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1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Silk * Co's (gbutational Sems,
BOOKS I. AND II.
OF
TORONTO :
ADAM MILLER & CO.,
1878.
We have added to each hook a numher of blank leaves,
which man ^^ convementUj used by Teachers and Sludents
desirous of mahbuj oriiiinal notes on the lessons.
ADAM MILLEIl d- Co.
ilk « €o's (ffburational Btxm.
BOOKS I. AND II.
OF
MILTON'S PARADISE LOST,
WITH
WottB on l^e ^nalgsjs, mh on t^t iStriptural
anb Ciassital gjillusicns,
A GLOSSARY OF DIFFICULT WORDS.
AND A
LIFE OF MILTON.
By C. p. mason, B.A., F.C.P.,
FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.
FOURTH EDITION.
TORONTO :
ADAM MILLER & CO.,
1878.
186105
Ml ifoH
Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one
tboomnd elfrht hundred and seventy-eight, by Adam Miller & Co.,
In the office of the Minister of Agriculture.
PREFACE.
The favourable reception which the first edition of this
little work met with has emboldened me to republish it
for the use of candidates at the next Oxford Local Examina-
tions. The alterations in the notes will not be found to be
ver)' numerous. They consist chiefly in coiTections of the
account given of adverbial sentences beginning with a«, in
accordance with the view of the matter set forth in the
last edition of my English Grammar, and in my " Analysis
of Sentences applied to Latin."
The first book of Milton's " Paradise Lost " is long and
difficult. The style is intricate, and it is crowded with
allusions to the Scriptures and to classical mythology.
It is not a subject that can be hurried over, and those
who have to prepare for examination in it will find the
advantage of the longer notice of the subjects for ex-
amination which has been given by the Oxford Delegacy,
0. P. MASON.
Denmark Hill,
/m^, 1870.
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LIFE OF MILTON.
John Milton was the son of John and Sarah Milton, and was bom
Dec. 9, 1608, in Bread-street, where his father carr'ed on the profes-
sion of a scrivener. The latter was a man of good family, the son of
a yeoman of OxfordHliirc, but had been disinherited on account of his
Protestantism. He had been educated at Christchurch, Oxford, ard
was besides a man of great musical taste and acquirements. From
him Milton inherited that musical taste which in later life proWded
him with a solace for Liaiiy weary hours. Milton's early years were
passed amid the influences of an orderly and pious Puritan household.
His first teacher was a Scotchman, named Thomas Young. While
still under his care he was sent to St. Paul's School, the head-master
of which was Alexander Gill, who was assisted by his son of the
same name. While here, Milton was a hard student, and already
.)egan to exert his poetical powers. His versions of the 114th and
136th Psalms were composed in his sixteenth year. On the 12th of
February, 1524,* Milton was admitted as a lesser pensioner at Christ's
College, Cambrii^.ge. With his first tutor, William Chappell, Milton
had some variance, which led to the interference of the college autho-
rities, in consequence of which Milton was rusticated for a short
♦;ime, but soon returned, and was transferred to the tutorship of
ihe Rev. Nathaniel Tovey. There is a statement (the authenticity
of which, however, is disputed) that Milton's quarrel with his tutor
brought on him the indignity of a whipping. There is nothing, how-
ever, to show that this was anything more than a private fracas,
Milton's rather haughty and fastidious manners at first made him the
object of some dislike; but long before he left college he had won
th«> favour and respect of his college, and of the whole university.
He took his B.A. degree in January, 1628 (1629), and his M.A.
* Before 1762 the year was reekoned to begin on the 25th of March. Aocording
to our prebent mode of reokoniny th« aboT^ date would be feb. 12, 1639,
LIFE OP MILTON.
degree in July, 1632. He was at first designed for the Church, and
went through the usual course of thoolofncal study ; but he also
pursued with groat aHsiduity an independent course of his own. He
was especially noted for the excellence of his Latin versifioation.
Wliile at college he wrote, in Latin, the first four of his Familiar
Epistles ; seven college themes, published in 1 674 under the title of
Prolusiones qutrdam Oratoria ; the EUgiarum Liber; and part of
the Sylvarum Liber. In English he wrote various minor poems : —
1. "On the Death of a Fair Infant." 2. " Part of a Vacation Exer-
cise." 3. "On Time." 4. "On the Circumcision." 6. "At a
Solemn Music." 6. "On May Morning." 7. "On Shakspere."
8. "On the Uriversity Carrier." 9. "Epitaph on the Marchioness
of Winchester." 10. " Sonnet on my Twenty-third Birthday." The
epitaph on Shakspere was the only one of these compositions which
was published during his stay at college. It appeared anonymously
among the laudatory verses prefixed to the second folio edition of
Shakspere in 1632, and was the first of Milton's productions which
appeared in print.
On leaving college Milton declined both ^he Church and the Bar,
and spent the ensuing five years at Horton, in Buckinghamshire, at
the residence of his father, who had retired from business with a
competent fortune. These years were spent in fruitful study, and
occasional literary labours. It was during this period that he wrote
*• L' Allegro " and " II Penseroso," " Arcades," " Comus," and " Lyci-
das," a monody on the death of Mr. Edward King, who had been
his companion at college.
Milton's mother died in 1637, and soon after he obtained leave and
means from his father to make a continental tour, in the course of
which he visited Paris and mc^t of the chief cities in Italy, and made
acquaintance with Grotius, Galileo, and Manso, the friend and patron
of Tasso. He had intended continuing his journey to Greece, but the
news which reached him of impending civil commotions in England
induced him to return. This Italian journey, and the reputation and
praise which he gained in literary circles, greatly stimulated his
literary ambition. But his purpose of writing some great English
poem was interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war, which diverted
hie energies into a totally new channel. Milton was heart and soul
a Republican and an Independent, and devoted his genius and energy
to the cause of the revolution. For the next twenty years his poetical
efforts were relinqnished, and we see him only as the most maaterly
polemical prose writ«)T of his age.
LIFE OF MILTON.
▼u
On his rotnm to England, Milton found the houaehold at Horton
broken up, and went (in 1G40) to reside in St. Bride's Churchyard,
Fleet-street; whence he removed (in 1G41) to a houHC in Aldersgate*
btreet, whore ho took some pupils to educate, with his nephews,
Edward and John Phillips. In 1641 ho began his political career by
a vi^'orouH attack on prelacy, in a treatise entitled, " Of Rufonnation
touching Church Discipline in England, and the Causes that hitherto
have hindered it." A reply to this was publiHhed by Bishop Hall,
who, in his turn, was answered in a work which was the joint pro-
diK tioii of five Puritan ministers— Stephen Marshall, Edward Calamy,
Tlionias Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow, whose
joint initials made up the name " Smecitymnuus." This work railed
forth a reply from Archbishop Usher, upim which Milton came to the
r<;Bi;ue with his pamphlets entitled, " Of Prclatical Episcopacy," and
*' The Reason of Church G(*vornmont urged against Prelacy." Other
publications of Milton's in this controversy were, "Animadversions
upon the Remonstrant's Defence," a.u "The Apology against a
Piiiiij.hlet called, • A Modest Confutation of tho Aniiaadversions ujion
tiic Remonstrant a;v.aust Smecty;unuus.' "
In 1643 Milton took a short journey into tho country, in the course
of wliich he married Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. Richard Powell,
ox Forest Hill, near Shotover, in Oxfordshire. Mrs. Milton, however,
whose mind and tastes were utterly uncongenial to those of her
husband, found or fancied her married life unbearable, and having
gone homo for a visit, refused to return. Milton accordingly re-
pudiated her, and the quarrel led to the publication of his four
treatises on divorce, in which ho maintained that moral incompati-
bility is as good a gi-ound for divorce as conjugal infidelity. In 1046,
however, his wife's family brought about a reconciliation, and she
returned to her husband, who had now taken a house in Barbioau,
where his aged father was residing with him. It was in 1644 that
Milton wrote his " Tractate on Education," and his noble " Areopa-
giiica ; or, Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing," in defence
of the freedom of the press. In 1646 he published, in a small volume,
the first edition of his minor poems.
On the capture of Oxford by the Parliamentary army, in 1646, Mrs.
Milton's father and his family were driven from home, and took
refuge in Milton's house, where, not long after, Mr. i?owell died,
^niton's eldest daughter, Anne, was bom in 1646, and his aged
father died soon after. In 1647, the Powells having returned to
Uxiurdsl'irc. and the number of his pupils having fallen off, Milton
•••
vui
LIFE OF MILTON.
removed to a smaller house in Holbom, wh ^re he employed himself in
study and writing. About this time he produced a portion of his
" History of England."
On the execution of Charles I. (Jan. 30, 1648-9), Milton published,
in justification of the act, a short pamphlet, " On the Tenure of Kings
and Magistrates." This led to his receiving from the Government
the oflFer of the post of Latin or Foreign Secretary, which he accepted^
with a salary of £29C per annum. He now removed to an official
residence in the neighbourhood of Whitehall. In the early part of
this year he also published " Animadversions on the Articles of Peace
between the Earl of Ormond and the Irish Rebels." His next im-
portant work was the " Eikonoklastes," written in 1649, in answer to
the celebrated " Eikon Basilike." This had scarcely been completed,
when Salmasius (Claude do Sauroaise), at the instigation of Charles II.,
then a refugee in Holland, published his ** Def ensio Begia pro Carolo
Frimo ad Carolum Secundum." At the request of the English Council
of State, Milton wrote in reply his famous "Pef ensio pro Populo
Anglican o contra Claudii anoR.7mi alias Salmasii Defensionem
Regiam," which was published in 1650, by order of the Council.
The preparation of this work was believed by Milton himself to have
hastened the calamitous failure of his sight, of which symptoms had
appeared in 1644, and which, by the year 1653, resulted in total
blindness, from the affection termed ffutta serena. Notwithstanding
his blind;>ess, he continued to fulfil the duties of his office nearly
up to the time of the Restoration. During the latter part of this
period he was assisted by his friend Andrew Marvel). In 1654, he
published his "Defensio Secunda pro Populo Anglicano," in reply
to a scurrilous production by Peter Dumoulin, the reputed author
of which at the time was Alexander More. Thip waf followed up
by his "Authoris pro se Defensio contra Alexandrum Morum
Ecclesiastem " (1656), and "Authoris ad Alexandri Mori Supple-
mentun-i Defensio" (1655). In addition to these workf he produced
in hi£ official capacity between seventy and eighty Latin letters, and
a Latic State Paper on the differencco of the Protector with the
Spanish Court. His last official letter is dated May 16, 1659. In
thife year he wrote two tracts addressed to the Parliament, " A Treatise
of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes," and " Considerations touch-
ing the likeliest means to remove Hirelings out of the Church," and
also a " Letter to a Friend, concerning the Ruptures of the Common-
wealth," and ♦' The Ready and Easy Way to eetablish a Free Com-
i^uii wealth." Tli«i)« treatisefe wcr« all intended %q stem the reAotioq
LIFE OP MILTON.
in favour of royalty and high-church principles. On the restoration
of Charles II. (1660) Milton was for some time in considerahle danger.
His most obnoxious writings wore burnt by the hangman. He was
in custody, after the passing of the Act of Indemnity, and is said to
have owed his safety to the intercession of Sir William Davcnant,
who at an earlier period had been beholden to Milton for his good
offices when taken prisoner at sea.
In November, 1656, Milton had married his second wife, Catherine
Woodcock, who died in childbirth, about a year afterwards. In the
, early part of 1663 he married his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull.
Tlie reltitions of his daughters towards their step-mother were not of
the happiest kind, and the two elder in particular were also unkind
and undutiful to their father, whom they cheated and robbed. He
employed his two younger daughters in writing at his dictation, and
reading to him in several languages, without under^.tanding their
moaning, a kind of work with which they appear to have become
utterly disgusted. All three were at last sent from home to gain
their own livelihood. Though no longer in affluent circumstances,
Milton still retained enough of the property bequeathed to him by his
father to enable him to live, in his frugal way, in tolerable ease and
comfort. During the latter part of his life he resided in Artillery
Walk. The following are the prose works which belong to the later
ptriod of his life. 1. " Accidence commenced Grammar." 2. "The
Hist-^y of Britain." 3. " Artis Logicre plenior Institutio." 4. " Of
True ileligion, Heresie, Schism, and Toltration." 6. "Epistolarum
Familiarum liber unus, quibus accesserunt Prolusiones queedam Ora-
torise." 6. "A Brief History of Moscovia." 7. "A Treatise (in
Latin) on Christian Doctrine." The publication of this work, in
which Milton's Arian creed, was developed, was given up by his
friends, on prudential grounds. The manuscript of it was discovered
in 1823, in the State Paper Office. In the reading and writing which
his literary labours involved, Milton had the help of various voluntary
aKsistants, besides his daughters, particularly that of a young Quaker,
named Ellwood.
It was in these later years of blindness, poverty, and affliction, that
the genius of Milton reverted to its original bent. With a mind
stored with learning, and strengthened and refined by the vast ex-
perience of twenty years of active participation in the noble struggle
by which freedom was- won ; with a fancy chastened by age and
purified by suffering ; and with an imagination unsurpassed in the
sublimity of its range, fuid intensified by the yery affliction which
'■1
S LIFE OF MILTON.
ont it off from all sources of inspiration but those which it created foi
itself, Milton addressed himself to the composition of his immortal
poem, "Paradise Lost." This work was finished by 1666, in which
year it was shown to Ell wood ; but it was not till April 27th, 1667
that it was sold to Samuel Simmons, the publisher, for £5 dowt-
with a promise of £o more when 1,300 copies of the first edition
should have been sold, £5 more when 1,300 copies of the second
edition should have been sold, and so on ; each edition to consist of
1,600 copies. It was two years before Milton received the second
£5. The second edition was not published till 1674, the year of
Milton's death. A third edition was published in 1678, and in 1680
Milton's widow sold her interest in the book for £8. In the secocd
edition the original ten books were made into twelve, by a division
of the seventh and tenth books.
The poem, "Paradise Regained," was suggested to Milton by a
question put to him one day by EUwood. It was published in 1671,
together Avith " Samson Agonistes."
Milton died November 8th, 1674, and was buried in the chancel of
St. Giles, Cripplegate. In stature he was somewhat below the average.
In his youth he was singularly handsome, with an appearance of
almost feminine grace and delicacy. In his old age, in addition to
his blindness, he suffered from gout and other infirmities. His wife
survived him for forty-five years, and died, at a great age, at Nant-
wich. Hie broiher Christopher adhered steadily to the royalist party.
He was knighted by James II., and became a judgOt
EXAMPLES OF THE ANALYSIS OF
SENTENCES.
Ik analysing sentences proceed in the following manner : —
1. Set down the subject of the sentence, which may uonsist (1) of
a single substantive, or (2) of two or more substantives imited by
co-ordinative conjunctions, or (3) of an infinitive mood, or (4) of a
quotation, or (6) of a subordinate substantive clause.
2. Set down the attributive adjuncts of the subject. These may
consist (1) of an adjective or participle (with or without adjuncts of
their own), or (2) of a noun (or a substantive clause) in apposition to
the subject, or (3) of a substantive (noun or pronoun) in the possessive
case, or (4) of a substantive preceded by a preposition (including
under this head an infinitive mood preceded by to)^ or (5) of an
adjective clause.
3. Set down the predicate-verb. If the verb is one of incomplete
predication, set down the complement of the predicate, and indicate
that the verb and its complement make up the entire predicate.
4. If the predicate be a transitive verb, set down the object of the
verb. The object of a verb admits of the same varieties as the subject.
If the predicate bo a verb of incomplete predication, followed by an
infinitive mood, set down the object of the dependent infinitive.
6. Set down those words, phrases, or adjective clauses, which are
in the attributive relation to the object of the predicate, or to the
object of the complement of the predicate, if the latter be a verb in
the infinitive mood.
6. Set down those words, phrases, or adverbial clauses which are
in the adverbial relation to the predicate. These adverbial adjuncts
may consists (1) of an adverb ; or (2) of a substantive (or verb in the
infinitive mood) preceded by a preposition ; or (3) of a noun qualified
by an attributive word ; or (4) of a substantive (noun or pronoun) in
the objective case, before which to or for may be understood ; or (6)
of a nominative absolute ; or (6) of an adverbial clause.
xu
EXAMPLES.
7. Set down the adverbial adjuncts of the complement of the pre-
dicate.
8. Analyse the subordinate clauses which enter into the construc-
tion of the principal sentence.
A. " What man that lives, and that knows how to live, would fail
to exhibit at the public shows a form as splendid as the proudest
there."
Analytit of A*
Hubjedt ' man.'
il. 'What.*
2. Adjective clause, * that lives.' (B.)
3. Adjective clause, ♦ that knows Low to
Uve.' (0.)
Predicate {incomplete), * would fail.'
Complement of predicate, ' to exhibit.'
Object of the complement, •form.'
/ 1. ' a.'
Attrib. adjuncts of object, \ 2. * splendid,* qualified by (1) • as (2)
' as the proudest there. ' ( [). )
Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate, ' at the public siiows.'
Subject, * that.'
Predicate, * lives.*
Analysis of B.
Analysis of 0.
Subject, * that.'
Predicate, ' knows.'
Object f * to live,'
Adverbial a^unct of object, * how.'
Analysis of D.
In full : ' As [the form is splendid which] the proudest thero
[exhibit].'
Subject, * torm.'
^ 1. Article, * the.'
Attrib. adjuncts of subject, \ 2. A^eetive clause, 'which the proudest
' there exhibit.' (E.)
I Verb of incomplete predication,* IB.'
Fredtcate, \ Q^f^pig^^f of predicate, • splendid.'
Adverbial at{junct of the cornel, ntnt of the ^redicate^ * «#.'
XXAJCPLE8.
Analytu of JE5,
Subjeel, •pergon*' fundewtood).
I
1. Artiele, * the:
Attrib. adjuncu of tubjecU 2. Adjective, 'proudest;
V 3. A<;^ 'LucuUus/
Predicate, ' wore/
O^M/, * which.*
Analysis of £.
SIT
EXAMPLES.
i )
Analy$U of 0.
An elliptical adverbial clause co-ordinate with na which qualiflec
multiplied. In full : < As his habits were multiplied.'
Subject, * habits.'
Attributive a^'unct of aubject, * his.'
_ i Verb of incomplete predication^ * were*
"'"' ^* ( Complement, * multiplied.
Adverbial at^tmct of implement, * as.'
Analysis of D.
* While the fashion is at full.'
Subject, ' fashion.'
Attributive adjunct of subject, * the.'
Predicate, * is.'
Adverbial at^juncts of pre- i 1. * while.*
dicatet I 2. 'at full.'
" Too wen I see, and rue the dire event.
That with sad overthrow, and foul defeat.
Hath lost us heaven, and all this mighty Lost
In horrible destruction laid thus low.
As far as gods and heavenly essences
Can perish."
At full length : A. " Too well I see the dire event that^ heaven,
and that all this ^low, as far as gods and heavenly essences can
perish [far]." B. " And I rue the dire event," &c.
Analysis of A,
Subject, * I.'
Predicate, * see.'
Object, ' event.'
1. *the.'
2. *dire.'
3. Adjective clause : 'That with sad — —
heaven.' (0.)
4. Adjective clause : ' That aU this mighty
can perish.' (D.)
Adverbial a^'unet of predicate, ' too well.'
Analysis of OL
Subject, * that.'
Predicate, ' hath lost.
(%M<, 'heayen.'
Attributive adjuncts of object.
EXAMFLES.
XV
1. * with sad overthrow.'
Adverbial a4f'unet$ ofobjeeU j 2. ♦ with foul defeat.'
8. * U8 ' (•'.*., * for us ').
Analysit of D.
I Verb of incomplete predication, ' liath laid.*
\ Complement of pvedicate^ 'low.'
•1.-
< 2. 'As far as gods and heavenly essences
Subject, • that.'
Predicate,
Object, * host.*
/ 1. « all/
Attributive adjuncts of object, I 2. * this.'
( 3. * mighty.*
- , 1. * In horrible destruction*
Adverbtal aqfunete of pre
dicate, , • v . /w \
can ponsh. (E.)
Adverbial at^unct of the complement of the predicate, • thus.'
Analysis of E.
" As gods and heavenly essences can f erish [far]." An adverbial
rlausey c -ordinate with as which qualifies /ar.
Hubject {compound), * gods and essences.'
Attributive adjunct of part of subject, * heavenly.'
P • .d'pa*e { Verb of incomplete predication, * can/
i Complement, * perish/
Adverbial adjunct of predicate, 'far' (understood), which is itsell
qualified by the relative adverb as.
The analysis of B is step for step the same as that of A, with tha
substitution of rue for tee.
' " Blest he, though undistinguished from the crowd
By wealth or dignity, who dwells secure,
Where man, by nature fierce, has laid aside
His fierceness, having learnt, though slow to learn.
The manners and the arts of civil life/'
At full length : A. " Blest is he, though he be undistinguiK^'hed
from the crowd by wealth, who dwells, &c. life." B. " Blest is
he, though he be undistinguished from the crowd by dignity, who
dwells life."
Analysis of A.
Subject, *h«/
Attrib. a^unet of t«i>f, { ^*'''''^^^?' '^^^ ^^^^ ^^ "^^^
«n
«XAMPLCS.
¥. I
Predicate {incomplete), * is.'
Compktnent of predicate, * blest.*
Adverbial atj^tmet of pre- t Clause, ' thougfh he be undistinguisha^— ^
dicatet \ wealth.' (D.)
Analysis of 0.
Sttbject, * who.'
Predicate, ' dwells.*
Complement of predicate, * seoure.'
Adverbial a^'unet of pre- ( Adverbial clause, * where man by life.'
(E.)
Analysis of E.
dicatCf
ISuhjeU, ' man/
/ 1. Adjective phrase, • by nature fierce.'
Attrib. adjuncts of subject, J 2. Participial phrase, 'having learnt, though
\ he is slow to learn life.' (f.)
Predicate, ' has laid.'
Object of verb, ' fierceness.*
Attributive adjunct of object, * his.*
Adverbial a^uncta of pre- ( 1. ' aside.*
dicate, \ 2. ' where.*
Analysis of F.
* [Though] he is slow to learn.'
Subject, ' he.'
Predicate {incomplete), * is.*
Complement of predicate, * slow.*
Adverbial a^unct of complement of predicate, ' to learn.'
Analysis of D.
Subject, * he.*
Predicate incomplete, * be.'
Complement of predicate, * undistinguished.'
Adverbial atyuncts of com- f 1. * from the crowd.*
plement ofpredicatCf 12. 'by wealth.'
Analysis of B.
The analysis of B is step for step the same as that oi A, with the
substitution of dignity for wealth.
The parsing of a sentence takes cognizance of more mimite parti-
culars than the above kind of analysis. A specimen of the mode in
which it is to be conducted is given in the Grammar, p. 143.
EXAMPLES.
XVII
R
C,
D.
The following is the mvxle in which the preceding sentences would
be bracketed and marked, accoitling to the method* set forth in the
author's English Grammar, ^ 507.
A. *' What man (a\. that lives) and (a'a- that knows how to live),
would fail to exhibit at the public shows a form as splendid
jc". as the proudest there." j
"Our habits costlier j«". thaut {a"b'. Lucullus wore)j, and by
cnpiice as multiplied |c". as his |, just please us Id", while the
fashion is at full."]
" Too well I see, and rue the dire event (a\. that with sad
ov(>rthrow and foul defeat hath lost us heaven) and (a'3. [that] all
this mighty host in horrible destruction [hath] laid thus low as far
ia'ob". as gods and heavenly essences can perish."})
"Blest he, \vi". though undistinguished from the crowd by
wealth or dignity } [n'. who dwells secure \ ti'o". where man, by
nature Herce, has laid aside his fierceness, having learnt {n'o"p'\
though slow to learn) the manners and the arts of civil life." \]
The following examples will still further illustrate the method : —
\a"i. "Me though just right, and the fixed laws of heaven, did
first create your leader, } I a/'z next free choice, with (a"2b' what
besides in counsel, or in fight, hath been achieved of merit) did
create your leader, \ yet this loss, thus far at least recovered, hath
muc'a more established me in a safe unenvied throne, yielded
with full consent."
" Who here will envy Mm {a\. whom the highest place exposes
foremost to stand against the Thunderer's aim your bulwark),
and {a\. tvhom the highest place condemns to greatest share of
endless pain ?) ib". Where there is then no good {b"c'. for which
we need to strive, )j no strife can grow up there from faction;
[d'\. for none sure will claim in hell precedence, | {d'V for there
is no7ie {d''^e\ whose portion is so small of present pain,) {d'\f\
that with ambitious mind will covet more.")}
E.
P.
to.
Tho slightly modiftod method adopted in the sixteenth ooltion is her« referred
i lu full { a", than tho habits {ci'b', which Lucullus wore) wore costly }-.
XTIU
EXAMPLES.
I
I
1 1 I
i I '
r !
it I
O. " Let such bethink them | a", if the sleepy drench of that for-
getful lake benumb not still, ^ \h^. that in our proper motion we
ascend up to our native scat:] [h.^. descent and fall to us is
advtiwse."]
H. "Who was there but (a', who felt of late \a'h'\. when the fierce
foe hung on our broken rear insulting, | {a!b'\ and when the fierce
foe pursued us through the deep, } [a'c. with what compulsion
and laborious flight we sunk thus low ? "])
L "What can be worse ia". than to dwell here, driven out from
bliss, condemned in this abhorred deep to utter woe, (a!'h'. where
pain of unextinguishable fire must exercise us without hope of
end, the vassals of his anger, \a"h'c". when the scotirge inexorable
and the torturing hour calls us to penance ?"]) j .
K. ** I should be much for open war, peers, |a". as / am not
behind in hate, | { h'\. if (h"c' wh.at was urgcsd main reason to
persuade immediate war) did not dissuade me most, | and ih" erath, and vengeance pour'd. 220
Forthwith uprigi^o he rears from off the pool
His mighty stature ; on each hand the flames.
Driven backward, slope their pointing spires, and roU'd
In billows, leave in the midst a horrid vale.
Then with expanded wings he steers his flight 225
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air.
That felt unusual weight ; till on dry land
He lights, if it were land that ever burn'd
With solid, as the lake with liquid fire :
And such appear'd in hue, as when the force 230
Of subterranean wind transports a hill
Torn from Pelorus, or the shattered side
Of thundering JEtna, whose combustible
And fuell'd entrails thence conceiving fire,
Sublimed with mineral fury, aid the winds, 235
And leave a singed bottom all involved
With stench and smoke : such resting found the sole
Of unblest feet. Him follow'd his next mate ;
Both glorying to have 'scaped the Stygian flood
As gods, and by their own recovered strength, 240
Not by the sufierance of supernal power.
24
PARADISE LOST.
[book I.
»
" Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,'
Said then the lost archangel, " this the seat
That we must change for heaven ; this mournful gloom
For that celestial light ? Be it so, since he, 245
Who now is Sovereign, can dispose and bid
What shall be right ; farthest from him is best.
Whom reason hath equall'd, force hath made supreme
Above his equals. Farewell, happy fields,
Where joy for ever dwells ! Hail horrors ! hail 250
Infernal world I and thou profoundest hell,
Eeceive thy new possessor ; one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time :
The mind is its own place, and in itself
Can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven, 255-
What matter where, if I be still the same.
And what I should be — all but less than he
Whom thunder hath made greater ? Here at least
We shall be free ; the Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence : 2G0
Here we may reign secure, and, in my choice,
To reign is worth ambition, though in hell :
Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.
But wherefore let we then our faithful friends,
The associates and copartners of our loss, 2G6
Tiie thus astonish'd in the oblivious pool,
And call them not to share with us their part
In this unhappy mansion ; or once more
With rallied arms to try what may be yet
Regain'd in heaven, or what more lost in hell ?'* 270
So Satan spake, and him Beelzebub
Thus answer'd : '* Leader of those armies bright.
Which but the Omnipotent none could have foil'd,
If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge
Of hope in fears and dangers, heard so oft 276
In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge
Of battle when it raged, in all assaults
BOOK I.^
iPAAADtSE LOST.
2S
Their surest signal, they will Boon resume
Now courage and revive ; though now they lie
Grovelling and prostrate on yon lake of fire, 280
As we erewhile, astounded and amazed ;
No wonder, fall'n such a pernicious height."
He scarce had ceased when the superior fiend
Was moving toward the shore : his ponderous shield,
Ethereal temper, massy large, and round, 285
Behind him cast : the broad circumference
Huug on his shoulders like the moon, whoso orb
Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views
At evening from the top of Fesole,
Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands, 290
Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe.
His spear, to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great ammiral, were but a wand,
He walk'd with, to support uneasy steps 493
Over the burning marie, not like those steps
On heaven's azure ; and the torrid clime
Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire :
Nathless he so endured, till on the beach
Of that inflamed sea he stood, and call'd 300
His legions, angel forms, who lay entranced
Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks
In Vallombrosa, where the Etrurian shades,
High over-arch'd, embower ; or scatter'd sedge
Afloat, when with fierce winds Orion arm'd 305
Hath vex'd the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'ertlirow
Busiris and his Memphian chivalry,
While with pei-fidious hatred they pursued
The sojourners of Goshen, who beheld
From the safe shore their floating carcases 310
And broken chariot- wheels : so thick bestrewn,
Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood,
Under amazement of their hideous change.
2B
PAKADTSE LOST.
I
I!'
He call'd so loud, that all the hollow deep
Of hell resounded. "Princes, potentates,
Warriors, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost,
If such astonishment as this can seize
Eternal spirits ; or have ye chosen this place
After the toil of battle to repose
Your wearied virtue, for th«) i aso you find
To slumber here, as in the vales of heaven?
Or in this abject posture have ye sworn
To adore the Conqueror, who now beholds
Cherub and seraph rolling in the flood
With scatter'd arms and ensigns, till anon
His swift pursuers from heaven-gates discern
The advantage, and descending, tread us down
Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts
Transfix us to the bottom of this gulf ?
Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n."
They heard, and were abashed, and up they sprung
Upon the wing ; as when men wont to watch
On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread,
Bouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Nor did they not perceive the evil plight
In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel ;
Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd,
Innumerable. As when the potent rod
Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day,
Waved round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud
Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind.
That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung
Like night, and darken'd all the land of Nile :
So numberless were those bad angels seen
Hovering on wing under the cope of hell.
'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding lires ;
Till at a signal given, Iho uplifted opear
Of their great ■- -^v.ing to direct
Their courpr- ' , ? »ri ;>: -ice down they light
[book L
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
B<
A
Ci
]3(
F(
Tl
Tl
Ej
BOOK I.J
PARADISE LOST,
87
Ou the firm brimstone, and fill all the plain ; 350
A multitude like which the populous north
Pour'd never from her frozen loins, to puss
Ehene or the Danaw, when her barbarous sons
Came like a deluge on the south, and spread
Beneath Gibraltar to the Libyan sands. 353
Forthwith from every squadron and each band
The heads and leaders thither haste where stood
Their great commander ; godlike shapes and forms
Excelling human, princely dignities,
And powers that erst in heaven sat on thrones, 3G0
Though of their names in heavenly records now
Be no memorial, blotted out and rased
By their rebellion from the books of life.
Nor had they yet among the sons of Eve
Got them new names ; till, wandering o'er the earth, 3G5
Through God's high sufferance for the trial of man,
By falsities and lies the greatest part
Of mankind tiiey corrupted to forsake
God their Creator, and the invisible
Glory of him that made them to transform 370
Oft to the image of a brute adorn'd
With gay religions, full of pomp and gold.
And devils to adore for deities :
Then were they known to men by various names,
And various idols through the heathen world. 375
Say, muse, their names then known, who first, who last
Roused from the slumber on that fiery couch.
At their great emperor's call, as next in worth
Came singly where he stood on the bare strand.
While the promiscuous crowd stood yet aloof. 380
The chief were those who from the pit of hell.
Roaming to seek their prey on earth, durst fix
Their seats long after next the seat of God,
Their altars by his altar, gods adored
^mong the nations round, and dui'st abide 995
28
PARADISE LOST.
[boos L
Jehovah thundering out of Sion, throned
Between the cherubim ; yea, often placed
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines,
Abominations ; and with cursed things
His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned, 390
And with their darkness durst affront his light.
First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood
Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears ;
Though for the noise of drums and timbrels loud
Their children's cries unheard, that passed through fire d05
To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite
Worshipp'd in Rabba and her watery plain,
In Argob and in Bashan, to the stream
Of utmost Arnon. Nor content with such
Audacious neighbourhood, the wisest heart 400
Of Solomon he led by fraud to build
His temple right against the temple of God
On that opprobrious hill ; and made his grove
The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence
And black Gehenna call'd, the type of hell. 405
Next Chemos, the obscene dread of Moab's sons,
From Aroer to Nebo, and the wild
Of southmost Abaiim ; in Hesebon
And Horonaim, Seon's realm, beyond
The flowery dale of Sibma clad with vines, 410
And Eleale to the asphaltic pool,
Peer his other name, when he enticed
Israel in Sittim, on their march from Nile,
To do him wanton rites, which cost them wrtst: lost.
8S
Awaiting what commana their mighty chief
Had to impose : ho through the armed files
Darts his oxp«)rioncod eye, and soon traverse
The whole battalion views, thoir order due,
Tht'ir visjiges and stature as of gods ;
Tht;ir number last he sums. And now his heart
Distends with pride, and hardening in his strength
(J lories : for never since created man
Met such embodied force, as named with these
Could merit more than that small infantry
Wurr'd on by cranes : though all the giant bra^
Of Phlogra with the heroic race wore join'd
That fought at Tliebes and Ilium, on each side
Mix'd with auxiliar gods ; and what resounds
In fable or romance of Utho^'s son,
Begirt with British and Armoric knights ;
And all who since, baptized or infidel,
Jousted in Aspramont or Montalban,
Damasco, or Marocco, or Trebisond,
Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore.
When Charlemain with all his peerage fell
By Fontarabia. Thus far these beyond
Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed
Their dread commander : he, above the rest
In shape and gesture proudly eminent,
Stood like a tower ; his form had yet not lost
All her original brigntnesb ; nor appear'd
Less than archangel ruin'd, and the excess
Of glory obscured ; as when the sun, new risen,
Looks through the horizontal misty air
Shorn of his beams ; or from behinated as pan^nthetical, thore is no way of making sense
of the but exi'.ept by undHrHtandiiig some such clause as "/ thitik that
thou art he " before it. The elliptical clause if he will still qualify the
verb hat Ii Joined.
I. 8G. Didst outshine. This is not strictly grammatical. Tlie
relative tcho must agree with its antecedent him in person, and him
oaunot possibly be of the second person. {Or. 468.)
/. 87. Though [they were] bright. An elliptical adverbial clause
qualifying the predicate didst outshine.
Whom mutual league — once. An adjective clause qualifying an
antecedent him understood, the object of hath joined. The subject of
the relative clause is compound. {Or. 386.)
/. 90. After hath joined, repeat with me.
The meaning is : "The distant^e between the pit and the height
measures his superiority in strength." The construction is very
crabbed. IThat pit thou seest is an adjective clause usr^d substantively
^Gr. 409) after into. The what before height is interrogative. The
sentence cannot be treated by strict grammatical rules.
/. 94. After /or those, insert the compound clause do I repent — his
throne. Nor implies an alternative. We shall thus get four co-
ordinate sentences : — 1. Not for t ho ^e do I repent. 2. Not for those do
I change — throne. 3. Not [for] what the potent — injlict do I repent,
4. Not [for] what the potent — inflirt do I chan/e — throne.
I. 95. What the — injlict. An adjective clause used substantively.
See note on /. 22. Supply /or before what. Else should be taken as
an attributive adjunct of what.
I. 97. Though [I am changed], &c. An elliptical adverbial clause
qualifying the predicate do change.
I. 98. From sense of injured merit. An attributive adjunct of
disdain. {Or. 362, 4.)
I. 99. That with — contend. An adjective clause qualifying disdain.
I. 100. Repeat the relative that which is the subject (understood) of
the clause, which is co-ordinate with the last.
/. 102. Three adjective clauses qualify spirits. 1. That durst dis-
like, &c. 2. That — opposed, &c. 3. That shook his throne.
/. 106. What. An elliptical interrogative clause. In full : what aan
th<
BOOK I.]
KOTEi.
45
// or something' of the wrt, to the predicate of which the clause
though the field he lost Htands in the adverbial relation.
/. 106. Zs not lost may be repeated with the several subjects will,
ttuffi/, hate, courage, what ehe ; or these may be taken as forming a
compound subject {Or. 38G) with tlie sinj^le prodirate are not lost.
I. lOS. To submit and to yield are attributive adjuncts of couragt.
{Gr. 362, 4.)
/. 110. Wrath or might. Make a separate sentenije for each subject.
I. 111. The compound subject to bow, to sue, and to deify, &(•.., is
repeated in the word that (/. 114), which may be left out in the
analysis; or else (hat may be taken as the subject, having the inrini-
tive moods in apposition to it.
I. 113. Who from, &c. An adjective clause qualifying the sub-
stantive pronoun /its. {Gr. 141.)
/. 116. Since by fate, &c. ; since through, &c. Adverbial clauses
attached to the predicate of the preceding clause. Tliere is no objec-
tion to taking them with the predicate of each of the two i)re(!eding
clauses.
/. 122. Irreconcilable is an attributive adjunct of the subject we.
I. 123. After and repeat who.
I. 125. Though [//<• ?rrt.v] in pain. An elliptical adverbial clause,
qualifying the predicate spake.
I. 128. See note on /. 84.
A vocative or nominative of appellation does not enter into the
construction of a sentence.
I. 130. And in dreadful deeds^ &c. Repeat the i-elative that as the
subject of this clause.
/. 133. Upheld qualifies the noun supremacy, and is itself qualiiied
b^Hhe adverbial phrases by strength, by chance, by fate, which are
united together by the conjunctions whether, or.
I. 134. The object events, with all its adjuncts, must be repeated
with each verb see and rue.
I. 136. And all, &e. Repeat the relative as the subject of the
clause, and the auxiliary hath.
I. 137. Zow is a complement of the predicate laid. (Gr. 395.)
/. 138. Far qualifies hath laid, and is itself qualified by the demon-
strative adverb as, which in its tirni is explained by tne co-ordinate
advei'bial clause as God's — can perish, in which the word far is again
understood, being qualified by the relative adverb as at the beginning
of the clause. (On the analysis of all such clauses, see Or. 548, 664.)
T
46
PARADI8E LOST.
[book 1.
/. lol). Fo)' the tnind, tScc. Tltiu ailverbiul clause qualifies the pre«
dicate of a sentence understood, / my asfat\ or something of the sort.
/. 140. Invincible is the complement of the predicate remains. {Or.
892.)
/. 141. The elliptical adverbial clauses though all our glory [be]
extinct, and [thouyh] our happy state [be] here swallowed, &o., may be
attached to the predicate of each of the foregoing clauses, remain$
and return.
I. 143. After but what supply are we to say, or something equivalent.
Whom I now believe [to be"] of almighty force. The infinitive to he, with
its subject whom forms a complex object of believe. {Or. 397.) 0/
almighty force is an adverbial adjunct of be.
I. 144. No less than such ; that is, in full, no force lets than such force
is great, where the adverbial clause of degree than such, &o., qualifies
less. See Gr. 547, 659, 422.
I. 145. As ours [tvas]. An adjective clause co-ordinate with such.
On the construction of such clauses see Or. 412, and the note on
267, and 523.
.'. 147. tSiifflcc here means safixfy.
I. 148. That we may — ire. An adverbial clause of purpose, qualify-
ing have left.
I. 149. [That we may] do him mightier service, &c. The whole of the
preceding sentence what if he our conqueror — support our pains must
be repeated with this adverbial clause, which is attached to its pre-
dicate have left.
As his thralls, &o. In full : As his thralls by right of war do him
mighty service. An adverbial clause of manner, qualifying may do.
By right of war is an attributive adjunct of thralls. {Or. 362, 4.)
/. 150. Whatever is the complement of the verb of incomplete yt^
dication be. {Or. 302.) The clause is an adverbial clause of condition
attached to the predicate may do. {Or. 427.)
I. 151. Here in the heart — deep. Tliese elliptical clauses form an
expansion of the preceding clause. In full they are : If his business
be here in the heart of hell to work in fire, or if his business be to do his
errands in the gloomy deep. The whole sentence what if he our
conqueror — our pains, that we may do — of war, should be repeated
■with each clause, since each of them qualifies the verb may do, and
the conjunction or implies that we have alternatives, which can only
be taken separately.
U 164. Before eternal being supply what can it then avail though yH
wtfeet.
B(
att
BOOK I.]
NOTES.
ih pet
l. 155. To nndrrffo eternal pHnishment. Tliis iiuiHt bo tnkon as au
attributive adjunct ((?;•. ;{62, 4) both of utrvmjth iiud of hiinij.
l. 157. The whole of this Hpocch fonns the object of the v(>rb n'/ilirtf.
Fallen cherub, Vieiiij^ a vo.-utive, or noiiiiuutivo of apjK Uiitioii, does not
enter into the (;onstr""*iou of the clause.
To be weak, &c. i ; 2h be weak dniuij is miserable ; or to be urok
bitjt'ering is miserable, Tliis is one of those instanees in which the
association of ideas (conveyed by the hnii'un^e is difiiiite enougli,
tlioiip-h the latter is not eii>ily r-'diiciblo within the linuts of ^niinniii-
ticid rules. How are the particijdes f/o///// and .s7///iy/w// constructed I-*
Wliat do they ayree with':' Tint orij^in of the idiom is to bo souglit
in the fact that a verb, even in the intinitive or substantive mood,
never entirely loses its atl libutive character, and consequently pre-
supposes some subject to which the attributive idea is attached ; and
the attributive participle is used on much the same principle as the
attributive infinitive mood. The idiom may bo reduced to a g-ram-
UKitical form by supjdying' if we are, or w/ien we are, before doin;/ and
s'l/trritiff ; we then get adverbial clauses of condition or time (puilify-
ing the verb is.
I. 159. To do, &c Tiese are two substantive clauses in appo-
siiiim to this. The c^. ^ iction that may be supplit^d at the beginning
of each.
I. 160. After ill supply will be.
I, 161. As beituj, ice. An ellipti(;al adverbial clause, qualifying the
pre(ucate (understood) will be, of the previous clause. The ellipse
may be filled up thus : — As [an «tV] beiny the c ntrary to his high will
witom we resist [uould be our sole dcliy/it],
I. 16'2. Who>n tvc resist. An adjective claube, qualifying the sub-
stantive pronoun his. See note on /. 113.
l. 163. To bring forth good. This nuiy be taken either as tht object,
or as au adverbial adjunct to the verb seek. {Gr. 190, 368.)
/. 164. To pervert evil — compound complement of the vei'b of incom-
plete predication be. {Gr. 392.)
/. 166. Which is here eoutimiative {Gr. 413), being equivalent to and
this. It introduces a principal sentence. As does duty for a relative
pronoun. {Gr. 412.) The words as perhaps shall must be repeated
before disturb. We thus get two adjective clauses co-ordinate with so,
just as they would be with such, if in such a tcag were substituted
Hor so.
I. 167. If I fail not. That is, */ / am not mistaken. An adverbial
tlauso ()i couditiou qualifying shall grieve.
I
i
4«
PAT?AT>rsE LOST.
[BOOK I.
/. 177. Tn heUow. Object of the vorb ceascK. {Gr. 368.)
I. 178. Let us slip. It may be necesHary to remind some that this
phi'aso is not a Jirst person plural of an imperative mood. Let is in
the second person plural, having its subjecit i/ou or j/e understood, and
un is the object of let. Slip is a verb in the infinitive mood, forming
the complement of the verb of incomplete predication let, and itself
having occasion for its obj(;ct.
Whether scorn, &c. Expand this for analytical purposes, thus :—
Hither if scorn yield it from our foe, or if satiate fury yield it from our
foe. This gives us two adverbial clauses of condition, attached to the
predicate let.
I. 182. Save what, &c. Save (Fr. sauf) is in reality an adjective,
qualifying the noun or the noun-sentence which follows it, and so
forming a nominative absolute (see Gr. 283). Here save qualifies
the antecedent (i"rder8tood) of the adjective clause tvhat — dreadful.
(See note on /. 2-.) The whole phrase save tvhat, &c., forms an adver-
bial adjunct to the adjective void.
I. 183. Let us tetid. See note on /. 178.
I. 184. From off, &c. As a preposition cannot govern anything but
a i';' tantive {Gr. 279), it is not easy to provide from with anything
to ;.'\'vem. We must supply some such word as the space or tlie
region between from and off ; when the phrase off the tossing, &c.,
will become an attributive adjunct of the noun supplied. We must
adopt a similar method with all such phrases. Thus he appeared from
under the table, must be taken as he appeared from the space, or position^
under the table.
L 186, 187. Rest — consult. It will be better to treat these as
elliptical; :md read let us rest, let us consult. Jte-assembliiig will then
agree with the object us undei'-stood, and our will have a pronoun in
tha first person, to wliich it may relate.
/. 187. Sow we may, &g. A substantive clause, the object of consult.
I. 188. Fill up the ellipse thus : — There let us consult how nur own loss
tve may repair; there let us con.udt how we inuij orereoiue this dire calamity;
there let us consult what reinforcement we may gain from hope ; if tve may
not gain reinforcement from hope, there let us consult whai resolution we
may gain from despair.
I. 190. What, being interrogative, introduces a substantive clause.
((?»•. 406.)
I. 192. After thus Satan, supply spoke.
I. 193. With head, &c. An adverbial adjunct of spok*,
I. 194. The adverb besides qualifies the verb lajf.
lOOK I.
BOOK I.]
K0TE8.
49
hat this
Let is in
tod, and
Forming
id ituelf
thus :—
from our
d to the
Jjective,
, and 80
qualifies
dreadful,
n adver-
hing bnt
inything
|ce or tfie
inff, &c.,
i^e must
iredfrom
position^
Ibhese as
nil then
|)uoun in
consult,
own loss
ilamity;
' we may
\Htion w»
clause.
/. 196. In bulk. An adverbial adjunct of Am*/*.
/. 197. As whom, &o. Elliptical adverbial clause, co-ordinate with
OS before httge. In f uU : as [^they] whom the fables name of inonstrous
size [were hut/e]. The construction of the whole of this passage is
very obscure. Perhaps the best way to take it is to consider the
phrase of tnoftstrom size as an attributive adjunct of thcij understood;
and the word Titanian (which is adjeetive in its form) as the complement
of the predicate name, as though the sentence ran thus : as they of
monstrous size that warr d mi Jove, whom the fahks name Titanian.
Earth-born must then be treat^'d like Titanian. Those acquainted
with classical mythology will lujt need to be told that the Titans and
the Giants or Earth-bom are not the same, though both warred with
Zous, or Jupiter. Briareos, or iEgaeon, is by some ancient writers
classed among the Gigantes. All the mythological personages here
mentioned were the offspring of Earth (Ge or Gtea). According to
the (iommon version, Briareos and his two brothers, Gyges and
Cottus, were hundred-handed monsters — the offspring of Urauus and
Gica. The Titans were another group of the offspring of Uranus
and Griea. The Titans, headed by Cronus, deposed Uranus ; and
Zeus, the son of Cronus, in his turn, with the aid of Briareos and his
two brothers, deposed Cronus and the Titans, and imprisoned them
in Tartarus, placing the Hundred-handed to guard them. Tlie
attempt of the Gigantes to overthrow Zeus, or Jupiter, and the
similar attempt of Typhon or Typhoeus, are separate incidents in the
mythology. Virgil, however, amongst others, reckons Briareos
among the Gigantes. The use of the conjunction or obliges us to
amplify this passage for analysis as follows: 1. His other parts —
Titanian, that tvarred on Jove. 2. Tlie same repeated, with the
substitution of Earth-bom for Titanian. 3. His other parts — huge,
as [^lie] of monstrous size [teas hngel, whom the fables name Briareos.
4. The same as the last, with the substitution of Typhon, whom the
den — held for Briareos. 6. His other parts — huye as that sea-beast, &o.
L 200. By anjient Tarsus. An attributive adjrmct of den.
I. 202. Hugest. Complement of the predicate created. {Gr. 395.)
That swim the ocean stream. -iVn adjective clause qualifying works.
Tlie cosmology of Homer represented the earth as a circular flat disc,
round the outer edge of which ran a river or stream called Oceanus.
Heaven ( Uranus) was a hemispherical vault above the flat earth ; and
Tartarus a corresponding inverted vault beneath it.
I. 203. Him, object of deeming.
i, 20i>. liland, uompiemeut of the participle deeming. {Or. 396.)
11
6d
PARADISE LOST.
[book L
IP
/. 206. In his tealy rind. Adverbial adjunct of Jlxed.
I. 208, Insert while before wished. The clauses, as seatnen tell, whiU
night invests the sea, and tvhile wished tnorn delays, are adverbial clauses
attached to the predicate moors.
I. 210. Chained may be taken as the complement of lay. In analysis
nor ever may be treated as equivalent to and never.
I. 211. First leave out or heaved his head, and take all that remains
from nor ever thence to vengeance poured, as one compound sentence.
Next repeat this sentence, substituting had raised his head for had
rixen.
There are certain constructions in which bnt is a preposition. {Gr.
282, note.) It is so used here, governing' the substantive clause that
the will — vengeance poured, the preposition and substantive clause
together forming an adverbial adjunct, attached to the predicates had
risen and had heaved. {Gr. 403.)
/. 214. That with, &c. An adverbial clause of purpose, qualifying
left. (On the adverbial force of the so-called conjunction that in such
clauses, see Gr. 528.)
I. 216. Insert that and the siibject he in this sentence, which is
constructed like the last.
/. 217. Mow all—pouredf &o. A substantive clause {Or. 403), the
object of see.
I. 217. Respecting this use of but, see Gr. 605.
Tit hring forth, &c. An adverbial adjunct of served. {Gr. 190.)
I. 219. But is here a co-ordinative conjunction {Gr. 287, 288), and
unites confusion, wrath, and vengeance to the preceding objects of bring,
namely, goodness, grace, and mercy.
On himself ia an adverbial adjunct of poured.
I. 221. Upright. Complement of the predicate rears. {Gr. 396.)
I. 221. From of. See note on /. 184.
/. 223. Before rolled, insert on each hand the flames.
I. 227. Till — lights. An adverbial clause of time, attached to steers.
I. 228. If it were, &c. An adverbial clause of condition, qualifying
the predicate of a sentence which must be supplied, / say land, or
something of that kind.
That ever burned— fire. An adjective clause qualifying it. After
solid insert ^re, and after lake insert burned.
I. 230. Such. Complement of the predicate appeared. {Gr. 392.)
Before such insert that or which. The passage from and [that'\ such
appeared to smoke, is another adjective clause attached to it.
.^^fter (Hi insert land appears. From as when {I, 230) to smoke (/. 237)
BOOK I.]
KOTES.
61
After
392.)
[] stich
M37)
is a compound adverbial clause, co-ordinate with the adjective st*ch
{I. 230). From wKen to amoke makes a subordinate adverbial clause of
time, qualifying appears understood. It must be sub-divided into two
others. First leave out or the shattered side of thnnderimj ^-Etna; next,
in the sentence so obtained, for from Pelorux, substitute from the
shattered side of thundering ^tna. Both the adverbial clauses thus
formed qualify appears.
I. 236. Before leave repeat whose combustible— fury.
I. 239. Both glorying, &c. A nominative' absolute, forming an
adverbial adjunct of followed.
1.2' As gods. That is, as gods [would have escaped the Sti/gian
floodl. This adverbial clause, and the two succeeding adverbial
phrases, are attac) ed to the infinitive mood to have escaped.
I. 242. After region, soil, and clime, supply the adjective clause
that we muitt change for heaven. 'Beioro this the soil put in is; before
the clime put in is this ; before this the seat put in is ; and before this
mournful gloom supply must we change. The whole passage, down to
/. 270, is the object of the verb said.
I. 245. Since he, &c. A compound adverbial clause attached to the
predicate he. The clause consists of two co-ordinate clauses. 1. Since
he who now is sovran can dispose what shall be right. 2. Since he —
sovran can bid what — right.
I. 247. What shall bo right. See note on I. 22.
I. 247. Farthest. That is, the place farthest. From him whom, ko,,
is an adverbial adjunct of him.
I. 248. Before force repeat whom. Supreme is the complement of
made. {Gr. 396.)
/. 249. Farewell. That is, /ore ye well. (Compare Gr. 532.)
Happy fields. Vocatives are of the nature of interjections, and do
not enter into the construction of the sentences in which they are
placed.
/. 252. One. In apposition to, and therefore an attributive adjunct
of possessor.
I. 254. And in itself, &c. Expand thus : [the mind] in itself can
make a heaven of hell ; [the mind in itself can ma/ic] a hell of heaven.
I. 255. Can make a heaven of hell. Here heaven is the direct object
of make, of hell being an adverbial adjunct of make. If we were to
say can make hell a heaven, then hell would be the object of the verb,
and heaven would be the complement of the predicate. (Compare
I. 248.)
/. 266. In full : what matter [is tY] where [I ^], •/ / be still the sam$^
62
PARADISE LOST.
[book t
and [if] what I should be [be] all but less than he — ^renter. Observe
that in a question such as what matter is it, it is the subject, and w/iat
matter is the complement of the verb of incomplete predication is.
The construction of interrogative clauses is always to be tested by
that of corresponding assertive clauses. What matter is it ? answers to
it is this matter, or it is no matter. The clause tvhere I be is an
adjective clause qualif jdng the subject it, just as in such a sentence as
it was John who told me, the construction is : It (i.e., the person) who
told me ivas John. {Gr. 611, 513).
/. 257. What I should be. (See note on I. 22.)
I. 257. Than he, &c. In full, than he whom thunder has made greater
is great. An adverbial clause, qualifying /««*. [Gr. 548 — 658.) But
is here a preposition (see /. 211, note), and the whole phrase but less—
greater, forms an adverbial adjunct to all.
I. 260. Unvg in Milton commonly has the sense of the Latin invidia
and invidere, implying grudging.
I. 262. Before in hell supply one reign, or something equivalent.
/. 263. In fuU. To reign in hell [is] better than to serve in heaven [is
good'}. The adverbial clause than to serve, &c., qualifies better, show-
ing the degree of better that is meant.
I. 266. Lie is the complement of the verb of incomi)lete predication
kt, and astonished is the complement of lie.
1.267. And call. In full: and wherefore call we.
To share — mansion. An adverbial phrase attached to call. {Or,
190, 373, 2.)
/. 268. After or supply wherefore call we them not.
I. 269. What may — heaven. A substantive clause. What is inter-
rogative. {Or. 403. Compare note on /. 22.) Be regained is the
complement of the verb of incomplete predication may.
I. 270. Before what supply wherefore call we them not once more with
rallied arms to try. After more insert way be.
I. 272. See note on /. 83, 84.
/. 273. But is here a pi'eposition. But the omnipotent forms an
advei-bial phrase {Gr. 373, 2) qualifying mme.
/. 274. If once. Some writers very absurdly affect the omission of
if and wh^n in phrases of this kind. The blunder is frequent in
modem periodical writing.
/. 274. Pledge with its complicated adjuncts, and signal^ are in
apposition to voice.
I. 276. Repeat heard before on. The po >jrbial clause when it raged^
will then (qualify the participle so suppliou.
i
nooK I.]
NOTES.
6d
{fir.
I. 277. In all assatdts forms an .'ittribntivc adjunct to signal. {Gr,
362, 4.)
/. 279. Before [t/tey will soon] revive, repeat the whole sentence if
once — signal ; and the clause though now — amazed, must be taken with
each of the sentences so formed, qualifying the predicates will resume
and will revive.
I. 280. Grovelling and prostrate are complements of the predicate lie,
I. 281. After erewhile supply lay.
I. 282. In full : it was no wonder that we, fallen such a perninona
Height, lay astounded and amazed. The clause that we, &c., is a sub-
stantive clause in apposition to it. [Gr. 511.)
Such a height forms an adverbial phrase qualifying fallen. {Gr.
373, 3.)
/. 284. His shield cast : a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial
adjunct of was moving. {Gr. 373, 5.)
/. 285. [Of] ethereal temper : an attributive adjunct of shield. {Gr.
3G2, 4.)
I. 287. The phrase [to] the moon is adverbial in its force, and quali-
fies like, which agrees with the subject circumference.
I. 288. The Tuscan artist. Galileo.
I. 290. Before in Valdarno we must repeat whose orbs — at evening.
Tlie adverbial phrase to descry, &c. {Gr. 190), belongs to both
sontcnces, and must therefore be inserted after Fenole, as well as after
Valdarno. It must, however, be separated into three separate
phrases: — 1. To descry new lands in her spotty globe. 2. To descry
new rivers, &c. 3. To descry new mountains, &c.
I. 292. Take he walked with before his spear.
To equal — wand. A complex adjective phrase qualifying spear. To
equal tvhich is an adverbial plirase attached to were.
I. 293. To be the mast^ &c. An adverbial phrase qualifying
hewn.
I. 297. The word clime (clima^ in ancient wiitera, means much the
Banie as zone, and is loosely applied both to the terrestrial zouph and
to analogous divisions of the (supposed) vault of heaven, as Virgil
says (Cleorg. I. 233) : Quinqti^ tenent cwlmn zona:. It is obvious that
Milton has this latter application of the word in mind.
/. 299. Nathless. That is, na (or not) the less.
I. 300. Before called supply tiil he. This clause and the last are
adverbial clauses of time, qualifying endured.
I. 301. The compound clause who lay — chariot-wheels,ia an adjective
clause qualifying legions.
54
PAl^ADISE LOST.
[book I.
B
I. 302. Thick, &G., had better be taken as an attributive adjunct oi
who.
Ai anttimnal leaves that — imbnwer [are thielc]. An adverbial clause
of degree {Gr. 421) attached to thick. The adverb as at the beffinning
of the clause qualifies thick, understood.
/. 303. Where — imboiver. An adjective clause qualifying Vallom-
brosa. {Gr. 410.)
/. 304. Before scattered introduce as, nnd after njloat supply is thick.
This clause (which goes on to /. 311), like the last, qualifies thick in
/. 302. The clause from when to chariot-tvheels is an adverbial clause
of time attached to is, supplied in /. 304.
/. 306. The Red Sea coast, whose. Sec.. Tliis is a harsh construction,
as the combination of words Picd Sm coast forms in fact a single com-
pound noun, whereas whose is intended to refer to Red Sea only. For
analytical purposes it may be altered to the coast of the Red Sea.
Tlie adjective clause, tvhose waves, &c., goes on to the word chariot-
wheels.
I. 307. To give the name Busiris to the Pharaoh of the Exodus is a
mere poetic licence. The Busiris of the Greek writers was a merely
mythical personage. No king of that name oi^curs even in the
dynasties of Manetho.
/. 308. While — chariot-wheels. A compound adverbial sentence
qualifying overthrew.
I. 309. Who beheld, &o. An adjective clause qualifying the object
sojourners.
I. 311. Take bestrown, abject, and lost as complements of lay.
I. 313. Under amazement, &c. An adverbial adjunct of lay.
I. 314. That all — resounded. An adverbial clause co-ordinate with
ao. {Gr. 618.) ,
^.317. If such, &o. An adverbial clause of condition qualifying
the adjective lost.
I. 317. As this [astonishment ts]. An adjective clause co-ordinate
with such. See Gr. 412.
/. 318. Or have ye, &c. There is no grammatical connection between
this sentence and the preceding words, which merely form a complex
vocative. Or must either be left out, or vreated as equivalent to
whether.
I. 319. After the toil of battle. An adverbial adjunct of repose.
I. 320. Virtue = virtus {valour). For the ease — heaven. An ad-
irerbial adjunct of have chosen. Before youfnd supply which.
I. 321. To slumber here, &c. An attributive adjunct of ease. {Or.
3(
.i appositio ^o the rest. After parents supply nrre
late. The ise, Than—pai,^nts [were late], qualifies the adverb
later.
I. 510. Properly sj taJong, Titan was not the name of any one
divinity. (See note on I. 197.) It is n' easy to sec how Titan is
to be constructed, unless we supply after it was far renoirned.
t. 515. Ida is the Cretan mountain. Zeiis was said to have beea
m
mm
I !
62
PARADfSK LOST.
[book I.
bom and ronred in tho Dictiuan cavo, whicli was in tho Crrtim rango
of mountiiiiis. fjti the hhoui/ fop of cold Ohnnpus may bo taken as an
adverbial adjunct of rulrd, of which thi'Hc is tho snbjoc^t.
/. hXI. Aft<'r clif, Jhdoiio, and linid, HUi)j>ly these ruled the mirldle
air. Aixdlo was Hpocially w<>r,Mhipp«Hl at Dolphi, Zeus at Dodonu
in Epirus.
/, 619. JVho with — iales. A compound adjoclive chiuse (pialifying
an antecedent imderntodd, tlie construction of which, if expressed, is
not very obvious. The whoh' passage is excessively harsh and irre-
gular.
/. o'iO. Tlie Italian agricultural divinity Saturntis had n(>tliinfr
whatever to do with the Grecian Cronus. The only reason >vny
they were subsequently identified seems to have been that they were
both very ancient divinities. Saturnus was i)i'operly tho god of
plenty. Tlie name is derived from Katnr — full. Ops {alixuddiur) was
his wife.
/. 521. The Celtic probably means the Celtic ocean.
I. 522. After all these supply came Jloekimj. After hut put in they
came focking,
I. 523. Such ivhereitt. There is no way of making tliese words hang
together, except by expanding sucfi into with .such looks. The clause
wherein — loss itself .vill then be an adjective clause qualifying lookSf
and co-onlinate with such. [Gr. 412.)
/. 524. Tho two phrases bt>giniiing with to have found, form attribu-
tive adjuncts of Jot/, {dr. [Wl, 4.)
I. 526. Which seems to relate not t<» any pjirticular word, but to
the general idea suggesttxl by the previous iiassage. For analysis it
may be replaced by ainl these eoujh'rfiui/ feeliui/s, or something of tho
kind.
/. 529. Not substance. In fidl : that did not hear substance of worth.
I. 530. Before dispelled insert he his wonted— substance.
I. 534. As his rii/ht. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying
claimed. In full : as [//<■ would e/aiiii] his riijlil.
I. 537. Like 'aay be taken either as an adjective qualifying which
(as though e(j[u'valent to resemblimj), or as an adverb (similiter), quali-
fyuig shone. In either ciuse it is itself (luahtied by tho adverbial
phrase [to] a tneteor, &c.
/. 538. Rich is here uwd adverbially. [^With] seraphic arms and
[with seraphic] trophies, are adverbial adjuncts of emblazed.
I. 640. Metal blowing, &c. A nouiiuative absolute, formin|j^ ai|
•dverbial adjunct of unfurled.
BOOK I.
fiOOK I.]
K0TE8.
6^
an rang*'
(en iw an
'ic middle
Dodnna
nalifyiuiT
and irre-
n()(l\in>r
Koii why
lioy wcro
; gtxl of
itncv) was
it in they
>rds liang
ho clause
iiig' lookSf
aUribu-
, Imt. to
lalysis it
^ of tho
worth.
lalifyiii
ig- ichich
•), (inali-
wlverbial
rms and
uin^j^ aQ
/. 541. At which — tii^J:t. A compound adjective clause, not qualify-
ing any substantive in particular, but refeiTing generally to the ant
described ir Mie preceding passage. For analysis substiiute and at
this. Reign is used in the sense of realm (Lat. reguum),
I. 644. AH. An adverb qualifying the adverbial phrase in a
moment.
I, 646. Milton uses rise (without to) after the passive verb, just as
it is used after the active ; as, / saw him rise. It forms tho comple-
ment of the predicate were seen.
I. 549. After innumerable repeat appeared.
I. 660. The Dorian mood was a partioidar key or scale adf)ptcd by
the Dorians for their mclodico, and depending partly upon tho pitch
or key-note of the scale, and partly upon the musical intervals
betwpcu tho successive notes of it.
I. 661. Such agrees with mood, and U co-ordinate with the elliptical
adjective sentence, as [^the mood was which'\ raised — battle and which
imtead — retreat. {Gr. 412.)
/. 566. To flight and to foul retrcaty form adverbial adjuncts of
unmoved.
I. 666. Wanting agrees with mood. To mitigate^ to swage, to chase,
&c,, form attributive adjuncts of power. Swage (commonly assuage)
is derived from the Latin suavis. So diluvium gives rise to deluge.
I. 662. O'er the burnt soil is an attributive adjunct of steps,
I. 661i. Front is in apposition to they.
I. 666. It is, perhaps, best to take tvhat as an interrogative pronoun.
Tlie clause what — impose will then be a substantive clause, the object
of awaiting.
I. 668. Traverse ; that is, transversely. With each of the objects,
order, visages, and stature, repeat he views,
I. 670. As of gods.
I. 573. For never, &c. This sentence poes on to /. 687. It should
bo attached to the predicate of each of the preceding sentences, distends
and glories.
Since created man. Tliat is, since man was created. An imitation of
the Latin idiom post urbem conditam, ante me consttlem, &c.
/. 674. Tlie elliptical adjective clause as named — cranes explains
such. In full it is: . "» [the force would be which] named with these
could merit more than that small infantry warred on by cranes [could
merit much"]. The subordinate adverbial clause than — cranes qualifies
tfMre. {Gr. 647, 653.)
I. 676. Miltun here refers to the Pygmaei, a fabulous race of tia>
64
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK 1.
dwarfs, a cubit high, mentioned by Homer {II. iii. 6) as dwelling on
the sliores of Oceanus, where they had yearly to carry on a fight with
the cranes. Other writers located them on the banks of the Nile, in
the extreme north, or to the east of the Ganges.
/. 676. Though all — gods. An adverbial clause of concession,
qualifying met.
I. 577. The Gigantes, or Earth-bom (see note on I. 197) were fabled
to have been born in the plains of Phlegra. The name indicates a
volcanic district of some kind. Conflicting accounts fix this region
in Sicily, Macedonia, and Campania.
I. 679. Mixed agrees with that, the subject of the verb fought.
Tlie reader of Greek mythology will remember that various gods took
different sides in the Trojan war, and the war of the Seven against
Thebes.
Before what insert with. The clause what resounds — knights, is an
adjective clause used substantively, and governed by with. The
whole phrase [tvithl U'hat — Knights, forms another adverbial adjunct
of were Joined. The construction of the passage is more definite than
its sense.
I. 680. Uther's son. King Arthur. Anncmca obtained its name of
Brotagne or Brittany from the British tribes, who retreated thither
before the Saxons, and carried Avith them the legends of King Arthur,
who is quite as much an Armorican as a British hero.
I. 682. Before all insert with. With all, &c., forms another ad-
verbial adjunct of rvere joined. Who since, &c., subdivides itself into
the following clauses: — 1. Who since, baptized, jousted in Aspramont.
2, 3, 4, 5. The same clause repeated, with the substitution (suc-
cessively) of Montalban, Damasco, Marocco, and Trebizoml, for Aspra-
mont. Then all these five clauses must be repeated, with the
Bubstitution of injidcl for baptized. "We thus get ten adjective claiises
qualifying all. Aspramont was a town in the Netherlands. Montal-
ban was on the borders of Languedoc. Trebizond (the ancient
Trapezus) is connected with the exploits of St. George.
/. 686. Before whom supply though all the giant brood of Phlegra were
joined with those. Fontarabia was a town in Biscay. The Saracens
crossed into Spain from Biserta in Afi'ica. This account of the death
of Charlemagne rests on Spanish authority only. French writers
represent him as victorious.
/. 687. These is the subject of the sentence. The phrase beyond
compare of (i.e., comparison with) mortal prowess forms an attributive
adjunct of these, and is itself qualified by thutfiw.
OOK 1.
ling on
ht with
Nile, in
iceasion,
e fabled
licates a
i region
fought.
ods took
against
ts, is an
th. The
adjunct
[lite than
name of
1 thither
• Arthvir,
ther ad-
self into
tpraniont.
m (snc-
Aspra-
ith the
clauses
Montal-
ancient
\(/ra irere
iaracens
\e death
writers
beyond
Iributive
BOOK I.]
N0TE8.
es
I. 691. Like a tower. See note on /. 537.
/. 692. Nor appeared. That is, and his fo-.m appeared not. Lest
is the complement of appeared, and is qualified by the elliptical
adverbial clauses than Archangel ruined [would appear great], and
than the excess of glory obscured [would appear great],
I. 694. Before as supply his form appeared; and after as supply
the sun appears.
I. 596. After or supply his form appeared as the sun appears when he.
I. 698. Before with put in when he.
I. 601. Intrenched. TYi^.i in, furrowed. Yrench, trancher.
I. 602. Before under repeat care sat.
I. 604. After cruel put in was, and repeat his eye before cast.
I. 605. To behold — in pain. An adverbial adjunct of cast. To
behold is equivalent to at beholding.
I. 606. The followers rather. This had better be taken as an ellip-
tical parenthesis [they should be called] the followers rather.
I. 609. Millions, &c. This may be taken as a noun in apposition
io fellows, or we may repeat before it, his eye cast signs of remorse and
passion to behold.
I. 611. It would be as well to repeat to behold before how. We thus
get another adverbial adjunct of cast {I. 604). The clause how they,
&c., will then be a substantive clause, the object of behold.
I. 612. Their glory withered. A nomin,' ♦^^ive absolute, in the adverbial
relation to stood.
As — heath. A compound adverbial clause qualifying stood. The
subject of it is growth, the predicate stands. To fill up the ellipse
first leave out or mountain pines, and next repeat the whole, substi-
tuting mountain pines ioT forest oaks.
/. 614. Though [they be] bare. An adverbial clause quali iug
stands.
I. 616. Whereat must be taken as equivalent to and at this.
I. 620. As [tears are which] angels weep. An elliptical adjof tive
clause co-ordinate with su4sh. (See Gr. 412.)
/. 623. But with the Almighty. An "dverbial phrase qualifying
matchless. It is itself made up of a preposition but (see Or. o04),
governing (apparently) another adverbial phrase, as in never hut now,
anywhere but here, and so forth. The adverb or adverbial pi i rase
after but should be expanded into some kind of substantive expression.
/. 626. Repeat as after and, and testifies after utter.
I. 629. After gods supply eould ever know repulse. The next clause,
how such [beinge] at [beingt were who] ttood like these — repulse, wiU form
1
6A
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK I.
another object oi feared : or the whole sentence may be repeated with
each clause.
/. 631. Supply it be after though.
I. 633. To re-ascend, &c., may be .;aken as the objVot of /nil.
I. 635. lie need not be taken a.s an imperative. It is a subjunctive,
with the force of the Greek optative.
/. 636. After different insert have lost our hopes ; and after or
repeat if.
I. 638. Till then. See note on /. 623. After secure supply sits. Re-
peat he who reigns — upheld by before consent, and cKstoni.
I. 641. Repeat he who — till then before j)Ht and before still.
I. 642. Which does not relate to any one word in the preceding
sentence. Treat it as equivalent to aud this.
/. 643. In full: 1. Hcnci forth his might we know so as [we should
know his might] not to (that is, in order that we mag not) provoke fiew
war. 2. Henceforth [we] know our own [tnight] so as [we should know
our own might] not to dread new war [if toe be] provoked.
I. 647. That he, &c. An abverbial clause qualifying to work. On
the construction of the connective adverb that, see Gr. 528.
I. 648. Before who supply that he. The clause introduced by this
conjunction is a substantive clause, the object of may find.
I. 650. Space here means lapse of time. (Compare I. 50.) The clause
whereof — heaven had better be taken as an adjective clause qualifying
worlds. Whereof should be taken as an attributive adjunct of the
(understood) object of create, the import of the sentence being " that
he intended to create some worlds of which sort, and therein plant
heaven, there went so rife a fame in heaven." The structure
of the sentence is very obscure. Rife is the complement of the pre-
dicate went. The clause that he ere loyig — heaven is a substantive clause
in apposition to fame. An object {some worlds) must be supplied after
create. Lqual had better be taken as the complement of should
favour.
I. 666. If but to pry. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying
shall be. In full : If our eruption be but (i.e., onlg) to pry. R(^])eat
the whole sentence with elsewhere instead of thither, and in each sen-
tence insert the adverbial clauses : for this infernal — in bondage, and
for the abyss shall not long under darkness cover celestial spirits.
I. 6fa^. Two co-ordinate sentences: 1. War then open must be
resolved. 2. War then understood must be resolved.
I. 673. Before undoubted supply this was an. The clause that in his
^-4ulphur is a substantive dause in apposition to si^n.
OOK I.
3d with
inctive,
iftei? nr
s. Ile-
■ecedlng
c slionld
. yis [men haateti] when, &o. An elliptical adverbial clause
qualifying hastened.
I. 678. Before ca«t repeat when bands of — the royal camp to.
I. 679. Leave out the second Matmnon in the analysis. Spirit, with
its attributive adjective clause, that fell from heaven, is in apposition
to Mammon.
I. 680, For e*en, &c. Before this adverbial clause siipply some such
sentence as / say least erected, to the predicate of which it will be
attached.
/. ()83. Than [he enjoyed much'] aught, &c. An elliptical adverbial
clauHo qualifying more. The use of or necessitates the division of
it into two separate clauses, with each of which the whole of the rest
of the 8(>uteuce has to be taken. First leave out or holy, and then
ropoiit for e'en in heaven — beatific, substituting holy for divine. {Gr.
651, 553.)
/. 690. Admire, that is, wonder, wliich is the proper meaningof the word.
I. 692. Let {ye) is a verb in the imperative mood ; those is its object,
and lear/i its complement. Before wondering repeat tvho.
I. 694. Of Babel and of the works, Sec, are adverbial adjuncts of tell
{Or. p. 101, note).
I. 696. How, &c. A substantive clause, the object of learn. {Gr. 403,)
/. 697. After and repeat how, and after perform repeat is easily out'
done by spirits reprobate.
I. 698. What — perform. An adjective clause {Or. 408. Note on
U 22), used substantively, as the subject of is outdone.
I. 703. Founded ; i.e., melted. The two meanings of found are
derived lYspectively from fimdcrc and fundare.
I. 704. Before scummed repeat nigh on — with tvondrous art.
I. 705. As soon. As is here a demonstrative adverb.
/. 700. Before //om repeat a t.'nrd [multitude'],
I. 711. Like, &c. See note on !. 637.
I. 713. Where, &c. An adjective clause {Or. 410) q\ialifying temple,
Pilasth's and pillars form a compound subject to tvere set.
I. 716. In full : There did not want cornice; there did not want frieze
— graven. Want is intransitive.
/. 717. Not Babylon, &o. Separate this into three sentences: 1,
Babyloi% equalled not mtch magnifieenoe in an it$ glories to enshrine Belut^
n
rABADISE LOST.
[BOOK I.
its god. 2. Oreat Aleairo equalled not — to enthrine Serapis, its god. S.
Babylon and Aleairo equalled not such magnificence in all their glories to
seat — luxury. ^ Milton speaks of Aleairo (a city of Arabiau origin) as
though it were the capital of the Pharaohs.
/. 723. Her stately height. An adverbial phrase. {Or. 373, 3.)
(Compare I. 282.) It qualifies ^^r^e^.
/. 724. Discover here is to disclose or uncover. Wide and within had
better be taken as adverbs, qualifying discover.
I. 728. Cressets. From the French croisette.
I. 730. As [they would have yielded lights from a sky. An adverbial
clause attached to the predicate yielded.
I. 736. Before sat repeat where sceptred angels. After princes insert
tit, or would have sat. The clauses beginning with where are adjective
clauses {Gr. 410) qualifying structure.
I. 736. And [to whom the supreme king"] gave, &c. This adjective
clause, like the one that precedes it, qualifies angels. To rule — bright
will be the objective adjunct of gave. If gave be used in the sense of
placed or appointed, then omit the to before whom. The phrase to rttle,
&c., will then be an adverbial adjunct of gave.
I. 737. £ach in his hierarchy. An elliptical expression. In full :
giving each to rule in his hierarchy the orders bright.
I. 738. Subdivide this contracted sentence into two. 1. Sis name
was not unheard in ancient Greece. 2. His nam^ was not unadored in
ancient Greece.
I. 747. For he, &c. An adverbial clause qualifying erring.
I. 748. Aught is in the adverbial relation to availed, the subject dl
which is to have built in heaven high towers.
I. 755. To be held, &c. An attributive adjunct of council. {Gr. 362, 4.)
I. 757. A contracted sentence — divide it thus : 1. Their summons
called from — regiment the spirits worthiest by place. 2. Their summon*
called from — regiment the spirits worthiest by choice.
I. 752. After wide insert thick swarmed.
I. 763. Though [it was"] like — lance. An adverbial clause, qualifying
the predicate swarmed. [To] a covered field is in the adverbial relation
so like. Covered here means listed, enclosed for combat.
I. 764. Wont is here a verb in the indicative mood. Ride is its
complement.
Before at repeat where champions bold.
I. 766. Before career supply where champions bold at the Soldan't
ehair defied the best of Panim chivalry to. Career is heie a noun.
With lance is an attributive adjunct of career.
is its
BOOK I.]
NOTES.
69
/. 768. As bees — affairs. A nontractod compound adverbial clause,
qualifying both swarmed and were straitened, for the second of which
it must be repeated.
L 771. Before t/iei/ insert as. The grammatical connection between
this sentence and what precedes is not as close as would bo convenient.
/. 772. Insert as they before on the smoothed 2)l((>ik.
l. 774. Before confer repeat as they on the smoothed plank — ivith balm,
I. 776. Before were straitened repeat the whole clause as bees — affairt,
I. 776. Till behold a wonder. This of course is not a. legitimate con-
struction, grammatically speaking. For analysis substitute a wonder
ensued, or something of the kind. The clause is in the "dverbial rela-
tion to were straitened.
i. 777. But note. But here has the sense of only.
I. 778. To surpass. Sec, is the complement of the predicate seemed.
I. 779. Than smallest dwarfs [are little]. An elliptical adverbial
clause, qualifying less. {Gr. 563.)
I. 780. Like had better be taken as an adjective, qualifying t/>gff,
(See I. 575.)
/. 781. Before /ffc77/ repeat they but now — numberless, like.
I. 782. A compound contracted adjective clause. First leave out
or fountain and or dreams he sees. Next repeat the sentence so formed,
with the substitution of fountain for forest-side. Thirdly, repeat each
of these sentences with the substitution of dreams he sets for sees.
I. 784. [That] he sees, &c. A substantive clause, the object of
dreams. Bevels, with its adjuncts, will now belong to this substantive
clause.
/. 785. Before nearer repeat while over head the moon.
I. 791. After though insert they were.
I. 793. In their own dimensions. An attributive adjunct of lords and
cherubim.
I. 796. On gulden seats may be taken either as an attributive adjunct
of demigods, or as an adverbial adjunct of sitting, understood.
I
Iflfl"-
ESI
AbJ
Abt
Aby
Acci
Adn
Adv
Affli
Aflfii
Aim
Azue
1
1
Amn
Arch
(
Arch
r
a
Argu
Astoi
Balai
Beat!
Benee
A
Bestii
■.^.1
A LIST OF DIFFICULT WOIIDS,
ESPECIALLY SUCH AS ARE USED IN OBSOLETE OR
UNUSUAL SENSES.
( -il
y'l
Abject {ahjicio, ahjedus), cast aside. {I. 312.)
Abuse {ahutor, abiisua surn), to misuse, to deal with wrongly or
unfairly. Hence, to delude or deceive. (/. 479.)
Abyss (AjSiTtroj), a bottomless pit.
Access (accede, accessiis), way of approach. (/. 761.)
Admire (admiror), to wonder. {I. 690. )
Advanced (French, avancer ; Latin, ah ante), improved. (I. 119.)
Afflicted (q^/r/o), dashed down. (/. 186.)
Affront (ad,frons), to meet face to face. (/. 391.)
Aim (aeslimo), object intended. (/, 168.)
Amerce (French, d merci ; Latin, ad misericord iam), to impose a
fine at the discretion, or mercy, of the court, — not a fine fixed
bylaw. (/. 609.)
Ammiral (Arabic, amir, 'a lord'). A chief oi any kind. A
commander of a fleet ; hence the commander's ship. [l. 294.)
•Admiral' is a corruption of the word.
Arch {apxri), leading or governing. ^rc^ngel, arcA-fiend, ko.
(I. 156.)
Architrave {ipx^s, trabs), the lower division of an entablature, the
part resting on the column. The entablature is made up of
architrave, frieze, and cornice. (I. 715.)
Argument {arguo, artjumentum), subject for discussion. {I. 24.)
Astonished [attonitus), thunderstruck. (I. 307.)
Balance [bi-lanx). 'In even balance,' i.e., 'poising themselves
evenly on their wings.' {I. 349.) Compare II., I. 1046.
Beatific (heatus, facio), making happy. {I. 684. )
Beneath, still lower than — still more degrading than — (/. 115.)
Also • to the South of.' (/. 355.)
Bestial (hestia, beslialia), in the form of beasts. {/. 435),
w
1
¥
*
:
■■
fl
72
LIST Of DIKKICULT OR DNUHUAI. WORDS.
Bordering', forming a border or boundary. (I. 419.)
Bossy, projecting ; from 'boss,' a ' knob or protuberanco.* (/. 716.)
Bullion (bulla, 'a seal or stamp'), anciently aignilird the mint, wboro
gold and silver were reduced to stamped money, .\fterwardn it
signified the «//(>// which was pormitted by the Bulliiui or Mint,
and so it came to mean all gold and silver designed for coinage,
or coined. (/. 704. )
Camp, army. (I. 677.)
Chivalry {cahalluA), cavalry, a body of knights. (/. 307.)
Choice (used actively), distinguishing. (I, 053. )
Clime (kaZ/uo, ' a slope '), projierly ' tlie slope of the earth from the
ecpiator towards the |)oles.' Hence ' a zone or belt of the earth.*
(/. 242. Comp. /. 297.)
Combustible (coinhuro), capable of burning. (/. 23.*1)
Combustion, destruction by Hre. (I. 40.)
Conceive {e.oneiplo), to catch. * I conce'tre. your meaning ' means ' I
f A your meaning thoroHijIdy.'' (I. 2'.i I. )
Ooncluve {conclave ; con claols), a lockeil apartment, a close or
jirivate meeting. (/. 795.) ^
Conduct (conduco), guidance, {t. l.'iO.)
Confer (conjero), to bring together for discussion. (I. 774.)
Considerate (conddero), reflecting, contemi)lative, not rash or hasty.
Used actively. {/. 003.)
Consult used as a noun {comultum), consultation. {I. 798.)
Contention (contendo, contenfio), stiuggle. (/. 100.)
Cope (cnpa, 'a bowl'), an arched covering. (/. 345.)
Cornice {nopttvis), a summit or tinish ; the uppermost part of an
entablature, (i. 710.)
Crew, a band of comrades. {I. 51.)
Damp, chilled, depressed. {/. 523.) * Damped' is more commonly
used in this sense.
Deify {detis, facio), to worship or reverence as divine. (I. 112.)
Different (dlffero), diU'ering, divided, at variance with each other.
(I. 0,*}0.)'
Dilated {dijfcro, dilatus), expanded. (/. 429.) „ ^^ n^A^
Discover {dis, co-openre), to uncover, to reveal to sight. {II. 04, 724.)
Dispose {dispone), to arrange. (/. 240.)
Double (rfM/>/ica?Y), to repeat. (/. 485.)
Doubt (dubUare), to think insecure. (/. 114.)
Doubtful hue, a mixed expression, partly of one kind, partly of
another. (/. 527.)
Dread, an object of fear. {I. 406. )
Dreadful, inspiring terror. (/. 130.) , . , , nifi±\
Dubious (dubitis), doubtfiU, not mstantly decided. {I. 104.)
Dxacet i^dukia), sweet-sounding. {I. 712.)
LIST or DIFFICnLT OR UNUSJ'Ar, WOHOa.
78
Emblaze, to adoru with bright or flamiu|{ coh)ur8. (/. 539.) The
form embUizon is now usually employod.
Emperor (imperator), comma tider. (/. 378.)
Empyreal {Kfinvpos), dwelling in the region of fire. {I. 117.) See
Endure (indurare), to harden one's self, to hold out. (/. 299.)
Enlarg-e, to cause to spread. {I. 41.').)
Envy (invulia), grudging, strong tUisiie to have for cmcself. {I. 200.)
' Hath not buiilt hero for his envy ;' i.e., hath not built here u
dwelling that he would strongly desire for himself.
Equal (tei/ualijt), to place on the same level witli. {I. '284.) 'To
equal which' {l. '292) means 'in compirison with which,' placed
side by side with it, to see if it is of ecjual length. Also, to lay
all equally low. (^.488.)
Erst, formerly ; the superlative answering to the comparative ere.
(l. 3G0.)
Eruption (eruptio), a breaking forth, a sally. {I. G5(}.)
Essences {fs.v, modern Latin cssctilhi), natures, beings. (I. 138.)
Ethereal {ae.thcre.u* ; aWiip, ' blazing heat '), belonging to the region
of the ether, i.e., heavenly {IL 45, 285.) By aether the ancients
understood the upper, pure, glowing air, beyond the region of
mists and clouds (which they called o^p) ; a rare and tiery
medium in which tlie heavenly IxMlies moved.
Event (eventus), the result of a course of action. (/. 118.)
Expatiate {ex, apatior), to strut about. (/. 774.)
■j
'
; :.;|
m
of an
!•)
Fail, to lose strength, to perish ; to be mistaken. {U. 117, 167.)
Fame {fania), report. (/. 651.)
Fanatic [Janatkus, fannm), inspired or possessed by a divinity,
furious, mad. (L 480.)
Fast, close. {I. 12.)
Flown, eh; ted, puffed up, flushed. (/. 502.) Flown is properly the
ftarticiple oi Jiy, but it is difficult to trace the meaning, as derived
rora this verb. If Milton connected it y,'\i\\ Jlow, Jlown may have
much the same sense as flooded.
Flung*, banished, {l. 610.)
Found {fundere), to melt, to pour. {I. 70.3.)
Founded {funddre), established, fixed firmly. (/. 427.)
Foundered — ' Some small night-foundered skiff.' It is very difficult
to trace the exact sense of this phrase. Eentley even suggested
nigh-foundered, i.e., almost sinking. Founder {'to sink') is de-
rived from the old French verb afondrer {ad, fundus), ' to sink
to the bottom.' From the Latin fundere we get a verb foundd
of very similar meaning, implying to melt, tituc, give way, falL
(In French se fondre). Id old English it is applied to a horfie
stumbling. In Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary we find founder
in the sense of to fell, to knock downy to give a stunu'mg blow.
' I
74
trST OF DimonLT or tlVITHtrAL WORDB.
Frequent, {/requens), crowded. (/. 797.)
Fretted, divided into squares or lozenges by interlacing or inter*
secting bars (laqueatus). It appears to he derived from feiTum^
through tho Italian /errata, *an iron grating.'
Frieze, the embossed or ornamented border running beneath the
cornice of an entablature. (/. 710.)
Fuelled {focufi, fornle), charged or loaded with fuel. (/. 234.)
Fury {furor), violent action. * Mineral fury,' the violent action
with which aul|)hur, nitre, and such mineral products burn, or
act and react oa each other. (I. 235. ) 8eo Mimiral.
Qraze, to feed or supply with grass. (/. 486.) The verb is now
commonly applied to the pasture (to eat off the grass), not to
the cattle that feed upon it. * To graze' (in Milton's sense) is now
commonly expressed by ' to pasture. '
Grunsel, i.e., ground-sill, the threshold. (I. 4C0.)
Heat, passionate or burning love. {I. 453.)
Homicide (/tomicida ; horno ca^do), used adjectively, * manslaying.'
(;. 417.)
Incumbent (incuvibo), resting his weight upon. {l. 226. )
Infernal {iiiferi), belonging to Hell. (/. 34. )
Inflamed (inflammatus), blazing, set on fire. {l. 300.)
Injured {injuria), treated with injustice, meeting with less than
justice. {I. 98.)
Intrench (French trancher ; Latin ti'uncare, 'to lop off'), to cut
trenches or furrows in anything.
Invest {in, veMis), to throw a robe or cloak over. (I. 208.)
Involved {involvere)^ enveloped, wrapped up. {I. 236. )
Ken, to know, to perceive. {I 59.)
Light, to alight. {L 228.)
Lucid {lux, lucidus), bright, letting light pass through. {I. 469.)
Mansion {mansio, manSre), a dwelling-place, not necessarily a build-
ing of any kind.
Measure (mensura, metior), treatment, what ia meted out to a
person. (Z. 513.)
Middle (medius), between two extremes, not reaching the highest
point. (^14.)
Mineral, found in mines, or under the earth. 'Mineral fury
{I. 235) perhaps means merely 'violent subterranean action.'
Mortal (mors, morto^w), deadly, causing death, (i. 2). Also employed
in the sense of ' exposed to death. '
Myriad {^tvpio^s), properly, a body of ten thousand, (i. 87.)
LIST OF DIFFICULT OB UNUSUAL WORDS. " 70
NathlesB (i.e,, natheless), nevertheless. {I. 299.)
Obdurate (ob, durva), hardened against everything. (/. 68.)
Oblivious (ohi nnoaus), causing forgetfulness. (/. 2C6.)
Offend (afendu), to assail or attack. (/. 187.)
Offensive, causing disgrace. The ' offensive mountain' {I. 443)
18 the same as the ' opprobrious hill ' (/. 403), called also the
'hill of scandal.' {I. 416.)
Org-ies (orgia), wild, frenzied ceremonies. (I. 416.)
Orient {oi'ior), connected M'ith sunrise. 'Orient colours' are the
bright colours of sunrise. (/. 646.)
Part (7>ar«), share or portion, (i. 267.)
Passion (patior, pas^^io), suffering. {I. 605.)
Penal {pcerta), endured by way of punishment. {I. 48.)
Perdition {verdo), utter ruin. ' Bottondess i)erdition ' (/. 47), the
bottondess pit of ruin.
Pernicious (perniciea, pemiciosus), deadly, destructive. (1. 282.)
Pilaster ( pita), a square pillar, usually let into a wall, so as to pro-
ject only by a portion of its thickness. (/. 713.)
Precipice {praecepa), the extreme verge, from which one can fall
headlong. (/. 173.)
Presage {prae, sapio), to know beforehand. (/. 627.)
Prime (/>n»n«*), foremost. (^,506.)
Profane {pro, fanvm), to treat as not being sacred. A thing \& pro-
Jane which is pro fano, in front of, or outside the sacred
enclosure. (I. 390.)
Prone (p^oww*), htadlong, lying flat. (/. 195.)
Providence {provklere), foresight. {I. 162.)
Puissant (French je puis), powerful. {I. 632.)
Pursue ( ))ro, sequor), to follow out, to go along with, to treat of con-
tinuouslj'. {I. 15.)
Recollect (recoUiyo), to gather up again. {I. 528.)
Recorder, a kind of wind instrument. (/. 551.)
Reig-n [regnum), kingdom, realm. (/. 543.)
Reinforcement, renewal of strength. (/. 190.)
Relig-ions {rdlgiones), religious rites. (/. 372.)
Re-possess (ix-possidere), to re-occupy. {I. 634.)
Rife, prevalent, abundant. (/. 650.2
Rout, a gang or crowd. (I. 747.) Probably not of the same origin
as rout, ap]died to an army. The latter is connected with
ruplus, 'broken.'
Ruin {ruina)y sudden downfall. (/. 46.)
Satiate {jsatiaius, satis), satisfied, satiated. {I. 179.)
Scandal (vKdv^aXov), a stumbling- block, an uffeuce or disgraoiw
II 416.) See OJemive.
e i
^"S.
76
LIST 07 DlFFrrULT OH UNUSUAL WORDS.
Scum (verb), to skim, (l. 704.) *
Secrpit (sfcretvs), retired, withdrawn from ])ublic gaze. {I. 6.)
Secure {securuft), free from anxiety. (I. 261.)
Serried (French, serrer), locked together. (I. 548.)
Shrine {scr'mium), a box or chest enclosing something sacred, like
the Ark in the Jewish temple. {I. 388.)
Slip, to let slip. (/. 178.)
Sluiced, poured through shiices. {I. 702.) Sluice (derived from
exclusa], implies a floodgate, by which the water is shut off.
Space (spatium), period of time. {I. 50.)
Spires {antTpa), tai)ering jetr.. (/. 223.) The word properly implies
something tioisted.
Straiten {strictus), to crowd into a narrow space. (/. 776.)
Sublimed [suUimis), driven off in vai)Our. A chemical phrase,
{I. 235).
Successful, involving better auguries of success. (1. i20.)
Suffice (siifficio), ^io satisfy. (I. 148. )
Supernal (supermis), belonging to the supreme (cr, at least, some
exalted) being. (/. 241. )
Suppliant («?lish'd, and expire.
Wliat fear we then ? what doubt we to incense
His utmost ire ? which, to the height enraged, IN)
Will either quite consume us, and reduce
To nothing this essential : happiei far
Thau miserable to have eternal Innng :
Or, if our yubsstance be indeed divine,
And cannot ct^>aso to be, we are at worst 100
On this side nothing ; and by proof we leel
Our power sufficient to disturb his heavea,
And with perpetual inroads to alarm.
it
'Ma
m
i
8
PARADISE LOST.
BOOK II.
Thougli inaccessible, his fatal throne ;
Which, if not victory, is yet revenge.* JOS
He ended frowning, and his look denounced
Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous
To less than gods. Oi. the other side up rose
Uclial, in act more graceful and humane :
A fairer person lost not heaven ; he seera'd 110
For dignity composed, and high exploit :
But all was false and hollow : though his tongue
Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear
The better reason, to perplex and dash
Maturer counsels : for his thoughts were low, 115
To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds
Timorous and slothful ; yet he pleased the ear,
And with persuasive accent thus began :
♦ I should be much for open war, peers,
As not behind in hate ; if what was urged 120
Main reason to persuade immediate war,
Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast
Ominous conjecture on the whole success;
When he, who most excels in fact of arms,
In what he counsels, and in what excels; 125
Mistrustful grounds his courage on despair
And utter dissolution, as the scope
Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.
First, what revenge ? The towers of heaven are fill'd
With armed watch, that render all access I'dO
Imprtgnable : oft on the bordering deep
Encamp their legions ; or, with obscure wing,
Scout far and wide into the realm of night.
Scorning surprise. Or could we break our way
By force, and at our heels all hell should rise 135
With blackest insurrection, to confound
Heaven's purest light ; yet our great enemy,
All incorruptible, would on his throne
Sit unpolluted : and the ethereal mould,
Incapable of stain, would soon expel 140
Her mischief, and purge ofl' the baser fire.
w
lOK II.
106
no
115
120
125
lao
135
140
BOOK II.]
PARADISE LOST.
Victorious. Thus repulsed, our final hope
Is fiat despair : we must exasperate
The almighty Victor to spend all his rage,
And that must end us ; that must be our cure,
To be no more. Sad oure ! for who would lose,
Though full of pain, this intellectual being,
Those thoughts that wander through eternity,
To perish rather, swaliow'd up and lost
In the wide womb of uncreated night.
Devoid of sense and motion ? And who knows,
Let this be good, whether our angry foo
Can give it, or will ever ? How he can,
Is doubtful ; that he never will, is sure.
Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire,
Belike through impotence, or unaware,
To give his enemies their wish, and end
Them in his anger, whom his anger saves
To punish endless ? Wherefore cease we then ?
Say they who coun.sel war, We are decreed,
Reserved, and destined, to eternal woe ;
Whatever doing, what can we sufier more,
What can we sufier worse ? Is this then worst,
Thus sitting, thus consulting, thus in arms ?
What, when we fled amain, pursued, and struck
With heaven's afiiicting thunder, and besought
The deep to shelter us P this hell then seem'd
A refuge from those wounds ; or when we lay
Ghain'd on the burning lake ? that sure was worse.
What if the breath, that kindled those grim fires.
Awaked, should blow them into sevenfold rage.
And plunge us in the flames ? or, from above,
Should intermitted vengeance arm again
His red right hand to plague us P What if all
Her stores were open'd, and this firmament
Of hell should spout her cataracts of fire.
Impendent horrors, threatening hitUous fall
On* day H|»on our heads ; while we perhaps,
Designing or exhorting glorious war,
145
150
155
160
165
70
176
m
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PARADISE LOST.
LBOOK II.
Uw'
Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurl'd 180
Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey
Of wracking whirlwinds ; or for ever sunk
Under yon boiling ocean, wrapt in chains ;
There to converse with everlasting groans,
Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved, 185
Ages of hopeless end? This would be worse.
War therefore, open or conceal'd, alike
My voice dissuades ; for what can force or guile
\N'ith him, or who deceive his mind, whose eye
Views all things at one view ? He from heaven's height 190
All these our motions vain, sees, and derides :
Not more almighty to resist our might.
Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles.
Shall we then live thus vile, the race of heaven
Thus trampled, thus expell'd to suffer here 196
Chains and these torments ? Better these than worse,
By my advice ; since fate inevitable
Subdues us, and omnipotent decree,
The victor's will. To suflPer, as to do.
Our strength is equal, nor the law unjust 200
That so ordains : this was at first resolved,
If we were wise, against so great a ibe
Con tending, and so doubtful what might fall.
I laugh, when those who at the spear are bold
And venturous, if that fail them, shrink and fear 205
What yet they know must follow, to endure
Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain,
I'he sentence of tlieir conqueror. This is now
Our doom ; which if we can sustain and bear.
Our supreme foe in time may much remit 210
Uis anger ; and perhaps, thus far removed,
Not mind us not offending, satisfied
With what is punish'd ; whence these raging tires
Will slacken, if his breath stii' not their flames :
Our purer essence then will overcome 816
Their noxious vapour, or, inured, not feel ;
Or, changed at length, and to the place conformed
Un
Of
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I.i^
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ISO
185
190
195
200
205
210
216
BOOK TI."I
PARADISE LOST.
In temper and in nature, will receive
Familiar the fierce heat, and void of pam ;
This horror will grow mild, this darkness light |
Besides what hope the never-ending fli|,'lit
Of future days may bring, what chance, what change
W^orth waiting ; since our present lot appears
For happy though but ill, for ill not worst,
If we procure not to ourselves more woe.'
Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb,
Counsell'd ignoble ease, and peaceful sloth.
Not peace ; and after him thus Mammon spake :
* Either to disenthrone the King of heaven
We war, if war be best, or to regain
Our own right lost : him to unthrone we then
May hope, when everlasting fate shall yield
To fickle chance, and Chaos judge the strife:
The former, vain to hope, argues as vain
The latter : for what place can be for us
Within heaven's bound, unless heaven's Lord supreme
We overpower ? Suppose he should relent.
And publish grace to all, on promise made
Of new subjection ; with what eyes could we
Stand in his presence humble, and receive
Strict laws imposed, to celebrate his throne
With warbled hymns, and to his Godhead sing
Forced hallelujahs ; while he lordly sits
Our envied sovereign, and his altar breathes
Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers,
Our servile offerings ? This must be our task
In heaven, this our delight; how wearisc me
Eternity so spent, in worship paid
To whom we hate ! Let us not then pursue
By force impossible, by leave obtain'd
Unacceptable, though in heaven, our state
Of splendid vas alage ; but rather seek
Our own good from ourselves, and from our own
Iiive to ourselves, though in this vast recess,
Free, and to none accountable, preferring
n
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
366
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[book h.
Hard liberty, before the easy yoke
Of servile pomp. Our greatness will appear
Then most conspicuous, whi > great things of small,
Useful of hurtful, prosperous of adverse,
We can create ; and in what place soe'er
Thrive under evil, and work ease out of pain,
Through labour and endurance. This deep world
Of darkness do we dread ? How oft amidst
Thick clouds and dark doth heaven's all-ruling Sire
Choose to reside, his glory unobscured.
And with the majesty of darkness round
Covers his throne ; from whence deep thunders roar
Mustering their rage, and heaven resembles hell.
As he our darkness, cannot we his light
Imitate when we please P Tliis desert soil
Wants not her hidden lustre, gems and gold ;
Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise
Magnificence; and what can iieaven show more?
Our torments also may in length of time
Become our elements : these piercing ttres
As soft as now severe, our temper changed
Into their temper ; which must needs remove
The sensible of pain. All things invite
To peaceful counsels, and the settled state
Of crder, how in safety best we may
Compose our present evils, with regard
Of what we are, and were; dismissing quite
All thoughts of war. Ye have what 1 advise.'
He scarce had finish'd, when such murmur fill'd
The assembly, as when hollow rocks retain
Tije sound of blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
Seafaring men o'er-wateh'd, whose barque by chance
Or pinnace anchors in a craggy bay
After the tempest : such applause was heard
As Mammon ended, and his sentence pleased
Advising peace : for such another field
They dreaded worse than hell : so much the fear
230
266
270
275
]
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I
J
1
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J
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280
28J
290
I
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26o
270
275
280
28j
290
BOOK II.l
PARADISF. LOST.
Of thunder and the sword of Michael
Wrought still within them, and no less desire
To found this nether empire, which might rise
By policy, and long process of time,
In emulation opposite to heaven.
Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom
Satan except, none higher sat, with grave
Aspect he rose, and in his rising scem'd
A pillar of state; deep on his front cngraveii
Deliberation sat, and public care ;
And princely counsel in his face yet shone,
Majestic, though in ruin : sage he stood
AVith Atlantean shoulders fit to bear
The weight of mightiest monarchies ; his look
Drew audience and attention still as night
Or summer's noontide air, while thus he s])ake :
' Thrones and imperial powers, offspring of hiaven,
Ethereal virtues ; or these titles now
Must we renounce, and changing style, be call'd
Princes of hell ? for so the popular vote
Inclines here to continue, and build up here
A growing empire ? doubtless, while we dream
And know not that the King of heaven hath doom'd
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat
Beyond his potent arm, to live exempt
From heaven's high jurisdiction, in new league
Banded against his throne, but to remain
In strictest bondage, though thus far removed.
Under the inevitable curb, reserved
His captive multitude ! for he, be sure.
In height or depth, still first and last will reign
Sole king, and of his kingdom lose no part
By our revolt ; but over hell extend
His empire, and with iron sceptre rule
Us here, as with his golden those in heaven.
What sit we then projecting peace and war ?
War hath determined us, and foil'd with loss
Irreparable : terms of peace yet none
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[BOOK II.
Vouchflafed or sought ; for wlmt peace will be given
To us enslaved, but custody severe,
And stripes, and arbitrary punishment,
Inflicted ? and what peace can we return, 835
But to our power hostility and hate,
Untamed reluctance, and revenge, though slow
Yet ever plotting how the Conqueror least
May reap his conquest, and may least rejoice
In doing what we most in suffering feel ? 340
Nor will occasion want, nor shall we need
With dangerous expedition to invade
Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege,
Or ambush from the deep. What if we find
Some easier enterprise? There is a place 845
(If ancient and prophetic fame in heaven
Err not), another world, the happy seat
Of son'e new race, calFd Man, about this time
To be created like to us, though less
In power and excellence, but favoured more 8o0
Of him who rules above; so was his will
Pronounced among >he Gods ; and by an oath,
That shook heaven's whole circumference, confirra*d
Thither let us bend all our thoughts, to learn
What creatures there inhabit, of what mould 855
Or substance, how endued, and what their power,
And where their weakness, how attempted bcbt
By force or subtlety. Though heaven be shut.
And heaven's high Arbitrator sit secure
In his own strength, this place may lie exposed, 8G0
The utmost border of his kingdom, left
To their defence who hold it : here perhaps
Some advantageous act may be achieved
By sudden onset : either with hell fire
To waste his whole creation, or possess ^ 865
All as our own, and drive as we were driven,
The puny habitants, or, if not drive,
Seduce them to our party, that their God
May prove their foe, and with repenting faitod
BOOK n.J
PABADTRE LOST.
15
340
345
3o0
355
360
865
Abolish his own works. This would surpass 870
Common revenge, and interrupt his joy
In our confusion, and our joy upraise
In his disturbance ; when his darling sons,
Ilurl'd headlong to partake with us, shall curse
Iheir frail original, and faded bliss, 375
Faded so soon. Advise, if this be worth
Attempting, or to sit in darkness here
Hatching vain empires.' Thus Beel/^ebub
Pleaded his devilish coursel, first devised
By Satan, and in part proposed ; for whence 38C
But from the author of all ill, could spring
So deep a malice, to confound the race
Of mankind in one root, and earth with hell
To mingle and involve, done all to spite
The great Creator? But their spite still serves 385
His glory to augment. The bold design
Pleased highly those infernal states, and joy
Sparkled in all their eyes : with full assent
They vote : whereat his speech he thus renews :
* Well have ye judged, well ended long debate, 390
Synod of gods, and, like to what ye are,
Great things resolved, which, from the lowest deep,
Will once more lift us up, in spite of fate,
Nearer our ancient seat : perhaps in view
Of those bright confines, whence, with neighbouring arms 395
And opportune excunsion, wfi may chance
Be-enter heaven ; or else in some mild zone
Dwell not un visited of heaven's fair light,
Secure ; and at the brightening orient beam
Purge off this gloom : the soft delicious air, 400
To heal the scar of these corrosive fires,
Shall breathe her balm. But first, whom shall we send
In search of this new world P whom shall we find
Sufficient P who shall tempt with wandering feet
The dark, unbottom'd, infinite abyss, 406
And through the palpable obscure find out
His uncouth way, or spread his aery flight
le
PARADTSB LOST.
[BOOK II.
■I
ti; I
Upborne with indefatigable wings,
Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive
The happy isle? What strength, what art can then 410
Suffice, or what evasion bear him safe
Through the strict senteries and stations thick
Of angels watching round ? Here he had need
All circumspection, and we now no less /
Choice in our suffrage ? for, on whom we send, 415
The weight of all and our last hope relies.'
This said, he sat ; and expectation held
His look suspense, awaiting who appear'd
To second or oppose, or undertake.
The perilous attempt : but all sat mute, 420
Pondering the danger with deep thoughts ; and each
In other's countenance read his own dismay,
Astonish'd : none among the choice and prime •
Of those heaven-warring champions could be found
So hardy, as to proffer or accept 425
Alone, the dreadful voyage ; till at kbt
Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised
Above his fellows, with monarchal pride,
Conscious of highest worth, unmoved thus spake ;
' O progeny of heaven, empyreal thrones, 430
With reason hath deep silence and demur
Seized us, though undismayed. Long is the way
And hard, that out of hell leads up to light ;
Our prison strong ; this huge convex of fire,
Outrageous to devour, immures us round 436
Ninefold ; and gates of burning adamant,
Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress.
These pass'd, if any pass, the void profound
Of unessential night receives him next
Wide-gaping, and with utter loss of being
I'hreatcns him, plunged in that abortive gulf.
If thence he 'scape into whatever world.
Or unknown region , what remains him less
Than unknown dangers, and as hard escape ?
But I should ill become this throne, O peers 440
MO
r1i:!^l
"^g^
i
BOOK II.]
PARADISE LOST.
It
And this imperial sovereignty adorn'd
With splendour, arm'd with power, if aught proposed
And judged of public moment, in the shape
Of difficulty or danger, could deter
Me from attempting. Wherefore do I assume
These royalties, and not refuse to reign,
Kefusing to accept as great a share
Of hazard as of honour, due alike
To him who reigns, and so much to him due
Of hazard more, as he above the rest
High honour'd sits ? Go, therefore, mighty powers,
Terror of heaven, though fallen ; intend at home,
While here shall be our home, what best may ease
The present misery, and render hell
More tolerable ; if there be cure or charm
To respite, or deceive, or slack the pain
Of this ill mansion : intermit no watch
Against a wakeful foe, while I abroad
Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek
Deliverance for us all : this enterprise
None shall partake but me.' Thus saying, rose
The monarch, and prevented all reply ;
Prudent, lest, from his resolution raised
Others among the chief might offer now
(Certain to be refused) what erst they feared ;
And, so refused, might in opinion stand
His rivals ; winning cheap the high repute,
Which he through hazard huge must earn. But they
Dreaded not more the adventure, than his voice
Forbidding ; and at once with him they rose :
Their rising all at once, was as the sound
Of thunder heard remote. Towards him they bond
With awful reverence prone : and as a god
Extol him equal to the Highest in heaven :
Nor fail'd they to express how much they praised.
That for the general safety he despised
His own : for neither do the spirits damn'd
Lose ail their virtue ; lest bad men should boast
460
455
4G0
465
470
475
480
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18
PABADISE LOST.
(BOOK
Tlicir specious deeds on earth which glory excites,
Or close ambition, varnish'd o'er with zeal. 486
Thus they their doubtful consultations dark
Ended, rejoicing in their matchless chief.
As when from mountain-tops the dusky clouds
Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'erspread
Heaven's cheerful face, the louring element 490
Scowls o'er the darkon'd landskip snow, or shower )
If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet
Extend his evening beam, the fields revive,
The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds
Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. 495
O shame to men ! devil with devil damn'd
Firm concord holds, men only disagree
Of creatures rational, though under hope
Of heavenly grace ! and, God proclaiming peace,
Yet live in hatred, enmity, and strife, 500
Among themselves, and levy cruel wars.
Wasting the earl a, each other to destroy ;
As if (which might induce us to accord)
Man had not hellish foes enow besides.
That, day and night, for his destruction wait. 505
The Stygian council thus dissolved : and forth
In order came the grand infernal peers :
Midst came their mighty paramount, and seem'd
Alone the antagonist of heaven, nor less
Than hell's dread emperor, with pomp supreme, 510
And god-like imitated state : him round
A globe of fiery seraphim enclosed
With bright imblazonry, and horrent arms.
Then of their session ended they bid cry
With trumpets' regnl sound the great result : 515
Toward the four winds four speedy cherubim
Put to their mouths the sounding alchymy.
By herald's voice explained ; the hollow abyss
Heard far and wide, and all the host of hell
With deafening shout retum'd them loud acclaim. 520
Thence more at ease their minds, and somewhat raised
Si
T
(I
In
O
BOOK n.]
PARADISE LOST
10
486
490
495
600
By false presumptuous hope, the ranged powen
Disband, and wandering^; each his several way
Pursues, as inclination or sad choice
Leads him perplex'd where he may likeliest find 525
Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain
The irksome hours, till his great chief return.
Part on the plain, or in the air sublime.
Upon the wing, or in swift race contend,
As at the Olympian games or Pythian fields ; 630
Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal
With rapid wheels, or fronted brigades form.
As when to warn proud cities, war appears
Waged in the troubled sky, and armies rush
To battle in the clouds, before each van 635
Prick forth the aSry knights, and couoh their spean,
Till thickest legions close ; with feats of arms
From either end of heaven the welkin burns.
Others, with vast Typhcean rage more fell,
Rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air 640
In whirlwind ; hell scarce holds the wild uproQ**;
As when Alcides, from (Echalia crown'd
With conquest, felt the envenom'd robe, and tore
Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines,
And Lichas from the top of CEta threw 645
Into the Euboic sea. Others more mild,
Retreated in a silent valley, sing
With notes angelical to many a harp
llieir own heroic deeds, and hapless fall
By doom of battle; and complain that fate 650
Free virtue should inthral to force or chance.
Their song was partial ; but the harmony
(What could it less when spirits immortal sing P)
Suspended hell, and took with ravishment
The thronging audience. In discourse more sweet 666
(For eloquence the soul, song charms the sense),
Others apart sat on a hill retired,
In thoughts more elevate, and reason'd high
Of providence, foreknowledge, will, and fat^
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20
PARADISE LOST.
Fix'd fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute.
And found no end, in wandering mazes lost.
Of good and evil much they argued then,
Of happiness and final misery.
Passion and apathy, and glory and shame ;
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy :
Yet, with a pleasing sorcery could charm
Pain for a while, or anguish, and excite
Fallacious hope, or arm the obdured breast
With stubborn patience, as with triple steel.
Another part, in squadrons and gross bands.
On bold adventure to discover wide
That dismal world, if any clime perhaps
Might yield them easier habitation, bend
Four ways their flying march, along the banks
Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge
I'jto the burning lake their baleful streams:
Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ;
Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep ;
Cocvtus, named of lamentation loud
Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon,
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.
Far off from these, a slow and silent stream,
Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls
Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks.
Forthwith his former state and being forgets.
Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain.
Beyond this flood a frozen continent
Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms
Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land
Thaws not, but gathers heap, and ruin seems
Of ancient pile : or else deep snow and ice,
A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog
Betwixt Damiata and mount Casius old.
Where armies whole have sunk : the parching air
Burns frore, and cold performs the efiects of fire.
Thither by harpy-footed Furies haled,
At certain revolutionS| all the dftma'4
[book II.
seo
fi6ft
670
«7A
680
686
600
9K II*
6d0
BOOK tl.j
PABAOISR LOST.
066
670
675
680
Are brought ; and feel by turns the bitter change
Of fierce extremes, extremes by change more fierce:
From beds of raging fire, to starve in ice
Their soft ethereal warmth, and there to pine
Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round,
Periods of time, thence hurried back to fire.
They ferry over this Lethean sound
Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment,
And wish and struggle, as they pass, to reach
The tempting stream, with one small drop to lose
In sweet forget fulness all pain and woe,
All in one moment, and so near the brink ;
But fate withstands, and to oppose the attempt
Medusa with Qorgonian terror guards
The ford, and of itself the water flies
All taste of living wight, as once it lied
The lip of Tantalus. Thus roving on
In confused march forlorn, the adventurous bands
With shuddering horror pale, and eyes aghast,
View'd first their lamentable lot, and found
No rest. Through many a dark and dreary vale
They pass'd, and many a region dolorous,
O'er many a frozen, many a fiery Alp,
Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of death
A universe of death ; which God by curse
Created evil, for evil only good ;
Where all life dies, death lives, and nature breeds,
Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things.
Abominable, inutterable, and worse
Than fables yet have feign'd, or fear conceived,
Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire.
Meanwhile, the adversary of God and man,
Satan, with thoughts inflamed of highest design.
Puts on swift wings, and toward the gates of hell
Explores his solitary flight : sometimes
He scours the right hand coast, sometimes the left ;
Now shaves with level wing the deep, then soars
Up to the fiery ooncave towering high.
21
600
606
610
615
620
625
630
636
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23
PARADISE LOST.
[ISOOR U.
As when far off at sea a fleet descried
Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds
Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles
Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring
Their spicy drugs ; they, on the trading flood, 640
Through the wide Ethiopian to the Cape» .
Ply stemming nightly toward the pole : so seem'd
Far o£P the flying fiend. At last appear
Hell lK>unds, high reaching to the horrid roof,
And thrice threefold the gates ; three folds were brass, 645
Three iron, three of adamantine rock
Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire,
Yet un consumed. Before the gates there sat
On either side a formidable shape ;
The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair ; 650
But ended foul in many a scaly fold
Voluminous and vast ; a serpent arm'd
With mortal sting ; about her middle round
A cry of hell-hounds never-ceasing bark'd
With wide Cerberean mouths full loud, and run;^ 6fi5
A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would crcop,
If aught disturbed their noise, into her womb.
And kennel there ; yet there still bask'd and howl'd
Within unseen. Far less abhorr'd than these
Vex'd Scylla, bathing in the sea that parts 660
Calabria from the hoarse Trinacrian shore ;
Nor uglier follow the night-hag, when, call'd
In secret, riding through the air she comes.
Lured with the smell of infant blood, to dance
With Lapland witches, while the labouring moon 665
Eclipses at their charms. The other shape.
If shape it might be called that shape had none,
Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb ;
Or substance might be call'd that shadow seem'd,
For each seem'd either ; black it stood as night, 670
Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as hell.
And shook a dreadful dart ; what seem'd his head*
The likeness of a kingly crown had on
3
I
I
T
Ii
8
30& !!•
640
615
650
655
BOOK ii.l
PARADIIE LOST.
Satan was now at hand, and from Iuh seat
The monster movinfj; onward came as fast
With horrid strides ; hell trembled as he strode.
The undaunted fiend what this might be admired,
Admired, not fear'd ; Ood and his Son except,
Cioatcil thing naught valued he, nor shunn'd ;
And with disdainful look th*:>s first began :
' Whence, and what art thou, execrable shape,
That darest, though grim and terrible, advance
Thy miscreated front athwart my way
To yonder gates ? Through them I mean to pass,
That be assured, without leave ask'd of thee :
Retire, or taste thy folly, and learn by proof,
Hell-born, not to contend with spirits of heaven.
To whom the goblin full of wrath replied :
* Art thou that traitor-angcl, art thou he.
Who first broke peace in heaven, and faith, till then
Unbroken ; and in proud, rebellious arms.
Drew after him the third part of heaven's sons
Conjured against the Highest; for which both thou
And they, outcast from God, are here condemned
To waste eternal days in woe and pain ?
And reckon 'st thou thyself with spirits of heaven,
Hell-doomed, and breath'st defiance here and scorn,
\Vhere I reign king, and to enrage thee more.
Thy king and lord ? Back to thy punishment,
False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings,
Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue
Thy lingering, or with one stroke of this dart
Strange horror seize thee, and pangs unfelt ta^fore.'
So spake the grisly terror, and in shape,
So speaking and so threatening, grew tenfold
More dreadful and deform. On the other side,
Incensed with indignation, Satan stood
Unterrified, and like a comet burn'd.
That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge
In the Arctic sky, and from his horrid hair
Shakes pestilence and war. Each at the head
675
680
685
690
695
700
705
710
1
fi!
1
r,
ni
■ .1
It !
lil!
I-
94
PARADISR LOST.
[DooK n
Levell'd his deudiy aim : their fatal hands
No Hecoiid stroke intend ; and such a frown
ICach cast at the other, as wlien two black clouds.
With hcavcn'8 artillery fraught, come rattling on 71fi
Over the Caspian, then stcnd front to front,
Hovering a space, till winds the i^ignal blow
To join their dark encounter in mid air :
So frown'd the mighty combatants, that hell
Grew darker at their frown ; so match'd they stood) 720
For never Lut once more was either like
To meet so great a foe * and now great deeds
Had been achieved, whereof all hell had rung,
Had not the snaky sorceress, that sat
P'ust by hell-gate, and kept the fatal key, 725
Hisen, and with hideous outcry rush'd between.
• O father, what intends thy hand/ she critd,
* Against thy only son ? What fury, O son,
Possesses thee to bend that mortal dart
Against thy father's head ? and know'st for whom P 730
For him w ho sits above and laughs the while
At thee ordain'd his drudge, to execute
Whate'er his wrath, which he calU justice, bids;
His wrath, which one day will destroy ye both.'
She spake, and at her words the hellish pest 735
Forebore; then these to her Satan return'd :
' So strange thy outcry, and thy words so strange,
Thou interposest, that my sudden hand,
Prevented, spares to tell thee yet by deeds
What it intends ; till tirst I know of thee, 740
What thing thou art thus double-form'd ; and why
In this infernal vale first met, thou call'st
Me father, and that phantasm call'st my son,
I know thee not, nor ever saw till now
Sight more detestable than him and thee.' 745
To whom thus the portress of hell-gate replied t
* Hast thou forgot me then, and do I seem
Now in thine eye so foul ? once deem'd so fair
In heaven, when at the assembly, and in sight
1
ov n
BOOK IT.]
PARADISE LOST.
nA
720
725
730
736
766
Of all the Neraphim with thee combined 750
In bold conspiracy Bf;:ain8t heaven's King,
All on a sudden miserable pain
Surprised thee, dim thine eyes, and dizzy swnm
In darkness, while thy head flames thick and fast
Threw forth ; till on the left side opening wide, 755
Likest to thee in shape and countenance bright*
Then shining heavenly fair, a goddess arm'd,
Out of thy head I sprung ; amazement seized
All the host of heaven ; back they recoil'd afraid
At first, and call'd me Sin, and for a sign 7G0
Portentous held me; but familiar grown,
1 pleased, and with attractive graces won
The most averse, thee chiefly, who full oft
Thyself in me thy f'^'f t image viewing,
Becamest enamour'd and such joy thou took'st
With me in se let, that my womb conceived
A growing burden. Meanwhile war arose,
And fields were fought in heaven ; wherein remain*cl
(For what could else ?) to our Almighty Foe
Clear victory ; to our part loss and rout, 770
Through all the empyrean : down they fell.
Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down
Into this deep ; and in the general fall
I also : at which time this powerful key
Into my hand was given, with charge to keep 775
1'hese gates for ever shut, which none can pass
>Vithout my opening. Pensive here I sat
Alone ; but long I sat not, till my womb.
Pregnant by thee, and now excessive grown.
Prodigious motion felt, and rueful throes. 780
At last this odious offspring whom thou scest.
Thine own begotten, breaking violent way.
Tore through my entrails, that, with fear and pain
Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew
Transform'd : but he my inbred enemy 786
Forth issued, brandishing his fatal dart
Made to destroy. I fled and cried out, Death I
]■'
fi
PARAT^ISE LOST.
[book il
Hell trembled at the hideous name, and 8i(rh'd
From all her caves, and back resounded, Death t
I fled ; but he pursued (though more, it seems, 700
Inflamed with lust than rogt), and, swifter far
Me overtook his mother all dismay'd,
And in embraces forcible and foul
Ingendcring with me, of that rape begot
These yelling monsters that with ceaseless cry 793
Surround me, as thou saw'st, hourly conceived
And hourly born, with sorrow infinite
To me ; for when they list, into the womb
That bred them they return, and howl and gnaw
My bowels, their repast ; then bursting forth 800
Afresh with conscious terrors vex me round,
That rest or intermission none I find.
Before mine eyes in opposition sits
Grim Death, my son and foe ; who sets them on,
And me his parent would full soon devour 805
For want of other prey, but that he knows
His end with mine involved ; and knows that I
Should pi'ove a bitter morsel, and his bane.
Whenever that shall be ; so fate pronounced.
But thou, O father, I forewarn thee, shun 8(0
His deadly arrow ; neither vainly hope
To be invulnerable in those bright arms,
Tliough temper'd heavenly ; for that mortal dint,
Save he who reigns above, none can resist.'
She finished ; and the subtle fiend his lore ^15
Soon learn'd, now milder, and thus answer'd smooth :
* Dear daughter, since thou elaim'st me for thy sire,
And my fair son here show'st me, the dear pledge
Of dalliance had with thee in heaven, and joys
Then sweet, now sad to mention, through dire change 620
Befallen us, unforeseen, unthought of, know,
I come no enemy, but to set free
From out this dark and dismal house of pain
Both him and thee, and all the heavenly host
Of spirits, that, in our just pretences arm'd, 825
IK IL
BOOK II.l
PARADISE LOST.
m
700
795
800
805
810
fr15
igo
820
Fell with us from on high : from them I go f
This uncouth errand sole ; and one for all
Myself expose, with lonely steps to tread
The unsounded deep, and through the void immense
To search with wandering quest a place foretold 830
Should be, and, by concurring signs, ere now
Created vast and round, a place of bliss
In the purlieus of heaven, and therein placed
A race of upstart creatures, to supply
Perhaps our vacant room ; though more removed, 835
Lest heaven, surcharged with potent multitude.
Might hap to move new broils. Be this or aught
Than this more secret now designed, I haste
To know ; and, this once known, shall soon return,
And bring ye to the place where thou and Death 840
Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen
Wing silently the buxom air embalm'd
With odours ; there ye shall be fed and fill'd
Immeasurably ; all things shall be your prey.*
He ceased, for both seem'd highly pleased, and Death **45
Grinn'd horrible a ghastly smile, to hear
His famine should be fill'd ; and bless'd his maw
Destined to that good hour ; no less rejoiced
His mother bad, and thus bespake her sire :
* The key of this infernal pit by due, 850
And by command of heaven's all-powerful King,
I keep, by him forbidden to unlock
These adamantine gates ; against all force
Dentil ready stands to interpose his dart,
Fearless to be o'ermatch'd by living might. 855
But what owe I to his commands above
Who hates me, and hath hither thrust me down
Into this gloom of Tartarus profound,
To sit in hateful office here confined,
Inhabitant of heaven, and heavenly-bom, 860
Here, in perpetual agony and pain,
^Vith terrors and with clamours compass'd round
Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed Y
< t
ft''
l;f.'l!
Hk-i
I.
28
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK II.
Thou art my father, thou my author, thou
My being gavcst me; whom should I obey 86ff
But thee ? whom follow ? Thou wilt bring me soon
To that new world of light and bliss, among
The gods who live at ease, where I shall reiga
At thy right hand voluptuous, as beseems
Thy daughter, and thy darling, without end.' 870
Thus saying, from her side the fatal key,
Sad instrument of all our woe, she took ;
And, towards the gate rolling her bestial train,
Forthwith the huge portcullis high up-drew,
Which, but herself, not all the Stygian powers 875
Could once have moved ; then in the key-hole turns
The intricate wards, and every bolt and bar
Of massy iron or solid rock with ease
Unfastens. On a sudden open fly
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound 869
The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
Of Erebus. She open'd, but to shut
Excell'd her power ; the gates wide open stood.
That with extended wings a banner'd host, 885
Under spread ensigns marching, might pass through
With horse and chariots rank'd in loose array ;
So wide they stood, and like a furnace-mouth
Cast forth redounding smoke and ruddy flame.
Before their eyes in sudden view appear 890
The secrets of the hoary deep ; a dark
Illimitable ocean without bound,
Without dimension, where length, breadth, and height,
And time, and plice, are lost ; where eldest Night
And Chaos, ance&tors of Nature, hold 895
Eternal anarchy, & midst the noise
Of endless wars, ai;d by confusion stand.
Fcr Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry, four champions fierce.
Strive here for mastery, and to battle bring
Their embryon atoms ; they around the flag 900
Of each his faction, in their several clans,
BOOK II.J
PARADISE LOST.
Li<^ht-arm'd or heavy, sharp, smooth, swift, or sloWf
Swarm populous, unnumber'd as the sands
Of Barua or Gyrene's torrid soil.
Levied to side with warring winds and poise, 905
Their lighter wings. To whom these most adhere,
H^ rules a moment : Ohaos umpire sits,
And by decision more embroils the fray
By which he reigns : next him high arbiter
Chance governs all. Into this wild abyss, 910
The womb of Nature, and perhaps her grave,
Of neither sea, nor shore, nor air, nor fire.
But all these in their pregnant causes niix'd
Confus'dly, and which thus must ever fight.
Unless the Almighty Maker them ordain 915
His dark matcriali< to create more worlds :
Into this wild abyss the wary fiend
Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhile.
Pondering his voyage ; for no narrow frith
He had to cross. Nor was his ear less peal'd 920
With noises loud and ruinous (to compare
Great things with small), than when Bellona storms.
With all her battering engines bent to rase
Some capital city ; or less than if this frame
Of heaven were falling, and these elements 925
In mutiny had from her axle torn
The stedfast earth. At last his sail-broad vans
He spreads for flight, end in the surging smoke
Uplifted spurns the ground ; thence many a league,
As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides 930
Audacious ; but, tliat seat soon failing, meets
A vast vacuity : all unawares
Fluttering his penons vain, plump down he drops
Ten thousand fathom deep ; and to this hour
Down had been falling, had not by ill chance 935
The strong rebuft' of some tumultuous cloud,
Instinct with fire and nitre, hurried him
As many miles aloft ; that fury staid,
Quench'd in a boggy syitis, neither sea,
■i
If
ill
I
v\
m
m-:i
it
80
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK n.
Nor good dry land : nigh founder'd on ho fares, 940
Trtadiiig the crude consistence, half on foot,
Half Hying ; behoves him now both oar and saiL
As when a gryphon through the wilderness
With winged course, o'er hill or nioory dale,
Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth 945
Hud from his wakeful custody purloin'd
The guarded gold : so eagerly the fiend
O'er bog, or steep, through straight, rough, dense, or rare,
With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way,
And swims or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or tlies. 950
At length, a universal hubbub wild
Of stunning sounds, and voices all confused,
Borne through the hollow dark, assaults his car
With loudest vehemence ; thither he plies,
Undaunted, to meet there whatever power 955
Or spirit of the nethermost abyss
Might in that noise reside, of whom to ask
Which way the nearest coast of darkness lies
Bordering on light ; when straight behold the throne
Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread 9ti0
Wide on the wasteful deep ; with him enthroned,
Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of things,
The consort of his reign ; and by them stood
Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name
Of Demogorgon ! Rumour next and Chance, 965
And Tumult and Confusion all enibroil'd.
And Discord with a thousand various mouths.
To whom Satan turning boldly, thus : ♦ Ye powers
And spirits of this nethermost abyss.
Chaos and ancient Night, I come no spy, 970
With purpose to explore or to disturb
The secrets of your realm ; but, by constraint
Wandering this darksome desert, as my way
Lies through your spacious empire up to light,
Alone, and without guide, half lost, I seek 970
What readiest path leads where your gloomy bounds
30K n.
940
945
aTC,
950
955
9G0
965
970
id9
BOOK 11.]
PARADISE LOST
81
Confine with heaven ; or if some other place,
From your dominion won, the ethereal King
Possesses hitely, thither to av:*ive
I travel this profound ; direct my course ;
Directed no mean recompense it brings
To your behoof, if I that region lost,
All usurpation thence expelFd, reduce
To her original darkness, and your sway
(Which is my present journey ),und once more
Erect the standard there of ancient Night :
Yours be the advantage all, mine the revenge.'
Thus Satan ; and him thus the Anarch old,
With faltering speech and visage incomposed,
Answcr'd ; * I know thee stranger, who thou art,
That mighty leading angel, who of late
Made head against heaven's King, though overthrown.
I saw and heard ; for such a numerous host
Fled not in silence through the frighted deep.
With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout.
Confusion worse confounded ; and heaven-gate
Pour'd out by millions her victorious ban
Pursuing. I upon my frontiers here
Keep residence ; if all I can will serve
That little which is left so to defend,
Encroach'd on still through your intestine broils
Weakening the sceptre of old Night : first hell.
Your dungeon, stretching far and wide beneath ;
Now lately heaven and earth, another world.
Hung o'er my realm, link'd in a golden chain
To that side heaven from whence your legions fell :
If that way be your walk, you have not far ;
So much the nearer danger ; go, and speed,
Havoc, and spoil, and ruin, are my gain.'
He ceased ; and Satan stay'd not to reply.
But, glad that now his sea should find a shore,
With fresh alacrity, and force renew'd,
Springs upwaH like a pyramid of fire,
980
985
990
99»
1000
1005
1010
i
iii
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I
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f i
ili I :i
92
PARADISE LOST.
Into the wild expanse, and through the shock
Of fighting elements, on all sides round
Environ'd, wins his ways; harder beset
And more endangered, than when Argo pass'd
Through Bosporus, betwixt the jutting rocks:
Or when Ulysses on the larboard shunn'd
Charybdis, and by the other whirlpool steer'd,
So he with difRculty and labour hard
Moved on, with difficulty and labour he ;
But, he once pass'd, soon after, when man fell,
Strange alteration ! Sin and Death amain
Following his track, such was the will of Heaven,
Paved after him a broad and beaten way
Over the dark abyss, whose boiling gulf
Tamely endured a bridge of wondrous length,
From hell continued reaching the utmost orb
Of this frail world : by which the spirits perverse
With easy intercourse pass to and fro
To tempt or punish mortals, except whom
God and good angels guard by special grace.
But now at last the sacred influence
Of light appears, and from the walls of heaven
Shoots far into the bosom of dim Might,
A glimmering dawn : here nature first begins
Her farthest verge, and Chaos to retire,
As from her outmost works a broken foe,
With tumult less, and with less hostile din ;
That Satan with less toil, and now with case
Wafts on the calmer wave by dubious light,
And, like a weather-beaten vessel, holds
Gladly the port, though shrouds and tackle torn.
Or in the emptier waste, resembling air,
Weighs his spread wings, at leisure to behold
Far off the empyreal heaven, extended wide
In circuit, undetex'mined square or round.
With opal towers and battlements adorn'd
Of living sapphire, once his native seat:
[nooK II.
1015
1020
1025
1030
1035
1040
1015
1050
BOOK II.]
FARADISE LOST.
And fast by, han^ng in a golden chain,
This pendent world, in bigness as a star
Of smallest magnitude, close by the moon.
Thither, full fraught with mischievous revenge,
Accursed, and in a cursed Uoui, he hiea
1055
«%
\m
^i-1
i .
W\ i
NOTES.
Ill
i, 2. Ormiu or Moi-muz is an island at the entrance of the Persian
Gulf. In the early part of the sixteenth century the Portuguese
took pt^ssesuion of it, and in their hands it became the emporium for
the trade between India and Persia and Mesoimtamia. The pojuila-
tioA of the chief town at that time amounted to 40,000. It was
wrested from the Portuguese in 1622 by Shah Abbas the Great. The
population at present is only between 300 and 400, who subsist by
fishing and trading in salt, of which the island contains considerable
quantities.
/. 3. Before where supply of the region. The clause where — gold
is an adjective clause attached to region understood.
It is not necessary to repeat the entire sentence on account of the
conjxmction or, because, as thus used, it does not involve an alter-
native, but is pretty much the same in force as and. Of Ormus, of
Ind, and of [the region] where, die., form attributive adjuncts of
wealth. {Or. 302, 4. An. 20, 4.)
/. 7. From is here equivalent to jiist after. Compare John xiiL
2, 4, " Supper being ended — he riseth from supper. "
I. 8. Beyond thus high must be treated as an adverbial expression
equivalent to heyond tfiia height.
I. 12. The adverbial clause, for I tve not heaven for lost (Or. 423.
An. 89), quahties the predicate of a cL-Aise understood, / call you
deities of Jieaven, or something of that kind. The adverbial clause
since no deep — vigor qualifies give^ and the adverbial clause though [it
be] oppressed and fallen qualifies can.
L 14 From this descent. Either from must be regarded as equiva-
lent to after, as it is in ^ 16, or else descent means depth to which we
have descended.
h.e Persian
Portuguese
iporium for
Che popala-
30. It was
]treat. The
) subsist by
conskleiablo
where— gold
count of the
ve au alter-
)fOrmu8, of
adjuncts of
[re John xiii.
lal expression
I lost (Or. 423.
|)d, / call you
yerbial clause
lause though [it
led as equiva-
to which we
BOOR IT.]
NOTES.
M
I. 16. Than, Ae. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifyiog inor^. In
full, than fh^'ff would have appeared glunoua and dread from no fall.
For a full explanation of the construction of all such clauses see
Or. 549—564. An. 161—172.
I. 17. To fear, ko. An adverbial adjunct of trust {Or. 372, 2.
An. 31, 2.)
/. 18. Take me as tae object of a'eate in I. 19. Leader forms the
complement of the predicate f/n/ (T«ate. (Cr. 391. ^n. 50.)
I. 19. Before next re})eat thovijh, ai:d after merit repeat did create
me your leader. Both clauses are in the adverbial relation to Juith
established.
I. 21. Of merit forms an attributive adjunct to lohnt, which is used
here as a substantive pronoiui, the subject of hath been achieved.
(Or. 362, 4. An. 20. 4. Or. 147, 148.)
I. 23. After established rei)eat me.
I. 25. In heaven, au attributive adjunct of atate.
I. 27. Before w/iom supply him, the object (understood) of wiU
envy. (Or. 14i)
/. 28. Foremost constitutes a complement of the ])redicate exposes.
(Or. 391. An. 50.) In like mBkuner bultoark serves as complement
to stand. Before condemns repeat whom the hiffhest jdace.
I. 31. For lohich [we need] to strive. An elli[)tical adjective clause
qualifying (jood.
I. 33. None, &c. In full, for there is none in hell whose, &c.
^.34. That, kc. This clause is very awkward. Grammatically it
is an adjective clause attached to none, t/iat being a relative pronoun.
But the sequence of ideas rather requires that we should have an
adverbial clause begiuiimg with the adverb tfuit, and co-ordinate with
the pieceeding aiiverb sa. (Or. 424, 528. An. 90, 133). In this
case we should have to supply a subject he.
I. 36. To union. An attributive adjunct of advantage. (Or.
362, 4. An. 20, 4.) [To] Jirm faith, and [to] firm accord, form similar
adjuncts.
/. 37. More is an adjective qualifying advantage. It is itself
qualified by the elliptical adverbial clause than [it] can be [much] in
heaven. See Or. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.
Surer to — us. An attributive adjunct of we. The adverbial clause
than prosperity could luive assured us, which qualifies the adjective
surer, is not elliptical. Assured is equivalent to made sure.
I. 40. In full, By what best ujay [we can claim our just intieritanct qf
oM] we now debate. Whether [toe can claim our just inheritance by waj/l
u
:
5f«
PARADIflK LOST.
[BOOK n
of open war, we now debate ; or [whether we can daim our just hihcHt-
ancH hy way oj) covert guile, we now delmte. The clauses beginning
with whether are substantive clauses, <>V)ject8 of the verV) debate.
(Gr. 40;{, 4()(i. An. 73, 76.) Before who am.ly he.
I. 43. The name Molech means king or ruler. Molech or Milcom
was especially the national god of the Ammonites. To this god
children were sacrificed by Hre. The worship of Molech among the
Israelites was at least as old as the time of Solomon (1 Kings xi. 7),
if not older. Compare Jerem. vii. 31 ; Ezek. xvi. 21, xxiii. 37 ;
2 Kings xxiii. 13.
I. 46, &c. To be deemed, &c. Complement of the verb of incom-
plete predication wa^.
I. 47. Than be less. An elliptical adverbial clause attached to
rather, the force of which it qualifies and explains. In full, tlian {he
won Id soon] be less. See Gr. 560. An. 165.
L 53. After need repeat them.
Or when, &c. In full : Let those who need them contrive them when
they need tJtem ; let them not contrive them note.
I. 54. For shall the rest— sit, &c. The inteiTogative clause shall the
rest, &c. must be taken as the rhetorical equivalent of the rest vnist
not sit, &c., or something of that kind. If this were siibstituted, we
should get an adverbial clause which might be attached to the
predicate let [those] contrive.
I. 57. Before /or rei)eat shall the rest.
I. 59. Who reigns, &c., is an adjective clause attached to the sub'
stantive pronoun his. See Gr. 141.
I. 61. Anned toith hell Jtames and fury, all at once turning, &c. It
is not by any means so easy as it may seem at first sight, to assign a
deiinite grammatical construction for ai-med, all, and turning. It is
clear that they are not simple attributives of us, as they must be
attached closely in sense to the infinitive mood to force, and that has
no subject connected with it with which they might agreo. We
must look upon cases of this sort as instances of those anomalous
constructions which are to be found in all languages, in which the
connection of the ideas is more exact than the grammatical concate-
nation of the words. An infinitive mood retains a shade of the
attributive nature of a verb ; hence it implies something of which it
denotes an attribute, and so may be associated with other worda
whose attributive character is more strongly marked.
4 64 When to meet — thunder ; {when} for lightning \he shaJJ] «ee — •
BOOK n
BOt^K II.]
NOTES.
a?
8t iuherU-
beginning
•b date.
»r Milcom
» this god
imong the
iHgs xi. 7),
xxiii. 37 ;
I of incom-
ittached to
ill, tluin [he
e them v.'^<^
use shall the
the red mniat
Ltituted, we
ched to the
1(1 to the «tt6-
•ning, &c. I*
it, to assign a
trning. It is
they must be
and that haa
„ agreo. We
>se anoinaloui
, in which the
ttical concate-
shade of the
g of which it
other word*
• shall] Me •
angeU, aiul [when he sfiatt see] his throne—torments, are adverbial
Clauses of time attached to the participle turning. To meet — engine,
forms an attributive atljunct of thunder. (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)
For lightning is an adverbial adjunct of tlie jtarticiple sliot.
/. 71. To scale, &c. An adverbial adjunct of the adjectives diffi-
cult and steep. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31, 2).
/. 72. Upright wing is a figurative expression for vpward flight.
I. 73. Verbs like bethink, remind, &c., have a rather peculiar
force. They are equivalent to wo^'e ly a lot; and to get anything that admits of
being reduced to analytical rules, we must still further expand it
into ; and this is a lot happier, &c.
I. 98. Than— being. An elliptical adverbial clause. After being
»\\)\)[y is happy. (Gr. 549, &c. An. \^A, kc.)
Respecting the constmction of miseralile, see note on I. 61.
I. 102. To disturb, &c. and to alarm, &e., are adverbial adjuncts of
sufficient. {Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)
/. 104. Though \it w] inaccessible. An elliptical adverbial clause,
attached to sufficient.
I. lO.'). Which, &c. We cannot take this as an adjective clause
atttiched to any particular preceding substatUive. Treat which as
equivalent to and this. After if supply it be.
I. 108. To less tJian gods. That is, to beings leas than gods are
great. (Or. 649, &c. An. 161, *-o.)
/. 111. For dignity &ud for high exploit, axe adverbial adjuncts of
composed, which is the complement of the verb of incomplete predica-
tion seevied. (Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2. Or. 391. ^n. 60.)
I. 114. To perplex, &c. An adverbial adjunct of make.
I. 115. For his thoughts — sloOiful. An adverbial clause of cause
attached to loas in I. 112.
I. 120. As [I am] not behind in hate. An adverbial clause of
cause attached to should be. (Or. 288. )
What was urged, &c. An adjective clause used substantively,
that is, qualifying a demonstrative understood, which, if expressed,
would be the subject of did dissuade. (Or. 148.)
/. 121. Reason forms a complement to the predicate was urged,
{Gr. 391. An. 50.)
I. 123. Success : — that which succeeds or com£s after.
I. 124. When he — revenge. A compound adverbial clause, attached
to did seem. Fact is the same a»feat, which is the form in which we
have adopted the French /oti.
BOOK 11«
iht meana
rhe or in
(leiH-'uding
; analysis-
her thiti, to
■Me idf as is
Is. Before
adniits of
expaiul it
After being
61.
adjuncts of
srbial clause,
ective clause
eat wh'u'h as
m goda are
BOOK 71.]
NOTM.
39
iial clause of
Substantively,
if expressed,
kte toaa urged.
[ause, attached
in wliich we
/. 125. Analyse this as if it ran, in that which he counsels ami in
thnf in which he excels. We then jnct two complex adverbial adjuncts
of grounds.
I. 127. After as we mn^t »\\Y\}\y It^e would ground his courage on.
Scop'i means that which is nivied at,
I. 128. After sonie dire revenge. An attributive adjunct of rfw«o/ji-
tion. {Ur. 3ti2, 4. An. 20, 4.)
/. 129. First what revenge. In fuU : Fird J ask wlmt revenge he
would take.
I. 130. Access: that is, wiy of approach.
I. 134. Could wc is equivalent to if tee could. Before at repeat if.
I. 142. Thus repidsed. Treat this as a nominative absolnte, tee
being thus repulsed,
I. 146. To be no more is in apposition to that, to which accord-
intily it forms an attributive adjunct. {Or. 362, 2. An. 20, 2.)
For who, Ac. This adverbial clause qualilics the prer irfmt mipply ♦/•»// Ar ni/r «fafr.
f. \1*2. U<>l'(»io />/»/»;/( Hii|tply \fthvhrriithlhitt JircM, nufnkcd, nhouhl.
AUtM' rtc Hupply lohot will he ouv il)i(vl
Htljunct of jihtiulti ari)i. Sfu'tild iH'niji(>onM arm, in of oimiiho the
namo .'iH {f lYihjrtuu-f .shituhi nnn.
/. 171. UV/.r/. S.V nolo on /. 170.
/. !7«V Hor«»t>» //jf.v i'o|>i>(i<. (/",
/. 17s. Whili li'f /i()/)f7f'.v.v ritd. A (*oni[u)uii7r trp /»f'/7»»f/>.s ih,vifninif or rjfn>rfimf
gloriou.<> HV»r, coiuihl in n jivrii Irmpcst fhoil he : tluMi Hiiluiividn tlio
oIjujso intv> two ill (ho kjiiuo way iin tlio liiHt.
/^ ISl. Coinpjuv N'irgil .tun. i. 44, 4ft, wlion* Im> (hwrilum tho fate
of Ajax. tho HOW of (>iloim : —
llhun oxi iraiifom trAnniixo pootoro llanimaN
Turbine oori'ipnit, 80opnlo»pto inlixit ai'uto.
Tho .»•/, Ac Comjwn? Virgil ^ICn. vi. 740. Aliai paniliintnr
inanos »uspon«a> at! vontos.
\\'rraI form of
/. IS,'*. This ropotition of a noyativo a(lj«n"tivo is very common
in {Hn^try. Thus in book iii. il.'^l, wo have unprvveutedt imiinplorcd,
tifi.'iouifhL In Shaksporo (Uandet, Act /.), iinfioihtt'/'d, iuiaj>i>()iii(rd,
/, IvSG, Atfcs q/' hoi>d<^^ end^ That w^ offe^, the end o'wfiic/i iinot
to he hoped for.
/, 1S7. 8u b(H vide this sontiMuv.'usfoUo W8 :•- War thrnforc, oftrn, my
t»>(Y dmuodc.'i, for irhot (^infonr wilh hitiu War thcrfi'orc, concfnled,
t«,i/ f\)t'(Y di-'^uadcs, for trhnt i\yn tjitUc t(iV/» /hhj, ITar thrnfon', con-
ceiihd. m;f roii-r di.'isuadra, for who itin dfvn'ir his inind- view.
L llU. First leave out and drridcs, then roi)oat tho whoUi Houtonce
fft\thnn ffATivH\v hfijfhf — uiUn, substituting derides for ,^ee.i. (.'om-
prt-v PAihn ii. 4. '* Ho tliat sittoth in tho hoaven shall laugh ; the
Loni shall have thorn in liorision."
/. 19;i. After than supply he is. An adverbial clause of degree
qualifjnug and defining wjor*. (Or. 549, &o. An. l,')l.)
To rt'.«»,< &o., is an wlverbial adjunct of alniiijhty, and to/rustratf,
tc of iciic (Or. 372, 2. ^»». 31, 2.)
«*'.
«#.y
M
fnooK II.
kcil, i*houtd.
tti twlvoibial
ouiiiHu the
lilil illrtUHO of
f.
or r.rlioi(imi
iilx'8 i\w fate
ii\) pantlnntur
trial V»'rm ol
vory common
oftrliick in not
[fore, oiK'ti, my
foir, coH('<'lo sonU'UCO
IftU laugli ; the
Luse of degree
Rook ii.^
WOTR«.
41
t. 104. Kt/<» formn tliP of»m|»l*«mnnt of /f'wc. (f/r, 391. An. HO.)
l. I {Ml. Ill full, (AfiAf! \nr«\ hffl^r thon wor/ff. \nrf \fnntl,. J
/. nW. 1.1 full, itnd [niitae] ofvtU Heeree, tim virhtr'it will \vidh
dui.% >m|.
/. MM). To Mi^fl'er, ho. TliiN coiifitiuf'tion in vmy IihimIi. AnnlyM
it «H if it wi'iT, (;»r drenijfh i/i mt ffreaf, to MiiJ/rr hm \if in ifrenf.] to lUi.
I. 'JJMK Siilmtitiit*' (for UfiiiiyniH) : And f/ir him in not unjuM, he.
I. 201. 't'/iifi iiuiM fit flint nHulrnl. 'I'liiit in, thin iiumlit /nine Ijpph f/tjirnt
rrnolveif. Milton iHiitat<ti('ivl Nciitciict'R, ihc vorh of tlin (!onHO(|iir nnum ohjfrct.
Kor a nimilar loaHon many adJcctivcH tak«i olijr<<;tH aftt^r th(un, afe
IcaHt in tho Hlia|H) of Hubntautivo clauHCK.
/. 205. Jioforo/r«r ref)eat when thm; who fait thejiu
I. 200. To tndurtt exile, to tmdure iffnmniny, Ac, are [thraneft in
a|»|Mmitierous [things] of adverse [things], and
[when], in what place soever [we be, we can] thrive under evil, and
[when in whatsoever place we be we can] work eai>e out of pain
through labour and endurance."
/. 265. His glory unobscured. A nominative absolute, forming ao
adverbial adjunct to reside.
I. 266. Before ufith repeat how oft heavenCs all-ruling Sire.
J67. From whence — hell. Au adjective clause, quaUfying dark-
nfo#o. Compare Psalm xviii. 1 1 ; xcvii. 2 ; Hevelation iv. 5.
I. 268. And heaven resembles hell. This clause is but loosely
attached to what precedes. Strictly it ought to be co-ordinate with
from whence — rage; but we get very little sense by the insertion
of from whence. It had better be taken as an independent sentence.
I. 269. As he [imitates] our darkness. An adverbial clause of
manner qualifying imitate.
I. 0.12,. Nor want — magnificence. First leave out or art, and then
repeat the whole, substituting art for skill.
I. 275. In full : these piercing fires may become as soft a^s they are
nou) severe. As they are now severe is an adverbial clause of degree
qualifying the as which qualifies soft.
I. 276. Our temper changed. A nominative absolute, forming an
adverbial adjunct to the predicate of each of the two last sentences.
/. 277. WhicJi, &c. See note on I. 105.
I. 278. The sensible qf pain : — so much of pain as is sensible, or
may be felt.
/. 279. After and repeat to.
I. 280. How in safety — of war. A verb takes an object after it,
because it denotes an action directed towards some object. But
adjectives, and even nouns, may have a similar force. See note on
L 203. Here the substantive clause How, &c., forms a sort of object
to counsel.
I. 282. And where. That is, and with regard of the place whert
we are. With regard, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct of compose.
What we are is an adjective clause qualifying thai understood. Set
Or. 148. What is the oomplement of the predicate are. {Or, 495.
An. 99.)
I
;■ I j
i
f?r*
:|i
II
91 11
111
M
>1
T I
PARADISE LOST.
[book n.
i, 283. What I advise. An adjective clanae used substantively,
fhat is (in fact), qualifying that understood.
I. 284. The adverbial clause beginning with when goes on to
tempest.
I. 286. As when, &c. That is, aa [the mwmur is which is heard\
%Dhen, &c. This adverbial clause goes down to tempest and qualifies sucli.
I. 287. Before now repeat whidi.
I. 288. Whose hark, &c. A compound adjective clause qualifying
men. First leave out or pinnace^ and then repeat the whole, substi-
tuting pinnace for bark.
Compare Virgil uEn. x. 96.
Cunctique fremebant
Gcelicolse assensu vario ; ceu flamina prima,
Gum deprensa fremunt silvis, et coeca volutant
Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos.
{. 293. Than hell. In full : than they dreaded hell much, {Or.
649, &c. An. 151, &c.)
I. 296. To found — heaven. A complex attributive adjunct of
desire. [Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4).
I. 299. Which, &c. That is, and when Beelzebub perceived this.
(See note on Z. 105, 277.)
/. 299. Beelzebub. The proper spelling of this word, where it
occurs in the New Testament, is Beelzehul. The people of Edom
worshipped Baiil under the name of Baal-zebub, or the Lord of Flies,*
just as in Elis sacrifices wero offered to Zeus apomyios, or Zeus, the
averterofjlies. (Pausan. v. 14, 1.) By way of expressing contempt
for idolatrous practices, the Jews in later times altered this name
into Baalzebul, or Beelzebul, which means the Lord of dung, and this
name seems to have been applied as an epithet to Satan, unless we
are to suppose, as some commentators do, that the Jews considered
Beelzebul as a separate personage, the leader or chief of the demons
so frequently mentioned by the evangelists. (See Matthew xii. 24,
&c. Luke xi. 15, &c.
Than whom. There is no grammatical principle on which this
objective case can be defended. Relative pronouns ought to obey the
same laws of construction as personal or demonstrative pronouns.
With a personal pronoun the sentence woiUd be, none sat higher than
he [sat high].
I. 300. Satan except, equivalent to Satan excepted^ a nominative
absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to the predicate. With this
dM«cription compare Homer II. iii 216.
• a Kings i. 3.
[book n.
jstantively,
^oea on to
'h is Iieard]
lalifies audi.
I qualifying
lole, Bubsti-
mucfu (Or.
adjunct of
rceived this.
I, where it
le of Edom
•d of Flies,*
)r Zeus, the
g contempt
this name
ng, and this
1, unless we
considered
the demons
kew xii. 24,
which this
to obey the
pronouns.
higher than
nominative
With this
BOOK II.]
NOTES.
45
I. 302. A pillar of state. Compare Co^a^. ii 9. "When James,
Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, &c. Shakspere, "Henry
VI., Act i. "Brave peers of England, pillars of the state."
I. 305. Majestic, qualified by the elliptical adverbial clause
tlioutjh [it w. To our power is an attributive adjunct of liostUity and
hate. But hostility, but Jiate, but reluctance, and but revenge form
adverbial adjuncts of can. Though [it be^ slow is an adverbial clause
attached to plotting.
L 341. Want, that is, he vxinting. See Book I. 715.
/. 343. Assault, siege, and amiush, are co-ordinate objects of /ear.
The conjunction or here does not involve an alternative.
I. 344. After what supply shall we say, or something of that kind.
/. 349. To be created, &c. An attributive adjunct of race.
Though he be less in power and excellence is an adverbial clause quail-
tying /avoured.
I. 350. But is here superfluous.
I. 355. What creatures tliere inhabit, o/ wJutt mould they are ; oj
wluit substance they are ; how endued they are ; what their power is ;
where their weakness is ; hoto they may 6e attempted best ; i/ they may
he attempted l>est by/orce ; or if they may be attempted best by subtlety,
form a series of substantive (interrogative) clauses, the objects of
learn.
I. 365. To waste, &c., forms the subject of a predicate may he
achieved, understood. Supply the same predicate with each of the
infinitives that follow.
I. 3G7. 1/ \we can\ not drive. An adverbial clause attached to
the predicate may be achieved that has to be supplied for the subject
to seduce, &c. The adverbial clauses tliat tJieir God—/oe, and tJuU
their God with repenting hand may abolish his own works, are attaclied
to the same predicate.
I. 373 The adverbial clause wlien his darling — soon should be
rp'o'-jcd. vvith each of the predicates womW s»trpaa«, would interi'upty
■.H-\ 'cl.' upraise.
!: , , In full : if to ait in darkness here, Jiatching vain empires,
■'■ ^ - When if IB equivalent to wliether it introduces a substantive
I. 380. For whence — Creator. This adverbial clause should be
Attached to the predicate of a sentence that must be supplied ; — I sa^
kOOK II.
BOOI II.]
NOTES.
47
safed, or
^uxt peace
am been
lel to the
t punish-
An. 31,
Uity and
nge form
ial clause
bs oifear,
hat kind.
of race,
use quali-
y are ; oj
\power is;
they may
y sulitlety,
objects of
,e may be
ah. of the
tached to
le subject
and OuU
attached
Lhould be
yinterruptf
|)t empires,
kbstantive
khould be
first (leviaeU by Satan. The interrogative form w/ience &c. is used an
the rhetorical equivalent of from no source, &c.
/. 382. To confoundf Ac, and to mimjle and invohe, &c., form
attributive adjuncts of malice. (Gr. 362, i. An. 20, 4)
/. 390. Repeat have ye before jnded and resuhmi.
I. 394. Perhaps, &c. In full : which will perhaps Ufi us up to a
place in view, &c.
I. 395. Whence — Jieaven. An adjective clause qualifying place
understood.
/, 397. Or else, &c. The grammatical connection of the clause
requires us to repeat whence ive may, but though the general sense ia
j)lain enough, the sentence is very hawlily constnicted. We must
suppose it equivalent to whence we may nuiKe ir way into so'ine mild
zone, and there dwell, &c.
/. 407. UncoxUh means unknown. In Anglo-Saxon vncufi, from
cunnan. {Or. Addemhi.)
I. 409. Arrive, in the sense of reach, is also used by Shakspere,
Julius Ccesar, Act i. Sc. 2 :
" But ere we could arrive the point proposed."
I. 411. Evasion literally means, making cne^s way out.
I. 413. The omission of the preposition o/ after the noun need ia
very harsh, and in fact ungramniatical. It would be equally improper
to take Iiad need as equivalent to would need.
I. 415. Supply the antecedent him before whom.
I. 417. This said. A nominative absolute, fonning an adverbial
adjunct to sat.
I, 418. Suspense forms the complement to the predicate held.
{Gr. 391. An. 50.) Suspense is here used quite legitimately as
an adjective, though it has since come to be used only as a
substautive. Who appeared to second the perilous attempt; who
appeared to oj^pose &c., who appeared to undertake the &c., are
three substantive clauses (Gr. 406. An. 76), in the objective relation
to aivaiting.
I. 425. Hardy forms the complement of the predicate could be
found. As to proffer, &c. In full : as [he would be hardy] to proffer
[alone tlie dreadfid voyage], or [as he would be hardy to] accept alone
the dreadful voyage. Two adverbial clauses qualifying the Sy , which
qualifies hardy. To proffer, &c., and to accept, &o., form adverbial
adjuncts of hardy, understood. {Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)
I. 426. Till at last, &c. An adverbial clause of time, attached to
the predicate cwdd be found.
L 430. Empyreal Derived from the Greek en (in), and pyr (&«).
1
I
m^
-
(■ i
^11
4R
PARADISE LOST.
i^BooK n.
Several of the ancient Greek and Roman phiUwophera held that the
ultimate principle of all things is fire, and that other matt rial sub
stances,— air, water, earth,— consist of this primary principle
m
vaiioua stages of condensation into grosser forms, and in turn admit
of being again rarefied into this primal element, the region of whii h
is beyond that of the air, in proximity to the sun and the other
heavenly bodies. This doctrine was proixjunded by Heraelitus, and
was adopted by the Stoics. Hence, empyreal means dLuated in the
reyion of fire, that is, in the aky, or fieaven.
I. 432. Though [we are] undismayed. An adverbial clause of
condition, attached to luUh seized.
Long is the way, Ac. Compare Virgil, jEn. vi. 128 : —
"Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras,
Hoc opus, hie labor est."
l 436. Ninefold. So Virgil (J£n. vi. 439) says,—
"Novies Styx interfusa coercet."
Adamant ia anything excessively hard. The Greeks usually meant
gttel by it. It is the origin of the word diamond.
I. 438. Tlvere jmssed. A nominative absolute, forming an ad-
verbial adjunct to receives. If any pass [them] is an adverbial clause,
qualifying the participle passed.
I. 442. Into wluitever world. In full : iiito any world, whatever
world it may be, where whatever, &c., constitutes an adverbial clause
attached to escape ; and whatever is the complement of the predicate
may he understood. {Or. 530. An. 140. Or. 495, 509. An.
99,' 118.)
I. 444. 2^han unknown dangers [are great] ami [Ouin] a» (i. e. equally)
hard escape [is greai]. Two adverbial clauses of degree attached to
less. {Or. 649, &e. An. 151, &c.)
/. 448. In the sliape, &c. An attributive adjunct of aught, (Or.
862, 4. An. 20, 4.)
I. 450. From attempting. An adverbial adjunct of deter.
Wherefore, &c. A very involved and awkward sentence. There
are two principal co-ordinate sentences, Whe7'efore do I assume tl>£S€
royalties, refusing to accept, &e. ; and Whfrefore do I not refuse to
reign, refusing to accept, &c.
l. 453. As of honour. An elliptical adverbial clause, co-ordinate
with the demonstrative a«, which qualiHes gfreo^. In full : as [7 arcept
a great sJuire] of honour. {Or. 548, &c., and note; p. 166, 15th ed.
An. p. 42. ) The second as is a connective or relative adverb, and
qualifiea great understood, just as the first
Perplexed must be taken as equivalent to considering in perplexity.
OOK tl.
BOOK 11.]
NOTES.
61
attached
ties loM,
excites,
nos.
e, reiicWt
s in the
tto tliree
&s renew,
I each of
ym—face,
}l o'er the
am ; and
dltion, be
adverbial
3, forming
tltey would
jial clause,
Antagonist
trU seemed]
reme and
[try, busied
letals into
i) figure of
[y that this
[i the blast
ir minda
lominatives
lial clavises,
the object
|ongB to it,
perplexity.
Then the clauses where he may likeliest find, &c., and where he may
UKditst etUertain^ &c., fonn substantive clauses, the objects of a>»>
gi(leri}i(f.
L b'lS. The parts of this sentence should be thus pieced together :
part un the plain in swift race contend, part m the air sublime upon the
wing contend. Then bofA these sentences must be rej>eated with eac/i
of the adverbial clauses, as [men contended] at tfi« Olympian games,
and [as men contended] at the PyUiian fields. Compare Vir^jil, ^n.
VI. 642 :—
" Pars in gramineis exercent membra palsestris,
Contendunt ludo, et fulva luctantur arena :
Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas, et carmina dicunt," &c.
The four great national games of the Greeks were the Olynipia,
celebrated every four years in the plain of Olympia in Elis, in honour
of Zeus; the Pythia, celebrated at first every eight years, but
afterwards, every four years, near Delphi (anciently called Pytho),
in honour of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto, at firat under the manage-
ment of the Delphians, afterwards imder that of the Amphictyons ;
the Isthmia were held at the isthmus of Corinth, in honour of
Poseidon, twice in every Olympiad, under the presidency of the
Corinthians; the Nemea were held twice in each Olympiad, at
Nemea in Argolis, in honour of Zeus. For the details of these
solemnities the reader had bettei consult SmiUCs Dictionary of
Greek and Jioman Antiquities.
I. 531. Compare Horace, Od. I. 1, 4 : —
** Metaque fervidia
Evitata rotis."
/. 532. Fronied, i, &, standing face to face.
I. 533. As when — hums. A compound elliptical adverbial clause,
attached to form. After as supply ojjposing forces meet, or some-
thing of that kind; to the predicate of which the clause when — buniH
must be attached. This last clause is compound. Supply iv/wn
before armies and before, and when the aery kniglds before couch.
Rej»eat wli^n before with feais of arms.
I. 538. Welkin is the cloud-covered sky. It is connected with the
German Wolken, ' clouds. ' Bums is here used in the same sense as
fervere in Virgil, Oeorg. i. 456 : —
" Onmia vento nimbis4^.>j videbis fervere."
I. 539. Typluxan. See Book I. 199.
L 542. As when, &c. The grammatical connection of this with
what precedes is very slight. Some clause must be supplied after
09
PARAPISR LOHT.
[book II,
as (ouch as rocks and trees were rent up), to the predicate of which
the clauHe when — nea may be attached. It would make the sentence
simpler if \v« omitted ivhe.n before Alcidea, and iuMorted it before
from, putting in he before felt, and omitting and beforo tore. As the
Mentcnce stands in the text we must re|)eat wfien AlcUlta before tore^
and before Lichas.
Alciden, &c. Hercules was so called because his mother Ahimcna
was the wife of Amphitryon, the son of Alcu'us. But Hercules
claimed Zt'us as his father. Eurytus, king of (Echalia (a town
eitlier of Eubo'a or of Thessaly), had promised his daughter lole to
any one who conquered him in archery, but refused to surrender her
to Hercules, when the latter had won her. Hercides attacked
Qilchalia, slew Eurytus and his sons, and carried off lole. When
about to offer a sacrifice to celebrate his victory, he sent his at-
tendant, Lichas, for a white robe from home. His wife, Dejanira,
imbued this robe with a preparation of the blood of the centaiur
Nessus, whom Hercules had shot with a poisoned arrow, when he
was attempting to carry Dejanira off, and who directed her to use
his blood as a philtre, to preserve the love of her husband. Tha
venom with which the robe was iraliued soon attacked the body of
Hercules, and occasioned him such agony that in his frenzy he hurled
Lichas into the sea. Being unable to get rid of the robe, he erected
a pile of wood, on which he caused himself to be burnt to death.
L 560. By doom of battle forms an attributive adjunct to full.
I. 55L Before chance repeat, otJier^ complain that fate should entfiraU
free virtue to.
I. 556. For eloqiiencef &c. This adverbial clause must be attached
to the predicate of a sentence understood, / call it more sweet, or
something of that kind. The whole is parenthetical, and does not
enter into the construction of the main sentence.
/. 558. Before reasoned supply they or others,
I. 559. 0/ providence. B/cpeatthe prepof:*jijn before each of the
nouns that follow. We thus get a series of adverbial adjuncts to
reasoned.
I. 565. Vain wisdom all. The verb id0K 1U
BOOK II.]
N0TK8.
M
[ which
icntence
b before
Am the
ore tore,
Altuncna
Hercules
(a town
jr lole to
jnder her
attacked
>. Wheu
it his at-
Dcjauira,
le centaiir
, when he
her to WHO
and. Thd
Jie body of
r he hurled
he erected
death.
full,
uld entliraU
attached
re aweet, or
Id does not
leach of the
ladjunets to
lied in order
this could
I. 571. On hold adwnturt, and to discover^ &c, form adverbial
adjuncts of bend.
I. 672. lio fore (/"repeat to diWrn^er.
I. 576. Four in/ermd rivers. The ancient Greeks imagined th«
life of tlut departed in the unseen world lo be a shadowy and jr>yle88
retk'ction «»t" the life of the present. Accordingly they aHsigiu'd to
the unseen region of Bouls various features of any ordinary lan«lHca|>e,
— rocks, plains, meadows, rivers, trees, houses — or, at any rate, a
house (that of Hades). They seemed to have formed a more dctinite
idea of the rivers than of any other featiire of this subterranean
al)«)ithets which explain the meaning of the significant Greek names.
ati/x is derived from atygeo (1 hate) ; Acheron from ticfiott (grief), and
rheo (flow) ; Cocytus, from coq/o (I bewail) ; PhUyefhon or Pyrij^hle-
ycthoiij from pyr (fire), and pMegetho (blaze) ; and Lethe is the word
letfie (forgotfulness). According to Homer {Od. x. 513), Pyriphle-
gethon ami Cocytus, of which 8tyx was a branch, discharged their
streams into Acheron. We also sometimes find Styx, or Acheron,
spoken of as being or forming a pool or marsh. The following
passages of Virgil should be compared : — jiiln. vi. 106 :
" Q.uando hie inferni janua regis
Dicitur, et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso."
Vt. 438 :
*' Tristique palus inamabilis unda,
Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet.**
Vl. 549 : ** Mcenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro ;
QusB rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis
Tar-tareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonantia saxa."
Vi. 713: "Animse, quibus altera fato
Corpora debentur, Lethsei ad fiimiinis undam
Secures latices et longa oblivia potant."
In the conception of the early Greeks the abode or realm of Hades
was quite distinct from the profounder abyss of Tartarus, in which
the Titans were imprisoned by Zeus. To the Homeric Greek the
earth was a round flat disc, of considerable thickness, within which
was the realm of Hades, while heaven was the solid vault of the sky
above the earth, and Tartarus a corresponding inverted hemisi)here
beneath. In later times Tartarus was represented as a portion of the
realm of Hades.
I. 584. Ber watery labyrinth. Milton seems here to have jipplied
to LethA Virgil's description o£ Styx, mviea inter/vM, Supply ht
.1
I
1
64
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK II.
WA
before who, and repeat whereof he who dnnks before forgets in I. 586.
The clause whereof— pain is an adjective clause attached to Lethe.
(Gr. 408. An. 77.)
I. 589. Which on frm land thaws not, [which] gatlters fieap, and
[which] eeems [the] ruin of [some] ancient pile, are three adjective
clauses attached to Jtail.
I. 591. After ice supply the verb lies.
I. 592. As that Set banian bog, &c., supply the predicate was
profound. The moraso here spoken of was situated between the
eastern angle of the Delta of Egypt and Mount Casius. It was
anciently much larger than at present, and formed the limit of
Egypt towards the ncrth-east.
/. 594. Milton here adopts the statement of Diodorus Siculus
(I. 30), who says that the army which Darius Ochus was leading to
the conquest of Egypt, was annihilated in this morass. But as we
find that this same army afterwards took some Egyptian towns, this
Btateiiient must be regarded as an exaggeration.
L 595. Frore means frosty. (Compare the German past participle
gefrwen.) So Virgil, Georg. u 93. "Boreas penetrabile frigus
adurat."
/. 600. We shall get the simplest construction if we supply they
are broug/d before from beds, &c. Hurried must be attached gram-
matically to they. Compare Shakspere, Measure for Maisure^ Act
HI, Scene I : —
" Ay, but to die, and go we know not where,
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot ;
This sensible warm motion to become
A kneaded clod, and the delighted spirit
To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
In thi'illing regions of thick-ribbed ice ;
To be imprisoned in the viewless winds,
And blown with restless violence round about
The pendant world," &c.
I. 604. Sound, i. e., strait or clkannel.
I. 606. First leave out and struggle, and then repeat the sentence,
substituting struggle for wish.
I. 609. And so near the brink. The grammatical connection of
this with what precedes is very loose. The best way is to supply
they being, so as to make a nominative absolute, which may be
attached as an adverbial adjunct to the predicates wit^ and
ttrvgyie.
Lbook II,
s in I. 586.
i to Lethe.
( heajj, and
e adjective
clicate was
etween the
IS. It was
he limit of
)ru8 Siculus
3 leading to
But as we
I towns, this
ist participle
labile frigua
supply they
ached gram-
(eamret Act
;he sentence,
annection of
lis to supply
lich may be
Is w'uth aud
BOOR 11.]
NOTES.
65
I. 611. Medusa. Homer speaks of only one Gorgon, who was
one of the terrible phantoms of Hades (Od. xi. 633). Heaiod names
three, of whom Medusa was one. The Argive hero Perseus was
fabled to have cut off the head of Medusa whUe she was asleep,
making use of a mirror, to avoid looking directly at the monster,
the sight of whose face turned all beliolders to stone. He pre-
sented the head to Athene, who tixed it in her breastplate or
shield.
I. 613. Wight is a person or being. We find the corresponding
word, wicht, in the German BoseuicIU.
I. 614. Various stories were told of the [junishnjent of Tantalus
in the lower world, and of the offence for which he siilfered. The
popular one was, that in order to test the discriiuiuation of the gods he
invited them to a repast, and cut his son Pclojis in pieces, which he
boiled and placed before them. Demeter, who w.is abbor))*;d in grief
for the Toss of her daughter, incautiously ate one of the .shoulders. The
parts were put together again, and rcvivitiud by Uernies, and Demeter
supplied an ivory shoulder in i)lace of what she had consumed.
Another account was, that being admitted to the society of the gods,
he divulged their secrets. As to his punishment, some stories
represented a huge r(jck to be perpetually impending over bim and
tbxeatening to crush liini ; others spoke of his being tormented with
perpetual thirst, and [iluuged in a lake, the waters of which tied
from his lips when he atteujptod to taste them ; or of his seeing
delicious fruits hangu-.g within rcacn, which were wafted away when
he attempted to lOutk them. His imnio has given us the verb
tantalize. ^
I. 617. Before ybu«e» .•attached *o udiicfsc (Ur. 408.
An. Ti.)
I. 625. Repeat things with each of the adjoctivt-s. V orse than,
&c. In full : worse tfuin fuNes yet have jVnjned [l/iiii'js bad], or [than]
/tar has conceived [things bail]. Two adverbial clauses qualifying
worse. Than in each case qualifies bad understood. {Or. 540 &g.,
aud note, p. 141. An. 150; note, p. 42.)
get a succession
qualifyujg u/u'-
mm
':h
66
PARADISE T.OST.
Lbook XL
I i
L 62& Compare Virgil, ^m. vi. 287 :—
"Bellua Lernae,
Horreudum stridens, Hatamisque armata CJum^rai
Gorgones, Harpyiaeque. "
Also, /. 576 :—
"Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydra."
The nine heads of the monstrous water- serpent (Hydra), slain by
Hercules, are multiplied by Virgil into fifty.
Chimcera. This fire-breathing monster, slain by Bellerophon, is
described by Homer as having the fore part of its body like a lion,
the hinder part like a dragon, and the middle hke a goat.
I. 630. Inflamed is an attributive adjunct of the subject Satan.
Repeat the subject with each of the verbs that follow.
I. 636. Between as and wheii insert a Jleet see ma. The whole
compound adverbial clause is co-orilitiate with the so which qualifies
seemed, in I. 642. The subordinate clause, when — drugs, is a^itachod
to the verb seems understood.
I. 637. Hatigs in (lie clovds. Most persons must have noticed the
seeming elevation of the line of the horizon when the sea is viewed
from a height.
I. 639. Ternate and Tidore are two of the Moluccas.
I. 640. They —pole. This sentence must be taken as a parenthesis.
It has no gi'ammati(?al connexion with what precedes. Trading
means "flowing in a regular tread or track." In old English writers
tlie word trade does not at all necessarily imply commerce. Spenser
speaks of the trade (i. e. track) of a wild boast. ITdall speaks of the
Jews being in the right trade of religion. In the Indian Ocean there
is a strong southerly cuneut. known as the Mozambique current,
running first from east to west past the northern extremity of
Madagascar, and then deflected soiithwavcls by the coast of Africa.
Cape Corrientes (the ctarents) takes its name from it. The trade
wi7id of the Indian Ocean would not carry a vessel southwards, but
rather to the north of west, and the Monsoons, north of the equator,
blow in (different seasons in opposite directions. Moreover, Milton
would hardly si>eak of a wind as a Jlood.
I. 642. Stemming. That is, directing the stem or prow of the
vessel.
I. 645. Before the gates Bupi)ly were or else appear.
I. 650. Repeat the one seemed be/ore fair. Foul may be taken as
compleujent of ended. Repeat in before a serpent. We thus get an
iMlverbial adjunct of ended. This description of Sin is made up of
:l
OOK IL
slain by
)phon, ia
ie a lion,
ct Satan.
he whole
a qualities
3 attached
loticed the
is viewed
irenthesia.
Trading
ish writers
Spenser
aks of the
;ean there
le cnrrei\t,
;romity of
of Africa.
iThe trade
(wards, but
|ie equator,
rer, Milton
[ow of the
Le taken as
[ihus get an
U up of
BOOK II.]
NOTES.
67
that of Echidna, in Hesiod, half nymph and half serpent, and that of
Scylla in Ovid's " Metamorphoses," who, by the jealousy of Circe,
was changed from a beautifid nymph into a monster half woman, half
fish, with dogs howling around her.
l. 654. Cry means a pack. Shakspere sfwaks of a cry of curs.
I. 655. Cerberean. (See note on /. 575.) As Hades had a Iwuse in
the lower world, so he was provided with a /ujuse-dog, in the form of
the three-headed Cerberus.
L 659. After abJiorred supply creatures or hounds. Trinacria was
an ancient name of Sicily. Than these. In fuU: than these [were
abhorred.]
I. 665. ArLstophanes, in his comedy the "Clouds," mentions the
superstition that thet moon could be removed from the sky by the
iucantation of witches. Virgil {^n. i. 642) calls eclii>ses of the sun
labor es solis.
I. 666. The other xJuipe. This sentence is incomplete ; there is no
verb to which shai)e can be the subject. The simi)lest way is to
leave out the it in l. 670.
This description of Death is jiist.y celebrated as one of the grandest
in the whole poem.
I. 667. If sJutpe — either. This adverbial clause nnist be attached
to the predicate of a sentence supplied, / miy shape, or something of
the kind. The whole must be treated as a j>arenthesis.
I. 667. That shape Imd none — limb. The use of or com[>els us to
separate this for analysis into three sentences : — that shape had none
distinr/uishable in member; that shape had none distinguishable in
joint; that shape hid none distinguL-le in limb. All three are
adjective clauses qualifying the subject it.
I. 66J). In full : or if it migld be called substance t/tat seemed sluulow.
I. 670. For each seemed either. This clause is but loosely con-
nected with what precedes. It is inserted as though the preceding
sentence were, it was doubtful w/iether the shape slundd be called
substance or shadow, to the predicate of which it might then be
attached.
As niglit [is black]. An adverbial clause of degree qualifying
black. The connective adverb ow qualilies the adjective black under-
stocnL
I. 671. In full : Fierce [it stood] as ten furies [are fierce], tei^ribk W
stood] as liell [is terrible. ]
I. 672 Whai seemed his head. An adjective slausti uaed substaa*
lively. {Or. 148.)
1
M.
68
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK n.
It ' t
I. 676. As /cut. That is, equally fast. The adverb ontoara must
be attached to the verb came.
I. 676. As is here used in the sense of whUe.
I. 677. What this might be. A substantive clause, the object of
fidmired. What is the complement of the verb of incomplete predica-
tion might be. (Compare Gr. 495. An. 99.)
I. 678. Ood and His Son, &c. This must be taken as the
rhetorical equivalent of he valued no created thing in the lead degree
except God and His Son. Where the adverbial expression except
God and His Son qualifies and limits the adjective of quantity no.
I. 679. Nor shunned. Repeat the whole of the preceding
sentence with the substitution of shunned, for valued in any
degree.
I. 682. Supply thm art before grim. First leave out and whai,
and then repeat the whole, substituting what for whence.
I. 685. That be assured is a parenthetical sentence. It would be
more correct to say 0/ that be assured.
I. 691. Before in proud repeat who.
I. 692. The third part (Compare Rev. xii. 3, 4.) "Behold a
great red dragon, and his tail drew the third part of the stars of
heaven, and cast them to the earth."
Conjured is used in the sense of the Latin conjuraii, sworn together,
banded together by an oath.
I. 693. For which, &c. This, though an adjective clause in form,
does not attach itself to any particular word in what precedes. Treat
for which as equivalent to and for this.
I. 698. Where I reign Mng. In its present form this must be
treated as an adverbial sentence, co-ordinate with the adverb here.
We shovJd get the relation of the ideas more exactly if we substituted
in this plac". in which I reign king.
And to enrage, &c. In full : and wJiere, I tell thee to enrage thee
more, ti,cit / reign thy lord and king. Supply go before back.
I. 705. Repeat the grisly terror before grew.
1. 710. In the Arctic sky. It is only when the celestial sphere is
divided into a northern and a southern half by the ecliptic that the
greater part of the constellation of Ophiuohus is in the northern
portion. The equator leaves the greater part in the southern. Be-
fore/row repeat that
2. 711. Among the prodigies portending the death of Ceesar, and
the consequent civil war, Virgil mentions (Georg. l 488) —
^9C diri toties arsere cometob.
OK n.
% must
iject of
tredica*
as the
5 degree
I except
J no.
receding
in any
id whaif
irould be
iehold a
stars of
bogether,
in form.
Treat
I must be
jrb here.
)stituted
\rage thee
phere is
that the
northern
Be-
BOOK II.]
NOTES.
km
isax.
and
I. 714. As when — mid air. An adverbial clause qualifying such.
After as supply tlie froum is, to the predicate of which the claiise
when ttoo, &,c., is attached.
I. 715. Battling forms a complement to the predicate come.
I. 716. Before then repeat w/ien two black clouds.
Front to front. An adverbial expression, partaking of the nature
of a nominative absolute.
I. 718. To join, &c. This forms an attributive adjunct to signal.
(Gr. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)
I. 719. That— frown. An adverbial clause qualifying so. That is
itself a connective adverb qualifying grew. (Or. 528, 529. An.
133, 134.)
/. 721. BtU is here a preposition. But once (i. e. one time) mare is
an adverbial phrase qualifying and limiting never.
I. 726. After and repeat if the snaky sorceress tfiat scU—they had
not.
I. 729. To bend, &c. An adverbial adjunct of possesses.
I. 730. In full : and knowest thou for whom tliou bendest thai mortal
dart against thy father's head ?
I. 731. Before /or him repeat tJvou bendest Umt — head.
I. 734. In analysis leave out the repetition his vn-alJu
I. 731. Repeat the clause that my — my son in each of the sentences,
go strange [is] thy outcry, and thy words so strange thou interposest.
It qualifies the adverb so in each case. {Or. 528 An. 133.)
I. 741. Before why repeat till first I know of tliee.
I. 743. Before tfiat phantasm repeat till first I know of thee why
thou. The clauses beginning with why are substantive clauses, the
objects of the verb know.
I. 745. Than him andt thee. These objective cases can only be
explained by tilling up the clause thus : — than I see Uiee and him
detestable. The clause is adverbial, and qualifies more. {Or. 549,
&c. ; note on p. 166. An. 149, &c. ; note, p. 42.)
I. 749. The whole compound clause, ivhen at the— I sprang, is in
the adverbial relation to deemed.
I. 763. Repeat when before dim. Take the words thus :—when
thine eyes, dim and dizzy, swum in darkness.
I. 754. The adverbial clauses, while thy— forth, and tiU — / sprung,
qualify swwm.
I. 756. Likest, &c., shining, &c., and a goddess armed, are all
attributive adjuncts of /. This whole description is, of course, an
adaptation of the Greek legend of the birth of Minerva from ths
■i ri
i
1 :;
i 1
f f
60
PAAADTSE LOST.
[book n.
head of Jupitei. The rest of the passage is based upon the idea
expressed in James i. 15: "Tl^en when hist hath conceived, it
bringeth forth sin ; and sin, when it is linished, bringeth forth
death."
I. 8()G. But is here a preposition governing the coraj)ound substan-
tive clause lluit lie knows — s/iall be, with which it forms an adverl)ial
adjunct to would devour.
He knows, &c. Expand thus : — he knows that his end is involved
toith mine.
I. 813. Before tempered insert they are.
I. 814. iSave lie, &c. This should be save him, &c., unless save be
regarded as an adjective, the same as safe, forming a nominative
absolute with the substantive that follows. Anyhow the whole
phrase save — above is 'n t^ adverbial relation to none, wliich it
qualifies and defines. {€l». . ;<>J.)
I. 817. The adve!bial clause since thou — unfhou;/ht of qualifies the
predicate of a clause unu( • 'too<' ' ccdl thes daughter, or something
equivalent.
I. 822. After but repeat know that I come.
I. 830. A place foretold sliould be. We can only make grannnar
of this by expanding it thus : — a place tvhich it was foretold should be,
where the entire clause which it tmis — be, is an adjective clause
qualifyiug place, while the secondary clause, which should be, is a
substantive clause, in ai)position to it, the subject of was foretold.
If a demonstrative pronoun were used instead of a relative, we could
insert the conjunction that : — it uxis foretold that tJuii should be. Tliia
is always the best way of testing the construction of an involved
clause containing a relative.
I. 833. And tiierein, &c. The construction is obscure. If and be
retained, we must repeat after it, to searcli witfi tvandering quest a
race of upstart creatures therein placed, &c.
/. 835. The compound clause, tf tough [tliei/ are] more removed —
broils, qualifies placed.
I. 837. In full : / haste to know whether tMs be now designed, or
whet/ier aughb were more secret than this \is sea'et] be now designed.
I. 840. Where thou — odours. A compound adjective clause
qualifying place. Before up repeat where tliou and Death shall.
I. 842. Buxom here has its original meaning yielding. It is
derived from the Anglo-Saxan bugan, to bend or yield, and answers
to the German biegsam. It afterwards came to me^in plump and
§t^i, and also complicaU.
I i
ooK n.
BOOK TI.]
NOTR9.
61
ihe idea
iived, it
ill forth
siibstan-
tdverbial
involved
i save be
)nuuative
ne whole
which it
alifies the
something
i grammar
should be,
ive clause
I be, is a
foretold.
we could
be. This
iuvolved
If and be
iiuj quest a
removed —
lesiffued, or
signed.
ive clanse
sfialL
ng. It is
ad answers
plump and
I. 855. To be o'ennntched, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct to
/ear(e.ss.
I. 857. The adjective clauses who luiles me, and wlio hath— /ted,
qualify the substantive pronoun his. {Gr. 141.)
L 875. But herself forms an adverbial adjunct of not all, which is
used as equivalent to none of.
I. 877. The notion of turning the toards is inaccurate. The wards
belong to the lock, not to the key.
I. 882. Tluit shook, &c., is an adjective clause qualifying
tliunder.
I. 885. That with — arra]/. An adverbial clause denoting conse-
queuct!, attached to the predicate stood. Tluit is itself a connective
adverb qualifying pa5«. (6V. 528. An. \2>^.)
I. 892. After ocain repeat appears.
I. 893. Where length — are lost, is an .adjective clause qualifying
ocean. Height is here used, like the Latin altitudo, in the souse of
depth.
I. 894. The word Chaos means empty space, and that was the
earliest conception of what preceded the existence of the material
universe. Hesiod (Theogon. 116) says that Chaos existed first, then
the Earth and Tartarus, and Eros, that is, the generative principle.
Of Chaos were born or produced Erebus (darkness or gloom) and
Night. Jfight and Erebus were the parents of /Kther (bright or
blazing sky) and Day; and Earth gave birth to Heaven. Chaos
afterwards came to signify the aggregate of confused material
ehnnents out of which the universe was formed. Some spoke of
Night as the origin of aU things. Thus in one of the Orphic hymns
Night is addressed as the parent of gods, men, and all things The
philosopher Thales assumed ivater to be the origin of all things, that
is, he conceived the pi-imal elemental matter to be homogeneous and
fluid, but capable of passing into the various material forms of the
visible universe. Anaximenes considered air to be tJie primary form
of matter. Anaximander spoke of it more indefinitely as tJie infinite,
which he appears to have regarded as a mixture of heterogeneous but
unchangeable elements, which were arranged and organised by the
force of heat and cold and the affinities of the varioiis particles.
Anaxagoras was the first who arrived at the noble conception that
intelligence was the motive power which brought order into tl)e
chaotic mass. His theory was expressed in the dictum, "All things
were mixed up together; then intelligence arranged them." Em-
pedocles of Agrigentum first ]aid down the doctrine that the
':■
:|
' ■,'/
1.
62
PARADISE LOST.
[BOOK II.
j)rimary matter of the universe consisted of the four elements, fire,
air, eartli, and water, which were fashioned into the various objects
of visible nature by the oi)posite motive powers of attraction and
repulsion (or love and hate). Democritua of Abdera introduced the
conception that the primary matter of the universe consisted of
aUmiH, and this theory was adopted and developed by Epicurns.
Milton seems to have had before him a notable passage iu Ovid
{M eta 111. I. 5, &c.) : —
"Ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia coRlnm,
Unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe,
Qnem dixere Chaos, rudis indigestaque moles ;
Nee quidquam nisi pondus iners ; congestaque eodem
Non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum.
« • « • •
*' Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda,
Lucis egens aer ; nuUi sua forma manebat,
Obstabatque aliis aliud ; quia corpore in uno
Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis,
Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondu&
Hanc Deus et melior litem Natura diremit. "
But those among the ancients who accepted the idea of intelligence
or Divine power bringing chaos into order, still regarded the pn)ces3
as nothing more than an application of previously-existin'g and un-
alterable forces. It is only that philosophy which has been taught
by Revelation which has attained to an apprehension of the gi-aud
fact of creation, and traces in the laws and forces of nature the
expression of the will and wisdom of that Infinite Intelligence whose
"eternal power and Godhead are imderstood by the things that are
made." Compare with Milton's magnificent, but semi-Pagan descrip-
tion, the first chapter of Genesis.
I. 901. Of each Ms faction. This attempt to make a possessive of
eac/t is not admissible. It should be each around Oie flag of hi*
faction. (See Or. 73, note.)
I. 902. As the conjunction or does not here involve an alternative,
of which only one case can be true, all these adjectives may be taken
as co-ordinate attributive adjuncts of they.
I. 903. In full : unmiinbered as tfie sands of Barca [are un
numbered], or [unnumbered as the sands of] Oi/rene's torrid soil [art
unnumbered.]
L 905. Levied (from levare) here means raised up.
J
OOK II.
BOOK IT,")
NOTES.
63
its, tire,
; objects
;ion aud
icecl the
jistetl of
lipicurus.
ia Ovid
itelligence
\e proceas
g aud un-
eu taught
the grand
atuve the
uce whose
s that are
m descrip-
ssessive of
ng of hi*
iternative,
be taken
[are un
soil [art
I. 906. To whom these most adhere. An adjective clause qualifying
the he that follows.
/. 912. In full : not composed (mixed) of sea, and not comjwsed of
shore, and not composed of air^ and not composed of Jire, hut composed
coiifusedbj of all these in their pregnant causes. The and in /. 214 is
superfluous, and prevents the proper connection of the adjective
clause which — worlds with these.
I. 917. In analysis leave out the repetition into this wild abyss.
Take the wary fiend stood on the brink of hell as a separate sentence,
and connect into this wild abyss, Sec, only with look\l ; otherwise
stood must be altered to^tanding, and and nuist be omitted.
/. 922. After than insert tJie ear is pealed.
I. 924. Or less than. In full : w was his ear less pealed t/ian the
ear would be pealed if this frame, &c.
/. 980. After cw supply lie wovld ride. Chair is the same as cliaise
or car.
I. 6.39. In full : that fury being quenched in a boggy syrtis which
was not sea and which was not good dry land.
I. 942. BeJioves, &c. A very awkward, not to say incorrect
expression. Read it behot^es him now to tise both oar and sail. This
was a proverbial expression in Latin. Thus Cicero (Tusc. m. II)
says :-— T'e^ra e7iim res est misera, detestubilis, omni contentione, vdis^
ut ita dicam, renii^quefiigienda.
I. 94.3. After as suj)ply oar and sail are needed.
I. 945. The Arimaspians were a fabulous one-eyed race, dwelling
in Scythia, ever seeking to steal the gold which was guarded by the
gryphons, creatures half lion, half eagle.
I. 944. Or may here be taken as having much the same sense as
and: o'er hill, and o^ermoory dale are co-ordinate adverbial adjuncts
of pursues. The whole adverbial clause as when — gold is attached to
the adverb so, which qualifies eagerly.
I. 948. Respecting the force of or see note on I. 944.
I. 950. Each of these verbs makes a sei)arate sentence. Supply
the subject the fiend with each.
I. 956. First leave out or spirit, and then repeat the whole
sentence, substituting spirit for power. Whatever poiver had better
be treated, for the purpose of analysis, as equivalent to any power
which.
I. 959. When straight — deep. An adverbial clause qualifying
plies. BeJiold is the rhetorical equivalent of thei-e appeared.
L 965. Demogorgon was not a being known to the classical
M
PARAmSK LOST.
I BOOK U.
inythologiats. It was a itiystcrioiis and awful power, terrible even
to gods, invoked in maj^ieal incantations. Later writers, such aa
Lucan (vi. 744), and Statins (Theb. iv. 514), refer to it. After
Rumour supply stood.
I. 971. With purpose, &c., must be taken as an attrilnitive
adjunct of spy.
I. 977. If some — lately. An adverbial clause attached to travel.
I. 981. Directed. That is, my course heiiui directed, a nominative
absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of hrimjs.
I. 988. Anarch. This is rather a l)old coinage. Anarchy is the
absence of government. An anarch holdinrj ^way over chaos, is there-
fore a self-contradictory conception.
l. 990, This can only be reduced within the rules of analysis by
substituting / hiou? thee, I know ivho tliou art.
I. 991. Before thxtt insert thou art.
I. 992. Though [thou tvast] overthrown. An advei'bial clause of
concession attached to made.
I. 999. If all — Night. An adverbial clause attached to keep : — if
all [that^ I can [do] toill senje so to defend tJuit little which is left,
encroached on, &c.
/. 1003. After beneath supply encroached on my frontiers : and
repeat the -^ame predicate in the next sentence.
I. 1011. That noio — shorv. This maybe treated as an adverbial
clause qualifying the adjective glad. We should get much the same
sense if we substituted because for tJiat.
I. 1017. After than insert Argo was endangered. Argo was the
famous ship in which Jason and his companions, the Argonauts,
sailed to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis.
I. 1018. The justling rocks. These were the Cyanece or Syniple-
gades, two rocks at the entrance of the Thracian Bosphorus, which
are near to each other, and as a ship threads its way up the clianuel
seem alternately to approach to and to recede from one another. Hence
the fable that they were moveable, and closed upon and crushed any
ship that attempted to sail lietween them.
I. 1020. Charybdis. This celebrated whirlpool (called now the
Galofaro) is in the Sicilian Straits, near Messina. Its dangers were
not altogether imaginary, though very much exaggerated by the
timid navigators of ancient times. Milton seems here to speak of
Scylla as another whirlpool. This is a mistake. ScyUa or Scyllgeum
was a rocky promontory on the Italian coast, about fifteen miles N.
BOOK n. f< fi"OR IT.*)
K0TR9.
65
iblc even
such as
t. After
ittributivo
,0 travel.
lominative
rchy is the
)8, is there-
analysis hy
al clause of
to keep :—ir
vhich is left,
mtiers: and
an adverbial
ich the same
vgo was the
Argonauts,
or Syniple-
[horus, which
1» the channel
[)thcr. Hence
crushed any
of liJiegiuni, forming two small bays, one on each side. There is
absohitely no danger in sailing past it, and it is ditticult to understand
how it could ever have been regarded as a [K-nlous obstacle. This
rock was represented by the mytliologists aa the abode of the monster
Scylla {I. (560). In Homer {Od. xii. 8.5), Scylla is described as a
monster with twelve misshapen feet, six long necks, supporting
frightful heads, in the mouth of eacli of which were three rows of
teeth full of black death. The later form of the legend is mentioned
in the note on /. 660.
I. 1023. He once past. A nominative absolute, forming an ad-
verbial adjunct to paved.
I. 1032. Before 2ohovi supply the antecedent those.
I. 1039. As a broken foe [would retire] from her outmost works.
I. 1041. T/uit Satan, &c. This intricate adverbial clause, which
ends at /. 1053, is attached to the predicate begins in each of the
preceding sentences.
I. 1042. WujUs is here intransitive, equivalent io floats.
I. 1043. Holds the port is a translation of the Latin phrase occnpai
portum.
I. 1046. WeiyJis is a rendering of the Latin lU/rat, which rather
means balances. At leisure, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct to
weighs. To behold, &c., is an attributive adjunct to leisure.
I. 1048. In full : undetermined wfieUier it be square or tvhether it bt
round.
L 10.'>2. As a sttir, &c. Insert the predicate understood is big.
bed now the
langcvs were
[•ated by the
to speak of
, or Scyllseum
en miles N.
\
i
V
it! . i
Ar
I
A LIST OF WOUDS USED TN OBSOLETE
OK UNUSUAL SENSES.
\
Aeoess (aceesaus, acceilo), way by which approach may be made^
(I. 13a)
Aoolaixn (acclamare), a shout raised at anything. {I. 520.)
Admire {admimri), to wonder. (/. 678.)
Adverse (adveraus), contrary to our proi)er nature. {I. 77.)
Afflictinar (flrj^jflro), dashing against. (/. 100.)
Ambrosial (afx^poiria 'the food o' the gods,' from dfxBpoTOi •immor-
*M,') like ambrosia. {I. 245. )
Ar onist (di'Ta7w»i(rTi^$), one capable of wrestling against an
3rsary. (I. 609.)
Atiaixbean, like those of Atlas. Atlas was a mythological personage,
represented as bearing up the pillars which keep heaven aad
earth asunder, or as supporting the heavens on nis shoulders.
His name was iiubsequently localized in the mountain chain in
the north'West of Africa. (I. 306.)
Awful, full of awe — i.e., full of reverential respect.
Cease {ceaaare), to hesitate or delay. (Z. 159.)
Chair (carrua), chariot. (I. 930.)
Chairm, a. (carmen), a spell or incantation. (/. 266.)
Charm, v., to put under a spell, to bewitch or beguile. {I. 566.)
Compose {componSre), to arraTige or put together, to bring into good
order. (I. 280.)
Oompoaed {composittia)^ made up. {I. 111.)
Compulsion {compell^re), force exerted in driving. {I. 80. )
Confine (cotifinia), to have the same boundary with. (L 977. )
Conjecture {corjecturaf conjicio)^ anticipation as to the result of a
oourao of action.
I Conjured {:onjurare)^ bound together by oath. {I. 693.)
I Dash, to OTTerthrow. {I 114.)
Deform, a(^'. (ctt/brmw), shapeless, hideoiuk (4 706.)
■"l!
■--■'1
f 5 t^'^flF' ;n|[l
; i
■^
u
68 A LIST OF WORDS USKD IN OBSOLETE OR UNUSUAL SJKNSXS.
Demur (demomri), doubt, hesitation. {I. 431 )
Descent [dcscendtre), dej)tii to which we have fallen. (L 14.)
Detormiiio {de, termmun), to settle one's j)osition and limits. {I. 330. )
Dimension {dimemio, dimttiri), extent that admits of being mea-
sured, {l. 8U3.)
Element {dementa, ' first principles '), a primary or sinijdc substance.
According to the notions lield in Milton's time, the term dements
was especially apphed to tire, air, eaitli, and water. 'Yh^demeM
of any living creature is that one of these four, in or on which
^ it nat.ually lives, (i. 275.)
Empyreal [iixirvpos), dwelling in tlae region of fire, heavenly. See
Ethered (/. I.Ji). ' The empyrean ' (Z. 771), means 'heaven.'
Entertain, to amuse or beguile. (I. 520. )
En and, in Anglo-Saxon, tere/i(/. Not from en*are.
Esfeatial [cMentia, modern Latin derivative frt>m esse), being, nature,
'This essential.' (/. 97.)
Et.iereal (idhereus, aldvp ' blazing heat '), belonging to the region of
uuther— i.e., to heaven. By cether, the ancients understood the
upper, pure, glowing air beyond the region of mists and clouds
(diip) ; a rare and iicry medium, in which the heavenly bodies
moved. {L 311, 978.)
Evasion {eiHisiOt evadcir), power of making one's way out. {I. 411.)
Event (eveiitus, tvenio), the itsult of a course of action. {/. 82.)
Excellence (excdlere), superiority in any quality, not merely supe-
riority in goodness.
Excursion (ex, cuirere), a hasty sally. [1. 396. )
Exempt {exiinSre ' to take out '), removed to a distance, released or
delivered. (/. 318.)
Fact (/ac<«m), feat. French, ' iait.' (/. 124)
Fall, to happen (/. 203). Compare accidere (from ad and cadere *to
fall').
Fame (/ai)ia), report. {I, .346. )
Fatal (/a a^is, /a/«/>t), established by fate. (l. 104.)
Forgetful, causing forgetfulness. (/. 74.)
Foriorn, lost. German, 'verloren.' (/. (>15.)
Fraught, another form of the past participle of freight. (L 715.)
Fury (furor), madness. {I. 728.)
Horrent (horrere)^ bristling. (I. 513.)
Horrid {Jwrridus)^ bristling. {I. 710.)
Imag^inatlons {imago, imaginatio), plans, designs.
Impaled (in, palus, ' a stake '), enclosed. The word signifies properly,
' enclosed with stakes,' or ' fixed on a stake.' (/. 047.)
Impendent (in, pendere), hanging over us. (/. 177.)
Impotanod (impotetUia, in, patens) want of self-control. {L 166.)
3
INSSS.
14.)
ts. {I. 330.)
being mea-
c substance,
erni elements
The element
or on which
ivenly. See
' heaven.'
eing, nature,
the region of
iideistood the
ts aud clouds
Eivenly bodies
aut. {I. 411.)
{l. 82.)
merely supe-
;e, released or
iudca(ie?-e 'to
{L 715.)
lifies properly,
347.)
(i. 156.)
A LliST OF WORDS USED IN OBSOLETE OR UNUSUAL SJ^NSES. 69
Incensed {incemUre), kindled, fired. (L 707.)
Industrious {indinitna), beudiug one's energies towards some end.
(/. 116.) Ex industria, ' of set purpose.*
Inflame {inflammare), to blaze, (l. 581.)
Instinct (instiiufuh-e), goaded on, incited, or impelled, (J. 937.)
Intellectual (inteUiyere), ]i«^ssessed of understanding. {I. 147.)
Intend (iw, tendere), to direct the mind to any subject. (I. 457.)
Involve {involvere), to wrap up. {I. 384.)
Labouring- (/aftwarc), suffering disaster. (/. 665.)
Mansion {mansio, manere), a dwelling-place. {I. 462. )
Need {l. 413), used apparently as an adjective ; ' to have need/
being equivalent to the German phrase, ' noting haben.'
Obdtired {ohdurare), hardened. {I. 5G8, )
Obscure {obscurus), dark, not easily .seen. {I. 132.)
O'erwatched, kept awake for an unusual or excessive lencth of time.
{l. 288.)
Ominous {omen, ominosns), full of tlireatenings of disaster, ' Omi-
nous conjecture' = anticipation of disaster.
Opinion (opinio), estimation, judgment. (I. 471.)
Palpable (palpare), that may be felt. * The pal['able obscure' = dark-
ness tliat may be felt.
Partial (2Mr«), taken up by a few only. {I. r)o\*. )
Passion (passio, patior), suffering, the bein-^ allected by anything.
The opposite of this is apathy. {I. 564.)
Patience (patUntia), power of endurance. (/. 569.)
Pitch, the highest iioint (/. 772). Pitch is of the same origin as pike
and sjnke, and implies the acute angle formed by the meeting of
two lines or surf-wes in a point or edg.tendire, 'to stretch in front'), a claim put forwards.
j (/. 825.)
Prime {primv^), foremost. (/. 423.)
Process {processtis, proccdere), advance. (/. 297.)
Prohibit {prchibere), to stop. (/. 437.)
jProne {pronus), bending low. {I. 478. )
m
II \
70
LIST OF WOltDS USED IN OBSOLKTE OR UNUSUAL SENSES,
fl^
I
I
Rare (rarua), thinly scattered ; the opposite of dense. {I. 948.)
Bedoundin^ {redundan), overflowing, spreading in billows beyond
the proper limits. {I. 889. )
Reluctance (reluctarey 'to struggle against'), obstinate resistance.
(t. ou7. )
Remit (remittere), relax. (1. 210.)
Revolutions (revohitio), revolving periods. (I. 597. )
Ruinous {ruina^ ruo), crashing, as when a building falls suddenly.
(/. 921.)
Scope {(TKoirSs), a mark aimed at. {l. 127.)
Scowl, threaten with a scowling look. (/. 491.)
Specious {species, speciosus), having a noble or fair appearfc
(/. 484.)
Starve, to cause to perish by cold. The word is not necessarily con-
nected with the idea of hunger. German, ' sterben.'
Station (stafio), a body of troops on guard, {l. 412.)
Stygian, hellish. See note on /. 575. (I. 506. )
Sublime (aubUmis), raised aloft. (I. 528. )
Success {succedere), the result, good or bad, of a coarse of action.
(//. 9, 123.)
Suspense at//, (suftpensus), in suspense. {I. 418.)
Synod ((rivoSos), assembly.
Tartarean, belonging to Tartarus — 1.«., hell. {?. 69).
Temper (temperare, 'to mix in due proportion'), constitution.
{II. 218,276.)
Torrent (