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EntorcJ iiccor.lin- t.i Art < f CngrcHs in Iho Yoar 1S82, l.y nuBi:]!T u. ];anxroI'T, In Ibu Office of tlu! l.i'jnirian i.f ( oii'srcstf, at WosUuigton. All ni.jll., n,.iimf(. COXTENTS OF THIS YOLUME. MYTHOLOGY. CHAPTER I. SPEECH AND SI'ECILATION. VXr.K, Difference lietwecn ISran iiiid r.rutcs— Mind-Laii'.'ua^.'o and Smil-Lan- f;ua;,'o--(>ii'jiii (if I,aiij,'iia^'c: A (lift of tin- Civati.r, a Jliiiiiaii lu- voiitioii, or an Kvulntion— Nature ami \ alue of .Myth -» )ri;.'in of Mydi: Tlie Divine Idea, a I'ielion of Soreery, tlie Creation of a Desipiinjj; I'riestliood uielie Creation-Myth— A/tee ( »ri;.'in-.Mytli.s— The TVipaf^os— 'Nrontezu. ma and tlic Coyote— The .Moc|uis- The (Jreat Spider's Wehcf tiie I'inias— Navajo and I'uehlo Creations -( trij,'iii of Clear J.ake and Lake Tahoc— Chareya of the Cahrocs - Mount Shasta, the Wij,'- wani of the (Jreat Spirit- Idaho Sprin-s ami Wat.'r I'alls - How Dillereneesin Lan;,'ua,L:e < >c,urrcd — Vchl. the Creator of the 'I'lilin- keets— The IJaven and the I >oir .(o CHAPTER III. riivsicAr. MVTiis. Sun, AFoon, and Stars -Kdijises 'I'he .Mo.,ii i'c r^onified in the T,an.l of the Creseent— Fire — How the ( 'oyoir Sudc I'ire for tlir ( ahroes — Ifow the Frof,' Lost His Tail — How the Coyote Stol,. lire for the Navajos— Wind and Tliumler -The Four Winds and the Cross —Water, the First of Fleniental Thin^rs— Its Saered and Cleansing' Power— Earth and Sky— Kartlupiakes and N'olcauoes— Mountain" —How the Hawk and Crow Huilt the Coast I!an,ire -Tlie .Moun- tains of Voseniite 108 IV (ttNTF.NTS. CllATTKU IV. I'Atii: nXniM, MVTHol.txiY. llnlc-i ,\---i;.'iici| ti) AiiiniMls Aiij;iiri('s from tlicir Mii.'ciiii'iits Tlic 111- iiiiiciu'il Owl 'riiii'ljiiy .\riiiii:iN M('i:iiuiir|iliiisi'il Men i'hc 0;;rcws.Sniiirn'l of N'mii-oiivi-r Ulaiiil Monkt-ys iiinl ltc;i\('i> - l"allcii Men Tlic Siicrnl Aniiiials -I'l-oniiiii-iirf of (lie Itiid An KiiililiMii of (lie Wind 'I'lu- Scr|i('iit, an I'lnililt'iii of t!ii' l,iuliliiiri;j — Not S|)ciially coniu'cti'il willi Mvil 'I'lic Sciiicnt of the I'lU'lilos — Tlic Walcr-Snakf 0|iliiolalry I'l-oniiin'iuc of tin- Do;.', or tin- CoyMii.' ( Jciicrally tlioii;;li not al\\a\s a l!cac\iplfnt I'owrr How tlif Coyoic let Salmon n|i (lie Ivlaniatli l)anM' .Mai-alpif and Sad Death iif I ho (.'ovKte 121 CHAPTKll V. (IIIDS, Sfl'i:i!N.\Tll;U, l!i;iN(iS, AM) WOltsnil'. l',>kiiiii> Witcln rafi Tin- 'riniicli and the Kiinia;,'as — Kn^jans of the Aleuts The Thlinkeets, the llaidahs, ant of the (>kana,i;aiis The Sali>h, the Chillams, the ( hinooks, tlie Caynses, the Wall.i Walla^ iilid the Ne/ I'eices Sjio-lione (ilioiiN Northern ( 'aiifoinia The Sim at Monterey Oiiiot and < 'liini.vvhinieh AnlaL;iini>-tie (lods of Lower ''alifornia Coman- ehes, A|iaehes, and Navajos- .Monteznma of the riM'iiins .Mo(|ais uiid .Mojave>-- Primeval llace of Northern ( 'alit'ornia 1 td CHAl'TER VI. (KIDS, sri'i:i;NATru.u, ]'.i;i\iis, and \voi;sim>. (iods and l!eli;^ions l!ite.s of Chihuahua, Soiiora, I)uran.Lro, and Si- lialoji The Mexican Iteliuion, rei-eived with dillerent de^jrees of eredulity liy dill'erent ehiNses of the |peo]de ( tpinions of dill'ei-eiil Writers as to its Nature .Monotheism of Ne/aiiuahoyot! Present eolidition of the Stnily of Mexican Mylliolouy - 'J"e/.eatli|ioea — I'layers to Him in the time of l*e--lileuce, of \\'ar, for those in Au- tlimity Prayer used Ity an Ahxilvini; Priest (leiinim'ness of the fore''oiiiL' I'ravers — Cliaracter and Works of Saha'nm ITS CHAPTER VII. (K)IJS, SCPEnXATrUAI. UKINdS, AND WOlIimill'. Juui;:'*' of Te/<'atli])0('a — His Seals at the Street-corners - \'arions I.(';i;eiuls about liis Lite on Kartli t^uet/aleoitl -His |)e\tcrily in the Mechauieal Arts—His Peli^jions (>h>er\aiiees -The Weallli and Nimhleuessof his Adherents -l-lximlsioii from 'I'ula of (^>net- zalcoatl hy Tezeatlipoca uml lluitzili)i)oclitIi — The Magic Draught CONTKNTS. u;i. lL'7 III I'AOE. — Iliiciii.ir, i.r \ciniic, Kin;: of tlic Ti.liccs, .'iml tin- NFi^f..rimn'.s lirnii-lit ii|i.iii liiiii ami liis !.,.,.|.|,- l.y Trzralli|MM'jt in vaiioiis .lis- t-xnsv^ a(ril)r('s ( 'iiiii|ilrlf S\ Mo|i>is of tlic fcstival.Huf (jic Mi'xica'. ('aiciidar, lixnl and luovaltic — T('ni|ilt'H ami I'lii'stn ;(iy CHAPTKll X. GODS, Sfl'KKNATrUAr. lU'lXdS, AND WOIISIIII'. IU\cniicsof till- Mi'xiian 'I'mipics N'ant iiimilicr of the T'ricsis- AFcxi- «'an Sarciilolal System i'l'ii'slesses- 'I'lie Orders of 'I'laiiiax acii- yotl and 'i'eiiio.litiii/tli — l!eli;,'ious Devotees itaptism Ciniini- I'isjon -('oinniMiiiMn {''a.^ts and I'l'iianee lilooil-draw in;,' lliiiiiaii Saerilires 'riie (iods of tile 'I'arasros Priests aiid 'i'eiii|de St- vire of M ieiioacan \\'orsj'i|i in ,lali>eo ( )a jaca - N'otaii ami (^>iiet« /alcoatl 'J'raNels of X'otan 'I'lie A|icpstli' ,Vixi'|ieroriia--' 'avc near Xnstialinaca -Tlie Princess Pinopiau -\Vor-»iiiii of <'c;>taiiiin- lox —Tree Worsliip JUtl CHAPTER \I. OODS, SlTEUNATlliAI, llKIXi.s, AND WOI'.SIITP. ^laya Paiitlieon Zamiii'i Ciii^nlean 'I'iie (lods of "N'ncatMH- Tlic SviiiImiI of tiie ('ro>s in America Unman Sacriliccs in N iiialan — Pric-lsof \'matan ( Inatcmalan Paiitlieoii Tepcn and llnrakaii — A\ili\ ami llacavit/. The ller•oe^^ of w Sai'rcd itonk l/nicln- (lods W'orsliip of tlie Clioles, Maiicli: ., It/aes, Lacamloncs, ami others- Tradition of ( 'oini/aliual — Fasts — Priests of (Inateinala — (lods, Worship, and Priests of Nicara;,'na - W'cnsiiip on tlie Mo>- (jnito Coast (Jods and \Vor>liip of tlie Istlimians — Phallic Wor- ship in America -llil CHAPTEIl XII. FUTrUE STA'fi:, Abori;jinal Ideas of Future (leneral Conceptions of Souls— F'uHiro Stale of the Aleuts, Chepewyans, Nativi'sat MiHiank Sound, and (>kana;:aiis — Happy Land of the Sali>h ami ( 'hinooUs Conceptions of Heaven and Hell of the Nez Perecs, Flatheads, and llaidahs - The IJealnis of (^»na\vtcaht and Chayher - Itidiefs of the Son;^hies, Clallanis, and Pciid d'Oreilles- The Future Stale of the Calil'or- iiiaii and Nevada Trihes, ('(unanches, Puehlos, Navajos, Apaches, Mofjuis, Maricojias, Vuinas, and others— The Sun H(nise of the Mexicans— Tlahican and Micthin — Cmidition of the Dead -Jour- ney of the Dead — F'uture of the Tlascaltec.t and other Nations .')10 C'DNTKNTS. tU i,a."j;guages. CHAPTEU I. IXTnODrCTICN to LAXiilAOES. i'A»;r.. Nativo Lan;,'ua,u't'H in Advance «>l' Suciul ('iist..iiis— riiiiiMcfiTistic In.li- viiluiilily of Airicricaii T.>ri;,'iics |''rci|iiciit Occiiirciici> i.f |,(,ii;r Word-* -Hi'ilii|ilii'atii>iH, l'"ii'i[Ufiitativt:s, uinl l>u ' liitrrtiiltnl I-aii;,'iia^'('s ■(icstiiii'-I,aii;,'ua;.'(' — Slavo and (■liiiiiinl, .lai;.'ons - I'iM'ilii' Siato l,aii;,'iia^'i'.H Tlii- Tiiincli, A/>cc, and Ma; a 'l'..n;;ii(-t The Lai-;L,'ir l''aniilii's Inland Kany:na;,'i' as a'l'i'st nf Oijoin sii,,i. larilifs in Lniflatud Langiiaj,'us— IMan of this ^" Htitj'atiitn O.')! CHAPTEll II. UYPEltnoltKAN LAXdlAdKa. Distinctiim liotwcon Eskimo and AnKTican — Kskinin I'rdnunciation and iK'clcnsii.n -^Dialirts tif tliu Konia^ras and Aleuts haii;,'iia,L;o of the Tlilinkeets— ||y|M)tliefiiaI Allinities— Tlie Tinneli Kaniily and its Dialeets— Kastern, Western, Central, and Sontlnrn llivi- sions t'lie|iewyan Declension— ( (ratoriial Display in tlie Siieoeh of the Kutchins -Dialects of the Atinihs and l';,'alen/os Coniiiared —Specimen of thfKoltshane 'ron;,'ne - 'I'acnily Cntturals ilonpali Vocalinlary - A]>ache Dialects Lipan Lord's IVayer Navajo Words— Comparative Vocabulary of the Tinneli Family .^74 CHAPTER III. COLfMIilAN LAXarAOES, The Ilaidah, its Construction and Conju^'ation— The Nass Lan^uaj^c and its Dialects — Hellacoida and Chimsyan Comparisons— 'J'ho Nootka Lanj,'na^'es of Vancouver Island -N'anainio Ten Connnand- nients and Lord's Trayer— A/tec AnaIo;,ri,.s Eraser and 'I'honipsiui liiver r.anj,'na;j;es — The Neetlakai)aninck (iranimar anay -liwusieii and Ksleiic of Monterey Santa Ciarji Lord's Prayer .Miitsiindrainiiiar - Ijaii;;iia^tos of the Missions Santa, ("riiz, San Antonio ne Padna, Soledad, and San Mi;;Liel 'I'alcliii liramniur — Thu Dialects ol Santa Cruz and other Jslamls (iJJo CHAPTER V. SIIOSUONK I-.XNGUAGES, Aztec-Soiiora roiinectioiis with the Shoshone Family — The Ttah, T'o- liianche, Moijni, Kizh, Netela, Keehi, Caliiiillo, aiihiite, Washoe, Paiiilee, Piute, SaMi]iitehe, and Mono Po|inlar lieliefas to the Aztec I'.lement in the North— (iriiiinrs Law — Shoshone, Co- manche, anil Moi|iii Comiiaralive Taole-- Netela Stanza Kizh (Iranmiar The Lord's Prayer in two Dialects of the Kizh t'luMiie- hiievi and (.'aluiillo liraniinar — Coniparative Vocabulary (i«i aiu .\.xmiu.-T1m. Za.at...., i-umnr. .Ma;..|Hl.., iluit,...!.., (; -hi. flu e, (.,.l„tlan, TlaxoMuilt,.,.. T..,.»,..n,., ;„„! T,.|„.,a,M. -Tii,. ( ■„„, a>i,l Its Dialects, til,. Aluin/i.at, T..a,ua,.it/,-a, an.! .\tc.a,-an-< •.,ra Oiaiiiniar 7ii(i CHAPTEPv IX. THF AZTKO AM) Or.nil LANVir VCKS. Xali,m.,r Azt,H., ri.i..Iii,iM.,., an.l T.,1,..,. la„;„.a;,..s i.l,.,.ii,,,I -Analiuar tlM. al.„n;:inal s,.at „f tli. .V,u; T.m,:;,,,. -Tli,. Azl..,- tli,. ..|,l..st lan-ua-,! ii, AMaliiiac-lSi.auty anl i;i,lnM..s „f tl,,. \/t,.,.--T,..ti iiMMiy ,.t ,1,.. ^li>si.,„an.s an.l ,.arly wii„.,s i„ i,s fav,„-^Si,c.,.iiiM.„ from 1 ar,.,l..s Manual -(Irannnar ,.t th,. A.to,. Lan^n.a.v \.„... L,.nls 1 lay..,- -Tl.,. (),,„„! a M,M,.,>yllal,i,. I.inm.a;,,. .,< A>,;il,i,a.. -KelatM.nsiui. dain.e.l with tl... Cl.i.M.s,. a,.,l ( •|.,.r„h..c.-Ut.,.,.i (.laiimiar-Otouii Lord's IVayoi- in l)iir,.ivut JJialocts 7';j CHVPTER X. LAXGT-AOI-S OF CEXTIiAI, .VXD S,)rTIIi:KN M"XirO TlH. Pamo ana its I)iaIo,.ts-The ^F..,.„ ..f .;„a„a.j„at., ainl tlio Sierra '■',"■''"""• '^"■'^' t.Mi,lM,a,.anan,l its (Iran, mar Tl„. M,.tli|. t/,,M.aan,l its ( ;ran.ma.--TlM- ( Vi.ii,..,. Th.. Mixt..,.an,l ;; . I)iah.,'ts --M.xto,(..an.niar ThoAmns;;,,, CImm.Ii,,, Ma/at..,., ( •„;.,.(..,• Cha- ',"". llujian,.,., Chii.ant,..., a,„l P,,,,,,!,,,.,, Tl... /.„„.(,.,. .n.l ;,, ■-iMnar riu. Mi.i..--Mii., ,;,,„„„,,, ,„„, ,^,„,,,.^ I.,,v,.r-Tlu. ilt.ave ot tiio Isthmns ,.f ■IVhnantqK.c.-.ilmivc Nunitrals.' 74.. CHAPT]:i{ XT. Tin-; ^[AVA-griciii' 1. w.irvciKS The Maya.(),.i..h,^ tl... I,an^„a;,es „f ,1,. rnUur,\ xi.dnns of C,unal Ain.....a^-l-,,H,me.-ati,M. „f the ^[e..il....s ,„• ,his r;,„iilv ..Hv h,t. !'•' Anal,,,i,.s with l.an;,'„a;,'es„f.tlM. (I|,l \V„,i,l i:,„.,rsV,,,vers 'I' >1m. li,ir,„l.al, Chiapane,., Ch,.!, Tx..n,lal, /...i„e, an.l /..(/l '- l"l<,.n,l.,(,,„„„„,_Tli.. Man.. ..r Zakh.,,ahka,, (^.i..lM•. ( ;,,..... "■^" - ak,h„im.| |,,.,,l-s Prayer Maya (iranmiar T„(,ma,. (Iram- """•-l.n,mac Dialeets-Huastee (;.a...mar I o'j ' CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XII. I.AXOUAaES OF IIOXDrnAS, NICAH.UU-.V, COSTA IUCA, and the ISTHMUa or J)Auii:x. Tlio f'aril) an Tmiiorted Laii;.,'uaj.'c— Tlic Mosijuito Lans;iia^'o— Tlio Poya, Tov, ka, Sock, ValiLMito, Kama, Cookra, Wonlwa, ami other Laii- gua-L's in llon.liiias Tile Cliinital -.Mowjiiito (Jiamniar— hove Son;,' in tlie .Mosiiuito Lan,Lrua;,'e -("oniiiarativo Vonilinlary of Honiluias Ton^'ui-s-TlR'Coril.ici, Chorotc-a, Cliontai, and Oiutifiii in Nicara;,'ua ( iianinianif tiic Oiotina or Naitiandan— Cuniiiarison iK-fwi'cn tlic ((n.lifia and < 'liurott-a -Tiio ('iiiii(|ui, (;uatu:s(), Tiri- bi, and others in Cosia Ifica -Tahinianca Vocaiinlary— Diversity of Siieeeh on the Isthnuis of Darien— Enumeration of Lan^'iiages — Comparative Vocubuhiry PAcn. 1 THE Is-ATIVE RACES OF THK PACIFIC STATES. MYTHOLOGY, LAIS^GUAGES. CHAPTER I. SPEECH AND SPECULATIOX. DiFFK.,KNX-K nmvKKN Man AND l$KrTK>,-M,Nn LANru'AaK AND Sorr-LAV- ovxoK-Onuns „f Lakouauic: A Gift „k t„k Ckkatok, a Hcmav INVKNTION, „K AX Ev<.LL'm,.N--XATCKK AM. ValL-K ,..- MvTH-()u,„rv OF Mvth: I„k Dcvink Idka, A FicTroN of SonrKKV. T„k C.KArrov ok a ).SH;n-,N.> 1 .iIKSTHOO„-ORI..IVoF Wo,;s„„., „K PiuYKR. of SACRm.K-l iKTKH.SM AND TUE OlilalN OF A.VIMAL - WollsHIl.-lU.T.aao.V AM, Mv- TUOLOllV. * IIiTiFEirro we l.avo bohold .Man only in his matori-il or-UMLsni: as a wild thou-h intclkrtual animal A\V have watclK-.l the inteivo.irse of mienltured niin.l with Its envmmnu-nt. We have seen how. t.. ei..t!ie hhnseir the sava.^v ,„hs the beast: h.nv, hke animals. priniitivJ •"••H const.-urts his hahitaticm. provides I'ond! rears a iaimy, exere.ses a.,thoritv. hoMs propertv. w.ues war ha ni all this the savaj-e ,s hnt one remove from the hrute. Aseen.linj.- the scale, we have exan.ined the fnvt >4.iges of lumian projrress and analv/ed an inHpic-nt eiv- hza ion ^\ewdl now pass the Ironiier which 'sc-parates mnk.n.l from annnal-kind, and enter the don.ain of the "';;'t^''-'^t Hnd supernatural; phenomena which philo.s-' oph\ pureh [.ositive cainiot explain. Vol., in. 1 ^ I SrEEClI AND SPECULATION'. ! TIic priinarv iiidiciition of an absolute superiority in man over other animals is the iaeulty oi" sjn'cch; not those nuite or vocal symbols, expressive ol' ])assion and tmolion, displayed alike in brutes and men; but the power to separate ideas, to generate in the mind and embody in ^vords, secjuenees of thoujiht. 1'rue. upon the tlnvshold ol' this in(|uirv. as in whatever rehites to jiriinitiveman. we find the lirute creation hotly ])ursuinu, and disj)utinii" lor a share in this projiressional [xmer. In coi:nnon with man. animals |M)ssess all the organs t)f siMisation. They see. hear. I'eel, taste, and smell. They have even the organs of sijeech: but thev have not speech. The source ol' this wonderful faculty lies further back, obscured by the mists which ever settle round the innnaterial. A\ liether brutes have souls, according to the Ai'istotelean theory of soul, or whether brute-soid is iunnortal. or of (piality and destiny unlike and inferior to that of man-soul, we see in them unmistakable evi- di'iice ol mental faculties. The hiiiher order of animals possess the lower order of inti'llectual perceptions. Thus jji'lde is manifested by the caparisoned horse, shame by the bi'aten dosi', will by the stubborn nude, lirutes h,i\e mi'uiory; they manifest line and hate, joy and sorrow, iiratitude and reven;^'e. They are courau'cous or cowai'diy, subtle or simple, not merely up to the meas- ui'e ol" what we commonly term instinct, but with evi- dent exiM'i'ise of judarable. Na- ture speaks to it in that subtle symi)athy by which the immaterial within holds converse with the immaterial without, in the soft Avhisperings of the ))ree/,e, in the fearful bellowings of the tempest. Between the soul and l>ody there is the closest sympathy, an interaction in every relation. Therefore these voices of nature speak- ing to nature's offspring, are answered back in various wavs jiccording to the various oriianisms addressed. The animal, the intellectual, the s[)iritual, whatsoever the entity consists of, responds, and responding ex [)ands and unfolds. Once give an animal the ])ower to s[)eiik and mental development ensues; lor speech cannot contimie without ideas, and ideas cannot spring up without intel- lectual evolution. A dim. half-conscious, lirutish thought there may be; but tlie faculty of abstraction, sequences of thought, without words either spoken or uns[)oken. cannot e.xist. It is not at all probable that a system of gesture-lan- gunge was ever em[)loved by any })rimitive people, prior or in preference to vocal language. To communicate by I ■ it. ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE. f^iLriis ivf|uir('s no little skill and ini[)lios a di'^ivt' of arti- licc and Ibrcthoiijilit I'ar lioyond that iv((uin'd in vocal or omotional l.iniinaiiv. Lon;; hoforc a cliild arrivi's at the point of inti'llijii'nco noci's,sar\ roroonvcvinji' tlioiii^ht ])y siuns, it is well advanced in a vocal lan>j.nage t»l" it.s own. In iiivtliolo.u>', langnajie assnnies personality and inde- jH'ndence. Often the signidcance of the word hecomes the essential idea. Zens from nieaninu' simply sky. he- comes lioil of the sky: l^os, oriiiinally the dawn, is made the ji'ochk'ss of the o[)eninj;' day. Not the iik-a htit the exj)ressi()n of tlie idea hecomes the deit\" And so. hy tliese creations of fancy, the ima;j,i nation expands; in the emhodiiiient of the idea, the mind enlarges with its own creation. Then yet holder metaphoi's are thrown oil' like soap-hid)hles, which no sooner lake form in words than they are also deified. Thus .soul and thouiiht and spi'ech act and react on one another, all the evoln- tinus ol" conception seeking vent in sound or s[)eculation; and thus hmguage, the ex[)ression of mind, and mythol- ogy, the ex[>i'ession of soul, become the exponents of divine hiunanity. liut what tlien is Language, what is ^lytli. and whence are tiiey? IJroadly, the term language may he ap- liku'd to whatevei' social beings em[)loy to conmnmi- cate passion or sentiment, or to inlhience one another; whatcNcr is made a \ehicle of intelligence. ideogra[)hic or phonetic, is language. In this 'lategorx' may be placed, as we have seen, gestures, both instinctive and artificial; emotional exiiression. displayed in I'orm or feature; \<)cal sounds, such as tiie cries of l)irds. the howling of beasts. Indeed, language is everywhere, in everytiiing. While listening to the rippling brook, the roaring sea. the nun'- nuiring forest, as well as to the still small voice within, we are but readinii' iVom the Nocabidary of nature. Thus construed, the princi[)le assumes a variety of shaiies. and may be followed through successive .stages of develoiHuent. In fact, neither form nor feature can be set in motion, or even left in a state of ivi)ose, T 6 SPEECH AND SPECULATION. without convoviiii!; iiiti'Uiiioncc to the o])sorv('r. Tho {•oiiiitoiiiinco of iiiiiii, Avhethor it will or not, juMpotually sjK'aks, iiiid speaks in most exfjuisite shades of siunili- cance. and with expression far more delicate tiian that employed hy tongue or pen. "^rhe face is thi^ ivllex of the soul: a trans[)aren(^y which .glows with light, divine or devilish, thrown u]»on it fi'oni within. It is a poi- trait of individual intelligence, u photogiaph of the iinier ])eing. a mi-asure of innate intelligence. And in all jHTtaining to the actions and passions of mankind, what can he more expressive than the language of the emo- tions? There are the soft, silent wooings of love, the frantic fury of hate, the dancing delirium ol' joy, the hungry ci'avings of desire, the settled melanchoU of dead liopes. J5ut more definitely, language is articulate human speech or symholic expression of ideas. How man first learned to speak, and whence the power of speech was originally derived, are (piestions coucei-n- ing which tradition is unconmuniicative. Even mythol- ogy, which attempts the solution of supernatinal mys- teries, the explanation of all phenomena not otherwise accounted for, has little to say as to the genesis of this most potential of all human powers. Many theories have heen advanced concerning the origin of language, l^ome of them are exjjloded ; others in various stages of modification remain, no two [)hi- lologists thinking exactly alike. The main hypotheses are three; the su])ordinate ones are legion. Obvious- ly. siK'ech nmst he either a direct, completed gift of the Creator, with one or more independent hegimiings; oi' a human invention; or an evolution from a natural germ. Schleicher conceives pi-imordial language to he a sim- ple organism of vocal gestures; (lould Brown helieves language to he partly natural and i)ai'tly artificial ; A(hun Smith and Dugtdd Stewart give to man the creation and development of speech l)y his own artificial invention. According to Heroditus. the Phrygians and tlie I\!iyptians disputed over the ((uestion of the anticpiity of their lan- guages. i*sannnetichus thereupon confided two babes to S SCIENCE OF rillLOLOGY. tho caro of goats, apart from ovc'r\- liunian sound. At tlic end of two years tlu'V woro heard to proiioiiiuv tho word ^/'o.s. tlie riirv^rian for hroad. Tho IMirvLiians thei-t'foro claiinod for their lanjiiiaue the seniority. In ancient times it was thought that thi're was some one ])rimeval tonune. a central hingiiiiiie from which all the languiiges of the earth radiated. The ^^ythic, Ethiopic. Chinese. (Ireek. i^atin. and other languages advanced (daims for this .seniority. IMato helieved lan- guage to he an invention of the goils. and hy them given to man. Orthodo.x religionists did not hesitate to ailirm that l[e])rew, the language of I'aradise. was not only given in a perfected state to man. hut was miraculously preserved in a state of purity for the chosen Israel. After the dispersion from Bahel. such nations as relapsed into harharism hecame harharic in speech. And in tho roots of everv dialect of hoth the old world and tho new. the Fathers were al>le to discern llehrew analogies sullicient to conHrm them in their dogma. Indeed other helief was heresy. There were others who held that, when gesture-lan- guage and the language of the emotions were found insuMicient for the growing necessities of man. hy com- mon consent, it was agreed that certain ohjects should ho represented hy certain sounds, and that so. when a word had heeu invented for every ohject, language was made. Another doctrine, called hy Mr. Wedgwood, its enthu- siastic advocate. 'onomato[)u'ia.' and hy Professor Ma.K Miiller the 'how-wow' tlu'orv, explains the origin of language in the efl()rt of man to imitate the ci'ies of nature. Tiuis. for doi;- the i)rimitive lannuaLieless mini would say how-wow: to the rivulet, the wind, the hii-ds and Iieasts. n;uucs wc'e a[)i)lied whicli as lar as possihlo were hut rcpi-o(hictions of the sounds made hy these ele- ments or animals. Thus philology uj) to a comparatively late ])erio(' was a spectdation rather than a science. Thilosophcrs sought to know whence language ciune ratlier tlian what lan- guage is. J]ut when the great discovery concernin ; tho SPEECH AND SPECULATION. Ariuii and Semitic fiimilios was iiiado, comparativo l)hilol()2,iHt,s went to work after the manner oi' praetieal investi;iator.s in otlier branche.s of .stndy, by collectin;:', cla.s.sifvinji' and^ comparing vocabularies, and there- from .strikin;i out a path ))ackward to original trunks. ( ^italojiues of languages were published, one in 1800 ))y llervas, a Spanish .lesuit, containing three hinidred dia- lects, followed by Adelung and Vater's ^lithridates, from 1800-17. But not until Sanscrit was made a subject of l^uropean study did it become apparent that allinities of tongues are subject to the laws that govern allinities of l)lood. Then it was that a similarity was discovered, not only between the Sanscrit and the (jireek and Latin tongues, but between these languages and the Teutonic, Celtic, lrani(!, and Indic, all of which became united in the great Arian family. At the same time, the ancient language of the .lews, the Arabic, and the Ai'amaic — which constitute the Semitic familv — were foinid to be totally dilferent from tiio Arian in their radical struc- ture. From these investigations, philologists Avere no less convinct\i that the Indo-European languages Avere all of the same stock, than that the Semitic idioms did ncjt belong to it. The (hK;trine of the Fathers therefore would not stand; for it was found that all languages were n(jt derivations from the Hebrew, nor from any t)ther known central tongue. Then too, the subordination of tongues to the laws of evolution ))ecame ap[)arent. It was discovered that lan- guage was in a state of constant change; that, with all its variations, human speech could be grouped into fami- lies, and degrees of relationship ascertained; and that, by the comparison of vocal)ularies, a classification at once morphological and genealogical could be made. A'ai'ieties of tongues, as numberless as the ])hases of humanity, could Ite traced l)ack towards their beginnings and resolved into earlier forms. It was discovered that in the first order of linguistic development, words are monosyllabic. In this rudimentary stage, to which the (Chinese, Tibetan, and perhaps the Japanese belong, roots, or sounds ex- VARIATIONS OF LANGUAGE. prcHslvo only of tho inatei'ial or siiMstiUitial parts of things, art! iisoil. In tlio second stajiv. ('alU'd the l»oly- .svntlu'tic, a,i;iire;iative, or a;jrjilutinate, a niodilyin^ ter- mination. si,nnilit;ant of the rehitions of i(h'as or thin|j;s to each othei", is allixed or ghied to tlie root. To the a;j;'ihitinate hmgnages Ijelonjj; tlie American and Tnra- nian I'amilies. In tlie tiiird, called the intlectional staji;e. which comprises only the Arian and Si-mitic fami- lies, the two elements are more perfectly develojied, and it is only in this stage that langnage can attain the highest degree of richness and relinement. While these stages or conditions are recognized hy all, it is claimed on one side that althoiigli settU'il languages retain their grannnatical character, every agglutinate l.inguage must once have heen monosyllabic, or radical, and every inllectional language once agglutinate; and on the other side it is averred that the assertion is incapable of proof for no historical evidence exists of any one type ever having passed from one of these stages to another. Xow if speech is a perfected gift of the Crea-| tor. how happens it that we find language in every stage of develoi);n.'nt or rehipse, from the clnckings of Thlin- keets to tlie classic lines of Homer and of Shakspeare?i In his physiological structure, so far as is known. Man is neither more nor less perfect now than in the days of Adam. How then if language is an organism, is it, nn- like other organisms, subject to extreme and sudden change? In animated nature there are two principles; one iixed and iinishcd as an organism, subject to per- petual birth and decay, but incapable of advancing or retrograding; the other, elemental life, the germ or cen- tre of a futm-e development. The one grows, the other unfolds. We have no evidence that instincts and organic functions were more or less perfect in the be- ginning than now. If therefore language is an instinct or an organism, a perfect gift of the (h'eator. how can it exist otherwise than in a concrete and perfect state like other instincts and organisms? The absurdity that human speech is the invention of 10 SPrECII AND RrECULATION. li I I j)riinitivo mini — tlmt upon hoiiic jiriissy knoll acompanv of luiir-clail liiirhiiriiin.s mot, mid without words invi'iitcd words, witjjout Hi^nilicant sounds produced soimds sig- niHciiut of I'vvi'v ohirct, tlieivin hy mutual consi'ut originatinji' a lauuuaiic — mav bo sot asido. Of all coii- jootui'os ooucoi'niujj; tlio oi-ifiin of lau^ua^'o. tho liviHttliosis that words aro an artillcial invontion is tho loast tonaltlo. And what is most surprisin,i; to us, at tho pivsont day, is that suoh mon as LcH'ko and Adam Smith and l)u;ial«l Stowart could for a mouiont have ontortainod tho idoa. Obviously, without lanjzuajio thoro could bo no culture, and without culture, words never could have boon in- vented. A\'oi-ds aro the s\nibols of obiects and ideas. (V'rtain words may be arbitrarily selected, and. )iy tho tacit a,iiroomont or general concurrence of S(M'ioty, may bo made to sijiiiily certain thiujrs. And in this sense Avords may orijiinato conventionally. Hut though words may have boon conventionally selected, they wore noyor selected by conventions. Wo then have tho discoveries of modern jjliilolojiists, not only to positively deny tho infallibility of the common-oriiiin theory, but to bring Ibrward a nunil)er of other claimants for the jiroatest anti(iuity, as well entitled to a hoarinji as tho Hebrew. Diversity in the orijiin of s[)oeeh does not of necessity im[)ly diversity in tho orijiin of race. Thus with a unity of race, circumstances may be conceived in which indepoudont tonjiues may hav^ arisen in dilVoront localities; wherea!- with a diversity of race, but one laii- I(),L:ists. of tlio siinio .stc of bnt little moment to lis. Lan^ua^e shows the connection between iiiitions widely sejiaiated, leads ns bark iK'Vond tnulition into till' oliscnre past, follows the sinnosities of niij;rations, indicates epochs in human develoi)ment, i)oints towards the oriiiin \>i' })eo[)les, serves us a guide in following the radiation of races from common centres. Y«'t a simi- larity in the soimd, or even in the construction of two woi'ds, does not necessarily imply relationship. Two totallv distind lannuages mav have borrowed tlie same word I'rom a third language; \vhi(!h fattt would never e>itablish relationship between the l)ori'owers. AVhen like forms are Ibund in dillerent languages, in order to estal)lish a relationship, historical evidence must be applied a* a test, and the words followed up to their roots. Strippeil of technicalities, the question lu'fore ns is reduced to a few simple propositions. All men speak; there never yet was found a nation without articulate language. Aside from individual and abnormal excep- tions, no primitive tribe has ever been discovered, where ])art of tlie peoi^le spoke, and part were s[)eechless. Lan- guage is as nuic.h a part of man, as any i)hysical con- stituent: yet unlike physical organs, as the eye. the ear, the hand, laiiiiiucve is not born with the individual. It is not in the blood. The Caucasian infant stolen by Ai)aches, caimot converse with its own mother when restored to her a few years after. Therefore speec^h is not an independent, perfected gift of the Creator, but an incidental acipiirement. Further- more language is an attribute of society. It belongs to the peoi)le and not to the individual. The child Ik fore mentioned, if dropped by the Apaches among the bears and by them nurtured and reared, is doomed to mutism " 12 SPEECH AND SrECl'LATIOX. 'i or l)o:ir-l;inp:u;iiiV. Afau was mailc a social Ik'Iii;:'; siH'och was made as a UK'aiis of coimMiiuicatiiii:' iiit('Hi,i:t'n('o hc- twecii social bt'injrs; one iii(li\i(liial aloiir iii'vor coukl oril^iiiato. or ovcii preserve a laiimiaiiv. IJiit how then liai)i>eiis it. il man did not make it. and (lod did not give it him. that human speech is miiwrsal.' With the orjj,anism ol" man the Cri'ator implants the ornans of speech. AVith the elemental and progressional life of man the (^vator implants the jii-rm of s[K'ecli, In conmion with the elenu'nt of j)rounsen estimates that at le. st twi-nty thousand years are reipiired lor a language to pass from one rudimentary i^tage to another. The mind receives impressions and the soul intuitions, and to throw them olV in some form is an ahsoluti' neces- sity. I'ainful imj)ressions tend to produce hodily contor- tions and dolorous sounds; pleasant impressions to illu- mine the features and to make nmsical the Aoice. And not only is this compre.ssed emotion destined to lind e.\- ])ression. hut to im[)ress itself upon others. Mmotion is essentially sym|)athetie. \\ hy certain ohji'cts are repre- •^omt! 'uted i\ certain sounds we can never know, think that hetween every word and the object or idea whii'h it represents, there was in the fust instance an intimate ri>lationshi[). J)V di'gi'ees certain natural ar- ticulations heeame associated with certain ideas; then ni'w nanu's were suggested hy some fancied analog\' to objects already named. l"]verything I'lsi' being e(pial, similar conditions and causations produce similar im- d I ])ressions and are e\[)resse(l hy snuilar sounds, llt-nci' a cci'tain unilbrmity between all human tongui's; and a ten- dency in man to imitate the sounds in nature, tlu' cries of animals, the melodies of winds and waters, accounts lor the origin of manv words. 4 MYTHOLOGY. 13 :y to IIIKll. From ^'ivinn' oxpivssioii in some outward form to our inward emotion tlioro is no e.s('a[)o, J^i't us now a])ply to tlic ('\j)n'ssion of tW'linjj; and emotion tiio same law of evolution wliieii governs all social and intellectual plienomoia. and I'rom a languajie of exclamations, we l.'ave lirst the monosvUahic noini and vei'h, then auxil- liaries. — ad\erhs. adjectives, prepositions and pro- nouus. — and linally inilections of })arts of speech hy which the finer shades of meaninj;' may he ex[)ressed. 'fhe sj)onti aeons outhursts of ieelinji'. oi' the meta- ])horical e\i)ri'ssions of emotion, arisinji instinctively and acting almost siundtani'ously with the <'oncej)tion or im[)ression made upon the mind, develop with tiini' into settled forms of speech. Man speaks as hirds lly or fishes Nwim. The Creator supplies the orjians and implants the instinct. Speech, tliou^uh intuitive, is more than intuition; for. as we have seen, s[)eec)i is a social rather than an individual attrihute. Dar- win i)erceives in lanj:ua;j.e not only a spontaneous j^en- eratiou. hut a natural selection of jirannnatical foi-ms; the hesi woi'ds, the clearest and shortest expressions, «'ontinually dispiacinji' the weaker. So words are made to fit occasie:is. and dro})[)ed as soon as better ones can he found. Jianiiuai^i's are not inherited, yet lanjiuafic is an in- heritance. Lani'uajie is not artificially invented, yet lan,iiua;ivs are hut conscjitional agreements. Languages are not a coi'ci'ete pei'fcct"d gift of the Creator, yet the gi'rm of language is ineradicahly im|)lante(l in man, and was tliert' implanted hy none hut man's Creator. This then is Language: it is an acipiisition. hut an actpiisi- tion from necessity: it is a gift. hut. when given, an undeveloi»ed gei'ui : it is an artifice, in so far as it is developed hy the application of individual agencies. Here, for a Avhile. we will leave Language and turn to Mythology, the niijlho!^ 'fahle' and lotjox 'speech' of the ( Jrccians. L nder anal > >u'al aft'airs spring irom like intui- tions. As human nature is essentially the same throuiih- out the world and throughout time, so tbe religious instincts which I'oi-m a part of that universal humanity generate and develop in like manner under like con- ditions. The desire to penetrate hidden sui'roundings and tbe nietliod of attempting it aw to a certain extent common to all. All wonder at the mysterious; all attempt the solution of mysteries; all primarily possess ei[ui\\ laeilities foi- arriving at correct conclusions. The genesis of belief is uniform, and the results under like conditions analogous. We may conclude that the purposes for which these fictitious narratives were so carefully })reserved and handi'd down to posterity were two-fold, — to keep alive (;ertain facts and to inculcate certain doctrines. Sometbing there nnist have ])een in every legend, in every tradition, in ;'very belief, which has ever been en- tertained by the majority of a people, to recommen^t into ])rison. another expelled iVom Athens, and another forced to driidv the hemlock. And the less a fahle i)resents the appearance of prohaoility. the moic i:rotesi|ue and exti'ava;j:ant it is. the less the likelihood oi' its havinii oi'iiiinated in pm-e invention; foi' no ex- traxaiiantly al)surd invention without a particde of truth could 1»\' any [)ossihility have he 'U ])almed oil' ujion a jieople. and hy them accepted, revered, recited. |)i-eser\rd as \*M'ita!tle incident or solution of mystery, and handed down to those most dear to them, to l)e in like manner held as sacred. I'herefore we may he sure that there never was a myth without a meaniuLi: that mythology is not a hnu- dle of ridiculous fancies invented I'or vuliiar anmsement ; that there is not one of these stories, no matter how silly or ahsui'd. which was not founded in lact. which did not n\\{'{' hold a si,iinilicanci>. "And tliou,i:h 1 have well wciulied and considereil all this." concludeil Lord Uacon. nearly three hundred years aiio. '"and thoroniihly h'vw into the levity which the mind induli:cs I'or allenoi'ie.s and illusions, yet 1 cannot hut retain a hiuh value for the aui-icnt mytholo,:.iy.'" Indeed, to aucit'iit m\ths has heeii attrihiited the presi'rxation of shattei'ed fraLiuicnt - of lost science's, even as some lia\'e alle^icMl that we air inde!)ted to th • writiuijs of Democi'ltus and Aristotle for modern ^I'eo.Lii'aphical discoveries. That these dnctile narratives have suiVend in their transmission to us. that throuuh the ma,ianet myths? This I'oincidence of exolutiou can scarcely be the result of accident. Mytholoiiies. then, l)ein.:.i' like laniiuaiics conmion to mankind, unitbrm in substance yet varying in detail, what ibilows with re- gai'd to the essential system ot" their superuatiu'al con- ''i'[)tions? Is it a perfected ,i:ift of the Creator, the in\c'ntion of a desijiiiing' priesthood, or a spontaneous p'ueration and natural de\elopment? So broad a ([uvs- tiou. iuvolvin,^' as it does the wei;xhtiest niipttei's con- nerled with man. may scai'cely expi'ct exactly the same answer from any two persons. Origin of life, origin (f mind, origin of belief, are as nuich ])roblems to the profoundest philosopher of to-day. as they were to the iirst wondering bewildered savage wlu) wandered through primeval forests. OrJClIN OF liKLIEF. 19 T/.T' is (It'Jni'l In' llorhcrt SpciuHT as '"tlio CD^'riliiia- tiou ol' a;'li(>!is. or tlii'ir coiitiuiious uiljustnu'ut; ' hy I. ewes as "a series of definite and .successive elianp's, l);>th ol' structure and composition, uhich take i)lac(i within an individual without destroying its idi'utity : ' l)y Schelliniz' as ••the tendenc\- to individuation:" hy Uicheraud as "•a collection ol" jtlu'noniena which succeeil each other durin,^' a limited time in an orLianized Ixxly;' an I hy De lUainvilleas •"the two-fold intei'nal niovcment ol" coiui)o>ause for every consequence. I>y some it is alleged that the ndigious sentiment is a divine idea perfected hy the Creator and im[>lante(l in 20 SPEECH AND SPECrL.VTIOX. ill i m;\u MS ])iirt of l»ir< nutinv, Ik'I'or' his (livor;ioii('t' from II pi'iinitivc centre. Siii^uhirlv ('iiouiili. the I'mIIkts oI' the Cliiirch rt'l'crrcd the origin of (hhli' us Avell iis the origin of ihct to the Jlehrew S('ri[)tiii'es. Supiioitcd h_v the soimiU'st sophistry, they wiw in every myth. (Jreciiiii or harhariiiii. a biblical diai'actei". Thus the (J reek Hercules uas none othiM" than the llebi'ew Sanijjson: Arlon was Jonah, and ])eucalion Noah. Other mytho- logical characters were sui)|)ose(l by them to have been incarnated (lends, who disa[)[)eared after working for a time their evil upon men. Thei'e have been those wiio held mytlis to be thi' fictions of soi'cery. as there are now those who believe that lorms of worship) were invented by a designing priesthood, or that mythology is l)ut a collection of tales. physiciil. ethical and historical, invented by the sages and ancient wise men of the nation, for the ])urj)ose of ov(>rawing the wicked and encouraging the good. Some (leclare that religion is a factitious or accidental social phenomenon: others that it is an aggregation of organ- ized human experiences; others that it is a bundle of .sentiments which were originally projected by the im- agination, and ultimately adopted as entities; otlu'i's that it is a, feeling or emotion, the genesis of which is due to surrounding circumstances. Many believe all mythological personages to have heen once real human heroes, the foundations of whose his- tories were laid in truth, while the structure was reai'ed by j'ancv. The l']gyptians informed Herodotus that their deities — the last of whom was Orus soi; of Osiris, the Apollo of the Orecians — wei'e originally their ki'igs. Others allirm that myths are but symbolic ideas deified: that they are ))ut the eiubodimeut of a maxim in the form of an allegory, and that under tlu'se allcLorical lorms were taught history, religion, law and morality. Intermingled with all these hy|)otheses .:re elements of truth, and yet none of them api)ear to be satisfying i'xplanations. All imply that religion, in some ibrm. is an essential constituent of humanitw and that whate\er ijisF. ()[•' Tin: riuMiTivK phikstiiood. 21 l)0('ll ■ llis- rrni't'd their >. the ii'iiis. ilii'd: I the »ri(';il ty. lU'llts lyiiiti' •in. is itover I its ori,Liin rnd ruuctions. it lias exercised IVoiii tli(^ earliest ;i':vs iiud does yet exercise the most ])<)\verlid intlueiice iqioii man ; worUinu: like lea\-en in the Imiii). keepiirj.' the world in a lei'ineiit. stiri'iiiji' up men to action. Ijand- iiiLi' and disnuttim;' nations, nniting and di\idinu,' coiii- iiiiinities. and lonniii;^' the nncleiis ol' nnml)erless socie- ties and institutions. In e\('ry society, small and great, there are nndoiiht- I'dly certain intellects of (|nicker than ordinary |)erce|)- tion. which seize n|)on occasions, and hy a. skilll'nl um' of means ohtain a mastery over inferior minds. It is thus tliat political and sicial. as well as ecclesiastical l)()\\cr arist's. \ot that the leader erciites a want — he i^ hut the mouth-piece or anient of jient-iip human in- stincts. One ol" these instincts is deiiendente. That we ari' cri-ated suliordinate. not a!)solnte nor unre- strained, is a tact from which none can escape. Thral- dom, constant and insurmonntal)le. we feel we lane iiiheriteil. Most naturally, therefore, the masses of mankind seek from amonji' their fellows some eml>odi- mcnt of jjower. and raiiLiin^i' tlu'iiiseUes under the han- ner ol' leaders, follow hlindly whithersoe\-er they are led. l*ercei\iii;^ the power thus placed in their hands, tlu-^e liorn leaders of men are not slow to invent mt'ans for retaininii and increasin:.!' it. To the iiKpiiry of the child or unsophisticated saxauc. who. stiirtled In" a peal of distant thmidi'r. cries. "What is that?" the explana- tion is Liiven: "That is the storm-u'od speakin;^'."" "I a;u afraiil. pi'otect me!" ini|tlores the supplicant. "I will, only ol)ey. ' is the reply. The answer is sullicient, curiosity is satisfied, and terror allayed; the harharian teacher piins a dcNotee. In this inamu>r, llu> sup<'r- stiMicture of creeiK. witchcrafts, priestcrafts, may have arisen; sonu' p)ds may thus ha\e heen mad^^ foi'ins ol' worshi[i iiuented. and intercoin^e opened ' itli beings supernal and infernal. TIumi devotion advances and hecomes an art; professors I )y practice become experts. Mi'anwhile. craft is economi/ed ; the wary Shaman raiii- doi'tor — like the wortliv cleruMiiaii of civilized ortho- STEECII AND SPKCl'LATIOX. doxy, ^vll() rt'Cuscd to ])ray lor rain "wliIU' tlic uind AViis ill tliiit (lUiii'ti'i' ' — \viitclu's wt'U the ;:iitli('i-iii,!^' rijii'- iH'ss of the floiid Ih'I'ovc he attciiipts to hurst it with an arrow. And in tlic «.'nd. a luorc than ordiiiai-y skill in the cxci'ciso of this puwci', dcilics or dcnioni/c's the possessor. Kut whence ai'ises the neoesslty foi" craft and whence the cral't? The laculty of invention imjdies skill, ^^kill .•^uccessi'ulh' to ])lay upon the instincts of humanity can oidy ))(' acquired throii^uh the medium of likc^ instincts, and althou^li the skill he enipii'ical. the i)lay nni-^t he natural. ( 'I'aft alone will not sullicc ti> satisfy the de- sire; the hook nui.«t he haited with some small element of truth hefore the most credulous will s<'i/.e it. If ii'liuious heliefs are the fruits of invention, how shall we account for the stran,:.:'e coincidences of thought and worshi[) which ]>re\ail throuizhout all myths and cults? Why is it that all men ol' e\( ry iv/c, in <'onditions diverse, and in countries widely sundered, ai'c I'ound searching:' out the same essential facts? All woi'shij); nearly all liaAc their creation-myth, tlu'ir llood-myth. their theory of ori.uin. of distrihution from jirimitive centres, and of a future stati'. In this re,uard as in many another, cixili/ation is hut an evolution of sa\aj:ism; for almost e\erv ])rinci])le of modern i)lii- losophy there may Ite i'ound in i)rimiti\e times its parallel. Till' nature and order of supernatural conce])tions are essentially as Ibllows: The first and rudest form of he- lief is Fetichism. which invests vwry ])henomenon wiiu an independent pei'stniality. In the sunshine, tire, and water, in the wind and rock and stream, in every animal, hird. and ])lant, theiv is a seiiarate deit_\-: for vwvy elVect theri' is a cause, liven Ke[)U'r, whose in- tellect could track the planets in their orhits, nuist needs assume a guiding spirit for every workl. Jt is inipos- sihle for the mind to conceive of self-creati^■e or self- existent forces. in time the personalities of the fetich- worshiper 1te- ^ T 1)0- TIIKOKIES CONCEUNINd TIIH DKKJIN OI' AVOIiSmr. 'l'.] niiiic to MHiic i'xtcnt. "iciicriilizi'd, Ildiuo^ciicoiis ii|i])ciir- iiiici's iii'c |:r()U|M'(l into cliisscs. and ciicli class rd'crrcil to a sciiafatf dcitv. and licnci' I'olvtlicisni. l'aiitli»i«-ni lIu'U conii'S in and niaUcs all created siihstaiuio one with tlie creator; nature and the universe are ( Jod. I'Voni tlu! iiupersoMatiuL;' of the i'orci's of nature to the creation of inii'^iuai'v deities tlieiv is hut ii stei). I'lvt-rv ^irtue and \\cv, every pood and e\ il heconie.s a personality, iindri" the direct p)vernanco of uhich lie certain passions and cNcnts; and thus in })lace of ont^ p>d for many indi\id- uals, each individual may havi; u nudtitude of his own personal ;:(m1s. 1'he theop'ony of ]lesiod uas hut a- sys- tem of materialized lovo and liate; uhile, on the other hand, the pxls of Homer. althou|ih jK'rsonatinjz' human ])assions, weri^ liUewise endowed with moral jx'rceptions. In them the hlind for(res ol' nature are lighted up into a human-di\ ine intellijienco. In Monotheism the distinct personalities, uliicli to the savauc underlie every ai)[)earance, heconu' uholly pcn- ei'alized. and the origin of all phenomena is r«'ferri'd to one I'irst Cause. ^I'he su1)tle and ])hilos()j)hic, (h'eeks ^vl'll knew that (Jod to he (lod must he onniipotent. and omnipotency is indivisihle. That the Aztecs could he- lieve and ])ractice the ahsurdities they did is less an oh- ject of wonder, than that the intellectual philosopheis oi' Athens could have tok'rated the pxls of Homer. In- deed, the reliiiion of the more culti\atiMl (i reeks appears to us monstrous, in j)roj)oi'tion as they were .superi(jr to other men in poetry, art. and jdiilosophy. ( 'oiiiparative mytholo;iists explain the oi'ii:in of Avor- shi]) Intwo api)arently opiniLiiiant theories. The lirst is that \vliate\'er is seiMi in nature sti'an,:.:*' and wonder- tul. is (K'eiP'.ii l)y pi-imitive man an ohject worthy of worshij). The other is. that upon ci'rtain noted indi- viduals ai'e fastened metaphorical names, symholic of some (juality alike in them and in the natural ohject !! Iter which they are called; that' this name. Avhich at the first was hut the surname of an individual, after its pos.-^essor is dead and foriiotten. lives, reverts to the ' 24 SPKHfll AM) SI'KcrLATION'. jiliiiit or iiuimul ^\•lu•n('(• it ciiiiic. lii'comcs ilnl)('^^:()nil^ iiinl is worsliijMMl l)v ii conscrvjitiNi" posterity. In other words, one theory iasteiis ii|>oii iiiitili'iil |>iielloiiieiiii. hmiiiui attrildites, ami worships nature under ('o\-erinji; ol" those uttrihuti's. while tiie other worships in the natural ohjeet only th" nu'niory ol' a dead and forgotten man. I have no douht that iu hoth ol" these hy|iotlu'ses ari' elenii'nts of truth. In the earlier acts of worship the tendency is to assimilate the ohjeet worshiped and tht' character of the worshipei', and also to assi,:iii hahitations to deities, hehind mans innnediate environment. l']\('ry jieople lias its heaven and hell; the former most generally lo- eatiMl heyond the hlue sky, and the latter in the dark interior caves of the earth. Man in nature reproduces himself; invi'sts appearances with attrihutes analoiious to his own. This likeness of the supernatui'al to llit^ natural, of uods to man. is the lirst ad\ance from letich- ism, out as the intellect advances aiithro[)omorphism declines. As one hv one tl ■ tl 10 nearest nnsteries are solved l»y science, the em])tiness oi superstition hecon les a[)pari'nt. and the W( oiu lerl ess w »)ndi'r is referred h\' the Avakin^' mind to j^eiieral laws of causation ; hut still cliii;;- iiiji to its tirst coiicejjtions it places them on ohjects more ri'inote. Man iixes his eyes u])on the planets, discovers their movements, and fancies tlieir controHinn' sj)iritalso controls his destiny; and when released hy reason I'rom .star-worslii]). as fornu'rly ^uv.n i'etichism. n<:ain an ad- vance is made, alwa\s neariuv; the doctrine of universal law. In one tersely comprehensive sentence Clarke gives the old view of what were called natural ridiuions: "They considered them, in their source, the work of frtiiid; in their essence, corrupt superstitions; in their doctrines, wholly false; in their moral tendency, ahso- lutely injurious; and in their result, degenerating more anil more into greater evil."' And this view seems to him alike nncharitalile and nnreasonahlc : '"T* assume that they are wholly evil is m rrJF.STCRAFT AND rUdl'ITIATJON. (lisrcsiHTtl'iil to liiiman nature. It siijtposcs iu;iii to hi' till' I'iisv and imiviTsal ilupi' ol' iVaiid. I>iil llicsc icli- l^'ioiis do not rest on such u siiidy loundatiou. l)Ut on tlir li'diuii' of dciu'iidi'iicc, tlu' mmisc of acrountal(ilit\ . tlio ri'('();:nition of si)iritual i-calitics vi-rv near to this world of matter, and tlie need of lookin<:' up and wor.-liipin.u' N)Uie unseen iK)\ver lii;:lier and better than ouisehes. We shall (ind them ahvavs feeling' after (Jod. olten lind- iui: him. We shall see that in their ori;:in thev ar*' not the work ol' ])riesteral't. hut of huma]i nature; in their essence not superstitions, hut reliiiions: in their doc- trines true moie frecpiently than false; in their moral tendency jiooil rather than i'\il. And instead of dej^cn- eratinji; toward something:' worse. the\' come to pre[iiiru thi> way for something' hetter. " The nearest case to delihoratc invention of deities was, ])(>ihaps, the ])roniulLjati()n as ohjocts of wor,shi{) in piimitive times of such ahstractions as llojit; (Spos), I'ear ^Tailor). Concord (Concoi'dia), (\>ui'a,i:e (\'iitus), etc. Mow far these {i'ods were iiods. however, in even the ordinary heathen sense of the word, is douhtful. In i\ case, thev were hut the e.\tension of an old and e\- ai istent iirinciple — the per.soni heat ion ol divine asjiccts or ((Ualilies; they added no mori' to what went hefore than a new Saint or \'ii'<:in of lA)rett() does to the Catholic ( 'hurch. ■'It was a laNorite opinion with the Christian aijolo- ^ists. Kuseldu.; and others." says (Jladstone. "that the paiian deitii's represented deified men. Others consider them to si,Li'nify the jtowci's of external natui<' jiersoni- (ied. For others tl icy are. m many cases, inipersnna- tions of human iiassions and proiiensities. reliectt d hack iron- the mind of man. A lourtli mode of interpreta- tion would treat them as copies, distorted and depraved, of a ])rimitive system of religion given In' (iod to man. The AiHotle St. Taul speaks of them as devils; hy which he may perhaps intend to convey that, under the names and in connection with the worshii) of those deities, the wcjrst inlluences of the Evil One were at work. This 20 SrEECII AND SPECULATION. »i '< Avould ratlicr Ito a subjcu'tivc tlian an ohjcrtivo descrip- tion; ami would rather coiivry an accoiiiit of tlio })rac- tical workinii' of a cori'iiptt'd ri'ligioii. than an explanation of its oiitiin or its early coui'se. As lictwei'n the other four, it seems prohahle that they all, in varit)us di'<:rees and maimers, entered into the composition of the later l)a_;:anism. and also of the Homeric or Olympian system. That system, however, was ])rofoundly adverse to mi're Xature-worship; while the care of (le})artments or jirov- in(vs of external natui'c were assigned to its kadinl)l' seiiti- laents: hase and Aulgar thoughts with lofty and sc.))- lime ideas; and all so wrought \\\> hy his inimitahlo fancy into divine and su})ernatural heings, as to work most poueifi.lly n|K)n the nature of the ])eo])le. These concrete conceptions of his deities have ever heen a soiu'ce of consolation to the savage; ibr. ')y thus l)ringing down the gods to a nearer level with liimself, they could he more materially pro[)itiated. and tiieir ))ro- tection purchased with gifts and saci'ilices. Thus the (jlrceks could ol)tain advice thi'ough oracles, the Hindoo could pass at once into eternal joys hy throwing himself under the car of .luggeruaut.while the latter-day otlender seeks in the assistance of the departed to buy forn^ivo- nesswitli charities, and to compound crime by Luilding churches. The difficulty is, that in. attempting to cstal)lish any theory concerning the origin of things, the soundest logic is little else than wild speculation. Mankind pro- [Icscrip- K' pl'ilC- iiuation otlu'i" lie later svsttin. to iiu've [)V ])1()V- or olc- 1 it. Avas at ion of titular, [ion was lie r >v thus iniselt, eir i)io- iiis the Hindoo liiiuselt' llender orhincnt «)f ii line of .Missions along the Caliibrnian scahoard. could find no traces, in the minds of the nali\t's, of <'alii'illo"s \()yage in jVlii, or of the landing of Sir Jraiicis Hrakein l-iTO; althongh. so iiin)rt.ssed amm'c the savages in the latter inslauce. that. according to the worthy cliaplaiii of tlu> expiMlitiMM. theydesireii "with siilimis- sioii and tear to worship iis as gcids." Xor can we think civili/c(l niciiKuics -wliicli ascribe tiie ])lays of Shake- speare to Hacon, aiul jnuvel out the Iliad of Homer among numherlcss nnrecordt'd verse-niiikers — nioi'e te- nai :.. . Frederick Augustus A\'olf denies that a Homer ever exish'd; or. if he did. that he evei- wrote his poem, as writiiiLi' was at that time not geneially ];no\\n: hut he claims that snatches of history, descending orally 'iV( generation to anolhcr. in "the end coalcsctil into the niatchh'ss Iliad and Odyssey. The ^)vent which so 28 SPEECH AND SrECULATIOX. Ill .strongly iiiipivs.sod the fjitlitT. Ik'ooiucs vagiio in the iniiid ol' tlie son. and in the third i^eneratioii is eitlier lost or hecoinc's letivmhu'v. Incidents of reeent oecur- rence. 0()nteiniK)rary ])erhai)s with the narration, are sometimes so niisinter|)reted l»y iunoranee or distoi'ted hy prejudice, as to ])hice the i'act sti"anj:ely at variance Avith the recitah ^'et no incident nor action falls pnr- ])oseless to the ii'round. I'nrecorded it may he. unwit- nessed, unheard hy heinu's niatei'ial; a thought- wave even, lost in snaci' invisihle. actinu'. lor auuht we know, only upon the author; yet so acting, it casts an inlluence, stamps on lleeting time its record, theivhy i'uUiUinii' its destiny. ^Fhus linger \apory conceits long after the action which cri'ated them lias sunk into ohlivion: unde- lined shadows of suhstance de[)artcd; none the less ini- pr essive hecanse niinnled with innuortal iniaiierv Turn now irom outward events to inner life; from ith t une, to lit e ever unn an( d events grovn shiulowy wi mysterious alike to savage and sage. I'Aerywhere man heholds nuich that is incomprehensihle; within, around, the i)ast. the I'uture. Invisihle forces are at work, in- \isil)le agenc'es play upon his destiny. And in the creations of f; icy, which of necessity grow i>ut of the inlluence of nature upon the imagination, it is not strange that mysteries darken, facts and fancies hlend ; the past and the future uniting in a supernatural l)resent. We aiv never content with ]iositive knowledge. From the earliest workings <.f the mind, ci'eations of lancy play as inqjortant a [)art in ethical economy as jiositive ])erci'i)tions. Xor does cultuiv in any wise lessi'u these fanciful creations of the intellect. In the political arer.a of civili/ed nations, wars and revolutions lor the en- forcement of opinion concerning matters heyond the reach of positive knowledge, have e((uaU'U it they ha\e not exceeded wars t()r emjjire or asccndaucv'. In the social and individual atfairs of life we are goNci'ned more h_\' the ideal than hy the real. On reaching the limits of [)ositi\e knowledge, reason pauses, hut fane,- •i RELIfHOUS AND SCIEXTIFIC ULTBI.VTES. 21) in tllO i either ; occur- on. lire istorted ■•.u'iance lis i)ur- , unwit- lit-wave e know, itluence. Uinji' its i'ter the i: unile- less ini- fe; from dim ami lere man around. :)rk. in- l in the t of the is not l.lend: Irnatural Froui 1>1' lancy ositive ■n tl lese i\\ arena tl le eu- linil tl le l\ have In tl le oNci'ned lin,;:' the It \\inr\ overleaps the houndarv. and wanders forward in an end- less waste of s[)eeulation. The tendency of intellectual })ro>iress. according' to the |)hil()snj)hy of ilerhert Si)encer. is from the concrete to the ahstract. from the homojicneous to the luterojic- iH'ous. from the knowa])le to tiie unknowal)le. I'rimoi'- dially nothing' was known; as superstitions and prii'st- cral't urew rank. everythin ele- ments of ahsohite knowlediie are heuiimini:' to appear, we discover, not only that little is positively known, hut that nuich of what has heen hitherto deemnl past con- IrovcrtiuLi'. is. umh'r the jjresent r(\iiime of thought, ahsolutely unkuowahle. Formerly ultimate reliiiious knowU'(lj:(' was attained hy the very novices of reliszion, and idtiinate scientific knowledjie was e.\[>lained throuiih their fanatical concei>tions. Xot oidy were all the mys- teries of the matei'ial nni\erse easily solved hy the Fathi'rs. I)ii* heaven was measured and the phenomena of hell niinitely deserilied. Xow we are just l)(\L;in- nini: to coniprelu'nd that ultimate facts will ])rohahly ever remain unkuowahle i'acts. for when the present ultii;.;!t;' is attained, an <'ti'rnity of undiscovered truth >v .11 sUl lay stretched out hefore the searcher. I'ntil the I'Uite hecomes infuiite. and time lapses into eternity. ttn ie:,[i;j <\[' thouiiht will I'emain unfdled. At ])resent. a:'d inti' the srope of the intellect is materially en- larmvl. Mwn theories ;iS the oriuin of tlu' uni\'ei'se-^ held \)y atheists to he self-existent, hy pantheists to liaM" heen self-created, and l)y theists to have l)een ori,uinated hy an external aiiicucy must remain, as they are now- admitted to he. ((uestions l»eyond eviMi the comi>rehen- sion of the intellect. Likewise scientilic ultimates — such ts the (pialitiesof timeand space, the divisil»ility of mat- i'< '■. the co-ordination of motion and rest, the correlation "• lorces. the mysteries of ui-avitation. li,uht and heat — are lound to he not oid\ not solvahle. hut not conceiva- lile. And, as with the external, so with the inward ' 80 SPEECH AND SrECULATIOX. life; we cnnnot conceive the nntiire, nor explain tlie orij/in and dunition, of consciousness. The endless spec- ulations of Ijiolojiv and psychology only leave inipres- s'rons at once of the strength and weakness of the mind of man; stvong in empirical knowledge, impotent in every attempt rationally to penetrate the nnfathomahle. Nowhere in m\ thology do we lind the world sell-created or seli-existent, Some extei'iial agency is ever l)rought in to jierfoi i the work, and in the end the sti'iicture of tl le universt lived into its oriiiinal eleml'nt^ Primordial i. fnids himsel." snrroundeil l»y natural })hen()mena. the operations of which his intelligence is capable ol' gi-a.-ping hut partially. Certain appetites sharju'n, at once, certain instincts. II unuer makes liim ac(|uainte(l with the fruits of the earth; cold with the skins oi' beasts. Accident su[)plies him with rude im- plements, and imparts to him a knowledge of his power over annuals, Wwt iis instinct merges into inti'llect, strange powers in nature are felt: invisible agents wield- ing invisible weai)ons: realities which exist unheard and move unseen: outward manifestations of hidden streugtli, lliunanity, di\ine, but wild and wondei'ing. half-ft'd, half-clad, ranges woods ])rimeval. hears the roar of 1»at- tling elements, sees the ancient forest-tree shixcred iuto fragments by heavens artilk'ry, feels the solid earth ri>e up in rumbling waves beneath his I'ei't. lie receives, as it wei'e, a blow from within the darkness, and liingiiig himself upon the ground he begs protection; i'rom what he knows not. of whom he knows not. J )Ui"\' me not. () tumultuous heavens," he cries, "under thi' clouds of your (lispleasiuv; fierce llaminu' fire Hri' not all of them inimical '•> the hap[)iness of mankind. Sun- shine, air and water, the heniun inlluences in nature, are as [jowerful to create, as the adverse elemeuts are to dcsti'oy. And as these forces a[)})ear contlictinii'. \)i\vt ]ii'()ductive of lil'e and enjoyment, and part ol destruc- tiou. decay, aud death, a se[)aration is made. Hence ])riuciiiles of siood and evil are discovered; and to all these uuaccountalile I'orces in nature, names and })roper- ties are uixen. and causations invented. For every act there is an actor — for everv dved a doer; for everv ]);)wer and passion there is made a jiod. 'jliiis we see that worship in souie form is a huuian necessity, or. at least, a constant acconipaniuunt oi' ini- manity. I'ntil perlect wisdom and liuiitless power are the attril)utes of lunnauity, a/loi-ation will continue; lor Hi '11 will ne\er cease to reverence what they do uot \ui- ders'iaud, n^r will they cease to fear such elenu'uts of sti'euilh as ai'e heyond their control. Tlu' ioi-ui of this c (ueiliatory hoiua;j:e appears to arise from couuuon hu- man instincts: lor. throuuliout the world and in all a,n' 's. a similarity in p\-iniitive ri-liuious forms has existed. It is a j:ivin,'i of somethin;^; the harter of a valnahle somethiim' for a souu'thin,Li' moiv vaIu;d)U'. As in his civil });)lity all crimes may he couipoumU'd or awMi.^cd, so in his worshi]). the savage gives his pride, his pro})- erty. or his hlood. At first, this s[)irlt power is seen in evi'rythmg: in the storm and in the soft evening air; in clouds and catai-acts. in mountains, rocks, and rivers; in ti'ces. in reptiles, heasts, and fishes. JJut when progressive man 82 SrEEC'II AND SrECTLATIOX. obtains a more pt'rH'ct inastcrv o\'vr the l)nite' civatioii. brute worship ceust's; as he becomes lamihar witli the causes of some of the forces in nature, and is better able to pi'otect himself from them, the fear of natural objects is lesseui'd. JA'aviu.u the level of the brute creation he mounts upward, and seleetinj;' from his own specii's some livinti' or dead hero, ho endows a kiuu' or connade with su})erhuman attributes, and worships his dead fellow as a divine bi'inj;'. Still he tunes his th()u;,ihts to subtlei" creations, and carves with skillful (iuLicrs material ima^'s of suj)ernatural forms. Then comes idolatry. The iireat princi[)les of causation beinn' determined and embodied in iK'rceptible forms, adorations ensue. C'ravin^s. how- ever, increase. As the intellect e\[)ands. one idol alter another is tin-own down. .Mind assumes the mastery over matter. l''rom .uods of wood and stone, made by mens rmirers, and from suns and planets, carved by the finders of omnipotence, the creature now turns to the Creator. A foi-m of ideal worship su[)plants the mate- rial form; ii'ods known and taniiible are thrown aside foi" the unknown (lod. And well were it I'or the intel- lect could it stoj) here. Unt. as the actions of countless mateiial ;i'ods were clear to the primiti\e prit'st, and by him s:itisfach)rily exjilaiiu'd to the savaue masses; so, in this more avlvanced state nu'ii are not wanting' who re- ceive IVom their ideal uod revelations of his actions and moti\es. To its new. unknown, ideal pxl. the partially awakened human mind attaches the jjositive attributi's of the old. material di'ities. or invents new ones, and starts anew to tread the endless mytholouic circle; until in yet a hiiihei' .-^tate it discovers that both ii'od and attri- butes are whoUv bi'xond its urasi). and that with all its pi ouress. it has advanced ))ut sliiihtlv bevond the (ii'st avaiiv conception; — a jiowt'r altoii'ether mysterious, in- explicable to science, controlling phenomena of mind and matter. ]>arbai'ians are the most reliuious of mortals. While ked brain of the schohu" or man of I with more practical all'airs, the list- tl le busw overwoi busniess is occupiet OUICIN OF FETICIIISM. 83 cation, th the or iil)U' ohjt'cts tiou ho I's sonic Ic with i'cUow SllhtllM' , iiiiii'ics U' lircat iiliotlicd LS, hoNv- ol iirtci- niiistcrv Kulc \)y \ h\ the ^ to the ic niatc- n aside le intcl- ountlcss and hy h: so, in who ir- ons and |)!irtially tti'ihutcs ics. am le 1111 I til lid attri- it.^ Ii a I the lii'st less mind of the sii\ii,iic, tlirown as he is upon the verv hosoiii of nature, is lilK'd with inniinicrahle eoiijcctuivs iiiid iiiterroiiatories. His curiosity, like tliat of a child, is proNcrhial. and as sii[K'rstition is ever the resource of iLiiioraucc. ((Uecr fauries and fautasuis (touciM'niiiLi lileaud death, and t:()>ls and devils lloat contiuuall\ throuidi his uiieuli^ihteiied iiuaiiination. lll-pvotected iVoiii the elements, his comfort and his iiiici-rtaiu food-sujjply de})en(lin^' upon them, iirimitive man rcLiards nature with eaiicr interest. Lil most sa\'age, a spirit of progi'css. which, if a people he left to the free fullilhnent of their destiny, is sure, soniier or later, to ri[)eii into full dexelopment. We will now glance at the origin of letichism. which indeed may he called the origin ol' ideal religion, from the other standpoint: that which arises from the rcs])ect men Itvl I'or the memory of their dep:u1ed ancestors. The first conception of a dualty in man's nature has lieen attributed to various causes; it may be the result of u combination of <'anses. There is the shadow upon the ground, separah'. yet inseparable; the ri'ilectioii of the form upon the water; the echo of the voice, the ad\-entures of fancy portrayed by dreams. Self Vol. III. ;) 1 1' u SrEECII AND SPECULVTION. is (li\'isiI)U' IVoin and iiisopiu-ahly ooimcotcd with tills otlu'i'si'll'. Ilcrt'lVoiii iii'isc iiiniiiiK'riiltU' sinu-rstitions; it AViis j)()rtont()Us of inislortiiiie for ones clotlu's to ho stt'j)[K'(l on; no I'ood nnist he k'I't nneiitcn; nail dippings jind locks of hair must not fail into the hands ol' an enemy, (^itlin, in sketching' his portraits, often nai'i'ow- 1\ es{'aj)ed with his lile, the Indians ))elievin!j^' that in tl leir lil venesses le ciirnei a\va\' th len' otui'K se ir. And when death eomes, and this other sell' de[)Ui'ts, whither has it ^one? The lil'eless hody remains, hut where is the life? 'i'he mind eannot eonci'ive of the total e\tin|.iuishment of an entity, and so tiie ima.iiinu- tion rears a local hahitatioii i'or every di'parted spirit. l*]very phenomenon and every event is analyzed under this hypothesis. For every event there is not only a cause, hut u personal cause, an indei)endent aucnt hehind every consecjuence. livery animal, exery (ish and hird, every rock and stream and ])lant. the rii)enin;j:' fruit, the falllni;' rain, the uncertain wind, the sun and stars, are all personilied. There is no disease without its uod or devil, no tish entaniiled in the net. no heast or hii'd that falls hefore the hunter, without its s[)ecial sender. Savaiics are more iifraid of a dead man than a live one. Tlu'y are overwhelmed with terror at the thought of this unseen ])ower over them. The spirit of the de- ])ai"ted is onnii[)()tent and omni[)resent. At any cost or hazard it nuist he pro[)itiated. So food is placed in the urave: wives am 1 sli ives, and horses and doiis. are slain, and in spirit sent to servi> the jihost of the de[)arted; e sent to the reiiion of shadows ai ] )liantom nu'ssenjiers iVom time to time; the messen;iers sometimes even vol- uiiteeriii;j,' to p). f^o hoats and weapons and all the ])ro[)erty of the deceased are l)unu'd or deposited with him. In the hand of the deail child is placed a toy; in that of the departed warrior, thesymholic pipe of jieace, which is to open a tranipiil entrance intoliis new abode; clothes, and ornaments, and })aint, are conveniently ])laced. and thus a ])roi)er personal api)earance liuaran- tced. Xot that the thin;is themselves are to he used, Tin: wor.siiir or dead ancestors. 35 l)ut tlic souls of tliiiiLis. ^I'lio hody ol' the cliicf rots, as does tlif luatt'riiil sitlistaiicc of tlio articles hiiricd with it: but the soul of I'Vcry article follows the soul of its owner, to serve its own peculiar eiul in the land of phantoms. The Chinese, jirown cnnninjr with the j-reat anti(|nity of their hnrial enstonis. ^vhich re(|nire nion^y and food to he deposited for the henelit of the deceased. si)iritual- i/e the money, hy niakin^t;' an imitation coin of paste- h(t;u'd. w Idle the I'ood, untouched i)y the dead, is tinally eaten l)y themselves. r>iit whence arises the stranu'e propensity of all pi'im- itive nations to worshij) animals, and plants, and stones, thinis animate and inanimate, natural and supernatui'al? Why is it that all nations or tribes select from nature soine oliject which they hold to he sacred, and which they \enerate as deity? It is the o[)inion of llerhei't Spi'iiccr that '"thi' i'ndimcntar\' iorm of all religion is the in'opitiation of di'ad ancestors, who are su[)[)oseil to 1)1' siiil existinii'. and to he capaide of workin_i:' jiood or evi toth leu' (lesceui lant> Itisth le universal caistom with sa\a.e trihi's. as the character of their inemhers heconu'S devclopi'd. to (lro[) the real name of individuals and to fix u[)i)n them the attribute of some external ol»ject, by wliose name only tluy are afterwards known. Thus a swil't runner is called the 'anteloue.' the slow ol' foot. the ' tia'toisi'.' a mei'ciless warrioi tl le wo a ( lark- i'ye'i maid may be likened to the 'raven.' a majestic mati'on to the'cyj)ress.' And so the I'ivulet.the rock, the dawn, the sun. and even elements invisible. are sei/t d up- on a-< mi'ta[)hors and fastened ni)on individuals, accordinj;' to a real or I'ancied resemblance between the <|ualities of nature and the character of the men. Interiority and baseness, alike with nobleness and wise conduct, IteriK'tuate a name, l^ven in civili/ed societies, a nick- nim,' often takes the place of the real name. School- boys are (juick to distini-uish peculiarities in their fel- lows, and fa.sten upon them si-inificant names. A dull (Scholar is called ' cal)ba;>e-liead,' the "irl with red riny;- li * % Ml 86 SPEECH AND SPECULATION. lets. * carrots.' \\i tlu> family tluMV is tlu; •rrcody '|>iti'.' tliL' (liu'liiijj; 'duck.' the little •lamh.' In new ciniiiti'ics. and ahiionual coimminitics, ^vlu'l•e straiiiicrn fVamall |)ai'ts arc; pi'oiuisciioiisly tlii'owii to^icthcr. not iin- iVi'iiicntly nu'ii live oil ti'i'iusol' intimac\' i'oi' years with- out ever kiiowiuj;'oachotliei''s real name. Anu)n,ii" miners, such apiH'llations as 'Muley Bill,' 'Sandy,' 'Shorty,' 'Sassafras .lack,' often sei've all the pin'i)oses of a name. In more relined circles, there is the h\ [KM;ritical 'cro- codile,' the sly 'I'ox,' the hinxes. mermaids, hmnan-headed hi'iites. winded animals; as when the descendant of the ■hawk' carries olf a wife from the 'salmon' trihe. a totem repiesentinu' a lish with a hawk's head for a tiiiu' kei'ps alive the occurrence and finally hecomes the deity. Thus realities lieconie metaj)hors and metaphors reali- ties; the fact dwindles into shadowy nothingness and the fancy s[)riniis into actnal heiiiii'. The historical inci- dent hecomes first indistinct and then is foruotteii; the UH'tiipliorical name of the dead ancestor is first res[)ected in the animal or [)lant. then worshipi'd in the animal or i)lant. and finally the nicknanu' and the ancestor hoth are for,;_otti'n and the idea hecomes the entity, and the veritaMe ohject of worshij). I'Voiii for'ictfiilness of priiiio- p'nitor ;iiid metaphor, conceixinu' the animal to he the ^■ery ancester. words an- pnt into the animals month, t'"' sayiiiLis of the ancestor hecome the sayin.us of the hrnte; hence mytholo;:ical IcLicnds of talkin.u' heasts. and hirds. and wise fishes. To one animal is attrihnted a miraeii- loiis cnre. to another, assistance in time oftronlile: ore animal is a deceiver, another a l)etrayer: and thus throiidi their myths and metajihors we may look liack into the sold of sava-ism and into their .sad of nature. That this is the oriiiin of some [)liases of letichiMn there can he no doiiht; that it is the oriL^in of all reli- 88 Sl'KECIl AND SrilClU.ATlO.V. gioiis, or oven tlio «mlv iiU'tlKid ])y \\\uv\\ anlmiil and l)liiut worsliip originutt's. I do not liclii'vc. W'liili' tlu'i'i' iuv undoiihtcdlv jit'iuTid [trinciiili's iiiidcrlx in;:' all ivli;iioii.s ('oii('t'|)tioiis, it docs not necessarily I'ollou. that ill every instance tlu' metliods of arriving; at those ruiida- nicntal j»i'incii)les nnist he identical. AsAvith lis a child wee|)s o\e»' a dead mother's pictnre, ri'j:'ardiii,ii' it with Ibnd devotion, so the diitii'nl haiharian son, in order the iK'tter to }tro[)itiate the i'avor of his d<'ad ancestoi'. sonie- tiiiies carves his iuiaue in wimmI ov stone, which sentiment Avitli time lai)ses into idolatry-. Any object which strikes the rnde fancy as analojions to the character of an indi- vidual may become an object of woi'ship. Till' interpretation of myth can lU'Ver be absolute and iiositive; \et we ma\' in almost e\er\ instance discover la* • the hori- ^cal expressions. J]^ e hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither ^ iin:i1 and While; '\\\\\li Jill ()\V. tllllt ■li()ri- neither I' I I'lNDAMKNTAL ]1)I:AS ol' Ulil.HIION. 80 halh it entei'cil into the lieait of man. Vet even the religions of the ancient nations ai-e hy no means inevi- tahly and aitoiii'ther mytholoiiical. On the contrary, as a diseased iVame |>re-sii|>[)osi'S a healthy rraiiic, so a mytholojj,ical religion pre-sn[)p()ses, I hi'lieve, a healthy rcii.Liion. The nniversal secrets of sM|»ernatnral heinusare wrap- ])ed ii[) in ])rol»ahle or nossihle I'alde; the elciiicnts of physical nature ju'e im[)ersonated in allegories, and arrayed in forms per(vptil)le to the imai:ination; deities arc sometimes introduced into the machinery of the supi'iiiatiiral in order to gratify that lo\i' for the mar- velous which every attempt to e.\plain the mysterious forces of nature creates in the i<:iiorant mind. Vet it cannot truly he said that any foi'in of reli,::ion. much less any religion was wholly invented. Fanatics some- times orii^inate doctrines, and the Church sets forth its (htiiiiias. hut there nnist he a foundation of truth or the eililice cannot stand. Inventions there un(loul)te(lly have heen and are. hut invi'utions. sooner or later I'all to the ,L:roiind. while the essential princi[)les underlying' religion and mythology. thou,iih momentarily overcome or swei)t away, are siuv to remain. livery one of the fundamental ideas of reli^iion is ol' indigenous oi-itrin. generatinij; spontaneously in the human heart. It isacharactei'isticof mytholoi^y that thi; })i'esi'nt inhahitants of the world descended iVom sonu" iiol)ler race. From the nohler impulses of fancy the sava;j;e di'rives his ori,uiu. Ills higher instincts teach him. that his dim distant past, and his impenctral)le fiituri'. arc alike of a lighter, more ethereal natiii'e; that his earthly nature is hase. that that which hinds him to eai'th is the lowest, vilest part of himself. The tendency of positi\e knowle.uc is to oxcrthi'ow tsuperstitiou. Hence as science devel«)[)s. many tenets of estahiished religions. pal[)al)ly erroneous. are dropjied. and the more knowledge hecomes real, the more real know- led Lit IS denied. Mi})erstition is not the efii-ct of ;ni Jictive imagination, but shows rather a lack of imaiiination, M I ii'f 1') PPEEfll AND SPECT'LATTOX. I'oi- we s(H' tliiit tlic lower tlie .^tuw ol' intcUi.iiciirc. niul tilt' li'C'Idcr till' iiii;i,^iii;iti()n. tlu' jircatcr the sitju'i'stitioii. A keen. N'ivid imiiiiiiiiitiou. iilthoiiiih capuhle of hroiidor and more eoiii[)licate(l conceptions, is ahle to explain the cimkU'I" mai'vels. and conse((uently to dispel the coarser jihascs of snpi'i'stition. while the dull intellect accepts evervthinji' which is put u[)oii it as true, ritiniate reli- gious coni'e[)tions aiv svniholic rather than at'tual. 11- tiinate ideas ol the univei'se are even hevond the ,uras[) of the ])roroun(lest intt'llect. We can form hut an ap- proximate idia of the spheiv (ai which we live. To form conceptions of the rehitive and actual distimces and maiiiiitudes of heaveidy hodies, of systems of worlds, and eternities v;f ^pace, the human mind is totally inade([uate. If. therefore, the mind is unahle to .tirasp material visihle ohjects. how nmch less are we al)le to measure the invisi- hle and eternal. When therefore the savage attem[)ts to sohe the proh- lem of natural ])lienomena. he first reduces hi'oad concep- tions to symbolic ideas, lie moulds his deity accordini;' to the mea\ver forms of wor;;hi[i are abandoned as the intellect unfolds, the s; nu' piincij)le is continurd. We st-t nj) in tin' luind symbols of the ulti- nr.ite i(h'a wnich is too ui'eat for our s^rasp. and iuia^ininu' oursei\('s In possession of the actual idea, we fall into numberU'ss erroi's concerninsi' what we hi'lieve or think. The atheistic hypothesis of sell'-i'xistence, the pantheistic liy[)otlH'sis of self-creation, and the theistic hy])otliesis of creation by an external auency are i'(|ually nnthiid\abl(' and therefore as postulates e([ually untenable. Vet un- rLASSIFTCATTON' OF r.VClFir STATES' JIYTIIS. 41 (Ipilv inii,' all. liowi'vcr ^ross or sii|)( rstitlous tlu' doiznia. is OIK- rimdaiiR'iital truth. Haiiu'l\ . that {\\vvo is a j)r()lt- Inii to hv solw'il, ail t'xistciit iiiystL'i'ious univrrsc to he acc'ouiiti'tl lor. \)cv\) down in ovi'i'v Innnan hri-ast is iniplantrd a i".'li!.rio.^it_v iis a rumhnni'ntal attrihutr ol" man s nature; ii conscioiisiK'ss that heliind vi^ihlo a})})e;n'aiu't's is an in- \isihlc power; underlvinii' jill ('on('t'[)tion is an instinct Ol' intuition Ironi \vhi<'h there is va: escajie. that hevond inatvi'ial actualities jiotential ai:encies are at work; and throULihout all heliel'. iVoni tlie stupidest H-tichisui to the most exalted monotheism, as part ol'these insti)icti\e con- ^ ictions, it is held that the heiniis. or hein;^. who rule nr'ui's destiny may ])e propitiated. The lirst cry of nature is inished. l^'rom time im- memorial nations and pecjjjles lia\e come and iione, ^\henceaud whithei' no one knows; entering cxisti'nci' unaiuiounred they disa[)pea" and lea\e uo trace, saxc })erhaps their impress on tiie hiniiuaLie or the luUholoj^y ol'the world. Thus iVom histcii'ic fact hh'nded \vith the ivligious sentiment.; springs the Mythic Idea. Tn the loUowinii' chapters. 1 line atteuipted. as far as practical lie. to classify the Myths of the i'aciiic States .Older •ippiopriate heads. \n niakin,ii' such a (da-^siljcation tlu'i'e is no diHiculty. except \\ln're in one myth oc(Mir two or more di\isi()us ol' the suhject. in which case it hccoiii"- nc'cssary. either to li't'ak the narratiNc. or make exception-; t) the ^licnera! rule of clas.-il\ in,Li'. 1 have in\ariahly adopted tiie latter aUernati\e. The divisions which 1 make of .Mytholo-y an as follows; i. Oi'i.nin and Ihid of Thiir^s:' II. I'l'iysical Myths; II!. Animal .Myths: |\'. (.ods. Supernatural lleiii-s. ami Worship; \'. The Future State. [t un- I I I: CIIxiPTER II. ORIGIN AND EXU OF THINGS. QriciiK riiKATKiN-^LvTH— .\/,TK(.' Oiiii in-Myt"s~-Tiu; rAPAOOS— !MoNTK7.U- JIA AND TllK ('(lYi)TK — 'L'lIK Mo(n*I-i- "'J'hK liIiKAT SpIDKK's Wv.n OF THE I'iMAs -Navajo anu I'ukislo C'kkaiions — Okicin ov Clk.\r Lakk and I.AKK TaUhE — ClIAUKYA OP TIIK CaHIKXH — MoUST SlIASTA, T|[K WlU- wa.m oi' iiiK (litKAi' Si'imr— Idaho Si'itiNiis and WAihat Falls — How Dll'l-KKKNlKS IN LANCil'AOK OccCKUKD — VkIIL, JIIE t'liKATOlt OF TIIK Thlinkkkt.s— The Haven and the Dog. or all AintM'iciui ]K>()])le.s tlio (^u'u'Ik's. of (jriiiiteinfi- lii, liiiw U'l't us the rielu'st nivtliolo^i^iciil U\uiU'v. 'Uw'w d(,>s('rii)ti()ii of the ci'eatiou ;is o'lveii in tlie Toi^ol \'iih, which iii;iv he called tlie national hook of the (^inches/ 1 ii 'ic'UiKi ill 1S.")7. tile l)(Hik 11 best 1, lll'Wll us tiic ropoi Villi was first l)rnuL;ht to t\w iioti( >l F uropciin s( liol; trs, under llir I'ollo • itli': /,'/s IHAiriiis ihl (iri'/i'ii ih- lus linlios .v; il'irt. niii ro pur d rad pitfiindtu ilii I'mlilu i/r N. 'riiDinds Chn'iUi. — F.X'ir'diinhh' sC'/uii (7 ti\di> '•S//I -/ lld nidiinsi ril'i urn, I'llirersiildil ih' (iiiiltiindld, jiohUi'dilti hl'tiidl qu lidlld I It III bilili lint lie In jwr la iiniiii r-t n 1/ dittiit' itiilii itiid iiitriiiliicriiiii 1/ dKiildfiuii's pur fl J>r ('. Sflimcr. What Dr Sclicr/cr says ill ii [nipci' rriul lii-t'orc tlu' Viciiuii Acailfiuy of Sciences, Feli. 2()tli, ]S,")(! and vep its in liis introduction, alioiit its luitlior, iiiuounis |o tlii Ii tho early part of the ISth century Fraiicisci) Xiineiie/, a hoiuiiiiciu Father of great repute for his learning; ami his love of truth, tilleil Ilie otlice of curate ill the lillle Indian town of ( 'hichii'asleuaneo iu the liiL;lilands of (iiiateiiiala. Neither the time of his tiirtli nor that of his de.atli can 1 le exactlv I'tained, l>iit the internal evidence of (Uie of his Works shows tli.it he .as eiieau'ed Up( it in 17:21. He left many iiianusciipts, Imt it Sllppi il that the iinp.il.itahie truths some of them contain with reu'ard tip the ill-treatment of the Indians hy the colonial aiithorilies siiHiceil. us previously in the case of Las Casas. to ensure their ])arti:d destruction and total suppression. \\ hat leiiiaiiis of them lay loin,' hid in an oliscure corner of the Convent of the Hominicaiis in (riiateiuala, and passed iifterwiinls, uii the supressiou of all THE roroL vuii. •1:5 — ^loNTEZU- Vy.M Ol' TIIK Lakk am> THK ^VI(■- ALLS — llow )U OF UIIK luiitonm- . TlK-ir )()! \'uli, I*()]>()1 Villi t'liUciwiiij^ 'iiiill' lllilld, ,1,1,1 ,1,' /oS (/ iftrli,, ri) I, If SI' 1 1(11 lii;i (If III 11:, t till) C'ltl SchiT/.t'l- Fell. 20th, 1 this: 111 I'athcr i)t' of ciinitc iimtiiiiala. scirtaiucd, ,IM ciiyiitii'il ,,.s.(l that -ticatliiclit ill thi' faso .imi. What lilt of the isioii o£ all is. in its riido stranjiv c'1(h[iu'1K'0 and ]>ooti(' originality, one of the I'aivst ivlics ol' alioriuinal thou>;lit. Aitlion^uli ol)lii:vil in rcjirotlucinj:' it to oondonso MMnowliat, I have the rihLjiiiiis orders, into thi' lilivavy of the I'liivtvsity of San Carlos ((ina- trnialai. Jlcrc J)r. Schrizcr (Uscovtrcil thciu in .liim* l^.")t, and caii'- fully cojiird, and aftfnvaid.s jiiilili^h: d as ahove tiic iiarticiilar tl'tati^'i^ with whii h we arc now conccviicd. This, ai'i'ordiiiL! to I'atinr Niinciuz hini- st If, and acconhii^' to its intniiai ividiiic", is a tian:dation of a li , in' coiiy of an oii_'iiial hook, written by one I'r more t^nieh' s, in tlie (,)'ii(hi' lanunai^'e. i.i lioiaan liters, after the Christians ] '\,\ occiiiiied (iiiatemala. and after thi' rial oriLjinal I'opol Villi — National 1 o ik — had heeii lost or ihstroyed liie- rally. was no nioro to be seen and written to ri)i^''i-- that lost booli. ' (^nise tnisiadar todas las historias ,1 /((/•//■<( de cstos indios, y tambieii tradiieirla ell la leiiLtiia castellana.' ' Esto escriiiireinos y,i tii la hy de Ilios en 'a rri^liandad. los sacareliios, iiorijiie ya no hay libro conniii, ori;_;iiial doiid- Velio, .V/z/e /,('.-, y/)>(. lull, limit., jiji, I, 1, ."i. ' \dil.i ce que nous icriroiis de- ]i:ii^ iiu'on a lironiiil>,'iii') la parole di curate's tr tlislatiiUl of that text, Ih'asseiir d" r>olirbourL; copied both at tlcit time, but he was dissatislied with the translation. belii'viliL; it to be full of faults owiii;.,' to the piijuilices and the i.;niMance of the a;4e in which it was made, as well as disti^uieil hy abridu'iiieiits and omissiiuis. So in ISCd he si tiled himself aiuoiii,' the tjuich.'s and by the lielji of natives joined to his own practical kiiouied'^e of their lan;_;iia,L;e, he (laborated a new and literal transi.itiiui, ( aiissi litt'rale ipi'il a iti' iiossible de la faire). We seem jus'ilied then on the wlioli' in lakiii;,' this docniiieiit for what Ximeiiez an I its own (videiii e dec-lire it 1.1 bi', namely, a reproduction of an oMer work or imdy of (^liiicli ■ tradiiional liisto.y. wiitteii bi'caiise that older worli had been list and was li'i'ly to be for:;otten. and written by a (^):iichi' not Ion; afli r l!ie ^■panisll conqilr,t. l. I'rim., pp,^:l 7: lllsl. ths .\iil. 1 [,-., l,„„. i,, pp, IT-id; .\iiiin,r:. Ill-I. /.,!. (ln.il., \y. ."1 I.".; >.''/,;•;(./', in SUi,i„ .l,.r:rl,i, ,1 r .\l,,i,l „,;, ,1, r \\'l^.'/"l''>/' I'lilHllll'sl, vol. iv,. p]l, lo"! I'l, ' I'l'llfessor iMiiiler ill his essay ,1:1 t],, l',,p,,l Vid,^ i,|,s in one or two placi s iiiisundi r- stoo-l the ii.irralive, Th, re v.asnosueli creation of m.-m as that he eives as t\e second, while hi, tkird , reatiiui is tlie second of the ori'.,'inal. .\p'a.ll, he makes the four l,laiehe ancestors to be the pl-oMellitors of u OltldlX AND END OF THINGS. eiidoavorcil to ,Liivc not only tlio sulistanoi'. l)iit iils(>. as far as jiossiMc. tlic iicculiai' style ami phraseology of tlio oi'i,;ziiial. It is ^vitll this primeval picture. Avhose siiu[)lo hileiit siiljlimitN' is that ot" the iiiserutahle past, that we ]ie<:iii: — And the heaven was formed, and all the sit:ns thereof set in their aii,Lile iind aiiiiimunt. and its houiidaries lixed toward,-! tiie lour winds by the Creator and Former, and Mother and I'athei' of life and existence. — he hy wlioni all move and l)reathe. the Father and ( 'herisher of the peace ol" nations and of the civilization of his |)eople. — he whose Nvisdom has ])rojected the excellence of ail that is oil the earth, or in the lakes, or in the sea. Ik'hold the iirst word and the first discourse. Thei-e was as yet no man. nor juiy animal, nor hird. nor lisli, nor crawfish, nor any })it. noi' ra\ ine. nor .ureen herl), noi" any tree; nothini:' wms hut the firmament. The face of the eariii had not yet ap[)eai'ed. — only the peaceful sea and all the space of heaven. There was notJiiii;^ yet ioined toi^etln'r. nothinii' that chnm' to anxthimi else; no- tiling;; that balanced itself that made the h-ast iMistlim:', that made a sound in the hea\en. Tlieie was nothing that stood up; notliin:.:' hut the (|uiet water, hut the sea, calm and alone in its houndaries; not hiuLi' existed : no- thing' hut innnoltility and silence, in the darkness, in the iiiiiht.'- (I'l trilitf^ huHi vh'di Hull hliirl,-; \vlulc tllcV Wrrc till' Jtlircnts (if till' (Juiclii' ami kiiiilri',1 nu'cs only. Tln' courst' of Uic Ir^ciiil luiii-^ us to trilns of iv straii,L;c liliod, with which llu'sc four imccstors iiml tin iv j" o]i|(' wcri' oft( ii (it war. Till- naiTativr is. liowivcr. itself so confusiil and I'oiitrailiitory lit points, that it is almost iuipossilili' to avoid such thiiiu's; and. as ii vliolc, till' views of I'rofcssor ilidh r oil the I'ojiol N'uli sciiii just and W( II consiilci'cd. lialdwin. Aiir'n'i.l Am' rir i. pp. l'.t|-7, <,'ivcs a nici-c dihition of I'l'ofcssor .Miillcv's essay, and that witliMul acknowledLjnicul. ' 'llie oi'iu'iiial (^Juiche runs as follows: ' Are n t/.ihoxic vac ca (>a t/inin-oc, r:i ca chiiniani-oc. cii t/iiiouic; cii ca zilanic, en cii lolinic. ca tolona piic h u ].a call. Nile cute niil)e t/ili. nal>c mlian.-Ma-liahi-oc hun \inak. hull ciiieop; t/iipiiii. cur, tap, clie, iiliali. lull, civiiii, (juiiu, (jiclulah: X'l-v.iuipu 1 call ([olic. Jlavi calah n vacli uleii: xa-ntiniuel reiiiaiiie i)alo, u jiah cah roiioliel. llii-hal)i iialdia ca niolobic. ca col/ohic: Imnta ca /iloliic; ca nial ca lian-tah. ca cotz ca liaii-tah jia call. X-nia ipi vi nakila qolic y.-iealic; xii reiuaiiic lia, xa liaiiie palo, xa-utnipiel renianie: \-iiia no-\i naUilalo i|olic, Xa ca clianiaiiic. ca t/.iiiiiiic clii i,'el;uni, chi at^ali.' This passage is rend"vi d by the .Vlili.' lirasseur d<' riouilionr-,' thus; ' \'oi- ci le r.'cit coiiiiuc ipioi tout I'lail en siispens. tout i tait cahiie et siliiicieux; THE QUICHE IDKA Oi" CJIKATIO.V. 45 iiotliiiit:; ■d : iio- iii the (,)uicli!' ilus u( ,1 rinlli u ti'ailictMry iiicl. as ii llhl w, 11 lilutiilll (if t/iiiiii- over the water like ui'eat lol)sters; ill an instant the mountains and the plains wi're ^isihle, ami the (ypress and the ])ine appeared. Then was the (Juciimat/ filled with joy. eryini:' out: IJlessed ))e thy comiuLi. () Heart .)!' Ileaxcn. Hurakan. Thunderholt. Our work and our lahor has accomplished its end. The earth and its veiictation havinii thus a|)peared, it v.-as jn'opled with tlii' various rorius of animal lite. And the Makers said to the animals: Speak now our name, font I'tait iuiiiidhili', taisiliU'. ( t viilr I'tait 1" iiiiuiciisiti' drs cii'iix. Viiil.'i liiiic la ini'iuirrc jiavdli' it Ic iirciniiv iliscdurs. II ii'y iivait jias cindii^ nil snil liiiiuiiic, pas nii animal: jias d nisiaiix, di' jioissons, (I'l-ci'cvisscs, ill' I'liis, (Ic ipicnc, (Ic fiiiidrii'i'is. di- ravins, d Ihi'Im' on he Iuksi^cs: stuliim lit li- cirl i\ stall. La faci- dc lii tciTc lie sf iiiauifi'stait )ias tiicorc: siulr la imr [laisililr I tait ct tuiu I'lspai'c di's cii'UX. Jl ii'y iivait ciu'ini' ricn (jui fit i'irii->. ijiii (|iii SI' I'laiiipiiiiuat ii iiutrc clinst : vicli (]iii sc l)alaii(;at. (jni fit tlo iiMJiiilir i fr ill nil lit. (lui fit (ciitciidri' ) m> sun dans If vu\. 11 n y avuit vim i| li I \i-.|at ili'liiiiit; ( il ii'y avait ) 4U1' I'ciin jiai-iiMf, iinc la iiicrcalnii' ct si idn 1 un --I - '.iip.-iirs: car il n'y avait ritii ([iii t xistat. ('«■ n'l tait i|iic riniiiKiliili- t ii !•■ silriiri' dans Ics ti'iiMircs. dans la unit.' I'njinl I'li/i.p. 7. And liy Francisco Xiniciic/ thus; \]>\- i s sii scr dicho ciiando cstalia siis- ]iciiso 1 II calnia, cii silciicio, sin niuvcrsc. sin i nsa siiin vaciu d cii lo. V csta cs la |irimcrii palalira y clocncncia: ami imlialiia hiindiics. aiiinialcs, pajarns, prsa 111. caii'-jiijd, pall). ]iiidra. lioya, liarrain-a, p.ija iii iimntc, siim sub) cstalia cl cii In: no sc iiiaiiifcslalia la faz dc la tiivra; sino (pic solo cstalm 1 1 mar ii)ircsado, y todo lo d( 1 ciclo: aim im liaMa cosa aluuna junta, ni siniali.v iiada. ni cosa alL;nna sc incncalia, ni cosa iplc hicicva nial. ni cosa ipic liicicra "f'l.." icsto cs ruido cii (1 ciilo', ni liahia cosa ipic cstiivicsc parada en pii': solo d a^^iia icpr"sada, solo la mar sosc,L,'iiila, soloclla rcpicsada. ni cos.i al'.'una lialiia i|iic cstiivicsc; solo cstalia cii s:ilciu'io, y sosici^o en la obscii- riilail. y la iinchc.' Ilitit. I ml. (hi'il.. pji. ■") '1. :' • alam-<^)uit/i': of the second. I)alam- Ai::ih: ol' the thii'd Mahucutah: and of the fourth. I<|i- r>alani.' They liad neither father nor mother, neither weiv they made hy the ordinary agents in the woi'k of cre:itiou: hut their cominii' into existence was a mii'acle extiMordiuary. Avroiiiiht hy the special iuterNcnlion of liini who is preriiiinently The Ci'eator. \'erily. at last, were there found men worthy of their oriuin and their (lestiu\ : Acrily. at Last, did the iiods look on heiu'^s who could see with their eyes, and handle with their hands, lunl nil lerstand with their iieai'ts. (irand of counte- u;iir,'e ;iii;l bi'oad of lind) the four sires ot" our iMce stood up uudei' the white rays of the mor'-i "_i- star sole liiziit as yet of the primeval world — stool up and looked. Their ui'eat clear eyes swept rapidly o\er all: they saw ^ ' A l.ili'4 r.inihlin;^ story is Ikh'c iiitvuiliici il wliii'h li;is luithiiiL; t(i do with Criiiticiii, iiii.l wliicli i-^ omitted for the i)nsi nt. •' l!(iliiiii-i)urboar; ii()ds; tUey would make tliemsclves ccjua Id th •b d ith us; lo. tlu'y know all thin,i:s. ureat and small. Let us now contract theii' sij^ht. so that tluy may see only a little of the surface of the earth and he content. Ther(>- "l )01 I the Heart of llea\en hreathed a cloud o\vv the lauil of the ('\(,'s of men. and a. \'eil came ox'er it as l'''l itl when one hn-atues on the lace ot a unrroi th tl uis was the jilohe of the eye darkeiunl ; neither was that which was far oll'clear to it any more, hutoidy that which was near. Then the four men slept, and there was counsel in heaven: au 1 four women were niaile, — to l?alam-(^)uit/e was allotted Caha-raluma to wile; to IJalam-Auah, Chomiha; to Mahucuth. Tzununiha; and to hji-I'alam, Cakixaha." Xow the women were exceedin.iily iair to look uitDii: and when the men awoke, their hearts wei'c )eca;ist' o I' the women. glad I Xext. a^ 1 interpret the narrative, there were other men ci'eaU'd. the anci'stors of other pcopk's, while the I. I'dh'i-iiiihiiii'i, the falling; water; r7i()»(i(-/i(( or r/(<, //(//,-(/, the licar.tiftil lionso or tlu' bcaulil'iil watrr: in tht'saui;' wav, Tzninni'ilin iimv mean ci.licr tln' liousts rtliv'wat'r nf tlu huiiiiuin;. •(Is; anil '' /('/, lillicr tlicliiiuse or till! V it.'r of t!i;' Vah, 1). 'iiii. [wlik-h art' a kiiul of parrot], liraativuf c/c Jlonrbouiy, I'opol ™ ¥ lllM t^rU'IIES SEl" OUT Foil Tl'I.AX-ZriVA. 49 !ca, tlic it wert! red cx- ,li() liail )\\W lip I'cc'iviMl uikUt- t Avli'u'h all the '\)nnor, n'ctitcd ; < tliiii;^'; 'SI' IIU'U ) imicli. lilt sliall Ave see; l's eijiKil II. Let ' onlv a Tliere- ver the ■r it as was the leli Avas IS near, nisei in -(^lit/.e i-A,iiah, r>alani, fair to Its were )tl otlier ile tl le lifnt lionso |th(li(iusf. f ov tlio lirst I'l'iir were the fathers of all the hranehes of the (^)iii('h('' race. The dilVerent trihes at lii'st, however, lived together amieal)ly eiioiijj,h. in a ])riiuitive state; and iii- cieased and inulti[)lied. leading hap[)V lives under their liright and mornin^g st a', precnrsoi of the yet unseen snn. Thev had as yet no worship save the hreathinjx of the instinct of their soul, as yet no altars to the gods; only -anil is there not a whole idyl in the siin})le words? —only they ga/ed up into heaven, not knowing what they had cotiu' so far to dol" They were tilled with love, v.ith ohedii'iu't', and with fear; and lil'ting their eyes to- wai'ds heaven, they niade their requests: — Hail! O Creator, Forinerl tlioii that hearest and iinderstandest nsl ahandon lis not. forsake ns not I (rod. thou that art in heaven and on the earth, Heart of Heaven. () Heart of i'arthi give us descendants and a po-tcrity as long as the light endure. (Jive ns to walk always in an o})en road, in a path without snares; to lead hap[)y. ([uiet. and [)eaceal)le lives, free of all re[)roach. It was thus they spake, living tran([uilly. invoking the rctuiMi of the light, waiting the rising of the snn, watch- ing the star of the morning, precursor of the sun. I'ut no sun eanie, and the four men and their deseeiidants grew uneasy: We have n(^ person to watch o\er us. they said, nothing to guard our syml)ols. ^^o the four men an 1 their people set out for Tulan-Zuiva."' otherwise called the Seven-caves or ^^even-ravines, and there they re- ceived gods, each man as lu'ad of a lamily. agod: though iiiasniiich as the fourth man. hii-P>alam. had lU) children and founded no family, his god is not usuallv taken into the account. Jialam-Quit/e received the god Tohil; ]ia- " ' Aiv ma-liiilii chi tzukun, qui coon: xavi chi culi clii tjui iiaoiibiKini Viidi ; miivi([a'ctii,iiii x-cl)c-vi iialit x-qni liaiio.' • Alois ils iii' scrviiicii* p.is ciicoii' ft iiu soutruaifiit point ( Ics auti'ls dcs dionx t ; sciilfmiiit ils •inirnai'iit Iriirs visaijcs vcis It' ciil, ft ils lit! savaiciit ft- tju'ils I'taitiit vt-nus fairt' si loin.' / ()uich('H >vith !hv. at extin- l also iell rain and i put out. Avith his hut Tohil oy under- a general icre hcing ■I conlnsod DUgor uii- ade thorn and the ud direc- ioupthoir the most ing thoni- 'ir staves, in verity mdood, it alHiction. many ftn'- )ass and a 10 .shingle however, QI'IC'IIE OIIIGIN OF THE HUX. 61 At last thev came to a mountain that thov named Ilacavit/,, after out; (jf their gods, and hero t!ioy rested, — tor liei'o they wore by some means given to nndei'stand that they .should .^ee the .sun. Then indeed, was lilK-d with an exceeding joy, the heart oC Halam-Quit/i', of l?alani-Agal>, t)t'Mahucutah,andori([i-l>alani. It. seemed to them that oven the face of the morning star caught a new and more res[)U'ndent brightness. They shook their incense pans and danced lor very gladness: sweet were their tears in dancing, vei-y hot their incense — their j)re- cious incense. At last the .sun commenced to advance: the animals, small and great, wore full of delight; they raised themsolvos to the surface of the water; they llnt- tered in the ravines; they gathered at the edge of the mountains, tin-ning their heads together toward that p:u't from which the sun came. And the lion and the tiger roared. And the first bird that .sang was that callotj the (^uelet/,u. All the animals were hesido themselves at the sight; the eagle and the kite heat their wings, and every bird, l)oth small and groat. The men prostrated themselves on the ground, for their hearts wore full to the brim. And the sun, and the moon, and the stars were now all established. Yet was not the sun then in the he- uinnim:; the same as now; his heat wanted force, and Int was but as a retloction in a mirror; verily, .say the histo- ries, not at all the same sun as that of to-dav. Xovor- theless he dried up and warmed the surface of the earth, and answered many good ends. Another wonder when the sun rose! The throe tribal gods, Tohil, Avilix, and Ilacavitz, wore turned into stone, as were also the gods connected with the lion, the tiger, the viper, and other lierce and dangerous animals. Per- haps we .should not he alive at this moment — continues the chronicle — ])ecause of the voracity of those fierce ani- mals, of those lions, and tiger.s, and vi[)ers; perhaps to- day our glory would not he in existence, had not the sun cau.sod this petrification. And the people multiplied on this Mount Ilacavitz, 53 OrjfllX AND END OF THINGS, ami licrc llicv built their city, it is here also tliiit tlicv bewail to siii;^' that soirj,' called Kainucii. 'we see.' They saii;^' it. though it made their heai'ts ache, for this is what they said in sin;^iii;i: AlasI We ruined ourselves in 'I'lilan. there lost we many of our Uith and kin. they .still remain thei'c. left h'.'liindl We indeed have sei-n the sun. hut they — now that his poldeii liiiht begins to ii^)- pear. where are they? .\nd they worshipeil the gods that had become stone. Tohil. A\ili\. and llaca\it/; and they ofl'ered them the blood of beasts, and of bii'ds. and pierci'd their own I'ai's and shoidders in honor ol" tiiese gods, and collei^ted the blood with 11 s[)onge. and pressed it out into a cup bel'oi'e them. Towai'd the end of their long and eventful life l)a- lam-(^)uit/.i', IJalam-.Vgab. Mahucutah, and hji-Ijalam wt're impelled, apparently by a supei natural vision, to liiy befoi'e their gods a moi'o awful oli ring than the life of .senseless beasts. They began to wet their altars uith the hearts blood of lunnaii victims, IVom their momitain hold they watched for lonely trawlers belong- ing to thi> surrounding tribes, seized, overpowered, and slew them for a sacrifice. Man aftei* man was missing in the neighboring village's: anu the people said : Lol the tigers ha\e carried them away. — for wherever the blood was of a man slain, were always l'oun>i the tracks of many tigers. Xow this was the craft of the priests, and at last the tribes began to suspect the thing and to I'ol- low the tracks of the tigers. But the trails had bet'ii made })ur[)osely intricate, by ste[)s returning on 'bei seh'es and by the obliteration of .steps; and t^ .1- tain reuion where the altars wi're was alread . civd I ■ with a, thick fog and a small rain, and its path iweil itl witn nnii th The hearts of the villagers were thus fatigued within lem. nur.snin';' unknown enemies. At last, however, it became plain that the gods 'i'ohil. Avilix and llacavitz, am Ith len" wor.shu), were ni .some w avor other the c m.so of this bereavement: so the people of the villages con- Tin; I'.NI) (»F TIFF, (jci.iir; CRK.VTIoN'. tmes cuii- si)ii"('(l !i;iiiiiist tliciii. Miiiiv iittin'Us. Itnlli opciilv iiiid liv ruses, did tlicv iiiidsc on the ,t:<)ds. mid oil tlic four iiK'ii. iiiid on the cliildrt'ii mid im".|)1(' ('omn'cti'd with fliciii: liiit not once did tlii'V succeed, so iireiit \\;is the wisdom, iiiid jiower. .'iiid coiii'iip' ol'tlie I'oiir men mid ol' tlieir deities. A lid tliese tlll'»'e 'j:iH\s [u'trided. ii.s we li:i\i' told, could ne\-ertlieless resume ii luoMilile slmpe ulieii tliev iile.ised ; which iiideeil they often did. iis will he seen hereiil'ter. At last the Wiir was finished. ])\ the miraculous aid of a horde of wa 'ms and hornets, the (>uiclii's utterly de- feated and i>iit to the rout in a .ucneral hattK' all their enemies. And the trihes humiliated thems(dves hel'oro the face of r»alaiu-( )nit/.i', of I'alam-Aiial). and of Mahn- ciitah: l'iit()rtuiiutes that we are. they said. si)are to us at lea-^t our lixcs. Let it he so, it was answered, al- tlioiiiih you he worthy of death; you shall, however, he mr trihiitaries and serve ns, as loiiii' as tlii' sun endure, .1-^ loiiu' as the liiilit shall follow his course. This was the re[)ly of our fathers and mothers, upon Mount Ila- cavit/ ; and then-after they lived in ureat honor and peace, and their soids had rest, and all the trihes .served tliem there. Now it came to ])ass that the time of the (h'ath of r)alam-(^hiit/!'. I'alam-Aiiah. >faliucutah. and hji-lVilaiii drew near. Xo hodily sickness nor sull'eriuLi' came upon t'.iem: hut they were forewarned that their (K'atli and tlieir end was at hand. Then they called their sons and their descendants round them to receiw their last roimsels. And the heart of the old men was i-eiit within them. In the aniiuisli of their heart they sanu' the Kamiicu, the old sad sonj;' that they had suiili' when the sun first rose, when the sun rose and they thought of the friends tlu'y had U'ft in Tulan. whose face they should see no aore lor ever. Then they took leave of their ^\ives. one 1)\' one: and of their sons, oiu' hy one: u[' ea"h in particular they took leave: and tiay said: We return to our pi'ople; alreadj^" the -Iviiii;' of the 51 ORIGIN AND END OF THINGS. Stiiti's is ready, lie strc^'lics iriiuself through tlio lieavoii. I.o, wo arc iil)()iit to rctiini; on: work is done; the da}s of our life are coiiipli'te. lleiiieinbei* us well; let us iiexiT pass iVoiu your uicniory. ^'ou will see still our houses and our mountains ; nudtiply in them, and then i:<) on upon jour way and see again the places whence wo are come. >>a the old men took leave of their sons and of their wives; and r)alam-(^)uit/.i' s[)ake apiin: IJeholdl he said, I leave you what shall keep me in I'emembrance. I have taken leave of you— and am lilled with sadness, he added. Then instantly the four old men were not ; hut in their place was a great bundle; and it was never nnfolded, neither could any man iiud seam therein on I'olling it over and over, ^o it was called the MajL-sty l']n\ eloped; and it became a memorial of these fathers, and was held vei-y deiir and [»recious m the sight of the (^uichi's; and they burned incense beibre it." Thus died and disapjieared on ]\rount Hacnvit/ T^)alam- Quitze. I'alam-Agab, AlahucutaJi, a!id hii-l'alauh tlie.-e first men who came from the east, from the other side of the sea. Long time had t!iey been here when they died: and they were very old, and surnanied the Ven- erated and the Sacri (leers. Such is the Quicln' account of the creation of the earth and its inhabitants and of the first years of the existence of mankind. Althouiih we find here described * '■' Tile fcllowiuf^'piissr.^o in a letter from the Aliln' r>riissenr ile Bniulxmrt,', ti) My. 1{ ifu of ('(ipL'iili:e^'.ii, bciriii;^' d.ite 'i'tU Octolnr. IboS, may l)e usiful ill this coiiiiectioii: -' Oil sait i(Uc^ la coutniiii! tolti'((Uo tt iiicxiuaiiie etait do couscrvcv, cDiiimi' cliiz li'S chn'lieiis, ks rilii|Uis ihs lii'ros ih; la iiatiir: on I'livloppait lenrs OS iiVfO dcs jii'rri>i iiri' -iiiisi'S ilmn nu j)ai|iiit (I'l'toiV. s uili[Uil on (loiiiiait lo lioiu do Tlacniiiiiliolli; ccs iiaiiiuts deiiniiiaiiiil ii ja- mais firiiK's it on k'S di'[io >ait nu foml di s Kauctiiairts oil on h s coiisi rvaifc coiiinic) drs oliji'cts Hacri's.' .V'/tc//, s .l/i/nJ.-.s (/■>■ roz/'i/'s, ISoS, toiii. iv., ji. iJfJS. One of tlieso 'Imndles, ' was j^ivni up to the I'liiistiaiis liy ii Tlasea- Itic soiiK' time after the eoiK^iv st. It was ri'porti d to eontain the remains (jf fainaxtli, the <'hiff t^'nl of TIasrula, 'I'lie native historian, ('ainarL;ii. de- herilii s it us follows: ■ (,)nand on detit le ])aiiili't oil se tviuivaielit les eendn s de I'idole Cauiaxde, on y trouva iiiissi iin jiai|Hi t de i hrveiix Monds, . . . . on y troiiva aus^i iiiie t'nieraiidi>, et de ses (indris on avait fait iiie' |>ate, Ml h'S pc'trissaiit iiV' i le saii^; d<'S eiifants (pie Ton avait saciitii's." Ui-t. de ToLiXitlinir, iu Si ■inlit^ AimiiUs uvs I e//., torn, xeix., lsi;(, p. 17',). s-as* MEXICAN COSMOGONY. lioavcn. tlio dii} s ; let us .still our imd tlieii hence we of tlieir he f^iiul, ranee. I siuhiess, ivere not ; kiis never lerein on ' Majesty e fathers, ,ht or the tz r>ahun- ani., tht'.-e el' side of len they the A'en- 1 of the U's of the deserihed rxHirlnMiv;,;, ay lie llsilnl ailir t'tiiit eem foolishness to us. is no argument as to their Uihipta- liou to the life and thoughts of those who helieved them; for. in tli( wordsof Trofessoi' Max Aliilk'r, "the thoughts of primiti\e humanity ^ve^•l• not oidy diilerent froui our thoughts, hut dilVerent also from what we thiidv their [thoughts ought to iiavt' heen."'" Vet wdiate\-er he the inconsk^tencies that oh^-cin'o the Po[)ol \'uh. we find them multiplied in the Mexican cosniogon}". a tangled string of meagre and a[)[)arently fragmentary traditions. There appear to have keen two principal schools of opinion in Airihuac. dilVering as to who was the Creator of the world, as well as on other points. — two veins of tradition. perha[)s of eonnnon origin, which often seem to riui into one. and are oftenei- still considered as one hy hi-torians to whom these heatlu'U \anities were mat- ters of little importance. The more advanced school, a-;cril)ing its inspiration to Toltec sources, seeuis to have nourished notahly in Te/.cuco, especially while the fa- inuiis Xe/ahualcoyotl reigned there, and to ha\e had \ery deliuite monotheistic ideas. It taught, as is a-serted in luuuistakable teruis. that all thin:j.'s had keen '" Si:c Vo.c's yfjtholoijj (if lliV Avjdii, Xultiiiis, vol. i., J^l. KuLt, 'ill I 1 1 !i 1 I ) I ! t ! u I:il 156 ORIGIN AND END OF TIIINOS. made l)_v one Ood. omnipotent inid invlsiljlc; nnd to tliis school were i)roI)iil)lv owinn' the hkuiv "cntk' and , IjOiuitilnl ideas and rites, minified \\ii\i the hard, coarse, and prosaic cnlt of tlie mass of the people." The other school may be considered as more distinc- tively national, and as representing' more [tiirticularly the ordininy NFexican mind. To it is to he ascribed hy far the larger part of all we know ahont the M(>\ican reliji'ion.'- Accoi'ding to the version of this school. Tez- (^atlipoca, a god whose hirth and adventm-es are set forth hereafter, was the ci'e;itoi- of the materiid heav<'n and earth, thonuh not of mankind: and sometimes e\(Mi the honor of this partial creation is dispnted hy others ot the gods. One ,\h>xican nation, again, according to an ancient wi'iter of their own hlood. ahirnied that the I'ai'th had been created by chance: and as for the heavens, they had always existed.'' 11 F.vf'n supposing' tliiTo wnrc nospiv^ial liistoriciil voa^oiw fur iii:illii.ulil ! ■, iiiiulc in ii (•iiuiitry wlnTr till' ilistiiu'tiiiii nf clnssrs wa.-i sn luarki'il as in Mtxici^. As liciidi' ])ilts th" case, Mdiiri/il'iiii (if M'lii, p. 177. "In tlmsi' (•(nintiirs when' twii (liNiiiK't clas.sis of men fxist, tiu' sans I'liii^Mtiou ct livn's aiix plus t,'i'i>ssi('it's siipi rsii;i(ins .pii hiir firriit Ic's vi'cits ([ii'ils nmis nnt traiismis; Lcs mi>si()iui liris, d ailliiirs. Hvairnt [iliis d'iiiti'ri't :'i connaitri' lcs usu;,'!'-- (pi'ils vonlaiiiit d'aacimr dc lu niiissc dii pciiplc qii'a conipn lalrc Ic sens ]iliis ('lev' que la imrtie ('elaivee (le 111 U'.tion j)oiivait y iittachcr.' '/' /'/i(n'.i'-''i))///i"/'.>.'. /•,'>■.■-•'(( sur ht 7Ve o./K/zic J/cv'ic/i ii\ ill A'leir./a's Aiiici!is i/'^ I'".'/-, toin, Ixwv., ls|ii, p. 271. 1' 'I'liis last statement rests on the aiitliorily of 1 )oiiiinL;o Min'io/ CamarLro, IV native of the city of Tlasciila who wrote iihout l.")'^'). See his llisl. iIh 'iiilxi'tH'iii lis translated liy 'I' rnaux Coliiiians in tlie Sminlls Aiimilf.-i (/I'.s \'i»!., toiil. xei\ , ]sl:i, 1>. li'.l 111. mile (M tl at (-tl Ijis Indieiis lie cioyaieiit pas ipu' 1(» i' cii'e, in lis jiensaieiit qu'il ('tait Ic prodiiil dii ha/.iu'd. lis disaielit alls'. 1 (pie les cleilX aviiellt toiljolU'S existi' r. m con clari'liid el verdad ero oriLtcn y prineipi ) dc todo el ' J'^stos. piles, alcaliza- hall.'i IllVerso, porqU(.' (h' 1,1 iisieiitiin ([lie I'l ciclo y latierra y eiianto en (Uiis si ))odcriis,i nialio lie im Dios Siqu'eiiio y I'lllieo, I'l (piien dalia'i el lioliilirc di 'I'loiple N'ahuaqUe. (pie (piicl'C d ,'il', eliailor de todi IS I, IS ciisas. i.la 'iliaiilij taiiiliiell llialiu liiohilalo 111. que ipiiel'(> dceir, Jior ([Uleli vivnnos y suliios, y fill' 111 rinieii deiilad que adoraron en itqiiellos piiniitivos tii iiipos: y iinn despiies que se iiitrodujo la idolatn'a y el falso ciilto. ie creycroii siein- M'e siinenor II touos siis i >• Ie in dial I levantaiii IJl csia cri t iieia se uiiiiiliivieruli eniislaiites hasia la lle',ai|;i '|os at I'll Id. ciii:\iALrorocA MANUscRirT. 57' From the ri'a;j.iii(>uts of the (Miiinalpopoc;! inaHus('ri[it fiivcii Uy the Ahl);' Ui'iissour de r)onrl)oiu;Li' ^\(' loani that tlic ('ivati)r — wlioevoi" he may have hLvu — piofhircd liis work hi successive e[)(>chs. Ju tlie siuii Tochtli. thi' earth was ci-eated; in the sij;n Acatl was nuuU' the lir- iiiaiiii"'^. and in the sign Tee[)atl the iinimals. .\hni it is addea. was made and ivnimated out of aslies or (hist h\' (lod on the seventh (hiy, J'^hecatl. l)ut finished and jh'I- fect<'d hy that mysterious pei'sona.u'e (^)uet/idcoath Ihiwi'vei' this account may he reconciled with itsell'or with otiiers. it fiu'ther a^ipears that man was four times m ide and lour times destroyed.^* ):U\i>\ CS, CDlllO iitinua Hfrrcru, iii .].. 1( Jlicliiiiiciiii.' Wi/I'm, llislorin Anli'iioi . '.Vl\. 1) liis (•\-\. Klor. (Mil' (U liiii,'ua Iiiiliaua llamo 'riocpic Naliiia([iU', ([Uciiriulo dai' a (ntcudri-. ([iic cstc Siili), I'lidcrDso, y Cli'iiu'iitissiiiio Dins.' Ili'lnrini, hli't (/' umi Hist., \t, 7',>, ' (Jonf(^ssa\iaii los.M<\icaii(is ii vii siiiiicino I)iiis, Si rioi', v hazi'dor dc todo, v f-itf era el ] I'icln V tiirra. )i'ni('iiial ( //. [lie Vfiieraiiaii, luiraiido al cicli), Uauiaiiddlt' criaclor di 1 ■'., after linis! I>"l i:l. This CodrxC 'iir I !'■ Hn.irl iniini. ll'iyl. il'i \ appurteiiaiiees, heiii'-' Udturini's deseriiition nf it jiosiessed at one time liy him. Culiihiifii, pp. 17 is. ' I'na liisimia de Ins K ■viicis de Culhuaeaii. v Mexieo en leiii^'iia Naliiiatl. v .ap. \iitoi' .Viioiiviiio. V tieiie afiadida una Iheve lielaeion de 1,.-, D 1 I'Jiiiipid ill s. V Kill r (tentilidad eii leiiL;iia Castellalia (ii'.e eserili ill el liaehilii r Dull I'edlo Indio ('a/i(nie lielielieiad d, ipie 1 n • I hi 1' .Id de ■! zmuliahll.aeali. I'Nta tiiild cdpiudd de leti'a de Doll I'l'Viiaiidd de Alba, y le f.dta la pii fdja,' With ii'-jaril to the term S'llmiiH used in tiiis I'lilnl'i'i'ii , see id p. '.'■ ; ' liOs Maiiuscritos en li ilLfUa N.'iluiatl. iple ell cste Cat.'doe,) se eitall. se eiiti- ciide sir ell leiit^'iia J[e\icaiial' This niannscriiit, or a cupy of it, fell into tile hands of the .Vbbi' IhasselU' de l>nillliiini\' ill the city dt Mexieii, in the y ar iS-'ii), Hi'iissvir ik liijnr'.ionrj, Jlih!(uili':'iiii: Jli.,i'ii:ii-(i a'il'jiiu.ilii.iiii' , lulin- D8 ORIGIN AND END OF TIIIN(iS. This may pcrliaps bo looked upon as jjiocoedhi';' from wliat I lia\e calknl for coiiveuicnce the Toltccaii school, thoiiiih this particular IVajiiueut shows traces of Chri.-tiuii iulhicuce. What I'oUows seems lu)\vever to belong to II distinctively Mexican and ruder vein of thought. It is gathered from Mendieta, uho was indel)ted again to Fray Andres de Ohnos, one of the earliest missionaries among the Ab'xicans of Avhom he treats; and it is de- cidedly one of the most authentic accounts of such mat- ters extant. The Mexicans in most of the ])rovinces were agreed that there was a god in heaven called (.'itlalatonac, and a goddess called (.'itlalicue;' ' anr to empower them to create uien, so that they might have servants as be- came their lineage. Citlalicuo seemed to be a little (fif'thrn. p. x\i., anil the k'.irnpil Al)l)i' (1iSfrilio« it us fi>llfnvs: — Tiidcx (Jliim il[) )|>:)(M i('i)|)i(' (ill), (.'DUti'n.int les Kjiorincs, diti's llisti'irc din So- Kiils (1 rilistiiiri^ (i.'S U'lyiuiui's di' (Vilhiiiicaii ct i\c .Mi'xiii). uxtc Mixi- o:uii (ciirrii^' d'apn'H oclui dr if. Aiibiiii. iivcc iin (>ssai d(! traduction fran- ^ lisL' ell vc.;ard. iiv. in l"" — M.uuiscril dc it:) 11'., i'()|)ii' 1 1 Iradiiit par It sii^na- t di'i- d" la lrili|iiillu''(iuc. (Test la oiijiic dii dociiiiiriit nial'cjui- au n i;{, vN viit.. (Ill catalo^'iii' de lioturini, hdiis Ic titi'c dr: Ui^Kuia df Ins lU ynus do t.'ollmaiMU y .\rcxi('i), I'tc. Co docuiuciit, oil pniir la jtri'iiiii'i't' I'ois j'ai souli'Vii ].' voili' i'ni.,'iii:itii[iii' qui rccouvrait li's syiuholcs dc la rclii,'ion d (Ir I'liistoire) d'.x ^^l'\i.(lll• ft !i' phi-i iiii|iortant dc tons cciiv (jui noii-i soicnt rc-,t 's dcs un- nilcs auliiiucs nicxicaiucs. 11 ii'iifcr,iiiM'hi''inolo.,'i([Uciiicnt riic^loiic ^'.'olo- j^i lU' (111 niondc, |i,ir s 'lies dc l:i ans. ii coiiiaiciuv r dc ]ihis di dix iiiillo iinti avaiit I't'iv.' chrcticiinc, smvaat Ics calculs nic\icains.' /(/.. ii. 17. ''Otherwise called, accordini,' to Clavii^cfo, tlic j^'od Onuli nrlH, and the ■^ 111 less Otif'riliii'ill. Tcrnaux-Coiiipans .-.ays: ' Tjcs nmiis d'OiiK t( iietli (t d ( ).iiecilniatl ne se ti'( ill vent niiUe pait aillcius dans la niytlioloi^ic nn xicaiius ni li 1 on ]i iiirrait Ics expliipi'-r par rc!yiiiol()i.;ie. (hif si'.;nilie deiix en nicxi- caiii, ct tons Ics anteiirs suit d 'accord pour tradiiirc litli'ralciiicnt leur nom par dcux sci^'UelU's ct deux tl.iiucs.' .A'ii((i'i7,'.a' Aiiiutl'-'g ifrt T'c/,, t.iin. Iwxvi,, isli), i>. 7. AZTEC CTiEATION-MYTUS. 59 dill,!;' from an school, Clnistiim l)L'long to )U-llt." It I a'iahi to isfsionaries I it is cle- SUcll UKlt- n'ii ajiroed tonuc. Jind )il(U'ss had had many is c'xtraor- iit down to o/toc, that iiniediately dred j^ods. i!^h as will ,0 wt)i'ld at :vi- Tlotli, iwer them ants as ])v- je a Uttle \vs:— Tinlcx tuirc (lis Sii- li\tr Mixi- (liictiiiu fi-iiii- Li' li si:j;uii- iir all li i;t, (PS lU'VllDS (It! i;i i'ai sollU'V.! I li.' I'histdirt' t 's (lis au- ll'.lnUC •.,'/(ll()- ]\\ iniil(! ans ( . //(', 1111(1 llio ( lull t( iictli ( t :ir nil xii'iiiiu'; |(l!\ < 11 IIK xi- II lit Iciiv U'lu , turn. Ivxxvi., ■5? t 1 ■fJ asliiuni'd of tlieso st)ns of hers, horn in .so strange a iiiauiu-r. and she twitted them eriielly enonjih on what the\ could hardly hel[»: Had y»Mi)joen what yon ought to ha\i' liccn. she exclaimed, \ou would still he in my com- pany. Xi'vertheless she told tluMn what to do in the mat- tei- of ohtaining their desire: (jo heg of Mictlanteuctli. Loi'd of Iladi's. that he maviiivo you a i)one or some ashes !)l' the dead that are with him; which having received you sliall sacrifice over it, sprinkling hlood from your own hodies. And the fallen gods having consulted to- gether, sent one of their mmihei'. called Xolotl,'" down to ha les as their mother had advised. lie succeeded in getting a hone of six feet long iVom Mictlanteuctli ; aul then, wary of his grisly host^ he took an ahru[)t de- })ai'turi running at the to[) of his speed. V\'roth at this, the iid'ernal <'.hief gave chase ; not causing to Xolotl, how- e\('i'. any more serious inconvenience than a hast}' I'all in which the hone was hroken in pieces. The messenger gilliered up what he could in all haste, and des[)ite his stumhle made his osca[)e. Reaching the earth, he put tlu' IVagnr.Mits of h;)ne into a hasin, and all the go Is drew hlood from their hodies and sprinkli'd it into the vessel. On the fourth day there was a movemeuL among the wetted hones and a hoy lay there hefore all; aul in foui" days more, the hlooil-letting and spi'iukling helug still ke[)t up. a girl was lifted fr()m the ghastly dish. The children were given to Xolotl to hring n[); aul h' fed them on the juit;e of the maguey.'^ Increas- iii X I'll'^ 'sorviiiit or pa'^i'.' — M'l'in'i. \'fi',ii'itrh> en kwptH Cdstilktmi .V'.ri- oiiiii. N'.it 'eye' as some sclioliasts have it. '" fjitri'ully, in till' (.su'licst (.'iijiy of th" myth that I liavo seen, tin- mill.- af Ci" lhUI\\ 'hi li'chc (li> cai'ilip.' wliich term has liccii rrpiatril li'iiiiliy, and iipi) ii'i'iitly witlimit any iii 'a of its iiiraiiiiiL;. hy the varimis wiitris that have f'ii.ii\,>l. 'L'hi. ,)1(1 authoritiis, ho\vi\rr, ami csiicfially Mi'inliita. trom Nvh'iiM I taki' tiic h'Lti'Uil, wrrc in the h I'lit of ral.iii^; tiie mavnuy a thistle; ill! 1 iiiil'eil th ' treineiiiloiis priekles of tlie Mexieaii jiiaiit may lay ennd claim I Mil • \-iiiii ilii'liniiniifhiri'saU (>i the Seotli^h elilMein. ' Ma^'lleV, IJIle is el car- il ill il" iloiiile saeau ill iniel.' MiiiiU'lii. H'kI. /v ■'!>•, p. Hi). ' .Met! es iiii ailio] (1 e iiiti) (jue ell leii;.;nii (le las Islas se llama liiiij^'iiey.' MiilnHidi^ U'lsl . ih' li,s I il.. in Inrji'lli'ilii, I'ul, it,' l)i>r., tolil. i., p. 'Jl:!. ' V.t simihliellte-euLiliollo le ) i-jii' lii ■|iiesto alliern, I'l cai'do die si teli'-iinio l;i. come (pia le viu'lie, (t elii iiii mlo iiiaL;ii( is.' HihiU'iii'- t'"liii. jivr un Oi'itl'dUaoinu dd Hijuor Corksi, in Ji'tiinisii) \"i Kj'/i. tmu. iii., I'ul. ;(07. GO OIUGIN AND END OF TIIINOS. I ]•} i;i SI . ii! 'i ) !i uvx in stature, thoy lu'Ciimo man and woman: jiiid from tlu'iii aiv t!ie pe()[)le of the present day (k'scvnded. who. even as the prhnordial hone was hrokcn into nn(M|iial pieces, vary in si'/e and sha[)e. The name of this lirst man was Iztacmixcnatl. and the iiame of his wili' llan- cueitl.''^ and they had six sons l)oi"n to them, whose de- scendants, with thi'ir ^od -masters, in process of time moved eastward from their oriuinal home, ahnost imi- \ersidly descrii)ed as liavin^' heen towards dalisco. Xow there liad hi-cn no sun in existence lor many years; so tlie gods l)eing as.sem])leil in a ])hice eaihd Teotihuacan. six h'a'iiu's from Mexico, and leathered at K 1 the time round a •:reat lirt'. told their (h'votees that lie of them who should lirst cast himself into that lire, should have the honor of hein,u' transformed into a sun. So one of them called Xanahuatzin. — either as most sav. out of i)ure hraverv, or as Sahanun relates, hecause his life had lu'come a hurdeiito him throujih a syi)hilitic disease. — llunii; himself into the lire. Then the pxls beii'an to peer tln-ouiih llu'Liloom in all directions lor the expected li.dit and to make hets as to what ])ai't ot hvMven he should lli'st apjjcar in. And some said Here, and some said There; hut when the sun rose they wei'e all jH'oved wroni:', for not one of them had fixed upon the east.''' .Vnd in that same hour, though they knew it '■^ Miitnliiiia in Ti-nihiilrdu, Cnl, torn. i.. iip. fl-10, says tins first i.iiiii mul \voiii:iu \vi IT lii-^oltcii liflwiTii till' raiiuuiil tlirdnst of the earth--' civ^i'iiihaila rit,'iii aiul (if tlu' sulisi'niicut fusiciu ni si'Vi'Val hu'i iids into an iiunii- ^'niiiiis whiilc. ' Ans dicsrr .\[iiil,'i' von Vcrsrhitdi nhiittii in diisiii Kns- iiM;4ipuii II ist t'Vsiclitlicli. diss vide I.ukalmytlieii hii r wie in rem unalihan- I^'Il; viin einandiT entslandeii die man au'-sei-lii-li mit einander verli:iinl. di ■ alter in maiielierlei Wide rs])ri'ichen aneh Udch spiiter ilue nrspriin^lielie I'u- id)haiiL,'i'4keit zu erkeiuien e,),,!!.' '•' lleie, as elsewlii re in this le'^i lid We folhiw Alidris de Olnins' aeenunt as (.'ivi'ii liy Meiidieta. Saha,L;nn, however dill'ers from it a j^ood deal in jilaees. At this ])oint for example, he mentions some notahle pi'rsona;^'es who i^ies^c d ri',dit aliont the rising oi' the sun: -' Olms se ]msiei(in a mirar aeia el oiieiite, y ili:4eriin aij".;:', 'li' esta parte ha ile saHr el Soj. El diehode cstos fm' verda- dero. nici'ii (|Ue los (]nf mirarotl I'leia el Oriente, fiieroii (^iiel/ahoatl, qr.c tanihien se llama Ecatl. y otro ipie se llama Totee. y por otronniiiliro Anaoatly- ti'cu, y por otro nomlire 'I'lataviete/eatlipui'a, y ntros ([ne se llaman Mini/- foil,' or as iu KinL,'sl)uronyli'.s editiuu, Mix. Aidlq, \ul. vii., p. LSo. 'por ][()\v THE srx WAS PLACED IN THE i[;:a\t.xs. (U and tVoiii ik'd. ulii). > uiK'nual ' this lii'st will' Ilaii- uliosi' di'- < ol' tiuK' most uni- sex. lor many ICC called ithcivd at L's that lu' that liiv. iito a sua. ' as most s. hccausc syi)hilitic the nods [lis lor the it ])ai't ot ;aiil llel'e. lu'v wxTe uiKtn the knew it ivst i.iiin 1111(1 fli;4i'li(lr:i(la s ti) llii \nv- tiiii-ii'lif I /'/■('- lay iiiuvks of itii an iiu'iiii- ilicsrll Kii^- ■ni uiialihan- vrrliaiiil. lYi:' uUL;lii.-lu- I'li- s' acciiimt as al in jilaci s. \\\in l,'UiS-( (1 ■i,i (1 oriiutc, fill' Vfida- /.:llroatl, (|r,C lyv Aiiaiiatly- aniaii Mini/- isil. '^lur not. the decree Aveiit forth that they should all die hy sai'i'ilice. The sr.n had risen indeed, and with a ^lory of tho ciucl lire about him that not even the eyes of the iiods could endure; hut he mo\ed not. There lie lay on the hori/on : and when the deities sent Tlotli their messen^izer to him. with orders that lie should iio on upon his way, his ominous answer was, that lie would never leave that ]»lace till he had destroyed and jiiit an end to theui all. 'i'heii a "ii'eat fear fell u})on sonu'. wliile others wvw moved only toaiii^'er: and amoni:tiie latter was one ("itli. who im- nu'iliati'ly strung his how and advanced a|iainst tlie ;ilit- tciinu' enemy, liy ([ifK'kly lowering his head the Sun avoided the first arrow shot at him; hut the second aud third had attained his hody in quick succession, when. lilU'd with fiii'y, he seized the last and launched it hack imou his a>tring nevermore, for the arrow of the sun pierced his Ibrehead. Then all was dismay in theassemhly of the gods, and despair Idled their heart, for they saw that tlu'y could not prevail against the shining one; and they agreed to (he, and to cut themselves open through the l)reast. Xolotl was ajipointed minister, and he killed his ci»iiil)anioiis one by one, and last of all he slew himsidt' also.-' So they died like gods; and each left to the sad and wondering men who were his servants, his garments for a memorial. And these servants made n[). each jtarty. a bundle of the raiment that had heen left to iiiro iiDiiilivc Aiianatl y Tti'u, y por otro iKniiln-c Tlataviftfzoatlipuca, y otrns i)Uf si' Hainan iliiiiizcDil, c(Ui! scni ihuiurialilcs; y ciiatvi) nniuCticH, la una su l.auia Tiacaiian, laotra Tcit'U. la terccra Tiai'iitna, la fuavta Xofoyoll.' Snhn- ijii.ii. Hist. (iiii.. toin. ii., lib. viii., ji. 2ls. '■''' Hcnidcs (liffi'iTUci's of autlioiitics already noticed, I may add that Sa- ]i:ij^iiu desei'il)es the j)ersoiiai;e who lieeaiiie the' sun. — as well as liiui who, .\s We shall SI Hill see, becaiue the moon, — as beloii^^^iii'^' before his trausfor- taatiou to the number of the ^nds, and not as one of the men who served l.H 111. rurtlier, ill reeountili' the death of the ''ods, Sa nil says that to till' Air. I'.eati, (^iietzaleoatL was alloted the tasii of killiuKthe rest; nor does it iippear liiat l^iiet/aleoatl Idllid himself. As to Xolotl, he plaxs (luit'.' it ojwirdly (lart in this version: trying' to ehide his death, he transfonned hini- Re'f iiiio varir.us tliiiiL,'s, and was uuly at List takeuuud killed under the form of u libli ealltd Axolutl, G2 ORIGIN AND END OF TIIIN(JR. I i;; I, I I !'i' I !; !i tlu'in. ])in(linji; it :il)oiit a stick into uliicli tlioy had ])0(1- (It'l a smill .i;r(>;Mi stoiu' to scrw as a licart. Tlu'si' hun- (Ih's were ciilleil thquiiii'/hH, and each hore tlie iiaiiiL' of that ^'od whose inomorial it was; and those thind, except, followiivj; some accounts, ono iii'.in and one woi nan of the uiant race, of whose eso l|)0 move hereal'ter. The Si'cond Aji'O, called the Sun of the Karth. was closed with eartlupiakes, yawninirs of the earth, and the overthrow of the hiiihest mountains, (iiants, or (^uiiiiun's. a powerful and liau,uhty race still appear to be the only inhabitants of tho world. The Third Ago was tho Sun of tho Air. It was ended by tempests and hurricanes, so destructive that few indeed of tho inhabitants of the earth wore left; and those that wore saved, lost, according to tho Tlascaltec ac- <'ount, their reason and speech, becoming monkeys. Tho present is the Fourth Ago. To it a})[)ear to bo- m Tin; .UIKS OU SINS OF TIIK .\!l.Xi('.VNS. f.5 loiijf tlic liillinti of the p),l(U'ss-l)orn Hint iVoiii heaven, the liirlh ol'the sixteen liinnh'ed hei-oi's iVoni thiit Hint, the liirlh of nr.uiixind iVoni the hone hrouuht from hiuU's, the transrorniation of Xanahnat/in into the sun. the trans- forniation of Te/eatecatl into the moon, and tlie (U'atli of thi' sixteen hnndi'e(l lieroes or <:ods. It is called ^\n\ ^nn of I"'iri'. and is to hi' ended h> a universal conllaj^ra- tion.-^' Connected with the ';ivat Hood of water, there is a •jii", ;i l.eir,'. c. Tl ■■liill. in.ll. I'Inrh 'mil I'll \n iMnis'iiiiDil III s line mitliiif, ill liis /i' /(/ • 'III ill's }fi.i\ Aiilii/., vol. ix.. ]);>. III. ]>],. ;t21 -.i, cithtr tlniniLli ivii ciil-clcssucss oi' that of ii tvanscrnirr, tniusfidscs tlu' scrdlnl mIh) tliiiil A:.,'i'.-i. To sec tliiit it is an ovcisij^'lit of soiiii' sort, we haw Imt to jiu^h t'l till' siuiiuiiivv lit' '^ivi'S at the fiiil of tlii" li'i'lilrliilli.s, //«.. p. l.l:!, wiirl'i' till' ai'i'oiiiit is ,ii,Mili foiiml in stiii't a'.'ri'i'iiu'iit with the version ),'ivi'ii ill th>' ti'\t. ('.iMi.u'Lio, ///.>■/. '/' 77'M'. in .\iiiirJlts AiukiIih iIr. i' Iti'a Iford assui)|)orli account as the (,'eneral Jlexican tradition: he is f(d- •d, /.' tl vol v., pp., ;i(i(l-|. l)r. I'richavd cites lUu; til'' same oiPiMloM luU )uslv. IJl-i ■d, Ai Aii'i'i.. p. li2-(. follows lluiuhol.lt. liotuviui, /■/"( lif iiiia Ijisl.. ]>. It. and Clavi- j,'.'!','). Stori't Aiil. ill .1/ . tom. ii., p. .")7, a^'ree exactly with the text. Tin .\.hl)' lira.seur do liourlicmrv; also acce]its the version of three past destruc- tions, S'U isish' (As Siniri'is (/,' r /list. I' h pp. ■.;(') -7. I'rofessor .1. (t. .Miil- A-iifriL'iiiis 'If I'n-il'i I'nnvii. pp. ."lO IJ, admits tint the version of thri pist ilestructiousand one to come, as j^iveii in the text, and in the order lliei jjiveli, 'Seems to he the most ancient >[exican version;' thoil'^li he decides lo follow llmnholdt, aiiil adopt pts wiia t h ills the ' latest and fullest form of tlio liiylll.' T'le Sji'i jniiiin'iillr Tiiro'i- ih I < 'ii Ii .\r. its -If, .1/, I'-; tirst two (last destructions, and fartlier on fiMir, A' i[ Valicanoleontradict.s ill'"/., vol. v., 11]). l(l:t / ( ; as does also thre imti l> .1st ietni'es. The man is vai'ionsly called < \)\('ox. Teocijiactli. Te/pi. and Xata; the woman Xoi'irn|uet/,al and Nena."' The rollowing' has heen nsnally a('eei)ted as the ordi- nary Mexican vei'sion ol" this myth: In Atonatiidi, the Am' ol' Water, a jii'i-at Hood coveref the man heinu' Coxeox, and that of of his wife Xochi(|net/al. On the waters abating' a little they ;ar()nnded their ark on the Peak ol" (/olhuacan. the Ararat of Mexico, here tliey increased and nndti[)lied, and children hejian to uather ahont them, children wlio Avere all horn dnmh. And a dove came and ,ua\e them tonunes. imunnerahle larijinanes. Only fifteen of the descendants of (-oxcox, who afterward hecame heads of families, spake the same laniiuaue or conld at all nnder- staiid each other; anf lioauiimr. Dii'^ Jii'-;t «'i' anch dvu Iliut'tiiniK'utcoci- I'li sfim^ Giittii: iBluiiii!.' I)ut also his chiMrcii. several animals, and a (piantity of i:rain for the connnou ii;h' W'licn tiie \vat( rs lu-iian to [)ear. Hut the vulture fed njion the carcasses that were strewed in eNcry i»art. and never re- tiniied. Then Te/pi sent out other hirds. and anions' these was a Inunminn-hird. And when the sun heuan to coNcr the earth with a new verdure, the humminji;-l)ird retui'ned to its old refu;ze heai'in^' jireen leaves. And Te/pi saw that his vessel was aground near the nioini- tain of Colhiiacan and he landed there. The Mexicans round (Miolula had a special leji'end, connc'tiu;;' the esca[)e of a renniant from the jireat del- ude with the often-mentioned story of the oriii.tl. still rt'iiKiiiis to ^Iionv liow well XclliUii, thi'^iiiiit, (K'S('i'\('(l ,iis Mii'iKimc of tlu' Architect. /"'(■, |)]i. 27i'p 7; ii"i( Ini, in rrinml', i'kiujii'isIi tlr Mi.r'i'-n. tom. iii., |i|i. 1 It). Ai-irrlill ('iim|) ii'isou of ilic |ia-.sii;;is ^'ivca above will sliow iliat lliis wlioii: •.■Uiry of thi' iiil; Olinos, S.ih i:4iin, Motolinia, M' niiula, I ■.lliKocliill. itml Cainaixo, faris must Liivr risi' to ''ra\o ill of thi'iii sili'iif with ri'i'iril to it. 'I' Mispicions with rr;,'anl t'l th" acrnracy I'f tin' coiiunouly acci'iitiil version, notw'ithstaiiiliiiL; its appaniitly iniiilicil rceeptl.in ii)) to this time liy the mo>-t. eritical historians. Th.'si- sn (li • resean-hes of Don .los' V pieiinis will not lie lessened l.\ ll Mdt ..f do III mure;', Conservator ot the Mexican N itional Mus.'um, a ^'eiitli'iniii not less reiaarkalile fur his familiarity with III • lan^i^u'e andanliciuitiesof Mexico than for the .iiodcrt.tion and calmness of Ji 'I itieal jnd^nients, as ar a-; these an kn ll 1 a ."onimunieation i Aiiril, 1S.')S, toti.ircia y C.ilias, .l/Z./s O'ln ;)•/;/■ II 'h'l -a M li ■(III- li-l.tilsl'i IlisI lated (/■ I.I /■■.- tln're t'()r the lirst tin Itre^'l "J'.), SpeilkillL,' of the celelirateil Mexican pict lire 'lail lis, aceiirately ;.^ivin to the iiulilu', ISi''ii( nza c ipy of it, lis ^^iveii hy < i.'Uielli Care rri, th.it ;;iv n hy Clavii^ero in his Slnriii- ihl .l/s,'('o, that j^'iveti liy Hnmlioldt in his.U'ci('iitinr to draw iVoni siicli a I'rM.Li'mt'iit aiiv \vy\ sw(H'])iii2' coiKdiision as to its r.'hitioiisliip. wlictli'T tliat Ik' (^)irK'lii' or ( 'liristiaii : \\ lu'ii the Sim. or Aiic. Xaliiii-Atl caiii •. tlicrc had jvrsscd ali'cadv lour liuiidrcd vciirs; t'lfii c;' !■.' two Inm- (liTil M'Mi's. then .si'vciity and six, an i IIk'U iniinKliid \\('iv' lost and di'owiii'd and tni'ncd into (i>li("s. The w:iti'rs and tiic skv di'cw nc;ii' imcIi othci : in a sin;.d(' (la\ all Avas lost: tli>' dav I'oiir Mower consnini'd all that tlio'c was oi" Din' llcsli. Ami this vcarA\as tliovcai' (\'-("alh: on the lii'' ■■ of ni»')vilty m' l>y lln' s|iirit nf systiiii. ju-^ify tn ii n r- 1 nil I'l'iiit til (lislrn.l Mihl ilisl':|'.. '■ \\i!|i whiili ill.' last aiiil lui'st distill t,'iii-.lv-l l.iist..riaii i>l' tli- ( on,,,!' -' . '' :.t-\ir.. \V. II. l'ivM-i,)t > lias ti'' aliil this iliti'n>tnil'.; aliil pli rimis cla^.- c:|' hisli ili.'al il' mmiiih Ills. Siilov llallliri'/ '^iics na thus al some li'ii (111 ti> Ms c. iiicliisiniis, uliicli r lui-rtlh' iiri;;iiuil pain; in J ti» a Wllipt" rrciir,! of n '\ :ilu|iTJli'_; nf tlir Mf\iiM lis aiiKinu t In laU' s i,f tli>' Mj \iiM»i valii'V, tiiat j.iiirir \ li".;ililiilii; al a ]>^,ia-i ill til.' w.iij.l. Ill- with any nliiir. I'lif hiid spi alvui'.^ in iIm' iiictnii-. In- ■ ■■ilill.'cts with a w.'l l.ii.iw II MfsiiMli faMi' i.'ivi n liv 'r.-l-pl. niada. in ulili li a hird is di'sciilird as sprakiti;^' fniiii a ti'ti' to tki' jiad'is uf tlic Mexicans at ;■. >■ ftiiiii slai,'!' of tliiif mi', rati. Ill, and I'Mii atilij^ llii- Wni'k Tili'ii. lliat is ti> isa ■t u.. .\. littli d.'allrdllir Tilr h ■IV tliiit tli.' \iiL:,-ir -.11 ill iiitiTjU'rt ri a s iiin'what similar si'iisr, is wi-ll kll.iUll III .M. iiip tli.' Ii iitt'i II of till' Iraditimi. Ii iii:i\ Mi'O. Illl'l IS p il lid that 'ri.riiilrinaila '.,iM s I litltrd liiaiiilsiMMpt, |)ii'isilily that illidi r discussion, as his atillini-ily fur (he sliiry. 'I'lii' h.i.il. till' lii'iillilaiii. and tli.' ullnr , 'Jlillcts of the )iicturi' alt il.i lil; ■-iinlili' wa\, Villous iinipcr iiaaits. Our sp; a. III. II! l-c lli'l'i' \ ili.cs. fur t! Iiii'>* I a^'f. . I Mill piriilit fiirtliiT di'lail III 1 i;:i aiioiiicr voliini.' will runt, in thi^ picliir. and a furlli. r disciissimi of I 1 wiij.'li S. ilM"-t, lull I hi IV r luarli in c illi-llldill'.,' Ilial I 11- niiidrr.ati'.n with 1 I. Ill ir iiiiiiiri'.' discuss. 's the ipiistion. as wdl as his .jrcit cxjiiriiti iriiiti'' 111 iii.ittii if M \liMll .lllllipllty, srclll li oiii I'.ir lii , Mcw I.I" sii'icius coiisi'K'ralinn of fiilun' stiiiUnts. w 1(1 OUKilX AND I'AT) OF TlirXGS. Miikc now lU) in<)r<' iniLinc. liiit liollow out to yoursch-fs ji liiH'at ('y[)r('ss. into uliich yon slmll enter wlieii. in tlie numtli Tozo/tli. tln' wiiters slmll ncii' tlie sK\- T\ leil tlie\ entei'eii into it. and when Titliicahuan liail slnit tlicm in. lie saiil to t!ie man: 'riioii slialt eat hnt asiniile ear ol' niai/.e. ami thy wile hnt one also. Ami when tii('_\' had (inisheil eatln,Li'. each an ear ol' niai/.e. tlay pre- |i;n'eil to set forth, for the watei'< I'einaiiK'd ti'aiKpiil and (lieir \ns niuN'ed no lonirei': and openinL!' it the\ heiian to Mc the lishes. Then th(y lit ii fire, ruhhinp' pieces of wood together, and tluy I'oasteil Jish. And h'-liold the deities ('itlallinicn'' and < 'itlallatonac lookini:' down iVoni ahi»\-e. ci'ied ont: () divine F.ord! what is this fire that they make there? wherefoic do they so (ill the heaven Ami innned)at«d\' Titlacahnan 'I'etzcatli- ^vi^h smoke ]) );'a came down, and si't himself to i;riiml»U\ s!iyiim': What does this (ire here? 'I'heii he sei/cd the (is'hes and f'ashione(l them Itehind and ix'loro. and chan;..:('d tlicm into ilo,:2s."'' We turn no\\- to the tividitions of .some nations sitiiattd on the outskirts ot* the .Mexican Kmj)ire. traditions dll- t'erin^' iVom those of Mexico, if not in their elements, at least in the comhina<'li)n of those elem< iits. {''ollowiilji; o ir usual custom, 1 ;^ive the tolloNviiri l( .;■ :id helon/inji; to the Mi/tecs inst as the\ themselves weiv acciis- toiiied to depict anil to interpret it in their jn'imitivc scrolls: - In the \('ai' and in the dav of oh.scii/itfv and ("lark tl til yea even Ixtore tlif ri(i '/.(Ilia, " s / 1' irnitivc ik 111 f'piii'i ill iic'iiiwnt 111 ''ii'/. iji:!. II litil' a :i iiult' - fli iif Oiijiuii, Till li'iak hiii'l I lit, .1111,1 • (scriti) I'l/ri rttic l''i>;iii'.-'. ' ' nitiii ' i» tiwn l/it>i''jM. I, t'< riiiiiimu t\ iiilicul ■II his f'i^iii'.M. (11 ijii' iwiii.il'.ii. .^uljuf^ ii |<|l Till:: rLVlNG lIUiloKS (IF Ml/TECA. iumie wiis tlu- L lon-MijiKe, Tl K'iv apiJCiired iilr^c n very IH ;iiitil"iil i:i)(l(U'ss called the Deer, and ••^iiniainctl tlie Tiuei'-Miake Tl. lese two iiud.s were the uiil:iii ami he tiiiiiii;:' of all the t:oih Xi \v w lieli tiu'se t\\() uods hrcaiiie \ isiltle lU the woi hU th •Id. thev made, in thi'ir kninvlt'duc and (.inmipotence. a ^ri'at rock, upon whirh thev huilt a wvy suniptnoiis |)alace. a inastei'uiece of .-^kill. in whirh tlie\' made their aliode liimn ( ai'th. On the hi,t:hcst jiart of this hnildlni: ihe Avas an axe oi' eopper. the edi:e hein;j: uppermost, and on this axe the heavens resti'd. This rock and the palace of tlu' uods we 'e on a moun- t lin in the nei,i:hl)orhood ol'the townol'Apoala in the pro\ - incc of Mi/teca Alta. The rot-k was called The Place >f ilea\fn : there tl le 'SOi I lirst aliodc on earth. liNiu"' iUiMiy vcars in >:,reat rest and content, as in a happ_\ and ICIOI IS land, thouLih the world still la\' ii 1 o'l-ciu'ity ami dai'kness. The father and mother of all tlie L^ods lieing ]iert' in tlicir place, two sons were hoin to them. \crv handsomt; and \er\' learm'd in all wis(lomanvl arts. The (ir>t was c;dled the Wind of Nine Snaki's. after the nanu' of tla; ilav on wlu( h 1 If was horn; am I tl ic .^ecoml was ca n like nrunier. the W ind of Nine ('a\ es. ^ er\- ( illed, laintilv indeed were tiiose youths hroii-ht up. When the cldei* wi.'^hed to amu,«ie himself, he took the form ofaneai:Ie. Ily- iii,u' thus IJu' and wide: the yoimi:er turni'd himself into a small In-.iM of a. serpent shapi'. ha\ln,i win,L;s that he a-;eil with such ability and sleiLiht that he hecauie in\is- ! Vie. and iK'w throu,:^h rocks and wal'- even as throUi:li thv air. As the; went, the din ;nid clamor of these hv'liireu was heard Ity those ()\cr whom they |!as.scd. 'r}»c\ took tlu'se liuures tomanife-t the power that was in the!,', hotli in ti'ansformiiiiA' thenisel\-es and in re>nmin,L!; a,:::iui ^hcii■ori,l:•inal shape. Am diey al)ode in {jireat peace m l*he i'miiifsion of their parents, .-^u they atirecd to make; 11 visililiiiuiitc nil Dios. (jiu' tuvn imi' X.uulir ( ,>l.l,iv >h h i; 1 una Jdusii niui liii.lu, i Inrinipsa. (luc hit ifii t'li-rcii ' jiur .-^ulii I iumil.it' ('((/'■''/■'( '/' 'I'ijri,' O'lticii, /lu;ie afterwards, wherein j)erished many of the sons aud dauLditei's that had heeii horn to the ';:i)t\<: and it is said that when the delu;:e ^vas passed the human THE DVKL AVrril Til]': SUN. • i'aihvr I'uscr of id hrlllO liuiilc to y trees. ;s lierl)S laid out ^viiil all mU. \n ■;' lioiise. t ami to lie odor- •euse of !s. their est- Liods. to tliem V- ol' tlie I'aclh. or |ie earth ve onl_\ lore ol)- ;irs and nl that ,{s ol'the ilessed {•:.. |>ost- heir de- ls their e power 11. that iirdities. inMii,L':ed (lat time I'Ve eaiiie |v of the and liuiaii race was restored as at the first, and the Mi/tt'e kin,L-'- (•oin i)i)[)ulaied. and tlu' hea.\eiis and the earth estal.- lished. This \ve niav sn[)|)ose to ha\(' l)een the traditional ori- gin of the eonnnon [leople: hut tlu' i:-o\('rnin,L:' lami'iv of Mi/teea pro(daiiiied thenisidxes the descendants ol' two \()iiths liorn from two majestic ti'cesthat stoo(l at the en- trance of the ji'orjiv ol' A[)oala. and that maintained them- si'U'e- there despite a violent wind continnallv lislii;.:' ji'ciii a ca\-ern in the vicinitv. Wdiether the trees of themselves produced these months, or whellu'r some primeval .Ksir. as in the Scandina\ian storv. 'SAW them shape and hlood and hicath and sensi>, \vc know not. We are only told that soon or late the \()Utli- separated, each iioiiii:' his own way to coiKjiier lands for himsidl". Thi' hraxi'r of the twc cominu' to the Aicinity of Tilantoniio. arnu-d with hnckler and t)o\\. wa.s laiicli vexed and oppressi'd hy the ardent rays of the sun. which he took to he the lord of that disti'ict stri\- \\\z to jirexi'iit his entrance therein, 'riien the yoiinu warrior strim^' his how. and advanced his hiickli'r hefon- him. and drew shafts from his (inix-er. lie shot there aiainst the ^i'reat liL:,ht even till the ,uoinLi' dow n of the saiiie; then he took po.'i'dshi|) of all the cacitines of Mi/.teca. and npon tlieir descent from this miiility archei' their ancestof. I.'vcn M tlii< day. the chiefs of the Mi/.tees hla/.on as their iirius a itlnined chief with how. arrows, anil sliield. and the sun in front of him stttinu' hehind iiray clouds.-"' Of the origin of the /,a[)otecs. a people hord^crinu' on t'.icsc Miztecs. Ihirji'oa says, with a touching; simplicity, that he <"ould (ind no accoupt worthy of heiief. Their historical iiaiu4in,us he ascrilu's to the in\eiition (;f the (ic\il. adirmin;.^ hotly that these [leopK' were Minder in >ach \anitiev than t^'e Iv.:y[itians and the ( 'hal>le;ins. '^ Bitr'joa, *i*o;/. Iksi-ci^... ti.iu i., ful. !js, IT'i. |i[ I «■ 74 OIUGIN .VXD END OF TIIINdS. Home, lie said, to hoast of tln-ir xalor iiiadt' tin lu^rlvc; Oat tlu' sons ol" lions ami divci's \\\ l.l hrast; otlicrs. M'and loi'ds of jnicicut lineauv weri' jirodiici'il tl 10 izriNilcst and most sliadv tivi's; Avhik' still otlu-i's ul" an iuivi('ldiii,ii' and obstinatt- iiatmv. ui'iv (U'scmdcd iVoiii i'Oi'!\s. TliL'ir lani:itaiii'. contiiiiU's the wortliv l'i'(j\ iiicial, strikinpi,' siiddcnlv and In an undirected shot the wvy centiM' ol" inytliolo;^ictd interprotulion. — tlieii" laiii:iiaj;u was lull of nu'ta[)liors; those who wished to peisuadt; and in like manner painted dse al v\a\s m !)ai"a,ljl their historians.-"' Ill (iiiatemala, aceordinii' to the relations liisi'n to Fa- tliei- ( tl lei'u iiimo llomaii hv the natives, it was helieved I'lV w as a time when nothinii existed hut a ceiti-.i n d!\ine I'atlier called Xchmid. and adi\iiU' Mother called XtmaiKi. To these were horn three sv)ns.'' the ehlest of whom, tilled with })ride and presnm[)tion, set alujut a creation contrary to the will of his parents, lint hv. could create nothinu' sa\e old vessels tit for mean uses. ucli jisearrhen pots, jnus, and thiniis still moretU'spicahle and he was hurled into had es. lU'll the t wo \oumrer hrethren. oalU'd respectively llnncheviui and Jlun- a\an. j)rayed their i)arents lor [u'l'mission to attemiit the Avork in which their hrother had I'ailed so siiiually. And they weiv granted leave, heinii' told at the sanu' time, that inasnmch as they had hnmhi'd tlu'msehes. they would succeed in their undertaking. 'J'heii they madv the lieaAcns. and the earth with the plants thereon, and Jire and air. and out of the earth itself they made a man and a woman. — presumahly the parents of tlie huma.n race According' to Tor(|uemada. there was a (Uhii:e some time after this, and alter the deluii'e the iK'oi)le contlmieil to iuNoke as iiod the great leather and the great Mother ^ Tl'n-;inn, Gonij. Jlosirip., fol. 1!in-7. ■" Oiii' (^f the l.ll^^ Ciisas AISS. j,'ivts. lu'fdnliii'-; to Hilps. 'liico hijos' iii- stciul of • Ires liiJDs;' tlir hUiv. Imwcvci-. bciiii,' the rdircit naUiin,. us. \\u< list 111' iiatiK ■^. ill tlic siiuiu aiauu?>i'niit .slmws, ami as I'atUir IJuiimu gives it. Sf( iiuic '.y.\. THE COYOTE OF THE I'APAOOS. 75 already iiK'iitioiuMl. ]^.iit at last a ])riiu'ii)al woman ''^ aniniiLi' tlu'iii, lia\iiii:' rccrivrd a rcxi'latioii iVoiii lu'a\c'ii, tauLilit tlu'iii the triu- iiauu' of (lod, and how that iianio should he adoivd; all this, howcwi- {\\v\ artorward Ibr- Iii Xicarautia. a coiinti'v avIilto the ])i'iu('i[)al lani^uajic w as a Mexican dialect, it AS as helieved that aucs ai:. tiu' world Avas destroyed In' a Hood in which the most part ol" mankind perished. .Vltei'ward the ^o/rs, or rest' ocKei I tl th le earrn as a it tl le houininnii'. W lu-nce caine the teotes. no one Knows; hnt the names ol" two of them who took a jjrincipal part in the i'i'eati(jn weiv Tamajiostat and ( "i[)attonal.'' Lea\inii' iiow the Central Amei'iean re,uion we i)ass no)'th into the l*a[ia;^o country, lying south ol' the (iila, with the river Santa ("ru/, on the east and the (julf of ('alifoi-nia on the west. Jlei'e we meet lor the iirst time tl le co\()te. Ol' prairie W( oil' we llnd mm mueli more man th an animal, somethiui:' more vxvw than a man. only a little lower than the ,i:()ds. In the i'oUowiiiii l'apup> m\lli'' he lijiuivs as a. projtlu't. and as a minister and as- >i>tant to a certain yi'eat hero-iiod .Monte/uma, whom we ■AW destined to meet often, and in many characters, lis a central lliiure in the myths of the (iila, \'all.y :— The (Jreat Spirit made the earth and all liviiiL: thiirjs. ULie some ■♦ I'his trailiti Kiiys thi' Alili' linisscur dc IJoiirlmni'L,', il'sl. rAs SnI. <■'»*., iiiiii. ii.. II]). 71-0. has iaduliitiilily nft nncc to u <|iircii wlinsi' iniiiiory his 1 !• i-iiiiir altai-licd til \i r^' any \ ill llllatiiuala, ami Ci litlal Aincli- lliil I'l', tiraiiiliintlu r; ami finm liir tlu' vulcalu) ra ^'iMii filly. Shr Was ca i iIuvjiil; fmir criitiiriiH, iiUil In mi lu r aii.- di sciiuh il all di'' royal miil priiiitty faniiliis of (Inatniiala, ■'• /.'•i/»'(M, Itij.nliHiii ih' Ins liiiH"!i (irrhh iihilis. jiart 1. lili. '2. caii. 15. aftiT /..( (/'• /.IS /»'/.. \>\>. :!'Ji-;!(i; /.< //;.-/. .!/.../. ap. St''^ ufttr U'ljis' >'/"'"• '"'"/•» ^"1 ii 1' '"'• '/''"'/'' ><;i» u. li\). 50—1; llrassi iir ilr Jiniirlnmr'j, Jli>t. ihs Sdl. ( .MS. M'liiiii'i/ t >iu. ii. Ihr UlNl of thrsi' t I'Vu iu\-t (iiiijiaii M wi) nanus is ivroiiconsly s] rlt 'Fan o/t.i.l' liv M. r. S nui ami tlif .Vlilii' iiiassi' two ti«v I' )iiTh i^is led astr.iy by thr riror of if. Ti iiuni\-C'(iiii|iai all I riiv ■v*liii-h Hi-Nl urn a 111 that urlitliluali s trauslalioii of Uvi'ilo. Oriidn tlisi '»•.!., tola, iv . )i. 10. /''(■(• Miirh/r. die. vi.. caii. 1. ■''This fradilioii w.is ■ iratlu n'd jiiim'iiially from tin' iilatimis of Cu ()nii 11. til.' iiitelliu. Ill ihii'd into tlic hole that lie had (hi,u'. Inniu'diatcly there eanie ( ut ^h)nte/nnla and. "svith th«' assistance ol" .\hinte/uina. the ivstoi'the Indian trihes in oi'der. T.ast ol' all came the Apaches, Avild IVoni their natal lioni'. rnnnini:' away as I'lst as they were ci'eated. Those lirst (hiys of the \\(»rld were li!ii)i)y and peacel'nl days. The snn was neai-er the I'arth than lie is now: his uratefnl rays made all th(> sea-;ons eipial. and rendered Liarments nnneces- sary. Men and heasts talked toiicthei'. a connnon lan- u'naLie uiaile all hivthren. lint an awl'nl destrnction endeil this laqipy aii'e. A lii'eat Hood destroyed all llesh whei'ein ^vas the hreath of life; Monte/nnia and his friend the (V)yote alone eseapini::. I'or hefore thi' Hood liepui. the Coyote jtroj)hesied its c(Mnin,i:'. and .\hinte/.n- nia took the \\arnin,ii' and hollowed ont a hoat to hinisclj". keeping it ready on the topmost snmmit of Snnta ilosa. The < 'ovote also prepared an ark: iiniiwinL!' do\vn a ureat cane h_\ the I'ixcr hank. enterin,u' it. and stopping: i\\) the end with a eei'tain iinm. So when the w.iters rose these twosa\('d thems('|\cs. and met aiiain at last on dr\- land al'ter the llood had passed away. Xatnrally enouuii Mon- le/.inna was now anxious to know how nnieh dry land had heen left, and he sent the Coyote olV on fonr succes- si\e journeys, to find exactly where the sea lay toward eticli of the four winds, I'^rom the west and from the south, the answer swiftly came: The sea is at hand. A loniivr si'arch was that made towards the east, liut at 1a>t there too was the sea I'onnd. On the north only was no water found. tliou;jli the faithfid messenger ahno'-t Aveai'ied himself ont with seiu'chinii'. In the meantime tiie (Jrear Spirit. ;iided ly Monte/uma. had a.Liain le- jieojiled the world, and animals and men he^ian to in- crease and nndtiply. To Monte/uma had heen allotted tin' c;ire and poNcrnment of the nt w raci' • hut pntVi d up Avith jiride inid sell" imj)ortance. he neglected the most im- poi't;!.it duties of his onerous jiosition. and sullereil the LEdEN'D or MiiXTK/r.MA. most disLii'aci'riil wickiMliu'ss to |iiiss tmiioticcil aiiioii^: tlu' |if(»|il('. In Niiiii the ( Ii'cat Spirit cuuu' down to cartli au'l nnionstrati'd with liis viccLicrt'iit. who onlv scornril his laws and advici-. and rndcil at last hv hrcakinii' out into open rcltrllion. Then indt'cd tlu' (I rcat Spirit was lill('(l with aniicr. and \w rt'tnrncd to heaven, pnshinii' htck till' sun on his way. to that remote jiart ot" the sk_\- he now o('eni»ies. r)nt ^h)nte/nma hardened iiis lieait, and collecting all the tiioes to aid him. set ahont hnild- in2' a honst' that shonld I'eaeh n[> to heaven itsell'. Al- reaily it had attained a iiwut height, inid contained many apartments HiumI with gold, silvei*. and jirecions stones, the whole threatening soon to maki' good the hoast of its architect, when the (ireat Spirit lannclu'd his thnndi'r, and laid its "lorv in rnin.- ^till Monteznma liardened himself: prond iuid inllexihle. he answered the thnnderer (lilt ol'thi' haughty deliance of his heai't: he ordered tlu^ temple-honses to lie desecrated, and tlie holy images to he di'a'j.'Li'ed in the dust, he made them a scolV and h\- \\ ord i()r the ver\- ehililrt'n in the villatic street.^ Tl ten the (iSreat Sjiirit prcjiared his supreme punishment, lie sent an insect Hying away towards thi> east, towards an unknown land, to hring the Sjianiards. W hen these c;ime. the\- made wai' iiiion Monteznma and destroxed him, and ntti-i'ly dissi[)ated the idea of his di\ init} .''" ''■ Till' li".,'('iul:iry Mdiiti /niiiii. wimii ,'v (>f the Uilii Viill( V, iiiiist not 1)' ■ shall meet so often in the ni\ thol- infoiiudeil with tile two Al(Mean n ilis of til title Tli(> name ils( If wmilil sei in tlualiseli f pi'ipof to the eoiitrai'v, to have lietii eal'i'ied into Arizona and Nt w Jlexico liy tl le Sjiaiiiaiiis or thi'ir Mexican atti ndaiits, and lo have lieeonie ;_,'ra(liially u^soc i- .ited in the minds of some of the New Mexiean and ni ii^hlioriML! trilu s, witli a va'^iie. mvthieal, and departed branch iiv. The name Moiite/timu lieianio t!in^, to \ise Mr. Tylors wcads. ih.tt of the v-reat ' Sonu 1 This lieiliL^ once the ease, all the lessir lu n )Oll\ (I f the tlih i:i the "leater. and their nanus fiiri'otteii. I'hi ir deeds dd lie s^iadnally ahsoili' \\ dd l)ecome hlrt deed-i, tlieir fame his fam(\ '1' I iidencv of tradition. <\iii in ure is evidence t no historical timi: aieli that this is ii d Ihe pai;es of Mr. C'o\s '■h'll.iily anil comprehensive work, Tin' Miilln'liiiiii iti'lhr .\r;/i(ii yuth'iis, tet ni \'.ith Allt:l In 1 if I'eter the ( i)'les of it. ^n I'ersia, deeds of every kind and date arc refernd to (iissia, re.-it. liiiildi All )f (Very nvA' are (hid ired to lie the Work land. K fur. ill the folk-1 Kuroj le, in tiermanv I'ran Sjiaii •Avit/cr- ti''iii ind. Scotland, Inland, the ex]iloits of the oldest niUholoi^ie.il iiii; in the Sauras. l!ddas, aiul Nilielnnecn Lied have heen ascrilii il ore am 1 halln if the pio]ile to r.avharii'iya. Cliiirlenuiinu i; I hailesV., William lell, Arthur, liolan lloud, Walhi lud St. Talricli. i 78 OLKJIN AN']) KN'l) OF THINGS. Tlic IMiiKJs/" ii iH'idilioi'injj: and closclv allied pcoiilr to tlic l'iii)i>,ii'os. say that the earth was made hy a cer- tain ( 'hiowotiiiahke. that is to say Ilartii-prophet. It appearetl in the heiiinniiiLi' like a spidei's weh. strett'hiniz' far and iVauile across thi' nothingness that \va> Tl leu the !']arth-]»i'o|)het Hew o\-ei' all lands in the form of ii huttertly. till he ('an)e to the place he jiiducd fit I'of his jjurpose. and there he made man. And the tiling was al'tei- this wise: The Ci'eator took clay in his hands, and mixing' it with the sweat ol' his own hody. knea(h'd the Avhole into a lnnii>. Then he hlew npon the hmip till it v,as filled with lil'e and begun to move; uiid it hecame man and woman. This (^reator had a son called S/.en- kha. who. when the world was hetiiiniiniz' to hetolei'ahly peopled, lived ill the (Jila valley, whei'e lived also at the same time a ut the ])ropliet lauuhod the bird to scoiii and uatliere(l liis i'oIh's al)ont him and slept. wards tl le ml mle came a^iani and warned nnn o I P (1 h A Iter. )f tl le A\aters near at hand; but he pive no ear to the bird at all. I'erhaps he would not listen because this Macule had an exceedinuly bad rej)utation amonji' men, beinji' re- ported to take at times the i'orni of an old woman that lured awav liirls and children to a certain diit" so that tl ie\ w( re ne\'er seen aLiain ; of this, lu )wever. more anon. A third time, the I'la^Liie came to warn the ])rophet, and to say that all the valley of the (jiila should be laid wast(3 with water; but the })ro})het gave no heed. Then, in Tlio foniit'i'tion of flio namo of ^lontpznnm with nnoifiitlmildiiiKs nm\ Ics^ciid- iiiy advriitiircs in the iiiytlioliit,'y of thi' (iihi vullty st'cliis to bu siiiiply au- (ithir cxaiuiiit' of the same kinil. '■''' I am iiiili'htcd for tlicsc jjarticulars of tho Ix'licf of tlio rinias to tho l]iiii,u' oftlic I']!i?lc"s wiiiiis (lied iiwiiv into the iii'jlit. tlicrc ciiiiic a Ih'mI of tlmiidt'C iiiul ail awl'iil crash; ami a izrfcii iiiouinl di' water I'cai'cd itst-H" on cr the plain. It scciihmI to stand upriulit for a second, then, cut incessaiitlv hv the li;jlit- ninii'. goaded on like a ^iireat heast, it ilnn:.i itseH" 111)011 tlio proihet's Imt. A\'lien thi' nioniing broke there was notli- iii;:' to «e( n ali\(' hilt one man — if indeed li e were a man: S/eiikha. the son ol' the ( 'reator. had sa\ t d hiiiiselt' hv tloatin.uon a hall of unni or rosin. On the walerslall- iiiLi' a little, he landed near the month of the Salt Hiver. upon a mountain where there is a ('a\e that can still he seen, together with the tools and utensils S/.eiikha used w liile he live(l tlieri ikl /.euKlia was vei'\ anirrx Avitli th the'ireat Maiile. who he prohahly thoujiht liad had more ti) do with hrin,uin,i:' on the Hood than apiiears in the Harrati\e. At any rate the general reiuitatlon ol" the liird was suHiciently h;id. and S/.eukha pre|iared a kind el' rope ladtU'r from a very touiih six'cies of tree, much like woodhlne. with the aid ol" which he chmhed up to the clilV where the l']a'ile li\('(l. and slew him." Looi\inii; ahoui; here, he I'omid tiie mutilated and decay nu' hodies ot' a ure;it nniltitude ol' those ^hat tlu' I'lade had stolen and taken for a ])rey: and he raised them all to lile a,L:aiiiand s 'lit them away to re[HM)ple the earth. In the house or den ol' the llaizle. he i'oiind !i woman that the monster had taken to wil'e. and a child. These he sent also upon their wa\'. and from these are descendetl that iireat peo- ple called llohocam, ' aneients or ,urandt'atliers.' who wci'e led ii' all their waiiderin,ii"s hy an eaj^le. and who eutually })assed into Mexico.'''' One ol' these llohocam ■' Fur the killiiij,' of this (Treat Eiit^lo Szeuklm hml to dn a kind of pon- aiii'c, uhii'h was never tn seriiteh himself with his nails, I'Ut always with ii small stick. 'J'his custuni is still cihserved by all Pimas: and a liit nf wood, riiii Wed every fourth vNl V^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ;r ilM IIIIIM •?" m 1 2.2 ■ t^ 12.0 1.8 U III 1.6 V] ^;. 7 /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4503 'ii^ z 80 OlllCrlX AND END OF THINGS. iiiiiiu'il Siviino, built the Casa (Jniiido on tlie (lila, an. 'H'lH. ■" Tvn lifiKvL iu iS(7(i"//(7vn7'N Airh., vd. i\.. iiji. H5 fi. CAVE-ORIOIX OF THE NAVAJOS. 81 tmv ; evorv The Xiivajos. liviii^j; iiortli of the Piiohlos. siy tliat at one tiiiio all the nations, Xtivajos. I'uehlos. Covoteros, aiitl white |)eo[)le, lived to;;ether, undermound in the heart (>r a mountain near the river kSui ,lnan. Their onl\ looil was meat, which they had in abnndaiure. ior all kinds of game were elosed up with them in their cave; l)ut their light was dim and oidy endured loi- a lew hours each day. There were hapjjily two duml) men amung the Xavajos, llute-players who enlivened the dai'k- ness with nnisic. One ol" these striking hy chance on )l'of the limho with his dute. I t out u hoi- he rooi ol tne innno witii ins Muie. iirougnt out u hol- low sound, ujK)n which the cMer.s of the tribes deter- ninied to hore in the direction whence the sound canie. The llute was then set n|) against the I'ool", and the Rac- coon sent up the tube to dig away out; hut he could not. Then the Moth-worm mounted into the breach, and bored and bored till he found himself suddenly «)n the outside of the mountain and surrounded by water. I nder tlu'se novel circumstanci's, he heaped up a little mound anil set himself down on it to observe and pon- der tlu> situation. A critical situation enough I jbr. from the four corners of the universe, four givat white Swans lioie down upon him, every one with two arrows, one uuder either wing. The Swan from the north reached him (irst, and having j)ierced him with two arrows, drew^ them out and e.\amined their points. I'xclainnng as the usult: lie is of my race. So also, in succession, did all the others. Then they went away: and towards the di- rections in which they de})arted. to the nt)rth. south, east, and west, were found four great (irnnjos. by which all the water llowed oiV. lea\ ing only mud. The worm now returned to the cave, and the llaccoon wont uj) into the mud, sinking in it mid-leg deep, as the marks on his fiu' sliow to this day. And the wind began to rise, sweep- ing u[) the four great arroyos, and the mud was dried away. Then the men and the animals began to come up IVom their cave, and their coming up re«iuired sev( i- al days. First came the Xavajo.s, and no sooner had You 111., 0. 83 ORIGIN AND END OF THINGS. tlicv roacliod tlio surfiicc then tlioy comnu'nccd ^ainin^ iit 'jxifoli', their favorite ^-anio. Then canu' tlio I'lioblos wnA other liidiiins who «'ro[) their hair and hiiild houses. Ijastly (!aine tlie white jH'ojile, who started oil' at once for the risinj; sun and were l(>st sitiht of for many w inters. While tliese nations Hved underjrronnd they all spake one tonirne: hut Avith the lidit of dav and the U'vel of earth, came many hnmnatics. The earth was at this time very small and the li;:ht was quite as scanty as it i.'id been down helow; for there was as yet no heaven, nor SUM, nor mcHni, nor stars. So another council of the ancients was held and ii coimnittee of their number ap- pointed to mannfactin-e these luminaries. A lar^e house or workshop was erected ; and when the sun and m this day. Xext there arose anion.; the Xavajos a great ganihler, wlio went on win- ning the g«M)ds and the |)ersons of his opinments till he had won the whole trihe. Tjkmi this, one of the old men hecaine indignant, set the ganil)ler on his how- string and shot him ofVinto space. — an unfortunate jiro- (•ceding.*for the fellow retnrned in a short time with lire- innis and the Spaniards. Let nie conclude hy telling how the Xavajos came hy the seed they now cnltivate: All the wise men lieiiiLjone dav assemhled, a turkev-hen (MMie Hying from the direction of the morning star, and shook from her feathers an ear of hlue corn into the iiiiilst of the company; and in snhsecpient visits hrought all the other seeds they possess." Of some trihes. we fiillowiuj,' addition: After the Navajos <'aiiie up from th" cave, thero (':iiiie a time when, hy the ferocity of tenants and ripaeioiis animals, their iniMiliers Were reduced to thrci' — an old man, in old woman, and a younj; w. ilium. Tlic stock was re])leuished by the latter bearing a child to the sun. <' Itihis, Jlist.. pp. 18, 10. *' Clacijero, .'^tvrin dilla Cal., torn i., p. I.IO. »1 OIUC.IN AND KNJ) t)F THINGS. the sjinio trilx'. add tliiit tlic stjirs arc mado of nictul. and an- tlic work of a then civati'd the lowrr ani- mals, and lastlv a man and a woman. Tiu'sc wciv male separately ont ol'eaitii and called, the man Tohohar. and tl le woman I'ahavit. Ilniio Keid. to whom we are mainly indehted for the mythology of Southei'n (*alili)rnia, and who is an excel- lent anthority, inasnmch as his wife was an Indiaff woman of that coimtry. Iiesides the j)rece(linji' jiives ns anotlu'i' and diiVerent tradition on the same snhject: Two <:reat Meiniis made the world, filled it with n. that he should not he ntterly eom- [vinioidt'ss. Fortunati'ly also, ahout this time, the moon came to that neiuhhoihcMxl; she was very fair in Ik'I' delicate heauty. ver\ kind hearted, and Aw tilled the plare of a mother to the men-children that the jiod had create(l. She watched over them, and jiuarded them from all e\ il things of the niuht. standing at the door t)f their Iodize. The children CUvUjero, SUirln ihlhi i'ul.. loin, i., iij). IIW *'j lltKji) lU'ul, ill Loa Aiiijii'a .Stur. CKNTUVL-CALiroKNlAN rUKATIOX-MYTIIS. 85 i('t;il. and iiiuoii lias a. Ik'I'k'Vo II lioavoii: I'M on llii' iiwcr aiii- viTi' male H)liar. and I'd for till' 1 an oxcc'l- aff woman IS anotliiT Two jiivat I trocs. and liinals that don*', tlu' lis hrotlicr \\\. niado to (,tli<'r liand. did not seem on tlifsc occasions to jiav sucli alisorltinii' attention to Ikt sentinel dutv as at otiier times. The chihh-en j.irew sad at this, and Ititter at the lieart with ;i ho\i>h ie;dons\ . I»ut worse was xct to come: one nijiht t'lev wcri' awakened hv a (iiierulons wail- iiii: in their lodjic, jnid tlie eaiTiest d'lwn showed them :i sti'aniie thini:'. which the\- af'tei'wards canu' to know was a new-horn infant. Ixinj;' in the (hHtrway. The uod mill the moon had elojK'd t(\L:ether; their (Jreat One had returned to his jihice hevond the lether. and that he miuht not he sejjarated from his [)aram(Mn'. he had api)oint- (il her at the same tinu^ a lo(l<:e in the jireat (li'mament; whei'i' she may yet he seen, with her _uan/,y rohe and shininjx silver hair, treadinii" celestial |iaths. The child Kit on the eai'th was a j:irl. She j:rew up very soft. \ery hriLiht, very heantil'id. like her mother; hut like her mother also. so fickle and trail I She was the llrst ol" woman-kind, from her are all other women descended, and from the moon; and as the moon chaniics so they all change, sjiy the philo.H)|»hers of I^os An- LcUs.'' A much more j>rosaic and materialistic oriiiin is that iiccorded to the moon in the traditions of the (Jallino- iiieros of Central California.^'* In the heginning. tluy >;i\ . thei'e was no light, hut a thick darkness co\-ered all the earth. Man stumhled hlindly against man and against the animals, the Itirds clashed together in the air. and confusion reiLiiied ever\ where. The Hawk liaii[iening hy chance to lly into the face of the Coyote, there followed nnitual apologies and afterwards a long iliscu>->;ion on the emergency of the sit'.iation. Petei- luined to make some elVoi't toward ahating the jiu!)lie evil, the two set ahout a remedy. The Coyoti' gathereil a iii'cat heap of tuK's. rolled them into a hall, and gaxc it tn the Hawk, together with some jiieces of Hint. Cather- ing all together as well as he could, the Hawk Hew straight up into the sky, where he .struck tire with the !• i;u.->.-,iiiii i;iMr Viillc V, Sdiuiiiiii ('(lUiitv. 86 OIlKilN AND END Ol' TIIlNuS. flints, lit liisliiill of rcM'ds, jind left it tlicr(\ Avlilrliiiii; iiloiiu; iill in ii (icrco red ^low ms it coiitiiiiics to tin- pres- ent; for it is tli«' siin. In tlic same \\ny tlic moon wiis niiidt', ])ut us the tnU-s of wliii'li it was constiitctcMl wciv i-atliiT dani[). its li^ilit has hern alwajs somewhat uncer- tain and f('ehk'/'' In northern ('alifornia, we find the ^hittoles,""" who connect a ti'adition of a destiMictivc Hood with Taylor Peak, a mountain in their locality, on which they say thi'ir iorcrathers t(M)k I'el'njj^^e. As to the creation, they teach that a certain IVig .Man l)e,i:an hy makinji the naked earth, silent and hleak, \vith nothing of j)lant or animal thereon, save one Indian, who roamed ahont in a wofully hiniti'ry and desolati' stale. SudtU-n- ly there rose a tei'i'ihle whirlwind, the air grew dark and thick Avith dust and driftin:^ sand, and the Indian tell upon his face in sore dread. Then theiv came a j.ireat calm, aiid the man Jose and l(M)ked, and lo. all the I'ai'th was pei'fect and peo^jlcd ; the grass and the trees \vere giH'en on e\ery ])lain and hill; the heasts of the fit'lds. the fowls of the ail', the creeping things, the things that swim, moved ever\uhere in hl^; sight. There is a limit set to the numher of the animals, which is this: only a certain numher of animal spirits are in existence; Avhen one heast dies, his sj)irit iruuediately takes up its !iI)oiU> in another hody. so that the whole numher of ani- mals is always the same, and the original s})irits move in an enuless ( 'ircle of earthy i nnnoi ■talit^ \\\' pass now to a train of m\ tlis in which the Coyote again appears, figuring in many important ;uid souie- Avhat mystical I'i'des, — (igui'ing in fac^t as the great So) ne- l)()dy of many trihes. To him. though involuntarily- as it a[)j)ears. ai'e owing the fish to he found in Clear Lake. The stoi'v runs that one sunnnei iong ago there was a tiMM'ihle drought in that region, i'ollowed hy a plague of grasshoppers. The Coyote ate a great (piantity of these t'' J'nircrs' rnmo. MS. ''" niiiiilioldt Coiuity. ■'1 I'liarrs' l'o:iilie tl le same that .still swim in ( 'leaf- Lake. Till' ( 'alifornians in most ca.ses de.sci-ihe them.selves as oritiinatiu'j' from tho CoNote, and more remoteh, I'roin Ml the vei'v !^oil they tread. \n the lan;^iia^e of Air. Towers. — whose extended jier.sonal investipitions ;;ive him tho riiiht to speak with authority. — ■" All the aho- ri;:inal iidial)itants oi' California, without e.\('ej)lion, ht'lii'xe that their first ancestors wore eroated directly fioni the earth of their respective present dwellin^- lilaces. and. in very many ca.ses, that these ancestors were c.notes." '' The I'otoyantos };ive an in;^'enious account of tho transformation of tho lirst coyotes into men: There was an a^o in which no men I'xisted, nothinj; hut coyotes. Win u oiK? of these animals died, his body n.sed to hreed a multitude of little animals, nuu-h as tho carcass of the liuiiv ^'mir, rotting in (jlinnunga-gap, bred tho maiijiots that turned to dwarfs. The little animals of our sloi'y weiv in reality spirits, which, after crawlinii' ul»>ut for a tiiiii' on the dead coyote, and taking' all kinds of .-ha[>es, railed ly spreading wings and lloating olf to the moon. This eviiU'utly woidd not do; the earth was in danger, of hi'Couiing depo[)ulated; so the old coyotes took coun- sel tn^cther if [terchance they miiiht di'vise a reuicdy. The result was u general order that, for tho timotocome, all bodies should be incinerated inunediately Jil'ter death. Tims originated tho custom of burning tho dead, a 'iistoui still kei)t n[) among these [)eo[»le. Wo next li'arn, -what indeed might have been expected of animals of -!i('li wisdom and })arts, — that these primeval Cv>yotes ■' l:,„-rs' I'liiim, MS. '■' I'uinrs' rmiui, il.j. 88 onioiN' A\n FA'i) or Tinxas. bofraii hy dt^frroos to assiimo tlio nhnyyo of men. At Cwst, it is true, witli many iiii|MM'lrctions; but. a toe. an car. ji liand, l)it l»v bit. tli(>\' wvw "radiiallv hiiiMi'il iin into the iM'i'l'cct Ibnii of man lookimr upward. I'or one tliiii;;' tlicy still firicvc, liowovcr. of all their lost estate. - their tails are jroiie. An ae(inired hahit of sitting' np- ridit, has utterly erased and jlestroved that hciiutilul uienil»er. [jost is indeed lost, and jione is i^one Cor ever. \('t still when in dance and festival, the I'otoyantc throws olf the weary burden of haid and utilitarian care. ho attaches to liimself as nearlv asmav be in the iuicient ])lace, an artificial tail, and forjicts for a hapi»y hoiu' the deireueracy of the present in simulating the glory of the past.'"* The Californians tell again of a great flood, oi* at least of ii time Avhen the whole country, with the eNce[)tion of Mount niablo and Keed I'eak. was covered with water, 'inhere was a royote on the [)eak. the only living thing the wide world over, and there was a single featlui' toss- ing about on the ri[)[)led water. The ( 'oyote was look- ing at the feather, and e\en as he looked, llcsh and bones and other feathers, cam«» and joined themselves to the first, and became an Kaule. Tbeie was a stir on the water, a rush of broad ])iui( ons. aiK I lu'l ore th widening circles ivached the i.sland-hill. the liird stood beside the astonished Coyote. The two came soon to be ac(|uainted and to be u'ood friends, and the\' made occa- sional excursions together to the other hill, the I^agle flying leisurely overhead while the (\)Vote swam. Afti-r a time* they betran to feel lonelv. so they created nuMi : and as the men nmlti[)lied the waters a])ated, till the dry land came to l)e nmch as it is at present. Now, also, the Sacramento River and the San Joafpiin began to find their way into the Pacific, thi-ougli the mountains which, up to this time, had stretched across the moutli of San Francisco Ray. Xo I'oscidou clove the hills with his trident, as when the pleasant vale of Tempe was formed, lait a strong earth(piake tore the '■>* Jiilinsliiii, in Srhiiuk raft's Arrh., nil. iv., pp. 'i'Jl-.'j. now THE OOLDl'.X flATK WAS OPEXED. ftO ro.'k !i|)'irt iin'l (»i)i')i('(l tlic fioldcii (^Jiitc l)ctw witlioiit, Mfforc tlii>: tli;'it' lunl cxistcil only two onth'ts for the (Irainauc of tlif wliolo coMiitry; ono was tlio Russian Ixivrr, and tlir otliti' tlu* San .liian.'"' 'I'll!' natives in the vicinity of Tiake Tahoe. ascrih,' its ori'^in to a jireat iiatni'al convulsion. There was II time, thev sav, when their trihe ixissesscd the whole earth, and were sti'on;/. lunnerous. and rich; hut a day c;iine in which a jM'ople rose tip stronj:('r than they, and defeated and enslaved them. Afterwards the (!i*eat Spirit sent an immense wave across the <'onti- neiit from the sea. and this wave eniiulfcd hoth the oi)pressors and the o|)pressed. all hut a wyy small i-eimiant. Then the taskmasters made thi' remainini;; ju'ople i-aise up a great templ(». so that tluy . of thu riiliuLt' caste, should have a refuu'e in case of another tlood, and on the top of this temi)le the masters worshiped ;i column of [)er[)etual fire. Half a nuM)n had not elapsed, however, hefore the ciU'th was jigain tronhled, this time with stronj;' con- vidsions and thunderinjis, upon which the masters took refuue in their great tower, closing the people out. The }K)or slaves lied to the Ilnmholdt lliver. and getting into canoes paddled for life from the awful sight hchind them. For the land was tossing like a tronhled sea. and casting up fire, smoke, and ashes. The llames went up to the verv heaven and meltecl nian\ stais. so that they rained down in molten metal u[)ou the earth, forming the ore that the white men s«'<'k. The Sierra, was moimded up from the hosom of the eartli: while the place where the great fort stood sank. lea\ing only the dome on the top exposed ahove th<' waters of Lake Tahoe. The inmates of the tenijile-towcM' clung to this dome to save themselves from drowning; hut thedreat Si)irit walked upon the waters in his wrath, and took the oppressors one hy one like pehhles. and threw them i;u- into the recesses of a great cavern, on the east side of '■''' II. H. I), in Ifcsperkiii Mwj., vol. iii., IS.j'J, p. 320. 00 OUKJIX AND KM) OF THINdS. the l;ik(\ ciUcd lo this tlis of their ciiNcni-in'isoii thcv iiiiiv still he heard, wailiiiLi and inoaniiij:. when the snows melt und the waters swell in the laUe.'" We auain meet the (\)Vote amon'T the Cahrocs of Klamath ilivi'r in Xoi'thern Califuinia. These ('aiiro<'s helieve in a eei'tain Chareya, Old Man A hove, who made the world, sittini: the while niK)n a certain stixd now in the possession of the hi;ih-j)riest. or <'hief medicine-man. After the <'reation of the earth, ( 'hareva (irst made fi>hes, then the lower animals, and lastly man, Mpoiiwhom was conferred the power of assij;ninji U) each animal its re- .s[)ective dntics and position. The man determined to •iive each a how, the length of which shonld di'note the rank of the I'eceiver. t^o he called all the animals to;^i'ther. and told them that next dav, earlv in the morniiiii'. tlu' distrihiition of hows wonld take place. Xow tile Coyote j;reatlv desired the longest how; and, in onler to Ik- in lirst at the division, ' e (U'termincd to remain awake all night. His anxietv .istained him I'or soMU' time; hut just hefori' morning he gave wav. and ll'll into a sotmd sleej). The consi'(|iience was, he was last at the iv'ndezvons, and got the shortest how of all. The man took pity on his distress, however, and Jjronght the mattei- to the notice of (Miareya. who, on considt'ring the circmnsttuices, decreed that the Coyote shoidd hecome the most cmming of animals, as hi' remains to this time. The CoNote was ver\ grateful to the man I'or his inter- cession, and he hecame his friend and the friend of his chihh'cn. and did many things to aid mankind as we shall see luMvafter." The natives in the neighhorhood of ^Fonnt Shasta, in Xoi'thern (^difornia. say that the (ireat Spirit made this mountain lirst of all. J^oring a hole in the sl\y, using a i7 2; W'l'lsinirlli, in llidclilnjs' Cal. M'lj., vol. ii., 1838, pp. 3oG-8. M«. iMorxT SHASTA Tin; wf.iwam of tiii: grkat sriurr. 'ti lar.L:*' ."^toiK' a:: Jill iiK^iT, III' |iiis1um1 down miow ami ice until tlicN' had ivaclu'd llo ilf-iri'd iu'i;ilit; tiuii lii" «f('it[»t'd iVoni cloud to cloi. io tl U' jjrt'at U'\ |)d( iiiid iVoni it to tlu' t-artii. wlicrc lie plantt'd tlit! lir.-t tifcs liv nii'icly i>uttiii;i his liii;^«'r into tho soil hiTc r.nd thtTc. TIk' sun ht'jian to ii'.clt thi' snow ; the snow produci'd water; the water ran d(>wn the sides of the mountains, lelVesIied the trees, and ni:ide livei'; The Creator i;;ithi'i'ed the leaves that fell iVoni the trees, lilew upon llicin. and thev heeanie hii'ds. He took a stick and hroUi' it into pieces; of the small end he made lislM"<; aiii 1 of the middle of tiie stii-k he made animal? Ill' ;i-i/./ly hi'ai' exeei)ted. which he foi'med from tlu; hlj;' <'nd !ui''' jiim to l)e masf'T over all thf las 4ick, '1>1 ttlicrs. Indeed this animal W;is tiien so l;if: -ti'oii; ltd cunnih ', that tlii' ( holl d '(^1 ator soniew hat i I h eared nuu M onnt Shasta as a wijiwam lor lums< aner feet sccui'ity and coudort. So the smoki' was soon to he si'i'U curliu|i!; nj» from the mountain, where the (ireat Spiilt and his familv li\c'd. and still live, thouiih their iii'iulli-lire is alij^ht no lonii'er, now thiit the wiiite man is ill the land. This was thousands of snows ap), and there e;uni' after this v. late and s-.wcre s})rin^-time, in which a memorahle storiu hli'w u\) from the sea, siiakin;^ the huLic lodjie to its hase. The (jivat Spirit connuanded liis d iu::hter. little more than an infant, to . as it remains to this TIi:: C.IUA/JA FAMILY OF MOUNT SHASTA. W il;iv. Tho ^ri/./lii's had prepared him an li(»n()ru])lo n'('i'[)ti()n. and as he a])[)roai'hed his daii,iihtor's home, lie found them standing in thousands in two files, on either sidi' oi" the ch)or, with their cluhs under their anus. Jli' had never })ietured liis daughter as aught hut the little child he had loved so long ago; lint when he found that >he was a mother, and that he had heen hetraved into the creation of a new race, his anger overcauie him ; he scowled s) terrihly on the poor old grandmother (jlriz/ly that she died upon the s[)ot. At this all the hears set up a fear- I'lil howl, hut the exasperated fathei", taking his lost dai'- rniL:()nhis shoulder, turned to the anned host, and in his liir>- cursed theui I eace he said. He silent for evei" Let no articulate word ever again ])ass your lips, neithei" stand any more upright: hut use your hands as feet, and look downward until I come again! 'J'hen he (hdve them all out; he drove out also the new race of men. shut to the door of Little Mount Shasta, and jiassed away to his mountain, carrying his daughter; and her or him no eye has since seen. The grizzlies nevei" spoke iigani. nor stood up: save indei'd when fighting foj" theii' 111*', when the (Ireat S[)irit still [)ermits them to stand as in the old time, and to use their fists like .len. Xo Indian ti'acinii' his descent from the spirit mother and the urizzh . as jiere descrihi>d. will kill a grizzly hear; and if hy an evil chance a gi'izzly kill a man in any [)laci', that spot heconies memoral)le, and every one that passes casts a stoue there till a great pile is thrown un."'** Lt't us now pass on, and going east and norlh, enter the Shoshone country. In Maho there are certain famous Soda Sj)rings whose origin the Snakes refer t«) the close of their hai)j)iest age. Long ago. the legend runs, when the cotton-woods on the IVig Kiver uere no larger than aii'ows. all red men were at ])eace, the hatclu't was c\er\ wheiv hnried. and hunter met hunter in the i:aiue- w iidsof theone or the other, with all hosj)italit_> and good- ill. During this state of things, two chiefs, one of the Jo'/.y.flu Mill'i-'.-i I.if'' Ammiijst tlu' M'Mlocfi, 1)|). "i:!"! •i^^tJ, '2i'2 -C. 94 OrT(jlIN AND END OF TIIINdS. Sl)()sli(ino, tlio otlic^' of tlio rVjni.'nidio nation, met one (lav at a certain sprini:. The Shoshone liad been suc- eessfiil in the eliase, and the ('onianche very unhieky, M'hieh ])ut the latter in i-ather an ill humor. So he got up a dispute with the* other as to the imjiortanee ol" their respective; and related tribes, and ended bv making an unprovoked and treacherous attack on the Shosiione, striking him into the water from behind, when hi; had stooped to drink. The nnn'dered man fell forward into tlie water, and immediately a strange conmiotion was observable there; great bubbles and spirts ol' gas shot up fi'om the bottom of the pool, and amid a cloud of vapor there arose also an old white-haired Indian, arnied with a ])on(lerous club of elk-horn. A\'ell the assassin knew who stood before him; the totem on the breast was that of AVankanaga, the father both of the Shoshone and of the Comanche nations, an ancient famous for his bra\e deeds, and celebrated in the hieroglyphic pictui-es of lK>th i)eo[)les. Accursed of two nations I ci'ied the old man, this day hast thou put death between the two greatest jjcojjIcs under the sun; see, the blood ol' this Shoshone cries out to the (ii-eat S})irit for vengeance. And he dashed out the brains of the Coujanche with his club, and the luurderer fell there beside his victim into the S[)ring. After that the s})i-ing became foul and bitter, nor even to this day can any one drink of its nauseous water. Then AVankanaga, seeing that it had been defiled, took his club and smote a neighboring rock, and the I'ock burst forth into clear bubbling water, so fresh and so gratefid to the palate that no other water can oven be compared to it.'™ Passing into AVasliington, we find an accoimt of tlie origin of the falls of Paloiise River and of certain native tribes. There lived here at one time a family :)f giants, four brothers and a sister. The sister wanted some beaver-fat and she begged her brothers to get it for her, — no easy task, as there was only one beaver in the !>^ Riixlon's Adven. in Mex., pp. 244-G. THE GIANTS OF THE PALOrSE KIVER. Ci riMiiiti-y. nml lio an {iniinal of oxtrao^liiinrv si/i' and iii'tivity. However, like four ,t;allant fellows, the liiunts s;'t oil; toliii 1 the monster, sooneateh'nrj, siu.ht of hiiu near the ni tilth of the Palouse, then a peaei'fiil Lilidin.:' river with an esen thonjih windinji; channel. They at onee <:;ive chase, headiirj; him up the river. A little distance ui)-sti\' i"n thev suceeded in striking' him foi* the fn-st time witli then- spears, hut he shook Ivun-ell clear, makuiii' ni Ins stru^jile the first rapids of the I'alouse, and dashed on up-strea'.n. Aj2;ain the hrothers overtook hun. pinninn him to the river-hed with their weapons, and ai:ain the vig or ons heaa,son tiiev are more eneru;( itic, di irinii'. and sue cessl'iil than their neiiihbors."" Ill Oregon the Chinooks and neijihborinii- people tell <»f a jire-human demon race, called rih;iii)a by the ('hiiiDoks. and Sehiiiiib by the (Mallams aii(l Lummis. The Chinooks say that the human race was created by italiipas. the Coyote. The first men were sent into die world in a wvy luminsh and imjKM-fect state, their mouth and e\es were closed, their hands and feet ini- iiio\abl( Tl len a kini iKiin. took a sharj) stone I and O^K' )owei fill siiirit ealled ne( I tl ka- e e\es o tl lese iioor creatures, and jiave motion to their hands and feet. He tau'iht them how to make canoes as well as {dl other implements and utensils; and he threw great rocks into «" nilkoH' Xur. iu U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 4'JC. OG ORIGIN AND END OF THINGS. the rivers nvA inmle fulls, to olwtnict tlio salmon in their ascent, so that they init;ht he easily caiiji'ht."' Farther north among the Ahts of \ aneonver Island, j)L'rhaps the eommonest notion of origin is that men at llrst existed as birds, animals, and llshes. We are told of a certain (^nawteaht, represented somewhat oontradictoi'i- ly, as the first Aht that ever lived, thickset and hairy- limbed, and as the chief Aht deity, a purely supernatural being, if not the creator, at least the maker and shaper of most things, the maker of the land and the water, and of the animals that inhabit the one or the other. In each of these animals as at first created, there lesided the emI)ryo or esseiice of a man. One day a canoe came down the coast, paddled by two jjersonages in tlu', at that time, unknown form of men. The ain- mals were frightened out of their wits, and lied, each iVom his house, in such haste that he left behind him the human essence that he usually carried in his body. These embryos rapiilly developed into men; they multiplied, made use of the huts deserted b\' the animals, and became in every way as the Ahts are now. There ('.\ists another account of the origin of the Ahts. which would make them the direct descendants of (^)uawteaht and an iunnense bird that he married. — the givat Thun- dei' JVmhI, Tootooch. with which, under a diil'erent name and in a dilVei'ent sex, we shall become more I'amiliar jireseutly. The naj)j)ing of Tootooch s wings shook the hills with thunder, tootnh; and when she \mi out her Ibrked tongue, the lightning (piivered across the sky. The Ahts have various legends of the wav in which (ir«' was fn'st obtained, which legends may be reduced to the following: (^uawteaht withheld (ire. for some reason or otlii'i', from the creatures that he had brought into the world, with one exce[)tion; it was always to be found burning in the home of the cuttle-fish, tellioop. ^flie other beasts attempted to steal this fire, but only the M Pri(ii''lirri'f< \ird, assumes the most elaborate proportions and importance. Here the name of this great Somebody is Yehl, the Crow or Raven, creator of most things, and especially of tlie Thlinkeets. iVery dark, damp, and chaotic was the world in tlu' begimiing; nothing with Ijreath or body moved there except Yehl; in the likeness of a raven he brooded over the mist, his black wings l)eat down the vast confusion. the waters went ])ack })eibre him and the dry land appeared. The Thlinkeets were jjlaced on the earth — though how or when does not exactly appear — while the world was still in' darkness, and without sun or moon *' All Icrson in Lord's .V«^, vol. ii., j). 240. 6i 11 iniion's Jour., pp. 30J-3. YEIIL, THE CPvEATOR OF THE THLINKEETS. '.)!> or stars. A certain Thliiikoct, wo arc furtlior infornu'd, liad a wife and a sister. Of tlie \vil"e lie was dovour- inulv ioaloiis. and when ennHoved in the woods at his trade of buildi.iji' canoes, he had lier constantly watched ])V eiiiht red birds of the kind called kan. To make assurance surer, he even used to coop her up in a kind of box every time lie left home. All this while his .sister, a widow it would ap[)ear, was bringing up certain sons she had. fine tall fellows, rapidly approaching manln)od. The jealous uncle could not endure the thought of their being in the neighborhood of his wife. So he inveigled them one by one, time after time, out to sea with him on pretense of fishing, and drowned them there. The poor mother was left desolate, she went to the sea-shore to weep for her children. A dolphin — some say a whale — saw her there, and jjitied her; the beast told her to swallow a small pe1)ble and drink some sea-water. kShe did so, and in eight months was delivered of a child. That child was Yehl, who thus took upon himself a human shape, and grew up a mighty hunter and nota- ble jurher. One day a large bird a[)peared to him, hav- ing a long tail like a magpie, and a long glittering bill iis of metal; the name of the bird was Kutzghatushl, that is. Crane that can soar to heaven. Yehl .shot the ])ird. skinned it, and whenever he wished to ily u.sed to clothe himself in its .'^kin. Now Yehl had grown to maidiood, and he determined to avenge himself upon his uncle for the death of hi.s brothers; so he opened tin; box in which the well-guard- ed wife was slnit up. Instantly the eight laithful birds Hew olV and told the husband, who set out for his home in a nuu'derous mood. Most cunning, however, in his p'ltience, he greeted Yehl with conqjosure, andMnvited him into his canoe for a .short trip to .sea. Having puddled out some way, he fiung him.self on the young man and forced him overboard. Then he put his canoe about and made leisurely for the land, rid as he thought of another enemy. But Yehl .swam in (juietly ^another way, and stood up in his uncle's house. The ballled 100 OKiniN AND END OF TIIINOS. It: immlorcr was lu'sidc liiiiisclf with fury, lio iniprccitod with u potont curse a (h'higc upon Jill the earth, well coiiteut to perish hiuiselt' so he involved hi.s rival in the connnon (h'struction. for jealousy is eruel as the |i;rave. The Hood eanie. the waters i-ose and rose; hut Yvh\ clothed himself in his hird-skin, and soared up to heaven, Avhere he struck his heak into a cloud, and re- mained till the waters were assuaj:e(h Al'ter this affair ^'ehl had manv other adventures, so many that ''one man cannt)t know them all," as the Tldinkei'ts say. One of the most useful things ho did was to sui)ply lijiht to mankind — with whom, as a})pears, th(^ earth had heen again jx'opled Jifter the deluge. Now all the light in the world was stored away in. three hoxes, amou'i the riches of a certain nusterious old Chief, who "uarded his treasure closelw Void ! horn into the chief's family. The old fellow hail one daughter upon whom he doted, and \v\\\ transforming himself into a hlade of grass, got into tlu; girl's drinking- cup and was swallowed hy her. In due time she gave ])irth to a .son, who was "^'ehl, thus a second time l)orn of a woman into the woild. Very })roud was the old chief of his grandson, loving him even as he loved his daugh-. ter, so that Vehl came to he a decidedly spoiled child. Ife fell a crying one day. working himself almost into a tit; he kicked and scratched and howled, and tm-ned the family hut into a little pjind(Mnonium as onh an infant plague can. lie screamed for one of the three hoxes; he would have a hox; nothing hut a hox should ever appease him I The indulgent grandfather gave him one of the hoxes; he clutched it, stop))ed crying, and crawled oft" into the yard to play. Playing, he conti'ived to wrench the lid oft", and lo! the heautiful hi'avenwas thick with stars, and the hox empty. The old man wept for the loss of his stars, hut he did 'not scold his grandson, he loved him too hlindly for that. Vehl had succeeded in getting the stars into the firmament, and he proceeded to repeat his successful trick, to do the like ADVENTURES OF YEHL AND KIIANUiai. lot 1)V tlic moon and snn. As may ho imajiincd, the JifTiculty was nuich increased; still ho jiainod his end. llo lirst li't the moon ont into tho skv, and somo time aftonvanl, iicttiiiii" possession of tho hox that held tho snn, he cliaiijicd himseli' into a I'jiven and Hew a\Yay with his greatest [)riy.e of all. AVhen he sot np tho hla/inii; li^ht ill lieaveii, tho peo[)le that saw it were at iirst afraid. Many hid themselves in the mountains, and in tho forests, and even in tho water, and wore changed into tho various kinds of animals that froijuont these [daces. Tliero are still other feats of Vehl's replete with the liai)])iest conse(|uences to mankind. There was a tune, for instance, when all the fire in t!io world washiil awa\- ill ail island of tho ocean. Thillior How tho indefatigaldo (leitv. fetching back a hrand in his mou^h. The dis- tance, however, was so great that most of the wood was Inirned away and a part of his lu'ak. lu'i'ore he reached the 'rhlinkeet shore. Arrived there, he dro[)j)ed tho ciiihors at once, and tho sparks ilew ahoiit in all direc- tions among various sticks and stones; therefore it is that by striking thost' stones, and by friction on this wood, (iiv is always to lie obtained. Light they now had, and fire; but one thing was still wanting to men; they had no fresh water. A jiersonage <'allod Khanukh'''"' kept all the fresh water in his well. ill an island to the east of Sitka, and over the mouth of Ihc well, for its better custody, he had built his hut. Vchi set out to the i>land in his boat, to secure tho water, ami on his way hornet Khanukh liiiuself. pachUing along in another boat. Khanukh spoke lirst: How long liast thou been living in the world? Proudly ^'eiil answered: lieforo the world stood in its |)lace, 1 was tlicre. Yehl in his turn ((uestioned Khanukh: l>ut how Ion- ha>t thou lived in the world.? To which Khanukh rt[ilied: Ever since tho time that _theJivor came out from ''■ Tills Klianulcli was tlii' in-oLtcnifor tif tlic Wolf family of the Thliiilucts I'viii as Veil! was that of tin' Itaviii family. The iiitlniiici' of this wolf-dc ily srciiis to liavi' lirc!i ^ciiiiiilly mali'^'ii. hut i \cr|)t in coiiiicctiiJii with this \v,it r-ligLnil, he is littlu iiniitioinil iii the T'hiiukci t myths. 102 OKIfilN AND KM) OF TIIINCJS. Im'Iow."^ Then siiid Vdil: Tlioii art oMcr tli;:ii T. Tpon this KhiiuuUh. to show that his power was as i^rcat as his auc. took oil' his liat. and there rose a dense j'o^', so that the one eonld no lon;^er see the other. Vehl then hecMMie afraid, and cried out to Khanukh; hut KliannUh an>\. Wlmt is inraiit liy tlic lirm ' die liibir,' litcniUy tho iiurticuhiv t^luiul of the liody culled in Eu^'iish 'the livtr,' I tMiiiiiil' say; iicitlii'i' llolinlicrg or iiuy ui.i' I'lsc, us fur us my kuowludyu goi's, utlt'iiiptiii^' uiiy ixplunutidii. CIIiyrilL AND AIKilSlIANAKIIOU. lO.'i i'l)(-r hfnius- (lic liilhl-,' tlu' livtr.' 1 wkilyu goes, I'uwls. At last Ivliamilvh watcliiiin the fn'c, lice (li'dwsv and fell a>l;'i'|); so Will t'scapcd IVoiu tli<' i 'land witli till' wattT. ill' llcw hack to tlu* coiitiiiciit. wlit'i'i! Ill' sc attcr I'l I it m c'Vi'r\ ( Ihvi't ion; an( I wl R'l'i'S* r sina 11 ilr()[)s li'U tlu'i'L' arc now si)rinjis and crcoUs, wliili' tlio hw'Jic drops have [)rodu('c'd lakes and I'ivers. This is the end of the e.\[>loits of Veld; ha\in,u thns done cNcrv- tliiii;^' necessai'_\ to the hapjiiness of mankind, he icliiriu'd to his hahitation, which is in the east, and into which no other spirit, nor any man can [lossihly enter. The existing dill'erence in laniiiiage hetween the Tldin- keets and other people is one of tlu' eonseiiuenees of a tii'cat Hood,— [)erlia})s that Hood already descrihed us lia\in'j,' ]}vv\[ hi'oni;ht on throniili the iealousy of the canoe-hnilder. Many persons escaped drowning' hy takiiiL-' refiiiiv in a ji'reat lloatin;j; hnildinji'. AVlu'ii the wati-rs fell, this vessel gronnded npon a rock, and was hioki'ii int(j two j)ieees; in th<) one fra;inient were left those whose descendants speak the Tldinkeet language, ill the other remained all whose descendants ein[)loy a diil'erent idiom. ( "ounected with the history of this dehige is another iiivth in which a great iVird lignres. When the waters rose a certain nusterious hrother and sister found it necessary to part. The name of the hrother was ( Miethl, that is, Thunder or Lightning, and the name of the sister was Ahgishanakhou, which means the I'nder- gioiind Woman. As they separated Chethl said to her: Sister. \()ii shall never see me a'^ain. hiit'while I live \()ii lall hear my voice. Then he clothed himself in the skin of a great hird, and Hew towards the south- west. His sister climheil to the top of Mount I'Mgecomh, which is near Sitka, and it opened and swallowed her up. lea\ing a great hole, or crater. The world itself is an iinmense (hit plate sui)[)orted on a pillar, and under the world, in sileiu^e and darkness, this Cnder-ground \\itiiian guards the great pillar I'rom e\il and malignant jiiiwers. She has never seen 'her hrothi'r since she left the upper world, and she shall never see him again ; hut 101 OPvIiilN* AN'D KND OF TlllXdS. still, wlicii the tempest sweeps down on IMLieeoiiib. tlie ri^litnin,:^; of liis eyes |ileiuns down liei- eiater-window. iind the tlnnidei'inji" ol' hiswinjis re-eeiioes thi'oii^li all her siihterriMiejin liniis."*' The Koniii;i!is. north of the 'I'Idinkeets. Inive their legenilarv IVml iind Ho;:', -tlie hitter tai\in,^ the plaee ownpied in the nivtholo'iv of nianv otiier trihes h\ the wolf or coyote. Tp in heaven, aecordinu' to the Koni- ii^iis, th"re exists a irrcat deity ealleil Shljain Si'hoa. lie ereiteil two persona;i;es and sent them down to the eiii'th, ami the llaven a('eoin|)anied them carry inu' li^iht. This oriii'inal pair male sea. rivers, mountains, fori'sts. and such things. Amoni^ other plact's tluy made the Island ol' Kadiak, and so stocke(l it that the present Koniaii'as assi'rt themsi'lves the descendants of a |)o_ii.'''' The Aleuts of the Aleutian Archijiejaj^o seem to dis- .'itrree upon their oi'ijzin. Some say that in the l»e,L:innin,u' a IVitcli iidiahited I'nalaska. and that a •ii'eat \hyj: swam a(!ross to hei" from Kadiak; from which pair the human race havt; si)run,i:'. Others, namini-' the hitch-motiier of their race .\rali;d^h. descrihe a certain Old Man. called Iraghdadakh, who came from the north to \ isit this Mahakh. The result of this visit was the hirth of two creatures, male and Icmale, with such an extraordinary mixing' uv of the elements of nature in them that thev Mere each hall' man half fox. The name of the male creature was Acaiiuikakh. uid l)v the otliei- creature he became father of the hun ii rac The Old M ni liow- ever seems hardly to have ceded any help to people the world, foi" like the ureat } 'riarch of Thessaly. he was ahle to create men 1)\- mere castinu' stones on the earth. lie llunji' also other stones ito the air, into the water, and ovei" the land, thus nii' .inj;' ))easts, hirds. and fishes. In another version of the narrative, the lirst father of the <:'< B'ln-clt-h'nnwiVii Tmi\, pp. .'51-7: Tlthuhrnj, Elht). Sl.i:., pp. 14, r,-2 m-, Jlin; Sl.d. II. h:iliii., pp. '.Ci-KlO; IhiWa Atushi.' m). IJl 2J; .U'lih's \'anr. M., IM' l")J III •lrir:lsi, Jn vol. i., p. 10."); Mni/ii 's II. t\. p. 27'. i» II I' r. ^7.(^ u. Klhii., p. IKi; Lishtn.sl.-ij's \;,ij., pp. l'J7-«; D'lll'.i AkLfh 2>. lUo; lidinbvrij, Elhn. likU., p. 110. Tin: D()(;-i)i5i(;ix of tiii; iiyi'Eroukan.s. 105 Ali is siiid tt) have fiillcn from liciivcn in tlir sliiipo of a .!<•-/" Ill the It'iicmls dl' the Tlmicli. livinjJT iiiliind. iiorlli-oast oftlif Koniauas, tilt' lamiliar Uinl and |)(»_L:a;:aiii a|)iK'ar. Tlu'sc Icii'iiils tell IIS that the ^V()^l(l existed at (list as a ;_n'at (n-caii IVcMiiiciiteil only hy an iinincnsc I'ird, tlie licatiii^' of whose wiiius was thiiiKh'r. air' its glance li,i;ht- iiiiii:. This ureat tlyiiin' monster descended and touchetl tlu' waters, upon which the earth I'oso np and apiteared iilioNc them: it touched the eartii. and therefrom caiiu' every liviiiL!' creature, —except tlie Tiimeh. whoowe their (»ri;:in to a Holi'. Therefore it is that to this day a dou's llcsli is an abomination to the Tinneh. as are also all who eat such llesh. A few years heiore Captain Friink- Vms visit they almost mined themsidves hy iollowinu the iidvicf of some fanatii^ reformer. Convinced hy him of the wickedness ol" exacting' labor from their near rela- tioiH. the do;:s. they ji'ot rid at once of thi' sin and of all t( iniitation to its reconunission, hy killinj;' every enr in tlu'ir possession. To r^'tiirn to the oriiriii of the? Tinneh, the uonderfid I'inl before nu'iitioned made and presented to them a ]>('('iiliar arrow, ^vllich they were to preserve for all time with L'Tcat care. I'nt they would not; they misajipro- ])riated the sacred shaft to some common use. and imme- diiitfly the urt'at l»ird Hew away nexcr to I'etuni. \\'ith its departure emU'd the (Jolden Ap'e oi' the Tinneh. -an a'.:-e in which nu'ii lived till their throats were worn throii'/h with eatin;:'. and their feet with walking.'' I'xloiiLiimi' to the Xorthen. -Indian branch of the Tin- neh we lind a narrative in which the Pou' holds a promi- nent jilace. but in which we lind no mention at all of the IJiril: The earth existed at first in a chaotic sta.te. with only one human inhabitant, a woman who dvvelt in a ca\e and lived on berries, AVhile pitherim: these one tlav. she eiu'omiterod an animal like adou', which followed ''' ''h'lr'is, V'lij. put., pt. vii., J). 7; h'. 17^!; -^[i ■!,•' iisk'ti \\>y., p. csviii.; Fmnkrui'a Xar., vul. i., pp. ".il'J-oO. 106 OrjGIN AND END OF THINGS. lior homo. This Dog" possessed tho power of t^.•m^^ol•In- hv^ liiinsi'lf into a handsoine yotini;; man, and in tlii>s .vliapc he hecamo the jath(;r hy the woman ol' the li»'.st men. In cour.^e of time a o tlio physical pliilosopliy of man in liis most primitive state. Jle looks on material things as animated by a life analogons to his own. as ha\ ing a personal r()ns(^iousness and character, as being severally the mati'i'ial ])ody that contains some immaterial essence or sonl. A child or a savage strikes or chides any object that hiM'ts liim. and caresses the gewgaN" tliat takes his fancy, talking to it nmch as to a companion. Let tliere l)e something peeuliar, mysterions, ordanger- ons about the thing and tbe savage "worships it, deprecates its wrath and entreats its i'avor, with such ceremonies, prayers, and sacrifices as he may deem likely to win npon its regard. In considering such cases mythologic- ally, it Avill be necessary to examine tlie facts to see whetlier we have to deal with simple fetichism or with idolatry. That savage worsliips a fetich who worships the heaving sea as a great living creature, or kneels to llame as to a hissing roaring animal; but the (Jreeksin conceiving a separate anthropomorphic god of the sea or VAGARIES CONCERNING CELESTIAL BODIES. 109 of tlio fire, and in representing that god hy figures of diilorent kinds, were only idolaters. The two things, however, are often so merged into each other that it l)i>C()nies diificult or impossible to say in many instances whetlier a particular object, for example the sun, is regarded as the deity or merely as the representation or symbol of the deity. It is plain enough, however, that a tolerably distinct element of feticliism underlies much of the Indian mythology. tSpeaking of this mythology ill the mass, the Xorth American Review says: " A mysterious and inexplica])le power resides in inanimate things. They, too, can listen to the voice of man, and inlliience his life for evil or for good. Lakes, rivers, and waterfalls are sometimes the dwelliiig-place of spirits, hut more frequently they are themselves living beings, to 1)0 propitiated hy prayers and oflerings." ^ The explicit worship of the sun and more or less that of other heavenly bodies, or at least a recognition of some sui)ernatural power resident in or connected with them, was widely spread through Mexico, as well among the uncivilized as among the civilized tribes. The wild ( 'hichiinecsor that portion of the wild tribes of Mexico to which Alegre applied this name, owned the sun as their ileity, as did also the i)eople of the Nayai'it country.^ In what we may call civilized Mexico, the sun was lU'fiuitely worshiped under the name of Tonatiuh, the Sun in his sul)stance, and under that of Naolin, the Sun in ills four motions. lie was sometimes rejjresented by ;i human face surrounded with rays, at other times by a full-k'Ugth human figure, while again he ol'tvn s<>ems to lie confused or connected with the element (ire and the god of fire. Sahagun, for instance, usually s[)eaks of the festival of the month Itzcalli as appertaining to the goli.ffire, but in at least one place he describes it as The sun, it is toler- iHiouging to the sun and the lire. ' \'ni-lh Ant. J?cr., vol. ciii., p. 1. * .Vi'iirc, Hist. Coinp. dt Jrsnx. torn, i., p. 279; ApostMicns Afanc^, p. OS. "^Sibiiiin, liid. dm., toiii. i., lil). ii., pp. 74 5, 'JOO-IS; 'Kj-jdi-a.lnn 1 -,i; Siiiwr's .SV'r/(0(< Symhul, \^\^. 18-20; Schoiib-rofVn Arch., vol. iii., p. GO, vol. iv., p. G3i), vol. v., pp. 29-87. vol. vi., pp. im, G26, G3G. '■> Miilkr, AiiierilMHiticlie i'^rriiifiiumn, p. 474. <> Salupjun, Hist, lien., toni. ii., lib. vii., pp. 244-5. In Campeche, in 1834, M. Waldeck witnesHtnl an t'dipHe of the moon fluiinf{ which the Yucii- tees conducted thei.iHclvos much as their fathein might have done in their gentile days, howling frightfully and making every efl'ort to part the celestial combatants. The only u|)pareut advance made on the old ciistoniH was the firing off of muskets, ' to prove ' in the words of tlu^ sarcastic artist, ' that the Y»icate('s of to-day are uot strangers to the progress of civilization.' Waldeclc, ""oy. J'Ul., p. 14. ECLirSES, AND TIIEIP. EFFECT ON MAN. Ill Tlio Tlascaltecs, refiarding tlie sun and the moon as husband and wile, boliovod eclipses to be domestic (|uar- rels, whoso consequences were likely to be IJital to the world if peace could not be made before things [)roceeded to au extremity. To sooth the milled s[)irit of the sun wlieu he was eclipsed, a human sacrifice was olVered to him of the ruddiest victims that could be found ; and wiien the moon was darkened she was appeased with the blood of those white-complexioned persons commonly known as Albinos.'' The idea of averting the evil by noise, in case of an eclipse either of the sun or moon, seems to have been a coinnion one among other American tribes. Alegre ascribes it to the natives of Sonora in general. Ribas tells how the Sinidoas held that the moon in an ecli[)se was darkened with the dust of battle. Her enemy had come upon her, and a terrible fight, big with conseciuence to those on earth, went on in heaven. In wild excite- ment the people beat on the sides of their houses, en- connigiug the moon and shooting fliglits of arrows up into the skv to distract her adversary. Much the same as this was idso done by certain Californians.** \\ ith regard to an eclipse of the moon the Mexicans seem to have had rather special ideas as to its eficcts upon unborn children. At such times, women who were with child became alarmed lest their infant should 1)0 turned into a mouse, and to guard against such an un- desirable consummation they held a bit of obsidian. hJli, in their mouth, or put a piece of it in their girdle, so that the child should be born perfect and not lipU'ss, or noseless, or wry-mouthed, or squinting, or ;i monster.' These ideas are pi'obably ccmnected with the fact that moon under the Mexicans worshiped the the n; uue of Meztli, as a deity presiding over human generation." ' ('(iimmin, Iflst. de Tlaxmllnn, in Nmivelles Annalen des Voy., 184;), torn, xcvii . 1). l<);{. " .i/'/cc, Ififtt. Cnmp. de Jpsiia, torn, ii., p. 218; Rihnx, Hint, de U»i Trium- p/to.s, p. 202; JiitsraiKi, in Jiubmson's Life in Cal., pp. 2%-3UU. * ."ialtii'jan, Hist. Gen., torn, ii., lib. viii., p. 250. 112 rnysicAL myths. This moon-god is considorod by Clavigcro to be identical Avith Joaltecutli, god of nigbt.^" It is to the Abbe Ikasseur de Bourbourg, however, that wo must turn for a truly novel and cyclopean theory of Mexican lunolatry. lie sees back to a time when the forefathers of American civilization lived in a certain Crescent Land in the Atlantic; here they practiced Sabaism. Through some tremendous physical catas- tro[)he tlieir country was utterly overwhehned l)y the sea; and this inundation is considered by the abbu to be the origin of the deluge-myths of the Central- Ameri- can nations. A remnant of these (Crescent people saved themselves in the seven princi[)al islands of the Lesser Antilles; these are, he explains, the seven mythical caves or grottoes celebrated in so many vVmerican legends as the crad'e of the nations. The saved renmant of the people wept the loss of their friends and of their old land, making the latter, with its crescent shape, memorable for- ever by ado[)ting the moon as their god. *' It is the moon," writes the great Anu'ricaniste, " male and iemale, Luna and Lunus. personified in the land of the ( 'rescent, engulled in the abyss, that I believe I see at the connnencement of this amalgam of rites and symbols of every kind."" 1 confess inability to follow the path by which the abbe has reached this conclusion; but I have indicated its wherea]>outs, and future students may be granted a further insight into this new labyrinth and the subtleties of its industrious Danlalus. The Mexicans had many cui'ious ideas about the stars, some of which have come down to us. ^fliey particularly reverenced a certain group of three called nvimdl/ioaztli, in. or 1 i the neighborhood of, the sign Taurus of the zodiac. This name was the same as that of the sticks from which lire was procured: a resemblance of some '" E.rpUcai'ion del Codex Tdkriano-Rnnensis. piirt. ii., Inm. x., in Kiniis- .','>/•< lit //I's ^^('.\•. Anluj., vol. v., p. i;t!»: Sphiidtioni.' ilclk Titrdle del Codire iliit'i- I- tan fVatirdii')), tiiv. xxvi., iu KiwisliDniioili's .l/cr. Anth/., vol. v., p. 17!*; rf'(/i'«;;((/!, in.ll. Gen., torn, ii., lib. vii.. ]>. •i5i); Clariijiw, Sluria A)d. dd Mcstico, toui. ii., pp. '.) 17. " JJrus^vur dv Bourbourg, Quatrc Ldlrcn, pp. 155 -G. Mll.vr THE MEXICANS THOUGHT OF STAllS AND COMETS. 11:5 kiml iK'iiiu,' siip[)ose(l to exist botwoon thcni and tlicso .stars, ('oiiuc'ctc'd again with this was the buniiiig by i-\v\'\ niiile Me.xiean of certain marks upon his wi'ist, in liouor ol' the same stars; it being believed that tlie man who died without these marlvs should, on his arrival in hades, be forced to draw lire from his wrist by borinu upon it as on a fire-stick. The planet Yemis was woi- sliiped as the first light that appeared in the world, as the god ol'twilight, andj according to some, as being identical with (^)uet7,alcoatl. This star has been further said to borrow its light from the uioon. and to rise b\- four starts. Its first twiukle was a l)ad jumurv, and to be closed out !>!' ;dl doors and windows; on appearing for the third tiuie, it began to give a steady light, and on the fourth it shoue forth in all its clearness and brilliancy. Comets were called each cith/iiipojjocd, or the smok- ing star; their appearance was considered as a public ig i)est, dearth, or the death of some i)rince. Tl le sa\- of one. ^Phis i.^ [)eople were accustomed to and thev l)elieved it to disiister, and as anuouncnig common our famint (list down certain darts, whicrh falling on any animal, Iticd a maggot that rendered the cr.'ature unfit for food. All [lossible precautions of shelter were of course taken by ])ersons in positions exposed to the influence of these noxious rays. Besides the foregoing, there were man_\" stars or groups of stars whose names were identical with those of certain gods; the following seem to belong t() this cliiss: Tonacatlecutli or Citlalalatonalli. the milky way: ^'/.!lcatecutli. Tlahvizcalpanti'cutli. (\'yacatl. A(;hi- tiiini'tl. Xacupancakpii, Mixcoatl, Tezcatlipoca, and Con- tcnioctli.'"' 1 have already noticed a prevailing tendency' to con- nect the worshij) of fire and that of the sun. The riti's of a [)erpetnal fire are found closely connected with '' A',i'p/('('(((iii/i (/(//( 'I'ltriih (III (iiiHi-c .l/(,i'i''((/(", jiiirt. i., liini. ii.. jiiirt. ii., 1 ini. \iv., in h'hiiislniroit'ih'x J/..r. AntUi. , \ol. v., pyi. i;t2, 14(1; Siiiiiiir/ui,,!' ihlh- T'irt)k (hi ('iiirtcc .J/c.ric'dd) ( \'/. 'A. T'lLVdlliDi, iu Xounlles Aiii'dlts dvti I'o^., 184;t, toiii. xcviii., p. lii^; Vol.. ni. » lU PHYSICAL MYTHS. I a sun-cult, and, wliiclicver may 1)0 the older, it Is certain they are rarely found apart. "What," says Tylor, "the soa is to ^\'ater-^vorship, in some measure the Sun is to Fire-worship.'^'* Brinton would reverse this and give to fire the predominance: in short, he says, the sun '"is always spoken of as a fire;" " and without danger or eri'or we can merge the ccmsideration of its wor- shij) almost altogether is this element."" Tiiis sounds ratiier extravagant and is hardly needed in any case; for sufficient reason for its deification can always he found in its mysterious nature and awful powers of destruction, as well as in its kind and constantly renewed services, if gratitude have any power in mak- ing a god. The mere guarding and holding sacred a particular fire prohahly originated in the im})ortance of |)ossessing an unfailing source of the element, and in the difficulty of its production if allowed to die out, among men not ^wssessed of the appliances of civiliza- tion. When we come to review the gods in general, those connected with fire wdll l)e pointed out as they appear; for the present, let it suffice to say that many American peoples had such gods, or liad ceremonies suggesting their existence and recognition, or lastly, had legends of the origin or procurement of the fire they daily used on the altar or on the hearth. In the Puehlos of New Mexico, and more especially among the Pecos, sacred perpetutd fires were kept ui) hy special counnand of their traditionary god and ruler Monte/Auna; but these fires were not regarded as fetiches.^' The Mexican fire-god was known l)y the name of Xiuhtecuili. and by other names appertaining to the diftcrent aspects in wiiich he was viewed. While preserving his own well-marked identity, he was evidently closely re- Mendi'tn, Hist. Eclcs., p. 81. The word (ecntH is of frequent occuiTence as i\ U'riniiiiitioii in the names of Mexican gods. It signifies ' lord ' and i.s vrittcu witli vai'ious spellings. I follow that given by Molina's Vocabulary. iJ 'I'l/liir'n Pritn. Cult., vol. ii., p. 25'J. " Ilniilon's Myths, p. 148. a Want, in Lid. Aff. liipL, 18G-1, p. l'J3. now THE CAHROCS OBTAINED FIEE. 115 liitod al^o to the HUii-god, ^lixny aiul various, even ill doiUL'stic life, were the ceremonies by which lie was recognized; the most innx)rtant ritual in connection with his service being, perhaps, the lighting of the new lire, with which, as we shall see, the beginning of every .Mexican cycle was solemnized.^*^ There are various fables scattered up and down among the various tribes regarding the origin or rather the pro- curing of fire. AVe know how the Quiches received it iVoni the stamp of the sandal of Tohil ; how, from the home of the cuttle-fish, a deer brought it to the Ahts in a joint of his leg; how from a distant island the great Yehl of the Thlinkeets fetched the brand in his beak that filled the flint and the fire-stick with seeds of eter- nal Are. The Cahrocs hold that, when in the beginning the crea- tor Chareya made fire, he gave it into the custody of two old hags, lest the Cahr that liiihtninu' is the ori,i:in of fire, that a primeval holt hurled down l)\- the Man Above fell u[M)n certain wood, IVoiii which. conse(|uentlv lire can ulwa\s be extracted by luhhiiiii' two pieces together.''"' IVoiii lire let us tui'ii for a moment to winch whose ]>li('iiomena. as might l)eex[)eeted, have not been allowed to iiiiss wholh- unnoticed by the mstholouii's with which we have to deal. When we come to examine ideas connected with death and Avitli the soul of man and its future, we shall find the wind, or the air. often in use as tlic best name and figure for the expression of primitixe cnnci ptiou.- Ol that m\sterio';s thimi'. the \ ital essence oi spirit. The wind too is often considered as a god. oi- at least as the breath of a god. and in many American languages the (Ireat S[)irit and the (Jreat \\ ind are oiui and the same both in word and siiiiiillcation. The name /'. I': MS. I' lyitnn, ill Srl„„,h-r. 51. SJ Hrbtlon'n Mifths, pp. f)fi-08. 21 //-//,(',(•)•!/, ktlm. Sl/n., i>. 141. 2' Xiiiii'itr:, Jlist. Till. «riiiit., p. Jirasseur de Bourbounj, Popol Vuh, p. '.•. '^'i (IdiiiK, Dof! I'k'itnis. pt. ii., j). .0. WATEU AS A rnilFYING ELKMKNT. 119 TiirniiiLi to WiihT, wo find it iciiunlod amoim' luany tiiln-s us tilt' lirst of oU'iiic'iitiil thiiu It IS li'oin ii pri- iiu'val (M'l'Jiii of water tliat tlie eartli is <;viic'i'all_v siij)- poscd to coiiiL' up. Water is ol)\ iouslv a first and chief noiiiislu'r of ve;;vtal)le life, and an indis[)ensal)ie preiv- (|iiisite of ail fertility; from tliis it is but a short siv[) to s;i\ in;:', that it is the mother of those that live l»_\ the earths fertility. "Your mother, ChaUihiiditlieue. jicxf- dess of water, " is a phrase (^instantly i'ound in the mid- wife's mouth, in her address to the child, in the Alexicaii washing or baptismal service.-'' The use of water more or less sanctified or setaj)art or made worthy the distinctit)n "holy;* the employment of this in a rite of avowed })urification from iidierent sin, at the time of giving a name. — ))aptism, in one word, runs back to a M exican. M per lod I far pre-(.'hristian amonu' tl lya, am I other American nation.- 10 as ancient ceremonies to bo hereafter des(a'ibe(l will show. Tliiit man sets out in this life-joiirney of liis with a terrible bias toward evil, with a sad and pitiful liaJ)ility to temptation, is a })oint ui)on which all religions aro l)i'articidly unanimous. How else could they exist? AVere man Ijorn perfect ho would remain perfect, other- wise the first element of perfection would bo wanting; and perfection admits of no sui)erlativo, no greater, no god. Where there is a religion then, there is generally a consciousness of sin voluntary and involuntary. How shall 1 1)0 cleansed? how sliall my child be cleansed from this great wickedness? is the cry of the idolater as well as of the monothoist. Is it strange that the analogy be- tween corporal and s[)iritual pollution should indepen- dently suggest itself to both? Surely not. AVash and be I'lean, is to all the world a parable needing no intor- pivtcr.-' 5'' Siil,„.i„n, Hist. Gm., ton', ii., lib. vi., p. 1!)7. -' SiiiLtnliiily apt in this eonncctiou iiiv the wise words that Cfirlylc, rnst ""'/ I'ri^t' III ('iKirttsiii, l)ocjk i., p. 2li;i, puts into the mouth of his iiiythicnl fiiiiKl Siiuivti'ii,', — ' Strip thyself, f,'o into Ui'' luith, or were it into the liin]ii(l liiiiiluud runniuj^ hrook, and thtro wash aiM lie ch-nn: tlmu will step out cigaiu u purer ami u butter luuu. This couseiousuess uf perfect outer pureiiess, f 11 120 PHYSICAL MYTHS. The roromoiiial use of water followed the ^lexiean through nil his life; though ior the present we shall only notice one move custom connected with it, the hist of ail. When a hodv was buried, a vase of clean, sweet water was let down into the tomh; bright, clear, life- giving and preserving water. — -hope and lo\e. duiuli and inarticulate, stretching vague hand toward a resurrection. The .Mexican rain and water god was Tlaloc. sender of thunder and lightning, lord of the earthly paradise, and lei'tilizer of earth: his wife Avas the Chalchiuhtlicue. ah-eady mentioned.-'^ Like Tlaloc was (^uialeot. the Xicaraguan rain-god. master of thunderbolts and general director <>f meteorological j)henomena.''""* The Xavajos pulfed tobacco smoke straight up toward heaven to bring rain, and those of them that carried a cor])se to burial were unclean till washed in Avater."' In a deep and lonely canon near I'ort Defiance there is a spring that this tribe hold sacred, appnxiching it only Avitii nuich reverence and the j)erformauce of certain mystic ceremonies. They say it was once a boiling s[)i'ing. and that even yet if a[)proached hei'dlessly or l)y a bad Indian, it^ Avaters Avill seethe u}) and leap forth to overwhelm the inti'uder.'^ The Zuuis had also a sacred s[)ring; sacred to iho rain- god. Avho. as we se(> by im[)lication. is ^h)nte/.uma the great i'ueblo deity himsell'. Xo animal might tast(> of its sacri'd waters, and it was cleansed ainuially Avith Ncssels also sacred. — most ancient A'ases that had 1)een transmitted from generation to generation since times to tli.it ti) thy skin tli"i'i' now aillnnv's \io fdVcii,'!! sjienk of iiii|iivfi'ctiMii. Iidw it iMiliiitcs in (111 tlu'i' with cmiiiiiiL,' syiulnilic iiillu>'iii-rs. to thi- V( i y soiill. . . It ri'iiii'liis 11 religious duty I'loiii olih ^t titiir in tlic Kast l-.\rii llic dull l-'.ii'.jli-^li fi'cl soiiii'thiiiL! of this; tliry liavc a saying;, " clraiiliiirss is iirar iit kin lo ( ioiUincss." ' -^ dari imi. Sliiriit .\iit. tUl ]f.«ifn, toni. ii.. ]ip. I'l-lii. ■ l''ru conoscinta coll alti'i nuii;i assiii csiircssivi', i iiiiali o siijiiiticavaiio i ilivi isi (iVitti. clu- (M\'ioiiann I'aciiiii'. o Ir divi rsc a])|iarrn/f, colori, chc fonuaiio col loid nioto. I 'I'lascallcsi la chianiavaiio Matlalcncjc, cioc, vestitii di yoiiiiii tui'i'hina.' Sec also Miillcr, /I'cf.s' /I III .1/ ,1'., torn, iii., y. N',(, -"' Or'fihi, llisl, >ini., tolll. iv.. J)]). Id, ;)."i. ■•ill Til lir■-■//'"-/,■,•,/ /V's Arrh., vol. iv., p. !)1; flrislnl, in Iml. A'}'. Rill.. l.siiT. p. ;i">s. ^'1 ll(rl,ii.<, in Srliiiolrr'ijT.-< Arch., vol. iv., p. 2l'.i, Tii:: r-viiTii, the ska, the rky. i-i I'tiim. how it -w Iiicli cxrn tradition went not hiwk. Tho^^o a-csscIs wci-o kept I'.uiLivd on tlio wall of the \vt'll. 'I'Ik' iVo;:'. tlir iMtticsnaki'. and the tortoise were dc[)i('ted npon tlicni. ;iiid 'wvw sacred to the ^ureat jjatron of tiie place, whose terrihle liuhtninj:' shonld consume the sacrileuiions hand thiit touched these hallcnved relics. •" We iiave seen liow the (,\dilornian trihes helie\i' thciiisehes desciMided from the very eartii, how the hodi- li'ss aiiccstoi" of the Tezcncans came np from the soil, how the III itemalt ec r [ipa'i'os. aiii 1 V nnas were mo Ide.l oin the clav they tread, and how the Xaxajos came to liuht iVoni the lunvids of a ureat moimtain near the river 111 .liian. It seems loni>- ivsn and often to ha\e c< nne iito men's mind that the over-ai'chinLi" heaxen or mfiiinii' there and the ull-prodncini:' earth are. as it SOI 'ri'. a father and mother to all living' creatm cs. Th Couianches call on the earth as their mother, and on the (!ivat Si)'rit as their father. I'he Mi'xicans nsed to jiray: I)e pleased. our Lord, that the nohles who may die in the war he peacefnlly .and pleasingly received h\' t!n' sun and the earth, who are the father an. 70, I'l . •2i-'2. 122 PHYSICAL MYTIIB. :; '! f :-■ - i .slioiv, AViis l)()nK; 11]) by cei'taiii divinitios, ^vlio ulion liiti;j,iR'(l ivlii'ved c; ill otlior, iiiid tluit as the )>iird(.'n wiis .sliil'tc'd (Voiu slioulder to wlioidder eurtlKjuakos occuiTod. The sea and sky wi^re considered as of one material, the sea beinu' more highly condensed; and the rain was thought to fall not from clouds but from the very substance of heaven itself. "' The Southern Californians Ijelieved that Avhen the (creator made the world he fixed it on the ])ack of st'ven giants, whose movements, as in the })receding m\th, caused earthquakes.'" The sky, according to cer- tain of the Yucatecs, was held up by four brothers called each of them IJacab, in addition to their several names, which seem to have been Kan, ^luluc, Ix, and Cauac. These four, (Jod had placed at the four corners of the world when he created it, and thej- had esca])ed when all else were destroyed l)y llood."*''^ In the interior of the earth, in volcanoes, subterranean gods weiv ol'ten sup})Osed to reside. I'he Koniagas, for example, held that the craters of Alaska were inhabited ])y l)eings mightier then men, and that these sent forth iire and smoke when they heated their sweat-houses or cooked their food.''"* The rugged majesty of hills and mountains has not ])een without its eifect on the reverential mind of the American a])origines. Direct worship was umisual, ])ut several inc^idents must have already informed the reader that a kind of sanctity is often attached to great eleva- tions in nature. A predilection fo. hills and mounds as landmarks and fanes of tradition, and as places of wor- shij), was as common among the Americans as among the people of the old world. The Choles of the province of Itza had a hill in their country that they regarded as the god of all the mountains, and on which they burned a pei'petual iire.^*^ The Mexicans, praying for rain, Vtcie ■"' Ciiin'iriio, Ifist. da TlnxralkiH, iu Xouvdks Annaks dus Voij., 1831, torn, xt'viii,, ]). r.*2. •'" III id, ill I.IIS Awidcs Star. :*" l.iiiidii, llil. di' Ins f'osds de Ywudan, p. 200. ■•<'■' Ihiliiihrni. Ktlin. Sl,h., p. 141. w Villwjutkrn; Jllal. L'uiiq. (A' Jl.'i, pp. 151-2. ■ HILLS AND TilOUXTAIN KANGES. 123 riuii, ^tv;•lo acTiistoniod to vow that they would make images of the iiiomitaius if their petitions were f.ivoralily received;*^ ami. in other i)oints eoinieeted with their religion to show, as has ap[)eured and will uppear l)oth with them and with other })eople, their recognition of a divinity- ahid- ing on or hedging ahoutthe great peaks. What wonder. iii(h'<'(l. that to the rude and awe-struck mind, the ever- lasting hills seemed nearer and liker heaven than the (•()inni()n-i)lace level of earth? and that the wild man should kneel or go softly thei'e. as in the peculiar pre- r jn ^' oi' the Great >^pirit? This is hardly a new feeling, it Ml ill instinct and custom as old as religion. \\ liei.' went .\.l)raham in that awful hour, counted to him i;)r righteoumess through all the centui'ies? AVhere smoked the Lhunderin^•s and lightnings that heralded the delivery of the J^aw. when the son of Anu'am talked with .lehovah faeo to face, as a man talketh with his IVicud? AVhence saw a greater than ]\roses the kingdoms of the world and the glory of thenx? whence, in the all- nights that came after, did the [)rayers of the Christ ascend? and where stood he when his raiment liecame as no fuller on earth could wliite it, Moses and Klias talking Avith him. ^nid Peter so sore afraid? \\ here hills were not Ibund conveniently situated for pui'iinse.-' of V. irsJii;;, they seem to have heen counterfeit- ill alter i. !n>">; i'!'ei)lc fashion: irom high-place and iiinund. froi'i ;>^van)id and teocalli. since the niorninegins til broaden out, and the mists of the morninii' llee away: though the hills he not lowered. (Jod is lit'ti'd n\K ^"('t they have their glor>- and their chai'ui still cM'U to ns. and to the savage tluy often apjicar as the I'esult ( '*a special and several creation. V> v reuiem- licr how !• (ireat Spirit made Mount Shasta, as his I'lily worilu .;')idinii- place on earth: and 1 gi\e here aiKulier leuenu of a much more trivial sort than t!ie lirst. " Sdliifjiiu, II'iM. '>■(»., toiu. i., lili. ii., p. 17'.". '! 12t PnYSICAL ]^IYTIIS. ti'lliuii' liow. not >r(>iiut Sliiista iiloiic. l)ut all tli(> nioimt- aiiis of ('alilbrnia, avci'o hiiilt and put into |M)^iti<)ii: — '" At a time when the woi'M was covered with water there existed a Jlawk and a Crow and a very small Ihick. The latter, after di\ ini:' to the hottom and hi'intiinu' u[» a l)eakrul of mud. died; whereupon the (^rowand the Ihiwk took each a, half ol' the nnid that had heen hroudit up. and set to work to make tiie mountains. I'euimiini:' at a place called Teheecha; irdi Pass, thev huilt northwards, the 1 hiwk workin^ii' on i 'ei'Ji range and the Crow on the western. It was a ; and Aveary toil, hut in time the work was (inished. .md as th(y laid the hist l)eak the workers met at .Mo'iur Shasta. Then the Hawk saw that there had been I'onl \Aiiy somewluMV. i'or the "western raniLie was hiii'iier than his: and he chari^ed thi' <"i'()w with stealinjr some of his nuid. ihit the smart hird lauLilied a hoarse -iullaw in the face t)f his eastern hrother. not e\-en takinij,' the troiihle to disown the theft, and chuckled huiicly over his own success and western entei'prise. The honest Hawk was at his Avits" end. and he stood thinkiuii' with his head on one side for ([uite a lon.u; time; then in an absent kind of way he picked up a leaf of Indian tobacco and bcLian to chew, and wisdom came with chewinu;. And he streniithened himself niiiihtily, and (Ixed his claws in the mountains, and turiu'd the whole chain in the water like a ureat lloatin,^' wheel, till the ranue of his rival had chanii'ed })laci's with his. and the Siei'ra Xevada, was on the east and the Coast Kanjic on the west, as tlu'y ivmain to this day. This leu'end is not without ingenuity in its way but there is more of human interest in the followin,i:' pretty story of the ^'osemite nations, as to the ori.uin of the naines and prest-nt appearance of certain peaks a'ul otluT natural features of their valley: — A cei'tiiin Totokumda was once chief of the people here; a miiihtv hunter and a tiood husbandman. Ids 1-' ['oirrra' 7'i AIS. Tl. tv;uliti(in nf the Vll(•ut^ riilifn tvilri'. (iccu)iyiii^' the Kirn ami 'I'nl iit iKi-iins. tla' luidiUi-' S:iii ■Jipaiiuiii, tlir v.ii'iuiis htrciiHirt nuiiii)!'' iutu Lake Tulare. TOTOiv/NL'L.V AX]) 'J ISAVAC OF VOSEMITE. IL^] ralif'iriiriii liiiiiiuiii, au'l tiiiH' iit'xcr M;iiit('(l food wliilc lie iittcndcd to their wcl- r.iic. liiit ii ciianp' ciiinc: while out hunting' one (hiv. the voimu' luiiii iiu't ii ^pirit-iuiiitl, the .liuardiiin Jinpcl of ihc Niillt'V. tlio heautiriil Tisjuuc. She was not as the (hisky ])eauties oi" his trihe. hut white and i'air. witli loll- iuu yellow tresses that fell over her sliouldei's like Miii- ^liiii(\ and hhie eyes with a liuht in them like the sk\ where the sun lioes down. W hite. elondlike winj^s were folded hehind her shouldi'rs. and her voice was sweeter liiaii the sonu'of hirds; no W(. 'dei- the stronu' chief lo\'ed her with a mad and instant lo\( II e rea( hed t owai'( her. hut the snowy winiis lifted her aho\e his sij^ht. and he slood aiiain aloiu' U[K)n the dome, whei'e she had hecn. No more Totokuiuda led in the chase or heeded the crojis in the valli'y; he waniU'i'ed heri' and there like a u!an distrauiiht, ever seekinu' tliat wonderful shin- iiii: \ision that had made all else on earth stah» and nn- jirofitalde in his sidit. The land he.iian to lanj:uish. missing the industrious directinj;" hand that had tendi'd it so lonu': the ])leasant jiarden hecame a, wildeiiiess where the droi'.idit laid waste, and the wild heast spoiU'd what was left, and taiiiiht his cuhs to di\ide the prey. \\ li( n the fail' spirit returned at last to visit her NalUy. ,-lie wept to see the desolation, and shi' knelt u[)on the iIduic. prayin^ii' to the (Jreat Sjiirit for succor. (iod iicanl, and stoo[)ing from his place, he i'lo\e the dome upon \\hich she stood, and the i:ranite was lixcn heneath her feet, and the melted snows (>f the \e\ada rushed tliidULih the goriii'. hearinii' fertilitx' uj ion their cool hosoni. A Itcautiful lake was foi-med hetween the cloxiii walls of ;!;■' liittuntain, and a I'iver issued li-om it to ieed the \ alley forever. Then san^Li' the hirds as of old. la\ inu tlair iioijies in the watei". and the odor of llowers rose like a ple;iNmt incense, and the trees put forth their huds. and t!u' ciiiu shot nj) to meet the sun and rustled when the hi'ce/e cri'pt throujih the tall stalks. Tisayac moxed away as she had come, and none knew whitiier she went; hut the people called the donu' ly her name, as it is indeed known to this day. After her 12G PHYSICAL MYTHS. tleparturo tlio oliiof retiinied from his weary quest; and as he lieard that the "svhijred one liad visited the valley, the old madness crept up into his eyes and entered, seven times worse than at the first, into his empty soul; he turned his back on the lod<;es of his people. His last act was to cut with his huntinji-knife the outline of his face uiM)n a lofty rock, so that if he never returned his memorial at least should remain with them forever, lie ne\er did return from that hopeless search, hut the graven I'ock was called Totokumda, after his name, and it may be still seen, three thousand feet high, guard- ing the entrance of the beautiful valley.^* LeaA'iiig this locality and subject, 1 may remark that the natives have named the Pohono Fall, in the same valle\-, after an evil spirit, many persons having lieen swe[)t over and dashed to pieces there. No native of the vicinity will r-o much as ix)int at this fall when going through the valley-, nor could anything tempt one of them to sleep near it ; for the ghosts of the drowned are tossing in its spray, and tlieir wail is heard forever above the hiss of its riisliinn" waters." « Ifiitrhht'ifi' Pal m\icans used to allot certain animals to certain ])arts of the hody. perhaps in much the same way as astrologers and alchymists used to connect the stars of hea\en with ditfereiit suhstances and persons. The fol- lowing twenty Mexican s^mhols were supposed to rule 1 Suhiiiiiii. Hist, (li'ii., tdiu. ii., lil). v., ji]). 1-11, ail. ]>]>. 'Jij-G. '^ l.iiril's XitliiriiUsI ill \'iini:'iiu\T Is'uii'l, vol. ii.. i>ii. IJ2 -i. ■* I'nii-rrs' I'nIllO, MS. i l)iil!\s Ah.-. 1-15. I THE IH'MAXITY OF ANBIALS. 120 ()\('i' llic viirloiis hk'IiiIk'I's oI' the Imiiiau luxlv: The ^i^ii of tluMU'cr. ()\iT the ri^zlit foot; of tlu' li^vr, over tlie left loot: of the eii,t:le. over the ri,i:ht hiiiid; of the iiioiikcv. o\er the U'l't liaiid; ol" ileath.- — repref^eiited by a ^;kllll. -over tlie skull; oi" water, ovei" the hair; of the house, over the brow; of I'ain, over the eyes; ol'lhe do^. over the nose; of the vulture, over the ri^ht vnv\ oi' the rahhit. over the left eai'; of the eartluiuake, over tlu' toiiiiiie; of Hint, ovi'r the ti'eth ; of air. over the l)i'eath; of the r()S(?, ov(>r the breast; of the eaue, over the heart; of wind, over the lungs — as aj)[)ears IVoiu the plate in the Codex A'atieainis. the Italian interj)reter j^ivinn'. iunv- cver. "over the liver;"" ofthe grass, over the intestines; eftlie li/ard. over the loins; and of the serpent,o\er the u,('nitals.' ^onietime; tl le wlio le life an( 1 heini:' oi' a man was siij)[i()sed to be bound up in the bundle uith that of .sotno auiuud. Thus, of the (Juatenialtees, old Cjlage (luaintly ciiougli writes: "' ^^any are deluded by th Devil to be- lieve that tlieii" life dependeth upon the life of sueli and such a beast (which they take unt(» them as their I'amiliai' spirit) and think thatAvln-)! that l)east dieth tiny nuist die; when he is chased theii' heai'ts ])ant; when he is laiut they are faint; nay it happeneth that by the devil s (K'liisiou they app(>ar in the shajie ol' that beast."''' Animals are sometimes only men in disguise; and this is till' idea olten to be found at the bottom of that >aci'eduess Avhich among particular ti'ibes is ascriljed to |iiU'ticular animals. The Thliidvi'ct will kill ;i bear oidy in case of great necessity, for the bear is supposed to be a man that has taken the shape of an animal. We do not know il' they tiiink the same of the albatross, l)nt they certainly will J (''"''.!' \'iilic(UiHA (M'r.v.J , \n /u/(;/s'inr')ui//('s .1/(.c. Ariliij., vol. ii., jiliitc I'l; >';)('■;;(/ r/x/ic il'Hc Tnrolf dd Codirv .Mi .vhitiio f I'litifdiKiJ , iu /vi/ir/x/,(lM)roii;_;irs traiislatiou of that cxjilauatiim, it is uothiug but a gloss witii uililiiioiis to ami omissions (roiii the uiiyiiml. '■ 'J't ;c's A'. ('• SiiiTii/, ji. o31. VuL. ni. J 130 ANIMAL MYTHOLOGY. not kill tills hinl, bclicvinii:, like inarincrs anciont and modern, that such a misdeed would he I'ollowed hy had weatlicr." AmoMn'the natives seen })y Mr I^ord on A'^aneouver Is- land, ill-luck is su[)posed to attend the profane killinjr ol" the o,i;ress-s(iuin-el, and the conjui-ers wear its skin as a sti'oni:' cliai-m among their other trumi)ery. As traditioji tells, there onee lived ther.' a monstrous old woman with wollish teeth, and fin,i:er-nails lik(> claws. She ate chil- dren, this old hag. wiling them to her with cunning and oily words, and many were the broken hearts and empty cradles that she lei't. One poor Ifachel. weeping for her child and not to he comforted because it was not, cries aloud: Oh, (jreat Spirit, (Ireat Medicine, save my •soji, in any way, in any form! And the great, good Father, looking down upon the red mother })ities her: lo, the child's soft brown skin turns to I'ur. and there slides I'rom the ogress's grip no child, but the happiest, liveliest, merriest little scjuirrel of all the west — but l)earing. as its descendants still bear, those lour dark lines along the back that show where the ci'uel claws pU)wed into it escaping.'^ Where monkeys are found, the id(>a seems often to liavo occurred to men, to account for the resi'iublance of the monkey to the man by making of the (Irst a fallen or chanu'ed form of the latter. We have alread\- seen how the third (^uicho destruction of the human race ter- minated thus; and how the hurricane- 'nded Sun of the Air in Mexican mythology, also left men in the apish state. The intelligence of beavers may have been the means of winning them a similar distinction. The Flat- head says these animals are a fallen race of Indians. condenuKMl for their wickedness to this ibrm. but who will yet, in the fulness of time, be restored to their hu- manity.'' As we shall see more particularly, when we come to ^ Ifohnhmi, Ethn. Skh., p. 30. 8 Lord's .V((^, vol. ii., pp. 52-4. 9 Cvx's Adcen., vol. i., p. 253. RACRF.DNESS OF CERTAIN DIIUTES. 131 (leal witli till' (|Ut'sti()]i of tlit' fiitun' \\i\\ it was a coiii- iiioii idea that tin- soul of the (U-ad took lUx iiniiual shape, souu'tiiiu's iiihahitiiig unother world, soinotinu's this. The Thlinkcvts. lor example, helioved that their shanuiiis used to have intei'views with certain s[)irits oi' the dead tiiat appeared to them in two forms, some as land ani- mals, some as marine.'" The Californian.s round San Diego will not eat the llcsh of large game, helieving sueli animals are inhabited hv the souls of generations of peo[)le that have died ages ago; 'eater of venison I' i.s a term of ivproaeh among tiietii." The IMmos and Mari('oi)as had, if Rartlett's account 1k' correct, some cui'ious and unusual ideas regarding their future state; saving that the several parts of the hodv should he changed into se[)arate animals; the head would perhajjs take the I'orm of an owl. the feet hccoiue wolves, and so on.'- The Moipiis supposed that iit death they should he severally changed into animals — hears, dei'r, and such beasts; which indeed, as we have already seen, they Itelieved to have been their ori- ginal form.'' Difterent reasons are given by difterent tribes for liolding certain animals sacred; some of these we have iilreadv had occasion to notice. Somewhat diiVerent tVoMi most, however, is that given ])y the Xortliern-lndian hiauch of the Tinneh, for not eating the llesh of foxes, wolves, ravens, and so on. This tribe are accustomed to ahaiidou the ])odies of their dead wherever they haj)i)en to tall, leaving them to the maws of kites or of any other iiiiinials of j)rey in tlu; neighborhood; therefore nothing hut the extremest necessity can force any member of the nation to make use of such animals as food.'^ (Vrtain natives of (juatemala in the province of Acalan, <*alled ))}■ A'illagutierre Mazotecas, kept deer in so tame a 1" Dalffs Ahi.ska, pp. 422-3. II Srli.KihriitTn An'li., vol. v., p. 215. '■' llarmt's'l'ers. .\,n:, vol. ii., p. 222. ■' Tnt limpfk; in SclntolrrdjTs Arcli., vol. iv., p. 8G. " Iharnc'sJourwy, p. 341. 132 ANIMAF, MVTI!i»LO(iV. .st;it(^tlint tlicN' were fa,itid them in this lijinre.'' The Apaches j-reatlv respect tiie heai-. neither killinj;' him noi" tastin-: his llesh. Thev thiidv that there are s|)irits of di\ine ori;^iii within oi' coiniected wilh the eaLile. the owl. and all hirds ju'rlectlv white. Swine, they hold to he wholly unclean.'" Some animals are sacred to particnlar ;:(>ds: with the Zunis, the I'roji'. the tnrtle, and the lattlesnuke \\v\v i-ither con- sidered as sjiecially nndei' the [)roti'etion of Monte/nma. here considered as the ^od ofrain. or tluy wi're them- selves the lesser divinitii's oi' water.'' It is sometimes neci'ssaj'y to i^uard apiinst hein^i mis- led hy names. Thus the natives of Xicara^uiia liad j^ods whose name was that of a rahhit or a deer; yet these animals were not considered as ;:dds. The identitv <>!' name went only to say that snch and snch were the gods to he in\()ked in hnnting such and such animals."* The reader imist have ali'eady noticed how im[)()rtant is the part assigned to hirds in our mythology. espe(;ially in creation-myths. A gi'eat hird is the agent of the chief deity, jierhaps the chief deity himself. The swi'ep of his wings is thunder; the lightnings are the glances of his ('yvs.^'* Chipewyans. TIdinkeets. Atnas. Ivoltschanes. Kenai. and other nations give this being great i)rominence in their legends. Hrinton helievesthis hird tohe theend)lem of the wind, to be '' a relic of the cosmogonal myth which explained the origin of the world iVom the action of the winds, un- '^ Villn. liw (liT tlic i!iiap;o of tin- l)ii'il. on the prinifNal ocean )"'''^ and his vii'W is jn'ol)aI)I\ corrcd in many cax's. Till.' sava;ii' is CM')' i(;i(l_\ to 1)1' smitten liy natni'al t and a'^aiie with wonder, is it nnnatnral 1 mwer.' 1; noi'an that he siionhl re,i;ai'd. with a sn[K'rstitions awi' and re- \. the hiiiher and more peenliar animal jiil'ts. rehitin S|M'( them to like i)hy>ieid jxiwers. aiid manai^int;' to mix and (■uiiliise the whole hy a stran,L''e synthesis of j>hilo>oi»liy ;' r.ii'ds tlew. the winds (lew; the l)irds were of the Uitli of tlie winds, and the winds were of the kin of thi' p)ds who are over all. Poor, weary, painted man. who eonld eidy toil dustily alonj:'. footsore and pei'liaps heartsoie, with stranLic lonuiniis that M'liison and heai'-meat eoidd as it \-er\- wonderful if the throhhim:' not satisf\- -w nil iits ill ail caL,'!) 's furni; "l"is saiil that from liis \viiic.'s Tilt' Cold wiuils s\V(i]> Over all tliL' nations.' \'(i''lliriiilri IS iiiaaj; flrcnvillo Pii^'ott's liimsliitiiin. in ScitniJ'if}iir',.rii Mi/llmln j;/. ]i. -27. Srott, I'iritlr. i-liap. v.. in tiir • Son.; of tlir TfnijM st,' wliicli lie Iraiisl iti-s from Xonia's month, shows that thr same idea is still foiuul in the Shetland 1- lunls: Strrn oavjli' of th'' far nortli-wcst, 'I'hou that lic'irist in tliy i,'ras]) thr llnnidriliolt, Tiiou whose riisliiii',' ]iinions stir ocean to madness, Ceas;' thou the waviii;,' of thy jiinions, J.et the o.'ean ri'pose in her dark strenetli; Ci'as" thon the llashin.' of tl iini' eves. L<'t thi' thund ■H.olt si in tl 11- arinorv i if (Mi ih -^ Siih'iinit. Hist, 'I'll., tola, i . lih. iii.. ji. 'ir,'.; ('iuci'jrro, .'t!e sinuous motion, the ,!ilitterinu' fascination of its eyes, the silent deathly thrust of its channeled fauLi's, — what mai'vel if the foolishest of men. like the wisest of kinus, shoidd say '" I know it not; it is a thin;i' too wonderful for me?" Tt seems to be inmiortal: e\"ery sprinir-time it cast oft* and crept from its former skin, a crawling unliurnt pho'iiix, a new ani- mal. Schwartz, of Bei-lin. afTirms, from deep research in Greek and (lermau :M\tholoi:'y. that the paramount U'crminal idea in this wide- 'oi'ead seriR'nt-emblem is the lightning, and Dr. Ih'inton develops the same opinion at some lengtli.-' Tlaloc, tlie A/tec rain-god, held in his hand a ser- pent-sliaped piece of gokl. re[)resenting most })robably the li-ht uniii'. Ilurakan, of the ()ui(;h(' 1e is otherwise the Strong Ser[)ent, he who hurl.- below, rel'ei'ring in all lilvclihood to storm powei'.* a- thnnderer.-' I'his view being accepted, the lightning- 82 P,r,rpr>i' Pnmo, MS. ''' Ti)riiniiii(iil. 5. -Tliis bird is an obji'i-t of j,'ri at v.n 'ration or worsliij) annmg the Indian tribos of o\. ly portion of the sfati .' Ill 'ill. i'.' ',ii,s' Amii li s Slur, -'! Itnniiin's Mi/llis, p. 112. 2i Till iiti'iiiiiiln. Miiiiurii. Iiiil . toin. ii.. |)p. Kl 71: t'lnvli' >'", SIdvIu Aid. 'hi MisHiro, tuni. ii., pp. II I."*; liaimi, lii,^ rinlnis. pt. ii., pi>. 7. oiK). r,/!: i\ (nil. 1.. 2J^ ^■^ l'hon his reliii'ion. I'his ser[)ent was supposed to be snccially connected witli Monte/unia. and with rain ])henoniena: it is often called " the jzreat water-snake." It was described to Whipple '' as beinu' as lariie I'ound UH a man's body; and of oxceedinji' great length. sIowIn- gliding upon the water, with long wavy folds" like the Xahaut sea-ser[)ent. — to Mt'dlhausen. ;is being a great rattlesnake, possessor of power over sea. lakes, rivers and rain; as thick as many men put togethei'. i.nd nnich longei" than all the snakes in the world: nuvsing in great curves and destroying wickt'd men. The Pueblo In- dians ])rayed to it for rain and ivveri'd its mystei'ious })owers.'''' A i)eo[)le. called 1)v (^istarie(hi Tahus. apparently of Sinaloa in th(> neighboi'hood of Culiacan. regai'ded cei'- tain large serj)ents with sentiments of givat veneration if not of woi'ship.'" These r<'ptiles seem also to luive been r(\uar(UMl with considerable reverence in Yucatan. In 1517. Hernal Dia/. notice(l many iigures of ser[)ents in a, temple he saw at (^unpeche. Juan dc (irijalva. also. i'ound at tin same time many such figures at Champoton, among other idols of clay and wood.'" ^Ve have already spokt'ii of the .Mexican Tlaloc and of the lVe(|Ueut aitpearance of the s(M"j)eut in his worshi])-. it does not ai)i>ear. iiowever. notwithstiuidiug Mr Si(tiier's assertion to the contrary, that that the serpent \vas actu- ally Avorshiped eitluM' in "h'ucatan or Mexico. I'ernal Dia/. indeed, says positively in one passage, speaking of ''"''''■, '/.'/'•''' ''""'■ /'''"''''•■'-■. vul. i., pp. "27 1 --2: Uliiji/i! . h'irijiiil.. (iiid Ti'iin !■':< /<''■/)/., ii]!. ;)8-!), in l''ir. It. I;. Il'jil., viil.iii.; MijUlniiiscn, T'lijihucl,. ji. ITit- D'liiifiii .It's llix vis. Vol. i., pp. 1(;1-."). Certain Inter travelei's deny lill the f'urei^'oint,' lis ' lietiiin aiiil faille;' iiieaiiiii<_;, pruliaMy, tli.it tiny saw iiutliiii!,' (if it, iir that it ilms not exist at preseiit. U'((.((/, in lnnts in ,a. also. un^toton. a town oalk'd TenaMiea, thai '' tliev worshiiK'd Irmv, in their ehiei" ti'ni[)le. three ser[H'nts;" hnt the stout soldier was not one to make (inc distinetions hciv/ecn pxls and their attributes or symbols; nor, even with the best in- tentions, was he or any other of the eon<|uistadores in a position to do justice to the faith of 'gentiles.' " We shall hereafter fnid the serpent closely connected with (^)uet/alcoatl in many of his manifestations, as well as with others of the ^lexican gods. from the serpent let ns tnrn to the (h)g. with his rela- tions the wolf and eoj'ote, an animal holding a ri'spi'cta- hlc i)lace in American mvtholoirv. AVe ha\e seen how many tribes derive, figuratively or literally, thei)- origin I'roiii him. and how oi'ten he becomes legendarily im[)or- tant as the hero of some adventure or the agent of some deity, lie is generally brought l)elore us in a rather hi'iii'\olent aspi'ct. though an exception occurs to this in the case of the ("hinooks at the mouth ol' the ('ohunbia. With these the coyote (igures as the chosen medium for the arfloii of the i']\il S[»irit towju'd any gi\en nialevo- Iciit •".!il. — as the form taken by the j-lvil One to coun- ti'i'art sonu- lu'ueficencc of the Good Spii'it toward the ]i')ur hidian whom he loves.''^ \'ei-y dilferent from this is the character of that Toyote i>l' the ( 'ahrocs whose good deeds we lia\'e so often had occa-ion to set forth, (^n" feat of his yi't I'emains to be told. — how he stocked theriviM" with salmt)n. <'hai'e_\a. tile creator, had madi' salmon, but he had put thi'Ui in till' hig-water. and made a great fish-dam at the uioutli ol'the Klamath, so that they could not go up: and this • lain was closed with something of the nature of a \\bite man < key. which key w"s gi\i'n in cliai'gi' to two old \uvs<. iiot wholly uidiun.iiar to ns. to keep ami watch <»\ei' it night and day. so that no Caliroc shoidd g(-t near it. Now lish being wanting to the Cahrocs. they were siii'ely pushed by hunger, and the voice of women and '■i I! r„;l Di'iz, If!sl. Cnn'i., fil. i:!!!; .V./,..-,/,',v//Vs Jr.//., v.il. v., ji. lO-",. ^' /.-r./\s A',(/., vul. ii., p. •ilS, 138 ANIMAL MYTHOLOGY. i little cliildreii was licard iiin)l()i'iii|j; food. Tlu' Coyote detcniiined to help them; he swore by the slcol ol' ( ha- re\a that helore another moon theii' lodiics should drip with .^ahiioii, and the very doy:s he sati.-lled withal, ^^o he traveled down the Klamath many da\>' iournev till he came to the mouth of the river and saw the hi^u-water and heard the thunder of its waves, l'^) he Wiiit to the; hut of the oKl women, rapped, and a>ked hosjiitality for the night; and he was so i)olite and deljonaii' that the cr;j;u'S could fmd no excuse for jvfusini; him. lie entered the place and threw himself down ])y the fire, warmin^t;; himself while they prepared salmon for suj)per, which they ate without olfering' him a hite. All night long he lay l)y the fh'e pretending to sleep, hut thinking over -lis plans and waiting for the event that should put him in possessicm of the mighty key that he saw hanging so high ahove his reach. In the morning one of the hags took down the key and started olV toward the dam to get some fish for hreakfast. Like a Hash the ('o^ote leaped at her, hurling himself hi'tween her feel; heels over head she pitched, and the ke\' Ik'W I'ar fiom her hands. Before she well knew what had hurt \\v\- the Coyote stood at the dam with the key in his ti'etli, wrenching at the fastenings. They ga\e way ; and with a great roar the green water raced thi'ough, iill ashine with salmon, utterly destroying and hreaking down the (Uuu. so that ever al'ter lish found freeway up the Klamath. The end of the [)oor Coyote was rather sad, considering his kindni'ss of heart and the many S(,'rvices ln' hiid ren- dered the Cahrocs. Like too many great i)ersoiiages, he grew proud and puHed up with the adulation of llatterers and sycophants, — ])roud of his courage and cmniing. and of the success that had crowned his great enterprises for the good of mankind. — proud that he hail twice deceived and oiuwitted the guardian hags to ^vhom Chariya had entrusted the fire and the salmon. — so proud that he determined to have a dance thi'ough hea\-en itself, hav- ing chosen as his ])artner a certain star tliat used to pass <]uite close hy a mountain where he s[»ent a good deal el' COYOTES MUST NOT DANCE WITH STAllS. l.'iO t' Coyote of rlia- .iiUl drip lull, ^^o inu'V till )i_ijL-\viiter 'ut to the tulity for • lluit the liu. He tlie (iiv, )!' sin»per, All ni^ht : tliiukiui? ;li(mUl put \vlian;j:ing )iK' of the (I the thuii [lie Coyote oet; heels iVoni her her the lis teetii. ul uithvv hiue with the (hull, niiialh. )nsiiU'riu;i iiail ren- -ouiiiivs, he )[' llattert-rs imiH|i'. and ■rpri.-es I'or •I' (Iceeived lareya had 1,1 that he itself, hav- setl to \iass ihmI (leal el Ills time. S) he called out to the star to take hiiu hy the paw and they would <-o round the world together for jiuiuht; but the star only laughed, and winked in an cxei'ssively jirovoking way from time to time, Tlje (,o\o[e pL'i'sisted angrily in his demand, and harked and liarki'd at the stiu' all round heaven, till the twinkling thing grew tireil of his noise and told him to he (piict iiiid he should Ije taken next night. Next night the star caiue (piite up close to the clilf where the ('o\i)te stood, who lea[)ing was alilu to catch on. Away they danced together through the hhie heavens. Fine sj)ort it was for a while; Imt oh, it grew hitter cold uj) there for a ( "oyoti' of the earth, and it was an awful sight to look down to where the broad Klamath lay like a slack liow- striug and the Cahroc villages lii\e arrow-heads. A\'o(> for ihc ( 'oyotel his numb paws have slipped their hold on his bright companion; dark is the })artner that leads the (hniee now, and the name of him is Death. Ten long snows the Coyote is in Calling, and when he strikes the rarth he is " smashed as thit as a willow-nuit". — Coyotes nnist not dance with stars.''"' 3'> I'nii-pi-'s J'lDiio, MS.; 'Bosoiina, in nohhi»nn'ti Lifr hi Pit!., pp. 2.')'.)-2fr2, (li seniles c'l'i'tiiiii other Ciilifdniiiuis us worbhipiiig for thcii- chief j^'od soiue- tliiuj; iu the form of a atutl'ed coyotu. CIIArTER V. COD?, SrPKKNATl'KAT. 15EI\(;S, ANO WORSHIP. Eskimo AVnciKjnAFT - - Tub Tinnkii and thk Jm>xiaoas — Kuoans of thk Al.rHTH— Till'; TlILINKKKTS, THK HaIDAHS, AND IHK NoOXKAS— PAliABISli Li'>T III' TliK OlvANAfJANS TlIK SaLISII, THK Cl.ALI.AMS, TIIK CllINiXiKS, THK C'wfsFN. THK AVaI.I.A WaLLAS, AND 'IHK Nk/ PkIUKS — ShoSHONK GhoIT.S XoUTHKHN CaI.IFOKSIA- -ThK Sl'N at JIoXTKUKY — OUIOT AND CuiNKilHlNK H -- ANTAdUNLSTIC; GoDS OF LoWKll CaLIFOUNIA — CoMAN- CHKS, Al'ACHKS, AND NaVAJIIH— MoNl'KZUMA OF THK PuKliLOS — MotiCIS AND Mdjavks — 1'i;i:\ikvaIj 1iA( k of Nokthkun Califoknia. AVc now come to tlio brondost, uliotlior or not it 1)0 the most imj)ortiiiit, bi'uiu'h of our subject, iiiimely. tlie p;oils and si)irits that men worsliip or know of (.'onnueiicinu; at the extreme north, ^ve shall i'oHow them throuiih the various nations of our territory toward tlie south. Very wild and conllicting is the general mass of evideiice bearinji' on a ))elief in su|K'rnatural existences. Xot only from the nature of the subject is it allied to (juestions and mattei's th(^ most abstruse and transceniU'ntal. — in the ex- pression ol" which the exactest dialectic terminology nuist often be at fault; nuich more the rude and stani- nierim:' speech of savaii'es — but it is also a])t to call up prejudices of the most \varpin;i; and contradictory kind in the minds of those thronuh whose relation it nuist pass to us. llowi'ver hojjek'ss the task, 1 will stri\i' to hold an e([u.il JR'am of historical truth, and putting away spi'cidations of either extreme, try to |iive the naked expression of the belief of the peoples we deal with, — f.-;kimo siia:\iaxism. Ill :i\NH OF TllK [10 CulN'iX'K^S „()rioT AM> [ILOS— MotiCIS N? lunvcver stnpiil, liowcvcr uhsunl,-— i^nd not wluit tlicv ()ii;ilit to lu'licvc, or may be su[)[)os(>(l to hcliew, ucconl- iii;j: to the ingenious speculations of dilVereut theorists. The Fiskiuios do not ai)[)ear to reeojiiiize any sui)reme deity, but only an indelinito number of superuatural Iteinus var> ing in name, power, and character — the evil seemiiiLi' to prechnninate. They carry on the person a >:ii;dl ivorv iuiauc I'udelv carved to represent some ani- iiial. as a kind ol' talisman; these ai'e thought to I'urtlu'r success in hunting, fishing and other [)ursuits, but can hardly be looked upon \vith any great reverence, as they are u'cnerallv to be bought oftheii' ownei's J'oi- a ivasona- )lr [ii'ice. .Ml su[)ernatural business is transacted thi'ougb the medium ol' sham:ins; I'lmctionaries answerin !>■ to tl le laediciue-men of eastern Indian trib(>s;~-of those there are luitli male and female, eat^h practising on or for the bene it ol' his or her own respe itive sex. The rites of their ilacl^ art diiVer somewhat, according to Dall, i'rom those (if their Tinneh neighl»ors. and very nuich froui those of the Tschuktschi and other Siberian tribes; and their whole reliuion ma\' ])e suunned ui) as a vauue fear lindiim its expression in witchcraft.' The Tinneh. that great peo[)le sti'etching north of the lifty-fifth parallel nearly to the Arctic Ocean and to the Tacific, do not seem in any of their various tribes to have a single ex[)ressed idea with ivgard to a su[)reme powei'. The Loucheux branch recogni/.e a certain personage, I'esi- Ui'ut m tiie moon, whom they su})i th stai'tnrj; on a an himt m; 'xp )e(lition. )licati 'his ) loi' success m K'lUii'onci lived iDUg theui as a i)oor ragged boy that an old wouian had found and was bringing u[); and who madi; hiui- M'lr ridiculous to his I'ellows by making a ^' r t)f \ei'y large snow-shoes; for the peo[)le could not see what a starveling like him should want with shoes of such unusual size. Tiuies of great scarcity troubie(l the hunt- »i's. and thev would often have I'ared badlv had thev not nivariably on such occasions couie across a new broad '." h irdsu lrft.s//Y„,,/'s X„r., !,;>. 102, 1!);!; I^irhardsoii's Pol. T!',/., W- "V.l-H), 3-i1 I'ij Jour., vol. i., i'i>. 3-jH, 3y.j; IhtU'ti .UkcIm, pp. lll-O. 142 GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. m trail tliiit led to a hoad or two of fivslily killed game. They were '^\i\x\ enough to jiet the e to theii' success in iuniting; but he added, that as a i)unishment for their shameless greed and ingratitude in refusing him the })iece of fat. all animals should be lean the long win- ter through, and fat (mly in summer; as has since been the case. According to Ilearne, the Tinneh believe in a kind of spirits, or fairies, called mintena, which people the eartli, the sea. and the air, and are instrumental for both good and evil. Some of them believe in a good si)irit called Tihugun, 'my old friend,' supposed to reside in the sun and in the moon; they have also a bad spirit, (yhutsain. apparently only a personification of death, and for this reason called bad. They have no regular order of shamans ; any one when the sj/irit moves him may take npon himself their duties and pretensions, though some by ha])py chances, or i)ecu- liar cunning, are much more highly esteemed in this re- gard than others, and are supported by voluntary con- tributions. The conjurer often shuts himself in his tent and abstains from food for days till his earthly grossness thins away, and the spirits and things unseen are con- si^nars wrrii the koniagas and 'rixxEti. 11;; In are con- striiiiicil to !ii)iu'.ir at l»is ))oliost. Tlio voiniiit^r TiiiiH'li cai't' \\)V none oi' tlieso tiling's; tlu> stroiiu, litiil> and tlio keen eve, lioldiiiji tlicir own well In the jostle ol' lil'e. mock iit tlic terroi's of the invisible; hut as the |)iilsi's (hvindlc with disease or ajre, and tlu- knees strike toiietlier in the shadow of iMi[)endin;i: death, the shiiniiin is hired to e.\[)el the evil thini:'s of which the patient is possesst'd. Anion'j; the Tacullies. ji confession is ol'ten resoi'ted to at this stMu'e. on the ti'uth and acenracy of which de})end the chiuices of a recovery. As I lannon says, " the crimes which they most fre(inently ctnifess disco\er soniethinji; of their niorid character and tlu'refore desi'rve to he mentioned;" hut in truth I cannot mention them; hotli with women mid with men a filthiness and hestialit\' worse than the sins of Sodom and (iomorrah defy the stomacli of description. The same thinj;' is true of the tcilioiis and disj^usting rites performed hy the ^I'imieh shamliis ()\-er the sick and at various other emergencies, 'fhey Mow on the invalid, leap about him or uj)on him, shriek, sing, groan, gesticulate, and foam at the mouth, with otlier details of hocns-pocns varying indefniitely with tribe and locality. The existence of a soul is for the most part denied, and the spirits with whom dealings are had ai'e not spirits that were ever in or of men: ncitlier ai'e they regarded by men with any sentiment of love or kindly respect; fear and self-interest are the honils— ^vhc•re any bonds exist — that link the Tinneh with jjowei's su])ernal or infernal.' The Koiiiagas have the usual legion of spirits haunt- ing watei'. earth, and air, whose wrath is only to be ap- peased by offei'ings to the shamans; and sometime , though veiy rarely, by human sacrifices of slaves. They have also a chief deity or spirit, called Shljam Schoa, and a [)ower for evil called Eyak.^ 2 liirdish), in Snilllisoiihin Uciit., 18CG, pp. 318-19; Janis' IMhjkm, Tnd. X. Am., J). Ul ; h'riiitlntt, in Wlij/nqicr's Alaska, p. 'Sii); Mai-hnzb's I'd//., p. cxxviii.; S'ltnn'rfii/t's Arch., vol. v., p. 1~X: /I'os.s', in Siiiilli.tiiiii'in /iV/)^/l8()(i, I'l). ;ini'i-7; /•>((/(/. /(/t'.s- Xar., vol. i., pp. '24()-7; Jlariiinn's Jmn-., p. UUO; Jl]>- ic'.s '/'i(>7.i, p. ;{; ,'; Hi hanlson's Jotir., \ol. i., pj). ^85-0; JJall'a Alaaka, pp. bS-'JJ; Whi/nipir's Alaska, pp. 231-2. •i llobnhvnj, Kthn. SIdz., pp. 140-1; Saucr, Billbujs' Ex., p. 174. 114 GODS, Sl'THliNATniAL liElNClS. AND WOliSlIir. ^t\^': or till' Aleuts, it is said tliat tlicir rites showed a intieli liigliei' feli'^ioiis development than was to he loinul iniion,:^ aiiv of their iK'i;ihli()rs; the lahors ol'the lliissiaii priests have, howcNcr. heeii siiecA'ssfid I'lioiij^h anions" tlieiu to obliterate all remeiiihrauee of uiijiht hut the outlines of their ancient cult. '^I'liey i'eeoj;ni/e a creatoi'-^zod, hut ^vithout woi'shipin^' hini: he had made the world, hut he did not^iiideit; men had nothin,Li' to do anv lonjier uith him. hut onlv with tlie lesser /,'"f/inix, or sj)irits. to uhom the direction and care of earthlv idlairs iiavc? heen <'.)Mnnitted. 'I'he stars and the sun and the moon were uorshi[H'il. or the s[)irits of them amoni:' others, and aven;i:ed tliemseUes »)n thosi' thatiidored them not. 'J'Ik^ oll'ended sun smote the eves of a scoll't-r with blindness, the moon stoned him to death, and the stars eonstrainod liim to count their numher — hoj)eless task that always h'ft the victim a starin^j; maniac. The shamans do not SL'em to ha\e enjoved that distinction amon,^' the Ak'uts that their monopoly of mediation between man and the invisli)le world pive tliem anion;;' otla'r nations. Thev were genei-ally very poor, liviiiLi' in want and dyinii in misery; tlu'\' had no part nor lot in the joys or sorrows of social life; never at feast, at weddin;:'. or at a finieral was their face seen. They lived and wandei'ed men for- bid, dri\i'U to and fro by jihantoms thai were their mas- ters and not their slaves. The AU'uts had no permanent idols, nor any uorshi ping-places built with hands; near every vilhiLie was some saiu^tified high [)lace or rock, sacred as a ►^inai against the foot of woman or youth, and whoever profaned it became innnediately mad or sick to death. Only the men and the old men visited the ])laco leaving there their olVei'ings of skins or feathers -with unknown mysterious ceremonii's. The us(.' of anndets was universal; and more than shield or speai' to the warrior going to battle was a belt of .sea-weed woven in magic knots. \\'hat a ])hilo.'^ophei' s stone was to a Roger B.won or a Paracelsus, was the IkJi'tnihce, a marvelous |H'bl)le thrown u[) at rare inter- vals by the sea, t, the Aleutian hunter. No bea.st could ALEUTIAN MVsri;itV-|iA\('i:. iir> nuuli K'Ul to lU'S of III, but •1(1, but loii'Tor irits. to vu boeu 'I's, and t. Tbr lUlllK'SS. strahu'd : always IS ilo not ic Aleuts I anil tlu' s. Tliey (\\in;i ni [• sorrows ;i runeral men Ibr- u'ir nias- nuancnt |uls; near or rock, lor youth, luail oi' u visits I ii- loatlu-rs koro than jvas a brll jlosopber .^ was tlu- lare inti-r- L'ast could P i\'sist its attraction; he tiiat carried it had no need to (•!i;ix(' his \)\vy, lio had only to wait and striUe as tlio animal walUi'd up to its death. Another potent ehai'ni was urease taken i'roui a dead mans body; the s[)ear- licad touched with this was siu'e to ivaeh a mortal s[!i)t in the wiiale at which it was hurled. Tiiei'e are dim Aleutian traditions (tf certain i-eliuious iiiaht dances held in tht' month of I)eceml)er. \\'ooihMi idols, or li^ures of some kind, were made for the occasion and carried iVom island to island witli many esoteric (vn'nionit's. Then was to Ik' !^v('\i a marscious siuht. Tilt' men and women were put tin- ajiai't; in the middle ol* ra.ii jiarty a wooden (l,i;ure was set up; certain jiri-at woMilen masks or blinders were ])ut on each person, so contrived that the weai'er could see nothing' outside a little circle I'ound his I'eet. Then every one strii)[)ed. and there n[)on the snow, under the moonlight, in the hitter Arctic ni;ild. danced naked before the ima^e. — say ratlier hefore the jiod. lor as they danced a kuuan il;'scended and entered into the wooden figure W oe lo t( him or to her whose drift-wood mask i'ell. or was lifted, in the whirl of that awful dance; the stare of the (iorjion was not more fatal than a ^lan(;e of the demon that jiossessed the idol; and for any one to look on one of the npiHisite sex, however it came ahout, he miiiht be even countt'd as one dead. When the dance was over, the idols ami the masks were broken and cast Jiway. It iaa\ he added that such masks as this were needed, even ha |iro[)!iets ni then* niterviews with the .ureat s[)n'its t know all mortal consecpiences; and that when a man died such a mask was j)ut over his eyes — naked ami shivering soul, face to face with the darkest kujian tit' all we will shelter tlu'e what we can.^ The Thlinkeets are said not to believe in any supreme hi'iiiii'. They have that Yehl, the Raven, and that Kha- iiukli. the Wolf, wdiom we are alreadv to some extent !ic(|uainted with; but neither the exact rank and (diarac- * h'Di-hi.iny, Vol/., pp. 579-KO; f'oxe's, Jiiiss. Tfls., p. 217; DaU'a Alaska, VV- 3S'J; Sue liuHtrDjTs \<(t. Hares, \o\. i., p. 1)3. Vol. III., 10. itr, (loDs, si'1'i:kn\ti:uai, isi'FNcis, am) \V()i:siiii' tiT of tlicsc in tlic siipcniMtiirnl NVdi'ld. nor (•\oii their <'niii|i:ii';iti\(' r.'ink. ciiii Im' I'stiiMislicil iil)o\(' ('oiiti'iidictioii. Tims ^'('Iil is said to l»c the (Tcator of all Itciiius and liaiiiiKli wniii'i tlnili^s. vet we ll 1\(' not (oivottm liow IVoni tlic iiiiwiHiiiu' Ii|)s ol' liiiii the coiiU'ssion: Tlioii ait older that 1. It is a^iain saiil of Vehl tliiit his powiT i^ iinrmiifed; hut alas, we liaNC seen him helpless in the iiiarie (larKUess raisec 1 I )\' lamiKii, and howlini: as a iViiiliteneil child miiiht do in a iiloomy corridor. Tlic nature ol' ^'ehi is kind and he loses men. while the re- A'erse is licnerallv t'onsidered true of Khaniikh: Imt ^'ehl. too. when his aniici' is stirreil np sends sickness and e\il fortune, ^'ehl existed hel'oi-e his hii'th iqton earth; ln' cannot die nor i-ven heconn' oldei\ W here the soiu'ces of the \ass are. whence the east-wind conu's. is Xass- .shakieveid, the liome of ^'ehl; the east-wind hrini^s news of him. I'v an unknown mother a son was horn to him, who lo\('s mankind »'ven more than his father, jind j)ro\ides their I'ood in diU' .•^eason. To coiiclnde th" matter. Veld is. if not the central fiunre. at least the most prominent in the Tldinkeet pantheon, and tlir alpha and the omeiia of Tldinkeet j>hilosophv and tlieol- oiiv is summed up in their faxorite ajthorism: As Velil art en ami lived. so also wii we li\<' and do. Aft Vi'hl and Khanukh. tlu' Thlinkeets helie\'e in the hrotli and sister. Chethl and .Vhuishanakhon. the 'I'hu'.ider Ol' Tlumder-liird. and the I'ndei'-iiround Woman. Ciietli is a kind of preat northern riikh that snatciies np am swallows a whale without ditliculty, while his win>:s am e\t's iiroduci' thunder and liuhtninu' as already descrihcd his sister Ah,:iishanakhou sits alone helow and <:uar' the Irminsiil that supports the world of the Xorth-we- The Thlinkeets have no idols, nnle.ss the little iniau' 1 U, ilii Hnlml H'r<' s lu'ci) uiit of tlii'si' Thliiikcrt supci'iiatiirul jxiwcrs, iintliiii! i-i s;li(l of {]u' sun (ir liliinll as ilicliratill'4 till' IMissc; >f life liv tll< ly i[>i'litit'S not luatcriiil. lint Oiiiiii, Tin- Ornviu 'I'lrrilnfi/, ]>. 'iisl. iuni J)ix(m, \'')i/(iii' Ititnnd titv W'urlil. y\t. IH'.) !l(l, ib s<-ril)r at least kiiiiic tvilic nr t;il> )f till' Thlinkeets and iiianv tribes of tlic Haidalis, that coiisidev the ^l^l to lie a Ljreat sjiirit niovint,' ovir tlie earth (Hiee every day, aiiiinatinj,' ;ii:i k< ijiint; alive n 11 moon is a siiliordiiiati' and nit-'ht ■atnres, and, aiipai-ently, us being the origin of all; t! Ill: THMNKF.ET Sir\M W. 147 idictioii. ll^S iHlil riiou iut ss in tlif Wu'j: i>s ;i or. 'Hi-' \v tlu' vc- l)ut Vrlil. ■! iinil I'vil ciivtli; Iw s. is Nass- 11(1 l)rin;is I ^vi\s l)oii! l. After r livotlifi- liMUiU'V iir Ciu'thl cs u\) and wiuii's aii'l (li'sfviliotl; intl ^uai"'- ovtli-NVf- ttW iniau' KlWCVS. liotllll!'.' ,. liv tll<-tl> 111 '■! ■,/, ■]). -iNl. av.'i t sialic li'i'"' '■'■ insiclivthi-'in ;iiiiiiiiitiii!4 -'■'' n.'iuc.f iiU; 111'- s'liiK'liiiU's (Mri'i('(l l»v the maniciaiis Tor el i arming' with iii;i\ Itc cmIK'iI Iiv tli:it iiairif; tlicv liaNc no woi'sliip lii.r I'licsts. unless tlieir sorcerers :ine entitlcil to tliesc apiieiliitiolis. These sorcerers (tr shaiii;iiis senii to Ite niiK'h rcsiiccteil; theii' wurds and ;i"ti()i:s iii'e ucneriillv hehe\('(l mid a('<|uiesciMl in hv all; thoii'.li the (h'lith of a juitieiit or \irtiiii. or siiitposcd \ic- liiii. i>i sometimes axcnucd upon them l»v tli«' reliiti\»'s of thiMh'ceased. Sh,im;Inism is iiiostiv liereditarv : as a natii- 1 il cone ot' thiliLis tiie loii;^' itir;i\ oi' ajipai'atiis. masUs. (h'l'sses. iiin! so on. is inheiUcd hv the son oi" grandson of the dcci'iiscd cimjurer. The vouiiji' man must, iiow- cvcr. prove himscli" worthv of his position Ix-lorc it hc- coi'ies assured to hiui. I»v callinji' up and eommuiiieatin,::; with spirits. The future shaman retires into a lonely forest or up some mountain, when' he li\'es retired, t'ci'd- iiiii' (>n I'ov th' jiir ts to come to him. which they are iiciierally lo in from two to four weeks. If all -Lowell the iiieetiuj:' takes place, and the chief of the s|iirits sends til the neopliN te a river-otter. in the toiiuue ol' which ;iniiii.il is supposed to he hid the whole powi-r and secret 111 shani;iuisiu. The man meets the heast face to face, and four times, each time in a dillerent fashion, he pro- nounces the syllahle *( )hl ' I'lioii this the otter falls in- stantly, reaching:' out at the same time its toiiiiue. w hich the iiKiiicuts (»lVand preserves; hidiii^i' it away in a close ]ila('e. for if an\' oiU' not initiated should look on this ♦ ili"S, SUrEllNATURAL BEINGS, AND AVUriSIIIP. Wlion fill tliese tliinus luivo l)c'f.i done tlio ^liaiuiin re- turns to his j';nuil\' cnuiciated ancUvoi'n out, und his now {H)\vc'i's are innnediately ])ut to the iest. His ivputatioii depends on tiie nunil)ei' of spirits at his eomnianth 'J'he si)irits are called yek, and to every conjurer a certain lunnher of them arc attached as familiars, while there are others on whom he may call in an emeriivncy; in- deed every man of whatever rank or prol'ession is attendi'd hy a I'amiliar sjjirit oi* demon, who only ahaii- dons his charge when the man becomes exceed in.tily had. The world of spirits in «ieneral is divided into three classes: h-vcijvk, ta/rcci/c/,-. and ft '■/,■<'<■' /el'. The first-class, ' the Tpper Ones,' dwell in the north and seem to be connected with the northern lights; they are the spirits of the brave fallen in battle. The other two classes are the spirits of tliose that died a natural death, a,nd their dwelling is called tuliiiikuii. The takeeyel<, ' land-spirits,' a})pear to the shaiuiins in the \\)Y\\\ of land animals. \\'ith regard to the tekeeyek, 'sea-spirits' which appear in the i'orm of marine animals, thi'i'e is some dis[)ute among the Thlinkeets as to whether these s[)irits weri' ever the si)irits of men like those of the otlu r two classes, or whether the\" were merely the souls of sen animals. The supreme feat of a conjurer's ]X)weris to throw ( lU' of his liege s[)irits into the body of one who refuses t'.) belie\e in his power; upon which the })ossessed is taken with swooninii' and fits. The hail' of a shaniiin is nevi'i' cut. As among the Aleuts, a wooden mask is necessary to his .sd'e intercourse with any spirit; separate masks are woi-n foi" interviews with separate spirits. A\ hen a shauiiin sickens, his relatives fast I'or his recovery; wluii lie dies, his bo ith th leir northern neiiilihors. a helief in iiohli <[i('cti'es. iind sorcei'}' seems to he the sum of their i'eli,L:ioii. //../, I/M. I'll, F.lha. SL: V,ll. I'l' rvJ-T.'i; IhiWa Ahlsh 1' .)S ; Ih, 'a 0)v./n I'P lJl-;i; An/; 1' •2Mi: lUiahVH Ah Ar.h. I'p. :il a. 'I'liU last tnivilfv i^'Ims us 11 Viiiiatiiiii of tlii' lii^tmy (jf V( Kl iMiiiikli. vliicli i- lust in'cscutril ill liis own 'ill.' KliiiKii- ..11(1 not \vl loiii arc tow Su]ii(in(' liiiiii,', but ill a host of uooil and riiiL; two lofty luini^s of f^'odlikc niat;nitii(l( Aa cipal olijicis of iiiilian rcvcnii Th ■iimit'- ( all' the prin- ai'c Yi till anil Kaiiuuh two hrnlln in; (lie foi'iuir tin' liriicfai'tov aiul well-wisher of nainkinil, imt of a vrrv whiiiisical ai.il unnliali ituie; the latter the stern (loil uf War, teiii- lile ill his wrath, hut a true jiatron of every fearless hrave. It is he wliu Sillils ejiiileiiiies, hlooilsheil aiiil War to those who liave ilislileased liiiji, while it seems to lie the |irineipal funetiou of Vethl to eross the sinister ]>iir- jiiises if liis iiarli-niinileil lirotlnr. Yethl and KaiiUKli lived forineriv on irth Hit d were horn ol a wo'iiaii ot a suiierna itural I'' d ori'..'in and nature of whieh many ennllictiii'^' leeinds are told, lianl t I iiiiii|)ii heiid. When Vethl Walked on earth and was i|Uite youii'^ In ||niiv,l .^'leat skill in the use of tlie how and an He used to kill lau line t! Ilelli'" its l.allli He],: ir shaj 'Vethl. lud llv idiout. His fa ite h was tl diiel I siL;nilies '•raven" in the Kliukit laiiiru; llso the f(l tllelil around him to escape his elielllii d clouds at his command, and he Jlis liroiher's I wolf.' I'ac. eoiisei|uentiy "ravi d oft. anii'.;h, s)._'ui and •'Wolf" are the nanus of thiwo || tlie Jvliiikits, who an; sni)i>oseil to bu the found- .'.-i of the Indian 150 GODS, SrPEKNATURAL IlEINGS, AND WOllSHIP. AVith sonio at least of tlio llaidalis tliciv >vas in oxist- ciice a rite of this sorcery iitteiided 1>\ circimisti nuvs o iiioi'o tliaii or(liiiar\' oarnaritx' and lerocitN I W W leil tlie th salmon season is o\er iuu I th le provisions ol um ter 1 lavo l»eeii stored away. I'eastinn" and conjurinii' l)ei:in. l"he chief — who seems to he the princijjal sorct'rer. and indi'ed to possess little aiithoritv saxc irom his connection with tl )re ter-1 niman powei ioes off to tiie Iniieliest and wildest retreat he knows ol" oi" can discover in thi' nioimt- ains or lorest. and half starves himself there lor some Aveeks till he is worked nji \{) ;i iVenzy of ixTiLiions in- sanit\' and the mni '•/()/,■! learfnl heinus of some kind not hninan---c(jnsent to commnnicate with him ]>y voices or otherwise. Dnrinji all thisohservaiice. the chief is called tdiiiiilsh. and wo" to the nnhicky liaidali who hai)j)ens ]»v chance so much as to look on him duiiiiu' its continn- aiioe; even if the taamish do not instantlv slay the iii- Irnder. his neii-hhors ww certain to do so when the thinu' comes to their knowlediie, and if the victim attempt to conceal the alVair. or do not himself confess it. the most crnel tortnres are added to his fate. At last the inspireii demoniac retnrns to his vilhrjc. na ked sa\e a hear-sKin or a ra;i;;('d l)laiiket. with a chaplet on his head and a red hand of alder-1)ark al)oiit his neck, lie spi'inus on the first pei'son hi> meets, hites out and swallows one or moi'e mouthl'uls of the mans living' ilesh vvherewr he can li.\ his teeth, thi'ii I'ushes to aiKtther and ano'.her, repeatin;:' his rcNollinu' meal till he falls intoa torpor fi'oiii his sudden and half-masticated surfeit of Ilesh. I'oi' lil souie days after this he lies in a, kind of c()ma. " like an oN'er-uoriicd heast of prey." as Dunn says; the saiia ol)ser\t'r aildiiiL;' that his hrcitli diu'inu' that time i- Tlu' victims of thi« like an exhalation from a "ra\e ferocity dare not resist the hite (/f the taamish; on the contrary, they are sometiuie;' willing' to oll'er themscUt'-; to the oi'deal. and are always proud of its scars.' I'he .Xoolkas acknowledge the existence of a ii,reat iier- 7 l)iiiin':< (iri'iiiit, J)]'. 'J")!!-'.!; Sciiiilir. in f/mil. (Icmi. Soc •lnur,, vol. xi., ['. ;>; H'liivrujT.t .\itt. Haas vol. i., i>ii. 17ii-71. NOOTKA GODS. 151 in oxist- tiUU'C'S ol" riicn tlu' ltd' liiivc m. Tilt' ul iiiiU'i-tl tion ^vitll 'lioi^t and e niDunt- lor soHit' iji'ious in- kind nut Noices ov I" is fidlnl I liai)|K'ns -i continu- ly the in- tho thin.u- attempt to . the most e inspired )eur-skin ul iuid a )i'in;-is on vs one or rever he ;uio'her, )rpoi- iVoiii 1. For like ail the same t time is ms of till- 1 ; on till' 1 lu'inse!ves great per- ■ \ ^:,>llalle tidied ()uah()()tze, Avhose lialiitation is apparently ill the shy. hut of whoso natnre little is known, ^\'hen ;i storm hegins to rage danuerously tho .N\)otkas cliinh to the top ot'theii' houses and looking npwai'ds to this great gol, thi'V heat drums and ehant and eall upon his name, iui[»loriiig hiu) Ir still the tempest. They last, as some- thing agieeahle to the same di'ity. het'ore setting out on the hunt. and. if their success warrant it. hold a least in his iioiior after their return. This lestival is held usually ill hi'cemhcr. and it Avas formerly the ciistoui to finish it wilh a human sacrifice, an ati'ocity now haiii)ily fallen into disuse: a hoy. with kni\es stuck through the super- licial llesli of his ai'ms. leus, and sides, Ijcin-;' oxhihited as ;i siil)stitute for the ancient \ictim. Matlose is a famous hoh-gohlin of the Xo(/ikas: he is ,1 \-cry ( "alihan of spirits; his head is like the head of -iiiiirthiug that might have ht-en a man hut is not; his iiiicoiith hulk is horrid with hlack hi'istles; his uioiistrous teeth and nails are like the fangs and claws of a hear. W h(H'\H'r hears his teri'ihle voice falls like one smitten, ami his curved claws rend a prey nito morsels with Ji single stroke. Thi' .\ot)tkas. like so many American peoj)les. liaAe a tradition oi' a supernatural teacher and henefaclor. an olil IIKUI that came to them up the >oini(l \nn>i a'jo Hi canoe was copper, and tlu' ])addles of it coppei'; cAery thill;.: lie had on him or ahout him was of the same iiu'tal. lie hiiided and insti'ucted the men ol'that day in many thliiiis; telling them that he caiiu' from the sky. that their country shcjuld he eventually destroyed, that they should all die. hut after death rise i!iid live wilh him :iiM»\-e Th n all the people rose up auury. and took In. ••alloc from him. and slew him: a crime from which their descendants have deri\'ed much henelit for eojiper and the use of it have remained with them evi'r since. Huge iiiii'jes. carved in wood, still stand in their lioust's in- tended to reia-esent the form and hold in renuMnhi'ance the \isit of this old man. — l»y which visit is not im[)roh- iiliK intended to he siunilied an avatar or incarnation 152 GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. of that c>ilef deity, or great spirit, worshiped by many Oahfoniiau tribes as 'tlie Old Man above.' The Ahts regard the moon and the sun as their highest deities, the moon being the husband and the sun the wife. To the moon chietiy, as the more powerl'ul deity, they pray for what they require ; and to both moon and sun, as to all good deities, their prayers are addressed directly and without the intervention of the sorcerers, (^uawteaht— which seems to be a local Aht modification of Quahoot/e — who made most things that are in the woi'ld, was the first to teach the jx'ople to worship these luminaries who, over all and seeing all, are more powerful than himself, though more distant and less active. There is also that Tootooch, thunder- bird, of which so much has Ijeen already sjiid. The Xootkas, in general, believe in the existence of numberless spirits of variou,? kinds, and in the elfic.'icy of sorcery. As in neighboring nations, the shaman gains or renews his inspiration by fasting and solitary meditation in some retired place, re-appearing at the end of his vigil half-starved and half-insane, but filled with the Jjlack virtue of his art. He does not generally col- lect a meal of living human flesh like the taamish of tlu' preceding family, but he is satisfied with what his teeth <;an tear from the corp!-;es in the burial-places. Old women are admitted to a share in the powers of sorcery and prophecy and the interpretation of omens and dreams : the latter a most important function, as few days and nights pass over a Xootka house tiiat do not giveoccasiou b •; some vision or occurrence for the office of the sibyl or the augur." 8 Jvwitt'fi Y'(r., p. 83; Srnulrr, in Lonrl. Gmrj. Snc. Jiwr., \ol. xi., pp. 223 4; M(>/riua, r/'(.'/»', p. Kid; Miaro' l""!/., p. 270; HiiJrhiii is' ('; and in a had spirit Kishtsamah or Cliacha; both mcn'ing con- stantly Ihrongh the air, so that nothing can ])o done \\ ithoiit tlieir knowledge. The Okanagans have no wor- ship public or private, Imt before engaging in anything of importance tliey oft'er up a short prayer to the good s[»irit for assistance; again on state occasions, a pipe is l)assod round and each one smokes tln'ee whiffs toward the risinii sun, the same toward the settinii'. and the samo ros[)0('ti\'ely toward the heaven al)Ove and the earth hc'ui'ath. Then they have tlioir great mythic ruler and hcrnjue. Scomalt, whose story is intimatel}' connected with ;i kind of Okanagan fall or paradise lost. Long ago. so lung ago that the sun was ([uite young and veiy small and no biiiger than ti ^'^nw there was an island far out nt sea called k^amalitumiwhoolah, or the White Man's Island. It was inhabited ])y a wliite race of gigantic stature, and governed l)y a tall fair woman called Scom- ;dt: and she was a ilbistnitii'.; loon imA i^""- lltooiiUattiii- Sntil. y -*/'•!''- JnmUu'Hnniir tiii)ii<7-0. '" ' The brtivfst WDiniin of the tribe, one used to ciirryins unininnition to the wiiniiii' when en;^ii;.MMl in iif^ht, b.ii-ed her breast to the person wlio fer conniLto anil condnci was deemed tit snceessor to the (hi)arted. From the breast \w ent a small ])ortiuii, viiieh he tln'ew into tlie lire. Slio tlien cut a small piece from tlie shoulder of the warrior, which was also thrown into the tirt^ A ])iece of bitter root, with a i^iece of meat, were nest thrown into tlie tire, all these bein;,' intended as ott'erin;4s to the Snii, th(! deity "f tli" Kiatheads.' Tnhnir. in l^nril's Xnt., vol. ii., jip. 2:)7-H. For references to the remaining matter of the paragraph see LI., vul. ii., pj). '^^7-43, 200. DEITIES OF THE CLALLAMS. 155 L8 tossed exceed - jne mail •eady tt) Lway t«- ibr many s^teeriiip; naiidand inbal)it; s, having so sorely ind their ili^i color t are de- cir wtorui- • the race, ii- ^Acomalt mainUmd, men, so in llannihaVs the ^vo^•ld. lem a^\■ay, end of the ;liief deity. us havini: idicate tliat lilt.'" The 1)1- the mo^t ieity of tilt" in sorcery |l)y force ol" lannnnnition to llH'VSOU wUll fi'V ] She tlii'ii cut ii Iso lliroNvn into l'\i tlu'owuiiit" \w lUity of ih'' .fuVfUCOS to tlio 2m. s[U'('iid gifts foi' fasting and lonely meditation, in having tliL-mselves accounted conjurers, — an honor of dubious prolit, as niedicine-nien are constantly- liable to ]je shot by an enraged relative of any one whose death they may be supposed to have Ijrought about. Tbe (Jlallams, a coast tribe on the mainland oi)posite tbe south end of Vancouver Island, have a ])rincipal good deity called by various names, and an evil spirit calleil t>k(j()coom; to these souie add a certain Teyutlma, ■ the genius of good fortune.' The medicine-men of the tribe are supposed to have much inlluence both for good aud evil Avith these spirits and with all the demon race, or xdumb as the latter are sometimes called. In this tril)e tiie various conjurers are united )jy the bonds of a secret societv, the initiation into which is attended by a good deal of ceremony and expense. Three days and three nights must the novice of the order fast alone in a mysterious lodge prepared for him, round which during all that time the brethren already initiated sing and dance. This period elapsed, during which it would seeni that the old nature has been killed out of him, he is taken up like one dead and soused into the nearest cold water, where he is washed till he revives; which thing they call " washing the dead." When his senses are sulliciently gathered to him, he is set (m his feet; upon which he runs off into the forest, Avhence he soon reap- pi'ms a perfect medicine-man, rattle in hand and decked out with the various trappings of his j)rofession. Ilo then i)arts all his worldlvgear amonu' his iViends. himself heuceibrth to be supported only by the fees of his new culliug.^' lk;niaui, the creator of the universe, is a powerful deity among the (^hinooks, who have a mountain named after him fioni a belief that he there turned hiuiself into stone. Alter him, or l)elbre him as many say. comes Italapas, the Coyote, who created men after an iin[)erfect fashion,^" tau-ht theui how to make nets and catch salmon, how to II A'/i.r'.s' W'iniiL, ])p. 218-9; G'lbb's Clallam ami Lioiivi I Vocab., p. 15. I- This vul., pp. 'J5-G. 150 G0D8, SUPERNATUAL BEINGS, AND WOKSHIP. make a fire, and how to cook ; for this the first fruits of the lishiiig season are always sacred to him, and his lijiure is to be found carved on the head of ahnost every Chinook canoe on tlie Cohnnlna. They have a fire-spirit, an evil spirit, and a l)ody of familiar spirits, t(imanov:oung man sees, or thinks he sees, on visiting the woods. These spirits hsive a great eft'ect on the imagination of the (.Uiinooks, and their supposed direc- tions are followed under pain of mysterious and awful punishments ; people converse — " particularly when in the water" — with them, a^iparently talking to themselves in low monotonous tones. Some say that when a man dies his tamanowa passes to his son; l)ut the whole matter is darkened with much mystery and secrecy; the name of one's familiar spirit or guardian never l)eing mentioned even to the nearest friend. A similar custom foi'1)ids the mention of a dead man's nauie, at least till many - • ycai's have elapsed after the bereavement. The Chinook medicine-men are possessed of the usual powers of converse and mediation with the spirits good and evil; there are two classes of them, employed in all cases of sickness, — the dainhuais, or priests, who in- tercede for the soul of the patient, and, if necess.ary. for its safe passage to the land of spirits. — and the h'ehiik'i<. or doctors, souietiuies wouien, whose duty it is to ad- ministei' medical as well as spiritual aid.^'* With the (^lyuses and the AValla- Wallas any one may become a medicine-man; among the Xez Perces the office belongs to an hereditary order. Women are sometimes trained to the profession, but they are not l)elieved to hold such extreme powers as the males, nor are they murdered on the supposed exercise of some fatal intlu- " Wilkes' y, •ild, 2.")l; Tohni ', iuLord's Xdt., vul. ii., p. '24H; (,"ilihs' i'liiiwnk Vnnth., pj). 11, l.'i: G'dihs', Cl'illitin and Lunniti I'ocnh., pp. 15, '2'J; Irvimfs Astoria, i>i). 3'M-iO; Tylor's Prim. Cult., vol. ii., p. 253. SHOSHONE DEIICNS. 157 (1100. For, as with the Chinooks" so hero, the reputa- tion of sorcerer is at once the most terrible toothers .'ind the most dangerous to one's self that one can have. His is a jtower of Hfe, and death ; his evil eye can wither and IVeeze a hated life if not as swiftlj' at least as surely as the stare of the Medusa; he is mortal, however, — he can Any your friend or yourself, and death is bitter, but then bow sweet an anodyne is revenge! There is no strong magic can avail when the heart's bl(H)d trickles down the avenger's shaft, no cunning enchantment that can keep the life in when his tomahawk crumbles the skull like a potsherd, — and so it comes about that the conjurers walk everywhere with their life in their hand, and are con- strained to be very wary in their exercise of their nefa- ]'i()us powers.^'"' The Shoshone legends people certain parts of the mountains of ^lontana with little imps or denums called iiiiiiiiiJices, who are a])Out two feet long, perfectly naked, and provided each with a tail. These limbs of the evil one are accustomed to eat up any unguarded infant they iiiiiy find, leaving in its stead one of their own baneful 1 aoe. When the mother comes to suckle what she suj)- [)oses to be her child, the fiendish changeling seizes her bi-east iind begins to devour it; then, although her screams and the alarm there])y given soon force the malicious ini}) to make his escape, there is no ho[)e further; she (lies within the twen^^y-four hours, and if not well watched in the meantime, the little demon will even return and make an end of her by finishing his interrupted meal. There is another variety of these hobgoblins call jxfhoioihs, ' water-infants,' who devour women and t'hihlren as do their brother-fiends of the mountain, and complete the ring of ghoulish terror that closes round the Shoshone child and mother.^" '* Piirker's E.vplor. Tour, p. 2o4: 'The chiefs say, thnt they and their sons arc too j,'vi'iit to (lie of themselves, aud although they uiiiy be sick, nnd de- iliiu', iiiid (lie, as othii's do, yet some person, or some evil spirit insti|,'uted liy sonic one, is the invisible cause of their death; and therefore when a cliicf. or eliicfs son dies, the supposed author of the deed must be killed.' '' .l/iv//v/, in tirfiookni/t's Arch., vol. v., p. C52. "' !vlio had most to do with thein and they Avith him. was a demon, or body of demons, of a toler- ably |)i'onoiuiced cjiaracter. In the face of divers assertions to the elfect that no such thing as a devil pro[»er has ever l)een found in savage mvtholog\'. we would draw atten- tion to the following extract I'rom the Po/iio mamiscrij)t of ]Mr i'owers — a gentleman who. both ))y his study and by personal investigation, has made himself one of the best (pialihed authorities on the belief of the native Californi- an. and whose dealings have been for the most part with , tribes that have never had am' iViendlv Jiitercourso with white men: — " Of course the thin and nu-agre imagina- tion of the American savnges was not eipial to the crea- tion of Milton's magnificent imperial Satan, or of (Joothes !Me[)histopheles. with his subtle intellect, his vast powers, his malimiant mirth; but in so i'ar as the Indian (iends ov devils have the al)ilitv. thev )11 are wnoilv as wu ked lis tl lese Tl ie\- ai e totallv ))ad, thev hiivo no uood thin'. in them, tluy think only evil; but they are weak and nndignilied iind absurd; they arc as much beneath Satan as the ' l>ig Indians' who invent them are inl'erior in iuiiigination to dohn Milton.'" ^^ A definite location is generally assigned to the evil .one as Ins favorite residence or resort; thus the Oali- •fornians in the county of Siskiyou, give over Devils Castle, its mount and lake, to the malignant spirits, and avoid the vicinity of these places with all possible Ciire. Th le medjcme-man ot tliese people is a j)ersonage ol some importance, dressing in the most costly iurs; he is a nou- coinbatant. not coming on the field till after the li^lit ; amoni; "/V(W/\s /'. M.S. SACRED FIRES. !.-',» othciMlulics. it is uhsolutc'ly lU'Ccssjiry forliimto visit any (•;iiii|» IVdiii wliicii till! tribi' lius hci'ii tliivcn hy tlii' ciu'iiiy. tliiTt' to cliiuit tlio (loiitli-soiiir iind ii|)jK'iis(' tlic iiii;iry spii-it tlint wroiiglit this jii(l<. 21 /•<(;;(. s, 'ill Xii'iu-illi-.i Aiiii'th.'i il<>i }'"!/., vol. oi., jtp. .110, X^~). F.illiir lidscaiiii, one of tin' fiirlitst iiiissionaiifs to r]i]ii'i' ('aliforniii, il liini the short niiiiiiiscript liistoiy from wliirli tlic tradilicii foii( lift iii'j in till' text lia: 1» takfii.- thron''li the iiirdinm of a now rare trniisla- tinii liy Mv Kobinson. rilled with the i)rcjndic(>s of itsai,'!' and of the iirofi't .-inn of its author, it is yet niarvdoiisly triithlikc; tlKHij^h ii jiainstaldn;^' car ■vidiiitlv bci-n used with rcj'ard to its ist uiiiianntly insi^'nilicaiit itails. there are none of thuso too visilih^ wrenehini's aftil- eonsisteiiev, and if lacunae which so surely betray the hand of the soi.histicatur id 1; d sul :'t> rh.r e are tillii in so ni.uiy monkish m:innsori]>ts on lik< f'MUul on the other ham uuJ many naive an 1 puzzlfccl comments on the wbulu. It is utipureuily tho if ii'iiorauce on doubtfi il ixunts, Vol. 111., n. I ' i h\2 (K)])S, SrrKU.N'ATUKAL IJEINOS, a.nL) WOliSIIir. ivliitioii of the C'ltli iiiul worsliip ol' tlio AcaLiclieiiKii) nations, in the ' aMcy and nciiililxirliood of San Juan ( 'apistrano. (^ililoniia. Paitol" it Avoiild i'all natm'all\ into tliat })art of thi.^ v,;);'iv alloted to orii^in; but the whole is so intiniatelv mixed with so nnieh eoneerninii the life. (Urds. and worship <)t'\aiious sM})eniatin'al \)vv- sona,iri's tliat it lias seemed better to (it its ])resent position than any othei'. Of the lirst part of thi' ti'adition there are two versions -if indeed they be vei'sions of thi' same tradition. \\ Cuive (ii'st that \'ersion ludd by the scrrtiiias. Ol' hi^hlaiiders. of the interior country, thire or foui' h'aiiues inland from the said San .luan (^ipistrano: — lU'fore the material world at all existed there lived tw(t bein.L^s, brother and sister, of a nature that can not he explained; the brother livin_i;' above, and his name meaiiinu' the Heavens, the sister living below and her name signilyini;' I-^arth. From tlu> union of these two. there sprang' a mimerous olVsprin.u". l-'arth and sand Avere the lirst fruits of this niarria>i:e; then were born rocks and stones; then trees both ureat anil small: then gi'ass and herbs: then animals; lastly was born a izivat ]Hrsonai:e called Ouiot. who was a ""iirand cajitain." Hv some unknown mother many children of a medicine ra.c were bmii to this Ouiot, All tlie^e things happeiu'il in the north: and afterward when men were crejitcd they were created in the nortii: i,iitas the ])e()|)le multi- ])lied they moved toward the south, the earth growini: lar,t!»i' also and extending;' itself in the same direction. In process of time. < )uiot bccomint;' old. hi.>- chil- dren i)lotte(l to kill him. allcLiini: that the inllrmi ies nt' li)iit,'i'>.t 1111(1 tlif most v;iln,'.lilii noiii'c in cxistiiicc uti the rdi'^ioii of a ' iitioii I'f tlic native ('alil'i)riiiaiis, as oxihtiui; at tlir tiiiir ut tlic S[iaiiisli conqi st. ;inil jiKiri' wiMtliy cif cDiiiiili lu'c thai, the (.fi'iu ral run nf such (lucnniriil ■ o( iiii.v (late wliatcvci . Till' fatht'i' piociiiiMl iiis iiitoniiatidii iis fiiljows. iV' sa\>>: '({(111 assi;.'ii(il to nil! thfi'i' ii^,'iil Imliaiis, the younL,'(sl of wlioni \mis um i scvrnty viai's of \i'j,o. They kni'w all tlu' Mrnls. for two of tluui wiiv cuiiitiiiifs. ami the othri' u /) (/. \i ho wi re \vi 11 iiistruifi il in the inysti'i'ii s. liy (,'ij'ts, .■nilrunmnts, ami kimliifss, I clii'itid fi-oiii thiiii tluir sicrcts. vitii thi'ir ixplanations; ami liy witinssiiiL,' thi- iiMi'iiioiiii s which tiny iiciforim li. 1 Icaiiiid liy ilc^Mct's, their niystiriis. Tims, liy ilcvotiiiL,' a jiortion of tin nights to profounil nicilitatioii, ami coni|iarint; their actions with t'nir lii'-- ciosnrcs. I win eiiahleil after a lonu time, to iicijiiirt' ii knowledge of ilii ii i'- li^ion.' Iiii.- crcatnl )|)U' ninUi- tli urowinu ircction. I. iru *'hil- ilirnii ii'> "' ,)ii(>f iiMiti«'iii'f ..•niiirlll • "f •'"> lows. •■■>■•'>' wlKiin va- i'^< ' ,,t thtui wiiv i.ivst.ri'S. I'-v iv 'sccivts. ^M" |tl„.y i-cvfonii"'. iii'ivtiini "' "■' xvith I'l'i'' ''"-' L.,l,'r of '-lull 1' - ;i<4f uiadoliim unfit any longer to govern them or attend to their weUiu't'. So tliey put a strong })oison iu his (hink. rnd when lie drank of it a sore sickness eaiiie upon hi'u: he rose up and lel't liis liome iu the mountains and went (h)wn to what is no\v the sca-sliore, tiioni:h at that time theiv was no sea there. His mother, whose name is t!ie I'larth. mi.xed him an anti(K)te iu a large shell, and st't the [)otiou out iu the si.u to hi' w ; lint tin' iVagrauee ol" it attracted the attention of the ('()\()te. \kho came and overset the shell. So(.uiot sick- ened to death, and though he told his chihh'eu tlnit he would slii)rtly return and lie with them again, he has never heeu seen since. .Ml the people made a great pile of wood and huriit his hod\- there, aiK- just as the ceremony hegau the('oyote leajie 1 upon tin hody. saying that he would hum with it: hut he only t(»re a jjit'ce of tlesh li'oin the stomach and ate it and e.^eaped. After that the title of the ( 'oyote was ehangeii tiom Myac(|Ue. which means Snh-i'aptaiu. to I'hio. that is to say. Thief and ( 'auuilial. When now the funeral rites were oxer, a general coun- cil was held and arrangements made for collecting ani- mal and \e;^etahle I'ikmI: for u]; to this time the childn-n and ile-^-i'udauts (if Oniot had no^^hiug to vaI hut a kiin'l of white (da\. And while tiny eoi"^iilted togethei'. he- lii'l I ;i marvelous thing appear'Mi Isefoi'e them, and they .»lHike to it sa;.ing: A rt tiioi, our captain. ( )uiot. lint the >-lieeti-e said: Nay. for 1 am greatei' than ( )uiot : my iiiihitation is aho\c and \n\ name is ' 'hiniLiehinich. Then he spoke thrther. having heeu t(»ld lor what they weie come together: 1 create all things, and I go now to in;iki' man. another people like unto you: as for _\imi 1 t:i\e yoii power, each after his kind, to proihice all tiood and pleasant thiu'js. One of you shall liiiu'j. rain, and aneiher dew. and another make the acorn grow, and etliia^ other seeds, ami yet others shall cau,>^e all kinds of u.iiiie t(» ahoiuid in the land: and your children shall lia\-e this power lor e\'er. and they shall he sorcerers to tile men I go to creati'. and shall receive gifts of them, i ' I. ■' li H n ill I H . i 1 i ■ ! ■■ ii '■ ! 'ff ' !,■ ' ll : .1 1; ' M : '^' l(;i (lODS, sn-EllXATURAL P.EIN'(iS, A\I) WORSHIP. thiit til"' ;j;iiiu' fail not and the harvests ho snre. Then ( 'hiniL:cliinich niadi' man: out ol" the clav of the lakt' he loi'mt'd him. nuiU' and I'cniale: and tlic lu'csfnt ('alifor- nian-- art' ihc tht' known tradition of thi' mountaineers: we nnist now ,i:<» hacl<. and take up the stoi'v anew at it^ hcLiinnin.L:. as told 1)\' the /V'"/"//'/s. or people of the \alle\ of San .1 iiau ( "apistrano. These sav that an in\isihle all-powerl'nl heiuii'. called Xoeunia. luade the world and all that it contains of thin/s thai iirow and move. llr made it round like a hall and held it in his hands, wluiv it rolle(l ahout a iiood deal at fii'st. till he steadied it hv .stickiuii' a hi'i\\' hlack rock called /o,-.v/"/ into it. as akiml ol'halla/ a hladdei" in the ci'ntr<' tilled with ;» very hotter f\\h- t^i.DH-i'. The taste of if Jtleascd the iy\l. ^> i\v.'y 0\1<1\>\\<''\ it into tht' water. ann#/>f tiif Hoi'l «/f Uk' i'A\\\\. <'allinu' liim l^joui \ woman al- ^t';tf ii'tx! pre.siiuiahly of th«' farn/' ma;teria' ': ■; ■ i"dl (.' ~ \/', M.tuv cliililren were lK)rn to fii 1 y.ww ' 'm ir r^les^'+'iulairfs mnltij>h<'d over thf 1 Tl*«' U4HW ■■• 'i' tlu^n^ )a*«t Will' J^ifoui. Unit in t<> '• i;!"i Tirn Fn;ST MEDIf'INF.-M.VX. ir.5 Tlu'ii lake lir rs tlu'l'r niiUH'Vs: ■w lit it< II' Villl*'\ iiivisiUlt' orltl aiul XV. n>' Is. wluri' Icil it l»y as a kiu'l \v stri'ai.i |;isli tliai K/lisli iVy a colon}. he utiuo>t .l iay.-*)!';"^ "he \>Yn\)v\- \y itrt'St'Ut r (iiic very two. flU'l- (•'.n\tti'''l ,iI!U' >'''^^ Iin :»i>'' lr,a', - II to flti" Ir til- is to ^■'>- llaii'H'iil of T()l)ac('u, and tlic uaiiic of liis wife xvas ^'ca- jiit. wliicli means .Mhjnc; and to Siroiit ami Vcaiiit was horn a, .. he cxtcnili'il his lordship on t-xcry side rnlinii; ('Xfrwvhcrc as with a rod ol" iron: and the jicoplc con- spircil aLiain^t him. It was determined that he shonid (lie h\ |)(»1S( Ml : a l)|e('e ( if the I'ock tosant was uronnd ni> ill Ml deadly a way that its mere extei'iial apijlicaiion was siiHicieiif to cause death. < Miiot. notwithstamlinL:; tliat lie held hinr-^ell' constantly on the alert. liaxinL; heeii warned ol' his dandier ity a small hnri'owinL; animal called \\\r ri/ciiij)'/ Avas niiahle to a\did his late: a lew i!rain.>< III' ihe cai ker rli t > eat in-^tead of the c!a\- which seen I I ip to this time h( rii the .sole looil of the hmiiaii I'aiiilh'. And while they yet talked toLi'ether. tliei'e ap- jM'ai' ' them, coming' tlie\ knew not whence one culled .\ttajeii. •■ wliicli name implie< man, or rational '>"iiiu. And .\ttaieii nnderstandiirj their desires, chose '/i uanie to ahoiiiioii (it' i .d -Vn/.ar — people imkiiowii, hut ' iit l»\ IJoscana. of " some distant land.'' i^ii' Onr.un'tt M irf;f|er Know n li\ hisuivat ii:mie ( 'liini'i- ICO GODS, SUPERN'ATniAL I'.FJNdS, AND WORSHIP. chinicli. wliicli iiu'aiis Alinidity. He iii'st niiinircstt",! )iis powers to tlu' ])('ople on a diiv wlicii tlu'V liad met in ('()ii;j,ivu'ati()ii for some ])ui'j)()s(' or otlici': lie appeared daneinu' before them crowned with a kind of hiiih erowii made of tall leathers stuck into a cii'cletof some kind, girt with a kind of petticoat of leathei's. and liavinLi' liis llesh painted black and red. Thus decorated he was called the fobcf. \ lavinji' danced souie time, ( 'hinipchinicli called out the niedicine-men. or /inji/onx as tliey wei'c ailed. monji' Avhom it would aj)i>ear tiie c •hiei; are always nund>ered. and confirmed tiieir j)owei': tellim; them that he had c(jme from the stars to instruct tluMii in dancinu' and all other things, and commandini"' that in all their necessities they should array themselves in the tohet, and so dance as he had diuiced. supi)licatiun him hy his ^reat name, tlait thus they miiiht receive of their petitions. lie tam:lit them how to worship him. liow to huild niiiipiii'hs. iw jjhices of worship, iuid how to direct their conduct in vai'ious alVairs of life. Then he i)repared to die. and the ])eople asked him if they should hiu'v him; hut he warned them aiiainst attemptinii' such a thinu': If ye buried me, he said, yc woidd tread upon my urave. and for that my hand would be heavy upon you: look to it. and to all your ways. for lo. I u'o up whi're the hidi stars are. where mini' eyes shall see all the ways of men: and whosoexer will imt keej) my couuuandments nor obserNC the things 1 haxc tauiiht. behold dist'ase shall plaiiu<> all his body, and no food shall come near his lijis. the beai' shall rend his flesh, and the crooked -tooth of the serpent shall stiii.u him. The vaiKjuech. or ])lace of worship, seems to haxc btcii an inn'oofed imdosure of stakt's. within which, on :i hurdle, was placed the image ol' the god ('hinigcliinicli. This image was the slirds. ami with various other things, so that it looked like a liw animal: a liowand some arrows were attached to it on tlio outside, and other arrows were thrust down its throat so SANCTUARIES OF KEFUGE. i(;7 festc'd not in |)oun'il I' SDMU- luivinii lio 'VVtlS I'liinu'li A' ^vol•o id's arc tcUiu;^ a tlu'ui ivi that dvos ill plU'ivtin;:^ t nrrivc Avorsliip 4ii\>. aiul s of lil\'.^ L'll lihu it' I u;-ia\iir^t saul. yo uv\ would )iir \va\>^. niiu' eves ^viU n"t us I l>:>vc y. iUld 110 ■ vend lii^ hivll stiii;i lliavr 1>« en ]ch. ou :i [iuvliiiiit'li- a nionii'- i.inls. :iu'l liko a livi" jtoiton tin' Is tUvoat sliaiie of animal was. narcotic drinks were s\vaUo\\C(l. or the suhject fasted and. watclu'd in the \au«|Uech for a i:i\en time, •generally thi'ee da\s. lie \\hose rank i'iitith'(l him to wait for his u'liardian apparition in tlu' aci'e( 1 in(l( osiire. Avas set there l»\- tir' si(h' of the uod iiuauf. iuid on the _Liround hetiu-e him wcs sketched hy • tile of the wise men an uncouth li,Liure of some animal. The child was then left to t inu' iiU'i AND TIIEEE WAS WAK IN HEAVEN. lil'J that thcv were a connnandnicnt and ordinance of Chinig- chiiiicli, whoso wavs woiv not as the ways of nu'ii.'''' Tin- rci'iciics ol' Lower California wei'e divided into two serfs. worshipinLi' two liostile dixinities who made a war of extei'mination u])on eaeli other. The tradition explains tliat there was a izreat loi'd in hea\en. called \i|i;n'.i\ a. w ho made eai'th and st'a. and was almightv and invisiiile. His wife was .\navicovondi. a pMJdess wlio. I'i.i; i-;!i possessinLi' no hodv. hore him in ;i di\ini'l\- in\ steriii...- manner three children : one of whom. (^>iiaa_\ - axj). was a real man and hoiai on earth, on the Acarajiiii iiKMiiitains. \'crv powerful this vomiu uod was. and a. lull/ lime he li\ed with the ancestors of the l*ei'i(aies. wlidiii it isi'.hiiost to he inferi'ed that he created : at an v rate we ail' told that he was ahle to make men. di-awini: them iiji oil! of the earth. '^Fhe men at last killed this their uieat hero and teacher, and put a ci'own of thoi'us n])ou liis licad."' Somewhere or other he remains Ivini:' dead to this da\ . and he remains constantlv heautiful. neither lines his hodv know corrn[ition. IMood drips constantlv I'roiii h;s wounds, and Im" can speak no more, heiiii: dead; \et there is au o\v !ia t sjH'aks to huu And 1 lesidcs till lieiore-sjioUen -of uod X il)ara\a ni heaven. tl lere wa^' auotherand hostile i:nd calle*! W'ac or Tuparau. Accord- ing' to the .\ ipara\ a sect, liiis ^\'ac had madt' war on their ta\i»rite pvl, and heeii hv Iiim defeatecj and cast forth of lica\tn into acaxe under the i-arth. of which ca\f the tl whales ol the sea were the liiiai'tlKins th Witl I a iH'i'Ni'l'se t!ioii;_!i not unnattn'al. ohstinae\ the sect that held Wuc oi Tu['aran to lie their ureat i:od persisted in holdiuL;' idea- |h'cihiai' to tl leni.M'lves w ith rciiard to the truth of the hs euouuh I'ore-oiii;.:' storx ; and theii' account of the j^i'cat war In licascu and itMH'sidts dilVered from the otliei'. as dif/ei' the I fcrd^ol hetenMlo\andorthodo.\e\('r_N whel'e ; t luv aM'l'ihe. |i»r L'xanipU'. \K\\'\ of till' creation to other uods IjesiJe.s ?fi: liiis not ^Yilll■ '-•■' /i )'>.si->f,|.(, ill till',' u^-u Ill's Ij/i In Cul., pp. 2V2 ;!iM. -'• Till' rlivwliaii 1. a\c'ii. whose \viii'lil\ Hfpt., ])]). ;t.")-('), in /'(((■. /;. /;. lit jit., vol. 7". .N. lA.r.. up. p. N; /•'(7/.(/'.s I/nV iiwl A'li )/.( cli, JvHi'. d'un J/i.s.s., pp. 13, 131, kl'J .1/ /.( / '■'."■, IP- MONTEZUMA OF THE rUEP.LOS. 171 ill ciiM's of illness lie pivtoiids to pcrloriu ruivs by tlio aiil ol'liei'hs and ceiviiioiiics of various kinds;'" Till' NiiAiijos. liavinij: the usual class ol" sorcerers, call thciiLiood deity ^\ haillaliaw and tlieirevil one Cliinday ; llie ])rin('i[)al use of their good god seiMus to he to protect tliciii iVoin their evil one. In smoking tluy sometimes inill' their tohaccij-smoke toward heaven with great I'or- iiiiility; this is said to hring rain: to tlu' same end cer- tain long round stones. th«)Ught to he cast down hy the cluiids in a thunderstorm, are used with various cero- iiiHiiies. The sun, moon, and stars arc thought to he powers niinit'cti'd with rain and fine weather- while the god Mon- tr/.iiiiia, of their i'ueblo neiiihhors is unknown amonii' theiii.'^' be moon. nor wor- In various [man, and All the Puehlo cities, though spealving diflerent lan- guages hold suhstantialy the same faith. They seem to assent to the statement of the existence of a great and good s[)irit whose name is too sacred to he mentioned; liiit most say that Monte/uma is his ('((iial: and some, again, that the Sun is the same as or e(iual to Montezuma. Thci'c are, besides, the lesser divinities of water. — .Mon- tf/iima being considered in one aspect as the great rain- ;j()d. and as such often nu'ntioiietl as being aided b\' or lifing in comu'ction with a ser})ent. ()\t'r and aho\e the existence of a "eiieral class or bod\ of e\il lese all tl sjtirits is taken i'or granted. Many places in New Mexicoclaim tol)t' the birthplace III' the great leader, teacher, and god Monte/uma. .\t aiiv rate he is traditionally supposed to have appeared aiiinng till' Pueblos before they had arrixt'd at or built tiieir ju'esent towns. Some traditions A\oiild make him eitlicr the ancestor or the creator of the >anu' peo[)le; but ■' lliirriiru, OjoinUi »ihn' X. J/i.i'., aj). pp. 2-'); II unj. in K>i'h'iiilcri(l'l'. -I |•/^, viil. v.. p. 21-2. ;:i ( ■ ij'idt's W'iflirii ]\'<'rli1 Aul;. 1S7'2, ]). 27; Wldjijilr, Eirhituk. nud Ti H'l'l.. p. 12, ill /'.('■. U. U. I!ri,l., \„\. iii,; Ti rl,\ in Sclinnlrrnt't' Urn.l., p. Itl; /.')■;>'../, in l.i'l. At/. Il'pl.. Ny-..wV(/ ('„„(., KSUT, p. LI.j.S; M;ill,.-. p. l.'.S; I) '■li'~i Ihst rt.-i, \n\. ii., p. Ill ^rt— — a— I I 172 GODS, SUrEUN.VTrR.VL DEINdS, AND WOllSIIIP, tlic most rciiiird Iiiin as a kind of semi or wliolly (lis iin' jiricst. i)r()|)lK't. leader, and Icijiislatoi'. I'lidi'i' restric- tions pointed ont in a former note.'" we may fairly i'e,uard liim as at once the Melchi/.edek. the Mose am 1 th Messiidi ol' these I'liehlo desert waiuUTers from an Mi^yitt that history is iiiinorant of. a'.id whose name even tradi- tion whispers not. lie taiijiht his people to huild cities ,with tall houses, to constrnct estnfas. or semi-sacivd sweat-houses, and to kindli' and ^uard the saci'ed (ire. .\t .\('oma. it is said hy some, was estal)lislied the first I'nehlo. and thence the people marched sonthward. form- \u'^ others. Acoma was one. and Pecos another. .\t tliis last. .Monte/nniii planted a tree n[)side down, ami said that, on his leaving' them, a strange nation slionld <)))press them lor many years, years also in which there shoidd he no rain, hnt that they were to pei'sist in watchinu' the sacred lire nntil the tree fell, when lie would return, with a whiter race which should destro\ tl icnr eiiemie and then rain should fall auain and tin (•arth he fertile. It is said that this tree fell from its ahnormal position, as the American army entered Santa [• The watching ol' the fire, kept up in suliterrane 111 >tuf; IS. under a covei'iirj.' o f :isl les "enei alk \'. and m Tiie basin of a small altar, was no lidit task Tl le wariMor: took the post hy turns, some said, for two successive days and ni^Lihts. sans food, sans driid\. sans sleep, sans every- thini:'. Others allirm that this watchinii' Avas ki'j)t up till exhaustion and even death reliexcd the liiiard — tlu' last not to hi- wondei'ed at. seoinar- li;u'ossa sliail rise tl loiiLili Ins Deai'i 1 1 )i' ti' rowii tnroii th ill tl 10 Idiig > savior ■itoiie tahU Neither is the Frank without hi,- iiig. () trouhadours, sing and strike the chords in'oiidlyl Who shall prt'vail while Charlemagne hut sleeps in the shadow of the Intersherg'.' — And so our I'liehlo sentinel crnnhing tlii' li(niseto[) at Pecos, looking (".cr eastward from Santo nominge/ on the lliodlrande; lie too waits i'or the iK'autiful feet upon the mountains and the plumes of him — ■ ■Who (Iwi It U]) in the ydldw snii, Ami snrriiwin;,' (nr man's (Icsjiitir, Slid liy liis ti'ailint,' ytllnw haii' Tl) tartli, til rnlf witli liivi; ami IniiiL,' Thu Ijli'SSfiluLss of iitucu. '' The I'uehlo chiefs seem to he at the same time priests; they peiTorm the various simple rites hy Avhieh the jiower el' the sun and c'" Monte/uiiui is recognized as well as the jiower — according to some accounts -of "the (Jreat Siial1! SET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 <^ <>> ) i /, ^ 1^ 174 GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. Liijiuiiii, a riulo effigy or idol, intended, ai)i)arently, to represent oidy the head of the deity; it Avas made ol" tamied skin in tlie form of a brimlesH hat or c\ Under open at the bottom. Half-way ronnd, it was painted red; the other half was jrreen. The green side was rudely marked to suggest a face: two triangles were cut for e\es; there was no nose; a circular leather i)at('li served for a mouth, and two other patches in an appropriate situation suggested esu's. Crowning the head was a small tuft of leather, said to be sup[)lemented by feathers on festal occasions. A scH'ry image one would say. yet one looked npon by its exhibitors with ai)parently the greatest veneration; they kneeliig in a most devoted maimer, going thrt)ugh a form of prayei-. and si)rinkling it with a Avhite iM)wder. One of thi- worshipers said it Avas God and the brother of (iod : and the })eople l)ring it out in dry seasons, and, witb dancing and t>ther rites, invoke it for rain. Christianitv has now eftaced the memorv t)f most oi" the rites of l!ie Pueblo religion, but Dr Ten Ih-oeck noticed that many of tlie worshipers at the Christian church in Laguna carried little l)askets in their hands containing images of domestic aninuds. or of beasts of tbe cbase, molded in nnid or dough; it ))eing the custom, .is it had been there from time immemorial, for those tbsit had been successful in the chase, or in accumulating cattle, to bring such simulachres of their prosperity befoir the altar of (iod. — probably, a modification produced by the ])overty of the people «)f a rite as old as the altar n|" Abel, to wit, theolVering of the firstlings and firstfruits h> that Deity whose blessing had given the increase. It has been ailinned, without much foundation or pm- l)ability of truth, that the I'ueblos worshiped fire iunl water.'"' 3« Hivijifx Cinii. Pmir'ics, vol. i., pp. 271-3: Davis' FA Grmjo, pp. 142, H'.";' Siniiisiiii'a (hrrhdiil .loitrn.. jip. 21-;1: Ihniifmcli's Ptsirts, vol. i., pj). 1(14-5, 41^ vol. ii., pp. (>'2- ;t, 401; MiillliintKiH. Tiiiicliurh. ])p. 170, '210, '2N4; Milhie's Ti'-" 'I'liiiusiiml Mihuiin Hiirsiiiiirl,-, p[i. 202. 22(1; lli(xlf»\'s Admi. in Mrs., p. lO-: Till lirnf'h; in Srliii'ihnit'l's Anh., vol. iv., p. 7.'l: Wnnl, in Iml. .\f. 11 j'i . 1H(14. i)p. I'.l2-;t; Hiimri/'ti lieriiiiiioissioav, p. ;i(l; Tj/lnr's I'riiii. Cult., vol. ii J). 384; liniitii)i\'< .\li/tii.-<, p. 100; CoronaUo, in H'uUiiyfs V"y., vol. iii.. p MOJAVE DEITIES. 175 Tlio Moquis know nothinfr of ^ronto/.unia: tliov beliuve ill ji (iR'iit Fjitlier. living where tlie sun rises, and in a «:reat Mother, wliose home is where the snn goes down. This Fatlier is the father of evil, war, i)estilence, and fiunine; but from the mother are all their joy, peaa'. ])lt'ntv. and healtii.'' The Mojaves tell of a certain Matevil, creator of hea- ven and eartii, who was wont in time j)ast to remain iiinong them in a certain grand rasa. Tiiis habitation was. however, by some untoward event broken down : the nations were destroyed; and Matevil departed east- ward. Whence, in the latter days, he will again retm'u to consolidate, prosper, and live with his peo})le forevei-. This Matevil.or Mathowelia, has a son called .Mastandio. who made the water and planted trees. There is also iui Kvil k^jurit Newathie.''*' From a letter just received from Judge Roseborough. 1 am enabled to close this chaj)ter w ith some new and valuable facts regarding the religious ideas of certain tribes — not acciu'ately specified — of tlie north-west por- tion of TpiK'r California. The leai-ned judge has given unusual attention tothe subject of which he writes, and his ()]»l)(»rtunities for jirocuring information nnist have been l'i'<'(|uent during ten years of travel and residence in the (listrii'ts of the northern counties of CaliiiMiiia: — Among the tribes in the neighborhood of Trinity river is found a legend relating to a certain \Vappeck(|uem()w. w ho was a giant, and apparently the father and leader of ;i7't. Frciuont tjivos an nocount of the l)ivth of Mdiitc/.niiui : His Tiiotli(>r was. i' i^ siiiil. a woiiiau of «'Xi|iiisitc bt'iiuty, adiiiiitd ;iii(l smiLjlit after liy all iiiiii. Ih' y Miakiiii^ liiT ])rt'S(iits of corn and skins and all that tin y had; hut tin' f,i--licliiiMs hcauty would acci'iit nolliinj,' of thtiii hut tin ir ^ift^i- In iiroccss cif tiinc a season of droULjht hro',ij,'ht on a famine nnd nnieli distress; then it was lliiit the rich hidy showed her charity to he as ^'reat in one direction as it had heen wanting in another. She ojiem <1 her ),nanaiii s ami the |.'ifts of the lipvers she liad not hived went to rcleavc the hiinj^'ry she pitieil. At la>t "vitli rain, fertility returned to tlit'cartli: and on the chaste A'temis of the I'uelilns its touch fell too. Shc bore ii son to the thick summer shower and that son was Montc/uina. '•'' I'lii Hi-in('k. in Srliiiiilirn/rs Arrh., voh iv., pji. X') Ct. '■• ll7«i/i/>/i', Kirhtinl,; lit of him is usually death to mortals. There is, thirdly, a dreadful beinu' i'alled Ivaiicknateck. who seems a, faithful reproduction of the ti'reat thunder-bird of the north: thus Kalicknateck 'is a liiitie bird that sits on the mountain-peak, and broods in silence over his thouiihts until huniiry; when he will swi'ep down over the ocean, snatch u[) a hiriic whale, and carry it to his mountain-thi'one. for a sini;le meal." Hesides the before-mentioned jM)wers of evil, these Trinity people have lejiends coimectt'd with<»ther persoii- aiics of the same nature, among whom are W'aniiswegock, Siiru'elp. Xapousney, and Xe(iuiteli. When white miners lirst came to work on the Trinity Uivcr, their advent caused, as may be imaLiined, much unsatisfactory speculation amonji the abori^iiu's; soni*' sayinu' one thinjr of the whites and some another. At last an old seer of the !Iooi)ali Valley settled the (|uestioii by declarinji; that the new-comers were descendants of that banished \Vap[)eck(|uemow, from whose heads the already-mentioned curse, forbidding their return, had been by some means lifted. THE KITCIIEN-MIDDEX OF THE IIOIIGATES. 177 loin tlio ic Kli>- 1, iUid 11 Vl'll Ills On tlic copU' to ' uortli- IV Kose- • iill the rs. ln)\v- lliUTcU'tl to tliciv ' (HM'tain liii, wlio. il)lo iind islortuiu' th alioni iiovi'S )>y s usually 'ul l)oin;j; lurtiou ot" c'knatirk 1(1 linuxls u lio ^viU llialt'. ami al." il. those [v pi'l'SOU- ls\vog»x'k. Trinity I'd. nnu'li SOHK' lii'V. At [((uostiou lidants ol' Lads tlu' Lrn, litvd The coast people in northern California have a story about a mysterious people called llohnate! to wlioMi is ascribed an inunense bed of nuissel- sliclls and bones of animals still existinu' on the table-land of Point ?ft (ioorj-e, near Crescent City. These 1 lohj^jates, seven in nuiuber, iU'c said to have coiuc to the place in a boat, !•» have built themselves "lioiises above-j;round. after the style of Avhite men' ail this alH)ut the time that the first natives came dow.i the coast from the noi'th. These llohuates, living:; at tlie ])oint mentioned, killed many elk on land, and many seals and sea-lions in fishing' excui'sions Irom tlu'ir boats; usinj; for the latter j)ur[M)se a kind of harpoon iiiadeof a knife attached to a stick, and the whole fastened to till' boat with alon,u' line. They also sailed fre(|iiently to certain rocks, and loaded their little vessels with nnis- scls. \\\ all this they secured ])lenty of food, and the refuse of it, the bones anu she s and so on, rapidly accumulated into the great kjnhkcn iiio(/(/!ii(/ still to be sei'u. One day, liowever, all the llohgates lieing out at sea ill their boat, thev struck a hu^e sea-lion with thei" iiiilc liarpoon, and, nnai)le or unwuhng to (a;t or tlu'ow (tll'tliiir line, were dragged with fearlul speed toward a gre;it wliirl[)ool, called ('hareck(piin, that lay I'ar toward the north-west. It is the place where souls go, where in darkness and cold the spii'its shiNcr for ever; living lucn siifier even I'rom its winds, -from the north-west wiuil. the bleak and bitter ( 'harreck-rawek. And just as the boat reached the edge of this ieai'ful j)lace. behold, a iuar\elous thing: the rope broke and the sea-monster ^\as swept down alone into the whirl of wind and water, \\\\\\v the llohgates were caught up into the air; swing- ini: round and round, their boat lloatcd steadily uji into the vast of liea\en. Nevermore on earth were the Ihthgates srcii; but there are seven stars in heaven that all men l\Uiiw of. and these stars are the seven llohgates that ^nnv lived where the great shell-bed near Crescent City now is. Vol.. ni. u CHArTER YI. GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSTTIP. Gods and Relioious Rites of CHinrAHUA, Soxora, Duraxoo, and Sin- Ai.oA — The Me uc\y Reliuion, received with different dechieks of CKEUrLITY BY DIFFERENT CLASSES OF THE PEOPLE — OPINIONS OF DIFFKR- ent Writeiss as to IIS Natl're — Monotheism of Nezahl'alcovotl — I'UKSKNT v them the ' captain of heaven' and reeoirni/ed a lesser divinity as abiding in and inspirinp; their priests and medicine-men. Thev rendered homaue to the sun; and when any comet or other phenomenon appeared in the heavens thev oll'ered sacrifice thereto: their sacrifice lieinii much after the Mexican fashion; fruits, herbs, and " 7 ' such things as they had, together with blood drawn from their bodies In' the pricks of a thorn.^ In Sononi. — the great central heart of ^Fexico making its beatings more iuid more clearly felt as we approacii it nearer. — the vauue feelinns of awe and reverence wilii which the savage regards the unseen, unknown, and ini- knowa])le powers, begin at last to somewhat lose their « ISi'r. Mix. Oeoij., Uoktin, torn, iii., p. 22; Doc. Hist. Mix., serie iv., toiu. iii., p. 815. (178) GODS OF SONOllA AND DURANGO. 179 ,, ANi> Sin- )Ktii:KKS OF OF DIFFKll- alcoyotl — -Tk/.cati.i- FOR THdSK ;-INKNh>S (IF lUN. vn-ruonoss and to crvstjiUi/o into tlio rocojinition of a jiowcr to 1)0 ivi)resc'nte(l and synihoii/.i'd l)v a }:()d made ^vitll hands, Tlio <)lVorin«j:s tlioivto hojiin also, nioiv and iiioK", to lose their i)riniitive simple sha})e, and the hlood, Avithout which is no remission of sins, stains the rude altar that a more Arcadian race had only heajied with llowersand fruit. The natives of Sonora hrinjr, sa\s Las Casas, "many deer, wolves, hares, and hirds helore i\ larire idol, with nnisic of many lliites and other instrii- iiH'iits of theirs; then cutting open the animals through the middle, they take out their hearts and hanj!' them roimd the neck of the imajre. wettin,ir it with the flowing!; hlood. It is certain that the only oilerin^ made in all this province of t^onora was the hearts of hrutes. "- .\ll this they did more esjH'cially in two j>reat festivals they had. theoneat seed-time, theother at harvest : and we have iiason to rejoice that the thinji' was no worse. I'eason to he glad that the hearts of hrave mi'n and i'air women, and solt children not knowinji their I'ijiht hand irom their left, were not called for, as in the land of the eajile and cactus hamicr. to iced that devil's Minotaiu', superstition. Tlie peoi)le of Duranuo called the principal jiower in whicli they ))elieved Meyuncame. that is to say, Maker ol' All Things; they had another jrod. ('achiri[)a. whoso name is all wo know of him. They had l)esides inmi- iiicrahle })rivate idols, penates of all |X)ssihle and im|H)s- siMe figures; some heing stone, shaped hy nature oidy. In one village they worshiped a great Hint knife that their Hint im[)lements of every kind might he good and sure. They had gods of stoi'm and gods of sunshine, gods of good and gods of evil, gods <'f everything iu heaven ah(»ve or in the earth hi'ueath or in the waters under the earth. Their idols received l)loody sacrifices, not always of heasts; a howl containing heans and the cooked human ilesh of an enemy was offered to them for success in war.^ 2 Vy'/s ('(isiis, lUst. Aj><>h)(ji'Uca,'MS., torn, iii., cap, 1C8; Siiiilh's lidalion ofCii'itzii (li: \'(trti, p. 177. ' U'lliiin, Jlist. ik los Triumphos, pp. 473-5; Doc. Hid, Mex., scrie iv., torn. iii., p. -18. ISO (lODS, SITEIIXATIUAL IlEINCiS, AND WollSHll' MiKtli of the proceclinji jtiirajinipli bclonjiH also to Slu- »loa or ciuiiiot Iw exactly hn-atod nioiv in the one proviiict' than in the othe The Sinaloas are slid to liav< venerated uhove all the «)ther gods one called ('(K'ohuanie. which is. heing interpreted. Death. Thi'V worshipi'd ai.>-o a certain Onraha,* which is Valor. ofVerini:; him hows. arrows, and all kinds of instruinents of w \r To Sehua- toha. tiiat is to say IMeasure. they sacrificed leathers, raiment, heads of jrlass, and women's ornaments. Uam- nsehna was the pxi of water. In some parts, it is said. thei'e was recojini/.ed a divine element in conunon lurhs and hirds. One deity — or devil, as Hihas callshim wilh the ex(|uisite courtesy that distinjiuishes the theosophic historian — was the especial ])atron of a class of w izards closelv resemhlin sniuf" iih that Vaini1>i spiikon of on p. 83 of this volmiic •'' Itihaa, Hint, ill' /'« 'I'riiniiiilins, pp. Itl, IH, 40. 'A iilio dv siis diosi'S Ualii- iihan Oiiraha, i[w (luicrc drcir foitaU/.a. Era coii <) Jlartc, dios do la },'ui'rra. Ofri'ciaulu urcoH, liochas y todo m'-ncro de uriMiS para v\ fcliz ('xito dc stis hatallas. A otro Uaiiiabaii Scluiatoba, cpio q licn ilt'cir, dchite, a (piii n ofrci'ian jiliunas, inantas, ciK'ntccillas dc vidrio y adornos nm^'criU'S. .\1 dins dc las aj^'uas Uaniahan Uaniuschna. El iiuis vcucrado d« todos era Ciicn- huaiiic, (pic si;j;iiitica mucrtc' Aliyn-, llist. Cdhi]). ik Jisus. turn, ii., ji. I">. ' They worship for their f,'ods such tliiuj,'s as they hane in their houses, as namely, hearbes, and birdes, and siiij,' s< nj,'s vnto them in their languaye. Cvri»iiiilo, in llnlduyVs \'i>!j-, vol. iii,, j), 'M6. Tin: Miixic.w i:i'.Li(ii its histokians. isi tluit llu'V lu'ld <:r('at H'st'nals in tluir lioiior — liiiN iiii:" tlu' rcjuliT to siipposc tliiit iho TiiIhis had a class of l( iiiali' rdi.nioiis wlio devoted tlii'iiisohes toalileol' (hastitv and wviv ivsiK-cti'd lor that reason; the trntli is loinid to he. on lefeninji' to the anthor Castafieihi — from wiiom apitarently the ahh(' has taken tliis halt' truth and whole I'alsehood— that these estiinahU' oelihate uomen v.cre the puhlic prostitutes of the nation." Thi' Mexiran religion, as transmitted to us. is a ron- I'list'd and elashinj^' chaos ol' iVaunients. Il'ever the ureat niition ol' Aniihnac: had its llesiod or its llonuT. no ray (if Ills lidit has reached the stund)lin,ii" feet ol" I'esearch in that dii'ection; no echo of his harmony has heen evi'r III ard hy any ear lessdnll than that of a Zumai'raiia. It is uivi'U to lew men to rise ahove their a|:e, and it is lolly to expect izrapes of thorns, or fi,u's of thistles: yet it is hai'd to sni»|>ress wholly some feelinjis of rejiret. in lioriuii' ujM)!! those ponderous tomes of sixteenth and .M'Ncnteenth centmy history that touch upon Mexican rdiiiion; one pities far less the inevitahlo superstition jiiiil childish iuiiorance of the harharian than the senility of his Christian historian and critic — there was some cIciMent of hope and evidence of attainment in what the li;i1t-(ivili/ed harharian knew ; hut from what hei|ihts of .Athenian. Homan. and Alexandrian philosophy and elo- Miti'is «lilVor soiiR'what in tlu-ir opinions with ivjianl to the \nv- cisc natuiv and cssoniv o )!' that rcli^iion. sonii' siNin"; one thin;^' and sonic another. I cannot show this more shoit- ly antl — what is nnich moi'e ini[M)rtant in a suhjcct like this— more exaetlj', tluui hy ^noting a nuniher oi* these opinions: " 'rurninji' from the sinii)le faiths of sava|j:e tiihes of America, to the eom|>lc.v ieli;:ion of the half-civili/cd Mexican nation, we find what we might natniall\ex[)ect, a cumhrons pols theism comi)licated hv mixture of several national pantheons, and l)eside and hevond this, certain annear M'l (Uices of a «lo(^trine of divine supremacx Wut these docti'ines si'cm to have heen spoken of more defi- nitely than the e\ idence warrants. A remarkai)le native development ol Mexican theism must he admitted, in so far as we may receive the native historian Ixtlilxo- chitl s account of the W()rshi[) paid hy Xe/ahualcoyotl, th 't-1 le noet-Kiny.o ["[ ezcuco, totl le nivisihle sui)renu Tl o(|ue- MalnuKjue. he who has all in him. the cause of causes, in whose star-roofed pyramid stood an idol, and who tl'ci'e received no bloody sai-rilice. hut only llowers and incense. Yet it would have heen more satisfactory, wci'c the stories told hv this A/tec i)ane"vrist oi' his roval an- cestors confii-med by other records. Traces of diviiu' supremacy in Mexican religion are especially associated with Te/catli|>oca, ' Shining Mirror,' a deity who seems in his original nature the k^un-god, and thence hy ex- ])ansion to have become the soul of the world, creator of heaven and earth, lord of all thin< Miiireme Deit^ Such conceptions may, in more or less measure, haxc aiisen in native thought, but it should be pointed out that the remarkable Aztec religious fonnulas collecti'd by Saliagun, in which the deity Tezcatlipoca is soi)r()mi- iient a figure, show traces of Christian admixture in their material, as well as of Chi-istian influence in their style. In distinct and absolute personality, the divine Sun in roMPLFAITY or AZTEC TIIluOLOOY. 183 A/t«'c tliool«)j:v was Toiiutiuh" ulioso liugo pyramid- iiuiiiikI stands on tin.' \)\n\n orTi'otilmacan. u \vitiK'ss of liis wtusliij) lor I'litiiiv ajies. JVyond this the ivli^ioii of ^Icxit'o, ill its (;onii)lox systom, or coiijiorios of great gods, Muli as results IVoin the niixtnre and alliance oi" tlie deities of several nations, shows the solar element I'ooted deeply and widely in other jK'rsonages of its divine niy- tlioloi:\'. and attributes especially to the sun the title of Teotl'/lJod.'"-' •• It is remarkable," says Professor J. (j. Miiller. " that tlie well-instructed Acosta should have known nothing jiliout the adoration of a highest invisible (Jod. uiuU'r tile nameof Teotl. And yet this adoratitin has been re- ]M)rted in the most certain manner by others, and made e\ ident from more exact statements regarding the nature of this deity, lie has been surnamed Jpalnemoan, that is. He through whom we live, and ThMjuenahuaciue, that is. He who is all things through liimself. He has been looked u|M)ii as the originator and essence of all thnigs, iiud as especially throned in the high cloud-surrounded luoiuitains, l{ightlv dcK's AVnttke contend against anv conception of this deity as a monotheistic one. the I'oly- thcism of the people being considered— for jK)lvtheism and iiiouotheism will not be yoked together; even if a logical concordance were ftanid, the iimer s})irits of the princi- ]>lcs of the two would still ))e opi)osed to each other. Another argument stands also clearlv out. in the total absence of any prayers. olVerings, feasts, or temj)les to or in the honor of this god. From this it is evident that Teotl was not a god of the connnon })eoj)le. ^'et this, on the other hand, cannot justify us. — the so-fre([uently- (iccui'iing statements of well-informed authorities being tiikcn into account, — in denying in toto all traces of a pan- theistic monotheism, as this latter may easily spring up •* T would oiill ftttention to tho fact that Alvarado. tlip nulily haiiilsonie Siiaiiish caiitaiii. was callfd Touatinh l)y the Mexicuiis, just us liarual)as was (ulli il .luiiitcr, and I'aul, Men'urius, l)y tlic ]iii>iilc of l,yslia--piiii;4 tu hlmw liiiw uiifitisli aiul aiitliroi>(inioii)liic' wire the idfas foinucttd with the suu- ,1,'i'd liy till' Mexicans. '•' Tijl'/r'n rrim. Cult., vol. ii., p. 3U. 184 (iODS. sri'KIiNATl'.IAL DKINdS, AND WOltSIlII'. iiiiKni^' cultivated jM)lvlli('ists as a lojiical result and oiit- •'oiiic «>r tlit'ii' natural riTiyiion. NczalnialroNotl. tin- t ii- lijilitt'nt'd kinn' of Ti/cnco, udoivd as tliorausi' ol'i'auscs, a pxl AvitluMit an iuia;io. Tlu' cliicf of tlio Tt)t»)nac alMni;i"nR's of ('c'ni|>()allan had, if >ve niuy cifdit tho s|)(>i>('ii put in liis mouth hv Las (*asasand licircia, an iiU'a of ii iii^la'st uod ami I'lvator, This alistract idea has also lurt', as in «)tlu'r parts of Anu'iica. inti'i- twinrd itsrll' Avith the conception of a snn-pid. Hence the .\h'\i«'ans named the sim-}; all in hinisell'. This liod coincides verv nearly with the Mastei' of Life of the North Americans. In opposition to him is the evil spiiit, the eneujy of mankind, who often ap|iears to and terrilies them, lie is called Tlacate- cololotl, that is to say. Rational Owl .mil may possi- hly, like the Lame-foot of the I'eruvians, he a sur- vi\al from the times whi-n the old hunter-nations in- habited the forests and mountains. Next to Teotl •" MiUhr, .\iiii rihiiilnilii' I'rrvUijioiin), pp. 47H-4. Tlu' sn-oftcii disctissnl rcscinlilaiicc in fdiiu iiiid si^iiitication Ixtwcon tint two Mn;;li iiotici d liy Miillcr. ' Die Mcxikiinisilicii Viilki r ll;d)(ii ciiK 11 .Aiiiiclliitiviiiiiinii fiir llott, Teotl, wdclicr, dii die J.nclistid" ii tl MiPSM' n/.tckisclic Kiidiiii)^ siiid, iiifrkwiirdii^cr 'Wiise iiiit dtiii iiidot,'! i-- iiiiiiiisrlic II Ihids, Dens, l)iva, ])(\v, y.iisiiiiiiiitiistiiiiiiit. Diesis Woit wild /lir IJildun^; liiiilicller (iiitteriiiinieu oder Kllltlls^'e^'clistHllde t,'el]liiuclit. Jlielur ^rluirell die ( iiitteiiiallieli TcotlaeoZillKlui, Teocipactli. 'I'entili. TeoyalMiqlli, Tlo/ulteutl. Der Tfllipel luisst TeiicalH (\>,'l. Kalia, Ilillle, Kalias I'api lie) oder wiiitlitli Hans liottes—di's pittlichc Jincli, TeoaiiidXtii. I'liestei Te()jpuix([ui, od( r niicli Teoteiiktli, riiie rrozfssion 'J'eoiieiu iid, (iiitteriiiaiscli. Da/.u koniiiieii iioch iiiuiielie Nainen von Stiidteii, die als Kiiltnssit/.eausj;ey.cicliiiet wareli, wie das uiissflio'lifriiln'rbekaiiiit (,'ewordelie 'i'eotihiiacaii. lin I'lural wnrdeii die Gutter 'I'enles t,'eiiainit mid elieli so, \vi(^ mis nenial Diaz so oft erziildt, die (iefalirteii des Cortes wilche dus \^v- ineiiie Volk uls Gtitter bezeieUmu wollte.' Id., p. -172. TLOQrE-N.MHAQl'E. IS.-, >\ as Tc/catliiHH'a. that is to say. Sirm'mf linr.i'M > I'aitli. 'I\'otl was not it'prrsi'iitid l»v anv linage, a'ld was prolialdy lutt V()i>lii|K'd with oili'iiiijis nor in any sjuciai trnipK's; Tt7.<'iitli|MK'a was, liowi'Vcr. so rcpivscntt'd. and tliat as a Noiith. hfcanse tinio conld lia\i' no jiowrr o\t'i' liis licaiity and his spU'ndoi". Mr icwardt-d the ri^liti'ous, ;niil iiimishi'il the ungodly witli sickness and nnsliirtiine lie ('Kilted till' world, and mankind, and the sun, and the w.iter. and lie was liiniselt' in a certain tU-j^ree the overseer tlK'n'of. ' " The Ahh(' Urasseiir l»elie\es in th<' knowleds^e h, the .\h'\icans and eertsiin neijihhorin" or related nations, of ii Miiu'enie (jod .t he thinks adso that the names u iiviit piie^ts and legislators have often heen used l<>r or (Miloiiiideu with the one Name ahove every name il< savs: "In the traditions that have n-aehed us the niinie ol' till' k'jiislator is often confuse*! with that of the di\iiiity ; and hi'liiud the symholic veil that covers l>riniiti\«' histor\. he who ci\iliy.ed aiid hrou^ht to li;.:lit in the Aiiu'ricans a new life, is designedly identified with tlic lather of the universal cri-ation. The writers who tivat ol the history of the ancient Aniei'ican nations avow liiat. at the time of the landin.u' of the Spaniards on the soil of the western continent, there was not one that did not iC('o<:ni/e the existence of a siij)renie deity and arbi- ter of the universe. In that confusion of religious ideas, which is the inevitable result of i;:iiorance and supersti- tioii. the notion of auniipie immaterial hein^'. of an in- visible jiower, had survived the shi|)wreck of pure iirimi- tive creeds. liider the name TI(Kpie-Xaliua(|ue. the Mexicans adored Jlimwho is the first cause of all tliin.us, Avlio jiieserxes and sustains all by his }>rovi(lence; call- ini: liiiii auain, for the same reason. Ipalneni doni. He in \vliom and by whom we are and live. This ^od was the siiiie as that Kunab-Ku. the Alone llolv. who was adoiid in Yucatan; the same a.iiain as that llurakan, 11 k; nil, Citllur-Gcsclikhk, torn, v., pp. 114-5. ISO nons, SUrERNATUiiAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. the Voice that Cries, the Heart of Heaven, found uith the (iiiateniiiiiin nations of Central America; and the same Listlv as that Teotl, (lod, Avhom ^ve find nami'd in the Tzendal and Mexican hooks. 'J'his '"(lod oi'all i)urit\'."' as he Avas st\led in a Mexican oraAer. Avas. liowever. too elevated lor the thoughts of the vulgar. His existence Avas recouni/ed, and saues invoked him; hut he had neither temples nor altrrs,- — i)erhaps hecause no one knew how he should he re})resente(l, — and it was oidy in tliL- last times of the Aztec monarchy that Xezahnal- co\(»tl, king of ^1 ezcuco, dedicated to him a teocalli ol'nine teri'aces, without statues, under the title of the uid^nown god." Mr ( Jallatin says of the ^Fexicans : '' Their mythology, as far as we know it, ])i-esents a great nund)er of uncon- net^ted gods, without apparent system or unity of design. It exhibits no evidence of metaphysical research or ima- ginative powers. A'iewed oidy as a develo[)ment of the intellectual faculties of man. it is. in every respect, vastly inlcrioi" to the religious systems of Egy[)t. India, (ii'ecce, or Scandinavia. \i' imported, it nuist have been IVom some harhaious C()untr\, and hrouuht dircctlv from such country to Mexico, since no traces of a similar worship are found in the more northern parts of America. '^ "'{'he Aztecs," writes Frescott, "recognized tiie exist- ence of a Su})reme Creator and Lord of the Universe, lint the idea of unity — of a being, with whom vtHitiou is action. Avho has no need of inferior ministers to execute his ])urposes — was too sim})le, or too vast, for theii- understandings; and they sought relief as usual, in a ])lurality of deities, who ])resided over the elements, tlu' changes of the seasons, and the various occupations of man. Of these, there were thirteen })rincipal deities, and more than two hundred inferior; to each of whom some special day, or ap[)ropriate festival, was conse- crated."" i'2 /J)V(s.s" )/)• ilr Tloiirhmirii, Tf'isl. f/fs Xdt. <^'ir., toni. i., ]ip. 45-0. !■' li.tlhil'iii. in Aimr. Aiiliij. Stir, 'rniiisni'l,, viil. i., p. ilo2. 'J I'miriitl's Cdiiij. of J/{.i'., vol. i,, !>. 57. 1'llI.MITIVE WOliSIIIP. 187 ^r Acconlinu' to ^fr S(inior: '' Tlie original dcitios of tlic t'.\u';m piintlieoii lire 1 ow 111 mnnl)C'r T\ Ills WlK'U tllO th Mc'xiciiiis t'ligagi'd in ca war, in tlcll'iisi' of tlii' lilicrtv or (^ovi'ivigMty of their coiintrv, tliov invoked the War (Jod, under his aspect and name Iliiit/li[K)ehtli. \\ lu'ii siid- (Icidy attacked by enemies, tiiev called iii)on the same god. under his aspect and name of l*aynalton. which im- plied (lod of l']mergeiuries. etc. In fact, as already else- where observed, all the divinities of the Mexican, as of e\('ry other mythology, resolve themselves into the })ri- liie\;d (Jodaiid (joddess. "^■' ■"The population of Central America." says the A'i- coiiite de Hussierre, '■although they had [)reserved the \,igiie notion of a superior eternal (jod and creator, know 11 hy the name Teotl. had an Olynums as numerous ii^ that oftiie (Jreeksand the Romans. It would ai)pear, — ■ the mo^t ancient, though, nnfortunately, aUo the most <)i)si'iu'e legends being followed. — tluit during the civilized period which preceded the successive invasions of the liaiiiai'ous hordes of the north, the inhabitants of A mi- hiiar jollied to the idea of a sujtrenu' being the worship (tf the siui and the moon. olVering th<'m llowi-rs. fruits, and the first fruits of their fields Tl le most ancient iiiitiiuuu'nts of the country, such as the ])yraiuidsofTeo- tihiiiiean. were incontestably consecrateii to these lumi- naries. Let ns now trace some of the most striking features of these ]»eople. Among the number of their 'j:nAs. is found one re[irese»ited under thetigure of a man etenially young, and considered as the symbol of tht» sniii'eme and mysterious (Jod. Two other gods there ^ve|■e, watching over mortals from the height of a ceh-sf ial city, ai players. Air. earth, (i id charged with tlie acc«)iiiplishir.ent of their A ar di\ inities. ire. and wati'i' had then- iiaitieii- Tl le woman o f tl le sernen it. th lili lil'OlllK \\«iinaii. she who never gave birth but to twins, was adoied as the mother of the human race. The sun and tile moon had their altars. Various divinities jiresided <>\er the phenomena of nature, over the day, the night, >7 :i' ■,s Sirpiiit Si/)ithoi, p. 17. 1R3 ODDS, SUrEHX\TrRAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. tlie mist, the thuiidor, tlio linrvost. tlie mountains, and w) on. Souls, the ])hu'e of the dead, warriors, hunters, merchants, (ishiuii'. '.ove. drunkenness, medieine. llowei-s. and many other thinjrs jiad their s[)eeial jiods. A nndti- tude ol' heroes and of ilhistrious kings, whose apotheosis liad Ix'en decreed, took their place in this vast pantheon, where were hesides seated two hundred and sixty divin- ities of inferior raidv, to each of whom nevertheless one of the days of the year was consecrated. T^astly. every city, evei-y family, every individual, had its or his celes- tial protector, to whom worship was rendered. The numher of the te!n[)les corresponded to that of the p;otls: these temj)les were found eveiy where, in the cities, iu the fields, in the woods, alonj; the roads, and all of them Iiad i)riests charjicd with their service. This conn)licateil mythology was connnon to all the natitnis of An;ihuac. even to those that the emi)iro had heen unahle to si Uh- Ki jugate and with which it was at war; hut each country had its favorite god. such god heing to it. what lluit/ilo- pochtli, the god of war. was to the Aztec The .Mexican religion, as sununed U[)hy Mrlh'antz^Iay er." "was a com])ound of si)iritualism and gi'oss idolatry for the A /tecs helieved in a Mipi •erne l)eit\-, whom tlic\- called Teotl. (iod; or l})alneiuoani. lie hy whom we live; or Tk)(|ue Xahuaiiue. lie who has all in himscH': while theii' evil s[)irit hore the name of Tlaleatcololofl. the Rational Owl. These sj)iritual heings are siir- j'ounded hy a numher of les.ser divinities, who were prol)- ahly the ministerial agents of Teotl. These; wcit; lluit/ilopochtli, the god of war, and TeoyaoMii(|iii. his spoust'. whose duty it was to conduct the souls dt' Avarrioi's who ])ei-ished in defense of their homes and and religion to the ' house of the sun." the Aztec heaven, lluitzilopotchtli, or Mextli. the god of war. was tlic special protector of the Aztecs; and devoted as tiny were to war, this deity was always invoked be^jre battle, ifi Bussirire, L'Eii'p'ro .IMricafo, pp. l.ll-.'t. 1' llruiit: Mdi/i r. m Sflinnlrnn't's Arch., \u\. vi., p. 585; sec also, Itniiil: Mayer's Mexico as it was, p. 110. MEXIC.W RELIGION, GliEEK AND RO^IAN; 189 and I'ooomponsi'd jiftor it hy the ofiV-ring of lunncrous (•;ij)ti\('S tiikoii in conlliet. " • Tlio ri'lijiion of the ^^l'xioans/' writes Sofior Carljiijal Ksjtiiiosa."* plaiiiari/ing- as literally as possible i'roin (Mavi- p'lo. " was a tissue of errors aiirstition. 1'he people 1)elieved further- Hioie in f.n evil spirit, inimical to maid^ind, calling \- ( 'triiiiiii i/ /v>7)i»i')si», JTid. (/« Mixico, tuiii. i., \)\^. lOS-O; Cluriijiro, Hlviiu Ant. (/(./ Ml .~itiir,.), tuiu. ii., pp. 3—1 190 GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WOUSIIIP. hiin Tlacatecololotl, or Kntionul Owl. and saying that oftontinies he roveak'd liiinselt' to men, to hurt or to terrify them." '• The Mexicans and the Tezcucans," folkminir lienor Pimentel, " recognized tlie existence of a h^upreme Being, of a First (^uise, and gave him that generic title Teoti, (jrod. the analogy of which with the Theo.sof the (Jreeks. has been already noted by various authors. The idea of (lod is one of those that appear radical toour very exist- ence.. ..With the Mexicans and Tezcncans this idea was darkened ))y the adoration of a thousand gods, in- voked in all emergencies; of these gods there were thir- teen j)rincipal, the most notable being the god ofprov- idencie, that of war, and that of the wind and wtiters. The god of providence had his seat in tiie sky, ;uul hud in his care all human affairs, '^^i'he god of the waters was considered as the fertilizer of earth, and his dwelling was in the highest of the mountains where he arranged tlie clouds. The god of wai' was the princi[)al protector of the Mexicans, their guide in their wanderings from the mysterious country of Aztlan, the god to whose favor they owed tho.^e great victories that elevated tlu'iu from the lowly estate of lake-fishermen up to tlie lord- shi[) of Anahuac. The god of the wind had an aspect more Ix'iiign. . . .The ^[exicans also Avorshiiied the sun and the moon, and even, it would appear, certain iuil- niids considered as sacred. There fiiiured itlso in tlio Aztec mythology an evil genius called the Owl-man." since in some manner the good and the bad. mixed ii[) here on earth, have to be e.\[)lained. k^o the Persians had their Oromasdes and Arinianes, the first tiie genius of good, and the second of evil, and so, later. Manidie- ism presents us with analogous explanations."'-" Solis. writing of Mexico and the ^Mexicans s;i\s: '"There was hardly a street without its tutelary utd; neitlu'r was there any calamity of nature without itstiltur, to which they had recourse for remedy. They imaginoi 1'' llmiihre I'nihn. ^^ riinvnld, Mvii). sobrv kt li'iza Tmli'ijinn, pp. 11-13. V. iivi t1\;it Lirt or to \vx J-^enor nc Bohvi, itle Teotl, ic (irerks. 'be uU'ii of erv oxist- this i(U'ii o'ods. iu- \ven> th'n- (l of \n'()V- iid watovs. ^•, jiml l»iitl tho >V!lttMS is a\ve\rni;j; itl |^)rotoi'tt)r 'vinp.s from I to \vliost' vtitod tliini the lonl- i THE N.UIELESS GOD. i;)i [O 1 :\u iis\ it'i K'l a" •I'VtlUU lUli- \\Uo in tin lowl-mnn.'' mixi't no I'ersiiiii- I lip the ' fid il'l:inih' I hlh Tdl-nU ihlCdil;. .1/. •vi ly error that could VI liale it li'imslatiou sL'fUis to have crept into ihesf two. 1 102 GODS, SUPEnXATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. Creator of lioaveu Jind earth." '-* In eontra-distinctioii to this it mav be well to consider the foliowinu' extract iVoni the same author: ''Such was the hliiidiiess of the ]\Iexi(nins, even to the natural light, that they did not think like men of jiood jiidiiinent that all created thiuus and infinite id true fiod is. . . . And in Mexico alone (according to the coninion opinion) tlievhad and adored two thousand g(Mls, of whom the principal were Vi/ilii)uztli and Tezcatlipucatl, who as sui)reuie were set u[) in the height of the great tein})le, were the work and elVect of some immense cause, the which only the First Cause over two altars . '1 ez( atli 11)U( denc( 1" atl tl was me "ot lof )rovi- and 1 Vi/ilipuztli the uod of w U' Speaking of Mexican tem[)les-'" and gods, Oviedosav-* "But Montezuma had the chief [temple], together wim three other prayer-houses, in which he sacrificed iu honor of four gods, oi- idols, that he had; of thi'se thc\ had one for uod of war, as the Gentiles had Mais; to another tli ley gave honor aiK 1 sacrifice as "od of tin waters, eveu as the ancients gave to Xe[)tu]ie ; another they adored for god of the wiud, as the lost heathen adored .Kolus; aud another still thev revered as their sovereitiu god, and this was the sun. . . They had further otliei' gods; makiug one of them god of the maize-fields, attri- buting to him the power of guarding and nudtiplyiuii' the same, as the fable-writing poets and ancients of aii- ticjuity did to Ceres. They had gods for everything, giving attributes to each according to their sui-mises, in- vesting them with that godhead which they had not. Mini with which it was not right to invest true (Jod. any save 01 dy th k^peakiug in general terms of probably a large part of 21 See this vol. ii. .">7, note 13. On paf^cs 5.") and 50, and in the imtc ]>' i- trtiuin;.,' Ilnictn, will also bo fouiul ii.iiny rcfoivucfs buiiriii.!,' on thu iiiati' i' iiiuliT ]in'si'iit (lisi'ussio .!> //<■ llisl. fiiit.. (1(H'. ii.. lib. vii., cap. xviii., p. 2"):?. SB (Jiiii'.'i, Ovifdo calls tlicm, (s|)(ll(ri"''\ I'lisil ill' <>l':ii'i- [ineipiiluu uio \e\v S[)aiii, Torquemada, sjiys: " Tliese idolaters did not (leii^ that they had a god called Vpalnenioaloni, that is to say. i»id hy whom we live, and his nature is that his existence is in hiniselP: the which is most pro})er to (loti, who is 'n his essence life. IJut that in which these peo[)le erred was in distributing this divinity and attril)uting it to many gods; yet. in reality, and verily, tlun recognized a Su[)renie (jlod, to whom all the others were inferior. IJut ibr the greatness of their sins, they lacked laith and ran into this error like the other nations that have done so." Ac'ista, as has Ijeen already noticed by- Profes-sor J. (1. Midler, either never heard of or disbelieved in the existence of the name Teotl and of the ideas comiected therewith by so many historians.-' The said Acosta savs: ■• If wee shall seeke into the Indijin tongue for a word to answer to this name of God, as in Latin, l)eu;<; in (xrei'ke, Theos; in Hebrew, El; in Arabike, Alia; but wee shall not finde anv in the Cuscan or Mexicaine tougiR's. Ho as such as preach, or write to the Indians, \se our S[)auish name Dios, fitting it to the accent or [tionounciation of the Indian tongues, the Avhich difl'er much, where))y appeares the small knowledge they had iif (i()(l. .seeing they cannot so nuich as name him, if it he not by our very name: yet in trueth they had some little knowledge. . . .The ^[exicaines almost in the same maimer [as the Peruvians] after the supreame (Jod, worshiped the rfumie: And therefore they called Iler- iiaiulo Cortez, Sonne of the ^'unne, for his care and courage to compasse the earth. But they made their *''* ' Yiiiiliicnionloni, que <]ni('n' dcciv, Stnor por qnieu sc vive, y iii si'r tn M ill' N,itni'iilt'(^':i.' Tiirifiii iixuln, Mmuini. Iml.. toni. iii.. p. 'M. '■' S( !■ tilis vol. p. 1H3. — Not, l)c it rciimikfil tliiit Acusta di iiics the kimwl- nli,'!' liv t!ii> .Mcxiciins of a Sii)ii(iiii' (iod; he tlaikciiissi' of inlidi'litif holdctli tho.se nations in lilindcncssp, yt-t iu many tliiii;^'! s till' li;4ht of truth and reason works sonu'what in thcni. And liny I iiiiiiiiiiiily iickuowlt'cl^'ti a supreame Lorde and Author of all thintts, which tliry of Peru called Virac'oeha. . . Him they did worship, as the ehiefest of .ill.wliniji tlu y art of their adoration and idolatrie. was im[)loved to Idols, and not to naturall things, although they did attrihute naturall eiVccts to these Idolls. as raine. nndti[)lication t)f catttdl, wariv. and generation, evi'ii as the (Jreekes and Latins have loi'ged JdoUs of IMio'hus, Mercuric, .Ju[)iter, Minerva, and of Ml U'S. To conclude, who so siiall neerelv looke into it, shall (inde this manner which the Divell hath vsed to deceive the Indians, to he the same wherewith hee hath (U'ceived the (Jreekes and Uomans. and other ancient (icntiles. giving them to vnderstand that these notahle creatiu'cs. theSinme. Moone, Starres, and Klements. Inul power and authoritie to doe good or harme to men. " "* ]\Iendieta says: " It is to he noted for a geiiei-al rule that, though these peo[)le, in all the continent of these Indias. from the larthest i)artsof Xew Sjjain to the ])arts of Florida, and farther still to the kingdoms of Peru, had. as has heen said, an infinity of idols that they reverenced as ii'ods, neverthele; l)ove a 11. tl lev 4ill held the sun as chiefcst and most powerful. And they dedicated to the sun the greatest, richest, and most sumptuous of their tem[)les. This should he the iiowcr the .Mexicans called Ijialiieinohuani, that is to say, 'hy whom all live.' and ^I()vucuvat/,in avac o(iui\()Cux ava(^ (upiipic. that is to say, ' he that no one created or formeil. but w ho. on the contrary, made all things by his own })Ower and will.'. . . . So many are the fictions and fa- d 1 bles that the Indians invented about their gods, and so dilfcrently are these related in the dill'erent towns, that neither can they agree among themselves in I'ecounting 39 Acosta, Hist. :\a^ Jiul, pp. 334, 337-8. mi;n I )Ii:tas kuiikmekistic theory. r.)j tlu'in. nor sliall tlirrc he foil nited . . . They had idols of stone, and t)f wood, and of baked eli ly tl le y ISO made them of donuh and of seeds kneaded into tlu douii'l Mune o f tl lem were sliai)e( d lil •ce men, some were like women: . . . some were like wild beasts, as lions. t'gers, is Ifc'st >ntU's in i-atliiHM'ii itl'St iiiul iioy liatl thoy also into tlu' ,. . . soiiio , as lions, •('(luc'iitrd oi' uiauv „iul otlu-r cry lavp' theivd, — tlie sun. s, and ol" oads and wevii the iter, and OS... Of arvod tn' — accord - r his di- uto OVt'lt ihitry and at extent nioiuurh people ol deuK)n>< torn, xcviii., 21. hostile to tlio hnnian race; for he \vas very h'arnetl in moral things, and he went to and fro more than any other, sct'kinu; if haply he nii;:ht (ind lijiht to aHli'ni the trne (iod and ci'eator of all thinjis, as has In-en seen in till' discourse of his history, and as hear witness the son^s that he eoniposcd on this theme. He said that there was oidy One", that this One was the niaker of hea\( n and earth, that he sustained all he had made and ereatecl, and that he was where was no second, ahove the nine licavi'ns; that no eye had ever seen this One, in a human sliai«' nor in any sha[)e wha,te^■er; that the )aliie moalani,' which sentence sums up his convictions as ahove exnressei d. X( evertlie. -(s lie i'ei'oj:iny.eu tlie sun as his father and the earth as his mother Xow it is in the face of much that has heen said deny- iiii:' or doiihting Ixtlil.vocliitrs account of the creed of .\i7,aluialcoyotl that 1 have selected the ])assagi' aho\e translated, from among other ])assagestoiK'liiiiu' the same suhjci't in the IfiKforiif ('hlvh'uiii'i'd and in the /it/dcionis. I lia\-e selected it not hecause it is the most clearly Winded, or the most elo(iuent, or the most complete ; hut lxl!Ux'i,-),UI, ll;4. Chhlii Tin {iifinhnrnii'ili's Mix. Aiitli/., vol. ix., )> ■ii'iiili [t'lV fi'lsiis ;'i ti)(lli' tdiiiai' Imnlivi' jiara (•crliticarsc di'l vinladfi-n I)i(is y cviailor dc tndas lascosas, conio sc ha visto en el discnrso di- sii liistmia, y dan tisliiuoiiio •aiitns (|nc coiiipiiso on ra/on dc istu I'onio cs il dccir (pic Imliia luio solo, y ijuc cstc era ( 1 h •dnr d( 1 ciido v d ■ la ticrra, v sustiutalia todn li h.rh, ci.'l.K, 111 y cnadci pur il, y (juc t :stal)ii dondc iin tenia sru'iiiido, siibrc Ins n ijuc I'l alian/.d)a, nui' jai M' lialiia visto en funiia liiuiiana, ni otra ii,'i'.ra, ijiic con cl ilian a |iarar las aliiias dc los virtuosos dcsjim s dc niucrtos, y i|iic las dc los mains iUan a otro lii>,'ar, <|nt; era d mas I'ntinio dc la ticrra, Il'ali: 1" liorrlli Nun a jamas (anmiui lial> iia mnclios kIoIos (pu' iipriscntaliaii nuiclios dioscs) cnando sc ofrccia tvatar dc dciilad, ni en i," 111 ral ni en particular, sino (jiicdccia' yntloi[Uc in nauliacplc y palnc moa- Inii. i|ui' siL,'nitiea lo que esta atras declarado Solo decia ("inc rccoiioija al l"ir ]iadrc; y a la ticrra por niadrc' Iscc also the UiiuihiKts of the same aliliiur, iu the same volume, p. -151. las (;()i>.-;, si-im:i!\\ti'I!AI- hhin'os, and woitsiiip sulcly on iii'coimf ortlic sciitciici' witli wliicli it coin'lmlcs: X('/!iliii!iIc<)v»)tl ■■ rt'C(>LiMi/c(l the sun as liis liitlni' luid the «'iirtli !is his iiiotlicr." 'I'licsc few woi'ds occtnr- iiin' !it the i'lid ol" a i'liloLiV of the ^I'l'iit Ti'/ciicaii hy a conrrsscil alinircr, these lew words that ha\e passed im- iiiiliced amid tiie diii and hnlthnh raised over tlie lol'tv r\-r{'t\ to which tiiev form tht' last ui'tiele. these few words so insiuiiilieant apparently and yet sosi,i:iiilieaiit in their i'onnection. shoidd lio i'ar to [iro\e the iiiithlnlness of ol' Ixtlilxoehitl's record, and the .greater or less eoniplete- ness of his poi'trait ol'his^reat anei-stor. Were Ixtlilxo- ehitl dishonest, wonid he ever have allowed such a pii-au chord as this to come jaiiLilin^u' into the otherwise jteifect nnisic of his desci'iption of a j)erlect y,vj:v and ('hristiaii. who hi'lieved in a hlindi'il hya i^littcr of words — which we may he sure lose nothing in the repetition as to the significance oi' that * ignorantly ;' let us never lose sight across the shadow of that ohscnre Athenian altar to the rnhnown (iod, of the mighty colunms of the Acropolis and the crest of the Athena I'romachos. XezahualcoNotl seems a fair t\i)e ol" a thoughtful, somewhat s(;e» tical Mexican of that hettcr- instructed class which is t I'r and everywhere the hornsr of hy[)oci'ites and fanati of that class ne\er without its witnessi's in all coun es and at all times, of that class two steps ahove the rnorant laity, and one step ahove the learned prii'sthoo . yet far still from that siniiilc and perfect truth which s) dl one day he patent enoiiuli to all. Turning fi'om the discussion of a point so obscui'c and intangii)le as the monotheism of Xe/alnialcoyotl and the school of which he was the type, let us review the wvy palpahle and induhitahle polytheism of the Mexicaii^^. A.MKKICAN .MVnioLUiiY. lill> S till 1 If I' ^ (H'cmr- •iin 1>\ !i issi'd uii- tho Int'tV .>\V NVOl'ils t ill tlu'ir I'uhu'ss (if . Ixtlilxo- li ii\iii;_:ui 'hnstiiin. :, wlu) lii- ic\\) iit all. •CS tlu- Mill : Ixtlilxo- riikiunvii )yotl luiHi- )yii jilittiT in;i in tlif Monuitly; iit ()l)scurr 10 mi;ilit.V le Allii'iiii tN-pu of a iMt hviWv- tholiornu- or witluiiit OS. ol' tliat 11 Olio stt'it hut siiiil'lt' .'lit eut)ii;iU Ibscurc ami ])tl and i1k' iw tin' vriy Mexicans. It seems radically to ililVer little froiii other |>olytheisiii,s lirtter known, sneh us those ol'iJreece. Home, and Scan- dinavia; it seems to luive heeii ii jnmhle of |)ei>onilied powers, causes, iiud (|iiulities. developed in the ordinary way IVom tlie mythical corruption oi" that llorid h\per- holical style of spi'ech natnral to all peojih's in days lirfore the e\ai!t di'linition of words was either pos.si- lile or lu'cessary; just such a jmnlt!" as the Ai_\an polytheisms were ill the days of the Mnhemerists. and lor too lon;j. after nnfortnnately ; such a jnmhle as Aryan inytlioloLiy was till the hrotlu-rs (Jrimni led the \an of the ripest talent and seholai'ship of the nineteenth cen- tury into the })aths of ' word-shnntin^'.' which led a.Liain into ^od or hero shnntinji'. if the term may he in\t'iited. I'nfortnnately tlie [jhilolo^iic, and mytholoj^ic material for .siicli an exhaustive sMithesis of the oi'i^in and ri'lations of tin' American creeds us Mrt'ox. I or exami) \v. I I as jiiveii to the woi'ld on the Aryan le^cnils. in his Mijthiiloipi iij'lhc Arijiiii Xtidoiifi, is yet far from complete; which fact indeed makes the raisoii d'etre of woi'ks like the present. There is nothinii' for mo at present hut to ••ather. sift, and anaiip'. with such siftinji' and arranjiement as may he pos- sihle, all accessible materials relating;' to the subject in hand ; that done let more skilled workmen find and give them their place in the wall of science. For they ha\e a l)la<'e there, whether or no it be found to-day or t(»- inoridw: a breach is there that shall he empty nntii they iit and till it. Te/catlipoca seems to have bei'ii consideri'd on the whole, and the pati'on-ji'ods of dill'erent cities aside, as the must important of the Mexican ^lods. We have seen hiui identilii'd in several of the preceihnjr (piotations with a sui)ri'me invisible god, and 1 now proceed, illiis- tiatiiiu.' this phase of liis character, to translate as clo.sely as possible the various ])rayers given by Sahagnn as ad- (hcssid to this great deity nnder his various names, Titlacoan. Vantl. Telpnchtli. Tlamat/incatl. Moiocoiat/.in, laotziii. Xecoeiaiitl, Necaoal})illi, and others; — 200 GODS, SUPERNATUrvAL IlEINGS, AND WORSHIP. 0, tlioii almiuhtv God. tliat nivost life to liieii. and art oalU'd Titlacaoaii, jirant ino in thy morcv everytliin,u; ncrdfiil to oat and to drink, and to enjoy of thy soft and delicate thinj^s; for in grievous toil and straitness 1 live in the world. Have nierey on me, so poor 1 am and naked, I that labor in thy servi(!e. and for thy serviet* sweep, and clean, and put light in this poor house, where I await thine orders; otherwise let me die soon and eud this toiliul and miserable life, so that my body may find rest and a breathing-time. In illness the people prayed to this deity as follows: (Jod. whose name is Titlacaoan, be men^iful and send away this sickness which is killing me, and I will reform my life Let me be once healed of this infiruiity and I sw<'ar to serve thee and to earn the right to live; should 1 ))y hard toil gain something, I will not eat it nor employ it in anything save only to J'.r.e honor; I will give a feast and a bancjuet of dancing in this poor house. But the sick man that could not recover, and that felt it so, used to grow desperate and blaspheme saying: O Titlacaoriu, since thou mockest me, why do.st thou not kill me?^« Then following is a prayer to Te/.catlipoca. used )»y the priest in time of pestileiu^e: mighty Lord, under whose wing we find defense and shelter, thou art invis- ible and impalpable even as night and the air. How can I that am so mean and worthless dare to appear he- fore thy majesty? Stuttering and with rude li[)s 1 s[)e;ik: ungainly is the maimer of my speech as one leapiiii auiong iurrows. as one advancing uneveidy: foi" all this I iearto raise thine anger, and to provoke instead of ap- peasing thee; neverthel(>ss thou wilt do unto me as may ])lease thee. Lord, that hast held it good to forsake us in these days, according to the counsel thou hast as well in heaven as in hades. — alas for us, in that (hiiic anger and indignation has descended in thesi> d;iys upon us; alas, in that the many and grievous alllictidiis of thy wrath have overgone and swallowed us iii>. '■>'' Stihii^- air. lh)W nppear hc- 1 s\H'ak; leaiiiu'-i' li'or all this lead of a|>- uu' as ui;\y to rorsiiki' lou htist as that thine enniiuLr down even as stones, spears, and arrows upon the Avrt'ti'hcs that inha])it the earth. — this is the sore [pesti- lence witli winch wo are alllicted ami almost destroyed. Alas. () ^■ali;ult and all-i)o\verful Lord, the conunoii peo- ])le iU'c almost made an end of and destroyed; a fireat desti'uction and ruin the pestilence alri-ady makes in this uiition; and, what i.s mo.st pitiful (if all. tlu> little rliildren that are imiocent and understand notliinij.'. oidy to play with pehhles and to heap up little mounds ofc.nth. thev too die. hroken and da.shed to i)ieces as against stonesand awall —a thing very pitiful and grievous to lie seen, for there remain of them not even those in the ci'adles. nor tho.se that could not walk nor s[)i'ak. Ah. Lord, how all things hecome confounded: of young and old and of men and women there remains neither hi'anch nor root; thy nation and thy people and thy wealth are leveled down and destroyed. O our Lord, ])rotector of all. iuost valiiint and most kind, what is tlii.x? Thine antier and thine indiunation.doesit iilor\- ordeliiiht in hurling the stone and arrow and spear? The lire of the ju'stileiKM". made exceeding hot. is njM)n thy nation, as a tiro in a hut. hurninirand smokinii'. leavinii' nothinu' unriuht or r~ . r? lit sound. The grindersof thy teeth arc employed, and thy ))itter whips n[)on the uiiserahle of thy peo[)le. who havi; lu'conic IcMu and of little suhstance. even as a hollow green ••ane. Vea. what doc^t thou now, () Lord, most strong, (•iuniKissi(>ti;ite. invisihle, raid impidjjahle, who.-^e 'svill all things oljey, upon whose disposal depends the rule of the \v(trld. to whom all is suhject.--what in thy di\ine l)reast hast thou decreed? Perad venture hast thou alto- gether forsaken thy nation and thy pe()[)le? Hast thou verily determined that it uttei-ly jterish. and that there ho no more memory of it in the world, that the pe()|iled jilace hccoiue a wooded hill and a wilderness of stones? l*c'rad\-euture wilt thou pei'uiit that the temples, and the places of prayer, and the altars, huilt for thy sei'\ ice, he la/.ed and destroyed and no Memory of them he left? Is it iudecd possihle that thy wrath and punishment, and vexed indignation arc altogether implacable and 202 GODS, SUPEKXATURAL BEINGS, AND "WOltSlIlP. will ^'o Oil to tlio 011(1 to our clostriictiou ? Is it uhviidy lixod in thy divine connsel thiit tliorc is to Ik- no iniTcy nor pity I'oi" us. until the arrows of thy lury are sjuMit to our uttor jK'i'dition and destruction? li< it ])ossil)le that this lash and chastisement is not given i'or our cor- I'cction and auiendnient, but only lor our total destruc- tion and ol)literation; that the sun shall nevermore shine u[)()n us. 1)ut that we nuist remain in i)er[)etual darkness and silence; that nevermore thou wilt look upon us with eyes of mercy, neither little nornuich? \\ ilt thou after this fashion destroy the wretched sick that cannot lind rest nor turn i'rom side to side, whose mouth and teeth are tilled >vith earth and scurf? It is a sore thing to tell how we are all in dark- ness, having none understanding nor sense to watch for or aid one another. We are all as drunken and without undei'standing. without hope of any aid; already the little chihh'en perish of hunger, for there is none to give them food, nor driid<.nor consolation, nor cari'ss. none to give the hreast to them that suck; for their fathers and and mothers havi' died and lef"t them or[)hans, sull'er- ing Ibr the sins of their fathers. O our Lord, all- ])o\vei-ful, full of mercy, our refuge, though indeed thine anger and indignation, thine arnnvs and stones, have sorely hurt this [)oor people, let it be as a father or a mother that rebukes children, ])uUing their ears, piiicli- in u' tl leu' ai'uis, winiJDum tl lem witn nc .'ttl es. I Kjuruiu' chill water ui)on them; all being done that they may amend their jtuerility and childishness. Thy chastisc- meid and indignation have lorded and })revailed om'I' these thy servants, over this poor people, even as rain falling upon the trees and the green canes, being touchcil of the wind, (h'ops also upon those that are below. O mo>t compassionate Lord, thou knowest that the connuon Iblk are as children, that being wlii[)[)ed they cry and sob and repent of what they have done. IV'radventure, alri'atly these [)()or people by reasonof thy chastisement \\vv[). sigli. bl; unv. and murnnu' against tlu'inselves; in tliy ])ies('ii(( th the^' blaiiK' and bear witness against their Ijad heeds and SPARE THE GKEEN AND TAKE THE EirE, 2o;j aliviidv lo nuTcv siH'ut to :\\)W that our oor- destnie- oNL-niiorc per^H'tiuil wilt look in- miU'U'.' L^hod sick to side, irth and I ill dark- watch lor id without ready the uc to Liive . — noue to ithers and us, sulVer- Lonh idl- i iuik'cd )ues Jiave ,ther or a |u's, |)iuch- pouriuLi' thi'V may chastise- liled over Ml as rain LL' touched () uie>t inuiou I'olk id s()h:>nd |e. ah'cady \w[). siiih. • presence heeilsiiud punish tlieinsclvos therefor. Our Lord most com[)assio- nate. [)itit'ul, iiohle, and precious, let a time l)e given the people to repent; let the past chastisement sullice, let it end here, to hegiii again if the reform endure not. Par- don and overlook the sins of the peo})le; cause thine aiijer and thy resentment to cease; re[)ress it again within thy l)reast that it destroy no I'arther; let it rest tlieie: let it cease, I'or of a surety none can avoid death nor esca[)e to any place. We owe trihute to death ; and all that live in the world are the vassals thereol'; this trihute shall every man pay with his life. None ^liall avoid from following death, lor it is thy messenger wliat hour soever it may he sent, hungering and thirst- ing always to devour all that are in the world and so pDwei'ful that none shall esca[)e: then indeed shall every man he punished according to his leeds. O most pitiful Loi'd. at least take pity and have mercy upon the child- ren that are in the cradles, ii[)on those that cannot walk. llii\c mercy also, Lord, upon the poor and very mise- lahle. who have nothing to eat, nor to cover tlu'niselves withal, nor a place to sleep, who do not know what thing a happy day is, whose days pass altogether in pain, Uilu'tion. am 1 sad ness. 'IMian this, were it not 1 tetter, Lord, if thou should forget to have mercy u[)oii the tl soldiers and unon tlie men ot war, wlioin tliou wi th iltl lave need of sometime; hehold it is hetter to die in war and go to sei've food and drink in the house of the sun. than to die in this pestilence and descend to hades. most str>iiig Lord, protector of all. lord of the earth, governor of the world, and universal mastt'r. K't the sport and satis- I'a tion thou hast already taki'U in this past punishment sullirc; make an end of this smoke and fogof th_\ resent- 'iit: (piencli also the hurning and destroying (Ire of nil tl mil' aiiLix r: let sere inty come aiK I el (.'a r ness; •t thi siiiall hirds of thy [)eo[)le hegin to sing and to approach the sun; give them (piiet weather so that tluy may cause their voices to reach thy highness and thou mayest kiiuw them. our Lord, most strong, most compassion- ate, and most iiohle, this little have 1 said hefore thee, 201 r,0T)F5, SITERXATURAL BEINGS, AXD WOESTIIP. \l h i w '■ IIM: and T liavo notliing more to say, only to prostrate and throw myself at thy feet, seeking pardon for the faults of this my prayer; certainly 1 would not remain in thy disi»leasure, and 1 have no other thin<^ to say. The following is a prayer to the same deity, nnder his names Tezeatlipuca and Voalliehecatl, for succor against })o\erty: our Lord, protector most strong and com- passionate, invisihle, and impal[)al)le, thou art the givci- of life; lord of all, and lord of battles. I preser»t myself here before thee to say some few words concerning the need of the poor people, the people of none estate nor intelligence. AVhen they lie down at night they ha\e nothing, nor when they rise np in the morning; the «larkness and the light pass alike in great poverty. Know, Lord, that thy subjects and servant-, suller a .'^ore poverty that cainiot he told of more than that it is a sore poverty and desolateness. The men have no gar- ments nor the women to cover themselves with, but only certain rags rent in every part that allow the air and the cold to pass everywhere. With great toil and weariness ;iiey sci'ape together enough for each day, going by mountain and wilderness seeking their food; so faint and enfeebled are they that their bowels cleave to the ribs, and all their body reechoes with hoUowness; and tluy walk as people affrighted, the face and the Inxly in like- ness of death. If they be merchants, they now sell oidy cakes of salt and broken pepper; the people that hav(> something despise tlu'ir wares, so that they go out to s(dl IVom door to door and from house to house; ami when tlu'v scdl nothing they sit ilown sadly hy some fence. or wall, or in some corner, licking their lips and gnaw- ing the nails of their hands for the hunger that is in them: they look on the one side and on the other at tlie mouths o ftl I OS', that pass by, ho[)nig perat Ivent ure that one may speak some word to them. comi)assioiiate (jod. the bed on which they lie down is not a thing tn rest npon, but t) endure torment in; they draw a ra;;' over them at night and so sleep; there they throw down their bodies and the bodies of children that thou \n\>t rilAYER FOR AID AGAINST POVERTY. 205 _ui\;ii tlioin. For the mi.sory they pjrow up in. for tlio liltli' of tlicii' food, lor the hu'k ol" CH)Verin}i', theii- luces an' yellow uikI jiU their bodies ol" the color of earth. Tlu'V treiiil)le with cold, Jiiid lor leaiiiiess the>' staiiuer in walkiiin'. T\ ley go vvee[)inn them as they move in thy presence wailing and clamoring and seeking mercy uitli anguish of heart. our Jjord, in whose jumer it is to give all content, consolation, sweetness, softness, [iiosperity and riches, for thou alone art lord of all good, - have mercy upon them for they are thy ser\ ants. I siiliplicate thee, O Loi-d, that thou ])rove them a little with tenderness, indulgence, sweetness, and softness, whicii indeed they sorely lack and recpiire. I siipi)li- catc thee that thou will lit'tup their heads with thy fa\or aiul aid. that thou will see good that they enjoy some (lays (jf prosj)erity and tran(iuillity. so they may sleep and know repose, having prosjK'rous and peaceable days of lite. Should they still refuse to serve thee, thou after- wards canst take away what thou ha.st given ; they ha\ ing I'lijoNed it but a few davs, as those thateinov a Iragrant ami beautiful llower and find it wither presently. Shoidd this nation, for whom 1 i)ray and entreat thet; to do them pMxl. not understand what thou hast givi'U, thou canst take away the good and |M)ur out cursing; so that all e\il may come upon them, and they become jjoor. in iieeil. maimed, lame, blind, and deal': then indeed tbty >liall waken and know the good that they had and have lint, and they shall call u^hjii thee and lean towards thee; hilt thou wilt not listen, for in the day of abmidanee t!ie\- would not understand thv goodness towards them. 111 lonchision, 1 su[)i>licate thee. () most kind and benif- iteiit Lord, that thou will see good to give this people to taste ol' the goods and riches that thou art wont to i^i\e. and that ])roceed from thee, things sweet and sol't ^' i'ur hi frezii ile la comida: .iuhaijuu, Jlist. Ucn., tyiu. ii., lib. vi., [k -i'J- 206 GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHIP. and l)ringln1()0(1 and ilesh of the men that have to die in this war. Already do they look, the gods of heaven and hades, to see who they are that have to con- quer, and who to ))e con(juered ; who they are that have to slay, and who to he slain; whose blood it is tiiat has to be drunken, and whose Ilesh it is that has to be eaten; — wluch things the noble lathers aid mothers whose sons have to die, are ignorant of. Even so are ignorant all their kith and kin. and the nurses that gave them suck. — ignorant also are the fa- thers tliat toiled lor them, seeking things needfid for their Ibod and driidv and raiment until they reached the aue thev now have. Certainlv they could not foretell liow those sons should end whom they reared so anx- iously, or that they should be one day ki't captives or dead upon tlie field. >>ee good, our Lord, that the iiobk's who die in the shock of war l)e peacefully and agreeably received, and with bowels of love, by the sun and the earth that are father and mother of all. I'V)r M'rily tliou dost not deceive thyself in wiiat thou doest,'"* to wit. in wishing them to die in Avar: ibr certainly for this didst thou send them into the world, so that with their ilesh and their ])lood they might be fill- meat and drink to the sun and the earth. I'e not wroth. Lord, anew against those of the jirofession of war. for in the same place where they will die luive died _ 3s 'Pdnjup a 111 vonliul no os engannis oon lo que liiucis:' sco Sdliaiiioi, in hdi i.Jiiii-iiiiili's Mcx. Aiitii/., vol. v., p. HflO, as tho Hiibstitiitiou of ' cnrjiiricis ' fur ' iut,Miiiiis ' destroys the sense of t}ie passage iu liustiimiinte's td. of the HMiiic, Ilisl.iitH., tom.'ii., lib. vi.,p. 43. I 208 GODS, SUPERNATURAL BEINGS, AND WORSHir. iriiiny generouH*' and noble lords and captains, and valiant mon. The nobility and generosity of the nobles and the greathearted ness of the warriors is made a^jpar- ent, and tiiou makest manifest, Lord, how estimable and precious is each one, so that as such he may ))e held and lionored, even as a stone of price or a rich feather, O Lord, most clement, lord of battles, emperor of all, M'hose name is Tezcatlipoca, invisilde and imi)alpa]jle, we supplicate thee that he or they that thou wilt per- mit to die in this war may be received into the house of the sun in heaven, with love and honor, and may Ije l)laced and lodged ])etween the brave and famous war- rioi's already dead in war, to wit, the lords (^uitzicqua- (juatzin, Macenhcatzin, Tlacahuepantzin, Ixtlilcueehavac, Ihnitltenuic, Chavacuetzin, and all the other valiant and renowned men that died in former times, — who are re- joicing with and praising our lord the sun, who are glad and eternally rich through hhn, and shall be for ever; they go al)(jut sucking the sweetness of all llowers delec- ta))le and pleasant to the taste. This is a great dignity for the stout and valiant ones that died in war; for this tluy are drunken with delight, keeping no account of night, nor day, nor years, nor times; their joy and their wealth is without end; the nectarous flowers they sip never fade, and for the desire thereof men of high de- scent strengthen themselves to die. Li conclusion, I entreat thee, O Lord, that art our lord most clement, our emperor most invincible, to see good that those that ' Ibod, nor dread at all the 1 loots and shouts of their enemies: this do to them as to thy friend. Forasmuch as thou art lord of battles, on wiiose will depends the victory, aiding whom thou wilt, needing not that any counsel thee,— I entreat thee, Lord, to make mad and drunken our enemies so that witiiout hin-t to us they may cast themselves into our hands, into the hands of our men of war enduring '" ' Es ilciir CoinaiulantoH o t'uiiittiiu's {jjcuenileH ile ojurcito :' liustamentv, iii S'thnij'in. Hist. to the liouseof the sun, iunong all the heroes that are there and that died upon the hattle- lield. The following prayer is one addres-sed to the principal deity, under his name Tezcatlipwa Tei(K!oiani Tehima- tini, asking favor for a newly elected ruler: To-day, a fortunate day, the sun lias risen upon us, warming us, so that in it ji precious stone may he wrought, and a hand- some sajjphire. To us has appeared a new light, has arrived a new brightness, to us has })een given a glitter- ing axe to rule and govern our nation. — has been given u man to take upon his shoulders the affairs and troubles of the state. He is to be the imaue and substitute of the lords juid governors that have already j)assed away from this life, who for some days lal)ored, bearing the burden of thy people, possessing thy throne and seat, which is the principal dignity" of this thy nation, province, and kingdom; having and holding tlie same in thv name and person some few davs. These have now de[)arted from this lil'e, put off their shoulders the great load and burden that so few are al)le to suffer. Now. Lord, we marvel that thou bast indeed set thine eyvt^ on this man, rude and of little knowledge, to make him for some days, for some little time, the governor of this state, nation, province, and kingdom. our Lord, most clement, art thou peradventure in want of persons and friends? — nay verily, thou that hast thereof more than can be counted! Is it, peradventure, by error, or that thou dost not know him; or is it that thou hast taken Inm for the nonce, while thou seekest among many for <2 'Diprniilad,' Saliaijun, in Kitifinhnrnitgh s Mex. Antiq., vol. v.. p. 3ri'.1. misprinted ' diligoiicia ' in liustamuute'» Saliagan, Jlist.iren., torn, ii., li'j. vi., [>. 40. m.VYER THAT A IIULER MAY RULE WELL. 211 iinotlicr anJ a bettor tliaii lie, umviso, indisoroto, iin- |)n»lital)l(', a .sii[k'1'I1u(>u.s man in tlio world. Finally, wo give thanks to thy majosty for tho I'avor thou hast dono us. What thy designs therein are thou ah>ne knowost ; jK rhaps befbrehaiid this oOice has been provided for: thy will bo done as it is determined in thy heart; let tills man serve for some days and times. It may be that he will (ill this ollieo defectively, giving unrest and I'ear to his subjects, doing things without counsel or con- sideration, deeming himself worthy of the dignity ho has. thinking that ho will remain in it for a long time, making a sad dream of it, making the occupation and dignity thou hast given him an occasion of pride and l)resunn)tion, making little of everybody and going about with pomp and pageantry. Within a fjvy days, thou wilt know the event of all, lor all men are Miy spectacle and theatre, at which thou laughost and n\alest thyself merry. Perhaps this ruler will lose his olHce through his childishness, or it Avill ha[)i)en through his carelessness and laziness; for verily nothing is hidden IVom thee, thy sight makes way through stone and wood, and thine hearing. Or perhaps his arrogance, and tho secret bojisting of his thoughts will destroy him. Then thou wilt throw him among the filth and ujmju the diuig-hills, and his reward will bo blindness, and shrivel- liiigs. and extreme poverty till the hour of his death, when thou wilt put him under thy feet. Since this })(K)r man is put in this risk and peril, we su})[)licato thee, who art our Lord, our invisible and impal[)able protec- tor, under whose will and pleasure we are, who alone disposes of and provides for all, — we sup[)licato thee tliat thou see good to deal mennfully with him; inas- much as ho is needy, thy subject and servant, and blind ; deign to provide him witli thy light, that ho may know what he has to think, what ho has to do, and the road lie has to Ibllow, so as to commit no error in his ollice, contrary to thy disposition and will. Thou knowest wluit is to happen to him in this otlice both by day and night; wo know, our Lord, most clement, that our ■2il Gf)I),-i, sri'HIlNATFlUL IJEIN^IS. AND W.IUSHIP. wiiys and (U'cils iire not so miK^li in our luuids us In tli( liiiiids (ifoui' i'iiUt. If this riik'r ul'ttT iiii evil and pcr- V('rs(? fashion, in tiic placu' to whi(3h tiioii hast elcvatcil him. and in the scat in \vhii;li thou hast put liiin, — ^whiili is thini', — wht'i'o ho inana^jjos the alVair.s of the pcoplt', as out' that washes filthy tilings with dean and eiear water, (yea in the same seat holds a similar cleansing oHi(!e the ancient god, who is fathei' and mother to thy- self, and is god of (ire, who stands in the midst of llowers, in the midst of the place hounded hy four wallw, who is (•overed with shining feathers that are as wings), — if this ruler-elect of oin's «lo evil with which to provoke thine 'wo. and indignation, and to awaken thy chastisement against himsell', it will not he of his own will or seek- ing, hut hy thy permission or hy some imi)nlse from without; for which 1 entreat thee to see good to open his eyes to give him light; open also his ears and guide him. not so much for his own sake as for that of those whom he has to rule over and carry on his shoulders.*' I sup- '■' This (lonl)tfal au-linvolvoil scntonop. with the ooutiiinod clause tonchinf,' thi' iiiitiirf of the tirt-^;(Hl, runs cxiictly iis follows in the two vaniiiK fditidiis of the ori,i,'iiial: ' Si ali^iina cusa avicsa o iiial heelie hieieni cii la (lij,')iiila(l (|ni- li' hiil)eis (lailo. y en la silla en ([ue le habeis juiesto, (jue es viiestra, (joinlc e-it."i tratauilo los iie;,'()eios populares, (M)mo titiieii lava eosas siiei.is con at,'ii,i muy clara y niuy liinpia; en la (jual silla y (lit»niila(l tieiie el niisnio oticio di 1 ivar viiestro padre y madre de todos los Dioses, el Dios anti^'nu (jue rs 1 1 Dios del fui'^;o, ijae esta eu medio del alherj^ue cerca de (jiiatrt) paredes, y e-it I ciibierto eon plunnis resplandecientes qne son conio alas, lo (pie este el.'cto liiciese nial hecho, con cpie provociue vuestra ira e in(ii),'nacion, y dcs- pierte vnestro east !;,''( contra si, noser.'i de sn allied' io (') de sii (piever, si no de viientra i)ernusioii, I'l deali^nnotra sn^jestion vnestre,, o i.'' otro; por lo eiial us ri ipiie.) teii'^ais por iiien de alirirle los ojos y d.u'le iiiiiib ■ ■ y ahrirle las orejiis, y 1,'uiadle a este polire I'leeto, no tanto por lo iiU( el e .. sino ]irincipahiieiitc por ainicUos a (iiiienes hade reL'ir v Uevar >, , cii ras.' Sdlidiun. in h'inis- h)i'!)H;lli'.-< l/'.l". Aiiliij., vol. v., p]). ;)(')l( U(il. liei'li I hieiere, cii la di^'nidad (pie le haliei li il)i4s piiesto (pii ' S; al},Mnia cosa uviesa (i luid dado, y en la silla en (pie lo I's vuestra, donde esta tratando los nej^oeius j)0])Ulans. e );no (piien laba eosas sucias. con aj^'ua muy clara y muy linipia, en la cual sill I y di^^'nidad tiene el misino oticio (1(> laViar vnestro padre y madre. lie t iiloi los dioses. el dios autiyui), (pie es el dios del fuego (pie esta ell inedie d' las (lores, y en medio del alberf^uc cercado de euatro paredes. y esii c'lbierto eon ])lunias resplandeeieiites (pie Hon somo alas; lo ([Ue I'ste electe liii-iere mal hecho con (pie pr()V()(pi(^ vuestra ira ('• indi|,'nacion, y despierln viKistro (Nistij^o contra sf, no S(>ra de su alv(ulri() de d sii ipiena", sino de vaes- tia permision, u de al^nna otra sujjtestion vuestra. (') do otro; i)or lo cuai es s'i;>lico tenf,'ais |ior bieii deabirle los ojos. y darle luz. y abridie tambieii U^ ort^jas, y i^iiiad a i^ste p()b,r(> eiecto; no tanto por lo ([Ue es ('1, sino priniipal- 111 Mite por a(iuellos a (|uien ha d. e^'ir y llevar acuestas:' Bustanieiilc s Si'vi'jun, Hist. Gch., tt>iu. ii., lib. vi., ^). 4b. THAT A lU'LEU MAY NOT Ani'SK IIIS POWER. 21;! ,s in tlu md IHT- I'U'Viitrtl — wliu'li •letinsin^ r to thy- f llowt'i's, w, who is ,— if this oke thint' Lstiseniont 1 or sccU- )ulse IVom ) oi)en his ruido him. lose whom /' I siip- iinse toui'liit>'4 vvitiK tilltinll^ I'dij^iiidiulii'" [•Ufstrii, iloiiili' jifiiiH con ii^uii li-o inirtiU^- v IS, 111 line *ii"' 'I'' jidv lo cn.il I'H •iilf Ills (ir('jii>. inm'il>iili';'"'"' \ilini. ii< A''"'- , ilvil'Ml <1 111"' iiUa en >\w 1" •ius poimliiivs liiii. en li' '■"'" •(. y inmb'i'. ill' est'l k'U lllrlliii Imuh'cV'S. V '■■'" me I'stf >'U«to on, y (U'Sl-i'''"' , Hiiii> >l'- '^"'■''' ,,()!■ lo i'"iil '"^ ,\if tauibitii M^ [sino i.riniil'iv- Bustaiuiut'' s ]»li(';it(' the*'. tliJit now, frotn tlio l)c'jrirniin^\ tliou Inspiic liiiii with what he is to coiuvivt! in liis hcai't. and the ncid hr is t«» t'olI«>w. inasnuicli as tliou hast nuuh' ol'hiiii a .M'at on which to scat tliysdC, and also as it were a thifc that, hcin^' played n|K)n, may sijinil'v thy will. Make him. Lord, ji i'aitht'nl inia^ie of thyself, and per- mit not that in thy throne and hall he make himsell' mid and haiiuhtN'; hut rather see ucmmI, O Lord, that ([iiietly and [>rndently he rnle and govern those in his I'liaroc who are common peo[)le: do not permit him to insult and op[)r(»ss his snhjects. nor to give over without reason any of them to destrnction. Neither permit. () Leid. that he sjMjt and defile thy throne and hall with any injustice or oppression, for in so iloing he will stain also thine honor and fame. Already, Lord, has this poor man accepted and received the honor and lordship that thou hast u'iven iiini; already he i)ossesses the glory and ri(;hes thereof; already thou hast adorned his hands, feet, head, ears, and li[)s. with visor, ear-rings, and hrace- lots. and put yellow leather npon his ankles. Permit it ndt.O Lord, that these decorations, hadges. and ornaments he to him a cause of pride and presumption; l)ut rather that he serve thee with humility and plainness. May it please thee, O our liOrd, most clement, that he ride and uoMTii this, thv seiiiiiorv, that thou hast conunitted to him. with all prudence and wisdom, Afay it please thee that he do nothing wrong or to thine olVense; deign to walk with him and direct him in all his ways. Ihit if tliou wilt not do this, ordain that from this day hence- li)rth he he ahhorred and disliked, and that he die in wai- at the hands of his enemies, that he depart to the liDUseofthe sini; where he will he taken care of as a, l)r('ci()ns stone, and his heart esteemed hy the sun-lord : lie (lying in the wju- like a stout and vidiant man. This would he nnich hetter than to he dishonored in the world, ti> Uo disliked and ahhovred of his peo[)le for his faults or lefects. our Lord, thon that providest to all tlu" tl lings needfid for them, let this thinu" he done as 1 have e)itrL'ated and supplicated thee 214 GODS, SlTiniXATURAL BEINGS, AND WOESIIir. 'Y\\v ii(>xt pi'Mvcr. (lircotod to the irod under liis name Tt'/.<';itli]>()("ii 'ritl!i(';i()!nn()([iu'(|iu'l()a, is to ask, after the death of a rider, that auotlier may l)e "iveii: our Tjord, already thou knowest liow our ruler is dead, already thou hast ])ut him under thy feet; lio is gathered to his place; he is !j;()ue 1)\ the road that all have to uo by. and to the house uhere all have to lodge; house of ]H>r[)etual darkness, where there is no window, nor any light at all; he is now where none shall trouble his rest. ]lo served thee here in his oiliee during some few days and years, not indeed Avithout i'tudt and olleii.se. Thou gave.st him to taste in this Avorld somewhat of thy kind- ness and favor, passing it before his faee as a thing that passes (juiekly. This is the dignity and ofliee that thou ])lace(lst him in. that he served thee in i'or some days, as has heeii said. Avith sighs, tears and devout prayers hi'- foiv thy majesty. Alas, he is gone noAV Avliere our father and mother the god of hades is, the god tliat (k'scended head Ibremost heloAV the lire,^^ the uod tiiat desires to earry us all to his place. Avith a A'cry impor- tunate desire. Avith such a desire as one has that dies of hunger and thirst; the god that is moved exceedingly. ])oth b\- dav and night. cr\in!.;' and demanding that all go to him. Thei-e. Avith this god. is now our late-de- j)arted rider; he i tb'»"e Avith all his ancestors that Avere in the first tinu's, that governed this kingdom, Avitli .\cama[)ichtli. Avith Tyzoc, Avith Avit/otl. Avith the first Mocth"cu/oma. Avith Axayacatl, and Avith those that came last, as the .'se lords and kings ruled, li'overued. and euioved the sovereiiintv and r()\al (lignity, and throne and seat of this emi)ire; they ordered and regulated the affairs of this thy kingdom. — thou that art the universal lord and emperor, and that needest not to take counsel Avitli another. Already hail 41 St'<> this volunic )). (SO. I' Siiiiii' (if tli( sr iiaiui s !U'(> (lifftTcntly s]icU in KingslidroiiLsli's (d.. J/m. ylji/i'/., viil. v.. ]i. ;!(12.: ' I'iKi (Ic Ins ciiiali s I'm' ( 'iiiiiii]iiriitli. otio fin' 'J'i/niic, (itiii Avit/. liad ,tl() fill' 'i'i/' "■''■; Ids (|1U' iilii'l'ii '•\ Yllliyriiuiliuii those put oil' the iiitolerahlo load that they had on their shoulders, leaving it to their suei'ossor. our late ruler, so that lor some days ho horo uj) this l()rdshi[) and kingdom ; hut now ho has passed on after hi.s predeeossors to tho other world. For thou didst orihiin him to go. and diilst call him to give thanks for l)eing unloaded of so groat a hurden. tpiit of so sore a toil, and left in poaee and lest. Some lew days wo have enjoyed him, hut lunv forever he is ahsont from us, no\or more to return to the world. reradvonturo has ho gone to any i)laco wheiit'o ho can return hero, so that his suhjoots may see iiis face again ? Will ho come again to tell us to do this or that? \\ ill ho come again to look to tho consuls or governors of tho state? I'orad venture will they see him any more, or hoar his decree and commandment? Will ho come any more to give consolation and comfort to his princi[)al men and his consuls? Alas, there is an end to his jii'esence, ho is gone lor ovoi". Alas, that our candle has heeii (luonchod, and our light, that tho axe that shone with us is lost altogether. All his suhjects and inferiors, he has left in orj)hanago and without shelter. IV'iadventure will ho take care honcefoi'ward of this city, pi'o\inee, and kingdom, though this city he de- stroyed and leveled to tho ground, with this seignory and kingdom? our Lord, most clement, is it a fit tiling that ])\ the ah.sonco of him that died shall come to the city, si'ignory, and kingdom some mi -^fortune, in which will 1)0 destroyed, undone, and ailViglited tho vjis- sals that live therein? For wiiiie living, he who ha,s (lied gave shelter under his w in;-:^, and kept his feathers spread over tho peo[>lo. (ireat danger runs this \t)ur city, seiguory. and kingdom, if another ruler he not elected immediately to ho a shelter thereto. \\\\ni is it that the'., art rosoHod to do? Is it good that thy people he ill darkness i is it good that they ho without head or slicker? Is it thy will that they ho leveled down and ik'troyed? Woo for the \h)ov and tho little oni's. lh\ servants, that uo seekiii":' a father and motliei". some oue to shelter and .noverii them, even as little chiklroii that 21G hi I I ii: GODS, SUrERNATUllAL BEINGS, AND AVOIlSHir. .uo woo])ininee he whose duty it was to see to this, who was as father and mother to all. is already dead. There will be none to wee}), to sigh for t!ie ca[)tives, to tell their relatives about thom. AVoc for the i)oor of the litigants, for those thni have lawsuits with those that would take tlieii' estates. Who will judge, make peace among, and clear them of their disimtes and ([uarrels'.' Heboid when a child becomes dirty, if his mother dean him not. he must remain 'ilthy. And those that make strife between themselves, that beat, that knock down, who will keep peace 1)etween them? I'hose that for all this go wee})ing and shedding tears, who shall wiiie away their tears and put a stop to their laments? lVrad\en- ture can they api)ly a ivmedy to themselves? 'I'Ikw deserving death, will th«'y peradventure pass sentence upon themselves? AVho shall set up the throne (»! justice? Who shall possess the hall of the judge. since there is no indue? AVho will oidain tlic things that are necessary for the good of this city, seignory, and kingdom? Who will elect the sjiecial judges that have charge of the lower people, district by district? Who will look to tlie sounding of the dniiii and fife to gather the people for war? who will collect and lead the soldiers and dexterous men to battle? O our Lord and protector see good to elect and decide upon rilAYER TO BE EID OF A BAD RULER. 21T '':'!', and •rt'bants. , deserts, i'o alxjiit V to sell. po(n' sol- iii' death . lield and lall they they piv- ken eaj)- t may he ['or iather [> granted til is. who 1. There .'s, to tell K)r t)!' the hose that ake peace [([uarrels? her clean Kit make K'k d(Avn. at lor all V ipe away Vradveii- ;? Tho>e , K'nteiice hrone of le indue, lain til*' this eity. ^JH'(•ial i strict hy 11' drimi ■ ill collect ttle? •ide upon some person snfFicient to fill your throne and hear n[)on his shoulders the soro burden of the ruling of the state, to gladden and cheer the common ))eo[)le, even as the mother caresses the child, taking it in her lap; who will make music to the troubled bees*" so that they may he at rest? our Lord, most clement, favor our i-uler- clect. whom we deem fit for this oihee, elect and choose him so that he may hold this 3our h)rdship and govern- ment ; give him as a loan your throne and seat, so that he may rule over this seignory and kingdom as long as he lives; lift him from the lowliness and humility in v.li'ch lie is, and put on him this honor and dignity that we \'\\ k ' an worthy of; onr Lord, most clement, give iLihl ;t:iil sj)lendor with your hand to this state and king- dom. Whai has been said I only come to pro[)ose to thy majesty; although veiy defectively, as one that is drunk- en, !uid that staggers, almost ready to fall. Do that which may best serve thee, in all and through all. W'liiit follows is a kind of greater exconnnunication, or prayer to get rid of a ruler that abused and misused his power and dignity: our Ijord, most element, that givest shelter to every one that jip[)roaches. eNcn as a tree of great height and breadth, thou that art invisible and impal[)a]jle; that art, as we niiderstand. able to ])enetrate the stones and the trees, seeing what is con- tained tlKTcM). Fov this same reason thou seest and t wl knowest \\hi\t i.- within onr hearts and readest our thoughts. Oil/' so;d in thy presence is as a little smoke or fog that i'sc fn 'i! the earth. It cannot at all be hidden from thee, the deed and the manner of li\ ing of any one; \\)v thou seest and knowest his secrets and the sources (»f his pride and ambition. Thou knowest that our ruU'i' has a cruel and hard heart and al)uses the (li,^iiit\- that thou hastjiiven him. as theclrunkard abuses h that tl us wiiie. a>i one drunken with a sojioridc;*' that is to say "'OS, diunitv, and abundance that for a little le 41, . ( )1 i.is' in /i 1> .-.!. Hi!stann'nt(.''s cd. Siihidinn, lllst. (Ini., toiu. ii., liti. vi ,.i'")ri'iijli's .)[i,e. .iiitii/., vol. v., ]). liCil. K'o de loH bt'li'l'los.' iS'llntijitii, Jlist. h'ln., toiii. ii., Ill) 218 (iOl)S, SUl'ERNATUKAL BEINGS, AND WOKSIIll'. \vhile tlioii lia.st liiwii liini. fill liini ^vitll ori'oi'. li;ui;:liti- ness, and imivst, and that he hcconit's a Ibol, intoxicated Avitli tlu' poison that makes him mad, J lis |)ros[)eiity canses him to despise and make little of eveiy one; it seems that his heart is covered with sharp thorns and also his lace: all ol'whicli is made apparent hy his man- ner of living, and by his maimer of talking; never say- ing nor doing anything that gives pleasni'e to any one, never caring lor any one, never taking connsel of any one ; he ever lives as seems ■uxl to hnn and as the whim directs. O oin* Lord, i iement. protector of ail. creator and maker of all, ii . )o certain ti-at this man has destroyed himself, has acted like a child nngratcfnl to his lather, like a drind^ard withont reason. The favors tiion iiast accorded him, the dignity thon hast set him in, have occasioned his ])erdition. Ik'sidi's these, there is another thing, exceedingly hnrtfnl and I'epre- hensihle: he is irreligions, never i)raying to the gods, never weeping before them, nor grieving for his sins, nor sigliing; IVom tiiis it comes abont that he is as headstrong as a drunkard in his vices, going al)ont like a hollow inid empty person, wholly senseless; he stays not to consider what he is nor the ollico that he fills. Of a verity he dishonors and ail'ronts the dignity and throne that he holds, which is thine, and which ought to be inucli honored and reverenced; for from it de[)ends the justice and rightness of the judicature that he holds, for the sus- taining and worthily directing of thy nation, thou being emperor of all. lie should so hold his power that the low- er people be not injured and o})pressed by the great ; from him shoidd I'all i)unisliment and humiliation on those that res[)ect not thy })ower and dignity. But all things and peo[)le sulfer loss in that he fills not his ollice as he ought. The merchants suffer also, who are tlK)se to Avhoiu thou givest the most of thy riches, who overrun all the world, yea tiie mountains and the nnpeo[)led places, seeking through much sorrow thy gifts, favors, and dain- ties, the which thou givest sj)aringly and to thy friciitls. Ah, Lord, not only does he dishonor thee as aforesaid, I L'. THAT A BAD llULEll HE IJEMOVED. 21'J li;iii,^liti- ox'u'atcd I'ospc'iity • Olio; it )riis uiul his luiiii- .'VL'i" siy- jiiiy one'. iUiv ouu: lie whim )i- of alh this iiiiiu ngnitcl'ul 111. The I hast set k's those, 1(1 ivpi'o- the tiods, < sins, nor eadstron^; ollow and ) consider verity ho ! that ho he iiiiu'h 10 justice )rtiie siis- lou lu'in;.:' t the low- eat: IVoiii oil those all thiiiiis lieo as he > to -whom 111 all till' 'd phu'es. and daiii- y friends, albresaiil, hut also when we are gathered together to intone thy sonL:s. gathered in the place where we solicit thy iiiereie.s and gilts, in the [dace where tlioii art prai.sed and })iayetl to. where the sad alllicted ones and the poor gather com- fort and strength, where very coward.s iind spirit to die in war, — in this so holy and I'everend place this man e.\hil)its his di.ssohiteiiess and hurts devtjtion ; he trouhles those that serve and praise thee in the place where thou gatherest and marke.st thy friends, as a sheiihord marks his llock."^ Since thou, Lord, heare.st and knowest to ho true all that 1 have now saiil in thy presenci', there re- mains no more hut that thy wi.l he done, and the good ])1( asiire of thj- heart to the remedy of this alVair. At least, Lord, punish this man in such wise that he he- come a warning to others, so that they may not imitate his evil lil'e. J^et the punishment fall on him from thy hand ;hat to thee seems most meet, he it sickness or any other alUiction; or loprive him of the loixlship, so that thou maye.st give it to another, to one of thy friends, to one hiimhle, devoted, and i)enitent; for many such thou hast, thou that lackest not jiersons such as are necessary for this ollice, friends that ho[)e, crying to thee: thou knowest those for i'riends and servants that weep and sigh in thy presence every day. Klect some one of these that he mav hold the dignitv of this thy kingdom and seiLinory n lake trial of some of those. And i low, Lord, of all the aforesaid things which is it that thou wilt grant? Wilt thou takt' from this ruler the lordshi[). (li::nit\', aiK 1 riel los on which lie itrn les 1 iimso If. and Live tlieni to another who may he devout, penitent, humi)le, ohi'diont. ca[»ahle, and of good undorstaiuling? Or. per- ailventure, wilt thou 1)0 served hy the falling of this proud Olio into poverty and misery, as one ol" the poor rustics that can liar