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Silk * Co's (gbutational Sems,

BOOKS I. AND II.

TORONTO :
ADAM MILLER & CO.,

1878.

We have added to each hook a numher of blank leaves,
which man ^^ convementUj used by Teachers and Sludents
desirous of mahbuj oriiiinal notes on the lessons.

ADAM MILLEIl d- Co.

ilk « €o's (ffburational Btxm.

BOOKS I. AND II.

MILTON'S PARADISE LOST,

WITH

WottB on l^e ^nalgsjs, mh on t^t iStriptural
anb Ciassital gjillusicns,

A GLOSSARY OF DIFFICULT WORDS.

AND A

LIFE OF MILTON.

By C. p. mason, B.A., F.C.P.,

FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON.

FOURTH EDITION.

TORONTO :
ADAM MILLER & CO.,

1878.

186105

Ml ifoH

Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one

tboomnd elfrht hundred and seventy-eight, by Adam Miller & Co.,

In the office of the Minister of Agriculture.

PREFACE.

The favourable reception which the first edition of this
little work met with has emboldened me to republish it
for the use of candidates at the next Oxford Local Examina-
tions. The alterations in the notes will not be found to be
ver)' numerous. They consist chiefly in coiTections of the
account given of adverbial sentences beginning with a«, in
accordance with the view of the matter set forth in the
last edition of my English Grammar, and in my " Analysis
of Sentences applied to Latin."

The first book of Milton's " Paradise Lost " is long and
difficult. The style is intricate, and it is crowded with
allusions to the Scriptures and to classical mythology.
It is not a subject that can be hurried over, and those
who have to prepare for examination in it will find the
advantage of the longer notice of the subjects for ex-
amination which has been given by the Oxford Delegacy,

0. P. MASON.

Denmark Hill,
/m^, 1870.

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(q our

LIFE OF MILTON.

John Milton was the son of John and Sarah Milton, and was bom
Dec. 9, 1608, in Bread-street, where his father carr'ed on the profes-
sion of a scrivener. The latter was a man of good family, the son of
a yeoman of OxfordHliirc, but had been disinherited on account of his
Protestantism. He had been educated at Christchurch, Oxford, ard
was besides a man of great musical taste and acquirements. From
him Milton inherited that musical taste which in later life proWded
him with a solace for Liaiiy weary hours. Milton's early years were
passed amid the influences of an orderly and pious Puritan household.
His first teacher was a Scotchman, named Thomas Young. While
still under his care he was sent to St. Paul's School, the head-master
of which was Alexander Gill, who was assisted by his son of the
same name. While here, Milton was a hard student, and already
.)egan to exert his poetical powers. His versions of the 114th and
136th Psalms were composed in his sixteenth year. On the 12th of
February, 1524,* Milton was admitted as a lesser pensioner at Christ's
College, Cambrii^.ge. With his first tutor, William Chappell, Milton
had some variance, which led to the interference of the college autho-
rities, in consequence of which Milton was rusticated for a short
♦;ime, but soon returned, and was transferred to the tutorship of
ihe Rev. Nathaniel Tovey. There is a statement (the authenticity
of which, however, is disputed) that Milton's quarrel with his tutor
brought on him the indignity of a whipping. There is nothing, how-
ever, to show that this was anything more than a private fracas,
Milton's rather haughty and fastidious manners at first made him the
object of some dislike; but long before he left college he had won
th«> favour and respect of his college, and of the whole university.
He took his B.A. degree in January, 1628 (1629), and his M.A.

* Before 1762 the year was reekoned to begin on the 25th of March. Aocording
to our prebent mode of reokoniny th« aboT^ date would be feb. 12, 1639,

LIFE OP MILTON.

degree in July, 1632. He was at first designed for the Church, and
went through the usual course of thoolofncal study ; but he also
pursued with groat aHsiduity an independent course of his own. He
was especially noted for the excellence of his Latin versifioation.
Wliile at college he wrote, in Latin, the first four of his Familiar
Epistles ; seven college themes, published in 1 674 under the title of
Prolusiones qutrdam Oratoria ; the EUgiarum Liber; and part of
the Sylvarum Liber. In English he wrote various minor poems : —
1. "On the Death of a Fair Infant." 2. " Part of a Vacation Exer-
cise." 3. "On Time." 4. "On the Circumcision." 6. "At a
Solemn Music." 6. "On May Morning." 7. "On Shakspere."
8. "On the Uriversity Carrier." 9. "Epitaph on the Marchioness
of Winchester." 10. " Sonnet on my Twenty-third Birthday." The
epitaph on Shakspere was the only one of these compositions which
was published during his stay at college. It appeared anonymously
among the laudatory verses prefixed to the second folio edition of
Shakspere in 1632, and was the first of Milton's productions which
appeared in print.

On leaving college Milton declined both ^he Church and the Bar,
and spent the ensuing five years at Horton, in Buckinghamshire, at
the residence of his father, who had retired from business with a
competent fortune. These years were spent in fruitful study, and
occasional literary labours. It was during this period that he wrote
*• L' Allegro " and " II Penseroso," " Arcades," " Comus," and " Lyci-
das," a monody on the death of Mr. Edward King, who had been
his companion at college.

Milton's mother died in 1637, and soon after he obtained leave and
means from his father to make a continental tour, in the course of
which he visited Paris and mc^t of the chief cities in Italy, and made
acquaintance with Grotius, Galileo, and Manso, the friend and patron
of Tasso. He had intended continuing his journey to Greece, but the
news which reached him of impending civil commotions in England
induced him to return. This Italian journey, and the reputation and
praise which he gained in literary circles, greatly stimulated his
literary ambition. But his purpose of writing some great English
poem was interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war, which diverted
hie energies into a totally new channel. Milton was heart and soul
a Republican and an Independent, and devoted his genius and energy
to the cause of the revolution. For the next twenty years his poetical
efforts were relinqnished, and we see him only as the most maaterly
polemical prose writ«)T of his age.

LIFE OF MILTON.

▼u

On his rotnm to England, Milton found the houaehold at Horton
broken up, and went (in 1G40) to reside in St. Bride's Churchyard,
Fleet-street; whence he removed (in 1G41) to a houHC in Aldersgate*
btreet, whore ho took some pupils to educate, with his nephews,
Edward and John Phillips. In 1641 ho began his political career by
a vi^'orouH attack on prelacy, in a treatise entitled, " Of Rufonnation
touching Church Discipline in England, and the Causes that hitherto
have hindered it." A reply to this was publiHhed by Bishop Hall,
who, in his turn, was answered in a work which was the joint pro-
diK tioii of five Puritan ministers— Stephen Marshall, Edward Calamy,
Tlionias Young, Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow, whose
joint initials made up the name " Smecitymnuus." This work railed
forth a reply from Archbishop Usher, upim which Milton came to the
r<;Bi;ue with his pamphlets entitled, " Of Prclatical Episcopacy," and
*' The Reason of Church G(*vornmont urged against Prelacy." Other
publications of Milton's in this controversy were, "Animadversions
upon the Remonstrant's Defence," a.u "The Apology against a
Piiiiij.hlet called, • A Modest Confutation of tho Aniiaadversions ujion
tiic Remonstrant a;v.aust Smecty;unuus.' "

In 1643 Milton took a short journey into tho country, in the course
of wliich he married Mary, the eldest daughter of Mr. Richard Powell,
ox Forest Hill, near Shotover, in Oxfordshire. Mrs. Milton, however,
whose mind and tastes were utterly uncongenial to those of her
husband, found or fancied her married life unbearable, and having
gone homo for a visit, refused to return. Milton accordingly re-
pudiated her, and the quarrel led to the publication of his four
treatises on divorce, in which ho maintained that moral incompati-
bility is as good a gi-ound for divorce as conjugal infidelity. In 1046,
however, his wife's family brought about a reconciliation, and she
returned to her husband, who had now taken a house in Barbioau,
where his aged father was residing with him. It was in 1644 that
Milton wrote his " Tractate on Education," and his noble " Areopa-
giiica ; or, Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing," in defence
of the freedom of the press. In 1646 he published, in a small volume,
the first edition of his minor poems.

On the capture of Oxford by the Parliamentary army, in 1646, Mrs.
Milton's father and his family were driven from home, and took
refuge in Milton's house, where, not long after, Mr. i?owell died,
^niton's eldest daughter, Anne, was bom in 1646, and his aged
father died soon after. In 1647, the Powells having returned to
Uxiurdsl'irc. and the number of his pupils having fallen off, Milton

•••

vui

LIFE OF MILTON.

removed to a smaller house in Holbom, wh ^re he employed himself in
study and writing. About this time he produced a portion of his
" History of England."

On the execution of Charles I. (Jan. 30, 1648-9), Milton published,
in justification of the act, a short pamphlet, " On the Tenure of Kings
and Magistrates." This led to his receiving from the Government
the oflFer of the post of Latin or Foreign Secretary, which he accepted^
with a salary of £29C per annum. He now removed to an official
residence in the neighbourhood of Whitehall. In the early part of
this year he also published " Animadversions on the Articles of Peace
between the Earl of Ormond and the Irish Rebels." His next im-
portant work was the " Eikonoklastes," written in 1649, in answer to
the celebrated " Eikon Basilike." This had scarcely been completed,
when Salmasius (Claude do Sauroaise), at the instigation of Charles II.,
then a refugee in Holland, published his ** Def ensio Begia pro Carolo
Frimo ad Carolum Secundum." At the request of the English Council
of State, Milton wrote in reply his famous "Pef ensio pro Populo
Anglican o contra Claudii anoR.7mi alias Salmasii Defensionem
Regiam," which was published in 1650, by order of the Council.
The preparation of this work was believed by Milton himself to have
hastened the calamitous failure of his sight, of which symptoms had
appeared in 1644, and which, by the year 1653, resulted in total
blindness, from the affection termed ffutta serena. Notwithstanding
his blind;>ess, he continued to fulfil the duties of his office nearly
up to the time of the Restoration. During the latter part of this
period he was assisted by his friend Andrew Marvel). In 1654, he
published his "Defensio Secunda pro Populo Anglicano," in reply
to a scurrilous production by Peter Dumoulin, the reputed author
of which at the time was Alexander More. Thip waf followed up
by his "Authoris pro se Defensio contra Alexandrum Morum
Ecclesiastem " (1656), and "Authoris ad Alexandri Mori Supple-
mentun-i Defensio" (1655). In addition to these workf he produced
in hi£ official capacity between seventy and eighty Latin letters, and
a Latic State Paper on the differencco of the Protector with the
Spanish Court. His last official letter is dated May 16, 1659. In
thife year he wrote two tracts addressed to the Parliament, " A Treatise
of Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes," and " Considerations touch-
ing the likeliest means to remove Hirelings out of the Church," and
also a " Letter to a Friend, concerning the Ruptures of the Common-
wealth," and ♦' The Ready and Easy Way to eetablish a Free Com-
i^uii wealth." Tli«i)« treatisefe wcr« all intended %q stem the reAotioq

LIFE OP MILTON.

in favour of royalty and high-church principles. On the restoration
of Charles II. (1660) Milton was for some time in considerahle danger.
His most obnoxious writings wore burnt by the hangman. He was
in custody, after the passing of the Act of Indemnity, and is said to
have owed his safety to the intercession of Sir William Davcnant,
who at an earlier period had been beholden to Milton for his good
offices when taken prisoner at sea.

In November, 1656, Milton had married his second wife, Catherine
Woodcock, who died in childbirth, about a year afterwards. In the
, early part of 1663 he married his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull.
Tlie reltitions of his daughters towards their step-mother were not of
the happiest kind, and the two elder in particular were also unkind
and undutiful to their father, whom they cheated and robbed. He
employed his two younger daughters in writing at his dictation, and
reading to him in several languages, without under^.tanding their
moaning, a kind of work with which they appear to have become
utterly disgusted. All three were at last sent from home to gain
their own livelihood. Though no longer in affluent circumstances,
Milton still retained enough of the property bequeathed to him by his
father to enable him to live, in his frugal way, in tolerable ease and
comfort. During the latter part of his life he resided in Artillery
Walk. The following are the prose works which belong to the later
ptriod of his life. 1. " Accidence commenced Grammar." 2. "The
Hist-^y of Britain." 3. " Artis Logicre plenior Institutio." 4. " Of
True ileligion, Heresie, Schism, and Toltration." 6. "Epistolarum
Familiarum liber unus, quibus accesserunt Prolusiones queedam Ora-
torise." 6. "A Brief History of Moscovia." 7. "A Treatise (in
Latin) on Christian Doctrine." The publication of this work, in
which Milton's Arian creed, was developed, was given up by his
friends, on prudential grounds. The manuscript of it was discovered
in 1823, in the State Paper Office. In the reading and writing which
his literary labours involved, Milton had the help of various voluntary
aKsistants, besides his daughters, particularly that of a young Quaker,
named Ellwood.

It was in these later years of blindness, poverty, and affliction, that
the genius of Milton reverted to its original bent. With a mind
stored with learning, and strengthened and refined by the vast ex-
perience of twenty years of active participation in the noble struggle
by which freedom was- won ; with a fancy chastened by age and
purified by suffering ; and with an imagination unsurpassed in the
sublimity of its range, fuid intensified by the yery affliction which

'■1

S LIFE OF MILTON.

ont it off from all sources of inspiration but those which it created foi
itself, Milton addressed himself to the composition of his immortal
poem, "Paradise Lost." This work was finished by 1666, in which
year it was shown to Ell wood ; but it was not till April 27th, 1667
that it was sold to Samuel Simmons, the publisher, for £5 dowt-
with a promise of £o more when 1,300 copies of the first edition
should have been sold, £5 more when 1,300 copies of the second
edition should have been sold, and so on ; each edition to consist of
1,600 copies. It was two years before Milton received the second
£5. The second edition was not published till 1674, the year of
Milton's death. A third edition was published in 1678, and in 1680
Milton's widow sold her interest in the book for £8. In the secocd
edition the original ten books were made into twelve, by a division
of the seventh and tenth books.

The poem, "Paradise Regained," was suggested to Milton by a
question put to him one day by EUwood. It was published in 1671,
together Avith " Samson Agonistes."

Milton died November 8th, 1674, and was buried in the chancel of
St. Giles, Cripplegate. In stature he was somewhat below the average.
In his youth he was singularly handsome, with an appearance of
almost feminine grace and delicacy. In his old age, in addition to
his blindness, he suffered from gout and other infirmities. His wife
survived him for forty-five years, and died, at a great age, at Nant-
wich. Hie broiher Christopher adhered steadily to the royalist party.
He was knighted by James II., and became a judgOt

EXAMPLES OF THE ANALYSIS OF
SENTENCES.

Ik analysing sentences proceed in the following manner : —

1. Set down the subject of the sentence, which may uonsist (1) of
a single substantive, or (2) of two or more substantives imited by
co-ordinative conjunctions, or (3) of an infinitive mood, or (4) of a
quotation, or (6) of a subordinate substantive clause.

2. Set down the attributive adjuncts of the subject. These may
consist (1) of an adjective or participle (with or without adjuncts of
their own), or (2) of a noun (or a substantive clause) in apposition to
the subject, or (3) of a substantive (noun or pronoun) in the possessive
case, or (4) of a substantive preceded by a preposition (including
under this head an infinitive mood preceded by to)^ or (5) of an
adjective clause.

3. Set down the predicate-verb. If the verb is one of incomplete
predication, set down the complement of the predicate, and indicate
that the verb and its complement make up the entire predicate.

4. If the predicate be a transitive verb, set down the object of the
verb. The object of a verb admits of the same varieties as the subject.
If the predicate bo a verb of incomplete predication, followed by an
infinitive mood, set down the object of the dependent infinitive.

6. Set down those words, phrases, or adjective clauses, which are
in the attributive relation to the object of the predicate, or to the
object of the complement of the predicate, if the latter be a verb in
the infinitive mood.

6. Set down those words, phrases, or adverbial clauses which are
in the adverbial relation to the predicate. These adverbial adjuncts
may consists (1) of an adverb ; or (2) of a substantive (or verb in the
infinitive mood) preceded by a preposition ; or (3) of a noun qualified
by an attributive word ; or (4) of a substantive (noun or pronoun) in
the objective case, before which to or for may be understood ; or (6)
of a nominative absolute ; or (6) of an adverbial clause.

EXAMPLES.

7. Set down the adverbial adjuncts of the complement of the pre-
dicate.

8. Analyse the subordinate clauses which enter into the construc-
tion of the principal sentence.

A. " What man that lives, and that knows how to live, would fail
to exhibit at the public shows a form as splendid as the proudest
there."

Analytit of A*
Hubjedt ' man.'

il. 'What.*
2. Adjective clause, * that lives.' (B.)
3. Adjective clause, ♦ that knows Low to
Uve.' (0.)
Predicate {incomplete), * would fail.'
Complement of predicate, ' to exhibit.'
Object of the complement, •form.'

/ 1. ' a.'

Attrib. adjuncts of object, \ 2. * splendid,* qualified by (1) • as (2)

' as the proudest there. ' ( [). )

Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate, ' at the public siiows.'

Subject, * that.'
Predicate, * lives.*

Analysis of B.
Analysis of 0.

Subject, * that.'

Predicate, ' knows.'

Object f * to live,'

Adverbial a^unct of object, * how.'

Analysis of D.
In full : ' As [the form is splendid which] the proudest thero
[exhibit].'
Subject, * torm.'

^ 1. Article, * the.'
Attrib. adjuncts of subject, \ 2. A^eetive clause, 'which the proudest

' there exhibit.' (E.)

I Verb of incomplete predication,* IB.'
Fredtcate, \ Q^f^pig^^f of predicate, • splendid.'

Adverbial at{junct of the cornel, ntnt of the ^redicate^ * «#.'

XXAJCPLE8.

Analytu of JE5,
Subjeel, •pergon*' fundewtood).

1. Artiele, * the:

Attrib. adjuncu of tubjecU 2. Adjective, 'proudest;

V 3. A<herb, • there ' lOr. 362»).
Predicate, ' exhibit.' '

Object, • whioh.'

" Our habits, costlier than LucuUua wore,
And by caprice as multiplied as his,
Just please us while the faBhion is at fuU."

Subjett, * habits/

( 1. ' Our.*
Attnb. adjumtt cf ,uiject, j 2. • costlier than LucuUus wore ' (B )

Predicate, • please/ ' ^^^ '"^"'' "^ "^^^'^^"^^ ^ ^^•' (^O

Object, ♦ us/

Adverbial ai^unctt of pre- ( '* * J'^^*-'
rficai«, J 2. Adverbial clause, ' while Ae fashion is at

\ full/ (C.)

Analysis of B.

An adverbial clause, quaUfying costlier. In full : « Than the habit,
were costly which LucuUus wore/ *"

5«A;(?<?<, ' habits/

fl. 'the/
4«r.d.«^«„,^,,/,„iy,,^ J2. ^#,^,V. .&«,,,« which Luoull

I (E.)

Predicate, \ ^^^ ^f incomplete predication, « wero.*

\ ^Of^pl^tnent of predicate, *coati^'
Adverbial adjunct of complement of predicate, ' than/

us wore»

5w*/><;^ 'LucuUus/
Predicate, ' wore/
O^M/, * which.*

Analysis of £.

SIT

EXAMPLES.

i )

Analy$U of 0.
An elliptical adverbial clause co-ordinate with na which qualiflec
multiplied. In full : < As his habits were multiplied.'
Subject, * habits.'

Attributive a^'unct of aubject, * his.'
_ i Verb of incomplete predication^ * were*

"'"' ^* ( Complement, * multiplied.

Adverbial at^tmct of implement, * as.'

Analysis of D.
* While the fashion is at full.'
Subject, ' fashion.'
Attributive adjunct of subject, * the.'
Predicate, * is.'

Adverbial at^juncts of pre- i 1. * while.*
dicatet I 2. 'at full.'

" Too wen I see, and rue the dire event.
That with sad overthrow, and foul defeat.
Hath lost us heaven, and all this mighty Lost
In horrible destruction laid thus low.
As far as gods and heavenly essences
Can perish."

At full length : A. " Too well I see the dire event that^ heaven,

and that all this ^low, as far as gods and heavenly essences can

perish [far]." B. " And I rue the dire event," &c.

Analysis of A,
Subject, * I.'
Predicate, * see.'
Object, ' event.'

1. *the.'

2. *dire.'

3. Adjective clause : 'That with sad — —
heaven.' (0.)

4. Adjective clause : ' That aU this mighty
can perish.' (D.)

Adverbial a^'unet of predicate, ' too well.'

Analysis of OL
Subject, * that.'
Predicate, ' hath lost.
(%M<, 'heayen.'

Attributive adjuncts of object.

EXAMFLES.

1. * with sad overthrow.'
Adverbial a4f'unet$ ofobjeeU j 2. ♦ with foul defeat.'

8. * U8 ' (•'.*., * for us ').

Analysit of D.

I Verb of incomplete predication, ' liath laid.*
\ Complement of pvedicate^ 'low.'

•1.-

< 2. 'As far as gods and heavenly essences

Subject, • that.'
Predicate,

Object, * host.*

/ 1. « all/

Attributive adjuncts of object, I 2. * this.'

( 3. * mighty.*

- , 1. * In horrible destruction*

Adverbtal aqfunete of pre

dicate, , • v . /w \

can ponsh. (E.)

Adverbial at^unct of the complement of the predicate, • thus.'

Analysis of E.

" As gods and heavenly essences can f erish [far]." An adverbial
rlausey c -ordinate with as which qualifies /ar.
Hubject {compound), * gods and essences.'
Attributive adjunct of part of subject, * heavenly.'
P • .d'pa*e { Verb of incomplete predication, * can/

i Complement, * perish/

Adverbial adjunct of predicate, 'far' (understood), which is itsell
qualified by the relative adverb as.

The analysis of B is step for step the same as that of A, with tha
substitution of rue for tee.

' " Blest he, though undistinguished from the crowd
By wealth or dignity, who dwells secure,
Where man, by nature fierce, has laid aside
His fierceness, having learnt, though slow to learn.
The manners and the arts of civil life/'

At full length : A. " Blest is he, though he be undistinguiK^'hed

from the crowd by wealth, who dwells, &c. life." B. " Blest is

he, though he be undistinguished from the crowd by dignity, who
dwells life."

Analysis of A.
Subject, *h«/

Attrib. a^unet of t«i>f, { ^*'''''^^^?' '^^^ ^^^^ ^^ "^^^

«n

«XAMPLCS.

¥. I

Predicate {incomplete), * is.'
Compktnent of predicate, * blest.*

Adverbial atj^tmet of pre- t Clause, ' thougfh he be undistinguisha^— ^
dicatet \ wealth.' (D.)

Analysis of 0.
Sttbject, * who.'
Predicate, ' dwells.*
Complement of predicate, * seoure.'
Adverbial a^'unet of pre- ( Adverbial clause, * where man by life.'

(E.)
Analysis of E.

dicatCf

ISuhjeU, ' man/

/ 1. Adjective phrase, • by nature fierce.'
Attrib. adjuncts of subject, J 2. Participial phrase, 'having learnt, though

\ he is slow to learn life.' (f.)

Predicate, ' has laid.'
Object of verb, ' fierceness.*
Attributive adjunct of object, * his.*
Adverbial a^uncta of pre- ( 1. ' aside.*
dicate, \ 2. ' where.*

Analysis of F.
* [Though] he is slow to learn.'
Subject, ' he.'

Predicate {incomplete), * is.*
Complement of predicate, * slow.*
Adverbial a^unct of complement of predicate, ' to learn.'

Analysis of D.
Subject, * he.*
Predicate incomplete, * be.'
Complement of predicate, * undistinguished.'
Adverbial atyuncts of com- f 1. * from the crowd.*
plement ofpredicatCf 12. 'by wealth.'

Analysis of B.

The analysis of B is step for step the same as that oi A, with the
substitution of dignity for wealth.

The parsing of a sentence takes cognizance of more mimite parti-
culars than the above kind of analysis. A specimen of the mode in
which it is to be conducted is given in the Grammar, p. 143.

EXAMPLES.

XVII

The following is the mvxle in which the preceding sentences would
be bracketed and marked, accoitling to the method* set forth in the
author's English Grammar, ^ 507.

A. *' What man (a\. that lives) and (a'a- that knows how to live),
would fail to exhibit at the public shows a form as splendid
jc". as the proudest there." j

"Our habits costlier j«". thaut {a"b'. Lucullus wore)j, and by
cnpiice as multiplied |c". as his |, just please us Id", while the
fashion is at full."]

" Too well I see, and rue the dire event (a\. that with sad
ov(>rthrow and foul defeat hath lost us heaven) and (a'3. [that] all
this mighty host in horrible destruction [hath] laid thus low as far
ia'ob". as gods and heavenly essences can perish."})

"Blest he, \vi". though undistinguished from the crowd by
wealth or dignity } [n'. who dwells secure \ ti'o". where man, by
nature Herce, has laid aside his fierceness, having learnt {n'o"p'\
though slow to learn) the manners and the arts of civil life." \]

The following examples will still further illustrate the method : —

\a"i. "Me though just right, and the fixed laws of heaven, did
first create your leader, } I a/'z next free choice, with (a"2b' what
besides in counsel, or in fight, hath been achieved of merit) did
create your leader, \ yet this loss, thus far at least recovered, hath
muc'a more established me in a safe unenvied throne, yielded
with full consent."

" Who here will envy Mm {a\. whom the highest place exposes
foremost to stand against the Thunderer's aim your bulwark),
and {a\. tvhom the highest place condemns to greatest share of
endless pain ?) ib". Where there is then no good {b"c'. for which
we need to strive, )j no strife can grow up there from faction;
[d'\. for none sure will claim in hell precedence, | {d'V for there
is no7ie {d''^e\ whose portion is so small of present pain,) {d'\f\
that with ambitious mind will covet more.")}

to.

Tho slightly modiftod method adopted in the sixteenth ooltion is her« referred

i lu full { a", than tho habits {ci'b', which Lucullus wore) wore costly }-.

XTIU

EXAMPLES.

1 1 I
i I '

r !

it I

O. " Let such bethink them | a", if the sleepy drench of that for-
getful lake benumb not still, ^ \h^. that in our proper motion we
ascend up to our native scat:] [h.^. descent and fall to us is
advtiwse."]

H. "Who was there but (a', who felt of late \a'h'\. when the fierce
foe hung on our broken rear insulting, | {a!b'\ and when the fierce
foe pursued us through the deep, } [a'c. with what compulsion
and laborious flight we sunk thus low ? "])

L "What can be worse ia". than to dwell here, driven out from
bliss, condemned in this abhorred deep to utter woe, (a!'h'. where
pain of unextinguishable fire must exercise us without hope of
end, the vassals of his anger, \a"h'c". when the scotirge inexorable
and the torturing hour calls us to penance ?"]) j .

K. ** I should be much for open war, peers, |a". as / am not
behind in hate, | { h'\. if (h"c' wh.at was urgcsd main reason to
persuade immediate war) did not dissuade me most, | and ih"<i. ij
(h",ic'. wJuit was urged main reason to persuade immediate war)
did not seem to cast ominous conjecture on the whole success,
^2'd''' when he (h'\d"e'. who most excels in feats of arms) in
{h"./l"/'. what he counsels) and in that iji"-id"g'. in which he excels, )
mistrustful grounds his courage on despair and utter dissolution
{J)'\d"k'. as lie would ground his courage an the scope of all his
aim, after some dire revenge.")] }

In the fullowiiig example, which contains several principal sen-
tences, the subordinate clauses of each are distinguished from those of
the others by having the signature of the complete sentence prefixed
to that of each subordinate clause.

A, ** There is a place [Aa". if ancient and prophetic fame in heaven
err not, } another world, the hapjiy seat of some new race, called
Man, about this time to be created, like to us, iAb". though less
in power and excellence | , but favoured more of him {A c'. who
rules above). B. So was his will pronounced among the gods ;
C. and by an oath {Ca'. that shook heaven's whole circum-
ference) confirmed. D. Thither let us bend all our thoughts, to
learn [Z)6,. f^at creatures there inhabit], [Dh^. of what mould]
or [Db^. substance,] [Db^. how eudued] and iDb^^ what their
power."]

PAEADISE LOST.

BOOK I.

Of Man*8 first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe.
With loss of Eden, till one greater man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing, heavenly muse, that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That Shepherd who first taught the chosen seed,
In the beginning how the heavens and earth
Bose out of chaos : or if Sion's hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flow'd
Fast by the oracle of God, I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song.
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.
And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples the upright heart and pure.
Instruct me, for thou know'st ; thou from the first
Wast present, and, with mighty wings outspread,
Dove-like sat'st brooding cr ^h(^ vast abyss.
And madest it pregnant : what in me is dark,
Illimiine : what is low, raise and support ;
That to the height of this great argument
I may assert eternal Providence,

PARADISE LOSXi

[BOOK I.

And justify the ways of God to men.

Say first — for Heaven hides Quining from thy view,
Nor the deep tract of hoU— 8ay first what cause
Moved our ^raud parunts, in that happy state,
Fuvour'd of Heaven so highly to fall off
From their Creator, and transgress his will
For one restraint, lords of the world hesides.
Who first seduced them to that foul revolt P
The infernal serpent ; he it was, whose guile,
Stirr'd up with envy and revenge, deceived
The mother of mankind, what time his pride
Had cast him out from heaven, with all his host
Of rebel angels ; by whose aid aspiring
To set himself in glory above his peers,
He trusted to have equalled the Most H'erli,
If he opposed ; and with ambitious aim
Against the throne and monarchy of God,
Eaised impious war in heaven, and battle proud.
With vain attempt. Hun the Almighty Power
Hurl'd headlong flaming from the ethereal sky.
With hideous ruin and combustion dowu
To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
In adamantine chains and penal fire.
Who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms.
Nine times the space that measures day and night
To mortal men, he with his horrid crew
Lay vanquish'd rolling in the fiery gulf,
Confounded, though immortal : but his doom
Reserved him to ^ lore wrath ; for now the thought
Both of lost happiness and lasting pain
Torments him : round he throws his baleful eyoa,
^That witness'd huge aflQiction and dismay,
Mix'd with obdurate pride ami stedfast hate.
At once as far as angels ken he views
The dismal situation waste and wild ;
A dungeon horrible on all sides round

I'i :

l^'i

BOOK T.]

PARADISE LOST.

Afl one great furnace flamed ; yet from those flames

No light ; but rather darknons visible

Served only to discover sights of woe,

Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace Cft

And rest can never dwell, hope never comes,

That comes to all, but torture without end

Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed

With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed.

Such place eternal Justice had prepared 70

For those rebellious : here their prison ordain*d

In utter darkness, and their portion set

As far removed from God and light of hearen,

As from the centre thrice to the utmost po!r

0, how unlike the place from wrumcr I'ley ill 75

There the companions of his fall, o'erwhehnod

With floods and whirlwinds ot ten iju'stuous fire,

He soon discerns; and weltering fy his side

One next himself in power, and next in crime,

.\ong after known in Palestine, and named 80

Beelzebub. To whom the arch-enemy.

And thence in heaven call'd Satan, with bold words

Breaking the horrid silence, thus began :

•• If thou beest he ; but O, how fall'n ! how changed
From him who in the happy realms of light, 85

Clothed with transcendent jrightnoss, didst outshine
Myiiads though bright I If he, whom mutual league,
United thoughts and counsels, equal hope
And hazard in the glorious enterprise,

Join'd with me once, now misery hath join'd 00

In equal ruin : into what pit thou seest.
From what height fall'n, so much the stronger proved
He with his thunder : and till then who knew
The force of those dire arms ? Yet not for those,
Nor what the potent Victor in his rage 05

Can else inflict, do I repent or change.
Though changed in outward lustre, that fix'd mind,

PABADISB LOST.

[book L

!i:i|

And high disdain from sense of injured merit,
That with the Mightiest raised me to contend,
And to the fierce contention brought along 100

Innumerable force of spirits arm'd
That durst dislike his reign, and, me preferring,
His utmost power with adverse power opposed
In dubious battle on the plains of heaven,
And shook his throne. What though the field be lost ? 105
All is not lost ; the unconquerable will,
And study of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield.
And what is else not to be overcome :

That glory never shall his wrath or might 110

Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee, and deify his power
Who from the terror of this arm so late
Doubted his empire, that were low indeed,
That were an ignominy and shame beneath 115

This downfall : since by fate the strength of gods
And this empyreal substance cannot fail,
Since through experience of this great even ;
In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced,
We may with more successful hope resolve 120

To wage by force or guile eternal war,
Irreconcilable to our grand foe.
Who now triumphs, and, in the excess of joy
Sole reigning, holds the tyranny of heaven."
So spake the apostate angel, though in pain, 125

Vaunting aloud, but rack'd with deep despair :
And him thus answered soon his bold compeer :
' ' O prince, chief of many throned powers.
That led the embattled seraphim to war

Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds 130

Fearless endanger'd heaven's perpetual King,
And put to proof his high supremacy.
Whether upheld by strength, or chance, or &te ;

[book l

100

? 105

lift

120

125

130

BOOK I.J

PARADISE LOST.

Too well I see, and rue the dire event,

That with sad overthrow, and foul defeat,

TIath lost us heaven, and all this mighty host

In horrible destruction laid thus low,

As far as gods and heavenly essences

Can perish : for the mind and spirit remain

Invincible, and vigour soon returns.

Though all our glory extinct, and happy state

Here swallowed up in endless misery.

But what if he our Conqueror (whom I now

Of force believe almighty, since no less

Than such could have o'erpower'd such force as ours,)

Have left us this our spirit and strength entire

Strongly to suffer and support our pains.

That we may so suffice his vengeful ire.

Or do him mightier service as his thralls

By right of war, whate'er his business be,

Hero in the heart of hell to work in fire,

Or do his errands in the gloomy deep ?

What can it then avail, though yet we feel

Strength undiminish'd, or eternal being

To undergo eternal punishment ?"

Whereto with speedy words the arch-fiend replied :

" Fall'n cherub, to be weak is miserable
Doing or sufiering ; but of this be sure.
To do aught good uever will be our task,
But ever to do ill our sole delight,
As being the contrary to his high will
Whom we resist. If then his providence
Out of our evil seek to bring forth good.
Our labour must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil,
Which ofttimes may succeed, so as perhaps
Shall grieve him, if I fail not, and disturb
His inmost counsels from their destined aim.
But see ! the angry Victor hath recall'd

135

140

145

160

155

160

165

fARADIRE LOST.

His ministers of vengeance and pursuit

Back to the gates of heaven : the sulphurous hail,

Shot after us in storm, o"er blown, hath laid

The fiery surge, that from the precipice

Of lioaven received us falling ; and the thunder,

Wing'd with red lightning and impetuous rage,

Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now

To bellow through the vast and boundless deep.

Let us not slip the occasion, whether scorn

Or satiate fury yield it from our foe.

Seest thou yon dreary plain, forlorn and wild.

The seat of desolation, void of light,

Save what the glimmering of these livid flames

Oasts pale and dreadful ? Thither let us tend

From off the tossing of these fiery waves ;

There rest, if any rest can harbour there ;

And, re-assembling our afflicted powers.

Consult how wo may henceforth most offend

Our enemy ; our own loss how repair ;

How overcome this dire calamity ;

What reinforcement we may gain from hope ;

If not, what resolution from despair."

Thus Satan talking to his nearest mate,
With head uplift above the wave, and eyes
That sparkling blazed : his other i)jirt8 besides,
Prone on the flood extended long and large.
Lay floating many a rood ; in bulk as huge
As whom the fables name of monstrous size,
Titanian, or Earth-born, that warr'd on Jove;
Briarous, or Typhon, whom the don
By ancient Tarsus hold ; or that sea-beast
Leviathan, which God of all his works
Created hugest that swim the ocean stream :
Him, haply slumbering on the Norway foam,
The pilot of some small night-founder'd skiff
Deemmg some island, oft, as seamen tell,

[book I.
170

175

180

186

100

19d

200

205

_:iA.

BOOK I.]

PARADISE LOST.

With fixed anchor in his scaly rind

Moors by his side under the lee, while night

Invests the sea, and wished morn delays :

So streteh'd out huge in length the arch-fiend lay,

Chain'd on the burning lake : nor over thenoc 210

Had risen or heaved his head, but that the will

And high permission of all-iuling Heaven

Left him at large to his own dark designs ;

That with reiterated crimes he might

Heap on himself damnation, while he sought 215

l"]vil to others ; and, enraged, might see

How all his malice served but to bring forth

Infinite goodness, grace, and mercy, shown

On man by him seduced ; but on himself

Treble confusio> erath, and vengeance pour'd. 220

Forthwith uprigi^o he rears from off the pool

His mighty stature ; on each hand the flames.

Driven backward, slope their pointing spires, and roU'd

In billows, leave in the midst a horrid vale.

Then with expanded wings he steers his flight 225

Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air.

That felt unusual weight ; till on dry land

He lights, if it were land that ever burn'd

With solid, as the lake with liquid fire :

And such appear'd in hue, as when the force 230

Of subterranean wind transports a hill

Torn from Pelorus, or the shattered side

Of thundering JEtna, whose combustible

And fuell'd entrails thence conceiving fire,

Sublimed with mineral fury, aid the winds, 235

And leave a singed bottom all involved

With stench and smoke : such resting found the sole

Of unblest feet. Him follow'd his next mate ;

Both glorying to have 'scaped the Stygian flood

As gods, and by their own recovered strength, 240

Not by the sufierance of supernal power.

PARADISE LOST.

[book I.

" Is this the region, this the soil, the clime,'
Said then the lost archangel, " this the seat
That we must change for heaven ; this mournful gloom
For that celestial light ? Be it so, since he, 245

Who now is Sovereign, can dispose and bid
What shall be right ; farthest from him is best.
Whom reason hath equall'd, force hath made supreme
Above his equals. Farewell, happy fields,
Where joy for ever dwells ! Hail horrors ! hail 250

Infernal world I and thou profoundest hell,
Eeceive thy new possessor ; one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time :
The mind is its own place, and in itself

Can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven, 255-

What matter where, if I be still the same.
And what I should be — all but less than he
Whom thunder hath made greater ? Here at least
We shall be free ; the Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence : 2G0

Here we may reign secure, and, in my choice,
To reign is worth ambition, though in hell :
Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.
But wherefore let we then our faithful friends,
The associates and copartners of our loss, 2G6

Tiie thus astonish'd in the oblivious pool,
And call them not to share with us their part
In this unhappy mansion ; or once more
With rallied arms to try what may be yet
Regain'd in heaven, or what more lost in hell ?'* 270

So Satan spake, and him Beelzebub
Thus answer'd : '* Leader of those armies bright.
Which but the Omnipotent none could have foil'd,
If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge
Of hope in fears and dangers, heard so oft 276

In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge
Of battle when it raged, in all assaults

BOOK I.^

iPAAADtSE LOST.

Their surest signal, they will Boon resume

Now courage and revive ; though now they lie

Grovelling and prostrate on yon lake of fire, 280

As we erewhile, astounded and amazed ;

No wonder, fall'n such a pernicious height."

He scarce had ceased when the superior fiend

Was moving toward the shore : his ponderous shield,

Ethereal temper, massy large, and round, 285

Behind him cast : the broad circumference

Huug on his shoulders like the moon, whoso orb

Through optic glass the Tuscan artist views

At evening from the top of Fesole,

Or in Valdarno, to descry new lands, 290

Rivers, or mountains, in her spotty globe.

His spear, to equal which the tallest pine

Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast

Of some great ammiral, were but a wand,

He walk'd with, to support uneasy steps 493

Over the burning marie, not like those steps

On heaven's azure ; and the torrid clime

Smote on him sore besides, vaulted with fire :

Nathless he so endured, till on the beach

Of that inflamed sea he stood, and call'd 300

His legions, angel forms, who lay entranced

Thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks

In Vallombrosa, where the Etrurian shades,

High over-arch'd, embower ; or scatter'd sedge

Afloat, when with fierce winds Orion arm'd 305

Hath vex'd the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'ertlirow

Busiris and his Memphian chivalry,

While with pei-fidious hatred they pursued

The sojourners of Goshen, who beheld

From the safe shore their floating carcases 310

And broken chariot- wheels : so thick bestrewn,

Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood,

Under amazement of their hideous change.

PAKADTSE LOST.

I!'

He call'd so loud, that all the hollow deep

Of hell resounded. "Princes, potentates,

Warriors, the flower of heaven, once yours, now lost,

If such astonishment as this can seize

Eternal spirits ; or have ye chosen this place

After the toil of battle to repose

Your wearied virtue, for th«) i aso you find

To slumber here, as in the vales of heaven?

Or in this abject posture have ye sworn

To adore the Conqueror, who now beholds

Cherub and seraph rolling in the flood

With scatter'd arms and ensigns, till anon

His swift pursuers from heaven-gates discern

The advantage, and descending, tread us down

Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts

Transfix us to the bottom of this gulf ?

Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n."

They heard, and were abashed, and up they sprung
Upon the wing ; as when men wont to watch
On duty, sleeping found by whom they dread,
Bouse and bestir themselves ere well awake.
Nor did they not perceive the evil plight
In which they were, or the fierce pains not feel ;
Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd,
Innumerable. As when the potent rod
Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day,
Waved round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud
Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind.
That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung
Like night, and darken'd all the land of Nile :
So numberless were those bad angels seen
Hovering on wing under the cope of hell.
'Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding lires ;
Till at a signal given, Iho uplifted opear
Of their great ■- -^v.ing to direct

Their courpr- ' , ? »ri ;>: -ice down they light

[book L

315

320

325

330

335

340

345

Ci
]3(
F(
Tl
Tl
Ej

BOOK I.J

PARADISE LOST,

Ou the firm brimstone, and fill all the plain ; 350

A multitude like which the populous north

Pour'd never from her frozen loins, to puss

Ehene or the Danaw, when her barbarous sons

Came like a deluge on the south, and spread

Beneath Gibraltar to the Libyan sands. 353

Forthwith from every squadron and each band

The heads and leaders thither haste where stood

Their great commander ; godlike shapes and forms

Excelling human, princely dignities,

And powers that erst in heaven sat on thrones, 3G0

Though of their names in heavenly records now

Be no memorial, blotted out and rased

By their rebellion from the books of life.

Nor had they yet among the sons of Eve

Got them new names ; till, wandering o'er the earth, 3G5

Through God's high sufferance for the trial of man,

By falsities and lies the greatest part

Of mankind tiiey corrupted to forsake

God their Creator, and the invisible

Glory of him that made them to transform 370

Oft to the image of a brute adorn'd

With gay religions, full of pomp and gold.

And devils to adore for deities :

Then were they known to men by various names,

And various idols through the heathen world. 375

Say, muse, their names then known, who first, who last
Roused from the slumber on that fiery couch.
At their great emperor's call, as next in worth
Came singly where he stood on the bare strand.
While the promiscuous crowd stood yet aloof. 380

The chief were those who from the pit of hell.
Roaming to seek their prey on earth, durst fix
Their seats long after next the seat of God,
Their altars by his altar, gods adored
^mong the nations round, and dui'st abide 995

PARADISE LOST.

[boos L

Jehovah thundering out of Sion, throned

Between the cherubim ; yea, often placed

Within his sanctuary itself their shrines,

Abominations ; and with cursed things

His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned, 390

And with their darkness durst affront his light.

First Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood

Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears ;

Though for the noise of drums and timbrels loud

Their children's cries unheard, that passed through fire d05

To his grim idol. Him the Ammonite

Worshipp'd in Rabba and her watery plain,

In Argob and in Bashan, to the stream

Of utmost Arnon. Nor content with such

Audacious neighbourhood, the wisest heart 400

Of Solomon he led by fraud to build

His temple right against the temple of God

On that opprobrious hill ; and made his grove

The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence

And black Gehenna call'd, the type of hell. 405

Next Chemos, the obscene dread of Moab's sons,

From Aroer to Nebo, and the wild

Of southmost Abaiim ; in Hesebon

And Horonaim, Seon's realm, beyond

The flowery dale of Sibma clad with vines, 410

And Eleale to the asphaltic pool,

Peer his other name, when he enticed

Israel in Sittim, on their march from Nile,

To do him wanton rites, which cost them wr<e.

Yet thence his lustful orgies he enlarged 415

Even to that hill of scandal, by the grove

Of Moloch homicide ; lust hard by hate ;

Till good Josiah drove them thence to hell.

With these came they, who, from the bordering flood

Of old Euphrates to the brook ttiat parts 120

Egypt from Syrian ground, had genond uamos

BOOK L

BOOK T.]

PARADISE LOST.

390

3^5

400

405

410

415

420

Of liaalira and Ashtaroth ; those male,

These feminine : for spirits, when they please,

Can either sex assume, or both ; so soft

And uncompounded is their essence pure ; 425

Not tied or manacled with joint or limb.

Nor founded on the brittle strength of bones,

Like cumbrous flesh ; but, in what shape they choose,

Dilated or condensed, bright or obscure,

Can execute their aery purposes, 4oO

And works of loye or enmity fulfil.

For those the race of Israel oft forsook

Their living strength, and unfrequented left

His righteous altar, bowing lowly down

To bestial go<ls I for which their heads as low 435

Bow'd down in battle, sunk before the spear

Of despicable foes. With these in troop

Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd

Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns ;

To whose bright image nightly by the moon 440

Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs ;

In Sion also not unsung, where stood

Her temple on the ofltensive mountain, built

By that uxorious king, whose heart, though large,

Beguiled by fair idolatresses, fell 445

To idols foul. Thammuz came next behind,

Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured

The Syrian damsels to lament his fate

In amorous ditties all a summer's day ;

While smooth Adonis from his native rock 450

Ean purple to the sea, supposed with blood

Of Thammuz yearly wounded ; the love-tale

Infected Sion's daughters with like heat ;

Whoso wanton passions in the sacred porch

Ezekiel saw when, by the vision led, 455

His eye survey'd the dark idolatries

Of alienated Judah. Next came one

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK I.

JKX^

" Mil

Who mourn'd in earnest, when the captive ark

Maim'd his brute image, head and hands hipp'd off

In his own temple, on the grunsol edge.

Where he fell flat, and shamed his worshippers :

Dagon his name, sea-monster, ui)Wiird man

And downward fish : yet had his temple high

Rear'd in Azotus, dreaded through the coast

Of Palestine, in Gath and Ascalou,

And Accaron and Gaza's frontier bounds.

Him followed Eimmon, whose delightful seat

Was fair Damascus, on the fertile banks

Of Abbana and Pharphar, lucid streams.

He also against the house of God was bold :

A leper once he lost, and gain'd a king,

Ahaz his sottish conqueror, whom ho drew

(jod's altar to disparage and displace

For one of Syrian mode, whereon to bum

His odious offerings, and adore the gods

Whom ho had vanquish' d. After these appear'd

A crew, who under names of old renown,

Osiris, Isis, Orus, and their train,

With monstrous shapes and sorceries abused

Fanatic Egypt and her priests, to seek

Their wandering gods disguised in brutish forms

Rather than human. Nor did Israel 'scape

The infection, when their borrow'd gold composed

The calf in Orob ; and the rebel king

Doubled that sin in Bethel and in Dan,

fiikening his Maker to the grazed ox ;

Jehovah, who in one night, when he pass'd

From Egypt marching, equall'd with ono stroke

Both her firstborn and all her bleating gods.

Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd

Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love

Vice for itself: to him no temple stood.

Or altar smoked; yet who more oft than ho

460

465

470

175

480

485

4UQ

iOOK I.

470

475

480

485

4UQ

BOOK 1.]

PARADISE LOST.

In teDi}jI'jt- uud at altur&i, wiiou Um piiubl
Turns atheist, as did Eli's sons, who fill'd
With lust and violence the house of God :
In courts and paluc<;s lie also reigns,
And in luxurious cities, where the noise
Of riot ascends above their loftiest towers,
And injury and outrage ; and when night
Darkens the streets, then wander forth the sous
Of Belial, flown with insolence and wine.
Witness the streets of Sodom, and that night
In Gibeah, when the hospitable door
Exposed a matron, to avoid worse rape.
These were the prime in order and in might :
The rest were long to tell, though far renown'd
The Ionian gods, of Javan's issue ; held
Gods, yet confess'd later than heaven and earth,
Their boasted parents ; Titan, hoaveii's liistborn,
With his enormous brood, and birthi-iglit seized
By younger Saturn ; he from mightier Jove,
His own and llhea's son, like measui'e found ;
So Jove usurping reigned : these first in Crete
And Ida known, thence on the snowy top
Of cold Olympus, ruled the middle air
Their highest heaven ; or on the Delphian cliff,
Or in Dodona, and through all the bounds
Of Doric land : or who with Saturn old
Eled over Adiia to the Hesperian fields.
And o'er the Celtic roam'd the utmost isles.

All these and more came flocking ; but with looks
Downcast and damp ; yet such wherein appear' d
Obscure some glimpse of joy, to have found their chief
Not in despair, to have found themselves not lost «
In loss itself: which on his countenance cast
Like doubtful hue : but he, his wonted pride
Soon recollecting, with high words, that bore
Semblance of worth, not substance, gently raised

405

6U0

605

610

515

520

525

n PARADISE LOST.

'I'lioir fainting courago, and dispoll'd their fears.

Then straight commands, that at the warlike sound

Ol tniin.pets loud and clarions be uprear'd

IIi.'4 mighty standard : that proud liouour claim'd

A/a/ol as his right, a cherub tall ;

Who fortliwith from the glittering staff unfurl'd

The impoi-ial ensign ; which, full high advanced,

Shone like a niotoor streaming to the wind,

With gems and golden lustre rich emblazed,

Seraphic anns and trophies ; all the while

Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds;

At which the universal host up.sont

A shout, that tore hell's concave, and beyond

Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night.

AW in a moment through the gloom were st^eu

Tim thousand banners rise into the air

W'ith orient colours waving : with them rose

A forest luige of spears ; and thronging helms

Appear'd, and serried shields in thick array

Of depth immeasurable : anon they move

In perfect phalanx to the Dorian mood

Of ilutos and soft recorders ; such as raised

To height of )ioblest temper heroes old

Arming to battle ; and instead of rage,

Deliberate valour breathed, finn and unmoved

With dread of death to flight or foul retreat :

Nor wanting power to mitigate and 'suage

With solemn touches troubled thoughts, and chase

Anguish, and doubt, and fear, and sorrow, and pain

From mortal or immortal minds. Thus they,

Breathing united force, with fixed thought,

Moved on in silence to soft pipes, that charm'd

Their painful steps o'er the burnt soil : and now

Advanced in view they stand ; a horrid front

Of dreadful length and dazzling arms, in guise

Of warriors old with ordered spear and shield I

[book I.
530

63.5

640

650

655

560

665

tOOK I.
530

63A

640

645

650

655

5G0

665

bOOK T.^

patiat>tst: lost.

Awaiting what commana their mighty chief

Had to impose : ho through the armed files

Darts his oxp«)rioncod eye, and soon traverse

The whole battalion views, thoir order due,

Tht'ir visjiges and stature as of gods ;

Tht;ir number last he sums. And now his heart

Distends with pride, and hardening in his strength

(J lories : for never since created man

Met such embodied force, as named with these

Could merit more than that small infantry

Wurr'd on by cranes : though all the giant bra^

Of Phlogra with the heroic race wore join'd

That fought at Tliebes and Ilium, on each side

Mix'd with auxiliar gods ; and what resounds

In fable or romance of Utho^'s son,

Begirt with British and Armoric knights ;

And all who since, baptized or infidel,

Jousted in Aspramont or Montalban,

Damasco, or Marocco, or Trebisond,

Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore.

When Charlemain with all his peerage fell

By Fontarabia. Thus far these beyond

Compare of mortal prowess, yet observed

Their dread commander : he, above the rest

In shape and gesture proudly eminent,

Stood like a tower ; his form had yet not lost

All her original brigntnesb ; nor appear'd

Less than archangel ruin'd, and the excess

Of glory obscured ; as when the sun, new risen,

Looks through the horizontal misty air

Shorn of his beams ; or from behin<l the moon,

In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds

On half the nations, and with fear of change

Perplexes monarchs. Dafken'd so, yet shone

Above them all the archangel ; but his face

Deep scars of thunder had intrench'd ; and care

570

675

6S0

585

600

505

600

PAPAPTSK LOST.

[book I.

Sat on hia finloil cluM?k, but uiui.ii bnnvH
Of (iBtintless oourugo, atxd conHitlonvto prido
Waw^ug revotigo; crviol UIh eyo, but ciiHt
SiguH of romorso and passion, to boliold
Tho l\<llow8 of his crimo, tlio follow«u',s nithor
(Far othor onco bohold in blias), condoDJu'd
For ever now to have their lot in pain :
Millions of Hpirits for his faalt amerced
Of heaven, and from eternal sidendoiirs Mung
For his i*evoH, yet faithful how they Htood,
Their glory withor'd: as when heaven's tiro
Hath scathed the forest oaks, or mountain jiines,
With singed top their stately growth, though b.ire,
Stands on the bliist«Hl heath. Ho now prepared
To s]ieak ; whereat their doubled ranks thoy biMid
From wing to wing, and half enclose him round
With all his peers • att(M\tion held them mute.
Thrice he assay'd, and thrice, in spite of scorn,
Tears, such as angels weep, burst forth ; at last
Words, interwove Aith i^iJ;hs, found out their way.

" O myriads of immortal spirits ! O powers
Matchless, but with the Almighty ; and that strifo
Was not inglorious, though the event was ilire,
As this place testifies, and this dire change.
Hateful to utter ! but what power of mind,
Fon^soeing or presaging, from the de])th
Of knowledg(\ past or present, could have fear'd,
How such united force of gods, how such
Aa stood like these, could ever know repulse P
For who can yet believe, though after loss,
That all thesa puissant legions, whose exile
Hath emptied heaven, shall fail to reascond
Self-raised, and repossess their native scat P
For nie, be witness all the host of heaven,
If counsels different, or danger shunn'd
iiy me. have lost our hopes. But he who reigni

60d

610

015

620

625

630

636

00 ff I.

Booir T.T

yARADTSFi LOST.

606

6t0

Gift

620

625

C30

636

Monarch in heaven, till thon as one seoure

Sat on his throne uphold by old repute,

Consent or custom ; and his regal state

Put forth at full, but still his strength conoeal'd

Which tempted our attempt, and wrought our fall.

Henceforth his might we know, and know our own,

8o as not either to provoke, or dread

New war, provoked ; our bettor part remains

To work in dose design, by fraud or guile, i

What force effected not ; that ho no less

At length from us may find, who overcomes

By force hath overcome but half his, foe.

Space may produce new worlds; whereof so rife

There went a fame in heaven that he ere long

Intended to create, and therein plant

A gnneration, whom his choice regard

Should favour, equal to the sons of heaven :

Thither, if but to pry, shall be perhaps

Our first eruption ; thither or elsewhere ;

For this infernal pit shall never hold

Celestial spirits in bondage, nor the abyss

Long under darkness cover. But these thoughts

Full counsel must mature ; peace is despair'd :

For who can think submission ? War, then, war,

Open or understood, must be resolved."

lie spake ; and, to confirm his words, outflow
Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs
Of mighty cherubim ; the sudden blaze
Far round illumined hell ; highly they raged
Aj^ainst the Highest, and fierce with grasped arms
(Miiah'd on their sounding shields the din of war,
Hurling defiance toward the vault of heaven.

There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top
Belch'd fire and rolling smoke ; the rest entire
Shone with a glossy scurf; undoubted sign
That in his womb was hid metallic ore,

a40

646

GoO

656

OfJO

r)G5

670

iiiin

PARADISE LOST.

[book I.

The work of sulphur. Thither, wing'd with speed,

A numerous brigade hasten'd : as when bands 675

Of pioneers, with spade and pickaxe arm'd,

Forerun the royal camp, to trench a field.

Or cast a rampart. Mammon led them on :

Mammon, the least erected spirit that fell

From heaven ; for e'en in heaven his looks and thoughts p8C

Were always downward bent, admiring more

The riches of heaven's pavement, trodden gold,

Than aught, divine or holy, else enjoy 'd

In vision beatific : by him first

Men also, and by his suggestion taught, 68<?

Ransack'd the centre, and with impious hands

Rifled the bowels of their mother eaiiih

For treasures, better hid. Soon had his crew

Open'd into the hill a spacious wound,

And digg'd out ribs of gold. Let none admire 690

That riches grow in hell ; that soil may bept

Deserve the precious bane. And here let those

Who boast in mortal things, and wondering teU

Of Babel, and the works of Memphian kings,

Learn how their greatest monuments of fame 696

And strength and art, are easily outdone

J^y spirits reprobate, and in an hour

What in an age they with incessant toil

And hands innumerable scarce perform.

Nigh on the plain, in many cells prepared, 700

That underneath had veins of liquid fire.

Sluiced from the lake, a second multitude

With wondrous art founded the massy ore.

Severing each kind, and scumm'd the bullion dross ;

A third as soon had form'd within the ground 705

A various mould, and from the boiling cells.

By strange conveyance, .fill'd each hollow nook :

As in an organ, from one blast of wind.

To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathoi.

lOOK I.

675

P8C

esc

690

696

700

705

BOOK I.]

PARADISE LOST.

Anou, out of the earth a fiibric huge

Rose like an exhalation, with the soimd

Of dulcet symphonies and voices sweet,

Built like a temple, where pilasters round

Were set, and Doric pillars overlaid

With golden architrave ; nor did there want

Cornice or fiieze, with bossy sculptures graven :

The roof was fretted gold. Not Babylon,

Nor great Alcairo, such magnificence

Equall'd in all their glories, to enshrine

Belus or Serapis their gods, or seat

Their kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove

In wealth and luxury. The ascending pile

Stood fix'd her stately hei^^ht ; and straight the doors,

Opening their brazen folds, discover, wide

Within, her ample spaces o'er the smooth

And level pavement ; from the arched roof,

Pendant by subtle magic, many a row

Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed

With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light

As from a sky. The hasty multitude

Admiring enter'd ; and the work some prais",

And some the architect : his hand was known

Tn heaven by many a towor'd structure high,

Where 8cei.tred angels held their residence,

And sat as pruices ; whom the supreme King

PiXalted to such power, and gave to rule,

Each in his hierarchy, the orders bright.

Nor was his name unheard or uuadored

In ancient Greece, and in Ausonian land

Men call'd him Mulciber ; and how he fell

From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove

Sheer o'er the crystal battlements : from morn

To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,

A summer's day ; and with the setting sun

Dropp'd from the zenith. Like a falling star,

710

715

720

725

730

735

■I i

740

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK I, )j

On Lemnos tb' ^gean isle : thus thoy relate,

Erring ; for ho with his rebellious rout

Fell long before ; nor aught avail'd him now

To have built in heaven high towers ; nor did he 'scape

By all his engines, but was headlong sent 750

With his industrious crew to build in hell.

Meanwhile, the winged heralds, by-command
Of sovereign power, witli awful ceremony
And trumpets' sound, throughout the host proclaim
A solemn council, forthwith to be held 765

At Pandemonium, the high capital
Of Satan and his peers : their summons call'd
Prom every band and squared regiment
By place or choice the worthiest ; they anon,
With hundreds and with thousands trooping came, 760

Attended ; all access was thronged : the gates
And porches wide, but chief the spacious hall
(Though like a cover'd field, where champions bold
Wont ride in arm'd, and at the soldan's chair
Defied the best of Panim chivalry 705

To mortal combat, or career with lance),
Thick swarm'd both on the ground and in the air
Brush'd with the hiss of rustling wings. As beeg
In spring-time, when the sun with Taurus rides,
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive 770

In clusters ; they among fresh dews and flowers
Fly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank.
The suburb of their straw-built citadel,
New rubb'd with balm, expatiate and confer
Their state affairs : so thici' the aery crowd 776

Swarm'd and were straiter.'d ; till, the signal given,
Behold a wonder 1 They but now who seem'd
In bigDPss to surpass earth's giant sons.
Now less than smallest dwarfs, in narrow room
Throng r.nmborloss, like that Pygnioan race 730

Beyond the Indian mount ; or fuery elves,

lOOK X.

750

766

760

BOOK I.]

PABADT8E LOST.

Whose midnight revels, by a forest side

Or fountain, some belated peasant sees,

Or dreams he sees, while over head the moon

Sits arbitress, and nearer to the earth

Wheels her pale course ; they on their mirth

Intent, with jocund music charm his ear :

At once with joy and fear his heart rebounds;

Thus incorporeal spirits to smallest forms

Reduced their shapes immense, and were at large,

Though without number still, amidst the hall

Of that infernal court. But far within,

And in their own dimensions, like themselves.

The great seraphic lords and cherubim

In close recess and secret conclave sat ;

A thousand demigods on golden seats

Frequent and full. After short silence then,

And summons read, the ij;reat consult bej^:.ii.

783

790

796

7G5

770

776

730

NOTE 8.

^.1. Of man's first disobedience, nnd \of\ the fruit — blissful seat.
Two adverbial adjuncts of the predicate sinff. {Gr. 396, no(t,)

1.2. Whose — seat. An adjective clause, qualifying /''^f- (<?/". 408.)

/. 4. With loss of Eden. An adverbial i.'^ut i brought.

Till — seat. A compound adverbial clause. Before reuai)/ insert
till one greater man. Those clauses aic :n a sort of quasi-attributive
relation to the noun loss (see Gr. 362*) . or '-ey ,.uij be taken as
adverbial clauses (jualifjang some such word as lasting (understood),
which would agree with loss. With this passage compare I Corinth.
XV. 21, 22.

/. 6. That on, &c. After Horeb, supply didst inspire — chaos ; and
l ;fore of Sinai, supply that on the secret top. We thus get two adjec-
tive clauses qualifying muse. The name Sinai properly belongs to
the entire group of mountains which has given its name to the whole
peninsula which it characterises in so remarkable a manner. In a
narrower sense Sinai is the name of one lofty ridge of this group, the
most norther^" peak of which is Horob; the most southerly (by a
still narrowt j,pplication of the name), Mount Sinai. There is little
doubt that Horeb was the mountain on which the Law was actually
delivered (see Deut. i. 6; iv. 18, &c.) ; but as this peak is a part of
the Sinaitic ridge, the Law is also said to have been dcliv(M'od on
Sinai. {Levit. vii. 38.)

I. 8. That Shepherd. (See JSxod. iii. 1 ; Psalm Ixxvii. 20.)

I. 9. In the beginning. An adverbial adjunct of rose.

How the heavens — chaos. A substantive clause which may be taken
either as the object of taught (in which case the chosen seed must be
taken as in the adverbial relation to (aught ; see Cfr. 373, 4), or as
a substantive clause attached adverbially to taught {Gr. 407), in which
case seed will be the object of taught.

All. Before Silott's i^isert */, and afte» oracle of God insert delight

BOOK I.]

NOTES.

Of ; and

o adjec-

oiigs to

whole

In a

jiip, the

(by a

is little

etually

part of

^rcd on

e taken

lust be

, or as

which

dtlighi

thff more. Two adverbial clauses of condition, qualifying invoke
{Or. 427). The fountain of Siloam is at the entrance of the valley of
Tyropoeon. Its waters have an irregular flow. They are first collected
in a pool or reservoir, the overflow of which forms a small stream
Isaiah viii. 6 ; John ix. 7.

/. 12. Fast = chse.

/. 14. That with — rhyme. An adjective clause qualifying song. To
soar, &C. A verb in the infinitive mood, in the objective relation to
intends. {Or. 366, 368.) The Aonian Mount. Parnassus. Aonia was
anciently the name of that part of Boeotia which lay at the foot of
Parnassus and Helicon.

/. 15. While it pursues, &c. An adverbial clause of time, qualifying
the verb soar. {Gr. 416.)

/. 16. Before rhyme we must supply while it pursites things iin-
attetuptt'd yet in. The conjunction or implies an alternative, so that the
words or phrases which it. connects taniiot be attached conjointly tc
other words in the sentence. Hence or always involves two separate
clauses (which must be obtained by filling up the ellipse when there is
one) co-ordinate with each other, but which may be either piincipal
or subordinate clauses as respects the entire sentence. (Gr. 443.)

/. 17. That dost prefer — pure. An adjective clause which may be
attached indifferently to thou or to spirit. Consult 1 Corinth, iii. 16,
17 ; vi. 19.

/. 19. Read Genesis i. 2.

I. 20. With mighty wings outspread. An adverbial adjunct of
saCst.

I. 21. Brooding must be taken grammatically as qualifying the
subject thou (understood) ; in sense it forms a kind of complement to
the predicate sat'st. {Or. 392.)

l. 22. Pregnant. Complement of the predicate mad'st. {Gr. 392,
396.)

What in me is dark. This is frequently called a substantive clause.
It is really an adjective clause used substantively, that is, qualifying
Bome demonstrative word understood ; for what, being a relative pro-
noun {Gr. 163), properly introduces an adjective clause. {Gr. 408, 409).

/. 23. In full : What w low, raise [thou] and [what is low] itj/jwrt

y/iou].

I. 24. That to the height — to men. A compound adverbial clause,
which must be repeated with each of the preceding predicates instruct,
illumine, raise, and support. Between and and Justify insert thai to th»
height of this great argument I may.

y I

i 11
.1

PABAT)T8E LOST.

[book I, )j

/. 27. Tot heavm^ &o. An adverbial clause of condition, attached to
tay.

I. 28. Nor th» deep tract of hell, that is, and the deep tract of hell
hides nothing from thy view. What cause — besides. What is here an
interrogative word, and introduces a substantive clause (6'r. 403,406),
the object of say.

l. 29. In that happy state. An attributive adjunct of parents. {Gr.
362, 4.)

/. 30. To fall off— to transgress. Adverbial adjuncts of the predicate
moved. {Gr. 190, 373, 2.)

/. 34. ffe. Complement of the predicate was, qualified by the com-
plex adjective clause whose guile — vain attempt.

I. 3(5. What time — vain attempt. An adverbial clause of time attached
to the predicate deceived.

I. 37. With all his host — vain attempt, ib an adverbial adjunct of
manner or circumstance attached to the verb cast, and consisting of a
pre])OHition followed by a noun, which has several complex attributive
adjuncts.

/. 41. If he opposed. An adverbial clause qualifying to have equalled
Before with ambitious aim, supply by whose aid at^piring to set himself in
glory above his peers h«.

I. 42. Against the throne, &o. An attributive adjunct of aim. {Gr.
362, 4.)

/. 47. There to dwell, &o. An adverbial adjunct of hurled. See
note on I. 30.

/. 49. Who durst, &o. An adjective clause qualifjang the object
him.

I. 60. Nine times the space, &c. An adverbial adjunct of lay. {Gr,
373, 3.)

/. 53. Though [he was] imtnortal. An elliptical adverbial clause,
qualifying the adjective or participle confounded.

I. 54. For now, &c. An adverbial clause attached to reserved.

I. 58. With pride and hate. An adverbial adjunct of mixed.

I. 59. As angels ken, i.e., know or descry. An adverbial clause co-
ortlinate with as which qualifies far. In full the clause is, as angels
ken far. See Gr. 647, &c.

/. 62. As one great furnace. An elliptical adverbial clause attached
to gained. Supply aiter furnace the yerb ^mes.

l.i^. Ni light. Supply came or shone.

I. 64. To discover — vnconsumed. A oomplex adverbial adjunct ci
terved. See mte on /. 30.

BOO

shad
befo

BOOK I.]

N0TE8.

/. 66. Where peace — uneonsumed. An adjective clause qualifying
nhades. [Or. 410.) It is compound and elliptical. Repent ivhere
before hope, before torture, and before a fiery deluge ; and after «*«-
tonsumed supply still urges.

I. 67. Without end. An attributive adjunct of torture. {Chr.
362, 4.)

I. 71. With the verbs ordained and set^ repeat the subject eternal
justice.

L 73. Removed, with its adverbial adjuncts as far, &c., qualifies the
object j9or/ton.

As far. As qualifies far, and is itself explained by the elliptical
adverbial clause, as thrice [the distance] from the centre to the utmost
poll- [/.v /«/•], which is co-ordinate with as. (Or. 647, &c.)

Phrases like three times the distance, half the sttm, a dozen men, &c.,
arc rather anomalous combinations, in which the two substantives are
in a sort of apposition to each other.

/. 74. From the centre and to the pole, form attributive adjuncts of
the noun distance understood. (Or. 362, 4). Comp. note on /. 69.

The utmost pole, that is, oi the universe, not of the earth. Milton
troiits the earth as the centre of the mundane system. See Book IX.
108, X. 671.

/. 76. After fell, supply was this place. The place is an adverbial
adjunct of unlike. The preposition to may be supplied.

/. 81. After Beelzebub, supply he soon discerns.

I. 82. And thence. And is superfluous. The clause to whom, &o.,
is an adjective clause qualifying' one. It goes on to /. 124.

/. 84. To establish a grammatical link of coimection between this
speech and the last sentence, we must understand some such plirnse as
01/ saying, so as to constitute an adverbial adjunct to the predicate, in
apposition to thus. The connection of the clauses in the early part of
the speech is extremely obscure. The best way, pcihaps, is to con-
sider the elliptical clauses, how fallen [thou art], how changed [thou
art] from him — though bright, as parenthetical, and the words if he as
an elliptical repetition of the earlier clause if thou beest he, which will
then form an adverbial clause of condition attached to the predicate
hath joined. Unless this be done, he is ungraminatical, and should be
altered to him; for if the conjunction ?/ belongs to the same clause as
hath joined, he must be the antecedent of whom, and ought to be the
object of the verb. Moreover, it will be very difficult then to find
out which is the main clause of the sentence. But by taking if he as
a repetition of (^ thtm beut ht^heiain the right case, and hath joitied

PARADI8E LOST.

[book I.

is the predicate of the main clause. The clauses how fallen thou art,
how changed thou art, &o., may possibly bo regarded as printdpal
clauses, to the predicates of each of which the adverbial clause, if
thou beest he, is attached. In that case but is superfluous. If the
clauses are tr(>ated as pan^nthetical, thore is no way of making sense
of the but exi'.ept by undHrHtandiiig some such clause as "/ thitik that
thou art he " before it. The elliptical clause if he will still qualify the
verb hat Ii Joined.

I. 8G. Didst outshine. This is not strictly grammatical. Tlie
relative tcho must agree with its antecedent him in person, and him
oaunot possibly be of the second person. {Or. 468.)

/. 87. Though [they were] bright. An elliptical adverbial clause
qualifying the predicate didst outshine.

Whom mutual league — once. An adjective clause qualifying an
antecedent him understood, the object of hath joined. The subject of
the relative clause is compound. {Or. 386.)

/. 90. After hath joined, repeat with me.

The meaning is : "The distant^e between the pit and the height
measures his superiority in strength." The construction is very
crabbed. IThat pit thou seest is an adjective clause usr^d substantively
^Gr. 409) after into. The what before height is interrogative. The
sentence cannot be treated by strict grammatical rules.

/. 94. After /or those, insert the compound clause do I repent — his
throne. Nor implies an alternative. We shall thus get four co-
ordinate sentences : — 1. Not for t ho ^e do I repent. 2. Not for those do
I change — throne. 3. Not [for] what the potent — injlict do I repent,
4. Not [for] what the potent — inflirt do I chan/e — throne.

I. 95. What the — injlict. An adjective clause used substantively.
See note on /. 22. Supply /or before what. Else should be taken as
an attributive adjunct of what.

I. 97. Though [I am changed], &c. An elliptical adverbial clause
qualifying the predicate do change.

I. 98. From sense of injured merit. An attributive adjunct of
disdain. {Or. 362, 4.)

I. 99. That with — contend. An adjective clause qualifying disdain.

I. 100. Repeat the relative that which is the subject (understood) of
the clause, which is co-ordinate with the last.

/. 102. Three adjective clauses qualify spirits. 1. That durst dis-
like, &c. 2. That — opposed, &c. 3. That shook his throne.

/. 106. What. An elliptical interrogative clause. In full : what aan

th<

BOOK I.]

KOTEi.

// or something' of the wrt, to the predicate of which the clause
though the field he lost Htands in the adverbial relation.

/. 106. Zs not lost may be repeated with the several subjects will,
ttuffi/, hate, courage, what ehe ; or these may be taken as forming a
compound subject {Or. 38G) with tlie sinj^le prodirate are not lost.

I. lOS. To submit and to yield are attributive adjuncts of couragt.
{Gr. 362, 4.)
/. 110. Wrath or might. Make a separate sentenije for each subject.
I. 111. The compound subject to bow, to sue, and to deify, &(•.., is
repeated in the word that (/. 114), which may be left out in the
analysis; or else (hat may be taken as the subject, having the inrini-
tive moods in apposition to it.

I. 113. Who from, &c. An adjective clause qualifying the sub-
stantive pronoun /its. {Gr. 141.)

/. 116. Since by fate, &c. ; since through, &c. Adverbial clauses
attached to the predicate of the preceding clause. Tliere is no objec-
tion to taking them with the predicate of each of the two i)re(!eding
clauses.
/. 122. Irreconcilable is an attributive adjunct of the subject we.
I. 123. After and repeat who.

I. 125. Though [//<• ?rrt.v] in pain. An elliptical adverbial clause,
qualifying the predicate spake.
I. 128. See note on /. 84.

A vocative or nominative of appellation does not enter into the
construction of a sentence.

I. 130. And in dreadful deeds^ &c. Repeat the i-elative that as the
subject of this clause.

/. 133. Upheld qualifies the noun supremacy, and is itself qualiiied
b^Hhe adverbial phrases by strength, by chance, by fate, which are
united together by the conjunctions whether, or.

I. 134. The object events, with all its adjuncts, must be repeated
with each verb see and rue.

I. 136. And all, &e. Repeat the relative as the subject of the
clause, and the auxiliary hath.
I. 137. Zow is a complement of the predicate laid. (Gr. 395.)
/. 138. Far qualifies hath laid, and is itself qualified by the demon-
strative adverb as, which in its tirni is explained by tne co-ordinate
advei'bial clause as God's — can perish, in which the word far is again
understood, being qualified by the relative adverb as at the beginning
of the clause. (On the analysis of all such clauses, see Or. 548, 664.)

PARADI8E LOST.

[book 1.

/. lol). Fo)' the tnind, tScc. Tltiu ailverbiul clause qualifies the pre«
dicate of a sentence understood, / my asfat\ or something of the sort.

/. 140. Invincible is the complement of the predicate remains. {Or.
892.)

/. 141. The elliptical adverbial clauses though all our glory [be]
extinct, and [thouyh] our happy state [be] here swallowed, &o., may be
attached to the predicate of each of the foregoing clauses, remain$
and return.

I. 143. After but what supply are we to say, or something equivalent.
Whom I now believe [to be"] of almighty force. The infinitive to he, with
its subject whom forms a complex object of believe. {Or. 397.) 0/
almighty force is an adverbial adjunct of be.

I. 144. No less than such ; that is, in full, no force lets than such force
is great, where the adverbial clause of degree than such, &o., qualifies
less. See Gr. 547, 659, 422.

I. 145. As ours [tvas]. An adjective clause co-ordinate with such.
On the construction of such clauses see Or. 412, and the note on
267, and 523.

.'. 147. tSiifflcc here means safixfy.

I. 148. That we may — ire. An adverbial clause of purpose, qualify-
ing have left.

I. 149. [That we may] do him mightier service, &c. The whole of the
preceding sentence what if he our conqueror — support our pains must
be repeated with this adverbial clause, which is attached to its pre-
dicate have left.

As his thralls, &o. In full : As his thralls by right of war do him
mighty service. An adverbial clause of manner, qualifying may do.
By right of war is an attributive adjunct of thralls. {Or. 362, 4.)

/. 150. Whatever is the complement of the verb of incomplete yt^
dication be. {Or. 302.) The clause is an adverbial clause of condition
attached to the predicate may do. {Or. 427.)

I. 151. Here in the heart — deep. Tliese elliptical clauses form an
expansion of the preceding clause. In full they are : If his business
be here in the heart of hell to work in fire, or if his business be to do his
errands in the gloomy deep. The whole sentence what if he our
conqueror — our pains, that we may do — of war, should be repeated
■with each clause, since each of them qualifies the verb may do, and
the conjunction or implies that we have alternatives, which can only
be taken separately.

U 164. Before eternal being supply what can it then avail though yH
wtfeet.

att

BOOK I.]

NOTES.

ih pet

l. 155. To nndrrffo eternal pHnishment. Tliis iiuiHt bo tnkon as au
attributive adjunct ((?;•. ;{62, 4) both of utrvmjth iiud of hiinij.

l. 157. The whole of this Hpocch fonns the object of the v(>rb n'/ilirtf.
Fallen cherub, Vieiiij^ a vo.-utive, or noiiiiuutivo of apjK Uiitioii, does not
enter into the (;onstr""*iou of the clause.

To be weak, &c. i ; 2h be weak dniuij is miserable ; or to be urok

bitjt'ering is miserable, Tliis is one of those instanees in which the
association of ideas (conveyed by the hnii'un^e is difiiiite enougli,
tlioiip-h the latter is not eii>ily r-'diiciblo within the linuts of ^niinniii-
ticid rules. How are the particijdes f/o///// and .s7///iy/w// constructed I-*
Wliat do they ayree with':' Tint orij^in of the idiom is to bo souglit
in the fact that a verb, even in the intinitive or substantive mood,
never entirely loses its atl libutive character, and consequently pre-
supposes some subject to which the attributive idea is attached ; and
the attributive participle is used on much the same principle as the
attributive infinitive mood. The idiom may bo reduced to a g-ram-
UKitical form by supjdying' if we are, or w/ien we are, before doin;/ and
s'l/trritiff ; we then get adverbial clauses of condition or time (puilify-
ing the verb is.

I. 159. To do, &c Tiese are two substantive clauses in appo-
siiiim to this. The c^. ^ iction that may be supplit^d at the beginning
of each.

I. 160. After ill supply will be.

I, 161. As beituj, ice. An ellipti(;al adverbial clause, qualifying the
pre(ucate (understood) will be, of the previous clause. The ellipse
may be filled up thus : — As [an «tV] beiny the c ntrary to his high will
witom we resist [uould be our sole dcliy/it],

I. 16'2. Who>n tvc resist. An adjective claube, qualifying the sub-
stantive pronoun his. See note on /. 113.

l. 163. To bring forth good. This nuiy be taken either as tht object,
or as au adverbial adjunct to the verb seek. {Gr. 190, 368.)

/. 164. To pervert evil — compound complement of the vei'b of incom-
plete predication be. {Gr. 392.)

/. 166. Which is here eoutimiative {Gr. 413), being equivalent to and
this. It introduces a principal sentence. As does duty for a relative
pronoun. {Gr. 412.) The words as perhaps shall must be repeated
before disturb. We thus get two adjective clauses co-ordinate with so,
just as they would be with such, if in such a tcag were substituted
Hor so.

I. 167. If I fail not. That is, */ / am not mistaken. An adverbial
tlauso ()i couditiou qualifying shall grieve.

I
i

4«

PAT?AT>rsE LOST.

[BOOK I.

/. 177. Tn heUow. Object of the vorb ceascK. {Gr. 368.)

I. 178. Let us slip. It may be necesHary to remind some that this
phi'aso is not a Jirst person plural of an imperative mood. Let is in
the second person plural, having its subjecit i/ou or j/e understood, and
un is the object of let. Slip is a verb in the infinitive mood, forming
the complement of the verb of incomplete predication let, and itself
having occasion for its obj(;ct.

Whether scorn, &c. Expand this for analytical purposes, thus :—
Hither if scorn yield it from our foe, or if satiate fury yield it from our
foe. This gives us two adverbial clauses of condition, attached to the
predicate let.

I. 182. Save what, &c. Save (Fr. sauf) is in reality an adjective,
qualifying the noun or the noun-sentence which follows it, and so
forming a nominative absolute (see Gr. 283). Here save qualifies
the antecedent (i"rder8tood) of the adjective clause tvhat — dreadful.
(See note on /. 2-.) The whole phrase save tvhat, &c., forms an adver-
bial adjunct to the adjective void.

I. 183. Let us tetid. See note on /. 178.

I. 184. From off, &c. As a preposition cannot govern anything but
a i';' tantive {Gr. 279), it is not easy to provide from with anything
to ;.'\'vem. We must supply some such word as the space or tlie
region between from and off ; when the phrase off the tossing, &c.,
will become an attributive adjunct of the noun supplied. We must
adopt a similar method with all such phrases. Thus he appeared from
under the table, must be taken as he appeared from the space, or position^
under the table.

L 186, 187. Rest — consult. It will be better to treat these as
elliptical; :md read let us rest, let us consult. Jte-assembliiig will then
agree with the object us undei'-stood, and our will have a pronoun in
tha first person, to wliich it may relate.

/. 187. Sow we may, &g. A substantive clause, the object of consult.

I. 188. Fill up the ellipse thus : — There let us consult how nur own loss
tve may repair; there let us con.udt how we inuij orereoiue this dire calamity;
there let us consult what reinforcement we may gain from hope ; if tve may
not gain reinforcement from hope, there let us consult whai resolution we
may gain from despair.

I. 190. What, being interrogative, introduces a substantive clause.
((?»•. 406.)

I. 192. After thus Satan, supply spoke.

I. 193. With head, &c. An adverbial adjunct of spok*,

I. 194. The adverb besides qualifies the verb lajf.

lOOK I.

BOOK I.]

K0TE8.

hat this
Let is in
tod, and
Forming
id ituelf

thus :—
from our
d to the

Jjective,
, and 80
qualifies
dreadful,
n adver-

hing bnt
inything

|ce or tfie

inff, &c.,

i^e must

iredfrom

position^

Ibhese as
nil then
|)uoun in

consult,
own loss
ilamity;
' we may
\Htion w»

clause.

/. 196. In bulk. An adverbial adjunct of Am*/*.
/. 197. As whom, &o. Elliptical adverbial clause, co-ordinate with
OS before httge. In f uU : as [^they] whom the fables name of inonstrous
size [were hut/e]. The construction of the whole of this passage is
very obscure. Perhaps the best way to take it is to consider the
phrase of tnoftstrom size as an attributive adjunct of thcij understood;
and the word Titanian (which is adjeetive in its form) as the complement
of the predicate name, as though the sentence ran thus : as they of
monstrous size that warr d mi Jove, whom the fahks name Titanian.
Earth-born must then be treat^'d like Titanian. Those acquainted
with classical mythology will lujt need to be told that the Titans and
the Giants or Earth-bom are not the same, though both warred with
Zous, or Jupiter. Briareos, or iEgaeon, is by some ancient writers
classed among the Gigantes. All the mythological personages here
mentioned were the offspring of Earth (Ge or Gtea). According to
the (iommon version, Briareos and his two brothers, Gyges and
Cottus, were hundred-handed monsters — the offspring of Urauus and
Gica. The Titans were another group of the offspring of Uranus
and Griea. The Titans, headed by Cronus, deposed Uranus ; and
Zeus, the son of Cronus, in his turn, with the aid of Briareos and his
two brothers, deposed Cronus and the Titans, and imprisoned them
in Tartarus, placing the Hundred-handed to guard them. Tlie
attempt of the Gigantes to overthrow Zeus, or Jupiter, and the
similar attempt of Typhon or Typhoeus, are separate incidents in the
mythology. Virgil, however, amongst others, reckons Briareos
among the Gigantes. The use of the conjunction or obliges us to
amplify this passage for analysis as follows: 1. His other parts —
Titanian, that tvarred on Jove. 2. Tlie same repeated, with the
substitution of Earth-bom for Titanian. 3. His other parts — huge,
as [^lie] of monstrous size [teas hngel, whom the fables name Briareos.
4. The same as the last, with the substitution of Typhon, whom the
den — held for Briareos. 6. His other parts — huye as that sea-beast, &o.
L 200. By anjient Tarsus. An attributive adjrmct of den.
I. 202. Hugest. Complement of the predicate created. {Gr. 395.)
That swim the ocean stream. -iVn adjective clause qualifying works.
Tlie cosmology of Homer represented the earth as a circular flat disc,
round the outer edge of which ran a river or stream called Oceanus.
Heaven ( Uranus) was a hemispherical vault above the flat earth ; and
Tartarus a corresponding inverted vault beneath it.
I. 203. Him, object of deeming.
i, 20i>. liland, uompiemeut of the participle deeming. {Or. 396.)

PARADISE LOST.

[book L

/. 206. In his tealy rind. Adverbial adjunct of Jlxed.
I. 208, Insert while before wished. The clauses, as seatnen tell, whiU
night invests the sea, and tvhile wished tnorn delays, are adverbial clauses
attached to the predicate moors.

I. 210. Chained may be taken as the complement of lay. In analysis
nor ever may be treated as equivalent to and never.

I. 211. First leave out or heaved his head, and take all that remains
from nor ever thence to vengeance poured, as one compound sentence.
Next repeat this sentence, substituting had raised his head for had
rixen.

There are certain constructions in which bnt is a preposition. {Gr.
282, note.) It is so used here, governing' the substantive clause that
the will — vengeance poured, the preposition and substantive clause
together forming an adverbial adjunct, attached to the predicates had
risen and had heaved. {Gr. 403.)

/. 214. That with, &c. An adverbial clause of purpose, qualifying
left. (On the adverbial force of the so-called conjunction that in such
clauses, see Gr. 528.)

I. 216. Insert that and the siibject he in this sentence, which is
constructed like the last.

/. 217. Mow all—pouredf &o. A substantive clause {Or. 403), the
object of see.

I. 217. Respecting this use of but, see Gr. 605.

Tit hring forth, &c. An adverbial adjunct of served. {Gr. 190.)

I. 219. But is here a co-ordinative conjunction {Gr. 287, 288), and
unites confusion, wrath, and vengeance to the preceding objects of bring,
namely, goodness, grace, and mercy.

On himself ia an adverbial adjunct of poured.

I. 221. Upright. Complement of the predicate rears. {Gr. 396.)

I. 221. From of. See note on /. 184.

/. 223. Before rolled, insert on each hand the flames.

I. 227. Till — lights. An adverbial clause of time, attached to steers.

I. 228. If it were, &c. An adverbial clause of condition, qualifying
the predicate of a sentence which must be supplied, / say land, or
something of that kind.

That ever burned— fire. An adjective clause qualifying it. After
solid insert ^re, and after lake insert burned.

I. 230. Such. Complement of the predicate appeared. {Gr. 392.)
Before such insert that or which. The passage from and [that'\ such
appeared to smoke, is another adjective clause attached to it.

.^^fter (Hi insert land appears. From as when {I, 230) to smoke (/. 237)

BOOK I.]

KOTES.

After

392.)
[] stich

M37)

is a compound adverbial clause, co-ordinate with the adjective st*ch
{I. 230). From wKen to amoke makes a subordinate adverbial clause of
time, qualifying appears understood. It must be sub-divided into two
others. First leave out or the shattered side of thnnderimj ^-Etna; next,
in the sentence so obtained, for from Pelorux, substitute from the
shattered side of thundering ^tna. Both the adverbial clauses thus
formed qualify appears.

I. 236. Before leave repeat whose combustible— fury.

I. 239. Both glorying, &c. A nominative' absolute, forming an
adverbial adjunct of followed.

1.2' As gods. That is, as gods [would have escaped the Sti/gian
floodl. This adverbial clause, and the two succeeding adverbial
phrases, are attac) ed to the infinitive mood to have escaped.

I. 242. After region, soil, and clime, supply the adjective clause
that we muitt change for heaven. 'Beioro this the soil put in is; before
the clime put in is this ; before this the seat put in is ; and before this
mournful gloom supply must we change. The whole passage, down to
/. 270, is the object of the verb said.

I. 245. Since he, &c. A compound adverbial clause attached to the
predicate he. The clause consists of two co-ordinate clauses. 1. Since
he who now is sovran can dispose what shall be right. 2. Since he —
sovran can bid what — right.

I. 247. What shall bo right. See note on I. 22.

I. 247. Farthest. That is, the place farthest. From him whom, ko,,
is an adverbial adjunct of him.

I. 248. Before force repeat whom. Supreme is the complement of
made. {Gr. 396.)

/. 249. Farewell. That is, /ore ye well. (Compare Gr. 532.)

Happy fields. Vocatives are of the nature of interjections, and do
not enter into the construction of the sentences in which they are
placed.

/. 252. One. In apposition to, and therefore an attributive adjunct
of possessor.

I. 254. And in itself, &c. Expand thus : [the mind] in itself can
make a heaven of hell ; [the mind in itself can ma/ic] a hell of heaven.

I. 255. Can make a heaven of hell. Here heaven is the direct object
of make, of hell being an adverbial adjunct of make. If we were to
say can make hell a heaven, then hell would be the object of the verb,
and heaven would be the complement of the predicate. (Compare
I. 248.)

/. 266. In full : what matter [is tY] where [I ^], •/ / be still the sam$^

PARADISE LOST.

[book t

and [if] what I should be [be] all but less than he — ^renter. Observe
that in a question such as what matter is it, it is the subject, and w/iat
matter is the complement of the verb of incomplete predication is.
The construction of interrogative clauses is always to be tested by
that of corresponding assertive clauses. What matter is it ? answers to
it is this matter, or it is no matter. The clause tvhere I be is an

adjective clause qualif jdng the subject it, just as in such a sentence as
it was John who told me, the construction is : It (i.e., the person) who
told me ivas John. {Gr. 611, 513).

/. 257. What I should be. (See note on I. 22.)

I. 257. Than he, &c. In full, than he whom thunder has made greater
is great. An adverbial clause, qualifying /««*. [Gr. 548 — 658.) But
is here a preposition (see /. 211, note), and the whole phrase but less—
greater, forms an adverbial adjunct to all.

I. 260. Unvg in Milton commonly has the sense of the Latin invidia
and invidere, implying grudging.

I. 262. Before in hell supply one reign, or something equivalent.

/. 263. In fuU. To reign in hell [is] better than to serve in heaven [is
good'}. The adverbial clause than to serve, &c., qualifies better, show-
ing the degree of better that is meant.

I. 266. Lie is the complement of the verb of incomi)lete predication
kt, and astonished is the complement of lie.

1.267. And call. In full: and wherefore call we.

To share — mansion. An adverbial phrase attached to call. {Or,
190, 373, 2.)

/. 268. After or supply wherefore call we them not.

I. 269. What may — heaven. A substantive clause. What is inter-
rogative. {Or. 403. Compare note on /. 22.) Be regained is the
complement of the verb of incomplete predication may.

I. 270. Before what supply wherefore call we them not once more with
rallied arms to try. After more insert way be.

I. 272. See note on /. 83, 84.

/. 273. But is here a pi'eposition. But the omnipotent forms an
advei-bial phrase {Gr. 373, 2) qualifying mme.

/. 274. If once. Some writers very absurdly affect the omission of
if and wh^n in phrases of this kind. The blunder is frequent in
modem periodical writing.

/. 274. Pledge with its complicated adjuncts, and signal^ are in
apposition to voice.

I. 276. Repeat heard before on. The po >jrbial clause when it raged^
will then (qualify the participle so suppliou.

nooK I.]

NOTES.

{fir.

I. 277. In all assatdts forms an .'ittribntivc adjunct to signal. {Gr,
362, 4.)

/. 279. Before [t/tey will soon] revive, repeat the whole sentence if
once — signal ; and the clause though now — amazed, must be taken with
each of the sentences so formed, qualifying the predicates will resume
and will revive.

I. 280. Grovelling and prostrate are complements of the predicate lie,

I. 281. After erewhile supply lay.

I. 282. In full : it was no wonder that we, fallen such a perninona
Height, lay astounded and amazed. The clause that we, &c., is a sub-
stantive clause in apposition to it. [Gr. 511.)

Such a height forms an adverbial phrase qualifying fallen. {Gr.
373, 3.)

/. 284. His shield cast : a nominative absolute, forming an adverbial
adjunct of was moving. {Gr. 373, 5.)

/. 285. [Of] ethereal temper : an attributive adjunct of shield. {Gr.
3G2, 4.)

I. 287. The phrase [to] the moon is adverbial in its force, and quali-
fies like, which agrees with the subject circumference.

I. 288. The Tuscan artist. Galileo.

I. 290. Before in Valdarno we must repeat whose orbs — at evening.
Tlie adverbial phrase to descry, &c. {Gr. 190), belongs to both
sontcnces, and must therefore be inserted after Fenole, as well as after
Valdarno. It must, however, be separated into three separate
phrases: — 1. To descry new lands in her spotty globe. 2. To descry
new rivers, &c. 3. To descry new mountains, &c.

I. 292. Take he walked with before his spear.

To equal — wand. A complex adjective phrase qualifying spear. To
equal tvhich is an adverbial plirase attached to were.

I. 293. To be the mast^ &c. An adverbial phrase qualifying
hewn.

I. 297. The word clime (clima^ in ancient wiitera, means much the
Banie as zone, and is loosely applied both to the terrestrial zouph and
to analogous divisions of the (supposed) vault of heaven, as Virgil
says (Cleorg. I. 233) : Quinqti^ tenent cwlmn zona:. It is obvious that
Milton has this latter application of the word in mind.

/. 299. Nathless. That is, na (or not) the less.

I. 300. Before called supply tiil he. This clause and the last are
adverbial clauses of time, qualifying endured.

I. 301. The compound clause who lay — chariot-wheels,ia an adjective
clause qualifying legions.

PAl^ADISE LOST.

[book I.

I. 302. Thick, &G., had better be taken as an attributive adjunct oi
who.

Ai anttimnal leaves that — imbnwer [are thielc]. An adverbial clause
of degree {Gr. 421) attached to thick. The adverb as at the beffinning
of the clause qualifies thick, understood.

/. 303. Where — imboiver. An adjective clause qualifying Vallom-
brosa. {Gr. 410.)

/. 304. Before scattered introduce as, nnd after njloat supply is thick.
This clause (which goes on to /. 311), like the last, qualifies thick in
/. 302. The clause from when to chariot-tvheels is an adverbial clause
of time attached to is, supplied in /. 304.

/. 306. The Red Sea coast, whose. Sec.. Tliis is a harsh construction,
as the combination of words Picd Sm coast forms in fact a single com-
pound noun, whereas whose is intended to refer to Red Sea only. For
analytical purposes it may be altered to the coast of the Red Sea.
Tlie adjective clause, tvhose waves, &c., goes on to the word chariot-
wheels.

I. 307. To give the name Busiris to the Pharaoh of the Exodus is a
mere poetic licence. The Busiris of the Greek writers was a merely
mythical personage. No king of that name oi^curs even in the
dynasties of Manetho.

/. 308. While — chariot-wheels. A compound adverbial sentence
qualifying overthrew.

I. 309. Who beheld, &o. An adjective clause qualifying the object
sojourners.

I. 311. Take bestrown, abject, and lost as complements of lay.

I. 313. Under amazement, &c. An adverbial adjunct of lay.

I. 314. That all — resounded. An adverbial clause co-ordinate with
ao. {Gr. 618.) ,

^.317. If such, &o. An adverbial clause of condition qualifying
the adjective lost.

I. 317. As this [astonishment ts]. An adjective clause co-ordinate
with such. See Gr. 412.

/. 318. Or have ye, &c. There is no grammatical connection between
this sentence and the preceding words, which merely form a complex
vocative. Or must either be left out, or vreated as equivalent to
whether.

I. 319. After the toil of battle. An adverbial adjunct of repose.

I. 320. Virtue = virtus {valour). For the ease — heaven. An ad-
irerbial adjunct of have chosen. Before youfnd supply which.

I. 321. To slumber here, &c. An attributive adjunct of ease. {Or.

<h;

BOOTT T.]

K0TE8.

5".

{Or.

362, t.) ^s \j/e /^'timbered] in the vales of heaven is an adverbial clause
qualifying to slumber.

l. 32o. With arms and ensigns. An adverbial adjunct of the parti-
ciple rolling.

Till anon — gulf. A compound adverbial clause of time qualifying
raUing. It might almost equally well be attached to the verb beholds.
In full : till anon — advantage, and [till his swift pursuers'^ descending—
(h-oophig, or [till his swift pursuers'] — gulf.

I. 332. Beforo when insert men spring up.

The old meaning of watch is keep awake.

I. 333. Supply him before tvhom.

I. 334. Firist leave out and bestir, and then repeat the whole sentence
vp they sprang — awake, substituting bestir for rouse. After ere put in
theg are. We thus get an adverbial clause of time qualifying rouse
and bestir.

I. 335. [And] they did not not perceive, &c. Take the first not with
did, and the second with its complement perceive.

I. 33fi. In analysis, for or substitute [and] they did not.

I. 337. To, &o. The old-fashioned con.struction. See Jlom. vi. 10.
His servants ye are to whom ye obey.

I. 338. After as put in the locusts were numberless: to the verb ivcre,
thus supplied, the compound adverbial clause ichen — Nile is attached.
The whole adverbial sentence is co-ordinate with .so in /. 344.

I. 339. Amram's son. Moses. (See Exodus vi. 20.)
Wared, a participle agreeing with wrtwrf.
To warp is to move forward with a zigzag or unsteady

Like night. (See note on /. 287.) Before darkened repeat

I. 340

I. 341
motion.

I. 343
that.

I. 344. Take numberless as an attributive adjunct of angels, and
hovering as the complement {Gr. 392, 323) of the verb tverc seen.

I. 347. Till at — brimstone. An adverbial clause, qualifying were
seen. The uplifted spear waving, is a nominative absolute, forming
an adverbial adjunct to light. {Or. 373, o.)

I. 3o0. Before fill repeat till at a — their course, they. Another
adverbial clause co-ordinate with the last.

/. 351. Multitude, with its adjuncts, is in apposition to they, and
must be taken in each of the preceding adverbial clausf s.

/. 351. Like which — sands. An adjective clause qualifying multi'
ttide.

L 352. After loins supply a multitude ; the adjective like will then

■

PARADISB LOST.

[book t

agree with this nonn ; which being in the adverbial relation to iik$.
(See note on /. 287.)

/. 353. First leave out or the Danaw, and take all that remains aa
one sentonco; then repeat the whole, substituting the JJamw for
jRhene. Rhene ia an affected imitation of the Latin form Rhentts^
while Danaw ia a rather clumsy approximation to the German
Donau.

I. 364. Before spread repeat when her barbarous sons. Both these
adverbial clauses of time qualify poured.

I. 357. Where stood, &c. This is an adjective clause, defining the
idea of place involved in the word thicher. For analysis, to that place
had better be substituted for thither {Or. 410). The nouns shapes,
forms, dignities, and powers, are in apposition to heads and leaders.

I. 360. Erst is the superlative (Germ, erst), answering to the com-
parative ere (Germ. eher).

I. 361. Though — life. An adverbial clause of condition, qualifying
sat. Blotted and rased must be taken to agree with names. Tlie only
way of making the participles refer to memorial (which is in some
respects the most natural), would be to supply the words the memorial
being before blotted. We shoxUd then get a nominative absolute form-
ing iiu adverbial adjimct to be. {Gr. 373, 5.)

/. 365. Them is in the adverbial relation to got. {Gr. 373, 4.)

Till — deities. A compound adverbial clause of time, qualifying
the predicate got.

I. 368. To forsake^ &o. ; to transform, &c. ; and to adwe, &c., form
adverbial adjuncts of corrupted. {Or. 190, 373, 2.)

/. 372. Religions =s Lat. religiones (rehgious ceremonies).

I. 376. Sag — aloof. Make two co-ordinate sentences of this, by first
leaving out who last, and then substituting who last for who first. The
construction is : Say the then known names of those who, &c. Their is a
substantive pronoun in the possessive case. {6r. 141).

/. 378. As next in worth. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying
eame. In full : As [^potetitates] next in worth [would come}.

I. 381. Fiotn the pit of hell. An adverbial adjunct of roaming.

I. 382. Fix, complement of the verb of incoinplf^te predication
durst.

I. 383. \To] the seat of Ood is in the adverbial relation to the adjec-
tive next, which is the complement of the verb fx.

I. 384. Repeat who from the pit of hell roaming to seek their prey oti
earth durst fix, before their altar ; and who from the pit — on earth
before durst abide, before often placed (/. 387), before with cursed

th
a

fpng
form

lyjng

BOOK I.]

W0TE8.

We then get
(/. 381) is in

thitiffs (/. 389), and before with thei*" darkntsa (/. 891).
a Hories of adjective clauses qualifTing' those. Gods
apposition to who.

I. 387. Yea is in reality an interjection.

/. 392. Supply the predicate came in this sentence.

/, 393. Put in with heiore parentu'.

I 394. Thouf/h, &o. This adverbial clause must be attached to
besmeared. The force of the conjunction though is not very evident.
Su])ply were before unheard. (Compare Levit. xviii. 21 ; Jer. vii. 31 ;
xxxii-'So.)

/. 396. Him the Ammonite worshipped. See 1 Kings xi. 5, 7. it
appears from these passages that Milcom was another name for
Moloch or Molech.

I. 397. Rabba. See 2 Samuel xii. 26, 27.

/. 398. Argob. See Numbers xxi. 13 — 16 ; Deut. iii. 10 — 16.

I. 399. Take nor as equivalent to and not.

I. 401. To build, &c. An adverbial adjunct of led. {Or. 190,
373, 2.)

/. 403. That opprobrious hill. A portion of the Mount of Olives,
wliioh lay before, i.e., to the east of Jerusalem.

Grove is the complement of the predicate made, the object of wliicih
is valley.

I. 404. The origin of the name Tophet is disputed. One derivation
is from Toph, a drum (see /. 394). The valley of Hinnom, or Geheuuaf
was on the south-east of Jerusalem.

I. 406. Supply the predicate came.

I. 407. From Aroer to — Abarim. An attributive adjunct of dread.
The construction is very crabbed. The pas.sage means, Chernov, who
was dreaded {or worshipped) by MoaVs sons from Aroer, &c.

/. 407. Aroer. There were four towns of this name. The one
here meant was situated on the river Amon. Abarim was a ridge of
mountains to the east of the Dead Sea. It appears that Nebo was
the name of one mountain in the ridge, and Pisgah the name of the
highest peak of that mountain. {Deut. xxxii. 49; xxxiv. 1.)

/. 408. Hesebofi or Heshbon. See Numbers xxi. 26.

/. 410. Compare Isaiah xvi. 8, 9.

/. 411. Asphaltic pool. Josephus calls the Dead Sea the Limnt
Asphaltites. The bed of the lake contains large quantities of bitumen,
hxmps of which are frequently detached, and rise to the surface.
From the excessive saltness of its waters, it is called {Genesis xiv. 3)
the S<ilt Sea. At the southern end the lake appears to have broken

PARADISE LOST.

[book I.

through its original boundary, and submerg-ed the cities of the plain
(Sodom, Gomorrah, &c.)

L 412. Attcr P'jor, supply being or tvas, either of which will be
qualified by the adverbial clause when he enticed — uoe,

I. 416. Jii/ the yrove. An attributive adjunct of hill.

I. 417. After lust, supply being . The adverbial phrase thus funned
(see Gr. 373, 5) may be attached to enlarged.

I. 418. Till, &c. An adverbial clause qualifying enlarged.

I. 419. The bordering ^ood. See Genesis xv. 18.

/. 420. The brook. Frequently called, in our version, "Tlie river of
Efjypt," an epithet which ought px'ojjerly to be applied only to the
Nile. This confusion of names does not exist in the original. The
brook meant is now called the Wady-el-Arisli, running past the town
of El-Arish, which is called by Greek writers Rhinucorura. The
phrasfs /Vow the bordering Euphrates, aax\ to the brook — ground, form
adverbial adjuncts of had.

I. 422. Baiilim and Ashtaroth are plurals. Baal and Ashtoreth are
singular. After those and these supply being. We thus get two
nominatives absolute, forming adverbial adjuncts, qualifying had,
and denoting an attendant circumstance. The participle being, in
each, is qualified by the compound adverbial clause for spirits — or
both, w^liich is separable into two co-ordinate clauses. 1. For spirits,
when they please, can either sex assume. 2. For spirits, when they please,
can both sexes assttme.

I. 426. We get here five attributive adjuncts of essence. I. Not
tied with Joint. 2. Not manacled with Joint. 3. Not tied with limb.
4. Not manacled with limb. 5. Not founded on the brittle strength of
bones. The participle in each of these is qualified by the adverbial
phrase like cumbrous flesh, which must be repeated in each.

/. 428. In what shape they choose. An adverbial adjunct, consisting
of a preposition governing an adjective clause used substantively,
attached to each of the infinitives execute, and fulfil.

I. 429. We have in this sentence three co-ordinate principal clauses.
1. In what shape they choose they can execute their aery purposes. 2. In
what shape they choose they ean fulfil works of love. 3. In what shape
they choose they can fulfil works of enmity. If the adjectives in /. 429
qualify they, all the above clauses must be repeated with each of these
adjectives introduced into it, so that we shall get twelve sentencee
altogether. If dilated, &c., refer to shape, each of these adjectives
must be expanded into an adverbial clause : [if they choose a] dilated
[shape'], &c., then all the three principal clauses must be repeated

HOOK 1.3

NOTES.

auses.

2. In
t shape

/. 429
: these
Lteucea
ectives
dilated
peated

with each of these adverbial clauses attached to the predicates, giving
us twelve in all, a.s before.

/. 433. Before unfrequented, repeat /or these the race of Israel oft.

I. 43ij. Ivr which. Take these words as equivalent to and for this.
Which does not refer to any particular word. Take Imvcd as the
predicute, and mnk as an attributive adjunct of heads. As is used
as a simple adverb, in the sense of equalh/.

I. 439. Queen — horns. Attributive adjunct of Ashtoreth.

I. 442. ir/irrp stood — idols foul. An adjective clause, qualifying
Sion. (Compare line 403, and 1 Kinqs xi. .5.)

I. 444. Thoiiffh [it teas'] large. An adverbial clause attached to fell.

The idolatry of the Syrians, Phoenicians, and other Eastern nations
embodied one feature, which, under various modifications, was essen-
tially the same, — that is, the worship of the fecundating and productive
powers of nature, personified in a male and a female divinity, called
Baal (or Bel) and Ashtoreth (or Astarte) ; the former being commonly
symbolized by, or identified vdth, the sun, the latter with the earth,
or (more commonly) the moon. Tliere was naturally a good deal of
confusion between the sun and the moon in the above-mentioned
symbolical aspect, and the sun and the moon simply as heavenly
bodies. Hence we find all the host of heaven associated with Baal and
Ashtoreth (2 Kings xxiii. 4, where the word rendered grove is a
name for Ashtoreth, or at least for her image.) In Babylon the astro-
logical aspect of the religion prevailed; and sometimes Baal and
Ashtoreth were identified with the planets Jupiter and Venus. The
Greeks naturally found a great deal of resemblance between Astarte
and their own Aphrodite. As the supreme female divinity, she was
also confounded with Hera, or Juno. As identified with the mt)on,
the sometimes bears the name Diana. The Diana of the Ephesians
was identical with Ashtoreth. Among the Tyrians Baal was called
Melkarth. whom the Greeks spoke of as the Tyrian Hercules.

I. 446. Thammuz was the same as the mythological personage whom
the Greeks called Adonis. He was represented as a beautiful youth,
beloved by Aplirodite, who war 'rilled by a boar, but was allowed by
Zeus to spend part of every year with his beloved Aphrodite in the
upper world. The Grecian myth was of Syiian or Phoenician origin.
Thammuz appears to have been a personification of the tender verdure
of spring wounded and destroyed by the parching heats of summer,
and during the winter buried, as it were, in the lower world, but
re-appearing again with the return of spring. A little Syrian river
risingp in Lebtwon was c^ed Adouis. Xts waters are in fact tiu^;ed

PARADISE LOST.

[book L

red after heavy rains by the soil through which it flows. The con-
nection between the name of the youth and that of the river is not
clearly made out.

I. 451. Purple is the complement of ran. Supposed must be am-
plifiod into an adverbial clause {as it was supposed), which, like ihe
adverbial phrase with blood — wounded^ is attached to the adjective
purple.

I. 466. See Ezekiel viii. 13.

I. 469. Head and hands lopped off, A nominative absolute, forming
an adverbial adjunct of maimed.

I. 460. Orunsel=groundsillf i.e., threshold.

/. 461. Before shamed repeat where he. See 1 Sam. v. 4.

I. 402. A very crabbed construction. Perhaps Dagon [being'] hit
name had better be taken as a nominative absolute, forming an ad-
verbial adjunct {Gr. 373,6) to came; and sea-monster, man, and _/i'«A,
as attributive adjuncts of one. Man and fish^ being in fact ac^ectiv0$
in force, are qualified by adverbs.

/. 463. After get supply he.

I. 464. Azotus is the same as Ashdod.

Dreaded agrees with he understood (/. 463),

/. 465. See 1 Samuel vi. 17. Gen. x. 19.

/. 470. See 2 Xmgs v.

/. 472. Ahaz is in apposition to king and conqueror , and the adjective
clause whom he drew — vanquished is in the attributive relation to
Ahaz.

I. 474. The phrases whereon to bum, &c., and [whereon to'] adore, &o.,
are attributive adjuncts of altar (understood) in "for one altar."

I. 477. Under uames, &c. An adverbial adjunct of abused.

I. 480. To seek— forms. An adverbial adjunct of abused. The ad-
Terb rather qualifies seek, and is itself qualified and defined by the
adverbial clause than [they sought their wandering gods soon'] in human
[forms]. (See Gr. 547, 656, 656.) Osiris and Isis were to the
Egyptians much the same as Baal and Ashtoreth to the Syrian
nations.

/. 481. Brutish forms. The bull Apis was usually represented as a
symbol or incarnation of Osiris. Anubis was represented as a dog, or
with a dog's head ; Horus with the liead of a hawk ; Ammon as a
ram, or with the head of a ram; Mendes as a goat. Numerous
animals, also, as the dog, cat, goat, crocodile, ichneumon, monkey,
ibis, hawk, &c., were objects of religious worship.

I. 482. Mr did Israel esoape^ i.e., And Israel did not escape^ fta

BOOK T.]

irOTES.

le ad-
|by the

human
I to the
I Syrian

sd as a
log, or
In as a

lerous
lonkey,

The worship of the golden ralf was of courne borrowed from that of
the bull Apis.

/. 484. The rebel king. Jeroboam. See 1 Kings xii.

/. 488. Equalled. That is, levelled, laid low.

I. 490. Than whom a spirit — heaven, and [than whom a gpirit"] mor$
ffro8» to love vice fot- itself [fell not from heaven"], are two adjective
claiiBes qualifying Belial. The oonstrucition of the rlliptical adverbial
clauHO than whom is quite anomalous. No explanation can be given
of the objective case in which the relative is used. If a pernonal
pronoun were used, the clause would run : A spirit more lewd than he
[was lewd] fell not from heaven; and there is no rea.son why the
relative pronoun should have a different construction. (See I. 493.)
Under these circumstances, it is useless to attempt to fill up the
ellipsis. The clause qualifies more. To love, &o., is an adverbial
adjunct of gross.

f. 493. In analysis leave out or, and put in to him no, before altar.
After who put in ioas. Than he [was oft], an elliptical adverbial
clause qualifying more. The connective adverb than, at the beginning
of it, qualifies oft, understood. {Or. p. 85 ; note 666, 669.)

I. 498. After and, insert he reigns.

I. 499. Of riot, of iryury, and of outrage, form three attributive
adjuncts of noise.

I. 502. This use oifloum is not easy of explanation. It seems to be
used in the sense of inflated.

1. ')03. In full : Let the streets of Sodom witness, and let that night in
Gibeah witness. Genesis xix. 1 — 1 1 ; Judges xix. 22.

/. 507. Long is the complement of the predicate were, and to tell is
in the adverbial relation to long. The rest is the subject of the
sentence. To tell is used in its original sense ii to count. So tale
means a number, as when we read of the tale of bricks, we spend our
gears as a tale that is told, i.e., as a number which is counted oflf, onef
two, three, &c. After thour/h, insert fheg were.

I. 508. Javan was lie siu r Ja:)hpth (Gen. x. 2), and the ancestor
of the Ionian Of Javan s instie forms an attributive adjunct of

gods, and */> .i appositio ^o the rest. After parents supply nrre

late. The ise, Than—pai,^nts [were late], qualifies the adverb
later.

I. 510. Properly sj taJong, Titan was not the name of any one
divinity. (See note on I. 197.) It is n' easy to sec how Titan is
to be constructed, unless we supply after it was far renoirned.

t. 515. Ida is the Cretan mountain. Zeiis was said to have beea

I !

PARADfSK LOST.

[book I.

bom and ronred in tho Dictiuan cavo, whicli was in tho Crrtim rango
of mountiiiiis. fjti the hhoui/ fop of cold Ohnnpus may bo taken as an
adverbial adjunct of rulrd, of which thi'Hc is tho snbjoc^t.

/. hXI. Aft<'r clif, Jhdoiio, and linid, HUi)j>ly these ruled the mirldle
air. Aixdlo was Hpocially w<>r,Mhipp«Hl at Dolphi, Zeus at Dodonu
in Epirus.

/, 619. JVho with — iales. A compound adjoclive chiuse (pialifying
an antecedent imderntodd, tlie construction of which, if expressed, is
not very obvious. The whoh' passage is excessively harsh and irre-
gular.

/. o'iO. Tlie Italian agricultural divinity Saturntis had n(>tliinfr
whatever to do with the Grecian Cronus. The only reason >vny
they were subsequently identified seems to have been that they were
both very ancient divinities. Saturnus was i)i'operly tho god of
plenty. Tlie name is derived from Katnr — full. Ops {alixuddiur) was
his wife.

/. 521. The Celtic probably means the Celtic ocean.

I. 522. After all these supply came Jloekimj. After hut put in they
came focking,

I. 523. Such ivhereitt. There is no way of making tliese words hang
together, except by expanding sucfi into with .such looks. The clause
wherein — loss itself .vill then be an adjective clause qualifying lookSf
and co-onlinate with such. [Gr. 412.)

/. 524. Tho two phrases bt>giniiing with to have found, form attribu-
tive adjuncts of Jot/, {dr. [Wl, 4.)

I. 526. Which seems to relate not t<» any pjirticular word, but to
the general idea suggesttxl by the previous iiassage. For analysis it
may be replaced by ainl these eoujh'rfiui/ feeliui/s, or something of tho
kind.

/. 529. Not substance. In fidl : that did not hear substance of worth.

I. 530. Before dispelled insert he his wonted— substance.

I. 534. As his rii/ht. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying
claimed. In full : as [//<■ would e/aiiii] his riijlil.

I. 537. Like 'aay be taken either as an adjective qualifying which
(as though e(j[u'valent to resemblimj), or as an adverb (similiter), quali-
fyuig shone. In either ciuse it is itself (luahtied by tho adverbial
phrase [to] a tneteor, &c.

/. 538. Rich is here uwd adverbially. [^With] seraphic arms and
[with seraphic] trophies, are adverbial adjuncts of emblazed.

I. 640. Metal blowing, &c. A nouiiuative absolute, formin|j^ ai|
•dverbial adjunct of unfurled.

BOOK I.

fiOOK I.]

K0TE8.

an rang*'
(en iw an

'ic middle
Dodnna

nalifyiuiT

and irre-

n()(l\in>r
Koii why
lioy wcro
; gtxl of
itncv) was

it in they

>rds liang
ho clause
iiig' lookSf

aUribu-

, Imt. to
lalysis it
^ of tho

worth.
lalifyiii

ig- ichich
•), (inali-
wlverbial

rms and

uin^j^ aQ

/. 541. At which — tii^J:t. A compound adjective clause, not qualify-
ing any substantive in particular, but refeiTing generally to the ant
described ir Mie preceding passage. For analysis substiiute and at
this. Reign is used in the sense of realm (Lat. reguum),

I. 644. AH. An adverb qualifying the adverbial phrase in a
moment.

I, 646. Milton uses rise (without to) after the passive verb, just as
it is used after the active ; as, / saw him rise. It forms tho comple-
ment of the predicate were seen.

I. 549. After innumerable repeat appeared.

I. 660. The Dorian mood was a partioidar key or scale adf)ptcd by
the Dorians for their mclodico, and depending partly upon tho pitch
or key-note of the scale, and partly upon the musical intervals
betwpcu tho successive notes of it.

I. 661. Such agrees with mood, and U co-ordinate with the elliptical
adjective sentence, as [^the mood was which'\ raised — battle and which
imtead — retreat. {Gr. 412.)

/. 566. To flight and to foul retrcaty form adverbial adjuncts of
unmoved.

I. 666. Wanting agrees with mood. To mitigate^ to swage, to chase,
&c,, form attributive adjuncts of power. Swage (commonly assuage)
is derived from the Latin suavis. So diluvium gives rise to deluge.

I. 662. O'er the burnt soil is an attributive adjunct of steps,

I. 661i. Front is in apposition to they.

I. 666. It is, perhaps, best to take tvhat as an interrogative pronoun.
Tlie clause what — impose will then be a substantive clause, the object
of awaiting.

I. 668. Traverse ; that is, transversely. With each of the objects,
order, visages, and stature, repeat he views,

I. 670. As of gods.

I. 573. For never, &c. This sentence poes on to /. 687. It should
bo attached to the predicate of each of the preceding sentences, distends
and glories.

Since created man. Tliat is, since man was created. An imitation of
the Latin idiom post urbem conditam, ante me consttlem, &c.

/. 674. Tlie elliptical adjective clause as named — cranes explains
such. In full it is: . "» [the force would be which] named with these
could merit more than that small infantry warred on by cranes [could
merit much"]. The subordinate adverbial clause than — cranes qualifies
tfMre. {Gr. 647, 653.)

I. 676. Miltun here refers to the Pygmaei, a fabulous race of tia>

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK 1.

dwarfs, a cubit high, mentioned by Homer {II. iii. 6) as dwelling on
the sliores of Oceanus, where they had yearly to carry on a fight with
the cranes. Other writers located them on the banks of the Nile, in
the extreme north, or to the east of the Ganges.

/. 676. Though all — gods. An adverbial clause of concession,
qualifying met.

I. 577. The Gigantes, or Earth-bom (see note on I. 197) were fabled
to have been born in the plains of Phlegra. The name indicates a
volcanic district of some kind. Conflicting accounts fix this region
in Sicily, Macedonia, and Campania.

I. 679. Mixed agrees with that, the subject of the verb fought.
Tlie reader of Greek mythology will remember that various gods took
different sides in the Trojan war, and the war of the Seven against
Thebes.

Before what insert with. The clause what resounds — knights, is an
adjective clause used substantively, and governed by with. The
whole phrase [tvithl U'hat — Knights, forms another adverbial adjunct
of were Joined. The construction of the passage is more definite than
its sense.

I. 680. Uther's son. King Arthur. Anncmca obtained its name of
Brotagne or Brittany from the British tribes, who retreated thither
before the Saxons, and carried Avith them the legends of King Arthur,
who is quite as much an Armorican as a British hero.

I. 682. Before all insert with. With all, &c., forms another ad-
verbial adjunct of rvere joined. Who since, &c., subdivides itself into
the following clauses: — 1. Who since, baptized, jousted in Aspramont.
2, 3, 4, 5. The same clause repeated, with the substitution (suc-
cessively) of Montalban, Damasco, Marocco, and Trebizoml, for Aspra-
mont. Then all these five clauses must be repeated, with the
Bubstitution of injidcl for baptized. "We thus get ten adjective claiises
qualifying all. Aspramont was a town in the Netherlands. Montal-
ban was on the borders of Languedoc. Trebizond (the ancient
Trapezus) is connected with the exploits of St. George.

/. 686. Before whom supply though all the giant brood of Phlegra were
joined with those. Fontarabia was a town in Biscay. The Saracens
crossed into Spain from Biserta in Afi'ica. This account of the death
of Charlemagne rests on Spanish authority only. French writers
represent him as victorious.

/. 687. These is the subject of the sentence. The phrase beyond
compare of (i.e., comparison with) mortal prowess forms an attributive
adjunct of these, and is itself qualified by thutfiw.

OOK 1.

ling on
ht with
Nile, in

iceasion,

e fabled
licates a
i region

fought.

ods took

against

ts, is an

th. The

adjunct

[lite than

name of
1 thither
• Arthvir,

ther ad-
self into
tpraniont.
m (snc-
Aspra-
ith the
clauses
Montal-
ancient

\(/ra irere

iaracens

\e death

writers

beyond
Iributive

BOOK I.]

N0TE8.

I. 691. Like a tower. See note on /. 537.

/. 692. Nor appeared. That is, and his fo-.m appeared not. Lest
is the complement of appeared, and is qualified by the elliptical
adverbial clauses than Archangel ruined [would appear great], and
than the excess of glory obscured [would appear great],

I. 694. Before as supply his form appeared; and after as supply
the sun appears.

I. 596. After or supply his form appeared as the sun appears when he.

I. 698. Before with put in when he.

I. 601. Intrenched. TYi^.i in, furrowed. Yrench, trancher.

I. 602. Before under repeat care sat.

I. 604. After cruel put in was, and repeat his eye before cast.

I. 605. To behold — in pain. An adverbial adjunct of cast. To
behold is equivalent to at beholding.

I. 606. The followers rather. This had better be taken as an ellip-
tical parenthesis [they should be called] the followers rather.

I. 609. Millions, &c. This may be taken as a noun in apposition
io fellows, or we may repeat before it, his eye cast signs of remorse and
passion to behold.

I. 611. It would be as well to repeat to behold before how. We thus
get another adverbial adjunct of cast {I. 604). The clause how they,
&c., will then be a substantive clause, the object of behold.

I. 612. Their glory withered. A nomin,' ♦^^ive absolute, in the adverbial
relation to stood.

As — heath. A compound adverbial clause qualifying stood. The
subject of it is growth, the predicate stands. To fill up the ellipse
first leave out or mountain pines, and next repeat the whole, substi-
tuting mountain pines ioT forest oaks.

/. 614. Though [they be] bare. An adverbial clause quali iug
stands.

I. 616. Whereat must be taken as equivalent to and at this.

I. 620. As [tears are which] angels weep. An elliptical adjof tive
clause co-ordinate with su4sh. (See Gr. 412.)

/. 623. But with the Almighty. An "dverbial phrase qualifying
matchless. It is itself made up of a preposition but (see Or. o04),
governing (apparently) another adverbial phrase, as in never hut now,
anywhere but here, and so forth. The adverb or adverbial pi i rase
after but should be expanded into some kind of substantive expression.

/. 626. Repeat as after and, and testifies after utter.

I. 629. After gods supply eould ever know repulse. The next clause,
how such [beinge] at [beingt were who] ttood like these — repulse, wiU form

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK I.

another object oi feared : or the whole sentence may be repeated with
each clause.

/. 631. Supply it be after though.

I. 633. To re-ascend, &c., may be .;aken as the objVot of /nil.

I. 635. lie need not be taken a.s an imperative. It is a subjunctive,
with the force of the Greek optative.

/. 636. After different insert have lost our hopes ; and after or
repeat if.

I. 638. Till then. See note on /. 623. After secure supply sits. Re-
peat he who reigns — upheld by before consent, and cKstoni.

I. 641. Repeat he who — till then before j)Ht and before still.

I. 642. Which does not relate to any one word in the preceding
sentence. Treat it as equivalent to aud this.

/. 643. In full: 1. Hcnci forth his might we know so as [we should
know his might] not to (that is, in order that we mag not) provoke fiew
war. 2. Henceforth [we] know our own [tnight] so as [we should know
our own might] not to dread new war [if toe be] provoked.

I. 647. That he, &c. An abverbial clause qualifying to work. On
the construction of the connective adverb that, see Gr. 528.

I. 648. Before who supply that he. The clause introduced by this
conjunction is a substantive clause, the object of may find.

I. 650. Space here means lapse of time. (Compare I. 50.) The clause
whereof — heaven had better be taken as an adjective clause qualifying
worlds. Whereof should be taken as an attributive adjunct of the
(understood) object of create, the import of the sentence being " that
he intended to create some worlds of which sort, and therein plant

heaven, there went so rife a fame in heaven." The structure

of the sentence is very obscure. Rife is the complement of the pre-
dicate went. The clause that he ere loyig — heaven is a substantive clause
in apposition to fame. An object {some worlds) must be supplied after
create. Lqual had better be taken as the complement of should
favour.

I. 666. If but to pry. An elliptical adverbial clause, qualifying
shall be. In full : If our eruption be but (i.e., onlg) to pry. R(^])eat
the whole sentence with elsewhere instead of thither, and in each sen-
tence insert the adverbial clauses : for this infernal — in bondage, and
for the abyss shall not long under darkness cover celestial spirits.

I. 6fa^. Two co-ordinate sentences: 1. War then open must be
resolved. 2. War then understood must be resolved.

I. 673. Before undoubted supply this was an. The clause that in his
^-4ulphur is a substantive dause in apposition to si^n.

OOK I.

3d with

inctive,
iftei? nr
s. Ile-

■ecedlng

c slionld
<oke new
lid know

rk. On

by this

e clause

alifying

of the

♦' that

in plant

uctiirc

le pre-

e clause

ed after

should

alifying
Ropoat
oil 8eu-

iffe, and

must be
at in hi*

BOOK I.]

N0TE8.

«7

/. 674. In the infancy of chemistry and mineralofry it was ima-
gined that the various metals wore produced by the action of
sulphur upon mercury, which was regarded as the basis of all
metallic matter.

I. 67'>. yis [men haateti] when, &o. An elliptical adverbial clause
qualifying hastened.

I. 678. Before ca«t repeat when bands of — the royal camp to.

I. 679. Leave out the second Matmnon in the analysis. Spirit, with
its attributive adjective clause, that fell from heaven, is in apposition
to Mammon.

I. 680, For e*en, &c. Before this adverbial clause siipply some such
sentence as / say least erected, to the predicate of which it will be
attached.

/. ()83. Than [he enjoyed much'] aught, &c. An elliptical adverbial
clauHo qualifying more. The use of or necessitates the division of
it into two separate clauses, with each of which the whole of the rest
of the 8(>uteuce has to be taken. First leave out or holy, and then
ropoiit for e'en in heaven — beatific, substituting holy for divine. {Gr.
651, 553.)

/. 690. Admire, that is, wonder, wliich is the proper meaningof the word.

I. 692. Let {ye) is a verb in the imperative mood ; those is its object,
and lear/i its complement. Before wondering repeat tvho.

I. 694. Of Babel and of the works, Sec, are adverbial adjuncts of tell
{Or. p. 101, note).

I. 696. How, &c. A substantive clause, the object of learn. {Gr. 403,)

/. 697. After and repeat how, and after perform repeat is easily out'
done by spirits reprobate.

I. 698. What — perform. An adjective clause {Or. 408. Note on
U 22), used substantively, as the subject of is outdone.

I. 703. Founded ; i.e., melted. The two meanings of found are
derived lYspectively from fimdcrc and fundare.

I. 704. Before scummed repeat nigh on — with tvondrous art.

I. 705. As soon. As is here a demonstrative adverb.

/. 700. Before //om repeat a t.'nrd [multitude'],

I. 711. Like, &c. See note on !. 637.

I. 713. Where, &c. An adjective clause {Or. 410) q\ialifying temple,
Pilasth's and pillars form a compound subject to tvere set.

I. 716. In full : There did not want cornice; there did not want frieze
— graven. Want is intransitive.

/. 717. Not Babylon, &o. Separate this into three sentences: 1,
Babyloi% equalled not mtch magnifieenoe in an it$ glories to enshrine Belut^

rABADISE LOST.

[BOOK I.

its god. 2. Oreat Aleairo equalled not — to enthrine Serapis, its god. S.
Babylon and Aleairo equalled not such magnificence in all their glories to
seat — luxury. ^ Milton speaks of Aleairo (a city of Arabiau origin) as
though it were the capital of the Pharaohs.

/. 723. Her stately height. An adverbial phrase. {Or. 373, 3.)
(Compare I. 282.) It qualifies ^^r^e^.

/. 724. Discover here is to disclose or uncover. Wide and within had
better be taken as adverbs, qualifying discover.

I. 728. Cressets. From the French croisette.

I. 730. As [they would have yielded lights from a sky. An adverbial
clause attached to the predicate yielded.

I. 736. Before sat repeat where sceptred angels. After princes insert
tit, or would have sat. The clauses beginning with where are adjective
clauses {Gr. 410) qualifying structure.

I. 736. And [to whom the supreme king"] gave, &c. This adjective
clause, like the one that precedes it, qualifies angels. To rule — bright
will be the objective adjunct of gave. If gave be used in the sense of
placed or appointed, then omit the to before whom. The phrase to rttle,
&c., will then be an adverbial adjunct of gave.

I. 737. £ach in his hierarchy. An elliptical expression. In full :
giving each to rule in his hierarchy the orders bright.

I. 738. Subdivide this contracted sentence into two. 1. Sis name
was not unheard in ancient Greece. 2. His nam^ was not unadored in
ancient Greece.

I. 747. For he, &c. An adverbial clause qualifying erring.

I. 748. Aught is in the adverbial relation to availed, the subject dl
which is to have built in heaven high towers.

I. 755. To be held, &c. An attributive adjunct of council. {Gr. 362, 4.)

I. 757. A contracted sentence — divide it thus : 1. Their summons
called from — regiment the spirits worthiest by place. 2. Their summon*
called from — regiment the spirits worthiest by choice.

I. 752. After wide insert thick swarmed.

I. 763. Though [it was"] like — lance. An adverbial clause, qualifying
the predicate swarmed. [To] a covered field is in the adverbial relation
so like. Covered here means listed, enclosed for combat.

I. 764. Wont is here a verb in the indicative mood. Ride is its
complement.

Before at repeat where champions bold.

I. 766. Before career supply where champions bold at the Soldan't
ehair defied the best of Panim chivalry to. Career is heie a noun.
With lance is an attributive adjunct of career.

is its

BOOK I.]

NOTES.

/. 768. As bees — affairs. A nontractod compound adverbial clause,
qualifying both swarmed and were straitened, for the second of which
it must be repeated.

L 771. Before t/iei/ insert as. The grammatical connection between
this sentence and what precedes is not as close as would bo convenient.

/. 772. Insert as they before on the smoothed 2)l((>ik.

l. 774. Before confer repeat as they on the smoothed plank — ivith balm,

I. 776. Before were straitened repeat the whole clause as bees — affairt,

I. 776. Till behold a wonder. This of course is not a. legitimate con-
struction, grammatically speaking. For analysis substitute a wonder
ensued, or something of the kind. The clause is in the "dverbial rela-
tion to were straitened.

i. 777. But note. But here has the sense of only.

I. 778. To surpass. Sec, is the complement of the predicate seemed.

I. 779. Than smallest dwarfs [are little]. An elliptical adverbial
clause, qualifying less. {Gr. 563.)

I. 780. Like had better be taken as an adjective, qualifying t/>gff,
(See I. 575.)

/. 781. Before /ffc77/ repeat they but now — numberless, like.

I. 782. A compound contracted adjective clause. First leave out
or fountain and or dreams he sees. Next repeat the sentence so formed,
with the substitution of fountain for forest-side. Thirdly, repeat each
of these sentences with the substitution of dreams he sets for sees.

I. 784. [That] he sees, &c. A substantive clause, the object of
dreams. Bevels, with its adjuncts, will now belong to this substantive
clause.

/. 785. Before nearer repeat while over head the moon.

I. 791. After though insert they were.

I. 793. In their own dimensions. An attributive adjunct of lords and
cherubim.

I. 796. On gulden seats may be taken either as an attributive adjunct
of demigods, or as an adverbial adjunct of sitting, understood.

Iflfl"-

ESI

AbJ
Abt

Aby

Acci

Adn

Adv

Affli

Aflfii

Aim

Azue

Amn

Arch

(
Arch

a
Argu
Astoi

Balai

Beat!

Benee

Bestii

■.^.1

A LIST OF DIFFICULT WOIIDS,

ESPECIALLY SUCH AS ARE USED IN OBSOLETE OR

UNUSUAL SENSES.

( -il

y'l

Abject {ahjicio, ahjedus), cast aside. {I. 312.)

Abuse {ahutor, abiisua surn), to misuse, to deal with wrongly or

unfairly. Hence, to delude or deceive. (/. 479.)
Abyss (AjSiTtroj), a bottomless pit.
Access (accede, accessiis), way of approach. (/. 761.)
Admire (admiror), to wonder. {I. 690. )

Advanced (French, avancer ; Latin, ah ante), improved. (I. 119.)
Afflicted (q^/r/o), dashed down. (/. 186.)
Affront (ad,frons), to meet face to face. (/. 391.)
Aim (aeslimo), object intended. (/, 168.)
Amerce (French, d merci ; Latin, ad misericord iam), to impose a

fine at the discretion, or mercy, of the court, — not a fine fixed

bylaw. (/. 609.)
Ammiral (Arabic, amir, 'a lord'). A chief oi any kind. A

commander of a fleet ; hence the commander's ship. [l. 294.)

•Admiral' is a corruption of the word.
Arch {apxri), leading or governing. ^rc^ngel, arcA-fiend, ko.

(I. 156.)
Architrave {ipx^s, trabs), the lower division of an entablature, the

part resting on the column. The entablature is made up of

architrave, frieze, and cornice. (I. 715.)
Argument {arguo, artjumentum), subject for discussion. {I. 24.)
Astonished [attonitus), thunderstruck. (I. 307.)

Balance [bi-lanx). 'In even balance,' i.e., 'poising themselves
evenly on their wings.' {I. 349.) Compare II., I. 1046.

Beatific (heatus, facio), making happy. {I. 684. )

Beneath, still lower than — still more degrading than — (/. 115.)
Also • to the South of.' (/. 355.)

Bestial (hestia, beslialia), in the form of beasts. {/. 435),

■■

LIST Of DIKKICULT OR DNUHUAI. WORDS.

Bordering', forming a border or boundary. (I. 419.)
Bossy, projecting ; from 'boss,' a ' knob or protuberanco.* (/. 716.)
Bullion (bulla, 'a seal or stamp'), anciently aignilird the mint, wboro
gold and silver were reduced to stamped money, .\fterwardn it
signified the «//(>// which was pormitted by the Bulliiui or Mint,
and so it came to mean all gold and silver designed for coinage,
or coined. (/. 704. )

Camp, army. (I. 677.)

Chivalry {cahalluA), cavalry, a body of knights. (/. 307.)

Choice (used actively), distinguishing. (I, 053. )

Clime (kaZ/uo, ' a slope '), projierly ' tlie slope of the earth from the

ecpiator towards the |)oles.' Hence ' a zone or belt of the earth.*

(/. 242. Comp. /. 297.)
Combustible (coinhuro), capable of burning. (/. 23.*1)
Combustion, destruction by Hre. (I. 40.)
Conceive {e.oneiplo), to catch. * I conce'tre. your meaning ' means ' I

f A your meaning thoroHijIdy.'' (I. 2'.i I. )
Ooncluve {conclave ; con claols), a lockeil apartment, a close or

jirivate meeting. (/. 795.) ^

Conduct (conduco), guidance, {t. l.'iO.)
Confer (conjero), to bring together for discussion. (I. 774.)
Considerate (conddero), reflecting, contemi)lative, not rash or hasty.

Used actively. {/. 003.)
Consult used as a noun {comultum), consultation. {I. 798.)
Contention (contendo, contenfio), stiuggle. (/. 100.)
Cope (cnpa, 'a bowl'), an arched covering. (/. 345.)
Cornice {nopttvis), a summit or tinish ; the uppermost part of an

entablature, (i. 710.)
Crew, a band of comrades. {I. 51.)

Damp, chilled, depressed. {/. 523.) * Damped' is more commonly

used in this sense.
Deify {detis, facio), to worship or reverence as divine. (I. 112.)
Different (dlffero), diU'ering, divided, at variance with each other.

(I. 0,*}0.)'
Dilated {dijfcro, dilatus), expanded. (/. 429.) „ ^^ n^A^

Discover {dis, co-openre), to uncover, to reveal to sight. {II. 04, 724.)
Dispose {dispone), to arrange. (/. 240.)
Double (rfM/>/ica?Y), to repeat. (/. 485.)
Doubt (dubUare), to think insecure. (/. 114.)
Doubtful hue, a mixed expression, partly of one kind, partly of

another. (/. 527.)
Dread, an object of fear. {I. 406. )

Dreadful, inspiring terror. (/. 130.) , . , , nifi±\

Dubious (dubitis), doubtfiU, not mstantly decided. {I. 104.)
Dxacet i^dukia), sweet-sounding. {I. 712.)

LIST or DIFFICnLT OR UNUSJ'Ar, WOHOa.

Emblaze, to adoru with bright or flamiu|{ coh)ur8. (/. 539.) The

form embUizon is now usually employod.
Emperor (imperator), comma tider. (/. 378.)
Empyreal {Kfinvpos), dwelling in the region of fire. {I. 117.) See

Endure (indurare), to harden one's self, to hold out. (/. 299.)

Enlarg-e, to cause to spread. {I. 41.').)

Envy (invulia), grudging, strong tUisiie to have for cmcself. {I. 200.)
' Hath not buiilt hero for his envy ;' i.e., hath not built here u
dwelling that he would strongly desire for himself.

Equal (tei/ualijt), to place on the same level witli. {I. '284.) 'To
equal which' {l. '292) means 'in compirison with which,' placed
side by side with it, to see if it is of ecjual length. Also, to lay
all equally low. (^.488.)

Erst, formerly ; the superlative answering to the comparative ere.
(l. 3G0.)

Eruption (eruptio), a breaking forth, a sally. {I. G5(}.)

Essences {fs.v, modern Latin cssctilhi), natures, beings. (I. 138.)

Ethereal {ae.thcre.u* ; aWiip, ' blazing heat '), belonging to the region
of the ether, i.e., heavenly {IL 45, 285.) By aether the ancients
understood the upper, pure, glowing air, beyond the region of
mists and clouds (which they called o^p) ; a rare and tiery
medium in which tlie heavenly IxMlies moved.

Event (eventus), the result of a course of action. (/. 118.)

Expatiate {ex, apatior), to strut about. (/. 774.)

■j

; :.;|

of an

!•)

Fail, to lose strength, to perish ; to be mistaken. {U. 117, 167.)

Fame {fania), report. (/. 651.)

Fanatic [Janatkus, fannm), inspired or possessed by a divinity,

furious, mad. (L 480.)
Fast, close. {I. 12.)
Flown, eh; ted, puffed up, flushed. (/. 502.) Flown is properly the

ftarticiple oi Jiy, but it is difficult to trace the meaning, as derived
rora this verb. If Milton connected it y,'\i\\ Jlow, Jlown may have
much the same sense as flooded.
Flung*, banished, {l. 610.)
Found {fundere), to melt, to pour. {I. 70.3.)
Founded {funddre), established, fixed firmly. (/. 427.)
Foundered — ' Some small night-foundered skiff.' It is very difficult
to trace the exact sense of this phrase. Eentley even suggested
nigh-foundered, i.e., almost sinking. Founder {'to sink') is de-
rived from the old French verb afondrer {ad, fundus), ' to sink
to the bottom.' From the Latin fundere we get a verb foundd
of very similar meaning, implying to melt, tituc, give way, falL
(In French se fondre). Id old English it is applied to a horfie
stumbling. In Jamieson's Scottish Dictionary we find founder
in the sense of to fell, to knock downy to give a stunu'mg blow.

' I

trST OF DimonLT or tlVITHtrAL WORDB.

Frequent, {/requens), crowded. (/. 797.)

Fretted, divided into squares or lozenges by interlacing or inter*

secting bars (laqueatus). It appears to he derived from feiTum^

through tho Italian /errata, *an iron grating.'
Frieze, the embossed or ornamented border running beneath the

cornice of an entablature. (/. 710.)
Fuelled {focufi, fornle), charged or loaded with fuel. (/. 234.)
Fury {furor), violent action. * Mineral fury,' the violent action

with which aul|)hur, nitre, and such mineral products burn, or

act and react oa each other. (I. 235. ) 8eo Mimiral.

Qraze, to feed or supply with grass. (/. 486.) The verb is now
commonly applied to the pasture (to eat off the grass), not to
the cattle that feed upon it. * To graze' (in Milton's sense) is now
commonly expressed by ' to pasture. '

Grunsel, i.e., ground-sill, the threshold. (I. 4C0.)

Heat, passionate or burning love. {I. 453.)

Homicide (/tomicida ; horno ca^do), used adjectively, * manslaying.'
(;. 417.)

Incumbent (incuvibo), resting his weight upon. {l. 226. )

Infernal {iiiferi), belonging to Hell. (/. 34. )

Inflamed (inflammatus), blazing, set on fire. {l. 300.)

Injured {injuria), treated with injustice, meeting with less than

justice. {I. 98.)
Intrench (French trancher ; Latin ti'uncare, 'to lop off'), to cut

trenches or furrows in anything.
Invest {in, veMis), to throw a robe or cloak over. (I. 208.)
Involved {involvere)^ enveloped, wrapped up. {I. 236. )

Ken, to know, to perceive. {I 59.)

Light, to alight. {L 228.)

Lucid {lux, lucidus), bright, letting light pass through. {I. 469.)

Mansion {mansio, manSre), a dwelling-place, not necessarily a build-
ing of any kind.

Measure (mensura, metior), treatment, what ia meted out to a
person. (Z. 513.)

Middle (medius), between two extremes, not reaching the highest

point. (^14.)
Mineral, found in mines, or under the earth. 'Mineral fury

{I. 235) perhaps means merely 'violent subterranean action.'
Mortal (mors, morto^w), deadly, causing death, (i. 2). Also employed

in the sense of ' exposed to death. '
Myriad {^tvpio^s), properly, a body of ten thousand, (i. 87.)

LIST OF DIFFICULT OB UNUSUAL WORDS. " 70

NathlesB (i.e,, natheless), nevertheless. {I. 299.)

Obdurate (ob, durva), hardened against everything. (/. 68.)

Oblivious (ohi nnoaus), causing forgetfulness. (/. 2C6.)

Offend (afendu), to assail or attack. (/. 187.)

Offensive, causing disgrace. The ' offensive mountain' {I. 443)

18 the same as the ' opprobrious hill ' (/. 403), called also the

'hill of scandal.' {I. 416.)
Org-ies (orgia), wild, frenzied ceremonies. (I. 416.)
Orient {oi'ior), connected M'ith sunrise. 'Orient colours' are the

bright colours of sunrise. (/. 646.)

Part (7>ar«), share or portion, (i. 267.)

Passion (patior, pas^^io), suffering. {I. 605.)

Penal {pcerta), endured by way of punishment. {I. 48.)

Perdition {verdo), utter ruin. ' Bottondess i)erdition ' (/. 47), the
bottondess pit of ruin.

Pernicious (perniciea, pemiciosus), deadly, destructive. (1. 282.)

Pilaster ( pita), a square pillar, usually let into a wall, so as to pro-
ject only by a portion of its thickness. (/. 713.)

Precipice {praecepa), the extreme verge, from which one can fall
headlong. (/. 173.)

Presage {prae, sapio), to know beforehand. (/. 627.)

Prime (/>n»n«*), foremost. (^,506.)

Profane {pro, fanvm), to treat as not being sacred. A thing \& pro-
Jane which is pro fano, in front of, or outside the sacred
enclosure. (I. 390.)

Prone (p^oww*), htadlong, lying flat. (/. 195.)

Providence {provklere), foresight. {I. 162.)

Puissant (French je puis), powerful. {I. 632.)

Pursue ( ))ro, sequor), to follow out, to go along with, to treat of con-
tinuouslj'. {I. 15.)

Recollect (recoUiyo), to gather up again. {I. 528.)

Recorder, a kind of wind instrument. (/. 551.)

Reig-n [regnum), kingdom, realm. (/. 543.)

Reinforcement, renewal of strength. (/. 190.)

Relig-ions {rdlgiones), religious rites. (/. 372.)

Re-possess (ix-possidere), to re-occupy. {I. 634.)

Rife, prevalent, abundant. (/. 650.2

Rout, a gang or crowd. (I. 747.) Probably not of the same origin

as rout, ap]died to an army. The latter is connected with

ruplus, 'broken.'
Ruin {ruina)y sudden downfall. (/. 46.)

Satiate {jsatiaius, satis), satisfied, satiated. {I. 179.)
Scandal (vKdv^aXov), a stumbling- block, an uffeuce or disgraoiw
II 416.) See OJemive.

e i

^"S.

LIST 07 DlFFrrULT OH UNUSUAL WORDS.

Scum (verb), to skim, (l. 704.) *

Secrpit (sfcretvs), retired, withdrawn from ])ublic gaze. {I. 6.)

Secure {securuft), free from anxiety. (I. 261.)

Serried (French, serrer), locked together. (I. 548.)

Shrine {scr'mium), a box or chest enclosing something sacred, like

the Ark in the Jewish temple. {I. 388.)
Slip, to let slip. (/. 178.)
Sluiced, poured through shiices. {I. 702.) Sluice (derived from

exclusa], implies a floodgate, by which the water is shut off.
Space (spatium), period of time. {I. 50.)
Spires {antTpa), tai)ering jetr.. (/. 223.) The word properly implies

something tioisted.
Straiten {strictus), to crowd into a narrow space. (/. 776.)
Sublimed [suUimis), driven off in vai)Our. A chemical phrase,

{I. 235).
Successful, involving better auguries of success. (1. i20.)
Suffice (siifficio), ^io satisfy. (I. 148. )
Supernal (supermis), belonging to the supreme (cr, at least, some

exalted) being. (/. 241. )
Suppliant («?<p;j^jcan), bending low. {I. 112.)
Sure (5fCJ/rws), inspiring confidence. (/. 278.)
Symphony (aSif, ^uvh), a union of notes or voices. {I. 712.)

Temper {(emperare), the mode in which the ingredients of a compound

are proportioned to each other. {I. 285. )
Tend (tendo), to direct one's course, {l. 183.)
Thrall, slave. (/. 149.)
Torrid {torridus), scorching. {I. 297.)
Transcendent {transcende)-e), climbing beyond, surpassing ordinary

'imits. {l. 86.)
Traverse {fransversus), transversely, {l. 568.)

Unfrequented {frequens). ' To frequent ' means * to visit in crowds.'
Freqiu^ns senatus is, *a crowded meeting of the seuate.' (/. 433.)
tJnsunir, not celebrated in song, or jwetry. (/. 442.)
TJrg-e (uiyeo), to press upon, or afflict. (/. 68.)
Utter, outer. (/. 72.)
Uxorious (uxor), passionately devoted to his wives. (/. 444.)

Vex {vexare), to harass or assail. (I. 30i).)

Warping, moving forward with an oblique or zigzag motion. (/. .^41.)

Watch, to keep awake. (/. 332.)

Welter (^'^.-S. waeltnn), to roll or tumble, esptcially in anything foul

or unclean. (/. 78. )
Wont (verb), were accustomed- (I. 764.)

6.)

cred, like

ved from

toff.

y impliea
1 phrase.

ast, some

)

ompjund

ordinary

crowds.'
(/. 43;].)

I \:

^ "m

4-)

(/.341.)
hing foui

I'fffi' ■ iT

PARADISE LOST.

BOOK II.

High on a throne of royal state, which far

Outshone the wealth of Ormus or of Ind,

Or where the goi<jcous East witL richest hand

Show'rs on her kings barbaric pearl and gold,

Satan exalted sat, bv merit raised

To that bad eminence ; cu! u^m despair

Thus high uplifted beyo;: I '; pe aspires

Beyond thus high, insatiate to pursue

Vain war with heav'n, and by success untaught

His proud imaginations thus displayed.

* Pow'rs and dominions, deities of heaven,
For since no deep within her gulf can hold
Imnjortal vjgour, though oppress'd and fall'n
I give noi; heav'n for lost. From this descent
Celestial virtues rising, will appear
More glorious and more dread than from no fall.
And trust themselves to fear no second fate.
IMe thou<:;h just right, and the fix'd laws of heaven,
Did first create your leader, next free choice,
Witli what besides, in counsel, or in fight,
Hath been achiev'd of merit, yet this loss
Thus far at least recover'd, hath much more
Establish'd in a safe un en vied throne,
Yielded with full consent. The happier state
In heaven, which follows dignity, might draw
Envy from each inferior ; but who here
Will envy whom the highest place expotet

?l 'i

i»

PARADISE LOST.

Foremost to stand against the Thund'rer's aim
Your bulwark, and condemns to greatest sliare
Of endless pain ? where there is then no good
For which to strive, no strife can grow up there
From faction ; for none sure will claim in hell
Precedence, none, whose portion is so small
Of present pain, that with ambitious mind
Will covet more. With this advantage then
To union, and firm faith, and firm accord,
More than can be in heav'n, we now return
To claim our just inheritance of old.
Surer to prosper than prosperity
Could have assur'd us ; and by what best way,
Whether of open war or covert guile.
We now debate ; who can advise, may speak.*

He ceas'd, and next him Moloch, sceptred king,
Stood up, the strongest and the fiercest Spirit
That fought in heav'n, now fiercer by despair.
His trust was with th' Eternal to be deem'd
Equal in strength, and rather than be less
Car'd not to be at all ; with that care lost
Went all his fear: of God, or hell, or worse
He reck'd not, and these words thereafter spake.

* My sentence is for open war : of wiles,
More unexpert, I boast not : them let those
Contrive who need, or when they need, not now. '
For while they sit contriving, shall the rest.
Millions that stand in arms, and longing wait
The signal to ascend, sit ling'ring here
Heav'n's fugitives, and for the'L- dwelling-place
Accept this dark opprobrioua den of shame,
The prison of his tyranny who reigns
By our delay P No, let us rather choose,
Arm'd with hell tiames and fury, all at once,
O'er heaven's high towers to force resistless way.
Turning our tortures into horrid arms
Against the torturer ; when to meet the noiae
Of his almighty engine he shall hear

[book

ooK n

BOOK II.J

PARADISE LOST,

Infernal thunder; and for lightning, see

Black fire and horror shot with equal rage

Among his angels ; and his throne itself

Mix'd with Tartarean sulphur, and strange firei

His own invented torments. But perhaps 70

The way seems difRcult and steep to scale

With upright wing against a higher foe.

Let such bethink then), if the sleepy drench

Of that forgetful lake benumb not still,

That in our proper motion we ascend 76

Up to our native seat : descent and fall

To us is adverse. Who but felt of late,

When the fierce foe hung on our broken rear

Insulting, and pursued us through the deep,

With what compulsion and laborious flight HO

We sunk thus low ? The ascent is easy then ;

The event is fear'd ; should we again provoke

Our stronger, some worse way his wrath may find

To our destruction ; if there be in hell

Fear to be worse destroy'd. What can be worse 86

Tlian to dwell here, driven out from bliss, condemned

In this abhorred deep to utter woe ;

Where pain of unextinguishable fire

Musi exercise us without hope of end,

The vassals of his anger, when the scourge 90

Inexorable, and the torturing hour,

Calls us to penance ? More destroyed than thus

We should be quite abi>lish'd, and expire.

Wliat fear we then ? what doubt we to incense

His utmost ire ? which, to the height enraged, IN)

Will either quite consume us, and reduce

To nothing this essential : happiei far

Thau miserable to have eternal Innng :

Or, if our yubsstance be indeed divine,

And cannot ct^>aso to be, we are at worst 100

On this side nothing ; and by proof we leel

Our power sufficient to disturb his heavea,

And with perpetual inroads to alarm.

'Ma

PARADISE LOST.

BOOK II.

Thougli inaccessible, his fatal throne ;

Which, if not victory, is yet revenge.* JOS

He ended frowning, and his look denounced
Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous
To less than gods. Oi. the other side up rose
Uclial, in act more graceful and humane :
A fairer person lost not heaven ; he seera'd 110

For dignity composed, and high exploit :
But all was false and hollow : though his tongue
Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear
The better reason, to perplex and dash

Maturer counsels : for his thoughts were low, 115

To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds
Timorous and slothful ; yet he pleased the ear,
And with persuasive accent thus began :

♦ I should be much for open war, peers,
As not behind in hate ; if what was urged 120

Main reason to persuade immediate war,
Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast
Ominous conjecture on the whole success;
When he, who most excels in fact of arms,
In what he counsels, and in what excels; 125

Mistrustful grounds his courage on despair
And utter dissolution, as the scope
Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.
First, what revenge ? The towers of heaven are fill'd
With armed watch, that render all access I'dO

Imprtgnable : oft on the bordering deep
Encamp their legions ; or, with obscure wing,
Scout far and wide into the realm of night.
Scorning surprise. Or could we break our way
By force, and at our heels all hell should rise 135

With blackest insurrection, to confound
Heaven's purest light ; yet our great enemy,
All incorruptible, would on his throne
Sit unpolluted : and the ethereal mould,

Incapable of stain, would soon expel 140

Her mischief, and purge ofl' the baser fire.

lOK II.

106

115

120

125

lao

135

140

BOOK II.]

PARADISE LOST.

Victorious. Thus repulsed, our final hope

Is fiat despair : we must exasperate

The almighty Victor to spend all his rage,

And that must end us ; that must be our cure,

To be no more. Sad oure ! for who would lose,

Though full of pain, this intellectual being,

Those thoughts that wander through eternity,

To perish rather, swaliow'd up and lost

In the wide womb of uncreated night.

Devoid of sense and motion ? And who knows,

Let this be good, whether our angry foo

Can give it, or will ever ? How he can,

Is doubtful ; that he never will, is sure.

Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire,

Belike through impotence, or unaware,

To give his enemies their wish, and end

Them in his anger, whom his anger saves

To punish endless ? Wherefore cease we then ?

Say they who coun.sel war, We are decreed,

Reserved, and destined, to eternal woe ;

Whatever doing, what can we sufier more,

What can we sufier worse ? Is this then worst,

Thus sitting, thus consulting, thus in arms ?

What, when we fled amain, pursued, and struck

With heaven's afiiicting thunder, and besought

The deep to shelter us P this hell then seem'd

A refuge from those wounds ; or when we lay

Ghain'd on the burning lake ? that sure was worse.

What if the breath, that kindled those grim fires.

Awaked, should blow them into sevenfold rage.

And plunge us in the flames ? or, from above,

Should intermitted vengeance arm again

His red right hand to plague us P What if all

Her stores were open'd, and this firmament

Of hell should spout her cataracts of fire.

Impendent horrors, threatening hitUous fall

On* day H|»on our heads ; while we perhaps,

Designing or exhorting glorious war,

145

150

155

160

165

176

Ei'

PARADISE LOST.

LBOOK II.

Uw'

Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurl'd 180

Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey

Of wracking whirlwinds ; or for ever sunk

Under yon boiling ocean, wrapt in chains ;

There to converse with everlasting groans,

Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved, 185

Ages of hopeless end? This would be worse.

War therefore, open or conceal'd, alike

My voice dissuades ; for what can force or guile

\N'ith him, or who deceive his mind, whose eye

Views all things at one view ? He from heaven's height 190

All these our motions vain, sees, and derides :

Not more almighty to resist our might.

Than wise to frustrate all our plots and wiles.

Shall we then live thus vile, the race of heaven

Thus trampled, thus expell'd to suffer here 196

Chains and these torments ? Better these than worse,

By my advice ; since fate inevitable

Subdues us, and omnipotent decree,

The victor's will. To suflPer, as to do.

Our strength is equal, nor the law unjust 200

That so ordains : this was at first resolved,

If we were wise, against so great a ibe

Con tending, and so doubtful what might fall.

I laugh, when those who at the spear are bold

And venturous, if that fail them, shrink and fear 205

What yet they know must follow, to endure

Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain,

I'he sentence of tlieir conqueror. This is now

Our doom ; which if we can sustain and bear.

Our supreme foe in time may much remit 210

Uis anger ; and perhaps, thus far removed,

Not mind us not offending, satisfied

With what is punish'd ; whence these raging tires

Will slacken, if his breath stii' not their flames :

Our purer essence then will overcome 816

Their noxious vapour, or, inured, not feel ;

Or, changed at length, and to the place conformed

Un
Of
0,j

I.i^

II.
ISO

185

190

195

200

205

210

216

BOOK TI."I

PARADISE LOST.

In temper and in nature, will receive

Familiar the fierce heat, and void of pam ;

This horror will grow mild, this darkness light |

Besides what hope the never-ending fli|,'lit

Of future days may bring, what chance, what change

W^orth waiting ; since our present lot appears

For happy though but ill, for ill not worst,

If we procure not to ourselves more woe.'

Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb,
Counsell'd ignoble ease, and peaceful sloth.
Not peace ; and after him thus Mammon spake :

* Either to disenthrone the King of heaven
We war, if war be best, or to regain
Our own right lost : him to unthrone we then
May hope, when everlasting fate shall yield
To fickle chance, and Chaos judge the strife:
The former, vain to hope, argues as vain
The latter : for what place can be for us
Within heaven's bound, unless heaven's Lord supreme
We overpower ? Suppose he should relent.
And publish grace to all, on promise made
Of new subjection ; with what eyes could we
Stand in his presence humble, and receive
Strict laws imposed, to celebrate his throne
With warbled hymns, and to his Godhead sing
Forced hallelujahs ; while he lordly sits
Our envied sovereign, and his altar breathes
Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers,
Our servile offerings ? This must be our task
In heaven, this our delight; how wearisc me
Eternity so spent, in worship paid
To whom we hate ! Let us not then pursue
By force impossible, by leave obtain'd
Unacceptable, though in heaven, our state
Of splendid vas alage ; but rather seek
Our own good from ourselves, and from our own
Iiive to ourselves, though in this vast recess,
Free, and to none accountable, preferring

220

225

230

235

240

245

250

366

' ' f:;

■T

'f,.

PARADISK LOST.

' : i

[book h.

Hard liberty, before the easy yoke

Of servile pomp. Our greatness will appear

Then most conspicuous, whi > great things of small,

Useful of hurtful, prosperous of adverse,

We can create ; and in what place soe'er

Thrive under evil, and work ease out of pain,

Through labour and endurance. This deep world

Of darkness do we dread ? How oft amidst

Thick clouds and dark doth heaven's all-ruling Sire

Choose to reside, his glory unobscured.

And with the majesty of darkness round

Covers his throne ; from whence deep thunders roar

Mustering their rage, and heaven resembles hell.

As he our darkness, cannot we his light

Imitate when we please P Tliis desert soil

Wants not her hidden lustre, gems and gold ;

Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise

Magnificence; and what can iieaven show more?

Our torments also may in length of time

Become our elements : these piercing ttres

As soft as now severe, our temper changed

Into their temper ; which must needs remove

The sensible of pain. All things invite

To peaceful counsels, and the settled state

Of crder, how in safety best we may

Compose our present evils, with regard

Of what we are, and were; dismissing quite

All thoughts of war. Ye have what 1 advise.'

He scarce had finish'd, when such murmur fill'd
The assembly, as when hollow rocks retain
Tije sound of blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
Seafaring men o'er-wateh'd, whose barque by chance
Or pinnace anchors in a craggy bay
After the tempest : such applause was heard
As Mammon ended, and his sentence pleased
Advising peace : for such another field
They dreaded worse than hell : so much the fear

230

266

270

275

]
(

J
1
I

J
J

280

28J

290

K IL

•230

26o

270

275

280

28j

290

BOOK II.l

PARADISF. LOST.

Of thunder and the sword of Michael

Wrought still within them, and no less desire

To found this nether empire, which might rise

By policy, and long process of time,

In emulation opposite to heaven.

Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom

Satan except, none higher sat, with grave

Aspect he rose, and in his rising scem'd

A pillar of state; deep on his front cngraveii

Deliberation sat, and public care ;

And princely counsel in his face yet shone,

Majestic, though in ruin : sage he stood

AVith Atlantean shoulders fit to bear

The weight of mightiest monarchies ; his look

Drew audience and attention still as night

Or summer's noontide air, while thus he s])ake :

' Thrones and imperial powers, offspring of hiaven,
Ethereal virtues ; or these titles now
Must we renounce, and changing style, be call'd
Princes of hell ? for so the popular vote
Inclines here to continue, and build up here
A growing empire ? doubtless, while we dream
And know not that the King of heaven hath doom'd
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat
Beyond his potent arm, to live exempt
From heaven's high jurisdiction, in new league
Banded against his throne, but to remain
In strictest bondage, though thus far removed.
Under the inevitable curb, reserved
His captive multitude ! for he, be sure.
In height or depth, still first and last will reign
Sole king, and of his kingdom lose no part
By our revolt ; but over hell extend
His empire, and with iron sceptre rule
Us here, as with his golden those in heaven.
What sit we then projecting peace and war ?
War hath determined us, and foil'd with loss
Irreparable : terms of peace yet none

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tABABISE LOST.

[BOOK II.

Vouchflafed or sought ; for wlmt peace will be given

To us enslaved, but custody severe,

And stripes, and arbitrary punishment,

Inflicted ? and what peace can we return, 835

But to our power hostility and hate,

Untamed reluctance, and revenge, though slow

Yet ever plotting how the Conqueror least

May reap his conquest, and may least rejoice

In doing what we most in suffering feel ? 340

Nor will occasion want, nor shall we need

With dangerous expedition to invade

Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege,

Or ambush from the deep. What if we find

Some easier enterprise? There is a place 845

(If ancient and prophetic fame in heaven

Err not), another world, the happy seat

Of son'e new race, calFd Man, about this time

To be created like to us, though less

In power and excellence, but favoured more 8o0

Of him who rules above; so was his will

Pronounced among >he Gods ; and by an oath,

That shook heaven's whole circumference, confirra*d

Thither let us bend all our thoughts, to learn

What creatures there inhabit, of what mould 855

Or substance, how endued, and what their power,

And where their weakness, how attempted bcbt

By force or subtlety. Though heaven be shut.

And heaven's high Arbitrator sit secure

In his own strength, this place may lie exposed, 8G0

The utmost border of his kingdom, left

To their defence who hold it : here perhaps

Some advantageous act may be achieved

By sudden onset : either with hell fire

To waste his whole creation, or possess ^ 865

All as our own, and drive as we were driven,

The puny habitants, or, if not drive,

Seduce them to our party, that their God

May prove their foe, and with repenting faitod

BOOK n.J

PABADTRE LOST.

340

345

3o0

355

360

865

Abolish his own works. This would surpass 870

Common revenge, and interrupt his joy

In our confusion, and our joy upraise

In his disturbance ; when his darling sons,

Ilurl'd headlong to partake with us, shall curse

Iheir frail original, and faded bliss, 375

Faded so soon. Advise, if this be worth

Attempting, or to sit in darkness here

Hatching vain empires.' Thus Beel/^ebub

Pleaded his devilish coursel, first devised

By Satan, and in part proposed ; for whence 38C

But from the author of all ill, could spring

So deep a malice, to confound the race

Of mankind in one root, and earth with hell

To mingle and involve, done all to spite

The great Creator? But their spite still serves 385

His glory to augment. The bold design

Pleased highly those infernal states, and joy

Sparkled in all their eyes : with full assent

They vote : whereat his speech he thus renews :

* Well have ye judged, well ended long debate, 390

Synod of gods, and, like to what ye are,

Great things resolved, which, from the lowest deep,

Will once more lift us up, in spite of fate,

Nearer our ancient seat : perhaps in view

Of those bright confines, whence, with neighbouring arms 395

And opportune excunsion, wfi may chance

Be-enter heaven ; or else in some mild zone

Dwell not un visited of heaven's fair light,

Secure ; and at the brightening orient beam

Purge off this gloom : the soft delicious air, 400

To heal the scar of these corrosive fires,

Shall breathe her balm. But first, whom shall we send

In search of this new world P whom shall we find

Sufficient P who shall tempt with wandering feet

The dark, unbottom'd, infinite abyss, 406

And through the palpable obscure find out

His uncouth way, or spread his aery flight

PARADTSB LOST.

[BOOK II.

■I

ti; I

Upborne with indefatigable wings,

Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive

The happy isle? What strength, what art can then 410

Suffice, or what evasion bear him safe

Through the strict senteries and stations thick

Of angels watching round ? Here he had need

All circumspection, and we now no less /

Choice in our suffrage ? for, on whom we send, 415

The weight of all and our last hope relies.'

This said, he sat ; and expectation held
His look suspense, awaiting who appear'd
To second or oppose, or undertake.

The perilous attempt : but all sat mute, 420

Pondering the danger with deep thoughts ; and each
In other's countenance read his own dismay,
Astonish'd : none among the choice and prime •

Of those heaven-warring champions could be found

So hardy, as to proffer or accept 425

Alone, the dreadful voyage ; till at kbt

Satan, whom now transcendent glory raised

Above his fellows, with monarchal pride,

Conscious of highest worth, unmoved thus spake ;

' O progeny of heaven, empyreal thrones, 430

With reason hath deep silence and demur

Seized us, though undismayed. Long is the way

And hard, that out of hell leads up to light ;

Our prison strong ; this huge convex of fire,

Outrageous to devour, immures us round 436

Ninefold ; and gates of burning adamant,

Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress.

These pass'd, if any pass, the void profound

Of unessential night receives him next

Wide-gaping, and with utter loss of being

I'hreatcns him, plunged in that abortive gulf.

If thence he 'scape into whatever world.

Or unknown region , what remains him less

Than unknown dangers, and as hard escape ?

But I should ill become this throne, O peers 440

r1i:!^l

"^g^

BOOK II.]

PARADISE LOST.

And this imperial sovereignty adorn'd

With splendour, arm'd with power, if aught proposed

And judged of public moment, in the shape

Of difficulty or danger, could deter

Me from attempting. Wherefore do I assume

These royalties, and not refuse to reign,

Kefusing to accept as great a share

Of hazard as of honour, due alike

To him who reigns, and so much to him due

Of hazard more, as he above the rest

High honour'd sits ? Go, therefore, mighty powers,

Terror of heaven, though fallen ; intend at home,

While here shall be our home, what best may ease

The present misery, and render hell

More tolerable ; if there be cure or charm

To respite, or deceive, or slack the pain

Of this ill mansion : intermit no watch

Against a wakeful foe, while I abroad

Through all the coasts of dark destruction seek

Deliverance for us all : this enterprise

None shall partake but me.' Thus saying, rose

The monarch, and prevented all reply ;

Prudent, lest, from his resolution raised

Others among the chief might offer now

(Certain to be refused) what erst they feared ;

And, so refused, might in opinion stand

His rivals ; winning cheap the high repute,

Which he through hazard huge must earn. But they

Dreaded not more the adventure, than his voice

Forbidding ; and at once with him they rose :

Their rising all at once, was as the sound

Of thunder heard remote. Towards him they bond

With awful reverence prone : and as a god

Extol him equal to the Highest in heaven :

Nor fail'd they to express how much they praised.

That for the general safety he despised

His own : for neither do the spirits damn'd

Lose ail their virtue ; lest bad men should boast

460

455

4G0

465

470

475

480

r^'U^i

■'it, 3

PABADISE LOST.

(BOOK

Tlicir specious deeds on earth which glory excites,

Or close ambition, varnish'd o'er with zeal. 486

Thus they their doubtful consultations dark

Ended, rejoicing in their matchless chief.

As when from mountain-tops the dusky clouds

Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'erspread

Heaven's cheerful face, the louring element 490

Scowls o'er the darkon'd landskip snow, or shower )

If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet

Extend his evening beam, the fields revive,

The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds

Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. 495

O shame to men ! devil with devil damn'd

Firm concord holds, men only disagree

Of creatures rational, though under hope

Of heavenly grace ! and, God proclaiming peace,

Yet live in hatred, enmity, and strife, 500

Among themselves, and levy cruel wars.

Wasting the earl a, each other to destroy ;

As if (which might induce us to accord)

Man had not hellish foes enow besides.

That, day and night, for his destruction wait. 505

The Stygian council thus dissolved : and forth
In order came the grand infernal peers :
Midst came their mighty paramount, and seem'd
Alone the antagonist of heaven, nor less
Than hell's dread emperor, with pomp supreme, 510

And god-like imitated state : him round
A globe of fiery seraphim enclosed
With bright imblazonry, and horrent arms.
Then of their session ended they bid cry
With trumpets' regnl sound the great result : 515

Toward the four winds four speedy cherubim
Put to their mouths the sounding alchymy.
By herald's voice explained ; the hollow abyss
Heard far and wide, and all the host of hell
With deafening shout retum'd them loud acclaim. 520

Thence more at ease their minds, and somewhat raised

Si
T

BOOK n.]

PARADISE LOST

486

490

495

600

By false presumptuous hope, the ranged powen

Disband, and wandering^; each his several way

Pursues, as inclination or sad choice

Leads him perplex'd where he may likeliest find 525

Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain

The irksome hours, till his great chief return.

Part on the plain, or in the air sublime.

Upon the wing, or in swift race contend,

As at the Olympian games or Pythian fields ; 630

Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal

With rapid wheels, or fronted brigades form.

As when to warn proud cities, war appears

Waged in the troubled sky, and armies rush

To battle in the clouds, before each van 635

Prick forth the aSry knights, and couoh their spean,

Till thickest legions close ; with feats of arms

From either end of heaven the welkin burns.

Others, with vast Typhcean rage more fell,

Rend up both rocks and hills, and ride the air 640

In whirlwind ; hell scarce holds the wild uproQ**;

As when Alcides, from (Echalia crown'd

With conquest, felt the envenom'd robe, and tore

Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines,

And Lichas from the top of CEta threw 645

Into the Euboic sea. Others more mild,

Retreated in a silent valley, sing

With notes angelical to many a harp

llieir own heroic deeds, and hapless fall

By doom of battle; and complain that fate 650

Free virtue should inthral to force or chance.

Their song was partial ; but the harmony

(What could it less when spirits immortal sing P)

Suspended hell, and took with ravishment

The thronging audience. In discourse more sweet 666

(For eloquence the soul, song charms the sense),

Others apart sat on a hill retired,

In thoughts more elevate, and reason'd high

Of providence, foreknowledge, will, and fat^

i ■;

m 'III

■!■ :§ l-i«:

■I'h:

i! •

■'if il

PARADISE LOST.

Fix'd fate, free will, foreknowledge absolute.

And found no end, in wandering mazes lost.

Of good and evil much they argued then,

Of happiness and final misery.

Passion and apathy, and glory and shame ;

Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy :

Yet, with a pleasing sorcery could charm

Pain for a while, or anguish, and excite

Fallacious hope, or arm the obdured breast

With stubborn patience, as with triple steel.

Another part, in squadrons and gross bands.

On bold adventure to discover wide

That dismal world, if any clime perhaps

Might yield them easier habitation, bend

Four ways their flying march, along the banks

Of four infernal rivers, that disgorge

I'jto the burning lake their baleful streams:

Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ;

Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep ;

Cocvtus, named of lamentation loud

Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon,

Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.

Far off from these, a slow and silent stream,

Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls

Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks.

Forthwith his former state and being forgets.

Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain.

Beyond this flood a frozen continent

Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms

Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land

Thaws not, but gathers heap, and ruin seems

Of ancient pile : or else deep snow and ice,

A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog

Betwixt Damiata and mount Casius old.

Where armies whole have sunk : the parching air

Burns frore, and cold performs the efiects of fire.

Thither by harpy-footed Furies haled,

At certain revolutionS| all the dftma'4

[book II.

seo

fi6ft

670

«7A

680

686

600

9K II*

6d0

BOOK tl.j

PABAOISR LOST.

066

670

675

680

Are brought ; and feel by turns the bitter change

Of fierce extremes, extremes by change more fierce:

From beds of raging fire, to starve in ice

Their soft ethereal warmth, and there to pine

Immoveable, infix'd, and frozen round,

Periods of time, thence hurried back to fire.

They ferry over this Lethean sound

Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment,

And wish and struggle, as they pass, to reach

The tempting stream, with one small drop to lose

In sweet forget fulness all pain and woe,

All in one moment, and so near the brink ;

But fate withstands, and to oppose the attempt

Medusa with Qorgonian terror guards

The ford, and of itself the water flies

All taste of living wight, as once it lied

The lip of Tantalus. Thus roving on

In confused march forlorn, the adventurous bands

With shuddering horror pale, and eyes aghast,

View'd first their lamentable lot, and found

No rest. Through many a dark and dreary vale

They pass'd, and many a region dolorous,

O'er many a frozen, many a fiery Alp,

Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens, and shades of death

A universe of death ; which God by curse

Created evil, for evil only good ;

Where all life dies, death lives, and nature breeds,

Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things.

Abominable, inutterable, and worse

Than fables yet have feign'd, or fear conceived,

Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimeras dire.

Meanwhile, the adversary of God and man,
Satan, with thoughts inflamed of highest design.
Puts on swift wings, and toward the gates of hell
Explores his solitary flight : sometimes
He scours the right hand coast, sometimes the left ;
Now shaves with level wing the deep, then soars
Up to the fiery ooncave towering high.

600

606

610

615

620

625

630

636

!' ^1

'! iKi!

PARADISE LOST.

[ISOOR U.

As when far off at sea a fleet descried

Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds

Close sailing from Bengala, or the isles

Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring

Their spicy drugs ; they, on the trading flood, 640

Through the wide Ethiopian to the Cape» .

Ply stemming nightly toward the pole : so seem'd

Far o£P the flying fiend. At last appear

Hell lK>unds, high reaching to the horrid roof,

And thrice threefold the gates ; three folds were brass, 645

Three iron, three of adamantine rock

Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire,

Yet un consumed. Before the gates there sat

On either side a formidable shape ;

The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair ; 650

But ended foul in many a scaly fold

Voluminous and vast ; a serpent arm'd

With mortal sting ; about her middle round

A cry of hell-hounds never-ceasing bark'd

With wide Cerberean mouths full loud, and run;^ 6fi5

A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would crcop,

If aught disturbed their noise, into her womb.

And kennel there ; yet there still bask'd and howl'd

Within unseen. Far less abhorr'd than these

Vex'd Scylla, bathing in the sea that parts 660

Calabria from the hoarse Trinacrian shore ;

Nor uglier follow the night-hag, when, call'd

In secret, riding through the air she comes.

Lured with the smell of infant blood, to dance

With Lapland witches, while the labouring moon 665

Eclipses at their charms. The other shape.

If shape it might be called that shape had none,

Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb ;

Or substance might be call'd that shadow seem'd,

For each seem'd either ; black it stood as night, 670

Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as hell.

And shook a dreadful dart ; what seem'd his head*

The likeness of a kingly crown had on

3
I
I
T
Ii
8

30& !!•

640

615

650

655

BOOK ii.l

PARADIIE LOST.

Satan was now at hand, and from Iuh seat
The monster movinfj; onward came as fast
With horrid strides ; hell trembled as he strode.
The undaunted fiend what this might be admired,
Admired, not fear'd ; Ood and his Son except,
Cioatcil thing naught valued he, nor shunn'd ;
And with disdainful look th*:>s first began :

' Whence, and what art thou, execrable shape,
That darest, though grim and terrible, advance
Thy miscreated front athwart my way
To yonder gates ? Through them I mean to pass,
That be assured, without leave ask'd of thee :
Retire, or taste thy folly, and learn by proof,
Hell-born, not to contend with spirits of heaven.

To whom the goblin full of wrath replied :
* Art thou that traitor-angcl, art thou he.
Who first broke peace in heaven, and faith, till then
Unbroken ; and in proud, rebellious arms.
Drew after him the third part of heaven's sons
Conjured against the Highest; for which both thou
And they, outcast from God, are here condemned
To waste eternal days in woe and pain ?
And reckon 'st thou thyself with spirits of heaven,
Hell-doomed, and breath'st defiance here and scorn,
\Vhere I reign king, and to enrage thee more.
Thy king and lord ? Back to thy punishment,
False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings,
Lest with a whip of scorpions I pursue
Thy lingering, or with one stroke of this dart
Strange horror seize thee, and pangs unfelt ta^fore.'

So spake the grisly terror, and in shape,
So speaking and so threatening, grew tenfold
More dreadful and deform. On the other side,
Incensed with indignation, Satan stood
Unterrified, and like a comet burn'd.
That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge
In the Arctic sky, and from his horrid hair
Shakes pestilence and war. Each at the head

675

680

685

690

695

700

705

710

fi!

■ .1

It !

lil!

I-

PARADISR LOST.

[DooK n

Levell'd his deudiy aim : their fatal hands

No Hecoiid stroke intend ; and such a frown

ICach cast at the other, as wlien two black clouds.

With hcavcn'8 artillery fraught, come rattling on 71fi

Over the Caspian, then stcnd front to front,

Hovering a space, till winds the i^ignal blow

To join their dark encounter in mid air :

So frown'd the mighty combatants, that hell

Grew darker at their frown ; so match'd they stood) 720

For never Lut once more was either like

To meet so great a foe * and now great deeds

Had been achieved, whereof all hell had rung,

Had not the snaky sorceress, that sat

P'ust by hell-gate, and kept the fatal key, 725

Hisen, and with hideous outcry rush'd between.

• O father, what intends thy hand/ she critd,
* Against thy only son ? What fury, O son,
Possesses thee to bend that mortal dart

Against thy father's head ? and know'st for whom P 730

For him w ho sits above and laughs the while
At thee ordain'd his drudge, to execute
Whate'er his wrath, which he calU justice, bids;
His wrath, which one day will destroy ye both.'

She spake, and at her words the hellish pest 735

Forebore; then these to her Satan return'd :

' So strange thy outcry, and thy words so strange,
Thou interposest, that my sudden hand,
Prevented, spares to tell thee yet by deeds
What it intends ; till tirst I know of thee, 740

What thing thou art thus double-form'd ; and why
In this infernal vale first met, thou call'st
Me father, and that phantasm call'st my son,
I know thee not, nor ever saw till now
Sight more detestable than him and thee.' 745

To whom thus the portress of hell-gate replied t
* Hast thou forgot me then, and do I seem
Now in thine eye so foul ? once deem'd so fair
In heaven, when at the assembly, and in sight

ov n

BOOK IT.]

PARADISE LOST.

720

725

730

736

766

Of all the Neraphim with thee combined 750

In bold conspiracy Bf;:ain8t heaven's King,

All on a sudden miserable pain

Surprised thee, dim thine eyes, and dizzy swnm

In darkness, while thy head flames thick and fast

Threw forth ; till on the left side opening wide, 755

Likest to thee in shape and countenance bright*

Then shining heavenly fair, a goddess arm'd,

Out of thy head I sprung ; amazement seized

All the host of heaven ; back they recoil'd afraid

At first, and call'd me Sin, and for a sign 7G0

Portentous held me; but familiar grown,

1 pleased, and with attractive graces won

The most averse, thee chiefly, who full oft

Thyself in me thy f'^'f t image viewing,

Becamest enamour'd and such joy thou took'st

With me in se let, that my womb conceived

A growing burden. Meanwhile war arose,

And fields were fought in heaven ; wherein remain*cl

(For what could else ?) to our Almighty Foe

Clear victory ; to our part loss and rout, 770

Through all the empyrean : down they fell.

Driven headlong from the pitch of heaven, down

Into this deep ; and in the general fall

I also : at which time this powerful key

Into my hand was given, with charge to keep 775

1'hese gates for ever shut, which none can pass

>Vithout my opening. Pensive here I sat

Alone ; but long I sat not, till my womb.

Pregnant by thee, and now excessive grown.

Prodigious motion felt, and rueful throes. 780

At last this odious offspring whom thou scest.

Thine own begotten, breaking violent way.

Tore through my entrails, that, with fear and pain

Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew

Transform'd : but he my inbred enemy 786

Forth issued, brandishing his fatal dart

Made to destroy. I fled and cried out, Death I

]■'

PARAT^ISE LOST.

[book il

Hell trembled at the hideous name, and 8i(rh'd

From all her caves, and back resounded, Death t

I fled ; but he pursued (though more, it seems, 700

Inflamed with lust than rogt), and, swifter far

Me overtook his mother all dismay'd,

And in embraces forcible and foul

Ingendcring with me, of that rape begot

These yelling monsters that with ceaseless cry 793

Surround me, as thou saw'st, hourly conceived

And hourly born, with sorrow infinite

To me ; for when they list, into the womb

That bred them they return, and howl and gnaw

My bowels, their repast ; then bursting forth 800

Afresh with conscious terrors vex me round,

That rest or intermission none I find.

Before mine eyes in opposition sits

Grim Death, my son and foe ; who sets them on,

And me his parent would full soon devour 805

For want of other prey, but that he knows

His end with mine involved ; and knows that I

Should pi'ove a bitter morsel, and his bane.

Whenever that shall be ; so fate pronounced.

But thou, O father, I forewarn thee, shun 8(0

His deadly arrow ; neither vainly hope

To be invulnerable in those bright arms,

Tliough temper'd heavenly ; for that mortal dint,

Save he who reigns above, none can resist.'

She finished ; and the subtle fiend his lore ^15

Soon learn'd, now milder, and thus answer'd smooth :

* Dear daughter, since thou elaim'st me for thy sire,
And my fair son here show'st me, the dear pledge
Of dalliance had with thee in heaven, and joys
Then sweet, now sad to mention, through dire change 620
Befallen us, unforeseen, unthought of, know,
I come no enemy, but to set free
From out this dark and dismal house of pain
Both him and thee, and all the heavenly host
Of spirits, that, in our just pretences arm'd, 825

IK IL

BOOK II.l

PARADISE LOST.

700

795

800

805

810

fr15

igo

820

Fell with us from on high : from them I go f

This uncouth errand sole ; and one for all

Myself expose, with lonely steps to tread

The unsounded deep, and through the void immense

To search with wandering quest a place foretold 830

Should be, and, by concurring signs, ere now

Created vast and round, a place of bliss

In the purlieus of heaven, and therein placed

A race of upstart creatures, to supply

Perhaps our vacant room ; though more removed, 835

Lest heaven, surcharged with potent multitude.

Might hap to move new broils. Be this or aught

Than this more secret now designed, I haste

To know ; and, this once known, shall soon return,

And bring ye to the place where thou and Death 840

Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen

Wing silently the buxom air embalm'd

With odours ; there ye shall be fed and fill'd

Immeasurably ; all things shall be your prey.*

He ceased, for both seem'd highly pleased, and Death **45

Grinn'd horrible a ghastly smile, to hear

His famine should be fill'd ; and bless'd his maw

Destined to that good hour ; no less rejoiced

His mother bad, and thus bespake her sire :

* The key of this infernal pit by due, 850

And by command of heaven's all-powerful King,
I keep, by him forbidden to unlock
These adamantine gates ; against all force
Dentil ready stands to interpose his dart,
Fearless to be o'ermatch'd by living might. 855

But what owe I to his commands above
Who hates me, and hath hither thrust me down
Into this gloom of Tartarus profound,
To sit in hateful office here confined,

Inhabitant of heaven, and heavenly-bom, 860

Here, in perpetual agony and pain,
^Vith terrors and with clamours compass'd round
Of mine own brood, that on my bowels feed Y

< t

ft''

l;f.'l!

Hk-i

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK II.

Thou art my father, thou my author, thou

My being gavcst me; whom should I obey 86ff

But thee ? whom follow ? Thou wilt bring me soon

To that new world of light and bliss, among

The gods who live at ease, where I shall reiga

At thy right hand voluptuous, as beseems

Thy daughter, and thy darling, without end.' 870

Thus saying, from her side the fatal key,
Sad instrument of all our woe, she took ;
And, towards the gate rolling her bestial train,
Forthwith the huge portcullis high up-drew,
Which, but herself, not all the Stygian powers 875

Could once have moved ; then in the key-hole turns
The intricate wards, and every bolt and bar
Of massy iron or solid rock with ease
Unfastens. On a sudden open fly

With impetuous recoil and jarring sound 869

The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook
Of Erebus. She open'd, but to shut
Excell'd her power ; the gates wide open stood.
That with extended wings a banner'd host, 885

Under spread ensigns marching, might pass through
With horse and chariots rank'd in loose array ;
So wide they stood, and like a furnace-mouth
Cast forth redounding smoke and ruddy flame.
Before their eyes in sudden view appear 890

The secrets of the hoary deep ; a dark
Illimitable ocean without bound,
Without dimension, where length, breadth, and height,
And time, and plice, are lost ; where eldest Night
And Chaos, ance&tors of Nature, hold 895

Eternal anarchy, & midst the noise
Of endless wars, ai;d by confusion stand.
Fcr Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry, four champions fierce.
Strive here for mastery, and to battle bring
Their embryon atoms ; they around the flag 900

Of each his faction, in their several clans,

BOOK II.J

PARADISE LOST.

Li<^ht-arm'd or heavy, sharp, smooth, swift, or sloWf

Swarm populous, unnumber'd as the sands

Of Barua or Gyrene's torrid soil.

Levied to side with warring winds and poise, 905

Their lighter wings. To whom these most adhere,

H^ rules a moment : Ohaos umpire sits,

And by decision more embroils the fray

By which he reigns : next him high arbiter

Chance governs all. Into this wild abyss, 910

The womb of Nature, and perhaps her grave,

Of neither sea, nor shore, nor air, nor fire.

But all these in their pregnant causes niix'd

Confus'dly, and which thus must ever fight.

Unless the Almighty Maker them ordain 915

His dark matcriali< to create more worlds :

Into this wild abyss the wary fiend

Stood on the brink of hell, and look'd awhile.

Pondering his voyage ; for no narrow frith

He had to cross. Nor was his ear less peal'd 920

With noises loud and ruinous (to compare

Great things with small), than when Bellona storms.

With all her battering engines bent to rase

Some capital city ; or less than if this frame

Of heaven were falling, and these elements 925

In mutiny had from her axle torn

The stedfast earth. At last his sail-broad vans

He spreads for flight, end in the surging smoke

Uplifted spurns the ground ; thence many a league,

As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides 930

Audacious ; but, tliat seat soon failing, meets

A vast vacuity : all unawares

Fluttering his penons vain, plump down he drops

Ten thousand fathom deep ; and to this hour

Down had been falling, had not by ill chance 935

The strong rebuft' of some tumultuous cloud,

Instinct with fire and nitre, hurried him

As many miles aloft ; that fury staid,

Quench'd in a boggy syitis, neither sea,

■i

ill

m-:i

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK n.

Nor good dry land : nigh founder'd on ho fares, 940

Trtadiiig the crude consistence, half on foot,

Half Hying ; behoves him now both oar and saiL

As when a gryphon through the wilderness

With winged course, o'er hill or nioory dale,

Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stealth 945

Hud from his wakeful custody purloin'd

The guarded gold : so eagerly the fiend

O'er bog, or steep, through straight, rough, dense, or rare,

With head, hands, wings, or feet, pursues his way,

And swims or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or tlies. 950

At length, a universal hubbub wild

Of stunning sounds, and voices all confused,

Borne through the hollow dark, assaults his car

With loudest vehemence ; thither he plies,

Undaunted, to meet there whatever power 955

Or spirit of the nethermost abyss

Might in that noise reside, of whom to ask

Which way the nearest coast of darkness lies

Bordering on light ; when straight behold the throne

Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread 9ti0

Wide on the wasteful deep ; with him enthroned,

Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of things,

The consort of his reign ; and by them stood

Orcus and Ades, and the dreaded name

Of Demogorgon ! Rumour next and Chance, 965

And Tumult and Confusion all enibroil'd.

And Discord with a thousand various mouths.

To whom Satan turning boldly, thus : ♦ Ye powers

And spirits of this nethermost abyss.

Chaos and ancient Night, I come no spy, 970

With purpose to explore or to disturb

The secrets of your realm ; but, by constraint

Wandering this darksome desert, as my way

Lies through your spacious empire up to light,

Alone, and without guide, half lost, I seek 970

What readiest path leads where your gloomy bounds

30K n.

940

945

aTC,

950

955

9G0

965

970

id9

BOOK 11.]

PARADISE LOST

Confine with heaven ; or if some other place,

From your dominion won, the ethereal King

Possesses hitely, thither to av:*ive

I travel this profound ; direct my course ;

Directed no mean recompense it brings

To your behoof, if I that region lost,

All usurpation thence expelFd, reduce

To her original darkness, and your sway

(Which is my present journey ),und once more

Erect the standard there of ancient Night :

Yours be the advantage all, mine the revenge.'

Thus Satan ; and him thus the Anarch old,
With faltering speech and visage incomposed,
Answcr'd ; * I know thee stranger, who thou art,
That mighty leading angel, who of late
Made head against heaven's King, though overthrown.
I saw and heard ; for such a numerous host
Fled not in silence through the frighted deep.
With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout.
Confusion worse confounded ; and heaven-gate
Pour'd out by millions her victorious ban
Pursuing. I upon my frontiers here
Keep residence ; if all I can will serve
That little which is left so to defend,
Encroach'd on still through your intestine broils
Weakening the sceptre of old Night : first hell.
Your dungeon, stretching far and wide beneath ;
Now lately heaven and earth, another world.
Hung o'er my realm, link'd in a golden chain
To that side heaven from whence your legions fell :
If that way be your walk, you have not far ;
So much the nearer danger ; go, and speed,
Havoc, and spoil, and ruin, are my gain.'

He ceased ; and Satan stay'd not to reply.
But, glad that now his sea should find a shore,
With fresh alacrity, and force renew'd,
Springs upwaH like a pyramid of fire,

980

985

990

99»

1000

1005

1010

iii

■ ,

!i ;-

;!'-t

f i

ili I :i

PARADISE LOST.

Into the wild expanse, and through the shock
Of fighting elements, on all sides round
Environ'd, wins his ways; harder beset
And more endangered, than when Argo pass'd
Through Bosporus, betwixt the jutting rocks:
Or when Ulysses on the larboard shunn'd
Charybdis, and by the other whirlpool steer'd,
So he with difRculty and labour hard
Moved on, with difficulty and labour he ;
But, he once pass'd, soon after, when man fell,
Strange alteration ! Sin and Death amain
Following his track, such was the will of Heaven,
Paved after him a broad and beaten way
Over the dark abyss, whose boiling gulf
Tamely endured a bridge of wondrous length,
From hell continued reaching the utmost orb
Of this frail world : by which the spirits perverse
With easy intercourse pass to and fro
To tempt or punish mortals, except whom
God and good angels guard by special grace.
But now at last the sacred influence
Of light appears, and from the walls of heaven
Shoots far into the bosom of dim Might,
A glimmering dawn : here nature first begins
Her farthest verge, and Chaos to retire,
As from her outmost works a broken foe,
With tumult less, and with less hostile din ;
That Satan with less toil, and now with case
Wafts on the calmer wave by dubious light,
And, like a weather-beaten vessel, holds
Gladly the port, though shrouds and tackle torn.
Or in the emptier waste, resembling air,
Weighs his spread wings, at leisure to behold
Far off the empyreal heaven, extended wide
In circuit, undetex'mined square or round.
With opal towers and battlements adorn'd
Of living sapphire, once his native seat:

[nooK II.

1015

1020

1025

1030

1035

1040

1015

1050

BOOK II.]

FARADISE LOST.

And fast by, han^ng in a golden chain,
This pendent world, in bigness as a star
Of smallest magnitude, close by the moon.
Thither, full fraught with mischievous revenge,
Accursed, and in a cursed Uoui, he hiea

1055

«%

^i-1

i .

W\ i

NOTES.

Ill

i, 2. Ormiu or Moi-muz is an island at the entrance of the Persian
Gulf. In the early part of the sixteenth century the Portuguese
took pt^ssesuion of it, and in their hands it became the emporium for
the trade between India and Persia and Mesoimtamia. The pojuila-
tioA of the chief town at that time amounted to 40,000. It was
wrested from the Portuguese in 1622 by Shah Abbas the Great. The
population at present is only between 300 and 400, who subsist by
fishing and trading in salt, of which the island contains considerable
quantities.

/. 3. Before where supply of the region. The clause where — gold
is an adjective clause attached to region understood.

It is not necessary to repeat the entire sentence on account of the
conjxmction or, because, as thus used, it does not involve an alter-
native, but is pretty much the same in force as and. Of Ormus, of
Ind, and of [the region] where, die., form attributive adjuncts of
wealth. {Or. 302, 4. An. 20, 4.)

/. 7. From is here equivalent to jiist after. Compare John xiiL
2, 4, " Supper being ended — he riseth from supper. "

I. 8. Beyond thus high must be treated as an adverbial expression
equivalent to heyond tfiia height.

I. 12. The adverbial clause, for I tve not heaven for lost (Or. 423.
An. 89), quahties the predicate of a cL-Aise understood, / call you
deities of Jieaven, or something of that kind. The adverbial clause
since no deep — vigor qualifies give^ and the adverbial clause though [it
be] oppressed and fallen qualifies can.

L 14 From this descent. Either from must be regarded as equiva-
lent to after, as it is in ^ 16, or else descent means depth to which we
have descended.

h.e Persian

Portuguese
iporium for
Che popala-
30. It was
]treat. The
) subsist by
conskleiablo

where— gold

count of the
ve au alter-
)fOrmu8, of
adjuncts of

[re John xiii.
lal expression

I lost (Or. 423.
|)d, / call you
yerbial clause
lause though [it

led as equiva-
to which we

BOOR IT.]

NOTES.

I. 16. Than, Ae. An elliptical adverbial clause qualifyiog inor^. In
full, than fh^'ff would have appeared glunoua and dread from no fall.
For a full explanation of the construction of all such clauses see
Or. 549—564. An. 161—172.

I. 17. To fear, ko. An adverbial adjunct of trust {Or. 372, 2.
An. 31, 2.)

/. 18. Take me as tae object of a'eate in I. 19. Leader forms the
complement of the predicate f/n/ (T«ate. (Cr. 391. ^n. 50.)

I. 19. Before next re})eat thovijh, ai:d after merit repeat did create
me your leader. Both clauses are in the adverbial relation to Juith
established.

I. 21. Of merit forms an attributive adjunct to lohnt, which is used
here as a substantive pronoiui, the subject of hath been achieved.
(Or. 362, 4. An. 20. 4. Or. 147, 148.)
I. 23. After established rei)eat me.
I. 25. In heaven, au attributive adjunct of atate.
I. 27. Before w/iom supply him, the object (understood) of wiU
envy. (Or. 14i)

/. 28. Foremost constitutes a complement of the ])redicate exposes.
(Or. 391. An. 50.) In like mBkuner bultoark serves as complement
to stand. Before condemns repeat whom the hiffhest jdace.

I. 31. For lohich [we need] to strive. An elli[)tical adjective clause
qualifying (jood.
I. 33. None, &c. In full, for there is none in hell whose, &c.
^.34. That, kc. This clause is very awkward. Grammatically it
is an adjective clause attached to none, t/iat being a relative pronoun.
But the sequence of ideas rather requires that we should have an
adverbial clause begiuiimg with the adverb tfuit, and co-ordinate with
the pieceeding aiiverb sa. (Or. 424, 528. An. 90, 133). In this
case we should have to supply a subject he.

I. 36. To union. An attributive adjunct of advantage. (Or.
362, 4. An. 20, 4.) [To] Jirm faith, and [to] firm accord, form similar
adjuncts.

/. 37. More is an adjective qualifying advantage. It is itself
qualified by the elliptical adverbial clause than [it] can be [much] in
heaven. See Or. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.

Surer to — us. An attributive adjunct of we. The adverbial clause
than prosperity could luive assured us, which qualifies the adjective
surer, is not elliptical. Assured is equivalent to made sure.

I. 40. In full, By what best ujay [we can claim our just intieritanct qf
oM] we now debate. Whether [toe can claim our just inheritance by waj/l

5f«

PARADIflK LOST.

[BOOK n

of open war, we now debate ; or [whether we can daim our just hihcHt-
ancH hy way oj) covert guile, we now delmte. The clauses beginning
with whether are substantive clauses, <>V)ject8 of the verV) debate.
(Gr. 40;{, 4()(i. An. 73, 76.) Before who am.ly he.

I. 43. The name Molech means king or ruler. Molech or Milcom
was especially the national god of the Ammonites. To this god
children were sacrificed by Hre. The worship of Molech among the
Israelites was at least as old as the time of Solomon (1 Kings xi. 7),
if not older. Compare Jerem. vii. 31 ; Ezek. xvi. 21, xxiii. 37 ;
2 Kings xxiii. 13.

I. 46, &c. To be deemed, &c. Complement of the verb of incom-
plete predication wa^.

I. 47. Than be less. An elliptical adverbial clause attached to
rather, the force of which it qualifies and explains. In full, tlian {he
won Id soon] be less. See Gr. 560. An. 165.
L 53. After need repeat them.

Or when, &c. In full : Let those who need them contrive them when
they need tJtem ; let them not contrive them note.

I. 54. For shall the rest— sit, &c. The inteiTogative clause shall the
rest, &c. must be taken as the rhetorical equivalent of the rest vnist
not sit, &c., or something of that kind. If this were siibstituted, we
should get an adverbial clause which might be attached to the
predicate let [those] contrive.
I. 57. Before /or rei)eat shall the rest.

I. 59. Who reigns, &c., is an adjective clause attached to the sub'
stantive pronoun his. See Gr. 141.

I. 61. Anned toith hell Jtames and fury, all at once turning, &c. It
is not by any means so easy as it may seem at first sight, to assign a
deiinite grammatical construction for ai-med, all, and turning. It is
clear that they are not simple attributives of us, as they must be
attached closely in sense to the infinitive mood to force, and that has
no subject connected with it with which they might agreo. We
must look upon cases of this sort as instances of those anomalous
constructions which are to be found in all languages, in which the
connection of the ideas is more exact than the grammatical concate-
nation of the words. An infinitive mood retains a shade of the
attributive nature of a verb ; hence it implies something of which it
denotes an attribute, and so may be associated with other worda
whose attributive character is more strongly marked.
4 64 When to meet — thunder ; {when} for lightning \he shaJJ] «ee — •

BOOK n

BOt^K II.]

NOTES.

8t iuherU-
beginning
•b d<tf>ate.

»r Milcom
» this god
imong the
iHgs xi. 7),
xxiii. 37 ;

I of incom-

ittached to
ill, tluin [he

e them v.'^<^

use shall the
the red mniat
Ltituted, we
ched to the

1(1 to the «tt6-

•ning, &c. I*
it, to assign a
trning. It is
they must be
and that haa
„ agreo. We
>se anoinaloui
, in which the
ttical concate-
shade of the
g of which it
other word*

• shall] Me •

angeU, aiul [when he sfiatt see] his throne—torments, are adverbial
Clauses of time attached to the participle turning. To meet — engine,
forms an attributive atljunct of thunder. (Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)
For lightning is an adverbial adjunct of tlie jtarticiple sliot.

/. 71. To scale, &c. An adverbial adjunct of the adjectives diffi-
cult and steep. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31, 2).

/. 72. Upright wing is a figurative expression for vpward flight.
I. 73. Verbs like bethink, remind, &c., have a rather peculiar
force. They are equivalent to wo^'e </«nfc, make remember, &c,, and
of the two objects which follow them, one is the object of the make,
and the other of the complementary infinitive which follows. Them
may l)e called the direct object of bethink, and the substantive clause
th(if. — seat the secondary object.

/. 73. Sleepy drench. An allusion to the Grecian fable of the effects
»f the stream Lethe.
Drench is a collateral form of drink. Compare stench and stink.
I. 75. Persons may still be met with who are not aware that those
iMvlies which rise in water and air, do so, in fact, through the in-
direct action of forces which pull downwards. Such bodies do not
me up, they are pushed up.
/. 77. Adverse, that is, contrary to our nature.
Who bid felt. For the explanation of this troublesome construction
see (Gr. 522, compared with 502-505.)
/. 79. Before pursited repeat when the fierce foe.
I. 80. With what — Imo. A substantive clause, the object of felty
(Gr. 406. An. 76.)
/. 82. Events, i. e. results.

Should we — stronger is an adverbial clause of condition, attached to
/nay. (Gr. 441. An. 93.)

/. 84. To our destruction. An attributive adjunct of way. (Or,
362,4. ^». 20, 4.)
/. 85. 7'o be worse destroyed. An attributive adjunct of fear.
I. 86. Than to dwell here [is bad]. An adverbial clause of degree^
(|Ualifying worse. {Gr. 549, &c. An. 151, &c.)
Di wen, condemned. See note on I. 61.

I. 88. Where pain— penance. A compound adjective clause,
attached to deep. (Or. 408. An. 77.)

/. 90. When the scourge, &c. An adverl)ial clause of time,
qualifying exercise. After inexorable supply calls us to penatice.

I. 92. Than thus: that is, than [toe are] thus [destrayed]. An
«lliptical adverbial dause of degree qualifying more.

PARADISE LOST.

[book II.

I. 94. What (like quid in Latin) here means why. Doubt means

hejtitate.

I. 96. The construction of this sentence is inexact. The or in
/. 99 shouUl be followed by another verb in the inlinitive, deiKMnling
on mil. As it stands, the sentence does not admit of strict analysis.
To render it susceptible of this, we may substitute, /or either thin, to
the height enraged, will quite consume us, &c,

I. 97. Happier far, kc. Here again the connection of the idtas is
more obvious than the granmiatical connection of the words. Before
happier we may 8upi>ly a lot; and to get anything that admits of
being reduced to analytical rules, we must still further expand it
into ; and this is a lot happier, &c.

I. 98. Than— being. An elliptical adverbial clause. After being
»\\)\)[y is happy. (Gr. 549, &c. An. \^A, kc.)

Respecting the constmction of miseralile, see note on I. 61.

I. 102. To disturb, &c. and to alarm, &e., are adverbial adjuncts of
sufficient. {Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

/. 104. Though \it w] inaccessible. An elliptical adverbial clause,
attached to sufficient.

I. lO.'). Which, &c. We cannot take this as an adjective clause
atttiched to any particular preceding substatUive. Treat which as
equivalent to and this. After if supply it be.

I. 108. To less tJian gods. That is, to beings leas than gods are
great. (Or. 649, &c. An. 161, *-o.)

/. 111. For dignity &ud for high exploit, axe adverbial adjuncts of
composed, which is the complement of the verb of incomplete predica-
tion seevied. (Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2. Or. 391. ^n. 60.)

I. 114. To perplex, &c. An adverbial adjunct of make.

I. 115. For his thoughts — sloOiful. An adverbial clause of cause
attached to loas in I. 112.

I. 120. As [I am] not behind in hate. An adverbial clause of
cause attached to should be. (Or. 288. )

What was urged, &c. An adjective clause used substantively,
that is, qualifying a demonstrative understood, which, if expressed,
would be the subject of did dissuade. (Or. 148.)

/. 121. Reason forms a complement to the predicate was urged,
{Gr. 391. An. 50.)

I. 123. Success : — that which succeeds or com£s after.

I. 124. When he — revenge. A compound adverbial clause, attached
to did seem. Fact is the same a»feat, which is the form in which we
have adopted the French /oti.

BOOK 11«

iht meana

rhe or in

(leiH-'uding
; analysis-
her thiti, to

■Me idf as is

Is. Before

adniits of

expaiul it

After being

61.
adjuncts of

srbial clause,

ective clause
eat wh'u'h as

m goda are

BOOK 71.]

NOTM.

iial clause of

Substantively,
if expressed,

kte toaa urged.

[ause, attached
in wliich we

/. 125. Analyse this as if it ran, in that which he counsels ami in
thnf in which he excels. We then jnct two complex adverbial adjuncts
of grounds.

I. 127. After as we mn^t »\\Y\}\y It^e would ground his courage on.
Scop'i means that which is nivied at,

I. 128. After sonie dire revenge. An attributive adjunct of rfw«o/ji-
tion. {Ur. 3ti2, 4. An. 20, 4.)

/. 129. First what revenge. In fuU : Fird J ask wlmt revenge he
would take.

I. 130. Access: that is, wiy of approach.

I. 134. Could wc is equivalent to if tee could. Before at repeat if.

I. 142. Thus repidsed. Treat this as a nominative absolnte, tee
being thus repulsed,

I. 146. To be no more is in apposition to that, to which accord-
intily it forms an attributive adjunct. {Or. 362, 2. An. 20, 2.)

For who, Ac. This adverbial clause qualilics the pre<licate of a
Clause understood. / call it sad, or something of that sort.

I. 149. iSwallowed, — lost, — devoid. See note on /. 61.

/. 152. Let this be good. This is equivalent to the adverbial
clause, if we grant that this is good.

I. 153. Or will ever. In full, or who knows whether our angry foe
will ever give it ?

I. 157. A contracted sentence. First leave out or unaware ; then
repeat the whole, substituting unaware for thnmgh inpotence.

lmpotenr^ here means want of self-control, like the Latin ivipo-
tentia,

I. 160. We are decreed [to Vernal woe] ; [ We are] reserved [to
eternal woe] ; [ We are] destined to eternal woe ; whatever doing, wluii
can we suffer more ; and [ W/tatever doing], what can ice suffer worse, are
all quotations forming co-ordinate oljjects of say. (Or. .'i97.)

/. 162. Whatever doing. This is not a strictly grammatical con-
struction. It should be whatever we do : an adverbial clause of con-
cession attached to can.

I. 164 Supply we with the participles, and we being with in arms.
We then get three nominatives absolute, forming ailverbial afljuncts
to is.

I. 165. Whai. Supply was the state of tilings^ or something of that
kind.

Amain : ivith aU our might. Connected with the Anglo-Saxon
magan, to be able.

s iil

' fi-i

PAHADIPR I.OH'r.

fHOOK TI.

L IrtS. Hofoi-p u^h^n rppoftt. irAfi' joim <A»» ntnfr qf thing*.

i IT'V Aft»>r irfmt mipply ♦/•»// Ar ni/r «fafr.

f. \1*2. U<>l'(»io />/»/»;/( Hii|tply \fthvhrriithlhitt JircM, nufnkcd, nhouhl.
AUtM' rtc Hupply lohot will he ouv <VMr. /'Vom ahotv i« mi iiilv«>il)i(vl
Htljunct of jihtiulti ari)i. Sfu'tild iH'niji(>onM arm, in of oimiiho the
namo .'iH {f lYihjrtuu-f .shituhi nnn.

/. 171. UV/.r/. S.V nolo on /. 170.

/. !7«V Hor«»t>» //jf.v i'o|>i>(i<. (/",

/. 17s. Whili li'f /i()/)f7f'.v.v ritd. A (*oni[u)uii<l Htlvoi'liitil (ilauH<t of

\\\\U\ •AiituAu'd to Hhould »fiOH(.

I. 171'- Vu-^i l«'ivvo out (»• r.i7»f)r<»'Hf/ ; then repeat ilio wliolo I'l/iimn
»(7m7«* ?<v' whhltrinii.v, HiiltHtitttiing fj'hftrfiiitf for drMi'iinini/.

L IS'2. AftiM" or I'opoat trA>7r trp /»f'/7»»f/>.s ih,vifninif or rjfn>rfimf
gloriou.<> HV»r, coiuihl in n jivrii Irmpcst fhoil he : tluMi Hiiluiividn tlio
oIjujso intv> two ill (ho kjiiuo way iin tlio liiHt.

/^ ISl. Coinpjuv N'irgil .tun. i. 44, 4ft, wlion* Im> (hwrilum tho fate
of Ajax. tho HOW of (>iloim : —

llhun oxi iraiifom trAnniixo pootoro llanimaN
Turbine oori'ipnit, 80opnlo»pto inlixit ai'uto.

Tho .</)<>»•/, Ac Comjwn? Virgil ^ICn. vi. 740. Aliai paniliintnr
inanos »uspon«a> at! vontos.

\\'r<ui-iti<i ia uot tho tuiino as nii'lin;/, but iw a collftt(>raI form of

/. IS,'*. This ropotition of a noyativo a(lj«n"tivo is very common
in {Hn^try. Thus in book iii. il.'^l, wo have unprvveutedt imiinplorcd,
tifi.'iouifhL In Shaksporo (Uandet, Act /.), iinfioihtt'/'d, iuiaj>i>()iii(rd,

/, IvSG, Atfcs q/' hoi>d<^^ end^ That w^ offe^, the end o'wfiic/i iinot
to he hoped for.

/, 1S7. 8u b(H vide this sontiMuv.'usfoUo W8 :•- War thrnforc, oftrn, my
t»>(Y dmuodc.'i, for irhot (^infonr wilh hitiu War thcrfi'orc, concfnled,
t«,i/ f\)t'(Y di-'^uadcs, for trhnt i\yn tjitUc t(iV/» /hhj, ITar thrnfon', con-
ceiihd. m;f roii-r di.'isuadra, for who itin dfvn'ir his inind- view.

L llU. First leave out and drridcs, then roi)oat tho whoUi Houtonce
fft\thnn ffATivH\v hfijfhf — uiUn, substituting derides for ,^ee.i. (.'om-
prt-v PAihn ii. 4. '* Ho tliat sittoth in tho hoaven shall laugh ; the
Loni shall have thorn in liorision."

/. 19;i. After than supply he is. An adverbial clause of degree
qualifjnug and defining wjor*. (Or. 549, &o. An. l,')l.)

To rt'.«»,< &o., is an wlverbial adjunct of alniiijhty, and to/rustratf,
tc of iciic (Or. 372, 2. ^»». 31, 2.)

«*'.

«#.y

fnooK II.

kcil, i*houtd.
tti twlvoibial
ouiiiHu the

lilil illrtUHO of

or r.rlioi(imi

iilx'8 i\w fate

ii\) pantlnntur
trial V»'rm ol
vory common

oftrliick in not

[fore, oiK'ti, my
foir, coH('<'<tled,

thm-jon'., con-

view.

irh«>lo sonU'UCO

IftU laugli ; the
Luse of degree

Rook ii.^

WOTR«.

t. 104. Kt/<» formn tliP of»m|»l*«mnnt of /f'wc. (f/r, 391. An. HO.)

l. I {Ml. Ill full, (AfiAf! \nr«\ hffl^r thon wor/ff. \nrf \fnntl,. J

/. nW. 1.1 full, itnd [niitae] </mni/>ofvtU Heeree, tim virhtr'it will \vidh
dui.% >m|.

/. MM). To Mi^fl'er, ho. TliiN coiifitiuf'tion in vmy IihimIi. AnnlyM
it «H if it wi'iT, (;»r drenijfh i/i mt ffreaf, to MiiJ/rr hm \if in ifrenf.] to lUi.

I. 'JJMK Siilmtitiit*' (for UfiiiiyniH) : And f/ir him in not unjuM, he.

I. 201. 't'/iifi iiuiM fit flint nHulrnl. 'I'liiit in, thin iiumlit /nine Ijpph f/tjirnt
rrnolveif. Milton iHiitat<<H tlio cotiiiiiori Iwitiri fvuiHtnirtioM, in which
in liy|)otlM>ti('ivl Nciitciict'R, ihc vorh of tlin (!onHO(|iir<tii clnuno in in the
iiitlirutivt' umknI, although that of tho liyiiothftical (;l(iiiHo in in the
RMlijiUH'tivi', in onltT to mark th»f aHHitiii»<l criiainty of thn conne-
«|U('ii('('. 'riiiiH (^icot'o, Mil. II. <^iio(l Hi it/i. |iii((i.HH«!t, cort<i optahi-
liuN Miloni i'liit <lai'» jugnhtni. Ami 2*2. (7iion nini maniimininiioi.
toi-nu'ntiH ctiam (h'dtmdi funiint. Hen Znmpt. /jftt. (Jr. 519.

/. 2(KI. Vcibn take ohjcctn iiftor tlu-m not \K'r.n\m: ihcy ar« verhfi,
hut lKH!aUH»< tlu'y (h'uot*! an action or feeling (lir('('t<'(l U> nnum ohjfrct.
Kor a nimilar loaHon many adJcctivcH tak«i olijr<<;tH aftt^r th(un, afe
IcaHt in tho Hlia|H) of Hubntautivo clauHCK.

/. 205. Jioforo/r«r ref)eat when thm; who fait thejiu

I. 200. To tndurtt exile, to tmdure iffnmniny, Ac, are [thraneft in
a|»|Mmiti<Mi to wh(U Uiey yvt know mnd follow. {Hen (Jr. H(i2, 2. An.
20,2.)

/. 20!). Whieli ij' we. rxm mrUiin and hear, in simply oquivalont to
and if we can mufniii and hear thin. It nhonhl n(»t Iw taken an an
adjective rhuiHo attached to doom, bci^aiinc the relative Ixjlongn to the
hypothetical (adverbial) (;laUHe introdu(^ed by {/) which in atta<;hed Ut
the verb may remit.

I. 211. And f)er/uip» {our mincme/oe] iiuiy mdminti, &,c. After
jH'ilutpti r<'peat if we can muttain ami hear thin.

I. 21.'{. With what w puninhed ; that in, vuth the puninhvient t/iat
//(/,<* heen injticted. 'i'liin in an imitation of the liatin neuter pannive,
but it in not good Englinh.

/. 2l.'i For w/ie»ce nulmtitut*'. f/W /t«;M.'e. Hee i. 209.

/. 210. In full. Our purer e/iHence, inure.d, wUl not feel theirnoxuma
va/)our.

I. 219. Familiar and imd (pialify the nubject of the sentence
essence, wliich must be reiKiated.

/. 221. Wliat hope. Analyse an if it were t/ud fu/pe which,

L 222. In full Besides that chance which the never-endinr/ Jlight qf
future days may I/ring^ btndes tluU chunye worth ufaitiny wkieh—-lning.

jj^JTjng^gjI

,ri

PARADISE LOST.

Tbook II.

We thus get three prepositional phrases {Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2L)
forming adverbial adjuncts, but their connection with what precedes
is very loose. They are connected with its general sense, rather than
with any particular verb.

/. 223. Waiting. Atoaiting would be more accurate.

6vnce — more woe. A compound adverbial sentence, qualifying
worth. The natural order of the words is somewhat inverted. Since
our prejient lot appears for ill, not worst, though for happy it is but ill.
For ill is an adverbial adjunct of worst, and for liappy of iU. If we
— woe is an adverbial clause attached to appears.

I. 22S. In full. He did not counsel peace,

I. 230. Before to regain repeat we war.

I. 234. To hope. An adverbial adjunct of vain. (Or. 372, 2.
An. 31, 2.) As is used in the sense of equally. The adjective vain,
which it qualifies, forms the complement of the predicate argues. (Gr.
391. An. 60.)

I. 235. For what, &c. An adverbial clause attached to argues.

I. 236. Unless — overpower. An adverbial clause attached to can he,

I. 237. [Thafl lie should relent. A substantive clause, the object of
tuppose.

Although grammatically the clause suppose — subjection is not con-
nected with what follows, yet the relation of ideas is the same as
though it began with if instead of suppose, and so formed an adver-
bial clause, attached to could stand and could receive.

I. 240. Before receive repeat with what eyes could we.

I. 241. To celebrate, &c., and to sing, &c., form attributive
adjuncts of laws. (Gr. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

I. 243. While — sovran, and [while] his altar — offerings, are adverbial
clauses which must be taken with each of the preceding predicates
could stand and could receive.

I. 244. Sovran is the proper mode of spelling this word. (Ital.
sovrano. ) The speUing sovereign has been introduced through a blun-
dering notion that the word was connected with reign.

Breathes. In this sense we are more familiar with the Latin M'ord
exhale.

I. 248. In worship, &c. An adverbial adjunct of spent.

I. 249. Whom we hale. An adjective clause, quaUfying him imder-
•tood.

I. 250. By force. An adverbial adjunct of impossible. By leave
obtained, an adverbial adjunct of unatxeptable. Both the adjectivM
qualify the object state.

Jii

BOOK n.

I. 31, 2.)

; precedes
ther than

c[uali{ying
ed. Since
t w but UU

}r. 372, 2.

jctive vain,
rgues. {Gr.

argues.
id to can be.
ihe object of

ig not con-
ihe same aa
an adver-

attributiv*

ire adverbial
Ig predicatea

word. (/<oi.
[ougb a blun-

Latin word

Ig him under-
lie. By leave
le adjective*

BOOK II.]

NOTES.

I. 251. Though [it be\ in heaven. An adverbial clause attached to
the adjective unacceptable.

l. 254. Though [we live] in the vaM recess. An adverbial clause
attached to the predicate let. Free and accountable qualify us under-
stood in I. 253.

/. 258. In full : *' When [we can create] great things of small
[things], [when we can create] usefid [things] of hurtful [things] ;
[when we can create] proaj>erous [things] of adverse [things], and
[when], in what place soever [we be, we can] thrive under evil, and
[when in whatsoever place we be we can] work eai>e out of pain
through labour and endurance."

/. 265. His glory unobscured. A nominative absolute, forming ao
adverbial adjunct to reside.

I. 266. Before ufith repeat how oft heavenCs all-ruling Sire.

J67. From whence — hell. Au adjective clause, quaUfying dark-
nfo#o. Compare Psalm xviii. 1 1 ; xcvii. 2 ; Hevelation iv. 5.

I. 268. And heaven resembles hell. This clause is but loosely
attached to what precedes. Strictly it ought to be co-ordinate with
from whence — rage; but we get very little sense by the insertion
of from whence. It had better be taken as an independent sentence.

I. 269. As he [imitates] our darkness. An adverbial clause of
manner qualifying imitate.

I. 0.12,. Nor want — magnificence. First leave out or art, and then
repeat the whole, substituting art for skill.

I. 275. In full : these piercing fires may become as soft a^s they are
nou) severe. As they are now severe is an adverbial clause of degree
qualifying the as which qualifies soft.

I. 276. Our temper changed. A nominative absolute, forming an
adverbial adjunct to the predicate of each of the two last sentences.

/. 277. WhicJi, &c. See note on I. 105.

I. 278. The sensible qf pain : — so much of pain as is sensible, or
may be felt.

/. 279. After and repeat to.

I. 280. How in safety — of war. A verb takes an object after it,
because it denotes an action directed towards some object. But
adjectives, and even nouns, may have a similar force. See note on
L 203. Here the substantive clause How, &c., forms a sort of object
to counsel.

I. 282. And where. That is, and with regard of the place whert
we are. With regard, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct of compose.
What we are is an adjective clause qualifying thai understood. Set
Or. 148. What is the oomplement of the predicate are. {Or, 495.
An. 99.)

;■ I j

f?r*

:|i

91 11
111

T I

PARADISE LOST.

[book n.

i, 283. What I advise. An adjective clanae used substantively,
fhat is (in fact), qualifying that understood.

I. 284. The adverbial clause beginning with when goes on to
tempest.

I. 286. As when, &c. That is, aa [the mwmur is which is heard\
%Dhen, &c. This adverbial clause goes down to tempest and qualifies sucli.
I. 287. Before now repeat whidi.

I. 288. Whose hark, &c. A compound adjective clause qualifying
men. First leave out or pinnace^ and then repeat the whole, substi-
tuting pinnace for bark.
Compare Virgil uEn. x. 96.

Cunctique fremebant
Gcelicolse assensu vario ; ceu flamina prima,
Gum deprensa fremunt silvis, et coeca volutant
Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos.
{. 293. Than hell. In full : than they dreaded hell much, {Or.
649, &c. An. 151, &c.)

I. 296. To found — heaven. A complex attributive adjunct of
desire. [Or. 362, 4. An. 20, 4).

I. 299. Which, &c. That is, and when Beelzebub perceived this.
(See note on Z. 105, 277.)

/. 299. Beelzebub. The proper spelling of this word, where it
occurs in the New Testament, is Beelzehul. The people of Edom
worshipped Baiil under the name of Baal-zebub, or the Lord of Flies,*
just as in Elis sacrifices wero offered to Zeus apomyios, or Zeus, the
averterofjlies. (Pausan. v. 14, 1.) By way of expressing contempt
for idolatrous practices, the Jews in later times altered this name
into Baalzebul, or Beelzebul, which means the Lord of dung, and this
name seems to have been applied as an epithet to Satan, unless we
are to suppose, as some commentators do, that the Jews considered
Beelzebul as a separate personage, the leader or chief of the demons
so frequently mentioned by the evangelists. (See Matthew xii. 24,
&c. Luke xi. 15, &c.

Than whom. There is no grammatical principle on which this
objective case can be defended. Relative pronouns ought to obey the
same laws of construction as personal or demonstrative pronouns.
With a personal pronoun the sentence woiUd be, none sat higher than
he [sat high].

I. 300. Satan except, equivalent to Satan excepted^ a nominative
absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct to the predicate. With this
dM«cription compare Homer II. iii 216.

• a Kings i. 3.

[book n.

jstantively,

^oea on to

'h is Iieard]
lalifies audi.

I qualifying
lole, Bubsti-

mucfu (Or.

adjunct of

rceived this.

I, where it
le of Edom
•d of Flies,*
)r Zeus, the
g contempt

this name
ng, and this
1, unless we

considered
the demons
kew xii. 24,

which this
to obey the
pronouns.
higher than

nominative
With this

BOOK II.]

NOTES.

I. 302. A pillar of state. Compare Co^a^. ii 9. "When James,
Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars, &c. Shakspere, "Henry
VI., Act i. "Brave peers of England, pillars of the state."

I. 305. Majestic, qualified by the elliptical adverbial clause
tlioutjh [it w<xs] in ruin, forms the complement of the predicate shone.
{Or. :i9l. An. 50.)

/, 308. As niglU, &c. In full : As nigJd is stUl, or as suinmer't
noontidi. air is still. Two adverbial clauses qualifying still.

I. 311. Or, &c. There can be no legitimate grammatical co-ordi ■
nation between a vocative, or nominative of appellation, and an
interrogative sentence.

I. 312. Before he called repeat must we.

I. 313. For so, &c This complicated adverbial clause goes on to
the end of I. 328. It is attached to the predicate must in each of the
preceding sentences.

/. 314 To continue axidt. to build up, &c., may be taken as adver-
bial adjuncts of inclines. {Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

I. 316. Before knoiu repeat while we.

I. 317. Dungeon forms a complement to the predicate dooms.
{Or. 391. An. 50.)

^ot our safe, &c. In full : A nd while we know not tluit the King of
heaven hath not doomed this place our safe retreat, &c. These adverbial
clauses beginning with while are attached to the predicate inclines.

I. 318. To live, &e. Au adverbial adjunct of Aa/Arfoomed. Exempt.
See note on /. 61.

/. 320. Banded. See note on /. 61. To remain— multitude. A
complex adverbial adjunct attached to hath doomed. The nucleus
of it consists of an intiuitive mood preceded by a preposition. {Or.
372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

I. 321. Though \we are] thus far removed. An adverbial clause
qualifying the predicate haifi doomed. Resjiecting reserved, see note
on /. 61.

I. 32.3. For he — heaven. This compound adverbial clause had
better be attached to hodh doomed in L 316. Be siire must be taken
as a separate pai'enthetical clause.

I. 324 First leave out or deptli, and then repeat the whole clause
for lie — heaven, substituting depth for Imght.

I. 328. As with his golden [sceptre fte rules] those in heaven. Aa
adverbial clause of manner, attached to will rule.

L 329. WhcU is hero an adverb, equivalent to tohy. See L 94.

if .■

■W ' -

t ( ■■:i

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK II.

r !

Hi m

I. 331. In full : Terms of pence yet none have been voucJutafed, or
terms of peace yet none have been sought. The clanse /or wfuU peace
will he — injlicled, miiat be attached to the predicate have been
vouchsafed, and the clause for what peace can we — suffering /eel to tho
predicate luith been sought. But custody, but stripes, and but punish-
ment, form adverbial adjuncts of v)ill be given. (Gr. 372, 2. An. 31,
2.) But is here a preposition. {Or. 282, note.)

I. 33(>. To our power is an attributive adjunct of liostUity and
hate. But hostility, but Jiate, but reluctance, and but revenge form
adverbial adjuncts of can. Though [it be^ slow is an adverbial clause
attached to plotting.

L 341. Want, that is, he vxinting. See Book I. 715.

/. 343. Assault, siege, and amiush, are co-ordinate objects of /ear.
The conjunction or here does not involve an alternative.

I. 344. After what supply shall we say, or something of that kind.

/. 349. To be created, &c. An attributive adjunct of race.
Though he be less in power and excellence is an adverbial clause quail-
tying /avoured.

I. 350. But is here superfluous.

I. 355. What creatures tliere inhabit, o/ wJutt mould they are ; oj
wluit substance they are ; how endued they are ; what their power is ;
where their weakness is ; hoto they may 6e attempted best ; i/ they may
he attempted l>est by/orce ; or if they may be attempted best by subtlety,
form a series of substantive (interrogative) clauses, the objects of
learn.

I. 365. To waste, &c., forms the subject of a predicate may he
achieved, understood. Supply the same predicate with each of the
infinitives that follow.

I. 3G7. 1/ \we can\ not drive. An adverbial clause attached to
the predicate may be achieved that has to be supplied for the subject
to seduce, &c. The adverbial clauses tliat tJieir God—/oe, and tJuU
their God with repenting hand may abolish his own works, are attaclied
to the same predicate.

I. 373 The adverbial clause wlien his darling — soon should be
rp'o'-jcd. vvith each of the predicates womW s»trpaa«, would interi'upty
■.H-\ 'cl.' upraise.

!: , , In full : if to ait in darkness here, Jiatching vain empires,
■'■ ^ - When if IB equivalent to wliether it introduces a substantive

I. 380. For whence — Creator. This adverbial clause should be
Attached to the predicate of a sentence that must be supplied ; — I sa^

kOOK II.

BOOI II.]

NOTES.

safed, or
^uxt peace
am been
lel to the
t punish-
An. 31,

Uity and
nge form
ial clause

bs oifear,

hat kind.

of race,

use quali-

y are ; oj
\power is;
they may
y sulitlety,
objects of

,e may be
ah. of the

tached to
le subject
and OuU
attached

Lhould be
yinterruptf

|)t empires,
kbstantive

khould be

first (leviaeU by Satan. The interrogative form w/ience &c. is used an
the rhetorical equivalent of from no source, &c.

/. 382. To confoundf Ac, and to mimjle and invohe, &c., form
attributive adjuncts of malice. (Gr. 362, i. An. 20, 4)

/. 390. Repeat have ye before jnded and resuhmi.

I. 394. Perhaps, &c. In full : which will perhaps Ufi us up to a
place in view, &c.

I. 395. Whence — Jieaven. An adjective clause qualifying place
understood.

/, 397. Or else, &c. The grammatical connection of the clause
requires us to repeat whence ive may, but though the general sense ia
j)lain enough, the sentence is very hawlily constnicted. We must
suppose it equivalent to whence we may nuiKe <y>ir way into so'ine mild
zone, and there dwell, &c.

/. 407. UncoxUh means unknown. In Anglo-Saxon vncufi, from

cunnan. {Or. Addemhi.)

I. 409. Arrive, in the sense of reach, is also used by Shakspere,
Julius Ccesar, Act i. Sc. 2 :

" But ere we could arrive the point proposed."

I. 411. Evasion literally means, making cne^s way out.

I. 413. The omission of the preposition o/ after the noun need ia
very harsh, and in fact ungramniatical. It would be equally improper
to take Iiad need as equivalent to would need.

I. 415. Supply the antecedent him before whom.

I. 417. This said. A nominative absolute, fonning an adverbial
adjunct to sat.

I, 418. Suspense forms the complement to the predicate held.
{Gr. 391. An. 50.) Suspense is here used quite legitimately as
an adjective, though it has since come to be used only as a
substautive. Who appeared to second the perilous attempt; who
appeared to oj^pose &c., who appeared to undertake the &c., are
three substantive clauses (Gr. 406. An. 76), in the objective relation
to aivaiting.

I. 425. Hardy forms the complement of the predicate could be
found. As to proffer, &c. In full : as [he would be hardy] to proffer
[alone tlie dreadfid voyage], or [as he would be hardy to] accept alone
the dreadful voyage. Two adverbial clauses qualifying the Sy , which
qualifies hardy. To proffer, &c., and to accept, &o., form adverbial
adjuncts of hardy, understood. {Or. 372, 2. An. 31, 2.)

I. 426. Till at last, &c. An adverbial clause of time, attached to
the predicate cwdd be found.

L 430. Empyreal Derived from the Greek en (in), and pyr (&«).

1
I

(■ i

^11

PARADISE LOST.

i^BooK n.

Several of the ancient Greek and Roman phiUwophera held that the
ultimate principle of all things is fire, and that other matt rial sub
stances,— air, water, earth,— consist of this primary principle

vaiioua stages of condensation into grosser forms, and in turn admit
of being again rarefied into this primal element, the region of whii h
is beyond that of the air, in proximity to the sun and the other
heavenly bodies. This doctrine was proixjunded by Heraelitus, and
was adopted by the Stoics. Hence, empyreal means dLuated in the
reyion of fire, that is, in the aky, or fieaven.

I. 432. Though [we are] undismayed. An adverbial clause of
condition, attached to luUh seized.

Long is the way, Ac. Compare Virgil, jEn. vi. 128 : —

"Sed revocare gradum, superasque evadere ad auras,
Hoc opus, hie labor est."
l 436. Ninefold. So Virgil (J£n. vi. 439) says,—

"Novies Styx interfusa coercet."
Adamant ia anything excessively hard. The Greeks usually meant
gttel by it. It is the origin of the word diamond.

I. 438. Tlvere jmssed. A nominative absolute, forming an ad-
verbial adjunct to receives. If any pass [them] is an adverbial clause,
qualifying the participle passed.

I. 442. Into wluitever world. In full : iiito any world, whatever
world it may be, where whatever, &c., constitutes an adverbial clause
attached to escape ; and whatever is the complement of the predicate
may he understood. {Or. 530. An. 140. Or. 495, 509. An.
99,' 118.)

I. 444. 2^han unknown dangers [are great] ami [Ouin] a» (i. e. equally)
hard escape [is greai]. Two adverbial clauses of degree attached to
less. {Or. 649, &e. An. 151, &c.)

/. 448. In the sliape, &c. An attributive adjunct of aught, (Or.
862, 4. An. 20, 4.)
I. 450. From attempting. An adverbial adjunct of deter.
Wherefore, &c. A very involved and awkward sentence. There
are two principal co-ordinate sentences, Whe7'efore do I assume tl>£S€
royalties, refusing to accept, &e. ; and Whfrefore do I not refuse to
reign, refusing to accept, &c.

l. 453. As of honour. An elliptical adverbial clause, co-ordinate
with the demonstrative a«, which qualiHes gfreo^. In full : as [7 arcept
a great sJuire] of honour. {Or. 548, &c., and note; p. 166, 15th ed.
An. p. 42. ) The second as is a connective or relative adverb, and
qualifiea great understood, just as the first <u qualifies great expressed.
(Or. 422, 64&)

f'\r

[)OK 11.

BOOK n.]

NOTES.

liat the
al sub-
iple in
1 admit

I •wlii'h
le other
tus, :iikI
d in the

ilause of

lly meant

,g an

ad-

»ial clause,

, whatever
ial clause
predicate
509. An.

e. equally)
Attached to

ighL {Or-

Ice. There

[smme tlieM

7t refuse to

[co-ordinate
\as [7 accept

i, 15tU ed.

Iverb, and

:exi

Due, &c. This adjective has no proper grammatical connection
with what precedes. It relates both to luitard and to lionmir.

I. 454. And m much, &c. These words cannot be brought within '
the domain of any ordinary laws of Syntax. If wc were to ioave out
and and insert being, — so much more of /utzard beimj due to him, — M'e
might treat this as a nominatire absolute, forming au adverl)ial
adjunct, attached to due in t. 453.

/. 455. Ati he — dta. An adverbial clause co-ordinate with so.
As is in the adverbial relation to high. {Or. 422, .548.)

/. 457. Though [ye are] fallen. This adverbial clause is attached
to the noun terror, which is here used as an attributive adjunct.
Intend means here comddei' attentively.

I. 458. The clauses beginning with wital and if (in the sense of
whether) are substantive clauses in the objective relation to intend.

I. 460. If there be, &c. This compound sentence is contracted.
In full it is : Intend at Iioine if there be cure to respite the pain of this
ill mavsion. Intend cU liome if there be cliarm to respite the pain of
this ill mansion. Then rejKjat both these sentences with deceive
instead of respite ; and again with slack instead of deceive.

I. 4G7. Before prevented repeat thus saying tJve vwnarch. The
attributive adjunct prudent, with all that belongs to it, must be
attached to the subject in each sentence.

I. 468. Prudent here means being on his guard. The comjjound
adverbial clause lest — must earn had better be attached to prudent.
It might also be connected with the predicate prevented.

I. 469. Among the chief forms an attributive adjunct of others.
I. 470. Wlvat erst tfiey feared. An adjective clause used sub-
stantively, t. e., in fact, qualifying a demonstrative that^ understood.
(Or. 148.)

Erst is the superlative answering to the old comparative ere, mean-
ing sooner.
I. 471. Before so repeat le^ others.

fiit'o/s forms a complement to the predicate «<anrf. {Or. 391. An. 50.)
/. 474. Than, &c. In full : than [tfiey dreaded much\ his voice
forbidding. An adverbial clause of degree, qualifying more.

I. 476. The adverbial clause as [w] the sound — remote, qualities
was.

I. 479. Equal forms a complement to the predicate extol. As a
god : in full, — tiw [they would extol] a god.

I. 481. That for — his own [safety]. A substantive clause, the
object of praised. The entire clause, how much — his own, is lh«
object of ea^ess.

k'T'

PARADISE LOST.

[book TI.

Ill'

L 482. For neither — zeaL A complex adverbial sentence attached
to /ailed. The secondary adverbial clause, lest bad — zeal, qualities lose,

I. 485. Before close repeat which, and after zeal repeat excites.
Close here means crafty. It is a translation of the Greek pyknoH.

I. 488. The connective adverb cw qualifies the verbs revive, reitcw^
and attest. The entire compound clause as when — irngs is in the
adverbial relation to rejoicing. It must be separated into three
distinct clauses, as the fields revive, as the birds their notes renew,
and as tfie bleating herds attest their joy, to the predicate of each of
wl^ich must be attached the adverbial clauses when from— face,
[«»//#«] the lowering — stiow, [when the lowering elements scowl o'er the
darkened landscape] shower, and if c/umce the radiant — beam; and
tlie adverbial clause that hill and valley rings, must, in addition, be
attached to the predicates renew and attest.

I. 498. Though [t/iey are] under — grace. An elliptical adverbial
clause qualifying disagree.

I. 499. God proclaiming peace. A nominative absolute, forming
an adverbial adjunct to live and levy.

I. 503. As if, &c. An elliptical clause. In full : a« [t/wy would
waste the earth] if, &c. The subordinate compound adverbial clause,
if— wait, qualifies the verb waste understood.

/. 508. Before seemed repeat their miglUy paramount. Antagonist
forms the complement of seemed. {Or. 391. An. 50.)

I. 509. Nor less, &c. That is, and [their mighty paramount seemed]
not less thxin fielCs dread emperor [is great] urith pomp supreme and
[wiUi] god-like imitated state.

I. 513. UmrenU That is, bristling.

I. 517. Akliemy. ]ji Milton's days alchemy, or chemistry, busied
itself chiefly with the attempt to transmute the baser metals into
gold. Alchemy is here used by a bold (not to say harsh) figure of
speech, for some metal, the result of alchemy. Critics say that this
is very poetical.

I. 518. Explained. That is, the meaning or purpose of the blast
of the trumpets is explained by a herald.

I. 521. In full : their minds being more at ease, and their minds
being somewJicU raised by false presumptuous hope. Two nominatives
absolute, forming adverbial adjimcts to disband and pursues.

I. 524. As inclination, &c. Separate into two adverbial clauses,
aa inclination leads him, or as sad choice leads him, and to the object
him in each clause attach perplexed, with all that belongs to it>
Perplexed must be taken as equivalent to considering in perplexity.

OOK tl.

BOOK 11.]

NOTES.

attached
ties loM,
excites,
nos.

e, reiicWt
s in the
tto tliree
&s renew,
I each of
ym—face,
}l o'er the
am ; and
dltion, be

adverbial

3, forming

tltey would
jial clause,

Antagonist

trU seemed]
reme and

[try, busied

letals into

i) figure of

[y that this

[i the blast

ir minda
lominatives

lial clavises,
the object

|ongB to it,
perplexity.

Then the clauses where he may likeliest find, &c., and where he may
UKditst etUertain^ &c., fonn substantive clauses, the objects of a>»>
gi(leri}i(f.

L b'lS. The parts of this sentence should be thus pieced together :
part un the plain in swift race contend, part m the air sublime upon the
wing contend. Then bofA these sentences must be rej>eated with eac/i
of the adverbial clauses, as [men contended] at tfi« Olympian games,
and [as men contended] at the PyUiian fields. Compare Vir^jil, ^n.
VI. 642 :—

" Pars in gramineis exercent membra palsestris,
Contendunt ludo, et fulva luctantur arena :
Pars pedibus plaudunt choreas, et carmina dicunt," &c.

The four great national games of the Greeks were the Olynipia,
celebrated every four years in the plain of Olympia in Elis, in honour
of Zeus; the Pythia, celebrated at first every eight years, but
afterwards, every four years, near Delphi (anciently called Pytho),
in honour of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto, at firat under the manage-
ment of the Delphians, afterwards imder that of the Amphictyons ;
the Isthmia were held at the isthmus of Corinth, in honour of
Poseidon, twice in every Olympiad, under the presidency of the
Corinthians; the Nemea were held twice in each Olympiad, at
Nemea in Argolis, in honour of Zeus. For the details of these
solemnities the reader had bettei consult SmiUCs Dictionary of
Greek and Jioman Antiquities.

I. 531. Compare Horace, Od. I. 1, 4 : —

** Metaque fervidia
Evitata rotis."

/. 532. Fronied, i, &, standing face to face.

I. 533. As when — hums. A compound elliptical adverbial clause,
attached to form. After as supply ojjposing forces meet, or some-
thing of that kind; to the predicate of which the clause when — buniH
must be attached. This last clause is compound. Supply iv/wn
before armies and before, and when the aery kniglds before couch.
Rej»eat wli^n before with feais of arms.

I. 538. Welkin is the cloud-covered sky. It is connected with the
German Wolken, ' clouds. ' Bums is here used in the same sense as
fervere in Virgil, Oeorg. i. 456 : —

" Onmia vento nimbis4^.>j videbis fervere."

I. 539. Typluxan. See Book I. 199.

L 542. As when, &c. The grammatical connection of this with
what precedes is very slight. Some clause must be supplied after

PARAPISR LOHT.

[book II,

as (ouch as rocks and trees were rent up), to the predicate of which
the clauHe when — nea may be attached. It would make the sentence
simpler if \v« omitted ivhe.n before Alcidea, and iuMorted it before
from, putting in he before felt, and omitting and beforo tore. As the
Mentcnce stands in the text we must re|)eat wfien AlcUlta before tore^
and before Lichas.

Alciden, &c. Hercules was so called because his mother Ahimcna
was the wife of Amphitryon, the son of Alcu'us. But Hercules
claimed Zt'us as his father. Eurytus, king of (Echalia (a town
eitlier of Eubo'a or of Thessaly), had promised his daughter lole to
any one who conquered him in archery, but refused to surrender her
to Hercules, when the latter had won her. Hercides attacked
Qilchalia, slew Eurytus and his sons, and carried off lole. When
about to offer a sacrifice to celebrate his victory, he sent his at-
tendant, Lichas, for a white robe from home. His wife, Dejanira,
imbued this robe with a preparation of the blood of the centaiur
Nessus, whom Hercules had shot with a poisoned arrow, when he
was attempting to carry Dejanira off, and who directed her to use
his blood as a philtre, to preserve the love of her husband. Tha
venom with which the robe was iraliued soon attacked the body of
Hercules, and occasioned him such agony that in his frenzy he hurled
Lichas into the sea. Being unable to get rid of the robe, he erected
a pile of wood, on which he caused himself to be burnt to death.

L 560. By doom of battle forms an attributive adjunct to full.

I. 55L Before chance repeat, otJier^ complain that fate should entfiraU
free virtue to.

I. 556. For eloqiiencef &c. This adverbial clause must be attached
to the predicate of a sentence understood, / call it more sweet, or
something of that kind. The whole is parenthetical, and does not
enter into the construction of the main sentence.

/. 558. Before reasoned supply they or others,

I. 559. 0/ providence. B/cpeatthe prepof:*jijn before each of the
nouns that follow. We thus get a series of adverbial adjuncts to
reasoned.

I. 565. Vain wisdom all. The verb id<zs mu&t be supplied in order
to make a combination that admits of analysis.

/. 566. Before could supply this.

I. 567. Before anguish re^ieat yet u/ith a pleasing sorcery this could
charm ; and yet with this could before excite and arm^

L 569. As withf ^ In full ; a« U uhmIU arm the brwst with triitk

,,f i ii

>0K 1U

BOOK II.]

N0TK8.

[ which
icntence
b before
Am the
ore tore,

Altuncna
Hercules
(a town
jr lole to
jnder her
attacked
>. Wheu
it his at-
Dcjauira,
le centaiir
, when he
her to WHO
and. Thd
Jie body of
r he hurled
he erected
death.
full,
uld entliraU

attached
re aweet, or
Id does not

leach of the
ladjunets to

lied in order

this could

I. 571. On hold adwnturt, and to discover^ &c, form adverbial
adjuncts of bend.

I. 672. lio fore (/"repeat to diWrn^er.

I. 576. Four in/ermd rivers. The ancient Greeks imagined th«
life of tlut departed in the unseen world lo be a shadowy and jr>yle88
retk'ction «»t" the life of the present. Accordingly they aHsigiu'd to
the unseen region of Bouls various features of any ordinary lan«lHca|>e,
— rocks, plains, meadows, rivers, trees, houses — or, at any rate, a
house (that of Hades). They seemed to have formed a more dctinite
idea of the rivers than of any other featiire of this subterranean
al)«)<le, and named five, which are here mentioned by Milton with
e[>ithets which explain the meaning of the significant Greek names.
ati/x is derived from atygeo (1 hate) ; Acheron from ticfiott (grief), and
rheo (flow) ; Cocytus, from coq/o (I bewail) ; PhUyefhon or Pyrij^hle-
ycthoiij from pyr (fire), and pMegetho (blaze) ; and Lethe is the word
letfie (forgotfulness). According to Homer {Od. x. 513), Pyriphle-
gethon ami Cocytus, of which 8tyx was a branch, discharged their
streams into Acheron. We also sometimes find Styx, or Acheron,
spoken of as being or forming a pool or marsh. The following
passages of Virgil should be compared : — jiiln. vi. 106 :
" Q.uando hie inferni janua regis
Dicitur, et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso."

Vt. 438 :

*' Tristique palus inamabilis unda,
Alligat, et novies Styx interfusa coercet.**

Vl. 549 : ** Mcenia lata videt, triplici circumdata muro ;
QusB rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis
Tar-tareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonantia saxa."

Vi. 713: "Animse, quibus altera fato

Corpora debentur, Lethsei ad fiimiinis undam
Secures latices et longa oblivia potant."

In the conception of the early Greeks the abode or realm of Hades
was quite distinct from the profounder abyss of Tartarus, in which
the Titans were imprisoned by Zeus. To the Homeric Greek the
earth was a round flat disc, of considerable thickness, within which
was the realm of Hades, while heaven was the solid vault of the sky
above the earth, and Tartarus a corresponding inverted hemisi)here
beneath. In later times Tartarus was represented as a portion of the
realm of Hades.

I. 584. Ber watery labyrinth. Milton seems here to have jipplied
to LethA Virgil's description o£ Styx, mviea inter/vM, Supply ht

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK II.

before who, and repeat whereof he who dnnks before forgets in I. 586.
The clause whereof— pain is an adjective clause attached to Lethe.
(Gr. 408. An. 77.)

I. 589. Which on frm land thaws not, [which] gatlters fieap, and
[which] eeems [the] ruin of [some] ancient pile, are three adjective
clauses attached to Jtail.

I. 591. After ice supply the verb lies.

I. 592. As that Set banian bog, &c., supply the predicate was
profound. The moraso here spoken of was situated between the
eastern angle of the Delta of Egypt and Mount Casius. It was
anciently much larger than at present, and formed the limit of
Egypt towards the ncrth-east.

/. 594. Milton here adopts the statement of Diodorus Siculus
(I. 30), who says that the army which Darius Ochus was leading to
the conquest of Egypt, was annihilated in this morass. But as we
find that this same army afterwards took some Egyptian towns, this
Btateiiient must be regarded as an exaggeration.

L 595. Frore means frosty. (Compare the German past participle
gefrwen.) So Virgil, Georg. u 93. "Boreas penetrabile frigus
adurat."

/. 600. We shall get the simplest construction if we supply they
are broug/d before from beds, &c. Hurried must be attached gram-
matically to they. Compare Shakspere, Measure for Maisure^ Act
HI, Scene I : —

" Ay, but to die, and go we know not where,
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot ;
This sensible warm motion to become
A kneaded clod, and the delighted spirit
To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
In thi'illing regions of thick-ribbed ice ;
To be imprisoned in the viewless winds,
And blown with restless violence round about
The pendant world," &c.
I. 604. Sound, i. e., strait or clkannel.

I. 606. First leave out and struggle, and then repeat the sentence,
substituting struggle for wish.

I. 609. And so near the brink. The grammatical connection of
this with what precedes is very loose. The best way is to supply
they being, so as to make a nominative absolute, which may be
attached as an adverbial adjunct to the predicates wit^ and
ttrvgyie.

Lbook II,

s in I. 586.
i to Lethe.

( heajj, and
e adjective

clicate was
etween the
IS. It was
he limit of

)ru8 Siculus

3 leading to

But as we

I towns, this

ist participle
labile frigua

supply they
ached gram-
(eamret Act

;he sentence,

annection of
lis to supply
lich may be
Is w'uth aud

BOOR 11.]

NOTES.

I. 611. Medusa. Homer speaks of only one Gorgon, who was
one of the terrible phantoms of Hades (Od. xi. 633). Heaiod names
three, of whom Medusa was one. The Argive hero Perseus was
fabled to have cut off the head of Medusa whUe she was asleep,
making use of a mirror, to avoid looking directly at the monster,
the sight of whose face turned all beliolders to stone. He pre-
sented the head to Athene, who tixed it in her breastplate or
shield.

I. 613. Wight is a person or being. We find the corresponding
word, wicht, in the German BoseuicIU.

I. 614. Various stories were told of the [junishnjent of Tantalus
in the lower world, and of the offence for which he siilfered. The
popular one was, that in order to test the discriiuiuation of the gods he
invited them to a repast, and cut his son Pclojis in pieces, which he
boiled and placed before them. Demeter, who w.is abbor))*;d in grief
for the Toss of her daughter, incautiously ate one of the .shoulders. The
parts were put together again, and rcvivitiud by Uernies, and Demeter
supplied an ivory shoulder in i)lace of what she had consumed.
Another account was, that being admitted to the society of the gods,
he divulged their secrets. As to his punishment, some stories
represented a huge r(jck to be perpetually impending over bim and
tbxeatening to crush liini ; others spoke of his being tormented with
perpetual thirst, and [iluuged in a lake, the waters of which tied
from his lips when he atteujptod to taste them ; or of his seeing
delicious fruits hangu-.g within rcacn, which were wafted away when
he attempted to lOutk them. His imnio has given us the verb
tantalize. ^

I. 617. Before ybu«</ repeat Iht odcenturou.'. bands.

I. 621. llei^at over with each of these uoui.s. \\'v
uf adverbial adjuncts of tlie predicate jm.Mtt.d

I. 622. Whlc/i, Hod — good. An .•vl'tjctivc »;iatue,
verse. Evil aud good lorm the ct'U'jueu.eni.-j of tLc piedicate
created.

U 624. l\cp'.'*t whe'-e bt-f».jp dcuth and tuiMre. W\' thus get
thi-ee other adjective clau>e» .•attached *o udiicfsc (Ur. 408.
An. Ti.)

I. 625. Repeat things with each of the adjoctivt-s. V orse than,
&c. In full : worse tfuin fuNes yet have jVnjned [l/iiii'js bad], or [than]
/tar has conceived [things bail]. Two adverbial clauses qualifying
worse. Than in each case qualifies bad understood. {Or. 540 &g.,
aud note, p. 141. An. 150; note, p. 42.)

get a succession

qualifyujg u/u'-

':h

PARADISE T.OST.

Lbook XL

I i

L 62& Compare Virgil, ^m. vi. 287 :—

"Bellua Lernae,
Horreudum stridens, Hatamisque armata CJum^rai
Gorgones, Harpyiaeque. "

Also, /. 576 :—

"Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus hydra."
The nine heads of the monstrous water- serpent (Hydra), slain by
Hercules, are multiplied by Virgil into fifty.

Chimcera. This fire-breathing monster, slain by Bellerophon, is
described by Homer as having the fore part of its body like a lion,
the hinder part like a dragon, and the middle hke a goat.

I. 630. Inflamed is an attributive adjunct of the subject Satan.
Repeat the subject with each of the verbs that follow.

I. 636. Between as and wheii insert a Jleet see ma. The whole
compound adverbial clause is co-orilitiate with the so which qualifies
seemed, in I. 642. The subordinate clause, when — drugs, is a^itachod
to the verb seems understood.

I. 637. Hatigs in (lie clovds. Most persons must have noticed the
seeming elevation of the line of the horizon when the sea is viewed
from a height.

I. 639. Ternate and Tidore are two of the Moluccas.

I. 640. They —pole. This sentence must be taken as a parenthesis.
It has no gi'ammati(?al connexion with what precedes. Trading
means "flowing in a regular tread or track." In old English writers
tlie word trade does not at all necessarily imply commerce. Spenser
speaks of the trade (i. e. track) of a wild boast. ITdall speaks of the
Jews being in the right trade of religion. In the Indian Ocean there
is a strong southerly cuneut. known as the Mozambique current,
running first from east to west past the northern extremity of
Madagascar, and then deflected soiithwavcls by the coast of Africa.
Cape Corrientes (the ctarents) takes its name from it. The trade
wi7id of the Indian Ocean would not carry a vessel southwards, but
rather to the north of west, and the Monsoons, north of the equator,
blow in (different seasons in opposite directions. Moreover, Milton
would hardly si>eak of a wind as a Jlood.

I. 642. Stemming. That is, directing the stem or prow of the
vessel.

I. 645. Before the gates Bupi)ly were or else appear.

I. 650. Repeat the one seemed be/ore fair. Foul may be taken as
compleujent of ended. Repeat in before a serpent. We thus get an
iMlverbial adjunct of ended. This description of Sin is made up of

OOK IL

slain by

)phon, ia
ie a lion,

ct Satan.

he whole
a qualities
3 attached

loticed the
is viewed

irenthesia.
Trading
ish writers
Spenser
aks of the
;ean there
le cnrrei\t,
;romity of

of Africa.
iThe trade
(wards, but
|ie equator,

rer, Milton

[ow of the

Le taken as
[ihus get an
U up of

BOOK II.]

NOTES.

that of Echidna, in Hesiod, half nymph and half serpent, and that of
Scylla in Ovid's " Metamorphoses," who, by the jealousy of Circe,
was changed from a beautifid nymph into a monster half woman, half
fish, with dogs howling around her.

l. 654. Cry means a pack. Shakspere sfwaks of a cry of curs.

I. 655. Cerberean. (See note on /. 575.) As Hades had a Iwuse in
the lower world, so he was provided with a /ujuse-dog, in the form of
the three-headed Cerberus.

L 659. After abJiorred supply creatures or hounds. Trinacria was
an ancient name of Sicily. Than these. In fuU: than these [were
abhorred.]

I. 665. ArLstophanes, in his comedy the "Clouds," mentions the
superstition that thet moon could be removed from the sky by the
iucantation of witches. Virgil {^n. i. 642) calls eclii>ses of the sun
labor es solis.

I. 666. The other xJuipe. This sentence is incomplete ; there is no
verb to which shai)e can be the subject. The simi)lest way is to
leave out the it in l. 670.

This description of Death is jiist.y celebrated as one of the grandest
in the whole poem.

I. 667. If sJutpe — either. This adverbial clause nnist be attached
to the predicate of a sentence supplied, / miy shape, or something of
the kind. The whole must be treated as a j>arenthesis.

I. 667. That shape Imd none — limb. The use of or com[>els us to
separate this for analysis into three sentences : — that shape had none
distinr/uishable in member; that shape had none distinguishable in
joint; that shape hid none distinguL-<hd>le in limb. All three are
adjective clauses qualifying the subject it.

I. 66J). In full : or if it migld be called substance t/tat seemed sluulow.

I. 670. For each seemed either. This clause is but loosely con-
nected with what precedes. It is inserted as though the preceding
sentence were, it was doubtful w/iether the shape slundd be called
substance or shadow, to the predicate of which it might then be
attached.

As niglit [is black]. An adverbial clause of degree qualifying
black. The connective adverb ow qualilies the adjective black under-
stocnL

I. 671. In full : Fierce [it stood] as ten furies [are fierce], tei^ribk W
stood] as liell [is terrible. ]

I. 672 Whai seemed his head. An adjective slausti uaed substaa*
lively. {Or. 148.)

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK n.

It ' t

I. 676. As /cut. That is, equally fast. The adverb ontoara must
be attached to the verb came.

I. 676. As is here used in the sense of whUe.

I. 677. What this might be. A substantive clause, the object of
fidmired. What is the complement of the verb of incomplete predica-
tion might be. (Compare Gr. 495. An. 99.)

I. 678. Ood and His Son, &c. This must be taken as the
rhetorical equivalent of he valued no created thing in the lead degree
except God and His Son. Where the adverbial expression except
God and His Son qualifies and limits the adjective of quantity no.

I. 679. Nor shunned. Repeat the whole of the preceding
sentence with the substitution of shunned, for valued in any
degree.

I. 682. Supply thm art before grim. First leave out and whai,
and then repeat the whole, substituting what for whence.

I. 685. That be assured is a parenthetical sentence. It would be
more correct to say 0/ that be assured.

I. 691. Before in proud repeat who.

I. 692. The third part (Compare Rev. xii. 3, 4.) "Behold a
great red dragon, and his tail drew the third part of the stars of
heaven, and cast them to the earth."

Conjured is used in the sense of the Latin conjuraii, sworn together,
banded together by an oath.

I. 693. For which, &c. This, though an adjective clause in form,
does not attach itself to any particular word in what precedes. Treat
for which as equivalent to and for this.

I. 698. Where I reign Mng. In its present form this must be
treated as an adverbial sentence, co-ordinate with the adverb here.
We shovJd get the relation of the ideas more exactly if we substituted
in this plac". in which I reign king.

And to enrage, &c. In full : and wJiere, I tell thee to enrage thee
more, ti,cit / reign thy lord and king. Supply go before back.

I. 705. Repeat the grisly terror before grew.

1. 710. In the Arctic sky. It is only when the celestial sphere is
divided into a northern and a southern half by the ecliptic that the
greater part of the constellation of Ophiuohus is in the northern
portion. The equator leaves the greater part in the southern. Be-
fore/row repeat that

2. 711. Among the prodigies portending the death of Ceesar, and
the consequent civil war, Virgil mentions (Georg. l 488) —

^9C diri toties arsere cometob.

OK n.

% must

iject of
tredica*

as the
5 degree
I except
J no.
receding
in any

id whaif

irould be

iehold a
stars of

bogether,

in form.
Treat

I must be
jrb here.
)stituted

\rage thee

phere is
that the
northern
Be-

BOOK II.]

NOTES.

isax.

and

I. 714. As when — mid air. An adverbial clause qualifying such.
After as supply tlie froum is, to the predicate of which the claiise
when ttoo, &,c., is attached.

I. 715. Battling forms a complement to the predicate come.

I. 716. Before then repeat w/ien two black clouds.

Front to front. An adverbial expression, partaking of the nature
of a nominative absolute.

I. 718. To join, &c. This forms an attributive adjunct to signal.
(Gr. 362, 4. An. 20, 4.)

I. 719. That— frown. An adverbial clause qualifying so. That is
itself a connective adverb qualifying grew. (Or. 528, 529. An.
133, 134.)

/. 721. BtU is here a preposition. But once (i. e. one time) mare is
an adverbial phrase qualifying and limiting never.

I. 726. After and repeat if the snaky sorceress tfiat scU—they had
not.

I. 729. To bend, &c. An adverbial adjunct of possesses.

I. 730. In full : and knowest thou for whom tliou bendest thai mortal
dart against thy father's head ?

I. 731. Before /or him repeat tJvou bendest Umt — head.

I. 734. In analysis leave out the repetition his vn-alJu

I. 731. Repeat the clause that my — my son in each of the sentences,
go strange [is] thy outcry, and thy words so strange thou interposest.
It qualifies the adverb so in each case. {Or. 528 An. 133.)

I. 741. Before why repeat till first I know of tliee.

I. 743. Before tfiat phantasm repeat till first I know of thee why
thou. The clauses beginning with why are substantive clauses, the
objects of the verb know.

I. 745. Than him andt thee. These objective cases can only be
explained by tilling up the clause thus : — than I see Uiee and him
detestable. The clause is adverbial, and qualifies more. {Or. 549,
&c. ; note on p. 166. An. 149, &c. ; note, p. 42.)

I. 749. The whole compound clause, ivhen at the— I sprang, is in
the adverbial relation to deemed.

I. 763. Repeat when before dim. Take the words thus :—when
thine eyes, dim and dizzy, swum in darkness.

I. 754. The adverbial clauses, while thy— forth, and tiU — / sprung,
qualify swwm.

I. 756. Likest, &c., shining, &c., and a goddess armed, are all
attributive adjuncts of /. This whole description is, of course, an
adaptation of the Greek legend of the birth of Minerva from ths

■i ri

1 :;

i 1

f f

PAAADTSE LOST.

[book n.

head of Jupitei. The rest of the passage is based upon the idea
expressed in James i. 15: "Tl^en when hist hath conceived, it
bringeth forth sin ; and sin, when it is linished, bringeth forth
death."

I. 8()G. But is here a preposition governing the coraj)ound substan-
tive clause lluit lie knows — s/iall be, with which it forms an adverl)ial
adjunct to would devour.

He knows, &c. Expand thus : — he knows that his end is involved
toith mine.

I. 813. Before tempered insert they are.

I. 814. iSave lie, &c. This should be save him, &c., unless save be
regarded as an adjective, the same as safe, forming a nominative
absolute with the substantive that follows. Anyhow the whole
phrase save — above is 'n t^ adverbial relation to none, wliich it
qualifies and defines. {€l». . ;<>J.)

I. 817. The adve!bial clause since thou — unfhou;/ht of qualifies the
predicate of a clause unu( • 'too<' ' ccdl thes daughter, or something
equivalent.

I. 822. After but repeat know that I come.

I. 830. A place foretold sliould be. We can only make grannnar
of this by expanding it thus : — a place tvhich it was foretold should be,
where the entire clause which it tmis — be, is an adjective clause
qualifyiug place, while the secondary clause, which should be, is a
substantive clause, in ai)position to it, the subject of was foretold.
If a demonstrative pronoun were used instead of a relative, we could
insert the conjunction that : — it uxis foretold that tJuii should be. Tliia
is always the best way of testing the construction of an involved
clause containing a relative.

I. 833. And tiierein, &c. The construction is obscure. If and be
retained, we must repeat after it, to searcli witfi tvandering quest a
race of upstart creatures therein placed, &c.

/. 835. The compound clause, tf tough [tliei/ are] more removed —
broils, qualifies placed.

I. 837. In full : / haste to know whether tMs be now designed, or
whet/ier aughb were more secret than this \is sea'et] be now designed.

I. 840. Where thou — odours. A compound adjective clause
qualifying place. Before up repeat where tliou and Death shall.

I. 842. Buxom here has its original meaning yielding. It is
derived from the Anglo-Saxan bugan, to bend or yield, and answers
to the German biegsam. It afterwards came to me^in plump and
§t^i, and also complicaU.

I i

ooK n.

BOOK TI.]

NOTR9.

ihe idea
iived, it
ill forth

siibstan-
tdverbial

involved

i save be
)nuuative
ne whole
which it

alifies the
something

i grammar
should be,
ive clause
I be, is a
foretold.
we could
be. This
iuvolved

If and be
iiuj quest a

removed —

lesiffued, or
signed.
ive clanse
sfialL

ng. It is
ad answers
plump and

I. 855. To be o'ennntched, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct to
/ear(e.ss.

I. 857. The adjective clauses who luiles me, and wlio hath— /ted,
qualify the substantive pronoun his. {Gr. 141.)

L 875. But herself forms an adverbial adjunct of not all, which is
used as equivalent to none of.

I. 877. The notion of turning the toards is inaccurate. The wards
belong to the lock, not to the key.

I. 882. Tluit shook, &c., is an adjective clause qualifying
tliunder.

I. 885. That with — arra]/. An adverbial clause denoting conse-
queuct!, attached to the predicate stood. Tluit is itself a connective
adverb qualifying pa5«. (6V. 528. An. \2>^.)
I. 892. After ocain repeat appears.

I. 893. Where length — are lost, is an .adjective clause qualifying
ocean. Height is here used, like the Latin altitudo, in the souse of
depth.

I. 894. The word Chaos means empty space, and that was the
earliest conception of what preceded the existence of the material
universe. Hesiod (Theogon. 116) says that Chaos existed first, then
the Earth and Tartarus, and Eros, that is, the generative principle.
Of Chaos were born or produced Erebus (darkness or gloom) and
Night. Jfight and Erebus were the parents of /Kther (bright or
blazing sky) and Day; and Earth gave birth to Heaven. Chaos
afterwards came to signify the aggregate of confused material
ehnnents out of which the universe was formed. Some spoke of
Night as the origin of aU things. Thus in one of the Orphic hymns
Night is addressed as the parent of gods, men, and all things The
philosopher Thales assumed ivater to be the origin of all things, that
is, he conceived the pi-imal elemental matter to be homogeneous and
fluid, but capable of passing into the various material forms of the
visible universe. Anaximenes considered air to be tJie primary form
of matter. Anaximander spoke of it more indefinitely as tJie infinite,
which he appears to have regarded as a mixture of heterogeneous but
unchangeable elements, which were arranged and organised by the
force of heat and cold and the affinities of the varioiis particles.
Anaxagoras was the first who arrived at the noble conception that
intelligence was the motive power which brought order into tl)e
chaotic mass. His theory was expressed in the dictum, "All things
were mixed up together; then intelligence arranged them." Em-
pedocles of Agrigentum first ]aid down the doctrine that the

':■

' ■,'/

PARADISE LOST.

[BOOK II.

j)rimary matter of the universe consisted of the four elements, fire,
air, eartli, and water, which were fashioned into the various objects
of visible nature by the oi)posite motive powers of attraction and
repulsion (or love and hate). Democritua of Abdera introduced the
conception that the primary matter of the universe consisted of
aUmiH, and this theory was adopted and developed by Epicurns.
Milton seems to have had before him a notable passage iu Ovid
{M eta 111. I. 5, &c.) : —

"Ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia coRlnm,
Unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe,
Qnem dixere Chaos, rudis indigestaque moles ;
Nee quidquam nisi pondus iners ; congestaque eodem
Non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum.

« • « • •

*' Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda,
Lucis egens aer ; nuUi sua forma manebat,
Obstabatque aliis aliud ; quia corpore in uno
Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis,
Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondu&
Hanc Deus et melior litem Natura diremit. "
But those among the ancients who accepted the idea of intelligence
or Divine power bringing chaos into order, still regarded the pn)ces3
as nothing more than an application of previously-existin'g and un-
alterable forces. It is only that philosophy which has been taught
by Revelation which has attained to an apprehension of the gi-aud
fact of creation, and traces in the laws and forces of nature the
expression of the will and wisdom of that Infinite Intelligence whose
"eternal power and Godhead are imderstood by the things that are
made." Compare with Milton's magnificent, but semi-Pagan descrip-
tion, the first chapter of Genesis.

I. 901. Of each Ms faction. This attempt to make a possessive of
eac/t is not admissible. It should be each around Oie flag of hi*
faction. (See Or. 73, note.)

I. 902. As the conjunction or does not here involve an alternative,
of which only one case can be true, all these adjectives may be taken
as co-ordinate attributive adjuncts of they.

I. 903. In full : unmiinbered as tfie sands of Barca [are un
numbered], or [unnumbered as the sands of] Oi/rene's torrid soil [art
unnumbered.]
L 905. Levied (from levare) here means raised up.

OOK II.

BOOK IT,")

NOTES.

its, tire,
; objects
;ion aud
icecl the
jistetl of
lipicurus.
ia Ovid

itelligence
\e proceas
g aud un-
eu taught
the grand
atuve the
uce whose
s that are
m descrip-

ssessive of
ng of hi*

iternative,
be taken

[are un
soil [art

I. 906. To whom these most adhere. An adjective clause qualifying
the he that follows.

/. 912. In full : not composed (mixed) of sea, and not comjwsed of
shore, and not composed of air^ and not composed of Jire, hut composed
coiifusedbj of all these in their pregnant causes. The and in /. 214 is
superfluous, and prevents the proper connection of the adjective
clause which — worlds with these.

I. 917. In analysis leave out the repetition into this wild abyss.

Take the wary fiend stood on the brink of hell as a separate sentence,
and connect into this wild abyss, Sec, only with look\l ; otherwise
stood must be altered to^tanding, and and nuist be omitted.

/. 922. After than insert tJie ear is pealed.

I. 924. Or less than. In full : w was his ear less pealed t/ian the
ear would be pealed if this frame, &c.

/. 980. After cw supply lie wovld ride. Chair is the same as cliaise
or car.

I. 6.39. In full : that fury being quenched in a boggy syrtis which
was not sea and which was not good dry land.

I. 942. BeJioves, &c. A very awkward, not to say incorrect
expression. Read it behot^es him now to tise both oar and sail. This
was a proverbial expression in Latin. Thus Cicero (Tusc. m. II)
says :-— T'e^ra e7iim res est misera, detestubilis, omni contentione, vdis^
ut ita dicam, renii^quefiigienda.

I. 94.3. After as suj)ply oar and sail are needed.

I. 945. The Arimaspians were a fabulous one-eyed race, dwelling
in Scythia, ever seeking to steal the gold which was guarded by the
gryphons, creatures half lion, half eagle.

I. 944. Or may here be taken as having much the same sense as
and: o'er hill, and o^ermoory dale are co-ordinate adverbial adjuncts
of pursues. The whole adverbial clause as when — gold is attached to
the adverb so, which qualifies eagerly.

I. 948. Respecting the force of or see note on I. 944.

I. 950. Each of these verbs makes a sei)arate sentence. Supply
the subject the fiend with each.

I. 956. First leave out or spirit, and then repeat the whole
sentence, substituting spirit for power. Whatever poiver had better
be treated, for the purpose of analysis, as equivalent to any power
which.

I. 959. When straight — deep. An adverbial clause qualifying
plies. BeJiold is the rhetorical equivalent of thei-e appeared.

L 965. Demogorgon was not a being known to the classical

PARAmSK LOST.

I BOOK U.

inythologiats. It was a itiystcrioiis and awful power, terrible even
to gods, invoked in maj^ieal incantations. Later writers, such aa
Lucan (vi. 744), and Statins (Theb. iv. 514), refer to it. After
Rumour supply stood.

I. 971. With purpose, &c., must be taken as an attrilnitive
adjunct of spy.

I. 977. If some — lately. An adverbial clause attached to travel.

I. 981. Directed. That is, my course heiiui directed, a nominative
absolute, forming an adverbial adjunct of hrimjs.

I. 988. Anarch. This is rather a l)old coinage. Anarchy is the
absence of government. An anarch holdinrj ^way over chaos, is there-
fore a self-contradictory conception.

l. 990, This can only be reduced within the rules of analysis by
substituting / hiou? thee, I know ivho tliou art.

I. 991. Before thxtt insert thou art.

I. 992. Though [thou tvast] overthrown. An advei'bial clause of
concession attached to made.

I. 999. If all — Night. An adverbial clause attached to keep : — if
all [that^ I can [do] toill senje so to defend tJuit little which is left,
encroached on, &c.

/. 1003. After beneath supply encroached on my frontiers : and
repeat the -^ame predicate in the next sentence.

I. 1011. That noio — shorv. This maybe treated as an adverbial
clause qualifying the adjective glad. We should get much the same
sense if we substituted because for tJiat.

I. 1017. After than insert Argo was endangered. Argo was the
famous ship in which Jason and his companions, the Argonauts,
sailed to fetch the golden fleece from Colchis.

I. 1018. The justling rocks. These were the Cyanece or Syniple-
gades, two rocks at the entrance of the Thracian Bosphorus, which
are near to each other, and as a ship threads its way up the clianuel
seem alternately to approach to and to recede from one another. Hence
the fable that they were moveable, and closed upon and crushed any
ship that attempted to sail lietween them.

I. 1020. Charybdis. This celebrated whirlpool (called now the
Galofaro) is in the Sicilian Straits, near Messina. Its dangers were
not altogether imaginary, though very much exaggerated by the
timid navigators of ancient times. Milton seems here to speak of
Scylla as another whirlpool. This is a mistake. ScyUa or Scyllgeum
was a rocky promontory on the Italian coast, about fifteen miles N.

BOOK n. f< fi"OR IT.*)

K0TR9.

iblc even

such as

t. After

ittributivo

,0 travel.
lominative

rchy is the
)8, is there-
analysis hy

al clause of

to keep :—ir
vhich is left,

mtiers: and

an adverbial
ich the same

vgo was the
Argonauts,

or Syniple-
[horus, which
1» the channel
[)thcr. Hence

crushed any

of liJiegiuni, forming two small bays, one on each side. There is
absohitely no danger in sailing past it, and it is ditticult to understand
how it could ever have been regarded as a [K-nlous obstacle. This
rock was represented by the mytliologists aa the abode of the monster
Scylla {I. (560). In Homer {Od. xii. 8.5), Scylla is described as a
monster with twelve misshapen feet, six long necks, supporting
frightful heads, in the mouth of eacli of which were three rows of
teeth full of black death. The later form of the legend is mentioned
in the note on /. 660.

I. 1023. He once past. A nominative absolute, forming an ad-
verbial adjunct to paved.

I. 1032. Before 2ohovi supply the antecedent those.

I. 1039. As a broken foe [would retire] from her outmost works.

I. 1041. T/uit Satan, &c. This intricate adverbial clause, which
ends at /. 1053, is attached to the predicate begins in each of the
preceding sentences.

I. 1042. WujUs is here intransitive, equivalent io floats.

I. 1043. Holds the port is a translation of the Latin phrase occnpai
portum.

I. 1046. WeiyJis is a rendering of the Latin lU/rat, which rather
means balances. At leisure, &c., forms an adverbial adjunct to
weighs. To behold, &c., is an attributive adjunct to leisure.

I. 1048. In full : undetermined wfieUier it be square or tvhether it bt
round.

L 10.'>2. As a sttir, &c. Insert the predicate understood is big.

bed now the
langcvs were
[•ated by the

to speak of
, or Scyllseum

en miles N.

it! . i

A LIST OF WOUDS USED TN OBSOLETE
OK UNUSUAL SENSES.

Aeoess (aceesaus, acceilo), way by which approach may be made^

(I. 13a)
Aoolaixn (acclamare), a shout raised at anything. {I. 520.)
Admire {admimri), to wonder. (/. 678.)
Adverse (adveraus), contrary to our proi)er nature. {I. 77.)
Afflictinar (flrj^jflro), dashing against. (/. 100.)
Ambrosial (afx^poiria 'the food o' the gods,' from dfxBpoTOi •immor-

*M,') like ambrosia. {I. 245. )
Ar onist (di'Ta7w»i(rTi^$), one capable of wrestling against an

3rsary. (I. 609.)
Atiaixbean, like those of Atlas. Atlas was a mythological personage,

represented as bearing up the pillars which keep heaven aad

earth asunder, or as supporting the heavens on nis shoulders.

His name was iiubsequently localized in the mountain chain in

the north'West of Africa. (I. 306.)
Awful, full of awe — i.e., full of reverential respect.

Cease {ceaaare), to hesitate or delay. (Z. 159.)

Chair (carrua), chariot. (I. 930.)

Chairm, a. (carmen), a spell or incantation. (/. 266.)

Charm, v., to put under a spell, to bewitch or beguile. {I. 566.)

Compose {componSre), to arraTige or put together, to bring into good

order. (I. 280.)
Oompoaed {composittia)^ made up. {I. 111.)
Compulsion {compell^re), force exerted in driving. {I. 80. )
Confine (cotifinia), to have the same boundary with. (L 977. )
Conjecture {corjecturaf conjicio)^ anticipation as to the result of a

oourao of action.
I Conjured {:onjurare)^ bound together by oath. {I. 693.)

I Dash, to OTTerthrow. {I 114.)
Deform, a(^'. (ctt/brmw), shapeless, hideoiuk (4 706.)

■"l!

■--■'1

f 5 t^'^flF' ;n|[l

; i

■^

68 A LIST OF WORDS USKD IN OBSOLETE OR UNUSUAL SJKNSXS.

Demur (demomri), doubt, hesitation. {I. 431 )
Descent [dcscendtre), dej)tii to which we have fallen. (L 14.)
Detormiiio {de, termmun), to settle one's j)osition and limits. {I. 330. )
Dimension {dimemio, dimttiri), extent that admits of being mea-
sured, {l. 8U3.)

Element {dementa, ' first principles '), a primary or sinijdc substance.

According to the notions lield in Milton's time, the term dements

was especially apphed to tire, air, eaitli, and water. 'Yh^demeM

of any living creature is that one of these four, in or on which

^ it nat.ually lives, (i. 275.)

Empyreal [iixirvpos), dwelling in tlae region of fire, heavenly. See
Ethered (/. I.Ji). ' The empyrean ' (Z. 771), means 'heaven.'

Entertain, to amuse or beguile. (I. 520. )

En and, in Anglo-Saxon, tere/i(/. Not from en*are.

Esfeatial [cMentia, modern Latin derivative frt>m esse), being, nature,
'This essential.' (/. 97.)

Et.iereal (idhereus, aldvp ' blazing heat '), belonging to the region of
uuther— i.e., to heaven. By cether, the ancients understood the
upper, pure, glowing air beyond the region of mists and clouds
(diip) ; a rare and iicry medium, in which the heavenly bodies
moved. {L 311, 978.)

Evasion {eiHisiOt evadcir), power of making one's way out. {I. 411.)

Event (eveiitus, tvenio), the itsult of a course of action. {/. 82.)

Excellence (excdlere), superiority in any quality, not merely supe-
riority in goodness.

Excursion (ex, cuirere), a hasty sally. [1. 396. )

Exempt {exiinSre ' to take out '), removed to a distance, released or
delivered. (/. 318.)

Fact (/ac<«m), feat. French, ' iait.' (/. 124)

Fall, to happen (/. 203). Compare accidere (from ad and cadere *to

fall').
Fame (/ai)ia), report. {I, .346. )
Fatal (/a a^is, /a/«/>t), established by fate. (l. 104.)
Forgetful, causing forgetfulness. (/. 74.)
Foriorn, lost. German, 'verloren.' (/. (>15.)
Fraught, another form of the past participle of freight. (L 715.)
Fury (furor), madness. {I. 728.)

Horrent (horrere)^ bristling. (I. 513.)
Horrid {Jwrridus)^ bristling. {I. 710.)

Imag^inatlons {imago, imaginatio), plans, designs.

Impaled (in, palus, ' a stake '), enclosed. The word signifies properly,

' enclosed with stakes,' or ' fixed on a stake.' (/. 047.)
Impendent (in, pendere), hanging over us. (/. 177.)
Impotanod (impotetUia, in, patens) want of self-control. {L 166.)

INSSS.

14.)

ts. {I. 330.)
being mea-

c substance,
erni elements
The element
or on which

ivenly. See
' heaven.'

eing, nature,

the region of
iideistood the
ts aud clouds
Eivenly bodies

aut. {I. 411.)

{l. 82.)
merely supe-

;e, released or

iudca(ie?-e 'to

{L 715.)

lifies properly,
347.)

(i. 156.)

A LliST OF WORDS USED IN OBSOLETE OR UNUSUAL SJ^NSES. 69

Incensed {incemUre), kindled, fired. (L 707.)

Industrious {indinitna), beudiug one's energies towards some end.

(/. 116.) Ex industria, ' of set purpose.*
Inflame {inflammare), to blaze, (l. 581.)

Instinct (instiiufuh-e), goaded on, incited, or impelled, (J. 937.)
Intellectual (inteUiyere), ]i«^ssessed of understanding. {I. 147.)
Intend (iw, tendere), to direct the mind to any subject. (I. 457.)
Involve {involvere), to wrap up. {I. 384.)

Labouring- (/aftwarc), suffering disaster. (/. 665.)

Mansion {mansio, manere), a dwelling-place. {I. 462. )

Need {l. 413), used apparently as an adjective ; ' to have need/
being equivalent to the German phrase, ' noting haben.'

Obdtired {ohdurare), hardened. {I. 5G8, )

Obscure {obscurus), dark, not easily .seen. {I. 132.)

O'erwatched, kept awake for an unusual or excessive lencth of time.

{l. 288.)
Ominous {omen, ominosns), full of tlireatenings of disaster, ' Omi-
nous conjecture' = anticipation of disaster.
Opinion (opinio), estimation, judgment. (I. 471.)

Palpable (palpare), that may be felt. * The pal['able obscure' = dark-
ness tliat may be felt.

Partial (2Mr«), taken up by a few only. {I. r)o\*. )

Passion (passio, patior), suffering, the bein-^ allected by anything.
The opposite of this is apathy. {I. 564.)

Patience (patUntia), power of endurance. (/. 569.)

Pitch, the highest iioint (/. 772). Pitch is of the same origin as pike
and sjnke, and implies the acute angle formed by the meeting of
two lines or surf-wes in a point or edg<?. A high-pitched roof is a
roof with a high ridge. Hence the idea of elevation, which is
attached to the word pitch. Picea. * the pitch-pine,' is so called
from its form, and that of its leaves. The verbs pick and peck
are connected with the radical notion of point.

Policy {iroXiTtia), the action aud life of a settled state. {I. 297.)

Possess (possidere), seize upon. {II. 365, 979. )

Presum.ptuous {prfKHuiaiti), taking too soon, or before proper per-
mission is given. (/. 522.) ' Presumptuous hope' = hope that is
directed to its object too soon.

[Pretence {pra>.tendire, 'to stretch in front'), a claim put forwards.

j (/. 825.)

Prime {primv^), foremost. (/. 423.)

Process {processtis, proccdere), advance. (/. 297.)

Prohibit {prchibere), to stop. (/. 437.)

jProne {pronus), bending low. {I. 478. )

II \

LIST OF WOltDS USED IN OBSOLKTE OR UNUSUAL SENSES,

fl^

Rare (rarua), thinly scattered ; the opposite of dense. {I. 948.)
Bedoundin^ {redundan), overflowing, spreading in billows beyond

the proper limits. {I. 889. )
Reluctance (reluctarey 'to struggle against'), obstinate resistance.

(t. ou7. )
Remit (remittere), relax. (1. 210.)
Revolutions (revohitio), revolving periods. (I. 597. )
Ruinous {ruina^ ruo), crashing, as when a building falls suddenly.

(/. 921.)

Scope {(TKoirSs), a mark aimed at. {l. 127.)

Scowl, threaten with a scowling look. (/. 491.)

Specious {species, speciosus), having a noble or fair appearfc
(/. 484.)

Starve, to cause to perish by cold. The word is not necessarily con-
nected with the idea of hunger. German, ' sterben.'

Station (stafio), a body of troops on guard, {l. 412.)

Stygian, hellish. See note on /. 575. (I. 506. )

Sublime (aubUmis), raised aloft. (I. 528. )

Success {succedere), the result, good or bad, of a coarse of action.
(//. 9, 123.)

Suspense at//, (suftpensus), in suspense. {I. 418.)

Synod ((rivoSos), assembly.

Tartarean, belonging to Tartarus — 1.«., hell. {?. 69).

Temper (temperare, 'to mix in due proportion'), constitution.

{II. 218,276.)
Torrent (<orrere), scorching. (/. 681.)
Trading:, flowing in a regular tread or tract. (I. 640.)

"UncoMthi Anglo-Saxon, uncud), unknown. {II. 407, 827.)
Unessential, having no real being or substance. (/. 439.) Set

'essential.'
XJnexpert {expertus), inexperienced. {L 52.)
TJprigrht, bearing the body upwards.

Voluminous {volumen, volvo), having many rolls or folds. (/. 652.)
"Voyage, journey. {I. 426). Compare the French voyage.

Waft (instransitive)y to float on air, or any buoyant medium.

{I. 1046.)
Wasteful, full of empty wastes. {I. 961.)
Weign, to spread out in even balance. ' Weighs his spread win^'

(L 1046.) An imitation of the Latin librare.

[. SENSES.

{I 948.)
illows beyond

lie resistance.

ills suddenly.

r appears

?ces3ari]y con-
i.'

rse of action.

constitution.

27.)

(/. 439.) Set

els. {I. 652.)
ige.

ant medium,
ipread wings.'