong snpplcincntal bone. Prcopcrclc .serrated; t wo si rorijjvr
spines at its angle; <»perele wiihont tnie spines; pronbital and supra-
HcapnliU' nsnally serrated. Dorsal Ibis entirely sepsiraied; the first witii
8 spines; the Ibst and second spines nsnally innch shorter than tlio
thinl. Anal tin short, with ,'1 spines, the second of which is lonj>; ami
stronja:. Can«lal tbrke<l. Lat<Mal line eonspicno is, extending on the
cundal tin. Hranehiostegals 7. Species nninerons, inhabiting tropical
seas. According to Proi'es.sor ( I ill the skeleton of ( 'ni t rofiom t( s {WlWrs
so widely tVoni that ol* the other Scrrnnoiih that it shoidd constitute a
separate tainily. (xfvr/u»v, si)ino; rrto/ia, opercnbiin.)
a, I.at, I. about 70; Imdy «<lon,u!it«\
liTO. r. uiGd«><«iinnli!4 JMoch.) Cuv. v"l- Vn\.~lioh<ilo.
Silvery, greenish above; lateral line bh «'k, very distinct; dorsal and
cundal dusky; other tins yellowish; ventrals without <lnsky area. Pic
orbital nearly entire. Thiitl dorsal spine longer than the tbnrth; second
anal spiiu* coinparatively short, about as long as third. Air bladder
anteriorly with two long, slend«'r, backward directed horns. Head,'!;
depth 4.\. 1). VIl-I, J); A. Ill, (J; Lat. 1. 70. A large foodtlsh, abundant
in the West Indies; ranging northwanl to liower Calilbrnia, Florida,
and Texas.
(I'Jrirt'Hrt Hmh'i-inuilh WUwh. Tolitli. aO;<; GUnthcr, \, 7U; Valllaiit & noooiirt, MisN. Sci.
au Mex. iv, 17: Centropomun viridk liookin^ton, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nut. 8ci. 1H77, 10.)
3l»l.-HOC€lIS Mitchill.
(taftraj" Cuvlrr, IH17; prtMiccupiort tii CMrida..)
(Mitchill, Ropf. part., Fish. N. Y. 1814, )& : type Koccut Btriattm Mitcli. ~ Sdo'iia lith
eata Hloch.)
Body obloug or ovate, compressed and more or loss elevated. Head
m. HVMUAmVtJP. — ROCCtJS.
520
poiiicrtl, Hciily almvo and on hUXoh. Mrntli mtlicr larjjfo, nearly liori/.on*
tnl ; tlHVJ'*'^^'* '''n""^> *^'* tlio lower projcctinK. PronjaxillariciH protnuj-
tile; iiiiixillarioH lar(?«s witliont HuppliMnontal botu', only the (m1{(o of the
anterior part. slippInK under tL« preorbital. Teeth all vlllironn, in
lmn(l», on Jaws, vomer, palatin<>H, and tonKn(\ Ey<^ larjce, orbital rid^i
IV little elevated. I'reopereh^ serrate behind and below; the teeth of
jt« lower niarjfin HoinetimeH enlar^fe*!. Opensle with two Hat HpincH.
Prcorliital narrow. Pw^ndobranehia? lar^e. Scales large. HreaHt
scftly. Dorsal (Ins separate or eoinieeted at base, the anteri«>r with }>
gtroiiK Hl>i"««' Anal spines well developed. Caudal th' Innate. Pec-
tomlH Hinall. Hpeeios abont 0, in Anieriea and Knrope, inhabiting both
fresh aiH* salt waters. (Ninne (b'rived from the vernaenlar " lioek-flsh. ')
fl, 8<»rrii' on lowor «Mlf(« of pr(M»i)i<rcl(< Ninnll, not dircrtod forwftnlH.
6, Troth on ••hho of toiigin^; anal Hpiii('M)jra«limhMl ; lowor Juw projf^rfinn; Acnlos
on (iliookn iiliiioHt cycloid ; dorHal fluH Hcpariito.
0. TccMi on biiHo of iongnc in two luitchcM ; body ulongutci, little coinprowied.
(RoccHH Mitddll.)
§30. K> llncnlUS (Dloch) <><ll-— ''*''>'{/>''rI HaHii ; Rook-fioh; Hock.
Oiiviiceoussilvery; aides and below silvery white or brassy; sides
marked with 7 or <S longitndinal dark bands, one of whieh rnns along
tho lateral lino; the stripes ustially eontintions. liody elongatt^, little
elevated; the young slender; axis of body about in tho middle of the
(k^pth of the body. Mouth large, obli«pu'; the large maxillary rea(;hing
to bcK w the middle of orbit. ICye about half length of snout. Pec-
toral Hiiort, l.^ in head. Spines slemh^rer than in the ')ther species; the
Hccoiid iiiial Hpino | length of IumuI. Ileiid .'{jj in length; depth .'JjJ. D.
IX-1, 1L>; A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. 05. L. 3-4 feet. Atlantic coast; entering
rivers; one of the largest and finest of our game fishes.
{Sciwna linvnta Hloch. Ic.lith. ix, 53 : Kocxtuh linrntun Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philn.
IHGO, (M : Ltthrax lineatm Holbrook, Icli. H. C. 1U60, 24 : Labrax HtifatuH (>lliitlM!r, i, ()4.)
ec. Tuotli on \mm of tongno in n singlo patch ; body oblong, coinproHHcd. {Lejnbenia*
lluf. )
831. R. nhrysops (Raf.) G\\\.— White lian*.
Silvery, tinged with golden below tho lateral lin«> and with reddis!i
above; sides with blackish or dusky longitudinal lines, 4 or 5 above
the lateral lino, one through which the lateral Hue runs, and a variablo
number of more or less distinct ones below it, tho latter sometimes
more or loss interrupted or transposed. Dorsal outline much curved ;
'Raftiicsqne, loh. Oh. 1820, i'A: typo Perca ehrytopB. (\eKii, scalo; /it/ija, Btttli"}
from " tho scaly bases of the flns.")
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 34
V
mm
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III
530 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOCY— jy.
second anal spine J length of head. Axis of body rather below the
middle of its depth. Head conical, slightly depressed at the nape
Mouth small, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching middle of punji
Head about 3^ in length; depth about 2J. Eye large, its diameter
equal to the length of the snout. D. IX-I, 14 ; A. Ill, 12 ; Lat. 1. 55.
L. 15 inches. Great Lakes, Mississippi Valley, and northward. A game
fish of some repute.
(Perca chrysopa Raf. Ich. Oh. 1820, 28: Ldbrax multiUneatua Kirtland, Boat. Jonr
Nat. Hist. V, 21: Boccua chnjJop8 Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G0, 118: Lahrax
osculaiii, muUilineata, and notata Giinther, i, 65, 67 : Labrax albidua Dekay, New York
Fauna, Fish, 1842, 13.) , ' _., .
bb. No teeth on base of tongue; second anal spine enlarged; jaws equal; scales on
cheeks ctenoid; dorsal fins somewhat conuecied. (i/orowe* Gill.)
d. Sides striped with black. '
832. R. interruptus (Gill) J. & O.—YeUow Baaa.
Brassy, tinged with olivaceous above ; sides with 7 very distinct lon-
gitudinal black bands, darker than in the other species, those below
the lateral line interrupted posteriorly, the posterior part alternating
with the anterior. Body oblong-ovate, with the dorsal outline much
arched. Head depressed, somewhat pointed, its profile concave. Eyes
large, their diameter equalling length of snout. Mouth somewhat
oblique, maxillary nearly reaching middle of orbit. Spines very robust;
second anal spine f length of head. Dorsal fins little connected. Head
3 in length; depth 2§. D. IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. 50. L. 1 foot.
Mississippi Valley, chiefly southward; north to Illinois.
{Labrax chryaopa Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 29, not Perca chnjfopt
Raf. : Morone interrupta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. ? ', Phila. 1860, 118.)
dd. Sides not striped with black. ••
§33. K. amcricanus (Gmel.) J. & G.— White Perch. •'"- '^ "
Olivaceous ; sides silvery, with faint lighter streaks. Body oblong.
ovate; dorsal outline much arched; the head depressed above eyes,
and rather pointed. Mouth rather small, somewhat oblique, maxillary
nearly reaching the vertical from the middle of the orbit. Eye mod-
erate, its diameter about equal to length of snout. Si)ines strong, the
secc nd anal spine nearly ^ length of head. Dorsal fins considerably
connected. Head 3 in length ; depth about 3. D. IX-I, 12; A. Ill, 9;
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 18G0, 116: typo Perca americana Gmc\. Mor»)<e
Mitch. Rcpt. Fifih. N. Y. i'814, 1^.; is properly a synonym of Peroa. (Meaning, if uuy,
unknown.)
iii :
11
86. SERRANID^ — STEREOLEPIS.
531
Lat. 1. iJO. Length scarcely a foot. Cape Cod to Florida, abundant,
ascending all streams coastwise.
(Perra amcncana Gmel. Syst. Nat. I, pars iii, 1308, 1789: Labrax rufua Storer, Hist,
pinh. Mass. 9: Morone americana Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 116: Perm mu-
cronata Kaf. Arneip Month. Mag. ii, 205 : Labrax mmericanua Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 5 :
labrax rufus and pallidua 6Unther,_i, 65, 67.)
1 iii-it
373.-STEREOL.EPIS Ayres.
Jew Fishes.
(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 28: type Stereolepia gigaa Ayres.)
Body oblong, somewhat elevated, little compressed. Head robust,
the profile steeply elevated, the forehead broad and tiattish. Edges of
preopercle and interopercle serrate, becoming nearly entire with age.
Crown, cheeks, and opercles scaly ; snout, preorbital, and jaws naked.
Scales small, not strongly ctenoid, their surface rugose with radiating
strife. Mouth large, wide, placed low ; lower jaw prominent. Maxil-
lary with a well-developed supplemental bone, extending to below the
eye. Preorbital wide, only the anterior edge of the maxillary slipping
nnder it. Teeth all villiform, in broad bands, on jaws, vomer, and pal-
atines. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchiae very large. Gill-rakers
very strong. Dorsal fin with 11 low, stcut spines, the last spines very
much shorter than the middle ones, and all depressible in a deep groove.
Anal flu similar to soft dorsal, with 3 low, stout spines ; caudal fin
broad, nearly truncate; pectorals moderate; ventrals long. Pyloric
coeca about 7. Size enormous, among the largest of Percoid fishes.
((TT£|0£«?, firm ; As^t?, scale.)
§34. S« gfigas Ayres. — Jew-fiah; Black Sea Baaa,
Brownish with large black blotches, becoming with age nearly uni-
form greenish black; vertical fins in the young with a conspicuous
pale edge ; ventrjils black. Body and head robust ; region from occi-
put to dorsal carinated. Soft parts of vertical fins scaly ; spinous part
naked ; first dorsal spine prominent, curved. Ventrals reaching vent,
one-fourth longer than the pectorals. Head 3; depth 3. D. X-1, 10;
A. HI, 8; Lat. 1. 115. Pyloric coeca 7, long. L. 5 feet. Coast of
California from San Francisco southward, not rare.
(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1859, 28: Stereolepia oalifoiniciu Gill, Proo. Acad. Nat.
Sti. Phila. 1863, 330.)
M
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* 532 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly,
9T3.— POLTPRION Cnvier.
iSfone Ba88.
(Cuvier, R^gne Anira. ii, 1817 : type Polyprlon cemium Val.)
Body robust, moderately elevated, covered with small, firm scales
which extend on the vertical fins. Mouth large, the lower jaw jjio.
jecting. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, aud
tongue. Preopercle serrate; orbital region with spinous projections-
a strong, rough, bony longitudinal ridge on the opercle. Dorsal flu
continuous, low, with 11 strong spines j caudal rounded; anal with
3 spines, the third the largest; ventrals large; pectorals short.
Spines of anal and ventrals somewhat serrate on the anterior edge.
Vertebree 13 + 13. Pyloric cceca about 70. Branchiostegals 7. (-o/.u,-.
many; 7:pi(uvj saw.)
§3<'S» P. oxygrenins (Schn.) J. &G. — S'.oneBass; Wrcck-fiah; Cernier. '
Grayish brown, the caudal edged with white; young clouded with
light and dark. Body robust, somewhat compressed; the back ele-
vated. Mouth rather large, the scaly maxillary extending to opposite
V.'
tlie posterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw the longer. Supraocuhir
region, scapula, suprascapula, preopercle, and a ridge on opercle spi
nigerous. Anal spines short, serrate anteriorly, the third much the
longest. Head 3 ; depth 2 J. D. XI, 12; A. Hi, 8; L. 6 feet. A very
large fish of the coasts of Southern Europe and Africa ; a single young
specimen lately obtained in deep water by the United States Fish Com
mission. It resembles Stereolepis, but is much rougher.
(AmplUprion amei'icanua Bloch & Schneider, 205, t. 47, 1801; erroneously ascriho;. to
America {nomen ineptum ? ): Epinephelua oxygeneio8 Bloch & Schneider, 301 : PoUiprm
cernium Valeucieunea, M6m. du Mus. xi, 265: Polyprlon cernium Cuv. «fc Val. iii, 21,i)l.
42 : Polyprlon cernium GUuther, i, 109 : Polyprlon cemium Day, Brit. Fish. 17. )
a74.-SERRANUS Cuvier.
. •-. ■ . If;-
Sea Bass. -
(Curier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 210, 1828: type Perca 8criba L.)
Body oblong or moderately elongate, covered with rather small,
ctenoid scales. Scales of the lateral line quadrilateral or subtriangu-
lar, ctenoid. Head oblong. Mouth wide, oblique. Maxillary with-
out supplemental bone. Outer series of teeth more or less enlarged
and canine-like, the caniiies sometimes very small, sometimes large,
commonly numerous and developed along the sides of the lower jaw.
86. SEREANID^ — SERRANUS.
533
as well as along the front ; teetli mostly fixed. Preopercle serrate be-
hind ; opercle ending in li flat spines. Cheeks and opercles scaly. Gill-
rakers shortish, stout. Fins little scaly. Dorsal fin continuous or
einarg'nate, with 10 strong spines and 11-15 soft rays. Anal spinas
well developed. Caudal fin lunate or truncate. Occipital crests little
(1 veloped. Pyloric coeca few. Vertebraj 10 + 14. Species very nu-
merous in warm seas. Several modern genera are here included, some
of which may perhaps merit restoration.
The typical species of Centropristis differs from Serranus scriba and
its relatives in numerous respects, notably in the scarcely differentiated
canines, the broader bands of teeth, the broader head, the stronger
serrae on the opercle, the nidimentary dorsal groove and nearly naked
spinous dorsal (in Serranus proper, of which we have no typical species,
there is no trace of a groove and the dorsal is more scaly), the larger
scales, and the shorter soft dorsal. Ea<;h of these characters is al..ired
with some of the species now referred to Serranus, and any line of divi-
sion of the two groups is simply arbitrary, at least until the species are
better known.
[Serran or serrano, a vernacular name ; from the Latin serra, a saw.)
• Caudal trilobate or trifnrcate.
t Dorsal spines simple. (6'e)ifro/jri«tJ8* Cuvler.)
§36« S. atrarius (L.) J. & G. — Black Fish-; Black Sea Bass.
T^usky brown or black ; more or less mottled, with traces of pale longi-
tudinal streaks along the rows of scales ; young greenish, often with a
dark lateral band, sometimes broken up, forming cross-bars ; dorsal fin
with several series of elongate, whitish spots, forming interrupted lines ;
other fins dusky, mottled. Body ovate, robust, the back somewhat ele-
vated; axis of body below the middle of the depth. Head large, thick,
little compressed, somewhat pointed; top of head naked; cheeks and
opercles scaly ; scales on cheeks in about 11 rows. Mouth oblique, low,
rather large, the i)remaxillary below the level of the eye ; lower jaw
prominent; maxillary broad, its upper edge anteriorly slipping under
the edge of the broad preorbital, which is nearly as wide as the eye.
Eye large, wider than interorbital space, less than snout, 4^ in head.
Gill-rakers long. Canines very small, scarcely differentiated. Teeth
all fixed, the bands rather broader than usual. Dorsal spines rather
"Cuvier, Regno Anim. ed. 2, 1HS9: type Cenb'opristia nif/ricatta Cuv, = Perca airaria
L. (^fiVr/aov, spine; irpiortfi, saw.)
'iwi
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534 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOITH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
strong, not filamentous, the middle ones ratber higher than tlio poste
rior, which are considerably lower than the soft rays, the highest spjue
as long as from snout to middle of eye. Anal short and In'gh, its spin,.,,
graduated. Pectoral very long, 1| in head, reaching vent. Vcntrals
long, nearly reaching vent, inserted below front of base of pootorals.
Caudal slightly double concave ; fins little scaly, except at base ; a rudi.
mentary groove at base of spinous dorsal, over which scales do not
pass. Head 2'} ; depth 2§. D. X, 11 ; A. Ill, 7 ; Lat. 1. 50 ; coeca 4-7.
L. 12 inches. Cape Cod to Florida ; generally abundant.
(Perca airaria L. Syst. Nat. : Centropristis nigricans Cuv. & Val. iii, 37 : Ccntropristii
atrariua Giiutber, i, 86: Centropriatis atrariua Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 42.)
tt Dorsal spines produced in long filaments. {Triloburus* Gill.) : •;,
§3Y. S. trifurcus (Liun.) J. & G.
Grayisli, with purple reflections; sides with G dusky gray vertical
bars meeting across the back; silvery below; head bronze, with blue
streaks in front of eye; dorsal shaded with olive, a large irregular
black spot near its middle ; dorsal filaments red. Body slender, httle
elevated, subfusiform. Mouth large, nearly horizontal, maxillary reach-
ing to opposite middle of orbit. Preopercle finely and evenly sermted.
Most of the dorsal spines and the three lobes of the caudal produced
and filamentous. Head 3 ; depth about 4. D. X, 11 ; A, HI, 8 ; Lat. 1.
about 55. South Atlantic coast ; not very common.
(Perca trifurca Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 489: CentroprUtU trifurca Holbrook, Ich. S. Car,
1860, 49: Anthias fitrcatua GUntber, i, 91.)
•* Candal Innate or truncate. ' ;
, ► - t Serrjfi on lower limb of preopercle small, not antrorse.
a. Canine teeth small.
I
6. Dorsal lin continuous, none of the spines elevated.
*' ' c. Sena? at the angle of the preopercle forming one or two grotips of
radiating spines; soft dorsal rcther short. (Diplectrum t Holbr.)
§3§. S. fasetcularns Cuv. & Val. — Squirm Fish; Serrano.
Brownish above, silvery below, sides marked with 7 or 8 longitudinal
dark-blue lines ; head marked with blotches and lines of dark blue;
three or four distinct blue stripes across top of head ; two across pre-
orbital, the lower forked ; fins barred with blue and palo yellow. Body
elongate, not elevated. Head naked above ; mouth rather large, maxil
lary narrow, nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit. Dorsal and
• Gill, Cat. Fishes East Coast N. Am. 1831, 30 ; not characterized : type Perca trifurca
L. (rpc??, three; A.oyS6?, lobe, ; ovpd, tail.)
f Holbrook, Ich. S. C. ed. 1, 32, 1859: type Serranus faseicularis C. & V. (fir?,
two; TtXfjxrpov, spur.)
86. SERRANID^ — 8ERRANUS.
535
ak, Ich. S. Car.
anal spines slender, rather low, the former continuous with the soft
rays; second anal spine small; caudal deeply cmarginate; pectoral.s
shortish, reaching tips of ventrals. Serra) of preoi^ercle forming two
(liverglii;; groups of long spines at its angle; lower limb of preoperclo
entire. Head 3; depth 4. D. IX, 12; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. about 05. West
Indies, north to South Carolina; not rare.
(Cuv. & Vivl. ii, 245: CenlroprUtia fascicularia GUntber, i, 83: Diplectrum fasdculare
Holbrook, Icth. S. C. 18(j0, :».)
cc. Serrii* of proopfirclo simplo, {UaUperca* Gill.)
d. Soft dorsal of more thau 13 ray«.
g39. S. Mibllffarliis (Copo) J. & G.
Chocolate-brown; cheeks, intcropercle, maxillary, and mandible with
a coarse network of white lines; yellowish below; body with 5 vertical
cross-bands, 2 on the caudal peduncle and 2 above anal fin; pectoral
and caudal with small brown spots; second dorsal and nnal brown,
with rows of small white spots. Form elongate-oval. Head narrow,
conical; profile regular; mandible projecting; opercle with three points;
maxillary smooth : cheeks and opercles scaly, th(»3e on the latter ininnte ;
scales on the vertex ceasing behind posterior mfirgin of pupil. Median
dorsal spines subequal ; median anal spines extending beyond base of
anal fin; caudal truncate. Teeth and armature of preopercle not de-
scribed, but doubtless much as in 8. atrarius. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8;
scales 5^8-18. Pensacola, Fla. (Cope.)
(Centrojyriatis aubligarius Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, .)
bb. Dorsal fin emarginatc, some of the anterior spines being elevated ; soft dorsal
long; preoperclo simply serrate. {Paralabraxi Girard.)
§40. S. clatlirntus (Grd.) Steiml.—iJoffc i7a«8; Cabrilla.
Grayish green, with obscure, broad dusky streaks and bars, which
form reticulations on the sides; sides often mottled or shaded with
bluish or yellowish, but usually without distinct spots; a broad dark
shade near axis of body, below which the color is nearly i)lain silvery
gray. Preorbital narrow, its least width slightly more than half the
diameter of the orbit. Maxillary broad, much expanded' at tip, its
greatest width two thirds diameter of eye. Gill-rakers rather long, 22
below the angle. Pectorals long, 1^ in head; ventrals If in head;
third, fourth, and fifth dorsal spines about equal, the second spine
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186i, 236: type Serranus bivittatm C. & V. (dX?,
sea; ■n'spxtj, percb.)
f Girard, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 131: type Labraxnebul\ferGixA.^=AtraciO'
perca and 6o»toperca Gill, (jf apd, near; Aa^prt|, iaftrox.)
^^mmmm
\V.]
wi
t'|r
EV,,
536 COXTItlllUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
half tho loii^th cf the third, tho third Iohs than length of Hiioiit and
orbit; second anal spine longest. Top of head mostly nake<l; a f^^
gcaleH along the median line behind the pnpll. llead 3; depth 3^; eye
Ifj in 8nont. D. IX, I, 13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 73. L. 18 incheH. Coiujt
of California; abnndant southward.
{Labrax clathmtuH (inl. Troc. AchiI. Nat. Sci. Pliilii. 1854,14:1: Paralahrar clalhrattu
0«l. U. 8. rue. U. R. Siirv. :J4 : Paralabrax clathratuH GUiithur, i, Gi : Atractopirca dath-
rata Gill, Pioc. Acml. Nut. Scl. Philu. 1K51, 165.)
§41. 1^. inuculofasciatUJS Htmndachnor.— Cafrri/fa.
Olive brown, everywhere above thickly covered with dark hexagonal
or roundish spots, which cover more space than the ground color, the latter
forming reticulations around them ; spots on back more or less confluent
most distinct and tinged with orange on sides of head, branch iostt'jjals
and base of pectorals; about 7 oblique dusky cross-bars along tho sides
in whi(!h the spots are deeper in color and more confluent ; a bluisli stripe
from eye across cheeks; lips plumbeous; lower side of head yellow
epihous dorsal dusky, the membrane of third spine black ; soft dorsal
with bronze spots; caudal with confluent dark spots at base and brouze
spots at tip; other fins mottled with bronze and dusky. Preorbital very
wide, wider than eye ; maxillary narrow, reaching middle of pupil, its
width about half that of eye ; gill rakers short, 14 below angle of arch •
pectoral short, 1^ in head; ventrals 1^; third and fourth dorsal .spines
elevated, the second two-fifths the height of the third, which is longer
than snout and orbit; second anal sj ino shorter than third ; top of head
scaled on the middle line to opposite front of pupil, naked on sides; eye
half as long as snout. Head 3; depth 3. D. X, I, 14; A. HI, 7; Lat.
1. 9(ii (72 pores). L. 12 inches. Coast of California, abundant from San
Diego southward.
(StoiiulachiuT, IclitUyol. Notizon vii, 9G'J, 18G8; Vaillunt & Bocourt, Miss. Sci, au
Mex. iv, 72, 1874.)
§49. S. nebulifer (G.ily Steind.— Joftnflj^ Verde.
Greenish with irregular pale and dark mottlings and traces of dark
oblique crossbavs, the colors having a washed or faded appearance; flns
dull bluish black, mottled ; lower side of tail with wavy whitish streaks;
under side of head salmo;i color; preorbital, suborbital, and cheeks pro-
fusely marked with round orange spots ; a dark streak downward and
backward from eye; caudal mottled. Preorbital very broad, its least
width about equal to the diameter of the eye; maxillary rather narrow,
half as broad as the eye, reaching middle of pupil ; gill-rakers shortish,
88. SERRANID^. TRISOTROPIg.
637
Miss. Sci. aa
about W on lower part of arch; pectonilrt rather short, about | the
length of the head; veiitrals 2-2^ in head; 11 rHt 2 dorsal npinen vfry
8liort, the third very hi|,'h, much hijjher than any of the others; seeontl
spine one-third to one-fourth length of third, which is lonj?er than
snout and orbit; second anal spine as long as third; tojxif head closely
scaled to beyond front of eyes, llead 2.^ ; depth ^ ; eye less thar'. half
the snout. 1>. X, I, 14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 8(>. L. 18 inchcR. Coast of
Californiii, from Monterey southward ; abundant.
( /xi/mix M'/v/Wi/tr Oirard.Proc. Aca<l. Nut. Hr\. Phila. 1K'>4, 142: Parafabrnx nthulifcr
Oiriinl, II. S. Pile. K. U. Kurv. x, Ull, pi. xii: I'aralabrax. iicbuli/vr GUnthvr, i,G'2; Htuin-
Oy^jhucr, Ichtbyol. Beitriij^o, iii, 1.)
♦t Sorrii'oii lowor «dg« of prooporclo, largo, spur-liki;, dircctod forward. ( ricoiropoma"
Cuvier.)
843. S. ftilorurus (C. & V.) J. & 0.— Negrito.
Coh)r uniform blaykish, strongly tinged with violet; pectoral and
camliil yellow. Mouth rather large, the maxillary without supplement.il
bone, extending to the front of the pupil; lower jaw jjrojecting; nine
rows of scales on the cheek ; preopercle finely serrate above, its lower
inar{,'iu withseveral antrorse teeth. Body elevated, somewhat com-
pressed. Pectoral long, extending beyond ventrals ; caudal forked ; sec-
ond and third spines of anal about equal. Head 2ij ; depth 2^. I),
X, 15 ; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. about 05. West Indies, north to Garden Key,
Florida.
{Pkctropoma ohloruritm Cuv. & Viil. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 400, 18"28: /'. chlorurnm
Giiiither, 1, 107: P. chlorurum Vuill. & Boc. Miss. 8ci, Mex.lv, 104: Plecfropoma nigri-
cans Pooy, Momorias Cuba, i, 71, 1851 : UypoplectruH nigricans Pocy, Synopsis Pise.
Cuben8.290.)
975.— TRISOTROPIS Gill.
(Parepinephelus Bleeker.)
(Gil!, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 104: typo Perca guttata Bloch.)
Characters of Epinephelm, except that the lateral crests on the cra-
nium are well developed, like the median one. "This genus is recog-
nizable externally by its oblong form, the peculiar structure of the nos-
trils, the form of the fins, etc., but is more especially distinguished by
the development of the skull, which differs in a very marked manner
•Cuvier, R5gno Anitn. ii, 142, 1829: type Bodianua maculattts Bloch. This group
has been separated fi'om Serranus on account of the strong antrorse teeth <•{ the lower
edge of the preopercle. It has been divided by Professor Gill into several genera,
which have been adopted and defined by Professor Poey, but their nec(!88ity is not
evident. It is at best an artificial group, and some of the current species (P. afrum,
etc.) belong to Epinephelus. {itXrix^pov, spur; na>,ua operculum.)
I
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538 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
from that of Epineplielus. • • • The sknll diflfers from that of Fm.
nephelushy the wider interorbital area, rhe parallelism and coutiimation
of the lateral crests forward to the middle of the orbits inclosing an elon-
gated parallelogram, the surface of which, especially between the orbits
is more uniform ; the absence of a frontal crest, the simple curvature or
straightness of the naso- vomerine ridge and absence of the angle at tbe
suture between the nasals and vomer." {Oill.) The species of this
group have the anal III, 11, er III, 12. They reach a very large size
and are abundant in the tropical seas. (t/>££t, thrice ; T/jwn?, a koel in
allusion to the presence of the three parallel elevated keels on the top
of the cranium, Avhich distinguishes this genus from JEpinepheliis.)
§44. T. brunneus Poey. — Black Grouper ; Abadejo.
Clear brown, covered with spots of darker brown, irregular in size
and form; pectorals reddish; ventrals bluish; other fins dusky; max-
illary with a supplemental bone ; preopercle sinuous ; third dorsal spine
not a third as high as the body; soft dorsal highest nt its niidclle.
Head 3J iu total length ; depth about 4. Eye 7^ in head. D. XI, IG;
A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. about 110; coeca 15. [Poei/.) West Indies, nortli to
Virginia.
(Serranus brunneus Pooy, Memorias Cuba, il, 131, 1858 ; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mu8. 1879, 143.)
945. T. falcutUS roay.— Scamp.
Brown, with irregular darker spots, none on the heaa or belly ; pe(!-
torals edged with blackish and oraiige. Body moderately comi)rosswl.
Maxillary reaching vertical from posterior margin of eye; lower jaw
much projecting beyond the upper; upper jaw with teeth in a single
series, with a short band in front; 4 oanines; lower jaw with teeth iu
two series, and with sevenil canines at the symphysis ; teeth on vomer,
in an angular patch ; palatine teetii In a single series. Sixth i\orbA\
spine longest ; caudal deeply forked, the external rays nearly twice the
length of the middle ones. Head 2J ; depth about 3. D. XI, 17 ; A.
111,11'; L. lat. 130; L. transv. f ^. {Qoode & Bean.) West Indies, north
to Pensacola.
(Poey, Momorias, ii, i;)8; Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, 140, 1879.)
^46. T. inicrolcpiK Goode & Bean.
Maxillary reaching perpendicular from posterior margin of o.l't;
each jaw with two canines: upper jaw with an inner series of villiforw
and an outer series of largo slender conical teeth curved inward ; lower
86. SERRANID^ EPINEPHELUS.
539
I
jaw with two series of conical teeth, the inner the hirgest and movable ;
vomer and palatines with very small villiform teeth. Preopercle with
fine (lenticulations on its posterior mar;;iu and some coarser ones at the
aiifjle. Third and fourth dorsal spines highest, the first slightly higher
than tiie second. Color not described. Head 2^-2§; depth S^. l>.
XI, 18; A. Ill, 10; L. lat. 145; L. trausv. |^. {Ooode & Bean.)
Western coast of Florida.
(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 1879, 141.)
976.— EPINCPIIELIJS Bloch.
Groupers*} Merous.
(Bloch, Tiliih. 1793 ; Bloch & 8chiii>i«ler, Syst. Iclitu. 1601, ^99 : tj'pe Epincphclua ruber
Bloch.)
Body stout, compressed, covered with small ctenoid scales, which are
often somewhat embedded in the skin ; 75-140 in the course of the lat-
eral line ; scpU-s of the lateral line triangular, cycloid ; soft parts of the
vertical tins generally more or less scalj. Top of cranium narrow, with
the median crest only developed, the lateral keels being obsolete. Pre-
opercle moderately senate behind, its lower limb nearly or quite entire,
rarely with an antrorse spine; opercle with two strong spines. Mouth
large; umxillary with a well-developed supplemental bone. Canine
teeth few, large, in the front of the jaws; enlarged teeth of the inner
series of each jaw depressible. Gill-rakers short. Dorsal spines usually
Oorll, not filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than the middle
ones. Anal spines 3, the second usually the larger; the number of soft
rays 7-9. Caudal fin rounded. Pyloric cceca usually few (usually 1(V-
20). Species very numerous, most of them of large size, aboundint;
in all the tropical seas, where they are aniong the most valuable food-
fishes, (irztveipekoe:^ cloudcd ; In allusion to a supposed adipose mem-
brane covering the eye.)
* Dorsal spines 11.
a. Pyloric cwca less than 35.
(Ep'mephelua.)
§4». E. cnpreolns (Pocy) .1. &, G.—Cabrilla.
Brown, everywhei*e covered with round dark spots regularly placed,
largest bclov, smallest near the dorsal fin, those below about as large
as the pupil; two larger black spots at base of spinc.us dorsal, partly on
the fin; a few roundish palo spots on the body; fins all spotted; pec-
• A coiTuptiou of the Portuguese uaine, OarrujMt.
' I-" 'it- *
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540
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTE AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
torals and ventrals finely mottled, the pectorals with a narrow pale
edge. Body ovate, rather slender, the head long and pointed. Lower
jaw slightly projecting j maxillary extending nearly to the posterior
border of the orbit; four small canines in front of lower jaw. Pre-
opercle slightly emarginate, its edge finely serrate. Scales small, those
on cheeks, breast, and top of head very small. Caudal rounded; pec.
toral fin extending beyond tips of ventrals, to vent; second anal spine
rather strong. Head 2§ : depth 3, Yi. XI, IG ; A. Ill, 7 ; Lat. 1. about 80.
Florida to the Caribbean Sea; abundant in the West Indies; an excel-
lent food-fish. The synonymy of this species is much confused, and the
. name to be adopted is uncertain.
(fPerca maculata Blocli, Ichth. 181, taf. 343, 1797; not Holocentrua maculatna Bloch
Ichth. taf. 242, which is also apparently an Epinephelus: 1 Sparua atlaniicua Lacdn.
Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 158, 1802 (based on Bloch.): ISeiranm impetiginosua Miiller A',Tro-
schel, Schomburgk, Excurs. Barbadoet", 665: ? Serranus maculatus and inqyetifiinoiui
Giiuther, i, 130, 142 : Serranua capreolua Poey, Memorias, li, 145 : Serranus capreolm
Vaillant, Miss. Sol. au Mox. iv, 87.)
8'i§. E. drummond'hayi Goode & Bean. — Hind; John Pu^v..
Color umber brown, everywhere densely covered witi^ ^.i.M stellate
spots except on the lips and belly; about 40 of these between gill-open-
ings and base of caudal; along the sides the spots often coalesce. Pre-
opercle evenly serrate. Eye 6^ in head. Caudal truncate or slightly
emarginate. Head 2§; depth 2§. D. XI, 16; A. Til, 9 ; scales 32-125-
57. Gulf coast of United States. {Ooode & Bean.) .
(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 174, 1878.)
849. E. morio (Cut.) Gill.— ifeoE Grouper.
Brownish, marbled with ash ; salmon color below ; soft parts of the
vertical fins margined with blue. Body oval, compressed above; r
file oblique, gently curved; mouth terminal, large, somewhat oblu
maxillary reaching beyond eye. Eye about as long as snout, iltox.
2 J ; depth 3. D. XI, 17 ; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. lOG ; cceca 28. Atlantic coast,
chiefly southward.
{Serranus morio C\\y. &,\a\. ii,285: /Serranua morio GUutker, i, 142: Serranus erythro-
gaater Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 34.)
890. E. nig[ritU8 (Holbrook) QiH.— Black Grouper; Jew-fiah.
Bluish black above, lighter below; no red; no traces of markiifson
body or lius. Body oblong, thick, tapering backward. Mouth '!»/Q;e,
very oblique, lower jaw projecting. A spine on the lower limb oi the
proopercle in front of the angle. Head 2§ ; depth about 2^. H. X, 15;
86. SERRANID^ — PROMICEOPS.
641
A. Ill, 9; scales 24-115-52. Gulf of Mexico, north to South Carolina j
reaches a weight of 300 pounds.
(Serraniis nigritus Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 177: Serranus nigritus Gunther, i, 134;
Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1878, 182.)
aa. Pyloric coeca numerous (50-70). (Hyporthodua* Gill.)
§51. E. niveatMS (Cuv. & Val.) Poey.
Brownish olive ; sides with many large, light blue spots, which are
arranged in about 5 transverse rows ; a large quadrangular black spot
crossing caudal peduncle above and running down on sides to below
the lateral line. Body oblong, compressed, highest forwards ; mouth
large, oblique, maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit ; lower jaw
slightly tbe longest; membranes of vertical fins scaled half way up;
second anal spine about as long as third and much stronger ; top of
head entirely scaled, except in front of nostrils. Eye large, as long as
snout. Head 2^; depth 2§. D. XI, 14; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. about .85.
West Indies to Florida ; accidental northward.
(Serranu8 niveatua Cuv. & Val. ii, 380 : Serranua niveatua GUnther, i, 130 : Eyporthodus
fiavicauda Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Pbila. 1861, 98, from Newport, R. I.)
♦•Dorsal spines 9. (Bodtanua \ Bloch.)
853. E. piinctatUS (L.) J. & G. — Buttev-fish ; Nigger-flah; Coney.
Olivaceous yellow or red, ^.-overed with small, round, dark-edged
spots of blue ; one or two black spots on the tip of the chin and one
ou the caudal peduncle ; colors brilliant and variable. Maxillary not
reaching posterior margin of eye ; eye 6J in head ; preopercle finely
serrate; its lower limb entire; caudal truncate; skull channelled be-
tween the eyes, its upper surface smooth. Head 2^. D. IX, 15; A.
111,9; Lat. 1. 85. Pyloric cceca 8. Vertebrse 10 + 14. {Gunther.)
Size siriall ; flesh soft. West Indies, north to Florida Keys ; abundant.
(Perca punctata L. Syst. Nat. x, 291, 1758 : Serranwj ouatalibi Cuv. & Val. ii, 381,
1829 (red variety) ; Serranus ouatalibi Gliutlier, i, 120 : Serranua guativere Cuv. «fe Val.
ii, 383: Serranua carauno Cuv. & Val. ii, 383: Enneacentrua punctatua Poey, Rep. Fis.-
Nat. Cuba, 1868, 288: Enneacentrua punctatua Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. v, 59.)
9YY.-PROIIIICROP8 Gill.
(Gill, MSS. ; Poey, Synopsis Piscium Cubensiuni, 1868, 287 : type Serranua guaaa Poey.)
"This genus has the characters of Epinephelu8j except the cranium,
which resembles that of Truotropis by the great interorbital width.
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1H61, 98: typo Jlyporthodua fiavicauda Gill = <Str-
raiiu«nitieait(«jnv. (vn-o, below ; opOo?, straight; o5ov?, tooth.)
tBloch Ichthyol; Blooh & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801,330: ty \ta Bodianua gut latua
Dloch. (From Bodiano, a Portuguese uauio of various similar ilshes.)
•
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54U rONTUIIU'TIONH TO NOKTII AMinJlCAN U'HTIIYoi.^HJY— |v.
ANV lunv iu»<i«'o tho c\vo woll juIvhiummI. It ftiiiluM' tlilUMM In IIkmIch.
titioii and Ity tlic <<\(nMiio tlivittion (if itN p.vlorU^ upiMMula^i'M. 'I'lio I1.4.11,
lutein a lai'K«* IxmkI, a littlo tiiirro\V(>r in tlio lowor Jaw ; tli<< <>\t(.niii|
margin hI<o\vm a row iiC tiM^Mi a liitto Hti'onw:^', ONpMall.y llir IwoilrNi
Itnl (Ikmv aivnodilVoivntiatoilmninoN; (lio cxironir inn(M' N«M'i<>H in Ikih,
l\aM .<<oino .Hti'ttn^r^'t' (rolli. Tlio palatint^ an«l vonicrino IrtMli air in iiiu>r
hauils. TiMM'OH'a antllhoir divJHlonH ait^ innuniorahlo." (/'"n/.) I'',1h(«
wluMxMlio oianlnni Im UoMorlbod an hIioH, bmad, and iiai, tli(« (mmIimIdI
»mst vor.v low. Hi/,o (MiorntonM, m In tlio ^jonuH ISUrciflvinH. 'riiin Kcmm
and 7V<«<>/n»/»i.<» nIiouUI pi-ohably bo ronHitloitMl aH wnMlonM of l\itiui'i)h
fm, (!T/»»», bofoiv; ,'«M/»f»<, Nnndl ; cuv, oyo ; in alhiHion (o llio HliorltirKNot
(ho antoiiov part ol' (lio oraniunt, duo (o Mio advanconiont of \\u\ orliit,;
MAS. !•. itiiawn Poov.— f.'Krtwi.
Vollowish olivaooouH, with nnniorouH hrowti Mpot«. Ilody nioni nmi
pivssoti aln>vo tlian bolow. INbjulli largo, nnixillary iiMurliing Ixwoiul
Iho orbit ; pivopcrolo iVobly 8orra((»d ; (»p(MvU^ wKli ."Ulai poiniN; tins
all vory low, oaudal roundod. Moad .'l,\ ; dopMi -1. I>. XI, Irt; A. Ill,
8. {IW}).) \\o8t lndio«, nt)rth Ur I'lorida; roaohoH a woiglil. »»r lOOm
niH> lUMindvS.
(Si'n\tnM« tjHaM Tocy, Mom. ii, 141, 1W\H.)
JltH.-imiiHSfuvloi'.
(Ouvior. H.V»».> Anitu. od. Vd. il. IHVH: t.v|M> />M/f'i» .ni »•<./<» (1. *• V.)
lUxly oblong, ovato, oonipnvssod and olovalod, oovorod with nillicr
largt* 8oalos. Mouth largo, tho lowor Jaw projooting; tho iniixillarv
ixnu'hing to opposito tho niiddio ol' tho oyo. Tooth nuulorato, llai ante
rior in tho uppor Jaw oulargod, wIdoNot, but. hanlly I'orndng caiiiiios,
rwH>iMMvlo sharply vsorrato ; oporolo with U Htixtug Hpinos. Dorsul
with 10 spinos, anal with ,'i; tho thini dctr^al spino tllanHMit()U.s, tho
8tHH>iul anal spino Uuigi'at. HranohiostogalH 0. I'InIioh of tho warm
seas, soujotinuvs ontoring rivora. (tJi»(")-*(s", a slavoj tho llsh b ing under
the lash of tho long doraal spino.)
931. I>. nuriirn Ouv. vV VaI.— ('M«(H<i/c(r; Conohman.
YoUowish gray, with two or thivo darker en)ss-bau«lH and faint dark
Untgitndinal stn>aks. Operele with two or Ihive strong s])ineH, tho upper
ouo the largest ; iH'otoral and ventral Una largo ; third dorsal spine flliv
mentous, ivaehing the middle of the caudal ; caudal truncate. I). X,
13 ; A. HI, 7 ; Lat. 1. 40. Vert. 10 + 14. Tropical parts of the Atlantic;
saitl to have been taken on our cotvst.
;Cuv. Jk Tal. iii, US; QUuthor, i, SOU.)
8n. Hr.UUANII»/K — HIIVI'TICIJH. 543
ay«.~itiivi*TN!iiN aiivi«r.
Noaff-JhlicM,
!ChvI<'I*. •tf'K"*' ^"''"' "' ^^^*^ ly\»^ 'inthtiix mifintttinuif UUuh A Hclnmldnr. )
Hull V ohhHiK ,<'«>m)»irMH<'(l, rovorni with Hiiitill, hiiiooMi «iiril;<nl(lr(l MmWn,
MiMilli ol»ll<|«i«% nillici- \Mm\ \\w IowimJiiw pioitiiiicht, fJio inaxillnry
witli II Huppl<'iii<^tiliil lioiHi, n'ii«-liiti(; (oor boyoixt ||m^ I'ltpil ; prcorbitat
rivMiot- iiimow; no cniiiiicH; broinl btiiHlM of villirorin IvHh on JawM,
V(itii<>r, mill piiJiilhu^H. I'rroprrcJo ci'cmMMit Hliapcd, without, iinulu or
H(*rriiliii'<*H, V,H iiiiu-^lii Willi HpinoiiH («'4'tli iiliovc. OptMcJo witli HpincH.
DoiNiil ilii with two or thr«'«0»JW Htoiit, HpliM'H, «oiiM'tiiiM'M M^prii(it<Ml hy
iuuil«h t'roin tho hoI'I rn..v«; iitiiil Ihi without. HpiiH^, or with Jiii omlHuhh-d
rit(li<ii<'iit.; (taiiiliil tin roiiiMlcd iM^hiiid. V<Mitra.lHHniall. IV^r^toraJH Hhorf,
1111(1 roi!!uhMl. Troph'al McaM. {fUirtrtxiii;, waHliinj^; from tho ''Hoiifiy"
HJiitl-)
,1, poiHiil ditliioN y, morn or I«>m ooiiimk'IciI wIMi Mm wifl, rnyn, {I'romlrropUtnu" (iiil,)
N,1A. II. innriiliitiiM llolhr.
Ollvo brown abov«i, with Hcatt«M<Ml whitiHh miioIh; Im-Iow pnhi Mlato
color. iliK'k n>;;iiliirly liirhcd i'loiii Hiioiit. to (^(iiKbil fin. Month larf^c,
iniixilliiry cxtrndlng beyond orbit; lower Jaw lonj^er than npfier, and
])i'oji><^tiiiK niiK'.h beyond it in eloHcd month. I'reope.reh^ with 2 Htoiit
N|»i!i('H; opereh^ with W. IN-etornlM rather hirjje. Vert leal Hum hlfjii.
Doi'Hiil NpineH H]i^lllty eonnected with the Hoft. rayH. Head 'i^^; d«f)ith '<\.
1). II, 25; A. IT). North ('iirolina to the WeHt IndhtH.
(llolhrook, loll. H. C. iHllU, U\ tllliillicr, 1, 17.'».)
NAO. II. tIfYCorntllN (0111) .J. & 0.
IlrowiiiKli, irre^^nlarly inaenliiied with li^lit npotN about ah lar^^e nf|
the pupil, MieHO f(<Mierally with a bla<;kiHh (centre; the Hpot.H are, Hoimv
tiiiu'H eoiiiliicint and are nioHt niinusrouH on the HJdeH, Kye e(pnd Hnoiit,
5^ ill length of head. Head .'J; d(ri>ih .'4. I). II, i^O; A. 10. Tropicul
Hoiw; iu'.cidi^ntal at Newjmrt, K. I. {(Hill.)
{I'rumUropkruH dcvoralua UiU, I'loc. Acad. Nut. Uci. I'hilu, lH(i:i, U\i.
897. R. pltnltOKIIfl Gooili) fi-.'. DnitTi.
V(»ry lifflit brown, with nuinerouH Hmall brown HpotH; the diameter of
tbo larjfCHt, ono-tliinl that of eye; these abHent on abdomen and throat;
traces of light niarginH to the vertical flnft. Upper jaw nearly rea<ihing
*aill, Proo. Acad. Nat. Sol. Phlla. 1661, 63: type Bhyptiout maculatiu Holbr.
(jf p6, before; ^txfjbi, itmall; itrepbv, fin.)
X¥y'^n
i
644 C0NTUIDUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOOY — ly.
tho vorticnl from imstorior margin of orbit. Ono continnoun dorsal-
(lorHnl and anal tins higlior posteriorly, tho longest rays roacliiiijr i>jij,p
of candal. Eyo twice the length of siiont. Head more than on(^ tliinl
length of body; depth M^. 1). IF, 27; A. 15; Lat. 1. 00; L. tran.sv. 4
{Gtxuh <{' Ikan.) Key West, Fla.
(Qoodo & IkMHi, rroo. U. 8. Nat. Mu8. il, 311, 1879.)
Family LXXXVII.— PRIACANTIIIDiE.
{The Big Eyes.)
Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small, firm, rough
scales; all parts of the bo<ly and head, oven tho snout and maxilluries,
being densely scaly. Head deep. Month large, very obli'jne, the lower
jaw pronnnent. Villiform tooth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, notio on
the tongue. Prennixillaries protractile. Maxillary broad, without siip.
plemontal bono, not slipping under tho very narrow preorbital. Eye
very large, forming about half tho length of the side of the \mu\,
Posterior nostril long, slit-like. Preoperclo more or less seriated, t)n«or
more stnmg spines at its angle; operculum very short, ending in two or
thi*ee points behind. (■ ill-membranes separate, free from the istlumis.
Pseudobranchiiu large. Clills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill-rakcrs
long. Branchiostegals C. Lateral line continuous. Dorsal iln (jontimi-
ous, with about 10 spines, which are deprossiolo in a groove; anal spines
3, the soft- part long, similar to tho soft dorsal; vontrals large, thonicic,
1, 5; pectorals snuUl, rounded; caudal flu truncate or luiuito. Spines
of fins generally rough with snuiU sorrjo. Air-bladder large. Pyloric
cceca few. Sanill carnivorous ilshes of the tropical seas; mostly rose-
colored in life. Genus 1; species about JJO.
{Porcidai, group Priacan Ihina QHnthor, I, 215-221.)
980.— PRIACANTHVS Cniver. H -** •
Big Eyes. • ,^^- '
(Cuvior, R^Rno Anini. ii, 1817: type Pnaoanthus macrojththalmua Cuvior.)
Characters of tho genus included above, {npttuv^ saw; HxavOa, spiue;
ft«m the sermture of tho spines.)
a. Body more thau twice as long as deep; scales small. (Priaoanthm.)
89§. P. mnrropfithnlnins Cnv. & Yal.—Big Eye.
Uniform red, fins edged with dusky. Body oblong, compressed, but
little elevated. Gape of mouth subvertical, maxillary passing front of
88. SVMIWM.
545
pve. TTt'iul coinplotdy scaled. Eyo ul)onfc onolialf loii^tli of IhnwI, iiioro
tliiin <> titiH'H wiilth of prooibital. Vont rain lonj;, nmrliiii^ front of anal ;
|H'(!t(»riilH small, not longer tliun oyo. liateral lino followinj; tlio <;nrvcof
rl„,l,iKk. Iload .Tj; iUiptli L'j}. 1). X, 14; A. Ill, 15; Lat. 1. 85. Wo8t
liiilies; occiisional on onr coast.
(Cuv. iV Val. iii, m; (JilnUior, i, 215.)
(Id. H^'b ni>t twico 118 long iiH (loop; hciiIch larn;n. (Purndoprfncnnthnii IMcoltur.)
I«,)9. P. HitllN (iill.
Kciirly nnifortn orango-rod in life; vertical fins dotted with black;
vcntrals black. l^)dy oblong, (ioinpn^HWMl and elevat^'d. Prollle very
ohliqnc; snout extremely short; gape of month very obi i<pie, maxillary
rt'iiching to below orbit. Eye about one-half length of head. Hpines
.,tontor th"n in P. macrophthalmuH. Hcales mu(!h larger and rougher.
LiitoriU line running obli(|uely upwards in front, then abruptly tnrnitig
(lowiiwanls. Ventrals large, extending beyond origin of anal. I're-
oporele and operde coarsi^Iy serrate at anghi and on lower limb; angle
ol'pn'opercle with 2 8i)ineN, upper limb simjdy roughened. (Jaudal (In
khuuUmI. Jlead2i; depth 1^. D. X, 11; A. 111,9; Lat. 1. 45. Coast
of New Kngland ; not <;ommon.
(Vriacanlhua alius Uill, Troc. AcimI. Nat. Scl. Phila. ISOiJ, 135J.)
Family LXXXVIIL— SPAKU)^.*
{The Sparoid Fishes.)
Body oblong, more or h ss elevated, covered with rnoderatcsized ad-
luTciifc scales, which are generally more or leas strongly ctenoid, some-
times almost cycloid (''sparoid"). Head large, the skull often with
traces of the cavernous structure seen in Souemdw. No suborbital stay.
Moutli moderate or large, terminal, low, nearly horizontal. Premaxil-
liirios protractile; maxillary without supplementjil bone, for its whole
length, slipping into a sheath formed by the edge of the broad preorbital ;
teeth villiform, cardiformj incisor like or molar; canines sometimes pres-
ent; vomer, palatines, and tongue with or without teeth ; gills 4, a large
slit behind the fourth; pseud obranch ice large; gill-rakers moderate;
branchiostegals 4-7 ; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Edfje of preoporcle serrated or entire ; operde usually without spines ;
sides of head generally scaly. Dorsal flu continuons or deeply notched,
• Including 87 rristipomatldce, and 88 Sparidas of the artificial key to familie?, on
page 77,
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 35
.1
II
>jl
r i
: ' i
546 CONTRIIUJTIONS TO NORT.I AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV. "^
the spines strong, usually dopressible into a groove. Anal fin similar to
soft dorsal, with 3 si)incs. Veutmls thoracic;, I, 5, conunonly with un ac
ccssory scale-liko appendage. Caudal iin rounded or forlic^l. LaU;ial
lino continuous, not extending upon the caudal tin. Pyloric co'ca lew or
many. Air- l)lad«ler present, usually simple. Genera 55; sjuuncs ubom
450, abounding in the seas of temperate and troi)ical regions. Those
with incisor teeth only are chiefly herbivorous, the others carnivorous
The three principal subdivisions giveu below have been often tukcu as
separate families.
(Sparidw, Priiitipomatidw and Percidw pts. Gliuthor, i, 17r>-211, 27a-3iVJ, aud 'U2-4i)9
exchisivo of certain goncra.)
a. Teeth all conical aud pointed; no incisors nor molars, preoperclo senat*!; pyloric
cwcu few; carnivorous.
b. Vomer with teeth.
V. Dorsal Iin deeply omarginato ; teeth all villiform, in narrow bands. (AVniV/i.
• ihiiinw) Xknumith Ys, 281.
cc. Dorsal fin contiinious; canines more or less developed. (Lutjmihia:)
LUTJANL'8, 282,
bb. Vomer, palatines, and tongue toothless.
d, Doroal fin continuous.
e. Caudal (in lunate or forked ; profile convex. (Priatipoma: nw.)
f. Mouth small ; dorsal and anal fins naked or scaly at base only.
POMADASYS, 2S3.
//. Mouth large; soft parts of dorsal and anal densely scaly tlmniffliout.
DlAUAsis, 284.
ee. Caudal fin convex ; profile concave. (Lohofina:) •
h. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth, in front of which are a series of
larjger ones ; no teeth on vomer or pal&tim>s.
Lor.oTKS, 285.
aa. Teeth on the sides of the jaws molar ; x»rooporclo entire ; pyloric cceca few ; no (('cth
on vomer, x^alatines, or tongue; carnivorons. (Nyx/n/Ki.)
j. Front teeth conical, not at all compressed Spaiuis, 28(1.
jf/. Front teeth compressed, iucisor-like Diploduh, 287.
aaa. Teeth in front inci.sor-like ; nonudars; pyloric cceca many ; herbivorous.
m. Vomer toothless ; fins mostly scaleless. {GireUina.)
n. Incisors tritid; cheekti scaly; operclos naked; doixal
spines 14 or 15 Girklla, 288.
mm. Vomer with teeth; soft fins densely scaly ; incisors lanceo-
late. (Pimehpterinw)
0. Incisors with horizontal backward-projecting roots, tlie
band of small teeth behind them narrow.
PiMELEPTKlUIS, 289.
00. Incisors without evident roots, the band of small tci'th
broad; soft doreal and anal many-rayed, much loiii;er
than spiuous doi-sal Scoui'is, 2UU.
981.— XENI€HTH¥S Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 82: type Xcniohthya xanti Gill, from Lower
California.)
Body moderately elongate, subfusiform, compressed ; head conic, little
compressed; eyes large, anterior; preorbital rather narrow, oblique;
88. SPARID^ LUTJANU8.
547
nreopcrcniiini pectinate behind ; mouth rather small, very oblique ; chin
miK'li projecting, a pjore on each side of it at the symphysis ; teeth very
small, recurved, in narrow bands in each jaw; vomer with a rhomboid
patch of very minute teeth ; palatines nearly toothless ; tongue slightly
rough; branchiostegals 7; pseudobranchim present; scales small, Arm,
ctenoid ; lateral lino continuous ; dorsal fins separate or connected by
a low membrane; the first received into a groove, and composed of
about 10 slender but rigid spines ; second dorsal low; anal fins with .'i
jjawluatcd spines and 10 to 20 rays ; caudal flu emarginate, with rounded
lobes; ventrals with a pointed axillary scale. Pacific Ocean. {^sv<t<;,
strange ; izOh-:, fish.)
«, Aiml fin not elongate.
§60. X< californicnsis Stoindachucr.
Silvery, with continuous dusky stripes along the^rows of scales on the
upper half of the body, 3 above the lateral line, 4 or 5 below. Body
oblong, not elevated nor much compressed; mouth moderate, terminal,
very obli(pie, the lower jaw strongly protruding ; premaxillary in front
above the middle of the large eye; maxillary not very broad, reaching
opposite front of pupil ; eye 3J in head, longer than snout. Teeth in
jaws villiform, in a very narrow band ; on the vomer scarcely appreciabh; ;
I'dfje of preopercle finely serrate ; no opercular spine ; ventrals with a
large accessory scale ; gill-rakers very long and slender; pseudobranchiic
large; scales small, firm, quite rough, covering the top of the head,
cheeks, and most of the preorbital, which is rather narrow ; soft parts
of vertical fins well scaled; spinous dorsal depressible in a groove, the
spines stiff; the two dorsals almost separate; second spine highest, the
others regularly shorter ; soft dorsal low; caudal forked; second and
third an«al spines high. Pectoral falcate, 3 length of head, reaching be-
yond the tips of the rather short ventrals. Head 3 J ; depth 3 J. I). IX-
1, 12 ; A. HI, 10 ; Lat. I. 52. Pacific coast, from San Diego southward.
Here described from specimens collected by Dr. Streets at Cerros Island.
(Steindivchner, Ichth. Beitriige, iii, 3, 1875; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 49.)
3§3.— LVTJANV8 Bloch & Schneider.
Snappers.
(Mesoprion CnvioT : ZWacope Cuvier : Oenyoroge Cantor.)
(Bloch & Schneider, Systema Icht'jyol. 1801, 324: type Lutjanua lutjanna Bl. «fcSchn.)
Bojly oblong, compressed, the back somewhat elevated; head long;
mouth large, the jaws with bands of villiform teeth, besides which are
r 'S
'.A
/ '. f
: m
1.
,< J
N ■
n
m
4i
*i
i
548 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
nsually an outer series of larger teeth in eacli jaw, and 2- stronger teeth
or canines in the front of the upper law; vomer witli.villiform teeth ; villi.
form teeth on the palatines and in one or more patches on the tongue •
I^reopercle sometimes with a notch posteriorly, into which a knob on the
interopercle fits ( Diacope) ; posterior limb of preopercle finely seirate •
gill-rakers moderate, strong ; branchiostegals 7 ; vertical fins not niiuh
scaly; dorsal spines 10-12; caudal lunate or forked. Vertebra} 10 4. 14
Species very numerous, in all warm seas. {Luljang, the Japanese or
Malayan name of some of the species.)
a. Caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes attenuate. (Ocyurua* Gill.)
§61. L.. niclanurr'5 (L.) J. & G.
Olivaceous, with obhque streaks above the lateral line, and some
shining golden longitudinal bands on the side; no axillary spot nor
lateral blotch ; flus chiefly yellow, the caudal not black. Body elongate
compressed ; head pointed ; lower jaw prominent ; uijper canines well
developed ; preopercle without distinct notch ; maxillary reaching to
front of pupil ; eye large, nearly as long as snout, 3J in head ; top of
head with a Mharp keel ; spines rather slender ; pectorals reaching past
tips of ventrals; anal spines graduated, short; caudal deeply forked,
the inner rays less than half the length of the outer. Head 3 ; depth
3. D. X, 13 ; A. Ill, 9 ; Lat. 1. 51. West Indies, north to Florida.
( Perca melamira L. Syst. Nat. (after Catesby ) : Sparus chrysurus Bloch, Iclitb. taf. 2C"J :
Mcioprion chrt/attrua Cnv. & Val. ii, 459: Meaoprion chryaurua GiiutheT, i, 186: Ocyum
melanurua Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1871), 114.)
CM. Caudal fin lunate.
h. Vomerine teetb forming a cross-shaped or anchor-shaped patch ; canines well
developed. {Luijanm.)
862. Ii. caxis (Bloch & Schn.) Poey. — Telling; Gray Snapper.
Greenish olive, each scale with a brown spotj these sometimes con-
fluent, forming narrow bands extending likewise across the vertical
tins; usually a narrow blue stripe on preorbital and cheeks; joxmg
sometimes barred and with the flus dark-edged ; no lateral blotch. Snout
long and sharp ; mouth moderate, maxillary reaching front of pupil ; eye
large, shorter than snout, 3J in head. Cheeks with about 6 rows of
scales ; preopercle with a slight notch at the tip of the interopercle ;
teeth strong; canines in upper jaw well developed ; tongue with a sin-
* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1862, 236 : type Sparxia chryaurua Bloch. {aoxvi,
swift; ovpdf tail.)
88. SPARID^ LUTJANU8.
549
cle patch of teetU; nostrils oblong; gill-rakers shortish; spines strong;
gecond Jiual spine little enlarged. Head 3 ; depth 2^. D. X, 14 ; A.
jll 8 ; Lat. 1. 48. New York to South America ; common southward.
(Sparuti caxia Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 284: Meaoprion griseus Cnv. & Val. ii, 409:
Ugfobrion griseus GUnther, i, 194: NeonKSiiis emarginalua Girard, U. S. Mex. liouud.
Surv. Iclitli. 18; Poey, Kept. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, 1867, 269.)
§63« I" blackfordi Goodo & Bean. — Bed Snapper.
Uniform rose-color; lighter below and on centres of scales; belly sil-
very; axil of pectoral dark. Body much compressed, lower profile mu<;h
less Jirched than the upper. Preopercle finely serrated, the (lenticula-
tious coarser at the angle; a slight emargination above the angle, in
which is received a slight elevation on the interopercular bone. Maxil-
lary reaching the orbit. Lingual teeth in two patches, the anterior
cordate; canines strong, two in front of upper jaw larger than others.
Anterior nostril round, posterior oblong. Pectorals elongate, reaching
piist the long ventrals nearly to anal. Third anal spine slenderer and
slightly longer than the second. Caudal fin forked, the middle rays two-
thirds as long as the external ones. Eye about 7 in head, two-thirds
width of preorbital. Head 2f ; depth 2f. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 9; L. lat.
50; L. transv. -^-. Coast of Florida; a large and beautiful species, be-
coming importc^nt as a food-fish.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mas. i, 176, 1878.) ■
864. L. stearnsi Goode & Bean.
Scarlet below, shading into reddish or purplish brown above; plum
color on sides and top of head; below lateral line the i)08terior half of
the exposed portion of the scales white tinted wiili scarlet; the basal
portion reddish and much darker; lower side of head light scarlet; ver-
tical fins darker than body ; pectorals and ventrals white-roseate. Head
3 in length; depth 3. D. X, 14; A. HI, 8; L. lat. 45; L. transv. -jSf.
[Goode & Bean.) Pensacola, Fla.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mue. i, 179, 1878.)
U. Vomerine teeth in a diamond-shaped patch; canines feeble. {Ehomhoplitea* Gill.)
865. L» aurorubens (Cnv. &. Val.) Vaillant. — Mangrove Snapper; Baatari)
Snapper.
Yermilion-red above, rosy below; sitles with oblong irregular yellow
spots; dorsal and pectoral tins red ; ventrals and anal lighter. Body
*6ill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237: type Centroprisiis aurorvlens C. & V.
[fionftoi, rhomb ; bTcXiTrj<i, armed ; in allusion to the form of the patch of teeth on the
vomer.)
■' ^^' Mil
1^ F? -tf
Iff
p ■ =
I l
if
»
Hi
f i ;
1^
Mj:
550 CONTKllll TIONS TO NOKTII AMlUtlCAN ICllTllYOLOaY— ly.
ohloii); elliptical, !n<Ml«M'nh»ly (*oinpr«»Hso«l, not clrvjitod. Monfli
crate, witlioiit distinct caiiiiicH. Toiikiiu \vitii a larj^c ovnl paicji ,||
l«'ctli, besides which are 5 or (I smaller patchcH. Nostrils roiiiiil, i„,.„,
to;{eth«'r. l'n»op<»rcle lliiely serrate, its notch obsolete, dill lakcis
vor\ lon^° and slender. Dorsal spint^s rather slender; s(M*ond aiialsiiin,.
a little lonj^er than the third; candal tin hiinite, its lobes not alt<>niiati>
Head M; depth .{. I). XII, 11; vV. Ill, S; Lut. I. M. L. I loot. \v,.«t
Indies, north to Month (varolina and Florida.
(Cfntt'oprhlfH ntirornhvHK Cnv. A Viil. iil, 45: McHoprion ainonilunH (iihilliir, i/.Mi;.
CttihopriiilvM itiironihrim 8lnn>r, Mom. Am. Acuil. Ails A Sri. iHKi, ^rtH: HhombotiUt,;,
aucoi'M/KHM (tO(Hlt> «& Moiui, Vun\ U. 8. Nut. Mum. 1H71>, IM.)
una.— FOm ADAM VM l.u<Y<iM<«le.
{Priftiitoma Cnvier.)
(Lttc<<|)<'ilo, TTlHt. Nut. PoiHR. Iv, Rir), 180*2: typo Sciwna argrnim ForHk.)
Body oblong or ovate, somewhat compressed, the back ehnalcd or
not; month snmll, terminal, low; the nmxillary nsnally not extendliijr
to oppo.site the eye, its tip not reachinj; the p(»sterior edj^c) <»t' the hioad
preorbital ; pivinaxillaries very protra«'tile; teeth on jaws oidy, in villi
form bands, the onter series usnally more or less enlarged; a cciifral
jjroove behind the symphysis of the lower Jaw; Iv Mchioste^'iils 7;
cheeks and open^les scaly; preoporclo ratlun* thudy a only serrato;
scales moderate, few, if any, on the dorsal and anal (ins; dor.sal spines
nuistly 12, stronj;; jjillrakers feeble ; candal forked. Species nnnicroiis
in all warm seas; the ranjfe of variation in form is very great iu this
^enns. (rfi/ia, opercnlnm; cTairw?, ronj^h.)
a. (1ut«>r tooth couMidorably oiilar^jod, caiiino.tiko. (roiiorfon* C. & V.)
86.1. P. aioblllH (b.) J. & a.
Body with 8 yellowish brown cross bands; dorsal spines silvery.
Form rather slender; the head conic, somewhat |)ointed, the lower jaw
l>rojecting; month moderate, low, oblique; a series of short, stont caniiios
ontside the nsiuil band of villiform teeth ; preoperclo strongly sc '^
with two spinous teeth at the angle, the teeth behind directc .i>\vard;
chin with a central groove; pectorals narrow, not reac' .^ as far as tips
of ventrals, about to vent ; second anal spin*^ -. * j long and stroii},',
higher than the soft rays; caudal almost t- .uate. Air-bladder with
* CnviorA Valoncionnos, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. ' . type Conodon antlUanus C. & V.=
-TT-MTEK^jrvr-x T^'T j:,rr. .w#?r ■
88. RPARII).f:--rOMAI)AHVH.
>561
two hIh»i< •'•>''"*''" '•'""'• I>. XH,l.'l; A. Ill, 7; hcuIch 0-54-13. West
jiidioH, north to 'h^xan.
il'ina iiKhilin L. HvHt. Nut.: Srlirmt ithimirri Illor-li, FcIiUj. vI, (Wl, till'. IMMi: C»nudon
i)(i(iBi<n 'illntlior, i, ;MM; (Unioilon antUlunun (Jnv. iV Vul. v, UA\.)
aa, OuttTttM'Mi iiHMlcriitoly oiiIihhimI, iicft nuiiiio-likK.
b, i\\\u\ H\thwn nrtu\\\ni,f^i\. (OrtUoiirlHliH'' (iimnl.)
N6T- •*• fHlvomiM'UlnlHW (MHchill) J. A (i.—ftaUor'ii Cholrtt; lloijfiiih.
\\^\\\ lnowii, Hllvcry bdlow; mUn wHli iniincroiiH onniffi' rolun'd and
vi>ll()vv . ;M)tM; tlioH() >ibov(^ tlio liitonil liiui in obliijiK^ scricH, \\\o>^v Im>Io\v
in liori/.iintiil rown; vt^rlical tliiH with NJuiilar KpntH; lirtid )>IuiHli, uilli
V(>II()w spotH; un^l(M)f nioiiMi niid ^iH "x^iobniiK's wiMi onin);«>. Hody
obloii;;, ('()inpi'<>ss(>(l, not nuudt (^levat/od. Ifiuitl lon^;. Hnoiit conic.
jMoittli low iind Hniall, tlio inuxiilary banOy niai'liin^; to tlut nostrils.
Outer tiM^tli sh'ndcr and ratlirr niiort. Ey« In^b, 4.j in head, niiarly
midway in its Icn^rth, its <iiani(^tor D di^ptli of tlui broad pn-orbital.
j)orsid and anal (Mitiriily naked, with aHhcalii ofMcalfs at basi^; anterior
N|)incH of dorsal liiKlxM- than the ])(>sterior, whieli are lowt^r than lluiHoft
rays; anal H|>ineM short, ^radnated f pc-etoral inodcMate, niaehin^ past
tips of ventrals; (;audal forke<i, tlumppcu' lobe th(^ lon^iT. Ih^ad •'{/(;
depth .'{. 1). XN, \i\', A. Ill, lli; ' it. 1. 75; pyloric e(eea 0. L, 1 foot.
Atlantic coast, from l«Iew York HouLhwurdj a ibod-llsh of some import-
ance.
(habniH fiihumitcntatun Mitcli. TniiiH. liit. A, Phil. Soc. N. Y. »., 40(5, IHl.^c llmimUm
fiilnmariildliiin DnKay, Ntnv York Fauna, KIhIi. H4: I'riHiipomfi Jul romaeuta turn (iilii-
tbor, i, 'Ml: I'riiiUpoma fulnomavalalum IloU)r()ok, Ich. H. Car. If)?.)
§6§. P. riiMciittuN (C'uv. & Vul.) J. & a.
Sides with irregnlar dark cross-bars; a dark streak on the npper half
of the opercidnm, extendinpf on the sides; dorsal fin with two or three
Keri«\soi'ronnd(ul brown spo's. Eye 5 in head. Dorsal fin msarlyeven,
its spines rather slender; candal (^marj^inate; third anal s]>ine thinner
and lonjjer than the second. Head 3; depth 3. D. XII, 10; A. Ill,
l.>; Lat. 1. 75; cwca 0. (Inlf of Mexico, north to Lonisiaiui. [Wdnthar.)
{Pmtlpoma fasdatum Cuv. & Vul. v, 'ifctT): J'rislipoma famiatum GiiuMicr, i, 301.)
Ih. Second anul spino larger Mian third. {I'omadasrjs.)
§G9. P. dnvidsoni (St«nndachner) J. & G.—Sargo.
Grsiyish silvery, dark above, with many dark points; a very distinct
black cro8S-ban<l on back and Hides, from between the lifth and seventh
* Girard, IT. 8. Mox. Bound. Surv. lohth. 1859, Vy : typo Orthopriatis duplex Grd. =
Labrus fulvomaculatua iiitoh. {o/jOoi, ovoct; Tr/jidrti, aaw.) '
"m
f^JJ r
■1
m
Hi I
J : i' u
!
uh
Sii
■ ■- - " {•"
p
^S^^^^^^B '
mil
552 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
dorsal spines to opposite the lower edge of the pectoral ; edge of opercle
and base of pectoral black ; fins otherwise dull yellowish. Body ovate
compressed, luucli elevated; a regular and steep curve froiii snont to
dorsal. Mouth small, terminal; maxillary not reaching front of eve.
Preorbital about as wide ar, eye, which is 4 in head. Outer leetb dis-
tant, little enlarged. Gill-raliers moderate. Membranes of dorsal and
anai somewhat scaly; dorsal flu deeplj^ emarginate ; second anal spine
longer and stronger than third; pectoral long, reaching vent-, caudal
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3f; depth 2.J. I). Xli, 14-
A. Ill, 10; scales 10-r;G-22. L. 12 inches. Pacific coast, from Santa
Barbara Islands southward.
{Pristipoma davidsoni Stoiiulachner, Ichthyol. Beitriige, iii, 6, 1875.)
870. P. virginicus (Linn.) J. & G.
Golden olive above, silvery below, a dusky oblique bar running from
nape forward through eye, and another running vertically downwards
from beginning of dorsal; behind this are several narrow longitiuliial
stripes of bright light blue ( dj'^ed above and below with black. Body
ovoid, compressed, and much elevated. Profile very steep. ■Mouth
small, oblique ; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; outer teeth
rather strong. Eyes rather large. Second anal si»ine very stronjj,
longer than soft rays; pectoral long, reaching anal. Head l\\; depth L*|.
D. XII, 17; A. Ill, 9. South Atlantic coast of United States to Lower
California.
(Spams riniiniciis Liun. Syst. Nat, : Prisiipoma rirginicuin Giluiner, i, 288: Anmtrc-
mils rirghiicKS Gill, I'rocr. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liila. 18U1, 10(5: AnhotrcvmH tamiaiuii ii'iW,
Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IHlil, 107.)
§71. P. toilinentu8(C.&. V.) J.&G.
Body rather deep ; snuut obtuse, shorter than eye, which is one-third
length of head; mouth narrow, the maxillary reaching front of eye;
preopercle serrulate, the teeth at the angle stronger; dorsal spines
strong, the third spine longest, half length of head; second anal spine
extremely strong, nuich longer than dorsal spines ; vertical tins scaly
half their height; caudal emarginate. Two parallel browi) bauds ou
each side, one above th^ lateral line, the other from the eye to a brown
spot at the root of the caudal; adults becoming uniform in color; tins
blackish. Ile*id3§ (in total, with caudal) ; depth 2§. D. XII, 17; A.
111,8; scales 9-50-14. {Qiinthcr.) Tropical ..^ uerica, on both coasts,
north to San Diego.
(Priifiiiioma hiUncatum niitl melatwpferHm Cuv. &, Val. v, 271,271?; Prisfipowo wrkn-
eptiTum GUutliui-, i, i2ti7: rri»t:poma mclanopterum Stciud. Icbth. Boitr. viii, r>, 1879.)
88. SPARID^ — DIABASIS.
553
3§4.— DIABASIS Desmarest.
Red Mouths.
(IIwniuloH Cnvier.)
(Desninrest, Preniifero Decatlo Iclith. (1818): typo Diahaaia parrwDe&m.)
Body oblong, usually more or less elevated; mouth wide, the maxillary
very long, reaching usually to below the eye, its tip extending to the
posterior end of the preorbital ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; teeth
of the jaws conical, the outer series stronger, curved; lips and inside of
the mouth commonly bright red in life ; soft parts of the vertical tins
completely covered with scales ; a marked angle formed at the junc^^ion
of the spinous and soft parts of the dorsal ; second anal spine enlarged,
irouerally larger and longer than the third; caudal forked. Species
very numerous. (.5{«/3a«r£?, a crossing; the allusion not evident.)
•Sides of the heart with blue striios.
§74. D. forinosHS (L.) J. & G.—Btack Grutita.
Brownish above, sides lighter; top and sides of head with very many
(12 or more) narrow wavy longitudinal lines of dark blue, which do not
oxteiul on the trunk ; G or !uore of them on preorbital ; fins dusky, with
a more or less apparent bluish tint; a red blotch at angle of njouth, ex-
tending forward on lower lip. Body oblong, compressed and elevated,
highest at origin of dorsal fin ; protile very convex to front of eye,
where the long, compressed snout forms an angle with it. Eye posterior
and high up; 2 in snout, 4 in head. Mouth large; nnvxillary reaching
trout of orbit. Snout with a few scattered scales. Second anal spine
much enlarged. Head 22; depth 2^. D. XII, 17 ; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 55.
South Atlantic coast of the United States and southward.
{PfrcafonnoBa hinu. Sysi. Nat.: Jlwmuloii fonnomm CAU\t\wr i, UO.'i: Ilamiilon arcU'
atum Cuv. & Val. ix, 481: Jlamiuhn arcutUum llolbrook, Ich. S. C. Id(i0, I'M.)
" Sides of head without blue stripes.
«. Body uot striped.
§*8. I>. chrysoptcrns (Linn.) J. «fe G.
Light brown above ; sitles brilliantly silvery ; mouth red posteriori}',
white in front. Body with general form of preceding, but the back less
elevated, the profile being nearly straight. Scales of the i)(>ctoral region
m)t larger than the others. Head 2;^; depth 2i^. D. XIII, 14; A. Ill,
10; Lat. 1. about 55. {Uoibrool:) West Indies, north to South Carolina.
(I'i'irn ihrjisoptem Liun. 8yst. Nat. : Ilamulon vhryaopterum Qiluther, i, 313: Hwmulon
chnjsoph'nm llolbrook, Ich. S.-C. 1860,121.)
aa. Body striped or baudod.
' (.1 :;
,1
Ik
i
554 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iy.
!
1,1
i
I
ii
m
SI '"
§74. D. fremebundus (Goode & Bean) J. & G.
Pale, with a pair of bands as broad as the pupil extending from the
snout, where they unite, following the dorsal line at a distance about
equal to their own width, and connecting with the same at the end of
the base of the second dorsal, where they reunite ; a second broad pair
of bands extending from the snout through the middle of the eye, in a
straight line below the lateral line to the base of the caudal ; traces on
the head of a pair of narrower bands between the two other pairs- a
single stripe on the mesial line of the body, from a point in advance of
the eyes to the region of the dorsal ; a very prominent blotch at base of
caudal fin ; maxillary extending bejond front of orbit ; dorsal fin mod-
erately notched, the fourth spine the longest; second anal spine very
strong and longer than the fourth dorsal spine, also longer than the
third anal spine; scales very large, irregularlj'^ arranged. Head 3-
depth 3. D. XI, I, 15; A. Ill, 8; L. lat. 50; L. transv. -/j,. [Goode
(t Bean.) Clear Water Ilarbor, Florida.
(Hwmulon fremehunduni Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 340, 1879.)
§75. D. trivittatus (Block & Scbn.) J. & G.— White Grunt. • - ■
Greenish olive, sides with about 4 distinct brownish or yellowish
longitudinal streaks running up on sides of head ; the two middle ones
broader and golden, running from the eye and muzzle below the lateral
line; lips and mouth brilliant red; dorsal and caudal fins grayish brown.
Body rather elongate, fusiform, compressed and but little elevated; snout
sharp; mouth moderate, somewhat oblique, the narrow maxillary reach-
ing beyond front of orbit ; eye as long as snout ; second and third anal
spines of nearly equal length, the second the stronger. Head 3.J ; depth
3i. D. XI 11, 14 ; A. Ill, 8 ; Lat. 1. 70. South Atlantic coast of United
States and southward; well distinguished from the other American
species by its slender form.
(Grammistcs trivittatus Blocli &, Schneider, 1801, 188: Scrmnns capeunalihtM. Rnrl.Ab-
Laiidl. 18-^0, 288: Haimnlon quadrilineatam Giluther, i, 3IG : Ilaimylum capeuna GooUe,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. v, 53.)
N''
9§.'(.— liOBOTES Cnvier.
(Cuvior, R^pno Anim. ed, 2, ii, 1829: type Lobotcs erate Cuvier = i7o?oc<'n/cM« smiv
nameriHia Bloch.)
Body oblong, compressed and elevated, covered with moderate-sized,
weakly ctenoid scales; profile of head concave, the snout prominent;
mouth moderate, oblique, with thick lips ; upper jaw very protractile,
the lower the longer; jaws with narrow bands of villiform teeth, iu
88. SPARIDiE — SPAEUS.
555
oeentrus sun-
front of which is a row of larger conical teeth directed backward ; uo
teeth on vomer or palatines; preorbital narrower than eye; preopercle
strongly serrate. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsal fin continuous, with 12
spines which may be depressed in a shallow groove ; soft rays of dor-
sal and anal fins elevated; anal spines graduated; bases of soft dorsal
and anal thickened and scaly; caudal ^ounded. Air-bladder present.
Pyloric coBca 3; vertebrae 13 -f 11. (Ao/3w-£?, lobed; the soft parts of
dorsal, anal, and caudal said to resemble one three-lobed fin.)
876. I" siirinamonsis (Bloch) Cnvier.— Flasher.
Blackish above, becoming silvery-gray on the sides; often blotched
and tinged with yellow; fins dusky gray, sometimes with yellow.
Head small. Profile from dorsal to occiput strongly convex, from occi-
put to snout concave; maxillary reaching beyond middle of orbit.
Scales around eye very small, those on opercle large. Eye small,
much shorter than snout. Pectorals shorter than ventrals, which do
not reach vent; soft dorsal higher than the spinous portion. Head 3;
depth 2^. D. XII, 16; A. Ill, 11; L. lat. 47. A large fish, reaching a
length of from 2 to 3 feet, and found in all warm seas; north on our
coast to Cape Cod.
{Holoccntnis sitrinamensis Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 31G: Lobotea auctorum Giiuther,
i,338; liolbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 169.)
2§6.— SPABUS Linna?u8.
{Pagellus, Chnjaophrya and Paijrua Cuvier; Calamus Swaiiison.)
(Linn.Tiis, Syst. Nat. : type Sparua auratua L.)
Body oblong or ovate, compro ed, covered with moderate-sized
scales. Head moderate. Opercles not armed. Cheeks scaly. Mouth
rather small, terminal, low. Anterior teeth in the jaws cardiform, the
outer series of teeth generally enlarged, sometimes canine-like, not com-
pressed. Both jaws with two or more series of rounded molar teeth,
w'liieb are sometimes irregularly mixed with slender teeth ; no teeth on
vomer or palatines. Dorsal rather low, the spines, 11-13 in number,
depressible in a groove; anal spines moderate, the second not greatly
developed. Caudal fin forked. Air-bladder simple. Gill-rakers short.
Branchiostegals G. Intestinal canal short. Pyloric can^a few. Carniv-
orous fishes, mostly of the Atlantic, {a-dpo^^ Sparus, the ancient name;
from ffzaipw, to struggle.)
a, Anterior toeth not canine-like. (Pagellua" C. «fe V.)
;' ' ^ m
'Ciivier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, 169, 1830: typo Sparus erythrinua h.
{I'tompagcl, a Freuch name of Sparua erylhrinua.)
"''*T,
s. I
'i
r i
-I
t
''^
n't
it
556 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ivi
877. S. milneri (Goode & Bean) J. & G.
Dull silvery with brown cross-bands. Form of Diplodus argyrops.
Diameter of eye equalling length of opercle; eye about 4 iu head, less
than IJ in snout. Preorbital nearly as high as long, with the edge nearly
straight. Fi\ e series of scales between the preorbital and angle of pre-
opercle. Three series of molars in the upper jaw, two in the lower*
front teeth not described. Head 3J; depth 2 J. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, lo-
L. lat. 48; L. transv.
14'
{Goode & Bean.) Charlotte Harbor, Fla.
{Pagelliis milneri Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 134, 1879.) .
aa. Anterior teeth canine-like. '
6. Molar teeth above iu two series. ( Paj/rus * Cuvier.) ,
ti7S, S. pag^rns L.
Silvery; back rose-colored. Upper profile of the head parabolic; an
obtuse prominence before the upper anterior angle of the eye; preor-
bital a third higher than long, with an incision in front. Ko procum-
bent dorsal spine. Dorsal spines not elongate; second anal sjinie
stronger but not longer than the third, one-fourth the length of ilie
head; pectoral elongate, reaching the fourth soft ray of the anal. Eye
IJ in interorbital space; 1§ in snout. Head 3; depth 2§. D. XII, 10;
A. Ill, 8; scales 6-56-10. Mediterranean Sea and neighboring waters;
occasional on our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
(L. Syst. Nat.: Spurua argenteua Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 271: Pafirm nilgam
GUnther, 1, 466: Pagrua argenteua Goode & Beau, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 133.)
87l>. S. chrysops li.—Pdrgee.
Color nearly plain dull silvery; axil dusky; ventrals dark. Back
elevated; head large and heavy; eye large, placed high; preorbital
very large, its diameter half greater than that of eye; interorbital area
very convex. Six strong conical teeth in front of upper jaw, and 8 iu
lower; about 2 rows of molars, the inner series larger. Five rows of
scales on the widest part of the cheek, 4 on the interopercle; breast
scales large. A procumbent spine before the dorsal; dorsal spines
rather high; second and third anal spines about equal; caudal forked;
l)ectoral long and falcate, reaching the last anal spine; ventrals moder-
ate. Head 3; depth 2i D. XIII, 12; A. Ill, 11; Lat. 1. 52. South
Atlantic coast; abundant; long overlooked by naturalists, lately re-
discovered by Mr. E. E. Earll.
(Sparua chryaopa L. Syst. Nat.; Goode M8S.)
*Cuvier, Rfegue Anim. ed. 2, 1817: type Spartia pagrua L. {ndypoi, the ancient
name of the typical species.)
88, SPAr.:D^ — DIPLODUS.
557
g§0. §• acnieatus (C. &. Y.) GUI.
Silvery; reddish on the sides, with golden longitudinal streaks; dor-
sal and anal fins reddish, ventrals red. Pectoral elongate. Limb of
preopercle scaly. Molar teeth small, in two* series in the upper jaw.
Bodv rather elongate. A procumbent spine before the dorsal. D. XII,
12* A. Ill, 12. {Cuvier & Valenciennes.) Atlantic coast of the United
States, chiefly southward; rare; a doubtful species, perhaps the same
as the preceding or the next.
(Cliryxophrya aculeata Cuv. & Val. vi, 137: Chrymphrys aouleatus Giiuther, i, 496.)
387.— DIPliODIJS Bafinesque.
(Sargm Cuvier, 1817 ; preoccupied iu Entomology.)
(tEafinesqne, Indice Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, 54: type Sparua annularis L.)
Body oblong or ovate, more or less compressed, the back often ele-
vated. Mouth rather small, terminal, low. Incisors broad or narrow,
truncate, entire or more or less emarginate, sometimes serrate in the
young; a series of smaller teeth behind them. Molar teeth mostly in 2
or 3 rows. Ko teeth on vomer or palatines. Scales moderate. Dorsal
spines mostly 12, strong, depressible in a groove. Procumbent dorsal
spine present or absent ; anal spines rather strong. Caudal fin forked.
Gill rakers short and slender. Branchiostegals 6. Intestinal canal short.
Pyloric cceca few. Carnivorous species ; abundant in the Atlantic, many
oftliem highly valued as food. (<J{-A«o?, double ; odob^, tooth; the teeth
of two sorts.) *
a. lucisor teeth very narrow entire. (Stenotomust Gill.)
8§1. D. argyrops (L.) J. & G.—Scup; Scuppaug; Porgee.
Brownish, somewhat silvery below, everywhere with brigh reflec-
tions, but without distinct markings in the adult; soft parts of ver-
tical flus somewhat mottled with dark ; young faintly barred ; axil
dusky. Body ovate, compressed, the back elevated, the axis of the
body near the middle of its depth. Head deep. Eye narrower than
the preorbital. Mouth small, terminal, the maxillary extending to
opposite the posterior nostrils. Incisor teeth very narrow, almost con-
*In three series according to C. & V. The original type is now lost, but a niemo-
randum by Aug. Dum6ril, preserved in the Museum at Paris, states that the specimen
was a "Pagrua" (with two rows of molars), and not a " Chryaophrya" (with three),
t" VI, Gon, Diplodua, Una sola ala dorsalei>rincipnndo vicino nl capo, un apendice
8(|iianio8ft vicino ad ogni ala toracina, Oaaerv. Coutieue 11 S^arua annularia di Liuneo,
ed <Sj|), varkgatua di Lacdpftdo." (Eafineaque.)
tOill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865: type Sparua argyropali. (drev6i, nar-
row; Tonoi, cutting.)
.5- .«-.■,.■ i'-'-'SH^ p*t|
' '-•■'! eft;
>• rt\
- *.'
■Ha
f ' ' f
\<i if
If (
vl ■''*?'
it
: ^•
558 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
ical ; molars in two rows above. Cheeks short and deep with 4 rows
of scales. A procumbent spine in front of the dorsal. Third dorsal
spine elevated, often somewhat filamentous. Pectorals moderate, reach-
ing front of anal, ventrals a little further ; second anal spine a little the
longest. Head 3 J ; depth 2. D, Xlf, 12 ; A. Ill, 11. Scales 8-49-l(j •
L. 12 inches'. Cape Cod to Florida ; abundant ; a valuable food fish.
{Sparita argyropa L. Syst. Nat. : Pagru» argyrops Cuv. & Vul. vi, 164 : Pagrm arqiir.
ops Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 174: Fagrua argyropa Giiuther, i, 472: Sargua amfraseiwGUu-
ther, i, 449: Stenotomua argyropa Gill, and of luost late Amcricau writens.)
aa. Incisor teeth broad.
6. Incisor teeth emarginato ; procumbent dorsal spine present,
brook.)
(Lagodon* Hoi.
882. D. rlioinboidcs (L.) J. & G.—Pin-fiah; Bream.
Brownish, white below ; sides of head and body with horizontal stripes
of light blue and golden ; 6 or 7 very faint darker vertical bands
disappearing with age; vertical fins yellowish, with bluish stripes; a
dark axillary spot. Body ovate, elliptical, compressed, and somewhat
elevated, the axis of the body near the middle of its depth ; snout about
in the axis. Head rather sharp. Mouth small, the upper jaw more
freely protractile than usual. Molars in two series ; anterior incisors
each deeply notched. Cheeks with 5 or G rows of scales ; scales on
breast little reduced in size. A procumbent spine before the dorsal flu ;
dorsal spines high, much higher than the soft rays, the fourth highest;
second anal spine little larger or longer than the third ; pectorals as
long as head; ventrals moderate. Head 3J; depth 2^. D. XII, 11;
A. Ill, 11 ; scales 8-66-18. L. 1- inches. New Jersey to Texas ; abun-
dant southward.
(Sparita rhomboidea Linn. Syst. Nat. : Sargua rhomioidea Cnv. & Val. vi, 68: Sargus
rhomhoidea Giintbcr, i, 447: Lagodon rhomboidea Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. Ib(i0, 59.)
aa. Incisors entire in the adult ; einargiuate or serrate in the young.
b. A procumbent 8i)ine before the dorsal tin. (Archoaarguai Gill.)
883. D. probatocephalns (Walb.) J. & G.—Sheepahead.
Grayish, with about 8 vertical black bands, which are about as
broad as the interspaces; dorsal dusky; ventral and anal 1 ack;
base of pectoral dusky. Body robust, becoming very deep with age,
the back compressed and elevated; axis of the body below the middle
of the depth; snout entirely below axis of body; jn'oflle very steep;
* Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. ed. i, 56, 1859: typo Sparua rhomboidea h. (Xaya":. hare;
cod coy, tooth.)
tGill, Canadian Naturalist, August, 1865: type Sparua probatocephalua Wulb.
(apxov, ruler; 6dpyo?, Sargua, from its preeminence in size and value.)
88. SPARIDiE DIPLODUS.
559
ibout as
I dck;
ith age,
e middle
y steep;
■&-<:. bare;
lu8 Walb.
preorbital broad. Month low, horizontal ; incisors broad, serrated in
the young, then becoming emarginate and finally entire. Cheeks with
C rows of scales ; scales on breast very small, crowded. Dorsal spines
very strong, higher than the soft rays, the last considerably shortened,
so that the outline of the flu is emarginate ; second anal spine very
strong, nearly as long as the snout and eye ; pectoral very long, reacli-
in<T past the front of the anal; ventrals reaching vent. Head '^^', depth
1|. D. Xir, 12; A. Ill, 10; scales 7-4ij-lG. L. 30 Inches. Cape Cod
to Texas ; abundant ; the largest member of the genus, and one of our
most valued food-fishes.
{Spams 2}robatocephalua Walbanm, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 29.^: Sargiia oris Mitchill,
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 392, 1814: Sargm ovw Cuv. &. Viil. vi, .'>;{: Sargm ovia
Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 18G0, 54; GUuthor, i, 447: Archomrgua prohaiocephalus Gill, aud
of most late American writers. ) '
lb. No procurabent spino before the dorsal fin. (Diplodua.)
§81. D. holbrookl (Bean) J. & G.— Bream.
Dull silvery, without cross-bands ; dorsal, caudal, anal, ventrals,
axil, aud edge of opercle dusky; a black blotch on caudal peduncle
above. Body ovate, not elevated, compressed, the axis of the body
below the middle of its depth. Eight incisors in each jaw; tbree rows
of molars above, two below. Pectoral 3 in length ; second anal spine
longest. Head 3*; depth 2J. D. XII, 14; A. Ill, 13; scales 8-Gl-lO.
L. 12 inches. Charleston, S. C. {Bean.) (Possibly the adult form of
the next.)
{Sargiis holhrooM Bean, Forest and Stream, June 13, 1878, iand in Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mils. 1878, 198.)
§§5. D. caildiniacula (Poey) J. & G.— Spot-tailed Pin-fiah.
Silvery, with bright reflections; about 8 very narrow dark vertical
bands; a very distinct black bar on back and sides of caudal peduncle;
shining streaks and dark punctulations along the rows of scales ; ven-
trals and anal mottled with dusky; edge of opercle dusky; axil dark.
Body ovate, compressed, very deep. Dorsal and ventral outlines both
strongly arched, the axis of the body at about the middle of the depth,
the back steeply elevated behind the nape. Maxillary not reaching
the eye, which is 3 in head. Candal peduncle short and slender, about
as deep as long. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales; interoper<;le broad,
with 3 distinct rows of scales; scales on breast not much reduced.
Mouth very small, terminal. Incisors broad, entire. Spines moderate,
those of the dorsal higher than the soft rays; second anal spine longest;
pectorals long, reaching to anal; ventrals reaching to vent. Head 3^;
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560 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AM^iRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
depth 2. D. XII, 14; A. Ill, 13; scales 6-63-14. L. 5 inches. >;orth
Carolina to Cuba; abundant at Beaufort, N. C.
{Sargm caudimaeula Pocy, Memorias, ii, 198, 1858: Sargua holbrooki Jordan & Gil-
l)ert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1878, 379 ; not of Bean.)
9§§.— GIREIiliA Gray.
(Camarina Ayres.)
(Gray, Illustr. lud. Zool. 1838: type Girella imnctata Gray.)
Body oblong-ovate, compressed, covered with rather large scales.
Mouth small, with a series of flat, tricuspid, movable incisors, bebiml
which is a broad band of similar smaller ones; no molar teetb; no
teeth on vomer or tongue. Cheeks with very small scales; opercles
and top of head chiefly naked. Dorsal fin rather low, with about 14
spines, on the bases of which the scales extend, forming an imperfect
sheath; no groove at base of dorsal; no procumbent dorsal spine; anal
spines small, graduated ; caudal lunate. Air-bladder divided into two
posterior horns. Pyloric cceca. numerous; intestinal canal elongate*
peritoneum black. Herbivorous. Pacific Ocean. (A latinization of the
French ^^Girelle^^=Julis.)
8§6. «. iiigrricans (Ayres) Gill.— Blue-fish.
Dusky green, paler below; young with a large yellowish spot on
each side of the dorsal fin. Body oval, compressed, with very deep
caudal peduncle; snout thick, its profile evenly rounded; nioutli
small, subinferior, low, nearly horizontal; maxillary reaching nearly to
front of orbit; a minute patch of palatine teeth; preopercle minutely
serrulate at its angle ; preorbital as broad as eye. G ill-rakers numerous,
rather long. Scales firm, weakly ctenoid, those on thorax and front of
back smaller. Dorsal spines lower than the soft rays; anal higher than
soft dorsal, similar to it; caudal emarginate; pectorals short and broad,
not reaching vent; ventrals short. Head 4; depth 2^. D. XIV, 14; A.
Ill, 12; Lat. 1. 50. L. 12 inches. Coast of California, from Monterey
southward, abundant in rocky places, feeding on sea-weed.
(Camarina nipricca Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 81: Girella dommnacuk
Gill, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G2, 244.)
9§9.— I'lMELEPTERirS Lac^pcide.
(Lac<5pfede, Hist. Nat. Poisf. iv, 429, 1802: type Pimelepterua boaci, Lac6pbde.)
Body regularly ovate, moderately compressed ; ' ead short, with
blunt snout; eye liirge; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely
reaching front of e.^e; both jaws with a single series of rather narrow
88. SPARID^ — PIMELEPTERUS.
561
obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed usually conspic-
nous roots posteriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth : fine
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue. Brauchiostegals 7 ; gill-rakers
long. Preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but
little of the maxillary. Squaraation very complete, the space between
and about the eyes being the only naked part ; scales smallish, thick,
ctenoid, 60-70 in the lateral line, which is continuous; similar scales
entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical flns, and extending up
outhe paired flns. Dorsal fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depres-
gible in a groove of scales; the fin continuous, but the last spines
low, 80 that a depression occurs between the two parts of the fin ; the
bases of the spinous and soft parts about equal; anal similar to soft
dorsal, with 3 spines; caudal fin forked; jjectoral flns small ; ventrals
well behind them. Intestinal canal long. Pyloric cceca usually very
numerous. Species numerous, in all warm seas. Herbivorous. {ntfjLeXijqj
fat; irrepov, fin.)
0. Soft dorsal and anal not elevated, the latter rather short. ( Pimelept^us. )
§§7. P. bOSCi Lac.
Dusky, with series of light stripes, about 25 in number, following the
rows of scales; the middle part of each scale pale, the edge dusky;
the stripes along middle of body much broader than the others, the
scales along the back and belly being much smaller; a silvery streak
along the preorbital. Body ovate, somewhat compressed. Longest dor-
sal spine one-fifth the height of the body, rather higher than the soft
dorsal and nearly equal to the longest ray of the anal. Horizontal pro-
cess of the teeth not much longer than the vertical. Interorbital space
2J in head ; top and sides of head finely scaled ; interorbital region
gibbous, below which point the snout is truncate ; preopercle weakly
serrulate ; p-ill-rakers long. Soft dorsal and anal very low ; median dorsal
spines hv/^est; second anal spine highest : caudal well forked, the lower
lobe longest. Head 4^; depth 2^. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales 10-
66-20; vertebreeO 4- 16. Massachusetts to Panama; common southward.
(? Perca sectatrix L. Syst. Nat. : Pinielepterua hosci Lacdpfede, Hist, Nat. Poiss. iv, 429,
1802: P. bom Cuv. & Val. vii, 258: P. ftosci GUnther^ i^ 497 : Pimelepieru: Jfavolineatua.
Poey, Repert. i, 319; Poey, Synopsis Pise. Cubens. 324, 1868.)
Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 1(1 36
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662 CONTRIBUCIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
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990.— SCORPI8 Cuvier & Valenciennes.
(Cuvier & Valoncieunes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 503, 1831 : type Scorpisgeorgianu/i Guv &
Val.)
Body ovate or suborbicular, covered with small, firm, ctenoid scales
which also cover the membranes of the soft parts of the vertical fins •
mouth small, terminal, horizontal ; the maxillary narrow, slipping under
the edge of the rather narrow preorbital; sides, top of head and
jaws closely scaled ; preopercle entire or minutely crenulate ; jaws with
broad bands of slender teeth ; those in the outer series incisor-like •
compressed, narrow and lanceolate in form, the outer surface transversely
convex, the inner concave ; the other teeth of the jaws are similar, but
grow progressively smaller backward toward the inside of the mouth-
incisors without conspicuous roots behind ; all the teeth are somewhat
movable, as in Girella; no molar teeth ; vomer, palatines, and tongue
with patches of minute villiform teetb ; gill-rakers slender, rather long-
dorsal spines low, in a slight groove, about 10 in number ; soft i>art of the
fin elongate, much longer than the spinous part, sometimes falcate-
anal spines small, graduated, the soft rays numerous; caudal lunate -
scales thinnish, adherent, with smaller ones intermixed ; pyloric cceca
extremely numerous ; air-bladder small ; branchiostegals 7. Warm seas.
{ffxop7:t<;y name of some sea-fish; from axopntoc;, scorpion.)
a. Body ovate; fins not falcate. (Cceaioaoma K&n-p i)
.888. 8. californiensis Steindachner.— JfecJtaZuna.
Blackish above, tinged with b'.uish ; steel-blue or grayish below, some-
what mottled ; sides with faint oblique vertical lines of spots ; flns black-
ish. Body elliptic-ovate, its outlines regular; head bluntish, rounded,
strongly convex ; maxillary not reaching front of eye ; eye small, 1^ in
snout, 5 in head ; middle spines of dorsal highest, their height scarcely
greater than the diameter of the eye ; soft dorsal low, not elevated in
front, iittle higher than the spines; anal" low; caudal lunate, the upper
lobe idightly longer ; pectorals short and narrow; ventrals rather small.
Head 3|; depth 2^. D. IX, I, 22; A. Ill, 19; scales 9-5^-19. L.12
ineihea. Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward ; a hand-
some ;fish, of considerable value as food.
(SttdadachQer, IcUtliyol. Baitriige, iii, 19, 1875.)
"inSeorpia ffeorgianna, tlie type of tlie genns, the outer teeth are said to be conic.
This lis probably erroneoos, otherwise our species does not belong to the genus.
tKaup^ iBl<jeJk:er„.Sj:stema Percarum ii, 11, 1875: type <Sctfrpt« tequipinnta Hich.
89. APOGONID.E — APOGON.
563
Family LXXXIX.— APOGONID^.
id to be conic
Body oblong, elevated,- covered with usually large, loose, deciduous
scales, which are striated and ctenoid or soruetinies cycloid; cheeks
g^^ly; lateral line continuous; cleft of mouth wide, oblique; villi-
form tPeth on jaws and vomer ; canines sometimes present ; preopercle
commonly with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly serrated;
lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth ; pseudobranchiae present ;
branchiostegals 6 or 7. Dorsal fins well separated, the first with 6 or 7
rather strong spines ; anal fin short, usually with 2 spines ; ventral fins
thoracic, I, 5. Fishes mostly of the Eastern seas, some of them in fresh
waters. Genera about 10; species about 120.
(Perci(J« part: group Apogonina GUnther, i, 222-250.)
a. Branchiostegals 7 ; no canines ; no recumbent dorsal spine ; palatine teeth present ;
anal spines 2. {Apogonin(e.)
I, Lateral line commencing at the head ; preopercle with a double ridge ; teeth on
the palatines Apogon, 291.
991.— APOGON Lac^pMe.
King of the Mullets.
{Amia Grouow, not of Linnaeus.)
(Lac^pfetle, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 411, 1802 : type Apogon ruber I^ac. = Mullua imberbia L. =
Apogonrex-mullorum C.&Y.)
Body oblong, compressed, covered with very large ctenoid scales.
Lateral line continuous. Head large ; mouth wide, oblique, the max-
illary extending to below the middle of the large eye ; vilUform teeth
on jaws, vomer, and palatines ; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a
double ridge, entire or somewhat serrate ; opercle with a spine behind.
Gill-rakers rather long. Dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong ; second dorsal
remote, short ; anal with 2 spines, the second much the longer, the
soft part similar to the soft dorsal ; pectorals and ventrals moderate.
[amyuiv^ without beard ; thus distinguished from the bearded mullet,
Mullm.)
a. Edges of preopercle serrulate ; scales very large. (Apogon.)
^^\ A. amerlcanus Castelnau.
\ iolaceous, scales all with dark points ; a dark spot on opercle. Body
comparatively elongate, little elevated ; jaws equal ; muzzle short ; eye
large, 3^ in head ; preopercle very finely denticulated. Second dorsal
spine stoutest, as high as the third ; pectorals nearly reaching anal.
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564 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
Depth 3 in total. Head 3J. D. VI-I, 9 ; A. II, 8 ; scales 3-25>9.
( Vaillant «fc Bocourt.) West Indies ; accidental at Newport.
(Costelnau, Anim. Nouv. Rares Am6r. du Sud, Poiss. 3; Vaillant & Bocourt, MisH. Sti
an Hex. 41 : Apogonichthya americanua Giinther, i, 247.)
aa. Edge of preopercle entire ; scales comparatively small. (Glossamia" Gill.)
§90. A. pandionis Goode & Bean.
Color nearly plain reddish, the body and fins everywhere speckled
with fine dots. Body oblong, not elevated nor greatly compressed.
Eye very large, forming nearly half the length of the side of the head
much greater than the interorbital space ; maxillary extending to oppo-
site pupil ; preopercle entire. Gill-rakers very long and slender. Moiitli
oblique, but not nearly vertical, the lower jaw i^rojecting. Fins low
caudal well forked. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. VII-I, 9 ; A. II, 9 ; scales
small, cycloid, 3-45-8. Deep water, off Chesapeake Bay.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, ICO.)
Family XC.-MULLID^.
{The Surmullets.)
Body elongate, slightlj' compressed, covered with large ctenoid scales*
lateral line continuous ; large scales on the head ; upper protile of the
head more or less parabolic. Mouth small ; teeth present in one jaw at
least, and sometimes in both, or on the vomer or palatines. Premaxil-
laries protractile; maxillaries without supplemental bone, partly hidden
by the broad preorbital. Eye moderate, placed high ; branchiostegals
4; 2 long barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis
of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, the first of sev-
eral high spines, which are depressible in a groove ; anal similar to the
soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines ; ventials thoracic, I, 5. Genera 5;
species 35, in all tropical seas, some species straying northward.
(MulUdcB Guuther, i, 397-411.)
* Teeth in lower jaw, and on vomer and palatines ; none in the upper jaw . Mullus, 292.
** Teeth in both jaws; none on vomer or palatines Upeneus,293.
999.— ]?IIJL.L.IJS Linuseus.
Surmullets.
(Linnsens, Syst. Naturae: type JfuKus 6arfoat?i8 L.)
Teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer and palatines; none in the
upper jaw; dorsal spines 7; anal spines very small. Otherwise as in
* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 82 : typo Apogon aprion Rich. {yXiioaa,
tongue; ajuia, Atnia, a name applied by Gronow to Apogon.)
90. MULLID^ UPEXEUS.
565
I'peneus, tbe head lather shorter. One 8j)ecie8 known. (Latin, mullus^
the ancient name of Mullus harbatus, from /^y^^o?, lipj hence "mullet,''
a fish with thick lips.)
§91. HI* barbalus L..— Surmullet.
Ked, with three yellow longitudinal stripes. Body oblong, moderati^ly
compressed ; snout blunt, its profile very obliquely decurved ; mouth
horizontal, small; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; diam-
ter of eyes about equalling the slightly concave interorbital space.
Head 3^ ; depth 3§. D. VII-I, 9 ; A. II, 6 ; Lat. 1. 36, its mucous tubes
branching into a network on each scale. European ; this or some simi-
lar species said to have been once taken at New York (Gill). One of
the choicest food-fishes of the Mediterrjinean.
(Linn. Syst. Nat. : MuUus barbatiia anAaurmuletu8 0ilintheT,i,AOl: MullugyBp.incoff,
Gill, Rept.'u. S. FiHb Com. 1872-:i, 804.)
393.— UPENEIJS Cuvier.
Ooat Fishes.
(Cuvier, Rbgnc Anim. cd. 2, ii, 1H29: type Mullua barberinua Lac.)
Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low,
the jaws siibequal; eye large, high, i)osterior; opercle short, deep, with
a posterior spine ; jaws with rather strong teeth, in one series, or in a
narrow baud ; no teeth on vomer or palatines ; lips well developed ;
barbels nearly as long as head; scales' very large, somewhat ctenoid;
hiteral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head covered
with large scales; first dorsal with about 7 spines; anal with 2, the first
very short ; caudal flu forked. Species numerous in the tropical seas.
(An old name of some fish ; from Sriyvij, upper lip.)
a. Teeth in the upper jaw in move than one series. {Paeudupeneu^* Bleeker.)
§92. IT. maculatUS (Bloch) Cuv. & Val. —Ooat Fish.
Eed; sides of head with bluish longitudinal lines; three black blotches
along the lateral line ; each scale with a blue spot at its base ; body
oblong, moderately compressed, tai)ering backwards from occiput; ven-
tral outline nearly straight ; snout long and rather sharp ; mouth ter-
I miual, small ; maxillary not reaching orbit ; eyes situated backwards and
[high up; head 3J; depth 4. D. VII-I, 8; A. II, C; Lat. 1. 30, high up
and following the curve of the back. V. 10 + 14. West Indies; occa-
; sional on our coast.
(Mullm mactilatua Bloch, Ichtbyol, 1797, <af. 348; Giinther, i, 408; Mullhypeneua macu-
! laiu» Poey, Synopsis, 18G8, 307 : Hypcneua maculatua GoOde, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. v, 49. )
*PmAufcneHa Bleeker, Poiss. COte Gnin^e, 1862, 56: type Upeneua prayenaia Cuv. &
fVai. {fevdoi, false; Upeneua)=Mullhypeneua Poey; 1868.
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566 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv.
Family XCI.— SCI^NID^.
{The Croakers.)
Body compressed, more or less elongate, covered with rather thin
ctenoid scales. Lateral line continuous, extending on the caudal fii
Head prominent, covered with scales. Bones of the skull cav^ruou.
the muciferous system highly developed, the surface of the skull when
the flesh is removed, very uneven. Chin usually with pores, sonietim
with barbels. Mouth small or large, the teeth in one or more series tuc
outer of which are sometimes enlarged ; canines often present. Ko in-
cisor nor molar teeth ; no teeth on "^omer, palatines, pterygoids nor
tongue. Maxillary without supplemental bone, slipping under the free
edge of the preorbital. I'remaxillaries protractile, but not very freely
movable. Nostrils double. Pseudobranchice usually large, present in
all our genera. Gills 4, a slit behmd the fourth. Gill-rakers present.
Branchiostegals Y. Gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus.
Lower pharyngeals separate or united. Preopercle serrate or not.
Opercle usually ending in two flat points. Dorsal flu deeply notched
or divided into two fins, the soft dorsal being the longer, the spines
depressible into a more or less perfect groove. Anal fin with 1 or
2 spines. Ventral flns thoracic, I, a. Pectoral fins normal. Caudal
fin usually not forked. Ear-bones very large. Pyloric cceca usually
rather few. Air-bladder usually large and complicated (wanting la Mew-
ticirrus). Most of the species make a pecaliar noise, called variously
croaking, grunting, drumming, and snoring. This sound is supposed
to be caused by forcing the air from the air-bladder into one of the lat
eral horns. Carnivorous. An important family of about 25 genera and
126 species, found ia all warm seas, one species being confined t) fresk
waters. Many of them reach a "'arge size, and nearly all are valued for
food.
(-Sciffinirfffi GUnther, ii, 26b-3ie.) • /. ; ,. ,
• Dorsals contiguous, tho 83Cond (lorsiil Utucli larger tbau the anal. '^ '*
t Vertobnu about 10 -f 14. {Sciamince.) ,. , ^
I Lower .jaw included. '* ."
$ Lower pbaryngoals full j" united, with paved teeth ; second anal spino vcrvlargc
"■ * - a. Lower jaw \;itbout l-arbels. (Fresh- watot species). ILvrLomoxoTUS, !!;M.
art. Lower jaw with several sniftll bavbels. (Marino species). Pouonias, i'JJ.
}$ liower pharyngeal boaes distinct.
h. Lower jaw without barbels; anal spines 2.
c. Toe*'- well dev jlupud, persistent in both jaws Sclena, 296.
91. SCI^NID^ — HAPLOIDONOTUS. 567
00. Teeth feeble, peruianent in upper jaw only; anal spines small.
LiosTOMCS, 297.
bb. Lower jaw with several minute barbels.
d. Preoi)ercle with its membranaceous margin crenulate.
Genyonemus, 298.
dd. Preopercle with its bony margin serrate Micuopogon, 299.
bbb. Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel.
e. Air-bladder present ; anal spines 2 Umbuina, 300.
ee. Air-bladder none ; anal spine single Menticirkl'8, 301.
tt Lower jaw projecting beyond upper.
/. Snout short, blunt ; no canines; anal fin verysmal ; soft part of
dorsal much longer than spinous part Larimus, 302.
tt. Vertebra} about 14 -f 10 ; body elongate ; lower jaw projecting. (Otolithinw.)
h. Cauine teeth none Atractoscion, 303.
hh. Canines two (or one) in upper jaw only Cynoscion, 304.
•* Dorsals remote; the second about as large as the anal. {laopisthina:.)
{. Lower jaw projecting ; anal spines feeble ; teeth small,
sharp, in narrow bands Seripuus, 305.
994.— HAPLOIDONOTUS Rafinesque.
Freshwater Drums.
{Amblodon Rafincsque.)
[Ajilodinotus Rafinesque, Journ. do Phys. i819, 418: type Aplodinotiia grunniena Raf.)
Body oblong, the snout blunt, the back elevated and compressed.
Month rather small, low, horizontal, the lower jaw included. Teeth
iu villiform bands, thcf outer scarcely enlarged. No barbels. Pseudo-
branchiai rather small; gill-rakers short and blunt. Lower pharyn-
;,'eal8 very large, fully united, with coarse, blunt, i)aved teeth. Preop-
ercle slightly serrate. Dorsal spines strong and high, with a close fit-
ting scaly sheath at base, the two dorsals somewhat connected. Second
anal spine very strong. Caudal double-truncate. Fresh waters of the
United States, {drrhn-:, a cloak; vtDro?^ back; according to Gill, from
the scaly base of the dorsal flu.)
§93. H. ffriinnicKS Raf.
Croaker.
-Sheepshcad; Thunder-pumper; Drum; White Perch;
Grayish silvery, dusky above, sometimes quite dark, the back some-
times with oblique dusky streaks along the rows of scales. Scales rather
thin, adherent, smaller on the back and belly. Second anal spine more
than half tl'^ length of the head. Snout very blunt, oveiapping the
mouth. Eye large. Head ^ ; depth nearly 3. D. IX-I, 30 ; A. IT, 7;
Lat. I. 55. Great Lakes to Texas, abundant, reaching a weight of 50 to
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60 pounds. Its flesh is not of high quality, and is often tough and ill-
flavored, especially in the lakes.
(Aplodinotua grvnniens Raf. Joum. de Phys. 1819, 88 : Corvina oaeula Giinther, ii 297 •
Scieena grisea Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1822, 254 : Amhlodon concinnm and
Uneatus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, 307 : f Corvina richardsonV Cuv. & Val. v
100: ^Mt6?o(Zo» we*; Pectus Grd.Mex. Bound. Surv.Ichth. 1851), 12.) '
395.— POOONIAS Lac6pMe.
Drums.
(Lac^pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 138, 1802: type Pogonias faaciatua Lac. = Lahru)
cromia L.)
Body short and deep, the dorsal outline much elevated, the ventral
nearly straight. Mouth moderate, the upper jaw longest; teeth small
in villiform bands, the outer not enlarged; lower pharyngeal bones
large, fully united, armed with strong paved teeth; lower jaw with
numerous barbels, each about half as long as the eye; preoperciilum
entire, vith a membranaceous edge. Dorsal fins slightly connected, the
spines high and strong; caudal fin subtruncate; first anal spine short,
the second exceedingly large, nearly as long as the soft re 's; pectorals
and ventrals long; gill-rakers short and bluntish. Pseudobranchite
large. Marine species reaching a very large size; among the largest
of the Scitenidse. (niuyaivtai;, bearded.)
§94. P. chrnmis (Linn.) C. & V.—Drum.
Grayish silvery, with 4 or 5 broad dark vertical bars, which
disappear with age; fins dusky. Body oblong, much compressed;
* If correctly described, this species is the typo of a distinct genus wliich has been
provisionally termed Hutj/chelithua. It is probable, however, that the type was a
deformed individual of H, grunniena.
The following are the alleged charactei-s, generic and specific : ■ f •
' EUTYCHELITHUS Jordan. \ :.
(Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 1, 242, 1876: type Corvina richardaoiii C. & V.)
Diil'ors from Haploidonotua in the much deeper body, steep i)roflle, the nearly equal
jaws, the single rather short aual spine, and in the smaller size of most of the iiiis.
{iVTvxrii, Ineky; /t^of, stone; in allusiou to the large ear-bones of Seitenoid fishes. The
ear-bones of Haploidonotua are quite large and are marked with a nnle impress of tlie
letter L, and are hence known to Wisconsin boys as "lucky-stones.") . ,
E. richardaoni (C. & V.) Jortlan. — Maltahaganay,
Grayish olive, with darker bands across the back ; body much elevated, highest iu
front of dorsal fin ; profile very abruptly decurvcd. Preopercle finely serravo. Eye
half length of snout. Pectorals pointed, considerably longer than ventrals. Ileiirl
3i in total length, including caudal fin; depth 2^. D. IX, 29; A. I, 7; Lat. 1.54,
(C. & V.) Lake Huron.
{Corvina richardaonii Cuv. &' Val. v, 100: Corvina richaMaonii Richardsou, Fauua
Bor.-Amer. 183C, 64: Corvina richardaonii GUuther, ii, 298.)
91. SCI^NIDiE — SCI^NA.
669
jac. = Lahrm
proPle very steep, its curve uneven; ventral outline little curved.
Mouth moderate, maxillary scarcely reaching middle of orbit. Scales
large, those on breast much smaller. Fins large, pectorals reaching
beyond tips of ventrals, nearly to vent; second anal spine more than
half leugth of head. Head above scaly, except a triangular space on
snout. Head 3 J in length; depth 2 J. D. X, I, 20; A. 11, 6; Lat. 1. 50.
Cape Cod to West Indies; abundant southward.
{Labrus cromia Linn. Syst. Nat.; GUnther, ii, 270; Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 114:
Pogmias fasciatua Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 119 : I'ogonias faaciatna GUuther, ii, 270.)
396.— SCI^!¥A Linnteus.
(Johnim Bloch: Corvina C. & V. : Paeudoaciwna Blceker.)
(Artedi ; Liunteus, Syst. Nat. : type Smasna umhra L. )
Body elongate, compressed, not much elevated. Head rather long.
Mouth moderate or rather large, the lower jaw included. Teeth in both
jaws mostly in villiform bands, the outer row often enlarged; lower
pharyngeals separate, their teeth conic or paved. Chin with pores; no
barbels. Preopercle with its bony posterior edge serrated, or else with
a membranaceous margin. Scales moderate, in oblique series. Dorsal
fins connected, the spines rather strong. Anal spines 2, the second
varying in size. In this genus and most of the other SciccninoB the
muzzle above the premaxillaries is provided with a number of pores, and
near the base of the premaxillary 2 or 4 small dermal flaps are present;
hi all these species the preorbital is very wide, and often gibbous.
Species numerous, in all warm seas. Many attempts have been made
to subdivide this genus, but none of the current genera form definable
natural groups, when foreign species are taken into accoant. {ffxiaiva,
Sciaeua, from ffxtd, shade, the classical name of Sciccna aquila.)
0. Teetli in both jaws in einj^lo series or very narrow bands. * '' '
h. Heail depressed, very broad between the eyes. {Stdliferm* Stark.)
§95. S. stck ifera (Bloch) J. & G.
Pale abov< with purplish reflections, almost translucent ; below sil-
very; everywhere finely punctulate ; fins yellowish, the tips of dorsal
and pectoral blackish. Body oblong, not much elevated, little com-
pressed; the tail slender; head short; snout blunt; eye very small,
5 in head; profile depressed above the eyes; the iuterorbital space tlat-
tish, extremely broad ; a slight ridge above each orbit, these meeting
• Stark, Elemehtfl Nat. ni»t. 1, 459, 1828: type BodlanUv atelUfcr Bloch.
.11
lit-"
•V.;!|
Pi
.. .■■',■■
■^- E
nJB
\'--^i
w
i\
iii
yl
1 ;
'■**i
M.
1 1
^1
Ml
:.l
A.'
570 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
above the snout. Mouth oblique, the lower jaw scarcely shorter than
the upper; the maxillary extending to below the middle of the small
eye. Teeth as in 8. punctata, but with series of larger teeth less devel-
oped and the villiform baud broader. Preorbital full, cavernous; pre-
opercle cavernous, its mu^rgin with a few strong teeth. Pseudobranchite
well developed. Gill-rakers long and slender. Dorsal spines slender-
caudal strongly convex; second anal spine rather long, slender, nearly
as long as soft rays. Ventr.al outline nearly straight. Vent a little
nearer preopercular margin than base of caudal. Pectorals short, not
reaching tips of ventrals. Head 3^ in length; depth 3. D. XI, I, 22*
A. II, 9; Lat. 1. 50. West Indies, north to Virginia. Here described
from a specimen from Pensacola.
(liodianus atelli/cr Blocli, Iclith. taf. 231: Cheilodipterua acotipa Lac6p?!do, iii, 546;
C'orviiia IriHpinomt Cuv. &, Val. v, 109: UomopHon lanceolatus Holb. Icb. S, Car. 1860
1(17: Sciwiia hmcrolata Gilnthor, ii, 289: StcUi/ents lanceolatus Gill, Report U. S. Fi.sh
Coiiini. 1872-7;i, 805 : ? Corrina HteWfira Glinther, ii, 299= Corvina micropa Stelnd. Iclith.
Notiz. i, G, 18G4, said to b« liistinguiHliud from <S. alellifcra by the Hiualler oyo (G in lu-ad),
narrower inttTorbital Hpaec {'Z\ in head) and weaker serru) on tho preoperclc. Per-
haps more than one spt'cies i.s hero inclnded.)
t. Head normal, uarrow between the eyo8. {Bainllella* 0\\\.) '
896. S. piinctntn (Linn.) J. & G.—SilKcr Perch ; Yellouf-tail ; MademoiseUe.
Greenish above, silvery below, each scale with a series of dark piinc-
tulations through the centre, usually very conspicuous, sometimes ob-
scure, these forming narrow somewhat irregular streaks along the sides;
fins plain, the caudal yellowish. Body oblong, compressed, rather robust.
Head compressed, conical, not specially depressed, nor broadened; ])re-
operculum scarcely cavernous, strongly serrated or spinous at its an<jle;
interorbital region depressed, transversely convex, narrower than eye.
Mouth rather large, somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching about to
middle of orbit; jaws sutequal ; both jaws with stout recurved teetli,
behind which in the upper jaw are a few series of smaller teeth; teeth
in the lower jaw mostly in one series, outside of which arc a few smaller
teeth. Dorsal spines moderate; anal fin small, placed unusually far
back, coterminous with the second dorsal Second anal opine stionjf,
nearly as long as the soft rays. Scales in less oblique series than usual.
Gill-rakers long and slender. Soft dorsal and anal fins considerably
scaly; pectoral fin quite short, not reaching half way to anal ; caudal fln
double truncate. Lower pharyngeals small, with sharp teeth. Eye
' Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G1, 83: type Bodianua a.gyroleiims Mitch. (Dcdi-
oaled to Spencer F. Baird.)
ii
9i. SCIiENID^ — SCI^NA.
571
rather large, equal to snout, 4 in head. Preorbital narrow. Head 3^ ;
depth about 3. I). XI-l, 2-'; A. II, 9; Lat. 1. £0. Cape Cod to Florida j
abundant southward.
(Pcrca punctata Liun. Syat. Nat. (two apocies of the saino name): Bodianua argyrole-
tiri/* Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. 417, pi. (>, tig. '\: Corcina argyroleuca GUu-
thor, ii, 299: Ilomoprion xanthurus HolbroOlc, Ich. S. Car. 1830, 164.)
aa. Teeth in hoth Jaws in broa<l banda.
c. I'rcopercle with its bony nnir^in serrate.
d. Outer teeth in upper jaw considerably enlarged. {SciwnopH* G\\\.)
§I)T. S. Jacob! (Steind.) J. & G.
Body moderately elevated; mouth moderate, rather inferior; maxil-
lary reaching middle of eye ; outer row of teeth in each jaw slender,
somewhat enlarged, those in upper jaw much larger than in lower; pre-
opercle finely serrate. Dorsal spines very slender, the fourth half length
of head, higher than the soft rays ; second anal spine more than twice
as strong as dorsal spines, as long as from middle of eye to edge of
opercle, lower than the soft rays. Caudal truncate or slightly concave ;
pectoral shorter than ventrals, the first ray of the latter being filamen-
tous. Scales on body and head ctenoid. Silvery gray, darker above ;
three dark brown longitudinal stripes along sides, the lower broadest,
extending from eye to middle of caudal, the middle one running to upper
edge of tail, the upper to soft dorsal; below these stripes are some
times feebler ones, besides brownish lines following the rows of scales ;
tins plain, more or less punctulate; markings probably less distinct in
the adult. Head 3; d >pth 3. D. X-I, 27; A. H, 8; scales 11-56-10.
Sail Diego, California. {Steindachner.)
{Corrina (Johniun) jacobi Stcind. lehth. Beitriige, vlii, 3, 1879.
§9§. S. occllata (L.) Gihr.—Chaniel Bmn; lied Horse; lied Bani.
Grayish silvery, iridiescent ; scales with dark spots forming faint ir-
regular undulating stiipes; upper i)art of base of caudal with an oval
black spot as large as the eye, bordered by white or orange, this spot
often duplicated. Body rather elongate, not much elevated, compressed
behind, an almost even curve from snout to base of dorsal ; preopercle
distinctly serrate; eye large, 1.^ in snout, 5^ in head; gill-rakers short
aiul thick ; mouth large, maxillary nearly reaching the ])osterior mar-
gin of the orbit. Caudal truncate ; second anal spine rather strong, two-
thirds as long as first ray; pectoral fins very short, not reaching half
way to anal. Lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical teeth. Head 3^ ;
t'
t :.:£i
• Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1863, 30: type Perca ocullata L. {(SKiaiva, sciosua;
w0, appearance.)
i' j*ii
' ii
!•■ ,i<l
572 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
depth 3 J. D. X-I, 25; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 50. Cape Cod to Mexico;
commoii southward; kuowu at sight by the peculiar caudal spot.
{Perca ocellata L. Syst. Nat.: Corvina ocellata Cuv. & Yal. v, 134: Corvina oceUata
Holbrook, Ich. 8. C. 1860, 150; GUuther, ii, 289.)
did. Outer teeth in upper jaw scarcely larger than others ; lower pharyngeals enlarged,
their teeth paved. (Boncador* J. & G.)
§90. S. Stearnsi rSteindachner) Jor. & Gilb. — lioncador.
Grayish silvery, with bluish lustre, some streaks of dark points along
the rows of scales ; breast and belly with two dusky lengthwise streaks;
a very conspicuous, large, jet black spot at base of pectoral, including
the axil and the base of the fin ; fins grayish, with dusky shades; inside
of mouth, branchiostegals, and peritoneum mostly black. Body oblong,
heavy forward, the shoulders elevated and the profile steep; month
rather large, maxillary reaching beyond middle of eye. Teeth in both
jaws in a broad viHiform band, the outer row scarcely enlarged; no
canines ; preopercle strongly dentate ; gill-rakers slender, rather short ;
lower pharyngeals broad, the teeth mostly paved ; eye large. Spinous
dorsal not much elevated ; second anal spine shortish, about h.alf the
height of the soft rays, very stout; i)ectoral elongate, reaching mnch
past the tips of the long ventrals; caudal fin lunate, the upper lobe
the longer. Head 3§ ; depth 3. D. X-I, 24 ; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 60. L. 30
inches. Coast of California, north to Point Concepciou ; a large and
valued food-fish, singularly distinguished by its black pectoral spot.
(Corvina atearnsi Steindachuer, Ichthyol. Beitriige, iii, 1875,22: Boncador steanm
Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 28.)
cc. Preopercle with an entire, membranaceous border.
d. Dorsal with less than 30 soft rays. (Sei(Bna\.)
900. 8. saturna (Grd.) J. & G.—Rcd Boncador.
Blackish, with coppery lustre; each scale with a cluster of dark
points; a dark opercular patch; fins rather dark; belly silvery, but
dusted with dark specks. Body oblong, with the antedorsal region
convex and the profile nearly straight. Maxillaries not reaching to
posterior border of eye. Teeth in lower jaw in a broad villiforra band;
upper jaw with a similar band, in front of which is a single row of large
teeth; lower pharyngeals narrow, with conical ieeth. Gill-rakers short
'Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 28: type Corvina stearnsi Steindacli-
ner. (Spanish roneador, grunter.) This is perhaps a valid genus, distinguished from
Sciaina by its large, paved pharyngeals, resembling those of Pogonias, but not united.
t = CormHa' Cuvier, R^gne Anim. ed. 2, ii, 173, 1829: typo Sciama nigra BIo(>li=
Sciwna umbra L. None of the species of the group called Sdmia by Cuvier were knowu
to Liuuteus.
91. SCI^NID^ — LIOSTOMUS.
573
inside
stcarnsi
region
ing to
band ;
)f large
'8 short
eindacb-
led from
Itiuiited.
Blo(h=
known
and thick. Scales on bead ctenoid. Second anal spine very stout,
nearly as high as the soft rays; caudal tin slightly luuate. Head 3^;
depth 2§. D. X-I, 23; A. 11, 7; Lat. 1. 55. Pacific coast, north to
Point Concepcion.
(Amhlodon aaturnua Grd, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 93: Rhinoscion satumus Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1B61, 85: Corvina Haturna Giinthor, ii, 298.)
id. Dorsal witli more than 30 soft rays. {Pareqitea* Gill.)
901. S. acuminata (Bloch & Schneider) J. & G.
Everywhere blackish, with traces of about 10 narrow horizontal
streaks along the sides; spinous dorsal quite black. [Young specimens
yellowish, with 7 or 8 straight longitudinal dark bands about as wide as
the interspaces ; dorsal fin similarly banded.J Form of 8. Haturna, the
back somewhat elevated, the profile steep and nearly straight from the
tip of the conical ajd rather pointed snout to the base of the dorsal.
Mouth not large, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the
eye. Lower jaw included; both jaws with broad bands of villiform
teeth, the anterior series in the upper jaw considerably enlarged. Scales
on the head scarcely ctenoid above, cycloid on the clteeks. Gill-rakers
short, rather stout. Pectorals very short, not reaching half way to the
tips of the ventrals, and but half way to the anal ; as long as from the
snout to the edge of the preopercle; anal fin small, its tip not reaching
to the last ray of the second dorsal, its spine robust, nearly as high as
tbe fin, half the length of the head ; first dorsal small, with slender
spines; second dorsal very long, its tip nearly reaching caudal. Eye
rather large. Head ^•, depth 3. D. IX, I, 30; A. II, 7; Lat. 1. 53.
West Indies to Florida. Here described from a specimen lately taken
by Mr. Silas Stearns at Pensacola, Fla.
' {G^ramrtmte-a acuminatus Bloch & Schn. 1801, 184: Eques acuminatus GUnther, ii, 280:
PareqM aouminatua Gill, 1. c.)
S97.-LIOSTO]?EUS LacdpMe.
. Spots.
[Lmfomus Lac^pi^dc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 439, 1802: type Lioatomua xanthurua Lac.)
Body oblong, ovate, the back compressed. Head obtuse. Mouth
small, horizontal, the upper jaw with a band of feeble teeth, the lower
nearly or quite toothless; lower pharyngeals separate, the teeth paved.
Preopercle with a membranaceous border. Dorsal spines 10, slender,
rather high, the last connected with the soft rays ; anal spines 2, the
"Gill, in Goode, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1870, v, 50: type Orammiatea acuminatua Bloch
& Schneider, {aapa, neat i Equea.)
h f
f
vr;to:Jl
'.A
I'- s H
«v/
i ■
i^E
■■^i.-'iF .7-;
V 1
. * J- ■
! • j r
» :
ir;
I
is
574 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
second not large; caudal fin emarginate. Gill-membranes slightly con.
nected; gill-rakers slender. (AsTr*?, smooth; <rrw/xa, mouth — the mouth
having been originally described as toothless.)
903« If xanthiirus Lac. — Spot; Goody; Oldwifc; La Fayette.
Bluish above, grayish silvery below; sides with about 15 dark bands
extending from the dorsal obliquely forward to below the lateral line*
a distinct round dark humeral spot ; fins plain olivaceous ; caudal not
yellow. Profile steep ; snout blunt and gibbous ; iuterorbital region
narrow. Fins small, the spines weak; second anal spine about half
as long as the longest soft ray; upper lobe of caudal longest. Head
3^ ; depth 3. D. X, I, 32 ; A. II, 12 ; Lat. 1. 60. L. 12 inches. Capa
Cod to Florida ; a valuable food-fish southward.
(Lac<5p6(le, iv, 439; Gill, Pr'oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plilla. 1863, 32: Homoprion xanthurua
Holbrook, Icli. 8. C. 1860, 164: Scicena xanthurus GUnther, ii, 288: Mugil obliquus
Mitchill, Trans. Lit. aud Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 405: Lioatomus ohliquua Holbrook, Ich.
S. C. 1860, 160: Soiama obliqua GUnther, ii, 288: Leiostomus humeralia and xanthurus
C. &, V. 141, 142. The alleged 8i)ecie8 '^obliquua" and "xanthurita" differ in color
'^xantliwrua" being plain golden, without spots or bars; tail yellow; probably based
ou faded lunseum specimens. ) .
99§.-OENYONi:]?IIJS Gill. -'^^^
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 87: type Lioitomua lineatua Ayres.)
Body elongate, moderately compressed, the back little elevated.
Head oblong, the snout abruptly decurved. Eyes moderate, anterior.
Preopercle with a crenulated membranaceous edge. Mouth rather
large, subterminal, somewhat oblique. Lower jaw with several very
small barbels and with a few large pores. Teeth equal, in villiform
bands, the anterior series scarcely enlarged. First dorsal with about
13 spines; anal with 2 spines, the second short and feeble; caudal
emarginate. Pharyngeal bones and teeth as in Micropogon. Air-bladder
simple. Gill-rakers slender, rather long. Size small, (^evo?, lower
jaw; vrj/JLUf barbel.)
903. G. lineaCus (Ayre.'^) Gill. — Little Roncador. jk^' '''"''•:
Silvery with brassy lustre and black punctulatlons, these forming
faint oblique dark lines along the rows of scales ; fins yellowish ; axil
black. Head conic, rather blunt; maxillary reaching silghtly beyond
middle of pupil. Barbels 5-8, minute, on the inner edge of each dentary
bone. Anal spines very small, the second not half the height of the
soft rays; pectorals and ventrals moderate, not reaching vent; caudal
concave. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. XIII, I, 22; A. II, 11; Lat. I. 55.
91. SCIiENID^ — UMBBINA.
575
Ij. 10 inches. Pyloric cceca 8 ; air-bladder simple. Coast of Califor-
nia; very common.
iLiostomus lineatm Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 25, l'^55; Girard, U. 8. Pac.
B. B. Surv. Fish. 91): Svicena hneata GUuther, ii, 288.)
999.— miCROPOGON Cuvier & Valoncienncs.
Croaliers.
(Cuv. & Val. nist. Nat. Poiss. v, 213, 1830: type Micropogon Hneatua C. «fe V. = Perca
undiilata L.)
Body moderately elongate, compressed, somewhat elevated. Pre-
opercle strongly dentate. Teeth in villifonn bands, the outer row in the
upper jaw enlarged ; lower jaw with a row of minute barbels on each
side. Second anal spine moderate. Caudal fin double truncate. Lower
pharyngeals narrow, distinct, with conical teeth. Gill-rakers moderate,
rather slender. Air-bladder with long horns, (mw/x)?, small ; ntoywv^
beard.)
901. M. uadulatas (L.) C. & Y.— Croaker.
Color grayish-silvery, with bright reflections ; sides and back with
narrow, irregular, undulating lines of dots; dorsal flns with three lines
of dots along base. Body ratJier elongate, slightly elevated, the back
somewhat compressed. Head long, the snout prominent, not strongly
convex. Mouth rather large, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching
to I'ront of eye. Eye 2 in snout. Preopercle strongly serrate ; the
spines near angle diverging. Dorsals nearly separate, the first high;
pectorals moderate, nearly reaching tips of ventrals ; ventral filament-
ous ; anal inserted nearly under middle of second dorsal ; the second
spine rather weak, shorter than snout, one-third length of head. D. X,
1, 27 ; A. II, 8; Lat. 1. GO; coeca 8. Head 3 J ; depth 3^ ; eye 5 in head,
rather less than interorbital width. L. 12 inches. New Ytirk to West.
Indies; common southward.
{Perca nndulata L. Syst. Nat. ; Cuv. «fc Val. v, 219 ; Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1860, 146;
Gunther, ii, 271 : Micropogon Uneatua Cuv. & Val. v, 215.)
800.— VmBRINA Cuvier.
(Cuvier, Rtigne Anim. ed. 1, 297, 1817: type Sciwna cirrhoaa L.)
Body moderately elongate; back somewhat arched. Head oblong,
with the snout thick and protuberant. Mouth almost horizontal, of
moderate size. Preoperculum with its bony margin finely serrate.
Lower jaw with a single thickish barbel. Teeth in villiform bands,
the outermost in the upper jaw somewhat enlarged. Anterior dorsal
I 5 If ' >
■■■\F
• i'-
■m
*>. '■
r
■\1S
t It*.*
r
'■'i\
'K^
i4
II
57G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
i;
jli
with about 10 spines; anal fin with 2 spines, the second not very small.
Caudal lunate cr truncate. Gill-rakers normal, but short. Air-bladder
present. In most warm seas. (Latin, wiMftra, shade; the nume wwftra
was used for the typical species by early writers.)
a. S'des without vertical bars.
90il« U* roncador Jor. &. Gilb. — Tellow-Jlnned Roncador.
Bright silvery, bluish above, with brassy reflections ; sides with nar-
roT, distinct, undulating streaks of deep olive, running from the head
and pectoral region upward and backward, with some abrupt curvatures
to the base of the dorsal fin, sometimes alternating with line's of spots*
no vertical bars; cheeks pure white; flns mostly yellow; peritoneum
black. Body elliptical-elongate, the back somewhat elevated, the curve
from snout to dorsal regular. Head conical, bluntish. Mouth horizon-
tal, the maxillary extending to beyond front of pupil ; eye moderate, 1 J
in snout, 5J in head, 1^ in interorbital width. Caudal lunato, the upper
lobe the longer. Second anal spine strong, 2J in head, a little shorter
than third dorsal spine. Pectoral short and small, not reaching tips of
ventrals, and not half way to vent; its length IJ in head. Head 3|;
depth 3J. D. X-1, 27 ; A. II, 7 ; Lat. 1. 58. L. 15 inches. Point Concep.
cion to Panama abundant ; ono of the handsomest of the Scisenoids.
(Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu. S81: Vmbrina undulata Steintlachner, Ichlhyol.
Beitriige, iii, 21, 1675; not of Girard.) ' . ,
aa. Sides with vertical bara. ' . ^
900. IJ. brotissoneti Cuv. & Vol.
Body with about 9 dark cross-bands, besides undulating streaks
along the rows of scales ; spinous dorsal blackish. Body rather stout,
the back somewhat elevated; maxillary extending to pupil; preopercle
finely denticulate on its bony edge ; barbel short ; pectoral fins short
and small, not reaching to tips of ventrals nor half way to veot;
caudal truncate; second anal spine thick, f the length of the head.
Eye 3§ in head. Head 3^ ; depth 3! D. X-1, 28 ; A. II, 7 ; scales 5-48-
10. West Indies, north to East Florida.
(Cuv. & Val. V, 187 ; Gilnther ii, 277 ; Jordau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 17 : Urn-
brina coroidea Cuv. & Val. v, 187.)
803.— IQEKTICIRRVS GiU.
King-Jish. , ~
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1961, 86: type Perca albumua L.)
Body comparatively elongate, little compressed ; head long, subcoDic,
the bluntish snout considerably projecting beyond the mouth ; moutti
91. SCIiENID^ — MENTICIRRU8.
577
giaiill. horizontal, both jaws with bands of villiform teeth, the outer
teeth in the upper jaw more or less enlarged ; chin with a ^ngle stoiit-
ish barbel; preopercle with its membranaceous edge serrulate; gill-
rakers short, tubercular; dorsal spines high, slender; second dorsal
long and low; caudal fin with the lower angle rounded, the upper
shan^; anal fin with a single weak spine; no air-bladder. Lower pha-
ryngeals separate, small, with sharp teeth. Species nutnerous in Amer-
ican waters. (Latin, mentum, chin; cirrttSj barbel.)
a, OutiT row of teeth in upper jaw not greatly enlarged.
907. I?I. ncbulOSUS (Mitchill) Gill. — Whilinr] ; Kuxj-fiiih ; Barb.
Bright grayish silvery, with irregular dark bars, those in front run-
ning obliquely backward and downward, those behind obliquely forward
and downward ; fins all dusky. Body elongate, terete, but little com-
pressed; snout very blunt; profile evenly curved; eyes very small,
about 2 in snout ; outer teeth not much enlarged ; pectoral fins short
and broad, scarcely reaching tips of ventrals, Ij^ in head ; ventrals IJ in
head; dorsal fins scarcely connected; spinous dorsal high, its height
threefonrths length of head; anal spine very weak, less than half the
height of fin. Head 3f in length ; depth 4^. D. X-T, 20 ; A. I, 8 ; Lat.
1. about 08. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras ; common northward ; an im-
portant food-fish.
{Scimia mhulosa Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Philos. Soc. N. Y. i, 403, 1815: Umhrina neb-
ulom Giiuther, ii, 275.)
90§. M. litloralis (Holbroolc) Gill.— 5jir/ Whiting.
This si)ecies is said to be distinguished from M. alhurmis by the plain
silvery color and the absence or reduction of the outer series of larger
teeth. Form entirely similar to that of M. alburn us. B. X-I, 27 ; A. T, 0.
Coast of South Carolina. (Holbroolc.)
( Uvibrina littoralia Holbrook, Ich. S. Car. 1H60, 144 : Umhrina littoralin GUnther, ii, 276. )
aa. Outer row of teeth in upper jaw much enlarged.
^09. in. alburnus (Linn.) GiU.— Whiting.
Silvery, faintly clouded along the back and sides, these marks form-
ing dusky bars, running obliquelj'^ forward and downward to below
the lateral line, sometimes obsolete. Body elongate, rather slenderer
thau in nebulosus; back slightly arched; belly nearly straight. Snout
broad, depressed, and bluntish, i)rotruding beyond the mouth. Outer
teeth of upper jaw very strong. Maxillary reaching to below middle of
the small eye. Third dorsal spine highest, less than half the length of
the soft dorsal, and two-thirds the length of head ; pectorals broad,
BiUl. Nat. Mus. No. 16 37
•V
Jt ;•• • .'1
n : M
> . \ »;' >
/ f<l
! > :^
■rt
lil ■ ,
578 CONTRIDUTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
rather long, their tips reaching beyond ventrals, their length 1^ in liead-
ventrals 2 in head. Ilead 3^ in length; depth about 4. D. X-I, jr*; a.
I, 7 ; Lat. 1. 05. South Atlantic coast of United States.
( Perca alburnus Linn. Syst. Nat. : Umbrina alburnuit Oilntber, ii, 275: Umhrina alhnr-
nun Ht>lb. Icb. S. C ItiuO, 137 : Urnhnna phalwna Giruid, Mux. Uouud. 8urv. Ivbth
le)&9, 13.)
OlO. in. lintllllatus (Grd.) Gill.— fia^ara; ".9ttoi«r".
Sooty grayish, with bright reflections, the back, all the flna, and under
side ofthehead dusky with dark points; undulating lines along sides rnn-
ning upward and backward ; . back often with very faint dark cross-bars.
Body elongate, the back not elevated. Uead bluntisb. Eye small, 2i
in Ruont, 7 in head, the maxillary scarcely extending to its front. Ante-
rior teeth of ui)per jaw strong. First dorsal high, its longest spine
reaching past front of second dorsal; anal small, nearly under tlie
middle of second dorsal, 1 J in head ; pectoral fins reaching i>ast tips
of ventrals nearly to vent, their length 1^ in head^ Head 4 ; depth 4.
D. X-I, 20; A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 00. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast, from Pan-
ama north to Point Goucepcion; abundant.
( Umhrina undnlata Gimril, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 148, and iu U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fisli. 101 (the type, a very young specimen, examined by us): Umbrina
«7oH(/a<rt Giinther, Proc. Zoul. Soc. London, 18G4, 148.)
f >
iil V. ! i
303 liARIIflUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. ' '
'(Cnvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 145, 1830: type Larimns breviceps C. & V,)
Body oblong, compressed ; snout very short and blunt ; mouth very
oblique, large, the lower jaw projecting ; teeth small, in villiforni bands;
no barbels ; preopercle finely serrated ; i)seudobranchiaB present ; air-
4
bladder simple; vertebra) as usual; lov^er pharyngeals distinct, with
pointed teeUi; dorsal fins connected, the first moderate, the second long;
Mial fin very small, plac^ well back, provided with 2 spines ; caudal
tin conv-ex. (An ancient UMXte of some fish, from kapu;, pleasant, dainty.)
911. Li. fasciaias Hoibrook.
Silvery gray, clouded above; sides marked with about 7 nearly ver
tical dusky ban^Jauining from the back to below the lateral line. Body
otolon^g, compneaigJ, Tentral outline nearly straight, dorsal outline consid-
erably arched } moat very short, much less than the diameter of the
large eye ; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary nearly reaching iws-
t^rjor margin of orbit; tip of mandible on level of lower part of pupil;
Ilijfv.-'S..,
i it ~ V
91. SCI^NID^ — OYNOSCION.
579
fiecond anal spine small; iKMitonil fin short and caudal ^nbtruncate.
Head 3 J ; depth abont 3. 1). X-1, 24 ; A. II, 0; Lat. 1. ab<»ut 02. {Hul-
Jfrook.) South Atlantic coast and southward ;. rare.
(Ilolbrook, Ich. 8. C. 1860, 154; GUnther, ii, 269.)
803.— ATBACTOSCIOIV Gill.
(Gill, Pron. Acad. Nat. Scl. Pbila. 18;52, 18: type OtoUthm cBqnidenir Cnv. &, Val.)
This genus diflfers from Cynoseion otily in the dentition, the bands of
teeth being somewhat broader and some of the teeth near the middle of
the ni>i>er jaw enlarged, but not forming canines. The species are
among the largest of the Scimnidce, and as food-fishes they are among
the best. (ar/>axT«-:, a spindle ; irxtov, Scitena.)
919. A. noblle (Ayres) Gill. — White Sea Bass; Sea Trout; Corvina.
Dull silvery, bluish above; everywhere punctulate; young with obscure,
dusky cross-bars; axil and fins dusky. Body elongate-elliptical, not
uiucli compressed; head slender, conical, the snout rather pointed; mouth
terminal, oblique, the lower jaw the longer; maxillary reaching to be-
yond pupil; premaxillarj' in front on the level of the orbit; teeth in
lower jaw enlarged and in a single row laterally, anteriorly smaller, in
abroad patch, the inner series in both jaws reflexed and movable ; upper
jaw with about two series on sides forming a broad cardiform patch in
front; a few of the teeth near the middle of the jaw enlarged but not
canine like ; gill-rakers moderate, very strong ; scales very thin, weakly
ctenoid ; anal spines 2, weak, the first sometimes obsolete ; fins low,
pectoral not reaching half way to vent ; caudal lunate, the upper lobe
generally longest. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. X-I, 21 ; A. II, 9 ; Lat. 1.
88 (tubes); more than 100 series of scales. Pacific coast north to JSau
Francisco; one of the largest and most valuable of our Scitenoid fishes,
reaching a weight of 60 to 70 pounds. The flesh is firm and rich.
(Jolmius nobilia Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci, 1860, 78 ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Pliila. 1862, 18: OtoKthua californenaia Steinduchner, Ichth. Beitriige, iii, 31, 187.5, the
young or " Sea Trout.")
304r— CTNOSCIOIV Gill.
Weahjishea.
(Ceatrem Gronow ; notof C. &V.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 49 : type Johnim regalia, Bloch.)
Body elongate, little coinpressed; the back not elevated. Head
corneal, rather pointetl. Mouth larger than in our other Scisenoids; the
lower jaw projecting. Maxillary very broad. Teeth sharp, not closely
■m^.
• ?' ,♦','"■
•" >)-%
'^.M
I
III.
h
I:f1
a]
k
I'M":
1 :' »
)■'' .
! '
;i ■
I ■
Hi'
1:\ '■
680 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
set, ill rather narrow bands; the lower jaw without canines; upper
jaw with two long canines, one of which is sometimes obsolete; lateral
teeth of lower jaw larger than anterior. Preopercle with its mem-
branaceous edge serrulate, the bone entire. Lower pharyngeal bones
sei)arate, their teeth all pointed. Gill-rakers strong, rather long. Yer.
tebrae about 14+10 (instead of 10+14 as in ScUcnoids generally).
Pseudobranchis^ well developed. Dorsal spines slender ; anal spines 1
or 2, very feeble; second dorsal long and low; caudal tin subtruncateor
lunate. Large lishes chiefly of the waters of America, closely related to
the Old World genus Otolitlms, from which they are distinguished by tlie
absence of canines in the lower jaw. All of them rank high as food-
fishes ; the flesh is rich, but tender and easily torn ; hence the popular
name of Weak fishes, {xutov, dog; axwvy Sciaena; the modern Greek
name of Umbrina cirrhosa.)
a. Anal spines 2.
9t3. C. purvipiBine Ayres. — Blue-fish; Corvina.
Clear steel-blue above, without stripes or spots, silvery below; a
narrow dusky shade along the sides below the lateral line ; axil dusky;
lower fins yellowish with dusky shading ; upper fins dark ; the second
dorsi ! ua'ic-edged. Body elongate, compressed, little elevated. Head
conic, rather pointed. Mouth large, the maxillary extending to beyond
the pupil. Eye large, a little shorter than snout, 6 in head. Teeth
moderate, in a rather bioad band; canines very long and strong, usually
but one preseiit. Fins rather low ; caudal lunate ; pectoral short, not
reaching to the tips of the ventrals. Gill-rakers strong, rather lorg.
Head 3^; depth 4J. D. IX-I, 23; A. II, 10; the first anal spine ex
tremely small. Lat 1. with 75 tubes; the number of scales about %.
L. 30 inches. Pyloric cceca 3. Air-bladder long, with two appendages.
Coast of California and Mexico, chiefly south of Santa Barbara. Au
excellent food fish.
(Ayivs, Froc. Cal. Acail. Nat. Sci. 1861, 150: Otolithua magdalenw, Stoindaclinor, Icblli,
Beitriigo, iii, 1875.)
ca. Annl spino single.
«!. ISack tinifoi'ju silvery white, without dark spots or blotches.
914. C. nofhuin Un\h.--WHte Trout; Sea Trout
Uniform bright silvery, bluish above. Body elongate, little coniiuess-
ed. Back more arched than in the other species. Mouth moderate,
oblique; lower jaw longest; maxillary reaching opposite middle of eye.
Jlye large, about ca ioug aa snout. Head 3^} depth 3^. D. X~1, 28 (X-
#
■ •■■■"*1^
91. SCIiENID^. — CYNOSCION.
581
■f-svS
I, 25, Giinlher) ; A. I, 10 ; Lat. 1. about 68. {Eolbrooh) Coast of South
Ciuolina and southward.
(OloUthua nothm Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1830. 134: OioHthm volhiis Glinther, ii, IIOS.)
cc. Hack irregularly speckled and blotched, the spcits forming undulating streaks.
915. C. rejfale (Block & Schneider) Gill. — Weak-fish; Squetcafjue; Gray Trout.
Silverj', darkiT above and marked witli many small, irregular dark
blotches, some of which form undulating linea running downward and
iorward; back and head with bright reflections; dorsal aiul caudal
fills dusky; ventrals^ anal, and lower edge of caudal yellowish, some-
times speckled. Maxillary reaching to beyond pupil ; teeth sharp, in nar-
row I mds. Pectorals short, scarcely rea(!hing tips of ventrals, a little
more than half length of head ; longest dorsal spine as long as maxillary,
not half length of head. Head 3J in length ; depth 4J. Eye about 1^
in snout. D. X-I, 20; A. I 13; Lat. 1. 78. Cape Cod to South Amer-
ica; very abundant, and highly valued as a food -fish.
(.lohniusreqaUd Bl. & Schn. 1801, 75: OMithua regalia Holbrook, Ich. S. C. 1860, 129:
OtoUfhiia regalia GUnther, ii, 307.)
9 '6. C. thala^sinnin (Holb.) Gill.
Silvery, darker above, and marked with many interrupted narrow
(lark lines, directed from back obliquely forwards; belly yellow, the
color running up on the sides. Body longer and less elevated than in
the preceding, and with a sharper snout. Head 3^ in length ; depth
about 4^. D. X-T, 26 ; A. I, 9. South Atlantic coast of United States.
A doubtful species, distinguished from C. regale by the fewer lin rays.
{OtoUthua thalaaainuH Holbrook, Ich. S. C. I860, 133; not Otoliihua tlialaaainua Glin-
ther, ii, 308.)
hhh. Back and upper fins with many conspicuous round black spots.
91?. C. mnirulatuin (Mitchill) GiW.—Spoikd Sea Trout.
. Bright silvery, darker above; back posteriorly with numerous round
black spots as largo as the pupil ; both dorsal ami caudal flns marked
with similar, somewhat smaller spots, much as in a trout ; anal dusky.
Maxillary reaching to posterior edge of eye ; canines moderate. Long-
est dorsal spine not (piite half the length of the head ; pectorals short,
not reaching tips of ventrals, not half length of head ; (!audal lunate.
Head 3J ; depth 5. Eye largo, about 6 in head. D. X-I, 25; A. 1, 10;
Lat. 1. about 90. Virginia to Mexico; very abundant southward.
(LtthruH aqueteay tie \ar. jna«<?«<«8 Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. ', 390, 181.'): Oio-
Uthm rcroUnenata Cxiv. & Val. ix,47.'): OtoUthua varoUnenai» Holl)rook, Ich. S. C. 18G0,
"I'i: Otoliihua carolincnaia ClhithGi', ii, 30(5: OloUthua drummondi Ghiivil, U S. Mex.
Bound Surv. Icbth. 1859, 13; not of Richardson f .)
■^■*licy!»/^
I' ■ '
I* *
%
582 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
J- "'v'- '-■^' ' '■;''• ' ' ■ • . ■ - •,.i^.;.V;:v■^■K ::f*',y:?^ ■• .
305.— SERIPHUSAyres. /......„,.,...., ,
• _' / Queen-fishes. V,* -
(AjTes, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. pt. ii, 80, ISfil : typo Seriphua poliUis Aytea.)
Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, deciduous, ctenoid
scjiies. Head deep, compressed, cariuated bebiuJ, depressed above the
eye. Snout bluntish, lower jaw projecting. Mouth large, oblique. TectU
small, shari), separated, in narrov? bands. Gill-rakers long. Pseiido-
brancbiai x^resent. Preopercle with its membranaceous edge denticulated.
Fins fragile, the soft parts scaly; dorsal fins well apart, the second un-
usually small, scarcely larger than the anal, which is unusually lar;^e •
anal spines ' jeble ; caudal flu lunate. Vertebrae 14 + 10, as in Otolith-
ince. Size small, {^iri/n^o^, a small winged insect; also a kind of worm-
wood; the allusion not evident.)
91§. S. |»olltMS Ayres.— (?Mee}i-/«ft; Eing-fish.
Bluish above, sides and below bright silvery, finely punctate ; ver-
ti' d fins all pale yellow; base of pec^torals blackish. Body oblong, coni-
l>ressed. Depth of head % its length. Mouth very large, oblique, tlie
tip of the mandible on the level of the pupil, the broad maxillary reacli-
iug to the posterior margin of the pupil. Teeth small, shar]>, separated,
in about two series in front and one behii;d. Gill rakers § dijuneter of
eye. Scales ctenoid, very deciduous. Si)iues very slender. Soft i)aits
of vertical fins largely covered Avith small deciduous scales. Dorsals
Avell separated, the second inserted in advance of the anal, which ex
tends much further back; caudal concave; pectorals snu^ll, barely
reaching tips of the small ventrals. Flesh very tender. Ileatl '.\\\
depth 32. D. VIII-I, 20 ; A. II, 21 ; Lat. 1. about 00. L. 12-14 inches.
Coast of California ; very abundant southward ; north to San Francisco,
(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 80, 1831 ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863,
277.)
Family XCIL— GERRID.E.
[The Qerroids.)
Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with sparoid scales;
lateral line continuous ; mouth moderate, extremely protractile, descend
ing wnen protruded, the spines of the premaxillary extending to above
the eye, closing a deep groove in the top of the head ; maxillary with-
out supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow preor'.iital;
its surface silvery, like the rest of the head ; base of mandible scaly,
92. GERRID^ — GERRES.
583
a slit between it and the preorbital to permit Its free motion ; both jaws
w ith slender, villiform teeth ; no incisors, canines, nor molars ; no teeth
on vomer or palatines ; preopercle entire or serrate ; sides of head
scaly; nostrils double, round; pseudobranchiae concealed; gill lakers
sborr, broad; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; dorsal
flu siiij^le, continuous or deeply notched, the spinous and soft portions
about e(iually desveloped, with a scaly sheath along the base, as in Em-
hiotocidce; dorsal spines usually 9 or 10 ; anal usually with 3 spines ; the
soft portion of the fin similar to the soft dorsal, but shorter ; ventral
tins thoracic, I, 5 ; branchiostegals G; lower pharyngeal bouos firmly
united, with a suture; air-bladder i)resent; pyloric cceca rudimentaiy;
vertebnc 10-14. Oviparous. Species about 30, inhabiting the tropical
seas. They differ considerably in form, and in development of spines,
but probably all may be referred to a single genus.
(Gcnidw Giiuther, iv, 252-264.)
aoe.-OEKRES Cnvicr.
(Cnvier, Ri'gne Auim. od. 2, ii, 1829; type Gerrcs plumicri Cuv. & Val.)
Character of the genus included above. (An ancient Latin name of
some similar fish.)
a. Preoporcle serrate; secoiul spines of dorsal and anal much enlarged. (Gcrrea.)
919. G. pliinlicri Cuv. & Val.
Brilliant silvery, a blackish stripe along each row of scales, making
about 12 streaks, the upper concurrent with the back and thus strongly
curved ; flns, except the pectorals, dusky. Body compressed, the back
much elevated, tha profile steeply descending and somewhat concave, the
suout rather pointed ; lips full, mouth quite small, the maxillary reaching
front of the pupil of the large eye, which is longer than snout, 3^ in
liead; three rows of scales on cheek; sca'es large, smooth, adherent;
longest dorsal spine nearly as long us head, long«T than longest anal
spine ; pectorals narrow, pointed, reaching past tips of ventirJs to anal ;
caudal forked; ventral v/ith a large accessory scale. Lat. 1. conspicuous,
its scales 38. Head 3^ in length ; depth 2. D. IX, 12 ; A. HI, 9, the last
rays not much higher than the scaly sheath. West Indies, north to
Eastern Florida.
(Ciiv. & Vul. vi, 452; Gtlnther, iv, 253.)
aa. Pr('oprrcli> entire; second spines of dorniitanu anal little onlurged. {rHapkrua*
Kanzuni.)
ir •
*Dia])lertt8 Ranzanl, N. Comiu. Ac. 8c. Bol. 1841 : ~ Eucinoatomua B. & G.
poi, liiiving the lia dlvidet- , )
(StaTtrs-
•If I
m
' I
!. ;i
i \
i
584 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
920> G. argfcnicus (Baird & Girartl) Giiullior. a 5 ve " .?■
Silvery, without spots or streaks on body or J3us; young sometimes
barred. Mouth very small, maxillary reaching slightly beyond vortical
from fiout of eye ; scales large ; spinous part of dorsal as long as soft •
second dorsal spine scarcely half the length of headj soft dorsal
extending a little further back than anal. Eye 3 in head Head 31 •
depth 3. D. IX, 10 ; A. Ill, 7 or 8. New Jersey to North Caroliua.
(Eucinoatomua argenteuB Baird «& Girard, Ninth Sniithsonian Report, 1854, 335.)
931. G. hoinonynius (Goodo & Bean) J. & G.
Silvery, brownish above, centre of scales with a darker spot ; a black
spot on spinous dorsal ; young with transverse dark bars. Body oblong,
compressed, highest Jit front of spinous dorsal ; profile steep, not arched ;
mouth horizontal, maxillary reaching to below eye ; eye large. Head 31
in length; depth 2^; eye 3 in head. D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 8. L.lat. about
40. [Baird & Qirard.) Atlantic coast of the United States; abundant
southward.
(I)iaj)teru8 homovynnis Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 340, 1879: Eudnostn-
VIU8 argentcus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. Ic.htli. 1859, 17, not of B. & G. : Gems
arj/entews Giinther, iv, 256.)
933. G. hareng:ulus (Goode & Beau) J. & G.
"The height 01 the body is contained 3 to 3^ times in the total length
\vithout caudal, the length of the head 3J to 3J times; the diameter of
the eye excels the length of the snout and is contained 3 times in the
length of the head and equals the width of the interorbital space; llie
groove for the ])roces8e8 of the iutermaxillaries is naked and extends to
the vertical through the anterior third of the eye; the free portion of
the tail is longer than high ; the least height of tail equals the length of
the 0th dorsal spine ; the 3rd dorsal s[)ine is the longest, its length being
contained twice in the height of the body and equals the length of tlie
head without the postorbital portion ; the last dorsal 8i)ine equals in
length the 2d anal, and about equals the length of the snout, and is about
f as long as the 3d ; the first dorsal ray is fully 1^ times as long as tlie
1 st dorsal spine ; the 2d anal spine is stnmger and shorter than the Srd,
its length being contained 3| in the length of the head ; the 3(1 anal
spine is contained 3^ times in the length of the head ; the caudal is
forked, its length slightly less than the length of the head, and very
little greater than the length of the pectoral; the pectoral reaches to
the perpendicular through the origin of the soft dorsal. The ventral is
half as long as the head ; the vent is under the 2d ray of the soft dor-
93. EMBIOTOCIDiE,
685
sal. D.IXjlO; A.irr, 7; P.15; V.I,5; C. + 17+. L. lat. 44 ; L. trans.
a . The back has a slight tawny hue, interrupted as it blends with the
white of the sides by five or six indistinct scollopy incursions of the
body color, giving the upper part of the side of the fish a marbled ap-
pearance." {Qoode & Bean.) West coast of Florida. ^ -
lEucinostomus harenijulua Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1879, 132, 340.)
!^ Family XCIIL—EMBIOTOCID^. ; '
V :., {The Surf-fishes.) . ,.,
Viviparous Labroids. Body ovate or oblong, comi)res8ed, covered
with cycloid scales of moderate size. Cheeks, operculum, and interoi)er-
culimi scaly. Lateral line continuous, running high, with(mt abrupt flex-
ure; not extending on the caudal flu. Head rather short. Mouth small,
terminal. Jaws with conical or compressed teeth of moderate or small
size, in one or two series. No teeth on vomer or jialatines; no catiines;
lower pharyngeals united, without suture, their teeth conical or paved.
Upper jaw freely protractile. Lips full, the lower either forming a free
border to the jaw or else attached by a frenum at the symphysis. Max-
illary short, without supplemental bone, slipping for most or all of its
\w^\\\ under the preorbital. Opercular bones entire. Branchiostegals
(or 5). Gill-rakers usually slender; gill-openings wide, the membranes
free fr>)m the isthmus or very slightly connected; i)seudobranchia)
present; gills 4, a slit behind th*^ fourth. Nostrils round, li on each
side. Dorsal fin single, long, with 8-18 usually slender spines, which
are depressible in a groove. A sheath of scales along the base of the an-
terior ])art of soft dorsal and posterior part of spinous dorsal ; this sheath
separated by a furrow from the scales of the body. Anal (in elongate,
with 3 moderate or small spines and 15-35 slender soft rays, its form
and structure difiering in the two sexes.> Ventral fins thoraci<;, I, 5.
Pectorals moderate. Caudal forked. Oviduct opening behind the vent,
the two apertures always distinctly separated. Air-bladder large, sim-
ple. No ijyloric co'ca. Vertebra; 1.3-19 + 10-23.
Viviparous. The young are hatched within the body, where they
remain closely packed in a sac-like enlargement of thc! oviduct anah)-
gous to the uterus, until born. These ftetal fishes bear at first little
reseinbiance to the parent, being closely comi)ressed and having the
vertical fins exceedingly elevated. At birt i they are from 1^ to 2^
inches in length, and similar to the adult in appearance, but more com-
pressed, aii'd red in color. Since the aunouncemeut of their viviparous
»
ft ^
■ J i '
.i .
ii«
r*- 1 ' -I
58C CONTRIBUTIONS TO"N0RTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
nature by Dr. Gibbons and Professor Agassiz, in 1853, these fishes liave
been the subject of much interest to anatomists.
'. Fishes of the Pacific coast of North America inhabiting bays and
the surf on sandy beaches. One species [Hystero irpu» trmhi) inhabits
fresh waters, one {'■'■DUrema^ violaceum) is fouuu in Australia, and
another {Ditrema temmincki) is found in Japan. The species reach a
length of from G to 18 inches, and are very abundant where f(umd.
They are much used for food, but the flesh is i)oor and tasteless. Most
of them feed on Crustacea, but one genus {AheoM) is partly or wholly
herbivorous. Genera 8; speoies 20. _ ..^
(Embiotocidw Giiuther, iv, 244-251.) ■ „-
* Spinous dorsal longer than tlie soft part, of 16-18 spines; second anal spinn the
largest. {Uijuterocarinnw.)
a. Scales large ; teeth moderate, cuuicul, in ouo series ; lower lip without ftviiuiii.
Hystkuocari'cs, :]07.
** Spinous dorsal shorter than the soft part, of 8-11 spines; anal spines graduated.
{Embiotocince.)
h. Scales large (40-50 in the lateral line) ; soft dorsal aud anul more or less short-
ened.
o» Teeth incisor-like, most of tlicui obtusely threo-lobed; lower lip witli a nar-
row frenum AuEOXA, ;iU8.
CO. Teeth conic, entire Micrometuus, \Wi.
lib. Scales small (60-75 in the lateral line).
d. Teeth in two series in each jaw Amphistichus, 310.
dd. Teeth in a single series in each jaw.
e. Lower jtharyugeal bone normal (with the posterior margin concave, the
the lateral horns well developed, and the teeth all on the same plniif,
some conical, some truncate).
/. Lower lip with a frenum, its eilgo entire.
g. Abdomen much longer than the base of the short anal fin.
Hypsurus, 311.
gg. Abdomen much shorter than the base of the long anal iin.
DiTKKMA, 312.
ff. Lower lip without frenum, its free fold incised behind; lips very
large Rhacochiu;>s, 31:{.
ee. Lower pharyngeals peculiar, very largo, posteriorly convex, the lateral
horns little developed, the teeth on two separate planes wliicli meet
« at an angle, the anterior teeth hexagonal and tessellated, the posterior
ai>pres8ed forwanls Damai<iciitiiy.s, 314.
30Y.— HVSTEKtOCARPVS Gibbons.
(Gibbons, Daily Placer Times and TrnnNcript, May 18, 1854, and in Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1854, 124: type Hy»teiomrpu8 tranki Gibbons.)
Body ovate, the back strongly elevated and convex ; head small, the
snout projecting ; mouth small, with one series of rather large, bluntly
conical teeth; the jaws about equal ; lips not much enlarged, the lower
forming a free border, without frenutn; gill rakers moderate, widely set;
brauchiostegals 5^ scales laiher large, silvery; spinous dorsal very
«S, EMDIOTOCIDiE — ABEONA.
587
or less short-
long, of about 10 spines, bigliest at the fifth or sixth, thence gratlually
iJioiienMl each way, the last spines being shorter than the soft rays;
HDaI 8}Miie8 stronger than in the other genera, cnrved, the second
ijmue b&Dg longer and stronger than the first and third, which are
jteaxiy equiJj soft rays of anal 20-23 in number, the anterior siinijly
njticalated. 'ftt^sh waters of California. {oiTT^pn^, later; ««/>-»?, fruit;
(;j., fruit bofttttt late; in allusion to the prolonged development of the
embryo.)'''^'
933. H. traski Gibbons.
Males, above dark brown, sides yellowish or olivaceous, with fine
black dots ; throat and belly golden yellow ; females olivaceous, darker
above, with black blotches on skies in irregular transverse bars. Body
oval, compressed ; ventral curve less than that of the back ; head sumll,
profile from snout to occiput concave; mouth small, obli(]ue, maxillary
not reaching orbit ; lateral line following the curve of the back ; dorsal
spines rather high, the fourth to seventh highest ; cheeks with 3 rows
of large scales. Head 3 J ; depth 2. D. XVI, 11; A. Ill, 22; Lat. 1. 40.
Elvers of Central California, locally abundant.
(Gibbous, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 105, 124; Giluther, iv, 251.)
30§.— ABEONA Girard. •
Shiners. • ,
(Girard, Proc. Acid. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 322: typo Abeona trowbridgii GvH. = Ci/ma-
iogaster minimus (iihhons.) ,
Body ovate or oblong, compressed. Head moderate. Mouth small;
the jaws about equal ; lips rather thin, the lower with a narrow frenum;
teeth iu one principal series, besides which are often one or two other
teeth, stout, somewhat compressed, and incisor-like; all or most of the
teeth three-lobed. Gill-rakers very slender and short. Lower pharyn-
geals scarcely concave behind ; the teeth sill large and truncate. Scales
large. Dorsal fin short and high ; the spines robust ; the middle ones
highest and rather higher than the soft rays. Anal fin short and deep,
with strong spines. Vertebrae (in A. minima) 14 + 19. Species of small
size; partly or wholly herbivorous, feeding on sea-weeds. Coloration
variegated. (A coined name without meaning.)
*991. A. minlmia (Gibbons) Gill. >
Color greenish above with bluish reflections, thickly dusted with
black dots; an irregular longitudinal black band along axis cf body,
aud two vertical dark bars downward from base of dorsal fin on wliich
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588 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
tlioy appear as blotches; sides ofteu with much light yellow; axil of
pectorals black. Body oval, compressed, with thick short caudal pe-
duncle and very short head. Protile moderately depressed alto\«' the
eyes. Spinous dorsal rapidly rising to the fifth or sixth spine, thence
gradually descending; spinous dorsal higher than soft part; cheeks
with scales in 2^ series. Head 3^ ; depth 2. D. IX, 14 ; A. Ill, 1(5 ; I,at.
1.45. L. G inches. Pacific coast of United States; common; the small,
est of the family.
(Cymatogaafermimmus Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, IS.'i: Jheoua trow-
hridgii Girard, U. S. Puc. R. R. Surv. Fish, x, 1H6, pi. 34, lig. 6-10 : Ditrema minimum
GUuther, iv, 249.)
923. A. aurora Jordan & Gilbert.
Color bluish-bla(;k above, becoming lighter on' sides and silverj- be-
low. Opercles and lower half of sides punctate with black dots and
shaded with light oninge, the latter more intense on the centres of the
scaK'S and forming a diffuse lateral baud; a broad grayish streak back-
wards from i)ectoriils to opposite origin of anal, this streak without orange
tint and with the margins of the scales dark by aggregation of black
points ; young specimens with the bright lateral shiide more distinct,
and rosy instead of orange; fins marked with more or less blackisli, the
anal with some yellowish ; a conspicuous black triangular blotch in the
axil of the pectoral. liody elongate, with a very long and rather thick
caudal peduncle. Head transversely very convex above, and with a
blunt snout. Mouth small, oblique; maxillary reaching but two-thirds
the distance to front of orbit. Spinous dorsal with the lifth to the ninth
spines highest, and about equal to the longest soft ray. Caudal forked
for nearly half its length. Scales on cheeks in 3 distinct series. Head
4 ; depth 2^. D. IX, 17 ; A. Ill, 20 ; Lat. 1. 45. L. 7 inches. Monterey
Bay. California ; abundant in rock-pools.
(JordaJi & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 299.)
Sltf.-iniCROniETRVS Gibbous.
Sparadas.
(Ctpnatogasicr and BrachyiiitiPH Gill: Metrogaster Agaasiz.)
(Gibbons, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. in Duil.v Placer Times and Transcript, May 30,
18o4: type CymatogaDter aggregatua Gibbous.)
Body elliptical, oblong, compressed. Head conic. Mouth small,
oblique, the lower jaw slightly shorter; lii)s thin, the lower with narrow
frenum or none; teeth small, conical, rather numerous, in one series.
Gill rakers moderate, slender. Scales comparatively large. Dorsal
! I ••- 'T sr
93. EMBIOTOCID^— MICROMETRUS.
589
gpiues rather high, some of the middle ones highest, the ])osteri<)r not
go liifjfh as the soft rays; the soft dorsal shortened. Anal moderate,
with weak spines. Caudal forked. Pharyngeals normal, the teeth uU
conic- Vertebrie (in M. aggrcgatus) 15 4-20; in M. frenatuH 13 -|- 21.
Species of small size and bright eoloratiou. ''•uxpu-^ small; /ier/x/?,
measure, «.«., small size.) - . • .
rt. Lower lip with a freimm. {Brachyistius* Gill.)
926. IW. freiiaCus (Gill) J. & G. .. , . .
Body elongate, compressed, regularly elliptical, with a slender pointed
head and a long caudal peduncle; i)rotile much depressed over the eyes,
the suout projecting. Mouth very small, obliqui', maxillary not reach-
iug orbit. Cheeks with two rows of scales. Dorsal spines very long
and rather strong, the sixth and seventh the longest and a little longer
tlau the soft rays. Caudal rather deeply forked. Gill-rakers slender,
rather long. Color dark olive brown above, each scah with a dark
spot at base, followed by a light mark; below bright light coppery-
red; each scale with a blue spot and dark punctulatious; head colored
like the body; fins all light reddish. Head 3i|; depth 3. D. VllI, 1.5;
A. Ill, 22; Lat. 1. 40. L. 8 inches. Entire Pacific coast of United
States ; locally very abundant.
[BrachyiHtius frenatua Gill, Proc. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18o2, 275: Brachijli^tim fve-
n(i/M8 Jordau & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, o04: Z>i/remo 6r<fi'j/nnneGuutlifr,iv,
248.) • •
921. rW. rosaceus Jordan & Gilbert.
Body oblong-ovate, deepest at the shoulders; the profihi thence to the
oeciputconvex, the occipital and interorbital region considerably depress-
ed; body tapering backwards from the shoulders into a short and slender
caudal peduncle. Head small, thick, the snout blunt. Mouth compara-
tively large, little oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary slightly pass-
ing the vertical from the front of the orbit ; premaxillary anteiiorly on a
level with the inferior niargin of the pupil. Eye very large, its diameter
about onethi:d the length of the head; interorbital region very broad.
Teeth large, conical, truncate at tip, about ^i- ; none on the sides of the
lower jiiw. Scales on the cheeks in three series. Spinous dorsal high.
the tirst spine about two-fifths the length of the highest ; the sixth to tenth
of nearly equal height, and higher than the soft rays. Anal fin with the
base oblique, the spines rather strong, and more or less curved. Caudal
i<
1^
1 !
1!
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 275: ' type Brachyiatius frenatua Gill.
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590 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
fin narrow, forked for more than half its length, the lobes rather pointed
Pectoral fins small, Tiot reaching to the tips of the ventrals. Color -^^e-
red with silvery Instre, darker above; top of heiul orange; a very dis-
tinct chocolate colored spot above the lateral line at the origin of the
soft dorsal fin; another smaller one just below the end of the soft dorsal.
Fins immaculate, tin^^ed with reddish. HeadS^; depth 2J. D. X, is-
A. Ill, 20; scales 0-50-10. L. 8 inches. San Frapcisco, Cal., in deep
water outside the Golden Gate.
{CymutoganUr rosaceua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1880, 303.)
an. Lower lip without frcnuni. (Micrometrua.) ■ ' _
938. m. aggregatOS Gihhon^-^parada ; " Minnow."
Silvery, back dusky ; middle of sides anteriorly with the scales each
with a cluster of dark ijoiuts, these forming a series of longitudinal
stripes, which extend to opposite the base of the anal; these stripes are
interrui)t<'d by ;] vertical light jellow bars, on which are no black specks
in the adult. Adult males in spring almost entirely black. Body
elongate oval, compressed, heaviest at the iiont of the dorsal ; caudal
peduncle short and slender; head short; teeth very small, conical 12-G;
dorsal spines high and rather fecible, rising rapidly to the fifth, thence
slowly descending, th<', last lower than the soft rays. Cheeks with 3
rows of scales. Head 3^ ; depth 2§. D. IX, 20 ; A. Ill, 2;{; scales .'}-
38-11. L. inches. Pacific coast of the United States, everywhere
exceedingly abundant. ,■ ;' . ■
{Cj/matofiasfer aggrcgatus Gibbons, 1. c. May 18, 1854; Gibbons 1. c. May 30, 1854;
Gibbons, Proc. Acail.Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1854, 125 : Ci/matoganter aggregatus Gibbous, Proc,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, lOG : Holconotus rhoiioicrm Girard, U. S. Pac. R. E. Surv.
iish. 193 : JJUrema aggregafitm Giiiif her, iv, '^48.)
310.— AMPI2ISTICHUS Agassiz.
Walleyed Perch.
(Holcoiotus Agassiz: Ennlcldhjs Girard: Cfima>oga8ter* and Hyperpronopon CAhhaw,
nypocritichthys Gill.)
(Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Art.s. 1854, 367 : typo AmpUstichus argcnteua Agassiz.)
P>ody ovate or oblong, strongly compressed. Mouth moderate, oblique
or almost vertical, with slender conical teeth in two series in each jaw,
the onter series longer; lips thin, the lower with or without frenum.
Gill-rakers long or short, slender Jind stiff. Pharyngeals normal. Fins
* The genus Cymatogaslcr Gibbons, as lirat defined by its author, is equivalent to tlio
earlier Eoleonotm of Agassiz. Prior to this, the name C'umafogaster was used by Gib-
Jjous, withont explanation, as the generic name of the group afterwards called by Iiini
MicromeiruH, .- - ■, .
■ Aiitfe
93. EMBIOTOCIDiE — AMPHISTICHUS.
591
opon Giltbons:
not very high, the spines slender. Scales small, GO-76 in the course of
the liitoral line. Species 5, differing considerably in form and appearance,
but aj^reeingin essential characters. («m0«, doable j <f^tx**'i series.)
.,•■ ' '- ,, • -i
• Lower lip without freuum ; gill-rakers nnmerons, loug.
a. Profile depreased or concave over the t^yes ; mouth very oblique, the lower
vr .: jftw projecting ; eye very large.
'■. . h. Anal fin short, its rays about III, 23. (Hypoctitiehthya* Gill.)
989. A. analis (A. Agassiz,) Jor. & Gilb. . /_ ,
Silver^' ; an inky blotch on the middle of the anal fin and a fainter
blotch on the spinous dorsal ; front of anal yellow; fins otherwise plain.
Axil black. Body comparatively elongate, formed much as in Micro
metrus frenatus ; upper anterior profile nearlj' straight, depressed above
the eyes. Saout sharp. Mouth largo, very oblique, the tip of the lower
jaw ou a line with the upper profile of the snout ; maxillary reach-
ing front of orbit. Dorsal spines high and slender, longer than the
soft rays, the middle longest. Anal spines small. Caudal fin short,
not widely forked ; pectorals short and broad, four-fifths the length of
head. Eye, five fourths the length of snout. Head 3^ ; depth 2^. I).
IX, 22 ; A. Ill, 23 ; Lat. 1. 63. L. G inches. San Francisco to Point
Concepcion ; rather rare ; locally abundant at Santa Cruz.
(Hjiiierproaopon atialis Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133: Hypocrit-
ichthys analii Gill, Proc. Acad. Njit. Sci. Phila. 1862, '276: Ditrema anrticGUnther, iv,250.)
b. Anal fin long, its rays about III, "
c. Ventral fins posteriorly black.
{Hyperpro8opon\ Gibbons.)
930. A. arciiatus (Gibbons) J. & G. — Wall-eyed Perch; White Perch.
Bluish black above; sides bright silvery, sometimes faintly barred;
ventrals with a broad terminal bar of black; caudal and anal edged
with blackish. Body ovate, strongly compressed. Interorbital space
rather wide, abruptly depressed at the nape, the profile of the snout
extending forward at a less angle than that of the back. Snout very
short, much shorter than the eye. Maxillary scarcely reaching front
of i)ui)il. Mouth extremely oblique. Eye 2,^ in head, larger than in
any other species. Middle dorsal spines a little higher than the last,
or than the soft rays; anal low. Head 3J; depth 2 J. D. IX, 27; A.
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 276: type Hyperprosopon anali8 A. Ag.
{hoKpiToi, deceiver; IxOvc, fish; its appearance (Micrometrua) belying its affinities
(Holconotus).
tOibbdus, Daily Placer Times and Transcript, May 18, and in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1854, 105: tyi)e HyperproaopoH argeniem Gibbons. {vTtTjp, above; itpodoonov,
face.) -'-r -> .» — -.- ... • - • .,
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592 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
III, 32; Lat. 1. 72. L. 10 iucliea. Coast of California, from Cape Men-
docino southward ; very abundant.
(lIijperproHopon anjenteum Gibbons, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18,54, 105: Hyper,
prompon arcuafum Gibbons, 1. c. 125: Hijperproaopon argcntena and armatus Gill, Proc
Acad. Natl. Sci. PJiila. Irf6i, 27o: Ditremn arcuatUm and Ditrcma megalops Giiuther iv
249: Eiinichthys inegalopa Girard, U. S. Pacilic R. R. Surv. Fisb. i97.)
"x. Ventral fins not black. ' '
931. A. agrassizi (Gill) J. &. G.
Greenish olive above; sides bright silvery; 5or G short blackish ver-
tical bars on the sides, these sometimes obsolete ; a dusky patch above
anal and on the front part of anal fin; caudal reddish, dusky at tip-
ventrals colorless. Body elliptic ovate, the profile nearly straight Aom
the snout to above the occiput, there forming a slight angle, thence
straightish to the base of dorsal ; ventral outline variable, sometimes
strongly arched. Mouth small, vary oblique, the prcmaxillary on the
level of the middle of the pupil, the maxillary scarcely reaching front
of pupil. Eye half longer than the snout. Three rows of scales on
cheek, fcjixth dorsal spine highest, higher than the soft rays; pectorals
falcate. D. IX, 25; A. Ill, 29; Lat 1. 60. L. 8 inches. Coast of Cal-
ifornia; not generally abundant. ' •
(Jlupcrprosopon arcuatus Alex, Agassiz, Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. ISGl, 125 (not of
Gibbons): Hyperjyrosopon agaaaizii Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 276.)
aa, Prolile littli^ depressed above the eyes ; month less oblique, ihe lower jaw not
I)rojecting; eye scarcely longer tbau snout. {Holconotua.*)
9!J2. A. rhodotcras (Agassiz) J. «fc G.
Greeni'^h abcre; sides silvery, profusely covered with spots and
blotches of light orange-brown or coppery red, these mostly in the form
of interrupted vertical bars; caudal, anal, and ventral fins bright red-
dish, without black spots or markings. Body deeper, more elevated,
and Ic!^ compressed than in the preceding species. Profile neaily
straight from snout to dorsal. Mouth oblique, forming an angle of
about 45 degrees; premaxillary on the level of the lower edge of pupil;
maxillary rea'3hing Jast past front of pupil. Gill-rakers fev.er and
stouter than in the preceding species. Head 3^; depth 2. D. IX or
X, 20; A. Ill, 29 J Lat. 1. 65. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; not very
abundant.
( ITokoiioina rhodoterua L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 3(58: HolconotiiH rhodo-
icrna A. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 132: Ennichthya hvcnnantii Girard,
II. S. Pac K. R. Surv. Fish. ."99: Ditrcma rhodotenim Gilnther, iv,250.)
aa. Lower lip with a Ireuum ; gill-raUors few, short. {Amphiatichva.)
"Agassiz, Amer. ,Jour. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367 : type Hokonotua rhodoterua. {6Xnoi, fur-
row; vSiroi, back.)
**.>.? J
«*• 93. EMBIOTOCID^ — HYPSURUS.
593
)\ver jaw not
933. A. argciiteus A^'aseiz.— -SjoZ-y?*?). • , . - : r. , . , - . . , . .^
Silvery; sides with narrow vertical bars of a brassy olive color, alter-
nating with vertical series of spots of similar co^or; flns plain; vertical
fins sometimes edged with dusky. Mouth comparatively large, little
oblique, the premaxillary being below the level of the rather small
eve. Body ovate, the back elevated; ventral outline straightish.
Head l)lunt and deep. Lips rather thin, the lower with a frenum.
Gill-rakers few, rather short, stiff"; lower pharyngeals normal. Caudal
peduncle short and stout. Head 3.^; depth 2^. D. X, 24; A. Ill ?6;
Lat. 1. 65. Vertebra5 13 + 18. L. 1 looc. Coast of California; very
abundant.
(L. Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Sarv. Fish.
201: Ditrema argenteum Giinther, iv, 251: Amphistichua aimiUa Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R.
Sarv. Fish. 203.) •.
311.— HYPSURUS A. Agassiz.
(Alex. Agassiz, Proc. Boat. Soc. Ni,t. Hist. 1861, 133 {nomen nudum): tyj}Q Embiotoca
carji L. Agassiz.)
Body oblong, compressed, moderately elevated, tapering abruptly to
a very slender and short caudal peduncle. Head moderate, rather
acute, lower jaw included. Lips moderate, the lower with a frenum.
Teeth few, conical, blunt, in one series, those of the upper jaw some-
times partly in 2 series. Gill-rakers slender, rather short. Pharyn-
geals normal. Dorsal fin rather low, the spines all lower than the soft
rays. Caudal broad and short, iVidely forked. Anal fin extremely short,
although many rayed, beginning far back, the length of its base being
less than half the distance between its first spine and the root of the
ventrals, the abdomen being therefore extremely long. Scales rather
small. Vertebrje 17 + 20. This genus is distinguished from Ditrema
chiefly hy the great length of the abdominal region. Species of small
size and brilliant coloration, (yi/t, high; oy/>a, tail.)
934« II. caryl (Lonis Agassiz) Alexander Agassiz. — Bugara. •• * ri t: :• ., v ,"-{ *i;
Coloration extremely variegated, olivaceous, with stripes of orange
between the rows of scales; about 13 dusKy orange cross-bars, irregular
in form; eyes reddish, surrounded by a sky-blue band; membranes of
opercles chiefly orange; opercle bluish, spotted with orange; sides of
head with sky-blue spots; lower jaw with orange and blue stripes;
breast and belly with longitudinal stripes of bright orange, alternating
with steel-blue; abdominal furrow orange, edged with blue; pectoral
with an orange crescent at base bordered with light blue; soft dorsal.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 13 38
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594 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
with a black blotch near the front; caudal of a j)eculiar rich orange-
brown, with cross-bars formed of round grayish spots; anal cbiefly
orange tipped with blue, and with a large blackish blotch ; other fins
orange-brown, mottled. Body elliptical, compressed, the ventral outline
comparatively straight. Snout sharp ; premaxillaries on the levei of
the lower margin of pupil. Fourth to sixth dorsal spinea highest*
higher than the soft rays. Pectoral long. Anal very short; its rsivs
slender and crowded; its origin opposite posterior third of dorsal.
Head 3|; depth 2h. D. X, 23; A. Ill, 24; Lat. 1. 71. L. 10 inches.
Coast of California; very common from Santa Barbara to San Fran-
cisco; a beautiful fish, largely used for bait.
{Embiotoca cariji Agassiz, Amor. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1853, 389, aud 1854, 366: Diirena
ca-A/i Gunther, iv, 247.) . - ' - •
312.— DITREMA Schlegel.
Surf -fishes.
(Embiotoca Agv-Sih: Phanei'odon GivnTA: Twniotoca Alex. Agasaiz.)
(Schlegel, Fauna Japon. Poiss. 77, 1850: type Ditrema temmineki Rleeker, from Japan.)
Body^ oblong, comi)res8ed, more or less elevatetl, with the caudal
peduncle robust or rather slender. Head moderate, lower jaw in-
cluded. Lips moderate, the lower with a frenum. Maxillary short, its
whole length slipping under the preorbital. Teeth few, conical, blunt-
ish, in one series. Gillrakers weak, rather short and slender. Pharyn-
geals normal. Caudal flu lunate or forked; anal fin rather long, much
longtr than abdomen, its spines small. Scales small, about CO in the
lateral line. Species 5, differing in external appearance, but alike in
essential characters. The Japanese type of this genus is closely yq-
liLteA to BUrema atripes. (^c/r, two; Tjo^//a, aperture.) t
a. Caudal peduncle stout, the fin not widely forked. (Embiotoca* Agassi/,.)
935. D. laterale (Agassiz) Gthr. — Blue Perch ; Surf-fish.
Color reddiah olive above^ becoming bright orange red below, every-
where thickly dusted with black points; a continuous bright blue strealc
along the edges of each row of scales; streaks of thoracic region formed
by isolated blue spots on the middle of the scales ; head with several
series of blue spots and streaks; fins all olivaceous dusky; veutrals
with some light orange. Body oblong, compressed, with a short and
very high caudal peduncle, the body tapering backward less than usual.
'A^asaiz, Amer. Jouni. Sol. Arts, 1853, 387: typo Embiotoca jackaoni Ag.
life within; rdHoi, offspring.)
{e/j^ioi,
'jv'df-
93. EMBIOTOCID^ DITREMA.
595
, 366: Dilrena
^loutli but little oblique, the maxillary scarcely reacliing orbit. Teeth
8troIl^^ Spinous dorsal very low, the last spine highest, but much
shorter than the wsoft rays; soft dorsal and anal high, D. X or XI, 23;
A. Ill, 31; Lat. 1. 03; Vert. 15+ 19. L. 15 inches. Pacific coast of
the United States; everywhere very abundant.
{Kmh'intoca lateralis Agassi z, Amer. Jonm. Sci. Arts, 1854, 36(5: Tccniotoca lateralii
Ak'x. Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 133: Embiotoca llneata, ornata, aud
pcnpicaltilis Girard, U. S.Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.; Giiutber, iv, "245.)
936. D« jacksoaii (Agassiz) GiiDther.— 5ur/-^8ft; Croakei' ; Black Perch. -^
Brownish, tinged with green, blue, red, or yellowish; sides with about
10 faint vertical dusky bars; belly usually yellowish ; head witl blue
spots; fins dusky, tinged with blue or red; anal in males sometimes
red with a black patch, and the ventrals orange. Colors extremely
variable, the pattern of color not €leflnite. Form ovate, rather thick,
the outlines convex. Mouth rather small. Dorsal spines low, much
lower than the soft rays; caudal peduncle thickish, the fin not widely
forked. Scales on cheeks in 4 series. Head 3^ ; depth 2. D. IX or X,
20; A. Ill, 25; Lat. 1. 58. L. 1 foot. Pacific coast of the United States;
the most abundant of the larger species southward.
{Embiotoca jackaoni Agassiz, Anier. Jouiv. Sci. Arts, 1853, 387, and 1854, 366 : Em-
biotoca jacksoni Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 168; Giinther, iv, 245: Embiotoca
cassidiiawil E. webbi Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 171, 173.)
aa. Caudal peduncle slender, the fin widely forked. (Phanerodon Giranl*)
b. Ventral fins blackish at tip.
- ■♦■ ''■■•■ --. : -
937. D. Citripes Jordan & Gilbert.
Light olivaceous above, pearly below ; scales above the axis of body
each with an orange spot at base, its outer margin tinged with blue,
these forming faint reddish streaks along the rows of scales; aiial with
a dusky spot; ventrals broadly tipped with blackish; caudal not dark-
edged. Body elongate, tapering into a long and slender caudal pedun-
cle. Snout rather projecting. Head small. Mouth small, the maxil-
lary not extending to opposite the eye. Teeth few and small. Eye as
long as snout, 3J in head. Cheeks with 3 rows of scales. Gill-rakers
longer than in related species, and pharyngeals stronger, with the teeth
more nearly paved, Highest dorsal spine shorter than the soft rays.
Pectorals long, reaching tip of ventrals. Caudal lobes equal. Head
3J; depth 2 J. D. X, 23; A. Ill, 29 j Lat. 1. 70. L. 10 inches. Mon-
terey Bay; locally abundant.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1860, 320 ) . ./ ; >
66. Ventral fins colorless.
•Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 153: type Phanerodon furcatua Grd.
(^a^epoS, viBible; o8oov, tooth.)
A*'
..Tr
. ' * ■ »
\li ■.,
«V
'- ,.'
f \:^
. .l^lMi
'WlJilWJSWl''
i;;Jl
■i\
ft :..
hi
u.,;
596 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
93§. D. furcatum (Grd.) Guuther.
Light olivaceous, silvery below, sometimes yellowish; scales with
bright reflections, but no red markings ; usually a round dusky spot
00 the anal; ventrals plain; caudal fin edged behind with dusky; fins
usually yellowish tinged. Body oblong elliptical, compressed, tapering
backward into the long and slender caudal peduncle; mouth small-
teeth rather large, conical; gill-rakors very short and slender; lust
dorsal spine highest, sometimes higher than tlie soft rays, the tin
liigher than in D. atripes; caudal fin strongly lorked, the upper lobe
usually the longer. Head 3|; depth 2^; D. X, 24; A. HI, 32; Lat. 1.
66. L. 1 foot. Coast of California; extremely abundant from Cape
Mendocino southward,
(Pltanerodon furcatua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 163, and iu U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 184; GUutber, iv, 247.)
313.— RHACOCUILIIS Agassiz.
(Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts 1854, 367: typo Bhacochilus toxotes Agassiz.)
Body ovate, compressed, tapering abruptly into a long and robust
caudal peduncle; mouth comparatively large, the lower jaw included;
lips extremely thick, the lower without frenum, its posterior free edge
coarsely lobed; teeth few, small, conical, in one series; gill-rakers
rather long; pharyngeals normal; scales small; dorsal spines low,
l)Osteriorly subequal, much shorter than the soft rays ; caudal deeply
forked ; anal basis elongate, the spines small. Vertebrae 14 + 22.
The genus difi^ers from Bitrema chiefly in the development of the lips.
(/Jaxo?, ragged ; ;f££A«c, lip.) - u
f>39. R. toxotes Agassiz. — Alfione. -' f ^
Olivaceous, with brassy reflections and dusky points ; fins plain ; body
ovate, with elevated back and long, thick caudal peduncle ; head deep,
with prominent snout; mouth wide, oblique; maxillary reaching front
of orbit, slipping under the preorbital ; lips extremely large, with
uneven surface ; teeth strong, wide-set, those in mandible little devel-
oped ; eye large. Soft dorsal considerably elevated, much higher than
spinous portion; pectorals rnd ventrals long; caudal short, deeply
forked, the upper lobe the longer. Head 3f ; depth 2|. D. X, 23; A.
Ill, 30; Lat. 1. 76. L. 18 inches. The largest and least handsome
of the family, and the one of most value as food. Coast of California;
rather common.
(Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, 367; Girard, U. 8. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 188:
Dilrema toxotes Giiuthor, iv, 247.)
,M'
94. LABEID.E.
597
iu U. S. Pac.
314.— DAIVIALICIITHYS Girard.
(Girard, Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 321 : type Damalichthys racca Girard.)
Body ovate, compressed, with long caudal peduncle. Head rather
large. Mouth moderate, the lower jaw included. Lips full, the lower
with a frenum. Teeth very few, short, conical, bluntish, in one series.
Gill-rakers short and slender. Lower pharyngeal very large, convex
behind in outline, with the latend horns very short and thick. Anterior
tooth-bearing area on the plane of the bone; posterior area inclined
backward, forming a steep angle with the anterior part ; teeth on an-
terior part low, truncate, hexagonal, tessell ited ; on posterior part ovate,
flattened, imbricated, and turned forward so that the posterior side forms
the grinding edge. Scales rather small. Dorsal spines low, much
shorter than the soft rays. Anal fin long, with small spines. Vertebra}
13 -f 21. Species of large size, plainly colored, externally resembling
Bitrema, but singularly distinguished from all the other members of
the family by the peculiar pharyngeals, (^a'/ia^t?, calf; ixOuq, fish ; in
allusion to its viviparity.)
- ' . , ,. >
940. D. arg^yrosomus (Girard) J. & G. — White Perch ; Poryee.
Color soiled white, with silvery lustre; three or four obscure dusky
bars, most distinct iu the young; fins nearly plain, dusky. Form
broaill> elliptical, the dorsal curve regular; caudal peduncle rather
slender. Head not blunt; premaxillary just below the level of the
pupil, the maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye. Lips thickish, even.
Cheeks with 3 or 4 rows of scales. Gill-rakers not \ so long as the
large eye, which is longer than snout. Teeth very few, short and blunt.
Dorsal spines stoutish, the last one highest, half the height of the soft
rays. Caudal deeply iorked, the upper lobe the longer. Pectoral long.
Head 3^; depth 2 J. D. X, 23; A, III, 29; Lat. 1. G3. L. 15 inches.
Pacific coast of United States, north to Vancouver's Island; very abun-
dant northward. . . , "^
{Embiotoca argijronoma Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, 130, and in U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish, 180: Damalkhthya vacca Gir.ard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855,
321, aud in U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish. 182 : Ditrema vacca Giintlier, iv, a46.)
,»5
Family XCIV.— LABRID^.
{The Wrasse-fishes.)
Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales; lateral line
coutinuous or interrupted, often angularly bent. Mouth moderate,
* «
.'.-*)-
•<■".
t ,
■■:■■■''
i 'I
\ H .•
i ■
ii ^
if
!i!-
l^'V
I!.' I
598 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
terinmal; preinaxillaries protractile; inaxillaries without supplemental
boue, slipping under the membranaceous edge of preorbital; the anterior
teeth in the jaws usually very strong ; teeth of the jaws separate or
more or less soldered together, sometimes forming a continuous plate-
no teeth on vomer or palatines ; lower pharyngeals completely united
into one bone, without median suture. Lips thick, longitudinally ])li.
cate. Nostrils round, with two openings on each side. Dorsal tin con-
tinuous, the spinous portion long ; anal similar to soft dorsal, usually
with two or three spines. Ventrals thoracic, I, 5. Branchiostegals
5-3. PseudobranchifB present. Gills 3J ; the slit behind the last arch
small or obsolete; the gill-membranes somewhat connected, often joined
to the narrow isthmus. Air-bladder present. Ko i)ylor\c ca3ca. Genera
65, si)ecies 450, chiefly of the tropical seas. Mauy of them are brilliantly
colored, and some are valued as food-fish. Most of them feed upon niol-
lusks, the dentition being adapted for cri;ahing shells. The group has
been much subdivided, and many of the current genera are distinguished
by characters of little importance.
(£abnV7a; GUnthor, iv, 65-244.)
a. Teeth iii jaws distinct; pbaryugcal tet'tlinot conflaeut; anal spines 3.
b. Dorsal fin with 15-20 spines ; teeth all conical ; no posterior canines ; lateral line
continuous. (Labrina:)
e, Preoperclo serrate; cheeks and opercles scaly; te3th in a band, the outer en-
• larged Ctenolabkus, 315.
cc. Preopercle entire ; cheeks scaly; opercles naked ; teeth in about. two stiries.
Tautoga, 316.
• ceo. Preopercle entire ; cheeks and opercles scaly j teeth in a single series.
LACHNOLiEMUS, 317.
ib. Dorsal flu with 8-13 spines. {Julidinai.)
d. Lateral line continuous. :^ ■ , V,
e. Cheeks and opercles scaly ; dorsal spines 12; posterior canines present.
Haki'e, 318.
ee. Cheeks and opercles naked or very nearly so; dorsal spines 9.
/. Posterior canines well developed Platyglossus, 319.
//. Posterior canines obsolete Pseudojulis. 320.
dd. Lateral line interrupted; head naked, its upper edge usually trenchant.
Xyrichthys, 321.
aa. Teeth in jaws confluent; pharyngeal teeth pavement-like ; anal spines 2; scales
large. {Scarinw.)
g. Teeth partly separate, the anterior distinct; dorsal spines flexible.
; '■ ' Caixiodon, 322.
gj/. Teeth soldered together, forming a plate like the jaw of Tetrodon;
each jaw divided on the median line ; dorsal spines flexible ; scales
on cheeks in two or more rows Hemistoma, 323.
, I. ... - ... ...
.■L_i..i4ii^l
s; lateral line
''j^^i'Xi,.
94 LABRID^ — TAUTOGA.
599
SlSr— CTElYOliABRljS Cuvier &, Valenciennes.
':'-:;/:■''■ />.-'* Gunners. -',•'" ^ ' " ;.
(Cnv. ct Val. Hist. Nat. Polsa. xiii, 223, 1839: type Labrtia rupeatris L, of Europe.)
Body oblong, not elevated, comparatively slender and compressed.
Head lucderate, more or less pointed. Teeth in the jaws in several
series, the outermost very strong; the teeth unequal, conical, and
pointed; no posterior canines. Cheeks with small scales; opercle.s
witb large ones. Preopercle with the vertical limb finely serrated.
Branch iostegals o. Gill-membranes considerablj' united, free from the
isthmus; gill-rakers short. Scales moderate, 35-50 in the lateral line;
lateral line continuous, abruptly bent opposite posterior part of second
dorsal. Dorsal long and low, the spinous portion much longer than the
soft, of 10-18 low, subequal, rather strong spines; soft dorsal slightly
elevated ; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with three strong graduated
spines ; caudal truncate ; pectorals short, the ventrals inserted behind
their axils, (z-st-r, zrevw-, a comb; LabruSj c related genus, from the
Latin /flftntw, lip.) r • ^ . v ; • '\''': ^i^'^^ "i:-'^ ■'\/, ■■::'■..■■ ''■:.<^').'ry,''^- '
a. Interopercle naked . {Tautogolab. as GUnthor,*)
941. C adspcrsus (Walb.) Goode. — dinner; Chogaet; Blue Perch.
Brownish blue, with more or less of a brassy lustre; colors variable;
younj; variegated and with a black blotch on the dorsal fin. Eye mode-
rate, broader than preorbital, 4^ in head. Head 3 J in length; depth 3.
D. XVIII, 10; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 45. L. 12 inches. Newfoundland to
Cape Hatteras; common northward, about rocks.
(Labrm adsperans Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 254; Ctenolabrua burgall GUutber, iv,
90: Ctenolabrus cwrulem Storer, Hist. Fish Mass. 234.) \ .
.«^.
316.— TAlJirOGA Mitchill.
Tautogs.
(Mitchill, Report Fish New York, 1814, 23: type Lah'm tautoga Miteliill=rau<o/jia
niyi a Mitchill = Labnia onitiaLi.) ^ , , .; , , £•■ •
Body oblong, not elevated nor greatly compressed. Head large,
nearly as deep as long, with a convex profile. Mouth rather small.
Teeth very strong, conical, in two series; the outer somewhat incisor-
like; the two anterior teeth in each jaw strong; the posterior teeth
small, without canines. Eye small, high up. Cheeks with small scales.
•GUuflier, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 90: type Labrua burgall Bloch and Schneider:
[Tautoga; Labrua.]
<*v
» 'I
t
600
m
I
U-'i
CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
Operclea naked, except above. Scales on body rather small, in about no
transverse series, those on ventral region reduce«l in size. Latvial lin,.
continuous, abruptly decurved opposite the end of the soft dorsal
Dorsal fin long, low, continuous, the si)inous part much tiie loM.r(.,.
with about IG low, strong, aubequal spines, each with a small cuta
ueous appendage at tij); soft dorsal higher tiian sjjinous; anal similar
to soft dorsal, with three stout, graduated spines; i)e(;toials broad and
rather short; caudal short, truncate, with rounded angles; the soft
parts of the vertical fins with the membranes somewhat scaly; vcntrals
conspicuously behind pectorals. IJranchiostegals 5. Gill-rakers very
short and feeble; gill-membranes somewhat connecte<l, free from the
isthmus. A single species known. (A lalinization of the veruacular
name "Tautog," which is of Indian origin.)
9^2.T.onitis(L.)GihT.—Tautog;niack-fi8h;Oyiiter-ft8h.
Blackish; young greenish, with about three pairs of irregular chain-
like bars, the sides sometimes reticulated; chin white. Pectorals short
rounded, not reaching the tips of the short ventrals. Head li^ in lcnj,'tli •
depth 3, D. XVI, 10; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. GO. Maine to South Carolina;
a common food-fish. , . ; .
(Labnis onitis Linn. Syst. Nat.; Gflnthcr, iv, 88: Taitloga amerlcana Storer, Hist.
Fish. Mass. 27G.)
SIT.— LACHWOLiEMLUS Cnvior «fe Valenciennes..
Hog-JUhes.
(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 274, 1839: typo Lachnolamm aigiila C. & V.=
Lahrua faloatua h.) , .,
Body strongly compressed, the back sharp and elevated, the profde
long and steep. Snout sharp. Mouth low, horizontal, the jaws narrow;
premaxillary slipping under the membranaceous edge of the very broad
])reorbital, which is twice the depth of the eye. Teeth in front prom
inent, canine-like, in a single series; no posterior canines. Cheeks and
opercles with imbricate scales. Scales of moderate size, thin, adherent.
Latenil line complete. Dorsal with fourteen spines, the first three
strong, falcate, produced in long streamers in the adult, the mem-
branes between these spines very low, the filamentous tips longer than
the head; other spines all low, gradually shorter to the eleventh; sec-
ond dorsal and anal much produced ; caudal lobes fiilcate; third anal
spine strong ; pectorals and ventrals short. One species known, {f^dptj^
velvety; Xatfibq^ throat, the pharyngeal bones being only partly provided
with teeth, and the rest of their surface covered with a velvety mem-
brane.)
J».
94. LABRIDiE — IIARPE.
GOl
ia Storer, Hist.
gida C. & V.=
943. L. falcnius (L.) C. & X.—Hog-fiali; Aigrette; Capitainr.
Ch'wily red; a jet black spot UHiially present at base of soft dorsal;
ventrals dusky; cheeks with 4 rows of scales. Ventrals reachiiijj be-
yond lips of pectorals. Head 3; depth 2^; scales 8-40-11); vert. 12-f
17. L. 14 inches. West Indies, north to Florida; abundant. An ex-
cellent food-flsh; varies much with age.
[LahruH falcalus L. Syst. Nat, i, 475: Lachnohemim falcatiin, nUjula, dux, »««//««,
caninuK, iiiid ptiittucu» C. & V. xiii, 277-291; (JiintluT, iv, b7; Gooilo, Bull. U. 8. Nat.
Mus. V, 3(), lt7().)
31§.— HARPE Lac<?pMe.
..?' Lady-JinhcH, ' .
(C088I//''""' Cuv. & Vttl.; preoccnpied : 2'rocAocop«« Gllnthor: Pimelometopon GiW.)
(LacdjH'^do, Hist. Nnf Poles, iv, 426, 1802: type Uarpe cariilco-aiireHs hac. =^ Labnia
ri(fuH L.)
Body oblong, moderately coini)re8sed, covered with lirm scales of vary-
ing size, 25 to GO in the course of the lateral lin(i, which is continuous.
Uead rather pointed in the young, becoming very deep and convex iu
the adult from the development of the adipose tissue on the top of the
head. Opercle, subopercle, interopercle, and cheeks scaly, i)reopercle
naked; preopercle minutely serrulate or entire. Jaws each with four
strong, conical, somewhat com])ressed canines in front, the lateral teeth
similar, but much smaller, coalescent at base with each other, and with
small granular teeth, so that the surface of tlie jaws is bony; ui)per
jaw with strong posterior canines, directed forwards. Dorsal fin with
about twelve low si>iues, its soft portion scaly at nase or naked ; anal
with three spines, the spines rather strong ; lobes of soft dorsal, anal and
caudal more or less produced in the adult; ventrals inserted directly
below pectorals. Gill-membranes slightly (ionnected. Coarse, brightly-
colored fishes, inhabiting tropical seas. (a/7;:ij, scythe; m allusion to the
Mcate tins.) . f. . » . . ..
a. Base of dorsal scaly ; scales rather large; vertical fins with falcate lobes. (Harpe.)
Mi. n»rnia.(Ij.) CAM.— Lady-flah; Doncella.
Head and upper half of body anteriorly rich chestnut brown; re-
mainder, including lower half of operculum, bright golden yellow.
Snout pointed, its length more than one-third that of the head. Head
longer than high. Upper lip thick, with conspicuous folds; preoper-
culum denticulate. Two outer ventral rays and lobes of soft dorsal,
anal and caudal much produced ; the long rays of the dorsal and anal
extending to the middle of the median caudal rays, the outer caudal
'i.
G02 COXTRiailTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITITYOLOGY — ly.
rays twice as long as the mcdiuii. {Oootle.) D. XII, 10; A. Ill 11 •
scales 5-32-13. West Indies, nortb to Florida Keys.
{I.ahru8 riiJ'uH L. Syst. Nat. i, 284: CoHnyphun ru/us GUnther, iv, 108; (iili, i»r„p
Aciul, Nat. Soi. Phila. 1H<>:<, iJlK ; G«m)«1<«, IJull. U. H. Na i,. Muh. v, ;n : Cmmiphm iLdianu
Ctiv. i& Val. xii, 103: Jiodianua rufus I'uey, Kop. Via. Nat. Cul>a, ii, 331.)
au. Bas<> of (Idrsal not scaly; acnles rather Hniall; vortical iius littlo pnnluced. (I'inif.
lomelopon" Gill.)
915. II. pulclira (Ayro.s) J. & O.—licd-Jiah; Fat-head.
Males with the bead, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, and the posterior
part of the botly, as far as the vent, purplish black; middle part of the
body, pectoral fin, middle of caudal, and i)osterior edjje of dorsal rwl
varying in tint from clear crimson to blackish, with coppery or i)iu plJNli
lustre; region about shoulder-girdle reddest; lower Jaw in both sexps
abruptly and entirely white; females dusky rose-colored, with the bhick
areas ill. defined or obsolete. Forehead in the iKlult with a very prom
inent fatty hump. Gill-rjikers short, thickish. Caudal fin truncate, the
lobes in the adult produced and i)ointed. Scales on breast small; pre-
opercle serrulate in young. Head 3J; depth 3. I). XII, 10; A. Ill,
12; Lat. 1. 02. L. 30 inches. Coast of California, from Point Con-
cepcion southwards; very abundant. Dried in immense numbers by
the Chinese.
(Lahrua pulchcr Ayres, Proc. Cal. Aca<l. Nat. Sci. i, 3, 1854: SemicosHyphuit pulcher
Giiutbor, iv, 99; Pimclometopon pulcher Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhilu. 1864,59.)
319.— PLiATYOLOSSUS Bleeker.
I
Doncellas. '
(^aZic/jores Riippell, preoccapied: Chwrojulia Gill.)
(Kleiu; Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc.^Lond. 18fil, 411: typo Ju?i8 avvularis C. «fc V.)
Body oblong, compressed, not elevated, covered with large scales,
there being 25-30 in the course of the lateral line, which is not inter-
rupted, but abruptly bent posteriorly. Scales on breast rather smaller.
Head naked, compressed, conic. Preopercle entire. Teeth large, each
jaw with two to four canines in front, none of them bent backwards; a
posterior canine tooth directed forwards on each sidci of the upper jaw.
Dorsal spines nine; anal spines three, graduated; ventrals inserted
under axil of pectoral. Gill-rakers short and feeble ; gill-membranes
slightly joined to a narrow isthmus. Species numerous, brilliantly col-
ored, abounding in kelp in the tropical seas. {nXaru^j broad ; y^wcffa,
tongue; an old name without evident application )
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 58: type Lahrua pulcher Ayres. {n^ieXoi,
fat; yueroffo)', forehead. ) „
W rli-
roducotl. (/'inif.
)ackwar(ls; a
94. LABRIDiE — PLATYGLOSSUS.
603
046. P« radlntus (L.) J. & G.—Blue Jlnh ; lUmwUa.
Adult brilliiint iizureblue, each hcuIo ed^ed witli brif^ht jxiurly green;
A lon;;iliidinal blue band on anal; margin of dorsal light bine; yonng
^"cijanostujma") brownish, a light-bine spot on the base of each scale;
lioiid with spots and stripes of bright bine; dorsal with 4 lines of stripes
iiiid blotches and ri broad edge of bine; candal with a broad wiiitc; nnir-
irjn, the onter rays blue, the base of the fin si)otted wllh bine; anal with
lionler and two longitudinal stripes of bhu', besides a blue spot at tho
bast! of each ray; i)ectoral with first A rays and a tranHverse line blue.
Head 1 ; depth .'J. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 2-28-10. L. 10 inches.
West Indies, north to Key West.
iSparim i'(t(liatii» liiiiiiiiMiH, Kynt. Nut, xii, 47'2, 17(5f): JiiUh cynnoHliiima, inineipit*, aiirt
mtiitiix Ciiv. & Viil. xiii, :U)1-:K)H: J'latiifilomnH ci/anoHliiimn riiiiitluM'. iv, 1(51: I'laty-
iflonm imnciim ii'\ini\\{iv, iv, 1G4: Charojal'iH radiatuH iiiwAi'i, Bull. U. S. Nut. Muh. v,
35.)
917. P. Krandisquaniis ((iill) •!■ & G.
Color, in spirits, dark chestnut or brownish red ; a very dark vertical
spot bordered by steel-blue, behind the opercle; aiial tin faintly barred;
caudal marbled, and with a marginal dark batid. Body rather short
and stout. Profile slightly convex. Maxillary nearly reaching front of
orbit. Dorsal spines short, rather stiff. (3audal fin subtruncated. Head
3i; depth \^. D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 1. 27. Beaufort, N. C.
{Charojul'm tjmndisquamia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Pbila. 18G3, 206.)
9I§. P. Iiiimeralis (Poey) Gthr
A black spot, edged with pearl color i)osteriorly, on the extremity of
the operculum ; a brown band from the snout through the eye and the
opercular spot across the bend of the lateral line to the base of the
caudal; a second from below the axil along the side of the belly; a
bluish streak, edged with darker, from the eye obliquely upward and
backward, meeting its fellow on the nape; base of pectoral whitish,
without black spot ; caudal truncate, with blue angles. A black band
aloDg the middle of the dorsal fin is described by Dr. Giinther, but is
wanting iu the specimens seen by us. Head 3^ ; depth 3^. D. IX, 11;
A. Ill, 11; scales 2-20-10. Coast of Cuba, north to Florida. > ' '
{JuJk humeralia Poey, Mem, Cuba, ii, 212, IS.'JS; Giinthor, iv, 1G5: ChwrojitliH hiimeralia
Goode&Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1879, 338.) .•./.-' .^.
919. P. scmicinclus (Ayres) Giinther.— iTcZ/j-yisft. ' ■•.'■':.;■■ .r-. •■^:':' ':-■■-■■ :
Dark greenish brown, with bright reflections; head bronze-green
above; three or four narrow, horizontal, wavy blue bauds below the
i »i imki§sA
i »
'! .
J?' r»;i
■i; ..;
604 CONTRIBUTIONS 10 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — jy.
eye, altornating witli bronze. Just above middle of body, close behind
the pectorals, in the males, is a deep indigo-blue cross band, whicli
nearly meets its fellow under the belly. Pectorals yellow, upper ed^e
of axil black; ventrals cream-color, each reaching beyond the posterior
edge of the blue cross-band ; other fins with horizontal, wavy, reddish
streaks; female without blue band, but with irregular ink-like spots on
numerous scales on the back and tail. Body oblong, compressed, rather
elevated at the nape. Lips thick, the lower with a frenum. Toeth in
about two series; three or four of the anterior in each jaw, canine like.
Eye small. Dorsal spines slender, low, and flexible. Scales on breast
small. Head 3 J ; depth 3 J. D IX, 12; A. Ill, 12; Lat. 1.28. Pacific
coast, north to Point Concepcion, not rare southward.
(Julia aemicinctu8 Ayres, Proc. Cnl. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 32; GUnther, iv, ICl; Stein-
dacliBcr, Ichtbyol. Boitragej v, 151, 1^7').)
320.— PSElJDOJrrLIS Bleeker.
Senoritas. ^v
(Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 412 : type Julis girardi Bleeker.)
This genus differs from Platyglossus only in the lack of development
of the posterior canines, which are either wanting altogether or reduced
to a slight rudiment. (v''ey5«>?, false; touXo,<:^ Julis, an allied genus.)
a. Dorsal spiuea very sleudor and flexible. (QxyjuUs* Gill. ) '
950. P. niodcsius (Grd.) Gih\ .—Senorita ; Peace Bey,
Olive-brown, the scales each with orange-brown in the centre; cream-
color below; sides of head v/itli alternating horizontal streaks of bluish
and brown; a dark blue spot at base of pectoral above; membrane of
base of spinous dorsal largely indigo blue; a large inky blotch at base
of caudal, covering one-third the tn; fins otherwise light brown. IjocIv
elongate, the back not elevated, the head slender and sharp. A smill
posterio'^caniue sometimes present on onj side, usually entirely wanting.
Fins low; ventrals short; caudal truncate; spines weak and slcodw;
pectorals reaching beyond tips of ventrals. Head 4; depth 4J. I).
IX, 13; A. Ill, 13; Lat. 1. 28. L. 7 inches. Pacific coast; abundant
southvvafd. A graceful little fish,
(Ju7J8 modestus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv Fish. 1858, 16:j; GUiitlior, iv, KW: Oxj(-
julis modestus Gil], Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 142.)
'Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 142: type Julis modestus Ayres.
94. LABRID^ — XYRICHTHYS.
605
391.— XYRICHTHYS Cu'-iet & Valenciennes.
Razor-fishes. , „ , . , ,.
''Am
r, iv, 161 ; Stein-
(Cnv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiv, 33, 1839: type Coryphcena novacula L.)
Body oblong, compressed, deepest behind the occiput, thence tapering
backward. Head very short and deep; the profile almost vertical; the
upper and anterior outlines compressed to an edge, at least in typical
siiecics. Preorbital very deep. Eyes high, near the top of the head.
Mouth small, low. No posterior canines. Cheeks and opercles naked,
or with ouly a few very sr.iail scales below the eye. Scales large, with
inenihranaceous edges; less than thirty in a longitudinal aeries; lateral
line interrupted behind, commencing again lower down on the caudal
j)e(lnncle. Dorsal fin continuous, with nine spines. Colors brilliant.
Tropical seas, (cw/'ov, razor; r/Oui;, iiah.)
951. X. vcrmlculaf us Poey. . .
Head greenish, tinged with orange on the side; seven or eight blue
stripes a ion g the cheeks; three on the opercles; body brownish, paler
below; each scale with a blue vertical band and sometimes some blue
spots; toward the end of the pectoral is a broad violet band on the
sides; dorsal and anal carmine red with blue vertical lines, paler on the
front of the dorsal; caudal blue, with vermiliim bands; pectorals white;
ventrals rosy. Head very short, deeper than long, the front compressed,
sharp, almost vertical. Preorbital very deep, its depth half the length
of the head. Eye small, placed very high, its distance from the profile
sarcely greater than its diameter; four small scales below the eye.
Two canines in front of each jaw. Dorsal spines low, flexible ; ven-
trals rather long; pectorals short. Head 4; depth 3i. D. IX, 12; A.
lir, 11; scales 2-27-8. West Indies, north to Key West, Fla.; very
similar to the European X. novacula (L.) Cuv. & Val., if not identical
with it.
(Poey Memoriaa Cuba, li, 215, 1858.) ^> .'/v',:"'^ t. .ivMr-.)'" iv'- ■ ;''";••'. ' ■_.
952. X. lincatus Cuv. & Val.—Razor-flah. ' ' .
Kose red; a large oblong blotch on each sitie of the belly, below the
pectorals; narrow lines descend from these blotches, meeting on tae
belly. The two anterior dorsal spines flexible, not produced. Outer
ventral ray prolonged, not reaching vent. D. IX, 12; A. Ill, 12; Lat.
1.25. {Oilnther.) West Indies; occasional on our Southern coasts.
(Cuvier & Valenclenuea, xiv, 50, 1839: Novacula Uneata GUnther, iv, 171.)
i1
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606 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
333.-CALLIODON Gronow.
(Gronow; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 312: type Callioilon Uneatua Bloch&
Schneider. )
Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with large scales.
Lateral line complete, its branching tubes covering the surface of its
scales. Teeth at base coalescent with the bony jaw, the tips free* no
median division in either jaw; upper jaw with canine-like teeth in front-
posterior canines present; lower pharyngeal bone large, broader tban
long; the teeth coalescing, forming a pavement. One row of lar^e
scales on the cheek. Dorsal spines flexible: D. IX, 9 or 10; A. II 8-
scales about 2-24-C. Tropical seas, {xakdr;, beautiful; Sdw-.^ tootli.)
953. C. nstus Cuv. «fe Val. ,ii.-'.<::^-:^,::^-
Eeddish in spirits, nearly plain, a black spot behind the first dorsal
spine. Body moderately elongated, compressed. Head rather pointed.
Upper jaw with G canines in front, free at their tips, coalescent below
no smaller teeth behind these; posterior canine well developed, directed
outward and partly backward; between the anterior and posterior
canines a series of small teeth behind the sharp edge of the bone.
Lower jaw with a series of close-set, even, bluntish teeth, coalescing
below; upper lip double for its whole length, covering all of the upper
jaw except the tips of the teeth. Opercles with tw- rows of scales,
larger than those on the cheeks. Dorsal spines moderately high, very
slender; pectoral short, rounded; caudal truncate. D. iX, 9; A. II, 8;
scales 1^-24-6. West Indies, occasional northward. Tbis description
taken from a specimen obtained at Charleston by Mr. R. E. Earll.
(Cu7. & Val. xiv, 28a, 1839; Gunther, iv, 214.)
8a8.-HEl?IISTO]»IA Swainson. -
'*, ; vs, ^ Psciidoscarua meeker. • *'* u :;{;■ f;
(Swainson. Class'n. Auim. ii, 1839, 2"2G: type Scania pepo Bennett.) •!?'»!.;';
Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with very large scales.
Lateral line continuous. Lower jaw included; teeth in each jaw sol-
dered together, forming a continuous plate, divided by a median suture
as in Tetrodon; the separate teeth traceable by serrations on the edge
and by reticulated markings on the anterior surface; none of them
exserted ; posterior canines small or wanting ; lower pharyngeal very
large, longer than broad, the teeth paved. Scales on the cheek in
more than one series. Dorsal spines flexible ; dorsal IX, 10, or X, 9;
93. CICHLID^.
607
anal II, 8, or 9. About 24 scales ic the lateral line. Tropical seas.
Large fishes of the tropical seas, brilliantly colored, little valued as food.
Many species occur in the West Indies, anj of which may be found about
the Florida Keys. The closely related genus Scams ForskM, distin-
guished chiefly by the still' spines of the dorsal fin, occurs in the same
waters, and several of its species may be looked for on our coast. {fj/Uj
half; (TTo/ia, month ; the jaws divided.)
951. H. guncamaia (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.
Brownish, the jaws and naked parts of the head green; fins dark, the
margin of the dorsal, anal, and ventrals green. Upper lip thick, cov-
ering more than half of the plate of the jaw; lower lip lull; no poste-
rior canine teeth. A single scale on the lower limb of the preopercle,
besides the two series o^ scales on the cheek; opercle with two rows of
scales; top of head scaled forwards to the eyes. Eye small, about mid-
way in head. Dorsal fin not emarginate ; anal spines long and flexible ;
caudal shortish, double truncate; pectorals short. Lateral line ab-
ruptly decurved posteriorly. Head 3; depth 3. D. X, 9; A. II, 9;
Lat. 1. 23. West Indies, north to Key West, Fla.
{Searua guacamaia Cuv. & Val. xiv, 178, 1839: Paeudoeoarns guacamaia Giiuther, iv,
J • " Family XCV.— CICHLID^. ^ - ^ '^ '
{The Cichlids.)
Freshwater Labroids. Body elevated, oblong or elongate, covered
with moderate-sized scales, which are usually ctenoid. Lateral line in-
terrupted, usually ceasing opposite the posterior part of tbe dorsal, and
then recommencing lower down on the caudal peduncle. Mouth vary-
ing in size, terminal, the jaws with rather small teeth, which are usually
conical, but sometimes lobate or incisor-like ; no teeth on vomer or pal-
atines. Nostril single on each side. Premaxillaries freely protractile;
maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital. Gill-rakers vrrious; gill-
membranes often connected. Dorsal fin single, with the spinous por-
tion well developed, usually rather longer than the soft portior ; anal
fin with 3 or more spines, the soft part similar to the soft dorsal;
ventral fins thoracic, I, 5. Lower pharyngeal bones united into a
triangular piece, with a median suture. Branchiostegals 5 or C; no
pseudobranchiflB. Gills 4; a slit behind the fourth. Air-bladder pres-
ent. A large family of fresh-water fishes of moderate or small size,
representing, as to form, size, appearance, and habits, and even as to
many details of structure, in the waters of South America, the Cm-
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608 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
trarcliidce of the United States. Genera about 25; species about 320
inhabiting the rivers of Africa and tropical America; the genus Ueroi
extending into the limits of the United States. Those with lobate
teeth are herbivorous, the rest carnivorous.
{Chromidea Gunther, iv, 2(54-316.)
'.Spinous part of doidal longer tliau the soft; gill-rakers short and thick; teeth con-
ical; body ovate or oblong, covered with ctenoid scales; anal spines 5 or
more; mouth rather small Heros, 327.
■>'-':,.;;: i;'''^^-;-'-/^ :-•',■ V-,; 394.— HEBOS Heckel. - :^ v
' * , (flej'tc^iftys Baird & Girard.)
(Heckel, Brazil, Fluss-fischo,- Ann. Wien.Mus. 11,362,1840: type Heros aevemsKackcl.)
Body oblong, compressed, somewhat elevated, the form Centrarchoid.
Head rather large, scaly on the cheeks and opercles; preopercle entire.
Mouth rather small, terminal, low, the jaws equal; maxillary small ;
preorbital deep ; jaws with a single series of rather stout conical teeth,
behind which, in front, is a narrow band of \ illiform teeth. Gill-mem-
branes slightly connected, free from the isthmus; gill rakers short and
thick. Scales rather large, ctenoid; the lateral line interrupted and
beginning again below, as usual in this family. Dorsal fin coulinuous,
the spinous part much longer than the soft part, of about 17 rather low
but strojig spines; soft rays much higher than spines; anal fin similar
to soft dorsal but shorter, its spinous part also longer than the soft, of
about C spines; caudal fin subtruncate, with rounded angles. Species
very numerous in Central and South America, {i'ifx^^, hero; the appli-
cation not evident.)
955. H. cyanoiruttnrns (B. & G.) Gthr.
Browni»;h, body and soft parts of vertical fins everywhere with small
blue spots ; sometimes a black spot on middle of spinous dorsal, with
another one below it on the back ; a black blotch at base of caudal.
Body oval, moderately compressed ; profile gently curved ; interorbltal
region slightly depressed; eyes small, situated rather backward and
high up ; mouth small, maxillary not reaching orbit ; six rows of scales
on cheek ; fins high. Head 3^ ; depth 2^. D. XVII, 10 ; A. VI, 8. Lat. 1.
25. Rivers of Texas and Mexico.
(Herichthys cyanoguttatua B. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 25, 1854: GUnther,
iv, 290.)
1854: GUnther,
96. POMACENTRID^ — POMACENTRUS. 609
Family XCVL— POMACENTRID^E.
{The Pomacentroids.)
Labroid fishes with the body short, deep, compressed, covered with
ctenoid scales ; lateral Hue wanting posteriorly ; mouth moderate, usu-
ally with rather strong teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; nostril
single on each side,* nearly round ; preopercle with its posterior edge
largely free; dorsal fin single, with the spinous portion longer than the
soft, which is similar to the soft anal; anal spines 2; ventral fins tho-
racic, I, 5, the anterior rays longest. Lower pharyngeals fully united ;
brancliiostegals 5-7; gills 3^; slit behind the last gill very small or ob-
solete; no labyrinthiform appendage ; air-bladder and pseudobrauchia;
present; gill-raenibranes free from the isthmus. Vertebne 12+14.
Fishes of the tropical seas, simdar in mode of life to the Chaitodontida\
feeding on small marine animals and plants in the coral reefs. Genera
10 ; species about 160.
(Pomacenfriffa' GUnther, iv, 2-64.)
a. Teeth incisor-like, fixed, in one series Pomacentrus, 325.
flo. Teeth conical, in 2 or more series Chkomis, 326.
83S.— POMACENTRUS Lacdpede. .. - ' 'v ■
Demoiselles. -S ' >' ";
{Glyphidodon Lac: Hi/pnypopa, Pomataprioriy and Eunchiatodua Gill.) ; .,,
(Lac^p^de, Hiot. Nat. Poiss. iv, 50S, 1802: type Chaitodon pavo Bloch.)
Body ovate, deep and compressed ; the profile steep. Head moderate,
nearly as deep as long, almost everywhere scaly. Mouth quite small,
terminal; the jaws equal; both jaws armed with a single series of com-
pressed teeth, notched or not, immovable. Gill-rakers long; preop-
ercle entire, or more or less serrate; preorbital serrate or entire.
Scales large, strongly ctenoid, the lateral line running parallel with
the back to near the end of the dorsal fin, at which point it ceases.
Dorsal fin continuous, with 12 or 13 low stout spines; the soft part
more or less elevated, its last rays gradually shortened; anal fin siir-
ilar to soft dorsal, with two spines, of which the second is much the
larger; dorsal spines with a sheath of large scales, the membrjmes of
both dorsal and anal covered high up with small scales; caudal flu
*Ab in the Cichlidw. All other Acanthopto'i have two nasal openings on each side.
Bull. Nat. Mas. No. 16 39
.5. 1j|
, i ''rn
In
1 H
k' ■■
f
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u
CIO CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
deeply forked. Brancliiostegals 5 or 0. Species numerous in the tron-
ical geas. (-aJ,'/.«, operculum; xt'^rpnv, spine.)
a. Pn'opercle serrate, at least in tUe adult. {Poinacentrue.)
950. P. lcucost!ctus Miiller & Troschel.
Dark brownish above, yellowish green on the sides and belly, yellow
on the tail and caudal fln ; numerous roundish bluish-white spots on the
head, back, and soft portions of the dorsal and anal fins, th(^ dots beini,'
less numerous on the side,; sometimes nearly uniform brown, almost
unspotted ; no spot on the back of the tail ; a white dot on the base of
the la t anal rays ; young with an ocellated dorsal spot an<l eonvcri^ont
blue bands on the snout; upper profile of head arched; suborbital riii"
minutely denticulate posteriorly; preoperde serrul.ate; lower limb of
preopercle scaly; ui)per and lower teeth nearly equally broad, entire;
caudal forked, the looes rather pointed. Depth 2:| in total. D. XII,
1") ; A. II, l.i ; scales 3-28-1). {Oimther.) West Indies, north to West
Florida.
(Miiller & Troschel, Sclioiuluirgk's Barbud. 674; GUuther, iv, 31; Goode & Beau
Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 338.) '''•;; - .
Ma. Preopercle entire. ' t V
h. Teeth entire. {Hypsypops* Gill.) , -
»57. P. riibicundtis (Grd.) J. & G.—GarihaUu
Uniform deep scarlet, unmarked ; edges of fins dusky. Body short
and deep, elevated, compressed, constricted behind the dorsal and anal,
the caudal peduncle short and deep ; head higher than long, the preor-
bital i.ud suborbital regions being unusually deep ; preopercle entire ;
cheeks, opercles, and top of head scaly; mouth small; lips thick; teetli
compressed, narrow, blunt and entire, in a single row, dark at tips;
gill-rakers short and flexible; preorbital anteriorly as wide as the eye;
cheeks with 5 or G rows of rather small scales, opercles with several
rows of larger ones; lips thick, the lower without frenum; soft fins
rather high; pectorals reaching nearly to vent. • Head '^^ ; dei)th If. I).
XII, 16; A. II, 15; scales 5-30-13; Lat. 1. on 21 scales. L. 12 inches.
Coast of California, south of Point Concepcion ; abundant about rocky
islands.
{(ihjplusoihm rnhicnndiia Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1854, 148: Parma ruhi-
VHtirin Giinthcr, iv, 5H: Hypaypops ruhicundia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 1803,
21.H.)
bb. Teeth emarginate. (Glyphidodon\ Lac<5pftde.)
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, IG.'j: typo Gly})hi8odonrnbicundu8 Gn\. {vH,
high; vno, below; (btp, eye; in albision to the high snborbital region.)
\ (rhjphisodott Lac<5pt;de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 542, 1802: typo Ghjphiaodon moucharra
Ijac.^Chwtodon saxaUlia IMoiih. {yXixpli, notch , odcb j^, tooth.)
^liii:
o; soft fins
96. POMACENTRID.E— CHR0MI8.
611
g5§, P. concolor (Gill) J. & G. ^ '\ ■'G^t^v :''-'/■ -.^i v- "r-
Dark olive, with 5 or G vaguo, dark cross-bands; pectoral with a
tapcriti^", black transverse line at base. Interorbital space convex,
wider than orbit; breadth of infraorbital ring; two-thirds the greatest
lireadtli of the preorbital. Teeth rather broad, deeply notched. D-'pth
14. I). XII, 12; A. II, 9; scales 3-25-10. {Oiinther.) Both coasts of
Central America, north to Florida Keys.
{Eiisvliinlodua concolor Gill, Proc. A"!-.;l. Nat. Scl. Phila. ISfiO, 145: Glyphidodon co;i-
(.„/,))• Giiiithcr, iv, 37: Glyphidodou concolor Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. J^'at. Mus. 1871',
■M)
959. P» saxatilis (Linn.) .1- & G. — Con-pilot; Mojarra.
Greenish olive; head and fins dark; body wilh 5 or G black cross-
hands, which are rather narrower than the interspaces; the first from
the origin of the dorsal to the pectoral fin, the second downwards from
fourth and fifth dorsal spines, the third from the ninth and tenth dorsal
spines toward the vent, the fourth from end of spinous dorsal to middle
of anal, the fifth l)elow the end of the soft dorsal and continued on the
posterior rays of dorsal and anal; a faint sixth bar at base of caudal.
Soft dorsal and anal fins produced, the fourth and fifth rays of dorsal,
and the fifth and sixth of anal, longest. Eye rather large, about as
long as snout. Head rather short, 3 J in length; depth 1^. D. XI 11,
14; A. II, 13; Lat. 1. 27; pores on 21 scales. Tropical seas of Amer-
ica ; occasional on our South Atlantic coast.
{Chato'lon saxatil'is Linn. Syst. Nat.: GlyphUludon aaxalilia GiiutUer, iv, 35: Ghjphi-
dodon saxatilia Goodo, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 3H.)
32«.— CHBOMIS Cuvier. ...
(Heliaatea Cnv. &Val. : Furcaria Voey: Ayrena Cooper.
(Cuvier, Mdmoires dn Mns. d'Hist. Nat. 18ir> : type Sparns chromia L. —- Chrowia caaiaica
Risso, of the Mediterranean.)
Body rather deep. Preopercle entire. Mouth small; teeth small,
conical, in two or more series, the outer larger. Scales rather large,
24-30 in a longitudinal series. Dorsal fin with 12-14 spines. Branchi-
ostegals normally 5. Pyloric coeca 2. Gill-rakers long and slender.
Tropical seas; species numerous. {xpo.'A^ the ancient name of some
fish, probably a Scitenoid, from xpiii-o)^ to neigh, from the noise msKle
by the ilsh; akin to our names Grunter, Croaker, Drum, Hog-fish.)
900. C. pueictipinoiis Conpor.— ^^acA-smt/A.
Dark slaty blackish, with violet lustre above ; some of the scales
with a greenish spot or edging; fins bluish black; posterior part of
I :
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612 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv
body with simill rouml brown spots, which form more or less regular
series; soft dorsjil and caudal densely spotted. Body obloii;;, soinc
what reyularly elliptical. Head blunt, short, and deep, the profile al>
iui>tly descending to the snout. Lips thick, the lower without I'renuin.
Tecih moderate, conical, in about two series, the inner very small.
Cheeks, opercles, and top of head scaly. Spines stiff and low. Can
dal forked; pectorals and ventrals long. Head 4; depth 2.^. I). XII
11; A. II, 10; scales 4-29-10; 18 in course of lateral line; L. 9 inches.
Pacific coast, north to Point Concepcion; not rare.
(Ai/rema piin<-ti2)inni» Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1833, 73.)
961. C. iiisolatus (Cuv. & Val.) .J. & G. '
Dark brownish, with metallic reflections ; each scale on the head ami
anterior part of the body with a blue spot ; young with two blue lines
along the forehead convergent on the snout, and with a black spot im
mediately behind the dorsal fin. Caudal fin emarginate, with rounded
lobes. Second anal spine more than half the length of the head; dor
sal spines high; ventrals long; pectorals moderate. Depth 2; 1). XI II,
12; A. II, 12 ; scales 2-28-9 ; cceca 2. West Indies, north to Southeru
Florida. '"'■ '■ •'^ ■■■■■'--'''••■•;" r •-//'-'::0^->^'>'^i^:< •■■•-" '-
{Heliaiiea imolatusi Cuv. & Val. v, 494 : HeUiMtes iniiolaius Giiuthor, iv, 01.)
Family XCVII—EPHIPPID^.
{The Angel-fishes.) .-
Body com[)re88ed, usually greatly elevated, the anterior profile steep.
Scales moderate or small, ctenoid, densely covering the soft parts of the
vertical fins ; lateral line present, following the cuive of the back. Mourii
small, terminal, horizontal; i)remaxillaries protractile; maxillary sliovt.
without supplemental bone, partly slipping under the preorbital ; jaws
with bands of slender, pointed, movable, brush -like teeth; preo[)erelo
usually Very finely serrated ; gill-membranes broadly attached to the
isthmus, the openings restricted to the sides; branchiostegals 6 or 7;
pyloric c(Bca fe w ; gill-rakers very short ; pseudobranchia^ present. Dor
sal fins 2, somewhat connected ; the first of 8 to 11 spines, which are
depressible in a groove ; soft dorsal and anal fins anteriorly high, their
bases thickened by the scales ; anal spines 3 or 4, short ; caudal fin
truncate or nearly so; pectorals short; ventrals long, thoracic, I, 5:
air-bladder large, commonly bifurcate in front, and with two slender
horns behind. As here understood, a group of 4 genera and about 10
97. EPHIPPID^ — CH^TODIPTERUS.
G13
species, closely related to the ChntodonU, but said to show important
(lifftTcnces in the skeleton. Fishes niostlj' of largo size, in warm seas,
suiuetimes entering rivers.
(SiiuitinipinucH part; gencru Scatopha'jua, Ephippiia, and Drcpanc, GUnt.hcr, ii, 57-65.)
a. Anal spines H; dorsal spiiios 8 or S), the third prolonged ; profile very steep ; scales
small C'n.EToDii'TKnt'8, ;W7.
327.— CIIJGTODIPTERUS Lacdpede.
{I'arephippus Gill.)
(Lacdpode, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 50 J, 1802: ty\tii Ch(etodon jylumicri B\och= Chniodon
fahcr Brouss.)
Body much elevated and corajjressed, its outline nearly orbicular, the
anterior profile nearly vertical. Scales suuill, 55-70 in the course of the
lateral Hne. Jaws about equal; no teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth
oil jaws slender, somewhat movable; preopercle finely serrulate. Bran-
chiostegals G. Dorsal fins 2, somewhat connected, the first of usually H
spines, the third of which is elongate ; anal spines i^, small, the second
the longest ; ventral with a large accessory scale. Pyloric coeca 4-G.
American, distinguished from the Asiatic genus Ephippiis by the very
much smaller scales, {x'^irodwv^ Chaitodou; Sn;^ two; izTspo-^^ fin, the
dorsal being divided.) v '. ':; i ^- '
90'i> C faber (B<*<)U8s.) J. & G. — Jngel-fish; Porgee.
Grayish ; a dusky band across the eye to the throat ; a second similar
band, broader, beginning in front of the dorsal and extending across the
base of the pectoral to the belly; a third band, narrower, extending to
the middle of the sides, from the base of the fourth and fifth dorsal
spines ; a fourth broader band from the last dorsal siiine to the anal
spines, the remaining bands alternately short and long; all of these
bands growing obscure and disappearing with age; ventrals black.
Vertical fins low in the young, lalcate in the adult. Third dorsal
spine nearly as long as from eye to edge of preopercle, its niembrane
blackish; chin with a row of pores; preorbital nearly as wide as eje;
l)ectoral considerably shorter than ventral, the first soft ray of the latter
lilamentous. Head 3-3.^; depth l^. D. VIII-I, 20; A. HE, 18; Lat.
1. CO; coeca 4-6. L. 2 feet. Warm seas; north to San Diego and New
York; abundant on our South Atlantic coast; an excellent food-fish.
Very large specimens, which we suppose to be old individuals, but which
may possibly be a distinct species {Ephipptts gigas Cuv.), have the occi-
pital crest and anterior interhajmals developed in thick bony masses.
(ChocMon fabcr Broussouct, Ichtb. Decas. 1, v, t. 4, 1782: Chwtodon fabcr Gmel. Syst.
Nat.i, 126;j, 1789: Zeua quadra tusGmGl, I.e. 1825; GUuther, ii, 61: Epliippu8 gigas Cuyier,
■■^-5lij'v-'4
'f, :"^ " **-..'»■
'^ I
■ Hit*
A-,
i
m^
ItN
li
»* -
|.!K
1 fl ;
' 1 fc-
'fivi-i;
iii; ii
m'^-'l i
'If; r
■>)}
C14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— ly.
Ri'giio Aiiim.: Kplilppun gigaa GUnthcr. li, 01: Ephippus {/if/a* Holbrook, Idi. S. Car
107: ICpliippus faba- Holbrook, 1. c. 110: Ephipj)U8 zonatun Girard, U. S. i'iic. ]{. w
Surv. 110, from San Diego.) .
' i^AMiLY XCVIIL— CH^TODONTID^.
'' . ' •» ■ ■ ■
{The Cluvtodonts.)
Body strougfly compressed, elevated, suborbicnlar in outline, covered
■with moderate-sized or small scales, which are tinely ciliated or nearly
smooth; lateral line present, concurrent with the bacli, notextendin^ron
the caudal fin; mouth small, protractile, terminal; maxillary very short;
teeth slender or setiform, often extremely long-, in narrow bands in the
jaws; no teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines, molars, or incisor.s-
eyes lateral, of moderate size ; branchiostegals C or 7 ; pseudobrancliiie
very large; air-bladder present. Gill-merabranes more or less attached
to the isthmus; gill-rakers very small. Dorsal tin single, continuous, its
rays sometimes filamentous, its soft part as well as the soft part of the
anal densely covered with small scales ; anal similar to the soft dorsal
with 3 or -4 spines; ventrals thoracic, 1, 5. Carnivorous fishes of the tropi
cal seas, noted for their singular forms and bright colors. Genera 5 or
more; species about 170, most of them belonging to Chcctodon and Po-
macanthus. {SquamipinneH part, Giinther, ii, 1-57.)
o. Preopercnliiin Avithoiit spine at its angle C-h.etodox, 3i.'8.
aa. Preopcrculiuu with a strong spine at its angle Pomacaxtuus, 3',>9.
y ,. ■ 3a§.— CHiETODON Linuieus.
(Sarolhrodus Gill : Tctragoiio2)tru8 Bl^)clicr.)
(Linntcus, Systema Natnra?, x, 1758: typo Chwtodon cajnsiratiis L.)
Body short, deep, very strongly compressed, especially above and
behind; head small, compressed, almost everywhere scaly; mouth very
small, terminal, the jaws provided with long, slender, flexible, bristle-
like teeth ; preoperculum entire or nearly so, without spine. Dorsal tin
single, continuous, not notched, the si>inous part longer than the soft
l)art, of about 13 spines ; last rays of soft dorsal usually rapidly short
ened; caudal peduncle short, the caudal fin fan-shaped; anal similar to
soft dorsal, preceded by 3 or 4 strong spines. Body covered with rather
large ctenoid scales, somewhat irregular in their arrangement; the
lateral line curved, high, parallel with the back. Gill-openings rather
narrow, the membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus; branchiostcgals
C. A very large genus of singiilar-looking fishes, abounding in the
93. CILETODONTIDiE — POMACANTHUS.
Gl.'j
tropical seas; most of them have tboboily crossed bj' transverse black
biirs. {/"^i'Tr/i bristle; 6dwvj tooth.)
963' fi". iiaarulocitictus (Gill) J. «fe G. ' •• ; v
Olivaceous, darker above; a dark-brown band from bej^inninj; of dor-
sal (ill obliiiuely forwards through eye and across the cheeks; a second
bar bt';;inninj; in a blotch on soft dorsal, runs vertically across the body.
Uoily suborbicular, closely com[)ressed ; i)rolile steei), concave, the short
snout projecting; mouth \ ery small, maxillary not reaching the verticil
from the anterior nostril; caudal pednnc'e very short ; lateral line, begin-
ning at upper angle of opercle, running obliquely upwards to opposite
tbc base of soft dorsal and then decurved, ending opposite extremity
of soft dorsal. Head 2^ in length; depth 1^. D. XU, 19; A. Ill, 17.
Atlantic coast, rare.
(Saw'/u'orf"« nirtCtt/octnciiM Gill, Proc. Acal. Nat. Sei. Phila. 18.il, 1)9.) ,
3a9.-POOTACARfTHUS Liic6pode.
[Chwiodon, Holacanthua, and Acanthochwtodon Blocker.)
(Lacc^pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 517, 1802: typo Chwiodon arcuatus L.)
This genus differs from Chcctodon chiefly in the presence of a strong
spine at tJie angle of the preopercle. Body much compressed and ele-
vated; dorsal fin entirely scaly, with 8-15 spines; the anal with 3;
scales moderate or small; bn.uchiostegals ; air-bhubler with 2 poste-
rior horns ; pyloric coeca numerous. Species numerous in the tropical
seas. Many of them are brilliantly colored. (rcu//«, operculum ; uxrv^Oa,
spine.)
fl. Dorsal spines 12 to 15. {Holacanthua* Lac.) '
964. P. ciBiarJS (Linn.) J. & G.. — Angcl-fmh ; InahdUa.
Brownish olive, each scale with a crescent-shaped mark of lighter ;
Dape with a dark-brown spot ocellated with blue ; chin, base of pectoral,
borders and spines of opercle and preopercle bright cobalt blue ; fins
with blue and yellow. Body oblong, compressed and elevated; mouth
small; scales ciliate; soft dorsal and anal with the anterior rays jn-o-
diiced in long streamers. Head 4 in length ; depth about 2. D. XIV,
20; A. HI, 20; scales 8-50-30. West Indies, occasional on our South
Atlantic coast.
iChd'toilon ciliaria Linn. Syst. Nat.: Bolavahlhua ciliarh Lacdpi^do, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
iv, 527, 1802: Holacanthua ciliaris Guntber, ii, 4G: Holacanthua ciliaria Goodo, Bull. U.
8. NaU Mus. V, 4;}.)
*Lac«5ptide, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iv, 525: type Chwtodon tricolor Bloch. (oXoi, comidete;
axnvQa, spine.)
! • . ! H'Ji
« i.1
F
I ^'-i'^i
GIG
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
art. Dareal spinoH H to 11. (Pomacanthuf).
99^. P. arcuatus (L.) Lao. ' * • •' V •,,<.;
Dark brown, anteriorly plain ; lower jaw pale ; each scale witli adaik
spot and a whitish edge; young with yellowish vertical bands, some-
times spotted with black; bp-se of pectorals soinetimes yellow. Scales
on body small, Arm; large and small ones irregularly mixed, llcml witli
shagreen, formed of rmiimeutary scales. Dorsal and anal extroiuely
falcate, the anterior soft rays two-thirds the length of the bo ly in the
adidt; dorsal spines very low; last anal spine long. Mouth small-
gill-rakers short; gill-membranes very slightly joined to the isthmus
mesially. D. IX, 30; A. Ill, 24; Lat. 1. 80-100; ccBca 15; vert. 10 -f
14. Wi'st Indies, north to Garden Key, Florida.
{Chwtodon arcuatti/i L. Syst. Nat.: Pomacaiitliux parii, ciiiffulatuft, quinquccinctus and
arcuatuH Cuv. & Val. vii, 202-211: PomncanthuH paru GUnther, iii, 55.)
I
i:
m
ill ;
l,j-> 's
r
liim ■
Family XCIX.-ACANTHURID^.*
{The Surgeons.)
Body oblong, compressed and usually elevated, covered with very
small scales; lateral line continuous. Tail armed with one or more
movable spines or bony plates. Eye lateral, high up ; preorbital very
narrow and deep. Nostrils double. Mouth small, low; each jaw with
a single series of incisor-like teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; ])rc-
maxillaries somewhat movable, but not protractile; nmxillary short;
gill-rakers obsolete; pseudobranchiie large; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; gill-membranes attached to the isthmus, the openings thus re-
stricted to the sides. A single d srsstl fin, with strong spines, the spi-
nous part of the fin about as long as the soft part; anal fin similar,
shorter; ventral fins present, thoracic, mostly I, 5 (never I, 4, I, as in
Teuthididce). Pelvic bone long, evident thi ough the skin, as in Balisiida',
with which group the Acanthuridw have numerous affinities. Pyloiie
ccBca rather few. Air-bladder large. Herbivorous fishes of the tropicai
seas; genera 5 or more; species nearly 80, most of them belonging to
Acanthurus.
(^cro»M»n(f<B GUnther, iii, 356.)
a. Tail with a movable lancet-like spine on each side; incisors seiTate.
ACANTHURt'8, XiO.
'Called Teiithidtdw in the kej' on page 78.
lOa. TRACIIYPTERIDiE.
617
330.— ACAWTHUIIUS Bloch & Schneider. . .^ ^,
*\ i' '., ( Acronurnit Gthr,; young.) " * , '
(ForsUrvl; niach & Sclinoider, Ichthyol. IHOl, 211: type Chwtodon chirurgua Bloch.) ,
Bcxly o»ate o')loijg, compressed, covered with minute ctenoid scales.
Mouth rather small, with broad lohate or serrate incisors, which are
goinetimes movable. A movable spine in a groove on each side of tail.
One dorsal fln, low and long, with 7-9 (sometimes fewer) spines; usually
a pro<!iJmbent spine before the dorsal ; anal with 2 or 3 spines. Ven-
tral rays I, 5. Caudal emarginate. Gill openingf» moderate, oblique,
separated by a broad isthmus; operculum very short; i)reopercle ob-
lique, with entire edge. Branchiostegals a. Intestinal canal elongate.
Vertebnc 9 -f 13. {uxa-^Oa, sphie; 6upd, tail.)
966 A. «-hirurgus Bl. & Sclm.—Snrgeon-fwh ; Doctor-fiah.
Brownish; operclo with a black margin; sometimes a whitish band
across tail at base of caudal; sides with dark transverse bands; vertical
linK with oblique, i)arallel, dark streaks. Body oblong, compressed,
and not greatly elevated ; profile little convex, somewhat undulated.
Vertical fins high ; caudal moderately emarginate. Head 3 J in length;
depth 2. D. IX, 23; A. Ill, 23. West Indies; occasional northward.
(Bloch «S: Schneider, 214; Giinthcr, iii, 3;29, in part; Poey, Anales Soc. Hist. Nat.
Espngn. 1880, 245.)
967. A. CCerulCMS Bloch &, Schneider. — Blue Surgeon; Barhcro.
Deep bluish brown, with undulating pale blue longitudinal lines,
especially on the dorsal and anal fins, where they become straight and
oblique. Upper profile of snout slightly concave. Caudal fin more or
less det'ply forked, the lobes bordered with pale in the adult; caudal
spine glassy, amber-colored ; opercles striate. Body very deep. Depth
1^ in length. D. IX, 2S; A. Ill, 25. West Indies; occasional northw^ard.
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801,214; Poey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Espagn. 1880,244: Acan-
ihirm nigricans Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 42 (not of L.): Acanihurtis cccruleua
Giinther, iii, 33G.)
Family C— TRACHYPTERID^.
• ( TJie King-of-the-Herrings.)
Body elongate, strongly compressed, naked, the skin smooth or
prickly. Lateral line present. Head short, the mouth rather small,
terminal, with feeble teeth; i>remaxillaries protractile; opercles un-
armed. Eye large, lateral. Branchiostegals G. Gill-membranes sepa-
I II
•i
. i •!' ■ t •*.
t .
rf • ipi
r :±iM
CIS COXTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
rate, fioe from the istliinus; gills 4, a slit bo'iiiid the fourth. Ps; iido-
bninchia^ well developed, in a i)onch formed by a fold of the iniuous
luembrane. Dorsal flu siugle, exteudm}>: from the head to the tail, it;i
rays all technically spinous, being neither articulated nor branched,
but all very soft, flexible, and fragile; anal fln wanting; ])ectoni].s
short; ventrals thoraci' .ae rays elongate, often less than I, 5 in nin<
ber; caudal fin either rudimentary or else divided into Uxo parts, the
upper and larger Tan-shaped, directed obliquely upward from the slen-
der tip of the tail. Bones very joft, the muscles little coherent. Py.
loric coeca very numerous. Vertebra} in large nund»er. Deep-sea fishes
often of large size, found in most warm seas. Their extreme fragilitv
renders them rare iu collections, and the species are little known.
Genera 3; species about 15. They have no intimate relation with any
other of our ^milies. ' ■: i ^ - ^ ^ </ • ;
(Trachyptcridiv GUnthor, iii, 300-311. ) . , . , . , ,
o. Ventral fins well developed; caiulal present, not in the line of the axis of fijo
bc'ly Tkachyptkuus, ;r.il.
&31.— T£tA€JIk'PT£BfJS Goiinu.
:l' King-of-thelTerHnpn. i ^'^^
(Gouan, Hit,;. Poiss. 1770, 104: typo Cepota trachiptcra Gniol.)
This genus is characterized by the well-developed ventral fins, coin
posed of 4-0 branched rays each, and by the presence of a long fan
shsiped caudal fln extending oblicpiely upward and backward from the
end of the long and slender tail; lower lobe of the fln little developed;
the anterior rays of the dorsal fln are usually elevated, and separated
by a notch from the rest of the fln; the fln rays and the lateral lino
are often armed with prickles. Deep-sea flshes of large size. (r/>a;^uj,
rough; rre/>«v, fln.) " , V-
9GS. T. mitivcUs Kiu'T.—King-of-thc-Salmon.
Bright silvery, with three large round black 8i)ors below the dorsal
fln; a fourth near the abdominal edge, a little below the first of the
back. Anterior rays of the dorsal lin elevated ; the longest rays of the
posterior part of the dorsal nearly as deep as the body; dorsrd ra.vs
rough, a small spine at the base of each of Ihein; caudal lin with the
erec^ ' ^be well developed, its outer rays longer and stronger than the
intermediate rays; rays of the lower lobe short; skin prickly, the lat-
eral line armed with small bouy shields, each provided with a spine.
i:)l. ICOSTEIDiE.
619
Head 7; depth 7. D. 7, 1(51) to 190; C. 0-5; P. 11; V. 7. {Giintlur.)
Described troin Valpuiaiso, Cliili. A yoauj; specimen ex''iuiued by us
iVoiu Sauta Cruz, Cal., a;j:ivys in essautial respeots, except that the skiu
is entirely smooth. Tho p.iclcles ar»3 i)erhaps aoiiuired with aj^e, other-
wise ours may be a ditlereut si)ecios. Two specimens of Trackifptenis
liiiv t> also been taken in I'uget Sound, but they have not been preserv^ed.
(Kuer. Wiou. Sitznugsber, xxxiv, 4;57 Irijl), tuf. 1; Guuther, iii, 'M'.i.)
Family CI.— ICOSTEID.E.
{The Ronqnils.)
Body oblong, compressed, naked or covered with small ctenoid or
cycloid scales. Heail moderate, not externally bony, the opercles un-
armed. Mouth moderate, terminal; preiu'.jxillary protractile or not;
maxillary moderate, without sui)pleniental bone. Teeth small, in binds
or ii' single series; vomer and palatines with or without teeth. No b;ir-
bels. Lower pharyngeals separate. Branchiost..'gals (J or 7. Gill-opi'u
iii^js wide, the membranes free from the isthmus; gills t, a slit beliind the
fourth; gill-rakers slender. Pseudobrauchia^ large. Pyloric cie^ia few.
Air bladder present. Lateral line present. Dorsal tin very long, con-
tinuous, without distinct spines; anal long, w\thout spines; caudal lin
caiivex; ventral tins thoracic or subjugular, separate, but very dose
together, I, 4, or I, 5; pectorals rounded, sometimes tleshy at base.
Vent normal, without papilhi. Skeleton more or less soft and cartila-
j;iiu)us. This group, as at present constituted, is com|)()sed of three
very diverse genera, each of a single species, inhabiting the deep(>r
waters of the North Pacific. It is probably most neurly n'lated to the
Miilacanthida^, from which it is ♦listinguished by the i)resence of pyloric
c(eca and by the non-labroid dentition.
(/o&stoido) Jo i-dau & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mna. 18S0, 300.) ' '
c. Body uakod, latoial lino and iln rays beset with groups of spinules; skeleton not
ossiliud. (Ivoateinw.)
b. Air bladder present; teeth in jaws oi\ly, in ningle series, very slenih r; ventrals
thoracie, 1, 4; caudal peduncle sh-uder Icosrias, 'X\2.
aa. Body covered with siaall scales ; no spinules ; air-bladder waul iug or rudiuieutary ;
ventrals 1, 5.
0. Skeleton imperfectly oasHied ; lateral line median, {fcirhthiihiw.)
d. Teeth in a single series, minute, in jaws oidy; ventrals thoracie; caudal pe^
dnnele slender liicMTilvs, 3J3.
CO. Skeleton ossi lied; lateral line near the hack. (^Kuthi/moHtcriiKiu)
e. Teeth in bauds, rather strong, on Jaws, vomer, ])alatines, ami i)hnryugealH;
vuutruls subjugular; caudal peduncle not sluuder. .....BATilv.MAisiuu, 3,(4.
5{f i'*^i . ;s'H
L^j'i
'li
\'>i%
r V
■ }' '• •"J
620 CONTHIBUTiONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
333.-lCOSTEi;S LockingtoD.
(Lockiu^ton, Proc. U. S. Niit. Mns. ii, 63, 1830: type Ivosteus cBiiigmaticua Lockiiifrton.)
Body oblong, much coini)res8e(l throughout, the head thicker than
any part of the body. Dorsal outline rising rapidly to the origin of the
dorsal ttn, thence more regularly curved; the region at the base of the
dorsal and anal strongly compressed; caudal peduncle slender, ^videncd
at the base of tlu fin. ]Mouth large, horizontal ; maxillary narrow
reaching to bejond mi<ldle of eye. Teeth in jaws in one row, slender
sharp, closely and regularly set, those in the lower Jaw largest; no teeth
on vomer, palatines, or pharyngeals. Gill-rakers flexible, few; gill mem-
branes separate, fiee from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 0. Pseudo-
branchijB well develoi)ed. Lateral line conspicuous, continuous, de-
curved, groups of small spines i)resent along its entire length. No
scales anywhere on body or lins. Fins rough, with small spinules; a
series along each ray, dividing as the ray branches; dorsal fin com-
mencing above the axil of the pectoral, composed of 50-GO rays, which
are all soft and flexible, some of the antei'ior unbranched; the fin low
in front, increasing in height behind; none of the rays more than oiico
forked; anal shorter than the dorsal, similar to it, of 35-40 rays; some
of the anterior ai^jjarently undivided; caudal fin elongate, fan-shaped,
the middle rays i)roduced; accessory rays numerous, procurrent; pec-
torals with a fleshy base, fan-shai)ed, the middle rays longest; ventrals
thoracic, inserted just behind the pectorals, narrow, consisting of 1
short subspinous ray and 4 long soft rays. Air-bladder large. Ver-
tebra numerous, the vertebr.il column extremely flexible and soft.
Cranial bones tolerably Arm ; bones of the face and opercles very flex-
ible. Deep-sea fishes, from the Pacific. (cw«u, to yield, submit; (xr-eo-^,
bone — the "entire body being characterized by a want of firmness, as
it (%in be doubled up as readily as a piece of soft, thick rag.")
OO!). I. leaiiiifinaticBis Lockiii^ton.
Pellucid yellowish or brownish, with purplish spots and blotches of
irregular Ibrm; the spots largest above, most numerous along the lat-
eral lim»; fleshy bases of caudal and pectorals spotted; throat and gill-
membranes with dark punctulations; iihs dusky ^ obscurely blotche<l.
Longest ray of dorsal nearly reaching base t)f middle caudal rays. Eye
in head, scarcely half the length of the snout or the width of the iii-
terorbitcil space; diameter of caudal peduncle about ii\ in greatest
depth. Head 4; depth 3. D. 52-55; A. 37-40; V. 1, 4; Lat. 1. IJU-JJO
10!. ICOSTEID^ — ICICHTHYS.
621
(groups of spiues). L. about 12 inches. Psiciflc cotist of Uuited States ;
three specimens known, from deep water.
(Locldngtou, Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus. ii, 63, 1880.)
333.~ICICIIX jIYS Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 30.'}: typo ImchthyH Inckingtoni J. & G.)
Body elongate, not elevated, not compressed at the bases of the ver-
tical tins. Head moderate. Eyes lateral. Mouth terminal, little ob-
lique, with small, sharp teeth in one series, in the jaws only. Premax-
illaries not protractile. Gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus;
<rill-rakers long. Pseudobranchije present. Branchiostegals 7. Body
covered Avitli small cycloid scales. Lateral line continuous, unarmed.
Bases of fins without spinules; dorsal and anal fins long and low, com-
posed of soft rays only; pectoral ^ns moderate, their bases fleshy, as
ill Icosteim; ventral fl'S small, thoracic, I, 5. Pyloric coeca about (J,
large. Bones all very flexible, cartilaginous. Deep-sea fishes, (^txw,
to yield or submit; ix^oi;^ flsh — in allusion to the flexible skeleton.)
O^O. I. lockinfftoni .Tor. & Gilb.
Plain brown, paler below, somewhat punctulatc. Body oblong, some-
what compressed, the caudal peduncle rather slender. Head moderate,
compressed, with vertical cheeks, rather broad and slightly convex above,
the snout abruptly descending. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the slen-
der maxillary scarcely widened at the tip, extending to beyond front of
pupil; anterior edge of the premaxillary on the level of lower rim of
eye; lips thin; premtixillary tapering backward, not forming tlie whole
iiiarfrin of the ui>per jaw; maxillary behind slipjiing entirely under the
membranous edge of the preorbital; preorbital rather wide, with one or
two series of rather large, thin, cycloid scales (other scales on head, if
any, now lost on the typi^ml example); lower jaw prominent, projecting
in front, included at the sides. Teeth in jaws only, minute, f^harp, c\)sely
and evenly set, larger and less numerous than in Icostetis amigmaticus.
Eyes large, lateral, longer than snout, 4 in head. Cheeks rather wide;
preopercle with a prominent crest, behind which are some radiating mu-
cous cavities; the bone with a broad, prolonged, flexible, membranaceous
edge, covered with radiating striie, each of which ends in a flexible point.
Operele and subopercle rather large, extremely thin, and each <TC8sed
by radiating striie. Branchiostegals 7. Gill-rakers long, slender, sharp,
close-set, and moderately stiff, their length nearly three-fourths the diam-
eter of the eye. Scales very small, soft, and smooth, covei ing the body
m
t t" ft* Li
f ;
i.l-\
I. i'
w •
(522 CONTRinUTIONS to NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
evenly, but beeominjj ainaller below. Lutornl line nearly strniglit, an
purently <'ontiiiuous. Dorsal Un lonjjf and low, bef^inniiiy- nearly mid.
way between the vent and the base of the ventrals; all the rays soft
and artienlated, and all except the first branched; first rays very low
the tin ^'radnally rising ]»osteriorly, the hif^^hest rays li in head, .some
what scaly; anal fin similar, sliorter, bej^inninf^ slijjfhtly in front of (lio
niiihlle of the body and ending? Just in front of the last rays of the dor
sal; caudal broad, fan-shapeu, on a slender peduncle; the accessory
r;iys numerous and procnrrent; base of jx'ctorals a little below the axis
oi' the body, their outline rounded; the fin short and small, shorter (haii
head; ventrals short and small, tl-oracic, placed a little behiial jh'i;-
torals, with 1 obsolete spine and 5 soft rays, one of which is slijuhtly
iHameutous; the tin 3 in head; tin rays not besot with spinules. Vent
iu)rmal, immediately in front of the anal, without papilla. Air-l)lad(U'r
wantin^j^. Bones sll soft and flexible. The skin not thick and touj^li, as
in /crt.s'^t'H,s, but thin and scaled. Head 5; depth 4. I). 40; A. 28; Lat.
1. 120. L. 7^ inches. Deep water oil" San Francisco, Cal.; one speciuieu
known.
(Jorduii & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, 305, 188U.) •
' 331.— BATS3Y1TIASTER Copo.
(Copo, Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. 1H7;J: typo J}ath;im<iHt(r Higiiatiis Coyte.)
Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small
ctenoid scales. Head rather large, subconic. Eyea large. IMoutli
moderate, neaily horizontal, the lower jaw slightly projecting; li])8
lull; premaxillary protractile, not extending to the angle of the
mouth; maxillary without supplemental bone, not alip])iiig under
the narrow preorbital. Teeth moderate, in a cardiform band in each
jaw, the outer somewhat eidarged ; bands of teetli on vomer and
palatines. No barbels. Branchiostegals (>. Gill-membranes S(!ai(;e!y
connected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers few, very short. Pseudo-
branchiic largo. Cheeks scaly: rest of head naked. 0])ercular bones
unarmed. Mucous pores nunterous on top and sides-i of head. Lateral
line conspicuous, placed high, not reaching the caudal tin, its scales a
little enlarged. Dorsal flu long, continuous, moderately hi<':h; two
or three of the foremost rays inarticulate, but no dStinct spines; anal
fin long, si?uilar to th<^ dorsal; caudal convex; pectorals rather broad,
their bases extending obliquely downward and backward, their rays
all branched; ventrals slightly in front of pectorals, I, 5, close together,
im
102. (a) LATILID.E.
fi-23
the iniior rayH long.^st. Slzoleton well ossified. Pyloric cceoa few (2 or
3), No uiivil paitilla. North J'acillc. (/Ja«';?, deep; /la^rij/;, a searcher.)
971. B. waffnaacif* Cope. — Hompill.
Olivaceous, tiiif^ed witli brown; about 8 round, faint bbiish blotches
iiloii;^ the sides, each surroundetl 'vy rin^s of yellow spots; a yellow
rili;; around the eye and a yellow band nlouf? tho cheek; fins translu-
(H'lit, tlie anal with a yellowish stripe and a bluish edffini?; dorsal red-
(lisii or yellow, with a dnskj' blo((!h in front; ventrals dusky; larger
specimens nearly unilorndy dark. I'iyc hirge, about as long as snout,
4 ill head; its diameter niu<!h more than interocular spu'^e; maxillary
t'xtt'iiding to below front of pui)il; cheeks closely scsaly; rest of head
ciitiu'ly luked; a narrow, naked area in front of dorsal, bounded by
rows of iiui(!ous ])ores; skull with large mucous cavities behind the
eyes, which are translucent in life; scales of lateral line enlarged, twice
!i8 fill- iipart as the others. Dorsal lin inserted at a distance behind
the occii)ut, less than the diameter of tlu^ oye; pectorals Jj the length
of the head; fourth ray of ventrals longest; vent much nearer snort
than root of caudal; caudal vertebra' about 33. Head 4,\; dei)th G^.
1). 11 : A. 33; V. I, 5; P. 18; Lat. 1. 1>2 + (tubes); scales in about 200
transverse series. L. 12 inches. Alaska to Puget Sound, about rocks,
iiMvater of moderate depth.
(Cope, Proc. Amor. riul. Soc. Pliila. 187^.) ' ' "*> ^'^ V ' v ' ' ' . ': • '
- Family CII («) — LATILID^.* ^ :
, ,: . ■, {The BlanqiiiUos.) ,
Tyody more or less elongate, fusiform or comjiressed. Head subcon-
ical, tli« i)rolile usually convex; suborbital without bony stay; cranial
bones not cavernous; opercular l)ones armed or not. Mouth mod<>rate,
toriiiinal, usually little obli<pie; teeth rather strong; premaxillary usu-
ally with a posterior canine; ])remaxillaries protractile; maxillary wirh-
ont supplemental bone, not slii)ping under the edge of the preorbital.
Gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth. Pseudobranchiai well developed.
Gill membranes separate, or more or less united, often adherent to the
istlinins. Lower pharyngeals separate. Scales small, ctenoid. Lateral
lino i)rcsent, (iomplete. Dorsal flu long and low, usually continuous, the
^"l)in<)us i)ortion always much less developed than the soft portion, but
never obsolete; anal lin vvvy long, its spines usually feeble and few;
'Called Trachinidw in the key on page 78; see also family 102 (ft), Trhhodontidai.
.'«..
ill
' ■ t .'.if*
624 COXTKinUTIONS to north AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — 'v
%
U, iM
IV-*
M-;f
candal fin forked; tail diphycorcal; ventrals thoracic or sub mu'ar
I, 5, usually close together; pectoral fins not very broad, the rays all
branched. Vertebra} in increased number (35-50). Pyloric cneca few
or none. Fishes of the temperate and tropical seas, many of them
reaching a large size. Genera about 5 ; species about 10.
(TrachinidcB, groa]} Pinguqmlina Giinthor, 'i\,2'A-2o4.)
a. Dorsal fin continuous; body scaly; upper jaws usually with ijosterior canines.
(Lalilinn:)
b. Dorsal and anal wit.li le&s than 20 soft rays each,
c. An adipose appendage at. the nape; a lleshy iiroloui^ation ou each side of the
labial fold, extending backward, behind angle of the month.
LoPHOLATiMs, ;v.{r>.
hb. Dorsal and anal fins e.ach with more than 20 soft rays; no adipose appL'n(hi"i) at
the nape Caulola tills, 3^(5.
335.— L.OPHOLAT1L.IJS Goode &, Bean.
(Goode «fe Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 205: type LopholatiUis chamwlcondceps
G. & B.)
This genus differs from Caulolatilus and agrees with Latilus in the
small number of dorsal and anal rays, and is dlsthiguished from both
by the presence of a large adipose appendage on th<i Mai)0 and by a
fleshy prolongation upon each side of the labial fold, extending back-
ward beyond the angle of the mouth. One species known. (Ar/^'o?,
crest ; Latilus.)
973. li. chainaeleontlceps Goode «fe B3an.—r»7e-/«7j.
Coloration brilliant; head and body with numerous greenish-yellow
spots; upper portion of body with a violaceous tint; lower parts whitish,
with some areas of yellow; caudal rays striped with greciMsh-yellow,
some of the stripes connected by cross-blotJ^es; anal and ventral fins
whitish; pectorals violet-tinted, with some yellow on posterior surfaces;
soft dorsal with an upper broad band of violaceous and a narrow basal
portion of whitish; many rays each with a yellow stripe; anterio" part
of fin with some yellow spots. IMaxillary reaching anterior margin of
orbit; opercle and preopercle scaly, the latter flnely denticulate; upper
Jaw with an outer series of stronger teeth, behind which is a band of vil-
liform teeth; lower jaw with a few large canines and an inner series of
small conical teeth; vomer and palatines toothless. Head 3 in length;
depth 3i. D. VII, 15; A. II, 13; scales 8-93-30. {Goode tt Bean.)
Abundant in deep waters off the coast of Massachusetts; a flue large
fish, which may become important as food.
(Goode & Bean, P.oc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 203, )
nor canines.
102 (a). LATILID^E — CAUl.OLATILUS.
625
336.-€AlJ£.OI^ATIt.lJS Gill.
BlanquUlos.
(/Mviz/n* Cooper; prooccnpicd.)
(CaiiMalihiH Oill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, ii-lO; iionun nudum, defiuod in Pioc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l8o5, 66: typo Latilus vUri/HopH C «St V.)
Body elongate, subfusiforin, not strongly compressed, heavy forward,
tapering to a rather slender candal i)edunele. Piofile of head strongly
arclii'd. jNIouth moderate, little obliciiie, the jaws nearly equal ; lii)s
tliick; maxillary narrow, not slijjping ujider ])reorl)ital ; teeth in villi-
t'oriii bands, preceded by a row of stronger acute teeth; hindmost teeth
iu each jaw canine-like, directed forward; ])osterior canines of upper
jaw largest; no teeth on vomer or palatines; preopcrcle pectinate, the
teeth nearly even; opercle with a blunt, tlat spine. Eyes large, lateral,
(iill-iuembranes slightly connected, forming a fold across the isthnnis,
with which they are narrowly joined. Branch iosi egals 0. Gill-rakers
short and stout. iJTostrils double, round, close together. Scales snuill,
linn, ctenoid. Lateral line continuous, concurrent with the back. Dor-
sal with 7-9 slender, pointed, graduated spines, and 22-27 soft rays;
anal similar to soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines, and niore than 20
soft rays; caudal fin forked; ventral fins iluM-acic; no Hdipo.se append-
age at the nape. Large fishes of the warm seas. (zauA«?, stem ; LaiiluH —
/. ('., many-rayed Latilux.)
973. C. pi'niicej)s (Jenyns) Gill.— /T7a/e-/:s/(; YeUow-tail.
Olivaceous, with bluish rellections; brownish above, greenish below;
fins light greenish olive, tinged with bluish and orange, the colors
always pale; dorsal and anal greenish, with a bluish band near the
tip; axil dusky. I'lesh of the occiput becoming thick with age, as in
Ikrpe. Eye large, about half the convex interorbital space, 4J in head.
Maxillaries reaching front of eye. Teeth rather strong. Preopercle
finely, evenly, and acutely serrate behind, nearly entire below; pre-
opercle, interopercle, and pveorbital naked; cheeks and opercles scaly;
top of head scaled on the median line to between the eyes. Dorsal
spines llexible; ventrals slightly behind the pectorals, the outer rays
lonj^est; caudal moderately forked, the ui)per lobe the longer; caudal
peduncle short and slender, abruptly contracted ; pectorals falcate,
longer than caudal, | length of the head. Head 3^; depth 4. D. IX-
*Deka!ja Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc'. 1864, 711: tyfo Dikaya anomala Cooper;
not Dckajiia Milue-Edwards & Ilainie, IPjI; a geuua of corals.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 10 40
', n "i
1 M^- I
u
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m:
rP
M
tl^mmmmmmmmm
.•;,!< r'*-.
I
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i'
r •
ti !'
hi'}'
ih !'
pn
1 1; 1 .1 .
mi':
m
*1^
G2G CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
24 5 A. II, 2.3; scales 10-125-40, L. 40 inches. Monterey, southward
abundant about the Santa Barbara Islands; a iood-fisb of considerable
importance.
{1 Lalilus prhicepg Jcnyns, Zool. Heaglf, Fislics, 52 (."rom GalapaRos Maiuls): J),..
kaya anomala Cooper, Proc. Cal. ApikI. Nat. Sci. iii, 71, 18G4: Ctndolatihi^ (I'lomalu^
prinaps, and affuiis Gill, Proc. Aca<l. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1865, 68: CaulolaUhm anomalm
Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. vii, 48, 1877: 1 Laiilm pnncepa Gm\i\vAx, ii, 253.)
974. C. chrysops (C, & V.) Gill.— 7?/«H7Ht/7o.
Eeddish, marked with yellow; a yellow band below the eye and a
dark axillary blotch. Body rather robust. Interorbital width half
length of snout. Snout longer than maxillary. Eye small, in lenoth
of head in adult. Fins rather short; caudal slightly emarginato; pec-
toral not reaching origin of anal, not one-fourth of total length. Head
^•, depth 3^ in length. D. ¥11-25; A. I, 23; Lat. 1. 120; 1. trausv. 48.
{Gooilc & Bean.) Pensacola, Fla., and southward.
(J fMiUus chrysops Cnv. & Val. ix, 49(>, 183:5 (froni Brazil): ? Latilm* ehrynops Gilnfhcr,
ii, 253: 1 Caulolatilus vyanops Pocy, Kept. Fi«. Nat. i, 312, 18(57 (Cuba): CauloIaNuK
inicropi Goodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 43, 1878. The characters ascribed to
the latter species, beinjf details of form only, may be duo to age, as greater differences
occur between young and old of C. princcpa.)
Family CII (&).— TRICHODONTID^.
" {The Saiifl-nshes.)
Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, naked. Ilead short,
flat on top, the sides vertical. Eyes large, high up, but not superior.
Mouth large, almost vertical; lower jaw projecting, its tip entering the
prolile; lips fringed; premaxillaries protractile ; maxillary very broad,
without supplemental bone, not slipping under the very narrow ])reor-
bital. Teeth moderate, slender and sharp, but not setiform, in bands
on jaws and vomer; palatines toothless; inner teeth of jaws depiessible.
Oill-rakers very short; gill-membranes narrowly united, free from the
isthmus. Branchiostegals 5. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Preop-
ercle with 5 i)rominent spines, the two upper directed strongly upward,
the two lower downward, the middle one downward and backward; no
barbels; opercle small, strongly striate, unarmed ; i)reorbital with spines;
no suborbital stay. Lateral line obsolete. Dorsal fins separate, the first
the larger, of numerous slender, low spines; anal fin elongate, without
distinct spines, the rays of the anterior third of the flu much shorter
than the others; pectorals with a very broad, curved, procurrent base;
a broad lunate area between pectoral and gill-opening, nearly covered
by the opercle; soft rays of dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins all simple;
103. URANOSCOPID^..
027
vontrals close together, thoracic, but behind the pectorals, I, 5, the
mi(WI<3 rays longest; caudal lunate, with many accessory rays, on a
slender peduncle. Two species known, froui the Xorth Pacific.
(TiucftinWcc, gonuH TrJc/iorfoH Giiutbcr, ii, 250.)
■ 'a
■ .1.1
:?. 337.— TRICIIODON Stoller.
(Stellt'i"; Cuvier, R»'gno Aniin. ii, 1^-21): type Trnchinun trichodon Tilesins.)
Characters of the genus included above. {Oft^, hair; oV7wy, tooth.)
975. T. stelleri Cnv. & Vfil.—Saml-ftfih.
Olivaceous silvery, the back darker, with short bars and reticula-
tions of blackish, the latter chiefly on the head and nuchal region; be-
low this a longitudinal narrow white stripe, and then a narrow black
stiipe, intcrrui)ted anteriorly, extending from the eye to the base of
the caudal; spinous dorsal with 2 lengthwise bands of black; chin and
snout black. Eye large, placed high, 3 in head; maxillary extending
to beyond its middle; the prenmxillary near the level of its upper edge;
clieek quadrate, as deep as long. Pectorals reaching past vent, the
lower rays rapidly shortened, the width of its base ^ its length, two-
thirds the length of the head ; anterior rays of anal less than half the
height of the posterior. Head 3^; depth the same. D. XV-18; A. 0,
19. L. 12 inches. Coast of Alaska, south to San Francisco, burying
Itself in the sand near the shore; not rare northward.
(Tvaihh'ua trichodon Tiles. M6m. Ac. Petersb. 1813, 4(56; Cnv. & Val. iii, 154; Giiu-
ther, ii, 251: Trichodon Uneatua Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1860, GO.)
.; r Family cm.— URANOSCOPID^.
"! {The Star Gazers.) .
Body more or less elongate, conic, terete or subcompressed, widest
and usually deepest at the occiput. Scales small, smooth, adherent,
arranged in very oblique series, rarely wanting. Lateral line feeble or
obsolete. Head cuboid, partly mailed above. Eyes small, anterior, on
the top of the head. Mouth vertical, the mandible strong and promi-
nent; lips more or less conspicuously fringed; teeth moderate, on the
jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines also; premaxillaries protrac-
tile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone, not slipping under
the preorbital. Gill-openings very wide, continued forwards; gill-
luembraues nearly separate, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegals 0.
'Mmm
■ ■'■•.rfiWHi
'■ il
mm
■ • It ■ ' ..i ,'.,
• t i' ; ' -J "Si :f .J
1171
G28 coNTiunuTioxs to north American ichthyology — iv.
t ,
Tr
! I
il:
f'
I'"
8'S
f J ills .'iA, a .small slit beliind the last. PseiulobranchisB present. No
anal i)ai>illa. Dorsal lius 1 or 2, the spinous part very short, the solt
l)art elohj^ate; anal hnig; candal not forked; pectoral fins with hioail
obliqne bases, the lower rjiys rapidly shortened, most of them braiichcil
ventral lins jujjidar, close together, I, 5, the spine very short, the inner
most rays the longest. Air-bladder generally absent. Pyloric couca
in moderate number. Carnivorous fishes of singular appearance, li\ in"
on the sea-bottoms in most warm regions. Genera 7; 8i)ecies about 20.
{Tracliinuhv, y;ronp i'raiioiico2)ina Gihithor, i'i, 22o-2'.i2.) ' ' "
a. Dui'sai tiua 2; bead without 8i)ii)eH; no tentacle iu the mouth. .AsTROscoi'Uts, 3^<j.
33§.— ASTKOSCOI»US Brevoort.
>.'.',
(J^HMS Giinther: Upselon2)horu8 Gill.)
(Brevoort ; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliihi. 1800, 20 : type UranoHcopua anoplon Ciivicr.)
Mouth large, the lower jaw without retractile tentacle within. Tooth
narrow, in villiform bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines; teeth of jaws
depressible. Xostrils fringed; a curbed furrow behind each eye, with
its edges fringed. No spines about the head, the edges of the nioni-
brane bones covered by smooth skin; surface of the bones rugose: a
broad jdate on the occipital region, from the middle of which a Y
shaped projection extends forward, the tii)s of the fork being betMcoii
the eyes; a trapezoidal space, covered by naked skin, bounded by the
Yj the eye, the suborbitals and the occipital plate. Head scalelcss;
back and sides covered with close-set scales ; belly mostly naked.
Humeral spine obsolete; no spine before the ventrals. First dorsal
small, of about 4 low, stout, pungent spines, connected by membrane
to the second dorsal, which is rather high and long; pectorals and ven-
trals large. American, distinguished from the Old World Uranoncoinm
chieflj' bj^ the unarmed head, [affzoov, star; axo-iioj to look.)
976. A. y-griEcum(C. & V.)Gill. ■% '
Dark brown above, paler below; upper parts densely covered with
small rounde'd white spots, each surrounded by a black ring; lower
jaw^ and labial fringes similarly spotted ; spinous dorsal black, white
posteriorly; soft dorsal with 2 black and 2 white stripes; caudal black,
with 2 white longitudinal strii)es, its upper and low^er edges nar
rowly white; anal white at base and tip, with a black median baud;
pectorals brown, Avith a black band below, the lower edge white, thi'
TR08C0PCS, 33m.
104. GOnilD.E.
npp( ' raj' spotted ; venirals white. Width of pectorals less than half
leiijith of head, their length a little less than that of head; ventrals
iciuliing three-tifths distance to vent. S<'ales small, evident, iti very
ohlique series, /'-shaped bone on top of head conspicuous, on each
side of it a broad naked area, sai<l to be the seat of electric powers.
A ridge of skin along middle lino of belly from ventrals to vent.
Head 3; depth 3. D. IV-I, V.i; A. 12. L. 12 inches. West Indies,
occasional on onr South Atlantic coast.
{Uranoncopns y-gracum Cuv. «fe Val. iii, IWW, 18'211: Urtaioxcopnn ti-gmcum Gilnther, ii,
.j-M); VpHelotiphoruH y-gracuin Gill, Proc. Acud. Nat. Sci. Phlla. Idlil, 113; Beiin, Proc.
U.S.Nat. Mas. 1879, 58.) .
977. A. anoplus (Cuv. &. Val.) Brcvoort.
Brownish, everywhere covered with fine white spots; a dark lateral
baiul on the caudal peduncle, near which the spots are larger; caudiil
witlj lengthwise stripes of black and pale. Form and arinatnre essen-
tially as in A. y-gra'cum. Pectoral a little longer than ventral, oue-
fonrth shorter than the head. Scales on back evident, but small, tlu»
belly and lower part of the sides naked. Head 2i; depth 3^. D. IV-
13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 113. Atlantic coast of United States; rare.
{rranoHtopus anoplos Cuv. & Val. viii, 49:5 (young, said to ()0 nakcnl): Agnus anophifi
Giiuthcr, ii, 229: Aslroscopm gattatm Abbott, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1860, 3(35;
Buau, I'roc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, GO.)
Family CIV.— GOBIID^E.
v! ■ •' :-• ■ / {The Gobies.)
Body oblong or elongate, naked or covered with ctenoid or cycloid
scales. Dentition various, the teeth generally small ; premaxillaries
))rotractile; suborbital without bony stay. Skin of head continuous
with covering of eyes. Opercles generally unarmed. Pseudobranchije
))iesent. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes united to the
istliinns, the gill-openings thus restricted to the sides. l!fo lateral line.
Dorsal fins sei)aiate or connected, the spinous dorsal least developed,
of 2-8 tlexible spines, rarely wanting; aual usually without spine, sim-
ilar to the soft dorsal ; ventral fins close together, separate or fully upite<l,
each composed of a short spine and 5 soft rays, the inner rays longest;
the ventral tins, when united, form a sucking-disk, a cross-fold of skin
at tlieir base forming a cup; caudal fin convex; anal papilla prominent.
No pyloric copca ; usually no air-bladder. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of
small size, living on the bottoms near the shores iu warm regions. Some
ill
in
!:1
i'
E *
i: ' ■
St
iA •'.
G30 coNTRinrnoNs to north American ichthyology — iv.
inhabit fresh waters, aii«l otliers live iiuliscrimiuatcly in either IVcsh or
8alt water. Oenera GO -70; species nearly 400.
{(robiidtv piirt; groiipH Uobiiua, Jinhlyopina, and Tri/pauchenina Gilutbcr, iii, l-i;{j^.)
* W'Utrals sopiiiivti); body scaly. (ICIrotridhin.)
a. Vomoriuo teeth prcHont; istbiiius narrow, the giIl-opcuiu<jH contiimi'd forward
Ih'Iow PiiiLVl'xis, :539.
au. Vomerine tooth waiitiuK; ist limns Itrotul.
b. Scales Hinall ((iO-lUO in a lt'n<;;th\vl.Ht' series); teeth fixed Eleothis, 340.
bb. .Scales large (:}0-;J5 in a lengthwise aeries); enter teeth luovahle.
DoitMiTATult, :i41.
*' Ventral fins nnited.
c. Dorsal fins separate. (Gobiinw.)
d. Dorsal spines several.
c, IJofly sc.ily.
/. Wcale'i ctenoid; dorsjil spines C; maxillary moderately developed, end-
ing below the eye.
h. T.^etli in the npper jaw emarginate, in one series; teeth of lower jaw
horizontal Evoktiiodi-.s, 'M-1
hh. Teeth all .siini)le.
{. Teeth in the npper jaw in one series; those below in a very narrow-
baud EUCTENOGOUILS, 'M.l
ii. Teeth in several series in each jaw.
j. Teeth of the onter series fixed, somewhat enlarged; body not
greatly elongate GoBirs, ;J44.
jj. Teeth of the outer series setaceous, movable; body extremely
long and slender Gobionellis, 34.').
ff. Scales very small, cycloid.
k. Maxillary inordinately developed, in the adult, reaching tiie
gill-opening; dorsal spines 6 Gilliciithy.s, ;!4t;.
Jck, Maxillary moderately developed; dorsal sjjines 7 or 8.
Lepidogobius, :{47.
ee. Body naked; teeth in bands; no (mines Gobiosoma, IM"*.
dd. Dorsal spines 2; body naked; eyes obsolete ..Tyi»iii.og«)Bus, 3111.
CO. Dorsal fin continuous; scales minute or wanting. (Amblyopinw.)
1. Teeth in a single series Tyntlastes, I!oO.
339.— PHIL. YPNUS Cnvier «fe Valeuciennea. "*''' ■ ■
• . (Xp»i6ms Giinther.) . , ^ ,^ ^,
(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. . i, 255, 1837: type Platycephalua dormttator Bloeh &
Scbn.)
Body elongate, terete an t-riorly, compressed behind. Head elongate,
depressed above. Mouth large ; lower jaAv longest. Teeth cardiform, on
jaws and vomer; no teeth on palatines and tongue. Gill-openings con
tinued forward below, so that the isthmus is very narrow. Scales mod
erate, ctenoid, covering mo.st of the head. Dorsal fins weU separated,
the first of 7 spines ; ventrals separate. Largest of the GoMes, some of
the species reaching a length of nearly 2 feet TrOiiioal rivers aud
l)ay8. {ipiXurtvui;, slumber-loviug.)
101. OOmiD.E — DOHMITATOR.
G31
ft7W. P. tlorinitator (Dl. & Schn.) Ciiv. & Vul.
Ur^wiiish, nuirbk'd with darker; sides of head with 2 brown stripes;
Iiu8 lose-eolorcd, with series of biowu spots; two obh)n<; brown spots
on base of pectorals. Snort sharp; maxillary reaeliing to opposite
midille of orbit. Vomerine teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Eye small,
Ii.ilt width of interorbital spaoe. Caudal peduncle very low^ and rather
sUiidor. Head 3 in leiiKthj deptii about 5i. I). VI-I, !); A. I, *.)',
Lat. 1. <»0. L. 1-2 feet. Texas and southward, entering? the rivers.
(rift.'lceplKtlua donnitator Bl. & Sclui. 00, 1801: Ehotrin (hrmitatrix Gliuther, iii, 111);
Cuv. <&. Val. xii, 2o5.)
340.— ELEOTRIS Gronow.
,. I , Tetards.
( GoftJomorMS amW.'oi jomoroirffa Lacdpc'de.) '
(Gronow ; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 65: tyi)o Elcotris ffijrlnm Cuv. &. Val.)
Body long and low, compressed behind. Head long, low, flattened
above, without spines or crests, almost everywhere scaly. INIouth large,
()bli(iue, the lower jaw projecting. Teeth in jaws villiform, ii.xed; no
teeth on vomer or palatines. Preoperclc and branchiostegals unarmed.
Eyes small, high, anterior; isthmus broad. Dorsal fins well apart, the
iirst of about 7 flexible spines; ventrals separate. Scales small, cycloid,
(lO-lOO in a longitudinal series. Troi)ical seas, entering fresh waters.
[r,hii-j bewildered.) •
979. E. gyrinus Cuv. &, \a\.—Ti'tard; Sleeper.
Brownish; vertical flns, with brow^i dots; two darker strijies behind
the orbit. Body elongate, moderately compressed, of nearly equal
depth throughout. Caudal peduncle long and deep. Head rather broad
and flattened above, its scales minute. jMouth large, very oblique;
iiiiixillary reaching beyond the vertical from centre of orbit. Eye small,
lialf width of interorbital space. Head 3i in length; depth about 5.
D. VI-I, 8 ; A'. I, 8 ; Lat. 1. about GO. Brackish waters, from Texas
southward.
{IGohius pisonia Gmolin, Syst. Nat. 1783, l^O'i; Cuv. «& Val. xii, 220; GUnther, iii,
122.) -■'; ■..:■•-...- .- - ..• ;:.,-.-,;■.;":/'.■',. ■•;* ^-; ;..;;-,, _
->:n..; 'rC 341.— DORmiTATOR Gill. - ',y ;■■.'■ /^^ I-,, ,^
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 210: type Ekotria gundlacU Poey.)
Body oblong, the back broad and elevated; tliQ head broad and deep.
Mouth small, anterior; jaws subequal, each with a narrow band of slen-
der teeth, those in the outer row movable; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines. Eyes moderate, lateral, wide apart. Head unarmed, almost
6-* 7
M .J
' A 4 .'1
i^ ■_ 4
•> »>
t"ii
BieSH
<.',
I \
-I
• i
p.
iJh
#
632 coNTKnurioxs to nouth ami kuwx tchthyoi.ooy—iv.
ovor\\vho«x»sont\. SojUos l;>rjjv. o(onoi<l. ls(h»nu{« nuMlornto: sill o)oOs
oxtomUnl u littlo fonvanl !»)»ovo : jjiU rakii^ lonjr. rh{U\\n.:;o;il tooth
solnooons; m\ v\Uy\\M\\ sorios hiwswi. Moxihio, l;nuolliriMMu. Hoi'Sijl sj>in,\<
tloxiMo, usually T; votitnvJs soparato. Umokivsh wrttors in tho tJMi>uv\,
^!.!Uin, fformiMfor, one who sIooiks.)
nix>\vnish >ollv>\v. ihiokly punotnlattMl \vi(h darkor, with a «l;»vk lino
nuuun;ii' olonjj" tho uu«Ul o of oaoh i»\v of soalos, ;»n«l with a »l;oK \oi
tirnl blotoh on (ho soapular tvuiou; hojul jippsiivntly with "J «liuK \ou^\
tiuUntU l>;uuls; dorsal and anal tin>s with 'J »\>ws of datk spots tjoar (ho
Ivjiso. a faintor o(u» hoyotul: all tho (ins with ininntiMhuK dots, Ho^ul
i'i'i in lonjith: dopth abont X\, Kvooqnal tosnont. 1>. Vll-l. U\\ ,\. 1.
10: LatJ. ;?2. (dUL) 8ava(U(Mh.(ia.: pi\>bul>l^ idontioal with thotuM.
((?«». IVhs Aoaa. N,>»t. Sot. Plnln, JSiV*, viTI.)
Datk hi\>\vn, with lij;htor Muish sjH>ts: a fain( dark stvipo ahM^jf sitU\s;
a hmixMhuk Mno spot <hIjjv«1 with blaok abovo ba^so of pivt ovals, jnul
A dark sdvak ftxun oyo to anjjlo of month; two dark sttx^aks «n> si«lo »>(
hoad; bratu'hiostojial uuMnbrano blaoUish: «lorsals l>j>rt^»<l wi(h spots;
«nal dttsky, IviUMXHl wi(h blnish. and with whitx^ niat^jjin; a daik baron
Ivuso of jxHMoraK (\\ndal a littlo short; v than hoad. Kyo stt»all, slu>rtor
tnati sttont, lload .'Vs '» hM(;;(h: dop(h alHMtt ."< (in tho adnlt^, l>. Vll-0;
A. 10: l.at. 1. Xk 1,. \'2 inohos, KMo (5ra(\do atnl soi.hwanl :o(tn);\i-\
«(»d Kipta«h>r: vor> abnndant in braokish wators. ^^Uoiv do,scribtHl (huu
spooiuuMts thnn Magadan,)
v.Voj.r»;rt ♦MrtONfi«M IUoo1». lo(»((\. \;\l\ «*!>, f. tti K^Atft-** m^i^ih^i^*^ 0, A \. \ii,\Ji^^!
fU\'>U-i* iH.jrw^rtM (?«(n(l»o\'. <\(. tt'.^: /7ntJm )iHw»w?ii»i>« (tirinnl. l\ S> M«>\. noxv,,!,
|\(o,\. Syn. Tiw, Cu(>o«n IW.)
JI4«.-KVOUfc'Il<»I>l*; t^iU.
(0\\\, PiN>o. Aou(, Nf»t, Soi. riUlrt. tJ*.VK t'A%; tyt^o f.Nvof*.»«f«« >m>)«Y>w (:((),>
IU»d\ olonuato, oovoivd with otonoid soalos of nn^lorato si?o. \h\\\\
thivdv, vshot-t, Isthinns ntixhMato. 'IVoth it* a sit^lo sorios. with tlo
omwu on«a»jrinato, thosoof (ho lowor jaw hori^.ottta): nooaninos. TiiM
dorsal of spiiu^s; votUral tlt\s tudtod, not adhotvnt to Iho boUy. ({»,
W>H^ »V>f»'><»>»(raijiht: *t'W<, tooth,)
Olivjuvotis. with ojxksj* blotohoj»of darkor. \\oy\^ sul4\(sif<»rtn. llor.i
* Wo rto* (Mt'iunuHl (»> P«>M«vw(»r iJUl thrtt \\\\* h|»ooW^. «»v « wpi'oWv* !«app«v«ot( to 1><^ Um'
^i
im. nonnn.K— *oomi^
C^X^
v,o! wry Mnnt. .liuvs ovon. MoiuU somowluu ohltquo; m;>\ilU»rv ox-
toiuliuji (o t>i>posi(o \\\o jmpil: isihmus \ov.v \vi»lo. IVms;>1s woU .sojm-
,;»(<mK tho vS«MM>n<l sonunvhiU loujivr thiUi tho n»>it : i\\u\\ shorty it<>soito»l
Miiuil lVv>n( »>r >s»v»>ud «l«ns;>l: voturals utX »>iN«olun,u lo vout: j^vtonOs
bi>M«l ««ul i\>Mn<lo«l. <v;>o!>n».iy von(: Uorsal spinos not lUironn. \W'm\
^^ y\o\^\\\ ulHui! I. l>. \ in : A. n : l.a(, 1. :W. S;un( .losoph's Ishuul.
(<v\vj>v*«ji ■,\tt*>h* UirA^^l, l^ 8. Mrv, H«M)u«), Surv. \A\\\\. ISW. vhlV : ,
(im. A«». r.,\v> \«t« i\\M. N. Y. vU, 4.\ IS«>; t,\\H» f:»,f»^»»,vjt»f«««« K».fm«n;>n.\
This jixMUtH Uirtoi^ t\x>m f;t>.*,iw.< \\\ I ho Uontition. tho tooth hoit^jj
iv>iu'0'l, i» j> sinHo sorlos in tho uppor juw juul in n vory n!»rn»\v WwuX
(!) tho U>\vo«. (f \ wolh vff?f, iHMnh; f»\»/»»M\: t^>i>n» tho oto»\\>i«l vSOrtU\'«.)
Umwnish, oUso^tn^lv KvnvAi with «li>rkor. \\kh\\. ohlonii oU>t«j;iUo,
taiHM'injj- slijjhtlv r.ont tH^oipnt too;ui«)i«) po«lin«ohs \\oiU\ ohhu»ji\ »H>n\
mvsso<l. Snotit vot\v lUntit: i>!x>(Uo lt» tw-^wi ot o\os noxriy vortionl.
Mouth modot;>to. no;u!y hon?ontah mnxlllljMV tvnohit^jr hovon«l n\i«hn<^
ol'orhil. 'IVoth onnio;;?, i<;lhor stnn»ji\ in two n>\vs in \\\\M ol' *o\vor
J!W, in «>t>o on Iho »i*i«\ i\\\\\ in o«»o \\\ tho nppor j;«\v. Kins nil hijih|
miiltUo rnys ot' spimn^s (torsi>l ^^l^l>(^n«^Mh oandttl l;«uoool;<to: pootonU
iv;>ohinjf Uoyon«l tips ot* vot»trnls» vvhioh »v«toh tho vvtU, IW\nl 4| it»
Ivpcth: Wopth ubont l|. O, Vl-ll: \.\\i \.'M I XI \Uo VxwwuUk
((.\v,St)»« i^fii'H* <?ir!ONt, Vt\H\ At^twt. Kwt. S>*t. lM»tt«A l?<tV<, t(W; f .V^»w« fjfnVw* <U«ntt«M',
(.UtrttU !.iiu»«^«!*, !*y*f^ KHi»? fy|H^ dithin^ nim' \,.)
UiHly oUlonji »*r oh»njjiUo, oo:npt^^sso<l hohiu«l. Ilojul oMonja. tnonM>r
Kvis «lopivs>so«l. KvoM hijjh, nnlorior. oU>so touvfhor: opot^^los \nuunuHK
Month iinxloriUo. Ttv^tl^ on jaws ot»l\, ootuonl. \\\ sovorul sorios, thoso in
tho >M»tor I't^w onlnrjioil; noonninos: i'thnuts hhvuK }<0!«!»vs nnMlomto.
oU'Uoitl: oh«vKs \«sn;«lly n««K«vil; hotlv j:onovj«l)y sojily. Hotsjil nsns^Hy
with tv spitios: poott>t;ns li»rj;v; vontr.ils oon»p!t^toly unito«l, not mlnitto
h> tho holly s ojunhil ih\ ttsn!>Uy ohtns»v vSpooi^vs vory nttiuot^nts. Onr
*j><HM<»s ttiv Yory littlo kt^own, rttnl st^no of thou* tn««> not In^lot^ji to this
gtMMts. ()r»«^ftrtcj l.sUin, f»\>MM.« or f^>^♦o. «intuno««pplio*l to tho jnn<l}it»on
\Ur'>lmfl*irMftih) ntnl to othov snnUl tlshos: :iUio«l to (V>^«f}s» oluih. oto.)
*tV<ily onliivly i««*»l.V«
ti. l!|\)w»tn^vi> of jwotortttst |M«tt,v t\vo, t\»ot> hvrtm'hwl, !«»tk-tiko.
•i *
A-
. -;
ii ] ti
m
v'
ii.
G34 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHlOLOGY — IV.
9§4. O. soporator Cuv. &. Val.
Dark browni»h-olive, marbled with darker, and willi lighter dots
along the series of scales; tins all blackish, the dorsal and caudal umix-
or less distinctly barred; a dark blotch on temporal region. lUxly
rather stout. Eye rather large, slightly less than snout. Head rathei'
broader than high. Mouth rather large; jaws equal ; maxillary to mid.
die of eye. Cheeks naked; scales on nape much smaller than those on
body; opercle not longer than eye; distance of lirst ilorsal from ejo
equals that of snout from preoperclt?; upper rays of pectoral sillv-ljke,
the fin not quite as long as caudal, shorter than head; ventrals not
reaching the vent, their basal membranes very broad. Head 3; (loj)th
4 J. D. VI-I, 9: A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 35; 1. trans. 13. Both coasts of Mex-
ico; very abundant southward, north to Florida.
(Ciiv. & Val. xii, 56; GUnther, iii, 26.)
9§S. O. carolinensis Gill.
Blackish-brown, indistinctly marked with lighter,* a darker spot at
base of caudal; a few light spots on operculum; fins purplish. Head
44^ in total length (with caiulal) ; depth about 5; caudal pri'^n of
total length, its height ^ of the same; eye 4 in length of head; u])i)er
rays of pectorals silk like; caudal ^ total length, as long as pectoral.
D. VI-I, 9; A. I, 8; Lat. 1. 38; L. tr. 14; P, 18. {OilL) Charleston,
S. C. ; the type now destroyed ; probably identical with G. noporator.
(Gin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 268.)
9§6. ». <j:uIosus Grd.
Olivaceous, with tranSN^orse black spots on the back and longitudinal
ones on the head. Snout subconical, the mouth very large, oblique, the
lower jaw included; maxillary extending beyond the orbit. Eyes small,
superior, their length 5 in head, twice the interocular space; isthmus
moderate. Dorsals well sei)arated, the first with some rays ftliforni;
dorsal and anal barely reaching base of caudal; ventrals reacbinj;
vent; pectorals longer than ventrals; caudal rounded; scales mod-
erate. Head nearly one-fourth the total length. D. VI-15; A. 15.
Indianola, Tex. {Girard.) ,,,
(Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Siirv. Iclith. 1859, 26.) . t
9§7. O. wiU'demauai Grd.
Appearance of Gobius Jyriem. Reddish-brown, obscurely barred wii'i
dusky. Head larger; caudal shorter; ventrals shorter; anal lowo:
scales smaller thgn in G. lyrieuH; teeth very slender, much smallti
than in G. iyricua. Third dorsal spine filamentous. D. VI-llj A. 12.
104. GODIIDJE — GOBIONELLUS.
G35
Bra/os Santiago, Tex. (Glrard.) Like the preceding, a dubious species,
wliich may uot belong to this genus.
(Girard, U. S. Mex. lioiind. Surv. lohth. Id59, 25.) t; *
aa. Pectoral with its upper rays normal, simple, or nearly so; scales large. {Cory-
9§§. G. gflaucofrsenuiii (Gill) J. & G. -'^ -K- ■ - ■ ^
Tawny, with a faint bhie spot in the center of each scale, and with 6
spots, each formed by aggregation of dark dots, on the ridge of the
back between the second dorsal spine and the axil of the soft dorsal
fin; another row of similar but fainter spots runs from the scapular
ix'giou, and a third row along the middle of the sides; head tawny,
Avith dark spots and blue dots; a straight blue lino across the cheeks;
dorsal fins with faint blue sjjots. Body robust, compressed; head
naked; mouth oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting, the maxil-
laries extending to below puj)il; teeth long, in many series, the outer
curved; scales ctenoid, large. Pectoral lin with the upper rays little
branched, not silk-like; cheeks scarcely tumid; caudal and pectoral
longer than ventrals, about as long as head. Head 3^; dei)th 4^. D.
VI-10; A. I, 9; P. 18; Lat. 1. 25; 1. trausv. 7. L. 1.^ inches. Coast of
Washington Territory, {Gill.) The original type is now lost, and the
species has not been rediscovered.
{Corynliopterus glaucofrwnum Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1863, 2(53.) ' '
..■:_; v.:,.', ' 345.— OOBIOIVEL.L.US Girard. _ :i^ j
;>- , Emerald-fiHkcs. •
{Sinaragdua Poey. )
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliihi. 1858, ltJ8: type Gobiua Imweohitua Blocb.)
Body extremely long and slender, the depth (jontained more than
six times in the length to base of caudal. Scales small, ctenoi«l. Head
HOC depressed, obtuse-convex, scaly above; cheeks and opercles naked;
no barbels. Teeth small, in narrow bauds, those in the outer row in
the lower jaw setaceous, movfible, in the upper jaw^ somewhat larger,
fixed; no canines; lower jaw thin Jind flat. Dorsal with spines; soft
dorsal and anal many-rayed; caudal lanceolate. "Base of the tongue
tuberculate, and shining with bright blue and green reflections, like a
.1 precious stone" (hence the names Smantydiifi, EfiineraUhi, etc.). Ver-
tebra} elongate, 11 +• 15. (A diminutive of Gobius.)
"Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Plula. 1H63, 262: type Cori/phoptcrua glaucofrwnum GiU.
{) Ofjvipy, summit; nre/jov, llu.)
life 'tf't
WT --ri
11
II
lis
I ' t
1
|\!'(.
636 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
9^9. G. occanicus (Pall.) J. & G.
Brownish, lighter below; a faint dusky streak along sides; a dark
bar below eye; fin-s unici)lor; pectorals dusky. Body much eloiif^ate
of equal depth throughout. Ilead short; prolile very convex. ]Month
large, oblique; jaws equal; maxillary reaching to below middle of orbit.
Dorsal spines more or less elevated, filiform, usually higher than the
soft rays; caudal from i^-^ of length of body; i)ecl»oral slightly loiigoi-
than head or than ventrals, none of its rays silk-like; basal membrane
of ventrals well developed. Head 5^-0 in length; depth about 7A. D.
VI-13; A. 14; Lat. 1. 00-70, the scales much smaller and crowded, an-
teriorly. Coast of Tcx.is to Guiana.
{GoMuH oceaniciis Piillas, S[)icilcf]jia, viii, 4, 1769, after Gobiita caitda longianima acnmi-
naia Groiiow: Gohiiia lanvcolatm Bloch. Fisclio Dciitschl. ii, 12, j)!. 158, f. 1, 1784: (iohm
lanceolatvs C. &. V. xii, 114: Gobiim hncalaus C. & V. xii, 119: Gohiiis laneeolatiis (iiin.
ther, ill, 50: Gobionelliis liastatiis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1858, 1G9: Gobio-
nellus hastatua Girard, U. S. Mex. Bouud. Surv. 1859, 24.)
:" 3 I6.-GIl,ILICHTHYS Cooper.
(Gooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863, 111: typo GiUkhthya miraiilia Cooper.)
Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with small, cycloid,
imbedded scales; belly and head naked. Eyes small, almost superior.
Gape wide, the maxillary in the adult inordinately developed, prolonged
backward to the base of the pectorals; its posterior part a cartilaginous
expansion, connected to an expansion of the skin of the lower jaw,
thus forming a channel backward from the mouth, almost exactly as
in the Blennioid genus Neoclinus and the Trachiuoid genus Opisthofi-
nathus. Teeth small, even, in broad bands. Dorsal fins 2, the second
high, the lirst of 6 very weak spines, none of which are exserted; can-
tlal rounded; pectorals large; isthmus broad. Singular little fishes,
in brackish waters, burrowing in the mud. ,,
(Dedicated to Theoiioro Gill.) ' '•
990. O. iiiirabilB!4 Cooper. — Mud-jUh. . ^ ' ';-
Dull olive, very finely marbled with darker; sides of head and max-
illaiy finely punctate; fins oiive; belly and ventrals yellowish. Body
rather stout, somewhat compressed. Eyes small, high, anterior; max-
illary in the adult reaching past base of pectorals, proportionately
smaller in the young; in the very young the bone is scarcely larger
than in other Qohics. Scales very small, smooth; belly and head naked,
showing prominent veinings; dorsal spines very weak. Head 34 ; depth
4]; maxillary, in adult, 3. D. VI-13; A. I, 10. L. inches. Pacilic
104. GOBIID.E LEPIDOGOBIUS.
637
coast of United States, extremely abundant southward. It lives in
shiiUow creeks and lagoons, where it Alls the bottoms with holes and
tuuuels.
(Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1883, 111.) '-^'-i- _ '
•' ' Is
an-.— i.EPiDOGor::r.5 oni.
( C^cZoi/ofiiMS Steindacliuer. ) ■, '
(Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 18.")9, 14: type Gnbiiis graeilin Grd.)
Scales small, cycloid; dorsal spines 7 or 8; otherwise essentially as
inGobius. Pacific Ocean. (/is-t/Jo?, scaly; Qohius.)
(!. Ifead scaly. (Lcpidogobiua.) -I; , '
991. L. ffracilis (Grd.) Gill. i ■ Q
Very pale olive, with roundish blotches of rusty red on back and
sides; vertical fins mottled with reddish; <listal half of all fins and
iiiuler side of head blackish, especially in the males. Body elongate,
loiij,' and low, little compressed, covered with thin, smooth, half-ini-
beclded scales. Head scaly above and on cheeks and opercles; mouth
oblique; jaws equal; maxillary extending to below, middle of eye.
Teeth in rather broad bands, the outer teeth enlarged, especially in
upper jaw; outer teeth in lower jaw somewhat movable. Eyes lai'ge,
placed high, the interocular space very narrow; opercle adnate to scapu-
lar arch from upper edge of pectoral upward. Fins rather high, the
dorsal spines slender, flexible and exserted at tip; pectorals short, not
reaching so far as tips of ventrals; ventrals inserted slightly behind
axil of pectorals; basal sheath of ventrals large. Head 4; depth Gi.
I). VII-18; A. 15. L. 5 inches. Pacific coast of United States; com-
mon northward, in rather deep water.
(Gohiiis ijraciUs Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 134, not of .Jcuyns: Gobiiis
/<'^)i(/Ht Giiiird, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. I::i7: Gobius lepUna Giiuthcr, iii, 78.)
a.i. Head naked. {Eucyclogobius* Gill.) ' V i '.'•• ,; ;/ . i
992. L. iiewbcrryi (Grd.) Gill. ' -'
Olivaceous, mottled with darker; spinous dorsal and anal tipped with
dusky; second dorsal and caudal checkered; pectorals transparent;
head with some dusky markings. Body short, chubby, little com-
•Oill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 330: type Gobius newberryi Grd. "The
gpnus EitrjiclofjobiiiH ia very distinct from Lepidoijobiiis, differing especially in the
roliUHt. sultfnsifonn body, the size and position of the eyes, wider forehead, shape of
jaws, and especially the position of the ventral fins." (Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci.
Phila. 1863, 264.) {ev, well; kvhXo?, cycloid; Gobiun.)
t ;■
I
f
pit
•P ; i
>• * i ■
} . [}
■1 ' ' i
■J ■■ ■ ;
• ■ i
■
' 1
IN
IK
Ir:
m
G38 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
I)re8se(l. Head large, rounded above, the snout broad. Mouth huyo
oblique, the lower jaw somewhat projecting; maxillary extending to
considerably beyond the posterior margin of the small eye. Teeth
rather strong, in narrow bands, the outer row larger; outer teetli of
lower jaw somewhat movable. Opercle adnate to scapular arch tVoin
ni)per edge of pectoral upwards. Scales very small, cycloid. Head
naked. Fins moderate; dorsal spines very slender, not filamentous
lower than the soft rays; caudal truncate, about as long as pectorals
and considerably shorter than head; ventrals inserted inider Iowit an-
terior edge of pectorals. Head 32; depth 4 J. D. VIH-12; A. 11; Lat.
1. about GO. L. 2 J inches. Coast of California; rare.
((riibiuH newbcrrii Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 136: Gobiun ncwlurrii
Giiutliur, iii, 72: Eucydogobim newberrli Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. leC3, 5iGr).)
n-'-^\^-^^)''r.i
34(!i.— GOBIOSOITIA Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1838, 109: type Gohius alepidotus Blocli &
Schneider.)
This genus differs from Gohius mainly in the entire absence of scales.
The teeth are iy several series, the outer row enlarged, and there are
no canines. Dorsal spines usually 7. ( Gohius : <;d>fia, body.)
993. «. aUcpidotnm (Bl. & Schn.) Girard. ■ ; . '■ > '■ ^''
Olive brown, with 7 or 8 paler transverse bars; fins dark brown;
caudal with ? -^r 3 curved bars. Body elongate, little compressed.
Head somewhat flattened above; month rather small; maxillary ex-
tending nearly to opposite middle of orbit. Caudal fin pointed. Head
3;\ ; depth about 5J. 1). VII--14; A. 11. South Atlantic coast of United
States.
{Gobiiin aJqndotus BI. & Schu, .547, 1801; Giiuther, iii, 85: Gobiuaboadi C.»fc V. xii,
91)
994. Cr. Iliolcstum Girard.
Dusky brown; fins with blackish streaks. Head large, depressed;
snout rounded; jaws even; maxillary scarcely reaching pupil. Caudal
fin rounded, shorter than head; anal shorter than second dorsal; veil-
trah. small, not reaching vent; pectorals broad, reaching beyond tiie
ven rals; dorsals contiguous; isthmus very wide. Body short and
chubby. Head 3^; depth ^. D. VII-12; A. 12; P. 1«. {Gimnl)
Coast of Texas; ascending streams, said to have been once taken at
the Falls of the Ohio.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. 1858, 169; GUnther, iii, 556.)
101. GOnilD^. — TYNTLASTES.
639
349.— TYPHLOGOBIUS Stoimlachuer.
(0</ioHop8 Kosa Smith.)
(Steiudacbner, Ichtli. Beitriijcc, viii, 142, 1879: typo T. ca/i/wnif hms Steind.)
Body moderately elongate, coini)re8sed, covered with loose, smooth,
naked skin. Head large, deprt^ssed, with tumid cheeks. Mouth large,
the inaxillarj'^ reaching to beyond the orbit; jaws equal, each with a
iianow band of villiform teeth, the outer teeth slightly enlarged; lower
javr capable of little niotiou; snout rounded; no cirri. P^yes very small,
imperfect, covered by skin. Fins low; first dorsal of 2 flexible si)ines;
second dorsal moderate; anal very short; caudal rounded; ventral disk
•A%\\\ Goh'ms. Gill-opeuiugs rather narrow. One species known, (ru^'/lor,
blind; Gohius.)
995. T. californiensis Steind.
Bright pellucid i^ink in life, the upper parts somewhat speckled; top
of head with slight wrinkles of skin. Insertion of first dorsal midway
between snout and base of caudal ; insertion of anal opposite flitli ray
of soft dorsal; pectorals as long as caudal, extending beyond ventrals
to first dorsal; fin rays covered by loose skin. Eyes risible in life as
small dark specks, disappearing in alcohol. Head 32; depth 5. D.
II-ll; A. 7; P. IG. L. 3 inches. San Diego, Cal.; burrowing in sand
among rocks.
(Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr. viii, 142, 1879 : Othonopn eoa Rosa Smitb, Proc. U, S. Nat.
MU8. 1881, 19.)
350.— TYNTL.ASTES Giiuther. . : ;, -^^ -^ t ^ -i
(Giintlier, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 18G2, 194 : typo Amhlyopus sagitia Giinther.)
Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, imbricate, cycloid
scales. Head elongate, quadrangular. Mouth wide, oblique, the lower
jaw projecting; teeth small, in single series, none on vomer or palatines.
Eyes very small, or rudimentary. Dorsal fin single, continuous, about
6 of its anterior rays simple ; caudal fin pointed, more or less joined to
the dorsal and anal; ventral fins united. Air bladder very small or
absent. !No pseudobrauchife. Vertebrae 11 + 20. Pacific Ocean.
(:w-AaffTij?, a mud-dabbler.) ^ ^ > ' ;
996. T. sag[itta GUnther. 4---.^--:-,.. ■^- - ^.
Grayish, sides and below silvery ; an ovate gray spot before each
dorsal ray; caudal gray. Body and head elongate, compressed, the
length of the latter two-thirds the distance between the base of the
ventral and the vent. Maxillary reaching to behind eye ; teeth sub-
m
hii
'» 4.' I
:..::m
!i:
f.r;rit|
t i
G40 CONTRlliU TIOXS TO NOUTII A.IKUICaN ICIITIIYOLOOY — IV.
horizontal, very small. Scalos becoming lavfjor poatoriorly. ('an(l;ii
urrow-Nhapod, about oiu* l\»uitli lonjjtli ol ri'.st of body; ju'ctoral as 1(mi<>
as vt'ntral, half as loii";- as head. Head r>|J (7 in total witli caii(l;il);
dopth 0!J (12 with caudal). D. VI, 1»1; A. I, liO. L. D-J inches. "Cali
Ibrnia." {Giinfher.)
{Ambtyopus {Ti/ntlti'ttf't) miiftttn Oiliitlutr, Proc. Zoiil. Hoc. Loud. IH(5J, l'J;{.)
Family CV.— CIIIRID.E.*
{The ChiroUh.)
Cottoid Ushcs, with the body elongate, cov.ered with small scales,
whieh are either ctenoid or cycloid; head more or less conical, scaly,
without armature above; pre«>per«r]e sonu'times arnu'd ; top of jicini
without spinous ridges, but usually with dt'rmal Haps; a lu)ny stay
across the cheeks from the suborbital. IMouth large or small, with
teeth on .jaws, and usually on vomer and palatines; teet^ vaiion.s.
Gills t, a considerable slit, behind the fourth; gill niend)ranes free or
vari<)usly attairhed. Branch iostegals or 7. rseudobranchiw jjrcsciit.
Dorsal fin elongate, continuous or divided, the anterior half or more
composed of spines; anal lin elongate, with or without spines; ventrals
I, 5; some or all of the soft rays branched. Pyloric c<eca few or many.
Lateral line jjresent; aometiines several lateral lines. Carnivorous
iishes of the North Pacific. Genera, 8 or !) known; species about Ifi.
{Tnijl'idiv, ft\•m\\^ Ifrterolepidinn (JiluMuM*, ii, UO-'.)"): geueru Chints, (>i>hii>doii, A<iram-
mus, ami /aniolcpis.)
a. Lateral liiioH 4 or more on oach sido; anal spinels obsoloto; month mo(l(>riito; Jiiws
with an ttntor m'rit'8 of atrnn;;t'r Ifoth, Itnt no canint-s. {Cliiriiitv.)
h, Gill-miMnUraiu's broaiUy uiiitod, froo from tho isthmus; isralcN moHtly clciioid,
Ukxaghammcs, M,
Art. Latoral lino siiifxlo on each aid*'.
d. Gill-nu'iubranc'H t'nw from tho isthmus; prcoperclo armed.
e. Anal spines obsoloto ; scales cycloid ; mouth large, with strouf; cauincii.
(Ophiodontiutv) OriuoDON, [Vo'l
ee. Anal spines ;l, strong; scales ctenoid; mouth snmll, without canines.
*The CInrUhVj Scorpamidd', Cotlidn; Aoonidw, TririUd(V, Liparididn; and Curlojtln-hhf
t'nnn a closely-related stir\cs {Cataphradi), and are distinj>;uished from all (he olliir
Acdnlhopterl by the presence of the suborbital stay. Dillereut writers have widely
separated 8omt> of the members of this {jroui) from the others, but the relations ol"
each, especially of the Scorpivnida; Af/onidiv, and Liparididce, with tho Cotiida are si)
close that it is dithcult to draw satisfactory boundary lines.
m
105. CiriUIDVE IIKXAGRAMMUS.
G41
, ViMlOUS.
/, (liH-mciiiWruncH Mcanmly iiiiifoil ; HpinDiiH dormil groatly i!l«rviito(l in front;
•calcH Vfry roii^li. (/nniolrpiiiii') Zaxiolkpis, Il.V.l.
ff. Gill-inciiibriuioH bniadly iiiiittrd; dorHiil HpinoH low, Htill'; In^ad pointo.d.
(OrjilcliiiiKr). OxYi.Kimrrt, ;r>4.
(id. (iill-iooniltraiH^H united to Mm narrow iHtliiuiis; pruopurclu unanncd ; anul
HpinoH weak or ol)Kol((t«. • /i
g. Dorsal Hmh «'oim«"ct<Ml. ( Agrainmina:)
h. Anul* cotniiarativoly Nliort, ittt ruyn about 1*2; palatini* tooth ]>i'OHetit,
MYUIOLKI'IS, 'XtTt.
gg. DorHal llns widoly Hoparatod; body and hoad rathor Hlomior. (.ino/tfo-
ffomiiim) An«)I'L<jih)MA, 356.
341.-IIEXA«iJRAin!?IlISt Stollor.
Rock-trout,
{Chirus fiUiWor: LahraxVn\\an: Acanlholehiiis Ci\\\: Chiropniii CAniril.)
(Stollor; TihiHiuH, Act. Acad. l'«trop«d. ii, XVi, 1810: typ« Ilexaiframmim mper Steller.)
Ikuly obloii};?, soincwhiit compressed. Head siibcoiiieal, blunt in
])rolUe. Month ratlier small, horizontal; jaws with bands of mod(irate-
sizod, <!oni<ral teeth, the outer row enlarged; teeth on vomer, and usu-
ally a small patch on the palatities; preopercle unarmed; a fVinj?(;d
•Anal rayB about 20 in Agrnmmm srhlegeH, a .lapaneso Hpocies,
tTht) following Hpocics from the coaHt of Kaintuchatka, rolatcd to nej^agrammun,
Imvo boon niado tho typoH of diHtiiict jjcniTa. ThoHe genera may bo valid, if the
clmruulera aiulguud uie correct, which Ih doubtful :
GRAMMATOPLEURUS Gill. f
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. IHQl, KM?: typo Lahrax lagopephalm Pall-js.
Distinguished from Ilexagrammus by the cycloid scales, {ypaut-irj, line; itXf.VfioVy
side.) ^
(;. /a«;oc('i)/iaZi(8 (Pallas) Gill.
Five lateral lines; mouth rather small; color golden-brown. D. XX-24; A. 22.
Kiirilo Islands.
[lAxhrax lagocephalua Pallas, M6m. Acad. Potorsb. ii, 1^84, 1810: Chirm laijwxqthal'ua
GUiithor, ii, 92.)
OCTOGRAMMUS Bleekor.
(Blceker, Vorsl. At. Amst. vl, 1370: type Labrajc octogrammm Pallas = Ot'to/;mmmM«
pallasi Bleeker. )
Distinguished from Hexagrammm by the union of tho gill-niembrane» ta the isth-
mus(f). (owro, eight; ypanntj, line.)
O.paUasi Bleeker.
Olivaceous; back and sides spotted; belly yellow; pectorals hyaline; ventrals
black at tip: four lateral lines; mouth moderate; scales 8troi>gly ctenoid; body
elongate; dorsal deeply notched. "Flabella branchio stega divisa." !>. XIX; A.
24. Kaintschatka and Aleutian Islands .
(Labrax octogrammus I alias, I. c. 393: Chirua octogrammua. C^txitludT, ii, 92; Bleeker^
1. <i.]=nexagrammua dccagrammual)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 41
IT
Y'-m
. , ^ i'
m
i ■ I
I
- ;
.:p-
!'
■ ;
■■ I-
i
t
G42 coNTRinuTioxs to north American iciitiivolooy — iv.
Hupraorbitsil c.iirua. (Jillinombrrtiies broadly eonnoctcd, froo from tlio
isthmus; ;j;ill-rnki'ra short, tubcrcUi-like. Scales small, imistly ctciidul.
Head more or less scnily, without spines. Lateral lines usually T) on
eaeh side. Dorsal fbi long, sometimes with a (U'ep emarj^iualioii l^..
tween the spines and the soft rays; dorsal spines slender, l!)-2:i jn'
number; anal tin eloufjate, with a siuj^le rudimentary spine; rays of
pectorals and ainU exserted and almost simple; pectoral rounded, with
broad, procurrent base, the rays thick; ventrals well develoi)ed, |)la('p(l
at a consi<lerable distaiu'-e behind the root of the pectorals; caudal siih.
truncate. IJranchioste^als (>. Pyloric cdica numerous (about 1.?), Xo
air-bladder. Species of rather larjje size and bright coloration; almii
daut in the North Pacitlc. (cc, six; /fia/itir], lino.) i,^, ..^
a. Dorsal Uii cniititinunH, or but Hliyhtly Ptnargiuato. {Vleuroyrammuii* Gill.)
997. II. inonoptcryKius (PalliiB) 3.&.Q.
Dark olive above, yidlowish below, the color of the ba(!k forniiii<j sov-
eral broad crossbars on the sides; fins dusky, nearly i)lain; the pec.
toral with blackish mar{;in ; ventrals blackish. IJody rather stout, little
comi)ressed. Mouth moderate, the maxillary extend in j»- to below the
front of the largo eye. Teeth in tho jaws in baiuls, the outer scries
somewhat enlarged and recurved; teeth on vomer, and a few aspori
ties on the ])alatines. Supraocular cirri small. Cheeks partly naked;
o[)ercles m'cU scaled; scales small, all rough. Five lateral lines, the
fourth of these ceasing on the belly. Dorsal flu high and continuous;
pectoral rather large; ventrals long, inserted behind the ijcctorals at
a distance of twice tho diameter of the eye. Head 4J; depth 4. D.
XXI-25; A. 24. Coast of Alaska; not rare. ' ^
(Lnhrax monopienigiufi Pallas, Mdin. Ac. Sci. Petcrsl). ii, 31)1, 1810, and iu Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat. iii, '^81: Chirua monopterngiiiit Gihither, ii, 92.)
998. H. ordlnatus (Copo) J, & a. -- -■-^'■^^ ■>-;*,■. 'A- w, .'v,,,.
"Dorsal tins not very elevated, continuous, but with a slight depres-
sion at tho point of union of tho two ; a dentate flap above each eye;
lateral lines of pores 5, oidy three of which extend to the basis of the
caudal fin, viz, the "second, third, and fifth ; the first extends to opposite
the middle of the second dorsal; the fourth commences below aiidia
front of tho basis of the pectoral, and extends to a iwint a little hebiiid
that measured by the extremity of that fin ; the inferior series of oppo-
site sides converge and unite a little behind the basis of the ventrals
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 18G1, 166: typo Lahrax monopterygius Pallas.
105. CiURID/K IIEXAGRAMMUS.
643
into a sinple inodirtii line, wlil<'li cxtoiuls to tlio branchlostogal foM.
]!ii(lii I3r. VI I J). XlX-li5; C J7, th(^ intrrspace.s scahul; tlu> margin
nearly tniiicato; A. 20; V. I, 5; 1'. 18. Ilcail scaled ul)<>v«' and on
sjdoM, t'xcopt on interoprrculnin and iiiu//lc. S(!jile.s cti'noid, KJ-94-.'M.
jlio scah^H arc elonfjato, and nearly trinu-atc distally; on the Hides tljcy
aro in ol)Ii<ino s«ui('H, but near the dorsal tin frouj .'{-5 rows exhibit
sciilcM supcrposctl verliitally. (icncral color i>al«'-oningo, with ill-
(Itliiicd blackish shade on the sides, and 7 qnadrate-blaekish spots at
the base of the dorsal fin; below, bright yell<»w; <b)rsal and caudal fin
yellowish at base, margins with a broad bhu;kish band; 3 black spots
oil the niirldle of the first, and 4 on th<; middle of the st^cond dorsal flu ;
anal yellow, with 7 blackish blotches extending anteriorly across the
rays; pectoral yellow, with brown sjiots on the rays and a black one at
the base in front; eye with 5 blackish radii, diverging, two anteriorly,
one upward and bacliward, one backward, and one downward and back-
ward. Total length 11 inches; length of head entering it 4.33 times;
depth of body 4 times in the same; eye 5 times in head, l.OC times in
muzzle, and 1.25 times in interorbital width." Coast of Alaska. {Cope.)
{('hiriis ordinatus CoiH), Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phlla. 1873.)
aa Dorsal fin with tho Hpines separated from the soft rays by a deep notch. {Ilexa-
grammns.) , v .fti;;; ::>;W
h. Cheeks partly naiicd. ; ,
c. Scales all strongly ctenoid. ■'
999. II. nspcr Stellcr.
Light or dark greenish, much mottled with blackish, riisty-red, and
light blue, the dark color in tho form of fine marblings, the reddish in
the form of broad washes, and the bluish as roundish spots; two light-
bluish bands downward and forw.ird from eye, separated by a black-
edged brown area; a whitish streak and various reticulate markings
on eheeks and opercles; pectorals and dorsal mottled with brown spots;
a (lark humeral spot, distinct in the young; lower fins black in the
raa!e, pale in the female; flesh often tinged with green. Form rather
slender. Maxillary reaching past front of eye, about to pupil. 'No
teeth on palatines. Scales all strongly ctenoid, except on sides of
liead; region about suborbital stay and lower part of the opercles
naked or nearly so; lower part of cheeks scaled in varying degree,
generally more naked in large examples. A lateral line from occiput
close to dorsal fin, ceasing near middle of spinous dorsal; one from
occiput along back to base of caudal; one from angle of opercle to
middle of base of caudal ; one £rom just below the pectoral fin, undu-
^■:k
r
• I
1
i
|i
' '.'
1
1
i
1
1
i
H
j
1
f.
644 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Lititig along the sides of the abdomen, ceasing in front of tips of ven
trals; one beginning on the median line of the breast, forking ncir
the middle of the ventrals, the branches going straight to the lower
l)art of the tail. Dorsal high, less deeply emarginate than in the fol-
lowing species; the spines high; caudal slightly emarginate; supiiUK'.
nlar tentacles moderate, about as long .as pupil; sexes not very tlis-
similar. Head 3g; depth 4^. D. XXII-I, 20; A. 23; Lat. 1. Uo.
Alaska, south to San Francisco and Japan; abundant.
(Steller, MSS. Tilesius, Act. Acad. Potrop. ii, 340, 1810: Ldbrax hexagrammm Pallas
Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii, B84, IHll : C'hirus hexatjrammua Gliuther, ii, 91: CMropain nebu-
losvB Giranl, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 45, based on a specimen with Ronio of the
soft raj'S of the dorsal broken, resembling spines: Chirus nebnloHua Gliuther, ii, 9;!:
Acantholcbiits nebulonua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 106: Chirm tr'ujramnm
Cope, Proc, Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873: Hexayravtmua acaher Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat,
Mus. 1881, 154; based on very yonng specimens, showing a rudimentary ad<litioual
lateral line along middle of side. )
cc. Scales mostly cycloid posteriorly; dorsal very deeply emarginate.
1000. II. snperciliosus (Pallas) J. & G. .. y- ..,j,
Blackish-green, varying to dark brown and clicrry-red, the coloration
and pattern extremely variable; sides usually with round pale spots,
which are generally cheny-red, especially in the adult, but wliich are
sometimes nearly white and often obsolete; belly mostly reddisli;
pectorals iTreenish or red, usually with 2 or 3 dusky c -nt-shaped
cross-bands at base, the outer portion often plumcoloi, uus mostly
greenish or red, variegated; lower fins mostly dusky; flesh, and all
membranes, livid green, esj)ecially in the adult; stomach and intes-
tines of a livid green. Body rather robust. Orbital tentacle much
largt^r than in other species, its length § the diameter of the eye. A
few teeth on front of palatines. Skin covering suborbital stay naked;
cheeks otherwise scaly. Scales ctenoid on body anteriorly, becoming
nearly smooth behind and on head. Lateral lines 5; one on the middle
line from the nape, forking, and extending on each side nearly to end
of second dorsal; the second to the upper edge of the caudal; one to
tie middle line of the tail; one from throat to about middle of anal;
f.nil one on the middle line of the belly, forking behind the ventrals,
and extending on each side to the tail. Dorsal deeply emarginate.
Caudal truncate or slightly rounded; pectorals large. Sexes similar.
Head 4; depth 3 J. D. XX-23; A. 22; Lat. 1. 107. L. 18 inches.
Alaska to Monterey; not rare.
{Ldbrax superciUosus Pallas, Mem. 'Acad. Petersb. ii, 388, 1810, and'in Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat. ill, 279: Chirua jpictus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 132: Chiro^
105. CIIIRIDiE — IIEXA0RAMMU8.
645
meiu» Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Siirv. Fit*h. 4'.\: Chirun pictua Giinthcr, ii, 93: Chinm piriua
Lockington, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mas. 18d0, 54: Chinm baitas Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc.
1^3.)
ib. Checks wholly scaled ; scales all ctenoid.
1001< II« dccaffrailimus (Pallas) J. & O.—Rock Trout; Boregat; Bodkron.
Males clear brownish-olive of varying shade, often tinged with bluish
or coi)i)ery and vaguely blotched; often with small blue spots; head
aud anterior part of body with rather large sky-bluo spots, each sur-
rouiulod by a "usty ring, these smaller and more numerous on the top
oftbo head; lips with bluish spots; upper tins brown, mottled; ven-
trals and anal dusky-bluish; pe(;torals dark, both rays and membranes
crossed by sharply-defined whitish reticulations, so that the fins appear
\o\>Qprofu8ely spotted tcith tchite. Females brownish, somewhat tinged
with reddish, closely covered with round spots of a reddish-brown ; these
mts usually quite small and uniform over the whole back and sides;
(lof'^al fin spotted on the scaly part, the fins otherwise plain reddish or
bluish, the ventrals usually dusky; pectorals light orange, without mark-
ings. Other females {^hnaculoscriatns^^) have the ground color slaty-
blue, with rows of round orange spots considerably larger than usual,
and becoming vermiculations on the head: dorsal fin orange, clouded at
base with blue; soft dorsal edged with b' lish; pectorals plain orange;
btlly white. Body elevated at the shoulders, descending rather steeply
at the nape. Maxillary not reaching middle of eye; a very few teeth
on front of palatines; supraocular flap smaller than in other species,
shorter than pupil. Cheeks and opercles entirely scaled; scales on the
body all strongly ctenoid. Uppermost lateral line forking on the nape,
the branches running to opposite the middle of tl^ second dorsal; the
second lateral line to upper edge of tail; the third to middle of tail;
the fourth to a little beyond the middle of anal; the fifth to lower edge
of tail; the fourth beginning near the lower edge of the pectorals and
undulating opposite the ventrals, the lowermost on each side joining
just in front of the vent, and proceeding on the median line to the
middle of the breast. Dorsals high, scarcely connected; pectorals and
ventrals large; caudal slightly emarginate. Head 4^; depth 4. D.
XXI-24; A. I, 23; Lat. 1. 113. L. 18 inches. ]Srorth Pacific; abundant
from Point Concepcion to Alaska.
{Lahrax decagrammua Pallas, Mem. Acad. Petersh, 181C, ii, 386, 9 > anfl in Zoogr.
Rosso-Asiat, iii, 278: Cliirtia decagramittmG\'mther,i\, 92: CUirua guttatus GirarA, Ftoc.
Aead. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 132: Cliiropaia guttatua Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.
ill]
■ ■ : K!
m
. ••'3 ■?:«;,
': V
>im
, „ . ■ ■ - tut .-.'-■i' - ^
m
646 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
i'h
, v,|
I-
M
, I
44: Chiropsis conRtcllatus Oiranl, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 42, g: Chirus "nnMelhht
Giiutherii, 92: Chirus guttatua, conatellatus, and viaculoaeriatus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S
Nat. Mu8. 1880, iii, 53-55: Grysiea liiicatus ( <?) Ayres, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 9, itjQj.
1 Labrax octogrammiia Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. 283, J.)
353.— f »PIIIODO]¥ Girard. ^^ . ,
*f ^! it "^v (Oplopoma GithtA.) .Jit.;
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 133: type Ophiodon elongatvs Girard.)
Body elongate, low, little compressed. Head long, rather pointed.
its surface scaleless. Month terminal, very large. Jaws Avitli vcrv
strong, sharp, unequal teeth, some of them canine-like; long series of
cardiform teeth on vomer and palatines. Gill-openings very wide, tlio
membranes not united, free from the isthmus. Preopercle with a few
bluntish spines; a dermal flap above the eye. Scales very small, l)e.
coming smooth with age. Lateral line single, continuous. Dorsal tin
long, deeply notched, the spines about "4 in number, slender and flex-
ible, the middle ones highest; anal fin long, without distinct si)iiit.^;
ventrals, I, 5, inserted somewhat behind pectorals; pectoral fin broad,
Pyloric cceca very numerous. Gill-rakers tubercle-like. Species of large
size; among the largest of the cottiform fishes, (o.^^t?, snake; <>(Ja)!;, tooth.)
lOOii* O. cIong[atllS Grd. — Cullua Cod; Bhia Cod; Buffalo Cod; Ling.
Dark brov^'n above, much mottled; dorsal fin and whole upper part
of body covered with small rusty brown spots of varying size and Liie;
lower parts of body of a livid bluish greon, especially in the adnlt, tbe
flesh and all membranes tinged with green; ground color often bluisli
or reddish tinged; young sometimes bright green; fins dusky, mottld,
the dorsal and caudal with a very narrow, j)ale edging. Head large.
the snout sharp, coiic. Mouth very large, the lower jaw i)roniiiu'nt;
maxillary reaching beyond orbit; each jaw with a series of large
l)ointed teeth, bent inwaid and immoVvible; front of upper jaw Avitli
2-4 larger canines; outside of the series of large teeth each ja\v bus
numerous small, sharp teeth; vomer and palatines with a single row of |
canines; supraorbital tentacle much shorter than ])upil. Do'sal linbe
ginning above preopercle, the fin very deeply notched, the highest spiiies
nearly one-third length of head; caudal emarginate. Head 3^; deptli
5. D. XXV~21; A. 22. L. 40 inches. Pacific coast, Alaska to Santa
Barbara; very abundant, retaching a weight of ». J-40 pounds, being ore
of the most important food-fishes on the coast.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 133; Girard, U. 8. Pac. R. R. Stirv. Fish,
48; GUnthor, ii, 94: Oplopoma panthcrina Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. I8aii,
135, aud iu U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 40: Ophiodon punlherinus GUuthur, ii, 'J'i,)
105. CHIPID^ — ZANIOLEPIS.
647
353.-ZAMIOI.EPIS Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857, 20*: type Zaniolrpia latipinnis Grd.)
Body elongate, little compressed, tapering from the nape to the long
md slender tail. Head short, conical, the profile decurved. Mouth
rather small, low, terminal, horizontal; cardiform teeth on the jaws,
vomer, and palatines: no supraorbital cirri; preopercle with spines.
Gill-meuibranes not united, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers tubercle-
like. Scales small, imbricated, extremely roughly ctenoid. Lateral lino
single, continuous. Dorsal flix with about 21 spines; some of the ante-
rior spines greatly elevated ; a deep notch between the spines and sofi
rays; anal fin very long, with 3 spines, the second of which is longest;
veutrals I, 5, long, inserted a little behind pectorals; pectorals mod-
erate. Pyloric cobca few (5 or C). Korth Pacific, in deep water, (cavu'v,
a comb or card; Xs-a, scyAe; hence more correctly spelled with an initial
1003. Z. latipinnis Grd. "v ■;:-■■'■ ^-.., ;
Olivaceous, the body and upper fins spotted with rusty brown; the
vertical fins marked with blackish; a black streak before eye; subor-
bital bluish silvery. Body elongate, fusiform, scarcely compressed, the
dorsal outline rising rather steeply. Mouth small, horizontal, low, the
maxillary reaching nearly to the middle of the eye; the i)remaxillary
entirely below the eye. Eye very large, longer than snout, 3A in head;
preorbital wide, partly covering the scaly maxillary; interocular space
rather narrow, somewhat concave; nasal sjunes present; preopercle
with 3 sharp spines. Dorsal spines slender, stift", the first and second
longest, usually greatly produced, but stiflish to the tip, scarcely con-
nected by membrane, reaching to nearly middle of second dorsal, and
more than half the total length of the fish, but often much shorter; a
deep notch between spinous and soft parts of dorsal ; second dorsal
high, its rays gradually shortened;- anal long, its spines high; ventrals
elongate, wide apart, reaching past front of anal; i)ectorals short and
narrow; caudal short, slightly emargiuate. Head and body every-
where covered with minute, imbricated, % ery rough, shagreen lilse
scales. Head 4;^; depth 5i. D. XXI-I, 11; A. Ill, 17. L. 12 inches.
California, from San Fiancisco northward, abundant in deep water; a
slender fish, of dry, firm substance.
(Gliard, Proc. Aciid. Nat. Scl. Phila. 1857, 9.02; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fibb.
73; GUnther, il, 94.)
i AH
i A
v., ft. -
■ Is
tm
3,H
. I r »t«..' --
Jttk.
■ );
^.'li'^
fir
r
1 *i
i
648 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
354.— OXYLEBIIJS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 277: typo Oxylcbiua picfm Gill.)
Body oblong, somewhat compressed. Head conical, very slender
acuminate, the profile somewhat concave. Mouth small. Jaws each
with a band of teeth, the outer series considerably enlarged; minute
teeth on vomer; few or none on palatines. Top oi head with dermal
flaps. Preopercle with 2 blunt spines. Gill-membranes broadly con-
nected, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers short, not very stout. Scales
small, ctenoid. A single lateral lino. Dorsal tin emarginate, with about
16 low, rather strong'spiues; soft dorsal moderate, its membrane closely
scaled; anal with 3 stout spines, the second the longest; caudal trun-
cate; pectorals rather long, their bases not procurrent; ventrals moder
ate, inserted well behind pectorals. Pyloric coeca few. Small fishes, of
bright coloration. («^o?, sharp; Xe,3[a^ — Lebius, an old synonym of Ilex-
agramnius, from As^Jta?, a kind of small fish suitable to be cooked iu
^£/9ij?, a kettle.) ' . ' ^
1004. O. pictus Gill.
Tawny grayish, with about 6 black bars, alternating with areas of
pale orange, the latter obscured by dusky spots and blotches; the dark
' bars extending on the fins, the first across the nape, the second across
the middle of the spinous dorsal, the third broader, across posterior \un
of spinous dorsal and front of anal; one across middle of soft dorsal, one
on posterior part, and one at base of caudal; the bars are about as wide
as the interspaces, and their edges are irregular, but sharply detiued;
pectorals and caudal orange, with cross-series of spots; ventrals largely
black; under side of head orange, freckled, spotted with pale; 2 fringed
cirri over each eye, scarlet; breast and belly marbled. Body rather deep,
compressed. Head little compressed, slender, pointed; lips thick; lower
jaw slightly included ; maxillary small, barely reaching eye. Eyes large,
about equal to snout, 4 in head; nasal spines present; in terocular space
narrow. Scales on sides of head very small; scales on body small,
ctenoid, with strong horizontal stria), those on breast minute. Dorsal
tin continuous, its spines stitt", the middle ones highest, and all con
siderably lower than the soft rays; second anal spine longer than the
third, about equal to the soft rays; pectorals barely reaching anal;
ventrals to past vent. Head 3J; depth 3^. D. XVI-15; A. Ill, I'i.
J L. 10 inches. Eocky shores, from Monterey northward; rare. A most
beautiful and active little fish.
(GiU, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 277.)
105. CHIRID^ — ^ANOPLOPOMA.
353.— RIYRIOI.EPIS Lockingtoa.
(Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,248: type Myriolcpia zoni/cr Lockington.)
Bodj' oblong, somewhat compressed. Head heavy. Mouth moderate,
the lower jaw slightly projecting ; both jaws with bands of slender,
sharp teeth, the front teeth slightly enlarged; similar teeth on vomer
and palatines ; preopercle entire; no dermal fluiis. Gill- rakers short; gill-
membranes very narrowly joined to the isthmus. Scales small, ctenoid,
everywhere covering the head and body and the soft parts of most of
the fins. Lateral line single. Dorsal fin deeply emarginate ; the spines
about 15 in number. Anal rather short, without distinct spines, {/xuptoi;^
many; Aert?, scale.)
1005. ]fl. zoniler Lockington.
Black above, whitish below, with four broad black bars on the sides;
the first over the pectorals ; the second anterior to the vent, almost en-
circhug the body ; the third near the base of the anal, and the fourth
encircling the caudal peduncle ; a black bar at base of caudal and two
across the fin; other fins blotched and banded with light and dark;
ctenoid tips of the scales white. Head everywhere densely scaly, the
only naked areas on tbe head being the lips and the folds of the gill-
mmebranes. Scales on body largest posteriorly, small on head and
chest. Vertical fins, except the spinous dorsal, covered nearly to the
tips of the rays with small scales; external surfaces of paired fins
similarly scaly; spinous dorsal with a few scales. Pectorals broad,
lanceolate, not reaching the vent; fourth dorsal spine longest, the
others diminishing regularly to the l-ih. Eyes lateral, shorter than
snout; interorbital space broad, slightly convex. Head 4 in total
length; depth 3|. I). XIV-I, 15; A. II, 11; Lat. 1. 130. Monterey
Bay, California ; one specimen known.
(Lockington, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 248.) ., -r
356.— ANOPIiOPOMA Ayres.
' {Scombrocottus Peters.)
Gadua
(Ayres, Proc. Ciil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859,27 : type Anophpoma merlangm Ayres
fimbria Pallas.)
Body elongate, little compressed, tapering into a very slender caudal
peduncle. Head rather long, the snout somewliat tapering. Mouth ter-
minal, moderate, the lower jaw included; maxillary \ y narrow, slip-
ping almost entirely under the preorbital ; teeth moderate, cardiform,
n^am
'i \
: :
I'.
f\
•A '
I
650 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
those iu the lower jaw iu a siugle series laterallj^, and in a narrow band
in front; upper jaw, vomer, and x)^la>tiues each with a baud of similar
teeth. Head entirely scaly. No supraorbital flap. Preopercle un-
armed, its membranaceous edge crenulate. Gill-membranes joined
to the isthmus. Body entirely covered with minute ctenoid scales.
Lateral line single. Dorsals short, well separated, the first of slender
flexible spines; second dorsal shorter, similar to the anal, wliich is i)re-
ceded bj' three weak spines ; veutrals but little behind pectorals; caudal
fin forked. Peritoneum black. Pyloric cceca about two, long and slen-
der. Gill-rakers slender, few, not very short. North Pacific, {w^m:).!,;^
unarmed ; Ttw/ia, operculum.)
1006. A. flinbria (Pallas) Gill.— 5e«Rotp; Coal-fish. "
Color slaty-black or grayish, somewhat reticulated; white below, the
young rather pale^ adult nearly black ; fins dusky; caudal edged with
pale; lining of the operclo black. Premaxillaries on the level of the
lower part of the orbit ; maxillary reaching to opposite front of pupil.
Dorsal fins separated by a distance nearly equal to two-thirds length of
the base of soft dorsal, the spines very weak; the fourth longest; ])ec-
torals reaching beyond tips of ventrals, not half way to vent. Head 4;
depth 64. D. XX-1, 17 ; A. Ill, 15; Lat. 1. 190. Usual length 18 inches,
but sometimes much Lirger. . Monterey to Alaska; rather common, es-
l)eci ally northward. A very singular and interesting fish.
{Gadua fimbria Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. iii, 200, 1811: Anoplopoma merlangus
Ayres, Pioc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, 27: Scombrocottus aahnoneua Peters, Be.Iiu.
^ Family CVI —SCORPiENID^. '
{The Rocl-Jishes.)
Cottoid fishes, with the body oblong, more or less compressed, the head
generally large, and usually with one or more pairs of ridges above,
which terminate in spines. Oi)erclo usually with two spinous i)ro-
cesses; preopercle with five. Mouth terminal, usually large, with
villiibrm teeth on jaws and vomer, and usually on the palatines. Pre-
maxillaries protractile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone,
not slipping under preorbital. Gill-openings wide ; the gill-membranes
separate and free from the isthmus ; usually no slit behind the fourth
glli. Scales ctenoid, or sometimes cycloid, usually well developed,
sometimes nearly obsolete. Lateral line single. A bony stay extend-
ing backward from the suborbital toward the preopercle. Ventral
fins thoracic, of the normal percoid form, I, 5, the rays branched; dor-
106. SCORP^NID^ — SEBASTES.
sal with 8 to 16 rather strong spiues and about as many soft rays; anal
rather short, with 3 spines and 5-10 soft rays; soft rays in all the fins
branched, except some of the lower rays of the pectorals. Pyloric coeca
iu moderate or small number (less than 12). Pseudobranchife large.
Air-bladder present. Genera about 20; species about 200, inhabiting
all seas, but especially abundant in the temperate parts of the Pacific
Ocean, where they form a largo proportion of tno fish fauna. They are
liou-migratory fishes living about rocks; most of them are of large size,
and all are used as food. Manj- of them are viviparous, the young be-
ing produced in great numbers when about one-fourth of an inch in
length.
{Triglidte, group Scorpwnina pt. Gttnther, il.)
a. Dorsal apines 15; vertebrso 12 + 19 5 palatine teoth present Sehastks, 357.
(irt. Dorsal spiues 13 ; vertebras 12 -j- 15 ; palatine teoth present Sf:bastoi)ks, 35b.
aaa. Dorsal spines 12; vertebra} 10+14; palatine teeth present; scales ctenoid, or
provided with dermal flaps - ScoRPyEXA, 359.
aaaa. Dorsal spiues 10 or 11 ; scales smooth, entire Setauciies, 360.
357.— SEBASTES Cuvier.
Bose-Jishes.
(Ciivier, Ri^gne Anini. ed. 2, ii, 1829: tyi>e Perca norvegica Miiller.)
Body oblong, compressed. Head large, scaly above and on sides; cra-
nial ridges well tleveloped. Mouth terminal, very broad, oblique, the
broad maxillary extending to below the eye; lower jaw projecting,
with a bony knob at the symphysis ; palatine teeth present. Eye very
large; i)reopercle with five divergent spiues; opercle with two; supra-
scapular spines strong; gill-rakers long, slender. Scales small, ctenoid,
irregularly arranged; no dermal flaps. Dorsal fin continuous, very
long, the spinous part much longer than the soft part, of 15 strong spines;
anal spines three, strong; caudal emarginate; pectorals long, narrow.
Branchiostegals 7. Vertebroe 12 -f 19. Coloration mostly red. Ovoviv-
iparous. Species few, mostly of the Northern Seas. (»T£,5a(TTo'?, magnfi-
cent.)
1007. S. marlnus (L.) Liltken.— -7?08P-/flft; Rvd-finh; Snapper; TTemdiirgnn.
Orange red, nearly uniform, sometimes a dusky opercular blotch, and
about 5 vague dusky bars on the back. Body ovate; back elevated,
the ventral outline straightish; top of head evenly scaled; interorbital
space with two low ridges, between which it is concave; nasal spines
present; cranial ridges moderate, rather low and sharj); preocular,
supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital ridges present, the
latter with l,he tips abruptly divergent; suprascapular spines very sharp
•V
V^fH ,A.
'TV]
'-asaaasu*-.
oiM-
„ t
Hr'
; t
■
tt
,. :i^ i
.;
r''^
ssaoa
652 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMETIICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
aud prominent; opercular spines long and sharp; subopercular spine
prominent; preopercular spines slender and sharp, the second longest;
suborbital stay not reaching preopercle; preorbital narrow, with two
spines. Eye exceedingly large, 3 in head, more than twice as wide as
interorbital space. Mouth very large, oblique ; maxillary very broad,
reaching middle of eye, its length 2^ in head; premaxillaries on level
ft
of middle of pupil; tip of lower jaw much projecting, with a conspicu-
ous, pointed symphyseal knob; mandible and maxillary scaly; pseudo-
brauchiai very large; gill-rakers long, stiff and strong, about as in ISehas-
todes pinniger. Dorsal spines sharp, the longest about as long as eye;
the iin deeply emarginate; soft rays not very high, higher than the
spines; caudal narrow, moderately forked; anal spines moderate, gradu-
ated; the second a little shorter than eye; pectoral rather long, reaching
vent, its base narrow; ventral reaching to vent. Scales small, irregu-
lar, not strongly ctenoid. Peritoneum brownish. Head 3 ; depth 24.
D. XV-13; A. HI, 7; Lat. 1. 40 (tubes); scales about 85. Atlantic
coasts of America and Northern Europe, south to Cape Cod.
{Perca marina L. Syst. Nat. x, 1758, in part: Ferca nortoegka Miiller, Zoiil. Dan. 46:
Sebaaten norwegicua Giinther, ii, 9^^.) ,. ; ,^.... ^, » .^j,
Subsp. viviparus (Krtiyer) Liitk. . .' < x -<: ! ^ '; V • t. a;. l...>-n
General color brownish red, somewhat mottled, with a blackish blotcli
on the opercle, and some other brownish spots on the body. Pectoral fiu.s
a little longer than in 8. marimis; interocular space rather narrower.
Head 3J; depth 3^. D. XV-14; A. Ill, 8. Arctic Seas, south to Cape
Cod and the Baltic; smaller than the i)receding and living near shore;
thought to be a littoral variety.
{Sehastea vivi2)arH8 Kreyer, Naturliist. Tidsskr. i, 275, 1844-'45; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1863, 333: Sebaates viviparua Giintlier. ii, 9G.)
3«§.— SEBASTOD33S* Gill.
Bocl-Jish; "Bock Cod:^ ^1 I:
(Sebaatichlhya, Sebaatoplua, Sebaatomua and Sebaatoaomua Gill.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1861, 165: ty]^<i Sebaates pauciapinia Ajres.)
I3ody oblong or elongate, somewhat compressed; head large; mouth
* A very doubtful species, which may be the youn<j of Sebaatea marinua, with uu Jib-
nornuil number of spiues; is accredited to our Atlantic coast, viz:
S. f faaciatua (Storer. )
"Body elongated, not convex in front of dorsal fin as in Sebaalea norvegicua ; foi.i
distinct dark brown tr^msverse bauds upon the sides, the broadest at the posterior
portion of the body." D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7. Proviuceto>vn, Mass. (Storer.)
(Sebaatea faaciatua Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 31, 1854 : Sebaatea t faadatua Gill,
Proc. Aoad. Nat. Phila. 1863, 335.)
106. SCORP^NID^ — SEBASTODES.
653
luotlerate or large, with the jaws equal or the lower more or less pro-
jecting; teeth ill villiforin bands on jaws, vomer and paUitiues. Head
more or less evenly scaled, without dermal flaps; cranial ridges more or
less developed;* some or all of the following pairs present, usually
ending in spines: preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, cor-
onal, occipital, and nuchal. Five preopercular spines. Two spines on
the opercle and one to three on the snprascapula. Suborbital staj'^
moderate, usually not reaching preopercle. Gill-rakers various. Scales
moderate or rather small, ctenoid, in 45 to 100 transverse series. Dor-
sal fin continuous, emarginate, its formuli XIII, 12 to 14. Anal fin
III, to 9. Pectorals well developed, the base broad or narrow, the
lower rays undivided. Caudal truncate or slightly forked; soft parts
of vertical fins more or less scalj'. Pyloric coeca G to 11. Vertebra}
12 + 15. Species of rather large size, and varied, often brilliant colors,
mostly red. Sexes colored alike. Most of them inhabit the Pacific
Ocean, and they are exceedingly abundant in rocky places along the
west coast of the United States. All are ovovivi parous, bringing fortli
great numbers of young, which are nearly half an inch in length when
born. The species differ greatly in form and armature, but the genera
based on these differences intergrade too closely to be worthy of reten-
tion. (<re/3a<rrc>c, Sebastes; e£5«T, likeness.)
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF SEBASTODES.
fl, Scales very small ; lat. 1. 90-100; mouth very large, the lower jaw much projecting;
skull thick, the cranial ridges
Tr,,,-,}!:-'-^' ■:■■;-'?"'•; )'■'■■:., r vv ■ ,^fV'----'-;^:--'-:' ^I'-^^f' — '- WCak. A. Ill, 0. (SEBASTODES.)
Color light olivaceous red;
young greenish paucisjnnis,
' . * Diagram of cranial ridgea of Sebaatodei.
i
m
mm
Is . J.I
a. Kaaal spines.
h. Prooculnr spinen.
e. Supraocular spines.
n\ /rt
d. PoHtocular spines.
e. Tympanic spines.
f. Coronal spiuus.
g. Occipital spines.
h. Nuchal spines.
{. Eyes.
Iff
U t
1!
ilk
. i-
!{•■
it
'
ill
t
'. »
: 1 .
■ ^^
! . r
■ pi- ,
654 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
aa. Scales small; lat. 1. 65 to 80; aual rays III, 7 to III, 9; skull thick, cranial fuWn
very low or obsolete ; lower jaw
much projecting ; gill-nikers
very long and Blemlcr; caudal
emarginate; jaws scaly. (Se-
BA8TOSOMU8 Gill.)
b. Peritoneum white ; cranial ridges all obsolete,
c. Color olivaceous, nearly plain; caudal yellowish or greenish; mouth larfrp.
flariduf,
ce. Color dusky, sides spotted with black ; caudal dark; mouth smaller., me/dnoj)*.
hb. Peritoneum black.
d. Supraocular and occipital ridges obsolete, without spines; colors dusky, tbe
tins blackish.
e. Preocular ridges obsolete, the frontal region between them not specially
convex ciUaUis.
ee. Preocular ridges present, usually ending in spines, the frontal regionibc-
tween them bulging.. viyHtinus.
dd. Supraocular aud occipital ridges mostly present, ending in spims; dorsal
fin not deeply emarginate; soft
dorsal low.
/. Second anal spine scarcely or not longer than third; postocular spine
.. . wanting; color creamy olivace-
ous entonulas.
//. Second anal spine notably I'-.iger than third.
g. Body ovate; postocui;',r 8i»lae8 present; color chiefly creamy or oliva-
V ' ceous ovnUs.
gg. Body rather elongate; postocular wan ting; color chiefly red.. pronV/er.
aaa. Scales moderate ; lat. 1. 45 to 60 ; anal rays III, 5 to III, 7.
h. Cranial ridges very low, the skull thick and solid; lower jaw little
projecting: interorbital apace
- ■ convex ; gill-rakers slender,
usually long.
i. Color olivaceous ; postocular spine wanting ; mandible with a few
v smooth scales atrovirena.
-'■ •; it. Color red; postocular spine present.
j. Scales on mandible smooth; color chiefly orange jihimger.
jj. Scales on mandible very rough; color chiefly brick-red.. «iinia/Ms,
'^ hh. Cranial ridges more or less strong; skull comparatively thin ; gill-
rakers general l.v short.
li. Postocular and tympanic spines both present; interorbital
' .. space concave. (Skbastomus
' - ' , Gill.)
I. Cranial ridges broken and armed with accessory spines (in
' _ the adult, nearly smooth in
''^ ^ ■ -i„ young); second aual spiue
■, : ' : ' ; Mr . scarcely longer than third;
color red, nearly plain.- r«ifr,
II. Cranial ridges smooth ; second anal spine much longer than
third; c^lor rosy, with three or
four round blotches of piuk on
sides of back,
m. Dorsal spines low, the highest less than half the leugth
of head,
n. Body everywhere with small round pale spots.
constelUtv*.
106. SCORr.ENID/E — SEBASTODES.
655
nn. Body without stellato spots.
0. Pale blotcbcB on sides sHrrounded by pnrpio shadrs;
head with purplish above ; man-
dible naked rosaci-U8.
00. Pale blotches on sides surrounded by preen shades ;
no purple; cranial ridges very
sharp ; inaudible partly scaly.
rhodochloris.
mm. Dorsal spines very high, the highest half the length of
head; body above with many
small round green spots.
chloroaticlus,
Tck. Postocular spine wanting.
p. Mandible scaly, its tip much projecting; perito-
neum dusky ; interorbital space
concave ; body comparatively
elongate elongatua,
pp. Mandible naked ; peritoneum white ; body deep.
q. Scales on head mostly cycloid; lower jaw pro-
jecting; second anal spine much
stronger than third ; color pink-
ish white, banded with deep
crimson ruhrivinctua.
qq. Scales on head ctenoid; lower jaw usually in-
cluded; s«cond anal spine lit-
tle enlarged. '(Sebastichthys
Gill.)
r. Coronal spines present; cranial ridges moderate;
color brownish, mottled.
auriculatue,
rr. Coronal spines none.
a. Cranial ridges with entire edges.
t. Nuchal ridges none.
u. Gill-rakers extremely short, most of them
,,. as wide as high; general color
dusky-greenish raatrelliger.
uu. Gill-rakers higher than wide.
,., V. Highest dorsal spine notably more than
: ■. half length of head.
IP. Head and upper parts not speckled
with orange ; membrane of spi-
nous dorsal not very deeply in-
cised.
X. Color dark brown, varied with
light brown caurinua.
XX. Color reddish, varied with yel-
lowish ; dorsal spines higher.
vnxillaria.
Wte. Head and upper parts everywhere
speckled with orange; front of
back yellowish ; soft fi us black ;
dorsal spines extremely high,
their membranes deeply incised.
maliger.
•i>-;i
'\-j
:l.il
i ■: >! (3
i
M i
.1
H
''I
m
t: '
*
l< i!'
656 CONTEIEUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — IV.
• w. Highest dorsal spine littlo if any more
than half the length of head.
• y. Pale blotches ou sides not form-
.■';?.. ing a continnons lateral hand;
' ■ occipital ridges moderate.
. ' • • z. Pale markings llesh-color; dark
* ' markings olivaceous.. carn«<H».
zz. Pale markings yellow; dark
markings blackish . -c/ir^gonie/as.
yi/. Pale blotch«!8 on sides, forniinir
a continuous lateral band ; body
and fins profusely speckled with
pale; dark markings black;
pale markings yellow; occipital
ridges very strong ncbiilosus.
it. Nuchal spines present, usually distinct from
occipital; cranial ridges very
short and high; olivaceous,
banded with black; head red
below ««Titrp«.
at. Cranial ridges with the surface broken, spi-
nous; frontal ridges elevated;
color bright red, with black
bands nigrodnctus.
a. Species with very small scales (lat. 1. 90-100); the cranial ridges little developed.
the mouth very large, the lower jaw much projecting. {Sehnstodea.)
I
J008« S. paucispinis (Ayres) Gill. — Boccaccio; Mcroii; Jach.
Pale dull orange red, dark brown above, the sides somewhat vaguely
spotted; young olivaceous;, fins nearly plain, lower reddish, upper
dusky; tip of lower jaw dark. Body elongate, compressed, profile
straight from the protruding tip of the ) jwer jaw to the front of the dor-
sal. Head large, long, and narrow, pointed. Mouth much larger than
in any other species, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching to beyond the
eye; its length 1| in head; lower jaw very strong, with a projecting
knob at tip, which protrudes farther than in any other species. Pre-
maxillary on the level of lower edge of pupil. Cranial ridges little de-
veloped, the preocular and occipital traceable and sometimes ending in
small spines. Interocular space broad, with two low ridges; top of
head scaled to tip of snout; maxillary and preorbital scaly; preorbital
with narrow neck and three small spines; suborbital stay moderate;
preopercular spines sharp and diverging, the third largest, the lower
often divided; opercular spines moderate. Gill-rakers slender, com-
pressed, not very long. Eye large, 4-6 in head, slightly more than in-
terorbital width. Scales very small and rough, irregular; accessory
scales few. . Dorsal spines low, rather slender, the fin deeply emar-
106. SCORP/ENIDiE SE6aST0DES.
657
ginate; longest spine f length of head, scarcely bigljer thau the soft
j^ys; caudal emarginate; anal low, its si)ines small, short, graduated,
the second shorter than eye; pectorals narrow, rather long, not nearly
reaching vent, the base | diameter of eye; ventrals shorter, not reach-
in},' tips of pectorals. Peritoneum white;' Head 2§; depth 3;^; pec-
torals 5. D. XIII 13; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. with 05-80 tubes; about 100
scales in a longitudinal series. L. 30 inches. Coast of California;
iibnndant in rather deep water. Y nv^ c^y^-.n^fy- - ^LtJ^i i^ • ♦
(Siha»te8 paudspinia Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, fi, 1854: Sebaateit panmiip\nis
Grd. U. S. Pac. R. K. Snrv. Fisli. 8:J; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pliila. 18G1, 1G5; Ajres,
Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 183:i, 215: Scbastt« paucispinis Giiiither, ii, 9S.)
aa. Species with Bcales small (lat. 1. (50 to 70); cranial ridges little developed; skull
thick; lower jaw strongly piojecting; anal rays III, 7 to III, I); jaws scaly;
jjlU-rakers very long and slender. (Stbasloaomus* Gill.)
1009. S. flavidus Ayrea.— Yclloic-tail Rock-fiah,
Olive green, rather pale, plain or finely spotted with yellowish; fins
olive, caudal strongly tinged with yellow; young mottled. Body ob-
loiiff, cojni)ressed, the back not much elevated. Head rather long,
pointed. Mouth large, oblique, the maxillary extending to nearly
opposite posterior margin of eye, 2 in head ; premaxillaries in front on
tlie level of lower margin of pupil. Lower jaw strongly projecting, its
symphyseal knob very prominent, but less so than in 8. paucifipinis.
Preorbital narrow, without spines. Top of head evenly scaled, the
nasal spines only present and very small. Cranial ridges obsolete,
without spines; only the occipital ridges visible under the scales. In-
terorbital space evenly convex. Preopercular spines rather strong, all
of thera directed strongly backwards; opercular spines moderate; su-
prascapular spines small, the upper obsolete. Scales medium; acces-
sory scales variable. Dorsal spines low, slender, the longest 3 in head;
the soft rays rather high, the fin very deeply emarginate, the mem-
brane joining the thirteenth spine at about one-fourth its height; cau-
dal fin notched ; anal spines low, regularly graduated, the third spine
less than half the height of the soft rays, the second as long as eye; pec-
toral fins shortish, rather broad, reaching tip of ventrals, but not quite
to vent. Peritoneum white. Head 3; depth 3; pectoral 4. I). XIII-
15; A. HI, 9; Lat. 1. about 60. L. 24 inches. Coast of California,
abundant; an important food-fish.
(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18B2, 209, f. 64.)
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phlla. 1864, 147 : type Sehaatea mclanops Grd. {6f.fia6ro<i,
Sebastes; 6 (but a, body.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 42
-iui^i
tv
658 C0NTRIDUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
lOIO. ^i. niolnnops (Gnl.) Ayrca.
Olive brown, dark above, the sides paler; upper part of sides tliicklv
marked with small slaty-black blotches; head blackish above; a dark
streak on maxillary and one from eye across cheeks; flns dusky, the
dorsal paler at base, with mapy round dark olive-brown spots; ;i black
opercular spot; lower rays of pectorals often tinged with orange. lUxly
comparatively elongate, highest at shoulders. liiutd long, lu lomi
intermediate between mystinus and Jiaridv,^ *'*,iiout rather sharp. Mouth
large, obliipie, the maxillary not (^\\-: . reaching i)osterior margin of
orbit; its length a little 1^L» ^ half head; lower jaw i)r()trudiiig, its
tip on a line with the de^v^ending profile; premaxillaries on the lev«'l of
the lower margin of pupil. Eye large. Cranial ridges almost obsolete,
all scaled over and without spines in the adult; preocular spines obso-
lete, the Ki)ace forward of the eye not projecting; preopercular spines
short, but sharp. Gill-rakers longer than in mystinus, very slender.
Dorsal rather low, deeply emarginate, the highest spines 2^ in liead,
a little lower than the soft rays; caudal slightlj^ enuirginate. Anal
spines small, the second shorter but stouter than third, lorger than
eye; pectorals short and rather broad, not reaching as far as tips of
ventrals, which scarcely reach vent. Scales moderate; accessory scales
nu'uerous; mandible, maxillary, preorbital, and snout closely scaled.
Peritoneum white. Head 3; depth 2§. D. XIII-16; A. Ill, 8; Lat.l
53; scales CO-70; pectoral 4^. L. 20 inches. Monterey to Sitka; mosi
abundant northward. At San Francisco much less connnon tbau S,
mystinus. \/^ (yia^ c^t^A>-^\ • ^i^jL ^
(SebdHteH mdanops Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. viii, 135, 1854, and in U. S.
Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 81; Ayres, Proc. Cat. Acad. Sci. 1862, 213, f.Wi: SehmU.
nulanopH Gilutlior, ii, 9d: Sebastoaomu^ aimulans Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Ittlil,
147.)
1011. S. ciliatus (Tiles.) J. & G.
Blackish green, the sides rather pale, much mixed with darker; dark
shades from eye backward; a black streak on maxillary; fins all dusky,
the upper fins somewhat mottled ; adult said to have the body and tins
tinged with red. Body rather deep and compressed. Mouth smaller
than in melanops, the maxillary reaching to below posterior margin of
pupil; lower jaw somewhat projecting, but without jjrominent knob at
the symphysis; cranial ridges all obsolete, covered by scales; no pre-
ocular spine or any bulge of the skull in that region; preorbital narrow,
without spine; i^reopercular spines short and broad; opercular and su-
prascapular spines small; lower jaw fully scaled, roughish. Head well
106. SCORP^ENID.E SEBAOTODES.
covered with ctenoid scales. Dorsal fin lov/, not deeply eniarjjinate, the
iiK'iribrane joining the thirteenth spine near its middle; soft dorsal low,
hifjher than the spines, the lonjjfest spine as loiij^ as maxillary, a little
less than half head; caudal emarginate; anal low, its second spine
stronger, but not longer than the third, jj the height of the soft rays,
:'A in head; pectorals rather short, reaching beyond tips of ventrals to
vent. Gill-rakers numerous, very long and 8len<ler, nearly as long as
tlie eye. Peritoneum black. Head liff, depth .'t.^; pectorals l\'^. 1).
X1II-1<^; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 00. Coast of Alaska; not noticed south of
Kndiak.
[F.lunepMtin ciliafm TilcH. M(^in. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. iv, 474, 1810; Pcrca variahilis
PiillaH, Zoo^r. RosHo-Asiiit, iii, 241, 1811: Sebantcs variabilis Ciiv. & Vul. iv, 347: Se-
hmten rariubHia Gilntber, ii, 99.)
1012. S. mystinua Jor. & GWh.—rcchc Pirtrc; Black Rock-flah.
Slaty black, becoming paler below the lateral line; sides more
or less mottled; tip of lower Jaw black; top of head with 3 indistinct
cross-bars, extending on the cheeks; a dark bar on anterior edge of
opercle; fins all plain dusky. liody oval-oblong, compressed, both out-
lines evenly curved. Head rather blunt, compressed; profile oblique,
almost straight, becoming convex with age. Month smaller than in
any of the jn-eceding species, oblique, the lower jaw protruding; i)re-
maxillaries on the level of lower rim of orbit; maxiilaries dilated be-
liind, reaching posterior margin of pupil, thickly scaled behind, their
length 2^ in head. Cranial ridges obsolete, except the preocular, which
usually ends in a small spine; the region between and in front of the
eyes bulging considerably; i)reopercIe with rather strong spines, the
two at the angle longest; opercular spines rather strong. Spinons
dorsal very low, the longest spines 2^ in head, lower than the soft rays,
the fin rather deeply emarginate; second anal spine stronger than
third, and a little shorter, 3^ in head; pectoral fins long, about as long
as head, their middle rays longest, reaching beyond the ventrals to
about the tenth dorsal spine; caudal emarginate. Peritoneum black.
Head 3;^; depth 2f ; pectorals 3if. D. Xni-15; A. Ill, 9; Lat. 1. 66
(diWhi tubes). L. 14 inches. Pnget Sound to San Diego; the most
abundant species of the family about San Francisco; found in rather
shallow water. ^^rx/^^ ^a.tf/t fi a^y t - C" ^*-'-^'^/ ^^ '^*^''^"Xv^.^.
(Srlmnlichtlnja mtjstinufi Jordiiu & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. IBdO, 455; 1881, 56,
:u.)
1013. S. cntoinelas Jor. & Gilb.
Dull olive-green; sides with obscure, round, rusty spots; belly, lips,
aud lower parts tinged with creamy; obscure light and dark shades
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660 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
across cheeks; 2 or 3 ver^'^ obscure dark vertical bars; flus all dnslcy,
somewhat reddish tinged ; lower half of pectoral reddish. Body ob
loiig-elougate, the back little arched. Candid peduncle slender, rrofilc
less steep than in ovalls, the snout blunter. Mouth small, the sliort
maxillary extending to below middle of eye, its length 2J^ in liead-
lower jaw protruding, its tip entering the profile ; preorbital very nar-
row, without spine. Eye large, less than interorbital space, 4 in head.
Cranial ridges very low, mostly covered by the scales ; preocular, su-
praocular, tympanic, and occipital 8i)ines usually present, the preoc-
ular larger than in any of the preceding species, the supraocular and
tympanic sometimes obsolete; preopercular spines small, directed back
wards; opercular spines small; jaws, preorbital, and snout with small
scales. Gill-rakers numerous, long, and slender, their length about '■^
diameter of eye. Dorsal spines very low and slender, the longest about
5 in head, the fin moderately emarginate; soft dorsjil long and low, not
nmch higher than the spines; caudal lunate; anal low, its second spine
stronger than third, but not so high, 3J in head; pectorals moderate,
reachuig beyond ventrals, not to vent. Peritoneum jet black. Head
34; depth 3;^; pectoral 31]. D. XIII-15; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. 05. L. 12
Inches. IMonterey Bay, in deep water; rare.
(Scbasiichthifs eiitomvlns JonUin & G'lbort, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18-'0, 142.)
1014. S. OValis Ayres.— THirn.
Olivaceous, strongly tinged with creamy red, especially below; mem-
brane of both dorsrJs covered with many suiall, round, black spots;
similar spots usually on the body; upj»er tins greenish, lower yellowisli,
mostly dark -edged; caudal tin dark; .voung more green, with 2 or 3
large black blotches on ui)per part of sides, and without dark spots on
tins. Body deep, almost oval, the back considerably elevated, the profile
steep, the lower jaw considerably protruding. Mouth not large, the
maxillary reaching to posterior edge of pupil, its length about 2A in
head. Cranial ridges not much developed, except the preocular, whieli
forms a large triangular protuberance, ending in a spine; preocular,
supraocular, postocular, tym])anic, and occipital Si)ine8 present; jue-
oi)ercular spines long and slender, all projecting backw^ard; oporcular
spinea strong; preorbital narrow, with 2 bluntish spines. Gill rakers
very long and slender, the longest two-thirds the diameter of the eye.
Eye large, s'j'rhtly longer than snout. Dorsal flu very low, the notch
between the spuious and soft parts very shallow, the height of the two
parts about equal (2i iv nead), tho membrane joining the last spine at
106. SCORPJENIDiE — SEBASTODES.
661
about J its height; second anal spine longer and stronger than third,
almost as high as the soft rays, 2^ in head; pectorals long, reaching
beyond tips of ventrals; caudal emarginate; maxillary and mandible
scaly. Peritoneum l/lack. Head 3 ; depth 23. D. XIII-14; A. 111,8;
pectoral 3^; height of dorsal 8; Lat. 1. about 70. L. 14 inches. Coast
of California, in deep water; rare. >
(Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 18C2, '212, f. 65: Sehastivhthys ovalis Jordan & Gilbert,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 143.)
il5. S. proriger Jor. &Gilb. - ' '
Bright light red, mottled above with dusky olive-green, the groun<l
color forming distinct blotches under the third dorsal spine and under
tlie first and last rays of the soft dorsal; lateral lino running in the
niicUlie of a very distinct continuous red stripe, precisely as in S. don-
(jatuH', head above with i)urplish cross-shades; oi)ercle with a dusky
blotch; two olive shades radiating from the eye; lips and tip of lower
jaw blackish; iris red; caudal flii bright red, speckled with dark olive;
spinous dorsal bright red, the posterior part of each membrane black-
ish; soft dorsal olive and red; lower fins bright light red, with shades
of olive yellow. Body elongate, somewhat compressed, a little less
sk'iuler than in 8. elongatus, which this species much resembles in color
and form. Head rather sumll. Mouth small, much as in S. ovalis, the
short, broad maxillary extending to beyond the nnddle of the eye, the
prcniaxillary on the level of lower margin of pupil; maxillary 2J in
head; lower jaw strongly projecting, with a conspicuous symphyseal
knob. Eye very large, longer than snout ; preorbital narrow. Cranial
ridges very low and weak ; preocular, supraocular, tympanic;, and occi-
jiital present; most of the ridges i)artly covered by scales; tympanic
spine luinute; occipital ridge not conspicuous, the spine dei)resscd.
Preopercular spines sharp, the second longest, the i)oints of all directed
Iniclvward; opercular spines moderate. Interorbital spa<!0 broad, nearly
as broad as the eye, somewhat regularly convex, the mi<ldle being ele-
vated. Gill-rakers very long, slender, and numerous, the longest longer
than the supraocular ridge, and about half the diameter of the eye.
Scales rather small. Dorsal fin very low, sis in S. oralis, not deeply
emarginate, the highest spine little more than one-third length of bear*
soft dorsal low, half as liigh as long, the highest ray about equal to
the longest spine; caudal fin moderately forked; anal fin low, its length
nearly ecpial to the height of its longest ray; second spine much longer
and stronger than the third, scarcely shorter than the longest ray, 2^
1
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GG2 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
ill liosid; pectorals rather long and narrow, the tips reacliing l)('.v«)ii(l
the tips of the ventrals to the vent. Peritonenra black. Head .'5; depth
31. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 7; pectoral 3.^ in length; Lat. 1. 75. L. 10
in«!hes. Coast of California, in deep water; not rare.
{Scbosiichthnsproriger Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 327.)
aaa. Species with the scales moderate, the cranial ridges low, the sknll thick, tlm
interorbital space broad and <'onvex, tlu* lower jaw scaly, its lip not 8troii"ly
projecting; gill-rakers 'leuder; pectorals narrow ; peritoneiun white.
1016. S. atrovirciis Jor. & Qilh.—Garrujta.
Olive-green, marbled with darker; sometimes brownish; belly palp
yellowish green ; tins olivaceous, no red anywhere. Body oblong, not
tapering rapidly backward. Head moderate, rather pointed. Mouth
moderate, the lower jaw somewhat projecting, the maxillary extendiiijj
to beyond posterior border of the pn])il; its length 2 in head; pre-
maxillary below pupil. Eye large, 3^ in head Cranial ridges low, not
ending in prominent spines; the following ])airs are present: preocular,
supraocular, and occipital, and sometimes a minute tympanic; nasal
spines prominent; preorbital very narrow, with two stout spines; ,(ro
opercular spines short, rather sharp, the second longer and slenderer
than the others; opercular and su{)rascai)ular spines sharp; intoror-
bital 8i)ace broad and slightly convex, widened backward, a little de
jiressed on each side lu^xt the 8U[>raocular spine, its width less than
that of the eye and nu)re than the length of the occipital spine. Gill-
rakers slender, not very long, the longest ^ the diameter of the eye.
Preorbital scaly; nmxillary i)artly scaly ; mandible with some smooth
scales; scales large, regularly arranged. Dorsal fin rather deeply einar-
ginate, the spines moderate, the fifth half length of head and lower
than the soft luys; caudal truncate; anal fin short ami high, its spines
slender, the second shorter than third, and not much stronger, about
2^ in head; longest soft rays l.\ in head; pectorals long and narrow,
reachiiig i)ast vent nearly to beginning of anal, their length seven-
eighths that of head, their base narrow. Ventrals long, reaching just
])a8t the vent. Head 3; depth 2>. D. XI 1 1-14; A. Ill, «; Lat. 1. 52.
L. 15 inches. Coast of Calilbrnia; generally abundant, especially south-
ward. __ _.^ .' >j _^^^..A_^;'.,i.,£.„.J^:_^.:_^._-?--v,.„.a4a.~- .,.-i-u"
(Sibastkhihya airovircnn Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 289.)
1017. S. pllliiiKCr (Gill) J. & O.—Fliaim; Orange liock-fiah.
Ground color light olive-gray, profusely blotchetl with bright clear
orange red or with light orange-yellow, the red shades predominatiuit
106. SCORPiENID^ SEBAST0DE8.
663
above, the palfi below; belly nearly white; top of head with croas-
blotches and rnarblings of orange, alternating witli pale; sides of the
head flesh -colored, with three bright orange bands radiating from the
eye; maxillary with orange tonches; lips j)ale, tinged with blackish;
inside of mouth pale; dorsal fln with the membrane bright orange, a
large black blotch occupying the membranes between the seventh and
tenth dorsal spines; this spot is usually distinct, but in old examines
it is sometimes obsolete; pectorals light red, mottled with yeHowish;
other lins all bright orange, without dusky tips, slightly mottled with
]»aler at base; lateral line running in a distinct continuous light-gray
streak, which is not crossed by the red markings; old specimens some-
times with large inky blotches on ditterent ])arts of the body. Body
ratlier robust, elevated, and comi)ressed. Mouth large, oblique, the
maxillary reaching to below the posterior margin of the large eye, its
length half the head; mandible soniewhat i)roJecting, with a knob at
the tip; the middle teeth on a raised base which tits into the emar-
gination of the upper jaw; interorbital space very broad, concave on
either side of the convex center, as wide as the eye, which is 4 in head;
cranial ridges low, but stronger than in i)receding species; preocular,
su[)raocular, postocular, tympanic, and occipital present; the space be-
tween the two occipitals conciave; the ridges small but sharj); both
jaws, i)reorbital, maxillary, mandible, and snout scaly, the scales on
the lower jaw smooth; preorbital rather narrow, Avith two spines; pre-
opercular spines long and sharp. Dorsal lin deeply enmrginate, the
spines rather high, nearly as high as the soft rays, the longest 2^ iu
head; caudal tin lunate; pectoral fln long, reaching to the tips of the
long ventrals, past the vent; base of pectoral narrow, about as broad
as eye; second anal spine strong, nearly as long as third, 3 in »iead.
dill raUers very long and sleu'ler, lu^arly ^ diameter of eye; accessory
scales numerous, esi)ecially on head. Peritoneum pale. Head 2i} ;
depth 2*; i)ectoral '^. D. XIII-U; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 48. L. 25 inches.
Paciflc coast, from Monterey northward; one of the most important
species. :_ ^, , ; . v . ...
(SvhdHlodeH rosacem Ayics, Proc. C.il. Ac;ut. Sci. il, 21(5, 18(J2, f. fili; not SihuHtea
nmrniK (iid. : iSchaittoiiomnH jrintiiger GiW, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hoi. I'liila. lb()4, 1'17 : HabuH'
ikhlliiiHphiniyvrJot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nut. Miih. IHriO, 7'i.)
i .
; -
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101 S. S. mlnlatUSJor. & Gilb.— /frtsfitra; Tlanhcr.
Color above deep verinillion, mottled with ilesh-color on the sides, the
belly light red; back and sides everywhere with clusters of black dots,
Il
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G64 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICA!? ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
SO that the whole body lias a dusky shade; top of head and back with
vaguely detiued cross-blotches made of dark i)oiuts; three obscure
orauge stripes radiating from the eye; maxillary with a red streak; lips
red, mottled with blackish; under side of head light red, mottled with
darker; inside of mouth red; fins all bright vermillion; spinous donsnl
spotted with olive-gray below, the membrane posteriorly edged with
blackish; soft dorsal spotted below with blackish, a vertical dark olive
streak on each membrane; other fins tipped with blackish, the mem.
branes more or less dotted ; no black blotch on the spinous dorsal. Body
oblong, the form much as in 8. pinniger. Head moderate, somewhat
pointed. Mouth rather large, the maxillary reaching i)a8t pupil, its
length 2 in head; i^remaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil; lower
jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper, with a moderate symiihyseal
knob; middle of lower jaw elevated, fitting into an emargination of the
upper. Head more completely scaly than in related species, the scales
also rougher, the scales on the preorbital and head generally, being fully
ctenoid; mandible scaled even to the symphyseal knob, its scales always
roughly ctenoid; interopercle fully scaled; most of the branchiostegals
with series of scales; maxillary, preorbital, and tip of snout fully
scaled; preorbital with a narrow neck; cranial ridges low and small;
preocular, sui)raocular, iiostocular, tympanic, and occipital spines pres-
ent; iuterorbital space very broad, with a slight depression on each
side of a median ridge; preopercular spines rather long and sharp, the,
second the longest, the spines radiating. Gill-rakers, as in pinnujer,
very long and slender, the longest about § the diameter of the eye.
Dorsal fin low, rather deeply emargiuate, about as iu S. pinnujcr, but
rather higher, the soft rays higher than the spines; caudal fin slightly
emargiuate; anal fin rather high, the second spine about as long as
the third and stouter, little more than half the height of the soft ra\s,
about 3 in head; pectoral fin moderate, the tip reaching about to the
vent, the base rather narrow; ventrals very long, usually reaching past
the vent, almost to the beginning of the anal. Head 2f ; depth 3; pee-
torals 3 J. Dorsal rays XIII-14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. J. 47. L. 20 inches.
San Francisco to San Diego ; not rare.
{Sclastichthtjs viiniatua Jordan & Gilbert Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 70.)
aaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size; the cranial ridges high; iyiiipaiiic
aud post ocular spines both present; lower jaw little projecting; anal iii.vk
-H-- III, 7; scales on head ctenoid; gill-rakers short; second anal spine usually
elongate. {Sebastomus*' Gill.)
' Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H64, 147 : <^ype Scbaalea roaaceus Grd.
106. SCORPiENIDiE SEBASTODES.
665
1010. S. ruber (Ayres) J. & G.—Ecd liock-fisU; Tninbor.
Color clear deep vermilion red, paler below; a narrow iindulating
wliitisli streak along the sides, from the eye to above the base of the
anal, and another along the lateral line; these indistinct in the adnlt;
faint dusky shades radiating from eye; fins red, the soft fins always
largely blackish at tip, especially in the young; young more distinctly
marked than the adults, which are nearly plain brick-red. Body oblong,
ratbcr deep, not much compressed. Head large, blunt. Mouth large, the
maxillary reaching nearly to posterior edge of eye, its length half that
of bead ; premaxillary on level of lower edge of pupil; lower jaw a little
projecting, the syrai)hyseal knob slight. Cranial ridges rather high and
sharp, smooth in the young, becoming very rough and broken in the
adult; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and occii)ital pres-
ent^ preocular spines triangular; supraocular short, becoming with age
divided into a series of irregular spines and tubercles; occipital ridges
diverging, likewise divided in adults; interorbital space broad, ilattish,
coarsely scaled, with 2 slight ridges anteriorly. Eye moderate, 4.} in
bead; preorbital wide; preopercular spines broad, usually divided, the
third multifld. Scales on head rough; jaws naked; suborbital stay
weak. Gill-rakers short, clavate, the longest ^ eye. Scales on body
roujih; accessory scales numerous; pectoral short, broad, its length 4
in body; dorsal spines stout, rather low, the fin not deeply notched,
the longest spine about as high as the soft rays, 2 J in head; caudal
truncate; soft tins scaly; second anal spine little stronger or longer than
the third, § height of soft rays, 2§ in head. Peritoneum white. Head
3; depth 2§. D. XIII-14; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. about 50. L. 30 inches.
Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara northward, abundant"; reaches a
larger size than any of the others, except possibly S. paitcispinis.
{Sebasiea ruber Ayrea, Proc. Cal. Aeiul. Sci. i, 7, 1354, and ldG2, 21o.) ^* '
1020. S. constellutus Jor. & Glib.
Orange-red; back olive shaded; belly yellowish; cheeks with red
and yellowish shades; head and body everywhere closely covered with
small roundish pale spots; spots above light rose color; below larger
and nearly white; 4 or 5 roundish rose-colored blotches on the back,
besides some mottlings of a similar shade; the first si)ot, often obscure,
under the fourth dorsal spine; the next nesir the lateral line under the
ei}>btb dorsal spine; the third close to the junction of the two parts of
the dorsal; the fourth under the end of the soft dorsal; a fifth some-
times near the base of eighth dorsal spine; opercular flap with a rosy
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6G6 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
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spot; fins light reddish; dorsal speckled at base with light and daik.
IJody robfist, heavy forwards, tapering into a slender caudal peduncle.
Head rather pointed in profile. Mouth large, oblique, the lower juw
slightly projecting beyond the emarginated tip of the upper jaw; u
small knob at the symphysis; maxillary very broad, extending be-
yond pupil, its middle part with many small scales, its length 2 in
head; premaxillary in front just below the level of the eye; mandible
almost entirely covered with small rough scales; muzzle and prec:bital
scaled to the tip of the snout; head densely covered with small scales.
Cranial ridges rather high and narrow; preocular, supraocular, post-
ocular, tympanic, and occipital present; interorbital area concave,
with 2 prominent ridges covered by scales; supraocular ridge rather
short; occipital ridge long, curved, ending in a sharp spine; i)reopcide
with its second spine long and sharp; prcorbital wide, its edge lobed.
Eye large, 4 in head. Gill-rakers short, clavate, the longest of tliem
about one-fifth the diameter of the eye. Scales strongly ctenoid, the
accessory scales largelj'^ developed. Dorsal spines rather strong and
low, the fourth more than one-third the length of the head; the fin
rather deeply e'.nai gin ate; soft dorsal rather low, about as high as tiie
second anal spina, 2f in head, robust, curved considerably longer than
the third or the soft rays; caudal slightly eniarginate; pectorals rather
narrow, reaching beyond ventrals, about to vent, their length two-
thirds that of the head. Peritoneum white. Head 2J; depth 2i. I).
XIIl-13; A. HI, 6; Lat. 1. 53. L. 15 inches. Coast of California, from
San Francisco southward, abundant in deep water; a brilliantly-colored
fish.
{SebaaticMJn/s conatellatua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1880, 295.)
lOai. S. rosaceus (Grd.) J. & G.— Corsotr.
Bright orange red, the young strongly tinged or mottled with golden
yellow ; back Avith 4 pale spots, arranged precisely as in ;>\ constvUatus,
rhodoehloris, and chlorostictus ; these always very distinct, of a rose-
])ink color, or sometimes almost white; the darker border around them
is of a deep purple or blood color, never greenish ; fins rosy, mottled
with orange; head with radiating stripes of orange and rosy; nape with
alternating bars of yellowish and deep red, the colors blending; no de-
cided green, and no smiU pink spots anywhere. Body oblong, liitle
elevate.l. Head rather pointed. Mouth moderate, the jaws ahout
equal, the lower with a small knob; maxillary not reaching posterior
border of eye; its length 2 in head; premaxillaiies below the orbit,
If6. SCORPiENIDiE — SEBAST0DE8.
GG7
Eye very largre, 3^ iu head. Maxillary and preoibital partly scaled;
iiiaiidib'e and snout naked. Cranial ridges much as in iS. consteUatUH,
but more depressed; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, and
occipital present; length of supraoculir spine about equal to inter-
orbital Avidth; i)reopercular sj^ines short. Gill rakers moderate, longer
than in 8. constellatus, not clavate. Scales moderate, the accessory ones
immerons. Dorsal spines rather low and strong, the fourth two ttfths
tiie length of the head, about as high as the soft rjiys, the fin rather
deeply emargin.ate; caudal slightly notched; anal rather low, with the
second spine curved, 2J in head, much longer aiul stronger than third,
shorter than the soft rays; pectoral fins moderate, reaching beyond tips
of ventrals, i)ast the vent, 3J iu body. Peritoneum blackish. Head
2^; depth 3. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 48. L. 12 inches. Coast
of California, in rather deep water; the most abundant of the red spe-
cies, and one of the smallest.
{Sebastes ro8accu8 Grd. Proc. Acufl. Niit. Sci. Phila. viii, 146, 1854, and in U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish, 7H, pi, 21 (poor lijijure, from a spticinien in ))iul coudLtion): Sehtistes
hclromacnlatus Ayres, Proc. Cul. Acad. Sei. ii, 2G, 1*. 8, 18'9: Sebastes rosaveus Giiutlier,
ii,iH.)
loaa S. rhodochloris Jor. & GWh.— Fly Jish.
Bright clear rose-red, without trace of purplish ; region above lateral
line with much deep green in the form of reticulating streaks; below
the lateral line the green gives i)lace to bright golden yellow similarly
mixed with red; top of hejid with cross-bands of green and red ; green
streaks radiating from the eye; four bright pale pink spots on the sides
of the back, arranged precisely as in rosaceus, constellatun, and chloros-
tiduH, the color brighter than iu these, surrounded. b3" rings of green,
without any trace of purplish shading; a pink opercular spot; a pale
area behind eye; fins all with the rays red, the membranes olive or
golden. Body oblong, more elongate than in related species; maxil-
lary 2 J^ in head, reaching beyond pupil; jaws about equal; i>reorbital
narrow. Eyes very large, 3^ in head. Cranial ridges higher and
sharper than in any other of the red species; i)reocular, supraocular,
postocular, tympanic, and occipital species present; interocular space
very narrow, its width less than length of snjjraocular spine; two sharp
riilj>es extending lengthwise of it ; preopercular spines long. Gill-rakers
as in rosaceus; mandible finelj' scaled near the base. Dorsal lin moder-
ately emarginate, lower than in romceus, the longest spine nearly 3 iu
head; soft dorsal as high as spines; caudal slightly notched; second
anal spine longer than iu any other species, longer than maxillary,
higher than the soft rays, half length of head ; pectoral reaching past
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668 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
ventrals, nearly to anal, 3| in body. Peritoneum dusky. Head 2i'
deptb 3. I). XIII-I45 A. IIT, Cj Lat. 1. 58, the accessory scales very
numerous. L. 12 inches. Off Monterey and Sau Francisco, in deep
water; rather rare. • :
{Sehaiitichthys rhoilochloris Jordan & Gilbert, Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 144.)
1033. S. chlorostictUS Jot. & GWh.—Peaca Vermiglia.
Olivaceous above, sides pinkish and golden ; four roundish spots of
pink placed as in S. constellatus and 8. rosaceus, but less distinct; a
pink blotch on opercular flap; the upper parts of the body, from just
below the lateral line, closely covered with small round spots of a clear
olive-green; these spots most distinct on the back and the top of the
head; on the sides of the body, just above and below the lateral line,
these spots form two continuous series, following the course of the lat-
eral line; eyes above with green spots; fins nearly plain red; base of
dorsal spotted with olive. Body oblong. Head moderate, the profile
rather steep, with a nearly even slope Mouth large, oblique, the laax-
illary reaching to behind the pupil, its length about 2^ in head; the
premaxillary in front below the level of the large eye, which is 3i iu
head. Jaws equal in the closed mouth, the tip of the lower fitting
into the emargiuate upper jaw; a father conspicuous symphyseal
knob. Preorbital sinuate. Cranial ridges sharj) and high, ending in
sharp spines, about as in constellatus ; preocular, supraocular, postocu-
lar, tympanic, and occipital present. luteorbital space concave, with
two rather prominent ridges. Preopercular spines rather sharp, the
second longest; opercular spines sharp. Gill-rakers long and rather
strong, not clavate, the longest about two-fifths the diameter of the
eye, longer than iu related species. Scales on head fewer than in &
comtellatus; the snout wholly naked; maxillary partly scaled; man-
dible naked. Dorsal spines very high, nearly as high as in vexUlam;
the fourth highest, nearly half head, higher than the soft rays, which
are also considerably elevated. Dorsal fin rather deeply emargiuate;
caudal fin emargiuate; anal Qn not very high, its second spine much
higher and stronger than the third, about as high as the soft imjs, '1\
in head; pectorals 3 J in length, with moderate base, reaching beyond
tips of ventrals, about to vent. Head 2J; depth 2%. D. XIlI-13; A.
HI, G; Lat. 1. oO. L. 15 inches. Off Monterey and San Francisco;
abundant in deep water.
aaaaa. Species with the lower jaw projecting and scaly; the postocular spine wiuit-
iug; the body elongate ; the peritoneum dusky; otherwise as iu the preceding
: group.
106. SCORP^NIDiE SEBASTODES.
669
1024. 8. elongatus (Ayres) J. & G.—Heina.
Color light red; sides above with irregular horizontal interrupted
olive-green bauds, which are more or less broken into blotches, two of
these bands below the lateral line, becoming contluent behind; a dis-
tinct pale band following the course of the lateral liue; upper tins
blotched with olive, lower pale red; head olive and blotched above,
])ale red below; chin black. Body more eloiigate than in any of the
other species (except paiicispinis), compressed. Head long, rather
pointed. Mouth large: maxillary extending to posterior margin of i>n-
l)il, its length 2J in head; premaxillary on level of lower margin of
orbit; lower jaw strongly projecting. Eye very large, longer than
snout, 3^ in head; interorbital space broad, concave, with low frontal
ridges. Cranial ridges low and long; preocular, supraocular, tympanic,
and occipital present; tympanic spines small; preopercular spines very
sharp, all pointed, directed backwards; opercular spines very long and
shari). Gill-rakers long and strong, the longest about one-third the eye.
Scales large, not very rough; accessory scales numerous. Maxillary,
mandible, and preorbital scaly. Dorsal spines moderately high, rather
strong, the highest about equal to the soft rays, 2!J in head ; the fin not
deeply emarginate. Caudal fin Junate; anal flu rather low; the second
si)ine half length of head, much longc than the third, higher than the
soft rays; pectorals moderately broad, long, reatihing beyond the tips of
the short ventrals to vent. Peritoneum dusky. Head 2|; depth 3^;
pectoral 3^^. D. Xin-13; A. IH, G; Lat. 1. 58. L. 12 inches. About
Monterey and San Francisco; abiludant in deep water. This species
bears considerable resemblance to & j^rori(7er.
{Sebaates clongalus Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii, 2H, 1859, f. 9.)
aaaaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size; the cranial ridj^es Avell developed ;
tlio postociilar wanting; scales snioothiah; those on the head mostly cycloid ;
lower jaw naked, its tip protruding; i)eritououm white; second aual spine
long.
1025. S. rnbrivinctUS Jor. & G\lh.— Spanish Flag.
Very pale rose-red, almost white, with cross- bands of a deep, intense
crimson-red; these bands broadest on the back; one of the bands runs
across the eye, snout, suborbital and maxillary, its boundaries indis-
tinct ; the next across the nuchal region, front of dorsal and opercle ;
the next across the middle of the spinous dorsal, including the ventrals
and the postrior half of pectorals; another across soft dorsal and anal ;
another across base of caudal, the fin itself being deep rose color; the
other lius share the color of that i)art of the body against which they
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670 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
lio. Body robust, rather deep and compressi'd. Head loiijj, acute -ji
profile, there beinj; a nearly straight slope from a bonj' prominence in
front of the spinous dorsal to the tip of the lower jaw. Mouth rather
large, oblicpie, the lower Jaw projecting; maxillary broad, extending to
opposite th(^ middle of the eye; its length 2 J in head; prenuixillary on
level of lowc • border of eye; cranial ridges quite low, their S))iii(>s
bluntish and depressed; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital
ritlges present; interorbital space Hattish, narrow, not so broad as tli«
eye, not wideiied behind, with sparse, smooth scales; two long frontal
ridges extend the length of the interorbital space; these are covcrcil
with bare skin; behind and between these are two shorter ridges cov-
ered by naked skin; occipital ridges long, curved, diverging behind;
mandible naked; maxillary with a few scales; suborbital stay very
l>roininent, its tip nearly reaching the preopercle; preopcrcular s])in«'s
very strong, the second longest; oi)ercular spines long; i)reorbital
wide. Eye very large, its diameter 33 in length of head. Gill-rakcs
rather short, robust, much compressed, the longest about one-fourth the
length of the eye. Scales on head all small and thin, mostly cycloid;
scales of body smoother thi>:i usual; accessory scales very numerous.
Dorsal spines robust, rather high, the iifth not quite half the length of
the nead; those behind rapidly shorte"<>d, the membrane joining the
thirteenth spine below its middle; soii rays about as high as si)ines;
caudal slightly emarginate; anal low, its second 8i)ine 2J in head, nuich
longer and stronger than third, both robust; pectorals moderate, not
reaching vent, 3^ in length; the base equal to diameter of eye; ven-
trals not reaching tips of pectorals. Peritoneum white. Head 2i;
depth 2;\. D. XIir-12; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 55. L. 15 inches. Santa
Barbara to Monterey, in deep water; rare. In life, the most brilliantly
colored large fish in our waters.
(Sebastichthya rubrivinctas Jordan & Gilbert, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mub. 1880, 291.)
aaa<iaaa. Species with the scales of moderate size, the cranial ridges stronjj; and
mostly liigli, but not sharp, the postocnlar wanting; the jaws nearly equal,
the lower naked; the gill-rakers short; the poctoriils broad, with thickened
lower rays; anal III, 5 to III, 7. {SeboDtichtli y a* GiW.)
1026. S. aiiricniatus (Grd.) J. & G.
Color blackish brown, much mottled with light brown; top of head
dark; a dark ' 'otch on the ui)i)er angle of the opercle; entire body
Hushed with brownish red, this color most noticeable on front of head;
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18'J2, 278: typo Svbaa.tea nigrocinctua Ayres:
{6Ef3a6ru?, nmguiticent; ix^^^f fish.)
106. SCORPiENID^ 8EBA8TODE8.
671
rocinoltts Ayres:
a l)iovrnislj rod streak along middle of maxillary, ami a second from tlm
preorbital downwards and backwards across the cheek; another from
eye to lower part of oimmcIc; fins all marked with dark and light olive
an<l reddish, tiie latter hue especially on the ventrals an<l anal; base of
pectoral blackish; northern specimens are niore blackish, and less nni-
I'orni in color; old specimens are often nearly uniform reddish laown;
tlic young sometimes with obscure dark bars, the caudal (in speckled,
liody oblong; rather deep. Mouth moderate, below axis of body, the
jaws nearly equal; maxillary reaching beyond eye, its length 2}^ in
licad; preorbital broad; interorbital space concave on each side of a
broad median ridge; i)reocular, supraocular, tym])anic, coronal, and
occipital spitjes present, the latter sometimes divided; preopercular
spines long, all directed backward, the second longest; opercular
spines weak; 3 suprascapular spines. Scales on body large, ctenoid ;
accessory scales not very numerous; mandible naked. Si)inous dorsal
higii, the longest apine 2 in head, higher than the soft rays, which
are much elevated; second anal spine longer and stronger than third,
2,^ in head; soft part of anal high; pectorals rather short and broad,
the lips barely reaching the vent, their length .3} in body; ventrals
reaching to vent; caudal truncate. Head 3J; depth 2i. D. XIII,
13; A. Ill, 7; L.at. 1. 45. L. 18 inches. Pacific coast, from Vancouver's
Island to Cerros Island, very abundant; the only species entering
the bays and caught with hook and line from the wharves. It may
be Icnown at once by the coronal spines, which are developed on no
other American species of the geinis. In some of our specimens from
the (lulf of Georgia these spines are obsolete on one or both sides.
{Sehaftcs auriculatm Gnl. Proc, Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phil.a. 18ri4, IIU, 14(5, and U. S. Pac.
R. K. Siirv. Fi.sh. 80: Selm-^tcs auneulatun Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1862, 215, f. 68:
i<ehttKl('ii ruber ya,v. jparvus k^Vi:», Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, 7, 18.")4.)
lOa*. S. rastrclligrer Jor. & Gill».— Gr«8« Eock-fsh.
Blackish green, with paler mottlings, the sides spotted with darker;
belly pale greenish ; paired fins dark, often bordered with reddish; other
tins chiefly olivaceous, spotted with darker; the brightness of the olive
and greenish shades is quite variable, but the species is always without
(letinite markings and without bright red. Body oblong, deei)est at the
shoulders. Head short, blunt. Mouth moderate, little oblique, the max-
illary reaching to the posterior margin of the eye, its length 2^ in head;
the preinaxillary rather below the level of the eye; jaws equal, without
syniphyseal knob. Eye small, anterior, 4^ in head. Cranial ridges
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C72 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
atronj,', but broad and depressed, ending in Hraall spines; preocular
supniocular, tympanic and (»( cipital present; the occipital ridj^es are
very long, equalling the <iiauieter of the orbit; preopercnlar sijiiics
short and stont, the two upper subequal; opercular spines very broiul
and flat, sometimes bifid; suprascapular spines strong; interorhital
si)aco moderate, narrower than eye, flattish, with two low ridges; spines
of head little divergent backwards. Gill-rakers very short, wide, com
pressed, the longest almost as wide as high. Scales on body large
accessory scales few. Dorsal spines low, the fifth about two-fifths the
length of the head; the fin little emarginate; soft rays considerably
higher than spines; caudal slightly rounded; anal high, its spines low,
the second as high as the third and much stouter, 3 in head; pectoral
rather short, reaching vent, its base extremely broad, its wulth about
one-third length of head; the lower rays much thi(!kened; length of
pectorals 3^ in body; ventrals moderate, not quite reaching the tips of
the pectorals. Peritoneum brownish. Head 3; depth 2^. D. XIII-
13; A. Ill, 6; Lat. 1. 47. L. 15 inches. Coast of California; abundant
southward. A strongly marked species, known at once by its short
gill-rakers.
(Sebantichthys rastrelliger Jor, & Gilb. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas, 1880, 296.)
1028. S. cauriniis (Rich.) Jor. & Gilb.
This form agrees with the subspecies vejcillaris, in general characters,
differing in the color, which is scarcely' reddish or yellowish, the dark
shades being dark brown, the pale shades light brownish and bettor
defined than in vexillaris; the chin is rather more projecting; the dor-
sal spines are slender and much lower than in vexillaris; in this respect
there is considerable variation among individuals; the armature of the
head is essentially the same as in vexillaris, as are the fin-rays, gill-
rakers, and scales. Puget Sound to Sitka; abundant. v
( Sehastes canrinus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur. Ichth. 77, pi. 41, f. 1, 1845. This Bpecics
h.Ts no special affinity with the Japanese S. inemm, with which it has been identified
by Dr. GUntuer.)
Subsp. vexillaris Jor, & G'\\h.—Garrupa.
Bright pale yellowish-red, becoming lighter below, the reddish and
yellowish forming large and irregular areas, sometimes one shade pre-
dominating, sometimes the other; a pink cross-blotch on the back at
base of the second and third dorsal spines sometimes j)resent; upper
parts of head mostly pink, with broad olive shades running backward,
one on the lower lip, one on the maxillary, one from preorbital region
downward, one from the eye backward and downward across the cheeks,
106. SCOEPyENIDiE — SEBA8T0DES.
673
and another .across the opercuhir spines; flns nil pinkish re<l, the mem-
branes olive; vertical tins narrowly edged witli dusky; top of head usu-
ally with alternating cross-shades of pinkish and yellowish; yellowish
sluules sometimes replaced by light olive; other specinu'iis arc quite re<l;
still others brownish; the light areas on the back have a position sim-
ilar to that of the rosy spots in S. comtellatus. Body stout and com-
pressed, the back elevated. Mouth rather large, the broad uuixillary
extending behind the orbit, its length 2 in head; premaxillary on level
of lower edge of pupil; jaws subequal, the lower somewhat projecting,
but without symphyseal knob; the upper jaw emargiiiate at tip. Cranial
ridges long and low, higher than in rastrelliger, the preocular, supraoc-
ular, occipital, and sometimes tympanic present; preocular spines con-
spicuous, extending well backward; occipital spines rather long, diverg-
ing backward ; interorbital space broad and flattish, narrower than eye,
occupied by two raised ridges, covered by the scales; preopercular
spines moderate, some of them usually divided into two, three, or four
at tip, the middle one the largest. Eye moderate, high up, 4-4.J in head ;
preorbital very broad ; suborbital stay short. Jaws naked. Gill-rakers
rather long and strong, the longest slightly clavate, nearly half as long
as eye. Dorsal spines very strong and high, about as in chlorostictm,
nearly as high as in maliger, the highest more than half length of head,
and rather higher than the very high soft rays; membrane of spinous
doisal rather deeply incised, but less so than in malUjer; second anal
spine 3 in head, scarcely longer than the third, and not much stronger,
about two-thirds as high as the soft rays; caudal truncate; pectoral
shorter than head, not reaching the vent; its base rather broad, its
length 3i| in body; ventrals not reaching vent. Peritoneum white. D.
XIII-16; A. Ill, G; Lat. 1. 55. L. 18 inches. Coast of California,
abundant southward; apparently a geographical variety of S. caurimis,
but quite different in color. , ..
(/Sc6a«/i(A%8 fcxi7Z«m .Tor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 292.) , ;,
1029. S. inaligcr Jor. & Gilb.
Color warm yellowish brown, the anterior portion of the back and
sides usually clear yellow; breast yellow; anterior part of body and
head, especially in the adult, closely covered with small round spots of
a clear orange-brown color; posterior i)art of body darker than ante-
rior, variously mottled ; soft flns all slaty black, the pectorals and dorsal
palerat base and speckled; brownish shades radiating from the eyes.
Body oblong, robust. Head large. Mouth moderate, the jaws aearly
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 43
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674 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
equal vvlien closed: maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin
of eye, its length about half that of head; preorbital moderate, Mitb
an angular lobe. Cranial ridges a little higher tban in caunnus, a little
lower tbau in carnatus; preocular, supraocu!ar, tympanic, and 0(!cij)ital
present; occipital ridges low; preopercular spines very short; opei.
cular long. Gill rakers moderate, somewhat clavate, about as long as
pui)il. Scales rough. Jaws naked. Dorsal spines very high and
sfirong, higher than in any other species, the membranes very deeply
incised, so that half or more of the length of the highest spines is free
anteriorly ; highest spine about |- length of head, the fin deeply eiuar-
ginate; soft dorsal high, but lower than the spines; caudal truncate*
anal high, the second spine 2^ in head, little higher than the third, not
two- thirds the iieight of the soft rays; pectorals very broad and rouiulod,
reaching beyond veutrals to vent; base of tbe fin broader than eye, the
lower rays thickened; its length 3J in body. Peritoneum jiale. Head
2^; depth 2J. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, C; Lat. 1. 47. L. 20 inches. Mon-
terey to Sitka, mostly in deep water, very abundant northward; one of
the largest species.
(Sehastichthifa maliger Jot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 322.)
10»0. S. cs rnntus Jot. & Gilb. •
YelIo^^ ish brown, Avith blotches of clear flesh-color or pinkish, the
dark color predominating above, the pinkish below ; membrane between
third and fo. rth si)ines always pale, this color forming a blotch at tbe
base of these spines, and then extending obliquely downwards and
backwavds, usually joining the ventral color; in front of this light area
on the sides is a narrow oblique dark one, in front of which in turn is
a pale one, which begins at the angle of the operclo and divides, pass-
ing around the pectorals and uniting below them; a light blotch under
the eighth dorsal spine, extending up on the fin; another at junction of
tue two dorsals, and another under the last ray; under each of these
are irregular undulating i)ale areas; sides with pale blotches of all
size J ; head above with cross-shades and bands radiating from eye, its
light shades tinged with purplish; fins colored like neighboring parts
oi body. Body rather short and deep. Mouth low and rather short,
the maxillary extending to rather behind the posterior edge of lie
■eye, its lejigth 2 in head; premaxillary entirely below eye; jaws about
eqwal^ no symphyseal knob. Scales on head rather rougher thsm in S.
elirysomelas; lower jaw, maxillary, space in front of eye and i^asal region
naked. €riinial ridge? ',\o!l developed, but somewhat lower than in 8,
'I i,.
106. SCORP^NID^ SEBASTODES.
675
chrysomelas covered with tliick skin; preocular, snpraocnlar, tympanic,
and occii>ital present; occipital spines lower an<i narrower tlian in chry-
somelas; preopercular spines small and blnntish. Gill-ralvers short,
clavate. Spinous dorsal always higher than in chrvfiomelas, the highest
spines 2 in head, rather higher than the soft rays, the membranes more
deeply incised than in chrysomelas ; caudal truncate; anal moderately
high, the second spine, 2^ in head, stronger and slightly longer than
third, about two-thirds height of soft rays; pectorals rather short, 3^
in liead, about reaching to the vent, their bases very broad, the lower
rays thickened and fleshy; ventrals reaching vent. Peritoneum white.
Head 2§? depth 2f. D. XIII--13; A. Ill, 6; pyloric cceca 8; vertebra
12+15; Lat. 1. 43. L. 14 inches. Coast of California, generally abun-
dant; in rather shallow water.
{Scbasfichthys carnatus Jot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 73.)
1031. S. chrysomelas Jor. & Gilb.
Pattern of coloration precisely as in 8. < urtiatus, the colors diiferent;
light shade a clear, warm, brownish yellow, with some specks of deeper
orange; varying from a dusky orange to olivaceous yellow, the latter
color more often seen on the belly; dark shade, black or dark brown,
with slight olive tinge; dark color predominating on the back; mem-
brane between third and fourth dorsal spines and an area at the base
of these si)ine8 always pale; a yellow blotch extending thence downward
and backward, usually joining the light color of the belly; another light
area passing from near the angle of the opercle around the pectorals,
uniting below them; three other blotches along the back, one under
the eighth dorsal spine, one under the last spine, and one under the
last soft ray; from each of these, irregular pale areas extend down the
sides; fins the color of the region to which they belong; head above
with dusky cross-shades and faint bands radiating from the eye. Body
short and stout, compressed. Head short, blnntish. Mouth rather
small, entirely below the axis of the body; lower jaw slightly included;
premaxillaries on level of lower edge of orbit; maxillary reaching i^oste-
rior margin of eye, its length 2 in head; preorbital wide. Cranial
ridges very prominent, high and strong, covered with thick skin, ending
in strong spines, which diverge backward j preocular, supraocular, tyio-
panic, and occipit.al present; preopercular spines short and thick. Gill-
rakers as in 8. carnatus. Scales moderate, rough, the accessory ones
tow; lower jfiw, maxillary, nasal region, and space in front of eye naked.
Dorsal spines high and strong, the highest 2J in head, rather higher
than the soft rays, tho fin deeply emarginato; second anal 8i)iue 2J in
-i-'Sr
tl i.
■■| . '.
G76 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
head, much stronger than third, the two about equal in length; pec-
toral 33 in head, with very broad base, reaching beyond the tips of the
veutrais, which reach nearly to the vent; lower pectoral rays thick-
ened; caudal truncate. Peritoneum pale. Head 2f; depth 2f. D.
Xlir, 13; A. Ill, G. Lat. 1. 45. L.13 inches. Sun Francisco to San
Diego, abundant in rather deep water.
{Sehastlchfhus chryaomilaa Jor & Gilb. Proc. II. S. Nat. Mu8. 1880, 455, 465.)
1032. S. ncblllosus (Ayrcs) Jor. & Gilb. — Garruj}a.
Ground color bhie-black of varying shade, sometimes tinged ^vith
yellowish anteriorly, everywhere finely and irregularly freckled and
(spotted with yellow or white, the light color usually bright and
sharply defined; these spots smallest and most numerous on head; a
broad irregular yel f band, made of continent blotches, from be-
tween the third and fourth dorsal spines, involving their membranes,
downv, ard to the lateral lino, thence backward to base of caudal; fins
all Wack, with light spots at base; under parts soiled yellow. Body
robust, the baek elevated, the profile steep. Mouth rather large, the
jaws equa\ the maxillary 2 in length of head, extending to beyond
]>upil; jaws naked. Eye large. Cranial ridges high and thick, com-
l)aratively short; preocular, supraocular, tympanic, and occipital pres-
ent, the latter much higher than in chri/somelas, and bulging so that its
base is narrower thiin its upper part; interorbital space narrow; pre-
oi)ercular si)ines short. Gill-rakers as in chri'somclas. Dorsal rather
high, considerably eraarginate, the highest spines, 2 in head, higlici'
than the soft rays; caudal truncate; second anal spine 2 J in head,
stouter and slightly longer than third, mu(;h lower than the soft rays;
pectorals short and broad, 3J in length, reaching beyond tips of ven-
trals to vent. Scales rough, the accessory scales numerous. Peritonenm
pale. Head 3; depth 2f. D. XIII-13; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 49. L. VI
inches. Pacific coast, from Vancouver's Island to Monterey, in rather
deep water; abundant.
(Sthaxteafasciatiia Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1854, 146, aud in U. S. Pac. E. R,
Siirv. Fish. 79, not of S(on»r: Selmstrs iiehnlostia Ayiv.s, Proc;. Cal. Atad. Sci. i, 5, IS'oh
Sthafilhhlhifsfa-nciolarix Lockington, i'roc. U. 8. Nut. Miis. Jb^r^O, 21)7 )
1033. S. scrriccps Jordan & Gilbert.— J»w-^/j/j.
Dark olive, blackish above, yellowish below; sides with about 7
oblique black cross-bands, wider than eye, usually sharply defined, Imt
sometimes faint in the young; two black bands downward and back-
ward from eye; lips, mouth, front [ind lower part of head strongly
washed with coppery red; bases of fins with small whitish spots; tius
:p,;^^^i^HV
106. SCORP.ENID.E — SKBASTODES.
677
blackish olive; crauial ridges black. Body robust, compressed behind.
Head compressed. Month large, the maxillary reaching to opposite
middle of eye, its length 2^ in head; jaws eqnal. Cranial ridges thick,
short, high and strong, covered with lax, thick skin, placed nearly in
a ri^ht line on each side; pxeocular, supraocular, tympanic, occipital,
aad nuchal spines usually present, the latter sometimes coalescent with
the occipital; interorbital space narrow, fiat, closely scaled; ])reorbital
rather broad; preopercular spines sharp; jaws naked; membraiu'S of
spinous dorsal thick, covered with small scales. Eye small, 5 in head.
Gill-rakers short, stiff and clavate. Dorsal spines strong, rather low,
scarcely exserted, lower than the soft rays, the longest 2^ in head;
second anal spines 2|f in head, stronger than third, scarcely longer;
pectorals broad and rounded, the lower rays thickened, the tips reach-
ing vent; ventrals reaching beyond vent; caudal rounded. Peritonenni
pale. Head 3 ; depth 2i ; ])L'ctoral 3^. D. XlII-13; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1.
50. L. 12 inches. San Fraiuiisco to Cerros Iwland, abundant south-
ward; one of the most singularly marked of the rock-lishes.
{Sebaalichthi/s serriccps J onhiB & Gilberf, Pioc. If. S. Nat. Miis. 1880, 'AS.)
1034. S. nlgrocinctiis (Ayrca) J. & G.
Bright orange-red, with 5 Jetbla»jk vertical bars, overlaid with red;
these bars comparatively narrow, none of them wider tlian eye; one
at beginning of dorsal, extending downward on oi)ercle and scai)ular
region; a second, broader one, under middle of spinous dorsal; a third
under posterior i)art of spinous «l<)tsal ; the fourth narrower, under front
iifsoft dorsal; the filth under middle of soft dorsal, all of these extend-
ing on the dorsal fin; two oblique black bands from eye, downwards
and backwards across cheeks; another upwards and backwards towards
the nape; fins uniform deep orange, anal and veutralstipix^d with black-
ish; mouth red. Body short, deej), and compressed, deeper than in any
of the other species; back arched. Head large, connuessed. i\routli
very 1 jrge; maxillary extending to neyond puj>il, 2 in head; lower jaw
very slightly projecting, the symphysis not i)ro(luced; premaxillary
scarcely below eye. Eye large, 4:^ in head. Cranial ridges higher than
in any other species, their sjunes blunt, the ridges arranged in two
nearly parallel series as in S. scrricepn, the surface of the larger oiu'S
1 roughened by accessory spinous tul)ercles a? in S. ruh"r ; occiplt;d
riilges very high; skin covering cranial ridges thin or obsolete, not lax;
interorbital space sparsely si^aled, veiy narrow, its breadth a little more
tlianbalf diameter of eye, with very strong frout>ai ridges, which are not
covered by the scales; jaws naked; preorbital broad, a low ridge exteod-
' '■ 'Mmf
lip
..ii*"
i
m
678 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
ing along its surface and that of the suborbital; this ridge, somewhat
rough and not covered with the scales, is continuous with the short sub-
orbital stay, preopercular spines short, very blunt, the opercular spines
very strong; scapular spines moderate. Gill-rakers short and stout
clavate, the longest nearly one-third the diameter of the eye. Dorsal
spines rather high and strong, the longest 2J in head, about as high as
soft rays, the fin not deeply emarginate; caudal tin rounded; anal fin
high, its second spine 2^ in head, higher and much stronger tlian the
third; pectorals broad, fan shaped, 3'^ in length, their base one-third
broader than the diameter of the orbit, their tips not quite reachiii'^
tips of veutrals. Scales rough. Peritoneum white. Head 2f ; depth
2§, D. Xlir, 15; A. Ill, 7; Lat. 1. 50. L. 15 inches. San Francisco
to Vancouver's Island, in deep water; rare southward. A large aud
singular species.
{Sebastca nifjrocinctus Ayros, Proc. Cal. Acail. Sci. ii, 25, 1«59, and 217, f. 67: Sebai-
tlchthya nigvocinctus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1882, 278.)
i
359.— SCORP^NA Linnseus.
Mascacios.
{Sehaatapiateb Gill : ParaBcorpeBnaBleekar: Paeudoseiasies S&nvagG: Pontinus Foey.)
(Artedi; LiuniBus, Systoma Naturte, 1758: iyjio Scorpwna iforcus L.)
Body oblong, somewhat con»pressed. Head large, not much com-
pressed, usually naked above, and armed with several series of spinous
ridges; often with dermal flaps. iMouth largo, with bands of villiform
teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Scales mostly ctenoid, of mod-
erate size, often with skinny flaps. Dorsal fin with 12 ^tout spines;
anal with 3 spines, the second commonly the longest; pectorals large,
rounded, the base usually ])rocurrent; the upper rays divided, the lower
simple in all our species; ventrals inserted behind pectorals. No air-
bladder. Vertebrfe 10 -|- 14. Species numerous in the tropical seas;
fishes of singular forms and bright colors; the variation in squamatiou
and armature is very great, but if the group be further subdivided,
some characters other than those hitherto suggested must be taken.
The intergradation of the species of Scorpccna and Sebastodes is very
perfect. The greater number of dorsal spines and of vertebrcB afford
the only characters knowu to us by which Sebastodcs may be distin-
guished from SGori)wna. {(Txnp-at>a, the ancient name of Seorpwna
scrofa, from axopruo^, scorpioji, in allusion to the dorsal spines, which
inflict a very painful sting-like wound.)
106. SCORPiENID^ — SCORP^NA.
679
a. Cheeks, opercles, breast, and usually top of head scaly; no pit at the occiput;
aspect of Sebaatodes. {Pontinus* Poey. )
b. Dermal flaps uone ; iiectoral lin not piocurrentj no oxoccipital spines.
1035. S. dactyloptera De la Roche.
Color delicate scarlet red, the opercle and dorsal fin somewhat
mottled with brownish. Body not much elevated, little compressed,
the tail slender. Head large, little compressed ; cheeks, opercles, and
occipital region well scaled ; no dermal flaps anywhere ; suborbital stay
strong. Mouth rather large, with teeth as usual on jaws, vomer, and
palatines; lower jaw not projecting; maxillary extending to beyond
pupil. Suborbital with a narrow raised smooth ridge, which ends in a
spine at the base of the stay ; preorbital narrow, its edge slightly spi-
nous; interorbital space narrow, with two parallel raised ridges and a
deep groove. Cranial ridges short, sharp, about as in Sebastodes rosa-
ecus; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, occipital, and nu-
chal spines present; suprascapular spines sharp; no exoccipitals ; oper-
cular spines moderate ; i)reopercular spines sharp, the second longest.
Eye very large, 3 in head. Jaws naked. Gill-rakers rather long and
slender. Pectoral very narrow for a Scorpccna, the rays not procurrent
below nor thickened, reaching anal; ventrals small, reaching past vent;
aual small and low, its second spine a little stouter but not longer than
third; dorsal low, little emarginate, the spines slender. Scales ctenoid,
regularly arranged; no accessory scales. HeadSi; depth 2f. D. XII
12; A. Ill, 5; Lat. 1. 43. Deep water oif Chesapeake Bay; describe<l
from a spf^cimen lately taken by the U. S. Fish Commission. It is pro-
visionally identified with S. dactyloptera, of the Mediterranean and Ma-
deira Islands, but it is probably a species distinct from the latter,
although closely related.
(Do la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii, 1809, pi. 22, f. 2: Sebaatca daciylqjiterua Giinthor, ii,
99: Sebastcs imperialis C. &, V. iv, 336.)
an. Checks, opercles, and top of head naked; dermal flaps present; pectorals pro-
current, a quadrate pit at the occiput. (iScorjja'/ia.)
c. Breast scaly. (Faraacorpcena Bleeker.)
1036. S. gftlttata Grd. — Scotiyene; Scorpion; Sculpin.
Brown, irregularly mottled and blotched with rosy purplish and pale
olive; opercles and cheeks, a bar behind eye, and 5 or 6 large blotches
at base of dorsal, purplish; head, back, and sides with many small
*Pooy, Memoiias Cuba, ii, 172, 1860 : type Fonunuacaator Poey. (Latin, |jon«, bridge;
"si l'i(16e d'un pout form6 par les trois premiers sous-orbit aires jieut contenter les
(StyiiMilojjistes j'en serai bien uise; j'ai d6jii, dit que les noma les plus savants ue sout
Jjus les uieilleurs." Poey.)
i4h
hi,'
If .
il».
4i ' ^^
m4.
if
P
r'< si
l>.
9f
It
J
680 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
round dark olive spots; belly nriKpottcd; thoracic region pink; spinous
dorsal blackish, its middle part with many roundish pale spots, fomiiu"-
a continuous stripe, besides smaller black 8p< 's; caudal and pectoral
with vertical bars of dark and pale spots; soft orsal and anal spotted-
ventrals innkish, little spotted; jaws and braiuliiostegals yellowish
more or less mottled ; axil pale, with round dark spots. Body robust
little compressed; interorbital space not very deeply concave; a pit at
the vertex in front of occipital ridges, much broader than long. Mouh
very broad, little oblique, the lower jaw included ; maxillary 2^ in head
reaching posterior margin of orbit. Gill-rakers very short, broad, com-
pressed. Cranial spines bluntish, high; preocular, supraocular, post-
ocular, tympanic, occipital, nuchal, and exoccii)ital present, besides a
bifid spine between the exoccij^ital and orbit; ui)per preopercuiar spine
longest; opercular spines not large; suprascapular spines 3, knife-like;
suborbital region without pit, but with a bony carina on which are
2 or 3 bluntish spines. Head naked; breast, and region before pec-
torals, covered with small imbedded scales (with exception of opercular
flap); anterior margin of i)reorbitals, margin of preopercle, and nostrils
with skinny flaps; 1 or 2 rather small flaps above eye, besides several
smaller ones on various parts of the head. Scales small, nowhere dis-
tinctly ctenoid; nearly every scale on the upper parts of body with a
small membranous flap. Dorsal spines high, higher than the soft rays,
the longest 2^ in head; second anal spine longest and much the strong-
est, 3 in head ; pectoral very broad, short, and rounded, its lower rays
procurrent, its tip reaching beyond the ventrals to vent, its base more
than J head, its length 3 J in body; caudal rounded. Peritoneum white.
Head 2| ; dei)th 3. D. XII, 10 ; A. Ill, 5 ; Lat. 1. 30 (tubes) ; 50-60 scales.
L. 12 inches. Coast of California, from Point Concepcion southward;
very abundant.
(Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiln. 1854, Ur,; Gnl. IJ. S. Piic. R. R. 8iiiv. Fisli.77,pl.
17: Sebaatapiatcs tjultatua Gill, iu Street'j Bulletin, U. S. Nat. Miis. vii, 1877, 62.)
1037. S. plumiicrl Bloch.—Rvacacio.
Olive brown, excessively marbled with silvery and reddish; fins pro-
fusely variegated ; caudal barred with brown and silvery; a dark blotch
on spinous dorsal, between the 6th and 7th spines; axil bliuik, with
white spots. Body short and thick. Head irregular in form, with nu-
merous grooves and pits, and many fleshy sli])8; a large deep pit below
the eye, between It and the front of suborbital stay; supraocular flai) at
M:-^iNl:*:1'
106. 8C0RP^NID.E— SCORP.ENA.
G81
least as liigli as eyef large flaps ou preorbital and edge of preopercle,
preocular, supraocular, tympanic, coronal, occipital, nuchal, and exocci-
pital spines present; a deep pit behind coronal spines, as long as broad;
preopercular and opercular spines moderate, bluntish, suborbital stay
prominent, with 3 or 4 sharp spines; a few scales on preopercle and
opercular flap; head otherwise naked; maxillary reaching to behind
eye, not quite half head ; lower jaw included; breast covered with small
imbedded scales; scales of body large, not ctenoid, firm, nmny of them
with membranous flaps; lateral line with a series of fleshy flaps. Dor-
8<al low, the highest spine 2^ in head, somewhat lower than the soft rays;
pectorals very broad, procurrent, reaching about to front of anal tin;
second anal spine very robust, 2^ in head, much larger than third.
Head 2J in length; depth 3. D. XII, 10; A. 111,5; Lat. 1. L'5 (rows
of scales); about 40 i)ores. West Indies and both coasts of Mexico;
occasional northward. Here described from specimens from Mazatlau,
Mexico.
(Bloch. Nya. llandl.Stockh. x, 234, 1789; Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 194: Scorpaina hufo
C. >fc V. iv, 306; Giiuther, ii, 113: Soorpwna rascacio Poey, Syuopa. Pise. Cubeus. 303.)
ce. Breast naked.
1038. S. porcus Linn.— Pig-foot.
Keddish brown, much mottled above with darker, and dotted with
black; much less variegated than in S. plumieri; usually a black blotch
ou posterior half of spinous dorsal. Body oblong, compressed; back
somewhat elevated, highest at origin of spinous dorsal; suborbital stay
close to eye, without any pit between it and the eye ; supraocular flap
broad, a little lower than eye; no flaps on posterior edge of preop-
ercle, four on occii)ital region, few along lateral line; preocular, supra-
ocular, tympanic, occipital, exoccipital, and nuchal spines i)re8ent; a
pit before occipital spines; opercular find preopercular spines short;
maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit. Scales present on post-
ocular region and u])per part of preopercle; scales on body somewhat
regularly placed; breast naked. Fins high; pectorals nnich less pro-
current at base than in 8. pIuinicHjreaahmg beyond tips of vcutrals,
wliich reach anal; spines slender, the second anal slender, little longer
than third. Gill-rakers short and thick. I). XIII, 10; A. Ill, <5; Lat.
1.40. Southern Europe; a specimen said to have been sent to Cuvier
from New York.
(Liun.Syst.Nal. ; C. »& V. iv, 300; GUuther, ii,107.)
i
m
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m
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682 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
360.— SETARCHES Johnson.
(Johnson, Proc. Zoul. Soc. Loud. 1862, 11: type Setarches giinfheri Johnson.)
As here understood, this genus difl'ers from Scorpcena in having lesg
than 12 dorsal spines and the scales cycloid, without skinny flaps.
Deep-sea fishes. Our species differs from 8. giinthcri in the possession
of but ten dorsal spines instead of eleven. (Etymology not obvious.)
1039. S. parinatus Goode.
Body stout and deep. Fins high ; vertical fins inserted well back
the paired fins well forward. Interorbital width half the length of the
upper jaw, about equal to the orbit. Eye moderate, nearly 4 in head.
Scales comparatively large, egularly arranged, cycloid, with concentric
furrows and no dermal flaps. Cranial ridges develojied about as in Se-
bastes. Preopercular spines very long; caudal truncate. Pectoral fiu
long, 2^ in body. Head 2^; depth 2|. D. X, G + ; A. Ill, G. {Goode.)
Deep water off Ehode Island ; known from a young specimen.
(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 480.)
Family CVII («).— COTTID^.
{The Sculpins.)
Body moderately elongate, fusiform or compressed, tapering back-
ward from the head, which is usually broad and depressed. Eyes
j)laced high, the interocular space usually narrow; a bony stay cou-
necting the suborbital with the preopercle, usually covered by the skin;
upper angle of preopercle usually with one or more spinous processes.
Teeth equal, in villiform or cardiform bands on jaws, and usually on vo-
mer and palatines; premaxillaries protractile; maxilhiry without supple-
mental bone. Gills 3 J or 4; slit behind the last gill small, or obsolete;
gill rakers short, tubercle-like or obsolete; gill-membranes broadly con-
nected, often joined to the isthmus. Body naked, or variously armed with
scaler, prickles, or bony plates, but never uniformly scaled. Lateral line
present, simple. Dorsal fins separate or somewhat connected, the spines
usually slender, the soft part elongate; caudal fiu separate, rounded;
anal fin similar to the soft dorsal, without spines; pectoral fins large,
with broad procurrent bases, the rays mostly simple, the upper some-
times branched; ventrals thoracic, rarely entirely wanting, the rays usu-
ally less than 1, 5. Pseudobranchise present, at least in all our species.
Pyloric coeca usually in small number (4-8); air-bladder commonly
>?antiug. Genera about 40; species about 150, mostly of the rock pools I
107(«). COTTID^.
683
and shores of northern regions ; many species found in fresh waters.
The group, as here understood, comprises a considerable variety of
forms, and is very difficult to define, as it grades into the Uparididce
on the one hand, and into the Scorpcenidcc on the other. Most of the
species are of small size and singular aspec* and none are valued as
food. The genera have been probably too much multiplied, and sev-
eral of them can be only provisionally accepted.
{TriglUlw, group Cottina, pt.; group Scorpccnina, part, Giluther, ii; family Payohro-
hitidw GUnther, iii, 516, 517.)
0. Spinous dorsal longer than soft part, of more than 14 spines. (JlemHripterince.)
b. Spmoua dorsal deeply notched, the anterior spines highest; skin rough, with
prickles and tubercles; teeth on vomer
and palatines; gill-membrane free from
isthmus; no slit behind last gill.
Hemitkiptekus, 361.
aa. Spinous dorsal shorter than soft part, of less than 13 spines.
0. Ventral tins wanting. (Aacelichthyinw.)
d. Skin naked; no slit behind fourth gill; gill-membraiii free from isthmus;
teeth on vomer and palatines.
ASCELICHIHYS, 362.
CO. Ventral fins present.
e. Spinous dorsal little developed, continuous with the soft dorsal, the spines
slender, concealed in the loose naked
skin ; gill-membranes broadly joined to
the isthmus; no slit behind last gill.
{raychroluiinw.)
f. "Vomer and palatines toothless Psychrolutes, 3(53.
ff. Vomer with teeth Cottunculcs, 364.
ee. Spinous dorsal not concealed.
g. Gill-openings extending below at least to the base of lowest pectoral
ray. (Cottinw.)
h. Slit behind last gill obsolete * ; vomer with teeth.
i. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus, not forming a fold
across it; head feebly armed; palatine teeth few or none.
Uranidea, 366.
ii. Gill-membranes free from isthmus, or else forming a broad fold
across it ; head well armed.
j. Palatine teeth well developed; body usually more or less
scaly ICELU8, 365.
jj. Palatine teeth none; body without trUe scales Cottus, ;?67.
hh. Slit behind last gill evident.
k. Vomer without teeth ; preopercular spine with antler-like pro-
cesses; gill-membranes forming a fold
across isthmus... Gymnacanthus, 368.
fcfc. Vomer with teeth.
- I. Skin not hispid, t
* A rfcund pore in some species of Cottua.
t Partly villous in Triglopa.
i"
(i.
684 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
m. Piilatine teeth nouo.
n. Gill-raembraues more or less joined to the iHtlirans, ' >. .ne-
times formiug a fold across it.
0. First dorsal spiue not elevated.
p. Preorbital strongly cavernous; intestinal canal
short ; spines of head short ; fresh
water Tkiolopsis, at>9.
pp. Preorbital little can vernous; intestial canal short •
spines of head long ; marine, (.Subf^einis
Oneocottua) Corrus, 367.
ppp. Preorbital not cavernons; intestinal canal elon-
gate; lateral line with aserlcti of Jar"e
bony plates Enopiiuys, 370.
00. First dorsal spine elevated; skin perfectly smooth*
intestinal canal short. .Lioconis, 371.
nn. Gill-membranes free from isthmus; sides below with
oblique series of minute prickly scales ;
series of plates along back and ah)ng
lateral line Tiugloi's, 37:>,
mm. Palatine teeth present.
q. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus, sometimes
forming a narrow fold across it.
r. Skin perfectly smooth ; preopercular spine with
antler-like processes; spinous dorsal
short, entire Leptocottus, 373.
rr. Skin with bands of rough scales ; preopercular
spine simple; spinous dorsal long, eniar-
ginate Hkmilkpidotus, 374.
qq. Gill-raembranes entirely free from the isthnms.
a. Sides of back with a band of rough scales"
ventral fins very long, armed with setic.
Melletes, 375.
88. Sides of back without band of scales.
t. Veutrals I, 5; spinous dorsal long.
SCORPJENICHTHYS, .376.
tt. Ventrals I, 3 ; sjtinous dorsal short.
Oligocottus, 377.
n. Skin everywhere rough with villiform prickles; first dorsal
elevated in front ; head small, with ver-
tical cheeks.
«. Gill-membranes free from the ifthmiis;
ventrals small Bleps'.as, 378.
uu. Gill-membranes united to the isthunis;
ventrals well developed.
Nauticiithys, :179.
gg. Gill-opening restricted to the space above the upper edge of the baso
of the pectoral; skin eve y where with
bifid or trifid prickles. (lihamphocot-
tir,a;. )
V. Snout produced ; mouth very small ; no
teeth on vomer or palatines ; head ele-
vated, with two bony ridges. *
Ehamphocottus, 380.
107(a). COTTID^ — HEMITRIPTEEUS. 685
861.— IIEIVIITRIPTERUS Cuvier.
Sea Ravens.
(Cnvicr, R«^gno. Anim. ii, 1829, ed. 2: type HemiMpteruH amcricamls C. & V.)
Body moderately elongate, scalelesa, but the Hkin covered with prickles
and bony protuberances of various sizes and forms. ITead large, with
numerous bony humps and ridges and fleshy slips above; orbital rim
much elevated, the iuterorbital space deeply concave; a depressed
area at the occiput, behind which are two blunt spines on each side.
Mouth very wide; jaws, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of
teeth; no slit behind last gill; gill membranes broadly united, free
from the isthmus; preopercle with stout, blunt spines; suborbital stay
very strong, forming a sharp ridge. Spinous dorsal much longer than
the soft part, of 15 to 18 spines, of which the first two are the highest,
and the fourth and fifth shorter than the succeeding ones, the fin thus
deeply emarginate; pectoral fins very broad, much procurrent; ven-
trals I, 3. Large fishes of singular appearance, inhabiting the North
Atlantic and Pacific, (^/ii, half; rpti^, three; rrspdv, fin.)
1040. H. americanus (Gmelin) Cnv. &Val.— Sea Uaven.
lieddish brown, marbled with darker brown, and much variegated;
yellowish below ; fins variegated with light and dark. Body villous,
the prickles enlarged am., tubercle-like along back and lateral line;
nasal spines strong; supraocular ridge much elevated, with dermal
flaps and two blunt spines; two pairs of fleshy slips on nasal bones,
and two on supraocular ridges; smaller cirri on maxillary, on preor-
bital, and several on lower jaw; interocular space very deeply concave;
two blunt occipital spines on each side, outside of which are two or
three others; opercle small, with a bony ridge; preopercle with two
blunt spines, below which are one or two others; lower jaw slightly
projecting; maxillary reaching beyond eye, about half head; pectorals
nearly reaching anal; highest dorsal spine 1§ in length of head, as
long as caudal; ventrals reaching half way to anal. Head 2f ; depth
3^. D. lY, XII-I, 12; A. 13; Lat. 1. 40. Atlantic coast of America;
chiefly northward from Cape Cod.
[Scorpcena americana Ginel. Syst. Nat. 1788, 1220: Coitus acadian Walbaum, Artedi
Pise. 1792, 392; Cuv. & Val. iv, 268; GUnther, ii, 143: Hemiinpterus acadianus Storer,
Hist. Fish. Mass. 35.)
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G86 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
1041. II. cavifrons Lock.
Very similar to the preceding, but witli the upper surface of the head
more uneveu, the concavity of the iiiterocular area more marked, and
the dorsal fin with more spiues. Head equalling depth, about 3.^ in
total length with caudal. D. IV, XlV-13; P. 20 5 V. I, 3; A. 14; Lat.
1. 44. L. 10 inches. Kodiak, Alaska; perliaps not distinct from the
preceding.
(Lockington, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1880, 233: f Cottua viUosus Pallas, Zoocfr.
Ross.-Asiai;. iii, 129, 1811.)
363.— ASCELICIITIIYS Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 264: type JscelichthyH rhodorus Jor. &
Gilb.)
Body plump, fusiform, tapering backward, covered with loose smooth
skin; head broad, dei)ressed, its upper surface evenly and weakly con-
vex; a hooked preopercular spine; no nasal spines; a supraorbital cir-
rus; teethon jaws, vomer and palatines; iioslit behind fourth gill; gjH.
membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; si)inous dorsal low;
the si)ines slender, almost concealed in the membrane; ]>ectorals broad;
ventral fins icanting. Small fishes of the rock pools of the North Pacific.
(«, privative; rrxsAo?, leg ; i-/06^, iash.)
1043. A. rhodorus Jor. <%, Gilb.
Dark olivaceous, sometimes with saddle-like pale blotches; lips rosy;
spinous dorsal dusky, edged in life with bright crimson; other flns
dusky, edgra with i^aler, the pectoral slightly barred. Head low,
rounded anteriorly; maxillary reaching to posterior border of eye. ^'o
scales, prickles, or barbels anywhere, except a fringed cirrus over the
eye; preopercle with a short, simple, strongly hooked spine; si)ine.s
directed downwards and forwards on subopercle and interopercle; hit
eral line continuous. Dorsal flns connected by membrane, the spinos
low, weak, nearly uniform; soft dorsal nearly twice as high as spinous;
pectorals about reaching vent. Head 3; depth 5. D. IX-19; A. 15;
P. 16. L. 5 inches. Pacific coast; Sitka to Cape Meudociuc; abundant
among rocks between tide-marks.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880,204.) " ' .' *
303.— PSY€HRO£.lJTES GUntlier.
(GUntlicr, Cat. Fish. Dvit. Mus. iii, 516, 1801 : typo Psych rohttcs pnrarloxm Gflnther.)
Body tadpole-shaped, tapering from the head to the very slender tail,
covered with very loose, naked, movable skin. Head large, depressed,
■I til
lorus Jor. &,
no: spines
107 (a). COTTIDiE COTTUXCULUS.
687
flattisli above; snout obtuse, rouiulod ; interocular space veiy broad,
coucave, the ocular ridges obsolete; lower jaw projecting; maxillary
entirely aduate to the skin of the preorbital; jaws with bands of villi-
forri; ieeth; no teeth ou vomer or palatines; no spines or cirri about
the head; suborbital stay narrow, not reaching preoperde. Gill-iuem-
hranes united to the isthmus; gills 3J, no slit behind the fourth.
Branchiostegals 7. Fins connected; sjiiuous dorsal of short, slender,
flexible spines, imbedded in the skin and scarcely visible; soft dorsal
short, the rays close together; anal low; caudal separate; pectoral tins
long, with a broad, procurrent base. Ventrals rather long, I, 3, close
together, distinct, the base adnate to the body. Small fishes, closely
resembling IJparididcr, from which group they ore distinguished by
no character of much importance. ('iJuxpo).(iuTr)<;, one who bathes in cold
water.) ' *
1043. P. paradoxus Gthr.
Dusky, pale below; sides of head with round pale spots (mucous
pores); top of head with dark obscure streaks. Body almost fusiform,
tapering from the shoulders to the very slender tail. Head very large,
depressed, its bones thin; intirocular space two-fifths length of head.
Mouth large, the maxillary extending to below posterior margin of eye;
premaxillary on the level of pujiil; two blunt tubercles behind eye; no
spines about head; processes of premo^xillary vxry prominent ; isthmus
broad. Dorsal long, the si»ine3 separated by an emargination from the
soft rays, the spines very slender, weak and wide apart, enveloped in
thick skin; soft raj's close together, much higher than the spines;
cnudal short, rounded; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, but lower; ven-
trals about half as long as the pectorals, their rays about I, 3. Head
2f: depth ^. T>. VIII-9; A. 0:, 0. 12; B. 7. North Pacific; this
description taken from a specimen examined by us from Kodiakj the
original type from the Gulf of Georgia.
(GUnther, iii, 516.) •
:,:' , V ■: ■ 364.-COTTlJWClJI.lJS Collett.
(CoUett, Norgos Fisko, 1875, 20: typo Cottunculna mia'opa CoUott.)
Tadpole-shaped, the head extremely large, the body tapering rapidly
from the shoulders to the slender tail ; mouth rather large, terminal,
oblique, the- jaws about equal; villiform teeth in the jaws; a double
patch ou vomer; no teeth on the palsitines; no spines on the head, the
tubercular surface of the skull covered by skin j skull thin, its bones
:li'««!
Vn^:
ifi'*^:"-'
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688 COITTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
not firm. Gills 3J, no slit behind the last arch; gill-membranes broadly
joined to the isthmus, their union extending to above the lower ed^^e of
the base of the i)ector€al8. Pseudobranchia3 very small; no cirri, scales
or iirickles; the skin thin and movable, smooth, or roughened with small
warts. Spinous dorsal little developed ; the two fins usually contimi-
ous ; spines very slender, flexible, imbedded in the skin ; i^ectorals short
procurrent below; ventrais very short, well separated, their rays I 3'
caudal rounded. Deeper parts of the Atlantic; very closely related to
Psychroliites. (A diminutive of Cottus.)
1044. C. microps CoUett.
Pale, with three broad duskj' cross-bands on body and fins, one on
head, one through spinous dorsal and pectoral, one through second
dorsal and anal, besides a small band at base of caudal. Head very
large, its length, breadth, and depth nearly equal; the greatest depth
at the nape; four bony tubercles on top of head and some at the sides
all covered by the skin; lower jaw included; maxillary extending to
below the middle of the eye, which is equal to the snout, and about 4J
in head; suborbital stay and the roughish edge of the preopercle both
covered by smooth skin; chin and preorbital with pores. Skin every-
where thin, somewhat movable, its surface roughened by small blunt
warts. Dorsal fin continuous, the feeble spines lower than the soft
rays; pectorals barely reaching anal; caudal long. Head 2f ; depth 3J.
D. VI-IO; A. 10. L. 3 inches. Deep water off the coasts of Norway
and of Rhode Island; lately taken by the United States Fish Commis-
sion. The specimens here described by us differ somewhat from Col-
lett's description, but the very small size of the original types may per-
haps account for the discrepancies.
(f Collett, Norgos Fiske, 1875, 20, pi. 1; Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 479.)
1015. C. torvus Gooile.
Color yellowish, the fins all dusky; no cross-bars. General form and
appearance of G. microps, but the head still larger, and the skin per-
fectly smooth, very thin, loose, and movable as in TJparis. Tubercles
on head stronger, more numerous, covered by skin, but more spine-like,
the bones firmer; spinorts dorsal still feebler and more concealed.
Head2i; depth 3i. D. ¥11-14; A. ca. 15. L. 6 inches. Deep water
oft" the coast of Rhode Island ; lately taken by the United States Fish
Commission. .
(Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 479; name only.) ~: -t->
-IV.
5, one on
107(a). COTTID^ — TCELUS.
365.— ICEL.VS Kroyer.
689
(Kroyer, Natarhist. Tideskr. i, 253, 1844: type Icelua Jiamatun Kroyer.)
Body fusiform J iiaked, or variously covered with rough scales or
plates, which are permanent and alike in both sexes; skin otherwise
smooth. Mouth rather large; teeth on vomer 'nul j)alatines. Head
naked or scaly, usually with cirri; preopercular spine hooked, branched,
or forked. Gill-raembranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; no
slit behind fourth gill ; ventral rays I, 3. North Atlantic; and Pacific ;
the species diflering greatly in appearance and armature, (e \sXui, re-
sembling.)
* Skin more or less scaly.
a. Spinous ilorsal not emarginate.
b. Top of head and interorbital area convex and nearly smooth; head naked.
(Arlediua* Girard.)
*
1046. I. lateralis (Grd.) J. & G.
Dark clear olive-green ; head reddish-shaded, the back with sharply
defined cross-blotches, alternately dark olive and pale; lower half of
sides usually with numerous smaU pale spots; belly bluish ; fins barred
with dilferent shades of olive, reddish brow^n, and black ; northern spe-
cimens with a black spot on the front of the spinous dorsal; below it
a scarlet crescent, bordered with yellow. Body rather slender, little
compressed. Head long and low, less deep than in the other species ;
occipital region almost flat; interocular space much narrower than the
eye. Eye shorter than snout, nearly 5 in head; skin of head every-
where perfectly smooth, its upper surface with numerous small con-
spicuous pores, and many slender small cirri; no distinct supraorbital
cirrus, and no occipital ridges ; nasal spines small. Mouth very largo,
the jaws nearly equal, the maxillary extending to below the posterior
edge of the eye, its length about half that of the head ; j)reppercular
spine very small, covered wath the skin, forked at tip. Dorsal band of
scales narrow, of about 8 rows anteriorly, 2 or 3 posteriorly. Lateral
line anteriorly, with small cirri. Dorsal spinas very slender, the first
two shorter than the others ; pectorals reaching front of anal. Head
2f; depths. D. IX-16; A. 13; V. I, 3; sca.es about 28 in a lougitu-
*Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856,134: typo Scorpwnichihys latcralin Girard.
Dtdiciitcd to Petrus Artedi, the "father of Ichthyology," the ablest student of fishes
before Cuvior.
Bull. Nat. Mus. Ko. IG 44 ^ ^
i-iSie
mm^BBBmgM'
Ki
finO coNTinmrrioN's to north AMinnrAN icirriiYoi.ocjY — iv.
(linal MM'ics. h. 5 iiiohcH. Kock pools} I'roiii rugct Hound (o Han l^uifi
()l)iMpo; not coniinon.
(iSci>r/;rj'n/(7i//ii/Ai !nl<'raliii (Jrd. Prop. Arml. Nut. Soi. Pliiln. 1HJ>4, 145: Arlediun lalonilin
Glrunl, IJ.y. I'lio. K. K.Hiiiv. FIhIi.7(): Arkdiim latvniliH (Jlliiflior, ii, 174.)
lib. Top of lioad nnov«>n; intcroiltital iiroa coiiciivo.
0. IliMKi will) N<i>lla(o HcivloN ubovo.
to IT. I. iiol4M|>llofiiN (Ord.) .T. •& G.
OliviH'oouN, ol't<'n lin;>t'(l with puiplisli, iunl niin'li vuricfjiiicd; a black
bar at oovipiil ; !UioMi(>r tVoni ini<l<ll(> of spinous <lotHiil to l\u\ nxil; oik^
under front of seconii dorsiil oxtiMidin^ oiditpu'Iy foiwiirds; our under
]>ost<'rior piirt of s»M'()!ul ilorsnl; ont^ (Ui cinuljil p('dun<d«>; ImrH and in
tcrspat'CH tnorywIuMH' llncly n'lirulntod and moll led ; low<'r parts (liisky
with brassy tin;^*', ol'lt>n with dark rt'ticuhitions anuind whitish spots-
bra nchiosti'ffuks bhu'kish, with ycHow tin};'o; this all varicj^alcd, llio
h)Wor fins otMiorally dusky; a black spot occllatod with oraufici bet ween
first au«l socotui dorsal spintss, soiuotinics a <lullrr oni^ Ix^twrcn third
jiiul I'ourfh; a larjjo bhu'k spot lM'tw('«'u sixth an<l tM^hlh spines. Head
ishort and broatljts vertex d<«pressed; nuchal region with a cross ri(l/j;c,
in trout of which is a <pnulrate d(>pn's.sion; two blunt tubercles bejiiiui
<>aeh eye, arnu'd at (ip with snndl spines; behin<l these twoolhers wiDi
out spines, on the oc«'i|)ital ritlj^es; each of these spiiu's with a sin. ill
cirrus; a small cirrus above posterior part of ey(»; a minute one on tlic
nujxillary; interorbital space deeply concave, tlu^ supraocular ri(l<,^'s
vlovated. Kye very lar^i^, 4ij in head. Mouth modeiate, bioad, the
umxillary extiMidinj;' to beyoiul the pupil, its lenj^th nearly half lliiit of
the head; suborbital stay strou}>'; pi'e(Ji)iai;lo Avith, a str<uij; process,
tilld at tipj and with one <h' ujore upward-din'cted spines; below this
three blunt serrate<l processes or niultitld spines; vertex, temporal re
jjitnu interorbital space, and opercles covered with small, (Uitaclicd,
stellate scales, strongly spinous at their ed;»es; these smaller than tlio
scales of the dorsal baud. IJead U;|; depth 41. 1). lX-15; A. 11 or
12. L. 10 inches. Is'ortheru specimens repn'siMit a nnirked variety,
the color paler, the hea ' nu)re scaly, and the cd^e of the ijrecjpercic
without serrated processes. 1). lX-17; A. 12. ' Tacilic coast; abun-
dant at yanta Harbara and in Paget Sound; not found in rock jjooIk.
{CahtcilqmMuii tatemUs Ayri'8, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 185(5, 77: ArUuliuH iwloKiiUoiim
Gill. P.oc. .Acad. Nat. t^oi. Phila. 185(5, 134, and U.S. Pac. R. R. Siuv. FinL.Tl: Jrkdius
MotoapUotuH VAluihcv, ii, 174.)
CO. H'-^nd without dovolojuvl scales.
d. Upper prvopurcular spiuu hooked, bifurcate. (loelua.)
It
Flf^l
u^*
IV.
nlvroUn
U\-(<f). COTTID.K — iqCLUS. (if) I
lOIM. I. IlltlllflfllN Kri'iyor.
YcllowiNli, with iniin.v bnnvn HpotH, llfiid liir;r«', jifiUcd; upper pio-
opci.iiliir Mpiii(> Miiiiill, liookrd npwiinlH, liifiirciitc; .'t Npiiics Im-Iow it, tv/o
(»r IImmh IiooktMl iipwiinls; Iwo hlmif. (X'cnpitiil Hpirirs; vcrfcx drprcsHcd.
Skill of body iibove wi(li wjirl.v s<!u1('h Jind Hiiinll pii^-kles; hoiimi row.s oI"
bony HC4il('H IVoiii r.cck to bsiHe of cwiidid; n hw'wh of liiben'.lcs }il(»ii|;
Iiitonil Iiiui; .sid'i'H of body with Hcattcred nciiN'm; iritcrociihir .s|)ii<('
very lutrrow, its width 4 in ('y<^; dorHiil.s Hi^pjitatcd ; prctoralH sliortcr
tliiiii Ii«>i)d; no air-bliiddcr; ^'ill-in(>inl)t'iini>.s l>i'0!idly Joined, free; from
isthniiiH; no Hbt behind hmt gill. I). IX-UOj A. Hi; V. I, li. Arctic
SeiiH, Alaskii t<» Hpit/-berf;en.
(Kriiy'T, NatiirhiH),. TidMHUr. i, UW.i, 1844; (Uliithor, ii, 17'^.)
ill. llpprr iiroopcrciiliir HpiiK^ 1'>"K> wiMi Ti hookc^d prncuHHon.
10I1K ■• «aiill«li'is<'r9iitiin (liOi'kiiiKt(iii) .1. iV (>.
Pide oliviMH'ouH, Hojnewhiit inotthid; lateuil line witli diiik blotchcH;
bi'!inuhioHte;j;al region bbx-.k in the nialeH; ii blaek bnr at biiHe of
ciuidal; a. blaek Np(»t at front of spinons dorsal, nnd one iit tip of the
last spine; piM-tondH with a. diirk spot at ba.s<»; otlusr this olivaecoiiH,
litth^ variegated. I>o«ly slender, little eouipressed, tapering froin flie
HlionldeiH to the sh'iKbrr tail. Month moderate, the maxillaries reaeh-
iiig abont to mi<ldh>. of pupil; a. pair of ridges on the occi|)nt, each
ending in a, spine, the space. betwcuMi them eoneav<'; int(^roenlar sj>are
very narrow, grooved; upper jireoperenlar- spim* very long, armed with
uhont 5 hooks, all but one directed n|>wards; below tliis three simple
Hpiiies. Head naked or vciry n<^arly mm, with <'onN|>ienous nnu;ouH ]>oi('H
above and a, few minute (iirri. Dorsal (ins sepaiated; jieetorals broad,
ahoat reaching ainil; ventrals very small. Lateral line with a series of
spinous plates; above it along the ba<!k a doutde series of spinous
plates placed at an angle, the upper plates with th<^ free edge down-
ward an<l backward, the lower jjlates with th(^ free odg(i ui)ward and
backward; this band ciunposed of a singh^ series before and behind,
and not extending around the (h)rsal in front; xkin otlua vise ])erfectly
smooth. Head ;{• ; dejith 5;J. D. VIII-l.'}; A. 12; V. 1, .'J. L. .'5 inches.
Deep waters off' San Francisco; locally very abundant.
(Artcdiiui qiimh'isvriatuH LockiiiKton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Muh. 1879, UIJO.)
flfl. Spinous (lovHal tin deeply t'inargiuat»5; head Hcaly. (C7ii<ono'««" Lockinj^ton.)
*Lockiiigton, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mns. 1881, 141: type Chilonotua megaeejphaluii Lock.
{.i;/r&)»', a rough cloak; v&ro^, back.)
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G92 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
1030. I. inegracephalus (Lock.) J. & G.
Color pale olivaceous with darker cross-bars; fins in the male, black-
ish; veutrals and aual vhitish, immarked; eye dusky above. Body
fasitbrui; hewl long; eyes large, separated by a very narrow, slightly
concave iuterorbital space; mouth large, the maxillary extending to
posterior border of eye; preoperclo with a strong process armed
with 3 or 4 upward-directed and 1 horizontal point; below this 3 other
spiues; two or three spines close behind eye on each side; two occipital
ridges, ending in spines, the space between them concave; top of head,
iiiterocular s[)ace, snout, upi)er part of opercle, and a narrow belt close
under the eye covered with rough scales; lateral line with a seri(^s of
quadrate plates, their ui>i)er and posterior edges strongly serrate, the
lower and anterior edges imbedded; above these the back is evenly cov-
ered with smaller scales, the lower and rnterior part of each scale im-
bedded, and the upper edge strongly toothed; 5 to 8 rows of these
scales ; a narrow naked area at base of dorsal. Dorsal spines slender,
the first usually longer than head, reaching past front of soft dorsal
when depressed ; the second and third spines i)rogressively shortened;
the 4th higher than third, the membrane between third and fourth deeply
emarginate; second dorsal high; pectorals reaching past front of anal;
veutrals to vent; anal papilla very large; no conspicuous cirri. Ileiul
2f ; depth 5^. D. III,V[I-15; A. 15; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 38. L. 8 inches.
Off San Francisco, in deep water, locally abundant; possibly a variety
of the next.
(Chitonotua megacephalus Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1881, 141.)
1051. I. pug:eUensis (Steind.) J. & G.
Coloration of the preceding. Body slender, stouter than in I. mefja-
cephalus; head shorter and broader; the mouth also shorter, themaxil
lary not reaching posterior margin of eye; iuterorbital space extremely
narrow, nnrrower than in I. megacephalus; squamation and armature of
head and body precisely as in I. megacephalus. Dorsal lower than in I.
megacephalus^ the first dorsal less deeply notched; the first spine little
higher than the second, its tip not reaching to the end of the fin, its total
length less than half that of the head; soft dorsal high, higher than first
dorsal spine. Head 3; depth 4§. D. HI, VII-15; A. 15; V. 1, 3; Lat 1.
37. L. 6 inches. Puget Sound. -~-^--~-^'-,.,.-^--'.:.-s:-.^_^^.^,.:^^^___
{Artediua pugetiensia Steiudachiier, Ichtb. Beitriige, v, 13.3.) . ..J •
'i' n.tl
IV.
hlack-
Body
li}ilitly
in{j; to
107(«). COTTIDiE — URANIDEA.
*• Skin uakod, smooth.
693
. •'; ... ?l
1052- I. *uncinatus (Reiub.) Kroyer.
Olivaceous, mottled and barred with darker, above and on fins. Head
broad; lower jaw included; palatine teeth well devt'loi)ed; maxillary
extending to opposite middle of pupil. Eyes very large, separat'^l by
a narrow ridge ; occiput with two blunt ridges, in frout of which the
vertex is concave; upper preopercular spine large, strongly hooked
upward, more than half length of eye; downward-directed spine on pre-
opercle long and sharp ; skin perfectly smooth. Pectorals reaching front
of anal; spinous dorsal rather high; vent midway between snout and
middle of caudal. Head 3; depth 4^. D. VlII-13; A. 11. L. 4 inches.
Cape Cod to Greenland, in deep water; abundant.
{Cottua uncinaim Reinh. Vid. Solsk. Natur. og Math. Af liaudl. 183:?, 44 : Ceniriderm
ichlbya uiicinatua Giinther, ii, 172: Icclua uncinatua Krciyer, Natnrh. Tidsskr, 1844, 253.)
1053. I. (f) bicornis (Reinh.) J. & O.
Occiput with two acute points ; four preopercular spines, the upper-
most of which is bifurcate. Skin not described. D. VIII-15; A. 14.
Greenland. {Ounther.)
{Cottua hicon ia Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Natur. og Math, Afh, viii.lxxxv: Centriderm-
ichth.ya bicornia Giinther, ii, 172.)
366.— IIRANIDEA Dekay.
Miller's Thumbs.
{Cottua and Cottopaia Girard.)
(Dekay, New York Fanna, Fish. , 1842, 61 : type Uranidea quieacena Dekay = Cottua
gracilia Heckel.)
Fresh-water sculpins. Body fusiform. Head feebly armed, the pre-
oi)ercular spines covered by the skin; skin smooth or very nearly
so; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, none on palatines. Gill-
openings separated by a wide isthmus, over which the membranes do
not form a fold; no slit behind fourth gill. Branchiostegals 6. Dorsals
nearly or quite separate, the first of G-9 slender spines; ventrals I, 3,
or I, 4. Fishes of small size, inhabiting clear waters in the northern
parts of Europe, Asia, and America. The species are extremely nu-
*Thi8 species should form the typo of a distinct genus if the current genera of this
grou]) are to be recognized. The Japanese genus Centridermichthya Rich, to which
this species and many others of onr Cottoids have been referred, differs from /. ntici-
natus in having the slit behind the last gill developed, and the gill-mcmhraues fully
united to the iathmua.
1
11
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G94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
iiieroua, .and aro very difficult to distinguish, all being very Hiniilnr in
fonn and coloration. The relations of this genus to Gottvs are very
close, {liuoavdq, the sky; eidw, to look.)
fl. PalatiueH with teeth; v-iiitrals I, 4 (except in 1059).
b. Preopercular Hpiuo hirge, strongly hooked; skin above with coarse prickks.
{Tauridea* Jordan & Rice.)
1054. U. spilota Cope.
Olivaceous, finely speckled and niottletl with darker; belly Avliite-
fins mottled. Body contracted at front of anal, subterete ])osteriorly.
Head very broad and flat; no occipital jn'oniinences; preopercular s])ine
extremely large, as long as eye, hooked upward; below it are three
small spines directed .lownwards; subopereular spine strong; space
above lateral line behind head, covered with small .^tiif prickles, coarser
than in U. anpera and farther apart, .slightly hooked backward; no spines
behind axil; isthnuis broad, the gill-membranes fully joined to it, not
forming a fold. Head Sf; depth 5 J. D. VIlI-17; A. 12. Great Lakes,
in deep water, and northward to Hudson's Bay.
{Uranidea spilota Copo, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 82: Coffopsis ricci Nelson,
Bull. Ills. Mas. Nat. Hist. 187G: Tauridea spilota Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U.S. 255: Cut-
iopsiH npilotus Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1877, 81; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nut.
Mu8. 1881, 127 ; specimens from near Hudson's Bay, said to have no palatine teeth. )
bb. Preopercnlar spine small, more or less perfectly concealed iu the skin.
0. Skin almost everywhere villous. (Coifojjsjst Girard.)
1055. U. aspcra (Rich.) J. & G.
Grayish olive, much mottled and barred; fins finely variegated;
usually a large black blotch on posterior part of spinous dorsal.
Body rather stout, compressed behind. Head rather broad, trans-
versely convex ; operclo and preopcrcle with the usual spines, all small
and nearly concealed in the skin; interorbital space broad and flattisb,
broader than eye (in adults); skin covered with small close-set prickles,
l'orn)ing a villous covering, the prickles smaller, stiifer, and more closely
set than iu the next species; head, belly, caudal peduncle, and space
along dorsal smooth, or nearly so; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals,
1, 4, nearly reaching vent; dorsal spine slender; lateral line comi»lete,
angularly bent below last rays of second dorsal. Head 3; deptli 4J.
1). X-21 ; A. 18. L. 10 inches. Streams west of the Sierra Nevada
* Jordan & Rico, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2, 1878, 255: type Cottopsia ricei Nelsou.
(r«u/3«, cow; czSenr, appearance.)
tGirard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, 303, 1850; type CoUua aspcr Rich. («orroJ,
Cottus; bt/Jii, appearance.)
IV.
lar in
s very
irickU'8.
white ;
criorly.
ir sjniu'
•e three
; spiice
, coarser
lO spines
:o it, not
it Lakes,
;ei Nelson,
i.^Tw: Cut-
U. S. Nut.
le teeth.)
lC7(rt). COTTIDiE — URANIDEA.
695
iriegated;
IS dorsal.
id, traus-
all small
Id flattisli,
prickles,
»re closely
bnd space
ventrals,
complete,
depth i\.
la Nevada
licei Nelsou.
and Cascade Mountains: abundant; specimens from tht: Sacrauu^nto
River (var. parvus) smaller in size, paler in color and with the intoror-
bital space concave, narrower than eye.
(Cotlun anper Rich. Fauna IJor.-AiiHT. Fish. 20.'), 183(5: Trachidirviun richardnoiii ;
Ilcckel, Ann, Wiener Miis. 1840, lt)2: Centridirmichlhys aitper Giiiithcr, ii, 170: Col-
iopgiH aiqwr Grd. U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fish. 51: Cottopsia parvuit Girard, Proc. Acad.
Nftt. Sci. Phila. 1854, 144: CentridennichthyH parvus GUnther, ii, 170.)
1056. IT. scmiscabra (Cope) J. <& G.
Olivaceous, barred and spotted as in otlier species; fins mottled;
spinous dorsal pale at base and tip, with a median broad black band;
two dark blotches at base of caudal. Form of U. aapcra, but .slenderer.
Skin* of top of head and entire body, except lower part of caudal i)e-
duncle. thickly covered with papilla;; tho.se of anterior and upper parts
of body each tipped with a spine, many of those on head with metlian
pores; toj) of head with a median lengjth wise depression. Head nar-
rowed anteriorly, the maxillary extending to beyond pupil ; opercular
and preopercular spines as in U. ai>pera ; lateral line not conii)lete;
spinous dorsal Ioav; soft dorsal and anal high; caudal long; pectorals
about reaching anal; ventrals rather broad, reaching half way to anal.
Eye ^ in head. Head SJ; depth 4J. D. VII-18; A. 14; V. I, 4. L. 4
inches. Fort Hall, Idaho {Cope). Utah Lake (Jordan).
{Coftoj)8ia semiscdber Cope, Hayden'a Survey, Montana, for 1871-'72, 476: CoUopsia
8e»u8cafce>" Jordan «fe Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 459.)
cc. Skin smooth, or prickly in or behind the axil only. {Potamocottu8\ Gill.)
lOSl. U. grulosa (Grd. ) J. «fe G.
Olivaceous, variously mottled and barred; (ins clouded with darker.
Form rather robust. Mouth moderate, the maxillary reaching to pupil;
palatine teeth evident. Eyes small, little wider than the interorbital
space; preopercular spine short; spinous dorsal low; i)ectoral tins
about reaching anal; ventrals I, 4, not to vent. Head 3; depth 5. D.
lX-21; A. 15-17 (Washington); D. Vin-20; A. 18 (California). L. 6
inches. Elvers from California to British Columbia; not rare. Cali-
fornia examples have the axillary prickles developed as usual in U. rich-
ardsoni; all of them within the space covered by pectorals when de-
pressed. Specimens from Vancouver's Island and about Port Town-
seud have these i)rickles forming a considerable band, and extending
*"Skin prickly above the lateral line; smooth bolow it posteriorly." (Cope.)
tGill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 40, 18C1: typo Cottua punctulatua Gill.
(Ttorajilo?, river; hotto?, sculpin.) _
/'I
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-',yir«r--'W!T»t: w ,
GOG CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
backward on both sides of the lateral lino to the middle of the second
dorsal, the band narrower and the i)rickles smaller i)osteriorly.
(Cotlopaiii gulo»u8 Grd. Proo. Acad. Nut. Soi. Pliila. 1854, 129: C«ntridcrmichthji»
guloatut Gilnther, 'i, 170.)
10J§. U. punctulata (Gill) Cope.
Light olivaceous; body covered with small black spots, which become
larger and more scattered behind; soft dorsal, pectorals, and caudal
thickly spotted; spinous dorsal without dark blotch. Head long and
wide. Mouth quite large; maxillary reaching past front of orbit;
preopercular spine strong, directed obliquely backward and upward.
Head 3; depths. D. VIII-17; A. 13. {Oill.) Bridger's Pass; distiu
guished from the other species by the speckled coloration.
{Potamocottvs punctiilat»8 Gill, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 40, aud in Iclith.
Capt. Simp. Expl. 1876, 402.)
1039. IJ. bcndirci (Bean) J. & O.
Uniform dark brown above, lighter below. Maxillary extending just
beyond front of eye; eye 4 in head; preopercle with 4 spines, the u])pt'r
one half as long as the eye. Pectorals reaching origin of anal; veu-
trals not to vent. Depth 4. D. VIII-IG; A. 12; V. 1, 3. Walla- Walla,
Wash. (Bean.)
{Potaviocotlua bendirei Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1881, 27.)
1060. U. richardsoni (Agassiz) J. & G. — Miller'a Thumb; Blob; Miijle-jaic;
Bull-head.
Olivaceous, more or less barred and speckled with darker; fins
mostly barred or mottled. Body slender or stout, tapering regularly
backward to the tail; vertex somewhat depressed; interocular space
with a groove; preopercle with a short sharp spine, little hooked,
directed backwards and upwards, mostly covered by the skin ; below
this are 2 smaller concealul spines; subopercle with a stoutish spiiic,
directed forwards. Skin smooth, excei)t the region immediately behind
the pectorals, which is beset with very small sharp prickles which arc
sometimes obsolete; lateral line conspicuous, continuous or interrupted
behind; first dorsal low and feeble; pectoral fins large, their length
nearly equal to that of the head, their tips usually reaching beyond tlie.
origin of the soft dorsal; ventral fins moderate; isthmus very broad,
the gill-membranes not forming a fold across it. Head 3j^; depth 4-(i.
D. VI to VIII-IG or 17; A. about 12; V. I, 4. L. 3-7 inches. Middle
and Northern States, abounding in all clear rocky brooks and lakes;
extending southward along the Alleghanies to Alabama.
i',<*l
107. COTTIDiE UUANIDEA.
607
Note. — As hcrti iindorstood, a wido-sproad and abundant Hppcies, varying in dil-
frrciit n'l^ious, as is tho case with most noii-niif^ratory specioa. In this as in others
of .similar range, the inha!>itunts of each stream may show local peculiarities. A
iiiiinher of these forms liav(! received Irom Dr. Girard specilic nann's, which are
!i('c(>;iipat)icd by detailed descriptions. Largo collections of these fiidies show that
nium rous similar "species" still exist unde.scribed, as it is a rare thing to find a speci-
laen which exactly agrees in all respects with any of the species in Dr. (iirard's
"Monograph Lf the Fresh-Water Cottoids." The following forms, of all of which Iho
writers have specimens, may possibly bo recognized as "varieties," but of Iheir com-
plete iutergradation we have no doubt :
Var. richardsoni (Ag.) is ratlier slender, with tl;o vent rather more posterior than
usual, placed midway between tho snout and tho tip of the caudal; in the others it is
ut^arly midway between tho suout and the middle of the caudal. Wisconsin to Laku
Superior.
{Colliis richardnoni Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 300: Coitus richardnoni Girard,
Monograph Fresh-Water Cottoids N. A. 39: Cottua richardsoni Giinther, ii, ICti )
Var. bairdi (Girard) is small and slender, with tho spinous dorsal very low, and the
pahitine teeth less developed than in the other forms. Cayuga Lake, N. Y., to Ohio.
{Cottua hairdii Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, 410, and Mou. Cott. 44.)
Var. wilaoni (Grd.) is rather stouter, with stronger palatine teeth, and with some of
the upiiermost of the pectoi-al rays 1 '*"urcate, these being entire in the others. Ohio
Valliiv, Pennsylvania, and Indiana.
(Cottua wilaoni Gi'd. \.c, 42.)
Var. alvordi Grd. is short and chubby, with tho first dorsal rather high, and joined
by membrane to the second more than in o^her forms. Common in Wisconsin and
Michigan.
(Cottua alvordi Grd. 1. c. 4G.)
Var. MimdionaHs (Grd.) is rather robust, with the dorsal fins scarcely connected,
and the month rather larger, the maxillary extending to opposite posterior border of
eye; tho preopercular spine is sharp and directed well upward. Pennsylvania to
North Carolina, along tho AUeghanies; abundant.
(Cottua meridionalin Girard, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. ii, 1850, 410, and 1. c. 47.)
V.ar. zophei-a (.Jor.) is slender and very dark in color, and more conspicuously varie-
gated; the first dorsal high; the palatine teeth well developed. Alabaum River.
(Potaniocottua sopherua Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 187G, 320.)
Var. carolinw (Gill) is a very large form, rather robust, reaching a length of nearly
six inches, without axillary prickles, and with the palatine teeth well developed.
The lateral line, as in the other forms, is sometimes continuous and sometimes iuter-
nipted. It abounds in tho limestone region from Indiana to Tennessee, and is fro-
queutly found in caves.
(Potamocottua Carolina; G'lU, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1861, 40: Poiamocottua carolinm
Gill, Simps. Rept. Ichth. Utah, 1877, 403.)
1001. U. wheel«ri Cope.
Body slender, entirely smooth. Head not broad; maxillary reaching
pupil. Lateral line deflexed below dorsal. Eye large, 5 in head; isth-
mus as wide as distance from pupil to snout; preopercular spine strong.
Pectoral longer than head, reaching iiast front of anal, longer than
usual in V. richardsoni. Head 3; depth Of. D. VII-17; A. 12; P. 15,
.- i.
>;^r
1 .'. ' k
A;
11 ■::-M
mi ' . ■ • (i
Jr.;/' ■ ■
^Xi
V- : I 4
P-:-
•* '
698 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
its rays all simple. Utah and Western Colorado, abundant; not evi-
dently dlfterent from the precedinfj.
(Dranidca wheelvri Cope, Proc. Amcr. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1874, 138: Uranidea vheclai
Cope & Yarrow, Zool. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer, v, G96.)
aa. Palatine teeth obsolete,
c. Veutral rays I, 4.
(Uranidea.)
1G«3. V. cogrnata (Rich.) J. & G.
Apparently similar to the European Uranidea gobio, and distin-
guished from most of the American species by having the ventral ra\«
1, 4. Skin smooth; pectorals as long as head; preopercular spine small
curved upwards. D. VIII-18; A. 14. Great Bear Lake (A*Jt7(M>v/.s(;;/);
perhaps the same as the next.
{Cottus cognatua Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Aiuer. iii, 1836,40: Cotius cognalm (ji\\'i\n\
1. c. 41, and Giinther, ii, 157.)
1003. 11. minuta (Pallas) J. & G. '
Olivaceous, finely variegated and speckled; fins above spoddeu.
Body long and low, I'ttle compressed. Head rather small, wider than
deep. Mouth short, comparatively small, the maxillary extenrling little
beyond front of orbit; mandible included; preopercular s])ine sliarp,
straight. First dorsal low, the spines nearly even; pectorals reachin;^'
about to veut; ventrals not to vent; skin entirely smooth. Head 4;
depth ^. D. VlII-19; A. 14; V. I, 4; Lat. 1. 30. L. 5 inches. Aleu-
tian Islands. Perhaps a variety of the European U. gobio.
{Cot/us miiiatus Pallas, Zoogr. Rossio.-Asiat. iii, 145.1811-1831: Uranidea microaioma
LockiugtoM, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H80, 58: not Cotlua microstomus Ileckel.)
CO Voutral rays 1,3.
d. Anal rays 14 or 15. • .
1064. CJ. inai'Kinata Bean.
Olivaceous, blotched, the fins punctulate ; first dorsal dark, with a
distinct pale nuirgin. Body stoutish. Head broad, slightly depressed;
maxillary reaching to anterior third of orbit; i)reoi)ercular spine sliort,
bluntish; below this on«'. or two smalhu* ones; vent nearer base of
caudal tnan snout. Head .'J; pectoral 4 in length; ventrals (J. j'. VII
or yiII-18 or 19; A. 15; V. I, 3. WaUa Walla, Washington. (Bean.)
( Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1881, 2(5. )
1065. U. viscosa (Hald.) .lor.
Olivaceous, variegated, the spinous dorsal edged with orange in life;
fins mostly barred. Body rather stout; mucous pores on head unusu-
ally numerous. Mouth small; maxillary reaching middle of eye; pre-
n1
107. COTTID.E — UEANIDEA.
699
iicrosioma
ocular spine acute, extremely sbort, directed obliquJy upwards, isth-
mus ratiier narrow, first dorsal low, slightly couuected with second;
j)ectoral8 shorter than head, roaching second dorsal. Head 3^ in
length j depth 4^. D. VI -18; A. 14; V. I, 3. Pennsylvania and
Maryland.
(Cottus nscokua Hfolderaau, Suppl. Mouogr. Li'2iuea 1842,3: Cottua visoo8U8 G'lrarA,
1. c. 51.)
dd. Anal rays 11 or IS.
1066. U. {gracilis (Heckcl) Pntn.
Olivaceous, mottled, upper edge of spinous dorsal red in life. Body
rather slender, fusiform; preocular spine moderate, concealed. jMouth
rather large, the maxillary reaching nearly to the pupil ; pectorals
reaching front of anal; veutrals about to vent. Head 3^; depth 5.
I). VIII-IC; A. 12. Streams of New England and New York; not
rare.
{('ottu8 gyacilia ^T^ckol, Aim. Wieu Mas. ii, 146, 1837: Coilns .jrat'ilia Girard, 1. c. 49:
Cot'.us (johio Ayres, Boat. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, v, 121, 1845: Uranidca qukacens Do K. New
York Fauua, Fish. 1842, Gl.)
1067. U. gobioiAcs (Girard) Jor.
Similar to the preceding, but larger and more robust, the n.outh
larger, reaching to beyond the line of the piipil, and the pectorals
short, not quite reaching anal; preopercular spi ike stout, curved sud-
denly upwards. Head 3^; depth 4j|. D. VH-IT; A. 12. L. 4 inches.
Tributaries of Lake Champlain. {Girard.) Probably a variety of U.
gracilis.
{Cottua gohioldca Girard, Proc. Ainer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. I?u0, 41, and 1. c. 55.)
106§. U. b'llcoides (Girai-d) Jor,
Slender, sub-fusiform. Mouth rather large, the maxillary extending
to opposite the pupil; preopercuhtr spine acute, directed obliquely up-
wards; isthmus narrow. Fins larger than in any other species; pec-
torals reaching fourth ray of anal. Head3i; depth 5^. D. VIII-17;
A. 11. L. 3J inches. Connecticut Valley in Vermont. (Girard.) ^
{Coitus holeoidcH Girard, Proc. Aiuer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1850, 411, and 1. c. 56: Cottua bo-
/iw'rfes Giinthor, ii, 159.) .
1060. U. flranklini (Agass.) Jor. ■ '--v/jj. '' ■ ■ ;^-. . ,-■"}; .
Olivaceous, mottled; both dorsals and an.il with a broad dark bar
oil the distal half; pectorals and caudal broadly blotched with dusky.
Jaws equal; ])ieopercular spine stout, short, i)retty strongly hooked up-
wards and inwards; first dorsal rathe:* high, not much lower t'.iuu sec-
'
[:
I
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t , ; I
If
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ill
: if
■'" --IP
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700 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
ond; pectorals short, not reaching anal; axil prickly, as in species of
Coltopsis. Ilead 3^; depths. D. VlII-17; A. llor 12. Great Lakes,
mostly in deep water.
(Cottiia frankUni Agassiz, Lake Superior, 1850, 303: Cottua franklini Gininl, 1. p. ns;
Coitus fmnkUnii Giiuther, ii, 158: ^ Cottaa formoaua GiTavd, 1. c. 58: Uranidca kumlicni
Hoy, MSS. ; Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mns. Nat. Hist. 1876,41: JJranidea kumlienii Jordan
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PLila. 1877, 64.)
1070. IT. hoyi Putnam.
Grayish olive, speckled and barred. Body rather slender. Female
with the anterior parts of body and region above lateral line covered
with sparse prickles; male apparently smooth. Head narrowed ior-
wards; jaws narrow, about equal; maxillary reaching front of ])ui(il-
preopercular spine prominent, longer than pupil, sluirp, almosr
straight, directed backwards and but little upwards; below this Is
another sharp, prominent spine, also nearly straight, directed ])artly
downwards; 1 or 2 minute concealed spines still lower; pectoral fms
reaching vent. D. VI-15; A. 11; Y. I, 3. L. barely 2 inches. Lake
Michigan, in deep water; the smallest species, well distinguished by
its preopercular spine.
(Putnam MSS. Nelson, Bull. Ills. Mas. Nat. Hist. 1876, 41 ; Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil 1. 1877, 63.)
3«T.— COTTUS* Linnoius.
{Acanthocottua Girard.)
(Artedi; Linnaeus, Syst. Nat.: type Cottua aeorpiua "L.)
Body rather slender, subfusiform, covered with thick skin, in which
are sometimes imbedded prickly plates, especially along lateral line; de-
ciduous granular tubercles also sometimes present, but no true scales.
Head larye. Mouth terminal, large, the lower jaw included; vlilit'oini
teeth on the jaws <ind vomer, none on the palatines; suborbital stay
•jfcrong; preopercle with 2 strong straight spines above directed back-
wanl, and 1 below directed downward and forward; opercle, nasal
* Cottiia mertctai Cuv. & Val.
Yellowisli, with dark marblings; spines of iirst dorsal rather strong; head sniootli;
point of preopercle not reaching opercle. D. VIII-15; A. 12; C. 10; P. 18. Kaiiit-
schatka. {Cuv. <^- Val.)
. (Cuv. & Val. iv, 496, from a drawing.) ~-r-^^-—'-f---~-^'-^r::'—T^T--^--'-- -^
Cottua ma rmoratua Cn\. ScYal, > ., Ji , ^
Brownish, &c., much marbled; fins variegated; first dorsal with a large Idack Hpot ;
2 strong spines before the eye; 2 short spines on the preopercle; a rather strong; spiiio
on opercle; dorsal spines rather strong. D. VIII-14; A. 12j C. 14. Kamtscliutka.
{Cuv.Ji- Fal.) ' :...,;«■...
(Cuv. & Val. iv, 45)7, from a drawing.) '
107. COTTID^ — COTTUS.
701
bones, orbital rim, and slioulu* ." girdle usually armed; gill- membranes
loimiug a fold across the rather narrow istLmus; slit behind last gill
small or wanting, often reduced to a mere ])ore; vertebrae about 28.
Brauchiostegals mostly C. Dorsal fins 2, separate, the first short, its
sinnes rather slender; ventral rays usually I, 3. Species numerous in
the seas of northern regions. {/.6tto<;, the ancient name of Uraniilea
(jobio, from z«tt-(>?, head.)
fl. Head with smsiU tentacles; lateral line with distinct plates.
1071. C. bMbalas Enplirasou. — Father-lasher. . ; ■ /:
Colors variegared, the dark markings sometimes red. Head broad,
depressed, covered ivith soft skin, in which are many mucous jiores;
maxillary reaching past middle of orbit; upper preopercular spine
straight, slightly longer than eye; opercular spine granulate«l at base;
small cirri above eye and elsewher3 on head; usually one on end of
maxillary; cranial bones mostly covered by skin; lateral line with
some bony plates, which are most distinct anteriorly; these are very
much smaller than in JEnophrys bison; interocular space very narrow,
its ridges continuing backward, serrated, each ending in a sharp spine;
no trace of slit behind last gill; spinous dorsal low; anal small; i)ecto-
ral!" reaching front of anal; ventrals moderate. Head 2g.; depth 3§.
]). VIiI-12; A. 9; Vertebrte 12 + 17. Antic Euroj)e; said to stray to
Greenland.
(Enphiason, Nya Schwed. Abhaudl. 1786, 64; GUnther, il, 164; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit.
In laud, 1880, 51.)
flf:. Head without tentacles; lateral line unarmed or with concealed platea.
I073> C. octodecimspinosus Mitch.
Olivaceous, with transverse dark bars, paler below; fins barred and
mottled; ventrals plain. Body very slender, tapering backward to
tlie long and slender caudal peduncle. Head long and narrow; mouth
moderate; maxillary not extending past eye, 2^ in head. Upj)er pre-
opercular S]>ine extremely long, longer than eye, extending beyond tip
of opercular spine, its length more than 4 times that of the si)ine below
it; a strong spine at upper posterior margin of orbit directed upward
and backward; occipital ridges long, low, converging behind, each
ending in a similar spine. Vertex nearly Hat. Eye very large, as long
as snout, 4J in head, much wider than interorbital space; nasal spines
sliai'i:. Skin usually without nmgh tubercles; lateral line with a series
of partly concealed plates. Spinous dorsal higher than soft dorsal;
the ispiues strong, the longest nearly half head; pectorals reaching
!?• ■ w
' -.il''''.", l*S
; ,.'
i ,.M
li
702 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
aiial; vcntrals not to veut; uo trace of slit behind last gin. IIc-kI
13^! depth Si. D. IX-15; A. 14; V. I, 3. Athuifcic coast; ratlier coin-
moii northward. ,,
(Mitch. Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 380, 181.5; GHnther.ii, 163: AcanthocottHs
riryinianua Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 2tf. )
10T3. C. aencus Mitchill. — Orubhy.
Grayish olive, much variegated with darker; no distinct paler spots*
back and sides with broad, dark, irregular bars; all the liiis barred-
mandible mottle«l; belly i)ale. Head rarher broad; maxillary 2K in
head, reaching to just beyond pupil; supraocular and occipital ri(l<>i<s
prominent, each with a low, bhintish spine; nasal spines moderate-
upper preopercular spine shorter than eye, nearly twice length of tlic
n(?xt si>ine, about reaching middle of opercle. Lateral line complete-
sides with scattered concealed plates. Dorsal spines rather low, lii^^her
than the soft rays; pectorals reaching anal; no trace of slit behind last
gdl. Head L>3; depth 4. D. IX-13; A. 10; V. I, 3. L. G inches. Coast
of Southern New England and New York; our smallest species; com-
mon in seaweeds near shore.
(Mitchill, Trana. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 1815, 380; Goode & Bean, Bull. Essex
Inst. 1879, 13: Cottun mUchillHiiintlmr, ii, 1C4.)
1071. C scorpioidcs Fabricins.
Very dark, finely mottled with paler; fins dusky, with paler spots;
anal and ventral tius with the pale spots larger. Body stoutisli, tail
slender. Head very short; jaws short, the maxillary reaching the
middle of the large eye; top of head concave between the two occipital
ridges; preoi)ercular spines quite short; opercular spine almost obsolete.
Skin nearly smooth. Isthmus narrow, the fold across it verv narrow;
no trace of slit or pore behind the last gill. Dorsal fins slightly joined,
the spines slender; pectorals reaching vent. Head 3; depth 4t. D.
X-17; A. 12; V. I, 3. Arctic regions of America; Greenland to Siberia.
(Fahr. Fauna Groenl. 157, 1780; Beau, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xv, 12'2; LiitkouAtt.
Videusk. Meddels. Kjiibenh. 187G, 12: C'o/fHs j>ac/(t/^jK8 Gliuther, ii, IGl.)
1075. C scorpiiis L. -..•■-\ . .<.•;■''
Dark olivaceous, mottled with paler; fins dusky, with paler spots.
General characters of the subspecies grccnlandicus, from which it dift'crs
chiefly in the smaller size, the narrower interorbital 8i)ace, which is f
diameter of eye, and in the lower spinous dorsal, the highest spines be-
ing about one-eighth the length to base of caudal; pore behind last gill
usually very small, but evident. Head 2A; depth 4.^. D. X-10; A. 14.
Northern Euroi)e ami Arctic regions of America, south to Eastnort, ^le.
(L. Syst. Nat.; GUuthcr, ii, 159; Beau, Bull. U. S. Nut. Mus. xv, 116.)
107. COTTID.E COTTUS.
703
Stibsp. {jrcsnlaBidicus (Cuv. & Val.) Beau.— Daddy Svulpin.
Daik brown above, with broad darker bars; below yellowish, the
belly in the male with large pale spots; back and top of head with
grayivsh blotches; iiiis brown and yellow, all of them spotted and
bfirred. Head large. Mouth large ; maxillary reaching posterior edge
of orbit, 2 J in head; the supraorbital and occipital spines tubercle-like;
a suiall tubercular spine on front of occipital ridge; upper preopercular
spine reaching middle of opercular spine, its length equal to eye, not
twice tbat of the spine below it; nasal spines sharp. Sides of body
above lateral line with a series of imbedded prickly plates, below
which are numerous scattered spines and prickles. Dorsal and anal
fins high; spinous and soft dorsals about equal in height, their height
more than om-seventh of length of body; ventrals long; pectorals
about reaching vent. Eye large, equal to least interorbital Avidth (in
specimens a foot long). Head 2J; depth 4i. D. X-17; A. 14; V. I, 3;
P. 18. L. 25 Miches. New York to Greenland, common; one of the
largest scalpins.
{Cottns grmulandlcus Ciiv. «fe Val. iv, 15(5: Acanihocottns rariahilia Ginird, Bost. .Tonrn.
Nat. Hist, vi, 248: Collnn grainlandicus Giinther, ii, 161; Goodc & Bean, Bull. Esshx
lust, xi, 13, 1H79: Acantliocottus mriabilis Storer, Hist. Finh. ilass. 26; Day, Fish. Gt.
Drit. 1880, "il : ? Cotlns jJorosus C. &, V. viii, 498: AcanthocoHuH mtieosua Ayres, Pro*.'. Cal.
Aciid. Nat. Scl. 1854, 12.)
1076. C polyacanthocephalus Pallas.
Dark olive above, much variegated with darker and reddish; belly
mostly wbitish ; sides and belly (in males) .with numerous blackish reticu-
lations surrounding large round white spots; jaws dusky, mottled with
whitish; membrane joining maxillary to preorbital black, with round
white si)ots; fins, all but the ventrals, mottled and barred with blackish
and yellowish. Body rather elongate. Head long and narrow, some-
wliat compressed, (;oncavc between the orbits, the orbital rim being
elevated; nasal spines strong; a strong ridge above eye, with a bbvnt
compressed spine behind it; behind this a small digitate cluster of
ridges ending in low spines; behind these an irregular broken ridge
oil each side of the vertex, extending to the occiput; outsich* of this
another ragged ridge; suborbital stay strong, striate; upper preopercu-
lar s[)ine long, straight, sinfple, striate at base, longer than eye; a
suiiilar bat shorter spine below it, not half as long, and the usual
downward directed spine at lower edge of preoperclo and subopercle;
opercnlar spine moderate. ]\iouth rather large, the maxillary reaching
beyond eye, half length of head; skin of top of head covered with
small smooth warts j skin of body with some scattered rough tuber-
I'-..
timi
I 1 1
704 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
cles, usually nearly sraooth. Dorsals not very Ligh; dorsal spines
slender; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals moderate, I, 3. A ininuie
pore usually present behind last gill. Lateral line complete. Head
2i; depth 4^. D. X-I, 13; A. 11. L. 24 inches. Puget Sound to
Alaska; very abundant; one of the largest sculpins.
(Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. 1811, iii, 133; GUutber, ii, 1G6.)
lOyy. C. labradoricus (Grd.) Gthr.
Nasal spines small; a rough prominence above orbit, and two simihir
ones on occiput; a sligl t depression on crown ; four pieopercular spines,
the upper about f length of eye, equal to interorbital width; eye as
long as snout, 5 in head, half length of maxillary, which extends to the
vertical from its hinder margin. Dorsal spines slender, the longest ^
length of maxillary; pectorals reaching a little beyond anal; ventrals
not to vent; skin above lateral line with a few spinous tubercles; a
small slit behind fourth gill. D. X-14; A. 14; V. I, 3; P. 17; C. 11;
IJ. 0. {Bean.) Labrador and Hudson's Bay.
(Acantliocottus lahradorkuH Gnl. Bust. Jouni. Nat. Hist, vi, 18;' 0, 247, pi. ; Giiiitlier, ii,
1'.53; Bean, I'loc. U. S. Nut. Mus. iv, 1681, lj>d.)
1078. €. (a^MBoptcrus* Kner.
Color of C. groenlandicus, but darker, with dark bars; gill-membranes
and hinder part of belly dark; dark regions, with very bright white
si)ecks of different sizes; first dorsal partly black, partly transparent;
second dorsal crossed by 3 oblique dark bands; anal by 4, in contraiy
directions; caudal with 3 dark bars; pectoral with 4 or 5 dark bars,
nuich narrower than the interspaces; ventrals with black and white
spots. Lower jaw projecting. Eye Sin head, as long as snout; su]mi-
ocular ridge slightly elevated, continued backward as a low bony ridye,
without spines; a quadrangular dei)ression between these ridges; crown
and occiput with naked ^yarty skin; preopercle with 4 spines, the up-
permost straight, as long as eye; highest dorsal spine half length of
head; soft dorsal twice as high; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals to
vent. Sides often with irregular rough bony tubercles ; a moderate slit
behind last gill; gill-membranes i)artly free from isthmus. D. VIII-
13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 40. {Kner.) Alaska to Northern China..
(Cotfim ta;iiiopteru8 Kiicr. Sitzuugsber. Kais. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 186H, 310; Bean, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,248.)
1070. C. qiiadricorisis* L.
Olivaceous, somewhat variegated; the fins faintly spotted. Body
* Oncocotttw Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila, 1862, 13: type Cottua quadriconm Gii\,
{oynoi, hook; hoc o?, Cottua.)
arent;
oiitrary
bara,
white
suju-a-
ridj^e,
crown
the up-
ngtU of
trals to
rate slit
Vlll-
[;an, Pvnc.
Body
|oriii« Gill-
107. COTTID^ — COTTUS.
705
I •
rather slender. Head long, tapering forward; mouth large, the max-
illary reaching to below posterior margin of eye; eyo moderate, 4 ia
head; bones of head below eye cavernous, as in Trighpds thompsoniy
hut less so; preopercle with 2 long, diverging spines, the upper and
longer not quite reaching opercular margin; opercnlar and scapular
spines quite short; a rugose spine, sometimes broader and expanded at
tip like a cock's comb, above each eye posteriorly, and a similar one ou
each side of occipnt. Males with irregular series of round, rough, wart-
like scales above the lateral line; these wanting in the female; lateral
line chain-like, with small imbedded plates; head naked. Frst dorsal
convex, of slender spines, well separated from second, which is rathe?
high, the longest ray 1§ in head; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals
moderate. A moderate slit behind last gill. D. VIII-14j A, 13; c(j^C£V
7; vert. 40; Lat. 1. 45. Greenland to the I>altic Sea.
(^Cottus qiiadricornis L. Syst. Nat.: Coitus quadricornis GUntber, ii, 166,: Oncocaftiia
qiiadricornis Gill: Cottns hexaiornis Rich. Franklin's Jouru. 726: Cvttm fttucflcorx s GUU'
ther, ii, 160; Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 1880, 53.) , ,
10§0. C. hMMi ills Bean.
Brownish, pale below; sides with a few white blotches; first dorsal
with 2 broad oblique dark bands, separated by a pale area; second
dorsal with 5 «lark bands; anal with 6; pectorals with i; caudal with
3; ventrals pale, with 2 dark areas. Head broad, subtriangnlar, much
depressed, its greatest depth 2§ in its length; eye 2 in snont, 7 in head,
equal to the concave interorbital space; surface of head covered with
small dermal tubercles; patch of vomerine teeth very large; nasal spines
strong; a blunt prominence above each eye^ and 2 on the occiput; sev-
eral radiating ridges behind eye, as in C. polyacanthocephalus ; upper
jtreopercular spine as long as eye; maxillary reaching slightly past
eye, 2^ in head. Longest dorsal .<pine about half postorbital part of
head; pectorals reaching soft dorsal. A series of rough bony tubercles
above lateral line and some small ones below it. A pore behind last
gill. Head 2§; depth 5.^. D. X-IG; A. 13; V. I, 3; P. 18; B. 0.
CUamisso Island, near Bering's Straits. {Bean.) '^ •' '
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 149, 1881.) -..,:^-^.m^^^^-
1081. C.Jiaok Cnv. & Val.
Body and pectoral fins spotted with brown; vertical fins with brown
bands. Kesembles G. scorpim; the preopercular spines similar, but
there are slight granulations instead of tubercles behind, the eye antl
Bull. ^^.t. Mus. No. 16 45
'Mm
-km
'Mm
♦■It ! •* 1 , ■ J
';.r f 'V?
'■,/■'. ,ilS
^ '. ; , . . • I i
■■if'-'''
v*^^;
"A
it w
%
iiV.
:P
M
tl{>
706 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
temples; rougli scale-like tubercles along the back above the lateral
line; first dorsal low. D, VII-15; A. 15. L. 21 inches. Bering's
Sea. {Cuv. & Val)
{Mjjoxoccphalua Steller MSS. in Tiles. M^iti. Acad. Sci. Petersb. iv, 273, 1811 {non-
Mitvmial); Cuv. & Val. iv, 172; Giiuther, ii, 1G5.)
1082. C. axillaris (Gill) Boan. ' '
Bluish, with whitish spots on trunk and a darker band-like spot below
anterior i)ortion of second dorsal; abdomen yellowish; region above
anal spotted; above this are larger sjiots confluent with the dark color
of sides; spinous dorsal with 2 vertical dark bands; second dorsal with
3 oblique ones; caudal banded; anal spotted; pectoral black at base,
with 2 oblique bands; a dark spot on lower axil. Head subrhom-
boidal, largo, depressed; postorbital crests little develoi)ed; preopercle
with 2 simi)le spines near the angle, and 2 tubercles below; opercle with
a longitudinal rib ending in a spine. Skin smooth, or with scattered
tubercles. Gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus. D. IX-
15; V. I, 3; B. 6. Bering's Strait. {GUI.) , ..
{BoreocoUm axillaris Gill, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. ia59, 166.)
10§3. C. (?) poiaris Sabine.
Pale, with clusters of minute dark spots. Head compressed; nasal
spines jn-esent; lower jaw included; ])reopercle with 4 strong spiuos;
pectoral fins larger than in Uramdca (joblo; lateral line with a series of
small tubercles. D. VI to VIII-13; P. 15; V. I, 4; A. 14; C. 14. L.2
inches. North Georgia, British America. {Storer.) Probably not a
Cottus.
(Sabine, Parry's First Voyage, 213; Storcr, Synop. Fish. N. A. 307.) '
10§4I. C. (?) platyceplialus Pallas. ^: i? -
, Olivaceous, much variegated, wliitebi'low; fins spotted. Head large-
much depressed, as broad as the body; lower jaw projecting; teeth on
vomer and on palatines (?) ("in area lunata palatio medii, et utriuque
lineari'*). Eyes moderate, near together; vertex flat behind the eyes,
with a ridge on each side, in front of which near the orbit, and behind
at the nape, are oblong tubercles, each ending in a short spine; pr'^op-
ercle with 2 very strong, diverging spines above; opercle with a con-
cealed spine; lateral line with concealed, elongate plates; back with
rough warts; pectorals large; dorsal spines feeble. D. VII-12; A. 11;
C. 10; P. 15 J V. I, 3. L. 12 inches. Kamtschatka. {Pallas.) If this
w<
-IV.
lateral
►criug's
811 (no»-
)t below
n above
irk color
[•sal with
at base,
Hibrliom-
reopercle
;rcle with
scattered
, D. IX-
107. COTTID.E — COTTUS.
707
species really has palatine teeth, it cannot belong to this genus. It
may be a species of CentrUlcrmichthys.
(Pallaa, Zoo-rr. Rosso- Asiat. iii, 135, 1811; Cnv. & Val. iv, 177: Mcgalocottus plaly-
cephalua Gill, 18fil, IGO.)
aaa. Head with tentacles above; lateral line without plates. {Porocottua* Gill.)
10§3. C. verrucosus Bonn.
Very dark brown, whitish below; spinous dorsal dark, with a median
and a posterior light band; .soft dorsal and pectorals each with 5 dark
biinds; anal whitish, with a dark stripe; ventrals pale. Nasal spines
sharp; a short tentacle above each eye and one on each .side of the
vertex; vertex and interorbital space deeply concave; crown, nape, and
iuterorbital region with small dermal warts; upper j)reopercnlar spine
as long as short diameter of eye; ^yc 4 in head, as long as snout; max-
illary reaching to below middle of eye, half length of head, longer than
fourth dorsal spine. Pectoral reacliing front of anal; skin smooth;
lateral line with numerou.s short vertical accessory bran(!hes, placed
opposite each other. No pore behind last gill. Head 2.^ ; depth 4^.
D. XI-IG; A. 15; V. I, 3; P. 17; 0. 12; B. G. L. 3^ inches. Plover
Bay, near Bering's Straits. {Bean.)
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 152, 1881.)
10§6. C. nigrcr Bean.
Almost black; sides mottled with lighter brown, sometimes with
round white blotches on belly and sides ; pectoral plain or with white
blotches. Nasal spines blunt, covered with skin; no spines above
orbits or on occiput; no sharp spines on head except the two upper
preopercular spines, which are almost concealed; the uppermost as
long as eye, C in head, and equal to snout or interorbital space; top of
bead with fine dermal granulations, the vertex with numerous slender
tentacles; a soft tentacle of moderate length above eye; jaws equal;
maxillary longer than fourth dorsal spine, 2 in head, reaching hinder
margin of orbit. Caudal and ventrals each half length of head ; pec-
toral not reaching vent; skin smooth. A small slit behind last gill.
Head 2*. D. IX-16; A. 12; V. I, 3; P. 16 j B. C. Saint Panl Island,
Bering's Sea. {Bean.)
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 151, 1B81.>
1087. €. quadrifilis (Gill) J. & G.
Purplish, irregularly spotted with black; a dark spot be^ow eye, and
another on maxillary; fins mostly variegated with black; a dark spot
♦Gill, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. PLila. 1859, 16G: type Porocotiue quadrifilis Gill, {rtopoi.
pore; Korrof, Cottus.)
I
■ Mi-' V ■ |3
V m,
:^^«
i"^'" [fi
i
:)
'I 15
708 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
on upper a?:il, and another toward middle of base of pectoral. Head
larjje, depressed, subrhomboidal; preoperclo with a sinjrle hooked spine;
opercle without longitudinal rib or spine; lower jaw and other parts of
head with numerous large pores. Mouth moderate. Ventrals small.
Skin naked; a slender filament over each eye, and one on each side of
nai>e. Gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus. D. VIII-
1.3; V. I, 3; B. 5. Bering's Sti aits. (GUL)
(Porocottus quadriJiUs Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1^59, 16C.)
368.— GYI»I1VACAI¥THUS Swainson.
(Phobetor Kioyer.)
(Oymvocatithus Swainson, Class. Fish. &c., 1839, 271: type Cottiia ventralia C. & V.)
General characters and appearance of Coitus, but with no teeth on
the vomer, and with a small but well-delined slit behind the last gill.
The upper preopercular spine is armed with 2 or 3 antler-like processes,
and the flns are all very large, the ventrals notably so. Marine species
of the Arctic Seas, (^o/zi-of, naked; ayA^Oa, spine.)
10§8. O. pistillig^er (Pallas) Gill.
Dark brown above, with traces of darker vertical bars; belly paie;
males with the axillary region dusky, with many large round white spots;
tirst dorsal blackish, with pale blotches; second dorsal with alternating
oblique bands of white and blackish; anal and caudal nearly plain; pec-
torals and ventrals yellowish, with black cross-bars; mandible burred
with black. Nasal spines small ; occipital ridges low, the space between
them concave, with rough plates; supraorbital ridge ending in a blunt
tubercle; interorbital area with smooth skin. Eyes very large; maxil-
lary extending to pupil ; upper preopercular si)ine byoad, much shorter
than eye, with about three points; skin mostly smooth ; axil prickly;
inner edge of middle pectoral rays papillose ( ^ ). Spinous dorsal very
high and long, the longest spines in the male three-fourths length of
head; second dorsal a little lower; anal very long, rather low; pec-
torals very broad, reaching past front of anal, the lower rays rapidly
shortened; ventrals extremely long, the rays long-exserted, reaching
past front of anal; final papilla large. Head 3^; depth 4§. D. XII-
16; A. 18; V. I, 3; P. 16; vert. 12 -f 18. Arctic Seas, south to Norway,
Alaska, and Labrador.
{Cottu8 pi8tniiger Pallas, .in Cuv. & Val. ir, 193, 1829: Cottua ventralia Ciiv. & Val.
iv, 194: Cottua piatiUiger Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 43, printed 1811, piiblielied
1831 : Acanthocottua patria H. R. Storer, Bost. Jonrn. Nat. Hist, vi, 250: Cotius ventralia
Giintlier, ii, 167: Cottua piatilUger Giintber, ii, 1G7: Cottua tricuapia Reinb. Vidtiisk.
-IV.
107. COTTID^ — TRIGLOPSIS.
709
Head
Ispino;
piirts of
s small.
1 side of
). VIII-
:. & V.)
teeth on
last gill.
processes,
ue species
Sclsk. "Sat. Math, v, iii: Cottua fabricil Oirard, Monogr. Cott. 50: Coitus tricunpia Giin-
thcr, ii, lOH; I'liobctor tnciiapm Kroyor. Natur. Tidskr. i, '2f):J, 1844: Bean, Dull. U. S.
Nat. Mua. xv, 127, 1879: Cottua ventralia Collett, Chiistiaiiia Vid. Solsk. Forb. 1678,
151.)
•
10^9. G' {jfaloatus Bean.
Olivaceous; back with four distinct brown spots, the longest nearly
twice as long as eye, and extending a little below lateral line, there
blending with a \\a\'y lateral stripe; dorsals and pectorals with inter-
rupted black bands; lower lins plain whitish. Body elongate. A small
tubercle above each eye; lour i)reopercular spines, the longest about
as long as eye, and with two or three processes. Space between eyes
deeply concave, completely covered with bony granulations, as are the
crown and neck; similar granulations on hinder margin of orbit, on
suborbital stay and on o])ercles. Skin of body naked. Pectorals, and
in males the ventrals also, reaching beyond vent; maxillary reaching
to below eye. Head 3J (including caudal); depth 7^. D. XI-IG; A.
19; V. I, 3. Unalashka. {Bean.)
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 153.)
jelly paie;
bite spots;
dternating
ilain; pec-
[ble barred
Ice between
in a blunt
•oe; maxil-
[ich shorter
^il prickly;
dorsal very
Is length of
low; pec-
lys rapidly
[l, reaching
D. XII-
|to ^'orway,
Cuv. & V:il-
111, pnblisliod
\ot(nii ventralis
linli. Vitlfusk.
369.— TRK^LOPSIS Girard.
(Ptyonottta Gthr.)
(Girard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Tliat. iv, 18, 1851: type Tri.jlopaia thompaoni Grd.)
Body and head slender. Skin naked; lateral line chain-like. Teeth
on vomer, none on the palatines. Eyes large, the interorbital area con-
cave; bones of lower part of head extensively cavernous; a small but
distinct slit behind last gill ; gill-membranes almost free from the
isthmus, forming a broad fold across it; preopercular si)ines straight,
simple; fins large. Fresh- water fishes, closely related to Coitus, to
which geiius the single known species should, perhaps, be referred.
Its relations with the group called Oncocottus are certainly intimate.
[rinyka, Trujld ; oii'k, appearance.)
109©. T. flBsoBBipsoaai Grd.
Pale olivaceous, with daricer blotches; upper fins faintly banded.
Body elongate, very slender. Head long, depressed above; snout
bug and pointed; eye quite large, nearly as long as snout, much wider
than interorbital sj^ace, 4 in head; jaws subequal; mouth large, the
maxillary extending rather beyond middle of eye; preopercle with 4
sharp spines, the upper much shorter than pupil; cavernous structure
of skull highly develoi)ed; uoper surface of head smooth; gill-mem-
N^^inaf
710 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOGY^ — IV.
biancH not broadly united, nearly free from i.sthinus. Dorsal liiis well
separated; spinous dorsal short and low. its height little more than
length of snout; seeond dorsal very large, .'i times height of lirst, its
longest rays about as long as head; anal high, half as high as seeoiul
dorsal; pectoral long, reaching past front of anal; ventrals well devel-
oped; lateral line cLiain-like, con8i)icuous; skin perfectly snuioth. Head
3; depth 0. J>. VII-18; A. 15; V. 1, .3. L. 3 inches. Deep waters of
the Great Lakes.
(Oiiuid, Proc. IJost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iv, 19, IBol; Girard, Moiiogr. Cott. 6.'): /'/.i/oho<h»
thompKoni Giiuther, ii, 175, tho uuiue Triylo^mv being set aside ou account uf the prior
I'riylops.)
370.— ENOPHRVS Swaius^n.
( Asjncottua Grd.: Clyjyeocottus Xyren: Ctratocottua GU\.)
(Swaii.son, Class. Fish. «Skc. 1839, 271: typo Coitus duviijir C. «fc V.)
Body short and thick, depressed anteriorly. Ilead very largo, mailed
above with rugose, bon^' idates; a series of hirgo, rough, bony plates
along lateral line; no scales. Teeth in villiform bands in jaws and ou
vomer, none ou palatines; preopercle with stroug, straight spines; sub-
orbital stay broad, externally bony ; gill-membranes joined to the isth-
mus, not forming a fold across it; a slit behind fourth gill. Dorsal lins
separate, the anterior short, not notched; aual short. Intestinal canal
elongate. Herbivorous, feeding chiefly on algte. (sy, ou ; oy/jw?, eye
brow.)
1091. E. bison (Grd.) J. «fe G.— Stone Sculpin.
Olivaceous above, variegated with blackish and reddish, yellowish
below ; tins olivaceous, marked with black ; Aentrals pale. Snout bhmt;
maxillary reaching beyond pupil; external be .es of head rough granu-
lar; iuterorbital s^^ace elevated aud concave, the orbital ridge without
spine; suborbital stay covering most of cheek; a ridge extending back-
wards from each eye, the two connected by a cross ridge at occiput; the
ridges are large and rough, and the space between them is concave;
preopercle with 4 spines, the upper very long, straight aud rough,
usually reaching i^ast operclo, a little more than one-third head; oper-
cular ridge very broad; subopercle with 2 diverging spines; a singly
series of large, rough, granular plates along sides, from operclo to base
of caudal, the i)lates without keel or spine and growing smaller behind;
si)inous dorsal small, much lower than soft rays; anal short. Head 2J;
depth 4. D. VlII-12j A. 9. L. 12 inches. San Francisco to Alaska;
■"-■i •••'■rt'jlfi
mi
— IV.
fins well
3ro than
lirst, its
l8 8«'('01l(l
oil (U'Vcl-
li. Head
waters of
) : rtiionoiun
of the prior
107. COTTID.E — LI0C0TTU8.
711
rgo, mailed
»ony plates
iws and on
,pines; sub-
to tlip istli-
Dorsal tins
stiiial canal
oifjiu^, eye-
ahiindant. Hoscinhles Cnttus hukdis, with which it has boon improp-
erly ('ontbundod by Dr. Giinther.
( .Upirollii-i hisnn (Jiranl, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sri. Pliil.T. I^T)!, IHO: ChiprornlhiH rnhuniun
Ayrrs, I'loc. C'al. Aiad. Nat. yd. 18r>4, 12: A>ipivoUuit hinon Girunl, 11. S. Tac. U. K.
Siirv. d'o.)
10{>3. JE. eSarprnMS (I\illas) .1. & (}.
(Ireeni.sh and rcddisli, marblod and spotted. Form of I'J. bison, the
liead larfjo, wider than deep or lonjjf; top of head nearly as in iJ. bition,
tlie ridge-s higher and very rough; orbital ridges elevated, continued
backward toward the nape, the occipital ridges sharp behind; up])er
preopercular spine very long, rough, nearly two-tliitds as long as head,
with strong recurved hooks or serrations on the upper edge; lower pro-
opercular .spines strong; operclc wilh a longitudinal rib and no dis-
tinct spine; lateral lino with a row of rough bony sciitella, each with
auiiiiute central spine; skin above more or less villous or prickly, else-
wiiere smooth. Isthmus wide; a slit behind last gill; vomer with teeth.
D. VIl-14; A. 10; C. 12; P. 17; V. I, 3. L. G inches. Alaska and Kam-
tschatka. (Here described from a specimen in the British IMn.seum.)
{Cottus iVicerauH Pallas, Nov. Act. Pctrop. 1783, X)4: Cothix dicnaitH Ciiv. &. Val. iv,
IriO: Sifvaiieeia ttrvuH Tiles. M6iu. Ac. St, Petersb. iii, 27«: Ciratocottn» diceraua Gill,
Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, IG.'), and 18(jl, U)7: Coltun dkcraua Giiuthcr, ii, 18J.)
1093. E. clavigcr (Cuv. & Val.) Sw.
Dark brown, With 3 or 4 vertical bands; belly white. Top of head
everywhere rough; two strong nasal spines; superciliary margins much
elevated, with a deep groove between them; 4 preopercular spines, the
upper exceedingly long and strong, extending nearly to the vertical
from the end of the tirst dorsal, serrated and coarsely toothed on its
upper margin, but without antler-like processes; "occiput with a very
long cuneiform process on each side"; lateral line with bony plates,
rougher than iu E. bison, each with a serrated keel and spine; skin sub-
villous above, with small rough warts; a series of small cutaneous ap-
])eudages above the anal. Suborbital stay spinous; vomerine teeth
pieaeut; isthmus broad; slit behind last gill large. D. VI-13; A. 11;
V. 1, 3. L. 2i inches. Bering's Sea. (Ilere described from the original
type, iu the British Museum.) ^;
{Cottui davigcr Cuv. & Val. iv, 195, 1829: Coitus clav'iger GUiitbcr, ii, 167.)
:i-;.,,^^^j_^ 37 1.— I.I«COTTUS Girard. "■T~'-"^-''Z'-'^''
[Umoittts Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 1856, 133 : type Leiocottus Mrunio Girard.)
Body elongate, covered with thick, smooth skin. Head compressed,
narrowed above, not externally bony. Mouth small, hv, lizoutal, low ; villi-
■■■•fl
I
y\
t:;
712 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMFRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
form teeth in both jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatines; upper
preopercular spine short, strong, with bifurcated tip; suborbital stay
narrow ; gill-membranes partly free from the isthmus, over which they
form a broad fold ; a slit behind fourth gill. First dorsal with its ui)per
margin somewhat S-sliaped, the first two spines elongate, the middle
ones of nearly equal length, and the posterior ones rapidly shortened;
ventrals I, 3. Pacific. (Aei«7, smooth; zJrro?, Cottus.)
1094. L. hiriBRdo Grd.
Olivaceous, shaded with light blue, and reticulated with brownisb-
red, the latter color predominating on the head; sides with four broad,
oblique, brownish-red bars, the first three running from dorsal forwards
and downwards, the fourth from caudal peduncle backwards to base of
caudal: abdomen orange brown, with pale spots; caudal orange brown,
with yellow bars near the tip; fins with bars and spots of dark brown-
ish-red; breast and ventrals whitish; three dark blotches at base of
pectorals; spinous dorsal with oblique dark streaks; a dark blotch on
each eye above, and a ligiit streak forwards and downwards from eye.
Body elongate, fusiform, the caudal peduncle slender; i>rofile of snout
decurved; maxillary reaching front of or'jit; three small cirri at the end
of eacli maxillary; preopercular margin with several similar cirri;
o[)ercle and shoulder-girdle without spines; upper preopercular spine as
long as pupil. Top of head smooth ; supraorbital ridges little elevated;
nasal spines distant from tip of snout. Si)inoas dorsal elevated in front,
the first two rays much longer than the others, nearly two-thirds length
of head; soft dorsal and anal fins rather long; pectorals reaching past
front of anal; ventrals to vent. Head 3J; depth 4^; eye large, U in
head. D. IX-17; A. 15j \. 1, 3. L. 10 inches. Santa Barbara Islands;
extremely local.
. (Ginird, Proc. A-ul. Nat. Sci. Phila. IfeuG, 133 ; Girard, U. S. Piic. R. R. Surv. FiHh. 62:
Cottun hiruiido Giiiithiiv, ii, IGG.)
3ya.— TRIGLOPS Reinbardt.
(Reinliardf, Vid.Solsk. Natur. Mutb. Afb. v, Hi: type Triglops pitigdi Reinbardt.)
Body rather elongate, the tail very slender. Head small and coiu-
l)ressed. Mouth moderate; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, none on
the palatines; ]n'eoi)ercular spines small, simple. Head prickly, 1'^
without scales. A row of enlarged plate-like scales along the lateral
line; a similar row above it at the base of the dorsal flu; the space be-
tween these densely prickly; lower half of body crossed at short inter-
vals by transverse undulating folds of skin, the edge of the fold with
mmu
Gill-n
last g
1,3.
1095.
Oliv
of dus
of spii
lateral
die of ,
extendi
eye; an
laud an
(Roiab
1096. L,
Grayis
sides crea
bars; npii
and an o
lique whit
and depre
orbital sp;
head flatti
three or
reaching
In bead;
nor ch-ri.
107. COTTIDiE — LEPTOCOTTUS.
713
minute rough scales, causing it to appear sharply and finely serrate.
Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; a distinct slit behind
last gill. Dorsal spines rather high and slender; ventrals apparently
1,3. Arctic seas, (r/):^Aa, Trigla; wvS appearance.)
1005. T. pingrcli Reiub.
Olivaceous, somewhat variegated with darker; fins barred; a Lories
of dusky spots along sides; an ocellated black spot on posterior jiart
of spinous dorsal. Head very slender; eye large, i)laced higl:, but
lateral; preopercular spines short; maxillary extending to below mid-
dle of orbit; nasal spines sharp. Ventral fins rather short; pectoriUs
extending to front of anal; tail very slender, its diameter less than the
eye; anal papilla large. Head 3J. D. IX-21; A. 21. "Alaska to Green-
laud and Cape Cod.
(Roinhardt, Vifl. Selsk. Nsitur. v, liij Gilnther, ii, 173: Triglopa pleuroatictus Cope,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1H65.)
*l||!
||
'M
373.— liEPTOCOTTtJS Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 130: type Lfptocotim armalua Grd.)
Body elongate, depressed, covered with perfectly smooth skin. Head
depressed, oblong, not very broad, without cirri; lower jaw incjludod;
suborbital stay narrow; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Gill-
membranes rather narrowly joined to the isthmus, not forming a fold
across it; a slit behind fourth gill; preopercular spine strong, with two
or three points hooked upwards. Dorsal fins separate; the spinous
dorsal short and small, entire; ventrals I, 4. Pacific coast. {hr.ro<;^
slender; z»tt«?, Cottus.)
1006. L. armatus Grd.
Grayish olive above, becoming abruptly white and silverj' below;
sides creamy; pectoral fins creamy yellow, with five or six black cross-
bars; spinous dorsal dusky, with an ink-like blotch on tip of last rays,
and an oblique white -band below ; soft dorsal dusky, with several ob-
lique white bands; caudal banded; ventrals and anal plain. Head long
aud depressed; mouth large, the maxillary reaching beyond eye; inter-
orbital space broad, scarcely concave ; nasal spines concealed ; top of
head flattish, covered with rugose skin; upper preopercular spine with
three or four spinules hooked upwards; suborbital stay slender, not
reachiug preoperclo ; eye very small, less than interocular width, 7^
hi head; lateral line complete; skin everywhere smooth; no prickles
nor cirri. Dorsal spines very slender and low; pectorals reaching
714 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
vent; ventrals half way to vent. Head 3 in length; depth 6. D.
VII-17; A. \7; V. I, 4. L. 12 inches. Kodiak to San Diego; every-
where very common; the most abundant of the Cottoids of our we'.t
coast.
(Gimrd, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.')4, 131; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv, Fish.
60: Centridermichthys armaUta Guuther, ii, 171.)
874.— HEiniliGPIDOTirS Cuvier.
( Temniatia Richardson : Calycilepidotua Ayrcs. )
(Cuvier, Rfe^jne Anim. ed. 2d, 1829: typo Cottua htmilepidoius Tilesius.)
Bodj^ with two broad bands of rough scale-like plates on each side,
one along the side of the back, one along the lateral line, the upper
bands meeting anteriorly in front of dorsal; scales roundish, their up-
I)er and posterior margins free; skin otherwise naked; head naked.
Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Branchiostegals G, A
small slit behind fourth gill; gill membranes joined to the isthmus,
sometimes forming a narrow fold across it; preopercular spines simple,
strong. Dorsal fins connected, the first long, with strong spines, emar-
giuate, the first three spines shorter than those which follow; ventral?
1,4. North Pacific, (ly/zf, half ; A£;;{5oro?, scaled.) .,
a. Belly immaculate.
I0!>7. II. spinosus (Ayres) Grd.—Cabezon.
Brown, mottled and obscurely barred, often tinged with red; top of
head usually with brick-red; fins all, except ventrals, mottled with
blackish and reddish; skin joining bones of jaws uusi)otted; belly
whitish, immaculate. Body rather elongate, dei)ressed; head broad,
somewhat concave between the occipital ridges; two sharj) radiating
ridges behind npper posterior margin of each orbit; top of head cov-
ered with loose skin, and with thick-set mucous tubes; ii.tororbital
space narrow, concave, half diameter of eye; preopercle with 2 strong,
shortish, diverging spines above; fleshy slips above opercle, near upper
posterior part of eye, and at occiput ; a long fleshy slip on maxillary,
and 4 on lower jaw; many scales on sides with small flaps; skin, wliere
not scaly, thin and !ax; dorsal Land of scales with about 7 rows at
its widest part, anteriorly much wider than the space between it and
the lateral band ; isthmus rather narrow, the membranes not formiug
a fold across it; dorsal fins considerably connected, spines very low,
the highest about two-thirds the height of the soft rays, and 3| iu
head; first dorsal spine about half as long as maxillary; pectorals
107. COTTID^ — HEMILEPIDOTUS.
715
broad, shortish, about reaching ventj distance from spinous dorsal to
si: out greater than length of pectoral. Head 3; depth 5. D. Ill, VIII,
20 ; A. IC ; V. 1, 4 ; Lat. 1. 00. L. 10 inches. Coast of California, in rather
deep waterj seen by us only about Monterey and San Francisco.
{Calif eilepidotm apinoBua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 7G, 1855; Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 134; Girard, U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fish. 68.)
1098. H. jordani Bean.
Throat and belly pure white; upper parts brownish, with wavy darker
bait*. Dorsal band of scales with but 4 rows in its widest part. Eye
as long as snout, 4 in head, the short diameter equal to interorbital
space; maxillary extending to below middle of eye; top of head corru-
gated ; distance of spinous dorsal from snout equal to length of pectoral;
first dorsal spine as long as maxillary; longest dorsal spine 2^ in head;
pectoral reaching anal ; ventral nearly or quite to vent; a narrow fold of
skin across istumus. Head 2|; depth 4 J. D. Ill, VIII, 21; A. 17; V.
I, 4. L. 13 inches. TJnalashka.
(Bean, Proc. U. S- Nat. Mus. 1881, 153.)
aa. Belly covered with small hlack spots.
1099. H. trachurus (Pallas) GUuther.
Olivaceous or reddish, more or less mottled and barred with darker;
belly and lower parts pale, profusely covered with small blackish spots;
fins all more cr less speckled; skin joining bones of jaws finely spotted
with black. Body robust, not depressed. Head large; interorbital
space deeply concav^e, its width % diameter of the large eye; occipital
ridges low and broad; bones of top of liead extremely rough, naked;
with radiating striae, but without spines; small flaps over posterior
part of eye, at occiput, over opercle, and on cheek, maxilla^'y, preor-
bital, mandible, and tip of snout. Skin thick and firm ; gill-membranes
forming a slight fold across the isthmus; upper band of scalos of about
4 rows, narrower anteriorly than the interspace; first three spines of
dorsal about equal, lower than those following; soft dorsal high. Head
2f ; depth 3 J. D. Ill, VIII, 19; A. 15; V. I, 4; Lat. 1. 61. L. 18 inches.
Alaska to San Francisco; abundant in Puget Sound; a much larger
fish than H. spinosm, and readily distinguished by the spotted belly.
{Cotius hsmilepidotua Tiles. Mdm. Ac. Petersb. iii, 262, 1801: Cottua trachurua Pallas,
Zoogr. Ross -Asiat. iii, 138, 1811: Hemilepidotua tilcaii Cnv. & Val. iv, 276, 1829; GUn-
tbor, 11, 173: Blepaias ventrimaua Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, 3d Heft, 14, t. 13: Temniatia
nntricoaa Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fish. 1836, 59: Uemilepidotua gibbai Gill,
Proc. Acftd. Nat. Sci. Philo. 1862, 13.)
fy
I' if
716 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
379.— IfIEI.L.ETi:§ Bean.
(Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 354: type Melletes papilio Bean.)
Body moderately elongate. Head broad, depressed, rounded in front
naked, with several cutaneous flaps; jaws, vomer, and palatines with
band^ of villiform teeth; preopercular spines simple, rather strong;
gill-membranes broadly connected, free from the isthmus; a slit behind
the last gill; a narrow band of ctenoid scales along Sides of back,
meeting in front of dorsal ; a few prickles on antei-ior parts of body,
and some small dermal flaps on sides ; skin otherwise naked ; dorsals
connected; the spinous dorsal long, not emarginate; pectorals well de-
veloped, the rays all simple; ventrals very long, I, 4, the inner surface
of the rays armed with stifi" setae; pyloric cceca C; no air-bladder.
Alaska. {/xt^XX-.^zt^'z, a loiterer; remaining in shallow pools as the tid'^
recedes.)
1 100. ]fl. papilio Bean.
Grayish brown, with darker bands and various mottlings; belly
grayish, with round white spots; fins all mud mottled and barred.
Nasal spines obtuse; 2 spines above posterior part of orbits, and 2 on
the vertex, the last four with short filaments. Ventrals 2 in length,
longer than pectorals, extending to the seventh anal ray (<?). Head
4; depth 2§. D. XII, 20; A. 17; P. 17; V. I, 4. L. 7 inches. Saint
Paul's Island, Alaska.
(Bean, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 18?9, 354.)
:Ji(-m
376.— SCORP^NICHTHII'S Girard.
(Girard, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 131: type Hemttripterua marmorat w Xyrca.)
Body rather robust, covered with smooth, thick skin. Head large,
somewhat compressed, its upi)er surface rugose. Mouth rather large,
with villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gill-membraucs
broadly united, free from the isthmus; a large slit behind fourth gill;
preopercular spines small, simple ; spinous dorsal long, scarcely emar
ginate, but slightly depressed near its middle, the first four spines
shorter than those immediately following ; ventral fins large, I, 5. Size
large. Pacific Ocean, {trxoprtatva, ScorpsBua; l^Oot, fish.)
1101. S. marnioratus (Ayrcs) Grd.
Olive brown, thickly mottled with dark blotches and light spots, and
reticulated with different shades of green and brown; sides with 5 irreg-
ular, dark, vertical blotches, of which two are under each dorsal and
extend
olive;
red to
flesh aij
interorl
ou niid(
large, n
spine si
broad; i
siibequa
pectorals
on*; pric]
A. 12; P
107. COTTID^ — OLIGOC0TTU8.
717
extend on the fins; belly livid bluish or green, reticulated with
olive; the ground color is excefedingly variable, ranging from cherry-
red to green; lips blotched with white; fins all more or less barred;
flesh and membranes liviu bluish. Top of head rugose, without spines;
iuterorbital space concave, narrower than the large eye; a fleshy flap
ou middle of snout, and one on end of maxillary; superciliary cirri
large, more than half diameter of orbit, laciuiat( , upper preopercular
spine short, straight, about half diameter of eye ; suborbital stay very
broad ; maxillary extending to beyond eye. First four spines of dorsal
subequal, shorter than the fifth; dorsal fins scarcely connected at base;
pectorals shortish, not reaching anal. Skin thick and leathery, with-
out prickles or cirri. Head 3; depth 4. Eye G in head. D. XI-18;
A. 12; P. 15; Y. I, 5; Lat. 1. (pores) .'.0; pyloric coeca about .'JO; ver-
tebrtE 15 +21. L. 30 inches. Puget Sound to San Diego; verj' abun-
dant. The largest of our Gottida), reaching a weight of 10 to 15 pounds.
{Hemitripterua marmoratus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 1854, 4; Girard, U. S. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Fish. (54; Giiiither, ii, 154.)
ST7.— OMOOCOTTUS Girard.
{CHnocotiua and Blennicoltus Gill.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1856, 133: type Oligocottifs maculosua Girard.)
Body rather elongate, the skin smooth or provided with some small
prickly scales; preopercular spines short, simple or furcate; small ten-
tacles on head and anterior parts of body; gill-membranes broadly
uiited, free from the isthmus; a slit behind fourth gill; dorsal spines
slender, the fin short and not emarginate; anal papilla large; ventrals
I, 3, or I, 4. Small fishes of the North Pacifio, inhabiting rock-pools
between tidy-marks. {('dij'o<;j small; x«Tr«?, Cottus.)
a. Month with distinct lateral cleft; the head narrow anteriorly.
6. Skin Willi imbodded, prickle-liko scales. {Clinocoiiua GiU.*)
llO'i. O. analis Grd.
Olivaceous, much mottled, and with numerous small black and white
spots; about five irregular darker bars; a dark bar at base of caudal;
fins all spotted; cirri very numerous, mostly whitish, giving the fish a
woolly appearance in life. Head narrower anteriorly and rather pointed ;
mouth with lateral cleft, the maxillary reaching beyond pupil; band of
palatine teeth short and narrow; eye large, 6 in head, about twice the
width of the deeply-grooved interorbital space; nasal spines distant
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 166: typo Oligocottua aralia Gi'd. {Clime}
Cottua.)
^^b
^m
^mm
mm
718 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLO&f — IV.
from snoiit; proopercular spine sbort, bifurcate; cranium plane above.
Upper part of body niesially, covered with minute, imbedded, non-im-
bricated, pectinate scales ; anteriorly, small cirri, mostly bifid or trifid,
take the place of the scales. Head, especially above, with very many
similar cirri ; a fringe of cirri on edge of preopercle. Dorsal tins con-
tiguous, rather low; pectoral reaching past front of anal. Anal papilla
very large. Head 3J; depth 4J. D. IX-17; A. 14; V. I, 3; P. 10. L.
7 inches. Coast of California; abundant in rock-pools from Monterey
southward to Lower California.
(Grd., Proc. Acad. Niit. Sci. Phila. 1857, 201 ; Girard, U. S. Pac, R. R. Surv. Fish. 57:
Centridermichthya anaiia Giintbor 1i, 171: Cottua criniger Giiiither ii, 522.)
66. Skin without scales or prickles. (OUgocoitus.) - -
1103. O. maculosus Grd.— Johnni/.
Usual color reddish brown, varying to gray, intense green or crimson
according to surroundings, the vivid colors developed in the presence
of similarly colored algae; fins all barred; belly usually livid bluish or
greenish; lower side of head with white mottlings; northern specimens
with ail ocellated black spot on front of spinous dorsal. Head slender,
narrowed above, the snout rather pointed ; maxillary reaching pupil ; top
of head with several scattered cirri ; a few on sides of head, none on
edge of preopercle; cirri on lateral line anteriorly and on front of back,
also on base of spinous dorsal. No scales or prickles anywhere; pre-
opercular spine forked. Front rays of anal enlarged and partly de-
tached in (?; anal papilla large (in <?); pectorals reaching well beyoui]
front of anal. HeadSf; depth 4^. D. VIII-IC; A. 12. L. 3 inclies.
San Luis Obispo to Alaska, exceedingly abundant northward; one of tlie
smallest of marine Cottidw.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ISSfi, 153; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Snrv. Fisli,
56: Cenlridermichthya maculoaua GUiither, ii, 171.)
aa. Month with very little lateral cleft; the head globoid. {Blennicottm* GiU.)
1104. O. gloMccps Grd.
Dark olive, with obscure darker cross-bars; first dorsal with 2 dark
streaks above; fins generally barred with greenish, orange, or blue;
cirri mostly black. Body little compressed; head extremely short and
bluat, narrowed above, nearly everywhere convex. Mouth anterior,
short and broad, almost without lateral cleft; lower jaw shortest; max-
illary reaching jjast front of the small eye; interorbital space very uar-
•Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. 1831, 166: type Oligooottua gloUcepa Grd. {Bhn-
ntu«; Cotiut.)
107. COTTIDiE — BLEPSIAS.
719
row, grooved, about half width of eye; preopercular spine with a single
point turned upwards; top of head with two series of cirri; none on
sides of head, except a few on upper part of opercle ; a series of cirri
along anterior half of lateral line; skin without scales or prickles; pec-
torals reaching beyond front of anal. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. IX-IG;
A. 11; V. I, 3. Northern specimens are larger in size, with paler and
more variegated coloration and red markings; the dorsal has one or
two more rays, the preopercular spine is stronger and slightly hooked
upwards, and the opercle has many more cirri above than in the south-
ern form. Pacific coast, from Monterey northward to Kodiak: in rock-
pools; rather rare.
(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858,58: Centridermichthys globicepa GUnthor,
ii, 171.)
8V§.— BLEPSIAS Cuvicr.
{Peropus Bennett: Hiatiocottua Gill.)
(Cnvier, Rfegne Animal, 18-29, eel. "M: type Trachinua cirrhoaus Pallas.)
Head and body compressed; skiu hispid with stifflsli villiform
prickles, sometimes with definitely naked areas ; snout and chin with
several rather long barbels; mouth small; teeth villiform, on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; preopercle with two short blunt spines; gill-
membranes free from the isthmus; gills four, a slit behind the fourth;
top of head with bony ridges; suborbital stay narrow; first dorsal
short, elevated in front, the spines slender; second dorsal large; anal
similar, lower; ventrals very short, I, 3; pectorals long. Pacific coast.
(An oil name of some fish; from (Ht-Kio, to look.)
a. Spinous dorsal emarginale ; sides with naked areas.
110 J. B. cirrliosus (Pallas) GUnther.
Dark olivaceous, sides of back with four to six vertically oblong black
blotches edged with paler, not reaching nearly to lateral line; belly and
naked areas on sidns whitish; black bands radiating from eyes ; fins
dark, with large psilc blotches and dark spots; caudal with light and
dark bars; ventrals plain; a small white spot on front of spinous dor-
sal. Supraocular ridges well developed; interorbital space concave,
with two low ridges extending backwards from nasal spines, diverging
towards occipital ridges; the latter large, partly interrupted; subor-
bital stay conspicuous; temporal ridge present; maxillary reaching to
beyond middle of pupil; snout with five barbels, chin with six, the
longest about as long as t)ie eye, which is 3§ in head; a small ciivua
•'■■' i mil
-'' 'if
! i fl
' ' i
m
■'^
\ 1* ,r
'i
^4'
', ''■'.'
i-l
". j'UJi*
^^HH^
720 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHrHYOLOGY — IV.
on each interorbital rklge; interorbital space as wide as eye; sides
with three or four pale, well-defined, naked ureas behind pectorals, the
two anterior much the largest; behind these a long naked strip along
the lateral line, colored like the rest of the body ; first four spines of
dorsal elevated, § to f length of head ; the fifth much shortened; mem-
brane deeply notched between the fifth spine and the sixth, which is
longer than the one before it; ventrals as long as eye; pectorals reach-
ing much beyond front of anal; first rays of soft dorsal short; the
others gradually lengthened to near the last, the highest higher than
the dorsal spines; caudal longer than head. Head 3^; depth 3^. D.
V, III-23; A. 20; P. 12; Lat. 1. 50. L. G inches. North Pacific, south
to San Francisco.
(Trachinus cirrhosus Pallas, Zoogr Ross.-Asiat. iii, 237, 1811 : BJepsias Irilohua C. & V.
iv, 375, 182'J; GUuther, ii, 153; Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitrage, v, 128, 1876.)
aa. Spiuous dorsal not emarginatc ; uo naked areas.
1106. B. bilobus Cuv. & Yal.
Olivaceous, paler below ; dorsal region with 4-5 black bars, reaching
one-third the distance to the lateral line, and somewhat continued on
the fins; caudal with a black bar at base, otherwise i)lain; pectorals
and anal blotched with black. Botly shorter and deeper than in B.
cirrhostts, with thicker caudal peduncle and heavier head, the bones
less firm; snout short, obtuse; interorbital space very wide, concave,
half wider than the small eye; short occipital ridges present, besides
several bluntish tubercles. Mouth broad, oblique, the maxillary reach-
ing pupil; teeth small, distant; barbels as in cirrhoHus. Head and
body covered with prickles, larger and blunter than in eirrhosu ; no
naked patches on body; tins hsss developed than in cirrhosus; first
five or six spines of dorsal subequal, the last three abruptly shorter;
pectorals longer and much broader than in cirrhosits, reaching seven Ih
anal ray; caudal short, much shorter than head. D. IX-21; A. 18; P.
IG. Coasts of Alaska and Kamtschatka; the specimen here described
from Kodiak.
(Cuv. & Val. iv, 379, 1829: Petopua hilobua Bennett, Beechey's Voy. Zool. Fish. 59;
GUuther, ii, 153.)
compre
with s(
the bas
on jawi
abov'e;
fourth f
ibie, tht
Ripidly
to secon
I, 3, we!
fislies, oi
to the dc
379.— NAUTICIITHYS Girard.
(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fieli. 1858, 74: type Llepsias ocnlofasclaius Girard.)
Body rather elongate, compressed, but not elevated, the skin evenly
covered with short, close-set, villiform prickles. Head short, strongly
107. COTTIDiE — RHAMPHOCOTTUS.
721
compressed, the cheeks subveitical ; orbital ring much elevated above,
with several blunt protuberances behind; nape much depressed, with
the base of the dorsal fin rising abruptly above it; mouth small; teeth
on jaws, vomer, and palatines; preopercle with small bluntish spines
abo/e; gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus; a slit behind
fourth gill; branchiostegals G; first dorsal falcate, the spines very flex-
ible, the anterior much elevated, much longer than head, the posterior
rapidly shortened; second dorsal long and rather high; anal fin similar
to second dorsal, but shorter and lower; pectorals moderate; ventrals
1, 3, well ileveloped, nearly as long as head. Pacific coast. Small
flslies, of singular appearance, (yaurjj?, sailor; Iz^it^i &s]i; in allustou
to the development of the first dorsal fin.)
1107. N. oculofasciatus Ord.
Grayish above; sides with dark marblings and obscure duskv bands;
a very conspicuous black band through the eye and across cheeks ; first
dorsal blackish; other fins barred with light and dark; ventrals plain.
Maxillary reaching to opposite pupil; eye very large, longer than snout;
nasal spines conspicuous, curved ; maxillary and edge of preopercle with
minute cirri; orbit with a branched cirrus, as long as pupil; the narrow
iuterorbital space deeply channelled; supraocular ridge posteriorly with
;} blunt tubercles; 2 compressed tubercles on each sido of first dorsal;
a deep pit at nape, extending under origin of first dorsal; spinous dor-
sal smooth; rays of soft dorsal and caudal roughened with prickles;
dorsal spines nearly twice length of head; ventrals f length of head,
a little shorter than caudal; pectorals long. Head 3J; depth 3f. D.
1X-2S; A. 19; P. 14 ; V. I, 3; Lat. 1. 44. L. 6 inches. Pacific coast,
San Francisco to Unalashka; chiefly northward.
(Blepsiaa oculofaaciatits Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1857, 202; Guutber, ii,
157; Steiudnchner, Ichth. BeitrUge, v, 130.)
HP
I! (
HI
t4
380.— RHAMPHOCOTTUS GUnther.
(Giinther, Ann. Nat. Hist, xlv, 369, 1874: type Bhamphooottus richardsoni GUnther.)
Body short, elevated. Head very large, its greatest depth greater
than that of the body; skull with 2 strong bony ridges from above the
front of the eye, continuous with 2 large occipital ridges, leaving the
Interorbital space and middle line of the top of the head strongly
concave; snout slender, narrow, and abruptly protruding; mouth very
narrow, fl-shaped, its gape longer than wide; teeth villiform, none on
the vomer or palatines; gill-opening confined to the region above the
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 46
r 'If
I
H
722 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
base of the pectorals, the membranes below completely nnited to tbo
shoulder girdle and isthmus; apparently no slit behind last gill; a
stout, straight, preopercular spine; uasal spines present; no other
spines on head. Skin everywhere on head and body firm, immovable,
densely covered with stifiF bifid or triftd spinous prickles; spinous dor-
sal very small; pectoral with procurrent base. (^Ja/iV'"?, snout; xotto^^
Cottus.)
1108. R. richardsoni Gthr.
Brownish, with 6 or 8 oblique black bands ninning downward and
forward; a white bar below eye; a dusky bar at bases of pectorals and
ventrals, the fins otherwise plain. Head hard and bony, nearly as
long as rest of body; snout rather longer than eye, which is of mod-
erate size, and with partly vertical r?»'»w; maxillary extending to front
of eye; suborbital stay strong; pectorals long, reaching tips of ventrals
and past front of anal; ventrals long, their rays prickly. Head 2;
depth 2. D. VII-14; A. 7 or 8; V. ca. I, 4. L. 2^ inches. Northern
seas. Three specimens known . the one here described from Bering's
Straits; the original, said to be from "Fort Rupert"; a third recently
obtained by Mr. Lockington, from the stomach of a Sebaatodes, at Mon-
terey.
(GUnther, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiv, 370, 1874; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881,
253.)
Family CVIII (a) — AGONID^.*
- {The Alligator-fishes.)
Body elongate, or more or less elevated, angular, covered with about
eight longitudinal series of large bony plates, which form a coat of mail;
*The following geuera and species of thie typo have been described from Kam-
tschatka and the Kurile Islands, and will dou' tlesi be found on our Alaskan coast:
HYPSAGONUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1861, 259: type Aapidophorua quadricomis Cnv. & Val.)
Body compressed and elevated, its dfpth greater than length of head, more than
one-third the body ; head small, separated from the base of the dorsal by a very deep
nuchal depression; top of head very uneven; mouth terminal, the jaws about equal;
no vomerine teeth; gill-membranes undescribed, probably free from isthmus; no bar-
bels; scales large, not very rough, most of them striate and armed with a central
spine or tubercle; dorsal spines strong, the first serrated; pectorals short, procurrent;
ventrals small, {vtpi, high; Agonue.)
H. qaadricornia (Cuv. & Vrtl. ) Gill.
Two horns above eye And 2 above occiput; iuterorbital space nearly as broad as
he«ad ex
high; SI
barbels
often on
pseudob
the oper
'mmmmmmm
108(a). AGONID^.
723
bead oxternallj' entirely bony, the plates often spinous; eyes large, placed
high; suborbital stay cuirassiug the cheek; mouth t^^rniinal or inferior;
barbels often present; teeth small, in villiform bands, on the jaws, and
often on the vomer and palatines also; gills 3.J, no slit behind the last;
pseudobranchia) very large, usually extending down the inner side of
tlie opercle; gill-rakers small; gill-membranes united, free or joined to
eye; '2 small apiaes above suout; dorauls well separated. Head 3f; depth 3. D.
IX-O; A. 10; Lilt. 1. 'Xi. Kamtschatka. (.GUnther.)
{Anpidophorui H'ladrioornia Cuv. & Val. iv, 2il, 18id: Agonm qHadricornia QUather,
ii,-2ir..)
HIPPOCEPHALUS Swaiuson.
(Swainson, Class. Fish. &c., 183U, 272: type Anpidophorua aupercilioaua Cuv. & Val.)
Body moderately elongate, compressed, the head depressed at the nape; dorsal
spines strong, the Arst inserted close behind the nape ; dorsals well separated ; jaws
equal, or the lower slightly the longer; brua<tt granulated; gill-membranes not de-
scribed, probably free. ( iff ffoS, horse; xecpaXr/, IwaA.)
nm\
H. japonicua (Pallas) Gill.
Yellowish brown, the body banded and the fins with dark lines. Ton of head not
very rough ; a fiat triangular prominence, directed upward and outw:«rd above each
eye, concealing the eye when viewed from above ; 2 spines above the snout ; subor-
bitiil with 2 or 3 opines, one of them with a barbel; suborbital stay broad, gibbons;
barbels small ; bony plates rough-striate, pyramidal, the center raised ; ventrals half
as long as pectorals; dorsals separated by a space greater than length of either; fins
all very rough. Depths. D. VI-17; A. 8 ; Lat. 1. 45. L. 12 inches. Kurile Inlands.
{Cuv. .;• Val.)
(Cotlua japonicits Pallas, Spicilegia fasc. vii, 31, 1772: Agonua curilicua and Agonua
«te(jophthalmm Tilesius, M<Sm. Ac. Petersb. iv, 416, 427: Aapidophorua aupercilioaua Cuv.
& Val. iv, 215: Agonua ategophthalmua, GUnther, ii, 214.)
Brachyopsia dodecetedrua (Tiles. ) Bean.
Brownish, body and fins banded. Body elongate: snout obtuse, depressed, without
spines; mouth nearly vertical, the lower jaw considerably produced; interorbital
space as wide as eye; suborbital with spines; breast with many small convex polyg-
onal plates; keels of the scales ending in a small point. Head 5; depth 8. D. XI-7;
A. 15; P. 15; V. I, 2; Lat. 1. 40. Kamtschatka; common. (Citr. «f Val.)
{Agonua dodekaedrua Tiles. M6m. Ac. Petersb. iv, pi. 13, 1811 : Phalangiatea loricati-a
Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 114: Japidodophorua dodecaedrua Cuv. & Val. iv, 209:
Agonua dodecaedrua Gthr. ii, 214.)
Siphagonua aegalienaia {TileB.) Steind.
Yellowish brown ; fins with black hands. Form resembling Braohyopaia roatratus,
but the tail shorter; body depressed; eye behind middle of head; two spines on tho
Boborbital, and some others abont eyes; dorsals contiguous; anal longer than second
dorsal; no barbels nnder the throat; gill-membranes and barbels at chin nndescribed.
D. VII-8; A. 12; C. 10; P. 14; V. I, 2. L. 7 inches. Island of Saghalien. {Cm. f
Val.)
{Syngnathua aegalienaia Tiles. M6m. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscon, Ii, 216: Agonua l(Bvigatu$
Tilesius, M^m. Acad. Petersb. iv, 436: "Aapidophore liaae" Cuv. & Val. iv, 214.)
724 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
the inthmua; vontrul fins tlior.icic, close together, imperfect, 1, 2 or 1, 3;
spinous dorsal smaii, sometimes absent; anal short, similar to soft dor-
sal, without spines; caudal narrow, few-rayed; pectorals entire, with
broad base, the rays mostly simple; i)yloric coeca few; air-bladder
none. Small fishes, chiefly of the Arctic Seas. Genera about 10; spe-
cies about 10. They feed chiefly on Crustacea, and are often found at
considerable depths.
{Trigl'idae, group Cataphracti pt. GUnther, ii, 211-216.)
a. Spinous dorsal obsolete ; gill-membranes free from the isthmna. (Aspidophoroidinw.)
A8P1DOPHOUOIDE8, 381.
aa. Spinous dorsal present.
b. Gill-raembranes free from the isthmus; lower jaw projecting.
0. Body extremely elongate; snout forming a tube; chin with a sinj^lo long
barbel Siphagonus, :{82.
00. Body fusiform, less elongate; snout not forming a tube; chin without barbel.
• Brachyopsis, 3a3.
bb. Gill-membranes united to the isthmus, lower jaw included,
d. Bony plates of body without spines.
e. Vomerine teeth none; no occipital pit Agonus, 384.
ee. Vomerine teeth present ; a deep pit at the occiput BothUagonus, 385.
dd. Bony plates of bodj' ending in spines.
/. Vomerine teeth present Odontopyxis, 386.
//- Vomerine teeth none Podothecus, 387.
3§1.— A8PIDOPHOROIDES Lac6pMe.
{Anoplagonus Gill.)
(Lac^pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 228, 1802 : t ype Aapidophoroidea tranquebar Lac. = Cottu»
monopterygius Bloch.)
Body very long and slender, subterete, octangular, tapering into a
very long six-sided tail. Head slender, short, with large eye; mouth
small, terminal; jaws and vomer with villiform teeth. Dorsal fin
single, without spines, very small, inserted nearly opposite the still
smaller anal; other ftns small; bony plates of body keeled, without
spines; gill-membraritv. broadly united, free from the isthmus. (aVrJ?,
shield; ^o/>^«i, to bea •; et^ot, appearance.)
a. Nasal spines very strong. <
1109. A< monopteryglns (Bloch) Storer.
Brownish, obscurely banded with darker; pectorals, dorsal, and cau-
dal mottled or barred. Head triangular, much narrowed anteriorly;
nasal spines very large, diverging, inserted near tip of snout; no other
spines anywhere; eyes very large, longer than snout; supraocular
ridges very high; a ridge extending backward from eye along tern*
108 (rt). AGONIDiE — SIPIIAGONUS.
725
poral region; lower jaw slightly included; caudal peduncle very lou^
and slender, forming about two-fifths the length; breast with flat
plates; dorsal ridges high anteriorly, the median line of back from
snout to dorsal flu concave. Head oif; depth 9. D. 5; A. 6; Lat. !•
about 50. L. G inches. Polar regions, southward to Cape Cod; abun-
dant in deep water.
(Cuttua monopicrijijius Bloch, AusIiindiHche Fiache, ii, ir>(), taf. 178; Giintber, ii, 21().)
aa. Nasal spiuca obsuloto. {Anoplagonus G\\\.)
1110. A. inermis Glintber.
Black, obscurely marbled with grayish and brownish ; dorsal grayish,
marbled with black ; caudal black, with a graj^ band ; anal yellowish,
with a black dot behird each ray. Body anteriorly much broader than
high. Head flat, depressed, triangular; nasal spines obsolete; lower
jaw projecting; interorbital space grooved, n9.rrower than the orbit;
eye less than snout, 5 in head; pectorals shorter than head; ventrals
small; breast with about IG plates. Head 5 in total length; depth 14;
width 9. D. 5; A. 6} C. lOj P. 10; V. 2j Lat. 1. 41. Vancouver's
Island. {Giinther.)
(Giiuther, ii, 524: Anoplagonua inermia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 167.)
383.— SIPHAGONIJS Steiudacbner.
(Stoindacbner, Ichth. Beitriige, v, 140, 1876: type Syngnathu8 aegalienais Tilea.)
Form of Syngnathus ; snout produced in a tube; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper, with a long barbel at the symphysis; gill-membranes
free from the isthmus; both dorsals present; ventrals very short;
plates of body slightly keeled, without spine. (Latin, sipJio, tube;
Agonus.)
1111. S. barbatus Stelnd.
Brownish, a lengthwise black band on sides of head, becoming ob-
solete behind. Body very slender, subterete; median line of head and
back concave; snout produced into a long moderately-compressed
tube, the single barbel at the chin about twice the length of eye; teeth
ou vomer; snout and orbital rim without spines; eye in middle of head ;
suborbital narrow, unarmed; preopercle with 3 spines; large polygonal
scales on the breast; pectorals long, reaching dorsal; ventrals very
short, the vent close behind them. Head 4; depth = length of snout,
0. D. VI-7; A. 9; P. 12; Lat. 1. 44. L. G inches. Coasts of Alaska
and Japan ; not rare.
(Steindacbuer, Icbth. Beitriige, v, 140, 1876.)
t 4 ■:.'
,; rlili
•. rjHi
r
if
It *i
1*.
726 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
«li^^
l;l
l!
»88.— BRACHYOPSIS Gill.
(1 Leptagonuo Gill.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 259: type Agonus roatratua Tilesius.)
Body elongate, fusiform, low, covered with spinous plates. Head do-
pressed, spinous; mouth comparatively large, very oblique, the low*»r
Jaw projecting; jaws, vomer, and palatines with small teeth; gill-mem-
brjines united, free from the isthmus; barbels few; spinous dorsal well
developed; ventral rays 1, 2. {j3payu^, short; o^':?, face.)
1119. B. rostratus (Tilesius) Gill.
Body more fusiform than in other species of this geniis, very robust
in front of the middle, tapering to the slender tail. Head triangular
and pointed, as seen from above, the mouth quite narrow; eyes small
well forward; head considerably depressed, snout without spine; u
short flap at angle of mouth ; scales not very rough; gill-membrancvs
free from the isthmus; ventrals quite short; breast with a median row
of large raised convex i)late8 ; a row of similar plates bordering tlie
edge of the gill-opening, the three series forming a /l\-shaped flgnre,
the interstices filled with very small plates. "D. VI 11-8; A. 13"; Lat.
1. 36. L. 8 inches. Alaska and Kamtschatka; here described from
specimens lately obtained by Dr. Bean.
(Agonua roatratua Tiles. Mdm. Acad. Petert,!). iv, pi. 14: Phalan giaiea fuaifomia Vailas,
Zoogr. RosB.-Aniat. iii, 116: Agonua roatratua Gituther, ii, 214.)
1113. B. verrucosus Lockington.
Olivaceous, banded with darker ; pectorals whitish at base, with a
dark spot above and below; terminal portion dark; ventrals bright
orange-yellow with a large black spot inside of the first ray, and two
small spots near the tip in i , the fin plain in 9 . Body elongate, de-
pressed; mandible narrow, not one-fourth as deep as long; maxillary
reaching slightly beyond front of eje, with a short barbel at tip; lenjjth
of barbel J that of eye; ridges on head all rough; supraocular ridges
serrate; occipital and postorbital ridges without spines ; preorbital with
about six spines ; suborbital stay with two ; preopercle with two spines
near its angle; opercle without sjnnes; membrane of mandible with
small stellate tubercles; plates on body rough, each with a keel termi-
nating in a strong spine; the dorsal plates with small prickles also;
breast and base of pectoral fin with large, striate, w^art-like tub^n-Ies;
plates of ventral series tubercular anteriorly; upper lateral serieyof
108 (o). AGONIDiE BRACHYOPSIS.
727
plates reaching head; pectorals reaching the eleventh plate; vontrals
extending beyond front of anal in <? , much shorter in 9 ; the membrane
between the rays very broad ; anal papilla small. Head 4J ; depth 8.
D. IX-7; A. 11; V. I, 2; P. 14; C. 10; Lat. 1. 35. L. 8 inches. Coast
of California; abundant in deep water.
(Lockington, Fvoc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. iii, 60, 18H0 (May 6): Agonus (Brachyojtna) bar'
kani Steiiul. Icbth. Beitriige, ix, -^53, ISfciO (July 15).)
1114. B. xyosternus J. &. G.
Light olive brown, finely reticulated with darker, pale below; mandi-
ble, and sides of head below eye bright silvery; pectoral blackish, with
a large light blotch at base below and a broad pale tip ; caudal entirely
black; dorsal nearly plain; ventrals plain; anal white anteriorly, ab-
rnytiy black behind. Form of B. verrucosus, but rather stouter and
less depressed; breast covered with minute prickles; plates of body
with spines as in B. verrucosus, but without smaller prickles ; ventral
fins short, reaching, even in the male, little more than half way to anal;
the co*:uecting membrane of the rays verj' narrow; maxillary barbel
long, three-fourths the diameter of the eye; mandible verj- deep, more
tbau one third as deep as long; upper lateral series of plates obsolete
from front of first dorsal forward. Head 4^; depth 7. D. VI-G; A. 8;
V. 1, 2 ; P. 17 ; Lat. 1. 30. L. 5 J inches. About Monterey and San
Francisco; common about Santa Cruz.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. iii, 1.52. I880(july2): Agonua {Brachyopaia)
annw Steiudacliner, Icktli. BeitrJigo ix, 254, 1880 (July 15).)
1115. B. (?) dccagonus (Bloch & Schneider) J. & G.
Yellowish brown, marbled with dcarker. Body elongate, compressed;
hend dopressed ; jaws equal; a pair of spines above the snout, a second
above the orbits, a third on the nape, the latter the largest; barbels
very short and thick; scales with very prominent spines; six series of
scales between the ventral fins and the vent; four between the vent
and thd anal fin; pectoral fins much longer than head, one-fourth total
with caudal. D. Vl-7; A. 8j P. 14; Lat. 1. 41. Greenland to Norway,
(Oilnther.)
(Agonua dccagwiua Bl. & Scbn. 1801, 105: Ago»U8 decagonua GUntber, ii; 21^: Agonus
decagonua Collet, Norges Fiske, 1875, 40: Arohagonua decagonua Gill: Aapidophorua apt-
noBimnms Kroyer, Naturhlst. Tidsskr. i, 2.'>0, 1844: Agonua apinoaiaaimna GUutber, ii,
214: leptagonus apinoaiaaimua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Pbila. 167, 1801.)
^ 11^
!ti
in 1
728 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
8§4.—AOOIIIi;« Bloch & Schneider.
(Aspidophorua Lacdp^de: Phalangis1e» Pallas.)
(Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 104, 1801: type Cottus cataphraclua L.)
Body low; head broad, depressed, about as broad as long; mouth
small, subinferior, the lower jaw included; no vomerine teeth; g\]\.
membnanes joined to the isthmus, forming a narrow fold across it;
plates on body without spines; fins short. One species known. («,
without; y<ov«?, joint: i. e., rigid.)
1116. A. cataphractus (L.) Bloch & Schneider.— j^f^a PoacAer.
Brownish, sides with some dark bauds; pectorals and upper fins
barred. Body anteriorly very broad, flattened below, tapering ab-
ruptly forward to the triangular snout, and slowly backw.ard to the
long and slender tail; the greatest width is half more than the greatest
height and 5 times the least height; snout with four sharp, hooked
spines projecting much beyond the horizontal n-shai>ed mouth; lower
jaw profusely covered with thickish barbels, the largest longer than
eye; suborbital narrow, with three blunt bony proj^'ctior^* preopercle
and subopercle each with a stout spine, that on sub. ;»e'' c the larger
and hooked backward; bones of head striate; orbital crests elevated,
roughish; interorbital space broader than eye; top of head little un-
even, without spines; two blunt occipital processes; no nuchal depres-
sion; the space between dorsal ridges concave; plates on body rugose;
lateral plates much smaller than others, the upper lateral series obsol"to
from middle of spinous dorsal forward, in which region the lower lateral
series is much enlarged; breast with four quadrate p)ates forming a
square. Dorsal small; pectoral about as long as head, reaching to
within four plates of anal; ventrals short, reaching little beyond vent,
C§ in length. Head about as broad as long, 4J; depth 6. D. V , A.
6; Lat. 1. 35; coeca 5; vertebrje 11 ^- 25. Northern Europe; re< » I
perhai)s erroneously, from Greenland.
{Coltua cataphractna L. Sysr. Nat. i, 451 : Aapidophorua aitnatHa Lac6^, iii, 222; GUu-
thor, ii, 211; Day, Fishes Gnmt Britain, 1881, G7.)
385.— BOTHRAGONITS Gill.
(Gill, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi, iiied. : tyjiG Hi/paagonua awani Steindachner.)
Body rather short and deep, broad and depressed anteriorly, com-
pressed behind.; a deep nuchal pit; mouth subinferior, the 1 > ver jaw
included; head and neck to the dorsal fin rhombic in outliRf, ^s seen
from above; jaws and vomer with teeth; dorsals small, well separated;
108(a). AOONID^ — PODOTHECUS. 729
anal similar to soft dorsal; ventral 1, 2; plates without spines or keels;
no spines on head. Gill-membranes broadly united to the isthmus.
North Pacific. {/ioOpo^j a cavity; aj'iovoq, Agonus.)
1117. B. Sixrani (Steindachner) Gill.
Clear yellowish ; a blackish cross-bar downwards and forwards from
base of iirst dorsal; another between the dorsals, and a third behind
dorsal and anal; a dusky bar across interorbital space and through eye;
fins all mottled or barred. Nuchal pit broader than long, the plates be-
hind sending three processes into it; top of head with two broad par-
allel ridges, the space between them transversely concave; preopercular
margin denticulated; breast with largo plates, similar to those on sides
of body. Head 3J; depth 3 J. D. III-5; A. 5; P. 12; C. 12; V. I, 2;
Lat. 1. 32. Puget's Sound; one specimen known. {Steindachner.)
(Uypaagonua awanii Steindachner, Ichtb. Beitriige, v, 144, 1876.)
8§6.— ODONTOPYXiS Lockington.
(Lockington, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 328, 1879: typo Odontopyxia triapinoaua Lock.)
The genus differs from Podothecm chiefly in the presence of vomerine
teeih. The body is very slender, and the fins few-rayed. (o5wv, tooth ;
so^?, box.)
111§. O. trispinosuM Lock.
Olivaceous, with six or seven darker bands; fins with dark blotches.
A sharp, rather long, movable spine upon the tip of the snout, its tri-
angular base projecting beyond the jaws; behind this a pair of recurved,
fixed spines; supraorbital ridge prominent, ending in a backward-
directed spine; maxillary with two minute barbels; isthmus broad;
eye very large; forehead strongly convex, longitudinally transversely
strongly concave; a deep nuchal cavity divided by a longitudinal ridge;
preorbital with a spine directed backward; eye large; a circlet of hori-
zontal spines at base of caudal. Head 5^ in total length; depth 10 to
12; eye ^ in head. D. IV-6; A. 6; V. I, 2; P. 14; C. 11; Lat. 1. 36.
L. 3 inches. Pacific Coast from San Francisco to Santa Barbara.
(Odontopyxia triapinoaua Lockington, Proc. U. S. NAt. Mus. ii, 328, 1879.)
88T.-PODOTIIECVS Gill.
{Paragonua Gill.)
(Gill, Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18151, 959: type Podotheoua periatethua Gill == ^<7oniM acipen-
aerinua Tiles. )
Body elongate, fusiform; head long, compressed, armed above; snout
protruding much beyond the small, inferior, U-shaped mouth; teeth
i- i-.-
tm^ \m
730 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
very araall, in villiform bands; none on vomer or palatines; lower parts
of head with barbels; gill-membranes united to the isthmns, not form-
ing a fold across it. Plates of body armed with spines; spinous dorsal
present. Ventral rays I, 2. {ttou^, foot; Orjxij, box, from a supposed
groove for the reception of the ventrals.) , f.
1119. P. vnlsus J. &, O.
Dark brown, with 7 to 9 darker cross-bars, extending on the fins;
pectorals black, with whitish edging and a pale blotch near base; other
fins chiefly black, the anal with whitish edging; belly white. Body
very elongate, broader than high. Head triangular, the profile irregu-
lar, the snout pointed. Mouth fl -shaped, entirely inferior, the maxil-
lary reaching front of puj>il; distance from premaxillaries to tip of
rostral spines, about half length of snout; maxillary, interopercle, and
branch iostegals, with scattered cirri, these fewer and smaller thau iu
P. mipenserinuH ; none on lower side of snout. Eye large, as long as
snout, '^} in head; the orbitjil rim prominent all around. Spines of
head mote numerous than in the other Agonidae. Snout with two
strong spines directed forwards, two large ones behind them directed
upwards, then two smaller ones; orbital ridge elevated and serrated,
with a preocular and a supraocular spine; behind the latter, a ridge
armed with two spines on each side, separated from the flrst ])lates of
the dorsal series by a deep quadrangular pit; a row of minute, erect
spines on median line of back and top of head ; a sharp, serrated, tem-
poral ridge, with four spines; opercle with a strong rib and several
spines; suborbital stay with an irregular prominent ridge; preoperolc
with three principal spines and some smaller ones; suborbital narrow,
half width of eye, extremely uneven, armed with small spines and
tubercles; more than 70 spines and tubercles on the head. Plates of
body all striate, those above and on t.id,e8 ending each in a sharp
spine; breast with about six polygonal plates, on each side of wbich
are the i)lates of the abdominal series; bases of caudal and pectorals
with small spines. Ventrals short, the vent near the middle of their
length. Head 4; depth 8. D. IX-7; A. 9; Lat. 1. 40. L. ^ inches.
Deep water, off San Francisco; not common.
{Agonus vuUua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. iii, SO.*!, 1880.)
1190. P. acipenserinus (Tiles.) 0\\\,—AlUgalor ph.
Brown with darker marblings and narrow vertical streaks; fins oliva-
ceous, more or less marbled with dark; ventrals plain, black in (f ; a
108 (fe). TRIGLIDiE.
731
(lark bar at base of pectorals; belly white. Body elongate, the tail very
slender, broader than deep; head narrow, the cheeks sub vertical, the
snout long and pointed; mouth fl-shaped, wholly inferior; distance from
premaxillaries to tip of nasal spines less than half snout; maxillary
and lower side of snout with dense tufts of long cirri as long as eye;
a few on mandible, none on bri*iiouiostegal region. Eye large, shorter
than snout, 4 in head; orbital rim prominent above only; snout with
two spines directed forward, then two larger ones hooked backward, far
behind which are two smaller ones close togetlier, directed upward;
orbital bones rugose, with a strong supraocular spine only; behind it a
shari) occipital ridge on each side, each ending in a single spine; no pit
at the occiput, the vertex nearly plane; opercle and preopercle strongly
striate, the latter with a ridge and a blunt spine; suborbital very broad,
nearly as deep as eye, striate, with a double ridge at its lower margin,
the upper ridge with two or three spines; head with about 18 distinct
sj)ine8 in all. Plates of body strongly striate, those above ending in
strong spines; breast with about twelve polj'gonal plates; slight asper-
ities at base of pectoral ; ventrals very short, not longer than eye in ? ,
about half longer than eye in i ; pectorals large, about reaching anal;
caudal peduncle long, about half length of body without head; dorsals
high in i , the two fins closely contiguous. Head 3§ ; depth 0. D. IX-7 ;
A. 8; I-at. 1. 37; vert. 12 + 27. L. 12 inches. Puget Sound to Alaska;
common northward.
{Agonm aelpenaerinus Tilesiua, M^ra. Acad. St. Petereb. iv, 422, 1813. Agonm aoipenseri-
nusGiiuther, ii, 212: Podothecua periatcthiia G\l\, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Philu. 1861,200:
Paragonua acipenaennua Gill, I. c. 167: Agonua acipenaerinua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc.
U. S. Mat. Mu8. iii, 332, 1880.)
V/ i .■
Family CVIII (6).— TRIGLID^.*
{The Gurnards.)
Body elongate, usually more or less fusiform, covered with scales or
series of bony plates. Head externally bony, usually entirely cuirassed
with rough, bony plates, some of which are armed with spines; eyes
high; mouth terminal or subinferior; premaxillaries protractile; max-
illary without supplementpl bone, slipping under the preorbital ; te^th
very small, in bands in '^he jaws, and usually on the vomer and pala-
tines, sometimes entirely wanting; gills 4, a large slit behind the
fourth; pseudobranchioB present ; gill-rakers various; gill-membranes
* Family 108 (a), Agonida is iucladed under TrigUda^ ia the key to families, on page
79.
!i
732 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
free, or variously attached to the isthmus. Ventral fins thoracic, usu-
ally wide apart, separated by a flat area, I, 4 or I, 5. Spinous dorsal
present, short; soft dorsal similar to the anal, which is without spines-
caudal narrow, few-rayed. Pectorals large, with broad base, some-
times divided into two portions, sometimes with the two or three lower-
most rays detached. Air-bladder present; pyloric coeca usually pres-
ent, few in number. Singular looking fishes, allied to the Cottida'
found in all seas. Genera 5; species about 40.
(Triglida pt. GUnther, ii, 191-210, 216-224.)
a. Pectoral fins, with two or three detached appendages below ; ventrala I, 5, wide
apart'.
i. Body mailed; teeth none; pectoral appendages 2. (Periatediinw.)
Peuistedium, 388.
bb. Body Bcaly ; teeth present ; pectoral appendages 3. ( Tnglince. )
c. Palatines toothless Trigla, 1589,
cc. Palatines with teeth PniONOTt's, 3'.I0.
aa. Pectoral fin divided to the base, into two unequal parts ; veutrals I, 4, contigu-
ous; gill-uiembraues broadly attached to the isthmus. {Dactylo^)terina>.)
Ckphalacanthus, 391.
888.— PERISTEDIVni Lac^pfede.
{Perlatedion Lacdp^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 3(58, 1802: type Periatedion malarmat Lac.=
Trigla cataphraota Gmelin.)
Body elongate, fusiform, covered with bony plates, each of which is
armed with a strong spine; head bony; each preorbital produced into
a long flat process, which projects more or less beyond the mouth;
mouth s'^all; teeth none; lower jaw included, provided with barbels;
gill-membranes separate, narrowly joined to the isthmus anteriorly;
gill-rakers slender. Dorsal fin continuous or divided. Pectoral tin
short, with the two lowermost rays detached. Ventrals I, 5, separated
by a broad flat area. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric cceca about 10.
Warm seas. Color generally red. {Ttepc, around ; aTsOtovj diminutive of
aT£Oo(;, breast; the breast being mailed.)
1131. P. miniatum Goode.
Bright crimson. Armature of body essentially as in P. breinrostre;*
spines of abdominal plates very weak posteriorly; length of preorbititl
process 3 J in distance from its extremity to front of orbit; interorbital
space deeply concave; protuberance on the forehead very slight; a
pair of spines on upper surface of snout behind base of preorbital
processes; a larger pair on preorbital processes; ridge of preopercle
ending in a depressed, short, sharp-pointed spine; about ten small
*See GUuther, Cat. Fiah. Brit. Mas. ii, 218, 1860.
108(5). TKIGLIDiE — PRIONOTUS.
733
tentacles on each side of lower jaw, those near the symphysis smallest.
Long tentacles at angle of mouth fringed, extending to bases of i)ec-
torals. Head 2^; depth 5. D. Vll-18j A. 17; C. 16; P. 2-10; V. I,
5; Lat. 1. 28. L. 12 inches. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Rhode Island.
(Ooode.)
(Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 349.)
889.— TRIGL.A Linnaeas.
Gurnards.
(Artedi; LinnsBus, Syat. Naturae, 1758: typo, Trigla lyra L.)
This gonus differs from Prionotus chiefly in the absence of palatine
teeth. The scales are smaller and the pectoral fins less developed; a
series of bony, spinous plates extend along the base of the dorsal fins,
a pair of them to each ray, the fin thus running in a shallow groove;
caudal fin usually emarginate. Lateral line usually forking at base of
caudal, the branches running to tip of fin. The numerous species
abound on the coasts of Europe, Africa and India, {rpiyka^ classical
name of Mullus barbatus; transferred to this group for no evident
reason.)
1133. T. cnculus Liun. — Red Gurnard.
JRose-red; profile of snout rather steep, slightly concave; preorbital
with short denticulations ; maxillary nearly reaching front of orbit;
lateral line with a series of unarmed plates, which are deeper than
long; first dorsal spine tuberculated ; sfc ond longest, § length of head;
pectoral reaching past front of anal. Head 3J; depth 5. D. IX-18;
A. 17; Lat. 1. 75. Common in Europe; said by Cuvier to have been.
once brought from New York by Milbert.
(Llan. Syst. Nat.: Trigla pini GUnthor, ii, 191); Day, Fish. Gt. Brit. 1880, 58.)
«
390.— PRIONOTIjS LacdpMe.
Sea Bobins.
{Lac6pfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 337, 1802: type Trigla evolans L.)
Body subfusiform ; profile of head descending to the broad depressed
sno.ut, which is much longer than the small eye; eyes close together, high
ap; surface of head entirely bony, the bones rough with ridges and
granulations; scales on head few or none; preopercle with one or two
sharp spines at its angle; opercle with a sharp spine; nape with two
strong spines; a spine on shoulder girdle. Mouth rather broad; bands
of small, almost granular, teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines; gill-
's!
<■ !'*
i'
•I "
!H^^~^~"^!~?^»^H»
1 1:
$
734 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOPTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
membranes nearly separate, free from isthmus; gill-rakers rather long.
Body covered with small, rough scales, which are not keeled; latornl
line continuous; scales of breast very small. Dorsal flns dislinct, the
first of 8 to 10 rather stout spines; anal flu similar to soft dorsal;
pectoral fln with the three lower anterior rays thickened, entirely free
from each other and from the fln; ventrals I, 5, wide apart, with a Hat
space between them, the inner rays longest. Pyloric coeca in moderate
number^ air-bladder generally with lateral muscles, and divided into
two lateral parts; vertebne 10 or 11 + 15. Species sruout 10, repre-
senting in America the old world genus Trigla. {T:f>'.ioy, saw; vwro^,
back; three free, saw-like spines being said to intervene between the
two dorsals.)
a. Mouth Htniill, nuandilOe not reaching vertical from front of orbit; preopercnlar
spino without conspicnons basal cusp; blotches on spinous dorsal wel! (k.
fined, ocellutcd; a transverse groove connecting the ujtper jwsterior angles of
orbit. {Ornichthys* Sw.)
b. Body very slender; sides with numerous round brownish spots.
11*23. P. punctatus (Bloch) Cnv. & Val.
Dark olive brown, back and sides cov^ered with i amerous round
bronze sjwts, larger than the pupil; spinous dorsal dusky, with lighter
streaks and two black ocellated spots; second dorsal and upper half of
caudal spotted; anal blackish, with a pinkish border; pectorals black-
ish, the free rays barred with light and dark; ventrals pale; branch!-
ostegal membrane pinkish. Pectorals short, reaching only to middle of
soft dorsal, 2J in length to base of caudal; first dorsal high. Bodj^
much slenderer than in any of the other species. Band of palatine
teeth very slender, shorter than eye; maxillary one-third length of
head; preorbital without spines; opercle scaleless ; gill rakers shortivsh;
about 10 below angle. Head 3^; depth G. D. X-13; A. 12; Lat. 1.
about 7i5. West Indies, north to North Cai'olina; not rare southward.
Here described from specimens from North Carolina, perhaps belonging
to a species distinct from the true punctatus, which is described as less
slender.
(iTriyla punctata Bloch, Ausl. Fisch. taf. 352; TCuv. & Val. iv, 93; TGiinther, ii,
193; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1873, .'^73.)
hh. Body rather robust ; sides of body without conspicuous spots.
1134. P. palmipes (Mitch.) Storer.
Brownish above, clouded with darker; throat and branch iostegals
dark; a distinct black blotch above on membrane between fourth and
"Swainson, Class. Fish, etc., 1839, 262: typo Trigla punctata Bloch. {opvii, bird;
iX^vi, fish.)
V
■!«i'>*>"6ft»Jml»Wft»MHfe*»
108(&). TRIOLID.E — PRI0N0TU8.
735
fifth dorsal spines, this ocellated below; 2 longitudin.il light streaks
below dorsal blotch; second dorsal with oblique whitish streaks. Head
comparatively smooth above. Preoi»ercular spine strong; opercle scale-
less; band of palatine teeth short and broad, shorter than eye. Pec-
torals short, not reaching middle of second dorsal, 2J in length; pec-
toral appendages strong, more or less dilated at their tips; veutrals
loiig, reaching anal; gill-rakers rather short, about 10 below angle;
maxillary 3J in head. Head 3; depth 5. D. X-13; A. 12; Lat. 1. 58.
Atlantic coast of the United States; common northward.
{V Trifila Carolina Liunicus, MantisBa, ii, r)28: TrU/la palmipes Mitchill, Trans. Lit.
& Phil. Spc. N. Y. i, 431, 1815: Prlonotus pilatua Storer, Proc. Bo»t. 8oc. Nat. Hist, ii,
77: rrionotm palmipes and /'. pilaltu Storer, Fish. Mass. 18: PrionotuacarolinusC&V.
iv, IK): Prionotua caroliHua GilntbeT, ii, 192.)
aa. Mouth IJirge, mandible reaching at least the vertical from front of orbit; no dis-
tinct transverse groove between and behind the eyes; preopercnlar spine
with a smaller one at base; dorsal blotch diffuse, not ocellated. {Prionotua.)
1125. P. tribulus Cnv. & Yal.
Dark brown above, with darker blotches and numerous small, pale
spots; belly pale; a black blotch at base of mandible; membrane of
spinous dorsal, between the third and sixth spines, with a black blotch
above; second dorsal with brownish spots, forming oblique bars, and
with 2 dark blotches at base, the posterior blotch continued obliquely
downwards and forwards to below the lateral line; pectoral olive
brown, with dark cross-bars, which are more distinct towards the tip
of the fln; its upper edge white; pectoral appendages with dark spots;
basal half of caudal paler. Pectorals rather short, not reaching end
of dorsal, 2 in length to base of caudal; pectoral api)endages thick,
tapering. Body robust. Head shorter and broader, snout shorter,
and bones more strongly striate than in P. eoolans; interorbital space
deeply concave; occipital and supraorbital spines very strong and
much comi)ressed; band of palatine teeth as long as eye; gill-rakers
shortish, 9 below angle; membranous edge of opercle scaly. Head 2^
in length; depth 4. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about 50. South Atlantic
coast of the United States; abundant.
(Cav. & Val. iv, 98, 1829; Giinther, ii, 195; Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Not. Mns.
1878, 374.)
1126. P. evolans (Linn.) Gill.
Similar to var. Uneatus, but spotted also with white; the pectorals
plain black, with pale ed^nngs above, longer than in var. lineatua,
reaching usually past the end of the second dorsal and anal, l^lf in
■1 - ■'. • • *;
!n«:
f;
:
736 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
length to base of caudal. Body and head stouter, t^ > plates rougher;
scales somewhat larger, iu about 55 series. Atlantic coast; coiniuou
southward.
(t Triijla evolana L. Syst. Nat. ; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, .174.)
Subap. Ilncatns (Mitch.) J. & G.
Olive brown above, mottled and spotted with blackish ; whitisli be-
low; a narrow dark streak along the lateral line, with a broader oiio
below it, which terminates behind in a series of spots and blotches;
lower jaw and branchiostegal membranes sometimes bright orange y(>l.
low; pectorals blackish, edged with olivaceous and orange, with numer-
ous transverse dark lines; membrane of spinous dorsal with a bhiek
blotch between third and sixth spines; soft dorsal plain or with 2 blac^k
blotches at base; ventrals and anal orange; pectoral appendages slen-
der, dusky. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 15 below angle ; band
of palatine teeth wide, shorter than ej^e; spines on head moderate in
size, compressed, the one at upper posterior angle of orbit little devel-
oped; membranous edge of opercle scaly; ventral reaching to front of
anal; pectoral reaching to past middle of soft dorsal and anal, from IJ
to 24 in length. Head 2% in length; depth 4J. Eye 2^ in snout. D.
X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. about 60. Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras; common
northward. Perhaps a distinct species, but seeming to vary into the
preceding.
(Trigla lineata Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 430, 1815: Prionotus lineatu»
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass.: Frionotua lineatus Giinther, ii, 192: Prionotua strigatus Cm.
& Val. iv, 86.)
119T. P. stephanophrys Lockington.
Pale olivaceous, abruptly white at level of pectorals; back and sides
with a few scattered dark spots; branchiostegals mostly saflfron-yellow;
spinous dorsal dusky, with a diffuse dark blotch between fourth and
fifth spines, near edge of membrane; second dorsal spotted; caudal
with dark blotches; pectorals da.-k. with large round black spots.
Body rather stout; head large, compressed, broad, and very nearly
plane above; the interorbital region not concave; no transverse fur-
row behind orbits; orbital rim with a slightly raised, serrated crest;
snout very short, two-fifths length of head; mouth large, the broad
maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit; bands of palatine teeth very
narrow; gill-rakers long and slender; head less rough than usual, the
bones little striate; occipital processes not reaching first dorsal spiue;
preorbital little projecting; preopercle with a strong smooth spine,
mm
108 (7>). TRIGLID.li: CHPHALACANTIIUS.
737
roaoliiiiff slijihtly boyond membrano of oporclc; opercle oindiufx in two
{M)iuts, tho lower a loti^' spine, the iiu'iiibraiie connectiu}; the two scaly;
s(;;iles thin, (uliato, not closely imbricate; (h'st ilorsal spine {jfratmlate
in front; pectorals niachin^ beyond niiddh^ of anal, abont to base of
ninth ray; free rays very slen«ler, the uppermost more than half lenj^th
of lin; ventrals not reach infj vent; caudal slijjhtly (unarj^inate. Head
L'jl; depth 4; eye 1^ in snout. J). X-12; A. 11 ; P. l.J-III; Lat. 1. 55.
Deep water oil" San Francisco; one Hi)eciinen known.
(Lockington, rroc. ♦!. 8. Nat. Mils. 18-^0, .V29. )
391.-CEPIIAI.A€AWTIIIJS L.uri^pMe.
Flying Gnrnards.
{Dm tjitojtlrriiH hsu'^iu'th', ui, '.\2ri.) , . :'
(La('(5pii(lp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii. 'M',i, 1H02: typi* GattterosteuH spinarclUi Linn.)
Body elonjjjate, sulMiuadranjiular, taperin<^ behind; head very blunt,
(|uadraniLjular, its surface almost entirely bony; nasals, preorbitals,
suborbitals, and bones of to[)of head united into a shield; nu(!hal part
of shield on each side produ(!ed backward in a bony ridj;e, endin;; in a
II strong spine, which reaches past front of dorsal; interocndar space
(k'oi)ly concave; preorbitals forming a prqje<!ting roof above the Jaws;
|)ic()i)crcle prodtKH'd in a very long rough spine; cheeks and opercles
with small scales; oi)ercle smaller than eye; gill-openings narrow, ver-
tical, sei)arated by a very broad, scaly isthmus; pseudobranchiie large;
gill -rakers minute; mouth small, lower jaw included; jaws with granu-
lar teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales bony, strongly keeled;
2 serrated, knife-like appendages at base of tail; first dorsal of 4 or
5 rather high llexible spines, the tirst one or two spines nearly free
from the others; an immovable spine between the dorsals; anal and
second dorsal short, of slender rays; caudal small, lunate; pectoral
fins divided to the base into two parts, the anterior portion ((;orro-
sponding to the free r.'vys in Prionotm) about as long as the head, of
about () rays, closely connected; the posterior and larger portion more
than twice length of head, reaching nearly to caudal in the adult
{'•'■Dactylopterus^ Lac); much shorter in the young {'■'•Cephalacanthm^''
Lac); these rays very slender, simple, wide apart at tip; ventrals I,
4, long, pointed, their bases close together, the inner rays shortest;
air-bladder with two lateral parts, each with a large muscle; pyloric
coeca numerous; vertebrfe + l^- Warm seas; the adult able to move
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 47
n
738 CONTKinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
in the air, like the true flying-fish, but for shorter (listances. {x? ' ',j
head; axavOdj spine.)
a. Occiput witlioiit fllaniont.
II 28. C splnarclla (L.) Ln,c. — Fhjing-robin ; Bat-fiiih ; Folador.
Greenish olive and brown above, of varying shades; Im'Iow jjiilc,
jnarked irregularly with dusky and bright brick-red, varying to saiiiKni.
yellow; ])ectoral tins njottled with bright blue streaks near the has*',
and blue spots and bars toward the tip; their under sides glaucous
blue, edged with darker; caudal fin with about three trownish-red bars;
(;oh)ration extremely variable. First two dorsal spines free, slightly con-
necte<l by membrane at base; preopercular spine reaching beyond hast^
of pectorals, not to end of occipital spine; pectorals reaching nearly to
base of caudal. Head 4^; depth 5^. I). Il-lV, 8; A. 6; P. 28, (i. L.
12 inches. Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; abundant southward.
{GmterostcHH spinareUa L. Syst. N.-vt. i, 492 (younjj;): TrUjhi roVitann Tjinii. Syst. Xat.
i, 498 (ii(liilt): Tr\g\a rolHann Gmolin, Syst. Nat. 1788, 1H4G: DaclijloptcruH rolilniii
Giiutber, ii, '<i21: Dactyloptcnis voUtans Liitken Spolia Atluutica, 1880, 417; GUuthcr,
«. Vcntr
h. Low
nil- V«Mlfl
'. Vo
I)ro_
cc. Vt
■£v.jf ■!-':
Il-S''-.
M
ll
; Family CIX.—LIPARIDID^. " '
■, ' {The Sea Stiails.)
Body more or less elongate, subcylindrical ar >rly, comi)ressc(l
behind, covered with smooth skin, which is usu.*..^ very lax. Head
broad, obtuse, the snout short; suborbital bone styliform behind, joined
to the preopercle, as in the Cottidw; jaws with bands of small tectli,
■which are usually tricuspid; no teeth on vomer or palatines; ])r('tnaxil
laries protractile, little movable; opercular bones unarmed; inter
opercle slender, ray-like, overlying the branchiostegals ; gill-opeuiiifis
{small, the membranes joirjed to the broad istliinus, and to the Imnieiiil
arch below. Gills .'3J; no slit behind the last; pseudobrancbiii? rudi-
mentary or wanting; pyloric coeca numerous; no air-bladder; dorsal
fin rather long, the spines feeble and flexible, low, similar to the soft
rays; anal long, similar to the soft dorsal; ventral flus I, 5, tlie two
completely united, and forming the bony center of an oval snekiiijj
disk; ventrals sometimes entirely wanting; pectoral fins very broad,
the base procurrent ; the outline usually emarginate, some of the lower
rays being produced; tail diphycercal; caudal fin short, convex; ver
t«brfel2 + 30. Genera 3; species about 20. Small fishes, nearly all of
the northern seas.
{DUcoboli; group Uparidina GUnther, ill, 158-165.)
100. LIPARIDID.E AMITRA. liV.)
((. Vrntral <liHk cutin-ly wanting. (AmStrhio'.)
b. LowtT jaw iiuliuU'd ; .skin thin, lux Amitua, 3W.
,1(1. Veutrul <lisiv jm's«>nt. {Lipariniv.)
V. Ventral «liHk very Ninall, >ind«r tli«' hea<1, tho v«*nt rlcwfi liohind it; lower jaw
l»n>j<'ctinn; ukin lux, tiiin I'.vuKi'Hocrrs, lUr.l.
tT. Veutral disk well deVelniiod ; vent \vt<ll behind head LiPAius, lUM,
I
S09.-AMIf RA OcmmIp.
(Cioode, Proc. TT, 8. Nat. Mji.h. 1H80, 478: type Amitra Uparina Ooode.)
lUxly elonf^iito, jittcnnato backwiir*!, roveivd with hix, smootli, slimy
skill, which is sepjirattMl from tlio body ami liiis by u tihny rniu!ous iiitei'
tissue. Mead .sinall, thick, convex between eyes; snout convex, ju-o
trudinjr; mouth small, horizontal, the lower jaw in<'lu(le«l ; teeth small;
ryes hiteral; {^ill-openings restn<'ted to small slits above the l)ase of the
jioctorals, covered by the very small operitle; no barbels; dorsal and
anal tins many-rayed; dorsal continuous, almosf concealed by the skin;
the spines scarcely diiferent from the soft n,\vs; anal similar to dorsal;
both connected with the caudal, whi<*h is jjointed; no trace of ventral
fliis or sucking disk; pectoral fin verj- broad, procurrent, its lower rays
inserted nearly uiulec the eye, the fin emarginate; vent well behin«l
head. One species known; its nosition interniediate between the Cot-
ti(l(C [Cottunculus, Ptfychrolutcs , and Lipar'uJU}(i\ two groups much more
intimately related than most writers have conceded.* («, without;
/i;7/)«, stomacher.) , ., , ,, ,. , ,, -j.
11S9. A. liparina Goode.
Yellowish white, dusky toward the tail and front of head; perito-
iK'um black. Body posteriorly compressed, the tail very thin; eyes
half width of interorbital space, 5 in head ; upper lip with pores. Doi -
* I lihonld put the family of Gobiesocidw far away, at least a Hiiborder off, from tho.
(Ujclopteridw and Liparidida; which are far more closely unit(!il to the true Coftidii,
rcprcsfutod by Cottiia and Hemitrijiterm, than to oitlu^r the (iohicumidw proper or to the
Gobios and Blennies, In fact, Liparis has as close atttnitie.s, as .shown by its skeleton,
with Cottus and Hemitripterns as with Cyclopierux ; and we have in the three groups,
represented by Cottus, Liparis, and Cijclopterus, well-marked families of the same suli-
order. The only character by which the Cycloptcridw and Liparididw are closely united
c(msi.st,s in the peculiar formation of the ventral disk by the union of the ventral tins;
but as this structure is simply brought about by the modification of the rays iii a
Dianucr common to the several genera, and not by any marked anatomical diflerence in
the stiuctnre of the same fins in Cottus, J can only look tipon it as a generic character
coraiiion to the known ropresentatives of both families of Cycloptcridw and Liparidida. :
and the discovery of a representative of either fainily with veutral fins of the ordinary
form would not necessitate the establishment of a family for its reception, an in that
(!a:.o we should simply consider the structure as of generic value. (Putnam, Proc.
.^m. Ab8. Adv. Sci. 1873, 337.)
km
U*
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740 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOllTII AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
i
1
i t
lit'
sal bejifinuing over pectoral: anal under ninth tlorsal ray HeadO?-
depth o J. D. V, 02; A. 54; CO; P. 23. L. 5 inches. Deep water oil
the coast of Khode Island; lately dredged by the U. S. Fish Com
mission.
(Goodc, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 478.) .i
393.~CABEPROCTUS Kriiyer.
(Kn'iycr, Nntiirh. Tidsskr. i, 257, 18()2: tyjio LipariH rciiihardi Kroyer.)
Body elongate, senn-transparent, covered with thin lax skin; month
oblique, the lower jaw projecting; teeth simple, hooked; ventral disk
small, situated far forwards, under front of eye; vent a little behind it,
far in front of anal fin. (««/>«, head; ^/>a>zT«^, vent.)
1130. C. gfClatinosMiL* (Pallas) Kvi5y«r. ; . t * , ^-i ,^,.,
Kose-colored ; vertical flns violet; gill-cavity black. Ventral disk voiy
small, supported by a Irihimellate cartilage descending from the tliroal;
vertical tins continuous. Body oblong, compressed, senii-transpaiviit,
soft, and gelatinous; head tLfck, Hat above; cleft of mouth nearly ver-
tical, 5is in Uranoscopiis ; a series of pores along upper lii); jaws, ])alai(',
and pharynx rough with teeth; skeleton very wiifik. D. more than .■)();
A. about 45; C 0; P. 30; cceca 48; vertebrie 04. {Gunthcr.) Alaska
and Kamtschafka; Greenland.
(CycJopterus ijdatlnoHUH Pallas, 8[»i( ilcf;ia, vii, I'J, l/fii): TApar'ta gelaUitonun VA\\\\\\f\\
iii, 163? f Liparin ffelntinostiH Kciiili. Ovcrsij^t, »5tc. 1814, Ixxvii: ^ Liparix rciiiluiidi
Kniyer, Naturli. Tiilsakr. i, 252: f Careproctiin rdnhunU Kioyer, I. c, 257, the Greeu-
laud form, tliouglit by Dr. Krilyor to be diftereut from C. gelalinosus.)
391.— L.IPARIS Linnujus.
. Sea-Snails.
(Artedi; LinnnBns, Syst. Nat. : tyT[Ki Ct/clopteruii liparia h.) ..
Body rather elong ite, covered with smootli skin, which is usually
freely movable; head sliort, flattened above; mouth horizontal, tin'
lower jaw included; teeth in several series, usually tri(usi)id; maxil-
lary covered by skin of preorbitai region; ventral disk wll develoiiid,
on the breast, its front below or behind the middle of tl'C head; vent
well behind the head, about midway between sucking-disk and anal liii.
Dorsal fin continuous or divided, its spines hardly differentiated; do'Siil
lin free from caudal or not; pectoral emarginate, some of the lower lays
produced; vertical fins enveloped in skin. Northern seas (one Bi>c'cios
known from Chili). (AfTa/^M?, sleek-skinned, shining.) ,,
a. Dorsal (in continuous. (Liparin.) 5*?%
b. Dorsal liu couuected with the caudal. ^n- ,;-
1131.
Dors
nostrils
^■ery la
{Cyclop
Niifiirh. 1
Wi.)
109. LIPARIDlDiE — LIPARIS.
741
1131. L,. major (Walb.) Gill.
Dorsal aud anal slightlj' connected with base of caudal; anterior
nostrils tubular; posterior simple. D. 45; A. 38; P. 42; C. 10. Size
very large. L. 10 inches. Greenland. {Gill.)
(Ci/clopterHH Uparis var. major, Wall). Artodi Pise. 480, 1792: Liparix tnnicata Kriiyer,
Naturh. Tidsakr. i,'236, IdG-i: Actinochir major Gill, Proc. Acad. Niit. .Sci. Phila. 1H()4,
193.)
li'VI. 1.. pulchella Ayreq.
Grayish, usually with wavy purplish stripes, sometimes marbled aud
spotted with purplish; pectorals si)otted or banded with grayi'-h purple;
lateral line with round whitish si)ots. Snout broad aud blunt, project-
in;; beyond mouth; maxillary reaching nearly to front of eye; teeth
short, close-set, a broad band in each jaw, that of npi)er Jaw broadest.
Body compresJsed behind, thick in front; head almost globular; ante-
rior nostrils tubular; skin very thin and lax. Dorsal tin high, undi-
vided, continuous with anal and caudal around the tail; tail tapering
to a point, api)earing isocercal, but the vertebrae essentially as in otliei-
species; i)ectorals very broad, the ba.se of lowermost rays under eye;
ventral disk small, oval, 2.J in head; pseudobrancliiie well developed.
Head o; depth 5. D. 48; A. 39; C. 12; P. 36. L. 10 inches. Pacific
Coast, from Monterey to Puget Sound ; not rare. v .
(Ayros, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1855,23; GUutbcr, iii,lGl; Steiudachuer, Ichtli.
IJeiliilj^c, ill, 53, 1875.) , • . -r ■{;.>. - - ■■,>,•. >. ,i; •■
1133. £,. ifibba IJcun. \:i .^i,-. ' ; r ;v" ':;' -
I load and body very pale brown or gray, paler below; head and
anterior parts often with concentric brown rings; sides plain or marked
wiili brown strii)es and rings; tail sometimes witli dark blotches; ver
tical tins usually with dark bands. Body abruptly contracted near the
vent, covered with lax skin; interorbital space sliallowconcave, the
vertex and nai)e somewhat elevated; snout depressed; head as wide as
long, longer than deep; nostrils tubular, the tubes of anterior nostrils
longest; eye sm.all, 4 in head; ventral disk nearly circular, 8 in length;
verlical tins continent; dorsal contiinums; longest dorsal ray half as
long as head; i)ectorals rx'^aching front of anal; caudal in body.
Head 3.^ ; depth 3^. D. 42 ; A. 3<) ; P. 35 ; C. 12. Bering's Sea,
Alaska and Siberia. <' Distinguished fi-om L. fahricu by its smaller
eye and its depressed snout," and from " />. tunicata^'' by the larger
eye and fewer rays in dorsal, anal, and pectorals. {Bean.)
(IJcan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 148, 1881.)
-, ■ I
I1*f
742 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
1134. £.. arctica Gill.
Uniform dark ru8ty-bro\vn or chestnut. Snout rather lii«jh and
tlccurved; int{?rorbital space 3 in head; forehead depressed; anterior
nostrils simple, posterior tubular. Vertical tins confluent; caudal con-
vex, 7 in total length: pectoral 5J; ventral disk 10. .Head 4 in total,
its width Gi; depth 2^. I>. 42; A. 34; C. 11; P. 35. Port Foiilke,
Greenland. {Gill.) . .
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 191.)
113't. It. tunictita Kt'iuli.
Yellowish, mottled with brownish. Eye nearly 3 in snout or iuter-
orbital space; posterior nostril not tubular; pseudobranchiie reduced
to two lamelhe; vertical flus continuous; anal beginning below tenrli
«lorsal ray; ventral disk longer than broad, half length of head; skin
thin, loose. D. 42; A. 34; O. 12; P. 34. Coasts of Greenland. {Giin-
{Lipari.8 tunicata Rpinbarrtt, OverH. Kong. Dauske Vidensk. Stilsk. vi, cxi, IHiUi, ''D.
:i9; A. :{:?; P. 30; C. 14": Liparii fabric ii Kroyor, Nufurli. Tidsskr. ii, '^74, 1847: Lipam
J'abridi Giiiithei', iii, IGl: Lipar'm fabrmi Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. ldG4, ll):J.)
1136. I*, lineata (Lepechiii) Kroyer. -* ^ « .^ ;,,.,?,,£.*,
Yellowish, striped with dark brown or purplish; the color very vari
able. Body thick, covered with thin, loose, slipi)ery skin; head obtuse,
the nape swollen; snout broad, not depressed ; li})s thickish; posterior
nostril tubular; eye 7 in head; gill-openings reduced to a vertical slit
extending to upper i)art of root of pectoral; pseudobranchiie obsolete;
tail truncate at base of caudal. Dorsal and anal fins united with the
caudal; ventral disk rather longer than broad, ludf length of head, its
jiiargin with about 13 papilla}. Head 4; depth 3|. D. 33; A. 2.S; 1\
.")4; C. 13. L. 5 inches. Northern Europe and America, south to Cajjo
('od.
(Cycloptentf) liparia L. Syst. Nat. i,414: Cjictoptenin Ihieatus Lepecluii, Nov. Coniiii.
l*('tr(t|)ol. xviii, 52:^ : Liparii vulgaris Giinthev, ii, Ifil); Liitkcii, Natiiili. Foreii. Viileiisk,
Meddcls. IHfiO and 181)1, 243; Collctt, Norges Fisko, 1(375, 65.)
1137. !><. ranula Goodo &. Hean.
Color uniform whitish, translucent in life. Body thick, subcylin
drical sinteriorly, rapidly tapering to the tail; skin thick, la\; snout
broad, with prominent vertical i)rofile, its length 4 in head; maxillary
3 in head, not reaching front of orbit; ventral disk nearly round, its
length half its distance from snout. Head 4; depth 4. Pectoral 5.
s ms Bs
109, LIPARIDIDiE — LIPARIS.
743
D. about 48; A. about 48; P. 27; V. 14 (papillae). {Ooode & Bean.)
Halifax.
(Goode &, Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 46.)
66. Dorsal separated from caudal by a notch.
113§. li. montagui (Donov.) Cuv. .,;.:■
Yellowish, the vertical fins brighter, with darker margins. Trunk
thick; head broad; skin thin, loose; head flat Jibove the nape, slightly
prominent; snout very broad; maxillary not reaching eye; po.sterior
nostrils simple; eye 9 in head, half length of snout or interorbital
space; i)seudobranchice none; i)osterior nostril not tubular; pectorals
notched; dorsal continuous, not joined to the caudal ; anal not con-
nected with caudal; ventral disk circular, not quite half as long as
head. Head 4 in total length; depth 5. D. 28; A. 24; C. 14; P. 30;
vert. 10 + 25. {GUnther.) Massachusetts to Greenland and Northern
Europe; not rare.
(Cjiclopterua montayui Douovan, British Fishes, iii, pi. 68; Giiuther, iii, 161: Collott,
Norges Fiske, 1875, 67. )
1139. li. calliodon (Pallas) Gthr.
Olivaceous, punctate with black dots, light below. Body depressed
forwards, compressed and tapering behind; head narrow«Hl forwards;
snout rounded; eye small; interorbital space broad and nearly ilat;
maxillary not reaching eye; teeth small, evidently tricuspid, in broad
bauds; skin lax, thickish. Gill-openings very small. Dorsal and anal
barely joined to base of caudal rays; edge of disk with 12 i)ai)illa);
diameter of disk about one-half 1- ngth of head. D. 28; A. 26. Alaska;
abundant.
{Cydoplerus calhjodon Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 75, 1811; Giiuther, iii, 162.)
«
1140. L. cyciopiis Gthr.
Keddish olive, with darker specks, most conspicuous on the fins; a
(lark bar at base of caudal; a dark streak below eye; a pale streak
iiloug side^. Skin not very thick, adiierent. Body everywhere com-
pressed, even the head being deeper than broad; head scarcely convex
above, the nape not prominent; jaws ecpial; maxillary reaching to
opposite middle of the small eye; teeth small, thrive lobed ; ventral
disk oval, three-fifths length of head. Dorsal fin scarcely emarginate,
the si)ines rather stiff, the first spine in fiont of v<'nt; pectorals reach-
ing vent; caudal entirely free from dorsal and anai. Head 4; depth 5.
1). VII, 23; A. 27; C. 12. Monterey to Puget Sound. (Here described
If
-!■'«■ I
„ :' i - V--
,F,t- -r
i
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744 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
r
m
from a small example taken at Monterey, perhaps belonging to a
d liferent species.)
(i LijHiria cyclopua* Guntlier, ii, 1G3, 1801.)
aa. DoiHal fin emarginate, the spines separated from the soft rays; skin firm. (Xeoli.
pariah Steiud.)
1141i Ij. mucosa Ayres.
Rose-red or brownish, unspotted. Body stronglj* compressed, the
back somewhat elevated, not much depressed forwards, the head not
wider than deep, longer than in L. pulchella; mouth rather large,
termiual, the jaws equal when closed; teeth bluntly tricuspid, the
band in upper jaw widest; eyes small; skin firm, thick, little movable.
Dorsal fin separated into two parts by a deep enmrgination; second
dorsal rather low, entirely free from caudal; anal nearly free from
caudal; pectorals moderate; ventral disk oval, 2.^ in head; vent iit
posterior fourth of pectorals; end of tail trnncate. Head 4J; depth
about 4. D. VII,2G; A.2C; C. IG; P. 31. L. G inches. Coast f Cali-
fornia; rare.
(Liparia mneoaua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Set. i, 24, 1855: Liparia muccsus GUu-
ther, iii, 559; Steiudacliuer, Iclitli. Beitriige, iii, 54, 1875.) 'l/:/v.* ^j ,,,
^^ r- Family CX — CYCLOPTERID^. . *
{The Lump Suckers.)
Body short and thick, more or less elevated, covered with a thick
skin, which is smooth, tubercular, or spinous; head short and thick;
suborbital stay present, thin and liattish; mouth small, terminal; jaws
with bands of slender teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; uill
openings narrow, restricted to the sides, the membranes being broadly
joined to the isthmus and shoulder girdle; branchiostegals G; doisiil
tin long, the anterior part of flexible spines, which, in the adult, aic
sometimes hidden by a tieshy hump, sometimes entirely Avantiny:
soft dorsal small, opposite the anal, and similar to it; caudal iiii
rounded, free from the dorsal and anal; ventrals thoracic, rudiiiieiitaiv,
forming the bony center of a sucking-disk; pectorals short, placed low,
*Iu Dr. Giiuther's type of L. cyvlojius, from KKquimanlt Harboi-, the fiii-fi»nimlii is
D. 35; A. 30; C. 12; the ventral disk is said to be less than half the leiif;lh ol tln'
head, and the dorsal is said to begin behind the vent. The sjjeeies is said to ii^jivc
• 'in nearly every rcapect with L, vulgaria" (liniata). Our Ri)ecimeu is much iieanr
//. mticoaa,
t Steindachner, Iclith. Beitriige, iii, 54, 1675: typo Liparia muooaua Ayrea. {veu,
uewj Liparia.)
1 10. CYCLOPTERID^ — CYC LOPTERIo'IITH YS.
745
tlioir bases broad and prociiiTeiit ; pyloric coeea numerous; vcrtebr.T.
]2 4-l(», the skeleton feebly ossified. Genera 2; species 4; inhabiting
the northern seas of both hemispheres. By means of the adhesive
ventral disk these fishes are enabled to attach themselves very tirmly
to rocks or other objects.
(Discoboli; group CyclojHei-ina Gimthcr, iii, 154-158.)
a. Spinous dorsal wantiug; skin smooth or nearly so CYCLOPTKiaciiTiiYS, 395.
aa. Spinous dorsal prest'ut, soniotimes disappearing with age; skin tuberculato.
, CVCLOPTEKUS, 396.
39S.-CYCLOPTERICHTIIYS Steindacbner.
(Stcindachncr, Iihtb. Beitriige, x, 14, 183J : iype Cydojttcrichlhys glabcr Stt'hi(i.=^
Cyclopttrua rcnlricosns Pit\\ii».)
Body short and thick, rounded, covered with thick smooth skin, des-
titute of bony tubercles (or nearly so?); tail slender, compressed, the
body abruptly contracted to its base; head broad, obtuse; mouth ob-
lique, the lower jaw prominent; teeth rather small, sharp, in two rows
anteriorly; pseudobranchia? large; gills 3J; suborbital connected by a
hony stay with the preopercle; gill-opening small, above the base of
the pectoral, which is broad and procurrent; ventral disk moderate,
fringed. Dorsal short and high, of soft rays only, opposite the short
anal, both well separated from the small caudal, {xuxhi-refw^, round-
linned ; r/Oi)':, fish.)
1112. C. ventricosus (Steindachnev) J. & G.
Ih'own, with numerous round dark spots. Ilead broader than long,
the greatest depth a little less than its length ; eye small, round, 7 in
Iioad, the maxillary extending to below its middle. Head '^; depth 2^.
D. 0; A. 7; P. 20; C. 11. L. 12 inches. {iSteindachno;} Okhotsk Sea,
northward.
{('jicloptvruit venMcomtn Pallas, Sidcilegia Zoiil. vii, li'>, f . '2, aliout 1770: {CotyVtHl) ren-
triioHux Giiuther, iii, 41)8^: Cyclopterichlhya (jlaber Steind. lehlh. Beitriige, x, 14, 1881,
taf^ viii.) iV;/,-:--':'-' V". " '-c-:":
1143. C.'slelieri (Pallas) J. & G. •; -v f- ., ^ ..,X.^ .w; ?-r r.«;^ n;
Color blackish. Body ovate, smooth ; a single series of osseous
tubercles along the middle of the back to the origin of the dorsal fin;
lower jaw longest; teeth small, unequal; eyes small, high; gill-opening
reduced to a round foramen. Dorsal fin ccnnniencing on the middle of
tlie biU'k Jind extending to near the base of caudal; anal ending oi)po-
site dorsal. Pet«r and Paul's Harbor, Bering's Sea. {Pallas.)
{CUjilopierua stelleri Pnllas, Zoogr. KoBH.-Asint. ill, 73, 1811: (Cotylia^) atelleri Giiu-
ther, iii, 499.)
ij
■ .1 r-
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) .^ja/;m«f*.mv,j>
746 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITHYOLOGY — IV.
396.— CYCL.OPTERIJS LiuuiBUS.
(Lumpua Cuvier.)
(Artetli; LinusBiis, Syst. Nat. : type Ci/c?opfcrit8 ZitmjJMS L.) *
Spinous dorsal present, sometimes disappearing with age; skin tliick,
armed with series of bony tubercles; other characters of the genus
included above. (zuzA»-, circular; Tzrspw^ iin; from the circular veutrul
disk.) • .
a. Dorsal spinos not (lisappearing with ago; gill-opening a small slit on level of oyc
ventral disk large. {Juimicrotreinua* Gill.)
1144. C spinosus Miiller.
Color olivaceous, the skin between the plates thickly punctate. Body
orbicular, cuboid anteriorly; base of spinous dorsal and body beliiud
vent abruptly compressed; teeth in narrow bands; gill-openings on a
level with eye, slightly narrower than orbit. Spinous dorsal not hidden,
covered with rough tubercles, similar to those on body, but smaller;
width of ventral disk slightly less than its length, and somewhat less
than length of head. Body covered with irregular roundish conical
plates, varying much in size, some of the larger with a central point,
turned backward; all the plates with small tubercles and slender Ilex-
ible prickles; small i)lates along bases of all the fins; a series of (» larj^e
plates extending backward from above eye to opposite the interval ho-
tween dorsals; a series of 5 on each side of middle of interocular space
from snout to nape, these increasing much in size posteriorly; a series
of 3 along opercular margin; along base of spinous dorsal, a series of
4, not connected with that of incerorbital space; a single large plate on
each side of the interval between dorsals; two longitudinal series of 4
large plates each, beginning above base of pectorals and behind gill
slits, terminating under the space between dorsals; the largest ])latooii
body is immediately behind axil of pectoral; a smaller one below it, and
two others between it and origin of anal; two series of smalh ; jtlates
below eye; many small plates interposed between the series of laryo
ones; very small plates on under side of head and middle of tail; no
jdates between ventral disk and vent; none in axil of pectorals. Iload
3; depth nearly 2. D. VII-11; A. 10; C. 10. Alaska to Iceland, south
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18f)4, 190: typo Cydoptenis spiiims Miill,
{EVfitxpoi, very small; rpffna, aperture, from the small gill-openings.)
111. OOBIESOCID^.
747
to Puget Sound and Maine. Uere described from an Alaskan siK'cinien
of " C. orbia:''
(Mlillor, Prodr. Z<m>1. Dim. ix, 1777; F.ibriciiis, Fauna GrcDnlandica, 17d0, i:?4; Giln-
tlior, iii, 157 : Cyclopteru» orhis Giinther, iii, IfiH, 18GI, specimen from Vaucouvers Island. )
fl<(. Dorsal spines enveloped in a ilesliy hump iu adult; gill-opeuiugs larger; ventral
disk tiuiall. ( CyelopteruH. )
1113. (J. lllinpilS L.—Lump-Sitckcr ; Lumpfixh.
Olivaceou.s, with darker markings; skin i)unctidate. Head heavy,
ahiiost round; interorbital .space very wide, flattish; maxilhiry reiu;hing
to or slightly beyond front of eye; gill-openings extending from level of
upper margin of eye to opposite middle of base of pectorals; length of
jlill-opening about equal to base of pectoral, three-fxfths length of head,
oqiial to length of ventral disk; a tleshy hump on the back, which, in
the adult, covers the spinous dorsal; skin with small tubercles, and
iil)oat 7 rows of larger spinous ])lates; a median dorsal row, which
divides and forms two series behind the hump; two lateral rows, of
which the lower has larger plates; one abdominal row oii each side.
Head 3i; depth 2. D. about V^ll-lO; A. 10. North Atlantic; rather
common on the coasts of America and l*]urope.
(LiuniBUS, Syst. Nat.; Giluther, iii, 153: Lumjimi angloruniDe^iiy, N. Y. Fauna, Fish.
311').)
(V ;
'>l'i
Family QXI — G0J3IES0CID^.
Bodj"^ rather elongate, broad and depressed in front, covered by
.smooth, naked skin; mouth moderate; upper ja^Y,])rotractile; teeth
usually rather strong, the anterior conical or incisor-like; ])()sterior
cauines sometimes present ; no bony stay from suborbital across
cheeks; opercle reduced to a small spine-like projection concealed in
the skin, behind angle of the large preopercle; pseudobranchia; small
or wanting; gills 3 or 2.\ ; gill-membranes broadly united, free or
united to the isthmus; dorsal flu on the po.sterior i)art of th(» body,
opposite to the anal and similar to it, both lins without spines; ventral
tins wide apart, each with one concealed spine and 4 or 5 soit rays.
Hetween and behind the ventrals is a large sucking-disk, the ventrals
iisurtlly forming part of it. This sucking-disk, which is dillerent in
structure from that of Cycloj>t€ru8 and Liparis, is thus described by
Dr. Giinther:
"The whole disk is exceedingly large, subcircular, longer than broad,
its length being (often) one third of the whole length of the lish. The
*;» '*>■!'":
"m 1 1
h -'. Ill
748 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — TV
I
i|
in
U
i
II
il
contrnl portion is formed merely by skin, which is soparat^'.il from ilu>
IK'Ivic or pubic bones by several hiyers of mnscles. The peripheric
portion is divided into an anterior and posterior i)art by a deep
notch behind the ventrals. Tlie anterior peripheric portion is fornied
b3' the ventral rays, the membrane between them and a broad Iriiiffc.
which extends anteriorly from one ventral to the other. Tliis tViiiijc
is a fold of the skin, containing on one side the rudimentary veiitml
spine, but no cartilage. The posterior j)eripheric portion is suspended
on each side on ihe coracoid, the npper botie of which is exceedingly
broad, becoming a free, movable plate behind the pectoral. The lower
bone of the coracoid is of a triangular form, and snjjports a very
broad fold of the skin, extending from one side to tin other, and con
taining a (xirtilage wdiich runs through the whole of that fold. Fine
processes of the cartilage are continued into the soft striated margin, in
which the disk terminates posteriorly. The face of the disk is coated
with a thick epidermis, like th«? sole of the foot in higher animals. The
epidermis is divided inlo nany polygonal plates. There are no such
plates between the roots of the ventral tins." (Giinther, iii, p. 405.) No
air-bladder; intestines short; pyloric ccBca few or none ; skeleton linn ;
vertebriB 13 to 14 + 13 to 22. Carnivorous fishes of small size, chielly
of the warm seas, usually living among loose stones between tide marks
and clinging to them tirmly by means of the adhesive disk. Genera 10;
species 25 to 30.
{GoUcmcidw (iilnthdT, iii, 489-515.) -
a. Gill-menibranos fro« from thcistbmus; gills 3; lower jaw with incisors; postiTinr
jjart oi" suckiug-disk, without a free anterior margin Gowksox, oD7.
397.-OOB1ESOX Lacdpiide.
(Laoc^pede, Hint. Nat. des Poiss. it, 595, 1800: typo Gobiesor eephahis 'Lac6,\)M{'.)
Body anteriorly very broad and depressed, posteriorly slender, cov-
ered with tough, smooth skin; head large, rounded in front; mouth
terminal, crescent-shaped; lower jaw with a series of strong incisors in
front; upi)er jav^ with a narrow band of teeth, those of the anterior
series larger; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gills 3; gill-membranes
broadly united under the throat, not attachul to the isthmus; snckinjj-
disk large, the posterior i>ortion without anterior free margin. HpeL-ies
numerous, all American; mostly tropical. {Gohius; IJnox.)
a. Anal iin of 10 to 13 rays, al»out as long as dorsal. (Caularclma* Gill.)
b. Inci>orH of lower jaw entire.
*Gill, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 330: type Lepadogmtsr reticulatm Gti.
{xavXoi, stem; apxo?, anus; i. c, anal mauy-rayod.)
1116. O,
Light (
npper lip
(ins dusk;
nearly as
of iiead; <
ieal, or si
hind then
ineisordiki
posterior
lif in leug
Head 2,^;
Hoiuid to 3
( f-cpadogas
maaiidricua G
1117. <^. s
niuish pi
in total len
(ending fro;
of head dej
dental seric
conceal son
oontiiiuatioi
mnitii] and
{(^'ope.) Hil
(t'opc, Proc.
>il>. Incisors of
I lis. G. riK
l)i"'. olivf
fil'ove; the fi
^vi<le, across
•lorsal; some
(f. rcficulatus
maxillary ext(
iimcii decline(
^'ctkidatus. ]
Head 3.1: .lej,
Gulf of Oalifo
(Bosa Smith, P
111. OOBIESOCIDiE — GOniESOX.
749
1116. G. rcticulntiis (Grd.) J. & G.
lii^ilit olive, everywhere reticuliited with brownisli onm^jje; middh' of
upper lip black; a lij^ht bar between eyes and across cheeks; vertical
liiis dusky; caudal with two faint brownish bars near its base. Head
iit'iuly as broad as lon^^; mouth wide, its wi<lth uion^ than half lenyth
of head; outer teeth of upper Jaw rather stronjj, close-set, vertical, con-
ical, or slightly compressed, a narrow band of small, conical t*;eth be-
hind them; lower jaw with larger teeth, or 8 of the anterior broad,
incisordike, with entire edges, jdaced nearly horizontally; lateral an«l
jiosterior teeth small, as in upper Jaw; distance from vent to caudal
2'| in length of body; sucking-disk as broad as long, lih in length.
Head 2:|; depth C.J. D. 13; A. 12; V. I, 4. L. inches. Tuget
Sound to Monterey; very abundant in rock-pools.
(lApadofjantir riticitlatiiH Urd. I'loc. Aeiid. Nat. Sei. I'liilii. 1854, If).'): Lrimdoganttr
))H(v(/.(/»»ctt«Gi'(l.U. S. Puc. R. K. Snrv. Fiah. x, I'.U): Udnenox m«'«nrf/'icH»Giiiither, iii,
non.)
>:A:.:
.V -;i'-i-: ^^if-
lli*. C struiiiosuf* C(»i»e. ; i^.; a: ,.j;i",,:-,/, .,.,.;, .,:r.r.'.'«v:5..-'^- V'
Bluish plumbeous, lins blackish. Ilead extremely wide, its width 2^
ill total length; this width partly j)roduced by a large Heshy mass ex-
ii'iuling from end of maxillary to end of interopercle; eye small; profile
of head descending abruptly from posterior line of orbits. Superior
dental series 12 on each side, externally, but the three median teeth
conceal some series of whi(di the secoiul three external teeth are a
continuation; inferior teeth, 11 on each side; four median incisors hor-
izontal and subequal; no marked canine.' D. 11; A. 10; 0. 10; P. 21.
{€<)])€.) Hilton Ilead, South Carolina.
(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 121.)
H). hicisors of lower jaw tricuspid. * ,'-,•
1118. O. rhcssodon Rosa Smith, .v;'.;....^; /, :,i::,<r... —v ,;. .,i.;n,- ..j2«::;''
Din- .; olivaceous, usually with tliree broad yellowish cross-bands
above; the first across inter orbital space and cheeks, the second, very
wide, across back and front of dorsal fin, the third below mitldlo of
dorsal ; some or all of these sometimes wanting. 7'^orm much as in
(/. reticulatus ; distance from vent to caudal 2f in length of body;
iiiaxillary extending to below eye; incisors of lower javv tricuspid, not
much declined, about 8 in number; upper teeth essentially as in 0.
rctkiiJdttis. Dorsal a little longer than anal, coterminous with it.
Head 3i: depth 0^. D. 11; A. 10. L. 2^ inches. San Diego to the
Gulf of California; locally abundant.
(Rosu Smith, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1881, 140.)
750 COXTRIHUTIONS TO NORTH AMKRICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV,
Family CXII.— BATRACHIDJi: *
'.«
i:^
( The Toad- fishes.)
Body generally robust, depressed anteriorly, compressed behind;
head large, <lepressed, its muciferons cluiunels well developed; month
very large, the teeth generally strong; premaxilluries protractile; frills
3, a slit behind the last; psendobranchiiii non<^; gill-openings restricted
to the sides, the membranes broadly united to the isthmus; braiichjos
tegals mostly <); gill-raJvcrs present, moderate; suborbital without lion*
stay; post-temporal bone simple, undivided; scales small, cych)id, or
wanting. Dorsal fins 2, the first of two or three low, stout spines;
soft dorsal very long; anal flu similar, but shorter; ventrals rather
large, jugular, I, 2 or I, 3; pectorals very broad, the rays branched;
pyloric co'ca none; tail diphycercal, the caudal fin distinct, rounded.
Carnivorous coast fishes, mostly of the warm seas; the young of some
or all tine species fasten themselves to rocks by means of an adhesive
ventral disk, which soon disappears. Genera 5; species about 12.
: (Batrachidw Giiuther, iii, 1(56-177.) • , • y ,,, / v
«. Body naked. .'<.'. • . . » ^,,,.'. .-
b. Lateral line obsolete; dora.al spines 3 Bathachus, .W.
bb. Lateral lines several, e.ich formed of shining bodies imbedded in the skin,
accomx>aaied by iwres and minute cirri; no axillary foramen; dorsal s])iius )>.
;,..- .,uj:r<i^;;':>'- ■'-,'>'- ,;-! , '..*■.■.«;.• ■■■^--■■■^h tf.;- ■;>'- ;/;■,,. Poiuchtuys, SDK.
'•''"-"'' 398.— BATRACHIJS Block & Schneider. '''
(Klein; Bloch & Schneider, Syst. .chth. 1801, 42: type Gadua tau L.)
Body comparatively short and robust, scaleless; head large, de
pressed; .jaws, vomer, and palatines each with a single series of stroiiij
blunt teeth; mandible with an additional external series at symphysis;
teeth of upper jaw small; dentary bones forming an acute angle at
symphysis; li[»s fleshy; upper angle of opercle with 2 diverging spines,
more or less concealed in the skin; spinous dorsal of 3 stout slioit
spines, the second the longest; no lateral line nor conspicuous pores;
young with series of small tufted cirri on back and sides; branchiostc-
gals G; vertebrae 12 + 22. {jS ar/xr/ix;, a, frog.) ^'
rt. Axil of pectoral with a largo foramen. -•- ^
1149. B. eau (Liun.)Cuv. «& Val.— Toadt-/sA; Oyater-fish; Sarpo^^._^._
Dusky olive, with black markings confluent on the sides and forming
irregular, indistinct bars; belly and under side of head lighter; tins
Hi !
Family " 114" of the key on page 80.
112. nATRACHID.E — POHICIITHYS.
761
rith black barH, tho.se on dorsal and anal obli(]U('. TceMi in niandiblt*
small anteri(H'ly, regularly increasing in hIzo backwards; those on voniei-
])rominent; a broad llap above orbit; tip of maxillary and lower side of
mandible with conspicuous cirri; a series of smaller cirri along margin
of preopercle; subopercle ending in a long, sharp spine; orbit about
t'i|ualling intcrorbital width or length of snout; j)ectoral with a large
fonnnen in the axil. Head 2g; depth 4^. D. 111-27; A. 24. Massa-
cliusetts to the W(^st Indies; very abundant.
Uiadun tail Linn. Syst. Nut. ; GiinHier, iii, 1G7. )
Siitisp. pardus Goode & Bean.
Very pale yellowish-brown, thickly covered with round spots of dark
brown; those on head smaller; belly with numerous spots, the largest
as large as eye; back with many oblong blotches, besides small round
spots: tins blotched, and banded; otherwise as in B. tau. Pensacola,
(Goodo & Boan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 336.) ; ^: \^ ^?'^:' ? ---1^ -■
399.— PORICHTHYS Girard.
■'-»'ii|:.A^-
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.")4, 141: type Porichthi/H notatus Grd.=^Batra-
chua poroKissimus C. & V.)
Body rather elongate; head not very broad, depressed, the lower jaw
projecting; skin naked, with several series of mucous pores; mouth
wide, with conical teeth in the jaws, and a canine tooth on each side of
the vomer; operde with a single spine; first dorsal with 2 very small,
stout spines; pectoral broad, without foramen in the axil; branchio.ste-
gals G; air bladder divided into two lateral parts; vertebra) 11+.*U.
[znonr, pore; l/^o?, fish; in illusion to the extraordinary development
of the mucous system.)
llSOt P. porosissianas (Cuv. & Vj»1.) Glintlier. — Midnhlpman.
Olive brown above, with coppery reflections, the belly bras.sy-yellow ;
sides with irregular broad vertical cross-blot(!lies, most distinct in the
young; dorsal grayish, with oblique dark bars; vertical fins sometim(\s
luaifjined with black; pores of lateral lines bead-like, shining silvery;
a white space below eye, with a black crescent below it. Head nar-
rowed forwards; opercle developed as a strong spine; maxillary reach-
ing beyond orbit; lower jaw with a single row of about 10 large, re-
curved teeth, behind which is a patch of small teeth; sides of jaw with
a single series of canines similar to those in front, but larger; upper
jaw with an irregular series of small teeth; palatines with a single
fa
f
I,
752 CONTItlBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
series of conical teeth; 2 larj^e carved canines on vomer; head with
Kcveral rows of frinjT;ed ])ore8: one row ah)n;^ lower line of operde and
8nl)oi)ercle; another alonjif ni)per edge of cheeks, this branchinj; beliind
and below the orbit, one branch running forwards btdow the orbit and
around the snout, the other vertically downwards behind the niaxillaiy;
a series of fringes behind the lower lip; behind this a series of pons
vithout fringes; a short straight series of pores on each side of vertex;
a row of pores along the base of the dorsal tin, curving at front of dor-
sal, and terminating at upper angle of opercle; a row below this, not
reaching base of pectoral; a thinl row does not reacii tlie base of cau-
dal, and is anteriorly strongly curved upwards to base of pectoral; 2
concentric series on the abdomen, the outer extending forwards be-
tween bases of ventrals. The so-called "shining pores" on the sides
are not pores, but bright round pieces of shiny membrane, sho\viii;r
through a translucent skin; each of the s[)ots has above it a ])air of
fringed flaps with a small pore between them; the rows of flaps along
bases of dorsal and anal fins are without shining spots. V(Mitrals
reaching bases of pectorals, which reach to opposite the sixth anal
ray; caudal not half length of head; peritoneum black. Ilead Sij;
depth G. D. 11-37; A. 33; V. I, 2; P. 18. L. 15 inches. Pacilic coast;
very abundant from Lower California to Paget Sound ; occasionally
isoiithward to Panama; also in the West Indies and on the coast of
Brazil. •- ' -"" ■'--■■■' '-'■■'' ■ ^' -^f>vv.. :^'...-" -■ =- , ;.-r. ..v>^
(Batrachus porosisaimus C. Sc V. xii, 501: Porichihtjs notatua Giianl, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1854, 141, and in U. S. Pac. K. R. Surv. Fish. 134; Gunther, ui, 176.)
Family CXlIL-LEPTOSCOPIDiE.
Body oblong, low, compressed posteriorly, covered with moderate
cycloid, imbricated scales; lateral line complete, anteriorly runnin?
along side of back, posteriorly median; head oblong, nearly plaue
above; ejes small, superior, well forwaid; suborbital bones enlarj'ed,
but without "stay"; nostrils double; opercle fringed; month nearly
vertical; premaxillaries protractile, not forming the entire edge of the
upper jaw; lips fringed; gill-openings very broad, the membranes sep-
arate and free from the isthmus; pseudobranchite present or absent.
Dorsal fin very long, undivided, several of the anterior rays spinous;
anal very long, commencing close behind the vent, which is near tlie
breast; caudal diphycercal, free from dorsal and anal; pectorals viiii-
able, the base procurrent; ventrals jugular, I, 3 or I, 5; vertebr.T more
than 10-1-14; pyloric cceca none. Genera about 6; species about 10;
114. BLENNIID^.
763
inbabiting the tropiccal seas. This group or family is most nearly re-
lated to the UranoscopidcCf but some of the species show Blennioid
traits.
{Lcpto8Copoid(B Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 18G2, 503-.')0G.)
a. Ventral rays I, 3; pectoral rays simple. (Dactyloacopipu:)
i, Pseiulobrancbiie none; head cuboid; dorsal coiuiuencing at tbo nape.
Dactyloscopus, 400.
400.— DACTYliOSCOPlJS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, i;J2: type Dactyloscopus tridigitatu/t Gill.)
Body moderately elongate, covered with rather large, cycloid scales;
head cuboid, oblong and nearly flat above; eyes small; interorbita'
space broad; mouth nearly vertical; lower jaw not dilated beneath nor
emargiuate in front, without barbels; no intralabial filament; teeth
vilHform, on jaws only; pseudobranchise obsolete. Dorsal commencing
at the nape, with 10-12 spines; ventral rays I, 3. {SaxroXo^, finger;
«(m>?, short for Uranoscopus.) ^ , _
1151. D. tridig[itatns Gill. »
Whitish; head with coarse wavy darker lines; fins immaculate.
Body slender, much compressed posteriorly ; opercular fringe of 15
separate filaments. Distance from snout to dorsal 5 in total length of
body. Head 5 (in total); depth 7. D. XII, 28; A. II, 32; P. 13; V. I,
3; scales 11 + 4 + 30 = 45. West Indies, north to Key West. {Oill)
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1859, 132, 1861,264, and 1862,505; GUutber, iii,279.)
. V . Family CXIV.— BLENNIIDiE.*
{The Blennies.)
Body oblong or variously elongate, usually compressed; naked, or
covered with usually cycloid scales; teeth usually well developed; sub-
orbital ring not articulated with the preopercle; dorsal fin long, contin-
uous, or divided into two or three fins, the anterior portion and some-
times the whole fin composed of spines, which are stiff or flexible; anal
fin long, usually with one or two small spines; ventrals jugular, few-
rayed, or wanting; caudal fin present, rounded; tail diphycercal ; air-
bladder usually wanting; pseudobranchia? present; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth; vertebrae numerous. Genera about 50; species nearly 300.
As here understood, a large and varied family, chiefly of small carniv-
orous fishes, inhabiting rock-pools and sea bottoms near the shore.
Some of them are found in the fresh-water lakes of Italy. Many of
"Including families 112 lilennidce and 113 Anarrhichadidce of tbe key on pages 80
lad 81.
Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 16 48
i^
i
:\'
Ml
754 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOEIH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
them {CUmn(e) are ovo viviparous. Professor Gill divides this group
into several families {Anarrliiehadidoe^ Blenniido!, Gebedichthyidre, Xiphi-
diontidee, Stichwidcc, and CryptacantMdce, but the second, third, fourth,
and fifth of these groups at least are very closely allied. Genera about
40; species about 250. .
(i?fcnniida; pt. GUnther, iii, 206-294.) r *■ ,: ' i^^
• Molar teeth none.
a. Teeth long and slender, curved, hook-like or comb-like; in front of jaws -oly;
body naked; dorsal with many f ys;
' , .:• , , . , . .V • ... ventral fins well developed. .->> ecies
V ■ , carnivorous, OA'ipai'ous, chiefly tropical.
(Blenniince.)
I. Anterior teeth canine-like, unequal; some of the teeth movable; others angu-
j.j . ;■ . / ,.; larly bent ; gill-membranes free from istb-
mns Ophioblennius, -iOl.
ih. Anterior teeth comb-like, equal ; teeth all fixed,
c. Gill- membranes broadly united to the isthmus, the gill-openings restricted to
the sides.
d. Mouth large, the head rather pointed ; no canines Chasmodes, 402,
dd. Mouth small ; the head decurved in profile.
e. Canine teeth none , Isestrbs, 103.
ee. Canine teeth present in one or both jaws potiteriorly.
Hypleurochilus, 404.
cc. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus, or at least forming a fold acro.s,s it;
posterior canines present . . Blennius, 405.
an. Teeth conic, not comb-like. . x^ .
/. Body scaly. '
g. Lateral line present (or more or less obsolete), single, high in front,
abruptly curved above peel irals, becom-
ing median posteriorly; dorsal fin with
! . or.e or more soft raya; gill-membranes
free from isthmus; ventruls well devel-
oped. Species carnivorous, ovovivipa-
rous, chiefly tropical. (CUninw.)
'. A, Soft dorsal of numerous rays; scales small.
». Maxillary greatly developed, reaching far beyond ey>: teeth on
vomer and palatines Neocunus, 400.
■ it. Maxillary moderate.
_;'. Air-bladder obsolete ; caudal fin rounded Clinus, 407,
«. Air-bladder larjje ; caudal forked; teeth on palatines.
Heterostichus, 408,
. , hh. Soft dorsal of a pinglo ray; scales lather large; a notch behind
third spine of dorsal.
Cremnobates, 409.
gg. Lateral line, if present, straight, concurrent with the back ; some-
times branched or duplicated.
k. Mouth horizontal or nearly so.
-----' - I. Gill-openings not continued forward below, the membranes
^ .' ,, broadly united, free from isthmrs or ncJ;
^ J .; ventral fins very small or wanting. Spe-
' " ' ' . cies carnivorous or herbivorous; ovipa-
rous (!) Arctic or subarctic. (Xiphitit-
, 40G. H
!':■{
,407. 1
'Cf
,408. 1
^n*' .
chind ^B
(Kt.
,409. 1
''■■•^■,>
some- ^M
'-■;\;i.'.
)TaneB ^B
; '■'
met; H
fipe- 1
)vipa- ^1
D/lMt«- H
114. BLENNID^, 755
m. Dorsal fin of spines only.
n. Lateral line none.
»o. Gill-membranes free from the isthmus; no pyloric coeca.
til. >,,.,! jj. Anal spine none; ventrals I, 3; top of head with
_ ■■ y\i tentacles Chiholopiius, 410.
pp. Anal fin with 2 small spines; ventral fins rndi-
ftv^: ir mentary MUR^NOIPES, 411.
-,,r ppp. Anal fin with a large spine in a sheath; ventrals
wanting Apodichtiiys, 412.
00. Gill-membranes joined to the isthmus; no ventral
• ' fins; no anal spines; pyloric cceca.
AxoPLAncHus, 413.
'* ' ' nn. Lateral lines several; pyloric coica pr'^sent; gill-
■' ', v* ■ ' ' membranes free from isthmus; ventrals
' none; anal spines small.
- ' " XlPHLSTER, 414.
j' ' mth. Dorsal fin with its posterior half composed of soft rays ;
'i ' ' :. gill-membranes broadly united, free from
isthmus; ventrals wanting; lateral lino
single, high; pyloric cceca present
Cebedichthys, 415.
ll. Gill-openings prolonged forward below, separated by a nar-
row isthmus; pectorals nearly as long as
, • head; ventrals well developed. Ovipa-
rous, herbivorous. Arctic. {SUchwince.)
q. Lateral line present.
- r. Lateral line forked or duplicated.
EUMESOGRAMMUS, 416.
rr. Lateral line simple, median.. .Stich^eus, 417.
rrr. Lateral line simple, dorsal.
^; , NOTOGRAMMUS, 418.
1 qq. Lateral line obsolete.
' 8. Teeth on vomer or palatines. LuMPENUS, 419.
( 88. Teeth on jaws only Leptoblennius, 420.
kk. Mouth nearly vertical ; gill-membranes attached to the isth-
mus; scales small; lateral line obe ^ete;
no ventrals; dorsal of spines only. {Cryp-
tacanthodincs) Delolepis, 421.
ff. Body naked; dorsal fins of spines only; ventrals obsolete.
t. Gill- membranes joined to the isthmus; lat-
eral line obsolete ; pyloric cceca present ;
mouth nearly vertical; teeth strong, on
■' ' jaws, vomer, and palatines.
' Cryptacanthodes, 422.
Molar teeth strong, on vomer, palatines, and sides of lower jaw; dorsal of flex-
ible spines only; scales minute ; gill-mem-
;> *'v.,,s . ■ branes joined to the isthmus; no ventral
_ _^^^-^_ _,.^..t^^^ , - - - — fins; air-bladder preseu*: no lateral line.
(Atuirrhickadince.)
- - «. Caudal fin distinct; body moderately
. 'i '. elongate Anarriiiciias, 423.
., ., ' ^ _ ««■ Caudal fin confluent with dorsal and
anal; body eel-shaped.
Anarriiiciitiiys, 424.
■ ", f
m
I' f
'' >i id
I
I
■ 1
i
it
If!!!
756 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.'
' 401.-OPIIIOBL.EN]W1US Gill.
' ( £/en nopftjs Valencieunea; preoccupied.)
(Gill, Proc. Acad.'Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 103: type Blennophia webbii Val.)
Body moderately elongate, strongly compressed, scaleless; snout
short, high, abruptly deciirved anteriorly; symphysis of lower jaw
with 4 hooked canines, the outer strongest and beat backward, almost
forming a right angle; sides of lower jaw with 2 or 3 still larger canines
the hindmost very large and bent backward; upper jaw with 4 slender
canines in front, followed by a long row of shorter, slender, movable
teeth, which are set close together; nasal tentacle digitate; a low simple
tentacle above eye; gill-openings wide. Dorsal fin long, the spines
slender, separated by a slight notch from the soft rays; caudal lunate,
free from dorsal and anal; ventrals moderate, I, 2; pectorals large,
(o^f?, snake; Blennius.)
11S3. O. webbi (Val.) J. & G.
Dark golden-brown, sometimes with a broad cross-band of dusky
violet on back and dorsal fin; caudal with 2 dark longitudinal stripes;
dorsal and anal purplish or orange; an intense, round, dark, ocellated
spot behind eye. Head much compressed; eye 3^ in head; snout 4 J.
Dorsal beginning above gill-opening, ending just before caudal; its soft
rays somewhat higher than the spines, the highest spine If in head;
caudal and pectorals each about as long as head; ventrals li in head.
Head 4; depth 4 J. D. XI-22; A. II, 23; V. I, 2; P. 15. "Western
coast of Southern California" to Mazatlan, Barbadoes, and Canary
Islands. {Steindachner.)
(Blennophis wehhiiyalenciennes; Webb & Bertlielot, lies Canar, Poisa. GO: Blenno-
phia webbi Giiutlier, iii, 259; Steiudachuer, Iclith. Beitriigo, viii, 41, 1871).)
403.— CIIASniODES Cnvier «fe Valenciennes.
(Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xi, 295, 1836: type Blennius bosqiiianua Lao.)
Body oblong, compressed, naked; head triangular in profile, tlie
snout somewhat pointed; mouth large, with lateral cleft, the maxillary
usually extending to beyond eye; premaxillaries not protractile; teeth
in a single series, long and slender, comb-like, confined to the front of
each jaw; no canines; cirri very small or wanting; gill-openings very
small, their lower edge above the middle of the base of the pectorals;
lateral line incomplete. Fins as in Blennim. American. {xa(T[iwSsi,
yawning.) (See Addenda.)
1193. C. bosquianus (Lac.) Cuv. &. Val.
Color (in S ) olive green, with about nine horizontal narrow blue lines,
114. BLENNIIDiE ISESTHES.
757
tliese somewhat irregular and interrupted, converging backwards; op-
ercular membrane and a broad stripe through middle of spinous dorsal
deep orange-yellow; anal fln dark, the rays with white membranaceous
tips; ? dark olive green, reticulated with narrow i)ale green lines, and
with several broad dark bars, which are more distinct posteriorly; ver-
tical fins similarly marked; head linely dotted with black; a dusky spot
at base of caudal in both sexes. Orbital tentacle very minute or want-
ing; maxillary extending to rather beyond eye; interocular space very
narrow, not concave. Dorsal fln not emarginate, the spines slender.
Dorsal joined to base of caudal; anal free. Head 3J; depth 3 J. D.
XI, 19; A. 20. New York to Florida ; chiefly southward.
{Blenniaa hoaqmanun Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 493, 1800 ( 9 ); Giinthor, iii, 229: Pholia
noremli neat Its Wood, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Piiila. iv, 280, 1824 ( <J ) : Cliasmodes novtin-
Jin<'a<H8 Guutlier, iii, 229.)
1154. C. qnadrifasciatus (Wood) C. & V.
Body with 4 distinct brownish bands, a flfth broader and less marked
on the neck; four round yellowish spots along base of anal; head
spotted with blackish. Lower jaw slightly longer than the upper.
Dorsal fln free from the caudal; anal fln highest anteriorly. D. 27; A.
15. ( Wood.) Ha'utat uncertain, probably South Atlantic coast of the
United States.
{I'hoUa quadiifasciatua Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. PUila. iv, 282, 1824; Giiuther,
iii, 229.) .^ . • *
403.— ISESTHES Jordan & Gilbert.
(Geu. uov. : typo lilenniua flcntUia Girard.)
Tliis geinis differs from Blennius in the absence of c *nine teeth and
ill the restriction of the gill-openings to the sides, the gill-membranes
being fully united 1 the isthmus as far as the base of the pectorals.
Tlio known species are American. (tVo?, equal; effOUo, to eat; in allu-
sion to tl • uniformity of the teeth.) (See Addenda.)
1155. I. n ntllls (Grd.) J. & G.
Olivaceoi ^, bwly and flns marbled and spotted with darker; anal
pale-edged; a blue spot on the dorsal in front; males with golden
stripes on lower parts of head. Gill openings extending downward to
lower edge of pectorals. Head large, short and blunt, the profile of
snout steep; supraorbital cirrus large, nudtifid, as high as eye; inter-
orbital 8i)ace convex, less than half width of orbit; no canines. Dorsal
fin not emarginate, free from caudal, its spines stift', lower than soft
rays, 2^ in head; pectorals reaching anal; ventrals half way to veutj
< it
t" 'a
iJV..,K
758 coNruinuTioNs to noktii amkuican iciiTUVoLoaY — iv.
'I-
liitonil liiH^ jtromMit luitoriorly, (Muliii^; iibovo uniil. U^\n^\ 3j; (lopMi t.
J). XII, 15); A.lil; P.M. L. 5 inrlu^s. (N>iih(. of Oalirornia, troin Point
CoiuM>i)('.ioii NOiilliward,
( Hli'ttniiiM iivHlHii H\iiv\\, Proc. Acini, Niif.. S<'i. IMiilii. IK'.I, 1.|!>; UlniviiiH ,ir„nu,
GiliiMuM', iii, V.M7: Itlcnuiun tiviililiH Hli\i\u\avAuu'V, lolilli. HoilJ'ii^o, V, IfiO, lH7(i.)
11.10. I. IMIHOllllllM (Wood) .1. iV (].
Iii);lit olivarcoiis, v/i(li darUor loliciiliiliotiM, roniiiii^ ill iIcIiikmI vcr
tical bars; lu>n<l willi xory iliMtJncI black «l<it.s; a stui<\s of bliak WoIm
on oacli Mi<l(^ of lattMiil Iitu>; doi'.sal with a bliick blotch in front aiid
with th(^ lateral biii'N (>\t4Mi«lin}<:oii it ; iinal tin bl)u;kiHli, tho riiys tippcil
with whito; oiiudal barriMl. lUn\y rathor dtM^p; hoad l)U7>r, ol»ti;s(>;
int(>rorbital spiH'O coin^avis halt' tho diannMor of orbit,; oil>iial cinuH
as lon^' as dorsal spinos, bitld at tip, bnuu^hod bclo'v; a niiinttd niiHu)
cirrus; no canines; jjill (»pcnin{;s i^xtcndinj;- \o about, hnvcr I'oinili of
bnsc of pectoral, thus narrowtM* than in /. {fi'utiliN. Dorsal fin liinh,
littio notched, (he soft part hi^^hest, the spines still', I3'rj in hoiid. ilcad
IVi; (h>pth ;Ji. 1). XII, 15; A. UK Coast of North and South (Jiiroliiiii.
(Jih'unittH itiiiii'latiiH Wood, .louni, Acad. Nut. Hci. I'liilii. Iv, ^78, iHiifc lUiniiiiiH itiiiw-
tntiiH (Jilntlicr, ill, 'J'iS: F lUnniiun hi'iil: Lc KiUMir, .loimi. Acad. Na«. Hci. I'lnla. iv.HtiH,
IHsJf): f Hjipsohli'nitiim hrndi (Jill, Cat. FIhIi. Ka-sli C'ohhI. N. Amor. lH(i|, vonwn nuiUm.)
■■ :P
\M
<IOI.-IIVI*l.|]ir|IO<7llll.|IM Uill.
(('.ill. Proc. Acad. Nat. «ci. Phila. lH(il, KiH: typo lUoniUiH mhIUJIUh {\vi\.)
This oenusditVers from lihiiiiiiis in the restriction of the };ill opciiiiijrs
to the sides, the nill-ineinbranes beincj broadly and fully joiiuul io tlic
isthmus. (f». upsilon; nXsnftov^ side; x'^^"^} 'iP; ^^^ allusion not evi-
dent.)
1157. II. iniiltilillM ((^id.) (Jill.
Dusky brown, back and vertical tins with ronndish spots, most con
spjcmats in the youns". Head short, the protlle blunt ly dec,urv(>(l; max
illary rt>achin{»- to bi'low middle of eye; four canine teeth, those in tlio
lower jaw larjjer than those in npper; supraocular cirri very lii{ili,oacli
^vith four smaller ones at base. Dorsal tin not ennirj;:nat(^, the soft; rays
rather hijrher than tae slender llexible spines; membiane of last ray
almost reaching; base of caudal; orijjin of anal in advance of that of
soft dorsal; i)ectorals broad, reachiu};' beyond front of anal; veutrals
long^ nearly reaching vent. Head 'A'l; depth about same. JJ. Xlll,
U; A. II, 18; V. 1, 3. Coast of Te.xas. {Ord.)
(liltmuius mulHjUiM V,\rr.n\, IJ. 8. Mox. Bound. Snrv. 1859, 27, pi. xil, f. (i: liUnnitu
multijitio UUuthor, lii, 504; Gill, Proc. Aoad. Nut. Sci. Pbilu. 18CI, IGH.)
114. DLKNNIID-i: nFiKNNUIR.
769
II5M. II. KOIIllnillllM (WomI) J. At. a.
Olivo brown, ruiiiMy liitniMl willi (hirkcr; h'uU'h plain (in our Mpcici-
iiiciin), or Willi '^Htn'<M')i.l pairs) of Mpol.H of u rcddisli lirowti color, ur-
riinK:«'<l pr«'lt,y n'^iiliirly in u <loiil>ltJ row" ( U'of/^/); \;'rli(',iil IIiih <!(1j{(mI
wilii <liirluir, <>Np<M;iiill,v tlMMiiiiil; dorsal black in IVont. Head not wry
Itliiiit, Mic anterior prolllci HlraiKlit, obliipK^; orbilal cirrim not lar/{c,
sliort(>r than oy(^, braiicluMl at tip; intiMorbilal h\1'.uw coiK^avo, not half
(liiiiiH't«irort\vc; a, Mli^ht traiiHvcrsc ^roov<i bohinil vy<r, ranincH in both
jiiws very Hlron^, hooked biickwiirdM, the Iow«ir cotiHideraldy Htronj^er
Mian upper; );ill-openiii);H extending' downward to opiio.sittMM- Mli;{htly
Itclow lower edf;e of peetoral. I)(U'sai lln not oinar;;iiiate, the HpineH
Ntriuh^', but rather NtilV, Iowim' than the Nol't rayH; peetor.ilH whortiMh,
vciitrals rather Ioiij;. Head •t.\ ; depth I. I). XI, 15; y\. IS. L. 2<^
in(;li(tH. Hoiilh AtJanlie> eoaHtot' the United State.s; abundant in empty
sIioIIh and (tliiHters of InniealeH.
(Hloniiim (jriiniKihrt W<ii)(l, ./(tiini. Aciul. Nat. Hri. I'hilii. iv, UTH, IH'M; 1 1tknnlwi
ijrmiiialuH iHluiht^y, iii, \!!if^.)
« ■ t;
<105.~nLKNIMIIJM IJiiiiiiMiH.
Jil<;nni(;n.
(Artcdl; LiniiiMiH, HyHt. Nat.; typo JUetinhin ori:llarin \j.)
Hody olilon;;, <'oiiipreHMed, naked; In^ad nhort, tho profile nHUully
bhuitly ronnd(;d; month small, Inni/oiital, with a Nin^le serieH of lon;^,
NJciider, ('.llrv^^d, eloHi^Het t,«',e,th in e,a(;h jaw, be.sideH which, in the lower
jliw at least, is a fau^^^-like canine tooth on (^acli sidi;; preiriaxillaries not
pmtracitile ; /jfill openiiif^.s wide, ext(Midinjif forward below, th(» mem-
branes fr(H» from Wui isthmuH, or at least forminj; a, fold aciross it. Dor-
sal fin entire, or more or le.ss <Mnarf,Mnate, usually free from caudal, the
siMiicH sU^nder; pectorals moderate; v(Mitrals well developed, I, .'J; no
jtyloric iueca; latc^ral line developed, anteriorly. H[)ecies very numer-
oiiH, lurking under rocks and al({ie in all warm seas; some species in
tlio lakes of Northern Italy. {Blennius, the ancient name, from [iUwa^
Klime.)
a. Orbital rirri i)nifinnt. {Wmnim.) ^^
b. Both, jawH widi ranino tooth. -" > ■ >; ,. ... r< - ••- - -•
c. DofBal little •'.luurginato. > ■■ -
1130. B. fUcorum Ciiv. & Val.
Olivo green, becoming darker above, with numerous brown spots
oa tUo cheeka and sides of tUo body; below faintly reddish. Orbital
. t
■ • i "SI
mi.
n
w
760 CONTUinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITlIVOLOaY — IV.
I
If
I! ,
Iv I
cirri luiiirly us lonj? as liond, lutld above, aixl with friiiKOs at tho bns(>.
Dorsal liu slij-litiy cimir^inatti, IVoo IVoin i\\v. caudal, the sijiucs nitlicr
stiff". Iload vory short and dcop, ils prolllc uoarly vcrliriil; bolli jiuvs
with very sirouf; caniiu^s. (lill uu'uibrancis fico IVoiri istiiuius posUs
riorly. Head o in total l(Mi;;th. I). XI, 17; A. IS. Opru ocean, Ckmh
iHMir the Azores; said to have betui oiuu> taken off" the (Miast ol" ^'(.\v
York.
(Oiivi»>r iV VivloiiditMUU'H, xi, '*•(>;{; (Jlhitlirr, iii, !217; Dckay, Now York I'liiimi, VMi.
U\\ itl. ii-'. Hg. (i(i.)
«(i. (>rl)i(al cini noiio, {I'liolin" I'Moining.) .;■. a
1 lAO. II. citrolliiiiM (V: &. V.) .T. A (h
(Jreeuisli, with I or r» int^j^ular dark s])ots or shades lilowix the back;
dorsal with a lar}>:e bhutk spot in tVont ; nnal brown tMl^ed. liody
rather lonj; ami slcMuler, more el(>nJ;at(^ Jhan in lihtmiiis pliolis, more
con»presst>d, the head lonj^er; maxillary extendiu};' to opposite niiddlc,
of«\ve; teeth l!|, with stronjj: canines in both Jaws. (Jill membranes free
froui isthmus; no tra<'(^ of tentacles above eye. Dorsal spines sicndcr,
a liule lower than the soft rays, the tin little iimarfjjinatc; dorsal and
anal not J(»ined to the caudal. 1). XII, IS; A. 17. Scnith ('aroliim.
Only the ori;;inal type in the museum at Paris known; from tiiis tlic
present (h'seription was taken.
(I'holin cantlinus Ciiv. & Val. xi, '270.)
400.-lVEOmiVIJS Girard.
(Olmrd, U. S. Prtc. R. R. Surv. I'ish. x, III, IH5H: tyim Xvovlinitu hlanchardi Oiiard.)
Body compressed; rather elonj^ate, covered with minute cycloid scales;
lateral line i)resent, in<H)mplete, hijjh anteriorly; head naked, the checks
tumid; upper Jaw protractile; maxillary yreatly ]>ro<luc('d backward,
more than two-thirds leufj^th of head, reachiufj far beyond the eye;
both Jaws, vomer, and palatines with stout, unequal, conical teetli in
a sinjjle series, besides which, in the front of the Jaws, are smaller
teeth; nasal and supraocular rejfion with frinjjfcd tentacles; s'll"><'"i
branes broadly united, free from the isthmus; gill-rakers weak. Dor-
sal tui lonji', scarcely cmarginate, its anterior two-thirds composed of
slender, tloxible spines, which are similar to the soft rays, all of which
are simple; anal long, its rays all simple; ventrals moderate, I, 3; cau-
dal tin distinct; pectorals rather broa<l, rounded; no air bladder; uo
pylorio ccBca. Pacitic Ocean, (v^o?, new; xAj'wx;, Cliuus.)
•Flemiujj:, Bril. Aiilm. 207: type Blennim phol'iH L. {OoX)?, ancient nanio of some
fi«h which wuH bolievod to tthelter it«eJt' iu a oloud of mucous \vhiuh it piuduoed.)
i
lit. IlLENNIIDil! — CLINU8.
761
1161. N. KntlrlniN (Hnu<I.
Diirk brown, nciiily unifonn; maxillary fliii) broadly ('(1{,'(m1 with
l)ri}j:lit y<'llow. Ih'iul bliiiiti.sli, coiivi^x in prollh*; ^'yvH bir^cc, liit-li up,
well lorwanl, Ncpiinitcd by a ratlu^r narrow MutliHh inh^rorliital Npiuu>;
top of IkmkI convi^x; ('.Iu>(>I{m ion^;; optrclcM Hliort. llca<i hir^iM', and
tccfli ratlior Hfron^^rr tlian in A'. bUtnchardi; niaxillaiy rnorrnonsly dc-
volopcd, n^ac.iiin;^ about/ to ^ill-oprnin^, itH icn^rtli varying wilii a^(^;
ovidcd at tip an<I inn(M' margin witli a very liroad win^liito llap,
pi
wliiC'li is Join<>d to tlio lowrr part of tlit; <-.li(i<^iv; (M^ ::i<>!nbraii(> iH nioru
tlian twicu tlic diaincitcr of the cyt;; below it iK anotlKM' UKMniirane eon-
nt'clin^ tliis will) the low(>r Jaw; NUpraorliitai cirrus cpiite Hinail, but
])n>sent. Head ',\^; depth (>; maxillary with llap, '<S\. I>. t.'i; A. liO.
li. Ili inctlicH. Moi tx-irey, (Jal.; a rare and niont int«'.reHtinj^ Np«MMe8. ^ ^
[NcooUnm HallricuH il\\avi\, I'mo. Acud. Nat. Bci. 185U, 57; Giitilluir, ii, 'JUU.)
11109. IV. I»laiicll»r<li Oiranl.
Dark red or plum color, with oliv'e-{?reen blotches on the Hide; IxOly
olive, Hpeckled with Holder; front of moid h red; litiH (!olore<l like the
body; a black spot, ocellated with yellow betAveen the Ibnt and Hccond
lonsal HpincH: L' li^jht-yellow Npt)ts at bas(^ of «;audal ; dornal and can-
tiiil tiuficd behind with yellow; anal and jxM'toralH <'hietly vermilion;
color <pnt«i variable, Home Hpecimens duller or barred. A lonj; (tirrus,
iniu^li loufjfer than ey«', above Mie front of the eye; reddiHli at base, itn
t'riii^'cd tips bri/^Md yellow; ashort, mnltilld, nanal barlx'l, and a (diiHt<'r
of 3 or 4 friufi'ed baibels behind supraocular <'irruH. Maxilhuy two-
thirds leii}»th of head, (J in b<»<ly, lary:e, reaching? nearly to opposite
front of dorsal; lateral line endiuf; opposite thei vent, ordy its straight
anterior portion beinjif develop(Ml. Dorsal spines one-third leuf^th of
hwvd. Head 4 ; depth 5. 1). XXVI, 17; A. 30. Coast of (Jalifornia,
north to Monterey.
(Gimrd, U. S. Tiic. K. U. Surv. FIhIi. IS-'B, 114; Gllntht^r, ii, 259.)
t
40T.-CL.INHJS Cuvicr.
(Ciivior, Rt"^}xno Aniin. ii, 1817: typo CliniiH acuminatuH i). & V.)
Body more or less elonjifate and compressed, covered with small
or minute scales, which are usually cycloid ; lateral line complete,
abruptly dccurved behind the pectoral ; head obtuse or somewhat
pointed; stout, uiiecpuil, coiucal teeth on Jaws and vomer, and some-
times on palatines; the teeth mostly iu single series, except in front;
. ^
-Mm
1 V'<\im
Ii
'S'J
rei
I ;:
762 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
.no conspicuous posterior canines; maxillary not produced backward
from angle of mouth; gill-membranes united, free from the istliunis.
Dorsal fin long and low, chiefly composed of spines; some of the ante-
rior spines often different from the others, longer or shorter, and set
farther apart; anal fin low, with 2 spines; ventral fins jugular, of i
spine and 2 or 3 rays; caudal fin truncate; branchiostegals G-, air-
bladder and i)yloric cceca absent; viviparous. Inhabiting rock pools
among algaj, in warm seas. Our two species are very difterent, and
represent opposite extremes in this large and varied genus. {xXivuq^ a
name of some sleepy fish; from xXivr,, a bed.)
a. Nape with a friugo of filamonts; teoth on vomer and palatines; scales noderftte.
{Labroaomua* Swaiusou.)
1163. C nuchipinnis Quoy & Gaimard.
Eeddish brown, sometimes with vertical bands; a black spot on
opercle, which is often edged with white; cheeks and fins retionlate or
dotted. Body oblong, rather robust; head naked, thick, short, not very
obtuse anteriorly, compressed above; mouth rather large, the maxllla-
ries not prolonged backward, extending to opposite the posterior part
of eye, 2 J in head; teeth on jaws, vomer, and i)alatines; front teeth of
jaws conic, strong; eyes large; interorbital space very narrow; each
side of neck with a long series of hair-like filaments, nearly as long as
eye; orbital tentacle short and broad, multifid; nostrils with a tufted
barbel; lower jaw slightly projecting, its posterior teeth sometimes re-
curved; pectorals a little shorter than head, reaching vent. Dorsal
spines rather slender, the three anterior spines scarcely shorter than
the others; all the spines lower than the soft rays; dorsal fin com-
mencing near the nape, the spinous portion long; soft rays higher
than the spines; caudal small; pectorals rather large; veutrals mod-
erate; gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; lateral
line complete, high anteriorly, then abruptly decurved; membranes
of vertical fins scaly; scales not very small, cycloid. Head y^; depth
3^. D. XVIII, 12; A. II, 17; Lat. 1. 70. L. 8 inches. West Indies;
occasional on our South Atlantic coast.
{Clinus nuchipinnia Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Urania Zool. 255: Cliiuta pectinifei- Cuv,
& Val. xi, 374: Lepisoma cin-hosum Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 41: ClinitK nuchi-
pinnia Giinther, iii, 262: Labroaomua pectirtifer Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 18G0,
105.)
"Swainson, Class. Fish, ii, 75, 1839: type Clinua peetinifer Cav, & Val. ;= C/iH«« hu-
chipinnia J , iSc G. {Labrua; dS)fia,hodj.)
114. BLENNIIDJ2 — HETEROSTICHUS.
763
aa. Nape without fringe of filaments.
b. Head pointed; no palatine teeth; spinous dorsal notched behind fifth spiue;
scales minute. (Gibbonsia" Cooper.)
1164.* C cvides J. & G. nom. sp. nov.
Usual color of adult translucent, reddish or orange, nearly plain ; a
large pellucid spot on the membrane behind third dorsal spine, and
some small ones behind it; pectorals barred; young specimens vari-
ously variegated, with light and dark shades of red, brown, and white,
the hue varying exceedingly and dependent on the surroundings; a
dark spot usually present behind gill-opening. Body elongate, com-
pressed; head small, rather pointed; mouth quite small, terminal, the
maxillary about reaching pupil, 3^ in head; lower jaw projecting; no
teeth on palatines ; posterior teeth not recurved ; eye moderate, Shorter
than snout, nearly 6 in head ; a small supraocular flap, not higher than
pupil. First spine of dorsal inserted over preopercle, its length more
than one-third that of head; the second nearly equal; the third, fourth,
and fifth progressively shorter; the sixth about as long as fourth; the
seventh longer; the rest nearly equal to the last, which is lower than
the soft rays; pectorals short, not reaching vent; ventrals short; scales
very small, smooth; head naked; no air-bladder. Head 4|; depth 4§.
1). V, XXXr, 10; A. II, 26. L. 9 inches. Coast of California, from
Monterey southward; in rock- pools; very abundant.
{Mjixodes (Gibhonaia) elegana Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 109, 1864: Blakea
eUgam Steindachuer, Ichth. Beitiliyo, v, 148, 187G; not Clinas elegants C. «fc V.) '
.^T 40§.— HETEROSTICHUS Girard.
' ' Kelp-fisJiea. •
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 143: type Heterosiichm roatratus Grd.)
Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with very small, smooth
scales; head long and low, the snout conic, produced, very acute; pre-
maxillaries protractile; mouth moderate, terminal; each jaw with a row
of conical teeth, behind which anteriorly is a broad patch of villiforni
teeth; vomer and palatines with villiform teeth; gill-rakers feeble;
gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; orbital cirri
minute or wanting; cheeks scaly. Dorsal fln very long, the posterior
rays soft, the five anterior spines wider apart than the rest and sepa-
rated from them by a notch, the first and second spines longest, rather
flexible, the other spines stiff; caudal fln forked; ventrals I, 3; pec-
'Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 109: type Myxodea elegana Cooper. (Dedi-
cated to Dr. J. P. Gibbons.)
Lit
*
■■•4 tA'ti'*.:.^
vW
i f4
L k '•-pi'"'
i
lift
764 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
torals moderate; lateral line simple, complete, abruptly curved behind
pectorals; air-bladder present, large. Size large, {'rcpo-, diflereiit-
ffT£';ff>?, rank; in allusion to the anterior dorsal sjuues.)
a16iI. H. roKtratns Grd.—Kelp-fitth.
Translucent reddish brown, varying to blackish or olive, with tracps
of shining pale bands on the sides, and dark vertica) bars, the hue
and pattern of color varyiug greatly; young specimens most varie-
gated; a translucent spot behind third dorsal spine. Body mucli com-
pressed, deei)est anteriorly; head slender, compressed and itointcd;
lower jaw projecting, with thick lip; maxillary reaching pupil, 2'^ in
head; eye large, 7 in head; orbital cirrus minute, usually entirely want-
ing; cheeks and upper edge of opercle with small scales, rest of head
naked; middle rays of caudal about two-thirds length tf outer. Head
33; depth 3^; B. G. D. V, XXXil, 13; A. 11, 34. L. 15 inches. San
Francisco to San Diego. The largest of the Blennies which are allied
to Clinus.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 143; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish.
30; GUuther, ii, a64, and iii, aCl.)
409.— CKEJWNOBATES Gilnther.
Aachenopterus Gunthcr, prooccupied.)
(Gilntlier, Proc. Zool Soc. Loud. 18(!1, ;»74: type Auchenopterus monophthalmus Gtbr.)
Body moderately elongate, compressed, covered with rather large
cycloid scales; head shortish, naked; cheeks full; mouth moderate,
with a baud of conical teeth in the jaws and about one series on tbe
vomer; none on the palatines; gill-membranes united, free from the
isthmus; upper surface of head with tentacles. Dorsal flu low, com-
posed of stiff spines, with but a single soft ray, which is lower than the
spines; first three spines more or less sei)arated from the others; aual
fin low, with two spines; ventrals jugular, well developed; pectorals
broad; lateral line complete, strongly curved anteriorly. Warm seas.
This genus differs from Cristiceps in having but one soft ray in the
dorsal fin, and in the well-developed scales, {xprjuvojidrr/':, one who
haui^ts rocks.) ^_ ._ __ _ ,. _,^„ ,
o. Three anterior spines connected to the others by membrane.
1166. C.lnteg^ripinnis Rosa Smith.
Color dark brown, variegated with different shades of brown and
1 14. BLENNIIDvE — CIIIROLOPHUS.
765
reddish; about 5 indistinct dark cross-bars; a distinct ocellated black
spot on posterior part of dorsal fin; caudal flu transhicent, speckled;
a black bar at its base; base of pectorals violet, bordered with black,
the rest of the flu checkered; ventrals bnrred. Head, stout, broad,
conical; mouth little oblique; eyes large; nasal, supraocular and nu-
chal regions with fringed cirri, those at the nape flap like. First and
second dorsal spines low, a little higher than the third, which, in turn,
is higher than the fourth, and separated from it by an interspace; the
membrane between the third and fourth spines deeply emarginate;
auterior spines not forming a separate fln; highest anterior spine not
higher than the highest of the posterior part of fln. Head 4; depth 4 J.
D. in, XXVlir, 1; A. IE, 20; V. 1, 3; Lat. 1. 38. L. 2J inches. Sau
Diego, California, southward to Mazatlan; abundant in rock-pools.
{Cremnobatea iiUcyripinniH Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 147.) '
410.— CHIROLOPIIVS SwaitiHon.
{Blenniopa Wilsson: Carclophua Krnyer.) ,
{Chiroloph'w Swaiuson, Class. Fish, ii, 275, 1839: typo Blcnnius yarrclli C. »t V. = Blen-
niu8 aacanii Walb.)
Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales; no lateral line;
snout short; no teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth in jaws small; gill-
meinbranes united, free from the isthmus; nostrils, orbital region, and
neck with dermal flaps, the supraorbital flaps high. Dorsal fln long,
of spines only; ventrals well-developed, jugular; caudal flu distinct.
No air-bladder or pyloric coeca. Northern seas; one species known
lioiu Europe; a second species, imperfectly described by Pallas, may
be provisionally placed with it. {x-^-p, hand; X<i^o<;, crest; apparently
w/>o, head, was intended, which would make " Garelojilms.^^)
>
1167. C. (?) polyactoccphalus (Pallas) J. & G.
Form of Zoarcea. Body compressed, covered with soft imbedded
scales; head very short, retusc; lower jaw longer; "both jaws without
teeth"; (?) eyes approximate; interorbital space with 2 minute cartilag-
inous spinules; 2 large superciliary cirri; vertex behind orbits subex-
cavated, with 2 series of erect cirri. Dorsal fin beginning at the neck,
extending to the caudal; ventrals undescribed. D. LXX. Karat-
scbatka (Pallas) and Alaska.
ii-iAJl^.*
Vrti^jt*
■33
Wf I
{lilenniua polyactocephalua Pallas, Zool. Ro8S.-A8iat. iii, 179, 1811.)
766 CONTRITM TIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOQY — IV.
>';'*•
411.— niJR.KMOIDES* LacdpMe.
Butter -Jishea.
(Cenironotus Bloch: GunneJlua Cnvier,)
lihnniui
(Lac6p^dp, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 324, IHOO: typo Muranoides aujef Lr
gunnellus L.)
Body long and low, considerably compressed, somewhat band-sbaped
the tail slowly tapering; head small, compressed, naked or scaly
mouth rather small, oblique; jaws with rather small teeth in narrow
bands or single series; vomer and palatines usually toothless; gjn.
membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; scales very small
• Little known species related to Murcenoidea, recorded from Kamtscbatka and
doubtleHs occurring also in Alaska, are the following:
M. tcBJiia (Pallas).
Body banded; teeth obtuse, subdistinct; head subtriangular, compressed ; Itodv
ensiform, covered with minute imbedded scales; vent median. Dorsal fin extendiii'
from near the head to the tail, the spines subeqnal; caudal subdistinct; pectorals
small; ventrals represented by 2 recurved spines.
Islands. (Pallas.)
{Blennius tania Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 178.)
D. LXXXVII ; A. 47. Kurile
Jlf. rMfteiTtniMS (Cuv. & Val.)
Bright red. Form of preceding; scales inconspicuous; ventrals each a fiinffle
Bcarcely projecting spine ; caudal broad, rounded, distinct. D. CXV. Kurile
Islands. (Pallan.)
(Gunnellua ruberrimus Cuv, & Val. xiv, 440, after Pallas, 1. c. 178.)
M. 7 oceUalua (Tilesius.)
Brownish, marked with yellow and purple; six black ocellated spots, along tlie
dorsal fin. Caudal distinct; ventrals none. D. LXXX;A. 50. Otherwise essentially j
as in M. gunnellua. Kamtscbatka. (Cuv. <f Val.)
(Ophidiiim ocellatum Tiles. Mdm. Acad. St. Petersb. ii, 237, 1811: Gunnellua apot Cut.
& Val. xiv, 426: Centronotua apua Gthr. iii, 288.)
GUNNELLOPS Bleeker.
(Bleeker: type BZcnniiM roaetts Pallas. )
Apparently distinguished from Murmnoidea by the tapering tail, around which thej
vertical fins are confluent ; palatine teeth present.
(Gunnellua, Gunnel, an old name of Muranoidea gunnellua; it^, eye.)
6. roaevia (Pallas) Bleeker.
Intensely red. Head obtuse, the lower jaw projecting; eyes large; body ve^
long, compressed, tapering into a slender tail; pectorals small, ovate, hyaline;
spines in place of ventrals; dorsal extending from the nape to the end of the tnil|
anal joined to caudal. D. ca. 100; A. ca. 90; P. 9; V. I. Kurile Islands.
(^Dlenniua roaeua Pallas, 1. c. 177: Centronotua roaeua Gunther, iii, 290.)
114. BLENNIID^ — MURiENOIDES.
767
smooth; no lateral line. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning noar the
hejul, comi»f'"'^;l entirely of stiff", sharp, sube(iual spines; anal similar
iu f'>';.i, of two spines au<l many soft rays; caudal lin short and small,
soaietimes joined to dorsal and anal; pectorals short; ventrals very
small, of one spine and a mdimentary ray (obsolete or wanting in
some imperfet'tly-known species provisionally referred to this genus);
intestiiml canal short, withont coeca. Shore fishes of the Northern
fishes of the Northern seas, {iiupatvu^ an eel; elSu^, form.)
J. Ventrals present, I, 1. (Murccnoides.)
lies. M, eunneUns {L.) GiW.—Butter-fiih.
Olive brown; sides with numerous obscure darker bars; base of
dorsal with ocellated dark spots; a dark bar below eye. Head short
and compressed, scaleless; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching front of
pupil; caudal fin distinct; pectorals little more than half length of
bead; ventrals of a spine and a rudimentary ray. Ilead about 8;
depth 9. D. LXXVIII; A. II, 38; V. I, 1 ; vert. 85. L. 12 inches.
North Atlantic; abundant both in America and Europe.
(Blintiias gunneUus L. Syst. Nat. i, 443: Centronotm gunellus Giintlior, iii, 285: Ophi-
dium mucronatnni, Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 361, 1815: Gunnellus macrocephaliu
Giranl, Boat. Jouru. Nat. Hist, vi, 263, 1850: Gunellus ingena Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist, vi, 261, 1850; perhaps an abnormal specimen rather than a dill'erent genus.)
1169. JW. fasciatus (Bloch & Schn.) Gill.
Grayish or brownish, marbled with darker, anteriorly with several
irregular cross-bands, which reach the abdomen ; back with a series of
10 or 12 subtriangular pale spots along the base of dorsal, each spot
including some brown specks; a brown-edged pale vertical band be-
liiud eye; a brownish band from below the eye to the throat. Mouth
very oblique, the snout short; interorbital width less than diameter of
eye; pectoral scarcely half as long as head; ventrals very small; ver-
tical fins not joined. Head 9J; depth 9. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 42;
V. 1, 1. Greenland to Alaska. {Giinther.)
{Centronolua faaciatus Bloch & Schneider, 165, 1801: Gunnellus fasoiahts and groen-
kndicus Cuv. & Val. xi, 441, 442: Centronotua fasciatua Giinther, iii, 287: ICmtronotua
imelUformia Giinther, iii, 288.)
11»0. M. ornatns (Grd.) GiU. ■ . J .„^.. U.- .--
Usually greenish above, yellow or orange below, but varying to
browu and cherry-red j traces of about 20 darker bars along sides; a
■1 1
■f
f
t
i|:
1 m\
i:!h
768 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
dark bar downward from eye; fins reddish; a V sbaped mark from
eyes to occiput, grayish, bordered by jet black; the common form
{Icetus Cope) with about 14 red spots along base of dorsal, each with
a curved black bar in front and behind, partly encircling it; others
{ornatus) with about as nmny broad /^-shaped darker blotches, which
extend on the fin, the lirst one or two blotches often shaped as in the
form called Uctus. Head naked, very narrow above ; nape nearly equi-
distant between origin of dorsal and front of orbit ; origin of anal
equidistant between base of caudal and base of pectoral ; pectorul 2
in head ; ventrals each consisting of a spine and a ray. Head 8;
depth 8. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 37. L. 12 inches. San Francisco to
Alaska; very abundant northward.
(Gunnelliis ornatus (jtA. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. ISTA, 149: Centronotufi vehnlosm
Gtbr. iii, 287, i)arfc, but the Japanese M. 7iehuIo8U8 is a dili'erent species: Cciitronotua
IcBtus Cope, Pioc. Anier. Phil. Soc. Phila. 1873.)
IIYI. ]n[. anaxillaris Bean.
Brown; back with a series of 11 rounded or oblong prJe spots, the
longest half as long as the head; all of these spots include at the top
, > rather large brown spot, and below numerous little brown si)ots;
between the first and second pale blotches are 2 very dark spots on
the dorsal membrane, and below the diirk spdls a pale one of similar
size; sides with about 2G pale bands, mostly well defined, os[)ecially
anteriorly; interorbital space with a brown band, preceded and fol-
lowed by a pale band half as wide; below eye 2 whitish bands, Avitli a
brown one betweei? them. Head sculeless; mouth little obliijue, the
lower jaw on level of middle of eye; width of mouth equal to length
of pectoral and nearly half head; mandible as long as pectoral. Eye
equal to snout, a little more tlian interorbital width ; ventral spine §
eye. Highest dorsal spines near front of fin, half length of manilible;
caudal half head; vent under forty-third dorsal spine, not far behind
middle of body. Head 8; depth 7. D. LXXXVIII; A. II, 43; V. I,
1. Saint Paul Island, Alaska. (Bean.)
aa. Ventrals rednccrt to a rndiniont.
llia. M. dolirhogfa^tor (Pallns) J. & G.
Brow^nish olive, marbled with yellowish; fins yellowish; dorsal fm
with distar.L p.'le vertical bands; snout very short; cleft of mouth
oblique; a pu,i»* of small bony warts ("verrucae o.^sece e cute proui-
inulaj") in place of ventrals. Caudal fin well developed, the <lorsal
Pi *
114. BLENNIIDiE APODICHTIIYS.
769
and anal joined to its base. Head 7j depth 10. D. LXXXIII; A. II,
50. L. 12 inches. Kamtschatka and Aleutian Ishmds. {Pallas.)
{Blenmus doUchogaster Pallaa, Zoogr, Ko88.-A8i{Vt. iii, 175, 1811: Centronolua dolioho-
gaster Giiuther, iii, 289.)
aaa. Ventrals entirely wanting. (.d8<erno/)(eri/x Rilpiiell.)
11T3. M. gunelliformis (Ruppcll) J. &. G.
Keddish brown, with 10 brown cross-bands, most distinct on base of
dorsal and anal; lij?ht blotches along dorsal fin, each between two of
the brown cross-bands, and each with a brown spot in the center; a
lijv''t, brown -edged, vertical band below eye. Ventrals none; snout
short; cleft of mouth oblique; width of interorbital space less than
(lianieter of eye; length of pectoral 3 in head. Dorsal spines short
and stiif; caudal distinct. Head 8^; depth 8. D. LXXXIj A. II, 41.
[Oiinther.) Type supposed to be from Greenland.
{AHteniopkryx tjuneU{fornna RUppell MSS. : Centronolua guneUiformia GUnther, iii,
•288.)
412.— APODICHTIIYS Girard.
(Girard, Proc. Acarl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 150: type Apodichthys Jlavidua Girard.)
Body elongate, compressed, covered with \ery small scales; no lat-
eral line; snout short; mouth moderate, oblique; teeth in the jaws
moderate, stouter anteriorly; vomer with teeth; gill membranes united,
free fi"om the isthmus. Dorsal fin long, low, even, of spines only; anal
tin similar, preceded by a large spine in a pouch of skin; caudal fin
short, connected with dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins
small; intestinal canal short, \vithout pyloric cceca. Small bright-
colored fishes of the Pacific. («-f;u?, without feet; UOuq, fish; in allu-
sion to the want of ventral fins.)
a. Auul spine very long, pou-shaped, excavated or anterior surface. (Apodichthya.)
11T4. A. flavidus Girard.
Color orange, varying with the surroundings to intense grass-green,
brown, and dark purple; a few light round spots along axis of body
iwstoriorly ; a narrow black bar downwards and backwards from eye;
a shorter, less distinct bar from upper margin of orbit backwards to
(K'ciput; anal fin obliquely barred with brownish. Ilead short; mouth
very oblique; maxillary reaching pupil; upper jaw witb a series of con-
ical teeth, behind which is a patch of smaller teeth; sides of mandible
with conical teeth in a single series, forming a patch lu front ; vomer
ivitli three conical teeth; palatines toothless; nape equidist; '^t b t^'oen.
Bull. Nat. Mu&. No. IG 49
:k^li
.■;•'•',, t\
770 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
front of dorsal and pupil. Anal sj)ine very large, two-fifths the length
of liead, sh.aped like a pen, deeply excavated on its anterior side, and
very convex behind, very thin, flexible, and with Ksharp edges, entirely
included in a pouch of skin; pe('t«)ial fins about t\ro-flfths lengtii of
head, lie id 9^ ; depth 7^. D, XOIII: A. T, 40. L. 18 inches. Poini
Concepcion to Vancouver Island; abundant; usually found below low
tide-mark.
(Girani, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 150; GiUitlier, iii, 290: ApodichlhiiH vinn-
ccns Ayre8, I'roc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, .55: Jpodichthiis inornatu8 Gill, I'roc. Ac'a<!.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2, 279: Apodichthys sanguineus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,
181)2, 279.)
aa. Anal .^^ iie small, not pen-shaped nor excavated.
1175^ A. lucorum Jor. & Gilh.
Bright olive-green or deep red, the color varying with the surroniid-
ings; a row of dark spots along axis of body, these sometimes with
light-bluish center, and connected by a very narrow dark streak; gen-
erally a dark streak downward from eye, but no other markings about
head. Form and dentition as in A. Jiaridus. Mouth very obIi(]iic, the
maxillary rea(;hiug center of i)upil ; nape nearer front of dorsal than
end of snout. Anal spine comparatively small, about one-fifth 1(mi}>1Ii
of head, transversely very convex in front, and slightly <'on(!a\e or
grooved behind, the pouch of skin at its base little deveh)ped; pec-
torals very small, shorter than eye; anal fin beginning nearer tip of
caudal than tip of snout by about 3 times length of head. Head 10;
depth &^. D. LXXXIII ; A. 35. L. G inches. Monterey to Piigct
Sound; abundant in rock-pools and bunches of Fucus; renuukahle iin
its active movements.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nnt. Mus. 1880, 139.)
413.— AIVOPLARCIirS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 261: type Jnoplarchuii purpureacenn Gill.)
Body elongated, compressed, covered with very small, iiiibedil'd
scales; lateral line obsolete. Head small, compressed; eyes siiuill;!
mouth oblique; teeth in each jaw in one series, of nearly uniform siz* ;;
no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill-membranes broadly attached to tlitij
isthmus; branchiostegals 5. Dorsal fin not very low; no anal spines;
ventrals wanting; caudal fin small, entire; pectoral fins iuoderate;j
pyloric C(eca pPv-sent, few. Pacific. (avoTr^o?, unarmed; a/>/o^, anii«|
the anal fin being without spines.)
—IV.
i length
Ulo, and
entirely
engtU of
}. Poini
lelow low
I'roc. AcimI.
Sci. Pbila.
114. BLENNIID^ — XIPIIISTER.
771
5 surronnd-
jtinies with
treak; geu-
kin«i;s about
obli<ino, tlie
dorsal than
-tiftU lonfiUi
concave ov
eloped; ppc-
[leaver tip ol'
Head 10;
ey to rug*'t
markabl" foi
t<rHS Gill.)
11, inibedil'Hlj
eyes small;!
luniforia siz»';i
Itachedtotlirtj
anal spines;
us modenitoj
liyo. A. atropurpurous (Kittlihz) Gill.
Color grayish olive, varying to brown, everywhere above finely
marked with blackish reticulations; along each side of back a series of
small, irregular, sharply-defined grayish spots; a series of small pale
spots along lateral line; belly pale; crest and middle line of back
rather pale; under parts of head yellowish; an oblique, wedge-shaped,
pale streak extending downward ami backward from the eye, bounded
on each side by a sharp light-red line, and then by a dusky area; lower
jaw mottled; dorsals olivaceous, speckled, a blackish spot on front;
anal olive, tinged with red; pectorals dull orange, barred at base; cau-
dal reddish, with narrow pale streaks, and a ligh1*bar at base; color
sometimes nearly plain purplish, but more often grayish and mottled.
Head with a fleshy crest, which rests on a ridge of bone; its height iu
older specimcnis about equal to eye; mouth rather large, the maxillary
reaching beyond the orbit. Pectorals about half the length of head;
dorsal and anal comparatively high, barely connected with the base of
caudal; nape midway between origin of dorsal and imjiil. Head G.\;
depth G^. D. LVII; A. 41. Alaska to Sau Francisco; abundant
northward.
{Oi)hi<ruim atropiirpiireum Kittlltz, Denkwiinl. (miut R»ms«^, Russ.-Anior. i, 22r>, 1858:
Centrouotus cristayalU GUullier, iii, 289 : AnophirchuH purpiirescens Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut.
Sci. Phila. 1861, 2G1: Anoplarvhiis criatagaUi GiiiitUer, iii, 564.)
1177. A. alectrolophus (Pallas) J. & G.
brownish-olive, darker above; a series of green blotches along tlw
dorsal; dorsal brownish-olive, with indistinct oblique bars; anal and
ciuidal Avith wavy lines; head with a longitudinal fleshy crest, extend-
iii{j from above eyes to nai^e. Anal fin beginning at anterior third of
body; dorsal and anal uniting with the caudal; po<f*toral8 very small ;
noventrals. Lateral lino obsolete. D. LXFII; A. 44; 0. 13. Island
tif Talek, Gulf of Penshin. {Cuv. «£• VaL) Perhaps identical with the
preceding.
{Bkuniuii alectrolophun Pallas, Znogr. Ro.S8.-A8iat. ill, 174: GunneUiis alectrolophus
C. &, V. xi, 447: Centronotua alectrolophun Giintber, iii, 289.)
414.-XIPIk.STER Jordan.
{Xiphidion Girard; preoccupieu in Orthoptera.)
(.lordati, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1M79, 241: typo Xiphidion mucoaum G.rard.)
Body elongate, eel-shaped, covered with small scales; lateral lines
si'veral, viz: one alonj the median line of the side, one above this, and
"110 below itj one ou each side of the abdomen, the two meeting in
'|!kl
,1
'1
r
> k
::^t ill
V: f^\
li
jii
. .11
772 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — IV.
front, and one from the occiput toward the base of the dorsal fin.
Each of these has on each side, series of short branches, placed iit
right angles to the main line, those on opposite sides alternating.
Each of these branches has about two open mucous pores. Ilead
short, bluntish, scaleless; mouth moderate, oblique; jaws with rather
strong teeth, the anterior canine-like; no teeth on vomer or palatines.
Branch iostegals 6; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus. A
single long, low, uniform dorsal fin, consisting of spines only; anal fin
similar in form, with 2 small spines; caudal short, joined to dorsal and
anal; no ventral fins; pectoral fins very small. Intestinal canal mod-
erately elongate, ^th 4-G well -developed pyloric coeca. Herbivorous,
feeding on algse. Active fishes, inhabiting tide-pools and crevices
among rocks in tha North Pacific. {^i^tarTjf), a sword-belt.)
119'§. X. chirns Jordan & Gilbert.
Color olive-brown, yellowish below; sides with marblings of different
shades of brown, sometimes with short blackish vertical bars; some
round black spots along the back and sides; a black spot behind
opercles; numerous *l)lack spots on sides of head, forming in older spec-
imens light and dark streaks, which radiate from eye across cheelvs
and opercles, the pale streaks forming reticulations ; dorsal with black
spots, and a series of bright reddish-brown cross-blotches; pectorals
and caudal plain. Head sJiort; nape not constricted; mouth small;
maxillary extending to middle of pupil; teeth strong, the anterior
canine-like, bluntish ; about 4 canines in lower jaw, 5 or 6 in the upper,
similar to the teeth behind them, but somewhat larger. Abdominal
lines meeting on the breast, but not connected with the lower lateral
line. Dorsal fin beginning close behind pectoral; nape midway be-
tween middle of eye and front of dorsal; anal beginning about a bead's
length nearer snout than base of caudal; pectoral fin comi)arativeIy
large, longer than the eye, its length about equal to distance between
middle and lower lateral lines. Head 7; depth 9. D. LXX; A. 11,50.
Monterey to Alaska ; smaller than the other species, and livinji iu
deeper water.
(.Jordau «& Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 135.)
11Y9. X. mucosus (Girnrd) Jordan.
Blackish green, pale on belly and sides of head, marked posteriorly
with olive-green in various pattern; a transverse light-greeuish bar at
base of caudal; 3 olive-brown streaks, radiating backward from eye,
paler in the center and edged above and below with blackish, outside
'■»
\m
1 14. BLENNIID.^. CEBEDICIITHYS.
773
of which ia sometimes a streak of pale olive. These streaks all merge
backward into the color of the head; middle streak broadiy wedge-
shaped; the third streak terminating before reaching margin of pre-
opercle; old specimens often coarsely blotched with yellow. Lower
jaw with a series of short stout conical teeth; upper jaw with a narrow
band of similar teeth; 2 strong canines in ui>per jaw, 4 in the lower.
Lower lateral line sending a branch to the abdominal line; nape not
constricted. Dorsal beginning anteriorly ; distance from its origin to
occiput less than that from occiput to tip of snout ; origin of anal nearer
suout than tip of caudal by nbout half length of head; pectoral lin as
long as eye. Head 8; depth 7^. D. LXXIII; A. 48. L. 18 inches.
Monterey to Alaska; very abundant among rocks and alga3.
(Xiphidion viHcosnm Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, IIU: Xiphidion mu-
cosum GUutlier, iii, 'Ji)l; Jordan & Gilbert. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 137: Xiphidium
iruorcam Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. iSoc. Pliila. 1873.)
11§0. X. rupestris Jor. &, Gilb.
Reddish brown, uniform or variously shaded with lighter; a light
olivaceous bar at base of caudal, extending on dorsal and anal ; behind
this a blackish area; tip of caudal usually pale; 3 long, well-defined
stripes radiating backward from eye, these stripes uniform black, ab-
ruptly margined with very light olive; the central stripe proceeds
straight backward from the eye, half the breadth of the cheeks, at
wliich point it is broadest; it is then narrowed and bent abruptly
downward ; both the middle and lowc r stripes reach the margin of
preopercle. Teeth essentially as in A', mucosus. The lower lateral lino
sends a branch to the abdominal line. A constriction at the nape.
Distance from origin of dorsal to the occii)ut greater than tbe distaiuo
from the occiput to the snout. Anal fin beginning much in advance
of uiidille of body, the distance from the first ray to tip of caudal ex-
ceeding the distance to snout by nearly twice length of head; pectoral
very short, its length less than diameter of eye. Head 8; dei)th 9.
1). LXVI; A. 50. L. 12 inches. Smaller than the preceding, and
equally abundant; among rocks and algne, from Alaska to Monterey.
11 & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,
(Jc
.)
419.-CEBEDICIIT1IVS Ayres.
(Ajres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, f)9, 1855: type CebiiUvhthya cristagalli Ayre8== Jj)0-
dichlhya violaceus Grd.)
Body comparatively short, comi)ressed, covered with minute sca'esj
lateral line dist4uct, running very high, with very sbort branches,
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774 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
each ending in a pore, as in XipJiister, but the branches more oblique
and less regular. Head short ; crown with a consjiicuous fleshy Ion-
gitudiual crest in the adult; jaws subeqn ', with conical teeth; villi-
form teeth on vomer and palatines; gill-iii nbranes united, free from
the isthmus. Dorsal tin continuous, long and low, the anterior part
composed of sharp spines, which are rather lower than the soft rays-
caudal fin rounded, connected with dorsal and anal; anal fin similar to
soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small si)ines; pectorals small; ventrals wautiii".
Intestinal canal elongate, with, several pyloric cceca. Pacific Ocean.
Herbivorous, similar in habits to the species of Xiphister. (z?;/?*)?, the
Sapajou. a kind of monkey; (><^'J?, fish; in allusion to the "peculiar
monkey-like" physiognomy as seen from the front.)
1181. C. violaccus (Ayrcs) Grd,
Dull olive grayish, mottled with lighter, sometimes reddish tinged-
vertical fins all edged with reddish; cheeks with 3 darker stripes,
edged with jjaler, one downward and backward from the eye, close
behiiul angle of mouth; another above it to root of pectoral; another
running upward and backward from the eye, and meeting its fellow
over the crest. Ma>illary extending to or beyond orbit. Dorsal iscaly
at base; vent nearer snout than base of caudal; pectoral two-lil'tlis
length of head; nape midway between dorsal and eye. Head O.i;
depth (). D. XXIIl, 41; A. I, 41. L. 30 inches. San Francisco to
Point Coucepciou; abundant.
{Jpodivlilhi/H riolaccm Giviivi\, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18r>4, 150: CfhcdivhthijH cm-
tagalU Ayros, Proc. Cal. A>jad. Nut. Sci. i, 58, 1855; Girard, U. S. Pac. R. K. Surv. FisL.
121; Giiutlier, iii, 200. )
410.-EIJm£SOOltAiTIITIUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 210: type Cllnus prwcism Kruyer.)
Body comparatively short, the back somewhat arched; mouth rather
large, the jaws with villiform teeth; teeth on vomer and ])alatiiies.
Scales small; lateral line present, median, with one or more accessorv
branches; pectorals and ventrals well developed. Dorsal moderatelv
high, of spines only, slightly connected with the rounded caudal; gill
openings continuod forwards below, the membranes narrowly Joined to
the isthmus; pyloru; co^ca i)resent. (c^;, well; alffoq^ middle; Yi»wa,,
line; the longest lateral line being the middle one.)
a. Lower lateral line present.
ll§a. E. pi'BCcisus (Kriiyer) Gill.
An ovate, black, white-edged spot between the sixth and tenth dorsal
spines. Snout subconical; cleft of mouth slightly oldique; vomerine
b«.»>
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114. BLENNIID.^5 STICH^US.
775
and palat'ue teeth present; 3 lateral lines on each side, the median
continned to the base of the caudal ; ventral fin half as long as the pec-
toral, which is much shorter than head; dorsal fin terminating just at
root of caudal. Head 4; depth nearly C. D. XLIX; A. 34; V. 3.
Greenland. [O'dnther.)
[CUnua prcecmia Kroyer, N-itnrh. Tidsskr. i, 2.', 183G: CUnus nnhnaculatus Reinli.
Vid. Solsk. vii, 114, 1837: Stivhceus unimaculatus Guuther, iii, 283; Gill, 1. c. 210.)
aa. Lower lateral line wanting.
11§3. E. stabbifurcatus (Storer) Gill.
Brownish, with several round paler blotches above at the base of
the dorsal fin; spaces between these blocches darker, appearing like
bars; a broad black bar crossing the opercle obliquely from below the
orbit, and two parallel dark bars running backwards from orbit; belly
yellowish white; dorsal fin with numerous black dots. Mouth rather
large; maxill.iry reaching to below orbit; back somewhat arched; ven-
tral outline nearly straight; eyes large; lower lateral line wanting;
upper branch of lateral line about two-thirds length of head. Head 4^;
depth nearly 5. D. XLIV; A. 30. North Atlantic, south to Cape Cod.
{PhoUa subbifurcatun Storer, Eep. Fish. Mass. 1839, 03.)
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41'7.— STICHiEUS Reinhardt.
(Reinhardt, Dansk. Videusk. Natur. og Math. Ai'bandl. 1837, 109: type Blenniua punc-
<tt<«s Fabricius.)
Body comparatively short and comiircssed, covered with small scales;
teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Lateral line present, single, me-
dian; i)ectorals and ventrals well developed. Dorsal moderately high,
of spines only, free from the caudal ; gill-openings continued forward
below, the membranes narrowly united to the isthmus; pyloric cceca
inesont. {arr/^dw^ to set in rows.)
Il§4. S. puiictatlis (Fahric.) Kroyer.
Scarlet ; dorsal with a series of round black spots, white-edged pos-
teriorly; head below with 5 brownish cross-bands; a brown streak
from snout through eye. Snout subconical. Dorsal spines of mod-
orate length. Eye half interorbital width. Ile.ad 5;^ in total length;
depth 8. D. XL; A. 1, 35. {O'dnther.) Polar seas, south to Cape Cod
and Alaska.
[Blmnim punctaiu8 Fabric. Faun. Griin. 153, 1780: Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 377,
1837; GUnther, iii, 283.)
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776 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
41§.— NOTOGBAininiJS Bean.
(Bean, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 147, 1881: typo Sticha-us rothrochi Bean.)
This genus ditfers from SUclueus in the presence of si single lateral
line along the base of the dorsal fin. It is known, however, from im-
mature examples only. The caudal fin is emargiuate, a character
unusual in this family. (vcSto?, back; ypapLnij, line.)
1183. N. rofhrocki Bean.
Pale brown, with 3 series of paler spots, those of the median scries
usually longer and narrower than the others; a series of about 10 pale
spots on median line of back, the anterior as large as eye; a daik
strijje around snout to end of opercle; a very narrow v.ark stripe
along base of dorsal, its lower niargia seeming to mark the course of
the superior lateral line. Body covered with minute scales; lateral
line undeveloped (in the immature specimens known), api)arently run-
ning close to outline of back. Teeth in the jaws, and apparently ou
vomer and palatines. Gill-membrane deeply cleft, free from the isth-
mus. Eye 4 in head, as long as the subconical snout; maxillary
reaching front of pupil. Dorsal beginning above upper axil of pec-
toral; like the anal, connected by a low membrane with the caudal;
caudal emargiuate behind; ventrals short, close together, 3 in head,
and not half as long as pectorals; longest dorsal spines half height of
body. Head 4^; depth C. B. G. D. XLVIII; A. I, 34; Y. 1, 4; P. 15;
C. 2 1. Northern Alaska and Siberia.
{Stichwua'i rothrocki Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. iv, 146, 1881.)
419.— LiUmPENUS Reiubaidt.
(Leptoffunnellua Ayres: Leptoolinua and Anisarchua Gill.)
(Reinliardt, Dansk. Vidcnsk. etc. 1837, 110: type lilenniua lumpenua Fabr..)
Body greatly elongate, moderately compressed, covered with small
scales; lateral line indistinct or obsolete. Head long; snout short; no
cirri; eyes large, placed high; mouth moderate, with a single row of
rather small, conical teeth on each jaw; teeth present on vomer or pal-
atines; gill-openings prolonged forward below, very narrowly united
anteriorly to the isthmus, not forming a free fold across it. Dorsal
composed of numerous, sharp, flexible, rather high, spines; caudal fin
long; anal many-rayed; pectorals large, more than half length of head;
ventrals well developed, jugular, I, 3 or 1,4; intestir.al canal long; py-
loric ccBca present; no air-bladder. Chiefly herbivorous. Northern
seas. {Lunvpcn, a Danish name of some similar fish.)
. ti-
ll 4. BLENNIID^ LUMPENUS.\
777
a. Teeth on vomer aud palatines; pectorals with the upper and middle rays shortened,
shorter than the lower (Leptoclinua* Gill.)
11§6. li. maculatus (Fries) Nilss.
Yellowish ; a series of 5 large dark spots along the base of the dorsal
tin, between which are smaller and faii^er spots; dorsal and caudal
barred. Caudal fin truncate, free from dorsal aud anal; ventrals half
as long as head; pectorals large, about as long as head. Anterior
rays of dorsal short and free. Teeth on vomer and palatines; lower
jaw included; maxillary reaching middle of eje. Head G. D. LX; A.
36. {Collett.) Greenland to Spitzbergen; occasional southward, in
deep water.
(Clinua viaculatu8 Fries Kgl. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1837, 49: Clinus acuUatus Reinh. Dansk.
Yideusk. Sclsk. Natur. Af handl. vii, 114, 122, 194, 1838: SHchwua maculatun aud aculeatua
Guuthor, iii, 281; Collett, Norske Nord-Havs T£.sp. 1880, 67.)
aa. Teeth on jawa and palatines, none on vomer; pectorals with the middle raya
longest, the lower ones shortened.
b. Anterior half of auaLhu with the rays shortened. (Animrchuai Gill.)
lliV. li. medius (Reinh.) Kroyer.
Yellowish, nearly plain. Lower jaw scarcely included, the maxillary
reaching front of eye; teeth on palatines, none on vomer; ventrals slen-
der, one-third length of head ; lower rays of pectoral shorter than mid-
dle ones, the tin shorter than head. Dorsal and anal slightly joined
to the truncate caudal; anterior half of aua^ with the rays shortened.
Head 6; depth 10. D. LXI; A. 42; V. 1, 3. Greenland to Norway and
Spitzbergen. {Collett.)
{CUnua meditia Reinh. Dansk. Videusk, Af handl. 1838, 114: Lumpenua mediua Kroyer,
Naturh. Tidsskr. i, 377, 1837: StichauiH medius Giinther, iii, 281: Aniaarchus mediua Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209; Collett, 1. c. 62.)
lb. Anal rays subeqnal. {Lumpmna.)
118§. L.. ang[uillaris (Pallas) Gill.
OUve green above, pale below; sides marked above with dark olive
brown; a series of more or less distinct oblong blotches of olive brown
along middle of sides; dorsal barred or spotted: anal pale; opercle
with a dark blotch; head dusky above. Cheeks scaly; mouth some-
what oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching front of
pupil ; teeth on palatines, none on the vomer; sides of each jaw with
1 or 2 larger teeth. Gill-openings prolonged forward a distance greater
than length of snout; pyloric cceca 4, unequal. Fins all comparatively
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209: type Clinua aculeaiua Reinh. (Ac;rrds,
Blender; xXivoi, Climia.)
tGill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 209: +,ypo Clinua mediua Reinh. {avidoi,
unequal; apxo?, anus.)
• .'/' .
I
It,
778 contributi6ns to north American ichthyology — iv.
high; pectorals two-thirds length of head, the middle rays longest;
ventrals one-tlurd length of head. Dorsal and anal distinct from tjic
pointed caudal, which is nearly as long as head. Head 8; depth 14.
D. LXXI; A. 4G; V. I, 4; 13. 7. L. 18 inches. Sau Francisco to
Alaska; very abundant northward.
(BleHnins atiyiiillariH PiiUai*, Zoogr. Rosfl.-Asiat. iii, 176, 1811: Leptogiinndhin gnuilia
AyrcH. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nut. Sci. i, 26: Lumpinm utujuillaris Girurtl, U. S. I'ue. II, \{,
Surv. Fish. 123: Stichwua anguiUarw Giiuther, iii, 282.)
1189. L.. fubricii (Cuv. & Val.) Kriiyer.
Light brown, clouded with darker. Upper jaw scarcely longer than
lower. Vertical fius separate; pectorals large; ventrals very slender.
Depth 14. D. LXIII; A. 41; V. I, 3. Greenland. {Cuv. & Val)
{Blenniua lumpenus Fabricins, Fauna GriJul. 151: Giinnellus fabrivii Cuv. & Val. xi,
431: StkhcEua luminnus Giiuther, iii, 280.)
420.— L-EPTOBLERTWIUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 21: typo Blennins aerpi-ntinus Storer.)
Body greatly elongate, covered with small scales; head rather .slen-
der; teeth very small, in a single series in each jaw; none ou the
vomer or palatines. No lateral line; no cirri; gill-openings somewluit
prolonged forwards, narrowly united to the isthmus. Dorsal tin very
long, continuous, of 8i)ine8 only; ventrals well developed, of 1 spine
and 2 or 3 rays ; pyloric cceca present. This genus is hardly worthy
of separation from Lumpemis. (^sn^rJ?, slender; Blennius.)
a. Dorsal sjiiues 60-65. (Centroblennius Gill.")
1100. li. nubilus (Rich.) J. & G.
Pale olive, marbled with darker. Upper jaw slightly longest; no
teeth on vomer or palatines. Vertical fins not continuous; ventrals
slender, one-third length of head; pectoral fin ovate, the middle niys
longest. D. LXIII; A. 43; V. I, 4. Wellington Sound, {liichardwii.)
(Lumpenus nnhiliis Rich. Last Arctic Voyage, Fish. 13, pi. 28: Stichceits nuhilun Giiu-
ther, iii, 564: Centroblenniua nubilm Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864,209.)
€Ui. Dorsal spines 70-80. {Leptoblenniua QxiW.)
1191. Ij. serpentinns (Storer) Gill.
Olive above, with lighter cloudings; pale below; dorsal fin brownish,
with broad, oblique, white bands; pectorals pale. Head not large, its
sides sparsely covered with small scales; eye as long as snout; max-
illary reaching front of i>upil; gill-openings extending forward below,
for a distance less than length of snout; pectorals long, seven-eighths
* Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 21 : type Lumpenus nuhilua Rick
114. BLENNIIDiE DELOLEPIS.
779
lenj?tli of head; ventrals moderate, 2i| in liead. Head 9; depth 15.
D. LXXV; A. 50; V. I, 3. L. 12 inches. Cape Cod to rrreciihuid.
(Illrnniun serpciitinun Stor«r, Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, :?0, 1848; Gill, Proc. Acad.
}(at. Sci. Philii. ldG4, 209.)
1192. I., laanpotrwforinis (Wall*. ) J. •& 0.
Yellowish, with uumeioiis l)rown spots of different sizes; c^uidal
banded. No teeth on vomer or i)alatines; maxiUary reacliinj; front of
eye. Caudal free, acuminate; first tliree or four rays of dorsal short
and almost free; pectoral convex, shorter than liead ; vent M'ell for-
ward. Head 9. D. LXXII; A. 50; V. I, 3. [Collett.) Greenland to
Norway and Spitzbergen.
[lilciiiiiuii himptlra/ormin Walbanni, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 184: Cliiiux iiebiiJiMu>i N'ilss.
Skiiml. l'>,iin. IH.")'), 11)5: StkhccuH wlantliciiH Giinther, iii, 281: lileitniiw uracUis Ktinvitz.
Xvo Miij^itz. f. Naturv. i, 40G, 1838: CHiiuh nebulumm Fries Vot. Akad. Haudl. IK}?,
'w: Liptobletiniuii (jraciHit Gill, 1. c. 210: Lumpvnus lampetnvj'ormis Collett, Norsko Nord-
havsKxp. 1880,71.)
431.— DELOLEPIS I5.an.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882: typo Dvlolepls rinjatuH Bt*an.)
Body anguilliform, moderately compressed posteriorly, covered with
small, imbricated, cycloid scales; vent ninirly median; a small anal
papilla; lateral line continuous, straij'lit, nearly median, composed of
open pores, witliout j^rominent tnbes. Head oblong, sub(puidrangular,
naked, the muciferous cliannels well deve]oi)ed, tin? vertex shallow-
concave; snout short, obtuse; nostril single, tubular, close behind pre-
maxillary; eyes small, high, sei)arated by an interspace of moderate
width, surrounded by a series of shallow pits; mouth wide, oblique,
terminal, the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; lips fleshy; pre-
maxillaries slightly protractile, with 2 rows of small conical teeth; a
few larger teeth at the symphysis; vomer and palatines with a few
rather largo teeth; tongue smooth, adherent; mandible with a few
shallow pits, the series continued on the posterior border of preop-
ercle; oi)ercles unarmed. Gill-membranes attached to a narrow isth-
mus; gill- rakers very short; pseudobranchia3 present. Branchioste-
gals 0. Pectorals short, placed low, their bases vertical; ventrals
none; dorsal beginning above gill-opening, composed entirely of
spines; anal with 2 spines and many split rays; dorsal and anal con-
tinuous with the caudal, which is rather long and pointed. Intestine
sboit, with a few pyloric coeca. ('Jj^Aoc, visible; Xi-f;^ scale.)
1193. D. virgatus Bean.
Brownish yellow; a brown stripe along lateral line; another along
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780 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
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back; a third along base of anal. Width of head equal to greatest
depth of body; interorbital area equal to snout, or one-third length of
uiandible; maxillary reaching a little behind eye, its length 3 in dis-
tance from snout to front of dorsal; eye 2 in snout, 11 in head. Be-
ginning at a short distance behind origin of dorsal, small, obloiiy'
cycloid scales, closely imbricated, cover a strip of the body along the
lateral line; the scaled area gradually widens backward uiitil, behind
the vent, only a very narrow strip along bases of dorsal and aiuil is
naked. Dorsal beginning over upper angle of gill-opening; lirst spine
hair as long as the seventy-first or longest; caudal 11 ni length; pec-
toral 3 in head. Head C; depth 10. D. LXXVI; A. II, 46; P. 13;
creca 6. L. 30 inches. Coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. {Bean.)
(i3ean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 )
432.— CRYPTACANTHODJES Storer.
Wry-mouths.
(Steer, Rept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 28: type Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer.)
Body very long and slender, compressed, naked ; lateral line obso-
lete; head oblong, cuboid, with vertical cheeks; conspicuous uuieitei-
ous channels in mandible and preopercle; head flattish above, with
deep rounded i>its between and behind eyes; mouth large, very ob-
lique; lower jaw very heavy, its tip projecting; premaxillary not pro-
tractile; jaws with rather sharp, conical teeth; larger teeth ou the
vomer and iralatines; most of the teeth in single series. Gill-niem-
branes jo.ned to the isthmus; the gill-openings- prolonged forwards
below; pyloric coeca 6. Dorsal fin long, composed entirely of spines,
which are rather strong, but enveloped in the skin; dorsal and anal
joined to the caudal; no ventral fins; pectorals short. Size rather
large; one species known. {xpuTzro^, hidden; axavOudr^^, spined.)
1194. C. maculatus Storer. — Wry-mouth; Ghost-fmh.
Light brov/nish, with severjil series of snuillish dark spots, arranged
in more or less regular rows, from the head to the base of the cauihd;
vertical fins closely spotted with darker; head above thickly speelded;
body sometimes (" tnorna^Ms") entirely immaculate. Eyes small, placed
high, not so wide as the interorbital space, which has 2 ridges and 3
pits; orbital rim raised; 2 deep pits behind eye at the temples; a
deeper pit on th<3 top of head between them; a raised ridt-e con-
tinued backward on each side of head behind orbital rim; maxillary
extending to beyond eye; pseudobranchiie small; pectorals short, 3 iu
tl4. BLENNIID^ ANARRHICHAS.
781
head, their tips reaching beyond front of dorsal; vent a little in front
of middle of body. Head C^; depth 13. D. LXXIII; A. 50. North
Atlantic, south to Cape Cod; not very conraon.
(Storer, Rept. Fish. Mass. 1839, 28; Giinther, iii,29l: Cryptacanthodea inornatua Gill,
Prcc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186:}, 332, albino form.)
433.— AlVARRHICHAS Liunieus.
Wolf- fishes.
(Artedi; Linnceus, Sysv. Nat.: type Anarrhichas lupus L,.)
Body moderately elongate, covered with rudimentary scales; head
scaleless, without ci"ri, compressed, narrowed above, the profile strongly
decurved; mouth wide, oblique; premaxillary not protractile; jaws with
very strong conical canines anteriorly; lateral teeth of lower jaw either
molar or with pointed tubercles; ujiper jaw with( ut lateral teeth;
vomer extremely thick and solid, with 2 series of coarse molar teeth;
palatines with i or 2 similar series. Gill-membranes broadly joined to
the isthmus; no lateral line. Dorsal tin rather high, composed entirely
of flexible spines, which are enveloped in the skin; anal fin lower;
caudal fin develoi)ed, free from dorsal and anal; no ventral fins; pec-
toral fins broad, placed low; air-bladder present; no pyloric coeca.
Northern seas. {Anarrhichas (or Scansor), an ancient name of A. lupus;
Iroiii avapfh)(do/ia(j to climb or scramble up; the allusion not evident.)
1195. A.lnpnHUnn.— Wolf-fish.
Brownish; sides with numerous (9-12) very daik transverse bars,
which are continued on the dorsal fin, besides numerous dark spots
a?Ml reticulations; fins dark; caudal tipped with reddish. Maxillary
reaching beyond orbit; band of vomerine teeth extending much far-
ther back than the short palatine band. Pectorals hirge, rounded,
two-thirds length of head. Dorsal high, beginning over the gill-open-
ing, its longest rays about half length of head. Head G; depth 5^.
D. LXII; A. 42. North Atlantic; rather common both in America
and Europe.
(Linnrous, Syst. Nat. i, 430, ITliO: GtlntLer, iii, 208; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. ii,
1879,217: Anarrhichas vomerinus Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 1867, 99, the American form.)
1100. A. minor Olafsen.
Sides without vertical bars, but with many large, round, black spots.
Vomerine teeth extending nearly o. quite as far back as the palatines.
(Bean.) North Atlantic.
(Olafsen, Reise i Island, 1772, 592: Avarrhichaa iiantherinua Zouiew, Nov. Act. Pe-
trop. 1781, 271; Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 217, 1879.)
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782 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOGV — JV.
119Y. A« latifroiis Steciistrnp & Hallgrirasson.
Brown, obscurely spotted with diirker; tlie sides without dark bars.
Ilead broad, the profile not strongly decurved; teeth much sinaller-
vomerine teeth not extending nearly as far back as the palatine scries.
Pectorals three-tifths length of bead; dorsal tin not very hi<jili, b('<.j„.
ning above the giU-opening, the longest spine less than hidf iiwul-
caudal 2^ in head. Head 5; depth i. D. LXVII; A. 45. {CoUdt.)
North Atlantic.
(Steenstrup & Ilallgrimsson, Forli. Skand. Natnrf. 3dioMote, 1842,()47; IJeaii, Proc
U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, ai8, 187i>; Collett, Meddelsk. Noiges Fiske, 187'J, 46.)
1I9S. A. Icpturus Bean.
Dark brown, without bands or spots; belly pale, clouded with very
dark brown. Dead moderate; maxillarj' half as long as head; 41ar<f(i
canines in the upper j[aw and 5 in the lower, all of them stroiij^ly n..
curved; behind the canines in each jaw are a few sharp, conical teetli
also recurved; palatine teeth in 2 series, 4 in the outer and 5 in the
inner series, those in the outer series the longer; vomerine teeth in 2
series, the vomerine patch beginning in advance of the palatine, and
extending farther back than the latter; head and iins scaleless; median
line of body, and all of ta:l with small, widely-separated scales. Head
4^V; depth T). D. LXXXI; A. 52. {Beon.) Alaska.
(Hcan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 212, 1879: ti Anarrhicha» orienialis Pallas, Zoogr.
Eoss.-Asiat. iii, 77, 1811.)
4a4.— ANAKRIUCIITHYS Ayres.
(AjTca, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 32, I^'G.'j: type Anarrkivhiltjis oviUatnn Ayres.)
Body elongate, tai)eriug backward into a very long and coini)res.Si'(l
tail, around which the dorsal and anal are continent with the ciuidal.
Scales rudimentary; no lateral line. Dorsal high, composed entirely
of flexible spines; pectoral fins broad, placed low; ro ventral tins,
IFead very large, compressed, the snout rather short; month larjje;
jaws with very strong, conical canines anteriorly; vomer and ])alatines
eaoh with about 2 rows of coarse molars, the palatine band slnittiii}^
against similar teeth on the sides of the lower jaw. Gill-nieinbranes
broadly united to the isthmus. No i)yloric cceca. Large tisheis of tiie
North Pacitic. [avapfir^a^y Anarrkichas ; ^x^'os;, fish.)
1 I5)9r A. ocellatus Ayrcs.
Dark grayish or greenish, the body and dorsal fin everywhere cov-
ered with round, ocellated black spots of various sizes, the light murk- 1
115. LYCODID-^.
783
iiigs forming reticulations around the spots; liead paler, with the retic-
ulations in much finer pattern; anal pale-edged. Pectorals broad, more
than half length of head. Longest spines of dorsal half length of head.
Head 11; depth 15. D. CCL; A. 233; P. 19. L. 5-8 feet. Pacific
coast, from Monterey north to Puget Sound. Feeds largely on Ech-
inoids.
(Ayros, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. ^"i. i, 31, 1855: AnarrhichlhysfeUs Giranl, U. S. Pao.
R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 125: Anarrhichthys fiHa Giintlier, iii, 211.)
Family CXV.— LYCODIDiE.*
[The EcJpouts.)
Body elongate, more or less eel-shaped, naked or covered with very
small, imbedded, cycloid scales; head large; mouth large, with conical
teeth in jaws, and sometimes on vomer and i)alatines ; bones of head
unarmed. Gill-membranes broadly united to the istlunus ; pseudo-
bnrjchiai present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Dorsal and anal
fins very long, of soft rays only, or the former with a few posterior
sphies; vertical fins confluent around the tail; pectorals small; veu-
trals jugular, very small or wanting. Lateral line obsolete or nearly so.
Gill-rakers small ; pyloric c(Bca rudimentary; vent not near the head.
Genera about G ; species 30, Bottom fishes, chiefly of the Arctic and
Antarctic seas; some of them, and perhaps all, are viviparous.
{Lycodl'lw Giiutlier, iv, 319-320: geuus 'Loarces Giiutlier, iii, 295: Zoarchidiv Swain-
son.)
a. Dorsal fin low behind, some of its posterior rays short and spiue-liko; ventrals
small. {Zoarcinw.)
h. Scales present; tooth strotig, conic, in jaws only Zoauces, 42.'S.
aa. Dorsal lia coutinnons. {Lycodiiuv.)
i: Ventral lins present.
d. Vomer and palatines toothless; scales present Lycouopsis, 4*26.
dd. Vomer and palatines with teeth.
c. Scales present Lycopes, 427.
ce. Scales obsolete , Lycodalkpis, 428.
cc. Ventral lins wanting.
/. Jawseqnal; body scaleless Gymnklis, 429.
ff. Jaws nneqnal, the lower projecting Ukonicctes, 430.
*The six families following (L|/co(?irf«!, Congrogadidw, ^ierasferidte, Ophidiidw, Gadidw,
Mavniridw) constitute the group or suborder of Jnnca/if/iini or Jugiilarcs, distinguished
from the other Acanihopten by the long dorsal and anal fins, which are composed of
soil rays only. Tho ventral fins, if presont, arc jugular. Tho present family is called
Zoam'rfa' in the key, on page 79. ^ . . ,. ■ ,, i,,, t / , ^ _
:^ ■ ■■- ■ • ' ■.■■-■"•■■':;
' /
r
784 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
495.— ZOARCES Cuvier.
Uelnouts.
(Cuvier, Rftgne Anim. ed. f?, ii, 240, 1829: typo Blenniua vivipat'us L.)
Body elongate, compressed, tapering posteriorly; head oblong, heavy,
narrowed above, the profile decurved; month large; teeth strong, conic,
bluntish, in 2 series in the front of each jaw, and 1 series on tLe sides;
teeth in outer series larger; no teeth on vomor or palatines. Dorsal fin
very long, low, some of its posterior rays much lower than the others,
developed as sharp spines; pectoral fins broad; ventrals jnguhir, of 3
or 4 soft rays. Scales small, not imbricated, imbedded in the skin.
Size large. (Cto«/>zr^7, viviparous.)
a. Numbers of fm rcays and ve-rtebraj increased. {Macrozoarcce Gill.)
1300. Z. ailg:ilillai'is (Peck) ^ioiet.—EeJpout; Mutton-fiah ; Mother of Eels.
Eeddish brown, mottled with olive, the scales paler than the skin
about them ; dorsal fin marked with darker ; a dark streak from eye
across cheeks and opercles; lower jaw included; maxillary reachinj? ^g.
yond orbit ; pectoral long, about two-thirds length of head ; ventrals
one-fifth head ; highest ray of dorsal about equal to snout ; the poste-
rior spines about one-third length of eye; first ray of dorsal abovo pre-
opercle. Head 6; depth 7. D. 95, XVIII, 17; A. 105. L. 20 inches.
Delaware to Labrador; rather common northward. Two forms, per-
haps distin(!t species {anguillaris, ciliatus) occur, distinguished by the
size of the jaws.
{Bhnniua avffuillariB Peck, Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci. ii, 46; Storer, Fish. Mass. 2G3;
Giiuther, iii, 29(5: Enchehiopus anguiUaria Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1H(W, 2r)8'
Zoarcca labroaua and Z, Jimhriatita Cuv. & Val. xi, 466, 468: Blenniua ciliatua Mitch.
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 37r., 1815, the large-mouthed form.)
436.— liYCODOPSIS Coliett.
(Leurynnia Lockington.)
(Coliett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 381: typo Lycodea pacificua Coliett.)
Body elongate, eel-shaped, covered with small, smooth, imbedded
scales. . Head large; snout broad and long; interorbital space very
narrow; mouth large, horizontal; teeth conical, those of the upper jaw
in a single row; those of the lower in a band in front, the inner series
enlarged, larger than the upper teeth; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines. Ventral fins very small; vertical fins continuous, without spines.
(Aiixto^jj?, Lycodes; d^nq, appearance.
Ii:ri?;i?l!
115. LYCODID.^i: LYCODES.
785
1201. L. paciiSciis Collett.
Light-nHklish olive, becoming lighter below; vertiesil fins margined
witli bl'H'k; the scaler paler than skin, forming light spots; i)eetorals
dusky. Head comparatively short; orbital region not constricted, nor
clieeks tumid; mouth comparatively small, the maxillary reaching (jen-
ter of pupil; head, nape, and axil of pectoral naked. Dorsal and anal
tins enveloped in thick skin, which is covered with imbedded scales like
tiiose on the body; pectoral half the- length of head; ventrals half
k'ugth of orbit; mandible half length of head; distance from snout to
base of dorsal, 4i in length. Head 5.^; depth 8.i. D. 100; A. 85. L.
12 inches. San Francisco to Puget Sound; rather common in deep
water; the original tyi)e said to bo from Japan.
(Lycodes pticijiciis CoMiitt, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lomloii, ld79, 381.)
1203. I., paiicidcns (Lockiiiyton) Gill.
Vei'y similar to L. pacificiis, but larger, with larger head and mouth ;
snout very broad ; orbital region constricted; cheeks tumid; maxillary
extending about to posterior edge of orbit. Pe(;toral two-fifths length
of head; ventrals half orbit; mandible three-fifths length of head; dis-
tance from snout to base of dorsal, 3| in length. Head 4A ; depth 10.
Otf San Francisco in deep water; possibly a variety (u* state of the pre-
ceding, corresponding to the 'variety" ciliattisoi' Zoarccs anginllarU.
{Lvurynnis paueidciifi Lockiiigion, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879, 326; Gill, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mu8. 1880, a48.)
'' ' 4a'».— I.YCODES Ri'iuhardt.
(Rciuliardt, Kongl. Dansko Vidensk. Selsk. Nat>.. v. vii, 153, 1838: ty\>c Lycodva valdi
Reiuh.)
Body elongate, more or less eel-shaned, tapering behind. Head ob-
long; mouth nearly horizontal ; lower jaw included; conical teeth on
jaws, v^omer, and palatines, those on jaws and palatines mostly in a sin-
gle series. Dorsal fin beginning behind bases of pectorals, without
spines; pectorals moderate, inserted rather high; ventral fins small,
of 3 or 4 rays. Scales small and imbedded, i)resent on part or all of
the body, the scaly area more extensive in the adult than in the young.
No air-bladder nor pyloric coeca. Species numerous, chieHy of the
Northern seas. (ASzaJ'Jrj?, wolfish.)
a. Body elongate, its depth 12-24 times in length.
120'J. 1<. |>axillUS Goode and Beau.
Color probably hght brown. Body very elongate; head broad, flat
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 50
78G CONTRiniJTIOXS to north AMKUICAN ICnTlIVOLOGY — IV.
above, the i)iofilc abruptly decuived ; upper jaw exU'iidin;^ far beyond
the lower; cheeks very full and protuberant; teeth of both Jaws in ^
single series except at the symphysis; a few teeth clustered at tlu^ liead
of the vomer; palatines with a single series ; teeth very stout, recurved
and sharply pointed ; scales covering the entire body arid extending on
the bases of the vertical fins ; head and ])ectoral fins scaleless ; dorsal tin
inserted at less than one-fourth the entire length from the snout. Head
7; dei)tli 17. I). IIG; A. 100. {Gooda tt Bean.) Le Have Banks.
(Gootlo &, Bean, I'loo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 44.)
t
1304. L.. vcrrilli Goodo & Bciin.
Light grayish brown above; below, pearly white; sides with irregular
brown patches bisected by the lateral line ; ab<lominal region livid blue;
a spot of brown on the tip of tail. Body very elongate. Head nuieli
depressed; maxillary nearly reaching posterior margin of orbit; ujiper
jaw much the longer; profile very convex, snout obtusely rounded
above. Head ;"»J5 ; depth about l-'J. D. 1)2; A. 88. {Goode tfe Bean.)
Ooast of Massachusetts and northward, in deep water.
(Goode aud Beau, Amer. Jouru. Sci. Arts, xiv, 187S, 474.)
na. Body moderately elongate, its depth G-10 times iu tbo length.
I*i05. li. valili Ueiuhiirdt.
Browjiish yellow, with (> blackish cross-bands extending on the dor
sal fin and confluent on the belly ; the first cross-band on and below tLe
^interior dorsal rays, the second above the vent; adults nearly uniform
blnckivsh. Head nearly twice as long as high; snout long, the inaxil
lary reaching to oi>posite middle of eye; distance of vent from ventrals
nearly e(pud to length of head; ventral fins less than one-fourth as loii};
as pectorals; vertical fins scaly; body wholly scaly. Head li; depth
8. D. 110; A. 93; V. 4; vert. 25 -f 87. North Atlantic. {Giinther.)
(Keiidiardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Sel.sk. Afhaiidl. vii, IM, 1838; GUnther, iv,31'J; Gill,
Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 2G0.)
1206. li. esmai'ki Crllctt. ,
Brownish black, with a whitish -yellow patch on the nape, and oS
transverse bands of the same color across the dorsal and posteriorly
across the anal, these bands becoming broken into annular spots, with
age. Body behind front of dorsal scaled; vertical fins scaly; nape
scaly; snout obtuse; maxillary not more than half head; lateral line
indistinct, divided; pectorals 8 in length. Head 4^; depth 8. 1). UO;
IW^
. i , U '^
115. LYCODID.i: LYCODKS.
787
)in vi'iitials
A. 05; P. 22; V. 4. Nova Scotia to Fiiimaik and Spitzberj^en. {Col-
Mt.)
(Collott, NMji.-.s FiHkc 1H74, <).-.; Collotf, Norskc NonMlavs Exp. 1880, 84: Lycodtx
nihli ({(«k1»- & IJoiiii, Proc. l'. S. Nat. Miis. If/D, t>(H», not of Kciiih.)
1207. L. rcticiilafiis Kcinli.
IJrowni.sli, with reticulated black lines on tlie head and body; those
on the body disposed in 5 groups or cross-bands, the three anterior
of which emit 1 or 2 vertiial streaks on the dorsal fin; <lorsal daik-
(■(l.iied. . Body entirely scaly; vc^rtieal tins naked. Head twice as lon;^"
iis high; snout long; maxillary extending to behind miudle of eye;
distance from vent to ventrals more than length of head. Ilea<l 4 ;
depth about S. D. 94; A. 7r>; V. 4; cceca 2. L. 14 inches. Green-
aiul, south to the Grand Banks.
(hN^inliiinlt, 1. c. KiT , GiinthtT, iv, :V20: Gill, 1. c. '2i\0; ('Dllctt, 1. o. 84: Lycodcs ronKi
Malinjj;r. 18C4: J.iicoacngradUx fSars, Chri.st. Vid. .St-lsk. Forli. 1866: Jyi/codcH pcrspicillitm
Kiiiyer, Dan.sk. Vidciisk. Sclsk. Aflianill. 184;"), 2'.l'.\: Luiodfs perspivilluin (jiUuthor, iv,
.KO: Ly codes pernpiciU II m (Hll, Proi". Aia«l. Nut. Sui. Pliila. 18G;5, 260.)
ViOH, L,. sconinndus Kcinli.
Color uniform pale grajish brown, without spots or bands. Bo<ly
naked in froni of vent, scaly behinu; fins naked. Head large. Dis-
tance of ventrals from vent somewhat more than length of head.
Uoad 3^; depth 7. ]>. !)1; A. 74; T. 21; ca^ca 2. Greenland to Spitz-
bergen. {Collett.)
(Kcinliarrtt, Kong. Dausk. Sclsk. etc. 1838,223; Giintber, iv, 320; Gill, 1. c. 260;
Coiiott, 1. c. ii;>.)
1209. li. ncbiilosus Kn'iyer,
Ihown, with small, fiiint, yellow, transverse bands across the back
Body naked anteriorly; the imsterior i)art of dorsal fin scaly; the anal
naked or nearly' so. D. 87; A. GS; P. 19; Y. 3. Greenland. {KriUjer.)
An iinperf(H;tly-described species, unknown to recent writers.
(KWiycr, 1. c. 1844, 140; Gill, 1. c. 200.)
laiO. £.. coccinous Bean.
Ikown, red below; pectorals reddish brown above, carmine below;
9 Itlnish white bands on the dorsal; {i few whitish blotches on sides
and on head; anal brownish red; head white below; a whitish blotch
as large as ej'e at upper angle of gill-opening. Posterior two-thirds of
tail covered with separated scales; rest of body, head, and fins, scah-
less; lateral line visible only on scaly part of body, consisting of a few
I'aint, short, linear scratches. Pectoral twice as long as premaxillary,
falling short of the vent by its own length; dorsal beginning over
!i'4
."'I;
'%
.•(•S'
i
*«•
^j:
..V*
f! - C.*-
Evi?-
788 coNTuiiurxioNS to noutii American ichthyology — rv.
jiiiteiior half of ])eftoisil ; anal under twenty-first dorsal ray; tail stdtit.
Head 4; depth 7A; B. 0. D. 87 (with half <;f caudal); A. 87 (with half
of caudal); P. 18; V. 3. L. 20 inches. Big Dioinede Island, Bering's
Strait. (Bean.)
(Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 144, 1881.)
438.— L,Y€ODAL.EPEJS Blocker.
(Blocker, Vcrl. Akad. Amst. od. 2, viii, lUI'J: tyix) Liicodcs muconus Rich.)
This genus differs from Lijcodes in the total absence of scales.
{?.ux(i>or^:;, Jjl/codes; aXer:tc^ without scales.)
1211. L..HIMCOSU' (Rich.) Bleckor.
Blackish, with irregular white markings in tlie form of 5 narrow b;ir.s
across the back; lower parts of head and trunk whitish. Body robust;
head very large; snout long, its length 3 in head; mouth large, tlic
maxillary extending to beyond eye; distance from vent to ventnils
more than length of head; eye very small, 11 in head. A^entrals xciy
small; pectorals large and broad. Ilead -3}; depth 8. D. HO; A, 70;
V. 3; vert. 2G+GG; cceca 2. L. 18 inches. Arctic seas.
(L>)cod('s mucomis Rich. Last Arctic Vovayo, 3()2; Lyvodcs mucoHns Giinthor, iv, 320:
Zycodes ihucohus Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Jllus. xv, 112, 1871).J
1212. I.. tursBcri (Beau) J. & G.
Light brown, grayish below; a cream -colored band on anal; a cres-
centic band of cream-color crosses the nape, and continues behind tLe
pectorals; 10 bands of cream-color, bordered with brown, from the tips
of the dorsal rays to the lower half of body, becoming wider, and
broken below the middle; caudal tii)ped with pale. Head d{>i)ress('(l;
maxillary reaching to opi>osite posterior margin of eye; distance from
ventrals to vent less than length of head. Head 4! ; depth 8. U. 85;
A. G7; P. 18; V. 3, . Saint Michael's, Alaska. {Bean.)
(Lijvodes turiirn Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 463.)
1213. li. pollaris (Sabine) J. & G.
''Without any scales; length of the pectoral exceeding twice its
breadth, having 15 rays. Yellowish, lighter on the belly, with 11 l:n{,v
saddle like markings across the back, the middle of these markings
being much lighter than their edges; the whole back and. the sides
marbled." [Giinthcr.) Coast of North Georgia. An inii)erlectly »lo-
scribed species, unknown to late writers.
{BUnnUiH poJariH Sabiu<>, Parry's Jouni. Voy. 181'J-'20, Suppl. 212: Lijcoda polam
Giluther, iv, 321.)
115. LYCODID.E URONECTES.
[80
iliitlier, iv, 320:
429.— G¥IfIi\EL.IS Rciiiliurat.
(Keiuliardt, DaiiHk. Videusk. Selsk. AfhaiuU. vii, 131, 183«: type Ophidium viridp Fa-
bricius.)
Body elongate, naked (see G. stUjma). Vertical fins without spines;
ventral fins none. Small conical teeth on the jaws, vomer and pala-
tines. Gill-openings very narrow. No air-bladder; pyloric cceca none ;
no anal papillji. Size small. Arctic seas. (^'w/iVM?, naked; £v;f£-Jy?, eel.)
l-ill. G. viridis (Fabr.) Keinh.
Brownish, sometimes uniform, but generally with dark roundish
trau'^verse markings; 1 to 4 rouiul black spots on anterior part of
dorsal fin ; anal sometimes blacik-edged ; lower part of head with
sharply-defined whitish markings. Snout subconical, longer than the
eye; jaws equal; mouth oblique; maxillary reaching beyond eye; teeth
rather small, conical, in a single series on each side, forming a patch
anteriorly; distance from snout to vent 2^ times length of head. Pec-
toral pouiuled, inserted low, its length less than half that of head.
Dorsal commencing over posterior third of pectorals. Head about OA ;
depth about 13. Eye 7 in head. D. 100; A. 80. Arctic seas, Alaska
to Nova Scotia; abundant.
{(iphiiUiim riridv Fabr. Faun. Groenl. 141, 1780; Guutbor, Lv, 323; Collett, 1. c. 123:
CymneliH j)'tctu8 Giiutber, iv, 324, 1862.)
Vita. G. ? stigma (Rennett.) Gtbr. '
S(!ales present, very small; no trace of ventrals. Dilute brown, with
irregular transverse series of brown sjicts, besides obscure cross-bands
("void swathes"); a large, round, purplish spot near the origin of the
dorsal. Vertical fins united into a transparent ridge; pectoral rathei-
large. Snout obtuse; chin with a large gibbosity; teeth small. Depth
about 8. L. 5 inches. Kotzebue Sound. {Lay.) Probably the tyiie of
ii distinct genus. • .
{OpMdium stigma Lay & Bennett, Zool. Beechey's Voy. 67; Giinther, iv, 325.)
430.— UROMECTES Giinther.
(Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns, iv, 325, 1832: type OpMd'mm parrii Ross.)
Body ensiforra, compressed; tail long and tapering; ventrals none;
vent not far distant from the head; numerous minute teeth in Jaws and
on palate; lower jaw the longer; no barbel; scales and gill-openings
unknown. (oo|r>«, tail; vr/zrij?, swimmer.)
la 10. ir. parrii (Rosa) Gtbr. . ,;.-,'
Color uniform. Head very obtuse, its length, depth, and breadth
equal; head broader than the body, flattened and grooved between the
T \
m
790 CONTRIHUTIONS TO NOUTIl AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
oyes, which sire hitoial mjmI rather larjje; fjreatest ihipth of body some.
wliat more than K'njjth of head; neck much arched. Dorsal iiiscittd
Just hcliind head; pectoral extending beyond vent. Head 4. 1). ."jO; A.
4"); P. ;}7. Raflin's Bay. {Giinther.)
((J2)lii(Uiim parrii Hosts, Parry's Tliinl Voyaj;e, App. 1<»U; (Jiiiitlu-r, iv, '.VH).)
Family CXVI.— CONGROGADID.E.
Body elonjjate, compressed, eel-shaped, naked or covered with siiinll
scales. Mouth moderate, horizontal, the lower jaw the lonjj;er; teeth in
a single series in the Jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines also;
no barbels. Branchiostegals 4 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fouilli-
])seudobranchia; present. Gill-membranes more or less connected, fn'c
from the isthnuis. Dorsal tin long ami low^ of slender rays indx'ddod
in the skin; anal similar to dorsal, both connected to the caudal lln;
tail diphycercal. Pectoral tins small; ventral tins wanting. Vent re-
mote from the head, without ])a})illa. Air-bladder none; pyloric cu'ca
none. Small fishes, chiefly of the East Indies. Genera 3; si)ecies 4.
{Ophidiidw, group Congronadlna (jriiiither, iv, 388, 389.)
a. Cuuiucs present; dorsal beginning near the middle of the body. ..Scytauna, 4:iI.
431.— SCYTAL.IWA Jordan & Gilbert.
(Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. NaT. Mim. 1880, 266: type Snjlalina cerdale .1. & G.)
Body Aery long and slender, covered with small scales. I lead de-
l)ressed, shaped like the head of a snake, with tumid cheeks and a dis-
tinct neck. Eyes small, superior. Mouth rather large, the lower jaw
slightly i)roJecting. Teeth conic, in single series on jaws, vomer, and
])alatines. Each jaw with two canines in front. No lateral line; psou
dobranchiie small. Gill-rakers almost obsolete. Dorsal tin very low.
its first ray near the miuJle of the body. Anal fin similar to dorsal,
nearly as long. Tail diphycercal, the caudal well developed. (Diniiuu-
tive of Scytale, from (rxura/.r^, a viper.)
1217. S. cerdale J. & G.
riesh-colored, with much mottling of ])nrplish in fine pattern; holly
nearly plain; caudal reddish-edged. Head broader than body; snout
depressed, rounded at tip; cheeks very long; opercle short; inteior-
bital space rather broad, concave posteriorly; eyes small, anterior and
superior ; upi)er lip separated by a crease from the skin of the lore
head; lower Jaw projecting; edge of lower lip with pores, and small
•lermal flaps and fringes; maxillary extending a little beyond eye;
nostrils with small flaps. Lower jaw with a series of close-set, even,
117. FlliRASFEllID.^^. — FIERASFKK.
71)1
conical tcoth, lu'sidcs two divci-gent caniiuvs in front; upper jaw witli
similar teeth in several series in front, the canineH Ninallei- and closer
t();,'ether. Pectorals little lonjjer than eye; insertion of dorsal slijihtly
ill front of anal, a little in front of nnddleof l)ody; rays of vertii^al fins
low and .veak, those of caudal njost dcveh)ped; vent close in front of
anal, which is sinular to dorsal. Head 8; <lepth 14. 1). 41; A. ,'j(}. L.
G inches. Straits of Fuca; burrowiu}; anionj? rocks near low tide-mark.
(Jordau & Gilbert, I'roc. U. 8. Nat. Miis. iii, 18^0, 206.)
Family CXVII.— FIERxVSFERID^.
Body very elonj;ate, compressed, tapering into a long and slender
tail. No scales. Teeth cardiform on Jaws, vomer, and jjalatines; canine
teeth often present; no barbels; lower jaw in<!lu(h'd; vent at the throat;
<j;ill-membranes more or less united, free from the isthmus; no pseudo-
branchicE; no pyloric coBca; vertical tins very low, conrtuent, without
spines,; no ventral tins; pectcral fins present or absent. Small fishes
of the tropical seas, parasitic in shells of mollusks, in Evhinodermn, etc.
Genera 3; species 12.
{Ophidiidw, group Fieras/erina Gilutlier, iv, 381-384.)
a. Pectoral lius present ; caudal fiu obsolete Fierasfkr, 432.
432.— FIERASFER Cuvier.
(Cnvier, Rofrne Anim. ii, 1817 : type Fierasfer imberbiH Cnv. = Giimnotua acus Briinuich.)
No distinct caudal fin; pectoral fins developed. {Fieran/er, the
ancient name, from (/mpo^, sleek and shining.)
121§. F.dubius" Putnam.
Color, in spirits, uniform light brown, with a short silvery band along
the sides of the abdomen, made by continent spots. Maxillary extend-
iiiji' slightly beyond orbit; lower teeth larger than the upper, except 2-4
front teeth of upper jaw, which are about equal to lower teeth ; vomer
with 3-G teeth, 2 or 3 of these canine like. Pectoral half head; vent
under base of pectoral. Dorsal fin low, but distinct; anal much more
developed than dorsal; its longest rays about in tlie middle of the fish.
Air bladder long, slightly constricted behind. Gill-membranes not cov-
ering isthmus. Head 7^ ; depth of head 15. {Piitnain.) Florida Keys
to Cuba and Panama. ' • ' ' ; u*
(Campus laffinin Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 1808, 402, not of F. ajginis Gilutlier; Putnam,
Proe. Bost. See. Nat. Hist. 1874, 344.)
*Iu the Museum of Comparative Zoology is " one valve of a pearl oyster, in wbii^b
a specimen of Fieranfir dalnuH is beautifully inclosed in a pearly covering, deposited
on it by the oyster.'' (Putnam.)
iVs
vif.
n
! ". J.
792 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
, Family CXVIIL— OPHIDIIDi*:.
! . [The Ophidioids.)
Body elongate, compressed, more or less eel-shaped, naked or covered
with very small scales, which are not imbricated, but placed in obli(jU(i
-series tit right angles with each other; head large; lower jaw included;
both jaws, and usually vomer and i>alatines also, with villifonn or car
ditorjn teeth; prsmaxillaries protractile; gill-openings very wide, the
gill-membranes separate, anteriorly narrowlj- joined to the isthiuus be-
hind the ventrals; pseudobranchiai small or obsolete. Gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth; vent more or less posterior. Vertical fins low,
without spines, confluent around the tail ; tail isocercal ; ventral fins at
the throat, each developed as a long, forked barbel. Air-bladder and
pyloric coeca present. Genera 3, species about 12. Carnivorous tishcs,
found in most warm seas. , .
{Ophidiidw, group Ophidiina Giiuther, i\, 376-380.) ,
a. Body scaly.
h. Palutinea with a band of villiform teeth only
-Ophidium, 433.
433.-OPHlDll]?I Linnoius.
( Op/i jrf jtf n Artedi; Liniiious Syst. Nat.: type Ojihidion harbatum l.)
Body moderately elongate, compressed; scales small, not imbricated,
but arranged in short oblique series, placed at right angles with eiicli
other, much as in Anguiila. Head naked, or somewhat scaly; teotli
villiform, those of the outer series moie or less enlar;]:ed; teeth on
vouier and palatines bluntish, some of them enlarged. Vent well '.to-
hind pectorals. {Ophidium, an ancient name, from oftdur^, a small
snake.)
((. Outer teeth of jaws lixed. (Ophidium.) .
1219. O' ^iiargiiEiituiii Dek.
Co^or nearly plain brownish ; dorsa' and anal fins margined with
black. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of orbit; air-bladder .short
and broad, with a foramen on the under side; outer ray of ventrals
about equalling length of head; inner ray half length of outer. Gill-
rakers 4. Head o^; depth 7^. Atlantic coast of North America lioiii
I^ew York southward. •>;
(Dekay, N. Y. Fannu, FIbU. 1842, 315; Putuam, Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874, [Wl.)
118. OPIIIDIID^ OPIIIDIUM.
793
12tfO. O. josephi Grd.
I';)le olive, sprinkled all over with brownish specks; belly and sides
ot lieud i)lain ; vertical tins edged with black. Eye moderate, 4 iu head ;
inaxiMary extending to opposite its posterior margin; origin of dorsal
ut some distance behind base of pectorals. Body shorter and pectorals
more elongate than in 0. taylori. Ilead 'J. Saint Joseph's Island, Texas.
[Girard.) ', .
[Ophidion joscphi GivatH, U. S. Mcx. Boun»l. Surv. Ichth. 1859, 2i).)
tS'Jl. O. holbrooki Putnam.
" Inner barbel nearly two-thirds length of the outer; outer barbel equal
to the distance from the center of the eye to the point of the operculum ;
maxillary reaching to the posterior border of the eye. Length of the
eye e(pial to the distance from its posterior margin to the ridge of the
preoperculum. Head one-sixth of the total length of the fish. Dorsal
and anal with a black margin. Gill-rakers 4. Air-bladder long, pointed,
without a foramen." L. C inches. Key West, Florida. {Putnam.)
(riitnam, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874y 34'3.)
1222. O. taylor* Girard. .
Light olive; head and upper parts covered with conspicuous round
(lark, olive-brown spots; chin dusky; vertical fins edged with black.
Head large, little compressed, naked; top of heod with conspicuous
mucous pores. Dorsal fiii beginning over t)ie pectorals; outer raj' of
ventrals little more than half length of head; inner about one-third.
Air-bladder ovate, not contracted; seven gill-riicers below the angle of
tlie arch; ^)seudobranchia5 developed. No spine on the end of the
snout. Outer teeth in both jaws considerably enlarged, the upper
largest. Head C; depth 8. L. VI iuches. Coast of California; not
rare.
(Gii-iud, V. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1859, 138.)
fld. Outer teeth iu. jaws niovablo; head scaly above. {Leptoph'ulium* GiW.")
1223. O. piorundoriiin (Gill) J. & G.
Light rufous ; vertical fins margined wUh black. Body very slender;
scales regularly arranged iu quincunx order; scales on head extending
to forehead, opercles, and cheeks; snout high, projecting, armed with a
concealed spinous hook; teeth villiforu), separated by an interval from
an outer row of longer, slemler, movable teeth; eye longer than snout,
3.J iu head; lateral line obsolete behind ; vent toward end of first third
*(iill, Prr.c. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IKI?, 210: type Lepiophidium profundorum Gill.
(AfTro?, slender; ocpiStoy, Ophidium.)
«{« y
I i
704 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
of length; ventral fins short. Head G; depth 10. Gulf Stream, ofl' the
coast of Florida. (GUI.) r •" '
(Leptophidiumprofinidorum Gill, Proc. Acad. Nut. Sci. Pbila. 18G3, 211.)
Family CXX.—GADID^.*
{The Co(] -fishes.)
Body elongate, more or less compressed behind; tail usually isoccr-
cal (diphycercal in Dinematiehthys)', scales cycloid, small, soinctiinos
wanting. Gill-openings very wide; gill-membranes separated or some-
what united, commonly free from the isthmus; no spines, the lin-niys
all articulated. Dorsal fin extending almost the length of the back
forming one, two, or three fins; anal flu long, single or divided; caud;!!
fin distinct, or confluent with the dorsal and anal; ventral fins Jiignlar,
but attached to the pubic bone, each of one to eight brar.ched rays.
Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. No pseudobranchiae. Edge of pre-
oper(;le usually covered by skin of ht-ad. Pyloric co^ca usually nuinor
ous, but sometimes few or none. Air-bladder generallj- well develoi)e(l.
Genera 35, species about 90; an imi^ortant family, many of its inenibeis
being highly valued as food. They inhabit chiefly the northern seas;
one genus {Lota) being conflned to the fresh waters. Two genera [Sty-
(jienla, Lucifuga) are blind and inhabit the cave st»„;*ms of Cuba.
( fiadida; Giintlier, iv, ;J26-:JG9; Ophidiidw, group Brotulina, iv, 371-376.)
rt. iJody scaly. • ' ■>
b. Vertical fills united or approximated; pyloric cojca two ; no barbel. (lirotitllm:)
c. Tcrtical fiu8 united Byt'hh.s, 4H4.
cc. Vertical fius separate; tail dipby cereal Dinkmatichtiiys, 4;!').
hb. Vertical fins well separated; pyloric cccca mostly numerous; tail isociical.
d. Frontal bone single, normal. (Gadinn:)
e. Anterior dorsal composed of a band of fring"8 preceded by a sUikIit ia,v;
baruels 3 to 5.
/. Ventral rays 3 to 5 ; aiuil liu entire Onos, i%.
ee. Anterior dor.sal coinjiosed of distinct rays.
(/. Cliin witb a barbel.
h. Dorsal tins two ; anal fin one.
i.' Ventral fins narrow, filamentous, each composed of two or llirce
;. slender rays Pincis, 4;i7.
it. Ventrals broader, each of about six rays.
J. Tail attenuate ; anal liu notched ; mouth inferior; deep-sen iislies.
" "^ " ■"" " ""~~ _ HALOi'oiti'iiYia's, 4;iH.
j(/. Tail normal; anal fin entire ; mouth terminal.
--:---— ^ Vomer toothless; teeth villiform Physhtms, i;'.l».
:" Ik. Vomer with teeth.
/. Vomer and Uiundible with canines Moi.ya, 44;'.
Ih Vomer and maadiblu without canines L(»ta, 441.
"Including family IIU, JJroiuUdw, in the key to the famllicB, pa^o 7!).
f v;: -, ^: V2X GADlD^E DINEMATICIITHYS. 705
ft/i. Dorsnlliu single ; tual tin single ; ventrals well developed.
, , UllOSMU'8, 142.
hhh. Dorsal tins three ; unul fins two (Jadi's, 44. t.
SO- Chin without barbel; lower juw proji^eting; scales large ; dorsiils two;
anal one Hypsicomktks, 444.
dd. Frontal bone divided; top of head with a triangular excavated area; no
barbel. (MeHuciina:)
p. Lower jaw projecting; dorsals two; anal one; anal and
second doi'sal deeply eniarginate Mkkux'Uts, 445.
m. Body naked; month very large : abdomen greatly dilatable; teeth very uneciual;
jaws with very long, depressible canines. {ChiaxiHodoii-
- , , ;r ; tinw) Chiasmouon, 44U.
»■-■■■. ^ ,'. ' ■■ , ■ -
. . 434.-BYTHITES Keiuhardt. • /
(Reinhardt, Dansk Vidensk. Selsk. Afhandl. vii, 178, 1835 ; typo ButhitcafuHciisJii'inh.)
Body elongate, i'overed with ininute scales. Head large, thick;
mouth large; jaAvs equal; no barbel; bands of teeth in the jaws
and on vomer and palatines. Brauchiostegals eight; gill ineinbraiies
united, free from the isthmus; eye moderate. Lateral line interrupteil.
Vertical tins united ; ventral tins reduced to simple filaments, each com-
posed of two rays closelj' united. Air-bhidder large; two pyloric cgbim.
A thick, conical, anal ])apilla (in the male). Greenland. (/Sw^/eVry?, an
iuiiinal of the depths, from ,'iL>Oto<;, the deep.)
Vi*M. B. fuscus Ueinh.
Uniform dark-brown. Head with minute cirri; snout obtuse; maxil-
l;iry extending to below eye; vertical fins enveloped in thick skin; ven-
tnils two-thirds as long as head. Depth less than length of head.
Greenland. {Giinther.)
(Reinhardt, 1. c. 179; GUuther iv, 375.) *
433.— DINE]?IATI€HT1IYS Bleeker.
( I)ro8mo2)hycia (iil\: //aJias Ay res.)
(Blocker, Batoe, 318; type DinemaCwhtlniH ihjocwtvoides Blocker.)
Body moderately e'ongatc, covered with minute imbedded scales;
laterjil line inconspicuous; head moderate, conical; opercio with a
spine i)osteriorly ; preopt^rcle unarmed, usually with a large mucous
pore at its angle; no barbels; Jaws subecpial ; teeth in the jaws canli-
form, in bands anteriorly; vomer and palatines with similar teeth;
• nill membranes little connected. D<nvsal fin low, continuous, its last
rays contiguous to the caudal, but nearly or quite free from it; anal
till even, similar to dorsal, but shorter; rays of vertical fins slender,
much branched; veutrals reduced each to a filament formed of two rays
.1^
\
1 X
^Wt
796 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ly.
closely joined ; caudal sliort and slender; tail dipliycercal, truncate at
base of caudal; ana! papilla large (in S); stomach large, with two short
pyloric coeca. (Jt?, two; v/7,'/.a, thread; r/Ch<;^ Qah.) , ,/:
a. Head nearly or quite scaleless. {Halias" Ayrcs.) ,. .
1335. D. nia!.';j:inatus (Ayres) Gtbr.
Keddish brown; fins broadly edged with bright rose red. Head with
traces of very rudimentary scales sunken in the skin ; eye well forward, l.l
in snout, 7 or 8 in head ; maxillary reaching beyond eye a little less than
half length of head; teeth of jaws subequal, in broad bands; pahitiiic
teeth in a sliort band, shorter than eje. Fin-rays slender, imbedded
in skin; pectorals moderate, a little more than half length of head;
ventrals half length of head ; nape nearer origin of dorsal than tij) ol'
snout; vent slightly behind middle of body; caudal as long as eye and
snout; a conspicuous pore above tip of maxillary; two pores at chin;
anal papilla without horny appendages; lower lip with a fringe of
minute cirri. Head 4^ in length; depth about G. D. about 80; A.
about Go. Coast of California, rather rare ; in deej) water.
(Broamius inarginatua Ajiea, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. i, 1!?. 1854: Halias margi-
vatua Avres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, 5'2; Giiutlier. iv, 375: Broamophijm mar-
ijlnatua Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18S1, 168; 186:$, 253' )
.• / 436.-ONOSt Ayrea.
• Bocklings. ,
{Motella Cnv'iQt: Jl/b ?«e?Za Kaup: Rhinonemus GWl: Cj7ta<o Couch aud GoHc/iia Thomp-
son, yonng forms.)
(Risso, Hist. Nat. d'Eur. Merid. iii, 211, 1826: type Onoa mitatella Ri880=6'flrf«» irkh-
mtu.1 m. & Schn.)
Body rather elongate, covered with very small scales; head more or
less depressed; lower jaw included; chin with a barbel; snout Avithtwo
to four barbels, one on each anterior nostril; teeth in bands on Jaws and
vomer; none on palatines; some of the teeth in upper jaw somctinies
enlarged or canine-like; dorsal fins two, the anterior composed of small
fringe-lilie rays concealed in a groove, in front of these a siiiyle ion;;
ray; second dorsal long; anal similar; caudal tin rounded or lanceo
*Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 52, 1860: type liroaviiua margiiutttin A\n'>^.
(aX?, flic sea.)
tWo <lo not adopt the earlier name Oaidropsarua of Raiinefetine, because we liinl
11 f tic evidence that the rouj^h lij^nro of Rondelot, on which Gaidropmriix munuUaris
Kaflaes(ino was fonnded, was intended for a species of Onoa rather than of J'hudK.
Eiichchiopiia Bloch &, Schnoid<'r is a heteroj^eneous group, iucludin;r spcciee of (laduii,
of which genus it may be considered a syuouym.
120. GADIDiE ONOS.
797
late; tail isocercal ; ventral fins of 5 to 7 rays. Small fishes of the
iiortherr seas; the species ditlering considerably among themselves.
{Onos, au ancient name of certain Gadoid fishes; from oko?, an ass.)
a. Barbels four; head anteriorly liigli and compressed ; no large canines. (Bhinone-
mu9 Gill.)
1226. O. cinibrins (L.) Goodo & Bean. — Fonr-hearded RoclcUng. /
Brownish, posterior part of dorsal and anal, and lower margin of cnu-
(lal abruptly black ; inside of month black. Head oblong, comi)ressed,
the snout high, its anterior profile blunt; month large, inferior; a barbel
at chin, one at end of snout, and one on each anterior nostril; maxillaiy
reaching much beyond eye; teeth in narrow bands, some of them con-
siderably enlarged; lateral line stitch like, developed at intervals.
First (free) ray of dorsal as long as head; ventrals about half length
of head; caudal somewhat acute. Head 5; depth G. D. 50; A. 43;
V. 5. L. 12 inches. North Atlantic, on both coasts.
{tiadus cimbriiis Linnaons, Syst. Nat.: Motclla caudaciita Storer, Hist. Fisli. Muss.
;!()!: Molella cimbria Giiuther, iv, 367: lihiiwnemus caudacuta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pliila. 186;5, 241.) ■■ . . r . ,
(Id. Barbels three. (Onos.) . •■ . ".
Vi97. O. rciiihnrdti (Kroyer) Gill.
Uniform reddish brown; cirri and tips of fins red. Head depressed,
but rather pointed anteriorly; snout rather short, with" two barbels;
chill with one; teeth in villiform bands, those of one series in each jaw
longer than the rest. First ray of first dorsal short, little longer than
snout. Vent near middle of length. Distance from snout to first dor-
sal 1% of length. Heads. ]). 5G; A. 45; V. 8. Greenland. {Collett.)
(^Motella argentaia Reinh. Sclsk. Nat. Math. Afh. 1837, 110: MoMla reinhardii
Kidyor MSS. ; Collett, Norake Nord-Havs. Exp. 18S0, 131 : Onos reinhardii Gill, Proc.
Ac:i(l. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G3, 241: i Couchia argentaia GiiutluT, iv, 3G3, the young of
this or other species of Onos; small, silvery iishes, swimming at the surface in the
opeu 8oa. )
12a§. O. ensis (Reinh.) Gill. ,:,
Head small; snout with two barbels; chin with one; teeth feeble,
uniform, in villiform bands; palatine teeth villiform. Vent nearly me-
dian; distance to front of dorsal | of length. First dorsal ray pro-
duced, as long as head. Head 5^; D. 59; A. 46. Greenland. {Col-
lett.)
[Motella ensiH Reinh. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. vii, 115, 1838: OnosenaiiiQiW, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1803, 241; Collett, 1. c. 134.)
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798 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV
437.— PHYCIS* Bloch & Scbneiaer.
... V ; . . : • GocUings. , , :
(Bloch. & SchiiPiiler, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 56: typo Phifda tinea \Wiw\\ «fe Schneider.)
Body rather elongate ; bead subconie ; mouth rather hir{>(' the
maxillary reaching to below eye; lower jaw included ; chin with a siniill
barbel; jaws and vomer with broad bands of snbeqnal, pointed teeth;
l)alatinea toothless. Dorsal fins two, the first sometimes produced :if
tip; second dorsal long, similar to the anal. Ventrals wide apinf,
iihimentous, each of 2 or 3 slender rays. Gill-membranes soinoAvlint
connected, narrowly joined to the isthmus. {<poxi-, an ancient name of
.some fish living in the Fucus, (pux<>^.)
«. Dors.al r.ays scarcely produced, ( Uropli yds f Gill.)
1229. P. regius (Walb.) J. & G.
Pale brownish tinged with yellowish, the lateral lino dark brown, in-
terrupted by white spots; inside of mouth white; first dorsal hirjielv
black, this color surrounded bj' white; second dorsal olivaceous, with
irregular round dark spots; caudal, anal, and pectorals dusky; ven
ti'als and lower edge of pectorals white; two vertical series of ronnd
dark spots on the sides of the head. Body rather stout; head broiul;
mouth large, the maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye. Eye k\ss
than snout or interorbital width; first dorsal low, its height about einml
to half length of head; ventral fiu longer than head, about 3J in length
of body; caudal fin subtruncate. Head 4J; depth 4 J. D. 8-43; A.
about 45; scales rather large, about 90 in the lateral line. Morth
Atlantic, south to Cape Fear. Said to exhibit electric powers in life.
{ItkiDiins regina Wiilh. Art. Pise. 1792, 183 : Phycis piinctatnH Dek. N. Y. Fauna, Fisli.
21>2: Enchi'lyopuH regalia Bloch. &, Schn. 1801, 53: Phycia reyalia GUuther, iv, ;&">.)
1330. P. earlli Be.an.
Brown, with some li;;lit spots on the second dorsal fin and on tlio
sides; anal and both dorsals margined with brown. Body short aiul
stout; maxillary extending beyond front of eye; barbel one third
length of upper jaw, which is half length of liead; interorbital space
equal to length of snout; pectorals as long as postorbital part of liead;
" " Hypaipteraargentea" Giiuther (ii, 380; iv, 362); a very small silvery lish, occasion-
ally taken on our coasts as well as on those of Eurojw, is now supposed to bo tlic youii};
of species of Phycia.
tGill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu. 1863, 240: typo Gadua regiaa Walb. (oi;/jd,,taiIi
<pvKiif Phycis.)
1-20. GADID.E PHYCI8.
799
v(Mitrals reaching nearly to vent; none of the rays of first dorsal i)ro-
(Inced, the tin not higher tlian second dorsal. Head .'}5|; depth 4i. D.
10-02; A. 53; 1M5; Lat. 1. 155. L. 14 inches. Charleston, South (3ar-
olina. ■ ;. - ■ ■ .,
(lieaii, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. iii, G9, 1880.) . '
(irt. OiKi of the rays of the first dorsal more or loss produced. (Phj/cia.)
IS.1I. P. cliuss(Walb.) Gill.— 6W/tw<7; Sg«jrre?-/iafcc.
Brownish above, sides lighter and tinged with yellowish; thickly
])uuctulate with darker; below pale; inside of month white; vertical
tins somewhat dusky; aual tin margined with pale; lateral line not
(lark. Body rather slender; head depressed; eye large, about equal to
iiiterorbital width ; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil. Fila-
mentous dorsal ray about two-sevenths length of body, when perfe(!t ;
pectorals | length of head; ventral fins extending beyond the vent;
scales comparatively large. Headi.i^; depth 5. D. 9-57; A. 50; Lat.
1. 110. Atlantic coast, chiefly northward.
(DUnniua c/iuss Wiilb. Art. Pise. 1792, 18(5: Enchehjopna americanuH Bl. & Sehn. 1801,
n.!: PInich amcricanua Giinther, iv, ',V^',i: Pliycis filamentosHu Storer, Fish. Mass. ;-G7;
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 2:17.)
Vi,i2. P. tenuis (Mitch.) T)ek.—CodUnfj ; White hake; Squirrel-hake.
Brownish, lighter and yellowish below: fins very dark. Snout longer
than eye, narrower and more pointed than in P. chiiss. Eye large,
usually Avider than interorbital space ; maxillary reaching beyond pupil.
Filamentous dorsal ray about two-thirds length of head ; ventral fins
about reaching vent. Scales very small. Head 4^; depth 5.^. D. 0-
r)7; A. 48; Lat. 1. 138. Distinguished from tne preceding chiefly by the
smaller scales, ^fforth Atlantic, south to Virginia; abundant north-
ward. ■ . '
(GmhtH tenuiH Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 372; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
k\. Pliiia. 18()3, 238: Phyds dvkayi Kaup, Archiv. Naturg. i, 89, 18r)8.)
1233. P. Chester! Goodc and Bean. .' ,.:.,:
Eye 3iV in length of head; maxillary twice in head ; barbel one third
diameter of orbit ; vent equidistant from tip of snout and end of second
(lor.sal; distauce from snout to dorsal fin equals twice the length of the
inundible; the third ray of the second dorsal extremely elongate, its
length more than twice that of head, and more than four times that of
tlie longest of the other rays ; ventral fins with the first ray one-thinl
length of body, the second abojit three times the length of the head,
-J!
J;
^
wm
800 CONTKIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOC.Y — iv.
the third shorter than the dijimeter of orbit; pectorals four tiiiu s as
long as the opercle. Scales large and thin; lateral line much broken
posteriorly. Head 4:|; depth 5. D. 9 or 10, 5(5; A. 5G; Lat. 1. !)o.
{Goode and Bean.) Coast of Massachusetts, in deep water.
(Goodo and Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus- i, 1878, 256.)
. 43§.— 1IAL.OPORPIIYRUS Giinther.
(£epidton Swainson; preoccupied as Xp/>idja.)
(Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas. iv, 3^8, 1802: type Gadus lepidioii Risso.)
Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a slender tail. Scales very
small. Head entirely scaly, even to the gill-membranes. Snout dc
liressed, thin and flat, projecting beyond the mouth; mouth rather lai
»^ )
chill with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform teeth; a small rouiid.
ish iiatch of teeth on vomer, none on jjalatines. Dorsal tins two; tlic
first short, its anterior ray produced into a long lilament; anal liu
deeply notched, almost separated into two tins; ventral tins with six
rays, one of them tilameutous; caudal truncate. Branchiostegal.s 7.
]>eep- water tishes. («A?, sea; -ofxpufxx;^ i)urijle, from the deep colora-
tion.) ''■.:■■-.-.
1833. H. viola Goode & Bean. *^ ' ' •
Color, deep violet or blue-black ; inside of mouth and opercles blue-
black; snout broad, pointed at tip, much depressed, forming a root-like
projection above mouth ; a consi>icuous keel extending backward from
tip of snout along the suborbital to the posterior margin of the eye.
Mouth U-shaped, wholly inferior; maxillary nearly reaching posterior
margin of orbit; interorbital space flat, as wide as the large eye, the
orbital ridges somewhat elevated; barbel about one-half diameter of
orbit. First dorsal with its first ray much produced, longer than liead;
anal fin deeply notched near its middle. Caudal peduncle as long as
eye; its depth more than half its length; longest ray of ventrals readi-
ing about half way to vent; pectoral 1^ in head. Head 4^; depths.
D. 4-53; A. 40; V. G; Lat. 1. 115. Banks of Newfoundland and south-
ward, in deep water..
{Haloporphyrua viola Goode and Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 256, 1878.)
439.-PHYSIClJI.US Kaup.
(Kaup, Wiegmann's Arcliiv. 1858, 88: type Phyaicuhia (iahvigkii Kaup.)
Body elongate, covered with small scales ; head entirely scaly ; snout
broad, obtusely rounded, projecting beyond the mouth; mouth of mod-
120. GADIDiE — LOTA.
801
erato size; chin with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform teeth;
vomer an<l pahitines toothless. Dorsals 2; anal fin single, not notched;
ventral tins with 5 rays, the outer rays lilanieritous; caudal rounded,
slender, free; branchiostegals 7. (A diminutive of PhyciH.)
1334. P. dalwi{j^kDi Kaup.
Color uniform brownish; pectoral and anal whitish; axil of pectoral,
chin, and belly blackish; inside of mouth white. Head broad, de-
pressed; cleft of mouth oblique; maxillary extending beyond vertical
from pupil; intororbital space flat, its width rather less than vertical
diameter of orbit; a concealed spine on each side of nape. Height of
first dorsal equalling half length of head; second dorsal somewhat
lower, nearly uniform in height; nnal similar to second dorsal, but
lower; pectorals two-thirds length of head; filamentous ventral ray
not reaching anal. Eleven series of scales betweeen anterior dorsal
and lateral line. Head 4 in length; depth 5i. D. 7-G7 ; A. 69; V. 5.
(Giinther.) Madeira; lately taken in deep water off the coast of Massa-
cbusetts.
(K-up, Wiegm. Arch. 1858, 88; GUnther, iv, 348.)
440.— ]»IOL,VA Nilssou.
Lings.
(Nilsson, Skandinav. Fauna, 1832, iv, 573: type Gadua molva L»)
Body elongate, covered with very small scales. Chin with a barbel;
lower jaw included; bands of teeth on jaws and vomer; lower jaw with
large canines which are arrow-shaped and movable ; vomer with a curved
series of canines, mixed with small teeth, these mostly fixed; no teeth
on palatines. Gill-membranes broadly united. Two dorsal fins, both
well developed; one anal fin; ventrals of several rays. ^Northern seas.
[An old name of M. vulgaris.)
1235. HI. vulgaris Fleming.— Ztni/.
Barbel longer than eye; a short barbel at the nostril; eye as wide
as iuterorbital space. D. 15-66; A. G2; V. G; vertebrae 27+ 37. (Gitn-
ther.) Greenland and Northern Europe.
(Gadus molva L. Syst. Nat.; Fleming, Brit. Anim. 192; GUather, iv, 361.)
441.— LOTA Cuvier.
Burbots.
(Cuvier, R^gno Anim. ii, 1817: type Gadaa lota li. = Lota vulgaris Jenyus.)
Body long and low, compressed behind. Head small,^ depressed^
Bull. I^^at. Mus. No. 16 51
^rr^
■ i
802 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
ratlier broad; anterior nostrils each with a small barbel; chin Mitb a
long barbel; snont and lower parts of head naked; mouth nKxlerate
the lower jaw included; both jaws with broad bands of equal, villifortn
teeth, vomer with a broad, crescent-shaped band of similar tooth* no
teeth on palatines. Gill-openings wide, the membrane somewhat cou-
nected, free from the isthmus. Scales very small, imbedded; vortical
fins scaly. Dorsal fins two, the first short, the second long, similar to
the aiml; caudal rounded, its outer rays procurrent; ventral s of several
rays. One species, living in fresh waters of northern regions. [Lota
the ancient name.)
1236. L. maculosa (Le S.) C. & V. — Burbot; Lake Lawyer; Ling.
Dark olive, thickly marbled and reticulated with blackish; yellowish
or dusky beneath; young often sharply marked, the adult bocomin"
dull-grayish; vertical fins with dusky margins. Maxillary reaching to
posterior margin of eye; barbel longer than the very small eye; pec-
toral If in head; ventrals reaching half way to vent. Head 4|; depth
6. D. 13-7G; A. 68; V. 7; vertebrte 21+38; cceca 30. L. 2 feet. New
England and Great Lake region, north to the Arctic seas; abundant
northward; also (var. vulgaris) throughout Northern Eurojie and Asia.
(Gadus lota L. Syst, Nat.: Gadus maculosus Le Sueur, Joum. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliil.i.
i, 83, 1873: Lota compreasa, inoriuita, aud maculosa Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842,
283-285: Lota vulgaris Jenyns, Manual Brit. Vert. 448; Lota vulgaris GUather, iv, 359.)
442.— BROSMIIJS Cuvier.
CusliS.
(Cuvier, Rfegue Anira. ii, 1817: type Gadus.brosme Mtiller.) r .
Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales. Mouth
rather large, with teeth in the jaws, vomer, and palatines, some of
those on the vomer and palatines enlarged; chin with a barbel;
branchiostegals 7. Dorsal fin single, continuous, not elevated; anal
fin similar, but shorter; caudal fin rounded; ventral fins several-rayed.
Fishes of the ^Northern seas. (A latinization of the vernacular name
brosme.) - ,,. , .>. _
1231. B.br08mc(Mmier) White.— C«»fc. k: ; '.^
Brownish, mottled; young uniform dark slate-color, or with trans-
verse yellow bands; vertical fins bordered with blackish, and with a
white edge. Head flattened above j upper jaw slightly longer than
Iowot; mouth large, oblique j maxillary reaching beyond orbit. Head
120. GAPID/E — GADUS.
803
4i; depth 5 J. D. 98; A. 71. {Storer.) Polar regions, south to Cape
Cod and Denmark. - >
(Gaditu broamc MUller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. 41, 1770: Gadus hroame Ya.hr. Fann. Grrenl.
140; llroHmiitH Jlavisccns GQiithor, iv, 3G9: lirosmiua flavegcena Storer, Fish. Mass. 3C«:
lUvxmiua hroame Gliuther, iv, 3G'J: Bronmiua vulgaris Dekay, Now York Fauua, Fish.
283.)
443.— GADIJS LinntBua.
' Codfishes.
(Artcdi ; Linna.Mi8, Syst. Nat. : type Gadwa c'a?/ar/a« or «iorr/tua L.)
IJody moderately elongate, compressed and tajjering behind. Scales
very small; lateral line present. Head narrowed anteriorly; mouth
moderate or large; chin with a barbel, which is sometimes minute;
teeth cardiform, subequal, or with those of one series more or less en-
larged; vomer with teeth; none on the palatines. Dorsal fins three,
well separated; anal fins two; ventral fins well developed, of about
seven raj's. Species of the Northern Seas; highly valued as food.
(GarfMS, tho Latin name, akin to the English word Cod.)
0. Lower jaw inclnded; barbel well developed.
b. Vent below second dorsal; species of large size,
c. Lateral lino black; mouth small, the maxillary not reaching eye.
grammua* Gill.)
(Mclano-
123§. G. n;g:lifinus 1..— Haddock.
Dark gray above, whitish below; lateral line black; a large dark
blotch above the pectorals; dorsals and caudal dusky. Snout long
and narrow, overlapping the small mouth; maxillary barely reach-
ing front of orbit; teeth subequal, large, in a cardiform band in upper
ja;^'; in a single series on lower jaw and on vomer; occiput carinated; a
ridge extending backward from each orbit; eye very large, two-thirds
length of SD'^ut, 4 in head. Anterior rays of first dorsal elevated,
three fourths length of head, the fin pointed, higher than second and
third dorsals; caudal lunate; vent below front of second dorsal. The
sknll in this species is more depressed than in Gadus callarias, broader,
and thinner in texture ; occipital crest exceedingly high, much higher
than in Oadus^ the wing-like projections at its base anteriorly spread-
ing widely, raised above the surface of the skull. Head 3f ; depth 4 J.
D. 15-24-21; A. 23-21. North Atlantic, on both coasts; an important
food-lish, reaching a considerable size.
(Gadua wglifinua Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. : Gadus ceglifinus Gttnther, iv, 332: Melanogram-
liiHs a'slifnuw Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 237.)
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18€
ypafij.li}, line.)
~*37 : typo Gadua aglifinits L. (/ie'Aa?, black;
^T
ij
I
. .■♦■
,'■ ■ .;
•i-'^'-k
■ -y
'.^
Oji^ /r./&-
804 CONTRIDUTIOXS TO NORTn AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY — ly.
cc. Lateral lino palo; mouth ratlior large, the maxillary reaching past front of eye.
d. VertebriB normal. {Gadiis.)
1290. G.canarinsl^.— Common Codfish. ♦
Greenish or brownisli, subject to many variations, sometimes yellow-
isli or reddish; back and sides with numerous rounded brownisli spots-
lateral line pale; f us dark. Head large, but varying much in size*
maxillary about reaching middle of orbit; occipital keel not greatly
developed; teeth strong, cardiform, in narrow bands, those of the outer
row in the upper jaw, and of the inner row in the lower jaw, somewhat
enlarged. Eye moderate, about half length of snout. First dorsal
little elevated, its height about half length of head; vent under front
of second dorsal; caudal slightly emarginate; pectorals half length of
head. Head 3J to4J; depth about 4. D. 14-21-19; A. 20-18. North-
eru Seas, south to Virginia, Oregon, and Japan, one of the most impor-
tant of all food- fishes. The fish of the Pacific Ocean (var. macrocophahin)
is said to have the air-bladder ("sounds") smaller; it is wholly similar
externally. The Greenland form (var. ogac) is very dark, with slender
caudal i)eduncle, longer barbel, larger eye, broader interorbital space,
longer i)ectorals, and more advanced ventrals. Great variations occur
in size of head and in color among individuals from different regions.
{Gadus caUariaa et viorrhiia Liun. Syst. Nat.; Glinther, iv, 328: Monhiia ammvana
Storer, Hist. Fish. Mass. 343: Gadns inacrocephalua Tiles. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Potersb.
ii, 3G0, IHlO: Gadua macroceplialim Giinther, iv, 330: Gadm oi/ak Richardson, ¥. 15. A,
Fish. 24G: Gadus ogac Bean, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xv, 110: Gadua auratuaCoiw, Proc.
Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. 1873.)
dd. Vortebrae peculiarly modified, somewhat as in Merlucius. (Tileaia* Swsiinson.)
1340. G. gracilis Tiles.
Dusky bluish above, yellowish white below, without spots. Foiin of
a haddock, the body subterete, compressed, the belly prominent. Head
oblong, the snout rounded and depressed; upper jaw longer and broader
than lower; barbel moderate; outer teeth setaceous; eye large. Scales
very small, little imbricated. First dorsal subtriangular; second dor-
sal lower; third obtusely triangular; pectorals largt^; ventrals with the
second ray produced; caudal equal. Head 4^; depth 4-}. D. 14-17-19;
A. 21-20; P. 19; Y. 0; B. C. {Pallas.) Alaska to Japan. Au insnlti-
ciently-described species, which, accoiiling to Dr. Bean, who has htclj
obtained it in Bering's Sea, is very distinct from the other members of
the genus. It differs from Gadus callarias in the structure of its ver-
•Swaiuson, Nat. Hist. Fish. etc. 1839, 300: type Gadua gracilia Tiles. (Dedicated
to William Theophilus Tilesius.)
a americana
120. OADID^ OADL'S.
805
tebrje, resembling the structure found in Mcrlucius. Tliis dift'erence, in
Dr. Bean's opinion, may uecessiti'te tlie revival of the genus TiiiHia of
Swiiinson.
{(iiidun (jraeUiH TiloHiiis, Meiu. Acad. Imp. St. PftiTHb. ii, :i">4, 1810: (iadun wachtui
I'allas, Zoogr. KoaH.-A»iut. iii, 18:i, 1811: Tilevia yiavilia Swaiuuuu, 1. c: Tilcsia yravilia
Ueaii, Proc. U. 8. Nut. Mus. 1881,243).
2)6. Vent in i'rout of sccuud uorHiil ; spcciea of HUiull uizo. {Mia-ogadua* 0':\l.)
1811. O. proximus Grd.— Tom-cod.
Olivaceous abc i, pale, or slightly translucent, white below; dorsal
lius dusky, paler at base; first anal, and ventrals uncolored; second
amil dusted with dark points. Head long, convex above, somewhat,
compressed, with vertical sides; eye moderate, about 5 in head; mouth
mtber large; maxillary reaching to below ])upil; barbel small; teeth
in eucli jaw iu a band, the outer row a little enlarged. Gill-miimbranes
a little connected, free from the isthmus. First dorsal highest, some-
what falcate, its height three fifths length of head; first anal longer
aud higher than second; pectorals moderate, reaching anal; veutrals
lilamentous, scarcely reaching anal; caudal slightly emarginate. Lat-
eral line very distinct, wavy, high anteriorly, slightly interrupted pos-
teriorly. Vent below first dorsal. Head 4; depth 4§. I). 14-18-19;
A. 21-21; V. 6 or 7. L. 1 foot. Monterey to Alaska ; abundant; a
food fish of some importance.
The Tom-cods {Microgadus) dilFer considerably from the true cods
{Gudus) ill the structure of the cianium. The following is Professor
Gill's account of the skull of G. projcimnSy the italicised portions indi-
cating the diftercnces from Gudus callarias :
"The cranium is proportionally broader towards the front and less
flattened, while the brain-case is flattened below, decidedly sicoUen on
each side of a depressed sphenoidal groove, and has an ovate car<li-
fonn shape; the paraoccipital or epiotic is not produced into an angle
behind, but is obtusely rounded, and its posterior or outwardly-descend-
ing ridge blunt; the opisthotic is well developed, oblong, and with its
re-entering angle high up, and, on a line with it, the surface is divided '
iuto two parts — a narroic aud flattened one, and a lower expanded
one, much swollen; the alisphenoid or pro-otic is oblong, acutely emar-
, ginate in front, swollen from the region of the high anterior sinus,
and above a little produced forwards; the grent frontal is a little longer
'Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila. 1865, 69: type Gadua proximua Qrd. (fiiKpoi,
small; yaSog, Gadus.)
' *i
, •" I
kii
W
■k'.
Vl.
■■'*rJ?gi"
806 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
than broad, with siipraoccipiial cr^tst continued forwards on the bone
and near the front expanded upwards, and with the expanded portion
behind dividing into narrow lateral wings; the lateral testiform ridges
of the frontal are continued forwards and curved outwards towards the
antero-lateral angles; the anterior frontals are mostly covered in front
by the great froutal, and are much developed in the direction of tlie
antero-lateral angles, the inferior expanded axillarj' portion being vciv
narrow; the nasal has a rounded ridge in front, continued well below
and its posterior crest is laminar and trenchant."
(Gadus proximua Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1854, 141, an«l in U. S. Pac. R. R.
Surv. 142: Morrhua califortiica Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. bci. 1854, 9: Gadua califor-
nicua GilUtb'^r, iv, 332: Microgadus proximua GUI.)
1342. O. tomcod Wa\h.— Tom-cod; Froat-fiah.
Olive brown, distinctly blotched and spotted with darker, lighter on
the bellj'; more opaque than in G. proximus ; back and sides profusely
punctulate; dorsals and caudal blotched with darker; anals coarsely
l)anctulate anteriorly, colorless posteriorly; ventrals and pectorals
dusky. Snout rounded, less produced than in O. proximus; month
short; maxillary 2i in head, reaching pupil; eye large, 3| in head;
barbel small; pectorals reaching vent, ventrals tilamentous, not reach-
ing vent. Vent under interval between first and second dorsals.
Head 3^; depth 5. D. 13-17-18; A. 20-17. L. 11 feet. Virginia to
Labrador; common northward.
(Gadua torn-cod Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 133: Mon-hua pruinosa Storer, Fish.
Masa. 357: Gadua iomcodua Gilnther, iv, 331: Microgadua tomcodua Gill.)
aa. Luv.or jaw projecting; barbel small, sometinoes obsolete. • ,
e. Upper jaw witli its teeth anbequal. {Vollachiua Nilss.*) . '
1343. O. vircns 1^.— Pollack; Coal-ftah; Green Cod.
Greenish brown above; sides and below somewhat silvery; lateral
line pale; tins mostly pale; sometimes a black spot in the axil. Body
rather elongate, compressed; snout sharp and conic; month rather
small, oblique; maxillary reaching beyond front of orbit; lower jaw
slightly the longer; teeth in the upper jaw nearly equal, the onter
series not being especially enlarged; barbel rudimentary or obsolete.
Crill -membranes considerably united, free from isthmus. Vent and
first dorsal. Caudal fin lunate. Pectorals short, scarcely reaching
•Nilsson; Bonaparte, Catologo Metodico, 1846, 45: type Gadua pollachm L.
(:roXX(i}}x, uiany-fasbioucd ; au oid uaiiie, with uo obvious applioatiou; perhaps
merely a latinized form of the commou uamt.)
120. QADIDJ', — GADUS.
807
anal; ventrals short. Head 4; depth 4|. D. 13-22-20; A. 25-20; Lat.
1. about 150; vertebrae 54. North Atlantic; coinr.ou northward on
both coasts.
{Gadus lirrns and G. carbonariua Linn. Syst. Nat. : Merlangua purpureua Storer, Fish.
Mass. 358; (iadim rir<w« Giintber, iv, 339: PoUachiua carbonariua Gill.)
1344. O. clialcogramnius Pallas.
Blackish above, with silvery luster; everywhere puuctulate W'tTi
black; lius also puuctulate; ventrals and first anal pale. Snout conic,
sLarp, rounded in profile; mouth oblique: maxillary reaching middle
of pupil; chin with a minute barbel; teeth small, those of the outer
row above sliy;htly enlarged; eye large, wider than the flat interorbitrl
space, 4 in head. G HI membranes somewhat united, the posterior out-
line deeply emarginate; vent under interspace between first and sec-
ond dorsal; first dorsal higher than the other'^, the second lowest;
ventrals filamentous, reaching two-thirds distance to vent; pectorals
long, reaching i)ast front of anal; caudal somewhat concave. Head
4; depth 5. D. 12-17-18; A. 18-18; V. 7. North Pacific, south to
Monterey.
{Gadua chalcogrammua Pallas, Zoogr. Ros8.-Asiat. iii, 198, 1811-1831: Gadua periaco-
j)«« Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Pliila. 1873: Gadua chalcogrammua Giiuther, iv, 340.)
ee. Upper jaw Avith an outer series of rather larger teeth. {Borvogndiia* Giiuther.)
1343>> O. saida Lepcchin. ' '
Brownish above, silvery below; head, body, and fins minutely dotted
with black; the dorsals and pectoral almost entirely Mack, as is the
lower half of the anal tins; lateral line pale. Barbel minute or absent;
teeth extremely minute, sharp, those in the outer series a trifle larger;
suout longer than eye, which is equal to interorbital space, and about
oue-fourth head; body elongate; tail slender; caudal deeply forked,
the uppei lobe the longer; ventrals long, 1^ in head; pectorals IJ;
vent belov/ front of second dorsal. Scales very minute, non-imbricate.
Head 3if; depth 5 J. D. 13-15-21; A. lG-21. {CoUett.) Greenland to
Alaska and Bussia.
(Gadua aaida Lepcchin, Nov. Comra. Acad. Sclent. Potrop. 1774, 512: Gadua aaida
Giiuther, iv, 337; CoUett, Norslie Nord-IIavs Exp. 1880, 1*2(5: Merlangua polaria Sa-
lii'ie, App. Parry's Voyage, ccxi, 1824: Gadua fabrieii Rich. Fanna Bor.-Amer. iii, 245:
Gadua fabricii Giiatber, iv, 336: Boreogadua 2)olaria Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1863, 233: Boreogadua aaida Beau", Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 108: i Gadua pygvianta Pal-
laH, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, IPO, 1811: Gadua aj^iiis Reink. Kgl. D. Vid. Selsk. 1838, 126:
Wadua glacialia Peters, Nord-Pol Exp. ii, 172, 1874.)
•GUnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 336, 1862: type Gadua fabricii Rich. {/Sopsoi,
northern; Gadus.)
m
.1
-I
1 .,' ,
80«
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
444.— Hl'PSICO]»IETE§ Goodfc.
(Qoodo, Proc. U. 8. Nafc. Muh. 1880, 347: typo Hypsicometes (johioidva Ooode.)
liwly t'longate, covered w'th large scales; luonth rather small, liori-
zoiital, the lower jaw much projecting; 2 or 3 rows of feeble teeth on
jaws aud vomer; uoiio on palatines. Eyes largo, snperior, near to-
gether. No barbel; no pseudobranchiiu. Caudal lln separate; 2 dor-
sal Ihis, the first of a few long rays, the second with a longer base
entire, and similar to the anal; ventrals well developed, each of G rays.
Deep-sea fishes. (Svt', in deep water; zw/yjjDjf, dweller.)
1240. II. KObloidcs Goodo.
Color gniyish, clouded with darker; belly pale; a large dark blotch
at base of upper rays of caudal. Head rather broad ami d(']>resso(l,
its width about equal to greatest depth of body; maxillary reaching
front of orbit; snout broad, rounded, as long as eye. Caudal trnncatc;
longest rays of first dorsal as long as the snout; ventrals wide apart,
with broad bases, inserted far in advance of the pectorals. Head 3;
depth 8. ]). G-17; A. IG; V. C; Lat. I. 58. L. 2 inches. Gulf Stream,
off the coast of Ehode Island. (Goodc.)
(Goodo, IVoc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, 348, I860.) . i
443.— IVIERIiVCIUS Rafinesque.
(Rafinesquo, Carattcri di Alcniii Nnovi Gonori, etc. 1810,20: typo Gadus vierhiciua L.\
Body elongate, covered with small deciduous scales. Head slender,
conical, the snout long, depressed; a well-deflued, oblong, trian},'Hhir
excavation at the forehead, bounded by the ridges on the separated
frontal bones; these ridges converge backwards into the low occipitid
crest; eye rather large; edge of i>reopercle free; preopeicle with a
channel behind its crest, crossed by short radiating ridges; mouth
large, oblique; maxillaries extending to opposite the eyes; lower jaw
longest; no barbels; jaws with slender teeth, of various sizes, in about
2 series, those of the inner row longer and movable; vonu'r with sim-
ilar teeth; palatines toothless. Branchiostegals 7. Gill rakers long ;
gill-membranes not united. Dorsal fins 2, well sejjarated, the first
short, the second long, with a deep emargination : anal eniarginate,
similar to second dorsal; ventml fins well developed, with about 7
rays; vertebriB peculiarly modified, the neural spines well dttveloped
and wedged into one anotuer; frontal bone double and the skull oth-
120. GADIDiE — MERLUCIU8.
809
erwise peculiar in several respects. Species severul, very similar,
liurge, voracious fishes, little valued as food. {MerluciiiH, the ancient
name, meaning "Sea-Pike.")
1317. Ifl.bilinoai'is (Mitch., QiU.—flakc.
(Irayish, darker above, dull silvery below; axil and edj^e of ])ectoral
somewhat blackish; inside of opercle dusky silvery; inside of month
dusky bluish; i)eritoneum nearly black. To]) of head with the W-
shaped ridj^es very conspicuous; eye shorter than snout, an<l less
than iuterorbital width; maxillary reaching i)osterior border of pui)ll;
tectli not very large, snuiUcr than in M. Kiniridm. IS<;al('s laiger than
iu other species; pectorals and ventrals long, the latter reaching three-
fourths distance to vent, their length about thnic-fifths that of head.
Head 3;|; dei)th (J.^. D. 13-41 ! A. 40; Lat. 1. 100-110. Coasts of ^ew
England and northward; rather common.
{Stomoilon biliiirarin Mitcliill, liopt. Firth. N. Y.7, 1814: GaduHnlhithm Mif chill, .Toiirn.
Aoail. Nat. Sci. Phifa. i, 409: Mvrliiciun albidun Stonsr, HJHt. Fish. Mass. '.M5(; Good*) «fe
Bean, bull. ICshcx Inst, xi, 9.)
; ' :• r.
a^fUp- f,/^ ^ .
124§. M. snifiridMS Haf. — European Hake,
Dusky above, silvery below; dorsal, caudal, and distal part of pec-
toral blackish; inside of opercle black; inside of nu)uth black poste-
riorly, pale in front; peritoneum black. Ventrals a little more than
half head; t 'eth very long. Head large, .'5J; depth G^. D. 10-;ii); A.
36; vert. 2,3 4-20; Lat. 1. loO. Coasts of Europe; abundant; straying
to Greenland. Here described from specimens taken at (Jienoa. The
identity of the northern species with M. HmiriduH is perhaps uncertain.
(GadiiH mcrluiciua L. Syst. Nat. ; Ralinosiiiu), Carattori di Alciuii Niutvi (Joiieri, 1810,
23: Marliicins vnhjaris Flciuiuj^, Brit. Ariiiii. 193: Mcrluc'um ruhjarh (iiiulher, iv, 344:
Epicopu^ gayi GMnthm, ii, 248.) {:P /f ^^^^^^-'^ i^.^^y
1249. ITI. produi;tus (Ayros) Q\\\.—Merlaccio. /^ ^' ^ '^f p^ytj t ay^^^'CfU^ A^
Silver gray; licad dusted with coarse black dots; inside of mouth and ^Z^^- ^
opercle jeb black; peritoneum silvery, with black specks. Head with '^^^ '
the W-shaped ridges less strongly marked; maxillary reaching center ^
of pupil; eye large; pectorals long and narrow, reaching vent; ventrals
much smaller than in M. hilinearis, reaching half way to vent; their
length about f that of head ; caudal somewhat forked. Scales quite
small, deciduous. Teeth moderate. Head 3^; depth 7. D. 11-41; A.
43; V. 7. Lat. 1. 130. L. 3 feet. Pacific coast, from Santa Barbara
northward ; abundant.
{Merlangus productm Ayrcs, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 64: Uomalopomus Irotth
kidgii Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 185C, 132: Gadu«j)rodu<j<u« Giiuthor,iv, 338;
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 247,)
..i
i ' . ''.
(- -v
* % ■, 1
ik
■!■" ,UI
^Ci.
^yr^^ '^^ '■/ ^^Cf^^^^-H^ ^ (P
ft'i-i.
y-^
l:P'-!j-
s <*.<
/^>■■>.^
^-,^
*1^
f ; L.
810 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY — ly.
446.— ClIIASlVIODOnr JoIitiB&n.
(Johnnnn, Proc. Zool. Soo. Loii«1. ISG'^, 408: typo Vhiamnodon niger Johimnii.)
Body olongjito, ooinpressod, and tapcrinj; i)()Hterioiiy, nalced ; boHy
)>ondent, its walls inciiibraiiaccous, capable of great dilation. Month
very largo; lower Jaw longer than upper, without barbel; both jaws
with two series of Jarge, i)ointed teeth, some of the anterior being very
large and movable; vouorine teeth none; palatines with teeth simihir
to those in the jaws. (Jills -t. No pseudobranehiiu. (Sdl opcniuffs
very wide, the membranes joined to the isthmus for a short distaiue.
Dorsal tins two; anal single; ventrals inserted below peetorals, ciK-h of
five soft rays. Tail not isocereal, truncate at base of caudal, ('audal
fork«»d, free from dorsal and anal. Singular tlshes of the deep sea, rc-
nuirkable for their ability to swallow llshes of many times their owr
size by nutans of the great distensibility of the walls of the body. The
])osition of this genus in the family Qadidiv is doubtful, {yjaff/ia, a ma',
of the form of the letter X; odwvy tootli; the two anterior canines cross-
ing each other when depressed.)
ISAO. C niH^cr JohiiHon.
Entirely black. Head compressed, elongate, the crown flat, its depth
less than half its length; maxillary reaching angle of preo|)eicle; both
jaws armed with long, pointed, Avide-set teeth, nearly all of which arc
movable; two anterior teethof upper jaw very long, crossing each other
when (lepressed ; three anterior pairs of teeth in lower jaw likcnvise pro-
longed, the third pair the longest; palatines with a longer, fixed tooth
in front. Eye moderate, above the anterior part of maxillary, U in
head, shorter than snout, as wide as interorbital space. Lateral lino in
a longitudinal groove. Firs': dorsal of slender rays, its base 2^ in that
of second dorsal ; anal commencing behind second dorsal, its anterior
rays without connection with vertebral column; posterior rays of auiil
and d«)rsal very feeble; pectoral as long as head without snout; ven-
tral half as long as pectoral. Head 3^. D. 11-28; A. 27; P. 13; V. 5.
L. 12 inches. {Giinthcr.) Deep seasj taken at Madeira and off tlio
coast of Massachusetts. ■
(Johusou, 1. c. 408; Chiasmodn« niger GUuther, v, 435.)
Family CXXL— MACRJRID^. . ',1'
^ . ;.; : .;v ' ry--
{The Grenadiers.)
Body elongate, tapering into a very long contpressed tail, whicih ends
in a point; scales moderate, very rough, usually keeled or spinous.
121. MACRURIDiE — MACRURUS.
811
Tooith villiform or cardiforni, in bandH, ou tlio jaws only; tip of lower
jaw witli a barbel; prcMuaxillary protractibi. DorHalH two, tlie (IrHt
sliort and bigb, of Htiff, npinoliko brancbed rays; tlio Hoeond dorsal
v«'ry lon{^, of V(>-ry low feebb» rays, continuo<l to tlio «nid of tlio tail ;
iiual lln siutilar to tb() siHjond dorsal, but much hij?hor; no caudal tin;
v«Mitrals sniall, subjugular, each of about 8 rays. Branchiostcgals
or 7. Lateral lino present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth. Gill-
ndcers very sniall; pill-inenibranes narrov/ly united to the isthmus; no
pHOudobranchiie; pyloric cceca numerous; air-bladder present. Genera
iihout 5; species about 35, chiefly of the northern s^as, in deep water.
(il/acTMnt/ttJ Gilnth r, iv, 390-398.)
0. Seal 'H of inodorato hIzo.
ft. Snont iirodiicod, conical; cldft of mouth entirely inferior Mackurus, 447.
bb. Snout Hhurt, obtiiHO, trnncatud; cleft of mouth lateral.
COUYI'II^NOIDKS, 448.
'A:; A'lt.-'WACRrRirs Biocii.
!"'v >'»»?*; (LepidolepruB KIhso.)
{WacrourHS Bloch, lohth. v, 152, 1787: type Macrourm rupeittriH lilooh, not of Ounner.)
Snout broadly conical, high, projecting beyond mouth; moutli mod-
erate, its cleft horizontal, U-shaped, entirelj-^ inferior; teeth of the outer
sfiries not enlarged; head sometimes with ronglunied bony ridges, one
of which, on the suborbital and preorbital, simulates the suborbital
stay of the Cottoids; tyes very largo; scales very rough, keeled, the
keels usually ending in spines. Deep water fishes; mostly northern.
Tliis genus grades into the next, and is perhaps uMWorthy of retention.
(naxfxii;, long; dijfidj tail.)
fl Siihorliital rof^ion wiMi a conspicuous hony rid^je extending from the proopercle
along tlie suborbital and prourbital to the eud of the projecting auout.
Vmi. m. fubricii SundevuU. — Bat-tail; Grenadier.
Dusky, inside of mouth and gill-openings black; peritoneum black.
Siiout sharp, nearly as long as oj'c, 3 J in head; an area of loose, rough-
isii, naked skin between the suborbital ridge and the mouth ; supra-
ociiUir and ocijipital ridges present, the interocular space concave.
Scales each with a longitudinal serrate ridge ending in a spine; first
ray of dorsal denticulated toward the tip; vent behind origin of second
dorsal; 5 rows of scales between first dorsal and lateral line. Head 4^;
depth C. Eye 3 in head. D. 12-124; A. 148; V. 8; Lat. 1. ca. 125.
Massachusetts to Greenland and N^orway, in deep water; not rare.
{Coryphwna rupestris MJlller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 177(5, 4i'^ (notof GunriCr): Macrourm
npestria Bloch, i, 152: Maorvrus rupeatria Gllnther, iv, 390: Macrur'iS fabricii Uunde-
vbU, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1840, G.)
I ,
'.•]■
. -^^
'<" -\
812 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
13<(3. M, carminatus Goode.
Silver-gray. Body stouter than in M. bairdi, the tail less attehuate.
Scales heavy, covered with long spines arranged in nine or ten rown
like wool-cards {carmen), those of the middle row similar to the otliers.
Eye as deep as width of interorhital space, 5 in head. Snout lon"
sharp, depressed, triangular, 3 in head, its lateral ridges well devel-
oped, running in a straight line under the eyes; a strong horizontal
ridge from supraorbital to gill-openings parallel with subocular ridges*
barbel very short. Long ray of dorsal unarmed; anal rather high, Its
longest rays equal to half width of interorhital space; pectoral not
reaching anal; ventral behind pectoral, its filament not reaching anal.
Head 5; depth 8. D. 10-80 + ; A. 76 + ; P. 13; V. 7; scales ca. 5-100-
12. Gulf Stream, off the coast of Ehode Island. {Ooode.)
(Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 346.)
aa. Suborbital region without conspicuous bony ridge. ., ■...,..
1253. H. bairdl Goode & Bean.
Brownish gray, bluish below ; membrane of first dorsal and under
surface of snout pink; throat and branchiostegals deep violet; front
of dorsal and anal blackish. Snout sharp, quadrate, shorter than eye,
with 4 radiating ridges ; bony ridge of preorbital and suborbital obso-
lete, this region unarmed and soft to the touch ; mouth less distinctly
inferior than in other species. Scales keeled; first long ray of first
dorsal strongly serrate anteriorly; vent under middle of first dorsal.
Head OJ; depth 8. D. 12-137; A. 120; scales 6-J 52-20. Deep water,
oflf the coast of Kew England. This s^v^cies approaches CoryplKviwides,
and renders the distinction of the genus Macrurus doubtful.
(Goode & Bean, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xiv, 471, 1877.) ^ ,
448.— CORYPHiEMOlDfS Gunner.
(Gunner, Trondhj. Selsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 1765: type Coryphwnoides rupestris Gunner.)
Snout short, obtuse, high, obliquely truncated, soft to the touch,
except its bony cente*. ; cleft of the mouth lateral ; head without prom-
inent ridges, the membrane bones of the side of the head soft and
p{,pery; teeth in the outer series of upper jaw somewhat enlarged.
Si^ales smooth or spinous. Lower jaw with a barbel, {xopuipaha, Corij-
j^hcena; ^t'^o?, resemblance.)
1334. C. rupestris Gunner.
Bones of front and sides of head thin and papery; no bony ridges
on sides of head; angle of preopercle with a conspicuous four-angled
122. PLEURONECTID^.
813
proeesa. Eyes very large, longer than snout, 3 J in head; maxillary
extending to below posterior o<lge of pupil. Pectorals inserted above
rentrals and bolow first ray of dorsal, which is strong, compressed,
and armed anteriorly with sharp teeth directed upward; vent under
last ray of first dorsal. Scales small, rough, but not keeled. Head 4;
depth 5J. First D. 11; A. ca. 110; V. 8. Banks of Newfoundland to
Norway, in deep water.
(Coryphwnoidca rupeatria Gunner, Trondhj. Sclsk. Skrift. iii, 50, 1765: Coryphanoides
norvegiais Giinther, iv, 390: Mao'ourus norKcgicns NilBsou, Skand. Fuuuu Fiske 600,
1832: Macrourua striiini Kuiuli. Dausk. Vidensk. Afbaudl. vii, 129.)
Order U.-HETEROSOMATA.
. . {The Flatfishes.) "' /, : r; ■. ^
"Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow
two orbits on the same side, or one vertical and one lateral ; basis cranii
not quite simple. Dorsal fin long, of jointed rays. Superior pharyn-
geals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the inferior sepa-
rate." (Cope.) This order includes the single family of FleuronectidcB.
{hspo^j dififerent; (Tc5//a, body.)
{Anacanthini pleuronectoidei GilutUer, iv, 399-504.)
Family CXXII and CXXIIL— PLEURONECTID^.
{The Flounders.) ". , ;^ , .
Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsym-
metrical, the cranium twisted, both eyes being on the same side of the
body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost and
colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In very young
fishes the bones of the head are symmetrical, one eye on each side, and
the body vertical in the water. In some species the cranium becomes
twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it; in others the upper eye
moves through the cranium. Mouth small or large, the dentition
various; premaxillaries protractile; no supplemental maxillary bone;
pseiidobranchijB present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lower pha-
ryngeals separate; no air-bladder; vent not fai behind head. Scales
various, rarely absent, usually small. Lateral line usually present,
extending on the caudal fin, soPTietimes duplicated or wanting. Dorsal
fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning on the head ; anal
■ 'HA
\
.«*♦,
.• . k.
•v
*.'.
m
814 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
similar, shorter; :audal various, sometimes coalescent with dorsal and
anal; pectorals inserted rather high, sometimes wanting; ventrals
under the pectorals, usually of several soft rays, sometimes wantiii"
Fishes mostly carnivorous, inhabiting sandy bottoms in all seas, some
species ascending rivers. Many of them are important food-fishes.
Genera about 40; species nearly 400.
(PZeMronec<tdcB GUntlier, iv, 399-504.) i v
a. Pectoral and ventral fiua both present ; caudal distinct ; margin of prcopcrcle more
or less free. •
b. Month large ; teeth nearly equally developed on both'sides of the mouth.
0. Ventral fin of the left side inserted nearly on the ridge of the abdonu'u ; body
sinistral.
d. Vomer with teeth ; lateral line arched iu front ; scales small or obsolete.
' * Both us, 449.
dd. Vomer toothless; lateral line not arched; scales well developed, mostly
ciliated Citiiaricuthys, 450.
00. Ventral fins both lateral; vomer and palatines toothless.
«. Caudal fin lunate.
/. Lateral line arched in front ; scales cycloid Hippoglossus, 451.
ff. Liiteral line not arched.
g. Teeth not arrow-shaped ; gill-rakers few, short.
Pl^ATYSOMATICHTHYS, 452.
gg. Teeth arrow-shaped ; gill-rakers numerous, long.
Atheresthes, 453.
te. Caudal fin not Innate, the middle rays produced.
h. Lateral line arched in front; body usually sinistral.
Paralichthys, 454.
hJi. Lateral line not arched ; body dextral.
HiPPOGLOSSOIDES, 455.
W. Mouth small; teeth, if present, most developed on the blind side.
j. Teeth small, acute, in several series; lateral lino nearly straight,
with an accessory branch; scales small, cycloid;
eyes dextral.
" 1c. Lips longitudinally plicate; dorsal fin beginning on the blind
side Pleuroxichtiiys, 45G.
^ v;. kk. Lips simple; dorsal flu beginning on the median lin<>.
Hypsopsetta, 457.
jif. Teeth in one series.
i. Teeth rather large, bluntish or trenchant; eyes dextral (some-
times sinistral in one species) ; veutrals (usually) both
lateral,
m. Dorsal fin with less than 80 rays; anal with less than GO.
Pleukgnectes, 4.")8.
mm. Dorsal fin with more than 95 rays ; anal with more than 80;
body unusually elongate,
n. Left side of skull with strong mucous cavities; anal spine
present Glyptocepiialus, 459.
nn. Left side of skull without conspicuous mucous caviticH;
anal spine obsolete C ynicoglossus, 4G0.
U. Teeth small, acute, in one series; lateral line nearly straight,
simple; scales thin, ctenoid; eyes sinistral; left ven-
tral on ridge of abdonnMk Etropus, 461.
aa. Pectoral
a. Scales deve
12'i. PLEURONECTIU.E— B0THU8. 815
jjj. Teothnone; eyes sinistral ; camlnl fin snbsessilo; body translu-
cent Tiivnis, 462.
aa. Pectoral fins one or both reduced or wanting ; margin of prcoix^rcle usually not free.
p. Vertical fins free from the caudal.
p. Eyes dnistral; caudal subsessile; left pectoral only
present; lateral lino present, arch«!d on eyed side,
straight on blind side Monolicne, 463.
pp. Eyes dextral; ventral of right side continuous with
anal; pectoral fin single small, or wanting; scales
very rough ; lateral line siugle.straight ; teeth villi-
form, on blind side only Achihus, 464.
00. Vertical fins confluent around the pointed tail; body
sinistral; no pectoral fins ; one ventral present; eyes
very small.
q. No lateral line; ventral free from anal; teeth
minute, on blind side only ; snout not hooked ;
scales ctenoid Apiiokisti a, 465.
449.— BOTHIJS Rafinesque.
TurhoU.
{Rhombus Cuvier, not of Lac^pbde: Lepidorhomhua Gthr. : Scophthalmiia Raf. : Lophop-
seitaGill.)
(Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 1810, 23: type Bothm rumolo Raf. =
Flauronecles rhombus L. )
Eyes and color on the left side. Body broadly ovate, strongly com-
pressed; mouth large, oblique, the maxillary reaching to beyond eye 5
teeth subequal, in villilbnn or cardiform bands, sometimes in single
series; a small patch of teeth on the vomer. Scales small, ctenoid or
'cycloid, sometimes obsolete; skin sometimes with bony tubercles. Lat-
eral hne strongly arched in front, without accessory branch. Dorsal
fin beginning on the snout; anal fin not preceded by a si)inc; ventral
of left side free from the anal, inserted nearly on the ridge of the ab-
domen, its base broad, the rays well separated. Species sometimes of
large size, mostly of the Atlantic. (/9o<?«?, deep.)
a. Scales developed, cycloid; no bony tubercles. {Bothus.*)
1355. B. maculatns (Mitch.) J. & G.— Sand-flounder , Windovc-pane.
Light olive brown, almost translucent, everywhere marbled with
paler, and with many roundish irregular blackish blotches ; fins spot-
ted. Body broadly rhomboid, very strongly compressed; interorbital
area flattish; eye rather large, about equal to snout; teeth in both
jaws in one series laterally, in a very narrow band in front ; maxillary
nearly half length of head. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, na-
merons, about 25 below the angle of the arch. Scales well developed,
* = Lophopwtta Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 316: type Plmronectet nwtoH-
latus Mitchill.
II
if
%
I
^\,\
wl
I
! Ii
■ V-
• 'X
S..A
816 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHVOLOGY — TV.
cycloid, loosely imbricated; those of tiio blind side a little smaller- no
bony tubercles; vertical fins scaly. Anterior rays of dorsal i'levated
branched, with free tips. Head 3|; depth If. D. 0.5; A. 52; Lat. 1,
85. L. 18 inches. Atlantic coast of United States, verj- conunon north-
ward; size rather small.
{Pleuronecte» maciilatiis Mitch. Rept. in Part Fish. N. Y. 1814, 9: Pleuronrvtm nquosug
Mitch. Trans. Lit. * Pliil. Soc. i, :M>, IHl.'i: lihomhun aqitomis Gllnthnr, iv, 411: Louhop.
»etta tnaoulata Gill, Proo. Acad. Nut. Sci. Phila. 18ti2, 216.)
430. -CITIIARICHTlirS Bleeker.
(ffemJrftoni&Mg Bleeker: Orthopgetta a,\u\ Metoponops GiW.)
(Bleeker, in Giluthor, iv, 420, 18 J2, ,T.n(l in Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterduiu, xiii
18G2: typo CUharivhIhys cayinnenais Bloekor.)
Eyes and color on the left side. IJody oblong ; mouth of the !ar;.;e typo
but comparatively small, with one or two series of small, sharp teeth in
each Jaw ; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers moderate, sloiuler.
Dorsal fin beginning just in front of eye; sill the fin rays simple; vent-
rals of colored side on the ridge of the abdomen; no anal spine; caiulal
fin convex or double-truncate behind. Scales thin, slightly cieiioid.
Lateral line nearly straight, simple. Lower pliJiryngeals separate, each
with a single row of teeth. {Githarua, an allied genus; IxOo^, fish— a
fish which lies on its xiOapo^ or ribs — that is, on its side.)
a. Teeth in npppr jaw in two rows, (ffemirhombiui* Bleeker.) . /
b. Interorbital space broad; left pectoral filamentous.
1336. €. aramaca (Cnv.) J. & G.
Light-brown, with blackish blotches; fins mottled; left pectoral
barred. Body elliptic-ovate, the anterior profile regularly decurved,
forming an angle above the snout. Mouth rather large, arche<l; max-
illary 2^ in head, extending to belo\\ 3ye; teeth in upper jaw in two
series, some of the outer forming small canines; lower teeth in one row.
Eye large, 4 in head ; lower eye in advance of upper, especially iu the
adult; interorbital space broad, concave, as broad as eye in adult, much
narrower in the young. Gill-rakers short, flattish. Dorsal rather low,
the longest rays 2^ iu head; anal without spine; pectoral of left side
with two filamentous rays, its length IJ to 2 times head. Scales small,
thin, weakly ciliate, with smaller ones intermingled. Head 3§; depth
•Bleeker MSS. GUnther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mas. iv, 423, 1862: type Hemirhomius
guineenna Bleok. (ent, half; pofifio?, Flunnbus.)
lis. PLEUBONECTIDiE— CITIIARICUTIIY8.
817
Jj. D. 81; A. CJ; Lat. 1. 53 (Liit. 1. 70, Giinther). West Florida td
I Cuba; abundant in dtM'p water.
{ l'le».ntHt<U>4i aramaca Cuvior, Kf'jjiui Anim.: Hemirhombitit aramana Othr. iv, 4'22j
UlttHiihomhu» fttttcuit 1*(m\v, Syn. PifH\ Cub. 18(W, 4<K}.
I M. Teeth hi both juwH in aitigle HorioH {Cilhariohtkya).
1«57. €. HOrdidn8(('r<l.)0thr.
Dull olive brownish of varying shade, the males with didl orange
sjtots and blote.hes; each scale with a darker edge; dorsal and anal
tins in the male blackish, witli dull orange blotches, and edged ante-
riorly with yellowish; female paler, the lins nearly i)lain. Form ellip-
tical; interocular space concave, scaly, a conspicuous shari) ridge above
tiie lower eye; mouth not large, the maxillary about 3 in length of head ;
teeth anteriorly subequal, growing much smaller behind. Gill-rakers
about 10 below the angle. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with one
row of slender teeth. Scales rather large, thin, and membranaceous,
readily deciduous, their edges slightly ciliate; accessory scales numer-
ous. Eye large, nuujh longer than snout, 3 J in head; depth of caudal
liediincle less than one-third head; pectorals long, nearly two-thirds
length of head. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. 95; A, 77; Lat. 1. 70. Coast
of CliUifornia north, to Vancouver Island; very abundant; a small, soft-
tleslicd, dull colored species.
{VmtHi'hthyn aordidus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18r»4, 142; GUnther, iv, 421;
Lockin}5ton, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1^79, HH: Metoponopa cooptri Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1864, 198: Orthopsvita sordida Gill.)
PiSS. C. 8pilopt<>ru8 GUnther. '
Olive brownish, usually with large blotches of darker; a series of
distant, obscure, blackish blotches along the basal portions of the anal
and dorsal fins. Body ovate. Mouth small, A'^ery oblique, the gape
curved; maxillary 2g times in length of head, reaching beyond middle
of orbit; snout projecting; eyes small, even, shorter than snout, about
6 ill head, separated by a narrow ridge, which is concave and scaleless
anteriorly; teeth all small; front teeth of upper jaw wide-set, much
larger th.an the posterior, which are close together and very small:
teeth of lowef jaw few, wide apart. Gill-rakers short and strong, 13
below angle. Pectorals short, less than half length of head. Scales
large, those on middle of sides posteriorly largest. Head 3J; depth
S^L. D. 80; A. 61; Lat. 1. 45. Size small. Tropical America, north
to Florida and Louisiana (here described from specimens obtained at
Pauania).
(Glinther, iv, 421 ; Giinther, Trane. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1666, 471 : Citharichthya mioroa-
tom» Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 223.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 52
fiMi
A, 'J *
r^ <
^''\^^:>
8» i^«m
818 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY iv,
la.'SO. €. arctifk'ons Ooode.
JAl^ht brown. IJody comparatively elongate. Scales cycloid de-
ciduous. Lateral line sharply defined, straight. Eye 4 in head- inter-
orbital space very narrow, its width 4 in snout; maxillary 3J in head.
Dorsal fin beginning above front of upper eye, its greatest h('i<rht
more than half the length of the head; anal beginning below axil of
pectoral; caudal triangular, subsessile, as long as head; rays of ver
tical fins all much exserted; pectorals inserted very low, that of the
colored side being twice the length of the other. Head 4; depth lii.
D. 83; A. 67; P. 10 (left), 7 (right); Lat. I. 40. L. 6 inches. (Uiif
Stream, off the coast of Rhode Island; abundant. {Goode.)
(Goodo, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. W80, 341.)
lilOO. C. unicornis Goode.
Ashy gray, with dark lateral line; eyes black. Body comparatively
deep, its greatest height over the pectorals. Scales thin, deciduous.
Eye 3 in head, equal to stioiit, and more than twice the interorbital
space, which has a strong ridge; maxillary less than half length of
head; teeth minute, close-set, in a single scries, stronger on the blind
side. A strong, sharp spine on the snout at the anterior termination
of the ridge at lower margin of upper eye. Highest rays of dorsal
half length of head; caudal pointed, triangular, subsessile; pectoral
of left side twice as long as the eye, not half longer than right pec-
toral. Head 4; depth 2. D. 74; A. 60; P. 4 (right), 10 (left); Lat. 1.
40. L. 3 inches. Gulf Stream, oft the coast of Khode Island. {Ooode.)
,(<5oode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 342.)
491.— HIPPOGIiOSSVS Cuvier.
Halihit.
v'."i
{Cwvier, R^ne Anim. ii- ''.817: type Pleuronectea MppoglosBua L.)
Eyes and color ov rae right side. Form oblong, not strongly com-
pressed. Mouth wi le, oblique; teeth in the upper jaw in two series,
those below in one; anterior teeth in upper jaw, and lateral teeth in
lower, strong; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lower pharyngeal teeth
In two rows. Dorsal fin beginning above the eye, its middle rays ele-
vated, the posterior rays of dorsal and anal bifid; caudal fin lunate;
ventral fins both lateral. Scales very small, cycloid; lateral Une with
a strong curve in front. Gill-rakers few, short, compressed, wide-set.
-Vertebree 16 + 34. Largest of the flounders; the single species abouud-
1 IS. PLEURONECTES — PLATYSOMATICHTH Y8.
819
inff in tlio Northom seas. (The ancient name, from Innx;, horse; yXwaaay
tongue.)
ItiOI. II. villKaris ¥\v>m\r,g.—naUbut.
Nearly uniform uark brown; blind side white. Body comparatively
elongate, not strongly compressed, deep mesial ly, thence rapidly taper-
ing each way; head broad; eyes large, separated by a very broad tlat-
tish area; lower eye slightly advanced; mouth large, the maxillary
reaching middle of orbit. Head 3|; depth 3. D. 105; A. 78. In all
Northern seas, south to France, Cape Cod, and San Francisco. One
of our most important food-flshes, reaching a weight sometimes of 400
pounds.
[I'leuroneetea hippoglosHua L, Sysfc. Nat.; Fleminjj, Brit. Anim. 1828, 197; Glinther,
iv, 403: Ilippotjlonaua amtricanus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Pliilu. 18G4, 220.)
459.— PLAT¥SO]?IATICHTHV8 Sleeker.
(Reinhardiiua Gill.)
(Bleaker, Cotnptes Rendns Acad. Sci. Anistcrd. xiii, 1862: type Pleiironecies pingiiia
Fabricius:=::P/«ttro«et;<e8 hippoglomoidcs Walbanui.)
Fjyes and color on the riglit side. Body more or less elongate, com-
pressed; head long and large; mouth large; maxillary reaching be-
yond eye; jaws with strong, unequal teeth; the upper with 2 series in
front, these converging behind; lower jaw with a single series of strong,
distant teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-rakers few, short,
stout, and rough. Fins rather low; caudal fin lunate; Lower pha-
ryngeal teeth in 1 row. Scales small, cycloid; lateral line without
anterior curve. One species known. [TrXaru^, flatj aw/ia^ body; ^;^^y7,
Ml.)
1263. P. liippog^lossoides (Walbaum) Bean. — Greenland Halibut.
Yellowish brown. Snout more than twice as long as the orbit, the
diameter of which is one-eighth the length of the head; eyes even in
front ; Interorbital spai^e flat, scaly, wider than the orbit ; lower jaw
prominent; length of maxillary 2^ in head; teeth conical, pointed;
upper jaw with 2 series, convergent posteriorly; those of the outer
series gradually smaller posteriorly; a pair of strong canine teeth
anteriorly in the inner series, the other teeth of this series being very
small ; lower jaw with a series of strong, distant teeth. Gill-rakers
short, thick, and strongly dentate. Fins naked. Longest dorsal rays
one-third length of head; no anal spine; dorsal and anal rays all
simple, the dorsal beginning over posterior third of the eye. Scales
'•- .1'
(.,'■
1 'ta
« .■_'
. '.",.J
'.-
^.fih
p
m
Jiy
820 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOKTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
very small, not ciliated. Head 4; depth 3. D. 100; A. 75. Green-
land to Cape Cod, common northward, reaching a very large size.
{Pleuronectea hippoglosaoidea Walljanm, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 115: Hippogloaaus gnrn-
landious GUnther, iv, 404.)
498.— ATHERESTHE8 Jordan & Gilbert. -,.>
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mug. 1880, 51: type Platysomatichthya atomias
J. &G.)
Eyes and color on the right side. Body very long and slender,
closely compressed, tapering into a long and slender caudal peduncle'
head elongate, narrow; mouth extremely large, oblique, the long and
narrow maxillary extending beyond the eye; both jaws with 2 irreg-
ular series of sharp, unequal, arrow-shaped teeth, some of them long
and wide-set, the others short and close-set, sharp; the long teeth
freely depressible. Gill-rakers numerous, long, slender and stiff,
strongly dentate within. Scales rather large, thin, and readily decid-
uous, slightly ciliated ; those on the blind side similar, smooth ; lateral
line without arch. Fins low and fragile. Dorsal commencing over the
eye, its anterior rays low, the posterior rays somewhat forked ; no anal
spine; pectorals and ventrals small, both of the latter lateral; caudal
lunate. (a/?jj/>, arrow; oSwv, tooth; from the arrow-shaped teeth.)
1363. A. stomias Jordan & Gilbert. ftr^n
Plain olive brown, the margins of the scales d/^rker; blind side dusted
"with black points. Head long, the snout protruding, somewhat truncate
at tip ; mouth excessi velj-^ large ; the maxillary more than half the length
of the head, and reaching behind the eye; teeth in upper jaw anteriorly
in a single series, long, slender, and wide-set, much smaller and closer-
set behind; on sides of jaw the teeth are very small, and in 2 distinct
series, the inner of which corresponds to the single series in front, the
teeth thus gradually increasing in size forwards; teeth in inner series of
lower javv very sharp and slender, longer than the upper teeth, wide-
set, alternating with shorter, depressed teeth; outside of these larger
teeth is a series of fixed small teeth; all of the long teeth in both jaws
depressible and conspicuously arrow-shaped towards their tips; inner
series of small teeth in upper jaw alao arrow-shaped, depressible; eye
large, 4^ in head ; interorbital space scaly, ridged, not a third the width
of the eye. Gill-rakers long and strong, about 17 in number (in lu.al),
the longest more than half the diameter of the eye. Upper eye with
its range entirely vertical. Scales extremely thin, irregular in size, not
113. PLEURONECTID^ PARALICIITIIYS.
821
evenly imbricated ; lateral line very prominent. Dorsal fin beginning
just bebind the middle of the eye; caudal peduncle nearly as long as
the pectoral fin, about two-fifths the length of the head. Head 3f ;
depth 3^. D. 103; A. 80; Lat. 1. 135. San Francisco to Alaska, in
deep water; retching a length of 2 feet.
iPlattjaomaiichthyh atomiaa Jordaa & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,301.)
494.— PARALICHTHYl Girard.
[rseudorhomhus Sleeker: Ancylopaetta, Chwnopsella, and Uropaetta Gill: Xtjatreurya
J. «& G: Hippogloaaina Steindauhuer. )
(Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Sn'-v. Fish. 185H, 146: typo Paralichthya maculoaua Girard.)
Eyes and color on the left side (except in Paralichthys maculosns and
ParaUckthys Uolepis, reversed examples of which species are about as
common as sinistral ones). Body oblong; mouth large, oblique; each
jiiTT with a single row of usually slender and sharp teeth, which are
more or less enlarged anteriorly; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gill-
rakers vprious. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid; lateral line simple,
with a strong curve anteriorly. Dorsal flu beginning above or before
the eye; both ventrals lateral; caudal fin double truncate, or double
concave, its middle rays produced; no anal spine. Species numerous,
found in all warm seas. (Tra/jaAAsAo?, parallel; i-/Oi'j-, &»h.)
1364. P. cstlifornicus (Ayres) J. & G. — Monterey halibut; Bastard haUbut.
Grayish brown, uniform, or mottled with blackish and pale, the head
sometimes sprinkled with black dots; young brownish, with bluish
spots. Body rather long and thickish; head small; eye small, little
wider than the broad, flattish interorbital space ; maxillary as long as
pectoral, half length of head, reaching beyond eye ; teeth slender, sharp,
rather long, the canines moderate. Scales shiall, finely ciliate, each
scale surrounded by narrow, accessory scales ; scales on blind side simi-
lar; fins witb ctenoid scales. Dorsal low, beginning over front of upper
eye. Gill-rakers verj- long and slender, numerous, as long as eye, 23
below the angle. Lower pharyngeals narrow, with small, slender teeth*
Anal spine small, concealed. Head 3^ to 4^ ; depth 2§. D. 70; A. 55;
Lat. 1. 100. Bodj' indifferently dextral or sinistral. Coast of Calilbrnia;
abundant southward ; an important food-fish, reaching a weight of CO
pounds.
(Paraliehthyn maculoaua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phil. 1854, 147, yoniig (not
lihomhiiH maculoaua Cuvior, which is also a spyciesof Paralichthya): Paralichlhya mavu-
/i»«s Girard, IT. S. Pac. R. R. Stirv. Fish. 147: Paralichthya mamloaHa Gilnthcr, iv, 4;U:
I* Kippoyloaaua vaUj'omi^ua Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1859, «9: Paralichthya macu-
I'wiis ttiid Uropadia calijomica Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, 197 ixlorhonbits
talifornieua GUuther, iv, 426.)
•J' 4
' ' - <J
;-n«'>^
:1V
822 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
126S. P. opiiryas J. «& G. (sp. nov.)
Color brownish gray, mottled with darker; fins dusky, with round
dark blotches. Body moderately elongate, thickish ; mouth not very
large, oblique, each jaw armed with a single row of large, sharp, wide-
set teeth, the front teeth enlarged and canine-like, about 8 on each side
of lower jaw; lateral teeth of upper jaw minute, close-set; chin proiui
ueut; maxillary not reaching beyond eye, scarcely half length of head.
Diameter of eye about equal to length of snout, SJ in head. Dorsal fin
low, beginning over front of eye, its first rays about 5 in head; anal
fepine obsolete. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, 5 -f 14 in number
the longest two-thirds eye, 3^ in maxillary, their length 4 to 5 times their
breadth at base. Scales very small, not ctenoid, with few accessoiy
smaller ones ; curve of lateral line 4J in straight part. Interorbital s[)iice
a rather narrow bony ridge, anteriorly naked, not wider than pupil (in
specimen 8 inches long), the ridge extending backward, forming a co:.>-
spicuous elevated rim behind upj)er eye. Pectoral about half length of
head; caudal ^. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. 88; A. 6"; L > 1. 90. One
specimen known; from Charleston, S. C.
1306. P. dentatus (L.) J. & G. — Common flonndm: • ^'; >^
Blackish olive, mottled and blotched with darker; fins similarly
marked, the pectorals more or less distinctly barred. Body oblonfj,
moderately compressed; mouth wide, oblique, the mandible very heavy
and much projecting; 8 to 10 teeth on each side of lower jaw, the two
anterior teeth very long ; anterior teeth of upper jaw strong, but smaller
than those in the lower jaw; the lateral teeth very small and close-set.
Eyes small, shorter than snout, about one sixth length of head, and
in the adult as wide as the broad, flatti.sh, scaly, interorbital are-r ihe
latter is much narrower in the young. Scales small, cycloid; a^ i r
scales few. Gill-rakers lanceolate, dentate, stoutish, wide-is*)t, J*
shorter than eye, the longest 2^ times as long as broad at base, 5<^ i .
in maxillary, about 2 + 10 in number ; pectoral flu about as long as
maxillary, which extends beyond eye, and is rather more than hiilf
length of head. Dorsal low, its anterior rays somewhat exserted, but
short; caudal double concave, the middle rays produced. Anal spine
obsolete; ventials small. Fins all scaly. Head 3§; depth 2.^. D. 88
(85 to 1)3) ; A. GO (05 to 73) ; Lat. 1. about 100. New England to Texas
and West Indies; everywhere one of the conunonest species.
(Pleuronecteadentatus L. Syst. Nat. i, 4r)H: Platesm ocellariii Dckay, Now York Fiiunii,
Fisb. IHW: FHeudorhombur dentatus and P. ooeUariii Gttnther, iv, 4!i5-430: ChamopteUa\
113. PLEURONECTir.E PARALICHTHYS.
823
ocellaris Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1864, 218: Pleuronectea melanogaster Mitchill,
Trans. Lit. aud Phil. Soc. N. Y. (doubled exaJnple): Platesaa oblonga Dekay, New
York Fauna, Pish. 1842, 29i), pi. 48, f. 156, not Pleuronecten obloiigu8 Mitch. : Fseudo-
rhombus obloiigua Gtiiithor, iv, 426: Vaeadorhombua dentatus Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 187U, 123.)
1367. £*. albiffutta J. & G.
Dark olive, mottled with dusky, and marked by numerous more or
less distinct pale spots, which are sometimes obsolete. Body moder-
ately elongate, elliptical; mouth large, the maxillary reaching ])ast
lower eye, its length half head; teeth rather strong, slender, about 7
on each side of lower jaw ; 3 or 4 moderate canines in front of upper
jaw; the lateral teeth being minute, clo.se-8et; interorbital space nar-
row, scaled posteriorly, the ui)per ridge prominent behind upper orbit;
eye TV\ in head. Gill rakers broad, the longest 2 J in eye; about 10 be-
low angle. Fins low; anterior rays of dorsal not elevated nor exserted ;
the longest rays behind the middle, 2^ in head; caudal rounded, i^ iu
in head. Scales moderate, cycloid. Lateral line with a high curve, its
length 3^ in straight part. Head 3^; depth 2f. D. 77 (75 to 80); A.
60 (55) to 01); Lat. 1. 00 (pores}. South Atlantic and Gulf coast, rather
common ; readily distinguished from P. dentatus^ by the smaller num-
ber of fin rays.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)
t
126§. P. squamiler. tns J. & G.
Brownish; body and fins spotted with darker; caudal mottled with
white; pectorals banded, with dark spots. Body deep, strongly com-
pressed; caudal peduncle very short. Head wide, the eyes large, wide
apart. Mouth very large, oblique, the broad maxillary reaching well
beyond pupil, its length more than half the head. Lower jaw project-
ing; teeth lew, unequal, iu a single row, about 8 in each jaw canine-
lilie, the two in front of lower jaw longest; lateral teeth of upper jaw
minute. Interorbital space flat, scaly, nearly Jis broad as eye. Scales
very small, smooth, adherent ; curve of lateral line 4J in straiglit
iwi't. Gill rakers short, 3 -f 9 in number, triangular, roughly toothed,
little higher than wide, the longest nearly half eye. Dorsal beginning
over front of eye, the anterior rays 4.J in head; pectoral short, shorter
than maxillary. Anal spine obsolete. Caudal double-rounded. Head
3|; depth 2. D. 78; A. 59; Lat. 1. 123 (pores). West coast of Florida
to South Carolina.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)
f'- \:iM
i I
■n
111?"'
!'>•'
..-I
'fi.
824 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
1909. P. oMongus* (Mitch.) J. & O.
Grayish, tbickly mottled with darker and somewhat translucent*
four large, horizoutally-oblong, black ocelli, each surrounded by a
pinkish area j one just behind middle of the body below the dorsal
one opposite this above anal; two similar smaller spots below last
rays of dorsal and above last of anal. Body comparatively elongate
strongly compressed. Eyes large, nearly 4 in head, separated by a prom-
inent narrow, sharp ridge. Upper jaw with very numerous small, close-
set teeth laterally, and 4 or 5 canines in front; the lateral teeth abruptly
smaller than the anterior; eacli side of lower jaw with 7 to 10 teeth.
Chin prominent. Maxillary narrow, reaching past middle of pupil, 2^
in length of head. Gape curved. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid.
Gill-rakers thick, rather long, few, about 8 below angle. Dorsal low,
beginning over front of eye, some of the anterior rays ex8erted,but not
elongal/('; the longest rays behind middle of fin, not quite half head.
Caudal 1:^ iii head ; pectoral If. Anal spine obsolete. Head 4 ; depth 2\.
D. 72; A. CO; Lat. 1. 93. (D. 79; A. 59, according to Mitchill; D. 8G;
A. 70, according to Storer). Atlautic coast, northward; not abundant.
(Pleuronectes ohlongus Mitcliill, Trans. Lit. and Pliil. Soc. i, 31H, 1815 : Plaitsm quad-
roccUata Storer, Proc. Boat. Soc. Not. Hist. 1847, 242, and iu Hist. Fish. Mass. 397, pi.
xxjti, f. 3.) . ^,
1370. P. ominatUB Jor. & Gilb. nom. sp. nov. ,
Brownish olive, with four large, oblong, ocellated spots, the first above
the arch of the lateral line ; the three posterior forming an isosceles
triangle, the hindmost being on the lateral line. Body oval, com-
pressed, very deep; an abrupt angle abov^e eye. Mouth vei-y small,
the maxillary reaching to below middle of orbit, 2^ in length of bead;
teeth comparatively small, about 14 on each side of lower jaw; no
•A specinieu in our collection from Wood's Hull, Mass., provisionally referred to
this species, shows the following characters:
Bixjwnish, somewhat mottled, without traces of ocelli (possibly faded); nnS similar.
Body rather elongate, sleuilerer than in other species and more compressed; mouth
rather large, oblique, the lower jaw not projecting, the maxillary 2^ in head, reaching
to opposite jMisterior border of pupil ; about 12 teeth on each side of lower jaw, the an-
terior rather l«)ng, about cipial to anterior teeth of upper jaw; laten.l teoth of upper
jaw becoming gradually smaller posteriorly, much larger, less numerous, and more
widely set than iu other species of this genus. Eyes large, longer than snout, 4 to4J in
head, separated by a narrow, elevated, bony ridge, narrower than pupil; anteriorly
sealeless, and curved behiiul the upi>er eye posteriorly. Scales moderate, cycloid,
rather thin; curve of lateral line 4f in straight part. Gill-rakers 2-f 8iu number,
rather long and slender, about 4^ in maxillary. Dorsal beginning above middle of
eye, its anterior rays not longer than others; the middle rays a little longer than
longest of anal, which are about half head; caudal as long as head; anal spine ob-
solete; ventrals small; pootorall| iu head. Head4J; depth 2j. D. 77; A. (53; Lat.
1. DO. L. about 14 inches.
1 19. PLEURONECTID^ — HIPP00L0SS0IDE8.
825
strongly diflferentiated cauines in either jaw. Eyes moderate, sepa-
rated bj' a very narrow, sharp, scaly ridge. Gill-rakers very short,
thick, few in number ; about 8 below angle, the longest less than one-
half diameter of pupil. Scales rather small, very strongly ctenoid, those
oil blind side also rough ; curve oi lateral line rather low. Dorsal be-
ginning in front of pupil, its anterior rays long and filiform, much ex-
serted, the third ray half head; caudal short and rounded. If in.head;
ventral fin of colored side elongate, as long as pectoral, half length of
head. Anal spine wanting. Head 3§; depth 1§. D. 70; A. 55; Lat. 1.
about 85. South Atlantic and Gulf ooasts; not common.
{Aicylopsclta quadrocellata Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1864, 224, uot Platessa
qnadi'ocellata Storcr, which is also a species of Paralichthya : Paeudorhombua quadrooeU
la'ua Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 370.)
137 i. P. liolepi^ Jur. & Gilb.
Color olive brown, mottled with darker; sometimes with very distinct
round black blotches; vertical fins blotched with dark; pectoral of
colored side with oblique bars. Body elliptical ovate, broad and com-
pressed, its curves regular; mouth small, very oblique, the lower jaw
included; maxillary reaching about to pupil, 2§ in head; eyes rather
large, 4J in head, separated by a very narrow, blunt scaly ridge ; teeth
small, conical, blunt, in a single row; those in lower jaw subequal,
close-set; those upper jaw more distant, decreasing in size backwards;
teeth J4^||. Gill-rakers very short, broad, and strong, minutely ser-
rate on inner margin, about seven below angle, the longest scarcely
one-foi'irth as long as the eye. Scales small, <»blong, cycloid, the smaller
accesfe^ory scales extremely numerous ; branchial arches and skin of the
shoulder girtlle with small, cup-shaped, tubercular scales. Dorsal
rather high, firm, low in front, highest near the middle of the body;
caudal peduncle very short and deep, its depth 4 times its length.
Pectoral of eyed side falcate, usually much longer than head, its length
varying considerably. Anterior nostril of blind side with a long flap.
Head 3^; depth 1|. D. 80; A. 62; Lat. 1. 123. L. 15 inches. Coast
of Southern Californta; indiflferently dextral or sinistral.
{Xyaireui'ya* iiolepia Jordan fi^ Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 34.)
455.— HIPPOOIiOSSOlDES Gottsche.
(Paettiohthyt Girard: PomatopBetta Gill.)
(Gottsche; Wiegmaun's Archiv. 1835, 168: type Hippogloasoides limanda Gottsche =3
Pleuronectta plateaaoidea Fabricius.)
Eyes and color on the right side (except sometimes in H, elamodon).
*Jurdan & Gilbert 1. c. : type X liolepia J. & Q. {^vdrpoy, raker; evpvi, wide.)
->'', 5
>'IH
M
* •♦
826 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv.
Body oblong, moderately compressed; mouth rather large, witli one
row of sharp teeth on each jaw, besides which, in the upper jaw, la ofteu
an inner row of small teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; gill-rakers
rather long and slender; scales ctenoid; lateral line nearly 8tiai<'^lit
simjjle, or with an accessory dorsal branch. Dorsal flu low in front
beginning over or before the eye; ventrals both lateral; caudal double
trunciite, i)roduced behind. Species found iu the Northern seas.
(/7r;r»;'^w<;?«7, Hippoglossus ; et^w?, resemblance.)
a. Lateral lino siniplo; dorsal Ixiginning above eye.
b. Upper jaw with one Bt'ries of teeth. (Hippogloasoides.) ' -
1379. II. platessoides (Fabricius) G\\\.— Bough Dab. ^■
Keddish brown, nearly plain. Body ovate; mouth moderate, oblique-
maxillary narrow, reaching to below pupil, 2% in length of head; teeth
rather small, conical, larger anteriorly, in one row in each jaw, those iu
the lower largest. Eyes rather large, the upper longer than snout, 4.^
in head; lower jaw included, but with a projecting knob at the chin.
Snout thick, scaly; interorbital space narrow, with a raised, obtuse
ridge, entirely covered with rough scales in about C seric!* ; mandible
with a series of scales. Gill-rakers rather short and robust, not toothed,
about ten below angle; longest raker less thau one-third length of eye;
fins with small, rough scales; a strong pre-anal spine; pectoral not quite
half length of head. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. 88 (80 to 93); A. 70 (04
to 7o); Lat. 1. 90 (pores). North Atlantic; abundant northward on both
coasts. Southern specimens (var. limandoides) have, as a rule, a smaller
number of fin-rays than northern specimens.
(Pleuronectea platcasoides Fabrlcins Fauna Grosnlandica, 1780, 104: PIcuroneetes
limandoidca Bloeh. Ausl. Fiselie, iii, 24, tab. 106: Pomatopactta dentala Gill, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864; 217: Hippogloaaoidva Hmandoidf* Giiuther, iv, 405: Hipim-
gloaaoidea dentatua GUnther, iv, 406; CoUett, Norsko Nord-havs. Exp. Fiske, 1880, 144.)
1373. H. elassodon Jor. & Gilb.
Brownish, nearly uniform, sometimes spotted with darker; fins gray-
ish, irregularly blotched with dusky. Body oblong-elliptical; caudal
X)eduncle about as long as deep; mouth rather large, the gape curved;
lower jaw projecting, with a symphyseal knob; maxillary narrow,
reaching beyond middle of pupil, 2^ in head; teeth small, close-set,
nearly uniform, in a single row. Glll-rakers slender, smooth, about
IG below arch, the longest nearly half diameter of orbit. Eyes large,
separated by a narrow, knife-like ridge, which is naked or with a single
series of scales. Scales small, firm, rough, those on tail roughest, those
113. PLEUBONECTIDiE — HIPPOQLOSSOIDES.
827
on blind side similar, mostly smooth anteriorly. Anal preceded by a
spine; caudal long; pectoral of eyed side half length of head; ventral
reiiching p.ast front of anal; pectoral and ventral of eyed side with
prickle-like scales. Head 3A; depth 2^. D. 77-84; A. 50-G4; V. 6;
scales 43-100-40. L. 18 inches, liody sometimes sinistral Puget
Sound to Alaska; rather common. Very closely allied to the preceding
species.
(Jonliiii & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 278.)
aa. Upper Jaw with 2 rows of teeth.
c. Scales small, lirm.
1374* II. Jordan! Lockington.
Olive brown, nearly uniform; membriine of dorsal and anal fins
clouded with darker. Body broadly elliptical. Dorsal and ventral
outline equally and regularly curved. Mouth oblique, the jaws about
even, the symphyseal knob but little projecting; gape curved; maxil-
lary broad, reaching to behind pupil, 2§ in head; teeth in 2 .series iu
the upper jaw, the inner series small and distant from the outer, which
is considerably enlarged in front; lower jaw with a single series similar
to the outer series in the upper jaw, but larger. Gill-rakers roughish,
strong, about 15 below angle, the longest about half as long as eye.
Lower pharyngeals rather narrow, each with a single row of sharp
teeth. Eyes large; interorbital space a narrow, blunt, scaly ridge.
Dorsal beginning over anterior margin of pupil, the rays all simple;
caudal fin Avith the middle rays slightly produced ; anal preceded bj' a
spine; pectoral half length of head. Scales of colored side small, firm,
strongly ciliated, nearly uniform over head and body; lower jaw and
snout scaleless; scales on blind side smooth. Head 3 J; depth 2^. D.
94; A. 72; Lat. 1.90. L. 20 inches. Point Concepcion to Puget Sound;
abundant; an important food-fish.
(Lockington, Scientific Press Supplement, April, 1879, i, 20; Lockington, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 73.)
CO. Scales rather large, thin, and deciduous.
13Y5. H. exilis Jor. &, Gilb.
Pale olivaceous brown, with dark points, forming edgings on each •
scale; bronze spots sometimes present; fins mostlj dusky; dorsal and
aual edged anteriorly with yellowish; ventrals largely yellow. Body
slender, compressed, the flesh soft; mouth not large, very oblique, the
gape curved; lower jaw scarcely projecting, with a knob at symphysis;
auxiliary rather narrow, reaching middle of pupil, 2| in length of
*v,i tr.
■iil'
.7i^^
g:.iii
v^
f'v i.
k
' i '
' ' 'I'll
I
» 'i
."^«
828 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
head; teeth small, slender, close-set, nearly uniform; above iu 2 series
below iu 1. Eyes large, separated by a sharp, scaly ridge; lower eye
advanced. Scales comparatively large, thin and deciduous, ctenoid
but not so rough as in the other species; those on blind side similar
less rough. Lateral line prominent. Fins low, fragile; anal i)recedt'(l
by a spine; caudal flu long, rather pointed; pectorals small, the rl<'lit
pectoral little more than half length of head. Gill-rakers short, slen-
der, toothed, 9 below angle, the longest about one-third diameter of
orbit. Head 4; depth 3^. D. 78; A. 62; V. 6; scales lG-71-18. L.
12 inches. A small, weak species, abundant in deep water, from San
Francisco to Alaska. . .
(Jordan & Gilbert, Pioc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 154.)
«o. Lateral lino with an accessory dorsal branch; teeth in one row; dorsal beginning
before eye. {Paettichthya* Qrd.)
1276. P. melanostictns (Grd.) J. & G.
Grayish brown, finely speckled with darker on body and fins. Body
not very deep, elliptical; mouth rather small, the maxil I nry extending
to below pupil, 2f in head; teeth large, in a single series in each jaw,
those in lower jaw largest ; a few large canines in the front of each
jaw. Eyes very small, separated by a broad, flat, scaly 8i)ace, without
ridge; lower eye slightly in advance of upper. Gill-rakers rather
stout, weak, hooked at tip, 14 below the angle. Scales very small,
ctenoid on colored side. Lateral line nearly straight, with a long acces-
sory dorsal branch. Dorsal commencing in advance of upper eye, the
anterior rays elevated, slender and exserted, the longest about one-third
length of head. First ray of dorsal nearly free from its membrane.
Pectoral fin short, 2^ in head ; anal fin preceded by a spine; caudal large,
strongly convex. Lower pharyngeals very narrow, each with one row
of sharp recurved teeth. Head 4; depth 2^. D. 85; A. 60; Lat. 1. 112.
Puget Sound to Point Concepciou, common.
{Psettichthya mvlanostictua Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: Pseiikhthjt
meZanosf Jc<M» Giiuther, iv, 420: Paettiokthya melanoativtuii Lockington, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mus. 1879, 73.)
45«.-Pl.i:URO.\ICTH¥S Girard.
(HeferoproaopoH Bleeker.)
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 139: type Pleuronichthya ccenoaus Girard.)
Eyes and color on the right side. Body deep; head short, with very
•Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: type Paettichthya melanostictus
Girard. {iperra, llonuder; ^^Ou?, lish.)
1 13. PLEURONECTIDiE — PLEURONICIITHYS.
829
short, blunt snout; mouth small, with several series of slender, acute
teeth, which are most developed on the blind side, and are often want-
ing in one or both jaws on the colored side; no teeth on vomer or pala-
tines; lips thick, with several lengthwise folds, within which is a series
of short fringes. Lower pharyngeals narrow, each with a double row
of very small teeth. Gill-rakers wide-set, very short and weak. Lat-
eral line nearly straight, with a dorsal branch in our species. Scales
small, cycloid, non-imbricate, imbedded. Dorsal fin anteriorly twisted
from the dorsal ridge toward the blind side; anal fin preceded by a
spine; caudal tin convex behind. Intestinal canal elongate. Herbiv-
orous species, feeding chiefly on algje. Pacific Ocean. {^zXevpir^^ side;
r/Ou;, flsh.)
a. Dorsal fin beginning on the level of the lower lip; interocular ridge with blunt
or sharpish tubercles.
Vi77. P. decurrens J. & G.
Color brownish, usually much mottled with chocolate and grayish,
often finely spotted with brownish on body and fins. Eyes very large,
3.J in head ; a blunt tubercle in front of upper eye, another at each end
of the narrow interorbital ridge, the posterior largest, but usually not
spine-like; two or three above the latter behind the upper eye; some
prominences above the opercle; a band of teeth on the right side Of
the lower jaw, similar to that on the blind side, but narrower. Ver-
tical fins high, the longest dorsal and an^l rays two-thirds the length
of the head. Dorsal beginning very low, on level of end of maxillary,
its first nine rays on the blind side. Head 3§; depth If. D. 72; A. 46
L. 12 inches. Coast of California; rather common in deep water.
{Plenropichihua caino8us Lockingtou, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mne. 1879, 97. Pleuronichthyt
qiiadriluberculatiM Jot. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 50, ncc Pallas; Jordan Oc
Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 453.)
aa. Dorsal fin beginning on the level of the upper lip.
5. Iiiteiocular ridgo posteriorly with a strong, backward-direc'cod sijine.
137§. P. verticalis Jordan & Gilbert.
Color dark olive brown, mottled with lighter and darker, sometimes
with light grayish spots ; middle of sides often with a dark spot ocel-
lated with light olive, this again surrounded by darker; tins light, often
tiuged and margined with reddish, and mottled with blackish. Eyes
large, 3J in head ; a tubercle in front of each eye, and one at anterior
end of interorbital ridge; posterior end of ridge with a strong, sharp,
backward directed spine; k. tubercle behind upper eye; right side of
lower jaw without teeth. Dorsal and anal fins lower than in P. dccur-
•t
'A
\''
f t':*
\f%*
830 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHi'OLOGY— iv.
rens, the longest rays 1§ length of the head; dorsal fin beginning,' oppo-
site or slightly below the premaxillary, about five ra s being on the
blind side. Head 4 ; depth 1 J. D. 65-72 ; A. 45-48. Coast of Cali-
fornia; not rare.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1880, 49.)
bb. lutororiiital ridge without distinct spine.
1379. P. Cflenosus Girard.
Color light brown, blotched with chocolate color and yellowish some-
times nearly plain, but usually profusely mottled; sometimes with occl-
lated blotches, sometimes with the light colors replaced by purplish rod.
Interorbital ridge prominent, but without spine or conspicuous tuber-
cles, the tubercles of the other species being represented by slij^ht
elevations. Vertical fins very high, the longest rays of dorsal ami
anal two-thirds the length of the head. A narrow band of teeth on
tlie colored side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fin beginning on the level
of the premaxillary, its first five rays on the blind side; caudal longer
than head. Head 4^; depth 1^. D. 68; A. 48-50. San Diego to
Alaska, not generally common, but widely distributed; usually in
deep water.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila. 18.>4, 139: Parophrya cosnoam GUntlier, iv, 456.)
457.— HYPSOPSKTTA Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: typo Pleuronichthya guttulatus Grd.)
Eyes and color on the right side. Body broad, ovate, rhomboid;
mouth very small ; teeth slender, equal, acute, in several series; lips
thick, not plicate. Lateral line nearly straight, with an accessory
dorsal branch. Scales small, smooth. Dorsal fin beginning on the
dorsal ridge, not turned to the blind side; anal si)ine present; caudal
fin convex. Gill-rakers little developed, (wi/'t', deep; V's^ra, flounder.)
12§0. H. gruttuBata (Grd.) QUI— Diamond Flounder; " Tiirbot."
Brown, with numerous pale-bluish blotches in life, these disappearing
in spirits; blind side white, with a strong tinge of yellow along i)roflIe
of head ; fins plain, sometimes with black specks. Body very deei>,
somewhat an (^ Mated near middle of back and belly; eyes moderate,
separated by a flattish, raised area; head without spines or tuber-
cles ; scales of opercular region little developed ; those of blind side
reduced ; no teeth on right side of either jaw. Accessory lateral line
long, half length of body. Anal spine small; pectorals about halfj
length of head; ventrals rather short; caudal peduncle much deeper
118. PLEURONECTIDiE— PLEURONECTES.
831
thiin lonfj; caudal large, nearly as long as head. Head 3^; depth lif.
D. f»8; A. 50; Lat. 1. 05. L. 12 inches. A variable species. Coast of
Ciilifornia; abundant.
(PleuronichthyH giittulafus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8oi. Phila. 1856, 137: Pleuroneciea
guttiilatus Giinther, iv, 445: Parophrya ayreai GUntlicr, iv, 456; Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pbila. 1864, 195: Phuronichthya guUulatua Lockiugton, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H79,
94.)
43S.— PLEVRONECTES* LiDucens.
Plaices.
(P/o<eMa Cnvier: PlatichfJiya and Parophrya GitatH: Lepidopaetfa, MyzopaeUa, lAopaetta,
and Euchalarodm Gill: CUdodvrma aad Paeudopleuroncctea Bleuker: Limanda
Oottsche: FZcsms Moreau.)
(Artedi; Linnieus Systema Naturre: type Pleuronectea plateasa h.)
Eyes and color on the right side (except in P. stellatus, which is indif-
ferently dextral or sinistral). Body ovate, elliptical, compressed; head
moderate, sometimes tnberculate; mouth small, the small, narrow max-
illary reaching front of eye or beyond ; blind side with one (rarely two)
series of close-set, conical or incisor-like teeth ; colored side of both
jaws usually toothless. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid, often imper-
fectly imbricated, sometimes tubercular or obsolete. Lateral line
nearly straight, or more or less arched anteriorly, simple, or with an
accessory branch. Gill-rakers small, widely set. Species very numer-
ous in northern seas. {-Xsupuv, side; vtjxttj^, swimmer.)
a. Lateral line with an accessory dorsal branch, long or short.
b. Lateral line straight or with a slight arch.
c. Scales mostly cycloid, small, imbricated. {Parophrya \ Girard.)
12§1. P. vetulus (Grd.) J. «& G. .
Uniform light olive brown; the young somewhat spotted with
blackish. Body elongate-elliptical ; snout very prominent, much pro-
truding, forming an abrupt angle with the descending profile; depth
of head opposite middle of upper eye about equalling distance from
middle of orbit to snout; eyes large, separated by a very narrow, high
* " If we were to attrib.:to to some of the characters the same generic value us in
other PleuronecUdcE, we should be obliged to establish a genus for almost every species,
and to separate lishcs which evid<^ntly form one natural group" {OUnther, iv, 438).
The curvature of the lateral line is here subject to much variation ; the accessory
lateral line, characteristic of so many Pacific species, disappears by degrees, while the
gradations in dentition pud squamation are so numei-oua as to be apparently useless
for generic characters. We are unable to follow Dr. Giinther in referring to Plcuronec-
tm, the species of Ghjplocephalua and Cynivoglossua, which seem to us to represent a
well-dilferentiated type.
t Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 139: type Parophrya vctuliia Girard.
[jtapa, near together; otppvi, eyebrow; in allusion to the narrow interocular space.)
832 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
ridge; eye large, 4 J in head, the upper with vertical range; month v "
small; maxillary not reaching pupil; teeth trenchant, small, and i
narrow, widened at tip; about 45 teoth on left side of lower jaw; few
teeth on right side of lower jaw. Accessory lateral line long, pec-
toral about half length of head; caudal truncate, 1^ in head. Fin rays
eutii-ely scaleless. Scales on body all cycloid, those on cheeks often
slightly ciliated. Head 3J; depth 2 J. D. 74 to 86; A. 54 to 68; Lat. 1.
105 (tubes). Santa Barbara to Alaska; an abundant species.
{Parophrya vetulus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 140: Parophrys vetiihis
GUnther, iv, 455: Pleuroneeles digrammus GUuther, iv, 445: Parophrys hubbardi Gill
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.1862, 281.)
cc. Scales everywhere strongly ctenoid, well imbricated. (laopaetta* Lock.)
d. Scales closely inibiicate; accessory lateral lino long.
19S9. P. Isolepis (Lockington) J. & G. >
Color brownish, mottled and blotched with darker. Body elliptical
much compressed, moderately deep, the curvature very regular; head
moderate, strongly compressed, the profile little depressed above the
eye; eyes rather large; interorbital space broad, flattish, with several
series of scales- Scales on cheeks similar to those on body, rather
large, ctenoid, and closely imbricated. Mouth comparatively large;
maxillary reaching pupil, 3§ in head; teeth not large, about
11 + 14
9 + 24'
con-
ical, close-set, in one somewhat irregular series, or p Mn two series;
those on colored side smalh Lower pharyngeals . ^ ^ith a double
row of bluutish teeth. On the blind side the scales are more or less
ctenoid, sometimes smooth; those on the cheeks weakly ctenoid; most
of the opercle, the preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle on blind
dide naked. Lateral line with a very slight arch in front, the depth of
which is less than one-fifth the length ; accessory branch nearly as long
as head. Fins rather low, mostly covered with ctenoid scales. Head 4 ;
depth 2 J. D. 38; A. 65; Lat. 1. 88. L. 12 inches. Point Coucepcion
to Puget Sound; rather common in deep water. This species bears
some resembrance to Hippoglossoides melanostictus.
(Lepidopsetta umbrosa Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, 106 (not of Girard):
Lepidopselta isolepis Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 325.)
dd. Scales loosely Imbricate ; accessory lateral line very short.
1383. P. ischyrus J. & G.
Light olive brown, vaguely clouded with light and dark; fins reddish
brown; a few roundish dusky blotches on dorsal and anal; pectoral and
* Lockington MSS. : type Lepidopsetta isolepis Lock. {Idoi, equal; Tpsrra, llouuder.)
113. PLEURONECTID^E — PLEURONECTES.
833
ctindal tipped with duaky; blind side white, immaculate, or with small
round ruHty spots; left side of head sometimes rusty tinged. Body
oblong, robust; caudal pedun<;le rather long; snout projecting; form-
ing an angle with the profile; mouth oblique, the chin projecting;
teeth jo^lfj narrowly incisor-like, bluntish, in a single, rather close-set
series; maxillary reaching past front of orbit, 5^ in head; eyes large;
interorbital apace rather broad, scaly, continuous with a ridge above
opercle. Head mostly covered with scales like those of the body, but
gi, uUer and rougher. Gill-rakers feeble. Lower pharyngeals each
with two rows of coarse blunt teeth. Scales thick and Arm, adherent,
not closely imbricated; those in front well apart; all the scales strongly
ctenoid; blind side with similar scales, almost as strongly ctenoid. Ver-
tical fins mostly scaly. Lateral line conspicuous, its scales less rough
tbau the others; a distinct short accessory lateral line on both sides,
extending to about the tenth dorsal ray, less than one-sixth head ; aseries
of pores around lower eye behind. Dorsal beginning over pupil, its ante-
rior rays low; its highest rays nearly half^ length of head; caudal
largo, double truncate; pectoral of right side about half head. Head
3i; depth 2. D. 70 to 76; A. 52 to 57; V. 6j Lat.l. 85. L. 15 inches,
Puget Sound.
(Parophrya iachyrm Jordan & Gillx rt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 27(5.)
hb. Lateral line with a strong arch in front; scales rough. (Lepidopsetta* Gill.)
12§4. P. bilaneatiis (Ayres) Gthr.
Yellowish brown, with numerous round pale blotches. Body broadly
ovate, thickish; mouth moderate, turned toward the left side; teeth
stout, conical, little compressed, bluntish, in one series, rather irregu-
larly placed. Lower pharyngeals broad, with two rows of blunt teeth.
Gill-rakers few, very short, thick and weak, without teeth. Snout pro-
jecting; eyes large, separated by a prominent ridge, which, like the
cheeks and upper portion of the opercle, is covered with rough stellate
scales; lower eye advanced; opercle, subopercle, and interopercle of
left side scaly; preopercle naked. Scales rather small, mostly ctenoid,
Dot closely imbricated ; those on the blind side smooth ; scales on the
cheeks and other parts of the head very rough ; scales of body smoother
and less closely imbricated anteriorly, the degree of roughness varia-
ble, northern specimens (var. umhrosu^) being roughest. Lateral line
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 195: type Platichthya umbroeus Girard=
Phtcisa hilineata Ayvea. {Xentdoi, scaly, iperra, founder.)
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 53
if'-
i'Pm-
:\'\.
!L4"
>t
m
-m
4. 5SV
m:
-dim
\ . ' i '■'.•Vt' .-Si.',
i
\
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-^r^*^-*--^ rr
834 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
moderately arched anteriorly, with an accessory dorsal branch which is
less than half length of head. Height of arch less than one-third its
length. Dorsal beginning over the eye, its anterior rays-low ; caudal con-
vex; anal preceded by a spiue; a concealed spine behind ventralg; rays
of dorsal and anal all simpb; dorsal and anal somewhat scaly; caudal
three-fifths length of head; pectoral half head. Lower pharyngeals
broad, each with two rows of blunt teeth. Head 3f ; depth 2 J. D. 80-
A. 60; teeth H-^', Lat. 1, 85. L. 20 inches. San Francisco to Alaska*
abundant northward. A food-fish of some importai^ce.
{Plalcma bili'ieata Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1855, 40: Pleuronectes bilineatiis
Gunther, iv, 444: Lepidopaetta bilineata Lockington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1879 103;
Flatichthi/s umbro8U8 Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18.')6, 138: Pleuronectcg urn-
brosua Gunther, iv, ifA : Pleuronectea perarcuatua Coi)o, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1873. )
aa. Lateral line without accessory branch.
e. Lateral line strongly arched in front; scales ctenoid. (Limanda* Gottsche.)
13S5. P. fcrrugineiis (Storer) J. & G.—Sand Dab.
Brownish olive, with numerous, irregular, reddish spots; fins simi-
larly marked; left side with caadal fin, caudal peduncle, and margins
of dorsal and anal fins lemon yellow. Body ovate-elliptical, strongly
compressed; teeth small, conical, close-set, in a single series on each
side in each jaw. Snout projecting, forming a strong angle above
upper eye, with the descending profile. Gill-rakers of moderate length,
very weak, not toothed. Eyes moderate, 4^ in head, the lower slightly
in advance of ujjper, separated by a high, very narrow ridge, which is
scaled posteriorly, and is continued backward as an Inconspicuous but
rough ridge to the beginning of the lateral lino. Scales imbricate,
nearly uniform, those on right side rough-ctenoid, those on left side
nearly or quite smooth^ scales on body rougher than on cheeks. Cau-
dal peduncle short, liigher than long. Dorsal inserted over middle of
eye, its middle rays hijiuest; pectoral less than two-fifths length of
head; caudal fin rounded; anal spine present. Lateral line simple,
with a rather low arch in front, the depth of which is barely two-fifths
the length. A concealed spine behind ventrals ; ventral of coLu'ed side
partly lateral, the otuer wholly so; anal spine strong. Head 4 in
length; depth 2|. D. 85; A. 02; Lat. 1. 100. Atlantic coast, chiefly
northward.
( Plotesm fevruginea Storer, Report Fish. Mass. 18'"'^ 141 : Plateam roatmta H. R
Storer, Boat. Journ. Nat. Hist, vi, 268: Myzopaeita fenuginea Gill, Proc. Acad. Naf.
Sci. Phila. 1864, 217.) •
•Gottsche, Wiegmann's Archiv. 1835, 100: type Pleuronectee limanda L. = Z-tmfl«rfa
vulgaris Gottsche. {Limanda, an ancient name of L. vulgaris; perhaps fr'>m Xi/iit/v,
a small bay or creek.)
lis. PLEURONECTID^ PLEURONECTES.
835
13§6. P. asper Pallas.
Brown, nearly plain, the blind side with tinges of lemon-yellow.
Form of P. MlineatMS. Teeth small, almost conical, on both sides of the
mouth; interorbital space narrow, scaly; opercle and preopercle naked
below. Gill-rakers very feeble. Pharyngeals not very broad, their teeth
bluutish, not paved. Scales small, wide apart, partly imbedded, each
one with 1-4 spinules, which are almost erect; anterior scales with 3-i.
of these spinules; posterior mostly with 1; scales of blind side smoother;
middle rays of dorsal and anal only scaly. No accessory lateral line.
Anal spine present; twentieth anal ray and thirty-seventh dorsal ray
longest; caudal double truncate. Head 3^; depth 2. D. G9; A. 53.
Alaska to Kamtschatka.
{Pleuronectea aaper Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. iii, 42r), 1811: Pleuronectea aaper Giia-
tlicr, iv, 454 : Limanda aapera Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 242. )
128?. P. bcant (Goode) J. &.. G.
Grayish, mottled with darker; a conspicuous black blotch on the
outer rays of caudal on each side. Body elliptical, with angular out-
lines, strongly compressed; head very short; snout abbreviated; mouth
small, subvertical; teeth small, apparently in two rows, chiefly on the
blind side of lower jaw; eyes large, as long as mandible; interorbital
8pace very narrow. Dorsal fln beginning about pupil, its rays long,
wide apart, exserted ; right ventral near the median line. Caudal broad,
fan-shaped. Lateral line with an abrupt curve, the length of which is
twice its height and about equal to length of head, its scales highly
specialized; lateral line on colored side less developed. Scales small,
strongly ctenoid on the right side ; larger and cycloid on the blind side.
Head ^ ; depth 2*. D. 64 ; A. G3 ; Lat. 1. 88, 27 scales in its curve.
Deep water off' the Ehode Island coast. {Goode.)
{Limanda beani Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 473.)
ee. Lateral line without anterior arch.
/. Eyes and color on either Hide ; scales coarse, stellate ; lower pharyngeals broad,
with paved teeth. {PlaUchthya* GM.)
188§. P. stellatus Pallas.— C'rt/i/omia "Flounder."
Dark brown or nearly black, with lighter markings; flns reddish
brown; dorsal and anal with four or five vertical black bands; caudal
with three or four black longitudinal bands. Body broad and short,
tbe snout forming a slight angle with the profile; lower jaw projecting;'
interocular space rather broad, with very rough scales. Largo rough
•Girard, Proc, Ac. Nat. Scl, Phila. 1856, 136: type Platkhthya rtigoaua Grd. {nXarvi,
flat; ixOvi, fish.)
11 "' 1
t "■*■
830 roNTKinrTioNs to noutii amkku^an inrniYOLooY — iv.
Hcnk's at buHO (►!' doi\sMl and anal niyts and on NitUvs of hisul ; siniiliir
Imt Nnuillcr Ncah's McatliUHMl t)v«'r tlio body, hairral lini^Ntnootli. V'\us
witluiut HoaU's; a dustor of bony )>roniin(nic(vs abovo oihu'cU>. '\W[\\
in«'i8orliko, truncato, railuu* broad, ]J||J. Lowor pharyngcalH broad,
with conrso, ]myv\\ tooth. IToad 3|{ ; dopth 2. 1). 58; vV. 4'J. L. .;<»
inohoH. Han Lnis Obinpo (o K!iin«<^haiUa; V(My abnn^biid. ntutliwiird;
one of (ho hupvst and most important of \h{\ llonnthTN of tlio I'acific
o«»aNt.
(rulhiH, Nov. Act. lVtn»|tol. I, :M7: I'hni'hthiis niinmiit mrnnl, U. H. I'lic |{. K. Sniv.
VM\. I'lH; (Jihithcr. .v, 41:1: /V.»/i«7t//ii/.t »h'll<ilHH Lockliiglon, I'roo, 11.8. Nal. Mim.
1H?J», in.)
//'. KyoN iiinl color striotly on tlio rljtlit. Hido.
y. .S'lilcH »iu». iniltricatr*!, UHimlly rlt'ooiil in Mio niiilo, oycloitl In tb« rcinalc; lo\vt>r
jiliiiiynffciilM Itrond, wllli jiiivtMl (coth. {I'lcHronectvH.)
I4NO. I*. qiiii«liitul»orriilnliiN I'hIIuh.
(Jrayish, njottU'd with \mWv and with round bhiolc spotH; (bis vory
diirk. Vovm of /'. ijUihvr. Mouth vory .snuill, with niiuiII, inrisor liko
tooth, n)uiul<'d at tip. I'^yo.** soparatod by a narrow ridgu; ab«)ut tlvo
.saiall, promiuiMit, oonioal, obtuso bony tuboroh^H in a> row ab«)v<>i tlio op.
orok», t'ontinuouM with tho diroo.tion of tlH^ hit«'ral lino, which is wlraij'lit,
without aooossory dorsnl brauoh; tuboioUi abov(M)j)orolo hirjfost. Hoid<\s
HUiall, oyoh)id in all spooinuMis oxaininod. Anal .spin(^ pr(>s<Mit. lload
3fj; depth 2. I). (18; A. 50; liat. 1. 78. Coa^sts of Alaska and Kani-
t-sohatka.
(riillits, Zoojir. RoHs.-AHint, iii. ^Vl'^, IHtl: I'nrophviiH qnndritHhvrc.HlniHit CiWwWwv, iv,
4."i<i: Hrun, rro(>. (T. S. Xal. Mum. 1S81, 211: VlvuronvvUs palhm Hlniniiuehnor, IclHli.
l«iMtriif>«'. viii, •^.^. IHT'.I.)
I400. I». tflMlMT (.Sl.iivr) (iill.
(irayish brown, uiottlod with dark«>r brown; tins with blackish spots.
Ilody obhtujj, ovato. Eyos ratlu>r small, soparatod by a nakc^l olovatod
ridjyo. .laws somotimosoi'.oh with twodistiuot rows of tooth; thointor-
ru|)to«l outor sorios of truncato, oloso-sot, thi(!kish incisor-lik»^ tootli,
which aw somotimos movablo; tho inner row of similar tooth nioro
witloly sot and rathor distant from tln^ outor row (and often or {ronorally
wautino); about 20 tooth in outor row In lower Jaw; \'v^\\t side of bolii
jawa toothless; intororbital ridjje continuous with a broad, iiakod,
smoothish, tuborcnloso rid}<o, which Joins the lateral line. Scales smsiil,
distant, non-ind)ricato, smooth in tho fenuile and moro or loss ctenoid ia
the male; those on blind side smaller. Fins nu)derate, somewhat scaly;
anterior rays of dorsal low; pectoral a little moro than half h(>ad; bases
of vertieal tins not tuboreuhvte. Anal spine present. Lower pharyngeals
113. riiKTinONKCTID;K — flT-YPTOrKrtlAIJrS.
8.".7
Bcpnnito, brojul, wiHi roaiHii ivi^ih. Iloiul .'4; dcpMi L'. I). 55; A. tO^
J/iii. I. 70 (pon^H). \j. 10 iiicJicH. Atlii.iili<', coiiHt; cliiclly innMiwanl.
(I'MvHna yUihr'% Htorcr, rioc. Il«mt. Hoc Niii. Hint., i, IHO, lH4:i, luiil riHli. Mhim. 'M\,
pi, :il, f. I : I'Uii'hnUtroiim }iu(nami (illl, I'nm. Anul. Nut.. Hrl. riiilii. iMfil, i.",W-innlc ;
ll.im, I'nii'. ir. H. Nut. R3n». 1H7H, ;J47: lAtqiHMa f/luhra (Jill, I'loc. A«!ImI. Nat. Hfi.
i'iiila. IH(14, «I7.)
ri1>l. IMrliMlitlln Pall
aH.
Dark brown, Mni niiHHp(»t<t<^(l. 1' )rin of I'.fflahcr. A roii^lieiicd ri<|;;e
iibovji llio «',li('(ikH and oprrrlow on Um^ «'.y«nl Ni«l(\ l'>yi'.s M«ipiinit<Ml by a
iiiii't'ow HniooUi bony riilf;<% HciilcH minute, itnlu'ildcd, non imbricate.,
clenoid in tlio nnihvs, Htnoolli in tlie femaJcH; H<;ale>« on blind Hi(b> Him-
iliir, IciHH developed; NealeH of Ia(«^ni.l line a Utile laif^er. TeeMi eol-
ored, hieiHor like, t'ormin^ a.n even ed^e, moHtly on blind Hide. An
iiiiiil Npiiie; peetorids Hliort. IJuad L; depth 12^. 1). o(>; A. 42. AlanUu
t() Xortliern Hibetia..
(I'allaN, IMii, 111, App. 70(1; PallaH, Zoo^r. Hohh, Afilatu Hi, 424: I'lmronirttm (ilntinllH
HicliiiMlHon, l''iinnn, IWir.-Amcr. KIhIi. vr»H; Mraii, Pror. II. H, Nat. Miih. |hH|, i»4l : f'hn-
ronirl>'n vlvalririiHUH PallaH, /(lo^r. KoHN.-AHiat.. Hi, 4'J4 ( ,/ , 1). 5!>; A, 'M): t'lrnronuilm
fmnkUid (Hliitlior, iv, 44^, mvi (9,1). 50; A. :»7).
ijg. Si'iih'H well iinlMiraiod, ntnmKl.V <'toiioi(l; lower pllaryll^^!alH narrow, with touio
tooth. {I'miuiUiplviiriniiuUcH Hlfokor.*)
tW*2. I*. llllK'rIcllllllN WnWmutn—iyintn'JIoiinUrr; Miiddah.
Miirk riiNty brown, M[>otted or nearly plain; yonti^ olive, brown, nioro
or le.sH spotted and bloteluul with red<liMh. l>ody elliptieal, an tni^le
;ii)(>V(M\V(^ Head eovcM-e*! abov<' with imbric^aied, Htron|.jly ctenoid HcalcH
similar to thoNe on the body; blind side of lu^ttd nearly naked; iider-
orltital N|>iic,e rather broa<l, Htron/^Iy convex, it.s width Inilf eye; tho
spiMte (Mdirely Hcaled; teeth < nnpr«'Hsed, inciHorlik<^, a.nd widened to-
wiirdH tipw, eloH(!-Met, Ibrtnin^ a conlinnon.s ciittintf <'dK<'; Nome of teetli
ol'lcn einarj;iinite>, HometitneH moviihle; ri^lit .side of Ixjth jaw.H tooth-
less. lli;;liest donsal ntys Icks tlutn l(Mi({th of pe<;t<)tiiiH, tmd mon; than
half h^n^th of In'ad; aiuil Hpine ])res(Mit. Mead 4 in length; depth L'^,
I). (15; A. 48; Lat. I. H,'i. ('oiiHtofNew York, northward; abundant.
(Wiiiliaiini, Art.«'(li, Piw,. I7'.>2, li:t; (Jlliillnir iv, 4'tl{: I'laU.ma plana Htorer, Fi.sli.
MiiMH. 37;j.)
<|.11>.-»I.VI*TOCI^I*ll>il.lIN (i<»ttHc.ho.
((iottHc!i«>, Wicfrtiianii'H Arc hi v. IKl,';, l.^ifi; typo (HyplowphaluH mxicola GottHcho .=
rteuvunvcIcK cyiioj/liiMHUH L.)
Kyes jind color on tlio riffht Hide. IJody extremely elonj^jate, more
tliiin twice aw lon^ as deep; nuudi compnvsse^l. Head very huuiII and
{tl>i
HU-eker, CoiiitoH KoikIiih. Arad. 8ci. Amnt. xiil, liU'tZ: tyita J'latrma plana Htovct.
.C6oi, falho; irActyj6»'j/^r;/?, I'leuronectes.)
tti^ ^,!
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838 CONTUinUTIONS to NOUTll AMEUICAN ICllTllYOLOaV — IV.
ahort; ItH blind nido wlHi mmiy oxciivatloiiH niul inucons cuviticM in (|ir
sknll, nuindiblo, and luooporido. Montli vor.y snmll ; iootli ui<)doiiili>
incJHOi' liko, broad, cqniil, cIoscNot, in \i Nin^lo wrii'iH; no t('«Mli on
vonu'r or pidatinos. OillnilituH Hliort, w«Mili. Lowor plmrynjicalfs niir
row, witli one or two rowH of conical tcctli. Lateral line nciirly
Ntraigid, siniplo; Hcahss vcryHniall, Hniootli; dorsal and anal very lon^r
thoro \mujf more than UO rayn in ilio dorsal and nior«^ lliaii HO in the
anal; candal Hn roniulcd; anal s|»inc jncscnt. Vertebra) in increased
number. JSorthurn ueaM. (jAurrOc, Hculpturc«l ; zjy«A)j, head.)
1903. CJ. cyiioifloswusC'laa.) Gill.— (7m///-/foH »«/»•»-.
Grayish brown; membranes of the Ibis with dark spots; pecloral of
the coh)red side dark, about half as hmjj as the lutad. Upper Jaw wilh
about ;U) teeth; eyes large, separate*! by a. narrow, scaly ridges; opt^r<'l((
a<buite to shoulder girtlle for a short distaiu'e only. INu'torals v(>iy
short, not falcate, that of right side about half length of h(>ad. Head
5 in length; dei)th Ujf. 1). 105 (101 to ll'J); A. 1)5 (87 to 00). bat. I.
1U5. North Atlantic, on both sides; ubun<hint in deep water .ortli
waitl.
(I'lt'in(>ncct<>!> cjiniufhuisiis \,'nu\, SyH). Nut. i, yW, 175H: (UmttoirphaltiH avadiniiHH iiWl,
Pii»o. Aciid. Nat. Sfi. I'liilii. IH7U, 'MM: riviiroiitu^tcM ('hiioi/Iokhidi {iiinlhcr, iv, Hi); /'/(k-
rotivt'ti'n vIoHijiiluM (Mlntlior, Iv, 450: Collott, NorsUo Noid-lIiiVH. lOxp. 2(KK)
Iftllf . U. Xtl4*lltil'IIN liOckiiiKton.
ITniform brownish, tins darker; blind side everywhere dusted with
dark points. Ibniy elongate; snout very bbiut; interorbital space a
very narrow, scaly rulge; nionth somewhat twisted toward the l>Iiii(l
vside; teeth o«i both sides of jaws, broad and com[>resse.d, in a siii;;I(i
WW, forming a blunt, «'ontinuous (nlgc; about .'M in the lower Jaw.
Eyes very large, 3s in head. 0|)ercle nearly free from shoulder ;>irdl('.
Pectoral of the eolon'<l side falcate, longer than the head, more than
t.wice as long as the pectoral of the l)lind side. Body not slimy. Head
i}] depth a. 1). 5)4 to lOlJ; A. 70 to 80; Lat. I. I'M. L. 15 inches. Coast
of California; in deep water.
(Lockiuglon, Proc. II. S. Nat. Muh. 1871), 88.)
460.— €YNICO«JI^OSSlJS noiiaparto. "
(ilfjcnw/omiM (Jotitscho, prcoccnpiod by MicroHtoma: nrachyproHoiMH Ulcck*"!.)
(Bonapai<o, rauiia Italioa, 18;J7, faso. xix; typo Vleitronrcte» mic^•OHtomu^^ Don.)
This genus agrees with Olyptoccphalm in the elongate body, lon^j
lius, and numerous vertebnc, difl'ering in the absence of the cavernous
mi isJ
1 13. rLKlTRONKCTFPiV- — KTROI'lIS.
839
Htnicturo of t\ni lioiwl. Aiiul Hpinc obHoUttu. (xmvui/;, dog hkr; y'^ihiraay
lilOA* 4i>. puclflcun liOckitiKion.
Olivo brown, with (linker blotrJicH; fhiH blackish; blind MJd<> more or
IrsH dii.sky. Ilody (>longitt<^, i^lliptirul ; Nnont nof. blunt; infrrorbital
Hpiuio a narrow, .s(ialy ridgi^; oyj^n larjfc, .'{ in IhmuI; month vory Hniall;
t«><>lh liirgci ujmI v(^ry broad, forming'' acontinn<MiH cutting (>dg(Mni blind
Hidn only of (>acJi jaw; about l() tei^th in lowttr Jaw. ()pcn;h^ abovtt itis
iniglo wholly adnato to Hhoidd<M' girdl(\ Dorsal and anal Hiih low.
l'(M;toral fbiH niod<irat<«, that of tln^ colored Hide a liltlo th<! longitr,
iiboiit two thinlH liMigth of IkmwI; vcMitralH very Hniall. iJody <'xc,eM-
sively Hliniy in life. IIea«l IjJ; depth \\\. J). 102; A. 85; F.at. 1. 140.
]i. 12 ineliOM. Alaska to Mont/onw; abnndant in d(Htp water.
((ihiptoci'iilittliiH piKiJIfKH liOckiiiKton, Hcioiilillr. I'niHHHiiinil. i, '^1, April, IWO; Oljipln-
cfl>haluH imvijU)HH i^wMn\^Ut\\, I'roc. U. H. Nat.. Mtm. lH7i).)
46 1 .-KTItOPUS J«.nl(iri A. (llllMrt.
(Jordan A. Gllbort, Proo. IT. H. Nat. MtiH. 18HI, 'M\: iypo /ilropim crnnnnliiH J. A (1.)
lOyeH and <;olor on the h^ft side. Hody regidarly oval, deep and
C()ni|>ressed. Head Mniall; niontli very Htnall, the teeth <tlose set, Hle.n-
(|<-r and pointed, Noniewhat inenrved, inoHtly on the blind side; no teetli
oil vomer. I'iye.s small, Heparatc.d by a narrow, Hctah'less ridge; margin
of pn^opeic.U^ free. VentralH free from anal, that of <'.olored side in-
Hci'ted on ridgeof abdomen, its baH(>, rather long. Dorsal (in beginning
iihovuuye; caudal double truncate; anal without Hpim;. Hitales thin,
ii(M'iduonH, ctenoid on left hU\v, cy<'loi<l on l)lind side. Lateral lino
Hiiiiple, iK^arly straight. Hi/(^ small. This genus is appan^ntly alli<Ml
to (!illi((ri<;litlii/}<^ altho'igh the mouth iH very small, {trfjou, aixloim-.n;
nohi;, foot; in allusion t(» the iuHi^-tion of the vontrals.)
ittfto. i:. croMMotiiM J. Si. a.
Light brown, with some darker blotches; Hns mottled and spott^'d.
Teeth in lower jaw on both sides, in upper on blind side only. JOycM
liirg<^, separated by a narrow scaleh^ss ridge, whij'h extends abovf? the
opcnsle; edge of preop<M«'le and esi»<^cially of o[»(a'cle on blind siclc
friiigiul with white cilia, (laudal one tbnrth longer than head; pectoral
of left sidit three-tlfths head; ventral of blind side longest, inNert(>d in
iulvance of the other, llitad 4 J ; depth 3. I). 80; A. 01 ; V. 0; Lat. 1. OS.
L. 5 inches. (Joast of Louisiana and Texas to Mazatlan and Panama;
locally abundant.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 364; 1882, — .)
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840 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^IV.
463.— T11¥RIS Uuode.
(Goodo, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 344: type Thyris pdlucldu8 Goode.)
Body elongate, soft, and translucent. Head very short ; mouth small
toothless. Eyes sinistral, close toj»ether, the lower slightly advanced.
Pectorals of blind side smallest ; ventrals crowded together on luediau
keel of body, their bases i)rolonged on this keel. Kays sim[)le; dorsal
begiiuiing on the snont; caudal subsessile, almost continent with dorsal
and anal. Scales very thin, easily detached, probably cycloid. Lateral
line well marked, straight. One species known, from deep water.
{Oupi^, window, from the translucent body.)
1907. T. pelliicidiis Goodo.
Ooh)rless, translucent; three conspicuous dusky longitudinal lines on
left side, the middle one faintest. Two streaks on right side; eyes
black. Body thin, ])ellucid, divided into three longitudinal tracts by
dei)ressions at the bases of the rows of interspinous processes. Scales
small, thin, caducous. Head very small; eyes small, protruding, Micir
diameter ecpial to the interorbital space ami half the length of the
snout; nu)uth small, formed as in the soles, the upper jaw soiuewhiit
hook-shaped. Dorsal fin beginning in advance of the eye, of long,
flexible, simple, rays, the tips of which are much exserted. rectorals
inserted far below lateral line, that on blind ^ide as long as (U'bit, the
other as long as snout; ventrals reaching i)a8t front of anal. Head 5;
depth 3. 1). 100; A. 80; P. 12 (left), 4 (right). L. 3 inches. {Goodc.)
Gulf Stream, oil" the coast of Khode Ishind. Perhai)s a larva of some
species of which the mature form is as yet unknown.
(Goodo, Pioo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, :I44.)
463.— inOWOLEME Goodo.
(Goodo, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1880, 338: t.vpo Mwwlene acamUcamla Goode.) ;m
Body thin, elongate; eyes on the left side, very close together, near
the i)rofile; mouth moderate, the length of the nuixillary less than one-
third that of the head; teeth minute, in a single series, nearly equal on
both sides; no teeth on vomcu* or i)alatines. Scales rather large, tenoid
on colored side, cycloid on blind side. Lateral line well-marked, lliat
of colored side strongly and ang-.ilarly curved anteriorly; that of blind
side nearly straight. Pectoral of blind side wholly absent; dorsal
beginning on the snout, its rays all simple. Caudal tin sessile, almost
confluent with dorsal and anal. Ventral fins normal. Gill-r,iker.s few,
feeble. Vertebra} 43. Deep-sea flshes. (//ow>?, single; wA6ij, aim.)
119. PLEUBONECTIDiE — ACHIRUS.
841
129§* M, sessilicauda Gonde.
Ashy brown, with (hirker brown spots; blind si<lc white; pectoral
blackish, with traces of darker transverse bands. Body thin, its thick-
ness not i^reater than the diameter of the eye ; depth 7^ times the diame-
ter of the eye; head everywhere closely thatched with scales even to
the edges of the lips. Vertical fins mostly scaly. Lateral lino on left
8id(5 arched, its direction pecnliar, the curve having two angles; lateral
lino on blind side nearly straight. Dorsal beginning on the snout,
highest posteriori^', its longest rays half the head; anal beginning close
to the vent. Caudal rounded. Pectoral three-fourths lengtli of head.
Ventrals on the median line, equal. Head 5; depth 2§. D. 1)0 to 103;
A. 70 to 84; scales 2.*{-02-25, 20 in the anterior curve. L. inches.
Gulf Stream, off Newport, Rhode Island. {Ooode.)
(Goodo, rroc. U. S. Nat. Mua, 1880, :i:iH.)
'164.-ACIIBRIJS Lae<^i)(Jilo.
Soles.
(Laci^pfcdo, TTiHt. Nat. dcs Poisa. iv, 059, 1802: typo Pleuronectes achirus h. ^^ dchirus
faHciatuH hue. =^ l'l<;iiroii(;etc-8 Untatus L.)
Eyes and color on the right side. Body oblong, bluntly roun<led
anteriorly. Head small ; eyes small, close together, the upi)er eye in
advance of the lower; mouth small, somewhat turned toward the colored
side; nasal flai)s present, the nostril of the blind side fringed; lip of the
colored side fringed; teeth very small, on blind side only ; gill openings
jiarrow; the branchiostegal region scaled. liead closely scaled every-
where, the scales on the colored side similar to those on the body, those
of the nape and chin much eidarged; scales on the l)lind side anteriorly,
have their pectinations more or less produced, forming cirri ; scales of
both sides extremely rough, extending on the tins. Lateral line straight,
simple; edge of preoperde covered by the scales. Dorsal beginning
on the snout, low in front and thickly scaled, its rays divided; anal tin
shnilar, without spine; caudal flu free, convex; caudal peduncle very
short and deep; pectoral flu of left side wanting, that of right sido
small or obsolete; ventral rays 3 or 4, the ventral flu of tlu5 colored side
long, connected with the anal by a membrane, {ux^if, without hands;
L e., without pectoral fins.)
a. Pectoral fins botli obsolete. (Achirua.)
1300. A. lincutiis (L.) Cnv.
Olive brown, usually with about G narrow vertical black cross-lines
usually not broader than x)upil and with numerous black spots and
*. .••■■,;
'r"a(
\
842 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
cIoiuIh; fliiH with dark spots, some of which form hars parallel with tlio
rays; left sido white, usually more or less mottled, sonietinieH banvd.
Form oval, the outliues regular. Eyes small, 8eparat«!d by a llattisli
space witler than eye. Acoucealed spine in front of upper eye. Scjalcs
on na])e and chin 3 or 4 times size of others. Fins moderate, scaly on
both sides; caudal about as long as head. Head 3^; depth I'g'. I).
55; A. 41; V. 4; Lat. 1. 75. L. inches. Atlantic coast, connnon from
Cape Cod soutinvard; ascending rivers.
{Plevroim'Ua aahirun }j. Synt. Nat. «m1. 10, i, 2(58: Plcuroneetes linmtuH L. Synt. Niit.
ed. 12, i, 45^: AohiruH moUia Stor«r, Fish. Muss. 400: Solea avhirun Giiuther, iv, 47tJ,)
Siibsp. browni (Oflir.) J. & G,
Cross-bands broader, as broad as eye; left side immaculate. Gulf of
Mexico aiul southward.
{Solta browm GUiithcr, iv, 477.)
403.— APIIORISTIA Kanp.
(Kaiip, Wiojjniann's ArcUiv. IB.'jS, IOH; typo Archirua ornatna Lnc^pMe.)
Eyes and color on the Lift side. Body elongate, lanceolate in out-
line, rounded forward, tapering to a point behind, strongly compressed.
Mouth small, unsymmetrical, twisted toward the colored side; teeth
small; eyes very, small, close together; snout short, not produced,
with a hook ; lips conspicuous, not evidently fringed ; one nostril pres-
ent, with a slight barbel, .just before lower eye. Scales ctenoid, of mod-
erate size, covering the whole body nearly uniforudy; edge of preop-
ercle covered by the scales; no lateral line on either side. Dorsal liii
low, beginning just behind the snout, confluent with the anal around
the tail; pectoral tins obsolete; ventral flu of colored side only pres-
ent, not continuous with the anal. Gill-openings very narrow. Warm
seas. {d<pofna, a dearth; f(TT«c, a limb.)
1300. A. atricauda .Tor. & Gilb.
Olivaceous, with very distinct dark streaks along the rows of scales,
and with numerous vertical half-bars; those above lateral line alter-
nating with thos«» below, anteriorly, nearly meeting them behind; ver-
tical fins black posteriorly. Body oblong-lanceolate, comparatively
slender, not very blunt anteriorly. MoutL reaching to opposite the
eye; lips large; teeth small, present on both sides. Scales small, unieh
smaller on the head; those on blind side similar. Dorsal beginning on
the head; ventral well separated from anal. Hea». 6^; depth 3 J. D.
100; A. 80; Lat. 1. 105. L. 6 inches. San Diego, CaU
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 23.)
PEDIt'ULATI.
843
'I
1301. A. pluKiuHU (L.) J. & O.
Dark brown, with nix or seven obHcnro darker crosK-bandH, and
DUin<u'otis dark Hpeeks and niottlin^.s, forinin^j; indistinct Htripes; i\un
all H|M!ekled, the caudal not darker than the other fins. Teieth very
small, i)re8ent on both sides of tlu^jaw; eyes very small, ch^se to;;etlier,
tiie upper in advance;, the lower just above an^le of month. Ventral
till moderately devejojjed, barely r^>achin|>: anal, to which it is connected
by a low membrane. Head 5; <lepth '.i\. I). 05; A. HO; liat. 1. 0;{.
South Atlantic and Gtilf coast to the West Indies; abundant in sandy
bays.
(I'hiurnnecteH plaffiuHa J Awn. Rv«t. Nat.: I'laflwiia plafiiima CAW, Cat, FIhIj. E. cowt,
794: AvhiriM oriialuH Lac. iv, 051): AphurtHlM uniala Gtlu'. iv, 4*JU.)
Order V.-PEDICULATI.
{The rediculatc FiHheit.)
Carpal bones notably elonjiate, forminj? a sort of arm, which sup-
ports the broad ])e(5torals. trill-openings r»Mlu(!ed to a larjjci or small
foramen, situated in or near the axils, more or less posterior to the
pectorals. No scales. Ventral fins juj^ular, if present; first vertebra?
united to the cranium by a suture; epiotics united behind sui)raocci-
l)itid; elon};ate basal p<;ctoral radii reduced in inimber; no intcaclavi-
des; posttemporal broad, Hat, simple; superior pharynj^eals two, sim-
ilar, sjiatulate, with anterior stem and transverse blade; basis of
iianium simple. No air-duct to the swim-bladder. Anterior dorsal
reduced to a few tentacle-like, mostly isolated, sjiines. This jjrou]* is
considered as a modified ollshoot from Batrachoid or BUmnioid forms.
(Latin pediculutufi, ])rovided with a little foot or i)eduncle, in allusiou
to the peculiar pectoral fins.)
(iVdic«/n<iGliuther, iii, 17e-20r).)
ANALYSIS OK FAMILIES OF PEDICULATI.
a. Gill-ojM'niiiKH in oi >i(tliiiul tlio lower axilnof tlio pectorulH; mouth largo, terminal.
h. PHUudobranchiii) preHout; pHeiulobrachiu with two actiuosth; head broad, de-
pre.sse(l LoiMlilD/K, 124.
l»6. PHeudobranchiai none ; pHendobrachia with three actinostH.
V. Ventral lins doveloi[jed ; pectoral members j;eiiiculated, with elongate pHom'u
brachia ^NTiONNAitiiOyi:, 125 (»
CO. Ventral fins obsolete; pectoral members not geui«;iilate, with moderate
pseudobrachia CERATiiDiE, 125 (b).
aa. Uill-openiugs iu or behind the upper axils; mouth small, usually interior.
Maltueiu.^, 12C.
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844 contributions to north american ichthyology — iv.
Family CXXIV.— LOPHIID^.
{The Fishing Frogs.)
Head wide, depressed, very large. Body contracted, conical, tai)er-
ing rapidly backward from the shoulders. Mouth exceedingly larfjc,
terminal, opening into an enormous stomach; upper jaw inotnutihv
maxillary without supplementary bone; lower jaw projecting; both jaws
Avith very strong, unequal, cardiform teeth, some of the teeth canine-
like, most of them depressible; vomer and palatines usually with strong
teeth. Gill-openings comparatively large, in the lower axil of the pecto-
rals. Pseudobranchia3 present. Gill-rakers none. Skin mostly smooth,
naked, with nuiny dermal flaps about the head. Spinous dorsal of three
isolated, tentacle-like spines on the head, and three smaller ones behind,
which form a continuous flu ; second dorsal moderate, similar to the anal ;
pectoral members scarcely geniculated, each with two actinosts and with
elongate pseudobrachia; ventrals jugular, I, 5, widely sei)arated. Py.
lori(! cojca present. A single genus, with three or more species, living
on sea-bottoms; remarkable for their great voracity.
(Pediculati part, geuus Lophiua GUather, iii, 178-182.)
406. -liOPHIIJS LinniEus.
Fishing Frogs.
(Artedi; Linnffiiis, Syat. Nat. 1758: ty^ie Lophiua 2naeatoriuii 1j.)
Characters of the geuus incltded abo\'C;. {Lojthius, the ancient name
of L. imcatorius^ Irom /«f o?, a crest.)
1309. Ij. pascatorius. — Fiahing-frog ; Monlc-fiah; Gooac-fah; All-mouth; Bellows-
Jiah ; Angler.
Brownish, mottled, below white; mouth behind the hyoid bone im-
maculate; pectorals and caudal black at tip ; peritoneum black. Body
depressed, tapering, scarcely longer than head. Humeral spine with
three points, of which the posterior is the longest. Head surronndod
with a fringe of barbels; top of head, in young, with many strong-
spines. Anterior dorsal spine elongate, fleshy at tip. D. I-I-I, HI —
10; A. 9. L. 3 feet. North Atlantic, on both coasts; generally com-
mon, from North Carolina northward. A fish of singular uglmess of
appearance.
m
(Lian. Syat. Nat.; GUntTier, iii, 179: Lophiua americanua Cuv. & Val. xii, 380.)
125 (a). ANTENNARIID^ ANTENNARIUS.
845
Family CXXV (a).— ANTENNARIID^.
{The Frog-fishen.)
TIead and body more or less compressed. Mouth vortical or very
oblique; lower jaw prqjectinjjf; jaws with cardifonu teeth; ju'eiiiaxilla-
rics protractile. Gill-openings small, pore-like, in or behind the lower
axils of the pectorals. No pseudobranchije. Skin naked, smooth, or
prickly. Pectoral members forming an elbow-like angle. Pseudo-
Itrachia long, with three actinosts. Ventral fins present, jugular, near
together. Spinous dorsal of one to three separated, tentacle-like spines ;
soft dorsal long, larger than anal. Pyloric (iojca none. Genera al)out 5;
species nearly 40. Inhabitants of tropical seas, "living on Uoating sea-
weed, and enabled, by filling the capacious stomach with air, to sustain
themselves on the surface of the water" ; therefore, widely dispersed
by currents in the sea.
(I'ediculati pt. Guuther, iii, 182-200.)
a. Head compressed; a rostral spine or tentacle, followed by two larger spines; pala-
tine teeth developed.
/(. Dorsal spines disconnected Antennarius, 467.
aa. Head cuboid ; a sinj^le rostral spine or tentacle; soft dorsal low. ..Chaunax, 408.
46Y.— AIVTEJKNARIIJS Lacdpede.
(Chironcctea Cuv.)
(Commerson; Lac<i[)ede, Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 421, 1793: typo Antennariua chironectca
Conunerson.)
Body oblong, compressed, very deep through the occipital region,
tapering behind; breast tumid. Mouth rather large, more or less
oblique, or even vertical ; cardiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala-
tines. Eye small. Skin smooth, granular or spinous, with numerous
fleshy slips. First dorsal spine developed as a small rostral tentacle;
second and third dorsal spines strong, covered with skin, with nu-
merous fleshy filaments; soft dorsal high and long; anal short and
deep; caudal fin rounded; pectoral fins moderate, with a more or less
slender wrist, at the lower posterior angle of which are the very small
gill-openings; ventral fins well developed. Fantastic-looking fishes;
very numerous in warm seas. (Latin antenna, a feeler or tentacle.)
a. Ventral fins long ; &kin smooth or nearly so ; mouth oblique. {Ptcrophri/noides* Gill. )
1303. A. histl'io (L.) J. & G.—Mome-fiah; Toad-fish.
Yellowish, marbled with brown; 3 dark bands radiating from eye;
' Pkrophrync Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803,90: typo Chironcctea boufjainvillei
C. & v.; preoccupied as Pterophri/nua: Phroplininoidca Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
l!i78, 2l(>. (Ttrsfjov, wing; <ppvvr/, toad; eidui, resemblance.) This gcuus is per-
Lups worthy of retention.
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846 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
vertical fins barred with brown; belly and sidea with small white
spots. Skin of head and body, as well as dorsal tins, with fleshy tags
which are most numerous on the dorsal spines and abdomen. Wrist
slender; ventrals large, nearly half as long as head. Dorsal and anjil
with the posterior rays not adnate to caudal peduncle. Head L':J;
depth IJ. D. III-14; A. 7; V. ."5. Tropical parts of the Atlantic;
abundant on our Gulf coast and occasional northward.
(LophinH Imtrio Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2:17: Chiruiievies Iwvif/atus Cxw. Mom. Mim.
iii, 12:J: Antennariua marvtoratua GUiithtT, iii, 1H5: I'terophryne hUtrio Gill, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mu8. 1,216, 1878.)
««. Ventral fins short; skin spinous; mouth vertical. (Antennariua.)
1304. A. aiinulatus Gill.
Fawn-color, lighter below; many black spots ocellated with white
both on the body and flns; body with several pink areas, one of which
forms a triangular saddle in front of the dorsal and another a broad
ring around the base of the caudal tin; angles of mouth with a pink
spot. Mouth large, vertical. First dorsal spine slender and straiglit,
terminating in three simple tentacles; third dorsal spine partly im-
bedded in the skin ; wrists and pectorals widened ; ventrals short.
Skin covered with bifld spines. {QUI.) Garden Key, Florida.
(Gill, Pioe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 1)2.;
1305. A. pleurophthaflinus Gill.
Brown, marbled with lighter, and with scattered black dots; each
side with three large black spots ocellated with brownish; one on
dorsal near its base, a second immediately below it on the sides, and a
third in the middle of the caudal tin ; mouth behind tongue black, with
yellow lines. Skin covered with minute bifurcated spines. First dor-
sal spine terminating in a fringed lobe; second spine longer than the
first, its membrane extending nearly to the base of the third spine,
the lattep nearly free. {Gill.) Key West, Florida.
(Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 92.) .,. .
46§.— CHAUNAX Lowo.
(Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. iii, 339, 1846: type Chaunax pictus Lowe.)
Head very large, depressed, cuboid. Mouth large, subvertical ; jaws
and palate with cardiform teeth. Skin with minute spines. Spinous
dorsal reduced to a small tentacle above the snout; soft dorsal mod-
erate, low; anal short. Muciferous channels conspicuous. Atlantic.
(;fayvaf, one who gapes.) "
I
125 (6). CERATIID.f: — CERATIAS.
847
1306. C. plctus Lowe.
Blight orange above; sides rosy; fins vermilion. Kostral tentacle
short, pedicellate; umciferous cihannels, appearing as chain-like rows
of pits. Uead U; depth 5.^. D. I-ll; A. 5; P. 11; V. 4; C. 7. Deep
wa; taken at Madeira and off the coast of Khode Island.
(Lowe, Trans. Zoiil. 8oc. Load, iii, 331), 1346; Gilnther, iii, 200; Goods, Proc. U. S.
Nut. MuB. laaO, 470.)
■■ ' u {\
. .-"I" i
Family CXXV (&).— CERxVTIID/E.
Head and bo<ly iompressed. Mouth terminal, more or less oblique.
Gill openings small, in the lower part of the axils. No i)seadobrauch;3B.
Spinous dorsal repn'sented by one or more tentacles. Pectoral mem-
bers not geniculated, with short pseudobrachia and three actinosts.
No ventral fins. Fishes of the oi)eii seas, usually inhabiting consid-
erable depths; about 6 genera and 7 or 8 species known. All are
uniform blackish in color.
(I'ediculati, geuus Ceratias, GUuther, iii, 205: Ceratilda; Gill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mu8.
187H, 216.)
a. Month moderate.
b. Gill-arches imanned; gills 2| pairs,
c. Cleft of mouth nearly vertical; skin prickly.
d. Second dorsal spine developed Ceratias, 469.
dd. Second dorsal spine obsolete Maxcauas, 470.
cc. Cleft of mouth nearly horizbntal ; skin smooth ; second dorsal spine developed.
Oniuooes, 471.
hb. Gill-arches armed with dentigerons tnbercles; gills in i 2^ pairs; skin with
scattered tubercles; second dorsal spine obsolete Himantoluphus, 472.
469.— CERATIAS Kroyer.
(Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidsskrift. 2 raekke, i, 639, 1844: type Ceraiiaa holboUi Kroyer.)
Head and body much compressed and elevated, covered with ])rickly
skin. Mouth wide, its cleft nearly vertical; teeth in jaws conic, mov-
able, of moderate size; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gills 2 J; gill-
arches unarmed. Spinous dorsal reduced to two spines, one on the
head, the other on the back, the basal element of the second spine
exserted ; soft dorsal and anal short ; pectorals very short, broad, of
about 20 rays. Pyloric coeca 2, small. Skeleton soft, fibrous. Green-
land, {xspa-iai;, oiie that has horns.)
1307. C. holbOlli Krdyer.
Bhick. Caudal fin very long, lanceolate, longer than the trunk (ex-
clusive of head). Cephalic spine reaching, when depressed, beyond
: .*•
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848 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
base of caudal; membrane behind dorsal and anal extending nearly to
base of caudal. D. I, I, 4; A. 4; C. 8; P. 10. Greenland.
(Kriiyer, Naturb. Tidsskr. 18J4, 031); Guuther, iii, 205.)
470.— MANC ALIAS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 2'27, 1878: type Ceratlas uranoacopus Murray.
General characters of Ccratias, but with the sjunous dorsal reduced to
a rostral spine, and two fleshy claviform tubercles behind it. Pectora!
fins narrow, with about 10 slender rays. (Latin mancus, defective, " v
a quasi diininutive termination to correspond with Ceratimsr)
1 SOS. M. urainoscopus (Murray) Gill.
Uniibrm black. Antei'ior spine of first dorsal produced in a lon<^
filament, ending in a pei>r-shaped bulb, terminating in a semi-trans-
parent whitish si)ot, this spine originating on i)osterior part of head
and reaching, when depressed, nearly to the tip of tail; far behind this
are two short, fleshy tubercjles, lying in a depression in front of second
dorsal. Teeth moderate, depressible. Skin everywhere with niinnh',
imbedded conical si)iues. Eyes very small, jilaced high on the middle
of the head. J3. 1-3 or 4; A. 4; C. 8; P. 10. (Murray.) Deep seas;
taken at Madeira and off the coast of Southern New England.
{Cctaiim vranosrotmH Murray, iti Wyville Thonii)>i'Jii, The Atlautic, ii, 67, 187'^; Gill,
1. c. 228; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880,409.)
471.— ONIRODES Llitkeu.
(Oncirodes Tiiltken, Overs. Kong, ranak. "Videnak. Selak. Forlinndl. 1871, 56: type
Otuirodcs each rich Hi LUtkcu.)
Head and body compressed, oval, covered with smooth skin. IMouth
moderate, almost horizontal; vomer with teeth. Gill arches nnarnu'd;
gills in 2.} pairs. Spinous dorsal represented by a rostral spir'.e, tlie
basal element of which is procun^.bent and subcutaneous, and a second
spine about midway between the rostral spine and the soft dorsal.
GreeulaQd. {wstitwSr^q^ dream-like, in allusion to the sn»all, almost
covered, eyes.)
1300. O. cschrichti T.utken.
Black; terminal half of the bulb of the cephalic sjjine wliitisli.
Cephalic spine with a bulbous termiuation, surmounted by slender
filanfjuts, in several transverse rows. Caudal fin shorter than trunU,
without head. D. 11-4. Deep sea, off Greenland. [QUI.)
(Liltken, Dansk. "iJensk. Solsk. Forb. 1871, 67; Gill, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1878,
218.)
126. MALTHIDiE. 849
4T2.-HIlIAWT01.OPHf IS Reinhardt.
* ' ' {Corynolophua Gill.) ' ^;, : ->^ v
(Reiuliardt, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. 1837, 74 : type Himantolo^hua grwnlandious
Eeinhardt.)
Body and head oval, compressed. Skin more or less prickly. Mouth
moderate, the cleft oblique, the joint of the mandible below the eyes.
Gills in ^2| pairs; gill-arches armed with dentigerous tubercles. Spin-
ous dorsal represented only by a single long rostral spine, the basal
element of which is procumbent and subcutaneous. Greenland, (f/xa?,
a iliong; A<>v?«?, tuft.)
1310. H. g[roenlandicus Reinh.
Body oblong-oval. Cephalic ray i>rovided with about 11 tentacles.
Depth 2;^. D. 1-9; P. 12. Greenland. {OUl.)
(lidiiliardt, 1. c. 74; Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 187S, 218.)
1311. H. rciiiliardti Liitken.
Body short-oval. Cephalic ray § length of head, with about 8 ten-
tacles. Skin Mparsely covered with thoru-like prickles. Depth IJ.
D. 1-5; P. 17. Greenland. (OUL)
(Liltkon, Kong. Dansl:. Videusk. Sulsk. 1878, 321: Corynolophus rciiihardti Gill, 1. c.
2iy.)
Family CXXVI.—MALTHIDiE.
{The Bat-Jishes.) :'■ ■ .
Head very broad and depressed, the snout more or less elevated, the
trunk short and slender. Mouth not large, subterminal or inferior, the
lower jaw included; teeth villiforra or cardiform. Gill-openings v<»ry
small, above and behind the axils of the pectoral iins. Body and head
(jovered with bony tubercles or spines. Spinous dorsal reduced to a
ismall rostr.il tentacle, which is retractile into a cavity under a promi-
iK'ut process on the forehead; in one genus the rostral tentacle is ob
solotc; soft dorsal and anal Iins small and short; ventrnls well devel-
oped; pectoral fin well developed, its base strongly angled, with long
pseudobracliia and 3 actinosts. Branchiostegals 5; no i)seu(lol)ninchiiu.
Genera 3; species about 10; chieHy American. z >t_i .: - iM-«-
{I'cd'n'iilali yiart; gcuora il/a/</ic and i/rt/ic«tort Giiuther, iii, 200-20'.) ' ■ ■ ''
a. Snout produced; tooth on jaws, vomer, and palatini's; mouth small.
h. Kostial tontaclo present Malthe, 473.
ail, Snout ohtUHo; disk orbicular.
e. Mouth Hnuiil; rostral tentacle obsolete; teeth on vomer and palatines.
Haueutioiitiiys, 474.
cc. Mouth wi«le; rostral tentacle present; uo teeth on vomer or palatines.
llALIKUTililA, 475.
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 54
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850
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
473.— MALTHE Ciivier.
Sea Bats. ! *
(Cuvier, R^gno Animal, ii, 1817: typo Lophiua rcspertilio L.)
Body stoutisli; head very broad and depressed, trianguhir in form
the forehead elev-ated aud produced. Mouth rather small, sub-inferior-
villiform teeth in bands, on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Skin with con-
ical, bony protuberances. Dorsal and anal fins very small; rostral ten-
tacle present, retractile into a cavity under a bony prominence on the
forehead; ventrals i)re8eut, I, 5, well seiiai-ated. Ho air-bladder' no
pyloric cojca. Coasts of America. (/i«A</ij, a name of some soft-bodied
fish.) ; .
1313. m. vosportilio (Linn.) Cnv. —Bat-finh.
Pale grayish brown above, reddish below. Distance bctwcou tlic
anterior angles of orbits much less than that between the posterior
angles; forehead produced in a sub-conical process, w' i(;h is variable
in length but longer than in the other species, about iV «f total length;
rostral groove longer than broad. D. 4; A. 4. L. C inches. Atlantic
coasts of America, chiefly southward.
(Lophiiia resperlilio Linn. Syst. Nat.; Giiuther, iii, 200.)
Subap. nasuta (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.
Dusky above, with round, black spots, edged with whitish. Rostral
process short, about one-thirteenth of the length of the body; cavity of
rostral tentacle higher than broad; vent behind middle of body; widtli
across arms about half length of body. Head 2. D. 4; A. 4. South
Atlantic coast of th3 United States.
{Malthcva vasnta and notata Cnv. & Val. xii, 452, 453: Mallhc iiotata LUtken Naturh.
Foren. Videusk. Meddela. 18G5, 4.)
1313. M. ciibifrons Rich.
Rostral cavity somewhat broader than high ; distance between ante-
rior angles of orbits about equal to Ihat between the posterior angles;
snout not produced beyond the rostial cavity, but with a cylindrical
button-like tubercle slightly contracted at base, pointing obliquely up-
wards aud forwards; caudal peduncle very thick and heavy. Jlead L';
width across arms 2. D. 4; A. 4. Coast of Florida; the original type
said to have come from Labrador. Ileaches a length of more than a
foot.
(Richards, Fauu. Bor.-Amcr. Fish. p. 103; GUnthor, iii, S03.}
126. MALTHID^— HALIEUT^EA.
851
474. HAL.IEVTICIITIIYS Poey.
(Pooy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 89: type Ualmitichthi/a reticulatus Poey.)
Disk suborbicjilar, about as long as the rest of the body (including
caudal fin); forehead with a transverse bonj- ridge, the cavity beneath
it being without a tentacle; mouth rather small, inferior, the lower jaw
nearly semicircular; teeth fine, on jaws and palate. Dorsal and anal
fins with four rays each, {dkuu-rj^, lisher; i'/On^, fish.)
1314. H. aciileatus (Mitch.) Goode.
Color gray, reticulated with blackish; caudal with three blackish
bands. Disk longer than wide and somewhat narrowed anteriorly ;
ridges armed with simple spines; five bicuspid spines on each lateral
margin of the disk, and between them smaller, simple ones; five spine.s
forming a pentagon before interorbital area; one over each orbit, and
4 on a ridge behind each orbit. D. 4; A. 4. {Gill.) Cuba to Southern
Florida.
< LophiuH aciileattm Mitch. Amor. Monthly Mafj. ii, 325, 181H; ffalieutichthifii rMculatiii
ro(\v MSS., Gill, Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. iBGJ, Dl; Goodo, Proc. U. !S. Nat. Mu«.
ii, 109, 1879.)
475. HAIilEIJT^A Cuvior& Valenciennes.
(CnvieriSc. ValoncienncH, Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii, 45.'j, 1H37: type Lophius HteUatus Wahl.)
Head very large, broad, depressed, its outline nearly circular; cleft
of the mouth wide, horizontal; jaws with small cardiform teeth; no
teeth on vomer or palatines. Skin everywhere covered with small, stel-
late spines. Forehead with a transverse bony ridge, beneath which is
a tentacle, retractile into a cavity, the only rudiment of the spinous
dorsal fin; soft dorsal and anal very short, far back. Gills 2 J, the
anterior gill-arch without lamina'. Ii ranch iostegals 6; vertebrae 17.
Warm seas. {dhsuTrj^y one who fishes.)
1319. 11. scnticosa Goode.
Kedn >h gray, whitish below. Disk orbicular, nearly as broad as
long, its titlines i)rolonged on eacdi sid(^ in a strong spine, armed at tip
with a group of spinelets; skin above with numerous stout, conical stel-
lated spines, largest posteriorly ; a marginal series of dose-set spines,
besides 5 to 7 on each carpal pe<luncle; outside of the rasirginal spinea
is a row of 5 depressed, knifcvlike spines, each with a crown of three
spinelets; these two rows of marginal spines coalesc/ing on the front
edge of disk forming a bristling row, pointing in different direo-
lions; small stellate prickles in the interspaces of the larger spines
■. ' . 1 q
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852 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
and on the ventral surface. Snout somewhat projecting, with three
niultifld spines J a ridge armed with spines across front of eyes over
top of snout; four of these spines larger than others; rostral tentacle
club-shaped, trilobat:5 at tip; width of mouth equal to distance between
centers of eyes. Head 2.^; width of disk 2. D. 1-6; A. 4; C. 8- P.
14; V. 5. Deep water oft" southern New England. {Goodc.)
(Goodc, Proc. U. S. Nut. Mus. 1880, 467.)
Obi>er W.-PLECTOGNATHI.
{The riectognaths.)
Scapula suspended to the cranium by a posttemporal ; premaxillaries
usually coossified with the maxillaries behind, and the dentary bones
with the articular; pharyngeal bones distinct; posttemporal coiissified
with the epiotio Jiud undivided ; interoperculum a slender rod ; siiperior
pharyngeals laminar, usually vertical and transverse; skin with rouj-h
scales or covered with shields or spines, sometimes naked; skeleton
incompletely ossified, the vertebra) in small number; ventral fins re-
duced to a single spine or wanting; air-bladder without pneumatic duet.
This group is a modified offshoot from Acanthopteri, its nearest rela-
tives being the Gh(vtodontid(e and the Acanthuridce. (rrAezro?, braided or
plaited; yvdOo^, y,iw.)
(riccto(/natlii Gihither, vin, 207-220.)
ANALYSIS OP FAMILIES OF PLECTOGNATHI.
o. Jaws with distinct teeth. ' :■. ' ■
b. A' t'ntnil lins obsolete. -
c. Tootli narrow; body with an immovable carapace of hexagonal plates; no
spiuons dorsal : Osri! aciid.k, W,
CO. Teeth incisor-lilio; body with scales or movable plates; spinony dorsal prosont.
Balistidj^, 128.
at?. Jaws each modified into a soit of beak, withont distinct teeth; no sj)ii)ous dorsal.
rf. Body little compressed; vertical fins distinct TKTKonoxrin.K, I'id.
dd. Body much compressed; vertical lius more or less confluent around llic fiiil.
OUTUAGOKISCIIhE, 130.
Famil" CXXVII.— OSTRACIID^.
{The Trunkfislies.)
Body short, cuboid, triquetrous or pentagonal, covered by a carnpaeo
formed of firmly united six-sided plates, the jaws, bases of the This, and
caudal peduncle free and covered by smooth skin. Mouth small ; Ciicli
jaw with a single series of long, narrow teeth. Gill opening a nearly
127. OSTRACIIDiE OSTRACIUM.
853
vertical slit, below aud behind tlie eye. Dorsal tin single, short, with-
out spine; anal short, similar to dorsal; caudal rounded; no ventral
fins; vertebrae 14, the anterior elongate, the last five extremely short;
no ribs. Genera two; species about 20; chiefly of the tropical seas.
"Tlie locomotion of the trunk-fishes is very peculiar. The propell-
ing; force is exerted by the dorsal and anal fins, which have a half
rotary, sculling motion, resembling that of a screw-i)ropeller; the cau-
dal fin acts as a rudder, save when it is needeel for unusually rai>id
swimming, when it is used as in other fishes; the chief function of tlie
broad pectorals seems to be that of forming a current of water through
the gills, thus aiding respiration, which would otherwise be diiiicult on
account of the narrowness and inflexibility of the branchial apertures.
When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live for two or
three hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, and when restored
to its native element seems none the worse for its experience, except
that, on account of the air absorbed, it cannot at once sink to the bot-
tom" {Ooode).
{Solerodenni, group Oatraciontina, Glinther, viii, 255-268.)
a. Carapace forming a contiuuous bridge behind anal lin ; ventral surface not cari-
uatcd OsTUACiu.M, 475.
I'V,
-m'-
476.— OSTRAClVJfl Linnieus.
{Ostracion, Aric^i; Linnicus Syst. Nat. x, X\0, 1758: type Ostracion enhieus Liniirens.)
Trunk-fishen with trigonal, tetragonal, or pentagonal carapace, the
ventral surface never carinated; carapace closed behind the anal tin.
Temperate and tropical seas ; the trigonal species confined to the west-
ern Atlantic, {dfrrpaxtov, diminutive of vffTfidxovj any hard object, like the
shell of a mollusk.)
a. Body three-angled. (Lacfoplirya Swaiuson.)
h. No snpraocnhir spine.
1316. O. trlgonuin Linn.— rrMHA;-/«/(.
Uniform brown, with numerous irregularly gronpinl whitish spots,
most abundant on caudal peduncle; young specimens with a black
blotch on sides behind gill-openings. Body three-angled; no spine
before eyes. Each ventral ridge with a large, flat spine ; dorsal ridgo
bigh and sharply compressed, descending rather rapidly forward and
ending opposite posterior margin of orbit; carapace open behind the
dorsal fin. Head 4 in length; height of sides 2. D. 10; A. 10. West
Indies; occasional on our coast southward.
(Linntcus, Syst. Nat. x, 330, 1758; Gilnther, viii, 256; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1879, 270: Lactoiihrys irigonus Pooy, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, 362, 18()1.)
Si:-
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854 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
bh. Supraocular spiuea present, strong, directed forward. {Acanthoatraciuvi Blocker.)
1317« O* quadricorne L. — Cow-fish; Cuckold.
Color brown, yellow, blue, or green, with irregular blue blotches • the
centers of the scutes often lighter than the margins. Carapace trigonal •
adults with a broad low ridge on each side of the back, the dorsal ridge
more elevated than in the young, which are somewhat tetragonal. Ven-
tral surface nearly flat; angles of body carinate; a stout spine directed
forwards over each eye; abdominal spines flat, directed backward; me-
dian dorsal spine seldom present, never persistent; bridges behind dor-
sal and anal each ending in a flat spine; under side of caudal peduncle
with a free plate; carapace closed behind dorsal fin. Head 4^; d(»ptli
2jV. D. 10; A. 10. Tropical parts of the Atlantic; common on our coast
southward.
(Linnieus, Syst- Nat. x, 331, 1758; GUnther viii, 257; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1p79, 278.)
Family CXXVIIL— BALISTID.E.
{The Trigger -fishes.) ,;,....
Body oblong, or ovate, more or less compressed, covered with rough
scales or scutes of varying structure, the scutes not forming a carapace.
INIouth small, terminal, low ; jaws short, each with one or more series of
separate incisor-like teeth ; eye near the occiput ; preorbital very deep.
Gill-openings small, slit-like, above or in front of the pectoral fins.
Dorsal fins two, the anterior of one to three spines, the first spine high-
est; second dorsal remote from the first, of many soft rays; caudal fin
rounded or forked j ventral tins wanting, their jdace sometimes occu-
pied by a single spine at the end of the very long, usually movable,
pubic bone. Genera about 8; species about 100. Carnivorous fislies;
inhabitants of the warm seas. , ; ,
(ZiaZi«<ido), group /JttiJ8<ina, GUutber, viii, 211-25.5.)
a. Dorsal sjunes three ; body covered with thick scales or plates. (Baliatinai.)
Bali8Tp:s, 477.
aa. Dorsal spine single or followed by a rudiment; skin with minute, rough scales.
{Alonacantliina!.)
b. Ventral spine present; gill-slit short, nearly vertical; anal rays about 30.
MONACANTUUS, 478.
bb. Ventral spine obsolete; gill-slit long, oolique; anal rays about 40 to 50.
' ■ ■ _^ ,, ; ,, ■.::^.,.:_.-< ': Alutera, 479.
477.— BAlilSTES Linnajus.
, , Trigger-fishes. t-r-' ■ ■
(Artedi; Linnieus, Syetema Naturie, 1758: tyT^o lialistea vetulua Tj.)
Body compressed, covered with thick, rough scales or plates. Both
128. BALISTIDJE — BALISTES.
855
jaws with iticisor-like teeth, usually four on each side, in each jaw.
First dorsal of three spines, the anterior of which is much the largest
(the third rarely minutt or obsolete); second dorsal and anal rather
long, similar to each other, often falcate or filamentous in front; caudal
fin usually rounded, with the outer rays produced; })elvic bone very
long, with a blunt, usuallj^ movable spine at its end; no barbels;
brunch iostegals G; vertebraj 7 + 10. Species very numerous in the
tropical seas. (/5«AcD, to shoot.) ^ , •
a. Caudal peduncle compressod ; teeth white, unev<!ii, more or less notched ; cheeks
without naked stripes; larger bony plates behind gill-opening.
6. A groove in front of the eye; tail without sxiiues or tuberclea. {Balistes,)
131§. B. vctuliis L.
Two curved, bluish, dark-edged bands on the side of the head, the
lower from the angle of the mouth towards the throat, the upper from
above the snout to the root of the pectoral ; a black light-edged line,
similarly curved below the eye; several other similar lines radiating
from the eye; caudal fin margined above and below with bluish, and
with an intra-marginal bluish band ; dorsal and anal tins wath trans-
verse bluish bands; young with some irregular oblique black lines fol-
lowing the rows of scales. Scales on head much smaller and more
icrowded than those on body; third dorsal spine shorter and weaker
than second; caudal fin widely forked, the lobes filamentous and about
equal. Head 3; depth 1^. D. 111-29; A. 27; Lat. 1. 03. Tropical parts
of the Atlantic; occasional on our coast.
(Linn. Syst. Nat. ; Giinther, viii, 215.)
1319. B. capriscus Gmelin. — Leather-jacket.
Uniform brownish; second dorsal and anal chequered or marked
with interrupted longitudinal brown lines ; caudal mottled ; young
with numerous small dark-brown dots. Third dorsal spine shorter but
stouter than the second; plates on head similar to those on the body;
caudal lobes produced in the adult; soft dorsal high, its longest rays
li in head. Head 3^; depth 1^. D. III-27; A. 25; Lat. 1. 51 to 57
(G2 in specimens from Italy) ; about 35 scales in an oblique series from
vent upward and forward. Warm seas; occasional northward; com-
mon on our Gulf coast and in the Mediterranean.
(Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1471, 1788; GUntlier, viii,*217: lialistes fulujinosus Dekay, Now
York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 339.)
* "■■'■'■'" -'^■' -N ' * . .' ■ .. " '-.-f
1390. B. powcli Copo. . v,.,^ _ ,.^.„Ar. -..,„.:,,' .
Ashy above, pale below; sides everywhere with series of longitudi-
nally oval azure spots j dorsal and anal fins marked with smaller blue^
--^,^-,-,-1-
'm
856 CONTRIBUTIOXS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
spots. Form elevated, profile convex; scales without prominent spines*
two or three scapxilar plates; first dorsal spine rugose, 1^ in muzzle-
third dorsal spine well developed. Head 3^ in total length; depth l^J •
D. III-2G; A. 22. (Cope.) Newport, Rhode Island; a doubtful species
(probably strayed from the West Indies).
(Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 120.)
478.— ]fIONACAWTHUS Cuvier.
(Ciivier, Rbgne Animal, ii, 1817: typo Monacanthua chinenaia Cuvier.)
Body short and deep, very strongly compressed, covered with minute
rough scales. Moutli very small ; upper jaw with a double series of
incisor-like teeth, usually six in the outer and four in the inner series*
lower jaw with about six incisors in a single series ; teeth conuiveiit
unequal ; gill-opening a small slit, shorter than the eye, nearly vertical
below the posterior part of the eye, and just in front of upper edge of
pectoral. Dorsal spine large or small; second dorsal and anal fins simi-
lar to each other, of about 30 rays each; caudal fin moderate, rounded •
l)elvic bone with a blunt si)ine; the bone connected by a movable flap
of varying size; side of tail often with a patch of spines, especially in
the males ; no barbel. Vertebrre 7 -f 11 to 14. Species very numerous
in warm seas, (/zwco?, one; ^zav<?a, spine.) *^
a. Ventral spine movable ; dorsal spine with retrorse bai'bs. •
b. Abdominal flap greatly developed, extending beyond the ventral spine.
(Monacanthua.)
1321. HE. occidcntalis Giinther.
Brownish, mottled with lighter; a broad brown band across the
middle of the ventral flap. Scales very small, without median crest.
Spines becoming longer on caudal peduncle, which has in addition 2
or 3 pairs of strong spines curved forward, these prominent only in
adults; ventral flap longer than head, about ^ length of body. Scales
on ventral flap developed as flat plates, with their free margins pecti-
nate. Snout pointed, the upper profile concave. Dorsal spine strong,
nearly as long as head, armed behind with 2 rows of retrorse barbs;
ventral spine small, rough. Head 3^; depth 1^. D. 1-30; A. 30.
West Indies; occasional on our southern coasts.
-- (Giiuther, viii, 237.) -4^--^-.,;. --■-.^..-r-r'--.-:'-:--' :---'-- .:.: ..:^-:- :.:.;„-;,--, -
lih. Abdominal flap moderate, not extending beyond the pelvic spine. (Stephanolepis'
• Gill.) - ■ „. ,.: V ■ -'■
1322. M,hvoccns(Mitch.)Dek.— Fool-fiah; File-fiah.
Dull-greenish, mottled with darker; fins olivaceous, soniewbat
*Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1801, 78: tyjie Monacanthua aetifer Bennett.
{6rr'f(plivo?, crown; Xenti, scale.)
128. BALISTID^ MONACANTHUS.
857
blotched. Body rather deep. Jaws subequal ; eyes large, more tlian
J length of snout. Gill-opening about as long as eye, separated from
tli<o eye by an interspace nearly equal to its length. Anterior profile
slightly concave. Dorsal spine somewhat shorter than snout, inserted
above posterior part of eye, stout, rough, armed behind with 2 rows of
retrorse barbs. First ray of soft dorsal said to be sometimes filament*
0118 (not so in our specimens) ; pectorals small. Pelvic bone long, end-
ing in a short, blunt, movable spine, beyond which the abdominal flap
does not extend; length of free edge of flap when expanded not greater
than diameter of eye. Scales minute, each with a crest of about 3
prickles, those on caudal peduncle villous, those on the ventral flap
larger, elongate; no naked areas; no recurved spines on tail. Head
3|; depth IJ. D. 1-32; A. 32. L. 6 inches. Cape Cod to Tropical
Seas; abundant on our South Atlantic coast.
(BaliHtea broccua Mitch. Trans, Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 407, 1815: Monaoantliua hroccua,
masaaehiiaeUenaia, and aetifcr Dek. N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 3U5-H37: Monacanthna maa-
mthuacttensia Storer, Fish. Mass. 426: Monacanthua aelifer (iu imrfS Giiuther, viii, 240:
Stephanolepia aeti/cr Gill.)
m
1333. M. davidsoiii Cjpe.
Brown, with 5 longitudinal bands with pale centres, the upper and
lower forming 3 dark blotches at the base of dorsal and anal; head
unspotted; caudal with a brown cross- band. Scales with 3 scutes on
a common base; longer, slender, recurved spines on tail, in 2 clusters
of 3 each; sides with slender scattered filaments. Dorsal spine with
strong teeth, its height one-half depth of body. Pelvic plate elongate,
spinous all aronnd. Depth 2|. D. 1-30; A. 28. Florida Reef. {Cope.)
(Cope, Trans. Auier. Phil. Soc. Phila. xiv, 470, 1870.)
1324. ]fl. spilonotus Cope.
Light-brown; some longitudinal lines just below the dorsal fin, the
median developing a dark spot below the middle of the soft dorsal.
Scales each sui)porting a pedicle, whose summit divides into 4 or 5 rad-
iating spines. Body elongate; outline of front straight. Dorsal spine
long, with simple teeth, 4.[ in lengtli of body; dorsal and anal fins me-
dially elevated; no brush or spines on caudal peduncle. Pelvic shield
elongate, spinous all aronnd, the movable portion x>i'*J8ent. Depth 2^j
I). 1-32; A. 31. Gulf of Mexico. {Cope.)
(Copo, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Phila. xiv, 47G, 1870.) :• *-"
■i
858 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
aa. Ventral spine fixed; dorsal spine weak, without barbs ; abdominal flap moderate
(Cantherinea* Swaiuson.)
133<S. m. pullus Ranz.
Coloratiou variable, generally with a whitish spot behind tlie last
dorsal ray. Body moderately elevated. Snout moderately produced
with the upper profile slightly concave. Posterior margin of eye di-
recti/ above axil. Adults with two pairs of strong recurved si)in('8
on each side of tail; caudal short. Dorsal spine nearly straight rather
shorter than head, without barbs, situated above the front of eye. Skin
with a velvety appearance; the scales minute. Depth about 2. D. I-
35; A. 31. {Oiinther.) Tropical Seas, north to Southern Florida.
(Rauzani, Nov. Connn. Act. Sci. Inst. Bonon. v, 4, 184'.J: f Monacanlliua pardalia Rilp.
pell, N. W. Fish, 1855, 57: Monacanihus pardalia Giiutber, viii, 230.)
.. 479.— AL.UTEBA Ciivier.
; File-Jishes. ;
(Cnvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, ii, 829, 1829 : type Baliates monoceroa Osbeck.)
Body oblong or rather elongate, strongly compressed, covered with
minute, rough scales. Mouth and teeth essentially as in Monaeanthus
but the lower jaw more ]n< ;tiug, so that the lower teeth are directed
obliquely upward and backward. Gill-opening an oblique slit, longer
than eye, situated below and in advance of eye, its posterior end be-
hind base of pectorals. Pelvic bone long, fidcate, movable under the
skin, without spine at its extremity. Dorsal spine small, inserted over
the eye, rough, but without barbs; soft dorsal and anal long, each of
36-50 rays; caudal fin convex; pectorals small. Species numerous.
(? u?.(iuTo<;, unAvashed.)
1326. A. schOBpffi (Walb.) Goode.
Dull-greenish, marbled with lighter and darker ; lower lip dusky.
Eye small, about 4 in snout. Gill-slit nearly twice as long as eye, its
upper posterior edge nearly under the middle of the eye. Pectoral fins
scarcely half longer than eye. Dorsal spine slender; dorsal and aual
fins low; caudal very long in the young, becoming shorter in the
adult. Scales minute, shagreen-like, uniform over the body. Head
3§ - length; depth 2^. D. 1-36; A. 38. L. 16 inches. Cape Cod to
West Indies; abundant southward.
{Baliates achocpffi Walbaum, Artedi, Pise. 1792, 461: Baliatea aurantiacua Mitchill,
Trans. Lit. & Pbil. Soc. N. Y. i, 468, 1815(adnlt): Alutera cmpicauda Dokay, New
York Fauna, Fisb. 1842, .338 (young): Ceratacanthua aurantiacua Gill (adult).)
• Swainsou, Class. Fisb. etc. ii, 327, 18391 type Cantherinea naautita Swainson: Balis-
tea aandwichenaia Q. & G. {navOoi, ass j piv, snout.) {=^Liomonacanihua etc. Bleeker.)
129. TETRODONTIDiE LAGOCEPHALUS. 859
139T. A. scripta (Osbeck) Bloeker.
Head and body with irregular blue spots and lines, and small, round
black spots. Skin finely velvety. Body oblong, its depth equal to dis-
tance from snout to posterior margin of orbit. Snout produced, the
upper profile concave. Dorsal spine very feeble, above middle of orbit.
Piirt of gill-opening in advance of orbit. Pectoral fin inserted below
orbit; caudal elongate, about as long as head; dorsal and anal low.
Depths. D. 46; A. 50. {QUnther.) Tropical seas; occasionally north
to ^outh Carolina.
{BalUtea acriptiia Osbeck, Itin. i, 144, 1771: Monacanthus acriptm Giiiither, viii, ^52.)
Family CXXIX.—TETRODONTIDiE. '
{The Puffers.)
Body oblong or elongate, usually little compressed, and sometimes
very broad; belly capable of great inflation; skin scaleless, usually
more or less prickly, sometimes with strong spines. Teeth in each jaw
wholly confluent, forming a sort of beak which in each jaw is some-
times divided by a median suture ; lips full; nostrils various. Fins of
soft rays only ; dorsal flu posterior, opposite and similar to the anal;
caudal fin distinct; no ventral fins; pectoral fin short and broad, its
upper rays longest. Pelvic bone undeveloped. Gill-openings small,
close in front of the pectorals; air-bladder present. Genera about 10;
species 80; inhabiting warm seas; noted for their habit of filling the
stomach with air. When inflated, the diameter of the belly is often
greater than the length of the body.
((Ji/mwofioHfes, group Te<ro(foM<i»a Giinther, viii, 270-3ie.) ^ ^
a. Both jaws divided by a median suture. (Tetrodontinw.)
b. Nostril on each side a single tube, with two openings, »
c. Dorsal and anal falcate, of 12 to 15 rays each Lagocephalus, 480.
cc. Dorsal and anal of 6 to 8 rays each Tetrouon, 481.
aa. Both jaws entire, without median suture. (Diodontinw.)
d. Spines very small, flexible, bristle-like, mostly two-rooted.
TlUCHODIODON, 482.
dd. Spines strong, stiff, erectile, mostly two-rooted Diodon, 483.
ddd. Spines very strong, immovable, mostly three-rooted.
:;.-'>••-,. ,■ ■-i»>v '';'' ;'- '■ ^ ■'=. 1 "■■:-..-'-.' i. 'J -^ CHILOMYCTERUS, 484.
^^ ■ 4§0.— LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson. v? - ^
— -- — ( Gaatrophysua MilUer. ) ~ " "" ~
(Swainson, Class. Fish. etc. 1839, 328: type Tetrodon lagocephalus L.)
Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, the
prickles most developed on the abdomen j abdomen capable of very
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860 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
great inflation. Dorsal and anal flus rather long, falcate, of 12 to 15
rays each; caudal limatt\ A siuglo nasal tube on each side with two
openin},'s near its tip. Jaws each with median suture. Lower side of
tail with a fold. (A«^»?, hare; ze^axyj, head, from the incisor teeth).
1328. I,. liKvluatUS (Linu.) Gill— Tambm- ; Smooth Puffer.
Olive green above, sides and below silvery white. Body elongate
the tail slender. Back and sides smooth ; belly prickly, the spinous
region oblong, extending from the throat backwards nearly to the vent
and on sides nearly as high as base of pectoral fins; spines couipara
tively large, three-rooted, well separated and with no smaller ones in-
termixed. Eye large, silvery, 2 in snout, 1^ in the flat interorbital
space. Gill-opening midway between snout and front of dorsal. Dor-
sal and anal fins large and falcate, the last rays rajmlly shortened-
height of dorsal 1^ in head; caudal fin lunate, the longest ray li in
head; fold of skin on sides of tail very distinct, ridge-like. Head 3.;.
D. 14; depth 4J. A. 12. Tropical seas, north to Cape Cod.
{Tetrodon lavigatua L. Syst. Nat. i, 411: Tetrodon Icevigatua Giiuther, viii, 274.)
4§1.— TETBODON* LinnoBUB. f-?lk^» "li- (
(Tetrodon, Leisomua and Cirrhiaomus Swainson: Cheilichthya Miillcr: Anchiaomus Kaup.)
{Tetraodon Jjiniioivis, Syst. "Nat. : tyj)e Tetraodon teatudineua Jj.)
Body oblong, usually little elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth,
sometimes with cirri. A single nasal tube on each side, with two open-
ings near its tip. Dorsal and anal fins short, little falcate, of 6 to 8 rays
each; caudal truncate or rounded. Jaws each with median suture.
Species numerous, in warm seas, (^er/ja, four; ddiuv^ tooth.)
a. Tail without fold below.
b. Skiu almost Hmootb.
1329. T. politus Girard. ' "^ >
Brown, with very numerous small, round, dark spots above; usually
pale curved cross-bars i)resent, in the form of concentric rings, one on
middle of back in front of dorsal, inclosing a dark area, another sur-
rounding this, the remainder appearing as bars, anteriorly running
downward and backward, posteriorly downward and forward. Skin
smooth; spines rudimentary or obsolete, on belly only, imbedded in
* The earliest subdivision of the genus Teti-odon seems to be that made by Swainaou
in 1839. But one Linntean species (teatudineua') is retained in the genus by Swainson.
The section to which it belongs contains numerous species, and may well retain the
original generic name. The value of the subdivisions is doubtful, but they may be
retained for the present at least.
129. TETRODONTin^ TETRODON.
861
wrinkles of the skin; no caudal fold; naaal tentacles distinctly per-
forate. Interorbital area flat; sides without cirri. Head 3; depth 4J.
D. 7; A. 0. San Diego to Panama; very common southward.
(Tetrodon poUtuH Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 1858, 340: Telrodon polUu$
Giiuther, viii, 281.) v ,^v
jift. Skin prickly, more or less. '* » > ', y^
,'■•,«■ ■■,■■■'■'
1330. T. testudineus L.
Dark brown above, marbled with lighter; sides to below pectoral
fins yellowish brown, marked with many ronnd dark spots; belly and
fins immaculate; back, from interorbital region nearly to base of dorsal
fin, axils of pectoral and belly nearly to vent covered with minute,
imbedded spines. Snout, sides, and tail naked ; snout rather produced,
the eye being nearer the root of pectoral than tip of snout. Interorb-
ital area generally concave; sides sometimes with cirri; length of cau-
dal equal to its distance from dorsal. Head 3. D. 8j A. 6. West
Indies; occasional on our cgasts. ?
{Tetrodon testudineua Linu. AmoBU. Acad, i, 309, and Syst. Nat i, 309: Tetrodon tealu-
rfijie*//* GUuther, viii, 282.)
1331. T. speng^lcri Bloch. >-.*«?* -:
Dark brown above and on sides to base of pectoral fins ; sides below
yellowish, with a series of about twelve round dark-brown blotches
about as broad as eye; belly white; caudal fin with a brown bar at its
base and a broader one at its margin. A patch of minute spines from
the occiput half-way to the dorsal fin; belly spinous to near the vent;
head, tail, and most of sides smooth; sides usually with numerous
small cirri. Snout produced, the eye nearer root of pectoral than tip
of snout. Head compressed, narrow; interorbital space slightly con-
cave, very narrow, about half as broad as eye. Head 3. D. 7; A. 6.
West Indies; occasional on our coast.
{Tetrodon upenghri Blooh, Ausl. Fischo. i, 135: Tetrodon spengleri GUnthor, viii, 284:
Cirrhi8omit8 apenglcri Swainsou, Class. Fisb. ii, 328, 1839. )
1332. T. tiirg^idus Mitch.— Pw^er; Stvell Toad; Blower.
Olivaceous above, marbled with black; belly light orange; sides of
body and tail with narrow irregular black cross-bars ; an inky blotch
below and behind pectoral fin ; flns plain. Body about as wide as deep
when not inflated; interorbital space slightly concave; profile not very
steep, depressed in front of the eyes. Caudal peduncle, lips, and bases
of flns smooth; skin everywhere else rough with small three-rooted
spines, which are largest on the back and belly. 'No cirri. Eyes
:i/-ru
,..,,,.:Ji
■;■•. 4:
■ .sis
II
862
CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ^^IV.
rather small. Head 2%; depth 3. D. 7; A. 6; 0. 7, slightly rounded.
L. 12 inches. Atlantic coast. Massachusetts to Texas ; very abundant.
{Tetrodon turgidua Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i, 473, 1815: Tetrodon turgidtia
Dukay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 327: Tetrodon turgidua GUnther, viii, 285.)
1333. T. trichocephalus Cope.
Brownish above, faintly vermiculated with lighter; sides yellowish
becoming white below; tins uniform light yellow; a brown spot at base
of pectoral. Profile suddenly descending from prefrontal region to pre-
maxillary, arched from the former point backward ; belly spinous to near
vent; dorsal region from a little behind the nares to above the ends of
the pectoial fins spinous; spines on the head long, close-set, like seal
bristles ; caudal tin truncate, with prominent points. Head 3 J in total
length; eye 3.^ in length of head. D. 8; A. 7. {Cope.) Newport, lihode
Island.
( Tetraodon irichocephalus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 120. )
4§3.— TRICHODIODOIV Bleeker.
Hairy Box-Jishes.
l^loeker, Ad. Ich- Gymnodontes, 49: type Diodon piloaua Mitch.)
Body oblong, little depressed ; nasal tentacle present ; dermal ossifica-
tions very small, each with a pair of lateral roots, and each terminating
in a fine flexible, bristle-like spine, {rpf/iov, hair; dtoi^wv, JJlodon.)
1331. T. pilosus (Mi^ch.) Bleekor.
]*>rownish above, ashy below; spines of a metallic golden color; sides
and back with a few oblong blackish-brown spots. Body oblong, cuboid ;
the skin entirely spinous, except a small space around the mouth and
eyes and another on caudal peduncle. D. 12; A. 14. {Delay.) i^Iorth
Atlantic; rare; said to reach a large size.
{Diodon piloH-M- Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Pliil. Soc. N. Y. i, 471, 1815: Diodon jnlosus De-
kay, New York Fauna, Fishes. 3-26; GUnther, viii, 31G.)
483.~DIODON Linnteus.
Porcuptn e-Jish es.
(Liuiiii'us, Syst. Nat. 1758: type Diodon hysirix L.)
Body robust, the belly moderately inflatable. Dermal spines strong,
stift", n)Ost of them two-rooted and erectile, a few three-rooted and tlicrc-
fore immovall<* both jaws entire; nasal tube simple, with two lateral
openings. 1 e'-torals broad, their margin undulaie, the up])er lobe
longest; vertical flus rounded. Warm seas, {di';, two; dJwk', tooth.)
■iKi i' » 129. TETRODONTID^ CHILOMYCTERUS.
863
1335. D. hystrix L.
Back, sides, and fins with nuraeroas small, round blackish spots.
Spines strong, dilated at the base, w:th a pair of basal grooves; post-
pectoral spines the longest, about as long as the pectoral fln, those of
the posterior part of the back and tail short and broad, three-rooted
and therefore not erectile ; upper and lower part of the tail with two
or three pairs of three-rooted, immovable, recumbent spines; frontal
spines moderate. Head 3; depth 3.}. D. 13; A. 13. In all tropical
seas, north to Lower California and Florida. L. about 3 feet.
(L. Syst. Na.t. ; Gihither, viii, 306: ^ Diotlon sjnnosiasiimta Giiiitber, viii, 307.)
1336. D. novcininaculatus Ciivier.
Olivaceous, variously spotted, usually a broad blackish brown band
between orbits, extending downward behind the eye ; a second parallel
to it across the napej a large transv^erse subtriangular spot in middle
of back; a kidney-shaped spot above pectoral; all these spots usually
pale edged; back and sides with small black spots. Spines varying in
length ; upper part of tail without ossifications, but a pair of spines
lying along-side, their base on the side of the dorsal; some tentacles
usually present above eye and on throat, abdomen, and back ; 14 to 19
transverse series of spines between snout and dorsal. Tropical seas,
north to San Diego.
{'^Diofloii lachi'tv" Lacdphdo, ii, 13: Dlodon novemmaciilafun, nexmariiJafiis. quadrimnv-
ulatiitt, and miillimaculnih» Cuvier, M6111. Mns. Hist. Nat. iv, 13fi, 137, 1818: Dioilon
maculatits Giintlier, viii, 307: Diodon maculatus Streets, Dull. U. S. Nat. Mus. vii, 43.)
1841.— ClIILOITIYCTEKVS Bibion.
Bahbitjishes.
(Bibron (ChUonujetdrr, Rovno Znol. 1840, 140); Kaiip, Wiogra. Archiv. 18.').'), 2.T2 : typo
Diodon qcometr'icufi Blodi & Scliii.)
Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable. Dermal spines short,
stout, immovable, triangular, each with three roots; nasal tube simple,
with two lateral openings; caudal peduncle short; fins small, formed
iis in Diodon: jaws without medi.an suture. {■/j'(^»^, lip; /'"^^i?'/', nose.
"Narines non closes an sommet, mais chacune siyant I'apparence de
deux levres, on form<'^e de deux tentacides r6unis A, la base.")
1331. C. gvonictrncus (Bloch & Sctin.) Kaui^.—RahUt-fiah ; SwvU Toad.
Greenish; belly i)ale; a round, black, wiellated spot above i)eetorala,
Dot as large as eye, a larger one behind pectorals, another at base of
dorsid, with a smaller one below it; back and sides fith psirallel black
stripes of uniform width about as wide as the interspaces, those on the
I-''
864 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
back running longitudinally, those on the sides obliquely downward and
backward, those on the front of the head running crosswise; a dark bar
at base of dorsal; other fins plain. Body a little broader than deep at
the gill-openings; interocular space broad, concave; eyes large, lateral
nearly as long as snout, each with a cirrus above it, longer than the i)u.
pil; gill-opening about as wide as eye, opposite upper anterior part of
pectoral. About 9 spines between eye and tail, their height equal to
diameter of pupil; spines on belly much smaller, partly imbedded in skin •
some of the posterior with cirri; spines on caudal peduncle; anterior
root of each spine little if any larger than the others. Pectoral fin
deeper t) i long, the margin undulate, the upper lobe longest. Head
2f; depths. D. 12; A. 10; L. Cinches. Massachusetts to West Indies-
very abundant southward.
• {Diodo7i ueomelricus Hloch & Schneider, 1801, 513: Diodon maculoatriatus Miteliill
Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 470, 1815; Guuther, viii, 310.)
Subap. (?) faliginosus (Dek.) Goode & Boan.
Dark brownish olive above, with wavy dusky lines; belly black, the
bases of its spines bright oratige. Entire l)ody covered with large
three-rooted spines, which are very numerous and close sot, especially
on the belly; spines of the belly as large or even larger than those on
back; not imbedded. D. 12; A. 10. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod
southward; not common; probably a young form of the preceding.
{Diodon fuliginoaua Dckay, New York Fauna, Fish. 324.)
Family CXXK.— ORTHAGORISCIDtE.
{The Head- fishes.)
Body more or less short and deep, compressed, truncate behind, so
that there is no caudal peduncle. Skin rough, naked, spinous or tes-
sellated. Mouth very small, terminal; teeth completely united in each
jaw, forming a bony beak without median suture, as in Diodon. Dorsal
and anal fins similar: posterior, more or less perfectly confluent around
the tail; no si'iums dorsal; no ventral fins; pelvic bone undeveloped;
pectorals present. Belly not inflatable; gill opening small, in irontcf
jieccorals; an accessory opercular gill; no air bladder. Fishes of the
open seas, apparently composed of a head to which small fins are at-
tached. Genera 3; species 4. B'ouud in most warm seas.
{Gymnodontes, group Molina QUtitber, viii, 317-320.)
130. ORTHAGORISCID^ MOLA.
^trt /V-V
865
a. Skin thiu, armed with stout 8pine94 vertical fins not confluent; body deeper thau
long (Molacanthince) Molacanthus, 485.
aa. Skin thick, granular or tessellated ; vertical fins falcate^ confluent behind. {Of-
thagoriscince.) '•■• 1 ;,;:,■.•': .,/. s^f .'V '
i. Body not twice as lung as deep; skin without hexagonal plates Mola, 486.
485.— mOIiACANTIIVS Swainson.
( Pa??a«ia Nardo: Jcan/Ao«o>na Dekay.)
(Swainson, Class. Fish. etc. ii, .329, 1839: type Diodon mola Fa,ilas= Molacanthus paUasi
Sw.=^Diodon nummularis Walb. )
Body suborbicular, mucli compressed, deeper than long, covered by
a thin silvery skin on whicli are many strong spines. Dorsal and anal
fins high and short, not confluent, the space on the tail between them
occupied by a row of small spines; pectorals moderate. These small
fishes have been generally considered as the young of Mola. The fact
that they are not so Avas llrst conclusively shown by Prof. Putnam (Am.
Nat. Dec. 1870). The s^iecies inhabit the open seas. (Mola; axdvOa^
spiue.)
133S. M, nuin'iniilaris(Wulb.)Gill.
OUve brown i bove; sides and below iridescent silvery. Body verti-
cally oval, higher (liRn long; spines on body scattered, striated on sides.
Head more tiian half length, which is little moi*e than || depth. D. 25.
(Dekay.) Atlantic Ocean; rare on our coast. L. about 2 in(!hes.
[Diodon nummularis Walbanm, Artedi, Piac. 1793, fiOO: Acanthosoma cahnatum De-
kiiy, New York Fauna, Fish. 330: Molacanthus pallasi Putnam, 1. c.)
-1§6.— IVIOLA Cnvicr.
(Orthaffonscus liloch & Schneider.)
(Cnvier, Legons d'Anat. Comjt. 1800 (fide Gill): type Orlhagoriscus mola Bloch &
Schneider = J/o?a rotuhda Cnvier.)
Body ovate, strongly compressed, covered with a tiii«;k, rough, leath-
ery, elastic skin, which is without bony i)late8. Profile forming a pro-
jecting fleshy nose above the mouth. Dorsal ftn beginning not far be-
liind pectorals, short and high, falcate, confluent with the anal around
the tail; no large spines on tije body. Clumsy flshes, found in most
warm seas, leaching a great size. ^Latin molttj a millstone.)
1330. 1!I. rotunda Civ. — Sun-flsh; ITead-Jiah; Mola,
Dark gray; sides grayish brown, with silvery reflections; belly dusky;.
a broad blackish bar running along the bases of the dorsal, caudal, and
Bull. Nat. Mu . No. IG 55
Mi'i^f
866 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV,
anal fins. Dorsal and anal fins high in front, rapidly decreased back-
wards; caudal fin low, and with a wavy outline. Depth always more
than half length, and in the young the vertical diameter exceeding tlie
longitudinal. Form varying much with age, the body becoming more
elongate, the fins comparatively shorter, the eye much smaller, and a
hump li ,ing developed above the mouth, topped by an osseous tubercle.
Head 3; depth If . D. 17; A. 16. Pelagic, inhabiting most temperate
and tropical seas, swimming slowly about near the surface; common
northward to Cape Cod and Point Concepcion. It reaches a weight of
about 500 pounds.
(Tetrodon mola Linn. Syst. Nat.: Orthagoriacm mola Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 510:
Orihagoriscus mola Storer, Fish. Mass. 420: Orthagoriacm analis Ayres, Proc. Cal.
Acad. Nat. Scl. ii, 31, f. 54. ''Mola rotunda Cuvier, 180(.")
>' I ■(
.'^ '«.?.** ,'" -''
ADDENDA ET COERIGENDA. .
Page 3 (57). Brancliiostoma lanccolatnni.
To the synonymy of species No. 1, add:
('^ Limax lanceolatus Pallas, Spicilegia Zool. x, 19, about 1770.")
Until the Lancelets are more fully compared, neither our Atlantic
nor our Pacific coast form can be distinguished from the European
species.
Page 5. Instead of Bddlostoma read :
3. Polistotrenna Gill.
The generic name Heptatrema Dumc'iril (Cuvier, B^gne Anira.) has
priority over Bdellostoma Miiller. Species 3 may be named —
3. P. stouti (Lockington) J. & G.
The identity of this species, thus far known only from tiie coast of
California from Santa Barbara northward, with the Chilian K. dombeyi
is doubtful. The description, on page 57, is taken from California speci-
nieus. The genus Folistotrema Gill (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 30) is
distinguished by the presence of 11 t< 14 gill-openings instead of G or 7,
the buse of the tongue being between the seventh and eighth (not an-
terior) pair of branchiae.
Page 7. A better generic arrangement of our Lampreys than that
given in the text would be as follows (omitting the character of the
division of the dorsal fin, which is subject to much individual varia-
tion):
(I. Maxillary tooth single, crescont-shapod, with a cusp at each end.
b. Lingual teeth pectinate 4. Ento8PHENU8* Gill.
bh. Lingual teeth obscurely tricuspidate 5. AMMorcETESt Dumdril.
aa. Maxillary tooth of 2 or 3 pointed cusps close together; lingual teeth pectinate.
6. PETROMYZONt L,
'Species E. tridentatiu (Gairdn.) Gill.
t Including Lampetra Gray. Species A. plumbeus (Ayres) Bean: A. aureus Bean: A^
tiii/rr (Raf.) .lor. : A appendix (Dek.) J. & G
{ IiK'Uiding Ichthyomyson Grd. Species P. argwtfua Kirt. : P. nattan^ut (Grd.) Bean:
P, marinua L. : P. doraatM Wilder.
m
I I
868 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Page 7. The genua 4 (a) Entosphenus should probably be admitted
and its species should be —
4. E. tridcntatus (Gairdner) Gill.
It ranges from Monterey to Vancouv* 's Island, and Nos. '^5" and
"6" are not distinct from it.
■i,, .
On page 8, after AmmocaeUs ylumhem^ add:
V (ft). A. aureus Bean.
Plumbeous above, golden yellow below; under side of head and neck
silvery. Maxillary tooth single, bicuspid; mandibulary with 7 cusps
the outer largest. Head shorter than chest; distance from eye to first
dorsal thrice base of first dorsal; base of second dorsal twice as loiiff
as that of first, the fin twice as high; interspace between dorsals ?
length of head; tail (from vent) 4 in total length. Head lOJ (5^ iu
distance to first dorsal). L. 15 inches. Yukon Eiver, Alaska; abun-
dant. {Bean.)
(Ammocaeiea aureus Bean, Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881, 159: 1 Petromyzon marinut
camtsehaticua Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. iii, 1811.)
On page 9, after Ammocoetes niger, add:
'§(/»)• A. appendix (Dekay) Gill.
Dusky brown, sometimes tinged with bluish; fins pale amber. A
ring of irregularly-shaped corneous processes within the mouth, and a
large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the inferior portion
of the mouth. Origin of dorsal in advance of middle of body (behind
middle in A. niger). Vent near posterior third of body. Anal papilla
("appendix") conspicuous in males in spring. Streams of New York
and Southern New England. [Bekay.) Not lately recognized, but fip
parently differing from A. niger in the less posterior dorsal.
{Petromyson appendix Dekay, New York Fauna, Fish. 1842, 381: Avmocatcs uvkohr
Dekay, 1. c. 383; larva. Of the remaining species described by Dekay, Ammocaki
hiiiolnr Lo Sueur, 1. c. 383, seems to bo the larva of Petromyzon marinna, and P. lamot
teni Lc Sueur MSS. 1. c. 862, is probably Petromyzon argentcua.)
Page 10. Petromyzon cantaneus has been lately received from Loiii
siaua. It is considered a valid species by Dr. Bean, as is also 9 (/>),
P. hirvuo (Grd.) Bean. Both these species have the maxillary tooth
tricuspid, not bicuspid as in P. argcniem.
Page II. The mandibulary teeth in Petromyzon marinus are usually
7 in number. The plates of the anterior lingual pair are couUuent, and
not their serrations as stated in the text. -*-.-., r .^^..
ADDENDA — 6. SCYLLIID^E — SCYLLIORHINUS.
869
Page 11. Instead of P. nigricans Le Sueur, read: ^ , .
1!|. p. marinus, subsp. dorsatus Wilder, sp. nov.
The ^^Petromyzon nigricans^ of the Atlantic coast streams seems to
be the young of P. marinus. The Caynga Lake Lamprey described in
the text on page 11 is apparently a distinct subspecies, diflfering from
p. marinus in the longer head (snout 1^ in chest; head half longer
than chest; in P^marinus snout 1^ in chest; head one-third longer than
cbest) ; maudibulary teeth usually 8 or 9. Males with the hack before
^rsal Jin compressed in a long, hard, fleshy ridge. Interspace between
dorsals variable in length, shortest in males, J to | base of first.
Tail 3| in length. Coloration of P. marinus, and size not much less.
Abundant in Cayuga Luke, New York; not yet observed elsewhere.
The differences above noted are not very constant.
(Wilder MSS. : Pclroinyzon nigricans J. & G., pa^e 11 of this work. )
Page 14. Under Echinorhimis the reference
(Blainville, Bull. Sci. Philomath. 1816, 121)
should be supplied.
Page 18 (and 59). Instead of genus 13 (6) Scyllium Cuvier read:
13 (&).— SCYL.ig[ORHINrS Blainville.
(Blainville, Rnll. Sci. Philom. 1816, 121: type SeifUiorhinua catulua Blainville = 5(jfM«?M«
canicula L.)
The generic diagnosis of " Scyllium,^^ on page 59, applies to Scyllio-
rhhius, with the exception of the clause "nostrils separated by a broad
isthmus", which is true of part of the species (subgenus Catulus Smith)
ouly. Species 18 (6) should be " S. ventriosus (Garman) J. & G."
After 18 (6), S. ventriosus, add:
1§ (c). S. retifer (Garman) J. & G.
Light brownish, crossed at irregular intervals by groups of 2 to 4
narrow black lines, which are joined by other lines, forming a network
of polygonal meshes; belly uniform yellowish, iiody moderately elon-
gate, the vent in front of its middle. Head depressed, its width nearly
equal to its length in front of spiracles; length of snout from mouth
less than distance between outer margins of nostrils; nasal valves
broader than isthmus between them, not reaching mouth, without
free cirrus; length of arch of mouth a little more than half its width;
lower labi.il fold reaching one-fourth distance to symphysis; teeth
small, each with a central cusp and two small ones on each side. Pec-
870 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
torals short and broad. First dorsal inserted near middle of length of
body 5 caudal not large. ( Oarman.) Deep water, off the coast of Vir
ginia; one specimen known.
{ScylUum rctiferim Garmau, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi, 2;J3, 1881.)
Page 18. Instead of Galeorhinida;, read: ^ ' • : ; • ;. ♦
^ Family VII.— CARCHARIID^.
On page 19, instead of Mustelus Mnnulus, Te^d: "
19. jTI. canis (Mitch.) Dek.
Add to the synonymy;
("SqualuM canis Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 486, 1815: Mustelus asterian
Cloquet, Diet. Sci. Nat. xiv, 407, 1820: Muslelua plebejua Bouap. Fauua Italica, Iftto
49.")
Page 20, species 20: •
The Mustelus canis of our Atlantic coast seems to us to be perfectly
identical with the European species, the American name having prior-
ity of date. Mustelus cali/ornicus Gill, is however a diflerent species.
It may be thus compared with M. canis, the difierential characters of the
latter species being interposed in parenthesis: In No. 20, M, mlijhrni-
cus Gill, the dorsal fin is comparativefy small (large), its anterior lobe
obtuse, and wheu depressed not reaching so far as (reaching well be-
yond) the posterior lobej height of anterior lobe less (more) than the
base of the fin, which is little (considerably) longer than snout and less
(more) than one-third the interspace between dorsals j the pectoral is
comparatively short, not reaching to anterior third (reaching nearly to
middle) of dorsal, or about half way to the beginning of the slit be
tween veutrals (half way to the base of the daspers). The snout in
M. cali/ornicus is more ])ointed, the mouth narrower, its anterior angle
more acute (obtuse); breadth between angles of mouth | (|) snout.
Mustelus cali/ornicus reaches a larger size than M. canis. In MiiHtelus
cali/ornicus the embryo is attached to the placentae. It therefore be-
longs to the subgenus '•'• Pieuracromylon'" Gill.
Page 20. The genus '■^ RMnotriads,^ introduced on page 59, may be
suppressed, ''iJ. henleV^ being a species of Triacis, as given on page 20.
Page 20 (60). 20 (&), '■^ Rhinotriacis laivis^^ (or, better, Mustelus Imis
liisso) should i)robably be suppressed, as the evidence of its occurrence
lu OW. wafers is iusu^cieut* . . . >
ADDENDA — 7. CARCHARIID^ — GALEORHIN US.
871
Prtgo 21. After Galeorhimia add tlie reference :
(IJlainvlllo, Prodromo Fauno Fran^aise, Poisa. i, 85, 1S16.)
It is probable tbat our species is really distiuct from the European.
It may be characterized as —
23. G. zyopterus* J. & G. sp. uov.—Oil £hark.
Dusky grayish; most of pectoral, tip of caudal, and anterior jiortion
of both dorsals black. Snout depressed, rather long, but rounded at
tip; nostrils considerably nearer mouth than tip of snout; the anterior
lobe with a small pointed tip; interorbital space a little less than length
of snout; teeth abo it 35, the four or five teeth nearest the middle of the
jaw much smaller than the others; median tooth of each jaw smallest,
subtriangular, without basal cusps; lateral teeth of both jaws similar,
with their poinVa strongly directed outwards; a sharp angle near the
middle of the outer margin, below which are 2 to 5 sharp (lusjis or ser-
rations; labial folds moderate. Eye large, the small spiracles sepa-
nitod from it a distance about efjual to its diameter. Head with many
mucous pores. Distance ^between angles of mouth nejjrly twice length
of mouth, and equal to length of snout from mouth. Pectoral fin mod-
ciate, reaching somewhat beyond front of dorsal, its tip somewhat
pointed, its free edge concave. Middle of first dorsal nearly midway
between pectorals and ventrals, its anterior lobe rounded, posterior,
acute; second dorsal scarcely one-fourth as large as first, a trifle larger
than anal, which is inserted slightly farther back.
Meaanrementa of a large exo.mpie, 63 incliea in length, from San Pedro, California.
Lensth -• 100.
firi'iitpst depth 14.
L('ii';tliof head 18.
Leiij;! h of snout (from mouth) 7. 5
Length of suout (from eye) 8.
Width of mouth 7.
Length of spiracle 0. 7
Length of oyo 2.5
Distauce from snout to first dor-
sal 3.3
Length of base of first dorsal 7. 3
Height of first dorsal 7. 5
Distance octweea dorsala 2.5
Length of second dorsal 4.5
Height of second dorsal 4;
Length of anal 3. 5
Length of caudal 21.
Distance from pectorals to ventrals. 25.
Length of pectorals 15.
Length of ventrals 4.5
Coast of Southern California, from San Francisco to Cerros Island,
extremely abundant. Valued for the oil in its liver, and for the fins,
which are nmch prized by the Chinese, the gelatinous tin-rays making
a fine soup.
{Galeorhinua galena Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 42, and 1881, 18:
tjpical specimeus have been distributed by the National Museum as Nos. 2()927,
* 2*^05, soup; nrepoy, fin, '. ' " "
872 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
2G973, 27100, and 27391. Tlie European species, G. galeus, is paid to have the middle
tueth of the jiiv s not reduced in size, the median tooth in each jaw wit', '/asal cusps-
the second dorsal half smaller than the iirst; the fins plain, etc.)
Pages 22, 23, 24, GO. The groups called Carcharinm and Eulamia
should rather be considered as subgeneric sections of a single genus
which may stand as —
..^^ . 1§.— CARCHARIAS Rafinesqne.
(Rafinesqne, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 44: type Squalus glaucua L.)
The species of Carcharias should stand as follows:
24. C. gl'aMCUS (L.) Cuv. .
26. C. obscurus (Le Sncur) Milllcr &- Ilcule.
In this species the very long pectorals extend beyond the end of the
dorsal, and their outer ra;irgiii is four times as long as the inner.
26 (ft). C. pBatyodon (Poey) J. & G.
Slaty-blue, white below; caudal blackish, other fins with dark tips.
Body stout. Head very short, broad, depressed, and bluntly rounded.
Mouth twice as broad as long, its breadth about half more than length
of sno?it; inner lobe of nostril very blunt; nostril a little nearer eye
than tip of snout; upper teeth very broad, triangular, erect, coarsely
serrate, not notched; lower teeth narrower, more finely serrate. First
dorsal beginning close behind pectoral, a little higher than long, not
falcate, its base 2J in interspace between dorsals; second dorsal very
small, its base 5 in interspace; caudal moderate, 2§ in body; anal a
little longer than second dorsal, and ]>laced a little farther back; pec-
torals rather small, not falcate, G in total length, reaching a little past
dorsal; width of pectoral nearly two-thirds its length. L. 10 to 15 feet.
Cuba to Texas; abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; the specimen here
described being from Galveston.
26 (c). €. plunibeus (Nardo) J. «& G. >- -
Bluish gray, whitish below. Fir^t dorsal rounded above, inserted
immediately above the base of the pectoral; second near the middle
of the base of the anal; pectoral one-third longer than broad, its ex-
ternal angle rounded. Mouth arched, its breadth equal to its distance
from tip of snout; snout short, rounded, a little longer than in C. laiuia;
eyes small; ui>per teeth scarcely notched on the outer margin. {Doder-
kin.) Mediterranean; said to have been once taken at New York.
{Squalua jthimbeua Nardo, Prodr. Ichth. Venice, 18-27, 9: Carcharias (rrioiiodoii) mil-
herti Valeucieuues MSS. in MUUer & Henle, Plag. :J8, l'i41: Eulamia milberti Gill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 18G4, 262, in part: Carcharias milberti Doderleiu, Mauualo Ittio-
log. Mediter. 1881, 44.)
ADDENDA — ^7. CARCHARIID^ CARCIIARIAS.
873
This species sboiild probably be omitted from our lists, as there is uo
Ijood evidence that any of our sharks are identical with the plumbeus or
the milberti of the Mediterranean. Probably C. cocrukiis was originally
coufonndod with it. The Eulamia milberti of recent American writers
is probably the following species, which may bo substituted, as —
87. C. cOBruleiis Dekay. *
This 8i)ecies differs from C. platyodon chiefly in the following respects:
Head longer, the snout much less obtuse, its length from mouth equal to
breadth of mouth ; distance between nostrils ^ less than length of snout.
Teeth and fins as in C. platyodon. Pectorals rather small, not falcate,
(1^ in body; caudal 4, rather narrow. New England to Florida; not
rare.
{Carcharias cocrulcnn Dekay, Now York Fauna, Fishes, 354, G2; Jordan & Gilbert.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 18"<2: Lamna caudata Dok. 1. c. 354: Eiilamin milberti Gill, Pioc,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 262; probably not Carcharias milberti M. & II.)
37 {b). C. lamia Raf.
To the description on page 23 add the following:
Head broad, depressed; snout short and rounded, nostrils midway
between its tip and the front of the mouth; breadth of mouth greater
than preoral length of snout. First dorsal very large, commencing
close behind the base of the pectoral, its height a little greater than
the length of its basv., its anterior margin convex, its upi)er angle
rounded, its posterior border nearly straight, its lower angle pointed,
its height about equal to greatest depth of body ; second dorsal much
smaller than first; pectorals at least twice as long as broad; upper
lobe of caudal one-fourth the total length, twice the inferior lobe.
Grayish, fins rarely darker at tip. Coasts of Europe, etc. The claim
of this species to a place in our fauna is extremely questionable.
{^Carcharias lamia Ratinesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 44, no descr. : Carcharias
vulgaris Cuvier, Rigne Aniin. ii, 126, 1817: Carcharias lamia Kisso, Hist. Nat. Enr. Mer.
jii, 119, 1826: Squalia carcharias of Bomo early authors, not of Liunajus, whose account
J8 based chiolly on Carcharodon.)
87 (c). C. lamiella Jor. &, Gilb.
The species described as U. lamia on page GO is probably distinct
from the European species, and has been described by us (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1882) as Carcharias lamiella. In this description, on page
61, tenth line, for height read size. In the thirteenth line, read "in not
having the fijst dorsal higher", etc.
<,ii» ■■ '
na
^.
^0.
.or<%-^.^
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
t
1.0
I.I
1.25
1^128 |2.5
u
U 1116
6" —
Photographic
Sciaices
Corporation
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874 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Page 24. Instead of Aprionodon punctatus read : ,
29. A. isodon (MUU. & Hcnie) Gill.
It is doubtful whether this species has ever been taken on our coasts.
The name punctatus is very doubtfully applied to this species, as the
Squalus punctatus of Mitchill is as likelj* to have been G. terrccnovce. A.
isodon should be suppressed from our lists until its alleged occurreiiao
in our waters is verified.
Oii page 25, the genus Eeniceps is probably unworthy of retention
and it should be reunited to Sphyrna. The characters to be assigned to
the genus Sphyrna are included under the account of the family. Spe-
cies 31 should be —
S. tiburo (L.) Raf. v ' :
The correct reference to the description of )8|pAyrw a is —
(Ralinesque, Indice cl'Ittiol. Sicil. 1810, 46.)
On page 27, family X should be Odontaspididce. Its single genus may
sti nd as —
.25.-ODONTASPIS Agas8iz.
(Agassiz, PoissonsFossileS; iii, 87, 1836: type *S<jr«aZ««/eroxRi680.)
The American species should stand as —
34. O. littoralis (Mitch.) J. &. G.
The prior name americanm (Mitch.) was the result of an error of
identification.
Page 2 i. Instead of JsMrM« (/ZaMCM« read :
39. I. dekayl (Gill) J. & G.
Dark bluish-gray above, white below, ' -le color abruptly changing on
the tail; upper fins dusky, lower pale. Head 5 in length to tip of cau-
dal ; pectoral as long as head, a little longer than npper caudal lobe.
Dorsals and pectorals falcate ; first dorsal inserted behind pectoral at a
distance equal to one-fourth head ; base of dorsal 2^ in head, its height
If. Middle teeth very long, much longer and narrower than lateral
teeth. Length 10 feet. Cape Cod to West Indies. The American spe-
cies seems to differ from the Asiatic I. glaucus in its longer pectorals
and higher dorsal.
(Lamna punctata Dekay, Now York Fauna, Fishes, 1842, 352 (not Squalus jmnctains
Mitch. ) ; Isuropsia dekayi Gill, Am. Lye. N. Y. 1858, 153 : lauropais glaucua Poey, Synops.
Pise. Cubens, not x?j^yrhina gtauca M. & H, 1) •
Page 29. lustend ot Is urus o.vyrhynchus read: -~ — -
36. I. spallanzanii Raf. • .
This species should bo erased; as there is no evidence of its occurrouce
ADDENDA — 17. PRISTIDiE — PRISTIS.
875
fccurreuce
ill our waters. ^^Lamna punctata^^ Storer is doubtless based on Lamna
cornubica. with which species Rafinesque's description of I&urus ox-
yrhynchics is identified by Doderlein. This species should jirobably
stand as I. spaUanzanii Raf. (Indice d'lttiol. Sicil. 45, 1810).
Page .30. The reference to the generic description of Carcharodon
should be —
(Smith MSS. ; Bonaparte, Mem. Soc. Neufch. ii, 9, 1839 : type Carohardon smithii Bon,
■j:z C, carcharias. )
Page 30. Instead of G. rondeletii read:
38. C. carchaHas (L.) J. & G.
To its synonymy add:
{SqnaJns carcharias L. Syst. Nat. i, 400, ercl, ayn. para: Carcharias verus Agasaiz,
Poiss. Foss. iii, 91, 1836.)
Pago .31. The reference to CetorMnns should be — ;/ '
('•Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1816, 121.")
No. 39 should be —
39. C. maxflilius (Gunner) Blainv. * f b, / v ;■
and to the synonymy -should be added: ,'.: w :;^,:,
{Squalns maximua Gunner, Trondj. Selskschr. iii, 33, 1765.) '' ■'._':/:%
Page 31. The family Rhinodontidcv and its species, Micristodun punc'
tatus, should be omitted, as they do not belong within our faunal limits.
Page 32. Instead of 3 1, Gyropleurodus, read: : '
31.— HETERODONTUS Blainville.
(Blainville, Nonv, Bull. Scienc. 1816, 121: type Squalus phillipi Lac.)
The characters of the genus are equivalent to those of the family. The
American species should stand as —
41. II. franoisci (Gnl.) Gill.
It is abundant on the coast of California from Point Concepcion south-
ward.
On page 37, instead of Pristis antiquorum. read:
441. P. pectinatus Latham.
Ancl read in the description, "rostral teeth in 25 to 28 pairs" (instead
of IG to 20, the number found in P. antiquorum ; we find no authentic
record of the occurrence of the latter species in our waters). P. pecti-
ncUta occurs in the Tropical Seas, north to our South Atlantic coast;
abundant in the Gulf of Mexico; ascending the Lower Mississippi.
(Latham, Trans. Linn. Soc. il, 298, 1794; GUnther. viii, 437.)
I
5i--
876 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
On page 37. The Rhinohatidce are all ovoviviparous, a cliaracter
which distinguishes them from the oviparous Raiidce.
On page 3S. Ehinobatus leucorhynchus Gunther is not identical with
R. prodvctus, and should he erased from the synonymy of the latter
species, which does not extend southward from California. In R. pro-
ductus the rostral* ridges are armed ;\'ith small spines aLove, and are
largely confluent anteriorly, not "separated along their entire length,''
as stated in t)ie text; anterior nasal valve not dilated laterally and not
extending to the inner edge of the nostril; first dorsal well behind
tips of ventrals, not reaching nearly to the second. Females with a
small digitate flai), free behind, above tip of snout. Color grayish,
without pale spots; snout paler, a black blotch beneath it. San Fran-
cisco to San Diego. The description quoted in the text, from Dr.
Streets, was taken from a specimen of R. leucorhynchus. R, productus
and R. lentiginoftus belong to the subgenus Rhinohatus, distinguislu-d
from " Syrrhiiia^^ bj' the long, sharp snout and narrow nasal flaps. Oui-
two species of ^hSynhina^^ have each recently been made the types of
new generic names, viz: ^^Zapteryx^' (Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis.
1880, 53 . type Platyrhina cxasperata J. & G.) and ^^Flatyrhinoidin'- (Gar-
man, Proc. U. S. Nat. Alns. 1880, 522: type Platyrhina triseriata J. & G.).
Flatyrhinoidls is " distinguished from Syrrhina and Tryonorhina by the
labial fold, nasal valves, and umrginal series of sjvines, and from Platyr-
hina by the fold, valves, separation of pectorals, and viviparity." Trygo-
norhina alveata Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1880, 1G9, is identical
with Rhinohatus exasperatus.
In R. exasperatus the dorsals are well forward, the origin of first dorsal
being nearer hinder part of root of ventrals than front of second dorsal.
In J^. triseriatus the origin of first dorsal is nearer root of caudal than
the hinder part of root of ventrals. In the latter the rostral ridg'is are
strongly convergent, in K. exasperatus they are parallel.
On page 39, add to description of 47, Torpedo californica Ayres:
Color very dark brown, with small round black spots, which are some-
times obsolete. Eyes small, the spiracles at a distance behind them
more than twice diameter of eye and more than length of spiracle; edges
of spiracles not fringed; breadth of mouth about equal to its distance
from tip of snout. Teeth small, sharp, in few series. Tail a little
shorter than disk. First dorsal fin more than twice as large as secoiid;
half of it opposed to the ventrals. Coast of California; thus far seen
only about San Francisco and Santa Cruz.
APDENDA 20. RAIID^E RAIA.
sri
On page 39, after description of Torpedo calif or nica^ add:
36 (6).— NARCINE Ilenle.
(Henle, Ueber Narcine, 31: type Torpedo hraailiensia Olfera.) ■ ,,
Disk more or less roiij?.ded, not emarginate in front; spiracles ex-
tremely close to the eyes, their edges tuberculate or smooth ; mouth
narrow, surrounded by a circular fold of skin, which forms the frenum
of the nasal valve; teem in quincunx, not occupying the whole of the
jaw, following the edge of the jaw outward, so that most of them are
visible when the mouth is closed. Tail about as long as disk. Second
dorsal larger than first. Tropical Seas, (va/jzij, numbness, an ancient
name of the Torpedo.)
4T (6). N. brasilicnsis (Olfera) Henle.
Subsp. corallina Garman.
Orange; a dark brown band ficross the head in front of the eyes, inter-
rup^^ed on the forehead; a large triangular space of the light color on
the snout in front of the dark band; rest of body with faint dark mark-
ings and small round spots. Posterior borderii of dorsals and caudal
truncate ; otherwise as in IS. brasiliensis (Olfers) Henle, of which species
this is thought to be a local variety. {Garman.) iV. brasiliensis has the
disk oval; the first dorsal smaller than the second; the teeth pointed
and the spiracles very close to the eye, surrounded by a ring of small
tubercles. Pensacola, Florida, to Brazil.
(Torpedo hraailienais Oliers, Torped. 19: Giinther, viii, 453; Garman, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool. xi, 234, 1881.)
On page 43, after ^aia </ra?iM^ato, add : . ;. ,
53 (b). R. ornata Garman.
Allied to B. eglanteria. Light brownish, freckled with paler, marked
with a few groups of small darker spots; several spots on the tail; one
At base of each dorsal. Disk little broader than long, the anterior mar-
gins convex; tip of snout obtuse; snout not produced; rostral cartilage
obtuse. Width of mouth three-fourths its distance from end of snout.
Teeth in upper jaw in 44 series. A media ! series of spines on back and
tail; a lateral series on each side of this on back, and two on tail; a
series on each orbital ridge ; a single spine on forehead between eyes .
several above tip of snout; a group on hinder angle of pectoral and on
its anterior extremity ; besides these the entire upper surface is rough
with small asperities; lower surface smooth. Tail a little longer than
disk. Deep water j off the coasts of South Carolina and Florida. (Gar-
tit .
87.8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOGY-
-IV.
man.) Perhaps a local variety of R. acTcleyi Garman, a species described
from Yucatan Banks.
(Garmau, Bull. Mas. Coiup. Zool. xi, 236, 1881.)
<S3 (c). R. pluionia Carman.
Brown, the adults purplish, with irregular transverse series of ill-
defined, often conlluont brown spots, besides some white spots ; tail with
light and dark bands; dorsals dark; lower surface white. Disk broader
than long, subquadrangular, rounded in front; snout forming a very
blunt {ingle; tail half longer than disk; rostral cartilage short, not ex-
tending to the tip of the snout. Width of mouth half its distance from
snout. Teeth in 32 series. Eyes large, their length more than intor-
orbital width. Back and tail covered with small, close-set, stellate
spines, the points slemler, compressed, directed backwards. A close
series of large spines along the middle line of back and tail; a supra-
orbital row, and a single spine on each side of back of head ; a series
of about five on each side of shoulder-girdle, in front of which are one
or two more; two series on each side of tail. J^ower parts smooth.
Deep water; off coast of South Carolina. {Garman.)
(Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xi, 23G, 1881.) ;. ,
On page 42, instead of l^aia coopm, read:
54. R. binoculata Grd. ... ,..
The synonymy given to " R. hinoculata " on page 44 should be trans-
ferred to this species, the original ^^hinocidata" being the young, and
"coopen'" the adult, of the same Ri)ecies.
On page 43, instead of Rata hinoculata, read:
A6. R. inornata Jordan & Gilbert.
For the synonymy given on page 44 substitute the following:
(Raia inornala Jor. & Gilb, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, 457 and 1881, 74.)
Var. inermis is also described in loc. cit. 1881, 74.
On v^ae 45, ciiter Raia stellulata. add: . , ,„ -
57 Kb). R. parmifcra Bean.
Olive brown above, rith numerous faint light blotches, two of which
are larger than the rest. Disk considerably broader than long; tip of
snout slightly projecting; interorbital width 3^ in distance from snout
to eye; tail as long as distance from its root to eye. Teeth in 27 rows.
Snout, supraocclpital region, and whole margin of pectorals and ven-
tralB, oovered with small prickles, as is also an area on tail; back and
ADDENDA — 22. MYLIOBATID.E — STOASODON.
879
tail with a median row of 22 to 29 large spines; tail with a marginal
row of large spines ; rest of disk mostly smooth. Lower surface smooth,
exciept an elliptical area below tip of snout. L. 3 feet. Unalashka,
Alaska. (Bean.)
(Bean, Proc. U, S. Nat. Mus. iv, 157, 188i.)
On pages 47 and 05, instead of ^^Basyatis Eaflnesque" or ^^Dasibaiis
Walbaum," read :
,,,,,,-.,,,. 40.— TRYGON Adanson.' ■:.■;■.',;■•,■,:;■: ,.;^.,,
(Adaiison MSS.; Gcoffroy St. Hilaire, Deacr. Eg.vpte Poiss. 1809, 219: typo Trygon
hjmma St. Hil. = Raia pastinaoa L.)
The name Trygon seems to be j)rior to Dasyatis liaf. (1810); the
earlier Dasybatiis of Walbanm included all the rays, and is therefore
properly a synonym of Baia L. The name Trygon is from rpoyar^^ a
turtle-dove. ^'■Ab alarum expansarum similitudine. Sunt qui columbam
mnrmamappellai f^ (Eondelet, de Piscibus, 332, 1554),
The Korch American species of Trygon should stand as follows :
61. T. centrura (Mitcb.) Linsley.
61 (ft). T. hastata (Dckay) Storer. ' : - "' ' "^
64. T. sayi (Lo Sueur) M. & H. : , '- ' - -^ < ■ ■ ' :
The specimen described on page 48 as ^^Basyatia aayV is the young
of T. sabina.
63. T. dlptcrura Jor. «fe Gilb. . ...^
61. T. tuberculata (Lac.) Dum.
.; • >;,.:■• ■■'.■ • ■ ■-■■■■ ■ ■■ i \:'i'
6.1. T. sabina Le S.
Page 50. Instead of Aetoftaf/s read :
41.— STOASODON Cautor.
{AetohatiH MUllor & Henle, Plagiostomcii, 1841, 179: not of Blainvillc, Bull. Soc. Phl-
lom. 1816, 112 {= MyUobatia) : Stoaeodon Cantor, Catalogue Malayan Fishes,
1850, 1416: type ^aJa ?jannfflrt Euphr.)
As the type of Aetobatis Blaiuv. was Raia aquila L., the use of the
same name for a diflPerent genus is not allowable, (tfroac, arch; 68ou<:,
tooth.) Our species should stand as —
66. S. narinarl (Euphraseu) Cantor.
Stoasodon latieeps (Gill) J. & G. {Aetobath laticeps Gill, Ann. Lyo.
Nat. Hist. N. T. 1865, im^Aetohatii latirostris GUnther, Fish. Centr.
I
880 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
Amer. 18G0, 401), dcacribed from a Hpecimon sent from Siui Prsmcisco
Bhould probjibly not bo inchulcd in tluH work. Tho Hpecics is abuiidanr
on the west ooast of Mexico, from which region the tyi»icsil specimen wass
most likely obtained.
Page 50. An earlier reference to MyliohatiH is —
(Duuidril MSS.; Geoffr. St. Hiluiro, Doscr. Poiss. Egypte, IbOa, 336.)
Page 53. To synonymy of " Manta &tVo«^rw"add:
(Raia birontris Wulbaum, Artecli Pise. 1792, 535.)
On page 77, last line, and page 78, forty-fourth line, for VrisUpoma-
tidWj 87, read : Sr auid^e, 88.
On page 78, seventh line, for Tcuthydiclw, read: Acantiiurid;^, 99.
On page 78, thirtieth line, for TrachinidcVj read: LATiLiDiE, 102.
On page 78, nineteenth line, for Centrarchidcv, 81, road: Elassoma-
TID^E, 83 (/>).
On page 70, seventeenth and twenty-ninth lines, for Triglida;, 108
road: Agonidtk, 108 {a).
On page 80, twenty-first lino, for TrachimdcCj read: TRiciiODONTiDiE,
102 {b.)
On page 80, thirty-fourth line, for "B," read "A A."
On page 81, after YYY, add:
YYYY. Dorsal fin single, the anterior half spinous, the posterior soft.
Blennhdje, 112.
Page 02. The group here called Litholepis is to bo considered as a
section of Lepidosteua rather than as a distinct genus. Tlie name
Atractosteus (Raf. Ichth. Oh. 1820, 73) should i)robably be adopted in-
stead of Litholepis. The name Litholepis admnantintts was given to a
drawing by IMr. Audubon. A copy of this drawing was preserved by
Rafinesquo in his field-not© book, which we have examined. It is evi
dentlj a fancy sketch, like the ^^ Pogostoma,'" "Aplocentrus,''' ^'Eurysto-
WM«," and other ichthyological myths, which the humorous artist im-
posed on the credulous naturalist. Usox viridis L. was undoubtedly
intended for Lepidosteus ossem.
I
ADDENDA 29. SILURID.*: — ICTALURUS.
881
ineu wuH
3DONTID7E,
Pafi;c 101, Instead of Pilodictis read:
.18.— LEPTOPS KiUhieHquo.
(Uiifinesquf, lolifli. Oli. iH'id, (M: lyi>« Pinu}oditn visconuH Unf.^^SiluruH oUrarh \iiif,
Xmroi, Hiiiall; f.';i/'i •'y*'-)
The species Hliould stand as —
91. L. olivuriK (Hal'.) J. &■ (i-
^' I'iliKiiefis UmoHus^^ Rat", was likewise baaed on a "drawing by Mr.
Anduboji," wlii<!h drawing?, as shown by Kafinesfine's copy, is merely a
fancy sketch of an imaginary eat fisli. The name sliould therefore bo
disregarded. Of the remaining synonyms of this type, Leptopn stands
next in date.
On page 105, after Amiurvs catus, add:
9§ (/<). A. braciiyucantlius Cope.
BIa(!kish, yellowisli below. Body robnst. Head not depressed ; eye
small, 7 in head, 4 in interorbital width. Maxillary barbels reaching
middle of pectoral spine; mental barbels to beyond the brancihioste-
ijals; Jaws equal. Dorsal and pectoral spines small, a(!ute, not con-
cealed in the skin, equal in length, less than the interorbital width,
and not one-third distance from snout to dorsal; ])ectoral sj)ine weakly
serrate behind only ; caudal not described. Head .'i|; depth 4|. 1). 1,
(i; A. 22; P. I, 0. Medina Kiver, Texas. [Cope.)
(Cope, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xx, 35, 1880 )
On page 105, after Amiuriut natalisj add:
lOO(ft). A.bolli Copo.
01iva(!eous, belly and lower barbels pale. Body very slender. Head
tiat, one-flfth longer than wide; jaws subequal; base of anal as long as
liead. Pectoral 8i)ine finely serrate i)osteriorly, more than half length
of head; dorsal spine long, smooth, a little shorter than pe(!toral, its
base a little nearer muzzle than adipose fln; longest anal rays half
liead; caudal rounded, its upper rays longer than lower. Head 3§;
depth 5J. A. 25. Little Wichita River, Texas. {Cope.) Perhaps a
variety of A. natalis.
(Copo, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mns. xx, 35, 1880.)
Page lOG. The genus Ictalurus has been heretofore usually distin-
^'uished from Amiurus by the connection of the supraoccipital process
with the second interspinal. In all the species with truncate or rounded
laudal fln, there is a considerable interval between these bones. In the
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 56
1^'
«82 CONTRIBUTIONS T3 NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOUY—iv.
fork-tailed species, commonly referred to AmiuriiH, the two boiu's jnc
more or less close tofifether; in some species apparently Joined in the
yonnj;, bnt separated in the ».dnlt; in others apparently slitjlitly sepn-
rated at the surface and joined nnder the skin. In bnt two species
/ureatiis and punctatuK, is there a continuous bridfje formed at all a<'('s.
In view of tln^ complete intergradation of this character, we have re
tained the name Amiurits for the species with truncate csindal and the
interspinal and su])raoccipital wholly separate, and Ictalurns for tliosit
with forked caudal and the two bones in question joined or a[)proxi
inated. The only other alternative, and a not unreasonable one. is t(»
refer all these species to one genus, Ictalurus.
On page 108, instead of letaliirus lacustris read:
lOG. I. nig[ricans (Lc S.) Jor.
The ^^Gadm lacustris''* (Walb. Artedi, Pise. 1792, 144) can hardly
be identified with any fish.
Page 110. To the description of Arius felis, the following may he
added :
Bands of palatine teeth large, not prolonged backward over tlic
pterygoid region; fontanelle prolonged backward in a narrow groove;
occipital process long, narrow, keeled. Pectoral rays 1, 0.
Arms equestris U. & G., is not distinct from A.fclis, and should lie
•erased. >■
Page 111. Instead of P lectospondyli read Order L. Eventognathi.
The latter name is unobjectionable, and has priority of date.
Page 113. Wo do not believe that Ictiohus, BuhaUchthys, and Carpi
'inles can be maintained as distinct genera, and think it preferable to
unite the three under the earliest name, Ictiohus. In its dentition,
Ictiohus is intermediate between Carpiodes and BuhaUchthys^ and in
structure of mouth BubnUchthys stands between the others.
We have examined the original raanuscrii)t note-book of Eatinesqiu',
containing the descriptions which were afterwards jirinted in the leli
.thyologia Ohiensis. In this book is a drawing of his '■'■ Ictiohus bukdus,"
* It is described as follows:
" Gadits lacustris, Americaiiis Mathemefj, Anglis Land Cod, Pennant, Aict. Zool.
Introd. p. 191. Corpus tripedale, superne sub spadieeum, inferne griseuin; cirri tres
in maudibula iufciiore, quorum medius longitudine duos alios vincit."
The "Mathomeg or Land Cod" of Pennant is said by Richardson to be a caWisli,
and it may have been /. nigricans, but the description is wholly iusuiUcieut.
ADDENDA — 30. CATOSTOMIDiE — CAT08T0MUS.
883
i^IBi
n
f-T!f5f ?<•'
i
i
ones ai'»'
[TOGNATllI.
from which it is evident that the species intended was the CafoHtomm
bnhaluH of Kirtland — the BuhaHchihyH altun of this work (p. IHJ). If
this identification bo accepted in our noinenchitnre, the si)e(ilic nann^
huhnlm shouUl take the phice of altns, and eifprinella that of hubaliis.
11" KafineH(pie's species be considered uni«UMitifiable, the same chanjje
shoidd be made,- as Kirtland's use of the name huhalm foHowcd next.
As liafinesque's I. huhaluH was the type of his Tctiohm, in strictness the
nnine Buhalichthys should be superseded by Ictiohus as a subgeneric
name, while the group heretofore called Ictiobus would be called Sclc-
nxjnathuH C. & V.
In this view, the species should stcand as follows:
113. I. cyprinclla (C. & V.) Ag. {Sderognathiu.)
111. I. urus (Ag.) J. &G. (Ictiolua.)
115. I. Itubaius Raf. {Ictiohus.)
116. I. carpio (Rjif.) Nels. (Carpiodes.)
111'. I. «lamalis* (Grd.) J. &. G. {Carpiodes.)
IIS. I. thompsoni (Ag.)Nels. (Carpiodes.)
119. I. bison (AgONel* {Carpiodes.)
120. I. cyprinus (Le S.) J. & G. (Carpiodes.)
121. I. difformis (Cope) NelH. (Carpiodes.)
Of these species, 117, 118, 119, and 121 are of doubtful validity.
Page 126. The following species of Catostomus may be added:
130 (c). C. iiebulifcr Garman.
Brownish, clouded and blotched with darker; a blackish lateral
shade; belly pale; lower half of iireopercle abruptly silvery. Body
stout, little compressed. Head nearly as broad as eye; eye small,
about half snout; mouth small; lips with considerable free margin.
Dorsal inserted midway between snout and caudal; caudal deeply
notched; anterior rays of dorsal longest. Head 5; depth .5. D. 0;
A. 8; scales 14— 90-14. Nazas Eiver, Coahuila. {Garman.) Very close
to C. gusmaniensisj if not the same.
[Catostomus nebuliferua Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 89, 1881.)
* It is better not to adopt the name tumidus for any species of Carpiodes, an the
"ri}!;inal Carpiodes tumidus is not certainly identified. The description agrees well
with young specimens of /. lubalus, a species lately obtained by us in Texas.
r
884 CONTUinUTIONS to N0RTI[ AMERICAN ICIITHYOLO(JY — iv.
Pii^jfO 145. "Tt'eth one-rowed [Chondroittomina;)'''' belout^n ufter t,
not tt.
Pago 148, thirtieth line, in.stead of Alburnus, read: JticiiAHnsoxurs
108.
Pajjfe 150. nyhorhynelmH Jlavipinnis is described by Professor Cope in
Hull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xx, ;i(), 18SI, and H. nigrotccniatus and Cochloij
iiathiit; hiputtatiis, on page ^{7 of the same paper.
Page 157. After Jl.flumatilw ad<l:
188 (/>)• II* puiK-tifcr Guruiaa.
Brownish, paler below; cheeks silvery; scales punctulate; a black
spot at base of caudal. Body little compressed, the anterior proliUi
regularly curved. Head moderately broad ; snout rounded, little
longer than eye; mouth small; maxillary reaching half way to eye.
Ventrals short, not reaching vent, inserted a little in advance of dorsal.
Pectorals short, reaching little more than half way to ventrals; caudal
deeply notched. Lateral line slightly decurved. Head 4; de])tli 4.
D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-40-3. "Distinguished from D.couchii Grd. by the
size of the scales and a stouter form." Tributaries of Lago del Muerte,
Coahuila. {Garman.)
(HyhognathuK (Dionda) punctifer Garraan, Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool. viii, 89, 1881.)
Page 17G. After C. hubalina add:
236 (.b). €. rubripinna (Garni.) .T. & G.
Brownish above, sides rosy or silvery; cheeks silvery; a brownish
band from najje to i)ectorals; lower fins salmon color; caudal reddish;
dorsal dark brown. Body deep, much compressed, the back anihed.
Head small; snout shorter than eye; maxillary not reacliing eye. Pec
torals not reaching ventrals, the latter to anal; caudal deeply forked.
Scales much deeper than long. Head 4^ ; depth 2§. D. 8 ; A. 11 ;
scales 7-38-3. L. 3 inches. Tributaries of Lago del Muerte, Coahuila.
{Garman.) '
(CyprineUa rubripinna Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. viii, 91, 1881.)
Tage 206. Bhinichthys Ag.:
Professor Garman giv'es in Science Observer (1881, vol. iii, No. 8, p.
67) a detailed account of the genus Bhinichthys, in whic^ 15 species
ADDENDA — 31. CYPRINID.E RHINICIIT1IY8.
885
nre rocognized. These are distinguished by the characters «,'i^etl in
the following analytical key:
mm
u. Month inferior, snout produccil beyond it.
b. Fi'Ht dorsal ray midway between end of Hnout and bune of eundal.
c. Lateral lino ()0-(>4; 1. triinH. lO-j- l-j-^ nasiUun.
cc. Lateral line 70 cataracta.
bb. First doruul ray midway between anterior iJon(ril and base of caudal.
d. Lat. 1. T.'i-aO ; 1. tranH. 10 + 14-10 marmoratuti.
dd. Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 10 + 1 + 10 lulcux.
bbb. First dorsal ray midway between front of month an<l base of eaudal.
c Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 11 + 1 + 10; snout narrow occlla.
ee. Lat. 1.80; 1. trans. 1« + 1 + 12 dulcin.
eec. Lat. 1.70-72; I; tranrf. 12 + 1 + IIJ tiansmontanun.
hhbb. First dorsal midway between middle of eye and base of caudal.
/. L. trans. 25 maxilhsus.
aa. Mouth subinferior, snout not prodneed.
g. First dorsal midway between nostril and base of caudal; lut. 1. bO;
1. trans. 14 + 1 + 10 badiiix.
gy. First dorsal midway from eye.
h. Lat. 1. 58-()0; 1. trans. U + 1 + 7 simiiH.
hh. Lat. 1. 70; 1. trans. 11 + 1+8 ohtusm.
hhh. Lat. 1. Oil ; 1. vrans. 12 + 1+9 aironmuH.
i. Stout, black baud obsolete. ,.... lunatu«.
aaa. Mouth anterior.
A;. First dorsal midway from front of eye.
I. Lat. l.Gy-7t;; 1. trans. 11+1 + 10 mehagris.
II, Lat. 1. 64; 1. trans. 9 + 1 + 7 'irenatas.
Most of these species we are unable to recognize. They seem to us
to be merely local varieties, or even individual variations, of the two or
three most widely-distributed types in this genus.
The following may jjerhaps be inserted:
Page 207. After JB. transmontanus add:
316 (6). K. dulcis (Grd.) Jor. & Copel.
Keddisli brown, clouded with darker; lateral band very faint; a
dark caudal spot. Snout blunt, projecting beyond mouth, which is
small and inferior. liarbel small, sometimes absent. Ventrals reach-
ing vent. Scales small. Head 4J. D. 9; A. 3; scales 12-80-12. Platte
Valley. {Garman.)
{Argyrevs dulcis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. IS'iG, Sweetwater River; Gar-
man, Science Observer, 1881, 59, Cheyenne: lihimehlhya ocella Garmau, 1. c. 59, from
N. E. Wyoming and Montana, has the snout narrow, the barbel conspicuous, the
scales 11-70-10: IlhinlchtUya hdeus Garman, Hull. Mas. Comp. Zoiil. 1881, 87, and
Science Observer, 1881, 59, from Ogden, Utah, has the snout long, more than twice
eye, the barbel small, and the scales 10-70-10: Jihinivhthya marmoratiw Ag. ; Garman,
1. c. 58, from Sault Ste. Marie, has the scales 10-78-10, and is i)ossibly distinct frouj
li. cataructw.)
I! I
886 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICUTllYOLOGV — iv.
Page 208. After BMnichthys aU'onasm mid: j -
81C? (ft). Ik. ImdiHS GariiiiHi. : * v.. • v. «
Brownish, mottled; sides and belly silvery. Front of dorsal iiiiriwa,
between nostril and eye. Scales 14-80-10; otherwise as in Ji. obtuiux.
Clinch Riv3r. [Qarman.)
(Garmau, Science 0))sorver, 18H1, 60.)
31§(c). R. siiiiiiiii Garmau.
Clouded brown; a dark lateral stripe, bounded above by a silvorv
line. Head depressed above and in front of eyes; snoui rather bioad,
thin, little projecting. First dorsal midway between eye and base of
caudal. Head 4^. D. 9; /.8; scales 9-60-7; teeth 2,4-4, 2. Coa-
huila, Mexico. {Garman.) *,
(Garnian, Science Observer, 1881, 61.)
318 (({)• K. inelcagrii^ A^.
S'luilar to R. oMusm, but with the jaws nearly equal. Head broii'l,
narrowed anteriorly; lips small; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Head 3^. D. D; A.
7; scales 11-70-8. Western Illinois and Iowa.
(AKassii!, Am, Joiu'u. Sci. Arts, 1854, 3.57; Garman, Bull. Mua. Comp. Zool. 1881, 8li,
and Science Observer, 1881, 62.)
31§ (e). R. arenatus Garman.
Similar to B. melcagris, but with larger scales, and the teeth 1. 4-4, 1.
Head 4J; depth 5 J, D. 8; A. 7; scales 9-G4-7. Sand Hill liiver, Min
nesota. {Garman.)
(Garman, Br.ll. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1881, 87, and Science Observer, 1881, 62.)
Page 235, tenth line, read: "nearly reaching vcntralsy
Page 241. The S)>ociniens described in the text as Squalius atrariu,^,
are the ^oung of the species described on page 240 as Squalius rlumd-
leus. Siboma atraria Cope is also identical with the latter spiuios.
Whether Siboma atraria Grd. is the same is very doubtful. The follow-
ing are the characters assigned to it, and nuiy be substituted for those
given ir the text:
3C?. S. atrarius (Grd.) J. & G. .,,.- - —
Blackish above, mottled with dark; paler below. Body somewhat
elongate, subfusiform; caudal peduncle stout; head larger than m IS.
gibbosus; the fins lower; profile of head gently sloping forward, tlie
snout aubconical. Mouth small, the maxillary not reaching to oppo-
site eye. Eye small, 5^ in head. Dorsal inserted over veutrals, uear<3r
ADDENDA 38. DOR08MATIDA DOROSMA.
887
base of caudal than Hiiout. Head nearly 4 (with c...:dal). D. 9; A. 8;
scales 11-7. Teeth 1, 4-5, 2, without griiiUing- surface properly so caUed.
\j. 7 inches. From a si)ring iu Utah, near the desert. {Girard.)
(Siboma alraria Grd. Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phiia. 18r>(i, 208, and U. S. Pac. R. K. Siirv.
X, '297: 1 Siboma atraria var. longicepa Co\w & Yarrow, Zoiil. Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th
Mir. \ ()67, 1H7(), from Nevada; a small lish with the scales 12-5G-5, the head 4, the
(l(pth 4i ill length.) , .: > .:. ^ , '
rage 244. Numerous specimens of Fkox^mus phlegcthontis from Provo
iJiver examined by us are full-grown at a leugtli of barely 2 inches; the
lateral line is almost wholly wanting iu all.
<»*
Page 244. If the generic name Leucos be considered as preoccupietl,
this genus should stand as —
104.— MYLOIiEUCUS Cope.
Page 203. Instead of Msgalops thrissoidcs read:
136. in. stllanticus C. & v.
And erase the synonym " Glupea thrissoidcs Bloch & Schneider, 1801,
424," inserting instead '•'-Megalops atlaniicus G. & V. xix, 398."
Glupea thrissoidcs Bloch & Schneider is based on Broussonet's descri])-
tiou of his Vlupea cyprinoides, which is the East Indian Mcyalops eypri-
noides (Brouss.) Bleek. On our Gulf cojist, Mcgalops atUiiiticus reaches
a length of about feet, and is known as "Grande Ecaillo."
Page 205. After Glupea sagax add:
441 (ft). C pscudoliispaaica (Poey) Gthr.--5'2;a»us/t Sart^iwe.
Plain bluish, silvery or golden below. Body slender, little com-
pressed, Mie belly scarcely carinated, its scutes weak; mouth small, the
maxillary extending a little past front of pupil, 2?- in head; lower jaw
and tongue with a few feeble teeth; cheeks much longer than deep, the
depth below eye ^ t*ye> which is 3^ in head; opercle without stria?. Gill-
rakers long, very slender, 30 to 40 below angle. Caudal as long as head;
ventriils below middle of dorsal; peritoneum pale. Head 4,^; depth 5|.
1). 18;i\.17; Lat.l. about 45. L.O'J inches. Cuba to Pensacola, Florida.
Closely allied to the lOuropean Sardine [Glupea pilchardus Walbaum),
which is best distinguished by the strongly striate opercle. ;. ""X^
{Sardinia pactidohixpatiica Pi'-'y, Moraorias Cuba, ii, 311, 1860; Giliither, vii, 442.)
Page 271. After i>. cy^erf iawM/n add:
431^ jS>. nscxicaniim (Othr.) J. & G.
Silvery, a snmll ron.nd dark spot at the shoulder. Maxillary reaching
front of eye; jaws even in front; eye as long as snout, four in head
.■ -i.
888 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
Insertion of dorsal fin mediau, immediately behind base of ventral!^-
the filament reaching end of anal fin. Scales large; nine scutes be
hind ventrals. Head 3^^; depth 2^. D. 14; A. 25; Lat. 1. 40; L. t,r. 13.
Gulf of Mexico ; north to Louisiana. {GUnther.) .
{Chatoiisiua mexicanua Giiutliei; vii, AOi>, 1868.)
Page 273. After Stolcphorus ringens add :
4«a (/»). S. nanus (Grd.) J. & G. -,'m , r v ..,i.;su : -
Pale, but not translucent; sides with a broad silvery shade, but with
out distinct stripe. Body slender, moderately compressed, the bellj
carinate aud faintly serrate. Head compressed, conic, the snout rather
pointed, bluntish at tip. Maxillary extending beyond root of mandible.
Eye not very large. Teeth in both jawt*. Pectorals and ventrals short.
Head 3^; depth 5. A. 22. Southern California; abundiint. Very
likely the young of S. ringens, from which it seems to be separated bv
the more compressed body. The many spev^imens obtained by us at
San Diego were of the same size, and schools of immature anchovies
uniform in size, are rarely seen.
{EmjrauUa nanus Girai-d, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. x, 3154, 1858.)
Page 273. After Stolephorus hiulcus, which is probably identical with
S. browni, read;
454 (b). S. mitcliilli (C. &, y.) J- & G.
Very pale, translucent, the silvery lateral stripe very narrow and not
well defined, scarcely wider than pupil; snout and caudal yellowish,
with many dark points; middle line of back with a continuous stripe
formed of dark points; dark points along base of anal and behind it.
Body rather short and deep, compressed, belly slightly serrated; snout
short, not longer than pupil; eye very large ; maxillary extending- beyond
root of mandible, about to margin of opercle; both jaws with distinct
teeth; cheeks broadly- triangular. Anal long and high, its base 3 1 in
body; its first ray nearly under middle of dorsal. Pectorals long, \\ in
head. Head 3^ ; depth 4. D. 14 ; A. 26; Lat. 1. about 37. L. 2A in(!hes.
Atlantic coast; abundant from Cape Cod to Southern Texas.
{EngrauUs mitchilU Cuv. & Vul. xxi, 50 (uocof GUnther): EngraiiliHritlatiiH Storer.
Hist. Fish. Muss. :f41, pi. xxvii, f. 3 (uot Clupeit tiltata Mitcli.); .Jordan & Gilbjit,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Miio. 1882: f Engranlia duodecim Copo, Trans. Aiu. Philos. Soc. 18(i(i,
405 (last ray of dorsal said to bo in front of first of anal). .-„-_ —
On page 270, after Alepidomurus ferox^ add:
AHH (h). A. aesculapius Beau.
Closely related to A.ferox, differing chiefly in the much shorter pec
ADDENDA — 46. SALMONID^ COREGONUS.
889
torals and ventrals, the latter of 7 rays, the former of 12. Gill nikers
23 (27 in A.ferox). Eye 5 in head, the maxillary extending to beyond
it. Head G; depth 11. D. 39j A. IGj vertebra} (asiu^./eroj?) 50. Una-
lashka, Ali»ska. {Bean.) ' \
(Hean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V, 1882.) ►
Page 281. After iSynodus lucioceps add: *
464 (^). S. iiiteriiiedius (Spix) Poey.— (Sa«d-dtr«r.
Grayish, abruptly i)aler below ; back and sides with eight dark cross-
bands, broadest at lateral line; a jetbl; ck blotch on upper part of
slioulder-girdle, hidden by opercle; men'brane of maxillary black; dor-
sal and i)ectorals barred, the former in fine pattern; lower fins and lower
part of head sulphur yellow. Body rather stout; head blunt, large,
the snout broader tl«au long, about equal to eje, which is 4.;^ in head;
frontal bones little striate ; interorbital space conctive, G in head ; i)romi-
nent striie behind eye; jaws subcqual; maxillary !§ in head, longer
than pectoral. Scales large, 4 to 6 rows on cheek; 3 series between
adipose fin and lateral line. Dorsal high, as high as long; ])e(;toral 2
in head; ventral 1^. Head 4; depth 8. D. 11; A. 11; scales 4-48-7.
L. 15 inches. West Florida to Brazil.
{Saiirus intennediiiH Spix, Pise. Bnizil, 81 : Saiirtis intefmeditOf GUuther, v, 39C: Suuiua
analin Cuv. &. Val. xxii, 483; Poey, Syu. Pise. Cub. 414.)
On page 288, twelfth line, read: Mouth generally terminal.
On page 200, all the text between the description of Microstoma
gramlandicum an<l that of Mallotus, on page 291, should be cancelled.
On page 300, after Coregonus merki, add :
493 (ft) C. laurct^a: Boan.
"The height of the body is greater than the length of the head and
equals one-fourth of the total length without the caudal; the distance
of the nai)e from the front margin of the jaw is contained 2;^* tinies in
its distance from the beginning of the dorsal. The diametei" of the eye
equals the length of the snout, and is about one-filth that of the liead.
Maxillary reaching nearly to the nnddle of the eye, its length contained
U times in that of the head; the sui)i)h'mental bone about hall" as long
as the maxilla, and its greatest width eciuals one-tlnrd of its length.
The length of the mandible equals three-sevenths of that of the head,
reaching to the hind oargin of the orbit. The appendage of the ven-
tral tin is less than half as long as the fin and nesirly equal in length to
the 7 scales immediately over it." Eye 5 in head. Scales much smaller
14
'>4I
•"'i.
890
CONTRIJJUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— I v
than usual in G. artedi. D. 12; A. 11; V. 12; P. 16; Lat. 1. 84 to 95.
NoitlKMu Alaska; Yukon River to Point Barrow. {Bean.) ;.;,
(Bciiii, I'lKc. U. S. Nat. Mils, iv, IHtil, 156.)
Pa{;e oO(). Instend oS Oncorhynchus chonk'ha ivad:
499. O. tckawytclia (Walb.) J. &, G.
Tlie barba -ous appearance of this name scarcely warrants so '>reat a
chanjje in its orthography. >> :..•.> v r^/A -
Pa{>e 320. No. 515, Sah^elinus hoodii, should be erased. Tiio spoci-
juens in the British Museum, described by Dr. Giinther as Salmo hoodi
(vi, 150), belong to Salvelinus namaycush. The remaining types of ilicU-
ardson's original description belong to Salvelinus fontinulis.
Tsiga 325. After Choloyasfer agassizi iiilil:
5a3 (/')• C'. papillil'er Forbes.
The si)ecinieu from Southern Illinois, described in the text from tiic
MSS. of Professor Forbes, proves to be distinct from C. agassizL Scvenil
other si)ecimens have been since obtained. It is further (listingiiislicd
from the other members of the genus by the presence of tactile i)ai)illary
ridges, as in Amblyopsis and Tyiihlichtliys. The character of "no jiajtil-
lary ridges", assigned in the text to Cholo^aster, should therefore be
erased.
{Cliolugaster papiUiferu8 Forbes, Anier. Nut. Jan. 1882, 1.)
Page 329. Cyprinodon aibhosits appears to be identical with C. varie-
gatnuj diliering possibly in slightly greater size and deeper coloration,
the ante-dorsal region being, in the males, of an intense steel-blue and
the lower parts largely salmon-red. Head 3| to 3g-; depth 2 to 2f. 1).
11; A. 10; scales 20-13.
For Cyprinodon gibhostts (B. & G.) substitute — '
S20. C. boviiiiiiii «. & G.
A doubtful species, differing from C. variegatus in having the head .5
in length, the eye 4 in head, the ventrals under anterior margin of dor-
sal, and the lin-rays D. 9, A. 8. Leon's Spring, Texas.
(B. &, G. Proc. Acatl. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, SH'J, etc.)
«ja« (h). C. cxicnius Grd. .•..;,v ,
Differs from C. varicgatua in having the head 3.V in length, the eye 4
in head; D. 12, A. 12. Coloration pale, the male largely golden. L. 2i
inches. Cliihuahna Kiver.
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. got. Phila. 1859, 158.) ^
ADDENDA Ji). ("YPRINODONTID^ — FUNDUIiUS.
891
Page 333. Fundulus fdmilis is very abuiidaut everywhere on the Gulf
coast a£id uorth to South (.'arolina. - ,>,''';
Page 333. Instead of F^( ndttlus zebra reml:
J36. F. zebrinus J. & (J. noin. Mp. iiov.
The name ^^zebra" is preoecupiert in this genus. ; v
Page 335. Omit from the synonymy of Fundulus adinia, Adinia niulti-
fasciata Grd. which is a very different sinmies =Fundulun xenicus J. & G.
Page 33G. After i^. >e///ro/(i,vcia<M.s add:
,542 (''). F. ocellaris J. &. «. ^^ "
i dark olive, golden below; sides with 13 to 15 dark cross-bands,
nearly parallel, the anterior narrower than the interspaces; sides pos-
teriorly finely speckled, with small pearly spots on both bands and in-
terspaces; dorsal and anal margined with orange; both fins with black
iind i)early spots. 9 «lark olive; sides dusted with dark points; middle
of sides vith about 13 very narrow dark half bars; dorsal with an
ocellated black spot posteriorly. Head small and slender, the snout
short. Body rather slender. Eye 4 in head, 1| in interorbital width.
Teeth small, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Dorsal high, in
males reaching base of caudal, in females much lower; anal inserted
uiuler second ray of dorsal. Oviduct not adnate to its first ray. Head
;!J; depth 4. D. 11; A. 10; V. 6; P. 13; scales 35-15. L. 3 inches.
Peusacola Bay, Florida.
(Jordau & Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)
Page 33G. After Fundulus hoteroclUus add :
.143 {h). F. grrandis 13. & 6.
Very closely related to F. heterocKtus, but differing constantly in the
much lower fins, the longest rays of the dorsal even in the male not
more than half head, of anal 1^ in head; eye 4 to 4i in head, slightly
more than half interorbital space. Head 3 to 3i; depth 3g- to 3}. D.
11; A. 10 or 11; scales 35 to 38-15. L. 3 to G inches. Gulf coast; re-
placing F. heteroclitus.
(1$. & («. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1853, 389, etc.: Fuudulus Jloridaimiti GnX. Proc.
'.Vcad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18.59, 157.)
Page 337. After Fundulus stellifer add:
XX. Body short and deep, strongly compressed ; gill-nienibranea restricted above to
region below upijcr edge of pectoral. {Adinia Grd.)
u
892 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY iv
545 (/*). F. xenicns J. & G.
(? dark greeu; sides with 10 to 14 narrow, pearly bands, slightly ob-
lique, and mostly narrower than the interspaces; a diffuse dusky hlotcli
below and behind eye; lower jaw orange; belly yellow; dorsal aiul anal
blackish, with many round, pale-blue spots, besides orange spots near
base of fin ; caudal barred, Avith some pale spots; ventrals dusky, tipi)e(l
with yellow, 9 greenish, with a faint dark lateral shade and some i)ak'
cross-bands; lower fins largely yellow; upper mostly dusky, p.odv
very deep, much compressed, much as in Gyprinodon ; the caudal pe
duiicle very deep; the head depressed, rapidly tapering to a sharp, con
ical snout; the anterior proiile somewhat concave. Females and youno
with the back less eleVated. Teeth very small, in a villiform band, tlios*-
of the outer series wide-set and considerably larger. Eye large, o in
head, l^^ in interorbital space; opercle adnate to shoulder-girdle above
base of pectoral (as in Gyprinodon and Jordanella). Dorsal inserted in
advance of anal, its origin midway between caudal and middle of eyo.
the longest rays in males reaching base of caudal, If in head; anal
lower; ventrals 1^ in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Head
3; depth 2 (2| to 2* in ? ). D. 9 or 10; A. 11 or 12; V. 6; P. 14; B. 5:
scales 25-10. L. 2 inches. Gulf coast, West Florida to Texas; locally
very abundant in shallow lagoons.
(Adinia multlfaaciata Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pblla. 1859, 117; Jordan & Gil-
bert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, uot Hydrargyra muUifaneiata Lo Sueur, uor l<'undulu.s
adinia Jor. &. Gilb.)
Page 340. Zygonectes atrilatus should probably bo supjiressed.
appears to be based on females of Gambusia patrtielis.
It
Page 340. Instead of Zygonectes melanops read :
552. Z. inurus J. & G.
The known specimens of this species are from Cache Eiver, in South
ern Illinois. For the synonymy in the text substitute —
(Zyyoncclcn mchinops Jonltm, Bull. Illinois Lab. Nat. Hist, ii, 52, 1878 (not Haploclnhi'
melanops Cope) : Jor. «& Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 : Haplochilua mclanops Copt
ftod Z. vwlanopa Hay are apparently Gambusia lyatruehs.)
Page 341. Zygonectes brachypterus is described by Professor Cope in
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xx, 34, 1880. ^ - . »
Page 341. After Zygonectes dispar add: . .
953(h). Z. craticula Goode &. Bean.
t Olivaceous; sides with about 6 sharply-defined, jet-black longitudinal
ADDENDA 49. OYPRINODONTlDiE — GAMBUSIA.
893
stripes following the rows of scales, the stripes a little narrower than
the interspaces; a large blackish blotch below eye; fins nearly plain,
the upper somewhat dusky; young with faint dark bars. Body com-
paratively long and slender, little compressed. C'audal peduncle long,
rather slender. Head long, broad and depressed above. Kye hirge,
about equa? to snout, § interorbital width, 3^ in head. Lower jaw
heavy. Teeth small, the outer scarcely enlarged. Fins all small.
Flp:id 3§; depth 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 40-10. Indian River, Florida.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v, 1882.)
14
Page 343. Lucania venusta is generally common along the Gulf coast.
Color nearly plain light olive, the males with the dorsal and caudal
bright yellow, the anal orange, each of these fins margined with black;
dorsal with bl;rt;k spot at base in front, ocellated with yellow. D. 11 or
12; A. 9 or 10; scales 26-8.
Vage 343. To the descriptwn of Lucania parva add:
Phiin olive, edges of scales darker; front of dorsal with a «lusky spot.
15o(ly comparatively deep, the back somewhat arched. Dorsal high;
anal small. Head 3J; depth 3J. D. 11; A. 8; scales 20-8. L. 1^
inches. Connecticut to Florida (Bean).
Page 345. !N"o. 562 may be rcdescribed as follows:
.'(62. O. pafruclis (B. & G.) Grd.
Light olive, each scale edged with darker; a very narrow dark streak
along sides; top of head dusky; an obscure bluish-black bar below
eye; a black blotch on each side of belly, caused by the black perito-
neum showing through the skin: fins dusky; the caudal sometimes
(lotted. Body rather slender. Head small, very broad and much de-
pressed; teeth in broad villiform bands; eye small. If in interorbital
width, 3^ to 3J in head. Intestinal canal as long as body. Dorsal
small, far back ; distance from its insertion to caudal half that to snout;
anal larger and higher than dorsal. Head 4; depth 3 to 4. D. 7; A.
Hor9; scales 30-10. L. 1^ inches. Marshes and lagoons of the South
Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Delaware to Mexico, mostly in brackish or
fresh water; excessively common in Louisiana. Eastern specimens
(var. holbrooM; Maryland to Florida) have usually the eye larger, about
one-third length of head, 1^ in interorbital width; head 3§ in length.
894 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — Jv.
The yoiinj; are produced iu earlj' summer, when iibout one-third of an
inch long.*
(Heterandna painiclh R. & G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, ;J90; Grrl. U. s
Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 7"2; Gambunia speciosa, gracil'm Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. 8( i
Phila. 1859, 121 : Ileterandria affitiis B. & Q. 1. c. 390: Gambmla humilia and uffink Gtlu
vi, 335, 336: Uelerandria holbrooki Agaseiz M8S. ; Girard, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liiln
1859, (31; Giiiither, vi, 334: Haplochiius milanopa Cope, ProC. Amer. Pliil. Soc. I'liiln
1870, 457: Zjigonectes at rUatuc J or. & Brayt. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, 84, 187js.)
Pages 345, 34G. Oamhtma hnmilis and Oambima ajfinis may he suii
pressed as identical with (?. ^aYrweii*. ..-si,, .,
Page 340. After Oamhiisia nohilis add :
.'S66 (&). O. senilis Grd.
Brown, sides with dark specks; vertical fins speckled. Veutralsveiv
small, not reachiiig vent; anal rather large. Head 5 in total leiigtli.
D. 9; A. 10. L. 2^ inches. Chihuahua River. *
(Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia. 18.'9, 121.)
Page 347.^nder MolUenesla latipinna read:
" Eye greater than snout, 2 in head, 1^ to 2 in interorbital width."
"Caudal-membrane dark orange, with black dots." "D. 14 or 15; A.
8." ,.,,_ ,.-,,_^^^ .., -.
Page 347. After MolUenesia latipinna add:
567 (ft)- M. lineolata cGrd.) J. & G.
Color of 31. latipinna, the sides with five dark half-bars. Eye .small.
3J to 3J iu head. Dorsal fin rather small, its rays 13 (rarely 14) in
number; otherwise essentially as in M. latipinna, of which it may be a
variety. Marshes and lagoons of Louisiana and Texas.
{PaccUla Uneolata Grd. U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 1859, 70: Limia pceciloiden GnX.
1. c. 70.) .
Page 352. Instead of -EJsod? saimowett* read :
574. E. uinbrosus Kirt.
The E,>io.r vittatus and U. salmonens appear, from Rafinesque's maim-
script notes, to have been mythical.
Page 355. Instead of Murama melanotis, which is not yet known to
occur in our waters, substitute:
57§. HI. rcfifcra Goodo & Bean MSS.
Body moderately stout, somewhat compressed. Teeth of upper jaw
"Among the genera of Ci/piinodonts, only those which have tho anal fin in the male
niodilied are known to be viviparous. The others {Cyprinodon, Fiindulus, Zygonecks,
etc. ) are probably all oviparous.
ADDENDA 52. MURiENID^. — MUR^NA.
895
in two series, the outer series of a few short, fixed teetli ; the inner
ISeries of about 10 lonj?. compressed teeth, a few of wliieh are depressi-
hle, all more or less directed backward; those ot the middle of the jaw
somewhat larger than those in front. Vomer with 1 or 2 depressible
canines. Teeth of lower jaw similar to those of upper; the large teeth
liitlier shorter and broader; teeth all entire; mouth not closing com-
pletely. The tubes of anterior and posterior nostrils about equal,
slightly shorter than eye. (^left of the mouth 2^ times in length of
liead; eye over middle of cleft, 1§ in snout. Snout in head. Head
■>^ in trunk. Tail very little longer than rest of bod.\ . Dorsal mod-
erate, beginning over the middle of head. Gill-opening small, about
as broad as eye. Color light brown, regularly reticulated with black-
ish, the reticulations inclosing h'^xagonal or roundish spots of the
{[round color, irregular in size, longer than the eye. Entire fish fur-
ther covered thickly with small whitish spots, smaller than the pupil;
ihese spots smallest and most numerous anteriorly, nearly obsolete on
the belly, and prei^ent on the inside of the mouth. Gill-opening sur-
rounded by a small blackish blotch not twice as broad as eye. Angle
of tlie mouth black ; dorsal with about 5 longitudinal blackish lines,
which are obsolete posteriorly. Anal with a blackish longitudinal
stripe. Charleston, South Carolina.
(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882.)
Page 357. After Murwna ocellata add :
5§0 (ft), in. afra (Blocb) Gthr.
Greenish black ; fins with dark lines and without pale edge. Teeth
iiniserial in old examples, the vomerine teeth being sometimes biserial ;
mandible with ahout 20 teeth ou ea^ side, the four anterior nuich Ion-
iser than the others, and, like the canines, rather elongate. Anterior
nasal tubes half as long as eye. Gill-opening nearly as wide as eye.
Suout narrow, produced, pointed; eye moderate, half length of snout,
somewhat nearer angle of mouth than end of snout. Cleft of the
mouth wide, two-fifths length of head. Tail longer than body. Uead
2i in trunk. Dorsal not elevated. {Oiinther.) Tropical parts of the
Atlantic; north to Florida.
(^ Gymnothorax afer Bloch, Ausl. Fische. ix, 85: Murwna ajra (jiiinther, viii, 123,
ill part. )
5§0 (c). M. moringa Cnv. Moray.
Everywhere with innumerable, confluent, irregular, brownish black
k
'%
^^p
I-, .
;)|
- ■-
1
A;,'!
'^M
896 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOdY IV.
spots separated by a fine network of the white jjround (;olor; each noic
of the h)werjaw in a round white spot; tins without wliite niar'Mii* in
young examples the bhick spots are Uirger and fewer in nun»l)er than in
adults. Teeth uniserial; canines large; jaws not shutting eoinplctt'lv •
mandible with 23 to 28 teeth on each side, of which the 3 anterior arc
canines, the third being separated from the preceding by an interspace.
Length of anterior nasal tubes less than vertical diameter of the eye.
Snout produced, narrow. Eye moderate, f length of snont, a little
nearer angle of mouth than tip of the snout. Cleft of mouth very
wide, f length of head. Gill-opening a little wider than eye. Tail as
long as, or somewhat longer than, body. Length of head half, or a
little less than half, that of trunk. {GUnther.) Tropical parts of the
Atlantic, north to Southern Florida.
(Cuvier, Rfegue Anim. ; Gihither, viii, TiO.)
Page 358. Before Coecula insert:
108 (&).— JLETHARCIIUS Goodc & Bean MSS.
*
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882: typo Letharvhus velifer Goodc &. Bean.)
This genus differs from Ccccula {Sphagehranchus) in the total absence
of the anal fin. The dorsal is high and begins on the head; gill-open-
ings subinierior, nearly longitudinal; pectoral wanting. {XrjOo!J.at, to
forget; «/>;?»?, anal.)
5§0 (&). Li. velifer Goode & Bean MSS.
Body rather robust, somewhat compressed, its greatest depth a little
more than f the length of head. Head large, abruptly tapering ante
riorly; snout very slender and pointed, projecting considerably beyond
the lower jaw, its length -^ head, and nearly twice the very small eye;
nasal tubes rudimentary; anterior nostril under tip of snout; cleft of
mouth, from tip of snout, 4 in head; eye nearer tip of snout than angle
of mouth; lower jaw short and weak ; tongue short, free in front; teeth
small, pointed, subequal, in narrow bands on jaws and vomer; head 6^
in trunk; head and trunk 1^ times length of tail. Dorsal unusually
high, its height at nape equalling cleft of mouth; its insertion at first
third of head. End of tail sharj). Anal fin wanting. No trace of pec-
torals. Gill-openings large, subinferior, oblique, conv^ergent anteriorly,
their length more than three times breadth of isthmus, and equal to
lower jaw. Lateral line very distinct, extending forward in a curve to
below front of dorsal. Four conspicuous pores on each side of lower
jaw, 3 behind each eye, 3 at the nape in front of dorsal, 1 on top of the
ADDENDA — 53. ANGUILLIDiE — 0PHICHTHY8.
897
head, and 1 on each side of upper part of snoat, besides u few smaller
ones abont the lips. Dark brown, slightly mottled with darker, not
paler below ; liead paler than body ; dorsal fin pale, with a broad bhujk-
ish margin. West coast of Florida. v
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1882A r : i
Page 358. After Gceeula aouticaris add:
$81 (b). C. teres (Oiode & Bean) J. «&, U.
Body terete, moderately elongate, about f length of head. Snont
short, moderately pointed, projecting somewhat beyond lower jaw, its
length GJ in head, 2^ times the very small eye. Tube of anterior nos-
tril shorter than eye. Cleft of mouth 4 in head ; front of eye behind mid-
dle of cleft. Lower jaw rather short and weak ; tongue not free in front.
Head 8| times in trunk. Trunk and tail equal in length. Dorsal (as
in G. scuticaris) beginning in front of middle of head.* Distance from
tip of snout to front of dorsal 2f head. Dorsal of moderate height,
its longest ray nearly equal to snout. End of tail acute. Anal well de-
veloped, lower than dorsal. Pectorals minute, pointed, usuallj' shorter
than eye. Gill-openings vertical (as in C. scuticaris), the length of one
slit slightly more than breadth of isthmus, about equal to length of
snout. Lateral line distinct, the pores well separated. Head without
conspicuous pores. Uniform clear brown, paler below, whitish on the
head ; fins all p.ale. West Florida.
{Sphagebranchua teres Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882.)
Page 359. No. 582 may perhaps stand as — .
582. O. mordax (Poey) J. & G.
The identity of the species found on our coast with Macrodonophis
mordax Poey is certain, but the " Crotal&psis punctifer" of Kaup is
somewhat questionable. The small vomerine teeth are in two series.
On page 359, substitute for the description of 583, Ophichthys trisert-
alis:
Light olive brown; a dorsal series of large round black spots, be-
sides two alternating lateral series; head with small spots above and
below, those below elongate; dorsal and anal narrowly edged with
black; pectorals with a few spots. Skin of head with longitudinal
wrinkles. Length of head a little more than one-third its distance
from vent. Head subconical, the snout rather long and pointed.
•Subgenus Callechclya Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 28: type Callechelys guichenoti Kaui>..
{xdXoi, fair; iyx''-X^'^i p*?!-)
Bull. Nat. Mns. No. 16 57
T^
"^
898 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV.
Mouth largo, the gape 2f in head. Eye moderate, 2 in snout, a little
behind the middle of the gape. Teeth pointed, fixed, those iu jawH
biserial, those on vomer in one series. Pectoral ',\\ in head; dorsal be
ginning well in front of its tip. Tail a little longer than body. Pacitic
(and Atlantic?) coast ot Tropical America; abundant southward ; north
to Southern Calif'«rnia {Jide Cooper).
(MufifnopHin triHerialia Kaiip, Apodes, 185(5, 12: HerpetoichthyB caiHsoma Abbott, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860,475: Ophiauruit californiensis Garrott Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat.
Sci. iii, 66; GUuther, viii, 58.)
Page 359. After Ophichthys trisenalis add:
583 (/>). O. inacrurus Poey.
Uniform light olive, the back closely punctate, but not dark; tins all
pale, the dorsal and pectoral without dark shades. Body not very
slender. Head pointed, the upper jaw projecting. Eye large, more
than half snout, i)laced above middle of gape. Gape 2§ in head.
Teeth subequal, short, slender, and sharp, more or less directed back-
wards; all of them biserial; no canines. Nasal tubes short, inconspic-
uous. Tail twice length of rest of body. Head slightly more than
half trunk, nearly 9 in total. Pectorals long, 2^ in head ; dorsal begin-
ning opposite anterior third of pectoral; distance from snout to front
of dorsal 2^ in distance to vent. Gill-openings small, rather near to
gether. L. 15 inches. Cuba to Texas. Closely allied to 0. parilin
(Rich.), with which it is identified by Dr. Giinther; but that species
has very long nasal tubes.
(Poey, Eepert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 256: Oxyodontichthya macrurua Poey, Anal. Soo.
Hist. Nat. Esp. 1880, 254; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,260.)
S83 (<0- 0« chrysops Poey.
Light olive-green; vertical fins edged with black; tip of pectoral
broadly dusky. Teeth all biserial, none of them very large or caniue-
like. Head conical, the snout short but rather sharp. Mouth rather
large, its gape about 2f in head; jaws and top of head with numerous
dark-colored pores. Dorsal beginning a little before tip of pectoral.
Lateral line of rather coarse pores. Length of head and body about
2f times in total length. West Florida to Havana, in rather deep
water. The reproductive apparatus in this species in both sexes re-
sembles that of ordinary fishes, the ovaries in the female being very
large, with the eggs exceedingly numerous.
(? Ophiauma gomeaii Casteluau, Auiin. Am^r. Sud. Poiss. 1855, 84, Rio Janeiro: ! Ophick-
thya gomeail Giinther, viil, 60: Ophiauriia chryaopt Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 321; Poey,
Syu. Piec. Cub. 1868, 425: Oxyodontichthya chryaopa Poey, Anal. Soc. Hist. Nat. Esp.
1880, 254.)
mmm
ADDENDA — 53. ANGUILLIDiE— MYR0PHI8.
899
I'ut'o 35J). Alter ()u/uvhtliyn ocellatus add:
,,,.,.,., :. ■ 1»0 (fc).- PISODOMTOPIIIS Kanp. . ■ -..n
(Piwodonophis Kaup, Anodes, 185(5, 15: typo OphigiiruH canrrivorua Rich.) • ' .'
Teeth all, or nearly all, more or less romuled or granular. Other-
wise essentially as in Ophkhthifs. {Tztnov, pea; d^Too-r, tooth; d^tc, snako.)
3§1 (b). P. longUB (Pocy) Coodo & Beuu.
Body extremely elongate, its greatest depth little more than ^ length
of head. Snout rather pointed, its length 5 j in head and twice diam-
eter of eye. Tubes of anterior nostril nearly as long as eye. Cleft of
mouth 3 in head ; the front of eyo slightly behind its middle. Teeth
all blunt and rounded, biserial; those of the front of jaws considerably
larger than the rest. Head 4 in trunk. Head and trunk If in tail.
Dorsal beginning at nape, at a point slightly nearer base of pectoral
than eye, tlnj fin of moderate height, higher than the anal; end of tail
sharp. Pectorals extremely small, rounded, broader than long, the
breadth of their bases equal to depth of gill-opening. Ground color
dark brown, pale below; each side with 2 series of round, whitish
blotches, about 40 spots in each series ; spots somewhat largest and
most distinct anteriorly, where their diameter is nearly equal to length
of snout. Head with irregular round whitish spots on each side.
Dorsal brownish, margined with dusky; other fins pale. Florida to
Cuba. '
{1 Murmna acuminata Gronovr, Syst. Ichtli. Ed. Gray, ld54, 21: Ophiaurus longut
Poey, Rep. Fiw. Nat. Cuba, 1868, 254: Ophichthyti acuminatum Giiiither, viii, 83.)
Page 360. After Myrichthys tigrimis insert:
lit (6).— IWTBOPHIS LUtken.
(Liitken, Vid. Med. Naturh. Foreu. Kjobenh. 1851, 1: type MyropMs punctatun Liilk.)
Body elongate, subcylindrical, scaleless. Vertical fins low, meeting
around the tail, the dorsal beginning far behind the pectoral, which is
small. Mouth moderate, its cleft extending beyond the eye; upper jaw
longest ; teeth moderate, in 1-3 series. Nostrils on the margin of the
upper lip, the anterior tubular. Size small, {(lupo^j Myrus; o(pi^, snake.)
$§5 (&). M. Inmbricus J. & G.
Light olive, everywhere except belov finely punctulate; some very
faint roundish yellowish spots ; eyes green ; lower side of head with
steel-blue luster. Body worm-shaped, tapering backwards and scarcely
compressed; diameter of head less than that of body. Head very small,
■ ■ i:
900
C0NTKIBUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
slender, and pointed, the narrow upper jaw much projecting; eye much
nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout, its length 2 in snout. Teeth
rather strong, slender, sharp, apparently uniserial, the series on vomer
largest. Gape short, 4 in head; nasal tubes very Khort. Pectorals
minute, rounded, scarcely larger than eye. Dorsal beginning nearer
gill-opening than vent, at a distance behind gill-opening equal to length
of head. Head 10?f in total; head with trunk If in tail; head 4 iu
trunk. Height of body 30 in length. Galveston, Texas.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U, S. Nat. Miis. 1882, 261: I^Myrophia punctc.tus LUtken
1. c: IIMyropMs longicollis Kaup, Apodes, 30.)
9§S (c). in. microstigmius Poey.
Distinguished from M. lumhrioua chiefly by the more posterior inser-
tion of the dorsal, which begins at a point midway between gill-open-
ing and vent. {Poey.) Cuba to Southern Florida.
(Poey, Report. Fia. Nat. ii, 250, Giintber, viii, 51.)
Page 300. In lieoconget' nmcronaUm the anal fin is well developed for
its entire length ; not " rudimentary," as stated by Girard.
Page 303. After Conner m^er add :
588 (/^. €. caudiciila Boau MSS.
Olivaceous. Head a little more than 1^ times in trunk, 6 times iu
total length; tail short, its length exceeding that of rest of aninml by
length of head without snout. Eye equal to snout, 4J in head; lip«
moderate; anterior nostril tubular; lower jaw included; cleft of mouth
reaching hinder margin of pupil; patch of vomerine teeth ^ length of
eye; 38 close-set teeth in outer seriesof upper jaw; behind them con
ical teeth directed partly forward ; teeth in both jaws biserial. Dorsal
beginning over posterior part of pectoral ; pectoral a little more than
^ head. Peusacola, Florida, iu deep water. {Bean.)
(Beau, Proc. U 8. Nat. Mus. 1802.)
Tixge 370. After Notacanthus chemnitzi add:
995 (b). IV. phasganorus Goode.
Body mnch compressed, its greatest width about one-third its height.
Head everywhere covered with very small scales, its bones very flexible
but protected by leathery skin. Interorbital width more than leufftli
of snout, 4 in head, twice diameter of eye. Mandible twice length of
3ye; maxillary considerably greater. Teeth of upper jaw slender, blunt,
close-set, like comb-teeth, 32 on each side: teeth of lower jaw ehorter,
slenderer, in two rows; palatines with villifonn teeth in about two se
ADDENDA — 57. SCOMBERESOCID-fi — TYLOSURUS.
901
ries. Distance from snout to dorsal 2f times length of head, its length
nearly twice length of head; anal beginning clcse behind vent, its
length half the body. Pectoral short and rounded, its length (uncertain)
about one-third the head. Ventrals broad, with peduncle-like bases
thickly covered with scales; closely adjacent, separated by a narrow
groove. Head 7^; depth 9. D. X; A. XIX, 130; P. about 17; V. II,
9; B. 8; scales about 20-400-36. Grand Bank, Newfoundland. {Qoode.)
One large specimen known, taken from the stomach of a Somnioam.
(Goode, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mu8. iii, 535, 1880.) .
Page 373. To the account of Tyloaurus Mam add :
Body slender, very strongly compressed, nearly twice as deep as
broad. Tail without keel. C^iudal deeply and subequally forked; ven-
trals inserted much behind middle of body (not a little before middle,
as stated by C. & V.). Side with a series of faint roundish bluish
blotches; pectoral blackish, pale at base. Head 3 J to 3f in length in
adult examples. D. 24; A. 25.
{1 Belone hians C. & V. xviii, 432, and Giiutbier; vi, 248: Belone maculata Poey, Mem.
Cuba, ii, 290.)
Page 373. Instead of Tylosurus latimanifs read: ' .^
597. T. caribbaBUs(LcS.) J. &G. ^'
To the description in the text add: "
Body very elongate, subterete, the depth little more than the breadth
of body, and considerably less than length of postorbital part of head.
Tail scarcely depressed, but with a small black dermal keel. Young
and half-grown specimens with the last rays of dorsal elevated, nearly
or quite as high as anterior rays; adults with the posterior rays of dor-
sal low, not longer than the median. Caudal unequally forked. Jaws
rather strong, slenderer in the young. Scales very small. Tip of pec-
toral black. Head 3 J in adults; 3 in young. 1). 24; A. 22. L. 4 feet.
West ludies; occasional northward.
{Belone mrribaa Lc Sucnr, Joiim. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ii, 127, 1823: Belone latimana
Pooy, Mem. Cuba, ii, 292, 18C0: Belone caribbwa GUnthor, vi, 241 : Belone latimanua QUn-
thor, vi, 249.) ' . '
Page 374. After Tylosurua exilin add : _.^^^^,.^.^^.^,.,^-,-.^.^^-^-^^^4.,^4^^-^.
600 (ft). T. gladlus Beau MSS.
Green; pectorals and dorsal blackish. Body robust, little com-
pressed, its greatest breadth a little more than f greatest depth; cau-
dal peduncle slightly depressed, a little broader than deep, with a sHght
black dermal keel. Head broad, interorbital space nearly | length of
postorbital i>art of head, with a broad, shallow, nearly naked median
li ;% ...♦
. f ■
902 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
groove, which is wider behind find forks at the nape. Supraorbital bones
with radiating striaj. Jawa unusually short, stitt", strong, rapidly taper-
icg forwan's; large teeth of jawa very strong, knife-shaped. Upper
jaw from eye about If times as long as the rest of head. Eye large 7 iu
snout, 2if in postorbital part of head, and 1^ in interorbital width. Max-
illary entirely covered by the preorbital. Cheeks densely scaled ; oper
cles mostly naked except along the anterior margin. Scales of body
minute, especially above. Dorsal fin low posteriorly ; the height of its
anterior lobe equaling that of anal, or length of postorbital part of
head; its longest ray § the base of the fin , caudal luuivte, its lower lobe
nearly half iDugCi.' than the upper; middle rays about as long as eye.
Ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and middle of eye
their length a little less than that of i)ectoral, and equal (o ])08torbital
part of head. Head 3J; depth 13. D. 1, 22; A. I, 20; P. 14. Pensa-
cola, Florida; a large si)ecies, remarkable for the great strc^igth of its
short jaVfS.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1882. )
Page 374. Instead of Tylosurus longirostrk read :
S09. T. inarlnus (Bloch & Scbn,) J. t& G.
To the synonymy add : ,
{Esox belone, var. marinus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 391.)
Page 377. After Hemirhatnphus rosce add :
h. Ventrals much nearer base of caudal than head.
604 (6). H. brasiliensis (L.) Gthr.— /?«/ao.
Greenish above, sides silvery, the lateral silvery stripe very indis-
tinct. Body not very slender, compressed. Lower jaw (from end of
upper jaw) 4| in length from its tip to base of caudal. Head, without
mandible, 5 in length from tip of upper jaw. Premaxillarios broader
than long. Eye large, equal to interorbital space, | postorbital part of
head. Ventrals inserted very far back, midway between base of caudal
and tip of i)ectoral; vertical fins scaly; anal much smaller than dorsal;
last ray of dorsal slightly produced; pe(;toral f length of head; ven-
trals 2;^ in head; (;audal deejdy forked, the lower lobe longest. Head
(with lower jaw) 2^-, depth Of. 1). 14; A. 12; Lat. 1. 53. Troj)ioal
America; a 8i)ecimen lately taken on the coast of Virginia by Dr. ,1.
T. Wilkius.
(/i'sox brasilicnats L. Syst. Nal. i, 517, in part, the name and fin rays takon from
Marcgrave's account of TjilonKrvs timucii; Glluther, vi, 270: Esox braatUcnsin, HI. &
Scbn. 392: Hemirhatnphus vmrijinaiits and balao Le Sueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila
ADDENDA — 57. SCOMBERESOCIDiE — EX OCCETUS.
f)03
ji, 135, 136, 1823: Hemirkamphua hrowni and pleii C. & V. xix, 13, 19: IIemirhamj)hus
pleii GilnthiT, vi, 269: UemirhampJms filamcntosii8 Pocy, Mom. Culm, ii, 297, 1860.)
Page 377. The genua 183 (/>) Euleptorhamphtis, should probably be
recognized. After Eulcptorhamphus longirostris add:
1P3 (c).— CIIKIODORVS Goode & Bean MSS.
(Goode & Bean, Prop. U. S.Nat. Mnw. 1882: type C/iriodorMs oiAennoirfcs Goode& Bean.)
Body and fina as in Hemirhamphus, bu*: both jaws very short, not at
all produced, each with two series of large, tricuspid, incisor teeth,
which form a continuous cutting edge. Maxillary anchylosinl to jne-
maxillary. Ventral fins small, median, {/rsin, want; dofw^, lance.)
609 {b). C. atherinoidcs Gnodo & Bean MSS.
Light olive; sides with a narrow, silvery band. Interorbital space
broad, unevenly convex, its width equal to eye, which is 3^ in head, o,s
long as snout ; premaxillaries much broader than long, their edges con-
cave; maxillaiy 4 in head; mandible 2^, its tip broadly rounded, not
at all produced. Dorsal opposite anal and entirely similar to it; both
Ads elevated in front, but not falcate, their longest rays half head ;
caudal moderate, deeply and subequally forked; ventrals 2^ in head,
their insertion midway between snout and base of caudal ; pectorals 1^
in head; vertical fins with small scales. Scales moderate, deciduous.
Head 4f ; depth G|; breatlth of body % its depth. 1). I, 14; A. I, 15;
V. 0; P. 12; scales 7-46-3. L. 8.} inches. Key West, Florida.
(Ooodo & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882.) ■
Viige 379. BofoTi" Exocoetns (•alifornieuff hiHe,rt:
607 (b). E. Iiilllaiius GosMe.
Dark green, silvery below, tinged with pinkish ; dorsal translucent,
with a large black blotch on upper anterior half; caudal brick -red; pec-
toral translucent, dusky; ventrals more or less dusky, with a small
black spot at base of outer ray. Body moderately comi)ressed. Head
short, the short snout one-fourth its length; eye 3 in head, equal to the
flat interorbital space. Pectoral reaching middle of anal, its length 1^
in body; its second ray simple, .scarcely shorter than third. Insertion
of ventral slightly nisirer root of caudal than tip of snout, its tip (ex-
tending slightly past front of anal, its length 1| in head. Dorsal \«My
high, its ant-tnior rays reaching anal. Head 4.^; depth 5; D. 12; A. 14;
scales 38-a. L. 8 inches. West Indies, north to West Florida Jind
South Carolina.
(Gosse, Nat. Sojourn Jamaica, 11: Pocy, Mom, Cuba, ii, 301: Giiiiflu'T, vi, 384)
-.VI
904 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
Page 379. Instead 9£ Exoccetus noveboracensis resid:
609. E. rondeletil C. & V.
The specimen described in the text came from the open sea, south of
Newfoundland. The species is well distinguished from E. novebora-
censis, by the black ventrals, the larger anal and shorter dorsal the
base of the anal being more than f that of the dorsal ; the head is
blunt and the eye comparatively small ; dorsal beginning slightly be-
fore anal} caudal large, Us lower lobe half longer than head. D. 11
or 12; A. 11 or 12 (not 9) ; Lat. 1. 42. New England to Mediterranean
Sea. .'■" . ,,;■ ;^•!•'^v,^ „;,-,lS*^^,^^#^■^,:^i;.'■■
(CuV. «fc Val. xix, 115; Giinthcr, vi, 293.) ,. ,
Page 379. Atter Exoccetm rondeletii read: v
410> E. novcboracensls Mitcbill. ' '■''■'
J>ark bluish; pectorals blackish at tip, with a median whitish shaa^
ventrals white. Head rather slender, the snout not blunt: eve v^-v
large, 2| in head ; interorbital space rather narrow. Pectoral shorter
and narrower than in E. rondeletii, barely reaching last ray of dorsal-
first ray of pectoral divided; ventrals extending past anal, their inser-
tion midway between preopercle and base of caudal ; dorsal beginning
considerably in advance of anal, the length of its base more than twice
that of anal; lower lobe of caudal not ^ longer than head. Hea^l 4§;
depth 5J. D. 14; A. 9; Lat. 1.45. Atlantic coast; specimens examined
from Wood's Holl and Pensacola.
*
(Mitcliill, Amer. Monthly Mag. ii, 233, 1817; Dekay, New York Fuunii, Fish. 230;
C. & V. xix, U9: Exocoetus melanurua C. &. V. xjx, 101,)
Page 379. The description in the text of ^^E. mclamirns^^ is taken
from an adult example of E. exiliens, the young of which is described
as E. exiliem on page 380. E. melanunis is therefore to be suppressed.
E. exiliens is comparatively slender, the anal fin beginning 0))po8ite
front of dorsal, its base ^ length of base of dorsal; lower caudal lobe
short, shorter than head. I). 11 ; A. 12 (not 9, as erroneously stated in
the text). ;,. ...^ ;,,;,
Page 383. Instead of the foot-note add : :•
614 (6). S. afllne (Gthr.) J. & G. ,:-.^^?--^^.----^fr*7---=^-^--^^^^ -
The specimen from St. John's River, described in tne footnote on
page 383, belongs to JS. affine. The body, in the female, is marked by
silvery cross streaks, which are very distinct in life.
Page 384. In S. louiaianm the rings are usually 20+38 in number; the
dorsal rays 32 to 35.
ADDENDA — 58. SYNGNATHIDiE — 8IPH08TOMA.
905
PAgeSS^. After SiphostomalouiaiaTKB add:
613 (b). S. floridee J. & G.
Dark green, with paler streaks ; tail faintly barred. Body slender;
snout long, one-third longer than rest of head ; nape and opercles with-
out keel; dorsal fin on 1+6 or 7 rings. Tail one-fifth longer than trunk;
lings 18+31. Caudal pouch in male on 18 rings. Head about 6 ; D.
27; L. 8 inches. North Carolina to Western Florida; abundant at Pen-
sacola and Beaufort.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882.)
Page 384. After Siphostoma californieme add: r,i, .
616 (b.) S. grlse^lineatum (Ayres) J. & G.
Very close to S. californiense, but the size smaller, the snout shorter,
and the number of rays and rings different. Dorsal covering 1+9 rings.
Snout in head If times. Dorsal rays 36 to 41 ; rings 18 to 19+39 to 42.
L. 10 inches. San Francisco to Puget Sound.
{Syngnathus grlseoUneatus Ayres, Proo. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. 1854, 14, etc.)
616 (c). S. bairdiffnnm (Dnm.) Swain.
Blackish, with pale lines; fins mottled. Body unusually stout, with
short head and tail. Snout short, coippressed, with a sharp keel above,
in the male just as long as head, probably longer in female. Nape and
opercle without keel. Dorsal fin low. Rings 18 + 31. D. 34, placed
on 1 + 7 rings. Ten rings on tail behind caudal poucli. Head 7f in
hngtli. Santa Barlvara, California.
(^ Syngnathua bairdianua Duradril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 1870, 574; "Coast of Mexico,
near California" (dorsal said io he inc^rted on 3 + 6 riti js); Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat.
Mii8. 1882.)
Page 384. The species described in the foot-note as Siphostoma dimid-
iatum is a valid species, and should stand as —
617 (b). S, aniiscus Swain.*
Syngnathus dimidiatm Gill was based on short-nosed examples of 8,
leptorhynchus. . ^ : >
• Swain, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882.
The following analysis of the species of Siphostoma found in the United States U
given by Mr. Swain (Review of the North American Pipe-fishes, 1. o.): ^.„ . ,
0. Top of head strongly carinatcd.
b. Breast-shields not covered by soft skin; lower jaw slightly included; operole
with a prominent ridge ; snont short ; belly concave ; dorsal rays 20,
its base covering 1 + 4 rings ; rings 18 + 30 ; body with 12 brown croas-
b.and8 ZAxnoPis.
hb. Breast-shields covered by soft skin ; lower jaw inoliulcd ; dorsal rays 41 ; rings
19 + 39 Pu>CTlPIXN».
■■i'->.
'. Ja
:i
TTTT. I.
'■i
906 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Page 385. After Siphostoma punctipinne add :
XX. Top of head with a strong iiiternipt«d median crest. (Corufhrichthys Kaup.)
616(c). S.zatropis J. &G. '
Brownish, with ten broad dark cross-bands which encircle the tail
but do not cross the belly anterior to the vent ; snout whitish with
two narrow dark bands ; lower i)art of head with white cross-streak.s.
Snout as long as postorbital part of head, keeled above. Head small.
Occiput and nape with a strong, compressed crest, on each side of whicli
is a longitudinal ridge ; opercle with a mrdian keel. Ridges of body
very prominent. Tail one-third long(»r than rest of body. Dorsal ou
1 + 4 rings. Dorsal rays 20 ; rings 18 -f ;)0. Head 9. Gulf of Mexico
north to Pensacola. >. »
(tt Cortjthroichthyn albiroatris Kaiip, Lophobranchs, 25 : Syngnathm albirostris GUn-
ther, viii, 170; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 264; Swain, Proc. U. 8.
Nat. Mus. 1882.)
Page 386. The identity of 019 (a) with the European H. heptagonm
{antiquorum) is questionable. None of tne American examples seen by
us are spotted, and their spines are stronger than in European ex-
amples.
•
aa. Top of head with a slight keel or none ; opercle without prominent longitudinal
ridge,
c. Dorsal covering 1 + 9 rings ; snout usually long,
d. Rings 20 to 21 + 45 to 49 ; dorsal rays 39 to 46 ; top of head not keeled ;
large, reaching a length of 18 inches Californiense.
dd. Rings 18 to 19 + 39 to 42; dorsal rays 36 to 41 ; top of head slightly keeled.
Griseolineatum.
cc. Dorsal covering 1 + 7 (rarely 1+6) rings.
c. Rings 15 + 38; dorsal rays 29 to S^, top of head distinctly keeled; suout
short AuLiscus.
ee. Rings 16 to 19 before vent.
/. Dorsal fin low, not longer than head.
g. Rings 18 + 31; dorsal rays 34 ; snou* short; body little tlongate.
Bairdianl'm.
gg. Rings 17 to 19 + 36 to 41; dorsal r.ays 30 to 32; snout moderate or
rather short Leptorhynchum.
ggg. Rings 17 to 18 + 31 to 32; dorsal rays 27; suout rather long; body
slender.
_ Fl,OIUDiE.
ff. Dorsal fin very high, longer than head, its rays 28 to 32; rings 16 + 30
__ to 33; snout rather short; belly in the female with a black carina;
- ^, , - sides of body with narrow vertical silvery streaks in life; dorsal
' I ; , spotted Affine.
000. Dorsal covering 3 + 5 rings ; rings 20 or 21 + 36 to 38 ; dorsal rays 32 to 37 ;
belly flat or slightly concave; snout medium Louisiana.
0COO. Dorsal covering 4 + 5 or 5 + 4 rings ; rings 18 to 20 + 36 to 40 ; dorsal rays
36 to 40 ; snout medium FuscuM.
\DDENDA 59. HIPPOCAMPID^ — HIPPOCAMPUS.
907
Page 880. After JIippocampu8 heptagonns ixd(\:. , . ' ,i r.,
%l9(b). H. guUuIatus Guich. ,
Dark brown, marbled with darker, and usually everywhere spotted
with whitish, the spots most numerous posteriorly. Tubercles on body
generally obtuse and blunt; coronet low; snout usually a little longer
than preorbital part of head. Dorsal rays 17. Supraorbital spine ob-
liquely truncate, compressed. Size rather large. Tropical seas, north
to our South Atlantic and Gulf coast.
(fl Hippocampus guttulaUis Cuvicr, R5guo Aiiiin.: Hippocampus guttulatus Giiutlier,
viii, 202: GuicheuDt, in Ramou de lii Sagru Poiss. Cuba, 174, the West-Indian form,
which is apparently diflferent from the European species called "guttulatus.") ,
(19 (c). H. hudsonins I^ek.
Dusky, without spots, but with pale grayish blotches, which are
sharply edged with paler and blackish ; some of these between eyes and
on neck, the most distinct blotch forming an hour-glass shaped figure,
extending down each side of back ; similar blotches on belly and tail.
Dorsal with a submarginal dark band. Depth eqi^l to length of head.
Snout 1^ in rest of head. Spines of head weak, provided with cirri;
spines of body all short and bluntish. Dorsal on 3J of the 11 body
rings. D. 19. Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod southward. (Described
from No. 19520, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Beaufort, N. C.)
(Dekay, N. Y. Fauna, Fish. 1842, 322.)
619 (d). H. stylifer J. & G.
Brownish, with darker bars ; snout blackish. Snout notably longer
than postorbital part of head; supraocular and temporal spines long,
simple; a long median spine in front of coronet; coronet stout, high,
its spines slender, abruptly spreading. Spines of body very long and
slender, each ending in a filament ; these enlarged on each alternate
plate of the neck, and about every fourth plate on body and tail ; dor-
sal and ui)per lateral ridge usually armed and sometimes lower lateral
ridge; two strong spines at base of pectoral; body with about 50 devel-
oped spinous processes besides numerous smaller points. D. 16, cov-
ering about 4 body rings; rings about 12 +31. Coasts of Florida.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 2<55.)
619(e). H. asostersB J. & G. r ^r-r^r^^T::"": "t ;;;r7;;;";:'7;'"v"r^^:^
Olive green; sides of head mottled with paler; dorsal marbled with
dusky, its margin (in ^ ) broadly red. Snout very short, not more than
half rest of head ; supraorbital spines diverging, each with a small
spiue before it. Coronet high, tv.o-thirds length of snout; its filaments
Kf •■
li:' ''
ft, : \
,:'M
I li
908 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
about as long as snout. Spines on bodj well developed. Dorsal on 2 !
+ 1 rings ; th j fin high and very short. D. 12 ; rings 11 -f 26 to 30. L.
2 inches. Pensacola Bay.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1882, 265.)
Page 391. The ventral rays in Aulorhynchus are I, 4, not I, 5 as erro-
neously stated in the text.
Page 403. Mugil mexicanus is certainly specially identical with Mugil
albula, and may, thereforii, be suppressed.
Page 405. The types of AtJierina Carolina 0. & V., examined by us in
the Museum at Paris, show the following additional characters :
A true Atherina. Eye large, 2^ in head. Scales nearly or quite en-
tire. Spinous dorsal wholly in advance of the vent. Ventral reaching
past front of vent and dorsal nearly to it. Head 4^. Lat. 1. 52.
Page 406. In Labidesthes, the prsmaxillaries, though broadened be-
hind, are much narrower than in Menidia, and but little broader than in
Atherina. •
Page 400. The date of the name Menidia is apparently 1836.
Page 407. Instead of Menidia bosci read:
640> M, vagrans subap. laciniata Swain, sp. nov.
Coast of Iforth Carolina. The synonymy given in the text (page
407 j belongs to No. 644. •
Page 407. In Menidia vagrans the scales are all very firm, with rough
edges. A. 1, 15 to I, 18. Silvery band broad ; back with lines of dots
following the rows of scales; pectoral and caudal yellowish in life. Soft
dorsal and anal scaly. Florida to Texas. /,
Page 408. After Menidia notata add :
648 (J). ]fl. audens Hay, sp. nov.
Color and form of M. notata; edges of scales somewhat dotted; a
dusky streak at base of anal. Head rather broad and flat above. Mouth
small. Eye 3 in head, equal to snout and to interorbital space. Vent
a longitudinal slit, its length two-thirds diameter of eye. First dor-
sal spine inserted immediately above anterior part of anal slit, slightly
nearer base of caudal than snout. Pectorals extending to beyond bases
of ventrals, their length four-fifths head. Ventrals reaching vent. In-
terspace between dorsals twice diameter of eye. Top of head covered
with large scales. Lateral silvery band on fifth row of scales and edges
of fourth and sixth rows; the extreme parts of fifth row not included
in it. Scales with entire edges, which are nearly straight, so that
ADDENDA 72. X IPHl ID^ TETRAPTUEU8.
909
eacU Hcale is ungulated behind. Soft dorsal naked. Head 4^; depth 6.
D. IV or V-I, 8 or 9; A. 1, 17 or 18; scales 45-10. L. 3 inches. Missis-
gippi Kiver; the types from Memphis and Vicksbnrg. {Hay MSS.)
Page 408. Under M. heryllina read " two half-row of scales," iostead
Page 408. Instead of Menidia brasiliensis read : , . ,
(44. M. bosci (Cuv. & Vul.) Swaiu.
Distinguished from Jil- notata by the deeper body and stronger teeth.
The soft dorsal and anal, as in other smooth-scaled species, are free from
scales. D. IV-I, 8; A. usually I, 24. South Carolina to Florida.
[Atherim menidia L. Syst. Nat. : A, bosd C. & V. X, 46r>; not A. brasiliensi^ C^. & Q.)
Page 415. The genus and species ^^ Argyrotwnia vittata''^ should be
erased from the system. We have little doubt that thoy are based on
a specimen of Ammodytes americanm. Our alleged species of AmmO'
iHtidce are perhaps all. forms of Ammodytes tobianus L. A. peraonatusj
at least, is not distinguishable from A. americanus.
Page 417. To the synonj'my of Echeneis remora add:
(Echenda aqualipeta Daldorf Nut. Selskab. ii, 157, about 1785; ami Glinthor ii, 157.
If the subgenus Remora Gill, be adopted as a genus, which may bo desirable, this spe-
cies should st.and as liemora aqualipeta (DaUl.) J. & G.)
Page 41 8. Elacaie Canada is known in Florida as " Sergeant-flsh," from
its lateral stripes ; also, as "Snooks" and "Ling."
Page 420. Instead of Tetrapturus albidus read:
d63. T. indicus C. & Y.
Tropical seas, northward to the Grand Banks, on our Atlantic coast.
Instead of the synonymy in the text, substitute the following:*
(C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 1831,286: Tetrapturua herachelti Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist.
i, 313, 18:58 : Tetrapturua herachelii Liitken, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, 441 : Hiatiophorua her-
tcklii Gilnthoi", ii, 513 : Tetrapturua albidus Poey, M^m. Cuba, ii, 237, 1858: ? Tetraptu-
msamplua Fooy, M6m. Cuba, ii, 243: Hiatiophorua breviroatria Gthr. andPlayfair, Fish.
Zanzibar, 1866, 53: Tetrapturua georgii Lowe, Proc. Zoiil. Soc. Lond. viii, 36, 1840: Te-
trapturua leaaonii Canestrini, Arch. Zool. i, 259, 1861 ; Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1881, 418 (detailed review of family): not Tetrapturua belone Raf.=T. iniperator (Bloch
k Schneider) Goode, a distinct species, known only from the Mediterranean.)
•This synonymy is given in accordance with the views of Dr. LUtken, who recog-
nizes but five species of XipMidce. This view is probably correct but, as has been per-
tinently observed by Professor Goode, the identity of the American species called
Tetrapturua albidua and Hiatiophorua amcricanua, with their Old World representatives,
is yet unproven, and in many respects it is desirable to retain the American names until
this identity is shown. " To unite species from widely distant localities, without ever
iiaviug seen them, is very disastrous to a proper understanding of the problems of
geographical distribution." (Goode, Proc. W. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 427.)
Im« ■,
m
K
B^Bi **
11
910 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
Page 422. After TrichiuruH lepturu8* add: -^ •
319 (6).— BENTIIODESi^US Goode & Beau,
(fiuode Si, Bonn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miis. 1881, 370 : tyi)o Lepidopua elongatua Clarke.)
Body naked, niiicli compressed, band-like, tapering gradually back-
ward from the vent; caudal peduncle very slender, the caudal flu small
but well developed; vent much nearer snout than tip of tail. Lateral
line simple, nearly straight, in a deep, wide furrow. Head compressed •
the snout gibbous near its tip; top of head very flat, concave between
the eyes, without occipital crest; lower jaw with a stout cutaneous ap-
pendage. Three very long, simple, compressed teeth on each premaxil-
lary in front; outside of these a few minute teeth, and behind them a
row of large sharp teeth; lower jaw with a single row of rather large
pointed teeth, those in middle of the jaw largest. Palatine teeth
minute. Nostrils horizontal. Dorsal tin nearly uniform, the spines and
soft rays similar; anal extremely low, preceded by a scale-like append-
age. Caudal forked. Ventrals each reduced to a minute, scale like
spine, inserted below pectorals. Gill-rakers short, spiny, in one series
on first and second arch; obsolete on third and fourth. Deep water.
{fievOiK;, deep ', deff/xut;, hand.) ; ii-f V .
666 (b). B. cloni:atU8 (Clarke) G. & B.
Silvery, with dark traces on head and tail. Length of caudal pedun-
cle half greatest depth of body, its least depth one-third interorbital
width, which is 4 in head. Snout 2J in head ; maxillary not reaching
front of eye, as long as postorbital part of head. Gill-rakers 13 on firat
arch. Dorsal fin inserted above middle of opercle; pectoral as long
as maxillary. Head 7^; depth 30. D. 154; A. 100; P. 12; V. I, 1.
(Goode <& Bean.) Deep seas ; known originally from Hokitika, New Zea-
land; a specimen lately taken from the stomach of a halibut on the
Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
(Lepidopus elongatus F. E. Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Inst, xi, "294, 1878, pi. xiv;
Goode & Beau, Proc. (J. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 379.)
Page 424. After Scomber pneumntophorus read:
667 (b). 8. COlias Gmelin.—" Spanish Mackerel" of Europe.
Our Atlantic and Pacific representatives {grex Mitch. ; diego Ayres)
of 8. pneumatopJiorus seem to be identical, but both differ in some
respects from the European " Spanish Mackerel." 8. colias Gmel.
has the head longer, 3J to 3f in length (instead of 4); its spinous
• This species is known as "Sabre-fish" and "Silver Eel," on the coast of Texas.
ADDENDA 75. CABANOIDA'. — TRACHURUS.
Oil
dorsal is lower, tho loiijjcst spinoH not more than halt of head; the color
is (lintinctly tlitterent. In IS. piieumatophorus the dark band.s on the
back are broader than the interspaces, as broad as pupil; these are
usually continent below with a narrow dark lateral streak, which runs
about on the level of the upper edge of the pectoral; below this streak
the sides and belly are inunaculate. In S. coliaa (si)eciniens from
Charleston, S. C, and from Genoa) the dark dorsal bands are much
narrower, not so broad as the interspaces and more wavy ; the lateral
streak is obsolete or represented by a line of dots, and the sides below
are marked by numerous irregular, wavy vertical streaks, spots, and
reticulations, of a dull pearly-gray color, which are usually broader than
the interspaces; longest D. 8i)ine more than ^ head. The fin rays are
the same in the t\vo species.
{Scomber coUan Gmeliii, Syst.Nat. i, 1329, 1788; C. & V^ viii, 309; Gthr. ii, 361:
Scomber dekayi Storer, Fish. Masy. 5'2.)
Page 424, In the description of Scomber scombrus read "depth 6,"
not 5^.
Page 425. For Anocis rochei road :
660. A. thazard (Lac.) J. «& G.
And add to its synonymy :
{Scomber thasard Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 9, 1802: Auxis taso C. &. V. viii, 14(5.)
Page 427, last line, omit the words " P. 10." j.
Page 430, second line, omit the word 5airrf.
Page 432. The following diagnoses of the species of Trachurua may be
substituted for those given in the text:
6§0. T. picturatus (Bowrticli) J. & G.— Hor«e Jfacfceref.
Body elongate, little compressed, the depth 5 in length ; scutes 50 +
46 to 48, the anterior scutes one-ttird lower than the posterior, their
height 2J in diameter of eye ; curve of lateral line scarcely shorter than
straight part; maxillary scarcely reaching beyond front of eye, 2§ in
head; lining of opercle scarcely blackish. Coast of Southern California
to Chili; Mediterranean.
{Seriola pictnrata Bowdich, Excursion Madeira, 1825, 123: Trachurxis cuvierl Lowe,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii, 183, 1837: Caranx trachurua 2*'"» subdiv. C. & V. iii, 18:
Caranx ania Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 74 (not Scomber amia L.): Caranx symmetricut
Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 62, 1855: Trachurua fallax Capello, Cat. Peix. Portn-
i?al, 1867: Trackurua riaaoi Giglioli, Cat. Anfibi. Pesci. Ital. 1880, 27.)
«
1
812 CONTBIBUTIONtt TO NOKTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
681. T. saurnsKaf.*
Body comparatively deep aud compressed, tbe depth 4; scutes 34 to
36+30 to 38, the anterior scutes scarcely lower than the posterior their
height three-quarters diameter of eye; length of curve of lateral line 12
to If in straight part ; maxillary reaching past front of pupil, 2J to 2h in
head; lining of opercle dusky. CJoaats of Europe; occasional on oui
South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
(Scomber trachums L. Syst. Nat. Cuv. & Val. ix, 11 : Trachurut trachurua Day, Fi«li.
Qt. Brit. 1880, 124: 1 1 Caranxomarua plumierianua Lac. Hist. Nat. Poisa. ili, 84^ pi. n
Trachuriia aaiirua Raf. Caratteri, etc. 1810, 20.)
Page 435. Caranx pisquctus is known on the Gulf coast as "Ilard-tail"
or "Jurel"; Vecapterus punctatiis as " Cigar- tish". The lateral scutes in
Caranx cibi are about 28 in number, as in C. heani, which is possibly
the young of the same species. ,
Page 430. Instead of Carawj? /a/ca^«« read:
6§9. C. amblyrhynchiif/ C. & V.
Add to its synonymy :
(Carawjc am6///»7i.i/nc7itt8 C. & V. ix, lUO, pi. 248.) ' i
Page 437. Caranx fallax can hardly be said to have "canine teetli,"
the teeth being smaller than in G. hippus. ^
Page 443. Trachynotus goreenaiSj the "Permit" of the Florida coast,
is probably distinct from T. ovatus, differing in the much more elongate
form. It reaches a large size. Trachynotus glauctis, the " Gaft- top , sail
Pompano," rarely grows beyond a foot in leiigtb. In the description of
the latter the words "Lower California" should be erased.
Page 444. Instead of Seriola lalandi read :
»01. 8. dorsalis (Gill) J. & G.
The identity of the Californiau " Yellow-tail," with the Seriohi lalandi
of the Atlantic is questionable. For the synonymy of the species sub-
stitute:
(Halatractua dorsalia QiW, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 84.)
A species apparently the true lalandi, however, occurs on the coast
of Florida and may be added as —
101 (&). S. lalandi C. & V.
It agrees in general with the description of No. 701, but the mouth
•The description of T. aaurua given in the text was taken from specimens from
Venice, belonging to a tliird species or variety (decUvia Jenyna) not y<!t found iu
America north of Cape San Lucas. Its scntes are usually 38 to 404-38 1o 42. Iu
form and other characters it is intermediate between aaunta and picturatus.
ADDENDA — 75. CABANGID^ — SCOMBROIDES.
913
I.U ' I'i :i
ig larger, the maxillary 2| in head, instead ofS^; and the dorsal rays
ji^ V-I, 32 or 33. Florida to Brazil ; reaching a large size.
(C. & V. ix, 20H; GUnther, ii, 463: Seriola gigas Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 230.) ^^ ts
Page 445. Aiicr Seriola rivoUana AAd: ■"".■'
709 C*)- S. falcata C. «& v.— "i?ocfc 5a?mon" (Pensacola).
(Irayish, paler below; tins blackish; pectoral pale; a very faint
olivaceous band from the eye to the nape (corresponding to the black
I band in 8. rivoViana^ but scarcely visible). Body deep, compressed ;
head coini)re8sed, not conical, a little longer than deep; snout 2,^ in
I head; maxillary reaching front of pupil, 3f in head; occiput somewhat
(■arln.'ite; caudal keel little developed. Dorsal falcate, its anterior lobe
If ill head, 2.V in base of fin. Head 3J; depth 3|. D. VIII-I, 29; A.
I II-I, 21. Gulf of Mexico, north to Pensacola.
(Cnv. & Val. ix, 210; Gllnther, ii, 404: Seriola bonarienais Goodo & Bean, Proc. U. S.
I Nat. Mu8. ii, 1H70, 129, not of C. «fe V. f It is thought by Dr. LUtken that this species
is identical with <S'. rivoUana, but this identity is not yet proven. S. rivolinna=hona-
I riensin=^bosci seems to bo slenderer, with a distinct black temporal baud.)
Page 445. Instead of Seriola stearnsi read :
I T03. S. carolincnsis Holbr.
This species differs from Seriola dorsalio notably in the larger mouth
[(maxillary reaching middle of eye, 2^ in head, in S. carolineims ; barely
reaching front of pupil, 2| in head, in S. dorsalis). S. caroVmensis, S.
Udandi, and S. dorsalis have the occipital region broadly rounded in
the adult, while in S. zonata it is sharply compressed or carinated at
all ages. In *S\ zonata^ the body is much deeper, the head more obtuse,
I aud the dark bands in the young fish much blacker.
[Seriola carolinenaia and S. zonata Holbrook Ichth. S. Car. 1860,72; Seriola aiearnsi
[Goode & Bean.)
Page 440. According to Dr. Liitken [Sjtolia Atlantica^ 1880, G03) Ela-
Uati» pinnulatus Poey (the "Euuner") is identical with Elagatis Mpinnu-
\ktus (Q. & G.) Benn,, a species known from the East Indies aud the
I Mediterranean. Keferences for the latter are:
[Seriola bipinnvlnia Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uran. Zool. 1, 363: Elagatia bijunnulatus
I Benn. Whaling Voyage, ii, 283: Seriolichihya bipinnulatua Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Nederl.
Ind. vi, 190 : Seriolichthya Mpinnulatua Giinther, ii, 468; the genefic name Elagatia be-
I ing rejected by Dr. Giinther on account of the prior Elacate. )
Page 447. In the typical siiecies of Scombroides the maxillary has a
Uftiall supplemental bone, of which no trace exists in the American spe-
I cies or " OUgoplites?^ The latter group probably merits' recognition as
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 58
91«4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOUTU AMERICAN ICIITIIYOLOOY— IV.
ft (listinot. jftMius. In very youn^ spociinor.s of 0. oc<'ulvmalh tlu> uppor
jrtw ivS |)ii>tr5U>(ilo jw lusual in Caranguhr.
Pajfo 148. Instojul of Pomatomm saltator ivivX:
TON. I>. Miltntrix (\..) OiU.
"iV(j//«j/r».r," IVS nstnl by LimiiiMis, was an oU\ proper uuuio.
Pa^io 151. Invstoad ol' Strotuateu^-i aU'pidotua road:
YIO. $«. |»iirii I..
In tlio (losoription (p. 451) mid pectoral much longn- than head, ami
ad<l to the synonymy :
(Slnmuttrmt parti \.. Syst. Nut. «»d. ii, tf4S; Imsod on a nRiiiv iind «\owrii>tion in
Slo!U\o's ".lamaiott"): Sonrnnun xanlhui-un Qnoy A Ot\'n\\. Voy. FitAyi,, y.oiil. ;{S|-
Jihombu.1 xaHthunui C. A V. ix. •10:>: wot Slnmn(eni> futrn IMooh.)
■ -r
Vaj;«» 45*J. The {fonus " ,Vm/>m.s" l\)eeo (Sn aleuni nnovi lVs<«i del Mar
dl ]\Iessina, iu (liorn. Seien/,. l/ott. Arti i>er hi Sieilia, xxvi, No. 77) is.
aeeonlinfj; to IV. Oij^lioli (in Ui.), probably identieal with /.»>«,<,• Mupus
inipnialus Coeeo hvluff tlu)U{;ht to be the same as Lirus ornlLf. As tluMv
is some tnieertainty, it is pwbably best, however, not to adopt the nuine
Paije 454. Instead of Con/phrma punvttilnta ri>m\:
It^, V,vnuisvti% \..—Simn Dolphin.
>?lnlsh above, paler below, and yellowish; sides immaeuhile. or
spriidvled with small, irregular bine spots; larger si)ots along bavsoof
<lorsal; dorsal dark bine, usually markiMl with w.nvy lines or rows of
spots; anal without spots. Protlle iif snout not beeoming vertical with
age; ventrads moderate, inserted somewhat behind the ptvtorals. ]).
51 to 5(}; A. 24 to 2(5. Length 'J^ fe.M. P«>lagie; not raiv on our South
Atlantic and (hilf coast.
(lu S.vst. Xaf.; (illMthor, ii. 10*: T,i;tl<on. Spoliiv Afluntiojt. l!*,"'), .^fi•^•. r„mp>i,m
j)HH('/H/(ifM,') (\ A; V. ix. ;W7, ('<»»7//>/t(rNii ptiuctHlolo (itiuOior, ii, 408: Vor^thcma immacit-
lota l\)i\v, Mojii. Cubrt, ii, '<.Mf); Lowo, ritthoH Miuioinv, 07.) ,,
Page 455. Instead of (7<)»'y/»/ifrwrt *ucm»** n^id: ^'
Ti6. t\ lilppiiriiji* \,.—OtnU Dotphiit.
" Colors brilliant in life, changing suddeidy at deatli; brownish olivo
above, white v)r golden below, with l)right blue spots, t1u> largest on the
back and head, tVirming bands on the snout; dorsal purplish blue, with
paler obliipie lines; other tins tinged with blue; caudal yellow; inspirits.
palo with blackish spots on the lower parts. IMaxillary rtMiching niithlK'
of oyoj i)ix)lilo of suout beconiing iiotuiy vertical with ago j ftx)Ut of anal
AM>KNDA — 81. CKNTUAKOHin.V, — ClI.r.NOnPYTTl'J^.
915
luulcr iiiiddio of body. "Mulo with (ho fn)nt oUnnlod, fortuiojr a oivst,
whioli |»rojoi'(.s a lit(h» ho\«>mi tho upper jaw; fomulo with hhio spots
nlonjx «'a«'h sith^of Iho (inl,roj;uhnl.vaniUi};otl." (/W,v.) lloiul 5; (h'pth
r». 1>. AS-(54; A. 2(>-^U>. Itongni (5 foot. In all warm 8oa«; ooinnion iii
the Onlf of MoxioO.
(1.. Syst. Nat.; OUnthor. ii. 40.'»; l\x>y, Syn. IMso. C\\K :W^: <',yr^ph(rno tjutlata
rt>(>y, Motn. Ciihft, ii, aift; Ultkon, 1. oi. <ltCl: (Wjiphirtui nufuri C. A. V. ix, IWi.)
Pago ■15r». A ft oi- /V<r<iWw rdro/mw^ a»hl: • ;" ^
^lU.><'h A Sohni>i«lor. SyH(«M«a lol»«hyol. 18(>t, !«): typo Sjuirti* rnji lUooh.)
lUnly e<nnpro8se(l, luoro or loss olovntoil, oovoroci with rather small
sciilt's. Mouth ver> oblicjuo, tho h>wor jaw project iu;;; both jaws with
;in oul(>r .series of strouj; teeth ; t;v<li ou vomer au<l ])alatiues (hvi<lu-
ous. Dorsal aud aual tVus elou>rate, the foruuT with 3 or 1, the hitler
with 1* t>r;r«;>;iies; oiiudal «h>eply forked; voutrals thoraeie, 1,5. ()|>or-
oleseutUT; brauehiostogals 7. No air bladder. Pelajjie. (l.atiu /»*fi»Mrt,
broaui; the speeies luiviug beeu eidled " liranui moritui'^ by Hay.)
TIT(.''). B. riM* (1^1<>«'10 Solni.
(\>l(H'atii»u uuit'tuuj. Kyeat the middle of the head; peetorals reaeh-
iii;: UMildle of aual. (ireatost tlepth beh>w ujiihlle of Ixxiy, ,'Mu total
Iiii^th. 1). Ill -,'11; A. 11-117; seales l.Vim-*J.?. Tyloric cuwi r». Vcr-
t(>l)ra> 1(14-2.1. Atlautie coasts of Kuropo nud Africa, strayiuj; to
(iraud Ihudxs oi Mewtouudhnul (/>mH), coa^st of Washiugtou Territory
(/>mfi), aud C'hili.
t.'?/>«ifwrr?;i Ulooli, lohlh. taf. '2::^; Giinthor. it, 408.)
Ta^io inj). For Ifoloecnft'm read Ilohx^rnlrum. The former is the orig-
inal orthojjraphy, but it is not worth while to try to restore it*
Prtjio -KM. ruder Klaasomathhr, the stateuieuts '^uo teeth ou vomer"
;uid "pseiulobrauehia^ uoue" are uot quite eonvet. j\ specimen of KIoa-
soma zoiKifuw fi'ouj Touibigbce Kiver, IJ^ iiu^hes loujj, thus much larger
than the ori}:final types, shows the folK>wiuj; eharaetei's:
A few weak teeth ou vouu^r; ftnmt teeth »>f l>olh jaws c^vuiueliko,
»lin>cted forward ; pseu«h>brauchia» .somewhat ghuulular, covenMl by
skiu. Scales cychWd ; no lateral line. Dorsal apparently enuugituUe.
1). V, «.»; A. Ill, 5j L«t, \.'6S. lload speckled with black; dm with
dark ^1)018.
916 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN TCHTHYOLOGY— IV
rago 4C8. Under Chcanobryttufi guloam lead: "nead2J; depth 2k"
Page 482. Under Lepomis holbrooki read: "Head 3"j aud under Lc-
pomis notatm read: "D. X, 12."
Page 485. Instead of Micropterns dolomieu, read M. dolomiei. Tlii.s
l>er8onal name should have the genitive form.
Page 523. Under Perca, tenth lino from bottom, add : " Lower limb of
preopercle with strong antrorae teeth."
Pago 525, tenth line, under 8tizo8tedium, add: "Lower limb of pre-
operele with a few autrorse teeth."
Page 532. After Polyprhn oxy genius add:
873 (&).-BBACIIYBHINUS Gill.
(Gill, Troc. Acad. Nat. Sci. riiila. 18G2, 23G: typo Serranua crcolus C. »fc V.)
Body oblong-ovate, compressed} head short, the profdo convex, tlie
snout short and blunt ; jaws an^l all the bones of the head covered with
imbricated scales. Scales of body very small. Moutl ^*\ther srall
oblique, the lower jaw projecting. No supplemental a^i . .uiry. Teeth
as in Scrranus, but the lateral teeth small, not canine-like. Preopercle
evenly serrate. Dorsal si)ine8 9, none of them produced in liUimeuts*
tins all low ; caudal tin forked. Warm seas.
83«(?>). B. fiirclfcrCC. &V.)Popy. 'V/.
Red or reddish, with three small violet spots on the side of the back
and one on the tail; sides with oblique streaks; dorsal fiu with a longi-
tudinal blackii^h streak. Snout short, scarcely longer than the large
eye; maxillary reaching to below middle of eye; preopercle Ihiely aud
evenly serrate. Gill rakers slender. Dorsal spines low, near' nm-
form, but longer than the soft rays; second anal spine rathei • r ?
than third; pectoral long and pointed, longer than head; caudjlc;. ; ,!•
forked. Head 3i; depth 2t. D. IX, 19; A. Ill, 9; sciVles 10-83-a.j.
Tropi(;al America, generally abundant both in the Atlantic and Pacific ;
recorded by Dekay from near New York. Tliis record is doubtful, al-
though the occurrence of the species within our limits is very probable.
{Scrravita fiircifcr ain\creohin(J\iy. »fc Val., ii,264, 265, 1828: Jirachyrhivu/i crco/iwOill,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1802, 24U : Brachyrhimts crcolua Poey, Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y. 1871, 4(5: Connna oxyptera Dckny, N. Y. Fauna Fish. 1842, 77 : Anil U9 furcifer
Gthr. i, 91 : S/L'rraiiua cri'olus and cohnua Gthr. i, 100, 101.)
Pago 533. After Serranus atrarius add :
ADDENDA — 86. SERRANID^ — HYPOPLECTRUS.
917
mi
S30 (h). S. nigrcscens (Uloch &, Sulm.) Ooodo & Beau.
According to Dr. Holbrook the northern representative (nigrcscens) of
Serranus atrarins has the air-bladder simple, and the pectoral as long as
the ventral ; while in the southern form [atrarins) the air-bladder is sac-
culated, and the pectoral longer than the ventral. These observations
are confirmed by Dr. Bean, who has also noticed other points of ditter-
euce. Tiie northern form (Cape Ilatteras northward) may then stand
as 8. nigrescens,
(Coryiihama nigrescena Blocli & Scliueiiler, 1801, 2U7: Ccntrojmstia nigricans C. & V.
iii, 37, and of various authora. )
Page 534. In Serranus trifurcus the fdamentous tips to the dorsal
spines are often but little developed. A species, apparently the same,
occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Head 2f ; depth 3|. D. X, Iii; A. Ill,
7; scales (}-48-13. The section called ^^ Ualiperca^^ should hePrionodcn*
Pago 535, To the account of Serranun stihligarius .add:
A large blotch of cream-color with sharply defined edges in front of
vent, extending upwards as an irregular cross-band to iiear middle of
sides; an interrupted black ring around tail at base of caudal; a large
black blotch on front of soft dorsal; lower parts of head with a very
conspicuous network of bluish streaks; pectorals, anal, and caudal,
sharply barred with black; ventrals tipped with black. IJody deej),
compressed; the head very slender, acuminate, the anterior profile
straight or somewhat concave; depth at middle of eye little more than
hall-length of head; lower jaw little projecting; roaKillary reaching
posterior margin of pupil, 2^ in head; canines small, those on sides of
lower jaw largest; edge of i)reopercle sharply and subequally serrate ;
gill-rakers short. Dorsal little emarginate, the fourth spine 3 in head;
caudal subtruncate; second anal spine longer than third, 2^ in head;
jaws, and dorsal and anal fins scaleless. Head 2J; depth 3; D. X, ]3;
A. Ill, 7; scales 0-42-17.
Images 536, 537, etc. All the species of Serranus have normally 10
spines in the dorsal. - ^ ^ -^ \
Page 530. Instead of subgenus Plectropoma substitute:
ay* (/>).-HYPOPL,ECTRUS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.Phihi. 18G2, 236: type Pleclrojmma puelldj C. & V.)
This genus differs from Serranus chiefly in the presence of antrorse
m
■■\
Prionodea Jenyus, Zool. Beagle. Fish. 1842, 46: type Prionodea fasciatua Jenyns.
^
918 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
spines on tlio lower margin of tlie preopercle. The species are of siaall
size; the body short and compressed. (uTrtu, below; 7r/l7>r/?ov, sinir.)
Page 537. Instead of Sctranus clilorurus read: ''■•>• >
843. II. nigricans (Poey) Gill. ' ^
The species found on the Florida coast has the body and fins all alike
blackish, with violet shades, and is doubtless distinct from IL cMorurun
in which the pectorals and caudal are yellow. Florida to Cuba.
Page 538. Instead of rW,sofrqpis ftruH/ieits read:
§44. T. stomias Goodo & Bean MSS.
The color in this species, the "Black Grouper" of the Florida coast,
is dark gray, freckled with paler, but without distinct spots; fins all
edged or tipped with black; no yellow nor violet shjides anywlieix.
Caudal lunate. Mouth very large; the maxillary longer than pectoral.
The identification of this species with T. brunneus Poey is very doubtful.
(Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) <. ,- .■
V'AgiA b^^. Aitev Trisotropis microlepis ixd^'.
§46 {h). T. pctrosus Poey.
Light brownish violet, covered with close-set round reddish brown
spots about as large as the pupil, besides largo quadrate dark areas oii
the trunk; no red anywhere. Fins dark brown, except the pectorals,
which are black, with a broad border of bright orange, at least in tlio
adult. Maxillary extending beyond orbit. Preopercle rounded, finoly
serrate. Caudal lunate, the lower angle rounded. Head 3^ (in total);
depth 4. D. XI, IG* A. Ill, 11 ; coeca 15 to 20. Cuba to Key West.
{Poey.)
{Serranm pvtroms Poey, Memoriaa, ii, 130: Trisotrojda pctrostis Pooy, Anu. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y. ix, 301, 1870.)
Page 540. '■* Epincphclm copnolm^^ should apparently stand as —
§47. £. atlnnticus (Lar.) J. & G.
The earlier names, llolocentrus punctatu)t Bloch (Tchth. iaf. 241) and
I'erca maculata Bloch are both preoccupied in this genus.
Page 541. After jE[p/wf7)/»r/?/.s"«'/«7ri7«.<f add : I
§50 (/>). E. j^triatnN (Bloch) Gill. — HamM; Xassau Grouper. =^ -
Chestnut-brown, varying to light slate-color; lips and throat voriuil-
lion ; a black stripe sometimes present, extending from snout to a point
between eyes, then dividing, one branch extending to origin of dorsal.
the other to opercle ; a large quadrate black blotch ou tail behind dorsal ;
ADDENDA 86. SERRANIDvE EPINEniELUS.
910
young with transverse dark l)ars; vontrals dusky. l»o(ly rather deep,
somewhat eompressed. Month hirge, the niaxiUary extendinjjf beyond
eye, 2 in head; canines rather strong. Preopen^U* nearly evetdy serrate.
Caudal rounded*; second anal sj)ine rather strong, slightiy longer than
third; dorsal spines rather high. Jaws and tins with lint; scales. Head
3.J; depth 2^. D. XI, 17; A. 11% Z, Lat. 1. about 85. West Indies;
north to Key West {Poey ; Stearns)', very abundant; reaches the length
of 4 or 5 feet.
(Anthitts striatum Hloch, Ichth. ix, 1();>, 1797: Serranux alriatim (irUnthor, i, 110: Goode,
IJuU. U. S. Nat. Mu8. v, 57: Tooy, Ui'p. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 'iHo.)
Page 541. The group called Bodianitfi is probably entitled to generic
rank. Its species should stand as follows: ■ ^ ^ y
g.'Sa. B. piiBictatus (L.) J- & Gl.
§5« («»). B. tocniops (C. &. V.) J. & G. '
Ked or dark brown, the head, body, and tins covered with small
round blue, black-edged spots; one or two dark blue streaUs from eye
to snout ; tins all more or less edged with deep blue. Maxillary reiich-
iiig posterior margin of eye; canine teeth rather strong, the upper
largest. Caudal rounded behind ; no notch between dorsal spines and
soft rays. Second and third anal spines about equal. Head 2A: depth
2|. H. IX, 15; A. Ill, 1); Lat. 1. 100. Tropical Atlantic ; Florida Keys
to Seuegambia. {Steindachncr.) ,
(ScrranuH tiviiiops C. »& V. ii, :{70: Serranm Iwtiiopn Giliithor, i, 121: Serranua iwmopa
Sl<'iiula<'liiH'i\ HtHtiajfo Ktuintn. Fi.seli(» AlVika's, Iriril, 4.)
§!i*2 (c). E. ij:uttatiis ((Tiiiclin) Goodo.— Ca/>n7/a.
Olivaceous; body and head everywhere covered with small bronze
spots, much smaller than the pupil, the spots mostly with «larker
centers; besides these are larger obscure pale spots, around which the
{ground color forms reticulations; whitish marblings on sides of back;
base of pectoral reticulate; vertical tins obscurely spotted; the soft
(lortial and caudal broadly margined witli black; pectorals pale; veu-
trals dusky at tip. Body comparatively elongate. Mouth largo, the
maxillary extending past the eye, its length 2^ in head. Eye shorter
than snout, 5A in head. Depressible teetli in front of jaws long. Fins
of moderate height; caudal truncate; anal spines moderate, the second
about as long as third, 5 in head; pectoral 1§ iu head. Head 2J; depth
•Th« caudal is liiiiato iu A', morio and in the spocicH of IVisotropia. In our other
species of Epinephelm it is rounded or truncate.
i
111
-'i'l
1 K-
i.
920
CONTKIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICnTHYOLOGY IV.
3. D. Xr, 15; A. Ill, 8; Lat. 1. about 100. West Indies, north to
Florida Keys.
{Perca guttata Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 1315: Goodo, Bnll. v, U.S. Nat. Mus.
187G, 58; I!odiaiw8 apua Bloch, taf. 2'2(»: Scrranua apua Giintber, i, 140: llohcentrn^
punctatus Hloch, taf. 241 : Lutjanus lunulaius Bloch & Schneider, 1801, 329: Serranm catnn
lunulaim, antra, and ])ixanga C. & V. ii, 362, 379, 377, 383: EptnepMuH luvulatua Poey'
Syu. Pise. Cubens. 1868, 287: Serranm apua Steiudacher, Ichth. Notiz. vi, 43, 1867.)
Page 541. Promicrops should be reunited with Epinephelus. Our
species may stand as:
§53. E. guasa (Poey) J. & G.
It is however probable, as suggested by Dr. Gill, that the Epine-
phelus guasa is simply the very old form of E. nigritus, also known as
'' Ouasa^^ or " Warsaw^^ by the Florida fishermen.
Page 542. Dules auriga should be omitted, as it has probably never
been taken on our coast.
Page 543. Instead of Rhyptlcm dccoratus read : ^
856. R. nig^ripinnis Gill.
And add to the synonj^ray :
(Rhypticua vigripinnia Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1,861, r'3: ^ Promicroptcrus
deiioratiia Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1870, 119.)
This species inhabits the Pacific coast of Mexico and Central America,
and we doubt its occurrence on our Atlantic coast. The specimens ob-
tained by Professor Cope at Newi)ort may belong to some difterent
species.* ;',■.. ' -Vv. = ;,',.''■, j,., ,,;,„, ,',;/;
Page 54G. Instead of X(p?wc/if%s Gill read :
2§1.— XENISTIVS Jordan & Gilbert (gen. no v.).
In the typical species of Xewic/tf//p Gill, the soft dorsal is much longer
than the spinous dorsal, and composed of 18 rays; theaiml is also sim-
ilarly elongate, of 16 to 18 rays. In X. caU/orniensis, tbo soft dorsal is
shorter than the spinous dorsal, and composed of 11 or 12 rays; tlie
anal is also short. The latter species may be taken as the t.\pe of a
distinct genus, which may be called Xenistiu 8 {Uvo<;, peculiar; laTur^,
sail, for dorsal fin.)
-^*ttr
* ProleHsor Copo describes the specimen from Newport as follows : " D. II, 2G ; A. IG ;
scales 11-98-4G, counted from base of second dorsal spine. Dorsal lins couuected by
membrane as elevated as that of the first dorsal. Head (from preniaxilla to end ol'
spine) more than 4 times in length, including caudal fin. Pectorals not narrowed.
Eye 5.33 times in length of head. Otherwise, as in P. viaculatua Holbr. Color dark
brown, covered with round pale spots as large as the orbit, each with a brown cen-
tral spot. They extend on the dorsal and proximal caudal fins. Second dorsal, anal,
and caudal fin broadly blackish-edged."
ADDENDA 88. SPARID^ LUTJANUS.
921
Page 548. Instead of Lutjanm melanurua read :
g61» I^» chrysurus (Bloch) Vaillant.
Erase from its synonymy " Perca melanura L. Syst. Nat." The latter
is a West Indian species of Diahasis {^Hccmulon doraale Poey).
Page 548, 549. In all our species of Luljanus the series of scales above
the lateral line extend obliquely upward and backward, being not
throughout parallel with it. In L. chrysurus, caxis, stearnsi, and black-
fordi, the patch of vomerine teeth is " anchor-shaped." In many of the
other species of the genus the patch of vomerine teeth is lunate, and
in some the series of scales above the lateral line are parallel with the
lateral line.
Page 549. After Lufjamts eaxis add: ,, . .; ■ ,• % , k'.
§62(6). li. caballerote (Bloch «fe Schneider) Poey. • v ■ .-: .y\'A.] •. 7 r ^.yv^
Brown, tinged \\'ith violet; red below; fins wine color; eye red;
young with a blue stripe or line of points under the eye, but without
dark bands. Body rather more elongate than in L. caxis; snout prom-
inent, 3 in head, the profile somewhat concave; mouth rather small;
maxillary not reaehlng middle of orbit; jaws subequal; teeth very
strong; upper jaw with 2 large and 4 small canines; vomerine teeth pro-
longed backward on the median line ; eye 4^ in head, 1§ in snout ; pre-
opercle notched, but the knob of the interopercle very inconspicuous ;
caudal eniarginate; pectorals If in head, scarcely reaching front of
aual; second anal spine strong, scarcely longer than third; fourth
dorsal spine longest. Direction of rows of scales above lateral line
very oblique; nuchal scales in 3 series. Head 2f ; depth 3. D. X, 13;
A. Ill, 7 ; scales 9-45-lG. West Indies, north to Key West. Eeaches
a weight of 12 pounds.
(Anthias cahallcrote Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 1801, 310 : Mciioprion cynodon
Giiuther, i, 194; Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 187 ; Pooy, Syuops. Piac. Cub.
1868, 293; Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, 75, 1871.)
§63 (0). li. campechlanus Poey. ' . '
Deep red, paler on the throat; streaks along the rows of scales bluish
above, yellowish on the sides; fins colored like the body; dorsal bor-
dered with orange, and with a narrow blackish edge ; caudal bordered
with blackish; eye red; a blackish blotch near the lateral line below
soft dorsal, as in numerous West Indian spec'cs (and in the young of
L. blackfordi). Body rather deep. Eye large, 4 in head; maxillary
reaching front of eye ; preoperclo serrate, the concavity slight; inter-
opercle without knob; canines slender; teeth in lower jaw large in
,"(
fr
n-M
922 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NCrlTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV
front I tougue with two rough plates ; soft dorsal as long as the part of
the spinous behind fifth spine ; caudal little forked. Temporal band of
scales broad ; scales above lateral line forming oblique series .ot par-
allel with the back. Vomerine teeth prolonged backward in a lon^
band on the median line. D. X, 14; A. Ill, 8; 65 scales in a series
above lateral line, 53 below. Gulf of Mexico; brought to the Havana
markets from the Bay of Campeachy and from Key West. {Poey.)
(Meaoprion campechanus Poey, Moniorias Cuba ii, 14!>, 18(50, and in Synops. Pisc.
Cubeua, 294: Meaoprion campechianua Poey, Ana. Lye. Nat. Hiat. >T. Y. 1870, 5.)
Page 549. To the account of Lutjanus stearnsi add : Scales above lat-
eral line forming oblique series, which are not parallel throughout with
the lateral line. Teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped patch, prolonoed
backward on the median line ; outer pair of canines above, very large •
teeth of lower jaw moderate; teeth on tongue in a single patch; max-
illary 2 J in head, reaching front of pupil; posterior nostrd ovate; pec-
toral IJ in head; second and third anal spines subequal.
Page 549. After Lutjanus stearnsi add:
864 (&). L.. synagris (L.) Poey.
Olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below ; flushed with reddish
above ; back and sides with wide, continuous stripes of golden yellow,
usually wider than a series of scales; a black blotch below soft dorsal;
sides of head with yellow stripes usually continuous with those on
sides; two yellow stripes from eye to snout; caudal red; other fins yel-
lowish; dorsal with two reddish longitudinal bands; veutrals margined
with white ; these colors fading in alcohol. Body rather deep and com-
pressed; anterior profile steep and nearly straight; lower jaw project-
ing; maxillary reaching to below front of eye. Teeth rather small,
subequal, the canines little developed ; teeth on vomer in a /^-shaped
patch, slightly prolonged backward on the median line. Scales small,
smoothish; those above lateral line arranged in series not parallel
with the lateral line. Preopercle with a shallow notch. Dorsal spines
slender; anal spines graduated ; anal fin rather high; caudal moder-
ately forked. Pectorals long, IJ in head, almost reaching anal. Gill-
rakers rather long and strong. Head 2§ ; depth 2|. D. X, 12 ; A. Ill,
7; scales 6-50-17. L. 12 inches. West Indies; north to Key West,
Florida.
(Sparua aynagria L. Syst. Nat.: Sparm vermicularia Blocli & Schneider, 1801,275:
Meaoprion uninotatua Cuv. & Val. ii, 479: Meaoprion uninotatua GUntber, i, 202: Meso-
prion uninotatua Poey, Synopsis Pisc'tubens, 294.)
ADDENDA — 88. fiPARID^ — DIABASIS.
923
Page 550. Conodon C. & V. should be recogiiized as a distinct genus.
Page 550. To the account of Conodon nohilis add:
Series of scales above lateral line, forming series parallel with the
lateral line ; anterior limb of preopercle with strong spinous teeth di-
rected forwards. In all our species of Pomadasys the scales above the
lateral line form series not jiarallel with the lateral line.
Page 551. Pomadasys fasciatus is identical with P. fulvomaculatus and
should be suppressed. Instead of " Lat. 1. 75," in the description of the
latter species, read "Lat. 1. 57."
Page 551. After 66, etc., add :
e. Body short and deep ; the back arched; spines strong ; outer tcelh enlarged; lips
thick; soft dorsal and anal with small scales. {Anisotremuti Gill.)
Page 552. In the description of P. virginicus add "scales 10-55-lG."
Page 552. Pomadasys bilincatus has been lately taken in Florida by
Dr. J. A. Henshall. Scales 6-35-13; about 45 pores in lat. 1. The
specimens from California referred to this species probably belong to
the following:
§71 (6). P. interruptus(Gill) J. «S:G. . :^ •
Adult grayish; each scale on upper anterior part of body with a dis-
tinct blackish spot; fins all more or less dusky. Young (!) {interruptiis)
with the spots obsolete; sides with two jiarallel jet black bands, the
lower from eye backward nearly but not quite reaching a largo black
blotch at base of caudal. Back arched ; pectoral a little shorter than
head; second anal spine robust, half length of head, longer than fourth
dorsal spine. Scales very large, especially below spinous dorsal, where
they are much larger than in P. hilineatus. Head 3; depth 2.J. D.
XII, 16; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-34-12; pores about 45. San Diego (t) to
Panama.
(? Genytremus interruptus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 250 (young) : rHstipoma
fiirthi Steind. Ichth. Beitr. v, 4, 1876: Pomadaaya fUrthi Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mas. 1881, 385.)
Page 553. After Diabasisformosus add:
872 (6). D. elegans (C. «fe V.) J. & G.
Brownish; sides of head and body with seven or eight conspicuous
wavy longitudinal bands of light blue, edged with dusky. Back some-
what elevated; snout long, compressed; mouth large, the maxillary
reaching to below eye; eye 1^ in snout, 3 J in body. Head 3 J (in total);
depth about the same. D. XII, 16 ; A. II, 9 ; scales 8-50-16. West
I
r. '.^ i .if
i
. . ;
» I
f ' ". 1 ■ -
l 't
ii
924 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
Indies; north to Florida. Resembles D. fonnosus, biit readily distiu-
guished by the striped body.
I' 'tr
{Hwmulon elcgana C. & V. v, 287: Hwmulon elegans Glintber, i, 30C.)
'»
V'dge 053. After Diabasis chrysopteriis add:
873 (/'). D. chromis (Biouss.) J. «& G.
Light olive; each scale with a large dark spot; these forming very
distinct interru^>ted stripes along the rows of scale; lower fins dusky
a dusky blotch at angle of preopercle. Young with 2 or 3 longitudinal
blackish streaks. Back somewhat elevated; maxillary reaching just
past front of eye, 2| in head. Series of scales above lateral line very
oblique (as in all our species of Diabasis), the series from the scapular
scale reaching Cth dorsal spine; preopercle well serrated. Longest
dorsal spine 2J in head ; second anal spine strong, 2^ in head, the flu
high. Pectoral IJ in head. Head 3; depth 2f. D. Xll, 18; A. Ill
7 ; Lat. 1. 42. West Indies ; north to Florida.
(Pcrca chromis Bronssonet MSS: Ilcpmnlon chromis C. «feV. 242: Haemulon chromis
GUnther; i, 310: Ilwmulon aerratum Poey, Memorias, ii, 181.)
§73 (c). D. albiis (C. & V.) J. & G.
:ifi%;
Color pale uniform plumbeous; no black spot behind angle of preo-
percle. Mouth wide, but the maxillary not reaching front of orbit; eye
6 in head, 2| in snout; preopercle finely and evenly serrate, its poste-
rior limb nearly vertical. Dorsal flu scarcely notched, the spines rather
strong, the fourth longest, 2 J in head; second and third anal spines
nearly equal in length and strength, rather more than half fourth dorsal
spine. Caudal forked. Head 3 J (in total); depth 3^. D. XH, 16; A.
Ill, 8 ; scales 7-50-lG. West Indies ; north to Key West. {Poey.)
(Hcemulon album, Cuv. «fe Val. v, 241: Hwmuloa album GUiitlier, i, 311: Hwmulon
album Poey, Synopsis Pise. Ciibens. 1868, 312.)
Page 553. To description of Diabasis chrysopterus add:
Brownish-olive above ; a narrow bronze band, darkest in young, from
snout, through eye, to base of caudal; above this two or three dark
streaks from eye to above gill-opening; another beginning on top of
snout on each side, passing above eye, and extending parallel with the
first-mentioned stripe straight to last ray of dorsal, where it meets its
fallow of the opposite side; a dark streak from tip of snout aloug me-
■w*
ADDENDA — 88. SPARIDiE CALAMUS.
925
(lian line to front of anal; very brijjlit specimens show a narrow yellow
stripe following each series of scales on back and sides-, adults often
plain silvery; a largo rounded black blotch at base of the caudal; flns
all plain; inside of mouth scarlet. Bodj' rather elongate, somewhat
compressed; the back little elevated. Snout rather short, 2| in head;
prcorbital moderate; about equaling eye. Maxillary reaching middle
of pupil, 2 in he.ad. Eye 4^ in head. Dorsal spines rather high, the
longest IJ to 2J ill head, longer than the second anal spine; second
anal spine strong, longer and stronger than third, 2j| 'to 2} in head,
reaching, when depressed, to base of last ray. Pectorals IJ to lA in
head. Head 3; depth 3. D. XIII, 15; A. Ill, 8; scales 7-52-13. The
color of the young of D. fremcbundus is very similar, but the back iu
the latter species is more arched, the mouth much smaller, and the
scales below the lateral line much larger. The adult form of D.freme-
hundits, as yet unknown, is probably more like 2>. cliromis. To sy-
uonomy of D. chrysojtUrus add: '• ^ V » > 'i-n '
{Hcemulon aurolineatumC. &,Y, y,2^: Hwmulon aurolivcatum Gthr. i,3l(): Ilwrnulon
cmidimacula Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 379; not of C. »t V. : HoBmidon quacbiUneatum Hol-
brook, Ichth. S. C. 18(30, 195.) . , ^, ^
§74 (&). D. Jeniguano (Pooy) Goode & Bean. ^
Pale oliv*, with faint dusky and yellow longitudinal streaks, espec-
ially in the young ; fins all pale, probably yellow in life. Body com-
paratively elongate, compressed, the back little elevated, th.e profile
regularly curved and not steep. Snout 3 in head; eye 3J. Mouth very
large, the maxillary extending slightly past middle of eye, 14- in head.
Teeth not very large. Preopercle well serrated. Dorsal deeply notched,
the spines moderate, the longest equal to maxillary; soft dorsal low;
anal rather high, its edge concave, its second spine about as long as
third and much stronger, 2^ in head; caudal well forked, the upper
lobe longest. Pectoral 1^ iu head, reaching past veutrals to vent.
Scales above lateral line in very oblique series. Read 3 ; depth 3. D.
XIII, 15; A. Ill, 9; scales 7-50-11. L. 7 inches. Cuba, north to
Garden Key, Florida.
{EwmnloH jenignano Pooy, Momori.as Cuba, ii, 183, 1860, and in Syn. Pise. Cub. 319 .
\Ha'mulon schravki Agassiz, Spix. Pise. Bras. 131: 1 Hwrnulon acliranki Giinther, i, 310.)
Page 55G. Before Sparus insert :
2§5 (6).— CALAMUS Swainson.
(Swaiuson, Nat. Hist. Fish. etc. ii, 221, 1839: type Pagellus calamus C. & V.)
Body broadly ovate, compressed, the back elevated; head deep;
preorbital very deep; eye placed high, preceded by a bluntish pro-
t-*
' i h t
"■, i^ i:
■i
1%
926 00XTR1BUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV
tnberance; i)08terior nostril Blit-like, much larger than the r sh
anterior nostril; opercles very short and deep; cheeks and opercUs
scaly, rest of head naked ; moutli low, horizontal, rather small • both
jaws with a band of cardiform teeth in front, the anterior series more
or less enhirged, sometimes canine-like; sides of each jaw with 2 to tl
series of molars; gill-rakers small. Scales large. Dorsal continuous
rather low, its spines slender; a procund)ent spine before the (hnsal
concealed by scales in some of the species; caudal deeply forkt'd-
anal spines rather small; pectoral rather narrow, usually very ]on<'.
Second interspinal bone of the anal enlurffed, pen-xhaped, the end of the
air-bladder being received into its concave part. "The skull is ex-
tended downwards to the chevron of the vomer, and entire on each
side behind the forehead ; the i)arasi)henoid has a deep but tliin infe-
rior crest, which is more or less notched in front of its posterior decur-
rent processes; the forehead comparatively narrow, ill-defined, de-
pressed above the preorbital region, horizontally pitted; the occipi-
tal crest extending far forwards and thickened with vertical osseous
deposits, the inner as well as the outer lateral crests depressed near
the orbits." {Gill, MS8.) Species rather numerous, mostly of small
size, chiefly of tropical America. (Latin crtZamw«, a pen.)
870(6). C. megaecphalus S\y.—Plame-finh; PczdeP a.
Light olive, with bluish reflections, the young dark crossbars;
front of head and preorbital region with horizontal anastomosing wavy
lines of steel blue, the interspaces yellowish ; ventrals pale. Body com-
pressed, the back arched, the anterior profile steep, not very convex ;
depth of preorbital half head; preocular prominence not very sliarp;
eye moderate, 4 in head. Cleft of mouth 3§ in head. Anterior teeth
of each jaw moderately enlarged, G to 8 in number; outermost tooth on
each side of upper jaw much larger than the others, forming a stromj
canine directed outward and foricard. A concealed procumbent spine
before dorsal ; dorsal of moderate height, the soft rays highest ; caudal
deeply forked, the upper lobe the longer; anal spines small, gradu-
ated; pectoral reaching front of anal, a little longer than head. Head
^ ; depth 2}. B. XII, 12 ; A. Ill, 10 ; scales C-SS-IC. West Indies,
north to Florida.
{Pagellua calamus C. & V. v>, 20G, 1830 : Calamua megacephalus Swaiiisoii, Nat. Hist.
Fish, ii, 222, 1839 : Chryaophrya calamus GUuther, i, 187 ; Poey, Ann. Lye. Nut. His'.
N. Y. X, 178, 1872 : f Calamus pennatula GuicUenot, Rdvuo des Pagels iu Mt-ni. .Soc. i
Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, xiv, 112, 1868.)
§Y6 (c). C. bajonado (Blocl & Schneider) Poey.
Bluish gray, with bright reflections; a blue stripe below eye; angle]
f^
ADDENDA — 88. SPARIDiE — CALAMUS.
927
of raoutli orange; fins pale; young with r» or fi dark olivo bars; caudal
faintly barred. IJody deep, the back considerably elevated ; muzzle
prolonged, the profile somewhat arched ; eye large, 3'^ in head. Canine
teoth rather long and strong, all similar, usually about 8 in each jaw
outside of the cardiform band. Caudal deeply forked ; anal spines
graduated; pectoral long, somewhat longer than head, reaching past
anal spines. Depth of preorbital 2^ in head. Head .')j\; depth 2. I).
XII, 12; A. Ill, 10. Tropical America, north to South Carolina and
Lowv r California.
{Spams bajonado Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Iclith. 1801, 2H4: PageUuH caninus Poey,
Mem. Cuba, ii, 468, 18G1 : Calamus bajonado Poey, Ann. Lye. Hist. N. Y. x, 170, 1872:
Sparus brachysomus Lockingtou Proc. U. S. Nat. Muj. 1860, 28:5.)
876 (d). C. macrops Poey.
Pale olivaceous, somewhat silvery; sides with obscure oliv^aceons
bands, especially in the young ; preorbital not striped ; ventrals pale.
Body broad-ovate, compressed, the back elevated, the anterior profile
slightly curved, not very steep. Preorbital deeper than long, its depth
nearly half head. A sharp-edged bony prominence before eye. Eye
large, 3 in head, about as long as maxillary. Front teeth slender, little
enlarged, about 12 in the outer series in each jaw; molars rather small,
in 3 rows above and 2 below. ales above lateral line, in series par-
allel with the lateral line. Procumbent spine of dorsal concealed. Fins
low; caudal moderately forked. Pectoral long, a little longer than
head, reaching sfeconrt anal spine, which is little enlarged, little longer
tlian third. Head 3^; depth 2^^-. D. Xlf, 12; A. Ill, 11; scales
J-53-17. Cuba, north to Garden Key, Florida.
{Calamus macrops Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. x, 181, 1872.)
» •'■'■-'■
§76 (<■). C. arctifrons Goode & Bean. ? .; . r i;^
Light olive, with bright reflections ; sides with obscure dark cross-
bars; head without distinct markings; fins nearly plain, all pale.
Body oblong-ovate, more elongate than usual in this genus, the ante-
rior profile being very convex. Mouth rather large ; maxillai'y 2^- in
head, reaching front of orbit. Front teeth in both jaws rather strong,
all similar, somewhat canine-like, to 8 in each jaw ; upper molars in
2 rows anteriorly and 3 posteriorly; lower in 2 rows; a conspicuous
pore with a dermal flap on each side of snout. Preorbital very deep,
its depth 3i in head. Eye small, 3f in head, placed very high. Dorsal
spines slender, the longest 3f in head, about equal to longest soft ray.
Anal spines small, graduated, the third 4 in hea'^^(^^t*5ferl deeply
It.
M
I '
928 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
forked, the upper lobe nearly as long as head. Pectorals as longr as
head, reachmg slightly past vent. Head 3^; depth 2^. D. XIII 12-
A. Ill, 11; P. 16; scales 5-40-14. Southern Florida. , .
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)
bh. Anterior teeth little larger than the others, not canine-like. {Grammatcns Pofy.)
Sre (/). C. mcdius (Poey) J. & G.
Olivaceous, rather dusky; body and vertical fins with obscure bars
of dark olive, which mostly disappear with age; preorl ital with nar-
row, horizontal bluish stripes; ventrals pale. Body rather elongate,
comparatively elliptical; the back less arched than in other si)ecics;
the anterior profile moderately curved. Preorbital deep, 2J^ in head;
maxillary 2^^ in head. Eye small, placed high, 4 in head. Anterior
teeth small, scarcely enlarged, none of them canine-like; molars mostly
in three series above, two below. Spines low, slender; soft dorsal low;
caudal less deeply forked than usual; anal spines graduated; pectoral
comparatively short, as \onp as head, reaching a little past vent. Dis-
tance from base of pectoral to base of dorsal less tlian head. Head 3|;
depth 2|. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 9; scales 5-4G-11, 10 in a series between
dorsal and nape. L. 10 Inches. Florida to Cuba.
(Grammaicua viedius Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hiat. N. Y. 1872, 183.)
§77. C. milncri (G. & B.) J. & G.
This species belongs to the genus Calamus, and is very closely
allied to C. mcdhis, from which it may be distingu'shed \)y the followin}];
characters: No blue stripes on preorbital; ventrals blackish. Back
more arched than in mediuH, the anterior profile less convex; dis-
tance from axil of pectoral to front of dorsal greater than length of
head. Eye 4 in head (not 5 as in C. micnps Guichenot a Cijjjan
species, with which t agrees in other respects). Scales above lateral
line smaller. Scales 0-47-13; about 20 in a series before dorsal. Head
3f; depth 21.
Page 550. Sjjarus pagrus L.— Gh?/ ".>r(/flc.
The coloration '-f this species as shown in specimcTis from Pensacola
is as follows: Light crimson, shaded with golden olive ; sides and below
silvery, flushed with red; many scales of back and sides each v.itli a
small round spot of dt:.*p purplish blue, these forming longitudinal
streaks below and broken oblique streaks above lateral line; a few blue
spots on nape and opercle; fins largely orange, shaded witli i»i nk. Wo
find no account of the presence of blue spots in the European variety
of this species.
!*
ADDENDA 88. SPARID^ ARGYROPS
920
Page 557. The groups called Stenotomus and Lagodon should be
recognized as genera distinct from Diplodua, and the prior Argyropn*
S\v. (Class'u Fish, etc., 1839, 221; type 8parus spinffer Forsk.) should
probably be used for the former.
rage 557. The species called in the text Spams chrysops and Spa run
(U'ulcatus are identical. The species belongs to the genus Argyrops,
iUid should stand as :
fl§0. At chrysops (L.) J. &. G.—Southtrn Porgce.
Difiering from the common northern scup, A. versicolor} (Mitch.) J. &
(I. { = S. argyrops Auct. not of Linn.), in the following respects:
Body more elongate and less elevated anteriorly; molar teeth
coarser; size larger. Head 3^; depth 2*. D. XII, 12; A. Ill, 11;
scales 7-48-14. L. 18 inches. Cape Cod to Florida. The specimen
(loscribcd in the text (25170 U. S. J!^at. Mus.) is unusually deei)-bodied
tor this species.
Page 557. After Argyrops versicolor add:
«§1 (b). A, caprinus (Pean) J. & G.—Goat^s Head Porgee.
Light olive; silvery below ; the young with faint very narrow darker
l)ars. Body subovate, the back anteriorly mUch more elevated than in
*Tlie crauiiil characters of Jrgyropii .ire very ditterent from those of Diplodiis, an
is shown by the following acconnt of the sknlls of the two genera, kindly furnished
to us by Professor Gill:
hi DipJochis "the skull is extended downwards to the chevron of the vomer, and is
iiotili(><l on each side behind the forehead; the parasphenoid has a varying inferior
irest, which is entire near its posterior decurrent processes; forehead broad, well de-
tiiiftd, convex transversely above the orbits, abruptly terminated behind by the con-
vergence of the external lateral crests into the occipital, the occipital crest ending
iibriiptly behind the forehead, and thickened with vertical osseous striro; the inner
an well as outer lateral crests erect and laminar, and converging more or less forwards.
"In Diplodua proper the forehead is moderately broad and the bon«'s contracted
forwards, the parasphenoid with a superficial inferior crest, convex forwards, and
little developed posterior decurrent processes.
•'In Archomrgu8 Gill, the forehewl is very broad and the bones wide and almost
(von with the prefrontals in front; the parasphenoid with a deep inferior crest, and
iinarginated anteriorly and with enlarged pcsterior decurrent processes. ,
*'In the genus Sfenoiomits (Argyrops) the sknll is extended forwards to the head of
liio vomer and notched on each aide beliind +he forehead; the parasphenoid has the
inferior crest low, and little developed posteriorly-decurrent processes; the forehead is
luuTow and ill-defined behind, its surface of compact texttire, but with a few foramina
and two longitudinal gr,)oves on each side; the occipital crest moderate, extending but
litflc forward of the 8upraoccii)ifal bone, and not overhanging backward; th»^ crest
strengthened by a longitudinal lateral ridge on each side, terminating backwards in
iiiiunilliform projections, the inner and outer lateral crests not procurreut on the foro-
liond."
* 7jnhru8 rcraicolor Mitch., Trans. Lit. and Phil. See, 1815, 1, 404. SpcruB argyrop»
\u is the young of A. chrysops, with £d and 3d dorsal spines fllameutons.
-&
^11
930 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
versicolor. Profile steep, with a strong depression above eye; the
snout rather pointed ; occipital region carinate. Front teeth small in
a close-set band, the outer series a little enlarged, compressed and lance-
olate, much as in versicolor. Molars in two rows in each jaw. Gill-
rakers very short. A strong procumbent spine before dorsal; first and
second dorsal spines very snort ; third dorsal spine more or less fila-
mentous, reaching past middle of soft dorsal; pectoral a little longer
than head, reaching soft rays of anal. Scaly part of cheek as deep as
long (in A. verzicolor considerably longer than deep). Second inter-
spinal of anal quill-shaped as in Calamus. Head 3f ; depth 2. D.
XII, 12 ; A. Ill, 12 ; scales about 7-48-14. West coast of Florida, in
rather deep water. Distinguished from A. versicolor by the deeper
cheek and preorbital, the different form of the body, and the diii'erence
in the dorsal spines.
(Stenotomua eaprinua Bean, Proc. U. B. Nat. Miis. 1882.)
On page 560, after Biplodus cattdimacula, add :
883 (6). D. caribKUS (Poey) J. & G.—Sargo.
Steel-brown, with golden-yellow longitudinal stripes, which scarcely
extend on the head, 3 above, 5 or G below the lateral line ; a black spot
at the shoulder; dorsal yellowish, with a faiut dusky median stripe ;
ventrals orange in the females, yellowish and punctate in the males:
anal similarly colored. Body deep; snout obtuse; maxillary reachiuf;-
beyond posterior nostril; molars in two rows; incisors broad, entire;
■second anal spine much longer and larger than third; pectoral long and
pointed ; caudal forked. Head 4i (in total) ; depth 2^. D. XIII, 11 ;
A. 111,10. West Indies, north to Key West {Poey in lit.).
(Sargua caribwua Poey, Memoriae, ii, 18(j0, 197, and in Synops. Piso. Cubena. 309.)
Page 563. Af ler Apogon americanus add :
«89 (&). A. maculatus (Poey) J. & G.
Uniform bright scarlet ; a round black spot below second dorsal and
another on side of caudal peduncle above median line. Maxillary 2 in
head, reaching beyond pupil ; eye very large, 3 in head; preoperclo dis
tinctly serrulate ; pectoral 1 J in head, a little shorter than caudal. Head
UJ ; depth 2*. D. VI-I, 7 ; A. II, 8 ; scales 2^-26-7. L. 3 inches. West
Florida to Cuba.
(^Monoprion maciilatna Poey, Mem. Cubaii, 123, 18G0: Amiamaoulata Vooy, Syn. PIhc.
Cub. 304, 1868; Jor. & Gilb." Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mns. 1882, 279.)
It is doubtful whether Apogon amencamis has ever been really taken
ADDENDA 91. SCI^ENID^ COBVINA. .
931
on our coast, or indeed what that species may he. The original type, in
bad condition, has been identified by Vaillant & Bocourt with Apogon
(lorii, a Panama species, and their description, copied in the text on
page 563, seems to have been drawn from the latter species.
((. Preopercle entire ; scales large. (ApogonichthjfH Bleeker.)
§§9 (0). A. alutus J. &- G.
Riisty-red, with silvery luster, body and fins very finely speckled with
dnsky ; vertical fins somewhat yellow, their lips dusky with dark points.
IHouth very oblique; maxillary IJ in head, reaching past pux>il; preop-
ercle with both ridges entire; eyo moderate, 2^ in head; second anal
spine half length of longest anal ray, 3.} in head ; ventrals a little longer
than pectorals, not reaching vent. Head 2^; depth 2^. D. VI-I, 0;
A. II, 8; Lat. 1. 21. L. 2J inches. West Florida.
{^i Apogonichthya puncticulalua Poey, Repeit. Fis. X.at. Isl. Cuba, il, 233 (lat, 1. ;{(•);
Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 279.)
Page 564. Iflullus barbatus L.
Specimens of this species have been obtained at Pensacola, Florida,
and at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts. The American form (subsp. auratm
,T. & G.) is distingnishable from the typical barhatus in the lower
flns, less blunt snout, shorter mouth, and the presence of two lateral
stripes of yellow. From the European variety surmuletus {Mulltts sur-
muletus L.), subsp. auratiis is known by the lower flns and by the re-
placement of the black band on the dorsal fin by a band of yellow.
Head 3f ; depth 4. D. VII-I, 8 ; A. II, 6. Palatine teeth coarse and
granular, forming a large patch.
(MiiUus barbatita auraius Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 280.)
Page 569. Instead of Scia;na stellifera read:
§95. S. lanceolata (Holhr.) Gthr.
The identity of our species with 8. stellifera {trispinosa) is very
doubtful,
Page 570. To the description of Sciccna argyroleuca {punctata) add
"lowest tooth of preopercle spinous, directed downward."
Page 571. Scicena, ocellata is known as "Red-fish" on our Gulf coast.
It reaches a weight of 35 to 40 pounds. Old specimens entirely lose
the serratures on the preopercle, the edge of i ' bone becoming mem-
branaceous and entire as in '' Corvinn,^
■ » -
932 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
Page 572. Instead of ''cc," etc., read:
292 (o)-— CORVIWA* Cuvicr.
Tbe species of "<Sfcm'/irt" which have the preopercle without bony
serratures may be referred to Corvina. Genus 296 (6), Roncador should
probably be retained also.
Page 573. After Corvina acuminata add:
293 (2).— EQUES Bloch.
(Bloch Ichthyologiii, about 1790: type Eqiica amencanus Bloch.)
Body oblong, compressed, the back much elevated anteriorly. Moutli
rather small, the lower jaw included; teeth in villiform bands, the outer
somewhat enlarged above; preopercle serrate, the teeth flexible; pseu
<lobranchiffi present. Scales moderate, extending on the soft fins.
First dorsal of about 16 spines, the median spines much elevated;
second dorsal extremely long. Anal very small; second anal spine
small. Pyloric coeca few. Air-bladder simple. Yertebree 0+15.
{haXm^ Equiis, a horse; the long dorsal spines being compared to a
rider.)
901 {h). E. lanceolatus (Gmel.) Casteln.
ixreyish-yellow, with three broad blackish-brown bands, edged with
whitish ; the lirst vertical, from the crown^ through the eye to the angle
of the mouth ; the second slightly arched, from the nape over the oper
<;le to the base of the ventral; the third curved, from the top of the
first dorsal along the middle of the side of the body to the middle of
the caudal flu. Head small; maxillary 3 in head, reaching pupil.
Height of first dorsal usually much more than depth of body below
it. Head 3|; depth 3^. D. XVI-I, 53; A. II, 10; Lat. 1. 60. West
Indies ; lately taken at Pensacola hy Silas Stearns.
(Chceiodon lanceolatus GmeWn, Syst. Nat. 178H, 1254: Eqiiea halteatua C. &. V. v, 165;
GUntber, ii, 279: Eques amerieanus Bloch. Ichth. taf. 347, fig. 1.)
Page 575. The synonym " Homoprion xanthurus Holbr." belongs to
Sciama argyroleuca, not to Liostomus xanthurus.
Page 575. Genyonemus. Several of the characters given in the text
are inapplicable to South A merican species now referred to Oenyonemns.
*Cuvier, Rfegne Animal, ed.2, ii, 17!}, 1H29: type Soirtna nigra Bloch = <Sc(a;Hrt iimhrn
h. iu part, the species having been confounded by L. with Sclwna umbra {--nquiht
Lac). The enlargement of the second anal spine, used by Cuvier to distinguiph Cor-
rina from Sciasna, has no taxonomic value. (Corrina, the Italian and Spanish name for
variousScironoids, originally from Latin Corvua, crow, in allusiou to the dusky color of
C. nigra.)
ADDENDA — 91. SCIiENID^ CYNOSCION.
933
: i l|.
Some of these have the mouth subinferior, the barbels conspicuous,
forming a tuft at the chin j the dorsal spines 10 and the caudal double-
truncate; the gill-rakers short. The diagnosis should be amended
accordingly.
Page 570. Instead of Sciwna punctata Tend:
§96. S. chrysura (Lac.) J. & G,
{Dipterodon chrysurus Lacdpede iii, 64, 1802.)
There are two species called Perca punctata in the Systema Katurse,
and the second of these should be suppressed.
Page 577. Instead of the account of Afenticirrus littoralis substitute:
90§. M. littoralis (Holbr.) GWh— Surf Wkitiinj.
Grayish silvery, nearlj' plain, without traces of bars; pectorals, ven-
trals, and anal pale, with a few black dots; caudal tipped with blackish ;
lining of opercle pale. Body rather elongate, the caudal peduncle very
slender; snout bluntish, 3 in head, projecting beyond premaxillary for
about one-sixth its length ; inaxillary reaching about to front of eye ;
posterior nostril lanceolate; outer teeth little enlarged, very much
smaller than in M. alburnus. Gill-rakers small, but developed ; lower
lobe of caudal longest. Scales on breast very siuall, irregular. H(;ad
.{J ; depth 4f . 1). X-I, 23 ; A. I, 7 ; scales, 0-50-11. South Atlantic
and Gulf coast. M. undidatus is closely relfited to tbis species.
M. ulburmiH is darker in color, usually with traces of dusky bars ;
pectorals blackish ; lining of opercle black. Snout sharp, 3| in head ;
snout much projecting (one-third its length). Outer teeth of upper jaw-
very large ; posterior nostril ovate ; gill-rakers tubercular, almost obso-
lete ; raaxillarj' about reaching middle of eye. Scales on breast large,
regularly placed. Head 3J ; depth 4^. D. X-I, 24 ; A, ., 7 ; scales 6-
54-11.
Page 578. Menticirrm undulatua has the outer teeth of the upper jaw
not greatly enlarged aiul should have been placed rather under « instead
of aa. Umhrina elomjatii Gtbr., from the Pacific coast of tropical America,
is a dilferent species. The latter name should be erased from the synon-
ymy of M. v,ndulatu8.
Page 578. The teeth in Larimus are nu)8tly in single series. The
j>cnus '■'■ Monosira^ Poey (Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., x, 320, 1881), is
iikiitical with Larimus.
Page 570. The genus Atractoscion should be suppressed. Our si)ecies
may stand as 912, Cynoscion nohile (Ayres) J. & G.
j,.,-u.
III
m
;l! 3"
934 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— IV
Page 581. The presence of one or two anal spines in Cynoscion has
no importance. Probably a rndiment of the first spine will be found
iu all the species. Cynonvion regale and Cynoscion nothum are distin
guished from our other si)ecies by having the second dorsal and anal
covered with small 8(;ales; these fins being naked in the other species.
(HoUthus drummondi llich. (Fauna Bor.-Amer. iii, 1830, 70; GUnther ii.
307), from New Orleans, is identical with Cynoscion maculatum. This
species has the caudal unevenly truncate, not "lunate", as stated iu the
text.
Page 583. After Oerres plumieri add :
919 {b). O. olisthostoma Goude &, licaa.—Mah Pompano.
Color silvery olivaceous ; scales with faint silvery streaks but no dark
ones; fins mostly pale or yellowish, the ventrals somewhat dusky.
Body rhomboid, short and deep, the back elevated, the anterior prolile
straight and very steep; mouth rather large; teeth slender, brush like.
Preorbital entire ; preopercle and interopercle serrate. Groove on top
of head, for reception of premaxillaries, broad, rounded behind, with a
median linear depression, its surface completely covered with small
deciduous scales, which extend forward to just behind nostrils. Eye
moderate. Dorsal spines high and strong, the second, nearly or quit('
as long as head. Second anal sjune very strong, half or more length ot
Iiead. Caudal lobes long and slender, a little longer than head. Pec
toral long, nearly as long as head, reaching front of anal. Head 3;
depth 2. D. IX, 10; A. 111,8; scales 5-37-9. L, 12 inches. West In
dies, north to Southern Florida.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. ft. Nat. Mus. 1882, 423: Gerrea rhomheiia Poey, Syn. Pise.
Cub. 1858, 32: Mojarra rhomhea Poey, Anul. Soc. Esi). Hist. Nat. x, 327, 1881, not
Gcvrcs rhomhcua C. & V. vi, 4r)9; a species of similar form, but with two anal spincN
only, and the premaxiilary groove entirely naked. The genus Mojarra, iu Poi y'H
arrangement, is distinguished from Gerres by the entire preorbital, and from '^Diap-
ierita" by the serrated preopercle.)
Page 584. Instead of Gerres argenteus read :
9il0. O. gula C. & V.
This species is distinguished from the other American species (ex-
cept Gerres homonymus) by the presence of a transverse baud of scales
across the anterior jiart of the groove of the preinaxillaries on the top
of the head; behind these scales the naked part of the groove appears
as a pit when the jaw is protruded. Third dorsal spine { as long as
head, twice as long as second anal spine. Head SJ; depih 2f. D.
IX, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 4-45-9. Tip of dorsal dusky. West Indies,
north to Cape Cod.
ymi
ADDENDA — 92. GERRID^ — GERRES. 935
To the aynouymy of this species add:
{OetrcHgulaC & V. vi, 464 ; Giiuther, i, 346, u»d iv, 255: Diapierus j/ttioPoey, Synopsis
Pise. Cnbtnis. 323, is a different species. Tlie types o( EucinoHtomus argenhm U. & G.
from Now Jersey, urc too young to be certainly identified. Numerous specimens col-
lected by us in North and South Carolina belong to Gerrea gula.)
Page 584. After Gerres homonymus read :
981 (&). G. cinereus (Wulb.) J. «feG.
Silvery; back and sides with G to 8 bluish vertical bars, about as
broad as the pupil, these extending to opposite lower part of orbit;
the bars formed of confluent blotches and rarely obsolete; axil dark;
fins with some dark points. Body rather elongate, the back somewhat
elevated and compressed, the belly nearly straight, with an angle at
the breast. Teeth very small; preorbital and preopercle entire; fur-
row on top of head for premaxillary processes broad, scaleless, lounded
behind. Dorsal spines slender, flexible, the longest f head, half, longer
than second anal spine. Pectoral slender, rather longer than In^ad.
Caudal deeply forked, a little longer than head. Head 3^; depth 2'i;.
D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 7; scales 5-40-10. L. 18 inches. The largest of
our species Of the genus. West Indies and both coasts of Mexico;
north to Florida Keys and Gulf of California.
(Muf]il cincreu8 Walbaum, Artedi Piseinm 1792, 22S (after Turdm cincrcna pcltatim
Catesby): (rOTes aprion C. & V. vl, 4(il, 1830 (not of Giiuther): Diapterus aprion Pooy,
Syn. Pise. Cub. 1868, 321 : Genes zebra Miiller & Troschel, Schomburgk Hist. Darba-
(locs, 1848, 668: Gerrea zebra GUnther, i, 343 and iv, 254: Gerrea aquamipinnia GUnther,'
i, 349 and iv, 254.)
The species of Gerres here noticed may be readily separated by the
following analysis :
«. Preopercle serrate; anal rays III, 8; second anal, and third dorsal spines long:
body elevated. (Gerrea.)
h. Preorbital serrate; furrow for premaxillary processes broad, naked; body
striped Piajmieui.
bb. Preorbital entire (Mojarra Poey); furrow for premaxillary processes broad,
scaled ; body not striped Olistiiostoma*
aa. Preopercle entire; anal rays III, 7; dorsal and anal spines comparatively low;
body little elevated. {Diapterua Ranzani.)
c. Premaxillary groove scaled in front, with a naked pit behind.
d. Depth about half length; third dorsal spine little longer than second anal.
Homonym UH.
del. Depth about i lengtb ; third dorsal spine about twice length of second
anal Gula.
cc. Premaxillary groove entirely naked.
c. Premaxillary groove broad; back elevated, the depth about ^ length;
body with faint bars Cinkueus.
ee. Premaxillary groove linear; back scarcely elevated, the depth about oue-
thud length; body not barred Hauknoulus.
■;*>tS
936 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTfl AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
The character of "lower i)haryngeal8 united" has little iiuporti -w.
iu this group. In Oerres plumieri, as in nearly all the species examined
by us, the bones are not at all co-ossifted, although very close together.
Page 586. " Ditrema violaceum" Button, from New Zealand, is a Scoin
broid fish, and not an Embiotocoid.
Page 590. The genus Eolconotus Agassiz should be recognized foi
those species of Amplmtichus which have the lower lip without Irenum,
and Brachyistim Gill for those of Micrometrus, which have the frennni.
No. 930 should stand as —
930. H. arg[Ciiteus (Gibbons) J. & G.
Page 600. Instead of Tautoga read :
316.— HIATlJIiA Lac^pMe.
(Lftc6pb(le, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 523, 1800: type Labrua hiatula li.—Hiatula gardeni
Lac.) (Jjatin, /liatus, a gap.)
Instead of Tautoga onitis read :
942. H. onitis (L.) J. & C.
Page 600. Add to the synonymy of H. onitis —
{Lahriia hiatula L. Syst. Nat.; Labrua hiatula Ginolin, Syst. Nat. 1287, 1788: Uiatula
(jardeniana Lac^pcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii., 523, 1800; the genus and species, based on a
specimen ot Tatdog which had iu some way lost the anal fin ; this specimen .seenin
to have been sent from Charleston by Dr. Garden to Linnteus. If Microplerm and
other generic names, based on abnormal or mutilated specimens, be adopted, we must
substitute Hiatula for Tautoga.)
Page 602. Instead of a«, etc., read:
31§ (ft).-TROCHOCOPirS Gilnther.
(Giiuther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mns. iv, 100, 1862: typo Trochocopua opercularia Gthr.)
This group is distinguished from Harpe by, the smaller scales (Lat. 1.
45 to 65), which scarcely encroach on the bases of the soft dorsal and
anal. In the present classification of the Labridoi, this group may be
recognized as a distinct genus, although diiferiug from Harpe iu no re
spect of importance. Species few. {rpir^o-:, a running; zwtjj, oar.)
945. T. pulcher (Ayres) G.arman.
Page 603. lor Platyglossm grandinquanm and P. kumeralis read :
947 (94§). P. hivittatufii (Bloch) Gthr.
This species seems to be widely distributed, and varies considerably
with age and sex. The following is a description of the young {^'Jlore-
nlis^-), supposed by us at first to belong to a differcMt species:
Olive-brown; a greenish stripe along side of back; a dark-lirown
lateral band from gill-opening to middle of caudal, on level of eyv.; a
ADDENDA 94. LABRID^ — PLATYGLOSSUS.
937
dark-biouze stripe from pectoral backward; each scale of sides with a
greenish-blue wesceDt; sides of head orauge; a blue wavy itrii)e below
eye, turning downward on subopercle; operclo with an i»idigo spot,
bordered by bluish and yellow; tip of oi)ercle yellow, the color bounded
by a blue <-shijped line; lower jaw with bands of orange and whitish;
a sniiill inky spot at base of last ray of soft dorsal; dorsal cherry-red,
with translucent bands; caudal reddish; anal banded with red and
pale; pectorals yellowish; ventrals white. Body slender; snout not
verj' sharp; posterior canine small. Dorsal spines low, stitt" and pun-
gent; caudal short, obliquely truncate. Head 3^; depth 4 (4f in total).
D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 1^-20-8. L. 3% inches. Pensacola Bay.
Old specimens, (Charleston, S. C.) are deeper-bodied and have the
posterior part of the caudal, especially the angles, black or dark-blue,
the basal part of the tin with concentric, convex, broad streaks of or-
ange, with narrower bluish interspaces; the dorsal is largely orange,
with a median blackish or brown band, which is often obsolete, its base
with crimson spots; anal with a crimson baud and some bluish streaks.
Black si)ot at base of last dorsal ray disappearing with age. Females
with the dark lateral band less distinct, the colors duller, the dark
dorsal baud more distinct than in the males. Head 3§ ; depth 3, in
adult. Xorth Carolina to Surinam.
To the synonymy add:
(LohrtiH hlrUiatuft liloch, Ichthyol. tiif. 284, f. 1; JuHs psitiaculns C. &. V. xiii, '.187;
Giiiitlier, iv, 1U4; SteiiKljichuer, Ichthyol. Notiz. vi, 49, 1867: Platygloasus Jlorcalia Joi.
(i Gilb. Pioc. IJ. S. Nat, Mus. 1882, "287: Plalyglossus grandlsquamis autl hiunwraVm,
this woik, p. ()0;j.)
94§ (ft). P. caudalis (Poey) Gthr.
Olivaceous; a row of sky-blue spots on each side of back; a broad
area of orange, intermingled with violet spots, extending along sides,
most cons[)icuous anteriorly; below this a band of i)ale violet, becoming
ji(i>^ eriorly spots of deei) violet; still lower a deep jellow band bound-
ing the white of the belly; 'preorbital and suborbital scarlet, with 3
blue stripes, marked with cherry -red; cheeks below yellowish; oper-
cles bright red, with 3 oblique violet stripes, the upper forming behind
eye an oblique blotch, in the middle of which is a round ink-like 8j>o
no ojM'rcular spot; dorsal orauge, the soft part witl 3 rows of violei
spots; caudal orange and blue, the former color arranged in 1 longi-
tudinal, 2 margiuai, and 2 converging bands, which are joined by re-
ticulations around bluish spots; anal with a basal row of orange spots,
then blue spots, then a yellow baud, then blue, then finally edged with
■ ■ •'
■ :-:^
r 1 :
938 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
orange; ventrals red; pectorals mostly violet; spots on head and io»
terior parto bright clear blue, elsewhere duller and violaceous. Uodv
very slender, the snout pointed; posterior canine large. Dorsiil spitit's
slender, but pungent; caudal couvex, its corners slightly produced.
Head 34; depth 4^ (5 in total). D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12; scales 2-2o-{,.
Pensacola, Florida, to Cuba and Surinam (here described from .vouii"
males).
{fJulis caudalia Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 213; fGlinther, iv, 166; Jordan & Gilbert,
Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1882. 286: 'i Julis pictua Pocy, Mem. Cuba, ii, 214: U'latyijloxKUH
pictus Giiuthoi-, iv, 166: ? Platyglomus poeyi Sleiud. Icbth. Notiz. vi, 49, 1867.)
Page 606. Instead of Hemistoma substitute —
333.— SCARIJS Forskiil.
(Forskai, Fauna Arabica, 1775, 25: type Scania psitlacua Forekal.)
Omit from the description of the genus the following clauses: "Lat
eral line continuous." "Lower jaw included. Scales on the cheek in
more than one series." " Dorsal spines flexible." Our species should
stand as —
9S4. S. Kuacamaia C. «& Y.
Page 607. After Scarus guacamaia add :
954 (h). S. croicensiis B\och.—Bullon.
Bluish silvery, with three red longitudinal bands; the upper from
the nape to the end of the dorsal; the second through the eye, crossiii-^-
the space between the two portions of the lateral line; the third from
the base of the pectoral to the lower half of the caudal fln ; head
mostly rosy; snout with bright-colored streaks; tins all yellow. Three
series of scales on the cheek; the middle composed of five scales; the
lower of three, and covering the limb of the preoi)ercle. Caudal sub
truncate. Teeth small, whitish or rosy; no j)osterior canine. Upper
lip broad, covering more than half of upper jaw. Dorsal 8j)ines flex-
ible. Head 3^ in total length; depth 3f. D. IX, 10; A. II, 8; Lat.
1. 24. L. 7-8 inches. {Cuv. & Vol.) West Indies, north to Southern
Florida {Bean).
(Blocb, Icbth. 1797, 18, pi. 121: Scarua inaulce-aanclw-crucia Bb)cb. & Scini. 1801, 28."):
ScaruH altcmana C. & V. xiv, 200: Paeudoacarua aancla-crucia Giintber, iv, 226.)
hb. Dorsal spinea pungent; scales on cheek in one series. {Spar'woma* Sw.)
954 (o). S. squalidus Poey.— Fie/a Muger.
Rosy olive; a black blotch on the upper half of base of pec-
toral; front of head with brownish reticulations; fins rosy; color in
* Swainson, Class. Fifhas, ii, 227, 1839: type Spania ahiUlgaardii Bloch. (= /StorM*
Bleeker, not of Forsk&l, which is Hemiatoma Sw. or Paeudoacarua Bleeker.)
ADDENDA — 96. POMACENTRID^. — GLYPHIDODON.
939
spirits nearly plaiu ; faint whitish streaks along the rows of scales on
the sides. Teeth rather distinct; caudal eniargiuate, the outer angles
produced ; cheeks with about three scales. Uead 3J ; depth 3. West
Indies, north to Garden Key, Florida.
(Poey, Mom. Cuba, ii, 2I«, 1860; Poey, 8yu. Pise. Cub. 338.)
9.54 (d). S. radians C. &. \.— Spanish I'orgy.
Keddish olive; lower parts and anal rose-colored; dorsal fin and
upper parts marbled with brownish; caudal with irregular dark cross-
bands, including whitish spots, and with a narrow whitish edge; anal
with four oblique dark spots; root of the pectoral blackish; a light
band across chin. Snout not twice length of eye. Caudal truncate,
the outer rays slightly produced in the adult, rounded in young.
Teeth very distinct; young with pointed teeth directed outward around
the jaw. Four scales on cheek. L. 8 inches. {Ounther). Florida to
Brazil.
(Cuv. & Val. XIV, 206; Gunthcr iv, 211 ; Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mua. v, 32.)
Page 008. After Heros cyanoguttatus -mM:
95H {!)). H. pavonaceus Garniau. ,
Dark brown, tl<?cked with pale; 4 to C ocellated, vertically-expanded
black spots on side below dorsal tin ; an ocellated black spot on base
of tail above lateral line; side with 10 or 12 faint dark cross-bands.
Head as deep as long. Eye large, wider than preorbital, its front be-
hind tip of maxillary; 5 rows of scales on cheek. Fifth dorsal spines
highest; soft dorsal and anal reaching caudal; pectorals to vent. Head
2f ; depth 2f. D. XVI, 12; A. V, 8;, scales 4-32-12. Monclova, Coa-
huila. {Garman.)
(Garnian, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1881, 93.)
Page GIO. It is probably better to recognize the genus 325 (/>), Gly-
phidodoii Lac, distinguished from Pomacentrus by its notched teeth.
Our species may stand as —
9!iS. G. declivifroiis (Gill) Gthr.
(Eit-ncliistodiis decHvlfroiiH and E. concolor Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. 37:
Eusc'iintodn8 anulogua Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18t)3, 220; GUiithei', iv, 38.)
090. G. saxatilis (L.) Lac '
Page (ill. Ckromiti puncUpinnlH belongs to the subgenus Furcaria
Poey (Memorias Cuba, ii, 195: type Furcaria puncta l^oey =^ Ayrcsia
Cooper), distinguished from Ghromis proper by the more elongate body,
the more deeijly forked caudal, and by the presence of 12 dorsal spines.
'•l!
\l\
* . I
-■.:i>
11
940 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY— iv.
Page 012. After Chromw intolatuft add:
961 (h). c. enchrysums J. & Q.
Dusky bluish; a blue stripe from tip of snout through upper part ot
eye to above lateral line; caudal deep yellow; pectorals, most of solt
dorsal, and distal half of anal, light yellow; tins otherwise dusky a
small black spot in axil. Body regularly ovate-oblong. Jaws ecpuil,
the maxillary 3 J^ in head, extending a little past eye; preopercle witli
blunt serrations. Teeth slender, conical, in a moderate band. Dorsal
emarginate, the longest spine 1^ in head; caudal lunate; second anal
spine If in head. Head 3=^; depth 2. D. XIII, 12; A. II, 12; scales
3-20-9. Pensacola, Fla.
(Jordan &, Gilbert, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mub. 1882,286.)
Page 015. After Chwtodon maculocinctuH add:
963 (/'). C. bimaculatUS 'Qloch.— Four-eyed Fish; White Angel.
Pearly gray; snout, edge of opercle, base of pectoral, anal, caudal.
and dorsal bright yellow; a black band, edged with yellow, extending
from a point in front of and below first dorsal spine across eye to mar
gin of interopercle ; soft dorsal with a large, round, indistinct black
spot at its base, between fifth and twelfth rays, and a small, deep black
spot at its angle; soft dorsal with a narrow marginal line of black; soft
anal with a narrow submarginal band of light blue, edged anteriorly
with black; caudal with a terminal band of bluish, the center bright
yellow; base of ventrals blotched with yellow. Snout produced,
longer than eye; preopercle finely denticulated. Soft dorsal and anal
angular behind. D. XII, 20; A. Ill, 10; scales 0-34-15. {Goode;
Giinther.) West Indies, north to Key West {Stearns). ,
(Blocli, Ichth. vii, 1797, taf. 210; Guntber, ii, 9; Poey, Menioria.s, ii, 371, 1861:
Sarothrodu.8 bimacidatua Goode, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. v, 43. )
963 (c). €. capistratus L.
A black, white-edged, ocular band, much narrower than the eye, ex
tending over the interopercle, not over the chesty a round, black, white
edged spot immediately before the angle made by the dorsal fin and
the back of the tail ; blackish oblique streaks along the series of scales:
those of the upper half of the body descending tbrwards; those ot the
lower ascending forwards; a grayish band, edged with black, a«;ioss
the middle of caudal, continued on the soft dorsal and anal fins, wlieiv
it runs jjarallel with the margin and near it; ventrals whitish. Snout
very slightly produced, nearly as long as eye; preopercle very faintly
ADDENDA 103. URANOSCOPID^ ASTROSCOPUS.
941
serrate. Soft dorsal and anal angular bebind. D. XIII, 19; A. Ill,
17; scales C-42-17. {O'dnther.) West Indies, north to Florida Keys.
(L. Syst. Nat.; GUnther, ii, 12.)
Page GI5. After Pomacanthns ciliariti add:
i»64 (&). P. tricolor (Bloch) J. &, Ci.— Black Angel.
Head, caudal fln, anterior part of trunk, and margins of soft dorsal
iiud anal yellow; rest of body black. Preopercular spine grooved,
reaching to posterior margin of oi)ercle. Soft dorsal, anal, and ui)per
ray of caudal, moderately produced. D. XIV, 19; A. Ill, 18; scales
8-48-25. {GUnther.) West Indies, north to Florida Keys.
{Vliwtodon tricolor Bloch, Iclith. xii, 1797, taf. 4\J5: Holacanthua tricolor C. & V. vii,
Ifi'J: HolacanthuH /nco/o»' Giinthor, ii, 49.)
Page G17. Ait&v Acanthur us cliirurgus nAA:
966 (&)■ A nigricans (L.) Bluch.
Closely related to Acanthurus chirurgus, differing in the longer snout,
which is more convex in its upper i)ortion. Caudal triangular, scarcely
concave behind; vertical bands on the side very narrow, usually dis-
appearing after death; fins without oblique stripes. {Poey.) West In-
dies, occasionally northward (said to have been once taken at New
York).
{Chwtodon nigricana Linn. Syst. Nat.: Acanthurua phlehotomua Cuv. & Val. x, 176,
tab. 2b7, 1835: Acanthuj-ua phlebotomua Voey , Aual. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. IbSO, 245.)
966 ((;)• A. tractus Poey.
Distinguished most readily by the length of the caudal lobes, especi-
ally the upper, which is notably longer than the lower, its tip ending
in a whitish thread ; anterior profile modferately curved. Dorsal with
faint oblique streaks. Body usually without dark streaks. West In-
dies and both coasts of Mecico, occasional northward.
{Acantkurua chirurgua C. & V. x, 168 (not Chcetodan chirurgua Bloch) ; Poey, Mem.
Cuba, 11, 208, 1860; Poey, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 1880, 246.)
Page 628. Astrosoopus ygrcecum and A. anoplus are very closely re-
lated. The following distinctive characters may be found useful :
In A. anoplus the pale spots are much smaller, less sharply defined,
and occupy a smaller area than in A. ygrcecum; the lower part of head
Las two black blotches in both sijecies; the second dorsal, anal, and
ventrals are nearly or quite plain. The naked area behind each eye is,
in A. anoplus, lunate, its length barely twice that of the snout; the bony
V-shaped plate is short and broad, concave on the median line, and
forked for about half its length, the posterior undivided portion broader
I ».
.■ i,
'ti j
942 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — 1\,
than long ; the bony bridge across the occiput but little shorter than lli«-
part of the head which precedes it. In A. ygrwcum the naked area is
trapezoidal, lonjjer than broad, and about4 times the length ofthe siumt ;
the Y is forked for more than lu'lf its length, its undivided })art in<)i«
than twice as long as broad, and not concave; the occipital plate is not
half as long as the part of the head which precedes it.
Page 029. Aitiav Astnyscopus anopluH 'm\^:
Family GUI (ft) --OPISTHOGNATIIID^.
Body oblong or elongate, low, moderately compressed, covered witli
small, cycloid scales. Lateral Hue present, usually incomplete, straifjlit,
running (ilose to the dorsal fin. Head large, luiked, the anterior profile
ilecurved. Mouth terminal, horizontal, its cleft usually very wide, tin'
maxillary extending past the eye, and sometiiiu^s considerably beyond
the head; supplemental maxillary j)resent; preniaxillaries protra(!tiI«';
jaws subequal, with conical or cardiform teeth; vomer usually with a
few teeth; palatines toothless; opercles unarmed; no suborbital stay.
Pscndobranchia^ present. Gill-rakers rather long; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus. Bramdiios
tegals (5. Air-bladder present. No i)yloric cceca. Dorsal tin long, con
tinuous, its autoiior half composed of slender, llexible spines; caiulal
distinct, rounded or lanceolate; tail diphycercal; anal long, witliont
distinct sjines; ventrals separate. Jugular, I, 6, the middle rays loiij;
est; pectorals fan-shaped. Two genera, of about 12 species, inhab
iting rocky bottouis in tropical seas. Their relationships are ap])aieiitly
with Trachiuoid forms, but they bear considerabio resemblance to tli«
(31inoi<l Bleunies. {TraehinldWj genus Opisthognathus Giinther, ii, 254-
25G.)
a. Maxilliu-y of modt'ratt- longth, trnncnte behind Gnathvpops, .338 (h).
aa Mnxillary of great length, prolonged in a flexible lumina behind.
OPI8THOONATUU8. 338 {(•).
3a§(ft).-«.-¥A.TH¥I'OPS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. 18(i2, 241: typo Opicthognathua maxilloHitg Poey.)
This genus iucludes those Opisthomathidw in which the maxillary is
of medium length and truncate behind. (paT^o?, jaw; tWw, below; wf,
eye.
977 ;!>). «. mnxitlossis (Pooy) Gill.
Color gray-.sh olive, \.'ith 7 irregular x-8l»»pe<l t>nrs of darker, every
where much marbled and variegated; fins all similarly marked, the
ADDENDA 103 (ft). OPISTHOONATHID^. — OPlSTHOGNATilUC. 943
\(»i!trjil.s dusky, the dorsal with ii dusky blotch in front. Body rnoder
iitoly compressed; head not very larfjfc; niiixillary truncate behind, ex-
tending behind eye for a distance about }{ diameter of eye, its lenj>Hi lif
ill head; eye ".i^ in head. Teeth coni<;al, curved, well separated, mostly
ill a single series. Xo teeth on vomer. Fins moderate; dorsiil eon-
riiiuous, its spines slender; caudal short, its length ^ head. Head .'^;
depth 4i. D. VIII, 17; A. II, 13; Lat. 1. 05. Cuba, north to Gnnlen
Key, Florida.
(OphtliiuindlliiiN waxilloHnH Pocy, Mom. Culm, ii/JHIi, iHliO; Pocy, Syii. Pise. Cub. 400.)
»38 (r).-0PISTH001«ATHUS Cuvier.
(Ciivior, R<^{;iu» Aiiim. cd. 2, li^iO: typo OpislhoiinathuH Honnrnitii Ciiv.)
Maxillary i>rolonged backward in a long, flexible lamina, whicii scmie-
times reaches base of pectoral. (3haracters of the geiiius otherwise in-
cluded above. ((57rj(T^/jj, behind; p'i^/o?, jaw.)
Oil (c). O. scnphiiirus Ooodo & Heim.
Grayish olive, much variegated with whitish and dark olive ; about
fl irregular dusky bands on the body, which extend on the dorsal tin:
nhitisii markings on body forming roundish spotvS, surrounded by
reticulations of gray'sh olive; head marbled, its posterior part, as
well as the sides of the back and pectoral base, with small blackish
(lots; membrane lining tlie inside of the maxillary with 2 curv«'d inky-
black bands on a white ground ; angle of mouth with a black sjmt;
lining of operde black; tins all variegated like the body. Body mod-
erately el(»ngate, somewhat comi)re8sed. Head blunt anteriorly ; snout
very short, about as long as pupil; eye large, 4 in head; maxilhiry
reaching slightly past edge of preopercle, but not to end of head, s
letigtli contained .'i;| times in length of body. Teeth rather strong, wide-
set, forming 2 distinct series, directed backward, especially in the iii)per
jaw; lateral teeth of lower jaw largest; a single vomerine tooth. Gill-
rakers long and slender, nearly 20 below angle. vScales very small.
Dorsal fin low, continuous, the soft rays but little higher than the
spines, which are slender and flexible, the longest .'{j\ in head. Oaudal
short, rounded, its length Hi; in body. Anal similar to soft dorsal.
Pectoral half as long as head. Depth 5. D. XI, 10; A. IS; l\ 17;
Lat. 1. l()l>. Florida Keys.
((}o!)(lo & IJoan, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Muh. 1882, 417.)
1>77 (d). O. lonclRUrus J. & G.
Olivaceous; margin of ui)per lip with a narrow black stripe; caudal
with 3 dusky bars ; color of rest of body nearly uniform. Head not very
M^
944 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY
-IV.
large; snont very short, shorter than pupil; eye 3 J in head ; maxillaiv
1^ in head, rather narrow; lower jaw included; vomer witli 5 rathci
large teeth. Longest dorsal spine about fis long as head, slightlv
higher than soft rays; caudal long, the middle rays scarcely shoitei
than head; longest anal rays 1| in head; pectoral little more than hull
head. Scales moderate. Head 3J-; depth 4f. D. 25; A. 15; Lat. I.
67. Two specip'ens known", taken from the stomach of a Ked Snappoi
at Pensacola, Fla.
(Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 290.)
Page 630. In key, under j[/, after the word "series," add "in lower
jaw."
Page 632. Dormitafor lineattis is app'arently identical with B. macu-
latnsy and may be suppressed. The genus Dormitator is best distin
guished from FAeotrls by the numerous long, lamelliform appendages of
the narrow lower pharyngeal bones. In Philypnus, Culius, and Eleotm
the bones are broader, and without api)endages.
841 (&).— CITLIUS Bleeker.
(Bleoter, Boeroe, 411 : type Eleotrls nitjcr Q. & G. = PnccUia fuaca Bl. & Schn.
This genus is distinguished from Uleotris by the presence of a stout
hook like spine, directed downwards and forwards, near the angle of
the preopercle. Gill-openings extended forwards. Teeth fixed. Spe-
cies rather numerous in brackish and fresh waters of tropical regions.
(Name of Indian origin.) • •
981 {b). C. amblyopsis Cope. ; ^ ' "' ' •
Dull olivaceous; everywhere dusted with dark points; finely barred
with paler; a black streak from eye to upper edge of gill-opening; a
blackish spot above base of pectoral. Form of Eleotris gyrimis. Max
illary reaching middle of eye, 2J in head ; teeth of the inner series iu
each jaw largest. Scales larger than in other species of the genus.
Head 3f ; depth 5f. D. VI, 9; A. 8; Lat. 1. 48. South Carolina to
West Florida and Surinam.
(Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 1870. 47.3.) ' ■ '
Page 632. Gobins catulus Grd. proves to be a true Oohius, and is
identical with Oobius soporator. It should, therefore, be era.sed. The
upper rays of the pectoral are silk-like. Head 3^; depth 4^. J).
VI-10; A. I, 9; Lat. 1. 33 to 38; 12 rows between dorsal and anal. It
is very abundant about rocks and ballast heaps from Florida to Texas.
™ril
ADDENDA — 104. GOBlIDiE — LEPIDOGOBIUS.
945
Professor Gill informs us that one of the species of Oobius described
by Oirard from Texas is, however, undoubtedly a true Eoorthodus. As
all of these species, except G. wiirdemanni, have now been accounted
for, the latter species may be provisionally referred to Evorthodus.
Page 633. No. 983, JEuctenogobius lyricus is a marine species, found
along the coast of Texas. The genus JSuctenogobiua intergrades with
Gobiu8 and can hardly be retained.
Page 633. After Oobius lyricus add:
9§3 (&). O. encseomus J. & G.
i olivaceous, mottled with darker above; a series of 4 obscure oblong
(lark blotches along middle of sides ; a dark spot at base of caudal ;
each side of nape with an intense blue-black spot larger than eye ; an
obscure dusky streak from eye forward to mouth. Both dorsals trans-
lucent, with series of bright reddish-brown spots as largo as pupil ;
upper lobe of caudal light reddish, the lower blue-black ; anal and ven-
trals dusky- bluish ; pectorals slightly dusky, with a narrow bright
pinkish border behind. Body very elongate ; head compressed ; cheeks
high and vertical ; snout very short, vertically rounded. Mouth nearly
horizontal, large, *^he maxillary nearly half head, reaching about to
l)osterior margin of orbit; upper jaw with an outer series of strong
curved canines, the inner series and those in lower jaw small. Inter-
orbital width about equaling puj)!! ; eye about | head ; gill-opening 2^
in head; the isthmus wide. Dorsal spines not filamentous; soft dorsal
and anal high, reaching caudal when depressed ; caudal lanceolate, the
middle rays produced, 2§ in length. Pectoral rays not ilk-like. Body
covered with small ctenoid scales, much reduced anteriorly ; head, ante-
dorsal region, and b-east naked. ? with smaller mouth and no red ou
tins, ^^harleston, S. C.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mub. 1882.)
Page 0. t. Oobius carolinensis Gill is indistinguishable from OobiU9
Hoporator, . id may be suppressed. Oobius mapo Poey (Mem. Cuba, ii,
277), seems to be the same species.
Page 634. Oobius gulosus Grd. is a species of Lepidogobius, and should
be transferred to page 638, after L. newberrii. It may be thus defined:
903 {b), 0§C. Ii. 8:ulosus (Grd.) J. & G.
Light olive, with sharply defined markings of dark brown; those ou
the head mostly longitudinal streaks; those on the body forming dark
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 60 '
ih
946 CONTRinUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTIIYOLOOY iv.
croas-bara and blotcbea; flna mostly apottod or barred. Body el(>H{^uto
Head huso, b)W, not very blunt. Mouth larjjc, vory oblique, the, jiuni-
dible strongly pnyeeting I the maxillary extending? to below middle of
l)npil, 2 in head. Teeth in few 8v"riea, those of the outer row very
Umg, alendor, and curved. S(!ales small, cycloid, imbedded. Head
and nai)e scalelesa. J)orsal spines slender, the lonf?est sonjewhat fihi-
nuMitons; caudal loufj; u|»i)er pectoral rays not ailk-like; ventrnls in-
serted directly below pectorals. Ilead.'Sj; depth 5. 1). VI-ir>; A. l(i-
Lat. 1. 42. li. .'J inches. Florida to Texas.
((}obiun (julosutt (Jul. U. 8. Mox, IJouml. Surv. Iclith. lH5y, '26.) ■ .
Page G.'?5. Before Oohius plaucofra'num insert —
98Y {!>)• O. bolcoRoma .T. & G.
Tale olivaceous, mottled with darker; male with a black humeral
spot ; tins barred, their edgea tinged with orange. Form, size, and
coloration of lioU'osoma olmstcdi. Head not very blunt. Mouth ni(»<i-
erate, horizontal, the lower jaw included; the maxillary reaching nearly
to middle of eye. Teeth amall, slender, in narrow bands, the outer
sonu'what larger. Scalea moderate, ctenoid. Dorsal apinea not fila-
mentous; caudal pointed, slightly longer than head; upper rays of
pectorala not ailk-like. Head 4; dei)th 4^. 1). Vl-12; A. I, 11; Lat.
1. IY,\. Ti. 2 inchea. Penaacola, F^la.
(.Jordan & (Jilberfc, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Miis. 1882, '295.)
0§7 ((■)• O. NtiKXnatlirus Goixlo <&. Boan.
■ 1 Light olive, sidea marbled with whitish; a duakj' spot on opcrclo and
one below eye; sides witli 5 dnaky blotchea along median line, the last
(Hie a round black spot at base of caudal; vertical fins with wavy blaclv
ish bars ; paired Una plain. Form of G. bokoHoma; bead not very blunt;
snout little ahorter than eye; lower Jaw not shorter than upper. ]\Iax
illary extending to below middle of eye, 2§ in head. Teeth stroiij:!;,
curved, those of the upper jaw in a narrowband, two of the teeth soiiio-
what canine-like; lower teeth large, in a aingle irregular aeries. Scales
large, those on the nape reduced, all ctenoid. i>or8al apinea alemler;
flns not elevated ; caudal aa long aa head ; upper rays of pectoral not
i^ilk-like. Head 4 ; depth G. D. Vi-12; A. 12; Lat. I. 30. L. 2 inches.
Weat coaat of Florida.
(Goo»lc & Beau, Pioc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,418.)
•8T (d). O. nicholsl Bean.
Olivaceous; scales edged with dusky; top of spinous dorsal black ;|
second dorsal and caudal spotted with dark; ventrals black. Boiij
ADDENDA 104. GODIIDiE — LEPIDOOOBIUS.
947
Htout, coniprcBaed. Snout obtuso, about aa lonp hh eyo; maxillary
reaching front of pupil ; lower jaw Nlightly projeclinK; teeth Hlender,-
in several serien, the outer enlarged. Last rays of soft dorsal nearly
as long as head ; caudal convex, nearly as long as head ; pectoral us
long as head, none of its rays silk-like. Scales large; head nake<l.
Head :y^ ; depth 4^. D. VI-14 ; A. 12 ; scales 20-10. L. 4i inches.
Coast of British Columbia. (Jiean.)
(Boau, I'loc. U. 8. Nat. Muh. 1881, 4(}y.)
Pago 0,30. After Gobionellus oceanicus add:
989 ('>). O. stiKinaticus Viwy.—E»meralda.
IJrown; head with 4 vertical broad black bands; Son the check, 1
on th(i opercle; body with 10 narrow vertical yellow bars; pectorals and
caudal with cross-rows of brown spots; ventrals yellow, with bla<'k
edgings; a small black ahouUb^r spot. Trottle bluntly decur^ed; max-
illary reaching past middle of orbit. Teeth slciuder, in bands, the outer
row enlarged. Pectoral as long aa head; caudal pointed, half Jia long
as body. Scales ciliated. Head 4; depth 4^. D. Vl-12; A. 13; Lat.
1. 30. (Poey.) Southern Florida {Bean) to Cuba.
{SmarayduH Hligmaticua P()«y, Momorias Cuba, ii, tiSl, 1860; Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub.
394.)
The scales in Oobioncllm oeeanicm vary considerably. Lat. 1. 00 to 80.
Pago 037. After Xepidoflfo6iw« flrM^o«w» add : ;
99SI(fi). L. t!ial«N»litU8 Jor. &Gilb. ^ * ' ^ '\,-
Body translucent, very thickly covered with very minute, shining-
green dots, least numerous on tall; three consi)icuous translucent bars,
wider than the interspaces, crossing sides iujmediately behind heatl;
two narrow brilliantly-greeu lines running obliquely across cheeks;
dorsals whitish, with two or three lengthwise series of large reddish-
brown spots ; spinous dorsal blackish at base ; anal whitish at biise,
the anterior rays tipped with brilliant white, the greater i)ortion of fin,
as well aa lower part of caudal fin, blackish; upper caudal rays markf^l
with red; ventrals light buff; pectorals translucent. Body elongate,
much compressed; caudal peduncle very narrow and short; head com-
l)reased, much higher than wide, with very short, acute snout; mouth
terminal, wide and oblicpio; the jaws equal; maxillary reaching vertical
from middle of orbit, half length of head. Teeth apparently in a very
narrow baud, behind an outer series of strong conical t^eth (the inner
biind cannot bo certainly verified in our specimens). Eyes high, sepa-
■■'V I
948 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
rated by a very narrow interorbital space. Dorsal spines slender tbo
fifth slightly produced, reaching base of third soft ray when depressed.
Last rays of dorsal and anal reaching slightly past base of caudal.
€audal lanceolate, the middle rays produced, 2§ in body. Upper pec-
toral rays not silk-like. Ventral longer than head, reaching beyond
front of anal. Body covered with very small cycloid scales, which are
readily deciduous; head naked. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. VII-16; A.
15. L. IJ inches. Charleston Harbor. This species is closely allied
to L. emhlematicus Jor. & Gilb., from Panama.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)
Page 638. Instead of Gobiosoma alepidotum read :
993. O. bosci (Lac.) J. & G.
To the synonomy add:
(GoUua bo»c Lacep^do, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 555, 1800. The name alcpidotua was given
by Schneider in 1801 as a substitute for this personal name.)
Page 638. Oobiosoma molestum is not distinguishable by us from 0,
hosci. It may therefore be suppressed.
Page 638. After (?o&io«owa 6o«ci add: ,:
993 (6). G. l08 Jor. & Gilb. '
Light olive; back, sides, and upper fins speckled with dark olive;
caudal with 3 or 4 dark olive cross-bars ; lower fins pale. Body long
and slender, moderately comiiressed ; head long and low, anteriorly
] jointed, its profile scarcely convex ; mouth very large, oblique, the
jaws subequal ; maxillary reaching middle of cheek, its length more
tlian half head ; teeth slender, in moder&.te bands, the outer somewhat
enlarged. Eye as long as snout, 4J in head. Body entirely naked.
Fins low, the spines slender; caudal short. Head 4^; depth 6§. 1).
VI-15; A. 12. L. 2 inches. Puget Sound; one specimen known, from
the stomach of a Hexagrammus asper, v
. (.Jor. & Gilb. Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) •' •
IJage 639. After Tyntlastes sagitta add :
_,.,, 350 (fc).—IOGIiOSSUS Bean. .< "
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 419: type logloasua calliurus Bean.)
Body elongate, strongly compressed, of equal depth throughout, cov-
ered with very small, mostly cycloid, scales. Head short, compressed,
not keeled above; mouth large, oblique, the lower jaw projecting;
teeth in narrow bands or single series, some of them canine; no teeth
ADDENDA 105. CHIRIDE HEXAGRAMMUS.
949
i'i
on vomer or palatines ; tongue very slender, shai-p ; opei cles unarmed.
Gill-openings very wide, the membranes narrowly joined to tlie isthmus
on the median line. No lateral line. Branchiostegals 5. Dorsals sep-
arate; the first of 6 very slender, flexible spines; the second elongate,
similar to the anal ; caudal long and pointed, free from dorsal and ana) ;
ventrals close together, separate, each of one spine and four rays, their
insertion below or behind pectorals; anal papilla present. ({«?, dcrt;
ykihaaa, tongue.) A remarkable type, belonging to the OxymetoponiinvCy
differing widely from our other Gobioid fishes.
996 (b). I. calliurus Bean.
Light olive, without distinct markings (in spirits); tip of first dorsal
dusky; caudal apparently with a median reddish stripe and two bluish
bands. Head not crested, its upper surface gently rounded; maxillary
extending to opposite front of pupil, 2^ in head; upper jaw with about
.2 series of teeth, the outer enlarged ; 2 curved canines behind the baud ;
lower jaw with about 1 row of smaller teeth, besides about 4 canines.
Eye large, twice length of snout, 3\ in head. Gill rakers long aiul
slender. Dorsal fins contiguous, the longest spine filamentous, about
as long as head; caudal lanceolate, half as long as rest of body; ven-
trals inserted very slightly in advance of pectorals, nearly as long as
Ijead. Scales minute, mostly cycloid. Head 5; depth 7^. D. VI-22;
A. I, 21. L. 4 inches. Deep water off Peiisacola, Fla.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1H82, 419; Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua.
1882, 297.)
Page 642. Hexagrammus ordinatus is a typical Hexagrammus, having
the dorsal fin divided. The genus Pleurogrammns should probably be
adopted for H. monopterygins, which is, in Alaska, one of the most im-
portant food-fishes, according to Dr. Bean.
Page 644. Dr. Bean considers our suggestion, that Hexagrammus
scaler is the young of H. asper, as improbable. The following are the
characters assigned to the former species ;
999 (6). H. 8cal»er Bean.
Light brown, silvery below; each dorsal with 3 dark blotches, smaller
than eye, not reaching base of fin; pectorals, ventrals, and anal ininux;-
ulate. Teeth on jaws and vomer; none on palatines. A tentacle above
eye. Six lateral lines on each side; the supplemental one faint, extend-
ing backward from above base of pectoral, disappearing near middle of
body. Scales everywhere very rough. Caudal forked ; dorsal deeply
I'll'
Mi-
950 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
notched. Head 4^; depth 4 J. D. XX, 24; A. 23; Lat 1. 105; 1. tr. 50.
L. 3 inches. Coast of Alaska; known from young specioieus only.
(Bean, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1881, 154.)
Page 661. Sebmtodes proriger ranges northward to Alaska, where it
grows to a considerable size. In the original descriptions, both of
'■^ Epinephelus ciliatus^^ and '^^Perea variabilis,'" it is evident that S. pro-
riger has been confounded by Tilesius and Pallas with the species for
which we have retained the name of S. ciliatus.
On page 665, after Sehastodes ruber, add :
1019 (h). S. umbrosus J. & G.
Light orange, overlaid everywhere with blackish, the latter color
forming on the lower part of the sides reticulations in fine pattern,
the centers of the scales being paler than the edges; sides of head
with dusky shades ; sides of back with some large areas of blac'.cish ;
upper parts with 5 large rounded blotches of pink washed with oran«'e
these blotches arranged as in constellatus, but larger, less sharply de-
fined, and of a difterent hue; the second blotch with a smaller one above
it^ a rosy spot on opercular flap; fins pale orange, shaded with dusky.
General form of constellatus. Mouth moderate, oblique, the lower jaw
scarcely projecting, its tip fitting into the eraarginate tip of upper jaw ;
maxillary 2 in head, reaching posterior margin of pupil ; both jaws with
small, smoothish scales. Cranial ridges rather sharp, lower than in con-
stellatus; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tymijanic, and occipital
spines present; interorbital area concave, with two prominent ridges;
the region much broader than in constellatus, § width of eye; supra-
ocular ridge low, its spine smaller than tympanic spine; preocular
l)rominent; preopercular spines all acute; preorbital narrow, with two
spines. Eye large, 4 in head. Gill-rakers rather long and slender, the
longest about half eye. Scales moderate, with many accessory scales.
Dorsal rather low, deeply emarginate ; fourth spine equal to soft rays,
about I head ; soft dorsal longer than high ; second anal spine large,
2 J in head; caudal slightly emarginate; pectoral not reaching vent,
3§ in body. Head 2f ; depth 2^. D. XIII, 12; A. Ill, 6; Lat. 1. 40
(tubes). Santa Barbara, California. j,
(Sebastichthys umhrosua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1888.)
Page 679. The species here called Scorpcena dactyloptera proves
to have been correctly identified with the European species. It has
lately been taken in considerable numbers along the Gulf stream. The
ADDENDA 106. SCORP^NID^ — SCORP^ENA.
951
pectorals in this species are subtnincate, the lower rays somewhat
exserted. The group called by Poey "Pon<tntt«" is not of this type,
but allied rather to Scorpecna proper.
Pafre 081. Scorpasna porcus should probably be erased, its occurrenco
in our waters being very doubtful. The following species has been,
perhaps, mistaken for it :
103§ {h). is, steamsl Goode & Bean.
Dusky olivaceous, whitish below; head with some dark blotches and
small spots; back and sides with diffuse blackish blotches; body
sparsely covered with round dusky spots, smaller than pupil ; these
spots most numerous and distinct in the axillary region, which is other-
wise whitish; spinous dorsal marbled, with a median dusky band; its
base whitish, with black spots; soft dorsal and anal irregularly mar-
bled ; caudal with a broad median and a terminal band of blackish ; pec-
torals mottled and banded ; ventrals dusky at tip. Body robust, little
compressed, tapering posteriorly. Mouth moderate, oblique, the jaws
equal, the lower with a small symphyseal knob; maxillary 2 in head,
reaching to below posterior margin of orbit. Preorbital with two di-
verging spines; suborbi.al without deep pit, its stay low, armed with
two small spines; nasal spines inconspicuous; interorbital space deeply
concave, with 2 longitudinal ridges, its width | diameter of eye.
Cranial ridges rather low, moderately sharp; the following pairs
present: preocular, supraocular, postocular, coronal, occipital, nuchal,
besides 3 on the temporal region, arranged in a right line behind the
eye. Occipital pit deep, a little broader than long. Preopercular
spines 5, the two lower blunt and short, the upper much the longest,
half as long as the eye; a small spine at its base. Supraocular flap very
small, trilobate, shorter than pupil (much larger in a young example, ap-
parently of the same species, in which its length is about half head).
Small dermal flaps elsewhere on head. Opercular flap scaly; a few ru-
dimentary scales on cheeks and front of opercle. Breast with small
scales. Gill-rakers short and thick. Scales large, smooth, with mem-
branous edges; a series of dermal flaps along the lateral line and at
the dorsal base. Dorsal spines slender, the longest 2| times in head ;
longest soft ray half as long as head ; caudal subtruncate, 1^ in head.
Anal spines small, the second and third equal, 2* in head. Longest
soft ray of anal half as long as head. Ventrals 1% in head. Pectorals
reaching soft rays of anal, the longest ray slightly shorter than head;
^M
If-:
V -.it
s.'M
952 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY jy.
base of the fin a little procurrent, its length 3 in head. Head 2"''
depth 2|. D. XI, I, 9; A. Ill, 5; P. 20j Lat. 1. 32 (31 tubes). Sout'li
Carolina to Florida.
(Goodo & Ikau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua. 1882, 421.)
'^038 (c). S. calcarata Goodo & Bean.
• Color essentially as in 8. stearnsi; axil of pectoral whitish, with
dusky specks, a black spot at its upper edge; ventrals mostly black.
Body moderately robust ; lower jaw slightly projecting, Avith a small
symphyseal knob j maxillary reaching past pupil, its length half head.
Suborbital without pit, the bony stay moderate, armed with 2 small
spines. Nasal spines small. Intoiorbital space narrow, with 2 loiifrj.
tudinal ridges, its width f length of eye. Cranial ridfi^es rather low,
with sharp spines, arranged as in <S^. stearnsi. Occipital cavity almost
obsolete, represented by a slight depression. Preoperuular spines 5,
the lowermost stout, directed downward and forward, vhe uppermost
rather long, more than half eye. Opercular and scapular sjiines mod-
erate. Eye large, nearly 3 in head. Supraocular flaps minute; a lew
other small flaps on head. Cheeks with rather large imbricated scales;
opercle, with some scales anteriorly and on its flap; breast scaly; scales
of body large, not ctenoid with few dermal flaps or none. Pores of
lateral line very conspicui- .s. Gill-rakers short and small. Dorsal
spines rather slender, the longest 2§ in head; longest soft ray 2^ iu
head. Anal spines small, the second and third subequal, 3 in head.
Soft anal rays moderate. Ventrals reaching past vent, Ig in head.
Pectoral long, !» in head. Depth 3. D. XI, I, 9; A. Ill, 5; P. 19; Lat.
1. 28 (25 tubes). West coast of Florida.
(Goodo & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 422.)
Page 088. Cottunculus microps is very fully described and well figured
by Collett, Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 18. The eye is here repre
sented as shorter than snout, and about G in head, the pectorals reach
past front of anal, and the dorsal rays are VI-13 to VI-15. It is pos-
sible that the American species is different, but the resemblance of the
two is very great.
''" Page G91. It is thought by Collett (Norske Nord-Havs Exp. 1880, 34)
thfc " Tcelvs bicornis is identical with Icehis hamatus. If this supposition
is correct, the species should stand as 1048, I. bicornis (Keinh.) Gill.
Icelns furciger Malm (Forh. Skand. Naturf. 1863, 410) is identical with
Jr. hamatus. In life the head of this species is provided with very slen-
der cirri.
ADDENDA — 107. COTTID^ — URANIDEA. 053
Page 694. Instead of Uranidea spilota read:
1094. r. rice! (NtilHou) J. & G.
Erase the synonym " Uranidea spiloia Cope," etc. U. spilota is prob-
ably a distinct species, allied to U. cognata.
Page 695. After Uranidea semiacabra add:
lO'ie (<-)■ IJ. rhothca Rosa Smith.
Dusky, with blackish cross bands above, yellowish and piinctulate
below; fins all more or less spotted and barred. Body moderately
elongate. Head broad and flattish ; interorbital space broad and little
concave, nearly as broad as eye. Mouth moderate, the maxillary ex-
tending about to middle of pupil; jaws subequal; palatine teeth con-
spicuous; preopercular spine shortish, nearly straight, directed upward
and backward. Skin of head smooth; skin of back and sides rough,
^vith short, rather coarse prickles, shorter and stiffer than in U. aspera.
Fins moderate; pectoral barely reaching past front of anal. Head 3;
depth 4f. D. VIII-15; A. 11; V. I, 4. Spokane Falls, Upper Colum-
bia Kiver. . ,.. ,. ._, : v,,
(Rosa Smith, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis. 1882, 347.)
Page 697. Under Uranidea richardsoni add another "variety" — var.
himUeni (Hoy).
The original type of U. kumlieni Hoy, lately re-examined by us, has
palatine teeth, and the ventrals I, 4. It represents, in our present
view, a variety of U. richardsoni, possibly distinguishable from var.
hairdi by the rather higher spinous dorsal and rather larger eye and
mouth. The description of " U. franMini,^^ on page 090, belongs to U.
kumlieni, being taken from Hoy's type.
Page 098. To the account of Uranidea cognata may be added : Mouth
larger than in Uranidea gohio; head 3 in length without caudal; its
width equal to its length and half more than its height; Jaws equal;
vent a little nearer suout than insertion of caudal ; second dorsal twice
as long as first, separated from it by a space less than a line ; anal be-
ginning opposite sixth ray of dorsal; caudal 6 in total length. Under
surface silvery gray, minutely dotted; on the sides the dots are mingled
with crowded irregular blotches of dark brown; back and top of head
nearly uniform dark brown, few pale spots appearing. L. 4 inches.
[Richardson.)
m
■ »i
it" < ■ I'i
.I'll
pi'
i'irli
1
|:'
#
llii li:
:■.; ,■,;
'^i ■
954 CONTRIBl IIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICIITUYOLOGY ly.
Pago G98, After Uranidea cognata add:
lOOil (/>). U. spllota Copo.
Brown above, yellowish below, everywhere densely pnnctulate with
darker except on the belly ; dorsals, caudal, and pectorals barred • anui
yellowish; dorsal and base of caudal with blackish 8i)ots; sides with
large dark spots, forming sometimes seven or fewer cross-bars. iJoUv
rather elongate. Eye 4^ in head, one-third greater than interorbital
"width. Head slightly contracted laterally, not much depressed; oue
preopercular spine (hooked upward); pectoral reaching vent and front
of second dorsal, its rays undivided. Spinous dorsal low; anal bejjln-
ning opposite fourth ray of spinous dorsal. No trace of palatine teeth.
Lateral line incomplete. Head 3^; depth 5. D. VIII-17; A. 13; V. I
4; P. 15; B. 6. L. 3 inches. Grand Bapids, Michigan. {Cope.)
(Cope, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 18G5, 82.)
1063 (c). V, polllcaris J. & G.
Light olive above, blotched and spotted with black; lower part of
sides and below light, unmarked; dorsals, pectorals, and caudal with
series of spots. Head much depressed ; snout broad and flat ; profile
straight or slightly concave from nape to tip of snout; mouth small
anterior; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit; teeth ou
vomer, none on palatines. Preopercular spine large and strong, spi-
rally curved upwards and inwards; a single concealed iwint below
this on margin of preopercle. Spinous dorsal rather low, connected
with the long, low second dorsal by membrane; longest dorsal spiue
equalling length of snout; origin of anal under third dorsal ray; hist
ray of anal under sixteenth of dorsal; ventrals I, 4, reaching § distance
to vent; pectoral rays all simple; vent midway between tip of snout
and base of caudal. Lateral line continuous to base of caudal. No
prickles. Head 3f in length; depth 4^; eye 5J in head. D. VII-19;
A. 13; P. 17. Lake Michigan.
(Jor. & Giib. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) - ■
Page 699. Instead of the description of Uranidea franJdini, given in
the text, insert the following:
1069. IJ. franklini (Ag.) Jor.
Body^ rather short and stout; snout not very obtuse; maxillary
reaching about to pupil; eye 4 in head, twice the interorbital space;
preopercular spine hook-like, very acute ; paired fins rather short, the
pectorals not reaching ventj first dorsal nearly as high as second;
ADDENDA — 108 (a). — AGOHIDiE — LEPTAG0NU8. 965
dorsals contiguous ; anal inserted under fourth ray of second dorsal ;
caudal in length; lateral line incomplete; vent nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout. Head 2^; depth ^. 1). VlII-17; A. 12; V. I, 3.
L. 3 inches. Lake Superior. [Girard.)
Page 099. After Uranideafranklini add:
1009 (ft). U. formosa (Gid.) Jor.
Body slender and graceful ; head small, depressed above ; eyes mod-
erate ; preopercular spine short, stout, acute, curved upwards ; a small
spine below it ; subopercular spine well developed. Dorsals well sepa-
rated; anal beginning under tbird raj'^ of soft dorsal; pecstorals not
reaching to posterior margin of spinous dorsal ; ventrals not nearly to
vent. Head 4^. D. VIII-IC; A. 11; V. I, 3. L. 3^ inches. Deep
water in Lake Ontario. {Girard.)
{Coitus formosaa Girard, Mon. Cott. 58, 1850.)
Page 703. To the synonj'my of Cottus scorpiun grccnlandieua add:
{Cottus mitchilli C. & V. iv, 188: Cotttia porosun C & V. viii, 498: Acanthocoitm ocel-
hlu8 H. R. Storer, Bost. Journ. Nat. HisL l«r)0, v;."i3 : CottiiHylavinUa Rich. Last Arctic
Voyage Belch, ii, 349, 1855 : Acantliocottun muconun Ayrca, I'loc. Cul. Ac. Nat. Sci.
1854, 12.)
Page 712. A minute patch of palatine teeth is sometimes present in
Liocotttis hirundo.
Page 726. Instead of Braehyopsis read
3§3.— I^EPTAGOWrS Gill.
■;m.--m
(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1831, 259: type Agonua apinoaisaimua Kroycr=: ^gian«»
(lecagonua Bl. & Schu.)
The species should stand as—
0. Lower jaw projecting. (Braehyopsis GiW.)
1118. Li. rostratiis (Tiles.) J. & G.
1113. L. verrucosus (Lock.) J. &Q j; if::i ;
1114. Lt, xyosternus J. & G.
aa. Lower jaw included. (Leptagonva.)
II 13. Li. decagronus (Bl. & Schu.) J. &, G.
The following description of L. decagonus may be substituted for that
given in the text :
Greyish yellow, with 2 to 4 large transverse brown spots ; tips of pec-
torals and caudal blackish ; a black streak through eye across preo-
J]
m
m
I ¥\
956 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — I v.
percle. Body slender ; head rather low ; mouth large, subiiifei ior the
snout projecting beyond it 5 gill- membranes free from isthmus {Jide Col-
lett in lit.) ; five long cirri near the angle of mouth, one of them forked •
a forked cirrus on lower jaw ; snout longer than the large eye ; the
longest cirri about as long as snout: a pair of short spines on snout-
a pair of knotty protuberances above eye, and a pair of larger ones on
frontal region ; shields of anterior part of back each with a large keel
ending in a spine; keels elsewhere bluntish ; plates of breast tubercle-
like and striate ; 4 shields between dorsals ; 5 before first dorsal ; 17
before second ; 12 between ventrals and anal. Pectorals slightly
longer than head ; ventrals moderate, longest in the males, the vent
close behind them. Head 5 ; depth 8. D. VI-7 ; A. 7 ; Lat. 1. 40, the
number of pores about 24. L. 9 inches. Greenland to Jforway. {CoUttt.)
tColiott, Norsko Nord-HavsExp. 1880, 44.)
Page 728. Agonus cataphractus.
This species should probably be omitted as not occurring within our
limits, the Greenland references belonging to Leptagonus decagonm.
Page 728. The genus Bothragonus Gill here appears for the first
limj, the portion of Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. XI, in which it was to be
characterized having been withdrawn by the author.
Page 733. Trigla cuculus should doubtless be omitted. It probably
has never been taken on our coasts.
Page 734. Instead of 1123, Prionotus pimctatiis read:
1123. P. scituliis J. &. 6.
For the synonymy given, substitute —
{Prioiiotiin puttctalua Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 373, not of C. & Y,;
Jor. & Gilb. Pioc. U. S. Ni>t. Mus. 1882, Sja8.)
Page 734. After Pnonotus scitulns read :
1113 (h). P. puMCtatus (Bloch) C. & V.
Olivaceous, with some small roundish spots ; dorsal with a dark
blotch between fifth and sixth cpines ; soft dorsal and caudal faintly
barred ; pectoral with two large blackish spots near its middle above,
besides numerous pale bars and spots. Body not very slender ; pec-
torals rather short, not reaching end of soft dorsal, slightly less tliau
half length «»C body; free rays of pectoral slender; band of palatine
teeth short, rather broad; maxillary 2J in head not reaching eye;
preorbital feebly serrated, its edge armed with two rather strong
ADDENDA — 1 11. GOBIESOCID^ — GOBIESOX.
957
spinous teetb, hooked backwards. Snout wide, the distance between
angles of mouth scarcely less than half head ; grooves between orbits
behind not deep. Head 3; depth 4. D. X-12; A. 11; Lat. 1. 57.
West Indies, said to range northward to our coasts, but perhaps con-
founded with pabmpes and scitulm ; the specimens here described from
Havana.
{Trigla punctata Bloch, Ausl. Fisclie, taf. 352; C. & V. iv, 93; Gllnther ii, 193.)
Page. 738. Instead of Gephalacanthua spinarclla read :
1I3§. C. volitans (L.) J. & G.
'J'Jxe specimen to which Linna)us gave the name of " Gastcrostem
npinarella^^ was said to have come from India. It is therefore more
likely to have been a young specimen of the one of the East Indian
species (perhaps C. orientalis C. & V.) than of the Atlantic species
I'olitans.
Page 740. After Carcproctus gelatinosus add :
1130 (ft). C. reinhardi Kroyer.
Reddish gray. Body semitransparent, covered with viscid skin.
Head short and globular. Eye 5 to 6 in head. Caudal tin very slen-
der, joined to the dorsal and anal ; month nearly horizontal ; lower jaw
scarcely projecting. Ventral disk little larger th.an eye. Pectorals
(loei)ly emarginate, nearly as long as head, reaching anal ; the lower
rays exserted, appearing as a series of short twisted filaments. Dis-
tance from ventral disk to vent not more than diameter of eye ; head
with conspicuous mucous pores. Head 4J; depth 5^. D. 54 ; A. 45j
C. IL'; P. 32. Greenland to Jan Mayen. (Colktt)
{Liparh gelatinonua Rcinli. Overaigt, &c. 1844, 77, not, of Pallnfl: Liparis (Care-
proctuH) reinhardi Kiuyer, Natnrh. Tidskr. i, 252, 1802; Collott, Norsko Nord-llavs
Exped. 1^130,57.)
Page 712. According to Professor Collett, Liparis arctica Gill is a
variety of Liparis lineata, distinguished from the latte." by its uniform
coloration only. Other varieties of this species are characterized by
(Or.ett (Forh. Vid. Selsk. i, 44, 1879).
Page 746. The genus
89/1 (&).-E1J:!IICllOTREiTIV9 Gill.
is probably worthy of adoption. Its single species may st'uid as —
II t'l. E. spinosus (MUUer) QiU.
958 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ly.
Page 740. After OobieHox .ttrumosus udd:
1 147 (h). G. virffiitiiln!9 J. & U.
OlivaceouH, with palor spots and fine black dots; the whole body cov-
ered with wavy, lonyitudinal lines of a light orpuge color (fadinff in
spirits); vertical tins dusky, somewhat barred; caudal tipped wiij,
yellowish, liody rather sh'uder; cheeks prominent; mouth reachiii"-
front of orbit; lower jaw somewhat included; tet^th above in a narrow
band; four of the outer somewhat eidarged; incisors of lower jaw
entire; ventral disk a little shorter than head. Eyes small, 4 in bead
less than half the broad interorbital space. Head 3; its width :i\-
depth 0. 1). 10; A. 8. L. I4 inches. Pensacola, Florida.
(Jordi fe Gilbort, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 2d\i.)
Page 751. No. 1140 {h), Batrachits i>nr(htii Goode & Bean, should
probably be considered a distinct species. It is a deep water form, with
tlabby skin.
Page 751. Instead of PorichthyH porosissimnH read:
1 1.10. P. innrKaritntuii (Rich.) J. & G.
Omit from the synonyniy liatrachits porosimimnH C. & V. (a species
from Surinam, the identity of which with our ppecies is not i)roveii)
and insert (/:?<j<rat7<»<.'< margnriUitm U i ch a rdson, Voyage Sulphur. Fishes,
(57). r. margaritatus appears to range from Lower California to Van-
couver's Islaud.
Page 752. After P. margarifatuH add:
1190 0>)- P> picctrodon J. & G.
Coloration essentially as in P. mnrgaritatus, but rather paler and
more golden; the lines of pores and Nhining spots very similar. Pain
tines each with few teeth (4 or 5); 1 to 3 of these developed as very
strong canines (usually much larger than the canines on vonu'r), which
are strongly' curved forwards and inwards (in P. margaritatiis the pala-
tine teeth are more numerous, subequal, small, much smaller than ca
uiiu>s on vomer). Head 3^: depth. 5|. D. II-;J7; A. 34; V. I, 2. L. 8
inches. South Carolina to Texas.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 18Si, 291.)
Page 757. After Gha^modes quadrifaaciatus add:
ll.li'l (b). C subiii'ro; J. & G.
Male deep olive, with dark cross shades; numerous pale spots on (lie
sides which form undulating lines converging backwards; dark stripes
OLOGY — IV.
ADDENDA 114. BLENNIIDiE — TSESTITES.
959
11"
downward and forward from oyo; top of head and npptir part of dorsal
lin usually with fino black spots; spinous dorsal with a uuMlian oran^w
longitudinal band; other llns mostly dusky olivo. Female with about H
l)la(ki8h cross bands extending on the dorsal lin; the body everywhere
Avith ])ale spots; tins all sharply barred with blackish and olive. Hody
deeper than in C. boAquianuH; the head shorter, blunter, and the mouth
notably smaller; maxillary not reaching j)osterior margin of eye, its
length 2J^ in head; teeth occu|>ying about half of lowiir jaw; height
of gill-slit 3jj in head, its lower {'aX^h o])p(»site third ray of pe(5toral. A
uniiute cirrus, shorter thaii pupil above each eye and each nostril.
Dorsal continuous, with slender rays, the last one Joined to tije caudal.
First two rays of anal short, thick and fleshy' in the males. IIea<l .'ij? ;
dei»th 3. 1). XII, 17; A. IT, 18. L. 4 inches. Pensacola Bay, Florida.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proo. II. S. Nat. Mim. 1882, 298.)
Page 757. Instead of 1 155, IneHthes gentiliH read :
1139. 1. irilbcrti Jordan.
From the description on piige 757, erase the phrases " a blue spot on
the dorsal in front; males with golden stri])es on lower parts of head,"
and insert "no sbarp markings in either sex." This si)ecies is knovn
from Santa Barbara and San Diego. It may be readily <listingiiished
from I. gentiliH by ita stitf spiues and multifid orbital tentacles, as well
us by the. color.
Instead of the synonomy, on page 758, substitute:
(Jordau, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. 1882, 349.)
Page 758. After TscnthcH gilherti add :
linii {b). I. gcntilis ((ird.) J. & G.
Brown; males with the whole bodv clo.scly mottled and blotclied
with darker brown, the light ground color forming reticulations i»round
darker spots ; dark spots close-set on hea<l ; lower part of side of
head behiml mouth with two sharply defined parallel vertical pale burs
(said to be yellow in life); back with about (> dusky cross-shades; a
bluish spot on H})inous dorsal in front. Female with tin- spots on body
duller, the bands on head obsolete, and the spot on front of spinous
dorsal jet black and conspicuous; fins all mottled. Body rather ro-
bust, the head very bluntly rounded in profile. Orbital taxitacle nimple,
in the male one-third length of head, in the female much smaller; gill-
opening not exteuiling downward to lower edge of pectorals. Dorsal
lin continuous, its spines low and flexible. Caudal free from dorsal and
hi
9G0 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
aual. HeadSg; depth 4. D. XIII, 17 j A. 19j L. 4 iuches. Monterey
to Cape San Lucas.
(Blcnniua gentilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1854, 149: Blemius gentiUt
Giintlier, iii, 217: Bhnniua gentilis Steind. lohtli. Bcitr. v, KiO, 1876; Jordan, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1882, 3f)0; not lacatliea gentilia of the present work, page 757, which is
laeathea gilbert L)
Page T-?S. After Isesthes punctatus add :
1IS6 (h). I. hcntzi (Le S.) J. & G.
Light bluish-ash, mixed with rufous, with numerous irregnhir black
and rufous spots ; dorsal black, with whitish spots ; solt dorsal with 5
dark bands ; ventrals blackish, with pale bands ; caudal with 3 or 4
dark bands. Body little elongate ; snout very short, but not vertically
truncate; eyes above angle of mouth, placed h'gh; gill-slit extending
from level of base of pectoral fins to height of eye ; teeth equal ; dorsal
slightly depressed in the middle ; pectorals large ; a short cirrus above
each eye and a smaller one over each nostril. Depth 3^^ (in total). D.
XT, 14 ; A. 16. Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. {Le Sueur.)
( Blennius hentz Le Sueur, Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iv, 363, 1825.)
1 1 96 (c). I. ionthas J. & G.
Clear olive-green with traces of darker bars, everywhere densely
freckled with small round blackish spots, smaller than the pui)il, these
very small on sides of head ; a golden area behind eye, followed by a
blackish crescent ; two dark bars separated by a yellowish area below
eye; fins all olive-green. Body rather deep. Head .short, but less blunt
than in J. punctattis. Mouth small, the maxillary scarcely reaching
eye; teeth subequal; orbital cirrus low, scarcely longer than nasal
cirrus, which is about as long as pupil. Gill slit half head, its lower
edge just below middle of pectoral. Dorsal continuous, its spines low
and not very stiff; its soft rays free from caudal. Ilead 4; depth
3|. D. XII, 14; A. 10. Pensacola Bay.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 299.)
1136 (d). I. scrutator J. & G.
Deep olive-green, nearly uniform ; a golden blotch behind eye, fol-
lowed by a dark crescent ; two dark bars separated by a yellowish area
below eye; fins plain dusky greenish. Body rather deep, compressed;
head short, very blunt; mouth very small; teeth subequal; orbital
cirri very long, reaching front of dorsal, about half length of head;
gill slit 2^ in head, its lower edge just below middle of pectoral.
Dorsal scarcely emargiuate, its spines stiff; the soft rays slightly joiued
ADDENDA 1 14. BLENNIID.E BLENNIUS.
961
tociuulal; pectoral as long as head. Ilead 3|; depth 3|. D. XII,
14; A. 18. South Carolina to Texas.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 3C0.)
Page 759. After BIcnnius fucorum add:
I151> (h). B. stcarnsi J. & G.
Light greenish olive, with irregular dark bars extending on the lins;
skin linely punctate; spinous dorsal and anal dusky. Body compara-
tively elongate, compressed; snout short and blunt; the profile mod-
erately decurved ; mouth large, obli<pie, the jaws equal, the maxillary
reaching slightly beyond middle of orbit, 2:^ in head; teeth l^ ; both
jaws with strong curved canines posteriorly ; eye moderate, e(iual to
snout, 4} in head ; supraorbital tentacle forked near the base, as long as
snout sind orbit; no nuchal lilament; gill-membranes nearly free from
isthmus, forming a broad fold across it. Dorsal high, continuous, its
spines subequal, very slender, the highest half head; caudal distinct, 1^
in head ; ventrals not quite reaching vent. Head 3| ; depth ig. D. XI,
18 ; A. II, 21. Pensacola, Florida.
(. Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mu8. 1882, 300.)
1159 ((•). B. rnvosus Goodo &. IBoan.
Brownish, linely reticulated; a series of bluish blotches on sides;
front and sides of head and base of pectoral with a very distinct honey-
coml)-like net- work of blue lines around hexagonal interspaces; top of
head with small oblong blue spots; a black ocellated spot between
first and second spines of dorsal ; anal • ith oblique blue streaks. l>ody
elongate, compressed; anterior profde moderately decurved. Mouth
large, the maxillary reaching i)osterior border of orbit- euch jaw with
curved posterior canines. Sui)raocular cirrus very long and slender,
tritid to the base, the main branch nearly as long as head ; no nuchal
cirrus. Gill-membranes forming a rather narrow i'old across isthmus.
Dorsal low, continuous, the spines very slender and flexible; the last
soft ray slightly joined to caudal. Head 3^; depth 4^. D. XII, 18; A.
11, 20. Garden Key, Florida.
(Good«! & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 416.)
llt'SO (d). B. listerias Goodo &, Boaii.
Olivaceous, with about 6 dark cross bars, which extend on the dorsal
fin; anal and posterior half of body with numerous round, whitish,
stellate spots, probably blue in life; 1/ lish streaks from eye across the
checks; fins vaguely marked. Body moderately elongate, compressed,
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. IG 01
I'm
9G2 CONTRIDUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
the head verj' blunt and deep, almost as deep as long; its anterior pro-
file straight and nearly vertical. Mouth moderate, the maxillarj- reach-
ing past front of eye, 3 in head ; lower jaw with 2 short, stoutish, i)oste-
rior canines; upper jaw without canines. Supraocular cirri small
fringed, about as long as pupil. Nape with longitudinal dermal crest
reaching to front of dorsal, i)rovided with a sei i<\s of about 20 filaments
the longest about as long as the eye. Gill-membranes forming a broad
fold across the isthmus. Dorsrl rather low, nearly continuous, begin-
ning on the nape in front of the preopercle; spines all slender and
flexible, the longest f length of head. Caudal free from dorsal and
anal. Head 4 ; depth 4. D. XI, 16 ; A. 19. Garden Key, Florida.
(Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 416.)
Page 703. In Clinus evides, as in Heterostichits rostratus, the inner
edge of the shoulder-girdle is armed with an upturned, spine-like hook,
not found in any other of our species. This character seems to exist
in typical species of Clinus, and in Cristiceps, but not in Labrosomus or
Cremnobates.
Page 704. After Cremnobates integripinnis add :
an. Dorsal iius separate, the anterior highest.
1106 (ft). C inarBBlorsitUS Steindachner.
Golden brown, marbled with grayish brown; two faint brown cross-
bands on head; six on bodj', the latter extending on dorsal and anal;
lower side of head, pectorals, ventrals, and caudal with numerous narrow
dark cross-bands; dorsal with two small sky-blue ocellated si)ots, sur-
ioun<led by black in the two posterior dark cross-bands. Body coin-
l)aratively deep, compressed, the back somewhat arched; head pointed;
mouth large, the maxillary extending to behind the eye, more than
half length of head; opercle with a sharp spine; jaws equal; teeth
pointed, in narrow bands, the outer larger; vomerine teeth in one row;
supraocular tentacle small, about as large as nuchal tentacle; no nasal
tentacle. Pectoral a little shorter than head. Dorsals separate, the
second s])ine of first dorsal § length of head, iiigher than second dorsal,
the 8[)ines of which are about half head. Head 4f ; depth 4f. J).
III-XXVI, 1; A. ir, 20; Lat. 1. 38. L. 2^ inches. {Steindachner.)
Florida Keys [Bean) to Cuba.
(Steindachner, Ichth. Heitr. v, 174, pi. xii, f. G, 1876.)
Page 774. No. 1181 shoidd stand as
1181. C. violaccMto Grd., instead of " (Ayres; Grd."
ADDENDA 118. OPHIDIID^ — GENYPTERUS.
9G3
Page 793. Alter Ophidium holbrooJci (which will iirobably be foaud to
be identical with O.josephi) add:
1331 (b). O. gfraelisi Puey.
Pale olive (tins without dark edging?). Head small, not very blunt;
snout 4§ in head ; eye 3^ ; mouth oblique, the maxillary 2 in head, reach-
ing to posterior border of i)upil ; teeth small, in narrow bands, few on
vomer and palatines; head naked; snout without spine; gill-rakers
rather long and strong, 4 below angle of arch ; opercle without spine ;
occiput nearly midway between origin of dorsal and front of eye. Air-
bladder long and slender, tapering backwards. Head 4§; depth 7.
Cuba to West Florida.
(?Poey, Memorias Cuba, ii, 455, 1860; Jor. &. Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 301.)
Page 794. After Ophidium profundorum add :
433 (ft)-— GEWYPTERfJS Philippi.
(Philippi, Wiegmaun's Aicliiv. 1857, 2G8: type Genypterus nigricans Fliilippi = Conjitr
chUcnah Guichenot.)
As here understood, this genus differs from Ophidium chiefly in the
presence of a sharp spine on the oi)eicle; most of the species have some
of the palatine teeth enlarged, {y^vu^, chin ; r.zspov^ fin.)
a. Palatine teeth small.
1333 (ft). G. omostigma J. & G.
Light olive, mottled with darker; fins with broad black edging; a
lai'ge round, intensely black spot at the shoulder, rather larger than
pupil ; upper half of eye black. Body rather short, tapering rapidly
backward from the occiput; snout blunt; mouth horizontal; lower jaw
included; maxillary not quite reaching posterior border of orbit, 1^ in
head ; teeth in jaws in broad bands ; teeth on vomer and palatines quite
small; eye much longer than snout, 3 in head; opercle ending in a
strong spine ; gill-rakers very small, 4 below angle of arch. Ventrals
lialf length of head ; scales minute, ind)edded, irregularly arranged ; no
evident pseudobranchijc. Air-bladder short, tliick, with a largo pos-
terior foramen. Ilead 4^; depth C. L. ^ inches. Deep water ott" Pen-
sacola, Florida.
(Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 188^, 301.)
Page 790. For Halias Ayres read Brosmophycis Gill. The former
name is said to be preoccupied.
I
i'v5i?^L
9G4 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Pago 810:
Family 120 (fc).— CHIASMODONTID^.
We are indebted to Professor Gill for the following note on the re-
lationships of CVtiosw/o^ow; ' ■ ' ' '■
"The genns (Jhiasmodon has no affinity with the Gadidw^hni is nearly
related to some forms included by Dr. Giinther in the heterogeneous
group designated as the family Trachinidce. It should apparently bo
isolated as the type of a jjeculiar family, which may be provisionally
defined as follows :
" Acanthopterygians with a short first dorsal of slender spines; a
long second dorsal and anal; ventrals normal (I, 5) and thoracic; mouth
very deeply cleft ; upper jaw not protractile, covered by an integument
in common with the snout anteriorly; the opercular apparatus very ob-
lique and reduced.
"This family is perhaps as nearly allied to the Chcenichthyidce as to
any other." (GiM MSS.)
Page 810. Instead of Githaricjithys aramaca read :
1256. C. psefulus (Guode & Bean) J. & G.
Instead of the synonymy in the text read:
{[lemirhomhus pwtulua Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Phila. 1882,414.)
The known specimens are from Pensacola, Florida.
After Cithanchthys pwtulus add :
1S856 (h). C. occllatus (Poey) J. & G.
Light brownish ; head, body, and fins everywhere finely mottled and
blotched with whitish and dusky. Body moderately elongate. Mouth
small, very oblique, the maxillary extending to opposite middle of eye,
its length 2^ in head. Teeth rather small, unequal, some of the upper
almost canine like, in two rows above and one below; eye 4 in head;
interorbit.il area rather broad, concave, its width § length of eye. Dorsal
rather low, its anterior rays beginning on right (blind) side. Caudal
rounded, its length |head; left pectoral filamentous, nearly as long as
head. Ventrals short, the left ventral on abdominal ridge. Lateral
line without curve. Accessory scales greatly developed (as in the
genus Platophrys, which this species much resembles). Head 3f ; depth
2^. D. 88; A. 70; Lat. 1. about CO (pores of blind side).
{nippoglo>i»m ocdlatua Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii, 314, 1860: Semirh^mhu8 ocelJatua Pocy,
riyn. Pise. Cub. 407:? Hemirhombus aramaca GUutber, iv,422.)
ADDENDA — 127. OSTRACIID^ OSTRACIUM.
9G5
I*ii^i\Sl7. After Citharichthijfi sordidus add: .
1237 (6). C. stiffnatcus J. & G.
Olivaceous, the scales darker edged; fins dusky; all the vertical tins
with a small round inky sjjot near the middle of each seventh to tenth
ray. Body rather deep, strongly compressed; caudal peduncle short
and deep; mouth moderate, the maxilla y 2J in head, reaching past
front of pupil; teeth very slender, rather long, uniserial, about JJJ- on
each side. Eyes large, separated by a sharp, scaieless ridge ; gill-rakers
moderate. Fins moderate ; caudal about as long as head ; pectoral 1 > in
head. Head 3|; depth 2^. D. 87; A. C8; Lat. 1.54 (pores). Santa
Barbara, California.
(Ionian & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882.)
Page 841. After Monolene sessilicauda add :
463 (&).— BiEOSTOmA Bean.
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,413: type Baiostoma brachialia Bean.)
This genus is distinguished from Achirus by the presence of a pecto-
ral tin on the eyed side. From the European genus Monoehir it ditter.s
in having ttic right ventral connate with the anal. (/^«f"?, small; aroim^
mouth.)
139§ (/;). B. brachiale Bean.
Grayish, with 5 or G faint dark vertical lines, and with a few scattered
white spots, the largest nearly as large as eye; blind side whitish.
Pectoral of right side i)resent, of several rays, -| length of head; right
ventral of 5 rays, continuous with anal. Scales of nape, chin, and breast^
much enlarged and spinulose. luterorbital widih half eye. Caudal as
long as head. Head more than 3; depth nearly half of total length.
D. 47 ; A. 35. South Florida. {Bean.)
(Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18S2, 413.)
Page 845. The type of Pterophrynoides is Lophius histrio Linn., not
Chlroncctes bovgainvilUi as stated in the text.
Page 853. After Ostracium trigonum add:
1310 (h). O. ta'iquetrum L.
Dusky, closely covered with round dark spots. Body three-angled,
the angles rather sharp. No spines anywhere. Carapace closed be-
hind dorsal. Snout somewhat concave in profile. Supraocular ridges
prominent, the space between them concave. Head 4; depth 2^. D.
iO; A. 10; Lat. 1. 9. West Indies, north to Pensacola.
{Oalracion tiiquctir L. Syst. Nat.; GUnther, viii, 25G.)
I I
966 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Pjige 85G. InHtcud of Monacanth us broccus rea.d:
1322. M. hispiUUH (Linn.) J. «& G.
{DalititcHhitipiduB Liuu. Syst. Nat.)
Page 801. After Tetrodon turgidus add:
1323 (b). T. ncpliclus Goodo & Bean.
Very close to T. turyiduft, of wliicU it is the soiitbern representative.
Back and sides with pale spots, which are often surrounded by dark
reticulations ; dark bars on sides fainter than in T. turgidus, the axillary
bar scarcely darker than the others. Spines of upper parts much larger,
farther apart, and more distinctly stellate, than in T. turgidus, ceasing
opposite front of dorsal and vent; less than 40 in a series from eye to
dorsal. Dorsal rather larger than in T. <Mr^wZM«. D. 8; A. G. Georgia
to Texas; very abundant. Perhaps a variety of T. turgidus, but thus
far readily distinguishable.
(Goode &. Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat Mas. 1882,412.)
Page 803. Instead of Diodon novemmaculatus read :
18J6. D. liturosiis Sbaw.
(Shaw, General Zoology, v, pt. 2, 436, 1804; after Lac6p^do.)
Page 804. After Chilomycterus geometricus add :
133'3' (c). C. rcticulatsBS (L.) Gthr.
Body and fins mostly covered with small round black spots; a large
black blotch before aud around dorsal ; another on each side above gill-
opening and pectoral. Spines short, compressed, the anterior root flat,
much longer than the other roots except anteriorly; supraocular cirrus
well developed. Head 2|; depth 2f. D. 12; A. 12. West Indies,
north to Florida Reefs.
(Diodon rcticiilatiis L. Syst. Nat. ; Giintber, viii,313.)
Page 805. After Mola rotunda add :
4@7.— RANZATVIA Nardo.
(Nardo, Ann. Soi. Regn. Lombard. Venet. 105, x, 1840: type Tetrodon truncatua Retz.)
Body oblong, the depth about half the height; skin smooth, tes-
sellated, divided into small hexagonal scutella; otherwise essentially
as in Mola. (Dedicated to A. Camillo Ranzaui.)
13J0. R. truncnta (Rctziu8)Nardo. ' -
Snout straight, the mouth being on the level of the eye; caudal
ADDENDA 7-. CARCIIARIlDiE CARCIIARIAS.
967
very short, its base straight, 8lij;htly obli(iue. Size much less than
that of Mala rotunda. Pelagic; occasional oil' our Atlantic coast.
(Tcttodon trunca!ti8 Retz. Vet. Ak. Nya Handl. vi, ii, 11(5: OrlliagorUcua ob1ougu$
Bloch & Sclin. 1801, 511: Orthagorincua /r«n<'«/«8 GUotlier, viii, 311).)
Page C:
Family BDELLOSTOMATIDiE.
The genera Heptatrema and roUstotrema may be recognized as con-
stituting a family {Bdellostoniidw Gill) distinct from My.rinid(e.
Page 12. \V«^ are indebted to Professor Gill for the following outline
of a i)roposed subdivision of the Squall.
The existing Squall appear to be naturally divisible into four subor-
ders, which (liifer, so far at least as the first three are concerned, in
many important respects. They may be briefly diagnotied as follows:
I. OPISTHARTHRI ou CYCLOSPONDYLI.
Squall with tho pnliito-quadrate apparatus articulated or connected with tiio post-
orbital processes of the skull; tho mouth inferior; branchial apertures in increased
number ((> or 7) ; only ono dorsal tin. The Notidaiiiila' alone exhibit these peculiaritita
in the existing fauna.
II. PROARTHRI OR ACRODONTA.
SquaU with tho palato-qnadrate apparatus articulated by an extensive surface with
tho preorbital region of tho skull ; the mouth subterminal and the forehead declivous.
The Ilvlvrodonlidw are the only living representatives.
. n. ANAKTHRI OR GALEI.
Squall with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; the den-
ti^erous portions moderately developed; the mouth inferior. All the living sharks
except the Squatiu'ula;, Heterodonlidw, and Notidanidw belong to this suborder.
IV. RHINiE.
SquaU with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; the den-
ti;',erous portion advanced forwards; the mouth terminal; and the pectorals with en-
larged anterior basal lobes which are separated by notch-lik<! spaces from the branchial
region. The family of Squatinidm is the only existing family of this suborder.
Page 22, etc. The following brief "key" will perhaps facilitate tho
identification of the species of Carcharias, which are at present known
from our Atlantic coast:
a. First dorsal far hehind pectoral. (Carchariaa) Glaucus
aa. First dorsal close behind pectoral.
h. Upper teeth oblique, deeply notched ou outer margin. {Platgpodon Gill.)
OnscURUS..
66. Upper«teeth triangular, suberect, scarcely notched on enter margin. {Eulamia
Gill.)
0. Snout moderate, its length, from mouth, about equal to breadth of mouth.
CCERULKU-S.
cc. Snout very short, its length much less than breadth of mouth Platvodon.
*p.'
iH^ "^a'b
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IMAGE EVALUAT90N
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Sciences
Corporation
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968 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IV.
Page 156. Professor Hay (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882) distinguislirs
Hyhognathus argyritis from the less commou H. nuclialis by the follow-
ing characters: '
a. Eye small, shorter thau snout; month small, horizontal, the lower jaw short and
included; suborbitals broad, the anterior suborlital twice us long as wide; intes-
tinal canal 7 to 10 times length of body Nuchalis.
aa. Eye large, longer than snout; mouth small, oblique, the jaws equal; suborlntals
very uarrov.", the anterior thrico as long as broad; intestinal iiaual 4^ to 7| times
length of body Argyiutis.
Page 160. After Hyhorhynchus supercihosus add:
§0 (6).— TIRODO:* Hay.
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882: tyiie Tirodon amnigenva Hay.)
Pharj'ngeal teeth 2, 4-4, 2, compressed, not hooked, and with a broad
grinding surface; lower pharnygeal bones broad, sharply curved.
Otherwise as in Hyhognathus. (tej/jw, to wear away; odouq, tooth.)
194 (&). T. ainnagcnus Hay.
Yellowish green, silvery below; upper parts dotted with black; these
dots forming posteriorly a dark streak along lateral line, and one along
each side of anal; fins pale. Form and ap[)earance of Hybognalhus
argyritis. Jaws thin, the lower slightly included; mouth small, rather
oblique, the maxillary not reaching front of eye; eye 3 in head, equal to
snout. Lateral line decurved, complete. Dorsal inserted slightly before
verJrals, a little nearer base of caudal than snont; anal small. Head 3A;
D. 8; A. 7; scales 5-38-3. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2, formed as in Hybognathus.
Intestinal canal 3 J times length of body. L. ]^ inches. Pearl liiver,
Mississippi. (Hay.) v '
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.) . .
Page 261. Under Flops saums the gular plate is about 3 times as
long as broad. . ,.
Page 296. In Hyphnlohedrus chalybeius the interorbital width is one-
fourth the eye, not "4 times."
Page 297. Coregonus couesi is identical with Coregonua williamsoni,
and may be suppressed.
Page 313. Salvelinns narcsi seems to be indistinguishable from Salre-
lintis oquassa. It may therefore be erased. -
{ times as
Ith is one-
: ADDENDA 70. ECHENEIDIID^ — PIITHIRICHTHYS. 969
Page 350. Gymnothorax Bloch & Schneider, is properly a synonym of
Murcena. The oldest tenable name for the subgenus, called in the text
^^ Gymnothorax^^ sQQms to he Sidera* Kiini). ;>
Page 358 (899). The type of the genus Ophickthys Ahl is, according
to Poey, Murcena annulata Ahl, which is a species of Phodontophis.
Genus 170 must theiefore stand as Murwnojpsis Le Sueur, and 170 (6) as
Ophichthys Ahl. -■ • , : ,- ? ^
Page 302. Instead of Conger read:
114.— L.EPTOCEPHAL.US Gmelin.
The two species may stand as 588, L. conger (L.) J. & G. and 588 (6),
L. cmidicula (Beau) J. & G. •
Page 400. We are indebted to Mr. Joseph Swain for the following
key to the species of Menidia :
a. Scales more or less laciniate; soft dorsal and anal scaly.
b. Anal rays I, ''A to I, 18; D. Y-I, 7; Lat. 1. 48; dark points on scales of back,
forming about 5 distinct streaks Vaorans.
hb. Anal rays I, 10 to I, 21; D. IV-I, 7 or 8; Lat. I. 50 Laciniata.
aa. Scales entire; soft dor.sal and anal naked.
e. Anal tin rather shot J, its rays I, 15 to I, 18; depth about 5 in length.
d. "Dorsal rays V-I, 11" Bekyllina.
dd. Dorsal rayp IV-I, 8 or I, 9.
e. Scales rather small; Lat. 1. 47; origin of spinous dorsal midway between
front of eye, and base of caudal above Auuens.
ee. Scales large; Lr/t. «, 38; origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of
snout and u»^<por base of caudal Penin'sul/B
cc. Anal fin rather iong, its rays I, 22 to I, 25.
/. Body rather deep, compressed, its depth 5 in length; head 4f ; teoth
rather strong Bosci.
ff. Body elongate, its depth 6 in length ; head 5 Notata.
Page 413. The species of Polynemus have three anal spines.
Fa,ge 4:16. Aftev Echeneis n^Mcrates add: '
a06 (&).-PHTHIRICHTHYS Gill.
(Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 239: type Echcneia lincata Menzies.)
Dorsal laminae only 10; palatines with sharp teeth; otherwise as in
Echeneis proper. {<pOs\p^ a louse; \x^o<;^ a fish.)
65Y (&). P. lineatUS (Menzies) Gill.
Disk twice as long as broad, its length 4^ in body; lower Jaw very
uarrow, much projecting. Head 5 in length. Body blackish, with two
*Kaup, Apodes, 1856, 70: type Murcena pfeifferi Bieeker == Martena picta Ahl, (Latin
lidus, a star, from the stellate spots in the typical species. )
I-
i!"
II,; !:]
M
970 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY—iv.
whitish lateral bands; all the fins white-margined. D. X-33; A. 33.
Tropical seas, north to South Carolina.
(Echeneis lineata Menzies, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. i, 187, 1791: Etheneis tropica Eii-
pbrasen, Nya Handl. 1791, 317; Echeneis lineata GUntber, ii, 382: Echeneia ajnmlis and
aphyrwiiarum Poey, Mem. Cuba, il, 254, 255.)
Page 433. The identification of the species of Caranx may be facili-
tated by the following key, which may be substituted for the analysis
giv^en in the text:
rt. Rays of soft dorsal I, 23 to I, 27; teetb snbeqnal, or the onter a little enlarged.
b. Sboulder-girdle below with a flesby projection, in front of wbicb is a cross-
iurrow ; body olongate; deptb 3^ in lengtb. (Trachvropa Gill.)
CuUMENOPHlHALMes.
lb. Shoulder-girdle without peculiar appendage,
c. Maxillary broad ; dorsal and anal usually more or less elevated anteriorly or
falcate; bead large, more than J lengtb.
d. Scutes 40 to 50. { Par atr act us GiU.)
e. Pectoral little longer than head; depth 3 in lengtb CnRYsrs.'
ee. Pectoral considerably longer tiian head; depth 3^ in length.. .Cabalhs.
dd. Scutes (developed) about 30. (Carangoides Bleeker.)
/. Length of pectoral equal to deptb of body, which is 3 in length CiBi.
jy. Length of pectoral less than dejith of body, which is 2J in length.
(Young of cifti?) Beani.
CO. Maxillary very narrow ; dorsal and anal scarcely elevated in front ; head small,
not one-fourth lengtb of body ; lateral line very strongly arched ; scutes
about 50. ( Carangopa Gill) AMBLYUiiYXciirs.
aa. Rays of soft dorsal I, 20 to I, 22; body deep; teetb of the outer row enlarged,
souietimes forming feeble canines; scutes 30 tc 3.5. (Caraux.i)
g. Breast entirely scaly ; opercular spot very small Fallax.
gg. Breast naliert, except a small median area; opercular 8i)ot large.
Hippos,
Page 443. No. 699 should be—
699. T. gBaucus (Bloch) C. & Y.
(Chrtodon glancua Bloch, Ichth. vi, 76, pi. 210.)
Page 489. After Ammocrypta pellucida add : * .
162 (&) A. vivax Hay.
Pellucid] sides with 10 dusky blotches, most distinct posteriorly; 14
similar blotches along back; top of head speckled; fins with a few
dots. ¥orm of A . pellucida. Maxillaries reaching front of orbit; teoth
rather weak; eye 3^ in head, equal to snout; cheeks and opercles scaly.
Body covered with small, strongly ctenoid scales, lyxcept the regions
immediately before and behind bases of paired fins. Spinous and soft
*Scoviber cnjaos Mitchill, Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. I, 424, 1815= Caranx pis-
quetiis C. & V.
t = Cara«(7M8 Oirard. The proper type of Caranx is Scomber car ang us Bloch = -Scojn-
hcr hippos L. The word Caranx {Carangue) is a corruption of the Portuguese name
Acarautia.
ADDENDA 86. SEREANID.E TRISOTROPIS.
971
>us iind soft
dorsals about equal, their longest rays half iiead, about equal to the in.
terspace between them. Anal short and high, half higher than long,
its base not quite half head, its spine weak; pectorals and ventrals
reaching a point midway between base of pectorals and anal. Head d;
depth 7. D. XI-10 ; A. I, 9 ; scales G-G5-10. L. 1§ inches. Pearl River,
Mississippi. {Hay.)
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 18^2.) ' ,
Page 490. After loa vitrea add: - - - .
764 (h). k. vigrilis Fay. . :
Pellucid, vitli about 10 quadrate dark blotches slong the back and
as many along lateral line, the last 4 or 5 of these largest; a small dis-
tinct black spot at base of caudal; head dusky above, its sides plain.
Bodj' slender, the caudal peduncle deep and compressed, twice as long
as deep. Head long, pointed; mouth large, the jaws equal, the niaxil-
laries reaching front of pupil; teeth recurved ; opercular spine well de-
veloped. Head naked; eye large, 3 in head, longer than snout. Por-
sal fins similar, longer than high; anal longer than high, somewhat
smaller than second dorsal, its spines sleniier, half as long as soft rays.
Posterior portion of body densely scaled; anterior portion apparently
with a few scales above lateral line, none below; hiteral line not de-
veloped on the last 5 or 6 scales. Head 32; depth G. D. X — 12; A. H,
10; Lat. 1. about GO. L. 1^ inches. Pearl Eiver, Mississippi. (ITay.)
(Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882.)
Page 494. Vaillantia chlorosoma is identical with V. carmira.
Vfige oi-i. Instead of Pnacanthus macrojahthalmus lend:
858. P. arcnatus C. & V.
(Cuv. & Val. iii, 101, 1829. The original Anthiaa mar)'02)hthalmua Blucb, is a dift'erent
species.) . ■-„."' _-.■■■'..- ^ '■''""',';-- '-,/ '-^. . ,, ,■ ",.
Page 549. Tjutjanus hJaclc/ordi, the lied Snapper, seems to be identi-
cal with L. campechianus. It ranges southward to Aspinwall.
Pages 534, 553. The Perca formosa of Linn, is the Scrranun fascicii-
hris of C. &, v., and not the Biaha ,is formosus of the text. The former
should, therefore, stand as Serranus formostis (L.) J. & G. aiid the latter
as Diabasis plumieri* (Lac.) J. & G-.
Page 538 (918). The description of Trisotropis hriinneus, on page 538,
should be canceled, the species not being known from our coast. To
itS'i'
: m
* Labrua plumieri Lacdpbde, Hist. Nnt. Poias. iii, 480, 1802.
972 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY IV.
the description of our species, T. stomias G. & B., on page 918, add ;
Head 3; depth 4; Lat. 1. about x40. Body rather slender, compressed.
Scales smooth, with many accessory scales. ^ ;'/ - ,;
Page 557. The second interspinal bone of the anal is enlarged and pen-
shaped in the species of Stenotomus and Calamus. It is normal, and not
pen-shaped, in the typical species of the groups called Pagrus, i^jmnis
{ChryHophnjii), Fagclh(s, as well as in Diplodus, Archosargus, and Lagodon.
Page 557 (920), Our suggestion, on page 929, that Argyropn Sw.
should be substituted for Stmotomus, is premature. The species called
Argyropf {spimfer, ehrenhergi, auriga) bear a strong resemblance to
Stenotomus caprinns, and according to Steindachner (Beitr. zur Kenntn.
Fisclie Afrika's, ii, 3, 4, 1882) their anterior teeth are somewhat coin
l)re8sed. Professor Doderlein has, however, published (Giorn. Scienz,
Nat. Econ. Palermo, xiv, 1879) photographs of the dentition of Pagrus
. ehrenbergi C. & V., from which it appears that these teeth are really
robust canines and not incisors. Dr. H. E. Sauvage, who has kindly
examined the specimens of '■'•Pagrus spinifcr'''' in the Paris Museum,
has lately informed us that the dentition of this species is essentially
that of Sparus pagrus, and different from that of Stenotomus.
Page 559. The description in the text of Diplodtis caudimacula was
drawn fn)i!i young specimens of J), holbroolci, which may, however, prove
to be scarcely distinct from the true caudimacula of Cuba.
Page 5G0. Instead of Pimelepter us read:
289.— CYPIIOSirS Lacdpfede.
(Kyphosua Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 115, 1802: type iyp/iosjM higibbus Lac. wd^joS,
yibbous.) '
88T. C. toosqui (Lac.) J. & G.
Page G30. Instead of Phihjpnus read:
339.-GOBI01WORUS Lac<5pMo. V,; ,
(Lac6pfedo, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 589, 1800: type Gohiomorus dormitor 'Lac^^Plattjceph-
al 118 do)-mitaior B\, & Schn. li^Oi: Gobius; 6/< opo?, adjoiuiug. Gobiomoroidia
Lac. iH not a synouym of £7eo/Ws.)
Page 882. Instead of ParalicHhys ophryas read: r
1263. P. occllaris (Dck.) J. & G.
Cape Cod to Florida; generally common.
{I'lafciim occllaris Dokay, Now York Faniia, Fishes, 1842, 300: Paeuaorhombna occUarin
GUuthc", iv, 4'.i0.)
ADDENDA 86. SERRANID^ PABANTHIAS
973
ac. MUcpoi,
nbiiB ocellarii
Page 426. The dorsals in Scomheromorus concolor are contiguous, as
in S. maculatus. , , . ,. . ... . , ,,
Page 438. Under No. G92, for "Akerly" read "Mitcbill."
Page 447. Instead of Oligoplites ocddertalis read, 707. 0. saurus (Bl.
& Schu.) J. «& G. (= Scomber saurus Bl. & Scbn. 32). The original Gas-
terosteus occidentalis L. (Syst. Nat. Ed. X) is not this iish, and ia uniden-
tifiable.
Page 519. Poecilichthys hutlerianus is identical with F. harratti.
Page 534. Instead of Serranus tri/urcus read, 837. 8. philadclphicu8
(L.) J. & G. { = Perca philadelphica L. Syst. Nat. Ed. X).
Page 539 (918). Nos. 847 and 850 (c) should apparently stand as Epl-
ncphelus impetiyinosus (Miiller & Troschel) Poey, and as Epincphdus
apua (Bloch) Goode & Bean, respectively. The prior names jmnctatusj
atlanticus, and guttatus are of very doubtful application.
Page 553 (924). Instead of Didbasis chrysopterus read, 873. D. aurolin-
eatus (C. & V.) J. & G. The original Perca chrysoptera L. is some other
fish, probably unidentifiable. ^ i ■ - ■ ■ -
Page G03 (936). No. 046 (P. radiatus of the text) should stand as
Platyglossus cyanostlgma (C. & V.) Gthr., while No. 947 {bivittatiis)
should be P. radiatus (L.) J. & G. The latter species is the original
Sparus radiatus L.
Page 605. instead of Xyrichthys vermiculatus read, 951. X. Uneatus
(Gmel.) J. & G. {Coryphmna hneata Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1195). No. 952.
X lineatus C. & Y. should be omitted, as not found on our coasts.
Page 616. Under Pomacanthus arc uatus read: ,.
D. X, 29; 65 scales between scapula and caudal; 85 to 90 in a series
above lateral line. . -
Page 690. The "Northern variety" of Icelus notospilotus seems to be
a distinct species — Lfenestralis Jor. & Gilb. I*^^ has a small i)ore behind
fourth £fill. '
Page 916. The generic name Brachyrhinus is preoccupied. For it
may be substituted:
ara (6). PARANTIIIAS Ouichdnot.
(GuicMnofe, Ann. Soo. Liau. Maine-et-Loire, x, 1868: type Serranus furoifer C. & V.)
im
974 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — iv.
Page 945. To tbe account of Oobius encccomus add:
Head 4; depth 5|. D. Vl-11; A. 12; Lat. 1. 37.
Page 104. Instead of Amiurus catus read, 98. A. nehuloHus (Le S.) Gill.
The Silurus catm L. ia not this fish, and is not identifiable.
Page 358 (899, 9G9). The proper type of the genus Ophichthtjs Ahl.
{De Murccna et Ophichtho 1789) is Murccna ophis L. The name OphichtlnjH
should therefore be used as on page 358, for the species with sharp
teeth. Those with granular teeth {Pisodontophis Kaup) s)«ould b«
called Ophinurus (Lacdpede, ii, 195, 1800: type 0. ophis Lac, nee L.).
Our species suould stand as, 584 {b). Ophisurus acuminatus (Gronow)
J. &G.
Page 440. The caudal peduncle in' ^^ Selene^ setipinnis is Jirmed as iu
Caranx, but more feebly. -
Page 442. Instead of Trachynotus ovatus read, 097. T. rhomhoidcH
(Bloch) C. & V. (= Chcetodon rhomboides Bloch, Ichthyol. pi. 209.)
The true T. ovatus, from the East Indies, is thought by Liitkeu to be
specifically different.
Page 532 * No. 835 may stand as Polyprion cernium Val. Epineph-
elus oxygeneios is said to be a species of Oligorus.
Page 736. Instead of Prionotus evolans read, 1126. P. sarritor Jor. &
Gilb.; and instead c.f subsp. lineatus read, 1126 (6). P. stHgatus C, & V.
Trigla evolans L. is not identifiable, and Trigla Uneata Mitchill was au
erroneous identification of T. Uneata Bloch.
*The coirectious suggested on this page and the preceding have not been intro-
duced into the table of contents.
.■vv 'vi^S
*W?SIW'
Tfl
^n
INDEX
t been intio-
Page.
A.
Abadojo 538
nbbotti (Osmprus) 204
(Syngnatbus) 384
Abcoiia 587
Abraiuis 249
acadian (Cottus) 685
acadianim (Glyptoccpbalns) 838
(IIeiniti'iptcrU8 C85
Acant barchu8 4G8
Acanthias 16
ncanthias 10, 17
Acanthochajtodon 615
Acautbccottaa 700
Acanlholiibius 641
Acanthonutus 370
Acanthopteri 397
Acantboptorygii 397
AcautboBoma 8C5
Acauth! stracium 854
Acanthi rida) 610, 880
Acii u I hu ru8 617, 941
accrvuin 426
acbigan 485
A< hirus 841
acbii'us 842
Acipcaser 85
Acipt-nsoridcc 84
acipenserinus 730, 731
aekloyl 878
A comus 124
acoupa 570
Acrochiliia 150
Acronurida) , 610
Acronui'ua 617
Actinochlr 741
aculeatus (Chrysophrya) 557
(ClinuB) 777
(Gasterosteus) 393,395
(Halieutichthjs) 851
(Lopbiua) 851
(Spams) 557,929
(Stichaius) 777
acuminata (Miirisoa) 899
(Scimna) 573
acumluatuB (Eqiies) ^ 573
(Gramraistes) 573
(Opbichthys) 899
(Opblaurns) 899
(Pareques) 573
acuta (My liobatis) 51
(Perca) 524
acutirostris (Acipenser) 86,87
( Auguilla) 301
adamanticus 92, 880
adarondacus 317
Adinia 335,891,892
adinia (Fundulus) 335,81)1
adHpersua 51)9
iBgliUuim 803
Jiiuricbthys 110
a;ncu8 (Ccntrarghus) 407
(CottUB) 701
(Piiuelodus) 102
icniKmaticus 620
ffipyptoia 10
a>8ciilapiu8 888
a'Hopu8 403
JCBiivalis (Ceiaticbthys) 210
(Clupea) 207
(Gobio) 210
(Poniolubus) 207
Aiitobat is 50, 879
ai(;r (Gyuinothorax) 895
afliuo (Siphostonia) 3S3, 904, 1)06
afflniH (Atbciinops) 409
(Atbeiinopsis) 409,410
(Caiapus) 791
(CaulolatiluH) 6J0
(Clinostonius) 232
(Gambusia) 345,348
(Gila) 229
(Ueteiandiia) ". 340,894
(Leuciscus) 232
(Lucanla) 343
(.Syngiiatbns) 383
(Tbyiiuus) 430
afra (Mura^na) 895
agassizi (Acipenser) 87
( Aniphistichus) 592
(Chologastoi) 325
(llyperi)ro8opon) 592
(Pimephales) 159
agilis 807
Agnus C28
Agonidaa 722,880
Agonus 728
Agosia 208
oggregatus 590
Aguja blanca 420
Agnjade casta 420
Aigrette 601
aigula 601
Ailurichthys 110
975
\^
Ml
til
976
INDEX.
m
I*
r'illi
■J ' ) '
Page.
nilnnis 105
aljilonca 428,420
aInHcaniis 415
alatunga 4.D
albucnra 42D
albicauda .'.... 417
Alltitore 428,420,430
nlliidiini (Moxontonia) 141
albiduH (Aniiiirus) 107
(Gadim) 800
(Ictnliirus) 107
(Labrnx) 530
(McihuiuB) 800
(PiiiU'lodiis) 107
(Ptycbostoinus) 142
(Tetraptuius) 420,909
albifTutta 823
aibirustriR (Syiiirnathns) 000
(Corythrokhthys) 900
Albiili. 258
albula (MiigU) 403,404,908
Albur-ljs 2.'8
albulus (Bryttus) .' 482
(Lepomis) 481
al'tnm (Ilicmulon) 024
(Moxostoma) 139
Alburnellus 185,200
Alburnopa 185, 189
Albnrnus 251,884
nlbui'uus (Menticirrun) 577,578,933
albus (Coresomis) 299
(Diabasis) 024
( Ptychostomua) 130
alectrolophus ( Anoplarchus) 771
AlfpidosanridoD 274
Alepidosaurus 275,270,888
alepidofum (GobioBoraa) 638
alepidotus (Cbictodon) 451
, .. (Gobius) 638
(Stromateus) 451, 914
AlepocephalidiB 257
Ak'pocepbalus 257
Alo.wife 267
Alflone 506
Algan^ea 244,245
AliEoma 155
nliciiD 238
Alilonghi 428
alipps 321
AUisator-flsh 730
AUigatorGar 92
alliteratua 430
All-mouth 844
AUosoniiis 301
Alopecias 27
Alopias 27
Alopiidao - 26
Alosa 207
aloBoides 259,260
alta(Cliola) 103
altcrnans 038
altipiunif 195
altivelis 018
altus (Biibalicbthys) 116,883
(Hudsonius) 164
altns (Priacanthas) i^-
alutacvuB jj«
Aliitera '. ^r^
alutaH IJ3J
Alvarius r.■^^ ..„,
alvcata \~l
alvofdi gijj
Alvoi'dius r Q,)
ainabilis ) y ■
aniara (Al;j;oraa) i;j
atnaruB (Hiidaonius) ];(
( Uy bognatbus) i.-^g
arabaHHis 5-^
Amberfish 444
Amblodou ritlT
Ambloplitca 4fj\
aniblops '^14
Amblyopiiia) (•;({,
Aiublyopaidas 323
Aniblyopsia 324
arablyopaia (Ciiliua) !)44
amblyihynchiia 431, 912, 070
Ainoiurus 102
americaua (Liiciopcrca) 535
(Morone) Mj
(Morrhua) 804
(Perca) 524,531
(Raia) 41
(Scorpsena) C85
(Stilbc) 25D
(Tautoga) ao
araericanua (Abramia) 250
( Acanthiaa) 17
(Aminodytea) 411,909
( Arapbiprion) 5:12
(Apogon) 5C3,9,'!0
(Apogoiiichthya) 504
(Carchariaa) 27
(Cyprimia) 2'jO
(Kncbelyopua) 799
(Eques) 932
(Esox) 332
(riemitripterus) C8J
(Uippogloaaua) 819
(Iliatiophorua) 421,909
(Labrax) 551
(Leuciacua) 250
(Leucoaomna) 250
(Lophius) 841
(Luxilua) 250
(XotemigoDua) 250
(Odontaapw) 28,874
(Potrouiyzon) 11
(Pbycia) 799
(Plargyrus) 250
(Pleuronectea) 637
(Tvoccua) 530
(Squalua) 28
(Stilbiua) 2r.O
araothyetinua 317
Amia 94, 503
amia (Caranx) 911
Amiatua 94
Aiuiidte 92
Amitra '.... 739
INDEX.
977
M5
IJO
'. K'lH
!01
:-u.w»
aiti
CUT
F,0(t
l!).-,
i:«
171
IM
5-„S
444
.%7
if'-
no
323
3:4
!I41
431,012,1>T(I
, 102
, 525
, 5;)1
8114
524,531
41
685
250
ceo
250
, 17
411,9119
532
503,030
8) !1C4
_^,, .....--- 27
'"" 250
799
932
''"'. 3J2
) C8.j
819
, 421,909
551
250
250
[ 844
250
'. 250
' 28,874
'. 11
799
'' 250
837
,"'. .530
'"' 28
[ 250
317
04,5(3
'/.'. 911
__' 94
"."'" 92
"... 739
Page.
Amiurus 102,881
AmniocoDtes 9,867,868
Ammocrypta 488,970
Ammodytes 414,909
Ammody ti<la) 414
amnigenas OK
Amphiodon 260
ampbiodou 260
Ampbioxus 8
AmphiaticbuB 500,936
,iniplu8 420,009
anipallacens 365
Annblepinai 327
Aimcanthini 897,788
Auacanthiui ploiironectoidei 813
anagallinug 479
anale (Ditrema) ; 691
analis (Amphistichus) 691
(Ciutridt rniiththys) 717
(Hyporpiosopon) 591
(Hypocj itichtbyg) 591
(01ii;ocottu«) 717
(Orthagoriacus) 866
(Sauius) 889
unalogus 939
auulostann 179
Anarrbifhadida) 754
Anari bi<'bas 781
Auarrbicbtbys 782
Anarthri 967
anceps 506
Anchisonaas 860
Anchovy 271,272
Ancylopactta 821,825
Angd-flsb 612, 613, 015
Angel Shark
angelus
Angler
auglorum
Angnilla
anguilla (Murasna)
35
35
844
747
361
301
anguillariH (Bleunius) 778, 784
(Enchelyopus) 784
(Luiupcnus) 777
(Stichajiis) 778
(Zoarces) 784
Anguillidnj 357
Auisarchua 776
AnisotrcMus 552, 923
anisnrnm 130, 141
annaa 727
aunulariR (.Talis) 602
(I'oiiioxys) 464
annnlata (Molanuva) 350
annulatns (Aiitennni'ius) 846
anomala (Dekaya) 626
anomalum (Canipoatoina) 149
anonialus (Caulolat ilus) 625, 626
(Kutilus) 148,149
Anoplagonus 724
Anoplarcbus 770
Anoplopoma 649
anoplns 629,941
Adtocens ; 85
I AntenuariidtD 845
Bull. Nat. Mu8. No. 16 62
P»(je.
Antennariua 845
anticus 246
antillanns 551
•ntiquorum (Hippocampus) 386, 006
(Pristis) 37,875
sntiHtlna (Cbcenobryttua) 407
antonien8i8 10.5
Apeites 896
apeltea (Ga8t«rogt«a8) 396
Aphoriatia 842
Aphredoderldaj 460
Aphredoderus 460
apiatns 476
apicalis 070
Aplcsion S14
Aplocentrua 880
Aplodinoiua 567
Apocope 209
Apodea 354
Apodicbtbys 769
Apogon 563,930
Apogonidffi 563
Apogonichtbya 931
Apomotia 472,473
apoa 766
nppendiculatua 381
appeudix (AmmoctBtea) 867,808
(Labrua) 480
(Petromyjion) 868
(Pomotia) 477,480
A prion 24
a]irion (Diapterna) 935
(Gorrca) 935
Aprionodon 24, 874
apua 920,073.
apua 766,
aqnilenaia 474,480'
sqnoaua 816.
arabatacb 309-
araeopus 12T
aramaca 816, 817, 964i
Arcboplitea 465.
Arcbosargus 558,929,971
Krctica (Liparis) 742, 957
arctifrons (Calamua) 927
(Citharicbtbya) 8ia
Arctozenua 278
arcuatum (Ditrema) 502
(Ilffimnloii) 553
(Hyperprosopon) 502.
arcnataa ( Arapbiatichna) 501
(ChiEtodon) 616
(Poinacauthua) 618.
arcturus 819.
ardens (Catoatoinua) 128-
(Hypailepia) 198.
(Minnilus) 108
ardcaiaca (Gila) 235.
ardeaiaoaa (Lepomia) 480
(Squalina) 235.
arenataa (Priacanthua) 071
(Ebinicbthya) 885,886
arge ( Albumellua) 202:
argentata (Couchia) 707
(Motella) 707.
978
INDEX.
Page.
argeotatiis (AHtyanax) ''i^
,„, (Plargynis) 187
(Ti'tragonoptcru*) 255
ars;entpa (IlypHiptera) 788
(Silcne) ... 439,440
(Spbyro-na) 411
argentea.u <Ditrcran) 6D3
(Hyperprosopon) ' 602
krgenteuB ( Animocmtcs) 10
(Anipliistichus) 503
(Encinostomus) 584,035
'■' ,'- (Gern'8) 584,034
(HolcoDotnd) 036
\ (Icbthyomyzon) 10
J (Leiiciscus) 222
'*" (PaRTUs) 558
"*■ (Petromyzon) 0,10,867,808
^ (SparuH) 556
(Tetragonopterns) 255
Argentina 205
argentiHsimuB 253
argentona 157
Arpyr.ia 406
argyreiosus 223
Argyreua 208
argyreus (Fario) 307
Argyriosus 480
argyi'iosus 222
argyritis .156,068
argyroliMica 671
Argyrops 829,072
argyiops 557,558,020
argyrosoma (Embiotoca) 597
Argyrosoiims 300
argyrosonins ( Damalichthys) 507
Atgyioloenia 415, 000
nriommim 104
Anopsia 110
Arius 109,882
Ailina 491
arlingtonia 345
arniatuii ; Aspidophoras) « . . 728
(Centridermichthys) 714
(Leptocottus) 713
artedi 300,301
Artediiis 680
artesi* 510
arundinaceua 385
Ascelichthys 686
asper (Centridermichthys) 695
(Cottopsis) 695
(Cottus)..., 695
(HesagrammuB) 641, 043, 949
(Pleuronectes) 835
aspera (Limanda) 835
aspcra (Uranidea) 604
Aspicottus 710
Aspidophoroides 724
Aspidopliorus 728
asprella 400
osprigcnis (Poecilichthys) 518
aspro 501
Aatatichtbys 614
asteriaa (Blennius) 061
(MusteluB) 870
Astcmopteryx 5^j
aatori , 1
Astronesthea ' 1
ABtroscopus " J2^ ^^^1
Aslyanax ' .^l
AthoreBthes g^.f
Atherina '[
AtherlnichthyB .^\
Atherinidie ^
AtherinoideB .^t
atherinoideB (Chriddonis) gn, (
(KotropiB) 202 I
Atherinopa ^j-
Atherinopais .^^
atkinsii jgj
atlanticuB (Elacate I ^jg
(EpinepholuB) 918,973
(MogalopK) gg-
(Sparua) 54Q
Atractoperca 535 ,
AtractOBCion 579 Q33
Atractosteus 90 ggQ
atraria (Perca) 534
(Siboma) 241,f!8C,887
atrariaB (CentropriHtis) 534
(Pimelodus) jqs
(Serranus) 533,916
(SqualiuB) 241,886
atricanda 343
atrilatuB 340, 892, 894
atripcB (Ditreua) 595
(LytbruruB) 197
(MinniluB) 197
atripinnis (Arlina) i%
(Goodea) 34^
(Ulocentra) 495
atromacnlata (Eatrclla) 490
Btromaculatum ( Boleosorna) 492
atroniaculattis (Cyprinus) 221
atronasns (Rhinicbtbys) 208,885
atropurpurouB 771
atrovircns 602
attcnnatuB 29;i
AuchcnoptoruB 764
auctorum 553
nudens 008,909
auliscus 905, 906
AuIorliyncbidoB 391
AulorhynchuB 301, 908
Aulostoma 390
Aiilostomatidfc 390
aurantiacuB (Bulistes) 858
(Ceratacantlms) 858
(Cottogaster) 505
(Uadroptcrus) 505
(Uypohomus) 505
aurata (Cliola) 175
(Moniana) 175
auratna (Carasains) 25o
(Cyprinus) 253
(Gadua) 804
(MulluB) 931
auroa (Clupea) 270
auruolum (Moxoatoma) 140
aureoluB (Catotomua) 140
INDEX.
979
lit
7W|
8,571
287|
255]
820 1
405]
40<i|
•4041
406
803
202'
409!
409 I
395
419
... 918,973
887
540
535.
... 579,033
... 92,880
534
241, 186, 887
534
105
.... 533,916
.... 241,886
842
.340,892,894
595
197
197
496
348
495
492
402
221
.... 208,885
771
602
293
764
505
908,909
903,906
391
391,!)08 j
390 1
390 1
858 I
858
505
505
505
175
175
, 25o
253
804
931
270
140
140
Page.
aureolas (Xcnotia) 478
aareoTittata (Scrlola) 444
aureus (Amuiocostes) 807,868
(Cluponodon) 270
(Eupomotis) 483
(Fnndulus) 340
(Ilaplochilus) 340
(Spams) 4d3
auricalatus 670,071
nuriga 542,020
anrita (Ichtholis) 478
auritus (Labrus) 477,478
(LepomiH) - 477,478
(Pomotla) 483
aurolineatus. 025,073
aurora (Abcona) 588
(Catostomus) 127
(Farlo) 315
(Salmo) 315
aurombens 640, 550
154
135
424
, 367
708
831
8
anstralo
austrinum
Anxia
avocetta
axillaris
ajTcsl (Parophrys) . .
(Petromyzon) .
Ayresia 611,030
B.
bacalana 636
Bachelor 464
badius 885,886
065
578
316
965
257
607
812
320
320
607
Bffiostoraa
Bagara
Baiono
Baiostoma
bairdi (Alepocephalua)
(Cottus)
(Macrurua)
(Salmo)
(Salvelinua)
(Uranidea)
bairdianuni 005,006
Bairdiella 570
bajonado 026,927
Balao 002
balao 002
baliaa (Chims) 645
Balistea 854
BalistidoB 854
baltoatna (Equea) 032
(Richardaonius) 251
Barb .- 577
barbatum (Echioatoma) 286, 287
barbatua (Mullua) 565,031
(Siphagouus)
Barboro
bardua
Bar-flab
barkani
Banodoor Skats
Barracuda
ban a«nda (Sphynena)
725
617
122
465
727
42
410
412
barrattl 610, »78
Pace.
Baahaw 109
Baaillchthys 40«
Baskingsbark 30
Baaa 4»t,323
Dastard Ilnlibut 821
Bastard Snapper 540
Bat-flah 51,738,840
Batbyniastor 022
Bathyiuasterinto 010
Batrachidu; 750
Batraclum 750,058
Bayou Baas 484
Bay shark 00
BdoUoatoma 5,807
UduUostumatidic 0^
headh'i 100
beani (Animocrypta) 480
(Caranx) 430, OU, 070
(Limanda; — 835
(Plcuronoctca) 836
beckwithi 170
belizantis 345
bellicus 213
Bellows flsh 3S8,8U
bellua 100
Belone 372
bolone (Tetrapturua) 009
Beloovaox 344
Bolunopaia !106
bendirei 606
Bentbodearaua 010
berlandieri 403
bcrnardinl 128
Berycidaj 457
beryllina 408,009,060
biaculeatua 305, 306
bicolor ( Algansea) 246
( Animocoetes; 868
(Leuciacua) 246
(Loucus) 246
(Squalius) 237
(Tigoma) 237
bicomis (Icelus) 693, 952
BielayaRyba 307
blfrcnata 162
Big-eye 644
Big-oycd Herring 260,261
Big-eyed Scad 434
biguttatua (Ceratichthy s) 212
(Cocblognathus) 161
(SemotiUia) 211,212
bilinearis 800
bilineata (Lopldopsotta) 834
(Platcaaa) OM
bilineatum ( Priatipoma) 552
bilineatus (Pleuronectes) 833,834
(Pomadaays) 652,023
Bill-flah 01,374,375,420
177
720
500
040
344
940
344
M
billingslana
bilobna
bimacalata (Etheoatonia)
bimaculatua (Chaetodon)
(Pseudoxiphophoms) .
(Sarothrodas)
(XiphophoniB)
3
980
INDEX.
Page.
btnocnlato. 43,878
bipimuilnt'is 446,913
birogfris 52,53,880
bison (Aspicottns) 710,711
; (Cnrpiodes) 119
(Enophrys) 710
<Iotiobu8) 883
bispliiotus (Gast<^ro8tcas) 300
(ulyliobfttia) 51
bisus 425
'•[ bivittatna (Ilybopais) 100
(Lftbrus) 037
(Mlnnilus) 195
(Pl»t/gl088us) 030, 973
Blnck Andrei 041
Itass 484
Blark-fln 301
■ttsh 533,600
bUckfonli 549,921,071
lUdck Gnmper r>38,540
Gnuit 553
Horeo 120,121
BlftoknoHoil Daco 200
IVrrh 605
Sea-Uuss 631,633
Blacksmith 611
Blaok Sturgeon 87
Blakca 783
blanclinrdi 761
\, Blanqaillo 023,025,026
Bleuuicottus 717,718
Blcnniiilas 753,880
bleunioidea 407,502
blonnioporca 497
Blenuiopa 706
Blcnnlua 7'>9, 961
blcuuiua ( Alburuopx) . 189, 193
(Miuoiliis) 193
Blcnnophis 756
Blenny 753, 759
Blepharichthys 438
Blephiuis 438
BlepMhs 710
Blind Cat... 102
, Blimi-flsb 823
Blob COO
Blowor 801
Blue-bnpk 207
■back Salmon ' 308
-back Trout 318
BhuCoil OiO
Bluclln 301
-Hsh 447, 448, 560, 6P0, 003
r'aoMullet 130
Perch 604,690
Pike ^'16, 620
Shark 22
Soccaccio 650
Botlinnus 641, 002
b«Hiian(i8 (Cossypmis) 002
Bolelchthys 514,510
bolooidca 600
BolcosotUE. 401
boloosoma (Qobioe) 046
boUi 881
Page.
bombifroas 478,479
bouariouais 445,013
bonasus jij
Booe-Dog ig
Bono-flsh 258
Bonito 427,428
Bonnot-headed Shark 25
Bony-fish 209
l>oop8 438
boroa (Lncloporca) 529
borcalis ( Alopidosaurus) 276
(Aiuiurua) jog
( Arctozcnus) 278
(Caulopua) 27^
(Lajmargv-ol 15
(Maurol)cus) 2^
(Notorhynchna) 34
(Paialepia) 27s
(Fimclodua) joj)
(Sf^opclua) 284
(Sphyrnsna) ^\l
(Sudis) 278
Boroocottua 706
Borcogadus 807
Borer 5
boreum (Stizostcdium) . !;26
boreus (Eaox) 353
boscl ( Athorina) 407
(GobioHoma) f4((
(Gxibiiia) 638,W(;
(Leuciscua) . 250
(Meuidia) 407, 908, ftW, osi
(IMnieloptcrus) 561
(Seriola) 445, 913
Iwaqul (Oy phoana) 972
bosqiiitinua 756, 757
boatouieusia (Angnilla) ;i6i
(Catoatomua) 127,130
(Muriuna) ;i6l
Bothragouna "28, 956
Bothroiiuuma 441, 442
Bot bus 815
boucanli 246
bouvicri 315
buvinus .TO, 890
Bowtln 94
bo wniaui 187
brachinlo 965
brachyacanthuB 881
Biachyiatiua 588,58»,9;u;
Biuchyoi'sia 726,955
brachypmlu 394
Brachyprosopon 8;i8
brachy ptera (Echoneia) 417
brachyptcrua (Komoropais/ 417
(Thynnus) 429
(Zygoneotes) .141,890
brachyrhy nchua M
Brachyrhinna 916,973
brachy Bomua 9S7
brachyurnr 72
Braiua 46^915
Brauiidaa 455
Branch Ilerrlng %"
Branoh'oatoma 3,887
INDEX.
981
Pag©.
Bnvnch!otitoinatidiB 2
bntHilienttis (Alliorlua) *08
(Atlnriuiclithi-8) 40«
(Ebox) 902
(Hemirbomphus)... 902
(Meuiam) 408,909
(Mtifiil) 403
(Nan'iuo) H77
(Toip«'ilo) 877
Bn^nm 2JW,4«2,558
brevicuudft (I'onioxya) 4*0
(Salmo) S16
brevicops ( roniotis) 478
( Pt.vclumUinuis) HI
iin-vipiuim (So.vuiuuh) 15
(Souiuiosus) 14,15
brcviplnne (BoloostKiin) 492
(Uitiouiii) 589
brovinwtris ( Ai-ipousor) 87
(Carchiu-Uui) 61
(t'hiismintes) 13i!
(Uippooainpus) 386
(Hist iophonis) 909
( llypoprion) 61
(Sconib«>re80x) . 876
(Sy iijniikthus) 384
(IXvnnus) 430
brpvls 70
Brovoortia 269
ItrHiMl-aliinors 440
liroccus 8oO, 966
Urook Stioklebft-k 304
Sucker •--. 129
Trout 320
lirosmo 802,803
lln>8inius 8o2
Urosiiioiihyds 703,963
Brotulula' 704
bmuHsuui^ti 570
litvwni ( Achinis) 841
(Atherhift) 273
( Uotairhauiphus) 003
vSt)len) .. 841
{.Ntolcphonis) ... 273,888
(Voim-r) 440
liniuuoua ( Aniiuruc) 103
(Sfvnimm) 538
(Trisotropis) .53t<,9l8,97l
liryop;>ru8 204
Brytti'.s 472
BubaUththyinio 112
RiilialiihthvH 115,881,882
bulwiina 176
Imlmlis (Cott\is) 701
biilmlim (.Viiililodoii) 114
(Uiilmlichthys) 116
(Cttloatomus) 116,883
(Ichthyobus) 114
(Ictiollua) 114,882,883
biireattt 204
bncoo 138
Bufliilo Cod 646
Bnfl\ao-«8h.... 118,115
bull. 681
Rnstflsh 2«>
Pag>v
bulbtris 2i'3
Hunhewi 11.1.698
bulioii 938
BullTrout 819
Burbot 801
bureau (99
BuruRticklo 305
butlorirt uus SIO, £.'3
But tor-tUb 451, 541, 766, 767
Buttorrty Kuy 46
Djthit«>s 795
c.
cabaBa (Cybium) 427
(Scuuib('n>uoru8) 427
w»ball«>roto (Lutjauus) 02
caballus 43r>, 970
Cab«>zan 714
Cabrilla 635, 530. XiO
Cffisiosoiua r)62
CalaniUK ."165, U25, 072
calamus (Cbrytiopbrya) 0S8
(Pniit'Uus) 9a«
cAlcarnta 952
Calico BaMH „ 465
califoniica ( Alannii) 26?
(Morrbua) 806
(S(|u»t:iia) 35
(Torpedo) 30,876,877
colifomicus (Kx<Ho>fu8i 379
(iJadus) .. 806
(llipiHi^biSHUH) 821
<Mu«ti'lu8) 20,60,870
(MyliobiUis) 51
(ParHlicbthyH) 821
(rHcudorboinbus) 821
(StoHMdopia) 531
(Uropaol tJi) 821
eolifoniicnao (Sipb(>8t4>nia) 384, 006
calil'oruicnsia (Albi^riuicbtbys) 409
(AtliorinopsiH) 4l'i>,4IO
(Cypiiuodoii) 330
(Opbiaurua) 350,^^CS
(Otolitlnia) 579
(Scorpia) 662
(Syiinnathna) ' 884
(Tyjiblogobiiia) 689
(XcnicbtbyH) , 6^7,920
(Xonialius) 920
callariaa ((ladua) 804
(Sahno) 820
Callocbolys 897
Calliodon 604
oallimluu cLipnria) 748
calliptery X 149
c^Uavma • 178
callisoiUA 8M
calliatia 181
cnlliunt (CiMloma) 178
(Cypriuclbi) 178
Calliurna 467, 184
oalliurus (IoKb)8aua)... ..' 040
wUlywIon (Cycloptorua) 748
CalyHlepidotus 714
oalva 94
982
INDEX.
Pago.
Camarina 6S0
oampbelli 320
Campbellite 4«4
campecbianas 921,971
camperi 374,875
Cbmpostoma 148
CampostominaB 145
Campylodon 370
oamtschaticus 868
camara (Bolecsoraa) 494
(VaiUantia) 494,971
oamuruB (Xothonctus) 506
(PoBcilichthys) 507
Canada (Elacate) 418,419,909
canadenso (Stizostediniu) 526
canadensis (Lncioperca) 526
(Salmo) 320
Candle-fish 'j92
canicala 869
caninus (Caranx) 438
(Lachnolffimus) 601
(Pagellus) 927
canis iG-aleus) 21
(Mustelus) ^. 20,870
(Salmo) 306
(Sqnalas) 870
Cantherines 858
Capelin 291
capeuna 554
capillaris 439
oapistratus 940
Capitaine 601
oaprcolus 539, 540, 918
caprinus 929
capriscus 855
csprodes 499,500
Caraogicbthya 433
CarangidsD 430,448,014
Carnugoldes 433, 970
Carangops 433,970
Carangus 433, 437, 970
caraugus (Caranx) 438
(Scomber) 438,970
Caranx 433,970
Carassius 253
carauno 541
carbonaria (Percina) 500
(Piloomn) 500
oarbonarius ( Aciponser) 87
(GaduH) 807
(Pollatbius) 807
Carcharias 22, 27, 872, 873, 067
carc'uarias (Curcbnrodon) 875
(Squalus) 873,875
Carcbariido?! 27, 870
Corcbarinus 22, 59, S70, 872
Carcbarodon 30,875
Carelopbus 765
Careprociim 740, 057
cailbtcum (Brancblostoma) 3, 57
oaribaous (Diplodus) . . ., 930
(Sargiis) 930
oaribbroa (Beloue) ..- 901
oaribba3iiFi (ChloroscombrnB) 441
(Tylosuras) 901
carinatnm (Acanthosoma) "^
carinatus (Placopharynx) u, ,.,
(Salmo) ".'.315
carminatuB „^.
«a"»»tM '.'".'... 674 075
Carolina (Atherina) 405 aos
(Trigla) ; '„5
Carolina m,m
carolinensia (Gobins) 634* 045
(OtolithuB) 'ggj
(Seriola) 445913
carolinus (BlenniuB) •j^
(Clinostomas) 233
(Gasterosteus) 4^2
(Pholis) 78(,
(Prionotns) 735
(Pteraciis) 455
(Trachynotos) 442
^^^ 144,254
carpio (Carpiodes) ^g
(Catostomns) 118,119,140
(Oyprinodon) 330
(Cyprinus) 254
(Ictiobns) 883
(Moxostoma) J39
Carpiodes 117,882,883
Carp Sucker 117,118,119
carringtoni 209
caryi 93,693,594
cassidii 595
castanens 10, 897,«68
Catapbracti 640,724
catapbractns ( Agonns) 72a, 956
(Cottus) 728
(Gaaterostens) 396
(Gastc-acanthns) 39c
(Scaphirhyncbus) gg
cataractee (Ceraticbtbys) 207
(Goblo) 207
(Rbinichtbys) 207,885
(Leucosomns) 22i!
catenatus 337
Cat-flsbes 95,102,108,794
Catonotus 512
CatostomidsB 112
Catustominte 113
Catostomus 124, 12'^, 883
catostomus (Cyprimis) 124,127
(PhenacobiuB) 206
Catulus 869
catulus (Evortbodub) 632,944
(Goblus) 032,«38,944
(Pimelodns) 104
(ScylUorhinus) 809
catus ( Amiuras) 104
(Serranus) 920
cantlacuta 797
caudafurcatuB 109
candalis 937
oaadata (Lamna) 23,873
caudicnla 900,969
candimaoala (Diplodus) 559, 9T2
(HffimnloD) »25
(Sargns) 000
OaalarcboB 748
INDEX.
983
Page.
Caulo'iUtiliis 625
Cauloyus 278
caarinua (CypiinuB) 225
(Loucuaomua) 225
'Mylothilus) 224
(Sobastes) 672
(Sobastodcs) 672
oavifrons ( AmWoplltes) 467
(Ilisniitripterus) 686
caxis 648,921
ca.yuga S94
Cebedichtli.virttB 754
Cobedichthys 773,962
Centrarchidffi 462,880
Centrarchus 463
Centriderniichthys 693
Centriscida) 387
Ccntf iscus 388
Controponiinm 627
Ccntropomus 626,628
Centroblennius 778
Cciitronotus 766
Contropiistis 533
Controscylliuiii 16
Ccntroscymiins 17
centrura (Dasibutii") 67
( Rain) 48, 67, 879
(Tryjion) 67,879
centrums ( Dasyatis) 47
cepedinnum 271
Oephalaoaiithim 737, 957
Cepbalopteikltu 52
CephalofK'ylliuni 68, 59
ccphaliis (Semotilus) ■. 221
cerasinua 187
Ceratacanthus 858
Ooratias 847
Ceratichtnys 211
CcrntiidiD 847
Oratocottua 710
Ceratoptera 52
cercostipua 193
cerdalo 790
OwiTiler 532
cemium 532
Ceio 426
cervinum 142
cervus 711
Cestracion 26
Cestracionlidaj 62
Cestreus 579
Cetorhinv.laj 30,31
Cetorhinus 31,876
Cbrenobry ttus 407
Cha;nopHetta 821
Chaitodiptenis 613
Ohaitodon 614,615,940
ohffitodon (McHui^onistina) 471
(Poniotis) 472
ChaitodontidiD 614
chalcotrnimniuii 807
cholybffius (MinniluR) 191
ehalybeiufi (Ilyphalonedras) 206, 908
channBleontlcepg 624
CbannelBaBS 671
P»ge.
Channel Cat 107,108
ohantenay 42
Cbaracini 112
Cbaracinidffl 264
Charioteer 642
Charr 816
oharybdis 468
Chasmiates 131
Cbaamodea 766,958
Chatoeaaina 270
Chatoeasua 271
ChauliodontidSB 284
Chauliodna 284
Ctaaonox 840
Cheillchtbys 860
chemnitzi 870
Cheonda 230,241
cheateri 799
Chiaamodon 810,964
ChiaamodontldsB 064
Chiaaraodus 810
chlckaaavensis 182
chilonsis 428
chiliticus 191
Chilomjrctems 863,066
Chilonemns 220
Cbimoira. 54
ChiinsBridae 63
cbinonaia 800
Chinnook Salmon 300
Cbiiidaj 640
C b i rolopbus 766
Chironectes 846
Cbiropais 641
Chiroatoma 406
cbinirgUB 617,941
Cbirua 641
chirua (Xiphiater) 772
Chitonotua 691
chlora 169
cblorls 441
cbloriatia 183
cblorocopbalus 100, 101
Cbloroacombrua 440
chlorosoma 494,971
cbloroatictus 668
cblorurna 637, 918
CbcBroJulis 002
CboRaet 600
Cbologaater , 325,890
Cbundroatei 82
CbondroatominiB 146
chouicha 306,890
Cbriodorus 003
Cbriomitra 425
Chriope 162
Chromides 608
Chroniia 611,030
chromis (Diabaaia) 024
(HsBmulon) 024
(Perca) 034
(PogoniaR) 568
ChroaomQS 153
ohroaomus (Minnllns) 101,102
chrysltta 167
il
984
INDEX.
Pago.
rhxyiiocephalns 186, 187
chrysochloris 206
chrysogastor 208, 209
chrysoleucuB 250
chrysomclas 675, 676
Chrysophrys 555, 972
cbrysops (Caulolatilus) 626
(Labrax) . . 530
(Latilus) 626
(Ophichthys) 898
(Ophisurus) ... 898
(Oxyodonticbthy 8) 898
(Pcrca) 530
(Roccus) 529
(Sparus) 556,829
chrysopsiH (Uyodon) 260
cbrysoptera ( I'erca) 553, 973
chrysoptcrum (Haimulon) 553
chrysoptcrns (Diabasis) TiSS, 924, 973
cbryaos (Carangus) 438
(Caraux) 435
(Scomber) 438,970
chrysotiiH 342
chrysura (Scicena) 933
cbrysurus (ChloiosconnbruB) 441
(Dipterodout 933
(Lutjauus) 921
(Mesoprion) 548
(Micropt.eiyx) 441
(Scomber) 441
(Sparus^ 548
chry BUS (Caraux) 970
Chub 220, 221, 235, 239, 241
Sucker 132,133
cbuBi 799
cibariuB 8
cibl 436, 912, 970
clcatf ico8U8 837
Cichlidaj 607
Cigar-flsh 912
ciliaris (Cbwtodon) 615
(Holacauthu8) 015
(Pomacanthus) 615
(Zeus) 438
Cilinta .. 790
cillatus (Blcnnius) 784
(Kpinepbelus) 659, 950
(Petromyzon) 8
(Sobastodes) 658,950
(Zoarces) 784
cimbrins 797
cinerea (Ktheostoma) 509
oluereuB (Gorres) 935
(MugU) 935
(Nothonotus) 509
(S(jualu8) 34,62
cingulatuB (Pomacanthus) 010
(ZygonecteB) 342
(Fumlulus) »42
oirratus (Squalius) 18
oirratum (Ginglymostoraa) 18
c'rrbatuB (Petromyzon) 5
Cirrbosomns 860
clrrhosum (Lepisomp^ 762
cirrhoBus (Blepsias) 719
Page.
ciiTboBus (Tiaohinns) -jq
Cirrostomi 03
C'»co 290,301
Cithnrichthys gjg ,j^
Clam Cracker ' .-
clarki (CatostomuB) i^
(Fario) 3^.,
(Salmo) 3jr,
clathratus 535
clavata ^g
claviger ^jj
Clidoderma 932
Cliola 163,169
Clinocottns 717
CliuostomuB 230, 231
Cliiius 761,902
clodaluB 260
Clupea 264,887
ClupeidiB 202
clupeiformis 299, 301
Clupeinee 2r>3
clupeoides 300
Clypeocottns 710
Coachman 542
Ccal.fish 800
Cobbler-flsh 438
Cobia 418
cobitis 163,170
coccincns 787
coccogenis 18K
CocblognatbuB 101,884
Cnd-nNb 803,804
Codling 798, 70!)
Codoma 103,104,172
CoBCula 358,897
coelolcpls 17
cojnosus (Pimolodus) lu5
(PlcuronicblbyH) 829,830
coerulea (Chcondii) 242
(Cliola) 182
(Codoma) 183
(Etbeostoma) 518
(Melettn) 266
coBTulcBcens 109
coeruleo-aureus 601
coeruleus (Acantburus) 017
(Carcbarias) 23, 873, 067
(Carchiiriuus) 873
(CtouolabiUH) 599
(Pbotogeuis; 183
( I'lBcilicbtbys) 517
(Squalius) 241
coguata (i98, 9m
Cobo Salmon .' 307
colias 4J4,OI0
ColiscuH 108
coUapsus 138
collioi 54
Colocephall •I^'i
colouuB "16
coloratum ^i)<'
comatus 381
comuicrsoni 129, 130
communis (Catostomus) 130
(LeucoBomus) 220
INDEX.
985
Page.
communis (Pogonichthy s) 210, 220
complanata 174
comprestta (Lota) 802
compresaua (Engraulis) 274
(Stolephorus) 274
coDcinnns ( Amblodon) 568
(Gasterosteus) 394
concolor ( Ammocoettis) 10
(Chriomitra) 426
(Euschisiodus) 611, 939
(Glypbidodon) 611
(Pomacontras) 611
(Scombvromorus) 425, 973
conductor 443
Conoy 541
confcrtus 159
conflnis (Pimeloflus) 104
(Salmo) 317
confluentus (Fundulus) 334
(Salrao) 307
conformis 237
Congei 362,900,069
coDger ( Anguilla) 363
(Leptocepbalus) 969
(Muriena) 362
Conger Eel 356,362
congf tnm 138
OoD^rogadidffi 790
coDocephalus 225
Conodon 550,923
couorhynchuB 258
consporsus 239
cunatullatus (Chiropsia) 646
(Chirua) 646
(SebastichlhyB) 666
(Sebastodes) 665
consuotuB 309
conuB 141
convexifrons 478
cookianus 461
cooperi (Cheonda) 242
(Lvuciacus) 242
(Metoponops) 817
(Raia) 42,878
(Salmo) 309
(SqualiuB) 242
copei (LeuciacuB) fi02
(SquaUua) 238
Copclandia 469
copelnndi 498
Coppor-noaed Bream 479
corallina 877
CoregonuB 296,299,889,968
coregonus 139
coi-etta 429
corimis 62
cornubica 29,30,61,875
cornutuB (Chologaster) 325
(CyprinuB) 186,187
(Hypsilepis) 187
(Lenciscus) 187
(LuxiluB) 187
(Minnllus) 186,187
ooToides 676
corporallB 281
Page.
Coraair 666
coruBcans 278
Corvina 569,572,579.931,932
CorynoIophuB 849
Corvpbffina 454, 914
Coryi)ba3iiidic 454
CoryphHinoideB 812
Cory pbopterus 634, 635
CorythrichtbyB 906
coamopolita 440, 441
CusBvpbua 601
Oottidffi 682
Cottogaster 497
Cottopsis 693,094
Cottunculus 687, 952
CottuB 693,700
coucbi (Dionda) •.. 157
(Peecilia) ; 348
Couchia 796,797
coucbiaua (Liuiia) 348
(Poucilia) 348
couesi (Apocope) 210
(Coregonus) 207,968
(Prosopium) 297
CoueaiuB 218
Cow-flsb 854
Cow-nosed Kay 51
Cow- Pilot 611
Crab-eater 418
Craig-flounder 838
Cramp-flsb 39
Grapple 464
craaslcauda 240
craasilabre 140, 141
crassuB (Alvoitliua) 503
(SqualiuB) 241
craticula 892
Crawl-a-bottom 130,506
CrcelcFisb 133
Cremnobafes 764,962
crcnulare 282
Creolus 973
creolns 91(i
Crevall6 433,435,437
criniger 71f>
crinituB 438,439
cristagalli ( Anoplarchus) 771
(Cebcdicbthys) 774
Cristivomer 317
Croaker 560,667,575,595
croicensis 938
cromis (Labrus) 568
crosaotuB 839
Crotalopsis 359
Crucian Carp 253
crumenophttaalrauB 434, 070
cruoreum (Xiphidinm) 773
cruoreus (Squalius) 234
Cryptaoantbodea 780
CryptacautbidiB 754
cryptosua 462
Ctonolabrus 609
oubifi-ona 860
Cuckold 864
ouculus 783,966
m
lum
m
m
986
INDEX.
Page.
CnlinB 944
CultusCod 640
camioKi 213
Cunnor 599
oapreoides 106
cnpreus 105
oorema 404
ourilicus 723
cortus 440
Cask 802
onspicauda 858
outisauaeriuns 120
Cut-lips 144,160
ouvieri 395,011
cyanellua ( Apomof is) 473
(Iclithyobus) 114
(Lepomis) 473
cyanens 188
oyanocephalus 196, 197
oyanoguttatus 608
oyanonoton 267
cyanops 626
cyauostigma (Julis) 603
(Platyslossus) 603,973
Cybium -. 425
CycleptinsB 112
Cycloptus 120
Cyclogobius 637
Cyclopterichthys 745
Cyclopteridaj 744
cyclopua 743
Cyclostotuata .- 3
Cyclopterus 746
cj i\ v)ti8 212
Cylindrosteus 91
Cymatogaster 588,690
oymatograinina 407
Cynicoglossua 838
Cynocephalua 22
oynodon 921
cynogl-^'jaus 838
Cynoperca 626
Cynoaciou 579,934
cypho (Catoatomna) 129
(Eaox) 352
Cypbosus 972
Cyprinella 163,163,176
oyprinella 114,883
Cyprinidsa 144
Cyprinodon 328,894
cyprinoidea 887
Cyprinodontida) 326,894
Cyprinua 254
cyprinua 119,120,883
Cypseluras 380
CyttidoB 456
D.
Dace 186,221,230
Daddy Scnlpln 702
daotyloptera... 679,950
Daotylopterince 732
Daotylopterns 737
DactyloBcopna 753
Dallia 850
Page,
dalwigkii g^j
Damalichthya 597
'iama.UB 119,883
Daslbatia e5,879
Daayatla 47,65,879
Dasybataa g^g
davidaoni (Pomadaaya) 551
(Priatiporaa) 552
(Monacantbua) {-57
decagonna 727,955
decagrammua 641,645
Decapterna 430
Decaptua 440
declivifrona 5)39
decliyia 912
decoratiia 543,920
decnrrena g29
defensor 433
Dekaya 635
dekayi (Gaateroatena) 393
(Isuropsia) 29, 874
(Isurns) HU
(Phycis) 799
(Plraelodus) 105
(Scomber) 424
delicatiaaimus 274
'deliciosa 175
Delolepla 779
delpbinua 122
Demoiselle " 009
dontata (Pomatopsetta) 826
dentatas ( llippoglossoidcs) 826
( Paralichthy a) 822
(Pleuronectca) 822
(Paoudorbombus) 823
dentex 294
depraudus 353
dermatinus 300
Dermatoatetbns 385
desmarcstia 42
Devil-flsb 52
Diabasis 553,923,971
Diacope 547
Diamoud-flonnder 830
diaphana (Hydrargyra) 334
diapbanea (Raia) 41
diapbanuH (Calliurus) 473
(Fundulua) 334
Diapteraa 583
diceraua 711
diego 424
difformis 120,883
digrammiia 832
dilectas 202
dimidiatnm 384,905
Dinematichtbya 795
dinemua 186,202
Diodonta«beM 863
Dlodon 862,966
Dlonda 155
Dioplites 484
dipliemius 197
Dipleotrum 634
Dipleaion 496
DlploBiam 496
INDEX.
987
Pane.
DiploduB 637,829,930.972
dipternra 48,71,870
Discoboli 738,745
discobolaa 126,883
dispar 341
dissimilis (Ceraticbthys). 183, 215, 216
(Coaesias) 218
(Leuciscus) 216
(Lettcosomus) 218,210
Ditrema 594,936
Doctor-fish 617
dodecaedras 723
Dog-flsh 15,16,94,350
Dog-salmon 305,306
DogShark 19
dolichogaster 768
Doliodou 441
DoUardee 479
Dollar-iiah 451
Dolly Varden Trout 319
dolomiei 916
dolomieu (Micropterna) 485
Dolphin 454
dombeyi 57,807
domninns 203,204
Doncella 601,602,603
Dorniitator 631, 944*
dormitator 631,972
dormitor 072
Doroaoma . . . .> 271,889
DoroeoraatidiB 270
Dory 456,525
doraalia 220, 221, 9i2, 913
dorsatus 867,868
dorsomacula 560
dovii 930
Drum 667,568
540
934
150
149
415
791
83
443
10«
885
dmmmond-hayi
drammondi (Utolithus).
dubiuni (Campostoma) .
(Esoj{loB8um) .
dubiua (Ammodytea)...
(Fierasfer)
Duck-bill Cat
ductor
dugesi
dnlcia
Dulea 542,920
damerill (Squalus)
dnodecim
dnqueani
DuBsumieriinsB -..
dux
85
888
140
263
001
B.
EagloKay 49,50
earlli 798
EcheneididBB 416
Echeneis 4ie
Ecbinorhinns 14,869
Ecliiostoma 286
edentula 84
Eels 354
Eel-pout 783,784
pflblgens 493
Page.
eglanteria 40,41
egregia (Tigoma) 236
(GUa) 239
egregiua (Squaliua) 236
Elacate 418
ElacatldsB 418
Elagatis 446
Elasmobranchii 12,57
elassodon 826
Elassoma 401,915
Elassomatidffl 461,880,916
Electric Rays 38
elegans (Blakca) 763
(Boleichthya) 519
(Cyprinodon) 329
(Gibbonaia) 763
(Diabasls) 023
(Gila) 227
(Haemulon) 924
(Leuciscus) 228
(Myxodes) 763
(Xanoatoma) 510
EleotridiniB 630
Eleotrls 631,944
eleathema 99
elliotti 53
eUipticus : 271
elongata (Clupea) 265
(Gila) 232
(Umbrina) 578,932
elongatus (Benthodesmus) 910
(Catostomus) ....- 120,121
(Clinostomua) 232
(Cycleptus) 121
(Lepidopus) 910
(Lepomis) 475
(Leuciscus) 232
(Luxilus) 23!?
(Opbiodon) 646
(Oamerus) 295
(Plouronectes) 838
(Pomotis) 475
(Sclerognathus) 121
(Sebastea) 669
(Sebastodea) 669
(Squalins) 232
ElopidsB 260
Elops 261,968
emarginatua 549
Embiotoca 594
EmbiotocidsB 586
Emerald-fish - 636
emiliffi 247
emorii 229,230
encSBomus 946,973
Enchelycephali 354
Enchelyopus 796
enohrysurus 940
EngranlididiB 271
Engraulis 272
Eimc acanthus 469
Enneacentrna 641
Ennichthys 590
Enophrys 710
enslB 797
-ir
lit
I' I
«!
■:J
'!^
988
INDEX.
Page.
eutomelos 669,660
Entosphencs 7,67,867
eo8 (Bolcichthys) 621
(ChroHomuB) 154
(Othonops) 639
(PoEcilichthys) 520
EphippitliB 612
Ephippus 613
Epicopus 809
Epi^onichthyB 2,57
epihflxodon 8, 57
Epinophelus 539, 918, 919, 920
episcopus 167
Episema 193
Equcs 932
equestrU 110,882
eqnisetia 454, 914
erebennus 106
eriarchus 469,470
Ericosmn. 503
Ertcymba 204
Erimyzon 132
erinacea 40
erochrooa 520
Erogala 163, 165, 179
Erythrininas 254
erytbrogaster (Chrosomus) 153, 154
(Lenciscus) 154
(Luxilns) 153,154
(Serranus) 540
ery thrurua 140
eschricbtl 848
esculentns 438
esmarki 786
Esmeralda 635
Eaocido) 351
Eaox 352
e8tor(E80x) 353,354
(GUa) 233
(SquaUua) 232
Estrella 491
Etheoatoma 500,512
Etbeoatomatinio 486,488
Etropus 839
Etrnmens 263
Eucalia 394
Eucbalarodns 831,837
Eucinoalomus 583
Euctenogobiua 633,945
EucycloKobiuB 637
Eugotnphodua 27
Eulacbon 291,292
Eulamla 22,59,60,872,967
Euleptorhamphus 377,903
EumeBOgrammua 774
EumicrotremuB 746, 967
Eupomotia 472,482
euryopa (Cliola) 171
euryopa (Myxostoma) 140
euryopns (Hudsonius) 171
euryoms 481
enryBtoiun 180
EaryBtomua 880
EuBobiBtodos 611
Eathynnua 429
Page.
Entyohelithas g^g
e^»n«» 156
Eventognatbi m gg^
ovidea (Alvordiaa) 5^3
(Clinua) 783,962
(Ericoama) 50^
evolana (Exoccetiis) 373
(Halocypaelua' 377
(Frionotua) 735
(Trigla) 736
ETorthodua 632,045
exaaperatuB 63,64,876
exilicanda 152, 153
exiliena 380,904
exilia (lioleichthya) 521
(Belono) 374
(Hippogloasoides) 827
(Noturus) 100
(PoBcilicbthys) 521
(Tyloanrus) 374
eximiua 329,890
ExocoBtua 378,903,004
Exoglosum 180
- ■ ■ i
faber 613
'fabricii (Campylodon) 370
(Centroacyllinm) la
(Cottua) 709
(Gadua) '. 807
(Gunnellna) 778
(Liparla) 742
(Lumpenus) 778
(Macrunia) 811
(Spinax) 16
falcata (Soriola) 445,913
falcatna (Carangops) 437
(Caranx) 436,912
(Labrua) 601
(Laohnolseniua) 601
(Triaotropla) 538
fallax (Caranx) 437,912,970
(Pomotia) 478
(Trachurna) Oil
Fall-flsh 222
Fall Herring 266
Salmon 300
Fario 312
faaciata (Seriola) 445
faaciatum (PriBtipoma) 551
faaciatua (Achirua) 841
(Alvordiua) 504
(Bryttna) 470
(Catonotua) 513
(Catostomua) 136
(Centronotua) 767
(Eaox) , 352
(Diplealon) 505
(Gryatea) 485
(Gunnellua) 767
(Larimua) 678
(Mtir»noidea) 767
(Pimophales) 158
(Poguniaa) 508,560
(Pomadasyp) 551,923
INDEX.
989
Page.
faaoiatus (Scomber) 446
(Sebastea) 652,670
(Sebnstodes) 652
(Syngnathus) 383
(Zonichthys) 446
fttsclcnlaris 534,535,971
faaciolaris 676
Fat-back 269
Fatlicad 158,602
Father-lasher 701
favosns 961
fecnndaa 129
feliuns 105
felis (Auarrhichthys) 783
(AviiiB) 110,882
(MuRtelus) 20
(Silums) 110
fenestralis 073
ferox ( Alcpidosanms) 276
(Atractosteus) 92
(Lepisostens) 02
(SqualuH) 874
(Stomlas) 286
femigineua €34
feuillo (PolyodoD) 83,84
FierasftT 791
Fi'jrasferidcB 791
fllamentosus ( Hemirhnmplias) 903
(Megalops) 261
(Phycis) 799
File-flsh 856,858
fimbria 650
flmbratus 784
Fishing-frog 844
Fistularia 389
Fistulariidas 388,390
labellare 513
flabellatua 513
tiagellum (Raia) 50
(Saccopharynx) 305
flommeus 243
Flannel-mouth Cat 108
Flasher 555
flavescens (Bodianus) 524
(Gadns) 803
(Perca) 524
flavicauda 54 1
flavidns ( Apodichthys) 769
( Aulorhynchus) 391
(Sobastodes) 657
flavipinnis 156,884
flavolineatus 561
fla'^ulns 332
flavns (Notnrua) 100
Flesna 831
Fliaum 662
floridoj (Jordanolla) 328
(Siphoatoma) 905,906
floridaua (Cichla) j- 485
floridenaia (Bryttua) 468
(Calliuma) 468
(Fnndulus) 336,891
fioripinnis 339
Flounder 818,822,835
Flute-Month 300
Page.
fluviatilia (Algoma) 187
(AmmoccBtes) 11
(Hudsoniua) 171
(Hybognathus) 157
(Lampetra) 11
(Perca) 524
(Petromyzon) 7
Flying fish 371,378
Fly.flah " 667
FlyingGumard 737
Robin 738
foetens 280
folium 83,84
foDtinalia 320,890
Fool-flah a56
forbeai 174
formoaa (Alganaea) 245
(Cliola) 175
(Limia) 347
(MoUieneaia) 347
(Moniana) 175,185
(Perca) 553,971
(Urauidea) 955
formosulum (Campoatoma) 150
formoaum (Htcmulon) 553
formosua ( Albumus) 185
(. alliurua) 473
(Cottua) 699, 955
(Dlabaaia) 553
(Girardinna) 349
(Leuciacua) 245
(Lcucua) 245
(Serranna) 071
foratorianua 127
Four-eyed flsh 940
Fox-shark 27
franciaci 32, 33, 875
franklini (Cottus) 699
(Pleuronectes) 837
(Urauidea) 699,053,054
fraterculus 225
fremebundus 554, 925
frem'uvilhii 51
frenatua 589
Fresh- water Drum 567
fretenaia 167
Friar 405
Frigate Mackerel 424, 425
f rigida 174
Frog-flah. 845
frontalis 187
Frost-fish 806
fucorum ( Apodichthya) 770
(Blenuiua) 759
•fnlgida 252
fuliginoana (Baliatea) 855
(Chilomycterna) 864
(Diodon) 865
f nlvomaculatus 551 , 923
funduloides 233
Fnndulna 331,891,892,894
furcatum (Ditrema) 596
furcatua (Amlurug) 109
Farcarla 611,039
faioatoa (Amlurus) 100
!.;■?
■i?
Isy^F^^I^^^
990
INDEX.
Page.
fbrcotuB (Anthia«) 534
(Cypselunis) 380
(ExocoetuH) 381
(Ictalunis) 100,882
(Pbancrodon) 59«
(f imelodiis) •. 100
fnrcifer (Anthins) 016
(Brachyi'binuB) '. 018
(Creolus) 873
(PimeloduB) 100
(Serranna) 016
farclger 052
fUrthi 023
fuacuni (Siplionostoma) 383, 006
(Siphostoma) 383
fascua (Bythitea) 705
(Uomirhorabua) 817
(Syngnathna) 883
ftuiformia (Pbalangiatea) 726
(Boleichthys) 620
(Boleoaonia) 620
(Bololepia) 620
(PoBclliclithya) 820
O.
Gadidffi 704
Gadua 803
Gatf-top-aail Ill
Gaff-top-aail Pompano 012
Gaidropsarus 700
gairdneri 313,314
galactura 178,180
galeatua 700
Galeocerdo 21
GaleorhinidiB 18,870
Galeorhinus 21,870
Galena 21
goleua (Galeorhinus) 21,60,871
(Squalua) 21
Galliclitbys 438
GalluB ."" 438
Gambnaia 3tt;8&3,804
garduDiana (Hiatula) 1. 836
gartlenii (Stemoptyx) 451
(Struraateus) 461
gardoneus 248
Gar-fiabea 371
Garibaldi 610
Gar-pike 81
GarPilieB 87
Garrupa 530,662,672,676
Gaapereaii 267
Gaateroateidffi 882
Gaateroatoua 382, 30a
Gaatrophysus » 858
gavialia 00
gayi 808
gelatinoaus 740, 857
gelidn (Aminocrypta) 480
gelidua (Ceratichthys) 216
(Gobio) 217
geminatuB 769
generosuB 128
8«n""* 767, 758, 950, 0«o
Genyonemns 57^ ^,
Genyoroge 'j^;
Genyptcrns j^j
geometricuB ^^3 gg.
K^'^fK" BOO
gcnio ^.,g
Oennon ...^
G*""r<!a 5JJ3, 034, 03.-.
GfrridiB jg,,
Gboat-flah ^g,,
gibba (LipnriB) 74,
gibber (Salmo) 305
Gibbnuaia ^gy
gibboaii (Cliola) 174
(Gila) ....' .wj,
(Lavinia) 240
(Moniana) 174
(Perca) 4^3
(Tigoma) 2311
gibboBUB ( Aphrcdodenia) 400, 461
(CatostomiiR) 131
(Cypiinodon) 320,890
( Lepomia) 482
(Leuciacua) 340
(Poniotia) 4go
(Sqiialiua) ". 230
gibbai (Heniilepidutna) 71,5
(Salmo) 315
gibbua (Hypailepm) I87
(Liparla) 741
(Minnilua) 187
gisaa (Ephippua) 613
(Soriola) 913
(.Sterenlepia) r^\
Gila 227
gilberti 959
gilli (Lepomia) aqs
(Xystroplitea) 4^2
Gillicbthya 030
Ginglymodi 89
GinglymoBtoma 18, 58
GinglymoBtomatidffl 17, 57
girardi 4j|6
Girnrdinichtbya 342
GirardinuB 348
Girella seo
GirellinoB 546
Gizzard Shad 270, 271
glaber (Cyclopterichthya) 745
(Plateaaa) 837
(Pleuronectes) 837
glabra (Liopaetta) 837
glaciale (Myctopbum) 283
glacialia (Cottus) 055
(Gadua) 807
(PleuTOuectea) 837
(Scopelus) 283
gladifer 421
gladiuB (HistiophoruB) 421
(Scomber) 421
(TyloBuruB) 901
(Xiphias) 420
Olaniostomi 84
INDEX.
991
Page.
S8. Jfi. 000
.. 574,832
547
(«,■{
. .. 863, 8C4
909
4!M
4'JH
5H3, 034, 03.'.
582
78(1
741
305
763
174
239
240
174
483
2311
... 400.461
131
... 329,890
482
340
480
23!)
715
315
187
741
187
013
913
561
227
059
468
482
036
89
18,58
. 17,57
486
342
348
560
546
. 270,271
745
837
837
837
283
955
807
837
283
421
421
421
901
420
84
Page.
Olau-eye 526
glauca (Lamna) 29
(Oxyrhlna) 29,874
gluucofroiiiuiu 036
glaucua <C»ichnriaa) 872,967
(Oarchariuas) 22,60
(Chfctodon) 441,970
(laiiropsU) 874
(lanruH) 28,874
(Squalus) 22
(Trachynotus) 443, 912, 970
globiceps ((' ryphiena) 465
(01 ^ocottus) 718
gloriosns 470
QloasAinia 664
Glut Herring 267
glntinosa 4,5
Glypbidodon 610
Olyptoccpbalus 838
Gnathanodon 433
Goat-fiah 666
Goat's-head Porgee 929
Gobiesocidffi 747
Goblesox 748,957
GobildsB 629
gobioides (Cottus) 699
(llypHicometes) 808
(Umnldea) 699
Gobiomoroides ^ 631, 972
Gk>biomorns 631,972
Gobionellus 636, 047
gobioninum 140
Gobiosoma 638,948
Gobius 633,944,045,946
Goby... 6.>9, 633
Goggleeyo 466, 467
Goggler 434
Gold-fish 253
Golet 310
goinesl 898
Goniodus 14
Goniopercn 535
Goodea 348
goodei (Erimyzon) 134
(Lncania) 343
(Ptilichthys) 369
Goody 574
Goose-fish 844
CorbuBcha 305
gorbuBcha 305
goroensis 442,012
GoivJoD 102
Gourd-seed Sucker 121
gracile (Boleosoma) 522
gracilis (BlenniuB) 770
(Cottus) 099
(C.vprinuB) 220
(Gndns) 804
(Gila) 229
(GobiuB) 637
(GambuBia) 345,346,894
(Hybopsis) 213,214
(Lepidogobins) 637
(Leptoblennius) 779
(Leptogannellas) 778
Puge.
gracUis (Leucisoua) 187,220
(Lyoodea) 787
(Moniana) 176
( Perca) 624
(Pinieludua) 109
(Platy gobio) 219
(Pojiilichtbya) 621
(I'tycbocheiluB) 2M
(Squaliua) 237
(Tigoma) 287
(Tileaia) 806
(Uranidea) 699
(Xiphophorua) 846
graciosua 109
graellsi 968
grahami (Gila) 228
(Leuciacna) 229
(Oligocephalua) 617
GrnmmiitopleuruB 641
Grarnmiconotus 374
Grande £caiUc .. . 887
grnndipinnia 185
gmndis (Fundulus) 336,801
(Gila) 226
(Leuciscus) ^ 226
(Ptycbochilua) 226
grandisquamis 003, 036, 937
grauulata '12
Graodus 163
Grass Biiss 466
Gray Snapper 548
Trout 581
grayi 119
Grayling 302
Giuy Pilic ,. 526
GrecnBass 484
Cod 806
Green-fish 448
Greenland Halibut 819
Green I'iko 358
Sturgeon 86
Grenadier 810,811
grex (Scomber) 424
Grindlo 94
grisen (Dionda) 156
(Lncioperca) 526
(Sciaina) 568
griseollneatum 384, 005, 906
griseum (Stizostcdiura) 526
(Carcharias) 28
gtiseus (Catostouius) 127
(^lesoprion) 649
(Squalus) Oi
grcenlandicuB (Cottus) 702, 703, 955
(Gunnellus) 767
(Himantolophus) 849
(HippoglosBus) 820
(Microstoma) 290
Gronias 102
gronovii . . , 449
Grouper 539
Grubby 701
grunniens 507
Gmnt 553
GtysteB 484
982
INDEX.
Orystlua 403
guacaniuia 807,338
guaf(uaucbo 4U
Giiiuw ri42,920
gaofA 542,920
Kunti veru Ml
gula (DiapteruH) 035
(Gerr«'8) 034
(Gilii) 236
(SfninliiiH) 236
gulonelliiH 220
gulosa (Uruniik-n) 605
guloauH (Centrart'liuH) 468
(CcufiitUriiiichtliys) 095
(Cliu-'iiobryttuH) 468,915
(CtiUopsis) 605
<Gol)iuH) 684,945
(Ltpidosobius) 945
(Ponintis) 467,468
Kiinelllformis 767,769
Gunnellops 766
GunnelliiH 766
gunneltus (Bk'Duius) 767
);uDneri 31
gunuiHoui 176
GurnanU 731, 733
{guttata (Coryi»liiciin) 014
(Penm) :.... 537,920
(ScoiTJienn) 679
gilttatuB ( AHt roHCiipuB) 020
(liodiiiniis) 541
(Cbiropsis) 645
(Cliinis) 645
(EiiiitiacHDthns) 471
(Epincpluilus) 919,073
(LninpriB) 453
(Pemtpsis) 322
(Poniotis) 470
(Sebastupistes) 680
(ZeuH) 453
(Zygoncictes) 341
guttuluta (Hypsopsetta) 830
guttulatus (Hippocampus) 907
guzitianieusis 126, 883
Gy iDuacantbus 708
Gyninelis 780
Gymnodontea — 850
Gymnothorax 350, 969
gymnnra (Trygon) 66
gymnurus (Gastcrosteus) 395
gyrinus (Eleotiis) . . , 631
(Noturus) 98
Gyrnpleurodus 32,875
H.
Hwldo 305
Haddock 803
Hadropterus 505
ba.-niatura * 160
Hsemulon 553
Hasmulum 534
Hairtail 421,422
Hake 808
Haleeluras 58
P»(te
HalatrociuB 4vt
Halecoiuorpbi n
Half-bvak 87«
Halias 79S,003
Halibnt 818,819,821
Halich ceroB 602
Halleu toia 851
UalienticbtbyB 851
Halipurca 535,917
halleri (UrolopbuB) 4o
HaiocypHifluB 377
Halopui'pbyruB 800
bamatuB (Icelus) 691,952
Hnmlct 918
Hammer-head 130
Hammer-heuded Shark 25,26
bammondi (Pcrcopsiit) 323
(PimeloduB) 100
Hand-saw Fish 276
Haplochlius 338
HaploidonotUB 567
Haplomi 823
Hard-head 313
Hard-mouth 150
Hard-tail 912
Hare-lip Sucker 143,144
Harengala 2(i8
barongulus 584,035
bareuguB (Coregonus) 301
(Clupoa) 265
(Lavlnia) 153
(Salmo) 301
barfordi (Ptycbochilus) 226
Harpe 601,936
Harvest-flah 450,451
hastata (Dasibatis) 48,70
(Pastinaca) 48
(Trygon) 70,879
hastatus (Gobionellus) 036
Hayko ... 305
Head-flsh 804,^65
heamii 320
hcermanni 592
Heliastes 611
Helioperca 472
heUe"! 348
HelmichthyidtB 362
Helops 85
hclvomaculatus 667
Heuidurgnn 651
Hemibrnuchil 387
Hemilcpidotus 714
liemilepldotna 715
Hemioplites 409
HemirhaiupLao 376, 902
HemirhombuB 81 0, 964
Hemistoma 6(i6
Hemitremia .. 162
HemitripterinaB 083
Hemitriptems 685
Hemitrygon 47
benlei 20,21,59,00,870
henshalli 338
hensbavii (Apocope) 210
henahawi (Salmo) 316
INDEX.
993
Page.
l.entzi 758,0fl0
lieltUnoiuiH 388, 90«
llt'planuhiiM 34
Ileptatreraii 867,967
Heptranchias 34, 61, 62
Ileiichth.vH 608
IIotos 608,939
heios 480,481
HerpctoichlhyH 350,808
lleiTiiiK 204.265
herschiaii 900
Hetemndrla 344,345
hetoroclituM 336
heterodon 163
Uotcrodontidie 32,067
Uelerodontiis 32,875
rit'torognathus 406
Hoterolnpidiuii 640
Hetcropygll 324
Ut'toroprosopon S28
Ueterosomatu 813
Heterostichus 703, 962
lieterunim 271
huxaciiiitbuB 465
hexacoi-nis (Cotlas) 705
Ilexa^xnunmus 641,049
hexagramniUH 644
HoxanrhidtB 34
Uexancbus 61,62
hiaua 373,001
Hiatula 0:i6
hiatula 936
Hickory Shad 266,271
liieroglyphlcus 341
liillianim 903
Iliiiiantolophus 849
Uiml 540
liiniiuhis 10, 20, 59, 870
Uiodon 259
Hippoci»jnpida5 385
Hippocampus 386, 906, 9«7
hippocampus 380
Hippocephaliw 723
Hippoglossinii 821
Hippo;il()88oid('s 825, 826
hippoglotisoidcs 810, 820
lIippo<rlon8u.s 818
liippoglo«U8 819
liippops -• 149
hippos 435,437,438,970
hippurus 454, 914
hippua 437
hirado 10, 868
hirando 712,955
hispldas 966
Hiatiocottus 719
Histiophorina) 419
Histiophoras 421
histrio 845,846,965
hiulcus 273, 888
Hoe 16
Hog-flsh 499,501,601
Hog Molly 130,409
Hog Sucker 130
Holacanthus 615
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 16 03
Page.
holbtflJl 847
holbr<H)ki (DlploMu*) 650, 9,10, 072
(E(hcnci«) 417
(EupomotlB) 482
(0»mbu»ia) :M5, H0:1
(Heterandrla) :M,'), 894
( L«'pouil8) 482, out
(Ophidium) 703,9(13
(I'omotls) 482
(SargUB) 5.'>g, sao
HolconotUH 500, 592, 936
Holia 305
Holocentrum 450,915
Holocentrua 459,015
Holoccphali 03
Hololppia 511
ilolostci 88
Homuloporana 809
homonymus .584,935
Homoprion ... 570
hoodl 320, 321 , 800
Hoopid 307
Hoplndelus 102
HoploBtnthus 458
Horned Dace 221
Horned Pout 104
Uoni-flsh 526
Horny-head 211
Horse CrevaI16 437
Horee-flsh 440
nor8e-head 439
Horao Mackerel 429,432,011
houghi 109
Hound Sharks 10
hoyi ( Argyrosomus) 300
(Coregonu8) 209
(Uranidea) 700
hubbardi 832
hudaouia (Cliola) 171
hud8onicu8 (Salmo) 320
Hudsouius 163,164
hudsonius (CatoatomuB) 127
(Hippocampus) 386, 007
humboldti (Scopoliis) 284
(Squalius) 234
(Tigoma) 234
humeralis (Cbterojulis) 603
(Julis) 603
(Leiostomus) 574
(Oligocephalua) 513
(Platyglossns) 003, 936, 937
humilis (Bryttus) 479
(Cottus) 705
<Gambu8ia) 345,894
(Leponiis) 479
Humpback Salmon 365
Huro 484
huronensis 91
HuBO 85
hyalinua 214
Hybognalhus ; 155,884,968
Hybopsis 163,104,105,211,213
Hyborhynchus 159
Hydrargyra 331,332
Hydrolagns 94
SS^SM
994
INDEX.
-■iji--.
Page.
llydrophloT >. I85
liyilniplilox 'jsa
flyloiuy/.on l:;4, l;U)
HyniiiM 438
llyoiloii 259
Jly«iiloiitidw -JSa
HyoMtonift 490
Hyi>«>nou8. 565
Hy i>onf oliiiin 130
H>l)«>riatliis 4B5
llypoHMrtia fi
Ilyj>'>nitn>ttt 4
Uypcrpnwopon 500, 601
HyphnloniMlnis mxi, I)(i8
llyplourocliiliia 758
llypocritiflithys 500, 501
Ily pohomus ,>05
HyponioauB '.'04
HypopU'otnia 537,017
Hypoprioii 50, 61
Hypoprioiiodon 61
llyportluHlus 541
HypsjuromiB 7'JS
liypsoloptora 184, 185
Hypsilopis 185
Hypsii"oiut>to8 808
liypsiiiotus "215
Jlypsiptoro 708
llypsopspttft 830
Ifypsi IU8 503
Hypay pops 610
lIyBt<>rooarpliin> ."iSe
llystonu-arpiis 586
Jjystrix 803
I.
loolnB 080
Ichtlirt'lnrns 107
loliilicHs 472
lolithyolms 114
li'litliyomyron 0, 807
loifhthys 621
ItoatoidaB 610
Ji'ostt<(in 620
Icl.iliinm 106, 881
irtlit>loId«>8 406
JotiobuB 113, 882
ill<>o»'bro«ns 103
imniar iiliUn (CoryphiiMia) 014
ininiaoulitlnm (rybluin) 42i
iiniiuu'iilntiiB (Sitlnio) 320
Iitiostimia 408
iniyiorntor 900
iinpeiiiUia (K«ox) itTi
(Mupns) 814
(S«>bi«a«o») 670
(Ty loBuriis) 372
inipotiginoBiiB 540, 073
iumtptilobua 228
incise V 480
Iiicoiinii .' 304
inoonBtana 894
iiicraBsatua )21
iudirus (UcptAnciiB) 34
(KisUophorus) 421
Pac...
inditMiB (Kotidaiiufi) 34,0:1
(Ti't rapt iiniB) 900
iurnnis (Aiio;iIa}!on\iB) , ... 725
( A !>pidi)phon)idi>!*) 725
(l\«ia) 44
(Si'liaatiH'.wi) 672
injjt'iia (OiiiicUiis) 797
(HippiKuuiipiiB) 38(1
iiinomiiiatiiB 343
inopiimtiia 395
iiun-ti;tt;\ ( T.ottt) k)2
(Kaiti) 878
inoiiiattiH (Apodii'litliya) 770
((.^lyptiicantliodeB) 781
iiiMcriptiiiiMNiinoiitoMia) 512
iUHciii tna (XothoiKittia) .S12
( INmmti.s) 478
(XiMiotis) 478
inaoiilptns 3!ifl
in,>ii<:ti(' (riiiiolodiiH) lOti
iiisinnis (Catostonms) 1,30
(Xotunus) 100
iiiBolat iiH 612
insiila>!«ani'ta'«THoiii 938
intoj:ripiuni« 764
intormodia (Tinoma) 238
iuttn-iiicdiua (iSaatci-rtstouB) 3<H!
(I'mnoxyc^ 4? >
vSjuirun) 889
(SipialiiiBi 238
(Synodu)i. 880
iDtomipta (Miironi>) 630
iiit«<rruptus (Aiiit)lt)pliti<!«) 460
(Ajrhoplitt's) 400
(Coiiti-aivlms) IC"), 400
(Goiiytromim) 923
(PoiaadasyH) 823
(K00CU8) 530
itinnm 882
loa 400,071
Io>!l688U8 04p
ionthafi ". , 960
io.s 048
irii'oHB (Coutriirchus) 464
(I,alini8) 464
(Satmo) 312
iriB (riiola) 172
(Uypsilopis) 172
( Ii('»u'i»i".m) 221
Irish Ponipauo 034
l»ab»>ll(a or.
isohaiius 250
!«rhynis (I.cpomis) 474
(I'aniphrys) 8;i3
(Plcuroiu>oU>«^ 8;»2
iRMtlioH 767, ORO, 9(i0
iBlandicua T7li
isodoii 24, 874
23
401
8;{2
8;i2
8;i2
401
50<;
Isojiomphodon
iBolupiB (.VphivdodiTiiB) .
(LopidopBtitta) . .
(Pawpliryat —
(Ploni-oiu>ot««8) ..
(Stornottvniia) . .
Isopiftbinw
INDEX.
995
m
770
781
MJ
M2
478
478
aiifl
l(Mt
130
UIO
or.'
!>'.18
764
;!%
4' ">
8«t
2118
8Stl
r.:io
4t>li
4«(I
. I0'j,4l'>ti
923
530
892
. 490.071
948
iHK>
iM8
4(M
404
ai2
172
172
221
934
tur.
2S0
... 474
8;r.i
8;i2
.7^7, 959, ««>
779
... 24.874
401
832
8;t2
W2
401
Isopaett* 882
IiM>8])on<1yIi 256
latiuphonis 421
laurupsia 28
laarus 28,29,874
':-':r^. J. r:- -
J«ok 666
Jack Salmon S3S
Jncksxili C95
jaoolii 571
JacolHra 417
jaoulus 202
jRok 705
,iap<inont<iR - 300
JHiHiiiious 723
jarni vii ( I.opidoinrda) 252
(Minouius) 123
Jc\iunn8 194
,j(>uu>f)vuu8 ., 203
Jonlgiiauo 925
Jerker 212
J ftwia> 518
■Towtlsh 26-J.KU,540
,Ii>lin A.Orindlo 04
Jotinina 569
.loliuny 718
Joliimy Darter 4''3
iTohiiny Venlo ixi6
John Taw 640
jouosi 347
JonlnnoUa 327
Jonlitiii (lloinilopiilotua) 715
(HipiHt^Iossoidos) 827
josophi 703,963
.juvralis 172
Jti};ular«>8 783
Juli()ini» 608
iTuiiipiii^ Miillot 142
.runip-nH-ks 142
Juno Suokor 132
.Tnri>l '. 012
X.
kniit)i SS4
kayko 306
Kclpflsh tW3,7e3,7(M
"ionliu'kieimia 179, 180
ki<nm>rlyl 300
kouuicottt (Cat4>notn8) 514
(Con^,{(mii») 208
ki>ta 305.307
Killillt»lM>8 3;n. 332, 33(1
K iiitf-fioh 453, 5-fl, 577. 582
K iiiK-ot'- 1 hp-Uxrring 617, 618
Kiuj;-(>f tli«>Miilli>t« M3
Kill); of-thoSalnum 618
Kins; SoIdoii 806
kiwtoh 307,308
Kniiiimya Kylta 308
kumlit III 090, 953
Ky phoHiia 972
kyaiitach 308
PagK
labiatas - 127
LabitU- .iiioa 406, 908
Labra -ina" 527
labmiUirioiis (AoautluK'uttua) 704
(Core(r«""«») 200
(Cottii8) 704
L»br«x 528,641
Labri>l:i> 697
Labrina> SOB
LabroHoinun 762, 962
labnif.as (C't-niti' hthys) 217
(Zoart't>8) 784
lac«>p» 143, 144
Ittertosna 102
Lachno1a>nitta 600
lacrynialis 140
laciniata 008, 969
Laotopluy.* 853
lacustris 108, 882
liady-lixh 258,601
LaMuarKUH
lirtitbilis ,
bi'tiis.
Inn-ioaiulatiis ,
latvigatus ( A Konim)
(AnloiiiiariuNl
(('liiroiu'ott'8) ,
(LajiiH'ophaliis)
(T«>lro<l<m)
latvis (Aiipi<«»(>r)
(Mustolu.t)
( I'lcuraoromy Ion)
(Kaiii)
(Uliiiiotriiiola) tW,
LaKayotto 451,
I.nn«>*'»"l'''»l'**
l»}5iH'«>pliivlns (I 'turns) ,
((irnniniatopletirtm)
(Lalirax)
(Oiioorbynohus)
(Salnv)
00,
14
175
768
386
723
846
846
880
860
87
870
tiO
42
870
574
850
041
641
641
3(16
306
143
Lasoilou 5.%8. 920.tV7l
Ijikt llorriuR 303
Lako Stiirift'on 87
Lako Trout 814
lalaudl 444.912.913
lamia 2;i, 00, 873
lamWla 873
Lanuia i 20
I^ininiibv 38
lamottoni 868
liamptTo^l 11
Lniiipi'm 7
Lampctra 7,8,57.867
lampct ra<torml« 779
La«ipr«>y 6,867
Lamptididiv 4.V<
LanipiiM 463
I.anipuuu!( 494
Ij)»nci'li>t ...•«>«. 2,3.807
latict'olata (Sriirua) 670, OJll
lni)c-(H.!atniii (UraiiohUratonia) 57, 867
La);ti<'hila .
096
INDEX.
Page.
Innoeolatas (EqucH) . 932
(Gobius) 636
(Hcmoprion) 570
(Liniax) ;),867
(Stelliferua) 570
Lancet-flab 274, 276
Lant 414
Large-moiitbed Black Bass 484
Large-acaled Sucker 140
Larimua 578, 933
lata 67
laterale (Ditremn) 594
lateralis (Abramis) 251
(Alvarius) 522
(Artedius) ^
(Calycilepidotus) 690
(Eiibiottsa) 595
(Ictlna) 689
(Mylochullus) 225
(PoecilichtfcyB) 522
(Rlcbardsoniua) 251
' (Scorptenichthys) 690
(Taeniotoca) 595
(Zygonect«s) 341
iBtleandua (Scoliodon) 24
latirteps (Aetobatis) 879
(Cepbnloscylllum) 59
(Scylliuin) 58, 59
f Stoaaodon) 879
latifaaciatus 329
latifrona.... 782
Latilida; 623,880
latimanus 373,901
latior 299
Intipinna (Mollienesia) 347
Iniipiniiis (Catostomua) 125
(Zaniolepia) 647
latirostria 870
laurettw 889
lanta.. 453
Lavinia 152
Lawyer 04, 802
Leaat Darter 523
Leather-Jacket 446, 447, 855
Leather-sided MinnoTV 234
Lebias ... 328,329
Loisomus... 860
Leiocottud 711
Leioatomus 574
leiurua 395
Le-Kni , 305
Lembua 630
Lemniscati 362
lemniscatim 100
lentigiiiosiis 65
leouonais 517
loonlaa 174
Lepibema 529
Inpida (Boloo«'«'ii) 517
(CliolB) 177
Lepidion 800
Lcpidogobltw 687,945,947
LepldoIopruK 811
Lepidomeda 251
I.epidopaetta 831,833
Pago.
Lepidorhombus g]5
LepidosteidtB f,^
Lepidostena 90, 88a
lepidum (Boleoaoma) 5)7
lepidua (Gobiua) 037
(Oligocephalua) 517
(PoEcillchthya) 517
Lepiopomus 475
Lepisoma 70'j
Lepomia 472, 484
leptacanthna (Noturas) on
LeptagoDUS 726,95.j
Leptoblcnnina 778
Leptocardii 2
LeptocephalidsB 362
Leptocephalua 362,909
leptocephalus 215
Leptocliuua 776
Leptocottua 713
Leptogunnellua 770
Leptophidium 793
Leptopa 881
Leptorbynchus 36t)
leptorhynchnm 384, 906
Leptoscopidffi 752
leptoaomua 249
Lepturus 422
lepturua ( Anarrhichas) ; 782
(Trichinms) 422
lesaonii (Tetrapturus) 909
lesueHrianum (Exogloaaum) 160
Letbarchus 896
lencbtenbergi 366
lenciodus 134, 195
Leuci8cina3 146
leuciaons 230
leucops (Photogenia) 201
Icncoptia (Photogenia) 180
leucorbynchuB 38, 876
Lencoa 2'<4,887
LeucoaomuB 220,222
leucoatictus , 010
Leucna 244,887
Leuresthes 405
Leurynnia 784
lewiai 315
Hbertatla 269
Limanda 831,834
limandoidea 826
limbatua 23,24,61
limi 350
Llmia 346,347
Liranurgua 342
limosa (Myxlne) !>
limosaa (Filodictia) 101
(Pimelodua) 102
llneata (Aloaa) 267
(Corypbwna) 97;(
(Ecbeneis) 417,970
(EmblotocA) 595
(Llparis) 742,957
(Novaou!a) 005
(Sciaena) 529,575
.(Tlgoma) 237
(Trlgla).... 736
INDEX.
997
Pago.
815
fi9
90,880
517
637
517
517
47G
70'J
472, 484
98
726, 055
778
2
362
362, 969
215
776
713
776
703
881
366
384,906
752
249
422
782
422
009
160
896
366
134, 195
146
230
201
180
38, 876
2Ai, 887
220, 222
610
244, 887
405
784
315
269
831, 834
826
23, 24, 61
350
346, 347
342
5
101
102
267
07;!
417, 970
695
742, 957
OOo
529, 575
237
736
Page.
lineatns (ikchiruB) 841
(Amblodon) 56«
(Cyclopterua) 742
(DormiUtor) 632, 044
,.;; (Genyonemus) 574
!•! (Grystes) 646
nJ (Labrax) 529
,. .. (Liootomns) 675
i;:v (Micropogon) 575
X., (Mugil) 403,404
..:' (Phthirichthys) 969
« .. (Pleuronectes) 842
.r . (Prionotua) 736
(ItoccuB) 520
(Sqn^ina) 236
(TriModon) 627
(Xyrichthys) 605,973
-' (Zygonectes) 339
lineolata (Cliola) 168
(Mollieneaia) 894
(Pelamya) 428
(Poecilia) 347
lineolatam (Etbeostoma) 513
lineolatuB (Albumna) 168
(CatoDotas) 513
^..^uciacna) 168
(Zygonectes) 341
Ling 646,802,009
linsloyi 514
Liocottua 711, 955
liolepis 825
Llamonacanthus 858
Liouiacna 85
liop«-Uia 87
Liopaotta 831
lioiua 131,132
lioatemua 206
Lioatomus 573
Liparidl(la3 738
lipariuiv 739
Liparis 740
liparis 742
Lipomyzon 132
Lirua 452,014
lirua (Lepomia) 483
(Minnilua) 199
(Nototropis) 200
Litholepia 02,880
littoi'alis (Engomphodua) 28.
(Menaoirrna) 577,033
(Odontaapis) . 874
>/ (Squalus) 28
i- (Umbrina) 577
lituroana 966
lividus (Petromyzon) 8
(Sllarna) 105
Liza 403
Lizard-flah 279,280
Lobutes 554
Lobotinm 546
lockinptoni 621
LogPercli 499
lonc-hunis 043
longa (Dasibatia) 66
Louge 317
Long-eared Sun-fish 477
longiceps (Hybopais) 168
(Sibonia) 241, 887
lon^jitollis 000
longimanus 482
longipinne (Hulooontrum) 450
longipinniH (Rhonibua) 451
iongiroatna ( Alburnopa) 167
(Catostoinua) 126
(Cliola)... 167
(Esox) 374
(EuleptorhamphuH) 377
(Hemirhaniphus) 377
(TyloauruB) 374,902
longirostruni (Catoatomua) 124
loDgiapinia 480
Long-nuaed Dace 207
Gar 01
Suclter 127 '
longuliis 473
longus 899
Look-down 439
LophiidiC 844
LopIiiuB 844
lophiua 107
Lophobranehii 381
Lopbolatilna 624
Lophopsetta 815
lordii 320
loricatus 723
Lota 801
lota (Gadus) 802
louiaiansB 383,384,904,906
labricum 3
Lucania 342
lucens 213
luciiv 342
lucidus (Coregonus) 301
(Luxihis) 249
(Xoteniigonus) 24!)
(Salmo) 301
luciocepa 281
Lucioperca 525
Luciotnitta 304
luciua(E80x) 353
(Ptycliofhilna) 227
ludlbunda 177
lugubris 177
lumbricua 899
Lumpenna 770
lumpcnua 778
Lump-sucker 744
Lunipus 746
luinpua 747
luna (Lampria) 453
(Pomotij^ 480
(Zeua) 453
luuatua 885
Innnlatus 920
lupna (Amiuras) 107
(Anarrbichas) 781
(Ictalurua) 107
(Pimelodua) 107
luteua 885
lutipinniB 100
998
INDEX.
■' ' Page.
LutjanincB 546
Lutjanus 547,021,971
lutrensls 173,175
liixatus 133
laxiloides 177
Luxilus 185,186,250
lycaodon 308, 309
LycodidiB 783
Lycodalepis 788
Lycodes 785
Lycodopsis 784
lyriciis 633, 945
lynx 107
lythrochloris 478
Lythrurus 185,196
M.
tnacarellus 433
Macho 403
mackenzii 304
Mackerel Scad 432
Mackinaw Trout 817
maclura 46, 47
inacrocephalum (Etheostoina) 501
uiacrocepbalus ( Alvordius) 501
(Gadu8) 804
(Gunnellus) 767
(Semotilus) 221
tnacrochilus 128
macrocbirus 475
Macrodonophis 359, 897
macrolepidota (Myxostoma) 140
macrolepidotum (Moxostoiua) 140
macrolepidotua (Catostomas) 140
(Leuciacus) 223
(Pogonichthys) 223
mocrophthalinus 544, 971
ruacropa 927
niacropterum (Exoglossum) 130
niacropterus (Contrarchus) 463
(Labrus) 464
niacrorliynchus 37'
uiaorostoma 177
Macrourus 811
luacroiirus ( Alopias) 27
Macrozoarces 784
MacruridtB 810
Mucrurus 811
macrurus (Ophichthya) 898
(Oxyodontlchthys) 808
maculariua 330
maculata (Aniia) 030
(Elcotria) 032
(Etheoatoma) 508
(Heraitiemia) 162
(Lophopaetta) • 816
~ (Morone) 483
X' (Perca) 540,018
(Sciujna) 632
luaculaticeps 492
luaculatum ( Aulostoma) 390
(Boleosonia) 492
(Cyblum) 428
(Cynoacion) 581, 034
Page.
maculatua (Alvordius) 502 50H
(Apogon) 930
(Sodianua) 537
(Botbus) 81.-,
(Clinus) 777
(Cryptacautbodea) yj^jo
(Diodon) go:)
(Dormitator) 632, 944
(Hadroptdma) 502
(Heptranchiaa) 62
(Holocentrua) 540
• (Hypeneus) 56,-,
(Labru.s) 58i
(Lumptiuua) 777
(Monopriou) 030
(Mullbypeneua) ■ 5fl,)
(Mullua) 505
' (Nothonotaa) 508
;' (Notorhynchua) 34,63
'' (Platypoecilua) 348
(Pleuronectea) 816
(Rhypticua) rA'.i
(Scomber) 426
(Scomberomorua) 426
(STranua) 54n
(Stichffiua) ,.7
(Upeneua) 565
macalociuctua 615
maculofasciatua 536
maculosa (Lota) 802
maculoseriatua 64(i
mactilostriatua 864
macuioans f Acipenaer) ...".. 87
(Centrarcbua) 460
(Centridermicbthya) 718
(Gadua) 802
(Oligocottua) 718
(Paralicbthys) 821
(Pimephalea) 159
Mademoiaelle 5TU
moiandricua 740
magdaleniB 580
mainenaia 394
majalia 332
ma,jur (Actinochir) 741
(Cyclopterua) 741
(Liparia) 711
(Ptycbocbeilus) 226
Malacantliidffi 610, 624
Malacoateua 287
Malaabcganay 568
maligi-r 673,674
malleus 26
Mallotua 291,889
Malma 319
malma (Salmo) 319,320
MaUbiea 850
Malthe 850
Maltbidoi 84ii
Mancaliaa 848
Man-eater Shark 30
Mangrove Snapper 549
manitou SOU
Manjuari 92
Manta ' 52
INDEX.
999
I : Page.
nian*a 52
luapo (Gobiii8) 045
niargaritatus 038
luargaritus 235
margarotia 471
marginata (Uranldoa) 008
marginatum (Opliidium) 702
marginatus (Urosmius) 706
(Brosmophycis) 706
5 (Dinematichthy 706
r-i' (Ilaliaa) 706
"' (llcmirhnmphua) 002
(Leporaia) 478
(Noturus) 100
(Pomotis) 478
marina (PcTca) 652
niariuus (iEluiiclithys) Ill
(Esox) 002
(I troiuy zou) 10, 11, 867, 8G8, 800
(Sobastes) 051
'^ • (SUuriis) Ill
(Tylosunis) 0y2
uiarmorata ( Ptoroplatea ) 47
marmoratus ( Araiuius) 104
(Autcnnarius) 846
t (Cottus) 700
V (Cremnobates) 002
■ ; „ (Ucmittjpterus) 717
y (Pimelotlus) 104
--• (r.hlnichthys) :J07, 885
(Scorpasnichthya) 716
Marsipobi-anchii 3, 57
Mascaluugus 353
Muskallungo 353
iiiHsoni 313
niRssachusettensis 857
Mastacembelidai 368
matamorcnsis 347
Mathomog 882
mattowacca 267
uiatutiuua 100
mauritii 440
Maui'olicua 383
maxillaris 708
uiaxilliugua 100
maxillo8iii> (GnatUypops) 042
( OpiatbognathuB) 043
(Kliinichthys) 207, 208, 885
maximum 31,61,875
May llsli 332
May Suclier 144
Mcda 252
Medialuna 502
mediocris 206
modirostria 86
niediterranea (Sarda) 427
meditcrrancus ( lloplostothus) 458
(Scomber) 428
modiua (Anisarchus) 777
(Calamus) . 028
(ClinuB) 777
(Grammateua) 028
(Lumpunua) 777
(Sticliajus) 777
mcgacepbalus (Calamua) 026
Pago.
megacephalus (Cbitonotns) COi)
(Icelus) 662
Megalocottua 70'i
Megalopino) 201
Megalopa 201
megalops ( Alburnolliia) 105
(Albumus) 105
(Ditruma) 50'j
(Ennichthys) 502
(Minnilus) 105
(Piraclodus) 100
(Trycberodon) 247
megalotia 177,478,480
mclami tcrus 309
mclanocepbalua 158
melanogaster 823
Mulanogramnms 803
melantns (Uryttus) 468
rCalliurus) 467,468
(Catostomus) 135,130
(Dionda) 157
(Glossoplites) 408
(Ilaplocbilus) 340,894
(Hybognatbua) 157
(Ictbulis) 473
(Lepomls) 473
(Minytrema) 130
(Sebastes) 057, 658
(Sebaatodos) 6" «
(Zygonectes) 340,892
melanopterura 55:i
melanoatictua 828
melanotia (Limamura^na) 356
(Muraena) 355,804
m(;Ianotua (Catoatomus) 150
mohtnura (Perca) 548, 021
melanurua (ExocobUis) 370, 004
(Lutjaims) .* 548,021
(Ocyurus) 548
melaa 104
meleagris 208, 885, 88((
Mcletta 204,200
MoUetea 710
Monidia 400,008,000
mer.idia ( Atberiua) , .400, 407, 408, 000
(Atherinlcbthys) 407
Menhaden 260
menhaden 270
Menomonee Whitc-flsh 208
nien<iiia 335
Mentii'irriiB 670
meridionalis ( Amiurus) lOP
(Bubalichthys) 110
(Cottus) 607
(Ictahirua) 100
(Sclerogiiathus) 116
(Uranidca) 097
raerki 300
MerUingus 807
merlaugua ( Anoplopoma) 650
Merluccio 800
merlucciua (Gadus) 800
Merlucius 808
Merou 539,656
mertenal 700
i!
■1
1000
INDEX.
' • ■ Pago.
mosoeas 492
mosogaster 377
Mesogonistias 471
Mesoprion 547
mesoti'cma 461
metallica 209
Metopuuopt) 81G
Metrogaster 588
mexicanum (DoroHuma) 887
moxicanua (C batoiitiaus) 888
(Mngil) 403,908
Michigan Herring 301
Grayling 303
Micristius 338,340
Micriatodus 32,875
microcephalua (Gasterostous) — 395
(SomnioauH) 14, 15, 57
Microgadua 805
microlepidotua 151, 152
microlepia '. 538
microlopbuB 482
Micrometrua ■ 588, 930
Microperca 522
Micropogon 575
micropogon 212
micropa (Calliunia) 473
(taulolatilua) C2G
(Corvina) 570
(Cottunculufl) 088,352
(Lepomia) 473
(Sparus) 928
Micropterus 484
Mlcroptery X 440
micropteryx 203
micropus (Clupoa) 203
(Gaateroatoua) 394
microatigmiua 900
Microatoma 289,889
microatoma (Cliola) , 168
(Gasteropelocus,) 289
(Uranidea) COS
Microatomus 838
luicroatomiiB (Cithariclith.va) 817
(Minnilua) 108
Midshipman 751
mllberU (Arius) 110
(GarcliariiiH) 23, 872
(Carcharinus) 22
(Eulamia) 60,872
mileei 159
Miller's Thumb 093,600
milneri (Calamua) 928
(Nocomis) 218,219
* (Pagellus) 556
(Sparus) 556,928
milnerianus 243
mineopas 473
miniatum (Poristediuui) 732
roiniatua (Lepomls) 476
(Sebaafiohthya) 664
(Scbastodes) 663
minima ( Abeona) 587, 588
Minnilua 185,200
Minnow 242
Page.
Minomna ^ 124
minor 781
rainuta 698
Miuytroma 135
mirabilo (Exogloasum) 205
mirabilia (Clapea) 265
(Gillichthya) 63(:
( Phcnacobiua) 205
Misciaaippi Cat 108
Missouri Suclter 121
niiasurivusia 168, 169
mitchilli (Cottua) 702, !)."•
(Engraulis) 273,888
(Stolephorua) 888
mrurus 99
modesta (Cheonda) 242
modestaa (Julia) 604
(Oxyjulia) 604
(Paeudojulis) 604
(Squaliua) 242
Mojarra 611,934
Mola 805
mola 860
Molacanthua 865
molfstum 638
Mollicnusia 346,894
mollis 842
Molva 801
wolva (Gadus) 801
Molvclli! 790
Monacantbua 850,965
monacbus 217
Mongrel White-flah 301
Moniana 163, 105, 173
Mouk-flah 35,844
Monolcne 840
Monoprion 931
monopterygiua (Aspidophoioidea) 724
(CbiruB) 642
(Cottus) 725
,1 (Hexagrammua) 642
(Labrax) 642
Monoaira 933
montagui 743
montana (Gila) 234
Montana Grayling 303
montanua (Clinostomua) 234
(Squaliui) 234
(Thymallua) 303
Moon-eye 259, 200
Moon-flah 439
Moray 355
mordax (Atherina) £93
(Crotalopaia) 359
(Engraulia) 272
( Macrodonophia) 359, 897
(Murccna) 356
(Opbichtbya) 897
(Oaraerua) 203
moringa 805
morio 540,919
Morono 530
Morrhua 604
niorrhun (Gadua) 804
INDEX.
1001
Page.
124
781
698
ISf)
son
205
2or>
108
121
108, 16!t
702, 0.".'>
273, 888
888
• 90
; ^ s^ 242
.' : 604
. 604
604
242
, 011,934
865
860
638
. 346,894
842
801
801
790
. 850,065
217
301
13, lOo, 173
. . 35, 844
840
931
724
G42
72.-.
042
642
038
743
234
303
234
234
303
259, 200
439
355
293
359
272
. 359,897
356
897
203
805
. 540,919
530
804
804
Page.
morrisi , 862
LIo88bunker 269
Motella 796
iDOUcharra 010
Mouae-flsh 845
MoxoBtomn 182,136
mucosa (Liparis) 744
mucosum (Kiphidion) ■ . 773
mucosas ( Acanthocottus) 703, 055
(Lycodalopia) 788
(Lycodes) 788
' 'i? ■' (Neolipai'is) 744
(Xiphiater) 772
mucrouata ( I'erca) 531
mucronatum (Ophidium ) 767
mucrouatus (NeoconKor) 360, 900
Mud-cat 101,102
Mud-dab 837
Mud-flsh 91,636
mudHah (Fundulus) 331
Mud-flaUea 92,350
MudMinnowa 349,350
MudSun-flah 409
Mufflo-jaw 696
MuRil 402
MugilidcD 401
mugiloidcs 032
uiuikiai 313
Mullot 239
MuUota.. 401,402
Mullid» 504
Mullhypoueus 505
Mullua 564,931
raultif.isciata 334,335,891,892
inultifllia 738
multilineata (Poscilia) 347
muUilineatus (Labriix) .530
mniiimaculatus (Diodon) 863
Mummicho<; 336
Mupua 914
Muia;ua 355, 394, 895
AluracnidiU 355
eugyachiataj 3r-5
MurocnoidfS 768
MuraJUDpsia 359, 969
muriniia 475,470
muaica 240
Musqiiaw lUvor Whlt(sUsU 299
Mustilua 19,59,870
iiuitatum 492
Myctoi)hum 281
mykiss 313
Mjliobatidp- 49
Myliobatia .50,879,880
Myloclipi' ,18 ^24
Mylocbiliia 224
Myloleucua 244, 24.-., 887
My lopharodon 225
myopa 281
Myoxoeephalus "OO
Myrlchthya 360
Myriolcpia 649
Myrophia 899
mystacalis 475
myatinua 659
Page.
Myatriophia 358
Myxino 4
MyxinidsB 4
Myzouts :i
Myzopaetta 831
■ » .
nacrca 230
namaycush 317,890
Nanoatoma 609
nanus 272,888
Narciuo 877
iiaresl 318, 319, 968
narinari 50, 879
Naaaau Grouper 918
uaaua 370
nasuta (Malthe) 850
nasntum (Campostoma) 149
naautus ( Argyreus) 207
(Lenciscua) 207
(Rhinichthya) 207,885
natalia 105
Kauclerus 443
naucratcoides 417
Naucratca 443
naucralea (Echenels) 416
(Leptechcnois) 417
Nautichthy s 720
nebrascenais 212
nebulifer (Catoatoraua) 883
(Labrax) 537
(Paralabrax) 537
(Serranua) 530
ncbulifei'iiH (Catoatomua) 883
uebuloaa (Etbeostoma) Ijoo
(Soieeua) 577
(Umbrina) 577
nebulusus ( AcantUoleblus) 644
(Ceutrouotus) 76S
(Clilropais) 044
(Chirus) 644
(Clinus) 779
(Gaaterostoua) 394
(Lycotlea) 787
(Menticirrus) 577,933
(Pimelodua) 105
(Sebastcs) 676
(Sebastodes) 670
(Zeus) 456
Nccdle-flsh 374
nuglectus 568
Kegrita 537
Nomatognathl 95
Kumichtbyids 365
Nomicbt hys 366
Neoclinua * 760
Neoconger S60
neogieus 248
neohantoniensis 200
Neoliparis 744
NoomaBnis 649
noptaelus (Lcpomis) 475
(Tetrodon) 966
nerka 308
Norophis 382
1002
INDEX.
Page.
novisensiB 502
110 wburrii (Eucyclogobius) (J38
(Fa.io) 313
(GobiiiH) 638
^"^ (Ltpidogobius; 637
New Light 464
uewniaui 497
iiichoUl 046
iiigellua 159
uiger ( Animoc(Bte») 9, 867
(Astroucsthes) 288
(Bubttlicbtbys) 116
, (Chiaamodou) ' 810
• (Cougor) 362,3tB
■ (CottuB) 707
(Ebox) 352
(GaHturostuus) 396
• (Gobius) 033
(Malacusteua) 287
(Squaliua) 239
Nigger-flsh 541
nigra (Aatrouosthes) 287
(Elacate) 419
(EtheoBtoma) 492
(Gila) 239
(Scia?na) 572
(Tautoga) 599
uigresceuB (Corypbama) 017
(CyelcptuB) 120
(ScrraiiuB) 016
(SqualiuB) 242
(Tigoma) 242
uigricans (Acaiitlmi-UB) 617, 941
(Amiurus) 108
(Camarina) 500
(CatostomuB) 130
(ContropriBtiB) 533,534,017
(Clwtodou) 941
(Girella) 580
(Huro) 485
(Ilylomyzon) 131
(IlypoplectruB) 537, 918
(IctaluruB) 882
(Micropterus) 485
(Potroinyzon) 11, 868, 869
(Piinelodus) 108
(Plectropoma) 537
nigrilabris 102
nigripiuuia ( Argy roaomuB) 301
(Coregonus) 301
(Rljypticus) 020
nigritua 540,541,920
uigrocinctua 677, 078
iiigrofasciata (Hydrargyra) 336
nigrofasciatUB (Fundulua) 335
(Hatlropterns) 500
uigromaculatus 465
nigromai'giuata 357
nigroticniata 164
uigrottBiiiatua (Graodua) 104
( Hybognathua) 156, 884
nigrum (Bolnoaoma) 402
(Pt'troiu j-zon) 9
Ninc-apiued Stickleback 393
uitida (Moniana) 175
Pagp.
nltida (Poiuotis) ^-j^
ni 'iduB ( Albumua) 20'>
(Contrarcbua) 4(jr,
(SalvolinuB) 321
n'vea • 180
nivcatiis 541
nlveiventria m^
nobilo ( AtractoBcion) 57;)
(CynoBcion) 933
nobilior (Eaox) 353
nobilia (Conodon) 90;)
(Jobuius) 579
(GatnbuBia) 34((
(Iluterandria) 340
(Perci) 551
(Poniadaaya) 550
NocomiB 211
Nomeidas 44^
Nomeua 449
norvegica (Perca) 051, 652
norvegicua (Coryphmnoides) 812
(Macrurua) 8i;i
norwegicua (Subastea) C52
notabilia 211
Kotacantbido! 379
Notacantbua 370, 900
NotariuB no
notat a ( Atheriua) 408
( At herinicbtbya) 407
(Beloue) ^ 373
(Cliola) 177
(Cyprluolla) 178
(Doroaonia) 271
(Labrax) 530
(Malthc) 850
(Menidia) 407,069
notatum (Cbiroatoma) 408
notr.'/Ua (Hyborhynchua) 1,19
(Lepomis) 482
(Miunilua) ifiO
(Pomotis) 482
( PimeloduB) 109
(Poricbtbj'B) 752
(Semotilua) 340
(TyloauruB) 373
(Zygonectes) 339
Notemigonua , 248
Nothonotua 500
nothum 580,581,934
NotidauidiB ...' 62,907
Not idaiuis 34, 02
Notograiumus 776
Notoihyuchua 34,02
notoapilotuB 090,073
Notropis 185
nottii 341
Noturus 97
Novacula 605
noviD-angliffl 298
DoveboracenBis (ExocCBtus) 379, 904
(Gaateroateua) 39G
(Naucratea) 443
novemlineatuB 757
novemmaculatua 863, OCO
nubila (Apocope) 210
INDEX.
1003
Pago.
unbila (Cliola) 187
uubilus (Alburnops) 187
(AiHyrouH) 210
(CculroblcQuiuH) 778
( Loptublounius) 778
( LuuipcuuB) 778
(Stichffius) 778
iiuclmlis 155,136,157,968
uucbtpiunia 702
uueccuHis 485
NumbUshes 38,30
uummifer 118, 110
uuuiniularis 865
Nurso 15
KuisL'-Sbaiks 17, 18
mittalli (Exoceetus) 380,381
XyctopLus .
282
a
obesa (Algansea) 245
(Tigoina) 237
obeBUs (AuiiiiruB) 104
(Br.vt tuti) 470
(Kuueacanthua) 470
(Leiu'iscus) 245
( Leucua) 245
( I'oiiiotia 470
(Sinialius) 237
ubli()uua 574
obluuga (Chainopsotta) 823
(I'latesaa) 823
oblonguin (Moxostoma) 134
oblongiiB (Cypi'inus) 132, 134
(Paralichtbye) 824
(Pleiironoctes) 823,824
(Pseudorhombus) 823
Qbolarius '. 390
itbscura (Eulamia) 60
obscurus (Carcbarias) 22, 872, 967
(CarcBarinus)
(Centrarchus)
(Lepiopomua) .
;-,i (Lopomis)
(Poiuotis)
(SqiialuH)
obtuslrost lis
obtusa (liulamia)
22
485
480
480
480
22
378
872
obtusim (Kbiiiicbthys) 208,885
872
250
04
(Catoatumus) 128
(Chorinemua) 447
(Cougei) 303
(Sniialua)
uccideutalia (Abramia)
(Auiia) ...
Page.
Occaiiic Boulto 430
ocL-anica (Anguilla) 30;i
1 oceaniuus (Conger) 363
I (Uobionellus) 030,047
I (Gobiua) C36
i ocella 885
1 ocullaria (Cbaeuupsutta) 823
I (Fuudiilual 891
(Paialicbtbya) 972
I (Plateasii) 822,972
j ( Pat-udorbombua) 822, 972
ocellata (Corvina) 571,572
1 (Gyiuuothorax) 357
! (Miira'ua) 350
i <Perca) 572
(llaia) 40
(Sciajna) 571,031
ocellatus ( Acantbocottas) 055
( Anarrbicbthya) 782
(Citbaricbtbya) 964
(llumirbombua) 904
(Iluipetuicbtbya) 350
(Uippogloaaua) 964
(Mura^noidca) 700
(Muncuopaia) 359
(Opbicbtbya) 359
(Zeua) 457
i ocpUatum (Opbidium) 766
i ocellicaiida 94
] octudcciiuapinosuB 701
' octoliUa 413
i Octograramua 641
I octogranitnus 641
I octommiua 413
! oculptiia 479
I oculol'aaciatus 721
I Ocyui'ua 548
j Odoutaspididib 874
j Odontaapia 27,874
j Odontopyxia 729
! ogac (Gadua) 804
j ObioSbad. 260
I Ohio Sturgeon 87
Old-wifo 574
olitlua ( Ilypouieaua) 294, 295
oligaapia 200
Oligocottim 717
Oligoci'pbalua 514
Oligoplitca 447,913,973
oliatbuatuma 934, 035
olivacoa (Poucilia) 340
olivaceua (Pimolodus) 109
oli varia 102, 881
((Jaatcroatoua) 393, 447, 973
(Girardinua) 349
(Hcteraudria) 349
(Lcucoaomua) 250
(Luxilus) 250
(Monacautbna) 850
(¥otemigouu8) 250
(Noturua) 100,101
(Oligoplitea) 447, 914, 973
(Scombroides) 447
(Torpedo) ?9
obiiatedi 4'J2
oniniatus 824
oniocy auoua 632
omoatigma 963
Oncocottus 704
Oncorby ncbiia 304
Onoirodea 848
Onirodes 848
onitia 600,936
Onoa 790
Opah 45,}
Ophicbthya 358,969
1004
INDEX.
Page.
U|>hldli(lB3 702
Upliidium 702,963
JphioblenuiuM 700
UpbiudoD 040
Opbi8urina3 357
Opbistirus 358, 808
ophryus 822, 072
ophtlialniicns 475
OpistLarthri 007
OpiBtUognathidos 042
OpiHtboguutliua 043
OplHthouii 808
OpiHthonenia 208
Opladulua 101
Oplupouiii 040
OpsopoEodus 240
oquassiv 31H, 008
Oquassa Trout 318
orbis 747
Orcyima 428
ordiuutUB 042,043,040
oreas Ii4
oresoucnsia 226
urientalia (AnarrbichnH) 782
(Oucoiby ucbus) 807
(I'elamys) 428
(Salmo) 307
ornnta ( Aphorintia) 843
(Cliola) 173
(Codoma) 173
(Kmbiotoca) 605
(Itaia) 877
oniatuni (CampoRtoma) 140
ornatus ( Achirus) 843
(Cocblognatlms) 101
■ (Esox) 352
(Gunnellus) 768
(Murasuoides) 707
Ornichtbys 734
OrtbagoriscidBB 804
Oi'thiifjoriscus 805
Ortbodon 151
Orthopribtis 551
Orthopsetta 816
oacula (Apocope) 211
(Corviua) 508
osculatii 530
osculuD ( Argyreus) 211
osmerinus 156
Osmerus 202
o88eu8 00,01, 80
osteocbir 418
oateosticta 06
OstraciidiB 852
Ostraciam 853
Oswego Bass 484
Otbonops 639
Otx)Utbiiia) 566
Otolithns 580
Otsego 299
ouataUbi 541
ovalis 660,601
ovatua 442,912
ovinus 329
ovis 559
PftgC.
Oxyjulis 60^
Ozylobiua (^^
oxygeneioa m_)
oxyi;eoius 5;;j
Oxylabrax j; s^
Oxy metopontinic 04'J
Oxy odonticbtbya go^
oxyptera oi«
Oxyrbina 2K
ozyi'byncbus (Carcbarias) »2
(Isurus) 28, 20, Ul, 874, 87:.
(Acipeoaer) 80
oxyunia 01
Oyatur-flab 600, 75i)
P.
pacbypus (Cottue) 7o'j
pacificus ( ArgyruioBua) 440
(Cynicoglosana) Slin
(Glyptoccpbalus) hk
(Lycodea) 78i
(Lycodopsis) 78."i
. (Orcynus) 42!)
(Salmo) 291,20'.'
(Thaleichthya) 20-.'
(Tbynnus) 42U
Paddle-flab KJ
pietulua 904
Pagellus 550, 07J
Pagrua 556, 97L'
pagrua (Sparua) . 550, 0'^><
PalinuruB 4j'.'
Palinurichtbya 45:;
palladus (Labrus) 480
pallasi (Mouacanthus) 86j
(Octogrammas) 041
(Plouronectea) .' 83e
Pallaaia 865
pallida (Lepomia) 483
pallidas (Eupomotia) 482
(Labrax) 531
(Lepomia) 479
(LencoBomus) 221
(Platygoblo) 220
(Pomotia) 482,48:)
(Semotiliis) 221
palmipea 734, 735
Pammelaa 452
pampanus 44L'
pandionis 1)64
pandora 23.">
pantbcrina (Opiopoma) 040
piiDtherinas ( Anarrhicbas) 781
(Opbiodon) 640
Pantoatena 1-1
papalis 107
papilio 710
papiilifer 890
papilliferua 8!)()
papillosum 137,138
paradoxus 687
ParagoauB 7i!"
Paralabrax 53.')
Paralepididffi 270
Parnlepis 277,278
INDEX.
1005
Page.
Paralichtli.vR 821
I»nninthio8 073
ParaBcorpa-ntt 678, 670
paTnsiticnn 363
PnratnictuH 433,070
panlalia 858
panluH 751,058
I*arcj)hipiiU8 613
Pan'plnepholus 537
I'anupicH 573
parictalis 158
parkci 320
I'arina 610
imriDntiiH 682
pannilVra 878
Parophrys 831
pai'o vanuH 246
parriB 553
parrii 780
Parrot-flsh 606
paru (Poinacantlms) 618
(Stromateus) 014
parva (Lucania) 343,803
parvipinno (Cynoscion) 580
parvipinnin (Fundulus) 333
parvus (Ccntridcnnichthys) 605
(Cottopsie) 605
(Cyprlnodon) 343
■■' (Sebastes) 671
])aAtinaca 47, 48
pataluB 603
patris 708
patronns 260
patruells 345,802,803
paucidens (Leurynnis) 785
(Lycodopsia) 785
(Oncorhynchns) 300
,' (Salmo) 300
paucispinis 652, 656, 657
pavonaceus 030
paxillus 785
Pficho Pr6tro 650
peckiauus (SynKuatbus) 383
poctinatua (Pristia) 72, 875
pcctlnil'er 762
pectoralia (Dallia) 351
Pedicnlatl 843
Pegador 416
Pelamya 427
pelamys ■. 428, 430
pellucida ( Ammocrypta) 480
pellncidnm (Etbeostoma) 400
pellucidua (Pleurolepis) 400
(Thyria) 840
Pelodiclithys 102
peltastea (Lepomis) 478
peltatns 503
peuinaulo) 408, 060
pennatula 926
penaacolsD (Harengula) 268
pentacanthua 459
pepo (Scams) 606
Pcprilua 450
porarcuatus 832
Perca 623,916
Pago.
Porcariua 488
Porcesocea 307,401
Porch 5:.':i, r.o.'>
Porchea 48(1
Poi-clchtbya 480
Pcrcldaj 4H«
perciformis 452,45.1
Pcrctlia 488
Percina 400
PerciniD .* 488
percobromiia 202
Percomorpbl 307
Percopaidns 322
P«rcnpsl8 322
pcrflfcciatua 273,274
poriacopua 807
Perlatcdilnffi 732
Periatedion 732
Poriatedium 732
pr^riHtethus 731
Permit 012
Peropus 710
pcraonatus 415,000
pcrapicabilia 505
perspicillum 787
j perapicuna 150
PcacaVermiglia 668
Peacadillo dol Key 400
Peacadito 235
I Peaco-roy 604
I Potromyzon 10,867,868
Potromyzontidro 6,867
petrosuB (Muftil) 404
(Serranua) 018
(Triaotropia) 018
pbalxna 578
Phalangistps 728
phalerntUH 353
Pbanerodon 594,505
Pharynpognatlii 307
pbaagnnorus OOO
pbenax 474
Pbenacobius 205
pbiladc]pbicu8 073
Philypnns 630,044,072
pblebotomna 941
phlegetbontia 244,887
pblox 495
Pbobetor 708
Pbolis 760
Pbotogcnia 163,179
pbotogenis 201
Pboxinua. 242
pboxucepbalns 501
Pbtbiricbthys 069
Phycis 798
Pbysiculua 800
phyaignatbua 219
Pbyaocliati 367
Physostomi 94
Pickerel 352,353
Picorellns 362
pictnratna 911
pictus (Cbaunax) 847
(Cbiropsis) 645
I
:«
1006
INDEX.
plctnn (Chlrun>
(Ciyninclis)
(Jnllii)
(Oxylt^bluH) ...
<PI.atyj;logmri).
Picndft
piciiiU (Sphyrttna) ..
liUlii-niie
I'igfoot
lUko
Perch
pilatiLs
I'ilpnnia
I'ilcMlictls
IliloHIIH
IMIot-llsIi
Pnot-«Hln'8
Pinifl ptcrh'm
Pimi'lcptjinis
Piinclodti livr<i«
I'imf'l()ini"topon
Pinicpliales
Pin-llsh
pinK(^Ii
pioguis
ptal
.226,
piunutiiit
pinniKrr ( Euncacanthus)
(KoboHtodoii)
(Scbivsttebthys)
(.ScbaHtosomus)
pinniilattis
PipcHsb
piptolopi.s
Pirati! Porch
piscatnrius
Piscen
pisculcntus
Pisodontophis
pisonis
PiRoodonophls
piaquctiiH
piHtilligor
pituitosus
pixanga
pW.ituB
Placophnrynx
plagiiisa
PlagoptcrinoB
PlagoptiTUH
Plagyodus
Plflic©
plana
planori •;
Plargyrus
Platessa
pIato88oidea
Phiticbthy s
Platirostra
platorbynchus ( Acipenser)
platcstomus (Lcpisostcns)
platycephalus ( Amiums)
(Cottus)
(Megalocottas) .
(Noturus)
Paget.
045
780
008
048
o:i8
412
412
138
081
351, 352
525
735
490
101, 881
*»802
208
430, 443
540
560,972
100
601,602
158
5S8
713
810
733
304
471
(i02
063
oa'i
440, 013
382
183
400
844
73
330
890, 960
631
899
435, 912
708
543
920
157
142
843
148
253
275
831
837
7
185, 250
831
826
831, 835
83
88
91
103
706
707
101
platy('i>]>haliiH (Pinn-lodun) 104
PlatyglosHus ouj
Platygobio 21&
I platyoiloQ 872, 873, lHi7
j Platypndon ocT
I l'latypo:ciln8 .hm
I Platyrhina 870
I Platyrhinoidis STti
platyrhynchus (MinomuB) 122, IL'4
platyrrbynchiiH (PontoRteuH) \zi
(Scaphlrrliyuchopg) ».k
platy8tomw8(T,fpidoHtouH) <,i|
PlatyHomaticbt by 8 81i»
pltibi'iim (Catostoinns) i-j-j
(OaHtororttoiiH) 30,^
(PnntostcuH) ]'.«
plebojus (Miiatoliis) 87(1
I'loctognatbi avj
PlectoBpondyll 111
ple<!trodon O.'jh
Plc'ctropoma 537,017
plcii 001!
IMesioperca riO.i
Pleuracromylon 50, 87o
plcnriticus 314
PlBurogrammns 04I,94!t
PlcuroU'pis 48«
Pleuronoctos 831
Pli'uronectida; 81.'l
I 'I'uropbtbalnuiH (Antunniirius) 84G
Pleuronichthys 828
pk'iirostictiiH 713
plumbca (Cbinioira) 54
,, (Diouda) 155
(Lampotra) 8,57
plumbeolus 102
plunibeum (Zophonduni ) 155
plnmbeuB ( Aminocattcs) 8C<
(Carcbarias) 872
(Ceraticbthys) 210
(Gobio) 21!t
(Potromyzon) 8
(Squalus) 872
pluniifrl (Chajtodon) 613
I (Conodon) 551
I (DiabasiB) 071
j '. i (GerreB) 583,035,031!
j (LiibruH) 971
' (Mugil) 403
I (Polydactylus) 4i:;
(PolynemuB) 4i::
(Sciu;na) 551
I (ScomberomoruB) 420
(Scorptcna) 08u
I (Trichidlon) 4i:t
pluuiicrianus 432. 91:;
plntonia fiTX
I puonniatophorus 424,U1U
i Podofhecus -. 72i(
i Pcecilia 847
I PoBcilichthys 514
1 Poeciliinaj 327
Pceciliodes 344
pcecilioidoB 347,894
Pcecllnrichthys 25.)
INDEX.
1007
pcBcll'irr.m 141
l>oeyi < PlatyKloMus) 988
PofconinH BM
PoRonlchthj-B 223
Po(50(»U>iuft 880
poloria (BlonniiiH) 788
( Uun-o);a(lui>) 807
(CottiiB) 70«
(LvcoilalopU) 788
(LypodfH) 788
(Mvrlikn);u8) 807
Polistotrfiiia 867.067
politus (Sf^riphiiH) 582
(TetriKlon) 860,861
Pollachius 806
Pollack 806
pollicariu 954
pov''acaiith(>c<'plialnR ... 703
polynctocf^plial MH ^65
Polynnniidai 412
Polynemua 413.969
Polyotlon »... 83
Poly(M)onti<l8n 82
Polyprion 532, 016
poly trenift 057
PoniacnntlniH 615
PomacentridiB 609
Pomaceutrus 609, 930
Pomadasys 550,023
Pomatoinidw 447
Ponn'tuimm 448
I'omatopsetta 825
I'oinolobuH 265
Poniotls 472
pomotia 469
Pomoxys 464
Pompano 441
Ponipano (California) 451
ponderosus 108
Pontinua 678,679,951
popei 478
Porbeaglp 28
Porcupine- tlBh 862
porcus 681, 951
Porgee 550, 557, 597, <il3
Porichtliys 751,958
PorocottiiB 707
Poronotus 450, 451
porosifisiiiniH ( Porichthys) 751, 752, 958
porosufl (Cottus) 703, 935
(Khox) 352
Potamocottus 695
Fotamotrygon 72
potaii 517
powelli J 855
praiciauB 774, 775
praestnbilis 268
pretiosns 204,293
PrincantAidffi 544
Priacautbua 544
princepa 625
prinoipis 603
Prionodos 917
Prionodon 22
PrionotuB ... 733,956
Pagti.
PriatidiP 36
PrlatlKaater 262
PriMtlporaa S-W
Print ipomatidw 545. h«o
Priatipomatine 546
Pristla 37,875
priatia 87
ProartbH 067
probattM-ephalna 550
pnM'n<> 169
prodiictus (Merliiciua) 809
(dadiiai 800
(Mt^rliiiKUH) 809
(Kbin^bulUB) 38,63,876
prn-liaiis 522
Iirot'iiiidoniin 793,794
prolixiim 150
prniiiplaa 158
Proniiiropa 541,920
Proinicropf i>riin . 543
proriycr (ClinoHtoiuiia) . ...' 232
(Gila) 232
(I.piicisrus) 232
(S«ba«tichtbyH) 662
(Sebaatwlea) 661,9.50
proRprpina 175
ProHopiiMii 297
proHthcmiua 219
protacanthus 465
prottms 305
ProtoponiH 203
proxiiniiH 80,"), 806
pniiiKiHa 806
Paettichthys 825, 82H
psnudoharviiKHS 267
paendoliispauiua 887
Psoiidojnlis 604
PHnudopU'iironectes 831, 837
PHeiidiipriacuiithiis 645
PHRudorlionibuH 821
PseudoHc.inia 606
Pseiiduacist'ua 660
PaeiidoHcbastea 678
Pseiidoxipbophorua 844
PK0uilui>eneii8 866
psittaculis (J ulis) 087
psittncua 601
Psyehrolutoa 686
Psycbrolutida.' 683
Paycbrolutiuas 683
Pteraclis 455
Pterophryno 845
Pteropbrynoidos . 845, 965
Ptnroplatea 46
Ptilichtbya 369
Ptychoclieiliia 226
PtychoatoiuuB ' 186
Ptyoiiotus 709
PniTor ... H59,861
pugettensiH 692
pugetti 396
pulchella (Liparia) 741
(Moniann) 176
(Tipoinn) 238
pulchetluH ( ABtatichtby a) 618
1008
INDEX.
Page.
pnlchellus (Chilonemus) 222
(Enpraulis) 273
(Hapliwhilas) 340
-' ' (Leuciscas) 222
*'T' - (T,mico8omu8) 222
M'.^ ' > (OliKocephalus) 517
(Sqnalius) 238
(Zygonectes) 346
pulcher (Labrus) 602
(Piinelometopon) 602
(Semicossyphus) 602
(Sqnalius) 236
(Trochocopus) , 936
pnlchra (Hirpe) 602
(Tigonia) 236
pnllutn (Chondrostoma) 149
pnlluB ( Amiurus) 104
(Monacantbus) 858
(Pinielodus) 104
pulverulcntus 245
Pnmpkin-Hced 482
punctata (Ganibusia) 344
"!i--. ' (Girella) 560
^J'^^ (Lamna) 29,875
?i^ V/^; (Perca) 541,571
-**' ,(Sci«Da) 570,931,932,033
Ti (Tnsla) 734
pnnctat'.im ( Myctophuin) 281
punctatus ( Aprionodon) 24, 874
-.' (Blonniue) 758,775
< (BodianuB) 919
«vf- ''■ (Bryttua) 476
'"■ (Caranx; 432
'^v 'i • (Carcharias) 24
*.v (Decapterns) 432, 912
■ ■• i' ■'■ '■ (Enneacentrus) 541
i' ■ (Epinephulus) 541
■' (Holocentrus) 918,920
•i (Tctalurus) 108,882
41' • (Isestbes) 758
; • (Lcpomis) 476
- "^4 ; (Mioristodus) 32,875
:-.» (Myrophis) 900
vV' (Osmems)! 294
' V^w <Phyol») 798
M (Prionotus) 734,956
,#; (Silunis) 109
-v . (Squnlus) 24,874
(SticbiBUs) 775
pnncticulatiis (Apo{;onicbtby8) 931
pnnctifer (Crotalupsis) 359, 897
(Hybognatbus) 884
(Opblcbthys) 358
punntipinuo (Siphoatoma) 385, 906
puDCtipiuuis ( Ayresia) 612
(Chromis) 611,939
(Demiatostetbus) 385
pnurtnlata (Corypbffina) 464,914
(Mlcroporca) 623
(Uranldea) 696
pnnctnlatua (Calliurna) 485
(Lampugns) 454, 914
(Minnllus) 198
(Kotbonotua) 518
(Pimelodns) 102
Pace.
piinctulatus (Precillcbtbys) Slfl
(Potamocottua) 69(S
puncitius 393
pnnicens 155
purpnrascena (Lepomis) 480
pnrpuratus (Salnio) 313, 314, 31,%
purpurea (Tigoma) 238
pui purcscena ( Anoplarchus) 771
puT-pureus (Merlangus) 8Q7
(Squalius) 238
putnami 498, 837
pypni'ff'a (Umbra) 350
pygmajus (Gadns) 807
(Gasterosteua) 394
(Leucipcna) 350
Pygosteus 393
pyrrbomelaa (Cliola) 184
Q
qnadracus 396
quadratUB 613
qnadricomo-(08traciuro) 8.'i4
qundricomis (Agonus) '. 723
(Aspidopborus) 723
(OottuB) 704
(HypaagonuB) 7i!2
(OncocottuB) 705
(Ostracion) 854
quadrifaaciatuH 757
quadrifllis (Cottua) 707, 7fK^
quadrilateralis (Coregonus) 298
quadrilineatmn (Hffiuiulou) 554
quadriloba 51
quadrimacnlatuB 863
qnadrisenatua (iOl
quadrituherculatus 829,830
qnadrocellatus pf^, 825
Qua«8ilabia 143
q; .tuordecemlaminatns 417
Queen-flab 582
quiesceiis 699
(juillback 120
quinnat 307
quinquecinctua 616
B., •,,-■;..,•, :■
Rabbit-flsh 863
Rabbit-moutb Sucker 144
radians (Scarns) 989
radiatft (Raia) 41
radiatuB (Cliflerojulii*) 603
(PlatygloBBua) 003,978
(Sparus) 603,973
raflnebquei . 88
Raia 39,877,878
RaisB 36
Raiidffi 39,876
Rainbow Darter 614,517
Rainbow Trout .* 812
RiVia 40
rnjl 916
rannla 742
Ranzanta 066
rapax 226
Raacacio 078,680
INDEX.
1009
Pago.
MO
6UC
893
155
480
3, 314, 3ir)
238
771
8Q7
238
. 498,837
350
807
394
350
393
184
6! 3
8.-)4
f 723
723
704
722
705
854
757
. 707, 7M
298
554
51
8C3
(191
.. 828,830
.. e'M,82o
143
417
5b2
699
120
307
616
863
144
939
41
603
... 003,978
... 603,973
88
.39,877,878
3C
... 39, 876
... 614,517
....♦ 312
40
915
742
966
220
.... 878,680
VagB.
rnscncio 681
Rasciora 663
Rasher 663
rastrelliger 671,672
Rat-flah 54
Rat-tail 811
ravenoli 352
Ray 36,39
Razor-fish .. - 605
RwlBa«8 571
Rod-eye 466,473
Red-eyed Bream 468
Red Fall-flsh 189
Red-flu 186
Red fish 106,308,602,651,931
Red Grotiper 640
Red Gurnard 733
Red Horse 136,140,571
Red Minnow - 153
Red-mouth 553
Red-mouth Baflhlo-flsh 114
Red RoDcador 572
Red Snapper 549
Red-spotted Trout 319
regale (Cy bium) 426
(Cynosoion) 581,934
rugalie ( En^helyojins) 798
(Juiinius) 581
(Otolithus) 581
(Phycis) 798
(Scomber) 426
(Scomberomorus) 426
regius (Blenniiis) 798
■ tiybofinathus) 156
(Phycis) 798
Reina 660
reinhardi (Carrproctus) 740, 957
(Liparis) 740,957
reinhardti (Cory nolophns) 849
(IIimiintolu])Iiu8) 849
(Mo(olla) 797
(Onos) 797
Roinhardtius 819
Remora 416,417,909
remora 417,909
Renioropsis 417
Ri-nii-eps 25, 874
n.itioilata (Spatularia) 84
reticulalus (Bryttiis) 476
(CLiloniyctonis) 960
(Esox) 353
(G-obiesox) 749
(Halieutichthys) 851
(Lepadofraster) 744
(Lyeodcs) 787
(Pscudox ipbophorus) 344
(Trypon) 72
rotifer (Scylliorhinus) 869
retifera*(Murrcna) 894
retiforuni (Scy Ilium) 870
retropiunis 126
Riiacocliilus 506
Rhamphocol tinas 684
Rbnmpbociittus 721
Rbeocry ptft 497
Bull. Nat. Mils. No. 10 Oi
Page.
rhesfiodoD 749
Rhina 35
rhina (Raia) 43
Rhinni 967
Rhinichthys 206,884
rhinichthyoidos 210
Rhinobatidaj . 37,876
Rbinobatus 37,63
RhinodontidsB 31,875
Shinonymus 790,797
Rhinoptera 51
Rhinoscion 573
Rhinotriacis 20, 59, 60, 870
rbodochloria 607,fiC«
iiio<loru8 080
rhodoteruB 592
rhomaleua 240,886
rhombeus 934
Rhombocbinis 417
rhoml)()ides 658
Rhouiboplites 64»
Rhombus 450,451,815
rhotlipa (Uranidca) 953
rhotheuB (Semotilus) 223'
rhynehojus 87
Rhynrbiclithya 459
Rhy pticiiiaj 528
Rhypticus 54T
ricei 694, 953
richardi (Caranx) 43T
(Hemidiamphus) 376
(Salmo) 309
richardsoni (Corogonus) 299'
(Corvina) 508
(Cottus) 697
(Kutychelithus) 568
(Rhanipliocottus) 722
(Tracliidermu.i) 695
(Uranidca) 090, 697, 953
Riehardsnnius 251,884
Ringed Porch 524
ringeus (Engraulis) 272
(Stolephorus) 272
(Sudis) 277
Rio Grande Trout 314
rissoi (TracLurua) 911
RiverChub ' 212
1 i^ollana (Soiiola) 444
Roach 244
Rol)alo 528
robua'a (Gila) 228
rubustus (Clypeocottua) 711
(Ichtbrt'lurus) 109
(Leuciscua) 228
(Mylopharodon) 225
Roccns 628
rochel 425,911
Rock 529
Rock Bass 400,535
Rock-cod 652
Rock-tlsh 332, 499, 529, 650, fl.i2
Rockling 70«
Rock Salmon , 444,913
Rock Trout 041,045
Rocky Mountain White-flsh 297
1010
INDEX.
Page.
Koncador 1>72,574,928
roncndor (Fmbrina) 576
Konchil 610, «23
rondeloti (Carcharodon> 30, 61, 875
(ExocGBtus) 904
(ScombercBox) 375
roBACeus (Cymatogaster) 500
(Micromntrus) 589
(Seba«t«'») 6*3,067
<Seba8todc8) 663,666
TOMB 376
roseus (BlenniuH) 766
(Ccntronotue) 768
(Gnunellops) 766
(Luxilus) 180
(Minnilua) 189
Sose-flsh 651
rossi (Lycodes) 787
(Salvelinus) 321
(Salmo) 321
rostrata (Anguilla) 361
(Mura)na) 361
(Pliitcssa) 834
mstratus ( Agonus) 726
( AlcpocBphalus) 257
(Br-ichyopsis) 728
(Heterostichus) 704, 962
(Ltoptngouus) 955
rothrooki 776
rotunda ; 865,866
rotundatnm 289
Round-fish 298
Bound Herring 263
Bound Eobin 432
BouHsette 58
rubelluH 202
ruber 665
ruberrimus 766
rubicunda (Parma) 610
inibicundns (Acipensor) 87
(Glypbisodon) 610
(Hypsypopa) 610
(Pomacentrus) 610
mbricauda 477
rubrioroceus 189, 100
rubrifrous ( AlbnrnolluH) 203
(Albuinus) 203
(Ceratlchthys) 214
(Lnuciacus) 203
(Minnilus) 202
(Nocorais) 215
w.' (Notropis) 203
(Zygonectes) 338
rubrlpinna (Cliola) 884
(Cyprinella) 884
rubripinnis (Minnilua) 108
rubriviuctus 600
Budder-flsh 445,452
rufa(Harpe) 601
Tufllineatus 508
tafus (Bodianus) 602
(Cossyphus) 602
(Labrax) 531
rnfuB (Labrus) 602
mgosua 830
Page.
mpertinnus 37
rupeatris (Ambloplites) 4gQ
(Bodianus) 466,4f)7
• (Coryphsena) su
(Coryphrenoides) 812
(Labnia) .599
(Macrurus) 811
(Xiphister) 773
rn*ila 175
S.
sabina 49,68,870
Sabre-flsh 910
•aburro) 958
SaecopharjTigidre 365
Saccopharynx 365
Sacramento Porch 406
Salmon 300
Sturgeon 80
Sadlna 2&')
angax (Clupea) 265
sagitta 639,640
saida 807
Sail-lish 120,421
Sailor's Choice 531
anira 375
Salar 309,312
anlar 309
aallu;! 104
Salmo 309
Salmon 28 309, 312, 525
salmonea (Percr; 520
aalmonuum (Stizoatedium) 525
salmoidis 484,485
salmoneua (Eaox) 352,894
(Sconibrocottua) 650
SalmonidiB 288
Salmon-killer 390
salniono'di'S 485
Salmon-Trout 313
Snhnon-Trout of the Columbia 314
aaltator 448,914
aaltatiix 448,914
snludana 170
Salveliuua 316,318
aanctae-crucia 038
SaudEel 414
Sand-dab — 834
Sand barter 488,480
Sand-flah 626,627
Siind-flounder 815
Sand Launce -- 114,415
Sand-pike , 2^0,520
Sand-shark 27
aanguifluua 507
aanguineua 770
aauguiuolentiiH (Oucorhynchna) 308
(Pomotia) 478
(Salmo) 308
aapldiaslma (Alosa) 208
(Clupea) 267
sapidisaimua (Coregonas) 299
Sarcidium «. 205
Sarda 427
sarda (Polamya) 428
INDEX.
1011
Page.
87
466
MJO, 407
Sll
8U
590
8U
773
175
958
305
365
40tt
:*j . ■ 800
t,.^ 80
ft.1, 265
265
639, 640
807
120,421
551
375
309, 312
309
164
309
i, 312, 525
526
525
484, 485
352, 894
050
288
39G
485
313
314
448, 914
448, 014
170
816, 318
.03$
414
834
488, 489
02G, 627
815
U4,415
260, 520
27
507
770
308
478
308
268
267
299
205
427
428
PuKe.
Sardine 2fl«
Sardinia 887
Sargo 551,930
Sargus 557
Sirotlirodus 614
Sarpo 750
satirlrua 761
saturna 572,573
Sauger 526
Saurel 431,432
Saurina 279
Sauriis . 279
sanrus ( Elops) 261, 968
(Oligoplites) 973
(Sconiberesox) 375
(Trachurus) 432,912
Sanry 374
Saw-flah 36,37
Saw-kwey 306
aaxatilia (Chretodon) 611
(Gly phidorton) 611, 939
(PiBcilicbthys) 515
(Pomacentrus) 611
saxicola 837
sayanus 460, 461
sayl 48,69,879
Sayris 347
scaber 64», 949
scabriccps 194
Scad 432
Scamp 638
ScaphirliynchuB 88
Scapbiri'hynchops 88
Bcapbiurnii 943
Scarinic 598
Scarus 607,938
Scatophagus 673
Bceplicns 200
Schilbeodes 98
scha'piH 858
Bchranki 925
ScbuylkillCat .. 104
scladictis 342
Sciffiua 569,fi:tl
ScitPnidae 560
Sciuninte 566
Sciamups 571
scitulus 956
Sclcrodomii 853
Sclerognatbus 117,883
ScoliMlon 24,60
scolopaccns 366
suolopax 388
Scomber 422
scomber 424
ScomberesocidsB 371
Scombereaox 374
Scomberomorus 425
Scombrldaj 422
Scombrocottus 649
Scorabroides 446,913
Scorabroidinn) 431
Bcombraa 424, Oil
ScopelidiB 275,279
Soopelua 281
Page.
Seopbthalmns 815
Bcopiferum 205
Seorpicna 678,950, nsi, 952
ScorptEoichthys 716
Scorpicnidte 650
acorpioidcs 702
Scorpion 679
Scorpis 562
acorpiua 702
acouleri 304,305,308
acripta 850
scrutator (Bclone) 374
(lae«thc8> 060
Scnlpln 679,682,702
Scup 557
Souppajig 557
acntellatus 375
acuticaria 358
acylla 168
ScyJliidiB 57,58
Scylliorbinua 58, 869
Scyllium 58,809
ScymnidtB 13
Scyria 488
Scytalina 790
SeaBasa 526,532
Soa-bat 850
Sea Catfish 109,110,111
Devil 62
Horse 886
Poacber 728
Raven 685
Kobin 733
Trout 579,580
Snail 738
Sebaatapiates 678
Sebastea 651
Sebastifhthys 652, 655, 670
Sebastodes 652, 653, 6:)6. 950
Sebnatomus 652,654,664
Sebastoplus 652
Sebast osomns 652, 654, 657
soctatrix 561
sectindodoraaliii 420
segaliensis 723
Snlache 81
Sclacbians 12
Sebchii 13
Selachostcnii 82
Selar 433,434
Selene 489
selene (Carpiodea) 120
(Luxilus) 188
(Minnilus) 188
selenops 260
semicinctns 603,604
somifaaciata (Etlicostoma) 500
semifnsciatum (Pileonia) BOO
seniifasciatns (Xriacia) 20
seminolis 884
seminuda (Oila) 230
scminudiis (Lycodes) 787
semiscabra 695
Semotilus 220
•enilis 34et8IK
1!.
1012
INDEX.
Page.
Sefiorlta , 604
8entico8a 8.Jl
serrna 157
SerKoant-flsh OOO
Seiiola 444,912,913
Soriolichthys 44(i
Seriplius 58«;
Herpcntinus 778, 77ti
serra 276
Serranidas 526
Serraninte 527
Serrano 534
Seiranus 532,916,917
Hei-rata (Fistnlaria) 390
Herratum (Utcmnlun) 924
iterratus (Qasterosttius) j 396
serrlceps C76, 677
Sescrinus 914
Beseilicauda 840
setapinnia (Zeus) 440
•Setarches 682
setifer 857
Hctipinnis 440
sexinaculatas 863
Shad 267
Shad Waiter 29H
Sharks 12
Sl»>io«Rhead 558,567
Shiier 185, 186, 232, 248, ;;30, 587
Shovel-head Shark 25
Shovel-nose 27
Shovel-nosed Shark 6i
Sturgeon 88
shumardi ( Albui-nops) 193
(Iladropterus) 499
■if'^t '- (Imostouin) 498
(Minnilus) 192
sialis 98
Siboma 230, 239
sicculus 406
Sidora 969
■ siderium 154, 1 55
Sierra 427
siguatuB 623
signit'er (Bry*,tn8) 478
(Coregonas) " •
(Salnio) 803
(Stypodon) 224
(ThymaUus) 302,303
Silurldro 06
Silas 295
Silver Chub 222
Eel 910
Silver-tin 163,179
Silver Perch 570
Sal raon 807
Trout 310
Silversides 404
Hitna 170
Simenchelys 303
similis ( Auiphistich us) 593
(Fiimlulus) 333, 891
(Hydrargyra) 333
eimillimuH 451
ainiotera 406
Page,
simpsoni jyj
siniulaus (Enncncnnthun) 4-Q
(Hcmioplites) 47j
(SebastoHomus) 553
simus (AlburuelliiB) 170
(lihinichthys) 885,886
Siphagonus 725
Sipliostoma 382,904,905,900
niscowet 317,318
Skate 39,40
Skim-back 120
Skip-jack 266,406,432,443
Skipper 375
Skittle Dog ig
Skowitz 307
Sleeper 631,632
Sleeper-shnrk 13, 14
Sleepmarkun 5
sloani 284,285
Small-mouthed Black Bass 485
Smaragdus 635
Smelt 2"':, 203
smiriduB 809
smithii (Carcharodon) 875
(Cyprinus) 260
Smooth Hound 19
Snapper 647,651
Snipe Eel 365
■fenipe-tish 388
SnookH 909
Soap-fish 543
socius 195
Soft-rayed fishes 94
sogo 459
Soldier-fish 517
Sole 841
Solenostomatida) 381
soils 477,478
Somniosus 14, 57
soninolenta 632
sonoriensis 349
soporator 033,634,044
sordidus 817
Southern Porgee 029
spadicca 155
spallauzani 28,29,874,875
Spanish Flag 669
Mackerel 426, 910
Porgy 939
Sardine 887
Sparnda 588,600
SpaiidHj 545,880
Sparinas 546
Sparisoma 938
sparoides 405
Sparus 555,925,072
spathula (Polyodon) 83,84
(Squalus) 84
spatula (LepisoBteas) 03
Spatularia 83
Spawn-eater 171
Spear-fish 120,420
speciosa (Gambusia) 346, 894
speciosus (Pomot is) 480, 482
(SemotiluB) 221
INDEX.
1013
specioRUH (Trachichthys) . .
Speck
Speckled Tront , .
apectabilis (Poecilicbthys) .
(Salmo)
(Salvelinus) ...
spectmm
Page.
458
, 405
320
518
320
320
294
spectruncula 168,167
Mpelseiis 324
spcngleri 861
spet 411
Spbagebrtuchns 358
Spbyneua 410
upbyrcena (Esox) 410,411
sphyifenarum 970
Sphyrtenida) 410
SpbyiTia 26,874
SpbymidoB 25
Rpillmani 506
ttpilonotus 857
spilopterus (Citharicbthys) 817
(Leucisctis) 179
(Fbotogeuis) 179
spilota 694, 953, 954
flpihirns 314
Spinacidaj 15
splnarella 738,907
Bpiniccpbalum
Bpinosissitnns
spinosus (Cnlycilepidotus) .
(Cycloptems) ...
(Ecbinorbinns). .
149
727
715
740
14
(Eumicrotrciuus) 745, 957
(Hemilttpidotua).
(Squalus)
Spiny Eels
S^iny-raycd fishes
k.plit-tail
Split-moutb Sucker
Spoon-bill Cat
Spot
Sprat
Spmtella
Spratelloides ,
Btoarnsi (Corvina) 572
(Lut,ianu8) t ,9, 921, 922
(Konrador) 572
(Sciicua) 572
(Scorpasna) 051
(Seriola) 445,913 *
Steel-bend 313,314
714
14
308
397
223
144
83
574
274
264
203
Squall 12,907
equalidus (Scarus) 938
squaUpeta 909
Squalius 230
Squalus 10
sqnaniatus 241
squaniiceps 514
Bquamiluutus (Ceratichthys) 218
(Coucsius) 218
(Paralicbtbys) 823
Sqnaraipinnes 613, 614
Bquamipiunis (Gerres) 935
Squatina 35
squatina 35
Squatinidte 35,967
Squeteague 581
Squirrel-flsh .457,459,534
Squirrel Hake 799
stagnalis 821
Star-gazers 627
stearnsi (Blenuius) 961
stegopbtbalmus
stellaris
stellatus (Fario)
(Salmo)
(Pla'lcbtbys)
(Pleuroiiectes)
stelleri (Cyclopterichtbys)
(Cyclopterus)
(Trichodon)
stellifer ^Budiauus)
(Ftmdulus)
Btellifera (Corviua)
723
£8
315
316
836
835
745
745
C27
5C9
337
, 570
(Scinina) 509,931
(Xenismi) * 337
Stollifcrus 569
stollulata 44
Stenodus 304
St4!notonm8 557,929,972
856
730
531
85
216
283
Steplianolopis
stupbaoopUry s
Stereolepis
Sterletua
sterlutus
SternoptycbidiB
Stevens! 291,292
Sticboius 775
SticbueidiB 754
Stickleback 392,395,300
stigiua ^ 789
stigiua;a (Ulocentra) 405
stiginteus (Citharicbthys) 065
stigniaticus (Coraticbthys) 212
(Gobionellus) 047
(Siuaragdus) 047
stigmatura (Cliola) 182
(Codoma) 182
stigmaturus (Gobius) 046
(Pbotogonis) 182
Stilbe 248
Stilbius 250
stilbius 201
Stingareo 47
I Sting Uays 45,47
i StiKosttdion 625
Stizdstediuiu 525,910
Stoasodon 879
Stolepborus 272,888
Stouiias 28fJ
Btomias (Atherestbes) 820
(PlatysomaticbthyH) 821
(Salmo) 816
(Trisotropis) 918,972
Stflmiatidro 285
Stomodon 800
Stouobass 532
Stone-cat 07,100
Stone-lugger 130, 149
StouoKoUer 130,148vl49
lit I
m
1014
INDEX.
Page.
Stone-totor 160
atoreri (LeuciHcuH) 221
(ScombereBox) 375
Btororiana 170, 171
atorerius 405
Btouti fl,57,F' "
Btraminea 167,168
Strawberry Bass 465
atriatuB (Antbias) 919
(KpincpbeluB) 018
(Koccub) 528
(Scnauun) 019
BtiigatnB 730
Striped Bubs 529
Mullet 403
StronatoidaB 449
Sti omateus 450
Btroiiii 813
BtnimoHiia 749, 957
Stnd-flBh 337
Sturgeon 82, 84
Btiirio 85
Bt.vlifer 007
Stypodon 223
Buavis 176. 177
Bubbifurcatus 775
BubligariuB 535, 917
Bubtenunens 325
Bucetta 132.133,134
Sucker 112,124,578
sucklii 17
Sudis 277
Bueuri 455, 914
Buillus 601
Bt^jef 700
Sukkegh Salmon 308
Bnniuulentus 632
Sun-fish 453,462,472,482,865
Sunny , 482
BuperciliosuB (Aspidophorus) 723
(Uexagrammus) 044
(Hyborliynchus) 100
'' (Labrax) 644
Surf-flsh 585,592,594,595
Surf Smelt 294
Whiting 577,933
Surgeon 610
Surgeon-flsh 617
BuriiiameusiB 555
Biirniuliitus 565
Surmullet 564,565
Butor 439
BwampinuB 832
Bwani 729
Swell-shark 50
Swell-toad 861,863
Swingle-tail 27
Sword-flsh 420
symmetricns (Caranx) 432, 911
(Ceratiohthys) 213
,j_^^ , : (Lepomis) 473
' "^■^' (LeucoBumuB) 213
(Pogoniohthy 8) 213
(TrachuruB) 432
SymmetruruB 222
Pace.
synagris 022
Sy naphobranchidae 394
SynaphobranchuB 354
Synentognathi 371
SyngnathidiB 3^2
SyngnathuB 382
SynoduB 279,280,889
Syrrhina 63,878
Byrtensium 295
T.
tabaccaria 389
ta;nia (Ulennius) .J 7fin
(ClInostomuB) 284
(MurienoideB T6fi
(Squal'f.s) 234
tiBniatiiB 552
tnjniops 019
tajniopteruB 704
Tajniotoca 594
tahoeusis 127
Tiiilor Herring 260
Tambor 860
tapdisma 309
Tarpum 261,262
tau 750,751
Tauridea 094
taurocephala 100
Tautog 600,936
Tautoga 599,936
tautoga 599
TautogolabruB 599
taylori 793
tchawytcha 307,890
telescopuB 201
TelesteB 230
Telipomia 473
temniinckl 586,594
TeranlBtia 714
Temnodon 448
tenflluB 340
tenuis (AtherinopsiB) 405,406
(Gadus) 799
(LeurcBthes) 405
(PhyciB) 799
teres (Alosa) 263
(CatoBtomus) 130
(Coecuhi) 897
(Cyprinus) 130
(Etrumous) 263
(Sphagebranchus) 897
TeretuluB 136
teretuluB 205
tergisus 260
terriE-novas 24,25
tessellata (Etheoatotoa) 509
Tessellated Darter 492
tessellatum (Boleosoma) '*02
(Nanostoma) 511
tessellatas (Hadropterus) 511
(Notbonotua) 609
testndineus • . • 861
Tetard 631
Tetragonopterua 255
lotragonoptruis 61*
INDEX.
1015
Page.
tetrapturorum 418
Tetrapturus 420
Tetrodon 860,066
Tetrodontidffi 859
TeuthyiUda) 616,880
texana (Anguilla) 361
(Cyprindla) 178
texenais (Diorida) 157
(C.vnoscion) 581
thalassir.um (Moxostoraa) 139
(Nauoatoma) 511
thalaaainus (Lepidogobiua) 047
(Xotlionotua) 511
(Otolithns) 581
(Ptychoatomus) 139
Tlialeichthya 291
thaleichthy 8 202
tlia/ard 911
tbompsoni (Carpiodea) 119
(Ictiobua) 883
(Triglopaia) 700,710
thoreanianua 221
Thrcad-flii 412
Thread-flsh 438
Thread Herring 268
Thresher Shark 26,27
thriasa 268,269
thrisaoidea 262, 887
Thunder-pumper 507
thunnina 430
ThymalluB 302
thymalluH 302
Thynnichthya 429
Thy nnus 428, 429
thy nnus 429
Thyris 840
Tiaroga 163
tiburo 25,26,874
Tiger Sharks 21
Tigonia 230, 233
tigriuus (Galeocerdo) 21, '
(Myrichtliys) 360
Tile-fiah 624
Tili'sia 80i
tilesii 715
tinippnogensis 100
tiniucu 9U2
tincellus 245
Tiphle 382
Tirodon 008
Toad-flsh 750,845
Tobacco-box 40
tobianus 414, 415, 909
Togno 317
toma 317
Tom-cod 805, 800
tom-cod 806
tomcodus 806
Toothed Herring 2C0
Top Minnow 338
Tope 21
TorpcdinidtB 38
Torpedo 38,30,876,877
torpedo (Raia) 38
torvus 688
Pago.
Toter , 130
toxotea 596
Trachinidas 623, 624, 627, 628, 880
Tra<;hinocephalu8 281
Trachuropa 433,970
Trachurus 431, 911
tracburua (Caranx) 432, Oil
(Cottns) 715
(Gaateroateua) 395,396
(Hemilepidotus) 715
(Scomber) 432,912
(Trachurua) 432,912
Trarbynotua 441
Trachypteridae 017
Trachypterns 618
tractus 941
tranquebar 724
tranamoutanus (Acipenser) 80
(Khinichthya 207,885
traaki 587
Tree-flah 676
triacauthus 451
Trlacis 20,870
tribulus 735
Trichidion 413
Trichiuridro 421, 910
Trichiurua 422
trichocepbalns 802
Trichodiodon g62
Trichodon 627
liichodon 627
Trichodontidae 626, 880
trichroistia 18I
tricolor (Chajtodon) 615
(Holacanthiis) 941
(Pomacanthus) 941
(Tliyraallus) 303
tricnapia 708, 709
tridentatua 7, 8, 57, 867, 868
tridigitatua 753
trifurcus 534,917,973
Trigger flah 854
Trigla 733,956
Triglidaj 640,051,731,880
Triglops 712
Triglopaia 709
trlgonurn 853
trigranmiHS 644
Triloburus 534
trilobua 720
triqueter ocg
triquetrum 965
triaerialia 359,897,898
triaeriatus 64,65,876
Trisotropia 537,918,919,071
trispinosa (Corvinn) 570,031
trispinoans (Odontopyxis) 729
tristoDclius 92
trivittatua 554
Trochocopus , 601,936
tropica (Echcneis) 070
tropicua '( Atractoateus) 02
Trout Perch 322
trowiridgii (Aboona) 588
(Homalopomns) 809
1016
INDEX.
Page.
Ti ampet-flsh 388,389
trnncata ( Belone) 374
truucatus (OrthagoriRcus) 907
(Hanzania) 966
(Salmo) 313,314
(Tetrodon) 967
Trnnk-flsh 852
Tryclu>ro«lon 247
Trygon 47,879
Trygonidro 45
Trygonorhina 876
tsnppitch 308,315,316
tschawytscha 890
tu1>erculatu8 48, 49, 66, 879
tndes 320
tnditana ^ 165,166
Tullibee 301
tnllibee 801,302
tnmidus 118,110,883
Tuna 428
tunicata 741,742
Tunnies 428,429
Tunny 429
Turtot 815,830
turgidua 861,862
tumerl 788
Tyee Salmon 306
Tylosurus 372,901
Tyntlastcs 639
Typhlichthys 324
Typhlogobius 639
typicu8 187
tyrannus (Alosa) 267
(Anguilla) 361
(Brevoortia) 269
' (Clupea) 270
XJlocnntra 494
TJmbla 816
Umbra 350
umbra 569
umbratilis 200
UmbridoB 349
Urabrini* 575
urabrosa (Cliola) 176
(Cyprinella) 176
(Lcpidopaetta) 832
umbrosus (Esox) 352,894
(Platichthys) 834
(Pleiironectea) 831
(Sobastichthys) 950
(SebastodfB) 950
tincinatns 093
undccimalis 528
nndulata (Unibrina) 576
undulatus (Menticirrus) 578,932,933
(^Micropogon) 575
nnicolor ( Amniocoetes) 868
(Bryttus) 477
nnicomis 818
unifasciatns 876
unimaculat us ( Argyroiosns) 440
(Clinua) 775
(Stichteus) 775
Page.
uninotatus 922
TTpcneus 565
UpBelonphorus 628
TJranidea 603,953,954,955
uranopa (Phonacobius) 206
UranoscopidtB 627
uranoscopns (Mancalias) 848
uranoscopus 848
Urolophus 46
TJronectes 789
Urophycis 798
Uropsetta '. 821
urns 116,883
ustus (Calliodon) . 606
Utah 815
vacca 597
vagrana 407,908,069
vabli 780,787
Vaillantia 493
vampyrns 53
vandoisulus 232
variabilis ( Acanthocottus) 703
(Perca) 659, 950
(Sebastca) 059
variatum (Etheoatoma) 503
variatus ( Alvordina) 503
(Pa!cili> .;thya) 518
varicgatus (Cyprinodon) 329, 890
(Liniuurgus) 343
velatum 138
veliana 405
vclifor (Carpiodoa) 120
(Ictiobus) 120
(Letharchua) j 896
velox 16ti
ventralis 7(i8
ventricoaa (Apocope) 211
(Temniatia) 715
ventricosua (Blcpsiaa) 715
(Ceratichtliya) 211
(Cyclopterichthys) 745
(Cycloptcnia) 745
ventrioans (Scylliorhinus) 59, 869
venuata (Cliola) 178
(Cyprinella) 178
(Limia) 343
(Lucania) 343,893
vermicularia (Sparua) 922
vcrniiculatua (Xyrichthys) 605, 973
vcrnalis (Clupea) 207
(Gobio) 214
(Pomolobus) 267
(Scomber) 424
verrilli 786
vorrucosua (Brachyopais) 726
(Cottus) '. 707
(Lcptagonua) 955
versicolor ( Abramiu) 250
(Argyrops) 929
(Labrus) 929
(Stcnotomus) 929
verticalis 829
verus 875
Page.
073
666
028
, 954, 055
206
627
848
848
40
789
708
821
116, 8S3
6U6
S15
597
)7, 908, 009
,. 786,787
403
53
232
703
.. 650,950
059
503
503
518
.. 329,800
34:{
138
405
120
120
896
160
708
2U
715
715
211
745
745
... 59,869
178
178
343
. .. 343,893
922
... 605,073
267
214
267
424
786
726
707
955
250
929
929
929
829
875
INDEX.
1017
Page.
Tespei't ilio ( Holorhinus) 51
(Malihe) 880
(KhinopterA) 61
vetiiltiii (Bttlistfs) 865
(PaiophryH) 882
( Plduronectes) 831
vexiliurt* ( Boleosoma) 493
voxillaris 672, 673
vheeleri 687
Vi^aMugei- 938
vigllax 169
vigilis 971
vUlosa (Clup6a) 291
villosus (Cottua) 886
(Mallotus) 201
vincti|>e8 510
viola 800
yiolaci um (Ditrema) 586, 93«
violacttiia ( Apodiohthy s) 774
(Cebedichthys) 774, 962
Viper-flsh 284
virens 806
viresoens ( Apodiohthys) 770
(Pantosteus) 124
Tirgatulus 957
virgatus (Uelolepis) 779
(Poecilichthys) 515
Tirginalia 315
virginicum (Pristipoma) 552
virginicus (Anisotremus) 552
(Pomadasys) 558,923
(Sparus) 552
virginianns ( Acauthocottos) 701
viride (Ophidiuni) ... 789
viridis (Centrarchas) 468
(Centropomns) 52^
(Chaenobryttaa) 468
(E80X) 92,880
. (Gymnelis) 789
(Lepidosteos) 02
Tiridescena (Syngnathua) 383
(OameruB) 293
yiscosa 698
vitrea(Ioa) 490
(Peroa) 525
viti-euin (Stizoatediom) 525
vitnnia (Poeoiliohthya) 491
vittata (Argyrotania) 415,909
(CUola) 172
(Clupea) 273
(Codoma) 173,173
(Hemitremia) 162
(Lepidomeda) 252
vittatiia ( Ammodytoa) 415
(Engraulia) 273, 888
(Ebox) 352, 894
Viuva 660
vivax ( Ammoorypta) 169, 970
(Cliola) 169
viviparna 652
Volador 378,738
volitana (Cephalacanthas) 957
(Dactylopterns) 738
(Exoc(Btai>) 378
(Trigla) 738
Page.
volucella 168
Vomer 430,440
vomer 439,440
t vomerinna
I Torax
' vulgaria (AcantbiaH)
(Aniiuraa)
(Anguilln)
(AiixiH)
(Bolono)
( BroBiiiiua)
(OarchariuH)
(Carcbariiiua) ..
(Conger)
(llippoglostaua) .
(Liparia)
(LoU)
(MerluciuB)
(Holva) ,
781
S2S
17
106
861
426
878
808
878
878
868
818
742
802
800
801
(MuateluB) 19,20
(Pagnia)
(PimeloduB)
(Pomotia)
(KpbyriBna)
(ThynniiB)
vulm-rato (Apocope)
TiihiPvatiiH (XotbouotuB) ..
(PflBcilicbUiya).
vulpes ( Albiila)
(Alopecias)
(Alopiaa)
(Ebox)
(PiraeloduB)
(Squalus)
viitaiiH
650
106
488
4:1
428
210
608
609
268
27
27
268
ioo
27
780
W.
■wacUim 806
Walleyed Perch 691
Pike 525
War-mouth 467,468
wariMiI (Boltichthya) 521
(PoBcllichthys) 521
(Salmo) 300
WurBaw 920
WeHk.flsb 579,681
weblti (BlenuopbiB) 766
(Embiotoca) 696
((JphioblenuiuB) 766
whoatlandi 386
wbeeleri 087
wbippb'i (Boleiuhthya) 616
(Cliola) 178
(Cyprinella) 178
White Angel 040
Whitebait 266
White Basa 629
Cat 107,108
Wbite.flsh 269,206,626
White Grunt 654
Hake 790
Mallet 139,403
Perch 580, 567, 591, .597
Sturgeon 8«. 8K
Sucker ] 29, 140
1018
INDEX.
P*ge.
White Trout 080
W'hUinK 299,677
u illliimsanl (Cor«Konu«) 297,068
(Gastnrosteua) 304
u'ilHoni 607
wincbelli 214
Window-pane 815
Winter-Flounder 837
Winter Salmon SOS
Wolf-flsli 781
Wraaae-flshea 507
Wreok-flsli 832
Wry-moutli 780
wilrdemanni 634, 045
X.
xenooepbalus 102
xaenura 184
xanthocephalUB 104
xtmtliiirag (Homoprion) 571, 032
(LioBtomus) 674,032
(Rhombus) 914
(Soifflna) 674
(SeBerinns) 014
xanti 676
XenichthyiniB 546
Xeniuhtliys 646,020
xenicns 891,802
Xenisma 381, 336
Xenistins 020
Xenotis 472,477
Xiphias 419
Xiphidioo 771
XiphidiontidsB 764
XipbUda 419,000
Xiphister 771
XlphisterinB 754
XiphophoruB 346
xyoatemaa 727, 055
Xyrichtbys 605
XystreuryB 821,825
Xyatroplites 472,480
T.
TeUowBaaa 680
Oat 102,106
Page.
Tellow Cavali^ 440
Yellow-tinned Boi ndor 576
Yellow Perch 524
Pike 625
Yellow taU 2«9, 444, 44«, 670, «26, 667
Yelting 64
y-gneonm 628, 629, 041
z.
zaohirua 838
ziinemua 217
Zaniolepia , 647
Zapter-x 876
zatTopis 905, 906
zebra (Fundulus) 338, 335, 336, 891
(Qern-B) 935
(Hydrarpyra) - 333,336
zebriunH 891
Zenidee an]
ZenopHin 456
Zoarcea 784
Zoarvidffi 783
zonale 5lo
zonata (Cliola) 183
(Seriola) 446,018
zonatum (ElasHoma) 441, 015
zonatu8(Albiii'niiH) 183
(BpbippuB) 614
(Eaox) 342
(Fiunluliis) . . 342
(HaploohiluB) 342
(LeuciHCUR) 183
(Scomber) 445
(ZyBonoc»«8) 841, 342
Zonichthys 446
zonlfer 640
zoniBtiuB 180, 1S8, 180
Zophendum 154
zophera ' 697
zoetersB 907
zimnensiB 229
Zygsma 26
zygsna 26,01
Zygoneotea 838, 892, 804
zyoptems 870