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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 CANADA PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Reference Book A COMPENDIUM OF USEFUL INFORMATION Containing the Complete Census of the United States by Counties ; Map of the United States ; Views of Public JiuiLDiNGs ; Patent and Copyright Laws ; Rules and JJIRECTIONS for OBTAINING PATENTS ; FoRMS FOR PA- TENTS, Caveats, Assignments, and Licenses; Hints on the Value and Sale of Patents • Tables of the Weights and Measures ' of the United States ; The Prin- cipal Mechanical Movements, WITH 150 Diagrams ; History and Description of the Steam - Engine, and Valuable Tables, Calculations, Problems, Etc. JTew yoRK : MUNN & CO., OFFICE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, No. 37 PARK ROW. 1877. . to Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by MUNN & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. yai'M U- S. W. Green, Printer, 16 ft 18 Jacob Street, New York. 7 /J ^f CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY OOUNTIES, POE 1870. ALABAMA.— Area, 60.722 square inilef. 4ataaga...II,623 Clav 9,660 Baker 6,194 Cleburne. .. 8,017 Baldwin. ... 6,004 ('oflTee 6,171 Barbour... 29,309 Colbert 12,637 Benton Conecuh . . . 9,674 Bibb 7,469 Cooia I1,94S Blount 9,945 BuUock.... 24,474 Butler 14,981 Calhoun... 13,979 Chamber*. . 17,663 Cherokee.. 1 1.132 ChocUw... 12,676 Clark 14,629 Arkaniat . Ashley 8,U42 Benton . Boone — Bradley.. Calhoun . Carroll . Chi«ot r.214 Clark 11,963 Columbia.. 11,397 Conway Crawford. Crittenden Covington.. 4,868 Crenshaw.. 11, 166 Vale 11,325 DaUaa 40,705 DeKalb... 7,126 KlDMre 14,477 EaKambia. . 4,041 Etowah 10,109 ABKANSAS.- 8,268 Craighead . 4,677 Crosi 8,916 Dallas 5,707 Desha 6,125 Drew 9,960 Franklin... 9,627 Fulton 4,843 Grant 8,943 Green 7,673 Hempatead. 13,768 Hot Springs 6,877 Independ'cel4,666 Fayette 7,166 Lowndeii. .26,719 rranklin... 8,006 Macon 17,727 Geneva 2,969 Madison . . .31,267 Greene 18,399 Marengo. . .26,161 Hancock Marion .... 6,069 Hale 21,792 Marshall. . . .9,871 Henry 14,191 Mobile 49,311 JackMn 19,410 Montgom'y.43,704 JelTerson. . . 12,346 Morgan. . . . 12,187 Lauderdale 16,092 Monroe 14,214 Lawrence . 16,668 Perry 24,975 Lee 21,760 Pickens. ... 17,690 Limestone . 16,017 Pike 17,423 ToUl -Area, 62.108 square xniles. Randolph.. 12,006 RusseU....21.836 Sanford 8893 Shelby 12,218 St. Clair... 9,360 Sumter 24,110 Talladega.. 18,063 Tallapooia 16,963 Tuscaloosa 20.081 Walker... 6,643 Washington 3,912 Wilcox . . . .28,377 Winston... 4,165 13,831 7,032 8,646 3,863 ,6,780 8,112 8,967 8,831 Izard 6,806 Jackson 7,268 Jeflerson ..16,733 Johnson.... 9,162 Lafayette.. 9,139 Lawrence.. 6,981 Little River 3,236 Madison . . . 7,927 Marion Mississippi. Monroe. . . Montgom'y Newton... 3,364 Ouachita. . . 13,975 Perry 2,685 PhiUips.... 15,372 Pike 3,788 Poinsett... 1,720 Polk 8,376 Pope 8,409 Prairie 6,604 Pulaski . . .32,066 Randolph . . 7,466 St. Francis. 6,714 Saline 3,911 Scott 7,483 Searcy. Sebastian . . Sevier Sharpe Union .... Van Buren. 6,614 :2,940 4,492 6,400 10,571 6,107 Washingt'nl7.266 White 10,346 Woodruff. .6,891 Yell 8,048 Alameda. Alpine 685 Amador 9,682 Butte 11,403 Calaveras. . 8,895 Colusa 6, 165 Contra Costa 8,461 Del Norte.. 2,022 El Dorado. 10,309 Fresno 6,336 Inyo 1,966 Kern 9,925 Klamath... 1,686 Lake 2,969 Lassen 1,324 I^s Angelosl5,309 Marin 6,903 Mariposa . . 4,672 Mendocino . 7,645 8. Joaquin. 21 ,060 S.L.Obispo. 1,772 S. Mateo . . 6,635 S. Barbara. 7,784 S. Clara. 8. Crua Shasta . Sierra.. , Siskiyou.. .26,246 8,743 4,173 6,619 6,848 Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehoma . . . Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Yolo 9,899 Yuba 10,861 .16i«;"l .19.M9 6,499 6.030 3,687 3,213 4,533 . 8.150 3,97* 3,633 8,336 2984 Total... "....: 488,179 CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188,981 square miles. 24,237 Humboldt.. 6,143 Merced 2,807 S. Frauc'ul49,482 Solano Mono 430 Monterey . . 9,876 Napa 7,163 Nevada ...19,136 Placer 11,367 Plumas 4,489 8acramento26,831 S. Bernar'o 8,988 San Diego . 4,974 Total... .". 660,286 CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square mil.s. Fairfleld .. .96,276 Litchfield . .48,727 N. Haven. 121,267 TolUnd .. .22,000 Windham !W.618 Hartford . 109,007 Middlesex 36.099 N. London. 66,634 Total 637,418 DELAWARE.— Area, 2,120 squar « miles. Kent 29,804 N. Castle. .63,615 Sussex. .. .31,696 Total 126,015 FLORIDA.— Area, 69,268 square miles. Alachua... 17,328 Duval n,921 Jackson ... 9,628 Marion. .. .10,804 St. Johns JaflTerson ..13,398 Lafayette.. 1,783 Leon 16,233 Levy 2,017 Liberty 1,060 Madison... 11, 121 Manatee... 1,931 Total..; :.. 187,760 OEORaiA.— Area, 68,000 square miles. Kullock ... 6.610 Charlton .. 1,897 Cobb 13,814 Burke 14,686 Chatham . .41,279 Coffee 8. 192 Chattah'ee. 6,069 Chatooga . . 6,902 Cherokee. .10,399 Clarke 12,941 Clav 6.493 Baker 1,325 Escambia. Benton Frank lin Bradford.. 8,671 Gadsden Brevard... 1,216 Calhoun ... 906 Clay 2,098 Columbia.. 7,335 Dade (6 Hamilton . Hernando Hillsboro . Holme*. 7,825 . 1,266 . 9,802 . 6,749 . 2,938 . 8,215 . 1,672 2,618 Monroe 6,667 Sumter . . . 2,962 Nassau. . . . 4,247 Suwanee . . 3,566 New River, Taylor 1,443 Orange 2,195 Volusia 1,723 Polk 3,169 Wakulla .. 2,606 Putnam . .. 8,821 Walton . . . 3,060 B. Rosa. . . . 8,312 Washing'n 2,30 Appling . . . 6,086 Baker 6,843 Baldwin... 10,618 Bank* 4,973 Bartow 16,666 Berrien . . . 4,618 Bibb S1.265 Brook* 8,342 Bryan 5,252 Butt* 6,941 Calhoun . . . 6,603 Camden... 4,611 Campbell.. 9,176 Carroll 11,782 Cas* Clay4on 6,477 Catoosa ... 4,409 Clinch 8,945 Cokjuitt ... 1,664 Columbia.. 13,629 Coweta... 16,875 Crawford.. 7.667 Dade 3.033 Dawson.... 4,369 Decatur... 16,183 DeKalb... 10.014 Dooley .... 9.790 Dougherty 11,514 Early . Echob EfSngham. . Elbert ... Emanuel . . Fannin 6,998 1,978 4,214 9.249 6,143 6,429 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Fayetto . . . 8,221 Fluyd 17,230 Foriv'h . . . »,9M Frinklln .. 7,893 Fullon 3,34« Oilmer . ... 6,644 (lltMock .. 2,736 Glynn 6,376 GurHon 9,268 Greene 12,464 Gwinnett . .12,431 Hkberiham 6,333 Hall 9.607 Hancock... 11,317 Haralwn... 4,004 Harri* 13,284 Hart 6,783 Heard 7,866 Adam* . . . .80,363 Alexander . 10,664 Bund 13,163 Roone 12,943 Brown 12,205 Bureau 32,415 Ralhoan . . . 6,663 Carrull... 16,705 Cam 10,089 Champaign 32,738 ChriRtian . .20,363 Olark 18,710 Olay 16,875 Clinton' 16,284 Ci>lea 26,237 Cook 349,970 Crawford.. 13.889 Cumberl-d . 12,323 DeKalb... 23,265 Ue Witt... 14,766 Douglas... 13,484 Adama 10,383 Alien 43,494 BaHbol'w .21,133 Benton 6,615 Blackford . 6,273 Boone 22,693 Brown 8,681 Carroll 16,163 Cass 24,193 Clarke 24,770 Clay 19,084 Clinton 17,330 Crawford.. 9,861 Davieii ..16,747 Dearborn. .24,116 Decatur DeKalb .17,167 Delaware. .19,030 DuboU 12,697 .Adair 3,982 Adanu 4,614 .Ulamakee. 17,868 Appanoose . 16,468 Audubon .. 1,212 Benton 22,464 Bl'k Hawk.21,706 Boone 14,676 Bremer ...13,528 Buchanan .17,0.^4 Buena Vista. 1,685 Butler 9,961 Calkoan... 1,602 Carroll .... 2,461 CaH 6,464 Henry 10,103 HoutUm... 20,406 Irwin 1,837 Jaekwn ...11,181 Jasper 10,439 Jefferion ..13,193 Johnson . . . 2,964 Joneii 9,436 Laurens . . . 7,834 Lae 9,667 Mberly ...18,912 Lincoln. . .. 6,411 Lowndes . . 8,321 Lumpkin .. 6,161 Macon 11.418 Madison... 5,327 Marion ... 8, WO Mcintosh . . 4.485 J." -irrlwet'r. 13,766 Miller 8,091 Milton 4,284 MileheU . . 6,633 Monroe.... 17,313 Montgum'y. 8,686 Morgan ...10,696 Murray . . . 6,600 Muscogee. .16,663 Newton . . . 14,615 Oglethorpe.11,782 Paulding .. 7,689 Pickens . . . 6,317 Pierce 2,778 Pike 10,905 Polk 7,833 Pulaski .. 11,040 Putnam ...10,461 Quitraai Rabuu . 4,160 3,266 Ramlolph.. 10.661 Kuhmund .36,137 Schley 6,129 Bcriver 9,175 Hpaukling.. 10,305 Stewart ...I4.3U4 Sumter 16,669 Talbot 11,613 Taliaferro. 4,796 Tatnail Taytor Telfair . Terrell . Thomas Towns . Total 4,860 7.148 8,245 9,063 17,168 3,780 Troup Twiggs. . . . Union I'pson Walker ... Walton. . . . Ware Warren . Washing'n Wayne. . . Webster.. While... AVhitfield . Wilcox... Wilkes... Wilkinson Worth... ILLINOIS.- Area, 66,406 square miles. J. 17,633 8,646 5,267 0,430 9,W6 li,03M 3,886 .10,546 16,641 2,177 4,677 . 4,606 .10,117 . 3,439 .11,796 . 9,387 . . 3778 194,089 DuPage ..16,685 Edgar 21,460 Edwards . . 7,665 Effingham. .15,663 Fayette ...lt>,338 Ford 9,103 Franklin ..12,662 Fulton 38,293 Gallatin ...11,134 Green 20,277 Grundy ...14,938 Hamillon.. 13,014 Hancock . .34,461 Hardin 5,113 Henderson. 13,683 Henry 36,607 Iroquois . . .26,783 Jackson ...19,634 Jasper 11,234 Jeflerson ..17,864 Jersey 16,064 Jo Daviess. 37,810 Johnvon ,..11,248 Kane 39,091 Kankakee .34,363 KendaU ...13,399 Knox 39,623 Lake 31,014 La Salle... 60,793 Lawrence. . 13,633 Lre 27,171 Livingston. 3 1, 473 Logan 28,063 McDono'h .36,611 McHenry..23,763 McUan . . .63,988 Macon 20,633 Macoupin ..33,729 Madison... 44.131 Marion 30,632 Marshall.. 16,966 Masion. Massac. . Menxrd . Mercer. . Monroe 16,184 . . 9,681 ..11,735 ..18,769 13,892 Montgom'y.26,315 Morgan . . .28,463 Moultrie ..10,385 Ogle 27,493 Peoria 47,640 Perry 13,723 Piatt 10,968 Pike 30,768 Pope 11,437 Pulaski . . . 8,762 Putnam . . .66,;^0 Pandolph.. 20,869 Richland ..13,803 Hock Island 39,783 St. Vlair... 61.069 Total INDIANA.— Area. 33,809 square xnilea. Elkhart . . .36,026 JeHeraon . .39,741 Noble 20,389 Jennings ..16,318 Johnson . . . 18,366 Knox 31,559 Kosciusko .38,631 LaGrange.14,148 Lake 13,880 La Porte . .37,063 Lawrence.. 14,688 Madison . . .33,770 Marion 66,345 Marshall.. 20,211 Martin.. ..11, 103 Miami 21.063 Monroe 14,168 Montgom'y .3?. 765 Morgan ...I7,j2» Newton . . . 5,839 SsHne 12,714 Sangamon .46.364 Schuyler ..17,410 Scott 10,630 Shelby . . . .26,475 Stark 10,751 Stephenson. 30,608 I'atewell ..27,903 Union 16,618 Vermilion. .30.388 Wabash 8.841 Warren ,. 23.174 Washing'n. 17,699 Wayne. ...19,758 White 16,846 Whiteside .27,606 Will 43,013 WiUiamson 17,329 Winnebago 29,301 Woodford .18.966 2,639,688 Fayette ...10,476 Floyd 2S.S00 Fountain ..16,389 Franklin . .20,223 Fulton 13,726 Gibson 17.371 Grant 18,487 Green 19,614 Hamilton . .20,883 Hancock... 16, 123 Harrison ..19,913 Hendricks .30,277 Henry 33,986 Howard... 16,847 Huntington 19,036 Jackson ...18,974 Ohio 5,837 Orange.... 13,497 Owen 16,137 Parke 18,166 Perry 14,801 Pilie . .18 779 Porter 13,942 Posey 19,185 Pulaski 7,802 Putnam .31,614 RHndolph. .22,862 Ripley 20,977 Rush 17.636 St. Joseph .36.323 Scott 7,873 Shelby . . . .31,893 Spencer ...17,998 Jasper 6,634 Jay 15,000 IOWA.— Area. 60,014 square miles. Cedar 19.731 Dubuque . .38,969 Humboldt . 2.898 Emniett... 1,293 Ida 336 Fayette . . .16,973 Iowa 16,642 Floyd 10,768 Jackson . . .23,630 Franklin .. 4,738 Jasper 33,116 Fremont... 11, 174 Jeflerson ..17,839 Greene 4,637 Johnson . . .34,898 Orumly . . . 6,398 Jones 19,731 Guthrie . . . 7,061 Kegkuk . . .19,434 Hamilton . . 6,065 Kossuth . . . 8,361 Hancock... 999 Lee 37,310 Hardin... 13,686 Lynn 38,788 Harrison . . 8,931 Louisa 12,868 Henry 21,460 Lucas 10,288 Howard ... 6,283 Lyon 31 Stark 3,888 Steuben... 13,864 Sullivan.. .18,463 Switzerland 12,134 Tippecanoe 33,616 Tipton 11,963 Union 6,341 Vanderb'g 33,146 Vermilion .10,840 Vigo 33,649 Wabash . . .21,306 Warren ...10,204 Warwick Washing'n 18,496 Wayne 34,048 Wells 13,686 White 10,664 Whitley . . .14,399 Cerro Oor'o 4,722 Cherokee.. 1,967 Chickasaw. 10, 180 Clarke 8,735 Clay 1,623 Clayton ...27,771 Clinton 36,367 Crawford.. 2,630 Dallas 12,019 Davia 16,665 Decatur . . . 12,018 Delaware.. 17,433 Des Moines 27,268 Dickinson . 1,389 Madison . . . Mahaska . . Marion . . . . Marshall . . Mills Mitchell ... Monona . . . Monroe MoBtgom'y Muscatine . O'Brien . . . Osceola . . . 16,854 3,6U6 4,434 17 076 8,717 , 9,683 3,664 12,724 .6,934 31,688 , 715 Page Pak> Alto . 9,974 1,336 Plymouth. . 2,199 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. PoralMNitM. 1,444 Polk 77, Mr Pottawat'e 16,8SiS Paweihlek. 15,081 RiBKgold . 5,603 flan.'..'....' 1,411 Sco(( SS,599 Shelby 2,540 8i«ax 576 Story 11,651 Tama , Warren ...IT.tm WMhinst'n 18.953 Wayne ...II. 287 Webiter . . . 10.484 Winnebago l.fifiil .16.131 Taylor 6,989 lirtiun 6,986 Van Buren. 17.673 Wapello . .3*2.346 KANSAS.— Area, 78.418 square miles. Crawrurd.. 8.160 JslTerion.. .13,526 Nemeba ... 7,339 Jewell 207 Neu 2 Juhnion. . . . 13,684 Neonho .... 10,306 Kiowa Norton Labette 9,973 Otrnge 7,648 I.eavenw'rh32,444 Oibome ... 33 Lincoln 516 Linn 12,174 Lyon 8,624 768 6,001 738 Winneiih(ek33,S70 Woodbury. 6.263 Worth 2,892 Wright 2,392 Total.. 1,191,803 AlfeB T.02S Anderron . . 5.220 Davis 3,993 Atchiam . . . 15.507 I)iekin«on . . 3.043 Barb'r (w. Carley Doniphan. . 18.969 Burton S Dmiglaa . . .20.604 Boiirbon...l8,07S Ellis 1,336 Brown 6.834 Elbwortb. . 1,188 Butler 8,038 Ford Chase 1,975 Franklin.. .10,885 Cherokee.. 11, 038 Graham Marion Clatke Greenwood. 8,484 Marshall, Clay 2,942 Gore McPherson Ckmd 2,323 Harp'r (w. Carley Miami 11,725 Coffee 6,301 Hodgeman Mitchell... 485 Comanche Howard . .. .2,794 Montgom'y. 7,664 Carley ctal 1,175 Jackson. . .0^063 Morris 2,235 nunh RuHseU.... 1C« Saline 4,246 Sedgwick.. 1,522 Shawnee . .13,121 Smith 66 Ottawa 2,127 StaObrd Pawnee... 179 Sumner Phillips Trego 166 Pottawat'e. 7,848 W..baunsee 3,862 Pratt Wallace... 538 R M) Washingt'n 4,081 Uepublic. . . 1,281 WiUon 3,604 Rice 5 Woodnon .. 8.827 R iley 8,105 Wyandot . . 10,019 Rorke Total.... 363.873 Adair 11,065 Allen 10.296 AnderMon . . 6,449 Kalhrd 13,676 Barren 17,780 Bath 10,145 Boone 10,696 Bourbon... 14,863 Boyd 8,673 Boyle 9,615 Bracken... 11, 409 BreaCiitt . . 6,673 Breckin'ge. 13,440 Ballit .... 7.781 Butler 0.404 Caldwell... 10,826 Calloway . . 9,400 Campbell. .27,406 Carroll 6,189 Carter 7,608 Casey 8,884 Christian . .28,227 CUrk 10,883 E£NTUCKY.~Area. 87,680 square miles. Clay Clinton Crittenden. Ciimbrrl'd. Daviess. . . . Edmondson Elliott Estill Fayette 8,207 6,497 0,381 7,690 20,714 4,459 4,433 0.198 20,666 A.irenslon ..11 .877 Assumption 13.284 .AToyeftes..l3,92« B.Roug.K. 17.817 B.Roug.W 6,114 BienTiUr . .10,639 Bossier 12,678 Caddo 21,714 CalcHisleu.. 6.7S3 Caldwell . Cameron . Harrison ..12,993 Hart 13,687 Hendenon. 18,467 Henry 11.066 Hickman . . 8.463 Hopkins... 13.827 Jackson.. . . 4.647 JelTerson .118,963 Jessamine . 8,638 John Bell . . 8,731 Johnson . . . 7,494 Kenton 36,096 Knox 8,294 La Rue 8,236 Laurel 6,016 Lawrence . 8,497 Lee 8,055 Letcher 4,608 LewU 9,115 Lincoln 10,947 Livingston . 8,200 I.ogan 20,429 Lyon 6,238 Total '. 1,331,001 LOXnSIANA.— Area, 41,255 sauare miles. Fleming... 13,398 Floyd 7,877 Franklin... 16,300 Fulton 6,161 Gallatin . . . 6.074 Garrard... 10,376 Grant 9,620 Graves 19,308 Grayson... 11, 680 Greene . . Greenup. Hancock. Hardin . . Harlan 9,370 .11,463 . 6,691 .15,705 4,418 Madison ...19,543 MagofGn... 4,684 Marion 12,838 Marshall . . 9,465 Mason 18,126 McCrackcn 13,988 McLean . . . 7,614 Meade 9,485 Menifee ... 1,986 Mercer 13,144 Metcair 7,934 Monroe 9,231 Montgom'y. 7,667 Morgan 6,975 Muhlenb'g. 12,638 Nelson 14,804 Nicholas... 9,129 Ohio 16,661 Oldham 9,027 Owen 14,309 Owilsy 8,889 Pendleton .14,030 Perry 4,274 Pike 9,862 Powell 2,699 Pulaski ...17,670 Robertson .63,0('9 Rock Custki 7,145 Rowan 2,991 RusseU 6,809 Scott 11,607 Shelby 16,733 Simpson... 0,673 Spencer . . . 8,966 Taylor 8,226 Todd 12,612 Trigg 13,686 Trimble . . . 8.677 Union 13,640 Warren . . .21,743 Washing'n. 13,464 Wayne. . . . 10,602 Webster... 10,987 Whileley . . 8,278 Wolfe 3,603 Woodford . 8,240 PlaqueniinelO.663 Pt. Coupee. 12.981 Rapides ...18.018 Richland .. 8,110 Sabine 6.456 4,820 1,691 Androsc'n Aroostook Cumherl'd 82,020 Franklin.. 18,807 .88,888 29,609 Carrdl... 10,110 Jackson ... 7,646 Catahoula . 8,478 Jafferson . . 17,767 CIMborne . .30,240 Lafayette . . 10,388 Concordia . 9,977 Lafourche .14,719 I>« SotiK: . .14,962 Livingston . 4,028 Pelici'na.E. 13,499 Madison S. Bernard. 8,663 Feliei'na,W10,498 Moorehouse 9,387 St. Charles. 4,867 Frankli 6,078 Natchitoch' 18,268 St. Helena. 8.423 Grant 4,5IV Opclousas St. James. .10,163 Iberia 9,042 Orleans . .19J, 425 8.J ~ ~ Iberville . . .12,347 Ouachita . .11,663 8. Lauad-y.24,646 MAINE.— Area, 81,766 square miles. Hancock. . .36,470 Lincoln 26.597 Piscataquis 14.403 Kennebec. .63.205 Oxford 83.488 Sagadahoc . 18.803 Knox 30,623 Penobscot .74,691 Somerset . .34,611 S. Martin's. 9,370 St. Mary's 13,860 St. Tanim'y 8,68o Tangipaho. 7,928 Tensas 12,421 Ter. Bonne. 12,461 Union 11,6H Vermilion . . 4,828 Washing'n. 8,330 theB'p Winn 4,965 Total 732,731 Waldo . . . .34.535 Wanhing'n 43.343 York 60,174 Total 626,463 AUeghanv .38.836 A Arundel.24,46^ Ballimore.330,74t Calvert 9,868 CaruUne... 12,101 MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square n lies. Harford .. .22,608 Pr. George.21,138 Talbot 16,187 Howard ...14,160 Qu'n Anne. 16,083 Washing'n 34,713 Kent 17,103 St. Mary's 14,944 Wiromiro .18 802 Monteom'y.20,56a Somerset . .18,190 Worcester. 16,410 Total 780,806 MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, '. ,R0O square miles. Barnstable. 32,774 Uukes 8,787 Hxmpden. .78,403 Nantucket. 4,123 SulTolk .270,802 Berkshire .64,827 Essex 200,843 Hampshire. 44,388 Norfolk .. .81t,443 Worcester 192,716 Bristol ... 102,888 Franklin . .32,638 Middlesex.274,353 Plymouth. .65,368 Total 1,457,361 (Carroll . . .28,619 Cecil 26,874 Charles 15,738 Dorchester. 19,468 Frederick .47,672 6 CENSUS OP TOE UNITED STATES. MICHIOAN.- -Area, 66,248 •qvare snilei 1. Alconit . . . . c-« Crawford. . Kalama,104 Gratiot .. .11,810 Lenawee . .46,696 Muskegon 14,804 Schoolcraft | Branch. . . .36,226 Hillidale . .31.684 Livingston 19,338 Newaygo. , 7,298 Shiawassee 20.868 Calhoun . . .36,669 Houghton. 13.879 Mackinaw . 1,718 Nicosta. . . . ■ • . a St. Joseph .26.276 .13.714 Cats .21,094 Huron . . . . 9,049 Macomb . . .27.016 Oakland . . .40.867 Tuscula . . Charlevoix . 1,724 Ingham . . .25.269 Mani*ou . . . 891 Oceana . . . . 7,228 Van Burer 1.38,828 ChelMjygan . 2.196 Ionia .27,6lil Manistee . . 8,074 Ogemaw.. 12 Washtenaw4 1.434 | Chippewa. . 1,689 Iosco . 8,163 Marquette .16,038 Onlonagun . 9.845 AVayno... 119,03Ti Clare . 866 Isabell . . . . 4,113 Mason . 8,273 Osceola... . 2.093 Wessford. . 660 Clinton . . . .22,845 Jnckmin .. .96.047 Mecosta . . . 5,642 Oscoda . . . 70 Total.. 1.184.286 1 MINKESOTA^Area, 96,274 square milea. Altkra . . . 18 Cottonwoo(j . 634 Kennebeo. . 93 Otter Tail Sibley... . 6.738 Anolia.. . . . 3,n40 Crow Win a uM Lake . 135 Pembina . 64 Stearns. . . .14,206 Becker . . . Bellmine . . SOS 80 Dakota .. Dodge.... '. 8.598 L. qui Par Le Sueur. 1. 145 .11,607 Pierce . . . Steele.... Stevens. . . . 8,271 Pine . 648 Benton l,Cfi8 Big Stone . 34 Blue Eartk.17,303 Douglas ctcl 4679 Faribault.. 9.390 Fillmore... 24.887 McLrod .. Manomin. Martin . . . .61.643 ■.13,867 Pipe Stone Polk Todd Toombs . . Traverse . Popeetal. . 2,878 Breckinr'e Freeborn . .10,683 Meeker. .. . 6,090 Bamsey . . .33,081 Wabasha w. 16.869 | Brown . . . . «,3t3 Goodhue.. .22,618 Mille Lac. . 1,109 Redwood . . 1,829 Wadina.. B Baehanan • - . • . Grant . Monongalia 3,161 Renville.. Waseca . . . 7.884 1 Carlton... 286 Hennepin . .31,666 Morrison . . 1,899 Rice .16,<)83 Washing'n 11.810 Carrer . . . .11,687 Honxton . . .11,661 Mower . . . .10.447 Rock . 3.138 Watonwan . 2,426 Caa» . 184 Isanti .... - • • Murray. . . . 209 St. Louis . .11,561 Wilkio . . . . 296 Chippewa. . 1.467 Itasca.... . 178 Nicollet . . . 8362 Scott .11,042 Winona . . .28,318 Chiiago . . . 4^8 Jackson . . . 1,828 Noble.... . 117 Sherburne 3,080 Wright... . 9.487 Clay . 92 Kandiyohi . 1,760 Olmsted . . .19.793 Tola 1 436,811 MIS8ISSIPPI.- -Area. 47,166 square) miles. Adam* . . . .14.774 Covington . 4,763 Jefferson . .13,848 Monroe. . . .22,633 Smith.... . 7,126 Alcorn . . . .10,431 D« Soto . . Jones . . . . 8,813 Neshoba.. 4 • • ■ ■ ■ Sunflower Amite.... Franklin . . 7,498 Kemper . . Newton .. .9.807 Tallnhat'e . 7.862 AttaU . . . Greene . . . Grenada.. . 2.038 .10.671 Lafayette Lauderdale 13,468 Noxubeo . Oktibbeha. .20,905 Tippah . . . Tisbeming .20.727 BolWar... . 9,738 Calhoun . . .10,661 Hancock . . 4.239 Lawrence. . 6,720 Panola . . . .12,413 Tunica . . . . 5.368 Carroll... .21.047 Harrison . . 6.795 Leake . Perry . 2,694 Warren . . .26,766 Chickaaaw .19,899 Hinds.... .26.798 Lee .16,965 Pike .11,303 Wa.shing'n .14.669 Choctaw . Holmes. . . . i9.370 Lincoln. . . .10.184 Pontotoc . Wayne . . . . 4,206 Claiborne. .13,386 Issaquena. . 6.887 Lowndes . .30,602 Prentiss . . . 9,347 Wilkinson Clark .... . 7,605 Itawamba . 7,818 Madison . . .20,948 Rankin . . . .12,977 Winston . . 8,984 Coahoma . . 7,144 Jackson . . .4.368 Marion . . . . 4,211 Scott . 7.848 Yalabusha .13.284 Copiah . . . .20,608 Jasper . . . MISSOl .10,884 )tat Marshall . .29,418 Simpson . . . 6,718 Yazoo 627.ii7 JRI- Area, t7,88Q aquara xniles . AdaJr.... .11,449 Clay .16,664 Iron . 6,m Montgom'y.10,405 St. Clair.. . 6.743 Andrew .. .16.137 Clinton... .14,063 Jackson . . .66,041 Morgan .. N. Madrid .8,43a St. Francois 9.741 1 .AtcbiMNl.. . 8.440 Cole .10,292 Jasper . . . Jefferson . .14,929 .11,339 Ste. Gen've 8.384 1 Audrain . . .12.307 Cooper . . . .20,698 .16.380 Newton .. .12,821 St. I^uis . 361,180 Barry .10.373 Crawford. . 7,983 Johnson . . .24.649 Nodaway. .14.761 Saline .21.672 Barton . . . . 6.087 Dade . 8,683 Knox .10.974 Oregon . . . . «,287 Schuyler . . 7.987 Bates .... .15.960 Dallas.... . 8,383 Laclede .. .9.380 Osage .10.793 SroiUnd . . .10.676 P Benton . . . .11.322 DaTies.s. .. .14,410 Lafayette. .22,623 Osark... . 8.363 Scott . 7.317 Bollinger . . 8.162 De Kalb. . . 9,868 Lawrence .13,067 Pemiscot . . 2.069 Shannon.. .2.339 Boone .... .20,765 Dent . 6,357 Lewis . . . .16.114 Perry . 9.877 Shelby . . .10.119 Buchanan .30.360 Douglas .. . 8,915 Lincoln. .. .14,073 Pettis .18,706 SttKldurd . . 8.636 Butler . . . . 4.298 Dunklin . . .5.982 Linn .16,900 Phelpt... .10,606 Stone . . 3.263 Caldwell . .11.390 Franklin . .80,098 Liringston .16,041 Pike .23,076 Sullivan . .11.908 Callaway . .19,203 Gasconade .10,093 Macon . . .23,230 Platte.... .17,330 Taney. . . .4,407 Cainden . . .6.108 Gentry . . .11,607 Madison . . . 6,849 Polk .12,445 Texas... . 9.618 C. Oirnrdul7.658 Green .. . .21,549 Maries... . 5,915 Pulaski . . 4,714 Vernon. .. .11.246 t^wroU . . .17,445 Grundy .. .10,667 Marion. . . .22,604 Pntaam .. .11,217 Warrei* . . 9.673 Cam .19,296 Harrison .14,635 McDonald . 5.226 Ralls .10,810 Washingn. 11.719 | Carter . . . . 1.465 Henry. . . .17,401 Mercer. .. .11,867 Randolph . .16,908 Wayne.. Webster. . 6.068 Cedar . . . 9.474 Hickory . . 6,463 Miller ... . 6,616 Ray .18,700 .10,414 Chariton . .19,135 Holt .... .11,662 Mississipp Reynolds . . 3.768 Worth... .5.004 Chriilian . 6,707 Howard . .17,233 Moniteau .11.335 Ripley . . . St. Charlei . 8.175 Wright. . . 6,684 Clarii.... .13,667 Howfll . . . 4,218 Monroe. . .17.149 1.21.304 Total.. 1.711.798 1 NBBRASKA.- -Ar«a« 70.995 square inil3B. AdaflM . . 13 Bl k Bird. 31 Buffalo... . 193 Burt . 3.847 Butler... . 1.9Bf 1 CENSUS OF TnE UNITED STATES. Calhoun Ft Rftwkll Knruej .. C8 Cm 8.ISI Fmnklin . . M tsDOuter . 7,07« Gage 47S L'E.q.Con't S61 C«4ar l.On CiMymiie. . 190 City M Coifam .... 1,4?4 Cuming ...12,345 Dakota 8,1)40 Damon ... 103 Dixon I.S45 Dodgs 4.«I9 JDouglM...l»,«n FUlMore... 838 Grant 4M Llocdla. Green Lyon H»n 1, 087 MadiMn, Hamilton . Harrison . Jacfcwn. . . Jelhrsun.. Jolinaon . . 130 C31 9 9 446 8,439 Merrick . Monroe. . Nemaha . NucuUa . IT 78 l.ISS 687 SM 7,893 8 JtHKi Pawnee Otoe I3.S4A 2,637 Plarce lOS Platte 1,899 Polk 138 RIchardaon. 9,780 Saline... 8, 108 Sarpy 3,913 Saundera . . 4,847 Seward 2,993 Shorier Ptanton ... 1,837 Taylor .... 197 Waahtngt'n 4,453 Wavne .... WeiMter . . York Pawueei.R. Winnebago Terrify (un- nrga ■ iieU into coun- tlei)inth tlUte 10 604 44 84 81. Mary'* Waiihoe . . . 8.091 White Pine 7,189 NEVADA.— Ares, 112,090 ■gnftre miles. Carton :.... Etmeralda. 1,553 Lyon .... 1,837 PahUte... 763 Churchill.. 196 Humboldt . 1.916 Kye 1,087 Roop 188 Douglat... 1,315 Lander... S,818 Ormjby ... 3,668 Storey ... .11.858 Bko 8,447 Lincoln «.32S Totnl 42.481 KEW-HAMFSHIBE.-Area, 9.280 square miles. .17,681 Cheshire... 27,365 Grafton .. .30,103 Merrimark.42,151 StralTord . .30.948 .17,338 •Cuot 14,938 Hilliboro . .64,338 nockingh'm47,398 Sullitan. .18,058 Total 818,800 ITEW.JERSE7 Area. 8.320 square miles. .14.093 (^umberl'd 31,665 Hunterdon. 36,963 UorrU 48,137 Somerset . .23.510 Mercer... 46,388 ' Middlesex Monmouth. 46.198 ■elknap Carroll. AttanMe Bergen . .30.143 BurTiqgton.53,e38 Camden . . .46.038 Cape May . £,349 Albany Allegany . .40.814 Broome ...44,107 Cataraugus,43,909 Cayuga . . .69,649 Chalauqua. 69,328 Chemung . .36,381 Chenango. .40,683 Clinton . . . .48,038 Columbia.. 47,044 Cortland. Delaware Essex.... 143,818 Gloucester 21,563 Uudsun . .129,068 Total NEW-YOBK. 133,083 Dutcbeia . .74.404 Erie 178,695 Eaaex 39.043 Franklin . .30.271 Fulton ....27,064 Genesee . . .31,608 Greene 31,833 Hamilton . . 3,960 Herkimer Jefferson Kingi.. Ocean 13.6 Passaic 48,416 Salem 33.940 Sussex.... 38, 168 Union 41.868 Warren . -Area, 47.000 square miles. 84.348 906,798 28,174 43.973 .39.933 .65.418 .419.92S 6,868 8.697 Alamance. Alexander Alleghany Anson 13,428 Ashe 9.678 Beaufort.. 13,064 Bertie 13,960 Bladen 12,831 Brunswick. 7,764 Buncombe. 18,412 Burke 9,777 Cabarras..l 1,964 Caldwell. . . 8.476 Camden . . . S.861 Carteret. . . 9.510 Caswell . . .16,081 Catawba ..10,984 Chatham.. 19,733 Cherokee . . 8,080 Adama.... 20.750 AUen 23,62$ Ashland . . .81,93$ Ashtabula .32,818 Athens.... 21.873 AugUize . .20,040 Bebiont... 39,715 Bhiwn 30,803 Butler 89,913 CarroU.... 14,491 Champaign 34,188 Clark 33,070 Clay S.463 Clevdand. .12,696 Columbus. . 8,474 Craven 20,516 Cumberl'd. 17,038 Currituck . 5,131 Pane 3,738 Davidson . .17,258 Davie 9,630 Duplin... 15,543 Edgecombe 33,970 Forsyth ...13.060 FranUin.. 14.134 Gaston 13,603 Gatet 7.734 Granville . .34.831 Greene . . . 8.687 Lillington Pitt. Otaega Putnam . . . 15,420 Queens 73,804 Rensselaer. 95,660 Richmond .83,029 Rockland . .36,213 S.Lawrence84,835 Saratoga . .51,529 Bchenecta'y21,347 Schoharie. .33.340 Bcbayler . .18,889 Seneca 37.836 Mitchell .~. . 4.70B Montgom'y. 7,487 Moore 12,040 Nash 11.077 N.ltanover.27.97S Northam'n. 14.749 Onslow... 7,669 Orange 17,807 Pasquotank 8,131 Perquim's . 7,948 Person 11,170 67,717 46,960 34,646 Steuben Suffdk . Sullivan Tioga 30,673 Tompkina .83,180 Ulster 84,075 Warren . . .33.691 Washingt'n49.870 Wayne. ...47.711 Wesk w'r iS2J28 Wyoming .29!l63 Yatea 19.605 Livingston .38.310 Madison ..43,823 Monroe... 117,867 Montgom'y.34,457 NewYork923,631 Niagara . . .80,430 Oneida . . .110,009 Onondaga. 104,144 Ontario 45,108 ©range 80,901 Orleans ...37,689 Lewis 28,700 Otwego 77,948 Total 4.864,411 KOBTH-CABOLtNA.— Area, 60,704 sq^iare miles. 11,874 Chowan ... 6,450 Guilford. .21,796 MeeUeng .24,399 Rowan 16,811 HalifaK .. .20,407 — Harnett . . . 8.89S Haywood . . 7,921 Henderson. 7,706 Hertford . . 9.273 Hyde 6.445 liedell.... 16,931 Jackson 6,683 Johnson... 14, 168 Jones 5,1)03 Lenoir ....10,434 .17.276 Rutherfonl. 13,121 Sampaon . .16,436 Stanly ^315 Stoke* ... '1,908 Surry 11.353 Transylv'a. 8,636 Tyrrel.... 4,173 Union 13,318 Wake 35,617 Warren... 17.768 Waahing'n. 6.516 Watauga.. 8.287 Wayne... 18,144 Wilkes... 15,539 Lincoln. . . . 9.578 Polk 4,319 Macon .... 6.318 Randolph . . 17,566 Madison ... 8.193 Richmond . 13,883 Wilion .... 13,388 Martin 9,647 Robeson ... 13,261 Yadkin. . ..10.697 McDowell . 7,593 Bockingh'mlS.710 Yancey. ... 5.909 TMal.: 1,066,505 OHIO.- Area, 39,964 square miles. Clermont . .84,896 Clinton... 31.918 Columbi'na 38.399 Coehocton. .33.600 Crawford. 36.556 Cuyahoga. 132,013 Darke 33,131 Defiance... 15,719 Delaware. .85,178 Erie 28.188 Fairfield... 31, 139 Payette ...17.170 Franklin . .63,019 Fulton.... 17,789 Gallia 35,548 Geauga ...13,069 Greene 28,053 Guernsey . .38,798 Hamilton. 260,370 Hancock... 33.847 Hardin.... 18,714 Harrison . .18,683 Henry 14,028 Blghismd. .39,108 Hocking. .17.925 Hulmea. . .18.178 Huron.. . .28.633 Jackson . .21,759 Jefferson . .29.188 Kuox . . . .26,333 Lake. . . .16.935 Lawrence .31,380 Licking . . .36,123 Logan . . .23,038 Loraine . .30,308 Lucaa... .46,783 Madlion... 15,633 Mahoning .31,001 Marion.. ..16,184 Medina.... 20.092 Meigs 31,465 Mercer .... 17,264 Miami . . . .33,740 Monroe. . . .35,780 Montgom'y.63,897 Morgan. . . .20.363 Morrow . . . 18.683 Muskingum44,88f 8 CENSUS OP THE UNITED STATES. Nnble 1«,9«ff Ottawa... 1S,U8 Pauldinf . . 1,544 Parry 18.488 Pickaway .M.>7S Pike U,44t Baker S,804 Por(ag« ...34,577 Prebl* 3I,M9 PutDam... 17,083 RicbUnd . .83,8I« Roaa 37,097 Bandiuky .S0,8O4 Scioto t9,80t Brneca. . . .50,839 Shelby 30,748 Stark 53,508 Summit . . .34,674 Trannbiill TuMaraw'sS^.MO Villon IH.730 Van Wert. 15.SS4 Vinton 18,037 Wamn . . .M,OM Wuhlng'n 40,609 Wavne . . .SS.On Wlllianu.. 30,991 Wood 34,896 Wyandotte. 111,854 OROGON.— Ixes, ioa.606 aqtiare mllea, totaJ a,0tt.3l4 Columbia. . 8CS Kdntim 4.584 Curry 804 Coua 1,644 Douglaa ... 8,068 ('htrkamas. 5,993 Grant S,35I ClatMiy. . . . 1.354 Jackson . . . 4.778 JoMiphlae. . 1,304 Lane 8,428 Linn 8,717 Marlon 9,068 Multnomah 11,510 tTntim X,S5S «,6W Polk 4,700 TlUamook . 408 Wairo Vmpqua WaibitiK'n. 4,361 VmatiUa .. t.918 Yam, Hill.. 8.013 Tola? 90.9M Adami AlleKbeny 363,373 Armstrong 43,883 Ueaver 80,150 Kedford . . .39,638 lierka 106,739 lilair 88,051 Bradford . .68,304 Bucks 64,848 Uutler... 86,510 Cambria... 36,660 ('amerun . . 4,373 Carbon. . Cealro. Bristol . Abberins. Anderson . Barnwell . Beaufort . PBirN8TIiVANIA.-Area, 46,000 aquaro mUeii. 80,815 Chester. ...77,808 Franklin . .48,365 McKcan. .. 8,835 Sn^dr^ Fultoa.... 9,300 Greene 38.887 Huntington 80,998 Indiana .. .36,133 itfTenoa . .31,658 Juniata 17,800 Lancaster. 131,340 Lawrence. .37,398 Lebanon.. .84,098 Lehigh 56,798 Luxerno.. 100,737 Lycomiag .47,639 -•w-» Total . . 3 499 348 IrHOSB laLAiribV—Area^ 1.306 i8qaara' 9,421 Keat 18,59$ Nawport . .30,080 PrOvlden'eMS.IOS Washlng'n 90,097 Total , 317,350 SOUTH-OABOIjISI'A— Area, 28,885 Bqnare miles. 31,139 Clarendon OreeariHs .30,018 Marion Richland . n.TST 34,049 Colleton ..44,014 Borrj 10,731 Marlboro ..11,814 Spartanb-g.35,784 Kershaw.. II, 754 "' ' " " Laaeuter. 13,087 Lanrens . . .32,538 . .28,144 ..81,404 Clarion. . . .36,960 ClearAeld. .35,740 Clinton... 33,311 Columbia.. 38,768 Crawford. 63,794 Cumberl'd. 43,919 Dauphin... 60,738 Delaware. .89.403 Elk 8,488 Erie 66,979 Fayette . . .43.384 Forest 4,019 Mercer.... 49.979 Mifilin.... 17,508 Monroe 18,362 Muntgom'y.81.772 Montour... 15,324 Northam'n .61,433 Northu>nd.41,44a Perry 38,488 Phlladel-a.674,039 Pike 8.438 Potter 11.368 BchuylkiU. 109,869 .18,607 .-set . .3^.828 Mullivan. . 6,191 Susqueh'na 37,534 Tioga 35,100 Union 15.668 Venango... 47,985 Warren . . .38,897 W^asbinga. 48,483 Wayne... S8.lf8 Weatmord. 88.730 Wyoming .14,588 York 78,216 36,841 Columbia. . 9,398 4c,Slt Darlingtoa.92,391 Charleston. Edgefirld . .42,488 Chester . . .18,808 FairfleU Chestarfl'd OeorgetownllLIOl TENNSSaSE^ 8,704 pa Kalb... 11,438 Newberry .17,983 Bitmter. . ..35.268 Ooonea 10,636 Union 19.248 Orangeb'g Williams'g. 15,489 .34,334 . . 8.334 4,870 Lexington Plckeu.... 10,263 York 12,448 -Area, 48,600 aqtiav? mlloa. Henderson. 14,219 Marion. ... 6.866 Sequatchie. 9,335 Dickson . . . 9,940 Henry 20,883 MarshalL . . 16,207 Sevier II ,00 Appmnattox 8,9£0 Aueufta... 28,763 Kg & U'n. 0,709 K-gWiil-m 7,898 9,301 Nottoway, Ohio Orange 10,896 Page 8,469 Patrick.... 10,161 Essex 0,937 K'g Genrga Fairfax... 13,9«3 ■ n arbour Fauquier . .19,690 Bath 8,79S Fayetta Lancaster . 8,88S Bedford .. .26^7 Floyd 0.834 Lea 13,36S Berkeley FluTanna.. 8,97S Lewis Pendlrtnn Boona Franklin . .18,364 Logan Pittsylva'a.Sl,843 Bland 4,000 Frederic': .16,596 Loudon 30,939 PleasanU Botetourt. .11,333 Gilmer Louisa 16,839 Pocahontat. Braxton Giles 5,659 Lnnenberg. 10,409 Powhatan . 7,667 Brooke Oloueester. 10,311 Madison Preston Warwick. Brunswick. 13,427 Goochland .10,313 Marshall Pr. Edw'd. 13,004 Warren Buchanan . 8,777 Grayson ... 9,587 Marion.... Pr. Ocorga Bucking'ni.13,371 Oreenbrier Mason A- Pr- Will'm. 7,504 Cabell OreenTillo . 6,363 Matthews. . 6,200 ' Pr. Anne . . 8,S73 Calhoun. Campbell. .98,884 Caroline... 15,138 Carroll .... 9,147 Clay Charles Cy 4,978 Charlotte.. 14,513 Chesterfield 18,470 Clarka C,G70 8benanduiihI4,03a Smyth 8,838 Southam'n. 12.385 SpotiiyWa'a 11,738 Stanbrd... 6.420 Sussex.... 7,888 Surry 6,685 Taylor Tazewell . .10,791 Tucker Tyhr llpshur 1,673 6,716 WashiDet'nl6,816 Wayne Webster Westmor'd. 7,683 Greene 4,634 McDowell . 1,300 Pulaski . . 6,63S Halifax Meckleub-g91,9ia Putnam Wctrel. Hampshire Mereer Raleigh... Wood Hancock Middlesex . 4.981 Randolph Wirt Hardy Montgom-y.IS,55« Rappab k. 8,2C1 Wise 4,785 HanoTer. ..16,458 Monongalin ..... Richmond . 6,S03 Wyoming Harrison Monroe Bocklngh'm33,668 Wytha .. ..11,611 Henrico... 68, 179 Morgan Ritchie York 7,108 Henrr 13,303 Nansemon.1 11,676 Roane Total.. 1,234.880 o,U70 Hennr 12,303 Nansemoni 11,676 Hoane Tot WEST-VIBQIKIAA-Area, 23,000 squa^re miles. .13,958 Grant 4,468 Logan 5,124 Ohio 28,831 Taylor McDowell . 1.963 ~ ~ llarbonr Berkeley.. 14,MI0 Greanbrier. 15,311 Boon* 4,503 Hampshire. 7,643 Braxton. . . 6.841 Hancock. . . 4,363 Brooke.... 5,464 Hardy 6,518 CabeU 6,439 Harrison . .17,599 Pendleton . 6,455 Pleasants . . S,013 Pocahontas. 4,070 Calhoun... 2,939 CTay 2,196 Doddridge . 7,076 Fayette. Gilmore Adams . , Ashland Marion 12,107 Marshall.. 14,941 Mason.... 16,978 Mercer. . .. 7,064 Mineral . . . 6,349 Monongalia 1 3,547 Monroe.... 11,134 Morgan . . . 4,315 Ronna 7,233 ~ .....v„,„. . . . ^^- Nicholaa. . . 4,488 Total WISCONSIN.— Area, 53,924 square miles. C,60t Columbia. .28,813 Oreen 23,611 Manitowoc. 83,864 Poring* 221 Craw ford.. 13,076 OreenLakel3,195 "' ~ .. 6,647 4,838 Jackson ...10.300 Jefferson ..13,220 Kanawha. .33,360 Lewia 10,176 Lincoln 8,0SS Preston Putnam .. Raleigh.. Randikph. Ritchie. 14,664 . 7,794 . 8.578 . 5,663 9,085 Tucker. . Tyler ... Upshur. . Wayne. . Webster. Wetiel.. Wirt 4,605 Wood 19,000 Wyoming. . 3,171 9,387 1,907 7,833 8,038 7,883 i,7S0 8,896 Total 445,616 BadAx Dallas Iowa 34.544 Barron. Bayfield , Brown . . BhUUo. . Burnett . Calumet. 538 .. 344 . .25,166 ..11,133 .. 706 .13,334 Chippewa.. 8.345 CUrk 8,460 Dane 83,096 Dodge..... 47,039 Door 4,92* Douglas ... 1,123 Dunn 9,489 Eau Claire.10,770 Fondd'Lac46,273 Grant 37,978 Jackson ... 7,' Jefferson . .84,049 Juneau 12,379 Kenosha... 13,147 Kewaunee. 10,128 La Crosse. .20,398 La Payette. 33,659 Marathon.. 5,888 Marquette . 8,056 Milwaukee.89,941 Monroe 16,651 Oconto 8,321 Outagamie. 18,430 Osaukee... 15,568 Fepin 4,661 Pierce 9,969 LaPoints Polk 8,433 10,69S Racine 35,740 Richland ..15,733 Rock 89.034 St. Croix.. 11,066 Sank 33,860 Shawanaw. 8,166 Sheboygan. 31 ,749 Trempelean 16,733 Vernon. ...I8,C48 Walworth .35,971 10 CENSUS OP TH3 UlJITED ST ATI S. WuhiBK'n.24,S30 Wkapacca.l5,64ff Wauihara .11,379 Winnebago 37,280 Wood S.9I9 WaukMha. 2S,8S3 Tolai ..1.6S8,ia7 DI3TBICT OF GOIjUMBIA.— Area, 60 square sniles. Ooor3st>wnll,3U WaaUin'a.lM,3U4 Bal. Diit . .11.117 ToM 131700 Muhavo ... Arapahoe.. Beat B uMer . . . Clear Creek Oon^oa Bon Bomme Brookings . BunUo Cbu. Mix . TERRITORIES. ABIZOirA.-Area. 113,916 Bqnare milesl' ^-i^^^- 9.6S8 Auie Senir 19 Washingn. 3,064 Juab S,038 Rich 1,968 Summit . . . 3,613 Weber .... 7,868 Kane 1,613 ^Virgin. 460 Tooele 3,177 Total 86,788 7.609 1,993 2,007 4,812 8,273 4.469 Chehalit , . . Clallam. . . . Clarke . . . . Cowlitz laland WA8HINaTON.--Area, 69,804 square miles. Mason Parilio 738 Pierce 1,409 Albany . , . 401 Jefferson .. 1,2C8 408 King. ...8,120 8,081 Kitsap 866 730 Klikitat ... 829 S26 Lewis 888 WYOMING.— Area, 87,883 2,021 Carbon 1,368 Laramie. .. 3,967 SuwamUh . 899 Waila W'!a 6.300 Stevens 734 Whatcom.. 684 Thurston . . 3,246 Yakima . . . 432 Spokane....... Wahkiak'm ?70 TheDis.Il'i 624 Skamania 133 ToUl 23,901 square miles. Sweetwater <,916 Uaitah 868 Total 9.118 «^ Cities Haying over Ten Tliousand Inhabitants. Census of 1870, N.Tork.N.T.9>8,S41 PMU4 CleveUnd, O . . .93,840 PUtkburg, Pa. . 86,238 iJcweyC'y,N.J.. 81.744 Detroit. Mich... Milwaukee, WU Albany, N.Y... Providence, R. I. Rochester, N. Y. Allegheny. P« . . Richmond, Va . . N. Haven, Ct.... Charleston. S. C. Troy, N.Y 8yr«cuse, N. Y . Worcei«ter,MaBa. Lowell, Mass . . . Memphis. T'snn. CMniurid'e.Masa. Hartford, Ct . . . lndiana|iolis,lnd Scrantuii, Pa ., 79,680 Reading, Pa... 88,932 71,499 Columbus, O . . .83,746 60,422 Pateraoa.N. J.. 83,688 68,906 Dayton, O 83,679 63,818 Kansas C'y, Mo. 83,360 £3,181 Moblk. Ab 88,184 61 ,038 Portland. Me ... 81 ,414 60,840 Wilt.,>l ^^ ;/[. o.ir-' f;r)i,jij>ya-r«T.vi The patent or registration so obtamed lasts for twenty- eight years, and may be then renewed for an additional period of fourteen years. It secures to the proprietor the exclusive right to use the registered label or print during the periods named. Copyrights for labels and prints may be assigned. The assignments should be recorded. Messrs. MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, attend to the business. By the word *' label," as used in the Act of Congress, is meant a slip or piece of paper, or other material, to be at- tached in any manner to manufactured articles, or to botdes, boxes, and packages containing them, and bearing an in- scription (not a trade-mark), as, for example, the name of the manufacturer, or the place of manufacture, the quality of goods, directions for use, etc. By the word ''print," as used in the said Act, is meant any device, picture, word or words, figure or figures (not a trade- mark), impressed or stamped directly upon articles of manu- facture, to denote the name of the manufacturer^ or place of manufacture, style of goods, etc. But no such print or label can be registered . unless it properly belong to an article of commerce, and be as above defined; nor can the same be registered as such print vOr label when it amounts in law to a technical trade-mark. .01 4; j/JIhe average velocity of light is 185,000 miles per secondv The light from the sun occupies 83^ minutes in travelling to the earth, the distance being ninety-two millions of miles. The light of the fixed star " Sirius," supposed to be the nearest of the stars, is 3)^ years in reaching the earth, the distance being over twenty millions of millions of miles. ♦ The Government fee is $6, and our charge (Munn&Co.'s) is $10. COPYRIGHTS POR POOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC. ^J COPYRIGHTS^ FOR POOKS, PAMPHLETS, CHARTS, PICTURES, AND ART WORKS. Any citizen or resident of the United States may obtain a copyright who is the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, dramatical or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, stdtue, statuary, and of models and designs, intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts. A copyright is not valid unless the title or description is re- corded in the Library of Congress before the publication of thk work. ^ .}, Those who desire to obtain copyrights are requested to communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, or article. We will then cause the title to be printed, and re- corded at Washington, as by law required. The official cer- tificate of copyright will then be immediately sent to our cHent. Our cliarge to attend to the business of obtaining a copyright is $5, which please remit with the title. Copy- rights are filed in advance of the issue of the work ; therefore we only need to receive from the applicant the intended title of his production, not the work itself. If a copyright is desired for a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send us the intended title and also a brief description thereof and $5. •- "•" Copyrights are granted for the term of twenty-eight y6airS,' and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the re- newal is filed within six months before the expirarion of the first term. -;" ^ ' , Copyrights Ai^'bie ksslghed ; the assignment must be re-' cordecl by the Librarian of Congress. ' Foreigners who are not residents of the United States can-' not obtain copyrights ; but if residents, they may obtain copyrights. Labels for goods, bottles, etc., maybe copyrighted. Cost,' $ 1 6. Se«^ page 32.. But machines and inventions cannot be' copyrighted, Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, for further information. — . — The intensity of illumination on a given surface is inverse- ly as the square of its distance from the source of light. If the page of a book held twelve inches from a candle be moved six inches nearer, the light on the page is made four times stronger. ^,^^^^^ ^. . . 34 'Qt)ESft6NS AND Al^SWfi'kfe. Ji ;'i '.' 51 QtJfeSTlbN^ AND ANdWBRB. '1 HO.i Our extended experience of over thirty years in connec- tion with The Scientific American makes our establish- ment a sort of factotum for the receipt of and reply to questions of all kinds. Thousands of these questions are answered, generally, in The Scientific American, to which every- body who desires tp be well informed should subscribe. There are still other questions of a special or personal nature to which written replies by mail are desired by our corre- spondents. fcrif Myself and friend wish to join in manufacturing a patented article, and form a company. How shall we proceed ? How ought the patent deeds to be arranged?" ** Can a patent be attached and sold for debt by sherifT, like other personal property ?" / ^Ij vf n "Suppose three parties own each one third of a patent. Questions : (l) Is not each owner entitled to one third of the profits made by the other owners ? (2) Can one owner of a patent make, sell, and use, and grant rights to others, with- out consent and without accounting to the other owners ?" " If I assign a patent in full, with the verbal understanding that the purchaser is to make certain payments, am I not en- titled to recover back my patent if he fails to pay?|,^Jf not, what is mv remedy?" |r'^ '' Mf'f I send you herewith copy of an assignment of^ a patent made to me. Please state whether it is correctly drawn." " I own the right for the State of Ne^y York for the washing machine patented by John Doe, July 4, ^876. Questioji : Has the original patentee, pr other person,, t|>e right to make, the machines in some other State and fill, orders for machines' to be used in this State ?" . , To questions like the above, or those of ^alj:ii;idred jnatyxe, we are always ready and willing to send brie^ written replies,, provided correspondents are thoughtful enougfxtp inclose a small fee in recognition of the service. This sliould not be. less than. from one tP five dpllars. If we find th^tiWe a.re -Uii-; able tp give the infprmation requested, we return rj^pney.^ Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. Questions relating to patent infringements can not be thus ajiswered ; seepage 26. ' ^Minn rnm^a aR '^ ' fM\C} v,iv)m A .T;nt:^{ Never, under any circumstances, assume a respdiiisibiKty you can avoid consistently with your dtity tb yotirself and^ others.' i; 'i'Jvo j^aiii.-.tv.irrt ,•/■?> q;? .h.«.;^ :o b^oq?. air" '■ Ncv^V'rtT^*te^6\ir «Hif6WB^s, itrid>ftever grieve ^visrfwhat you cannpt prevent. v- t ^ ,,;;«; RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS AND ICMPLOYEES. 35 RIGHTS OP EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the Union Paper Collar Company (Official Gazette, 1875), decides substantially as follows in respect to the rights oi employers and employes, touching the proprietorship of new- inventions : Where a person has discovered a new and useful principle in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, he may employ other persons to assist in carrying out that prin- ciple ; and if they, in the course of experiments arising from that employment, make discoveries auxiliary to the plan and preconceived design of the employer, such suggested im- provements are, in general, to be regarded as the property of the party who discovered the original principle, and they may be embodied in his patent as part of his invention. Doubt upon that subject can not be entertained. But persons employed as much as employers are entitled to their own independent inventions : and if the suggestions communicated by the persons employed constitute the whole substance of the improvement, the rule is otherwise, and the patent, if granted to the employer, is invalid, because the real invention or discovery belongs to th the transaction of an immense amount of f>ateiit business. wl»ch comes to us by mail and express, arg^ mttnbieShi ivr; Patents are also granted in the British Colonies and seve- ral of the South American States. N. B. — We would remind all who desire to take Forei^ Patents, that (i) we do the business as low as anybody ; (a) we have had over thirty years' ej^perience ; (3) the Foreign Patent, when issued, is noticed without charge in the Scibn- HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS, 47 TIFIC American, which has a large circulation in Europe. This publication is often copied into other papers, and in- variably assists the introduction and sale of the patent. We furnish, y>r^, a pamphlet containing additional particu- lars, and shall be happy to give any other information that may be desired. Address Munn & Co., Solicitors of Ameri- can and Foreign Patents, 37 Park Row, New' York. HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. The original study and planning of a new thing is usually a labor of love on the part of the author. The work is suit- able for the leisure hour, the winter's evening, the quietude of home. The plan being finished, then comes the business of introduction and sale. The first step in the material prog- ress of the invention is its development into the form of a public record, on which the patent issues. This business re- quires experienced skill for its proper transaction, and the inventor will generally promote his own interests by employ- ing trustworthy solicitors. Not so, however, in respect to the second step, namely, the making of money out of the pat- ent. This is a commercial proceeding, involving the ordinary details of industry, prudence, and care. The patentee him- self is generally the best manager in this department. The first thing to be done after receiving a patent is to fnake known the merits of the invention as widely as possible. This is like ploughing and seeding the ground. If well done, the crop will grow, even while the husbandman sleeps. One of the quickest and most effective methods of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is to have it no- ticed and engraved in The Scientific American. This paper, published weekly, is seen by probably not less than three hundred thousand readers, who comprise all of the most intelligent persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements in the country. The fact of publication in The Scientific American is a passport to their attention and favor. " Yes, that is a good invention. I have seen it illustrated in The Scientific American, and understand its construction. I advise you to purchase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put together. The splendid engravings which adorn our paper are pre- pared by the most talented artists. We are always glad to illustrate new and useful inventions in The Scientific American, and, owing to the interest which our readers take in such novelties, we make the expense to the patentee as low 48 HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS.. as possible — generally but very little above the actual cost to us. If any one will take the trouble to count the prubablq cost to him of printing and circulating, by nuiil. a mass of cir->; culars containing an engraving and description of his inven-' tion, and then compare that cost with the msigniftcanc Agure he would have to pay us to get up the same cut and descrip- tion, and print ana circulatt ^hy thousand copUs i^itrtof in , The Scientific American, he will appreciate the marvel- lous economy offered by our journal. The circular plan would cost the patentee more for the white paper alone, than we (Munn & Co.) should charge for the entire job. After being electrotyped and published, the original blocks are sent to the owner, who can then use them for other papers, cir In presence 6f ' .f/ Richard Roe. •^-■i^m!Ln^,'^' ■■■--, - ,-^"^' hi ^Q^rl ;:ain£irii yaud vtjril 52 STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS. STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS. In some of the States, laws have been passed by which patentees or their agents who o^er patent-rights ior sale, with- out complying with certain State regulations, are made liable to fine and imprisonment. # The United States Court, in the case of John Robinson, held that this kind of legislation is unauthorized, that prop- erty in inventions exists by virtue of the laws of Congress, and that ro State has a right to interfere with its enjoyment, or annex conditions to the grant. If the patentee complies with the laws of Congress on the subject, he has a right to go into the open market anyv/here within the United States and sell his property. If this were not so, a State might nullify the laws of Congress and destroy the powers conferred by the Constitution. All laws of State legislatures that in any manner interfere with the free sale of patent-rights, such as the requiring of the agent or patentee to file copies of patent, take licenses, pro- cure certificates, comply with forms, or which release the payee of ordinary notes of hand given for patents, have been declared unconstitutional and void by the United States Courts. All State judges, sheriffs, or other State officials who under- take to interfere with patentees or their agents in the free sale of patents, make themselves liable in damages and other punishment. The decisions of the United States Courts on these points are given in Scientific American Supplement, >jo. 25. Price 10 cents. To be had at Scientific American Office, 37 Park Row, and at any news store. The above decisions apply only to the sale of patents and rights under patents, not to the peddling of goods or t^e sale of manufactured articles. All citizens of the United States must comply with the usual local license laws concerning the sale of goods, whether the goods are patented or not. But no State can lawfully enact a special law adverse to the sale of patented goods, or impose any special restriction, tax, or fine upon persons who go about to s» •! patepte4;.gpcKis or patented articles of any description. ..-; : i-r Platinum has been drawn into wires only one thirty- thousandth (auioir) part of an inch, invisible to the eye, and one mile's length weighing only one grain. A cubic foot of air weighs 535 grains. Water is 815 times heavier than air. A cubic foot of water weighs 62+ Ibi , a gallon 8^ lbs. HOia-Tvrao '^'iALfe S OF PRACTTCE. 53 .(.-^(,;f 'hnm fnr: . ABSTRACT '^/ "'■ FROM THE RULES OF PRACTICE IN THE if. jp UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. .pjnniat isnc •♦* WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. Any pefsdn, whether citizen or alien, being the original and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his invention or discovery, subject to the conditions hereinafter named. In case of the death of the inventor, the patent may be ap- plied for by, and will issue to, his executor or administrator. In case of an assignment of the whole interest in the inven- tion, or of the whole interest in the patent if granted, the f)aten\: will issue to the assignee, upon the request of the atter, or his assignor; and so, if the assignee holds an un- divided part interest, the patent will, upon a similar request, issue jomtly to him and the inventor ; but the assignment must first have been entered of record, and at a day not later than the date of the payment of the final f'^e. The applica- tion and oath must be made by the actual inventor, if alive, even if the patent is to issue to an assignee ; but where the inventor is dead, the application and oath must be made by his executor or administrator. Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can claim one separately ; but the independent inventors of sep- arate and independent improvements in the same machine can not obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that one man furnishes the capital and the other makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors. 54 RULES OF PRACTICE. A patent will not be granted to an applicant if what he claims as new has been, before his invention, patented or de- scribed in any printed publication in this or any foreign coun- try, or been invented or discovered in this country, nor if he has once abandoned his invention, nor if it has been in pub- lic use or on sale more than two years previous to his appli- cation. If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his ap- plication, believes himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or diocoverjr, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign coimtry before his invention or discovery th.-^reof, it not appearing that the same, or any subptantial part thereof, had before been patented or described in any printed publication. Merely conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine is not an " invention" or "discovery." The invention must have been reduced to a practical form, either by the construc- tion of the machine itself or by such disclosure of its exact character that a mechanic, or one skilled in the art to which it relates, can and does construct the improvement before it will prevent a subsequent inventor from obtaining a patent. No application for a patent will be regarded as complete, or be placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is paid, the specification, the petition, and the oath, projjerly signed, are filed, and the drawings and a model or specimens (when required) are furnished. Two or more separate and independent inventions can not be claimed in one application • but where several distinct in- ventions are dependent upon each other and mutually con- tribute to produce the new result, they may be so claimed. DRAWINGS. The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a drawing of his invention, where the nature of the case admits Oi \t. The following rules will therefore be rigidly enforced, and any departure from them will be certain to cause delay in the examination of an application for letters-patent : a. Drawings should be made upon paper stiff enough to stand in the portfolios, the surface of which must be calen- dered and smooth. Indian ink, of good quaUty, to vhe ex- clusion of all other kinds of ink or color, must be employed, to secure perfectly black and solid work. d. The size of a sheet on which a drawing is made should be exactly lo by 15 inches. One inch from its edges a single mar- RULES OF PRACTICE. 55 ginal line is to be drawn, leaving the " sight" precisely 8 by 13 inches. Within this margin all work and signatures must be included. One of the smaller sides of the sheet is regard- ed as its top, and, measuring downward from the marginal line, a space of not less than i % inches is to be left blank for the insertion of title, name, number, and date. c. All drawings must be made with the pen only, using the blackest Indian ink. Every line and letter (signatures in- cluded) must be absolutely black. This direction applies to all lines, however fine, to shading, and to lines representing cut surfaces in sectional views. All lines must be clean, sharp, and solid, and they must not be too fine or crowded. Surface shading, when used, should be left very open. Sec- tional shading should be by oblique parallel lines, which may be about one twentieth of an inch apart. d. Drawings should be made with the fewest lines possible consistent with clearness. By observing this rule the effec- tiveness of the work after reduction will be much increased. Shading (except on sectional views) should be used only on convex and concave surfaces, where it should be used spar- ingly, and may even there be dispensed with if the drawing is otherwise well executed. The plane upon which a sectional view is taken should be indicated on the general view by a broken or dotted line. Heavy lines on the shade sides of objects should be used, except where they tend to thicken the work and obscure letters of reference. The light is always supposed to come from the upper left-hand corner, at an angle of forty-five degrees. Imitations of wood or surface-graining should not be attempted. e. The scale to which a drawing is made ought to be large enough to show the mechanism without crowding, and two or more sheets should be used if one does not give sufficient room to accomplish this end ; but the number of sheets must never be increased unless it is absolutely necessary. It, often happens that an invention, although constituting but a small part of a machine, has yet to be represented in connection with other and much larger parts. In such cases a general view on a small scale is recommended, with one or more of the invention itself on a much larger scale. f. Letters of reference must be well and carefully formed ; they are of the first importance. When at all possible, no letter of reference should measure less than one eighth of an inch in height, that it may bear reduction to one twenty-fourth of an inch, and they may be much larger when there is suffi- cient room. Reference letters must be so placed in the close and com- plex parts of drawings as not to interfere with a thorough S6 RULES OF PRACTICE.'^ n] ~fm ;i. J, comprHbrnsion of the same, and to this «|hd shotild rafely cross or mingle with the lines. When necessarily gtbuped around a certain part, they should be placed at a little dis- tance, where there is available space, and connected by short broken lines with the parts to which they refer. They must never appear upon shaded surfaces, and, when it is dlifficult to avoid this, a blank space must be left in the shading where the letter occurs, so that it shall appear perfectly distinct and separate from the work. If the same part of an invention appears in more than one figure, it should ^Iways be repre- sented by the same letter. N/ .., The foregoing rules relating to drawings will be rigidly enforced ; and all drawing not artistically executed in con- formity therewith will be returned to the respective applicants, or, at the applicant's option and cost, the Office will make the necessary corrections. All reissue applications must be accompanied by new drawings, as in original applications, and the inventor's name must appear in all cases upon the same^ q *)/!} 'ort- ance to some branch of the public service, and when, for that reason, the head of some Department of the Government specially requests immediate action, the case will be taken up out of its oi:der. These, with applications for extensions, for reissue, and for letters-patent for inventions for which a foreign patent has already been obtained, which cases have precedence over all others, are the only exceptions to the above rule in relation to the order of examination, INTERFERENCES. An "interference" is a proceeding instituted for the pur- pose of determining the question of priority of invention be- tween two or more parties claiming the same patentable subject-matter. It may also be resorted to for the purpose of procuring evidence relating to the alleged a,baijdonment or the public use of an invention, v- > - -7: ■ An interference will be declared in the fotTowIng cases : First. When two or more parties have applications pend- ing before the Office at the same time, and their respective claims conflict in whole or in part. Second. When two or more applications are pending at the same time, in each of which a like patentable invention is shown or described, and claimed in one though not spe- cifically claimed in all of them. V; :' Third. When an applicant, having been rejected upon ati' unexpired patent, claims tQ have made the invention before the patentee. . The fact that one of the parties has already obtained a patent will not prevent an interference; for, although the Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the prior inventor, give him a patent also, and thus place both parties on an equal footing before the courts and tn6 public. xm-::-J,y.ix^ iiii: iuq:. REISSUES. A Treisstii^' is ' granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a ri^jht to claim as new. the original pat- ent is inoperative or mvalid, provided the error has ansen from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents i 058 RULES OF PRAqTICE. j> issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870, the application for reissue may be made by the assignee; but, m the case of patents issued or assigned since that date, the application must be made and the specification sworn: to by the inventor, ^i^he be living. ' ,'\'The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in the original invention, and so described or shown that it might have been embraced in the original patent, maybe the subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced into the specification, nor shall the model or drawings be amended except each by the other ; but, when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner that such new matter or amendment was a. part of the original invention, and was omitted from the specification, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. ''l^eissued patents expire at the end of the term for which the original patent:^ were granted. For this reason applica- tions for reissue will take precedence,, in i.;(examination,pf original applications. , . *' ^ r -i' ■■• A patentee in reissuing may, at his option, have a separate patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention comprehended in his original patent, by paying the required fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements of the law, as in original apphcations. Each division of a reissue constitutes the subject of a separate specrfication de- scriptive of the part or parts of th?, invention claimed in such division ; and the drawing may represent onljr sijch part or parts. All the divisions of a reissue will issue sjraultaneouslv. if there be controversy as to one, the otlic^s iWiU ^ wj^liel4 from issue until the controversy is end^d,;; fVi,';^ t,. t ;;* :? > : In all ca,ses of applica;tions fo^ rei^i^ues, the priginal claim, if reproduced in the aim ended specification, is subject to re- examination, and may be revised and restricted in the same manner as in origiiial applicatiopsi The appjicatipn for a reissue must be accompanied by a surrender of the original patent, or, if lost, then by an affidavit to that effect and a certified copy of the patent ; but if any reissue be ^eifused, th^ original patent will, upon request, be retume^.to j^hq applir cant. ,' . . ., ,,^ ., ,ziu)hqhoi'.fih io.-ji ^IVhen the design can be sufficiently represented by dfaw- • iifi^gs or photographs a model v/ill not be required. Whenever a photograph or an engraving is employed to illustrate the design, it must be mounted upon a thiclc Bristol- board' or drawing-paper, ten by fifteen inches in size; and t: RULES OF PRACTICE. 59 the applicant will be required to furnish ten extra copies ol such photograph or engraving (not mounted), of a size not exceeding seven and a half inches by eleven. Whenever the design is reprc sented by a drawing, each of the ten copies must be made to conform as nearly as possible to the rules laid down for drawings of mechanical inventionF. ASSIGNMENTS. A patent or trade-mark may be assigned, either as to the whole interest or any undivided part thereof, by an instru- ment of writing. No particular form of words is necessary to constitute a valid assignment, nor need the instrument necessarily be sealed, witnessed, or acknowledged. In every Case where it is desired that the patent shall isslie to an assignee, the assignment must be recorded Jn the Patent Office at a date not later than the day on which the final fee Is paid. A patentee may not only assign the whole or an undivided interest in his patent, but he may grant and convey an exclu- sive right under his patent to the whole or any specified por- tion of the United States by an instrument in writin^^. Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right, as well as of an interest in a patent or trade-mark, must be recorded in the Patent Office ; if a patent, within three months, if a trade-mark, within sixty days, from the execu- tion thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse- quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without notice. The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey territorial or shop rights which are aot exclusive. Such con- veyances are mere licenses, and need not be recorded. The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged by the Patent Office ; they will be recorded in their turn within a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to the person entitled to them. The Patent Office can not respond to inquiries as to the novelty of an alleged invention in advance of an application for a patent, nor to inquiries founded upon brief and irnper- fect descriptions, propounded with a view of ascertaining whether such alleged improvements have been patented, and if so, to whom ; nor can it act as an expounder of the patent law, nor as counsellor for individuals, except as to questions arising within the Office. I 66 FORMS. \ A-^U attorneys; Any person of intelligence and good moral character may apiiear as the agent or the attorney in fact of an applicant, upon filing a proper power of attomev. As the value of pat- ents depends larj^ely upon the careful preparation of the spe- cification and claims, the assistance of competent counsel will, in most cases, be of advantage to the applicant, but the value of their services will be proportioned to their skill and hon- esty. So many persons have entered this profession of late years without experience that too much care can not be exer- cised in the selection of a competent man. The Patent Office can riot assume responsibilitv for the acts of attorneys, nor can it assist applicants in making a selection. It will, how- ever, be a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the posses- sion of special and peculiar facilities in the Office for pyrocur- in^ patents in a shorter time or with more extended claims than others. ^ -♦♦- i- irjrtr-.'f/. i i i ,! .;riuj.rq FORMS. . /odK !»♦!) ni li^sisju , FORMS pw, PET1T10H9^ f jQi^ ^ArBUT^ru-.tth^': ' 1 " By a Sole Imenibh ^^^''i' ; mof \Ta thi Commissiomr of Patents : n; inonr^vgjT'T., ! Your petitioner, a resident of— •, ^— ^^^-.'-f^^ttf^ 'thtit lejtters-patent be granted to him for the inventibn set forth in the annexed specification. r.vni ^uu,^ ^^h io! mn.!* Ic u'j-;ji;5.>-.:it: 15). ■■ ^ .n'-'fA"' ft A\ .k A. B. JSy yoint Inventors. To the Commissioher of Patents 7 \ Your petitioners, residing respectively in . ^ . »« .. t ^. >> . ^,,^ , k^ \ and '■^— — — , — ' -, pray that letters-patent may be granted to them^as joint Ihveiitors, for the inx^ntion set forth in the annexed specification. -i 5/ ^"-v }>'•>..; i b\r,.xn^m m\i m i^.ivS\ : '. ,■-■.■ bjni^i^o hr^sx v. A. B. ^ >v -■ c. D. h--a iOsiAadUUMa I'V FORMS. 6i By an Inventor for Himself and an Assignee, To the Commissioner of Patents : _ i* i — ^ , vi- Your petitioner, a resident of , prays thai letters-pat- ent may be granted to himself and C. D., of , as his assignee, for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica- tion, the assignment to the said C. D. having been duly recorded in the Patent Office, in libei; -7, page — . A. B. r .\ - For a Reissue t (by the Inventor.) To the Commissioner of Patents : Your petitioner, of — , — , prays that he may be allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an improvement in coal-scuttles, granted to him May 16, 187 .whereof he is now JBole owner, [or, " whereof C. D., on whose behalf and with whose assent this application is made, is now sole owner, by assignment,"! and that letters-patent may be reissued to him,, [or, " the said C. D.,"] for the same invention, upon the an- nexed amended specification. Accompanying this petition is an abstract of title, duly certified, as required in such cases. j A. B. Assent of Assignee to Reissue. ; The undersigned, assignee of the entire [or an undivided] interest in the above-mentioned leitters-patent, hereby assents io the accompanying application. C. D. I For a Reissue, {by Assignee^ (To be used only when the inventor is dead, or the original I patent Was issueid and assigtied priof to Jiily 8, 1870.) tTo the Commissioner of Patents : \ Your petitioners, of th^ eitypf-i- -, State of , pray that they may be allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an improvement in coal-scuttles, granted May 16, 187 , to E. F.,. how deceased, whereof they are now owners, by assignment, of th^ entire intcjrest, , and the lettcrsrpatent may be reissued to them for the same invention, upon the annexed amended speci$c9tion. Accompanying this petition is an abstract of title, duly certified, as re;£iuired in sucl^, cases. A. B. I For Letters-Patent for a Design, To-the', Po2aer of Attorney. *"If the power of attorney be given at anytime other than • thUt of makiftg application for patent, it Will be in substan- tially t?r6^ following form : " ' '^! *-'- to the Commissioner of Patents : '"^^ *\ , — •''*~''^! The underiSigned havmg, on or about the 20th day of July, 187, , made application for letters-patent for an improvement in 3, , horse-power hereby appoints C. D., of the city of -*— — , State of — , his attorney, with fulLpower of sub- stitution arid revocation, to prosecute said application, to. make alterations and amendments therein, to receive the patent," and to transact all business in the Patent Office con-^ nected therewith. Signed at ■ , and State of—— — , this day of* I ■^nr-fi-i ^y8-»v^- ■' • A. B. ' ■rr ■ f- FORMS. 63 Revocdtion of Power of Attorney. The undersigned having, on 6f about the 26th day of December, 187 , appointed C. D., of the city of , anc} State of — — — , his attorney to prosecute an application for letters pat-jnt, made on or about the ist day of June, 1868, f6r an improvement in the running-gear of wagons, her(^^ revokes the power of attorney then given. m< a- ,'h< .. .r. Signed at -, , this 21st day of July, 187 . iii.j.i' mi?A<\fy n^ h'^YAlving disk, G. '■' j' ' ,i?/f k >■/ aiijro^/j; As the blade moves at a gfadually decreasing speed in the direction of the arrow, the punch wfll strike triangular pieces ffom its edge, and the result will be the formation of the de* sired graduate-^ teeth. It will be evident that the driving-barrel, D, may be taper- ing, and the barrel, E, cylindrical, or that both barrels may 64 FORMS. be tapering, and arranged to feed gradually faster instead of gradually slower, with the same result, and that the blade may be clamped to a guided sliding-bed, controlled by a ta- mpering barrel and cord or chain. I claim as my invention — The combination in a saw-toothing machine, substantially as described, of a tapering barrel and chain, with a roller for feeding the blade. A. B. Witnesses : C. D. E. F. AFFIDAVIT OF INVENTION. State A. B. OF By a Sole Inventor, (To follow specification.) County of- ss. the above-named petitioner, being duly sworn (or affirmed), deposes and says that he verily felieves himself to be the original and first inventor of the improvement in seed- drills described and claimed in the foregoing specification ; that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used ; and that he is a citizen of , and a resident of . ^t y"J-J^'>J 't .'>v. a. B. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of March, 187 . CD., Justice of ike Peace. [If the applicant be an alien, the sentence " and that he is a citizen of the United States" will be omitted, and in lieu thereof will be substituted " and that he is a citizen of the Republic cf Mexico," or "and that he is a subject of the King of Italy," or "of the Queenof Great Britain," or as the case may be. ^.j, .,,, , If the applicaiits claim \6\itj6inf inventors, the oath will read "that they verily believe themselves to be the original, first, and joint inventors," etc. x-'^a^h a-A', .m vw. If the inventor be dead, the oath will btf takert by the ad- ministrator or executor, and will declare his belief that the party named as inventor was the original and first inventor.] Trade- Mark Affidavit,] Xnoin^^fii^ ■lfA\ Cottnty of- 55, a ■:i u. f, State of A. B., being duly sworn, deposes and says member of the firm of A. B., C. D. & Co., above thdt he is a named : that he verily believes that said firm has the right to the use of the trade-mark described in the foregoing specification, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical form or having such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive ; and rORMS. 65 that the description and lac-simile presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected, and Jthat he resides in , and all the other members of the firm reside at , in the State of ; and that they are all domiciled in and are citizens of ■ A. B. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 15th day of July, 187 . E. F., Justice of the Peace. PETITION FOR CAVEAT. The petition of A. B., of , in the county of J and State of , respectfully represents : That he has made certain improvements in velocipedes,' and that he is now engaged in making experiments for the fmrpose of perfecting the same, preparatory to applying for etters-patent therefor. He therefore prays that the subjoined description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the confidential archives of the Patent Office. A. B. . SPECIFICATION (/or Cawfl/). •->>:: The following is a description of my newly-invented veldd- pede, which is as full, clear, and exact as I am able at this time to give, reference being had to the drawing hereto an- nexed. This invention relates to that class of velocipedes in which' there are two wheels connected by a beam forming a saddle for the rider, the feet being applied to cranks that revolve the front wheel. The object of my invention is to render it unnecessary io turn the front wheel so much as heretofore, and at the same time to facilitate the turning of sharp curves. This I accom- plish by fitting the front and the hind wheels on vertical piv- Qts, and connecting them by pieans of a diagonal bar, as shown in the drawing, so that the turning of the front wheel also turns the back wheel with a position at an angle with the beams, thereby enabling it easily to turn a curve. In the drawing, A is the front wheel, B the hind wheel, arid C the standards extending from the axle of the front wheel to the vertical pivot a in the beam b, and D is the cross-bar upon the end oia, by which the steering is done. The hind wheel B is also fitted with jaws c and a vertical pivot, //. , .Witnesses; C. D. A. fi. ; • - • ^ Y. • '•-^-^?: ' . f The form of oath will be substantially that provided fdr original applications, except that, as a caveat can only bei filed by a citizen, or an alien who has resided for one year! last past in the United States, and made oath of his intention! to becoine a citizen, the oath should be modified accordingly.]! 66 FORMS. ASSIGNMENTS. 0/ an undivided Fractional Interest in an Inven- vit f'- Hon before the Issue of Letters-Patent. In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by C. D., of I do hereby sell and assign to said C. D. an undi- vided half of all my right, title, and interest in and to a cer- tain invention in ploughs, as fully set forth and described in the specification which I have prepared [if the apphcation has been already made, say " and filed "] preparatory to ob- taining letters-patent of the United States therefor. And I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Pat- ents to issue the said letters-patent jointly to myself and the said C. D., our heirs and assigns. Witness my hand and seal this th day of February, 187 In presence of , A. B. Of the Entire Interest in Letters- Patent, In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said C. D. all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters- patent of the United States No. 41,806, for an improvement in locomotive head-lights, granted to me July 30, 187 , the same to be held and enjoyed by the said C. D. to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and en- joyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. Witness my hand and seal this th day of January, 187 . In presence of A. B. Of an Undivided Interest in the LetterS'Patent and Extension thereof. In consideration of one thousand dollars, to me paid by C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said C. D. one undivided fourth part of all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters-patent of the United States No. 10,485, for an improvement in cooking-stoves, granted to me May 16, 187 ; the same to be held and enjoyea by the said C. D. to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, and for the term of any extension thereof, as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this assignment and sale ha-' not been made. Witness my hand and seal this th day of June, 187 . In presence of A. B. FORMS. H Exclusive Territorial Grant by an Assignee, In consideration of one thousand dollars, to mc paid by C. D., of , I do hereby grant and convey to the said C. D. the exclusive right to make, use, and vend within the State of , and in no other place or places, the improve- ment in corn-planters for which letters-patent of the United States, dated August 15, 187 , were granted to E. P'., and by said E. F. assigned to me December 3, 1P7 , by an assign- ment duly recorded in liber X', p. 416, of tne records of the Patent Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said C. D. as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if this grant had not been made. Witness my hand and seal this th day of March, 187 . * A. B. > License — Shop-Right , In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm of S. J. & Co., of , I do hereby license and empower the said S. J. & Co. to manufacture, at a single foundry and ma- chine-shop in said , and in no other place or places, the improvement in cotton-seed planters for which letters- patent of the United States No. 71,846 were granted to me November 13, 187 , and to sell the machines so itianufactured throughout the United States to the full end 01' the term for - which said letters-patent are granted. Witness my hand and seal this d day of April, 187 , A. B. License — not exclusive — luith Royalty. This agreement, made this 12th day of September, 187 , between A. B., of , party of the first part, and the Uniontown Agricultural Works of , party of the second part, witnesseth, that, whereas letters-patent of the United States for an improvement in horse-rakes were granted to the party of the first part, dated October 4, 187 ; and whereas the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing horse-rakes containing said patented improvement : now, therefore, the parties have agreed as follows : . r I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the conditions hereinafter named, at their factory in , and in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which said letters-patent were granted, horse-rakes containing the patented improvements, and to sell the same within the United States. "aai'W ' II. The party of the second part agrees to make mil and 68 FORMS. true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon the first days of July and January in each year, of all horse- rakes containing the patented improvements manufactured by them. III. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the first part five dollars, as a license-fee upon every horse-rake manufactured by said party of the second part containing the patented improvements; provided, that if the said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-an- nual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty per cent shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. IV, Upon a failure of the party of the second part to make returns, or to make payment of license-fees, as herein pro- vided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written notice upon the party of the second part ; but the party of the second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liabil- ity to the party of the first part for any license-fees due at the time of the service of said notice. In witness whereof the parties above named (the said Un- iontown Agricultural Works, by its president) have hereunto set their hands the day and year first above written. In presence of A. B. U. A. W, Transfer of a Trade-Mark. We, A. B. and C. D., of , partners under the firm name of B. & D., in consideration of five hundred dollars to us paid by E. F.,of the same place, do hereby sell, assign, and transfer to the said E. F. and his assigns the exclusive right to use in the manufacture and sale of stoves a certain trade-mark for stoves deposited by us in the United States Patent Office, and recorded therein July 15, 1870; the same to be held, enjoyed, and used by the said E. F., as fully and entirely as the same would have been held and enjpypd by us if this grant had not been made. hixr. Witness our hands this 20th day of July, 187 .loi-v^nrj, In presence of ' . A» B. CD. Messrs. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, make it a part of their business to prepa»"e and put on record assign- ments and agreements relating to patents, trade-marks, copyrights, etc. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 69 THE PATENT LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. REVISED STATUTES, FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, AP- PROVED JUNE 22, 1874. .-•-•-•- ORGANIZATION OF THE PATENT OFFICE— SALARIES — POWERS OF THE COMMISSIONER— PRINTING OF PAT- ENTS, ETC. Title XL, Rev. Stat., sec. 440, p. 74: T^^ere shall be in the Department of the Interior In the Patent Office : One chief clerk, at a salary of two thousand five hundi'^d dollars a year. One examiner in charge of interferences, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars a year. One examiner in charge of trade-m*rks, at a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars a year. Twenty-four principal examiners, at a salary of two thou- sand five hundred dollars a year each. Twenty-four first assistant examiners, at a salary of one thousand eight hundred dollars a year each. Twenty-four second assistant examiners (two of whom may be women), at a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars a year each. Twenty-four third assistant examiners, at a salary of one thousanci four hundred dollars a year each. One librarian, at a salary of two thousand dollars a year. One machinist, at a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars a year. Three skilled draughtsmen, at a salary of one thousand two hundred dollars a vear each. 1 * .: 70 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. }r. ••-r, ■■•.*■• ''!"•-*; it ~^,-> Thirty-five copyists of drawings, at a salary of one thou- sand dollars a year each. One messenger and purchasing clerk, at a salary of one thousand dollars a year. . rnO )n^l»)'l < '; "] ' One skilled laborer, at a salary of one tnoiisana two niin- dred dollars a year. ^ Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of one thousand dollars a year each. Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of nine hundred dollars a year each. Sec. 475. There shall be in the Department of the Interior an office known as the Patent Office, where all records, books, models, drawings, specifications, and other papers and things pertaining to patents shall be safely kept and pre- served. Sec. 476. There shall be in the Patent Ofiice a Commis- sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three examiners-in-chief, who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. .AH other officers, clerks, and employes authorized by law for the Office shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon the nomination of the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 477. The salaries of the officers mentioned in the prt^ ceding section shall be as follows : The Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hundred dollars a year. The Assistant Commissioner Qf,.Pa,tents, , tl^iree , thousand dollars a year. ; , ; , rf . ,:;; -^ , ; r i^-i-r-- Three examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars a year each. Sec. 478. The seal^,;heretofore provided for the Patent Office shall be the seal of the Office, with which letters-patent and papers issued from the Office shall be authenticated. Sec. 479. The Commissioner of Patents and the chief clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall severally give bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States, the former in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and the latter in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faith- ful discharge of their respective duties, and that they shall render to the proper officers of the Treasury a true account of all money received by virtue of their offices. Sec. 480. All officers and employes of the Patent Office shall be incapable, during the period for which they hold their appointments, to acquire or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by the Office. Sec. 481. The Commissioner of Patents, under the direc- 1 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 71 tion of the Secretary of the Interior, shall superintend or per- form all duties respecting the granting and issuing ot patents directed by law ; and he shall have charge of all books, records, papers, models, machines, and other things belong- ing to the Patent Office. Sec. 482. The examiners-in-chief shall be persons of com- petent legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written petition of the appellant, to revise and determine upon the vahdity of the adverse decisions of examiners upon applications for patents, and for reissues of patents, and in interference cases; and, when required by the Commissioner, they shall hear and report upon claim's for extensions, and perform such other like duties as he may assign them. Sec. 483. The Commissioner of Patents, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the interior, may from time to time establish regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of proceedings in the Patent Office. Sec. 484. The Commissioner of Patents shall cause to be classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, models, specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, and designs, which have been or shall be deposited in the Patent Office ; and the rooms and galleries shall be kept open during suit- able hours for public inspection. Sec. 485. Tne Commissioner of Patents may restore to the respective applicants such of the models belonging to rejected applications as he shall not think necessary to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them after the application has been finally rejected for one year, paying the proceeds into the Treasury, as other patent moneys are directed to be paid. Sec. 486, There shall be purchased for the use of the Patent Office a library of such scientific works and periodi- cals, both foreign ana American, as may aid the officers in the discharge of their duties, not exceeding the amount annually appropriated for that purpose. Sec. 487. For gross misconduct the Commissioner of Patents may refuse to recognize any person as a patent agent, either generally or in any particular case ; but the reasons for such refusal shall be duly recorded, and be sub- ject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. Sec. 488. The Commissioner of Patents may require all papers filed in the Patent Office, if not correctly, Jegibly, and clearly written, to be printed at the cost of the party filing them. Sec. 489. The Commissioner of Patents may print, or 72 PATENT lXWS of 1 874. cause to be printed, copies of the claims of current issues, and copies of such laws, decisions, regulations, and circulars as may be necessary for the information of the public. Sec. 490. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to have printed, from time to time, for gratuitous distribution, not to exceed one hundred and fifty copies of the complete specifications and drawings of each patent hereafter issued, together with suitable indexes, one copy to be placed for free public inspection in each capitol of every State and Territory, one for the like purpose in the clerk's office of the di; rict court of each judicial district of the United States, except when such offices are located in State or Territorial capitols, and one in the Library of Congress, which copies shall be certified under the hand of the Com- missioner and seal of the Patent Office, and shall not be taken from the depositories for any other purpose than to be used as evidence. Sec. 491. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to have printed such additional numbers of copies of specifica- tions and drawings, certified as provided in the preceding section, at a price not to exceed the contract price for such drawings, for sale, as may be warranted by the actual demand for the same ; and he is also authorized to furnish a complete set of such specifications and drawings to any public library which will pay for binding the same into volumes to correspond with those in the Patent Office, and for the transportation of the same, and which shall also provide for proper custody for the same, with convenient access for the public thereto, under such regulations as the Commissioner shall deem reasonable. Sec. 492. The lithographing and engraving required by the two preceding sections shall be awarded to tne lowest and best bidders for the interest of the Government, due regard being paid to the execution of the work, after due advertising by the Congressional Printer under the direction of the Joint Committee oii Printing ; but the Joint Commit- tee on Printing may empower the Congressional Printer to make immediate contracts for engraving, whenever, in their opinion, the exigencies of the public service will not justify waiting for advertisement and award ; or if, in the judgment of the Joint Committee on Printing, the work can be per- formed under the direction of the Commissioner of Patents more advantageously than in the manner above prescribed, it shall be so done, under such limitations and conditions as the joint Committee on Printing may from time to time pre- scribe. Sec. 493. The price to be paid for uncertified printed PATENT LAWS OP 1874. 73 copies of specifications and drawi gs of patents shall be de- termined by the Commissioner of Patents, within the limits of ten cents as the minimum and fifty cents as the maximum price. Sec. 494. The Commissioner of Patents shall lay before Congress, in the month of January, annually, a report, giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for pat- ents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expenditures for contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of all patents which were granted during the preceding year, designating under proper heads the subjects of such patents ; an alpha- betical list of all the patentees, with their places of resi- dence ; a list of all patents which have been extended during the year; and such other information of the condition of the Patent Office as may be useful to Congress or the public. Sec. 495. The collections of the Exploring Expedition, now in the Patent Office, shall be under the care and man- agement of the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 496. All disbursements for the Patent Office shall be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior Depart- ment. Title XIII., Rev. Stat., p. 168: Sec. 571. [Refers to jurisdiction of certain district courts.] Sec. 629. Clause 9. [The circuit courts have original juris- diction] of all suits at law or in equity arising under the patent or copyright laws of the United States. Sec. 892. Written or printed copies of any records, books, f)apers, or drawings belonging to the Patent Office, and of etters patent authenticated by the seal and certified by the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner thereof, shall be evidence in all cases wherein the originals could be evidence ; and any person making application therefor, and paying the iee required by law, shall have certified copies thereof. -'^ 5.:!i<'| Sec. 893. Copies of the sp>ecifications and drawings of foreign letters-patent, certified as provided in the preceding section, shall be prima-facie evidence of the fact of the granting of such letters-patent, and of the date and contents thereof, t tu . ^ Sec. 8§4. The printed copies of specifications and draw- ings of patents, which the Commissioner of Patents is authorized to print for gratuitous distribution, and to deposit in the capitols of the States and Territories, and in the clerk's omces of the district courts, shall, when certified by him and authenticated by the seal of his office, be 74 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. il jiii received in all courts as evidence of all matters therein con- tained. Title XV., Rev. Stat., p. 261, Sec. 1537. No patented article connected with marine engines shall hereafter be purchased or used in connection with any steam vessels of war until the same shall have been submitted to a competent board of naval engineers, and recommended by such board, in writing, for purchase and use. Title XVII. , Rev. Stat., p. 292: Sec. 1673. No royalty shall be paid by the United States to any one of its officers or employ^^ for the use of any patent for the system, or any part thereof, mentioned in the preceding section, nor for any such patent in which said officers or employes may be directly or indirectly in- terested. Concerning Applications for, and Issue of, Patents, Title LX., Rev. Stat., chap, i, p. 953: Sec. 4883. All patents shall be issued in the name of the United States of America, under the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the Secretary of the Interior and countersigned by the Commissioner of Patents, and they shall be recorded, together with the specifications, in the Patent Office, in books to be kept for that purpose. Sec. 4884. Every patent shall contain a short title or description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and a gjant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States, and the Territories thereof, referring to the specirication for the particulars thereof. A copy of the specification and drawings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof. Sec. 4885. Every patent shall bear date as of a day not later than six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee is not paid within that period, the patent shall be withheld. Sec. 4886. Any person who has invented or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composi- tion of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known nor use i by others in this country, and not pat- ented or described in any printed publication in this or any id ;i- 'f, t- PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 75 foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than two years Erior to his application, unless the same is proved to have een abandoned, may upon payment of ^le fees required by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. Sec. 4887. No person shall be debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or discovery, nor shah any patent be declared invalid, by reason of its having been first patented or caused to be patented in a foreign country, unless the same has been introduced into public use in the United States for more than two years prior to the application. But every patent granted for an invention whicn has been previously patented in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire at the same time vith the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with the one having the shortest term, and in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen years. Sec. 4888. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention or discovery, he shall make appli- cation therefor, in writing, to the Commission 'T of Patents, and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of the same, and of the manner and process of making, construct- ing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contem- plated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from other inventions ; and he shall particularly point out and dis- tinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification and claim shall be signed by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. Sec. 4889. When the nature of the case admits of draw- ings, the applicant shall furnish one copy signed by the in- ventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, which shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and a copy of the drawing, to be furnished by the Patent Office, shall be at- tached to the patent as a part of the specification. Sec. 4890. When the invention or discovery is of a com- position of matter, the applicant, if required by the Com- missioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients and of the composition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose of experi- ment. Sec. 4891. In all cases which admit of representation by 76 PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish a model of convenient size to exhibit advantageously the several parts of his invention or discovery. Sec. 4892. The applicant shall make oath that he does verily believe himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improvement for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not know and does not believe that the same was ever before known or 'ised ; and shall state of what country he is a citi- zen. Such oath may be made before any person within the United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or when the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any minister, chared d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent, holding commission under the Government of the United States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in which the applicant may be. SE(i. 4893. On the filing of any such application and the payment of the fees required by law. the Commissioner of Patents shall cause an examination to be made of the alleged new invention or discovery; and if on such examination it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to. a patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently use- ful and important, the Commissioner shall issue a patent therefor. Sec. 4894. All applications for patents shall be completed and prepared for examination within two years after the filing of the application, and in default thereof, or upon failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within two years after any action therein, of which notice shall have been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as aban- doned by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satis- faction of the Commissioner of Patents that such delay was unavoidable. Patents may be issued to Assignees, Sec. 4895. Patents may be granted and issued or reissued to the assignee of the inventor or discoverer ; but the assign- ment must first be entered of record in the Patent Office. And in all cases of an application by an assignee for the issue of a patent, the application shall be made and the specification sworn to by the inventor or discoverer; and in all cases of an appHcation for a reissue of any patent, the application must be made and the corrected specification signed by the inventor or discoverer, if he is living, unless the patent was issued and the assignment made before the eighth day of July, eighteen hundred and seventy. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 77 Patents to the Heirs of Deceased Inventors, Sec. 4896. When any person, having made any new in- vention or discovery for which a patent might have been g^ranted, dies before a patent is granted, the right of apply- mg for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on his execu- tor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the de- ceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and con- ditions as the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by him in his lifetime ; and when the application is made by such legal representatives, the oath or affirmation required to be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by them. Renewal of Lapsed Cases. Sec. 4897. Any person who has an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as inventor, discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was ordered to issue upon the payment of the final fee, but who fails to make payment thereof within six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent, shall have a right to make an application for a patent for such invention or discovery the same as in the case of an origmal application. But such second application must be made within two years after the allowance of the original ap- plication. But no person shall be held responsible in dam- ages for the manufacture or use of any article or thing for wnich a patent was ordered to issue under such renewed ap- plication prior to the issue of the patent. And upon the hearing of renewed applications preferred under this section, abandonment shall be considered as a question of fact. Assignment of Patents. Sec. 4898. Every patent or any interest therein shall be assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the pat- entee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like man- ner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any specified part of the United States. An as- signment, grant, or conveyance shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mort|jagee for a valuable conside- ration, without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent Office within three months from the date thereof. 78 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. Free Rights of Use, Sec. 4899. Every person who purchases of the inventor, or discoverer, or with his knowledge and consent constructs any newly invented or discovered machine, or other patent- able article, prior to the application by the inventor or dis- coverer for a patent, or who sells or uses one so constructed, shall have the right to use, and vend to others to be used, the specific thing so made or purchased, without liability theretOT. Patented Articles to be Stamped, Sec. 4900. It shall be the duty of all patentees, and their assigns and legal representatives, and o\ all persons making or vending any patented article for or under them, to give sufficient notice to the public that the same is patented ; either by affixing thereon the word " patented," together with the day and year the patent was granted ; or when, from the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to it, or to the package wherein one or more of them is inclosed, a label containing the like notice ; and in any suit for in- tringement, by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall be recovered by the plaintiff", except on proof that the defend- ant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. Penalties for False Stamping, Sec. 4901. Every person who, in any manner, marks upon any thing made, used, or sold by him for which he has not obtained a patent, the name or any imitation of the name of any person who has obtained a patent therefor, without the consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal representa- tives ; or Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any such patented article the word "patent "or "patentee," or the words "letters-patent," or any word of like import, with in- tent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the pat- entee, without having the license or consent of such patentee or his assigns or legal representatives ; or Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any unpat- ented article the word " patent " or any word importing that the same is patented, for the purpose of deceiving the public, shall be liable, for every such offence, to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, with costs ; one half of said penal- ty to the person who shall sue for the same, and the other to the use ci the United States, to be recovered by suit in any district court of the United States within whose jupisdiction such offence may have been committed. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 79 Caveats. Sec. 4902. Any citizen of the United States who makes any new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of the fees required by law, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his inven- tion. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if appli- cation is made within the year by any other person for a pat- ent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification, drawings, and model of such application in like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and give notice there- of, by mail, to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If such person desires to avail himself of his caveat, he shall file his description, specifications, drawings, and model within three months from the time of placing the notice in the post-office in Washington, with the usual time required for transmitting it to the caveator added thereto ; which time shall be indorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privi- lege herein granted, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to becdme a citizen. Rejected Cases, Sec. 4903. Whenever, on examination, any claim for a patent is reiected, the Commissioner shall notify the appli- cant thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejection, together with such information and references as may be useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his applica- tion or of altering his specification ; and if, after receiving such notice, the applicant persists in his claim for a patent, with or without altering his specifications, the Commissioner shall order a re-examination of the case. Interferences, Sec. 4904. Whenever an application is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the Commissioner, would interfere with any pending application, or with any unexpired patent, he shall give notice thereof to the applicants, or applicant and patentee, as the case may be, and shall direct the pri- mary examiner to proceed to determine the quesdon of pri- ority of invention. And the Commissioner may issue a pat- ent to the parly who is adjudged the prior inventor, unless the adverse party appeals from the decision of the primary examiner, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the Commissioner shall prescribe. Relatmg- to Witnesses. Sec. 4905. The Commissioner of Patents may establish rules for taking affidavits and depositions required in cases pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits and depo- sitions may be taken before any officer authorized by law to take depositions to be used in thvj courts of the United States, or of the State where the officer resides. Sec. 4906. The clerk of any court of the United States, for any district or Territory wherein testimony is to be taken for use in any contested case pending in the Patent Office, shall, upon the application of any party thereto, or of his agent or attorney, issue a subpoena for any witness residing or being within such district or Territory, commanding him *o appear and testify before any officer in such district or Territory authorized' to take depositions and affidavits, at any time and place in the subpcjena stated. But no witness shall be required to attend at any place more than forty miles from, the place where the subpoena is served upon him. Sec. 4907. Every witness duly subpoenaed and in attend- ance shall be allowed the same fees as are allowed to wit- nesses attending the courts of the United States. Sec. 4908. Whenever any witness, after being duly served with such subpoena, neglects or refuses to appear, or after appearing refuses to testify, the judge of the court whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or punish the dis- obedience as in other like cases. But no witness shall be guilty of contempt for disobeying such subpoena, unless his fees a.nd travelling expenses in going to, returning from, and one day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid or tendered him at the time of the ^^ervice of the subpoena ; nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery made or owned by himself. Appeals. Sec. 4909. Every applicant for a patent or for the reissue for a patent, any of the claims of which have been twice re- jected, and every party to an interference, may appeal from the decision of tne primary examiner, or of the examiner in PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 81 charge of interferences in such case, to the board of exam- iners-in-chief; having once paid the fee for such appeal. Sec. 4910. If such party is dissatisfied with the decision of the cxaminers-in-chief, he may, on payment of the fee pre- scribed, appeal to the Commissioner in person. Sec. 4911. If such party, except a party to an interference, is dissatisfied with the decision of the Commissioner, he may appeal to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in banc. Sec. 4912. When an appeal is taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, the appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, and file in the Patei.'t Office, within such time as the Commissioner shall Pppoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writing. Sec. 4913. The court shall, before hearing such appeal, give notice to the Commissioner of the time and place of the hearing, and on receiving such notice the Commissioner shall give notice of such time and pla : in such manner as the court may pi escribe, to all parties who appear to be in- terested therein. The party appealing shall lay before the court certified copies of all the original ] pers and evidence in the case, and the Commissioner shall furnish the court with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching all the points involved by the reasons of appeal. And at the request of any party interested, or of the court, the Commissioner and the examiners may be examined under oadi, in explanation of the principles of the thing for which a patent is demanded. Sec. 4914. The court, on petition, shall hear and deter- mine such -appeal, and revise the decision appealed from in a summary vvay, on the evidence produced before the Com- missioner, at such early and convenient time as the court may appoint; and the revision shall be confined to the points set forth in the reasons of appeal. After hearing the case the court shall return to the Commissioner a certificate of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered of record in the Patent Office, and shall govern the further proceedings in the case. But no opinion or decision of the court in any such case shall preclude any person interested from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any court wherein the same may be called in question. Sec. 4915. Whenever a patent on application is refused, either by the Commissioner of Patents or by the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, the applicant may have remedy by bill in equity ; and the court having cognizance thereof, on notice to adverse parties and other due proceedings had, may ad- 82 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 'rll judge that such applicant is entitled, according to law, to receive a patent for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may appear. And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent on the applicant filing in the Patent Office a copy of the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the require- ments of law. In all cases, where there is no opposing party, a copy of the bill shall be served on the Commis- sioner ; and all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the applicant, whether the final decision is in his favor or not. REISSUES. Sec. 4916. Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or discovery more than \iC !iad a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen b) inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commis- sioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the pay- ment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for the same invention, and in accordance w'th the corrected spscification, to be issued to the patentee, or, "n the case of his death or of an assignment of the whole or any undivided part of the original patent, then to his executors, adminis- trators, or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term of the original patent. Such surrender shall take effect upon the issue of the amended patent. The Commissioner may, in his discretion, cause several patents to be issued for dis- tinct and separate parts of the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon payment of the required fee for a reissue for each of such reissued letters-patent. The specifications and claim in every such case shall be subject to revision and restricdon in the same manner as original applications are. Every patent so reissued, together with the corrected specification, shall have the same effect and operation in law, on the trial of all actions for causes there- after arising, as if the same had been originally filed in such corrected form ; but no new matter shall be intro- duced into the specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfiictory to the Conjmissioner that such new matter or amendment was a part of the original invention, and was omitted from the specification by inadveitence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 83 DISCLAIMERS. Sec. 4917. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed more than that of which he was the original or first inventor or discoverer, his patent shall be valid for all that part which is truly and justly his own, provided the same is a material or substantial part of the thing patented ; and any such patentee, his heirs or assigns, whether of the whole or any sectional interest therein, may, on payment of the fee required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his interest in such patent. Such disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one o: more witnesses, and recorded in the Patent Ofi^ce ; and it shall thereafter be considered as part of the origmal specification to the extent of the interest possessed by the claimant and by those claiming under him after the record thereof. But no such disclaimer shall affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, except so far as may relate to the question ol unreasonable neglect or delay in filing it. INTERFERING PATENTS. Sec. 4918. Whenever there are interfering patents, any person interested in any one of them, or in the working of the invention claimed under either of them, may have relief against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the inter- fering patent ; and the court, on notice to adverse parties, and other due proceedings had according to the course of equity, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void in whol2 01 in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu- lar pa: of the United States, according to the interest of the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But no such judgment or adjudication shall affect the right of any person except the parties to the suit and those deriv- ing title under them subsequent to the rendition of such judgment. INFRINGEMENTS. Sec. 4919. Damages for the infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on the case, in the name of the party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or grantee. And whenever in any such action a verdict is rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon for any sum above the amount found by the verdict as the actual 84 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. damages sustained, according to the circumstances of the case, not exceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together with the costs. Sec. 4920. In any action for infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, and having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before, may prove, on trial, any one or more of the following special matters : First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the description and specification filed by the patentee in the Patent Ofitice was made to contain less than the whole truth relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is neces- sary to produce the desired effect ; or. Second. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained the patent for that which was in fact invented by another, who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect- ing the same ; or, Third. That it had been patented or described in some printe*^ publication prior to his supposed invention or dis- covery thereof ; or, n-i ■ * Fourth. That he was not the original and firsi: inventor or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the thing patented ; or, Ftfth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this country for more than two years before his application for a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. And in notices as to prcof of previous invention, knowl- edge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state the names of patentees and the dates of their patents, and when granted, and the names and residences of the persons alleged to have invented, or to have had the prior Knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat- ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment shall be rendered for him with costs. And the like defences may be pleaded in any suit in equity for relief against an alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same may be given upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and with the like effect. - .;>•• ;, v j ,!:.; Sec. 4921. The several courts vested with jurisdiction of cases arising under the patent laws shell have power to grart injuncdons accordinp- lO the course and principles of court:* of equity, to prevent the violation of any right secured by p-^tent, on such terms as the court Tiay deem reasonable ; r.nd upon a decree being rendered in any such case for an infringement, the complainant shall be entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted for by m PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 8s the delendant, the damages the complainant has sustained thereby ; and the court shall assess the same or cause the same to be assessed under its direction. And the court shall have the same power to increase such damages, in its discretion, as is given to increase the damages found by verdicts in actions in the nature of actions of trespass upon the case. Sec. 4922. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any wilful default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a patentee has, in his specification, -claimed to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of any material or substantial part of the thing patented, of which he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer, every such patentee, his executors, administrators, and as- signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity, for the in- fringement of any part thereof, which was bona fide his own, if it is a material and substantial part of the thing patented, and definitely distinguishable from the parts claimed without right, notwithstanding the specifications may embrace more than that of which the patentee was the first inventor or dis- coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or de- cree shall be rendered for the plaintiff no costs shall be recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at the Patent Office before the commencement of the suit. But no patentee shall be entitled to the benefits of this section if he has unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter a dis- claimer. Sec. 4923. Whenever it appears that a patentee, at the time of making his application for the patent, believed him- self to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the same shall not be held to be void on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in a foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been patented or described in a printed publication. Sec. 4928. The benefit of the extension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and grantees of the right to use the thing patented, to the extent of their interest therein. PATENTS FOR DESIGNS. Sec. 4929. Any person who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invented and produced any new and original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-reliei ; any new and original design for the printincr of woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, patent, [pattern,] print, or picture to be '**V«fe^.: f>m- 86 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the same not having been known or used by others before his in- vention or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, may, upon payment of the fee piescribea, and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven- tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. Sec. 4930, The Commissioner may dispense with models of designs when the design can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photographs. Sec. 4931. Patents for designs maybe granted for the term of three years and six months, or for seven years, or forfopr- teen years, as the applicant may, in his application, elect. Sec. 4932. Patentees of designs issued prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, shall be en- titled to extension of their respective patents for the term of seven years, in the same manner and under the same restric- tions as are provided for the extension of patents for inven- tions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one. Sec. 4933. All the regulations and provisions which apply to obtaining or protecting patents for inventions or discov- eries not inconsistent with the provisions of this title, shall apply to patents for designs. OFFICIAL FEES. Sec. 4934. The following shall be the rates for patent fees : On filing each original application for a patent, except in design cases, fifteen dollars. On issuing each original patent, except in design cases, twenty dollars. In design cases : For three years and six months, ten dol- lars ; for seven years, fifteen dollars ; for fourteen years, thirty dollars. On filing each caveat, ten dollars. On every application for the reissue of a patent thirty dollars. On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty dollars. On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol- lars. On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- missioner, twenty dollars. -s, rty Ifty lol- ;rs im- PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 87 For certified copies of patents and other papers, including certified printed copies, ten cents per hundred words. For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, one dollar; of over tiiree hundred and under one thousand words, two dollars ; of over one thousand words, three dol- lars. For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making them. Sec. 4935. Patent fees may be paid to the Commissioner of Patents, or to the Treasurer or any of the assistant treas- urers of the United States, or to any of the designated de- positaries, national banks, or receivers of public money, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that pur- pose ; and such officer shall give the depositor a receipt or certificate of deposit therefor. All money received at the Patent Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatever, shall be paid into the Treasury as received, without any de- duction whatever. Sec. 4936. The Treasurer of the United States is author- ized to pay back any sum or sums of money to any person who has through mistake paid the same into the Treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the Treasury, as for fees accruing at the Patent Office, upon a certificate thereof being made to the Treasurer by the Commissioner of Patents. REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS. Title LX., Rev. Stat., Chap. 2, p. 963. Sec. 4937. Any person or firm domiciled in the United States, and any corporation created by the authority of the United States, or of any State or Territory thereof, and any person, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any foreign country which by treaty or convention affords similar privileges to citizens ol the United States, and who are en- titled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or who intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive use within the United States, may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by complying with the following require- ments : /^/>j/. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office a statement specifying the names of the parties, and their residences and place of business, who desire the protection of tke trade-mark ; the class of merchandise, and the par- ticular description of goods comprised in such class, by wnich the trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated ; a description of the trade-mark itself, with faC'Similes thereof. 38 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. or is intended to be time, if any, during showing the mode in which it has been applied and used; and the length of which the trade-mark has been in use. Second. By making payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars in the same manner and for the same purpose as the fee re- quired for patents. Third. By complying with such regulations as maybe pre- scribed by the Commissioner of Patents. Sec. 4938. The certificate prescribed by the preceding sec- tion must, in order to create any right whatever in favor of the party filing it, be accompanied by a written declaration verified by the person, or by some member of the firm or officer of the corporation by whom it is filed, to the effect that the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive ; and that the description OiW^ facsimiles presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected. Sec. 4939. The Commissioner of Patents shall not receive and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and can not become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of a person, firm, or corporation unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when used by other persons, or which is identical with a trade-mark appro- priate to the same class of merchandise, and belonging to a different owner, and already registered or received for regis- tration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public. But this section shall not prevent the registry of any lawful trade- mark rightfully in use on the eighth day of July, eighteen liundred and seventy. Sec. 4940. The time of the receipt of any trade-mark at the Patent Office for registration shall be noted and recorded. Copies of the trade-mark and of the date of the. receipt thereof, and of the statement filed therewith, under the seal of the Patent Office, certified by the Commissioner, shall be evidence in any suit in which such trade-mark shall be brought in controversy. Sec. 4941. A trade-mark registered as above prescribed shall remain in force for thirty years from the date of such registration ; except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed for and applied to articles not manufactured in this country and in which it receives protecMon under the laws of any foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it shall cease to have any force in this country by virtue of this act at led, npt ;eal be ght itry any hall act PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 89 at the same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere. Such trade-mark during the period that it remains in force shall entitle the person, firm or corporation registering the same to the exclusive use thereof so far as regards the description of goods to which it is appropriated in the statement filed xmder oath as aforesaid, and no other person shall lawfully use the same trade-mark, or substantially the same, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, upon sub- stantially the same description of goods. And at any time during the six months prior +0 the expiration of the term of thirty years, application may be made for a renewal of such registration, under regulations to be prescribed by the Com- missioner of Patents. The fee for such renewal shall be the same as for the original registration ; and a certificate of such renewal shall be issued in the same manner as for the orio;i- nal registration ; and such trade-mark shall remain in force for a further term of thirty years. Sec. 4942. Any person who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or imitate any recorded trade-mark and affix the same to goods of substantially the same descriptive properties and qualities as those referred to in the registration, shall be liable to an action on the case for damages for such wrong- ful use of such trade-mark, at the suit of the owner thereof ; and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy accord- ing to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of his trade-mark and to recover compensation therefor in any court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such wrongful use. Sec. 4943. No action shall be maintained imder the pro- visions of this chaptf^r by any person claiming the exclusive right to aiiy trade-mark which is used or claimed in any un- lawful business, or upon any article which is injurious in itself, or upon any trade-mark which has been fraudulently obtained, or which has been formed and used with the design of deceiving the public in the purchase or use of any article of merchandise. Sec. 4944. Any person who shall procure the registry of any trade-mark, or of himself as the owner of a trade-mark, or an entry respecting a trade-mark in the Patent Office, by making any false or fraudulent representations or declara- tions, verbally or in writing, or by any fraudulent means, shall be liable to pay any damages sustained in consequence of any such registry or entry, to the person injured thereby; to be recovered in an action on the case. Sec. 494S. Nothing in this chapter shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in equity, which any- party aggrieved by any wrongful use of any trade-mark ii L, 90 PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. might have had if the provisions of this chapter had not been enacted. Sec. 4946. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed by any court as abridging or in any matter affecting unfavora- bly the claim of any person to any trade-mark after the expiration of the term for vrhich such trade-mark was registered. Sec. 4947. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to make rules, regulations, and prescribe forms for the trans- fer of the right to the use of trade-marks, conforming as nearly as practicable to the requirements of law respecting the transfer and transmission of copyrights. AN ACT TO PUNISH THE COUNTERFEITING OF TRADE-MARK GOODS AND THE SALE OR DEALING IN OF COUNTERFEIT TRADE- MARK GOODS. Approved August i/\th, 1876. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Con^qress assembled. That ev°ry person who shall with intent to defraud, deal in or sell, or keep or offer for sale, or cause or procure the sale of, any goods of substantially the same descriptive properties as those raferred to in the registration of any trade-mark, pur- suant to the statutes of the United States, to which, or to the package in which the same are put up, is fraudulently affixed said trade-mark, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu- lated to deceive the public, knowing the same to be counter- feit or not the genuine goods referred to in said registration, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceed- ing one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not more than two years, or both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 2. That every person who fraudulently affixes, or causes or procures to be fraudulently affixed, any trade-mark registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or any colorable imitation thereof, calculated to deceive the public, to any goods, of substantially the same descriptive properties as those referred to in said registration, or to the package in which they are put up, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or not the genuine goods, referred to in said re- PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. 91 e e gistration, shall on conviction thereof, be punished as pre- scribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 3. That every person who fraudulently fills, or causes or procures to be fraudulently filled, any package to which is affixed any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu- lated to deceive th'^ public, with any goods of substantially the same descriptive properties as those referred to in said registration, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or not the genuine goods referred to in said registration, shall, on con- viction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 4. That any person or persons who shall, with intent to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully cast, engrave, or manufacture, or have in his, her, or their possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any die or dies, plate or plates, brand or brands, engraving or engrav- ings, on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, or any false representation, likeness, copy, or colorable imita- tion of any die, plate, brand, engraving, or mould of any private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or other substance, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 5. That any person or persons who shall, with intent to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully make, forge, or counterfeit, or have in his, her, or their possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any repre- sentation, likeness, similitude, copy, or colorable imitation of any private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving, mould, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes oif the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 6. That any person who shall, with intent to injure or defraud the owner of any trade-mark, or any other person lawfully entitled to use or protect the same, buy, sell, offer for sale, deal in or have in his possession any used or empty box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle, or other package, to which is affixed, so that the same may be obliterated without substantial injury to such box or other thing aforesaid, any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as to prevent its fraudulent use, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. Sec. 7. That if the owner of any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or his agent, make oath, in writing, that be has reason to believe, and IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /^ c^. / C/a £;. 1.0 I.I iU ,1.10 2.2 ZO 1.8 1.25 1... 1.6 ^ 6" - ► V] (^ /i % c ;.i^- o "-l '% '> ^l A W W 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 L 96 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. fringement of his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the several copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page immediately following, if it be a book ; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, viz.: "Entered ac- cording to act of Confess, in the year , by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington ;" or, at his option, the word " Copyright," together with the year the copyright was entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus : " Copyright, 18 — , by A. B." Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, recoverable one half for the person who shall sue for such penalty, and one half to the use of the United States. Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such book, snail forfeit every copy thereof to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent jurisdiction. SEC.4965. If any person, aftertherecordingof the title of any map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photo- graph, or chromo, or of the descriptionof any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this chapter, shall, within the time limited, and without the con- sent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writ- ing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowmg the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor all the plates on which the same shall be copied, ana every sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further for- feit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his pos- 1 or de or COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 97 session, cither printing, printed, copied, published, imported, or exposed for sale ; and in case of a painting, statue, or statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale ; one half thereof to the proprietor, and the other half to the use of the United States. Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic composition for which a copyright has been ob- tained, without the consent of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for damages therefor ; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every subsequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, (if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resident therein,) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages occasioned by such injury. Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within two years after the cause of action has arisen. Sec. 49<39. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in evidence. Sec; 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdiction of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill inequity, filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right secured by the laws re- specting copyrights, according to the course and principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- able. . Seg; 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to Erohibit the printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any ook, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, written, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States nor resident therelmi'v ni ntiih: io\b^^m0naments approved June 18, 1874. B^ it enacted By the Senate and House of Representatives of tkfi United States of America in Congress Assembled, That no person shall maintain an action for the infringement of his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in 98 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. the several copies of every edition published, on the title- page or the page immediately followmg, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, viz.: "Entered ac- cording to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington ;" or, at his option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright was entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out; thus — "Copyright, 18 — , by A. B." Sec. 2. That for recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of a copyright, the Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to whom the ser- vice is rendered, one dollar ; and for every copy of an assign- ment, one dollar ; said fee to cover, in either case, a certifi- cate of the record, under seal of the Librarian of Congress ; and all fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States. COPYRIGHTS FOR LABELS. Sec. 3. That in the construction of this act, the words "engraving," "cut," and "print" shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works connected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of Patents is hereby charged with the super- vision and control of the entry or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid for re- cording the title of any print or label not a trade-mark, six dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the same. Sec. 4. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with the foregoing provisions be and the same are hereby repealed. Sec. 5. That this act shall take effect on and after the first day of August, eighteen hundred and seventy-four. Repeal Provtstons. Title LXXIV., Rev. Stat., p. 1091: Sec. 5595. The foregoing seventy-three titles embrace the COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 99 ith rst statutes of the United States general and permanent in their nature, in force on the ist day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, as revised and consoHdated by commissioners appointed under an act of Congress, and the same shall be designated and cited, as The Revised Statutes of the United States. Sec. 5596. All acts of Congress passed prior to said first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, any portion of which is embraced in any section of said revision, are hereby repealed, and the section applicable thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all parts of such acts not contained in such revision, having been repealed or superseded by subsequent acts, or not being general and permanent in their nature : Provided, That the incorporation mto said revision of any general and permanent provision, taken from an act making appropriations, or from an act containing other provisions of a private, local, or temporary character, shall not repeal, or in any way affect any appro- priation, or any provision of a private, local, or temporary character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall remain in force ; and all acts of Congress passed prior to said last-named day, no part of which are embraced in said revision, shall not be affected or changed by its enact- ment. Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in said revision shall not affect any act done, or any right accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or com- menced in any civil cause before the said repeal, but all rights and liabilities under said acts shall continue, and may be enforced in the same manner, as if said repeal had not been made ; nor shall said repeal in any manner affect the right to any office, or change the term or tenure thereof. Sec. 5598. All offences committed, and all penalties or for- feitures incurred under any statute embraced in said revision prior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and punished in the same manner and with the same effect as if said repeal had not been made. Sec. 5599. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to civil causes and proceedings, or to the prosecution of offences, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, em- braced in said revision and covered by said repeal, shall not be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings, or prosecu- tions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had not been made. lOO COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. Sec. 56CX). The arrangement and classification of the sev- eral sections of the revision have been made for the purpose of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same, and therefore no inference or presumption of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the Title under which any particular section is placed. Sec. 5601. The enactment of the said revision is not to affect or repeal any act of Congress passed since the ist day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- three, and all acts passed since that date are to have full effect as if passed after the enactment of this revision, and so far as such acts vary from, or conflict with, any provision contained in said revision, they are to have effect as subse- cjuent statutes, and as repealing any pordon of the revision inconsistent therewith. EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. Fahrenheit, Deg. Cast-iron melts 2786 Gold " 2016 Copper " 1996 Brass " 1900 Silver '* 1873 Red heat visible by day, . 1077 Iron red-hot in twilight,. . 884 Common fire 790 Zinc melts 773 Iron, bright red in dark. . . 752 Mercury boils 630 Lead melts. 612 Linseed oil boils 600 Bismuth melts 497 Fahrenheit Deg. Cadmium 450 Tin melts 442 Tin and bismuth, equal parts, melts 283 Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, lead 2 parts, melt 212 Sodium 190 Alcohol boils 174 Potassium 136 Ether boils 98 Human blood (heat ot) 98 Strong wines freeze 20 Brandy freezes 7 Mercury freezes — 39 J STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. Prenflure in lbs. p'rsq.ln. 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 (.'orrespond'g i 1 Pressure Corrcsponcrg Temperature. Pressure C'on-espond'g Tempt' raturo. i in lbs. in lbs. Tcnipenvture. Fahrenheit. ip'r sq.ln. Fahrenheit. p'rsq.in. 140 Fulireiiheit. 192.4 1 ^5 301-3 357 9 212.8 i 70 306.4 150 3^^3-4 228.5 i 75 311. 2 160 368.7 241.0 80 315-8 170 373*6 «2si.6 1 85 320.1 180 378.4 260.9 90 324.3 190 382.9 269.1 95 328.2 2GO .387-3 276.4 I03 332.0 210 391-5 283.2 110 339-2 220 395-5 289 3 120 345.8 230 399 4 295.6 135 352.1 240 403.1 I'g ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. lOI ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. The following directions, if carefully followed, will enable any person to make a working galvanic battery, electro-mag- net, and a needle telegraph, all at a cost of not exceeding ten or twenty cents : Take a bit of common sheet zinc— stove zinc — six inches long, four inches wide. Bend it up two inches from the end, nick the bent end, and wind the naked end of a copper wire around the zinc at the nick. Use copper wire, size of a com- mon pin — insulated wire, that is, copper wire covered with thin paper or cotton, or paint or var- nish. Leave the ends of the wires uncovered. Cover the zinc with common white printing paper, two thicknesses, as shown at I. The white represents the paper. Provide a bit of thin sheet lead, same size as the zinc, bent in and nicked, but not covered with paper. Attach one end of a copper wire, as shown at 2. Provide a common tea saucer, in which place one ounce of sulphate of copper (to be had for a few cents at any drug- store) ; pour on warm water ; fill saucer two thirds full ; let stand until dissolved. Now put the zinc (i) in saucer, and put the lead (2) on top of the zinc, the ends standing above the liquid as shown. You now have a complete and tolera- bly strong galvanic battery. When the free ends of the two wires are touched together, a spark will be seen at the mo- ment of junction. The circuit is made or closed by placing the two wires together. The circuit is opened or broken by separating the wires. An electro-magnet may be made by providing a small wrought-iron staple, and grinding off the pointed ends. Wind both legs with the insulated copper wire. The mode of winding and carrying the wire from one leg to the other is shown in the cut. Both legs should, when finished, be closely wound, as shown on the left side. Now connect the end of the wire of one of the legs with one of the battery wires, and the wire of the other leg with the other battery wire, and you will find that the staple is magnetized. The magnetism ceases when the wires are separated. Put a steel knife blade on one leg of the magnet, and the knife becomes permanently magnetized. I02 ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. A needle drawn across the magnet is also magnetized, and if suspended by a thread it becomes a compass, and will point north and south. To make such a compass, magnetize a sewing needle ; suspend it by a silk fibre drawn from a piece of sewing silk ; attach the silk to a bit of bent wire, C, the bottom of which is stuck into, and supported by, a piece of round cork, as shown in the first cut. Place the compass thus made on a table, and the needle will point north and south. Now place loosely on the table, around the cork base, two coils or turns of the insulated wire. Connect one end of the wire with one of the battery wires. Join the other end of the coil wire to the other bat- tery wire. An electrical current will now go through the coil, which will move the needle. This is the needle telegraph. By alternately separating and joining the wire of the battery and the coil wire, the needle swings. One swing may be called A; two swings, B; three, C, etc. In this way intel- ligible signals are sent. A needle smaller than that here shown in the cut is used for telegraphing through the cable under the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and America. On land lines in England larger needles are used, but in this country a magnet is used which draws down a lever with such force as to make a click. A long click and a short click mean A ; a short click, E ; two short clicks, I. The battery wire and the coil wire are alternately joined and separated by a pivoted finger lever called a key. HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY. Substances. Silver Copper — Gold Brass Zinc Tin Steel Iron Lead Platinum. Palladium Bismuth.. Heat Conductivity. loo.o 73.6 53-2 23.6 19.9 14.5 12.0 ZX.9 8.5 6.4 6.3 1.8 Electrical Conductivity. 100. o 73-3 58. 5 •S 21. 22.6 • • • • 13.0 10.7 10.3 1.9 L DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. I03 iv DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. Benjamin Franklin; b. Boston, 1706; d. 1790; at 12, printer's apprentice, fond of useful reading ; 27 to 40, teaches himself Latin, etc., makes various useful improvements; at 40 studies electricity ; 1752, brings electricity from clouds by kite, and invents the lightning-rod. Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton-gin; b. West- borough, Mass., 1765; d. 1825; went to Georgia 1792 as teacher ; 1795 invents the cotton-gin, prior to which a full day's work of one person was to clean by hand one pound of cotton ; one machine performs the labor of five thousand persons ; 1800, founds Whitneyville, makes firearms, by the mterchangeable system for the parts. Robert Fulton; b. Little Britain, Pa., 1765; d. 1825; artist painter; invents steamboat 1793; invents submarine torpedoes 1797 to 1801 ; builds steamboat in France 1803; launches passenger-boat Clermont at N. Y. 1807, and steams to Albany ; 1812, builds steam ferryboats ; 1814, builds first steam war-vessel. Jethro Wood, inventor of the modern cast-iron plough ; b. White Creek, N. Y., 1774; ^- 1834; patented the plough 1814. Previously the plough was a stick of wood plated with iron. Lawsuits against infringers consumed his means. Secretary Seward said : " No man has benefited the country pecuniarily more than Jethro Wood, and no man has been as inadequately rewarded." Thomas Blanchard; b. 1788, Sutton, Mass.; d. 1864; invented tack machine 1806; builds successful steam carriage 1825 ; builds the stern-wheel boat for shallow waters, now in common use on Western rivers ; 1843, patents the lathe for turning irregular forms, now in common use all over the world for turning lasts, spokes, axe-handles, gun-stocks, hat- blocks, tackle-blocks, etc. Ross WiNANS, of Baltimore ; b. 1798, N. J. ; author of many inventions relating to railways ; first patent, 1828 ; he designed and patented the pivoted, double-truck, long pas- senger cars now in common use. His genius also assisted the development of railways in Russia. Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of harvesting ma- chines ; b. Walnut Grove, Va., 1809; ^" ^851 he exhibited his invention at the World's Fair, London, with practical success. The mowing of one acre was one day's man's work ; a boy with a mowing-machine now cuts 10 acres a day. Mr. McCormick's patents made him a millionaire. Charles Goodyear, inventor and patentee of the simple mixture of rubber and sulphur, the basis of the present great f 104 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. 3> "V CELEBRATED AMERICAN INVENTIONS. I05 L. Io6 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. rubber industries throughout the world; b. New Haven, Conn,, 1800; in 1839, by the accidental mixture of a bit of rubber and sulphur on a red-hot stove, he discovered the pro- cess of vulcanization. The Goodyear patents proved im- mensely profitable. Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor and patentee of electric telegraph; b. Charlestown, Mass., 1791 ; d. 1872; artist painter; exhibited first drawings of telegraph 1832; half-mile wire in operation 1835 ; caveat 1837 ; Congress appropriated $30,000, and in 1844 first telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore was opened; after long contests, the courts sus- tained his patents, and he realized from them a large fortune. Elias Howe, inventor of the modern sewing-machine ; b. Spencer, Mass., 1819 ; d. 1867; machinist; sewing-machine patented 1846. From that time to 1854 his priority was con- tested, and he suffered from poverty, when a decision of the courts in his favor brought him large royalties, and he realized several millions from his patent. James B. Eads; b. 1820; author and constructor of the great steel bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, 1867, and tne jetties below New Orleans 1876. His remarkable enfergy wasshcvvn in 1861, when he built and dehvered complete to Government, all within sixty-five days, seven iron-plated steam- ers, 600 tons each ; subsequently other steamers. Some of the most brilHant successes of the Union arms were due to his extraordinary rapidity in constructing these vessels. James Lyall, N. Y. City; b. 1836; invented a simple mixture, 1863, for enamelling cloth for knapsacks, etc., from which he realized a fortune ; in 1868 patented the positive- motion loom, from which patent he has acquired great riches ; is the founder and manager of several great establishments ; at one of these. Twenty-third street, N. Y., 4000 hands are employed. This loom increases the production and lessens the cost of woven fabrics. A single loom, attended by one girl, turns out 320 square yards in 10 hours, the fabric being 8 yards or more wide. The first recorded patent granted by the United States Government bears date July 31st, 1790, issued to Samuel Hopkins for making pot and pearl ashes. Two other patents were granted in that year. In the following year, 1791, thirty-three patents were granted. Among them were six patents to James Rumsay and one to John Fitch for inven- tions relating to steam-engines and steam-vessels. For the single year of 1876, the number of patents and caveats ap- plied for was almost twenty thousand. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 107 8 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. In the construction of models, or machinery, the skilful mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- chanical movements. As suggestive for this purpose we have brought together and condensed an extensive series of mechanical movements. Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best adapted to any special combination of mechanism. The following is a brief description of the various move- ments, as numbered : I. Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3, 4. Lever coup- lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is eN fected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side view. 6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. Prong and spur lever coupling. 10. I'ast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal boxes of one of the wheels being movable. 12. Friction clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of gear. 13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15, 16. Change of motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet- teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts ; and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip- rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which passes over a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel. 20. " Flying horse," used in fairs for amusement. By pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- py, i ig the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow-string ar- rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding-spur pulley coupling. 28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. Chain wheel. 30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary loa MECHANICAL MOVEMENT^.! motion by two racks and cog-wheel. 31. Oblique-toothed wheels. 32. Worm and worm-wheel. 33, ^. Claw coup- ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couphngs, with lugs and cavities. 37. Disk couphng with screw bolts. 38, 39, 40. Shaft couphngs. 41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- tion pulleys. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- ciprocating into rotary motion by zigzag groove on cylinder. 48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- tary motion. 50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack and two ratchet pinions. ^ v hen the aouble rack moves in one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillatmg. 53. Rotary into reciprocating. By the action of the wheel-pins the carriage is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54. Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, and catching in the slot. 57. Walking-beam and fly-wheel. 58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. Hoisting crane. 60. Friction gears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciprocat- ing by rising and falling pinion acting on endless raclc. 62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Reciprocating motion to a frame by means of endless rack and pinion. 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed rack by a toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected to the action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, projecting from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and consequently the rod has to rise and fall as the wheels revolve. (See no.) 66. Cam and elbow lever. 67. Rod reciprocates by means of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by an end- less segmental rack and pinion, the axle of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and from the rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said disk extends to the body to which a reciprocating motion is to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 109 70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- mitting motion from one axle to another, with three different velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal diame- ters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by a cam- disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent revolv- ing motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment gear- wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, connects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is imparted, "jt. Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing on a revolving cylin- der a spiral line of a certain given pitch which depends upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels. 80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of joller- arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 88. The shaft carries a taper, which catches against a hook hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disengages from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Reciprocating motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique ring se- cured to a revolving shaft. 90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. Pulleys, belts, and niternal gear. 94. As the rod moves up and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with different velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciprocating motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of a paral- lelogram which is connected to the rod to which reciprocat- ing motion is imparted. 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion, loi. Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. no MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. io6. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the same lenp+h, and connected by links with a cross-bar to which the jjiston-rod is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocycloidal mo- tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one half the diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes a eight line. 109. Same purpose as 56. ' no. Action similar to 65. in. Revolving motion by a circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An irregu- lar vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermittent rotary motion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the plain portion of the circumfer- ence, and, therefore, serves as a lock whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion- shaft commences another revolution. 116. Stop-motion used in watches to limit the number of revolutions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by connecting-rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent circular motion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the arm B. When the arm B is lifted, the pawl is raised from between the teeth of the wheel, and travelling backward over the circumference again, drops between two teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the continuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across its centre. 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attach- ed to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of eccentric toothed wneel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscil- lating or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs move the larger wheel by working against the faces of oblique grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by its arrangement MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. Ill between two rotating rollers, the axles of which are oblique to each other. 125. Friction indicator of Roberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. With a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given position, no matter what velocity is imparted to tha pulley. When the load is changed the indicator changes, thus proving that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not velocity. 126. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating motion. Used on sew- ing-machines for driving the shuttle ; also on three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. 127. Continuous circular into in- termittent circular motion. The cam is the driver. 128. Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The bar B carries the feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to slide A. B is lift- ed by a radial projection on cam C, which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A spring produces the return stroke, and the bar, B, drops by gravity. 129. Patent crank motion, to obviate dead centres. Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the centre, when the spring B forces the slide against the stops until next forward movement. 130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar by rotation of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copying, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, ivory tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied with, and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Shift the slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of the copy will be varied. 134. Ball-and-socket joint for tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth of the worm shaft-gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the first wheel has iod teeth and the second loi, the pointers will indicate respectively loi and 10.100 revolutions. 136. Mont- golfier's hydraulic ram. The right hand valve being kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. When the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight of the right valve, the momentum of the water opens the other valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On equi- librium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water is raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary engine. Shaft B and hub C are arranged eccentric to the case. Sliding radial pistons, «, a, move in and out of hub, C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub C. 112 MULTUM IN PARVO. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, B, connect with crank D. Steam is admitted to act on the outer sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and the ex- haust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rectilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion to the horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear movement to the upright bar. 140. Rotary motion transmitted by roll- ing contact between two obliquely arranged shafts. MULTUM IN PARVO. We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half miles from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It would require one and a half hours' time to do the errand, and not a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a letter and tell him where to get a combined thermometer and bar- ometer. Another, "will you be good enough to give me the names and addresses of several of the makers of the best brick machines?" another wants water-wheels; another threshing machines : each writer desires our written opinion as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or to reflect that to answer his request will consume considerable of our time. Another party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the New York market. For this information he sends us the generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C wants us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that personal information, our reply to be printed in THE Scien- tific American. We are at all times happy to serve our correspondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are expected, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be sent. Harness Blacking. — Melt i pound bees-wax, stir in 4 ounces ivory-black, 2 ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces Prussian blue ground in oil, and % ounce copal varnish. Make into balls. With a bnish apply it to harness, and pol- ish with silk gently. 114 MBOHANICAL MOVEMENTS. ill; lift MECHANICAL MOVJBMKNT8. ^ MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 117 U2P 133 j^^^— /J7 122 126 123 •^ m 127 134- 135 139 12* 128 132 1-. 118 HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. HOKSE-POWEB. When Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he wislied to be able to state their power aa compared with that of horses, wnich were then generally employed for driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, which led him to the conclusion that the average power of a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in vertical height per minute, pnd this has been adopted in England and this country as the general measure of power. A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. uf water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62|, the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- power. For example : A stream flows throup;h a flume 10 feet wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity Is 150 feet per minute — 40 XI 50 =6000= the cubic feet of water flowing per minute. 6000X62^=3'75,000=the pounds of water flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X376,000= 3,760,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 000 by 33,000, and we have 113|i as the horse-power of the fall. The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying together the area t e piston in inches, the mean pressure in pounds per squa inch, the length of the stroke in feet, and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by 33,000. '; r Water-wheels yield from 60 to 91 per cent of the water. The actual power of a steam-engine is le^s than the indicat- ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this loss varies with the arrangement of the enguie and th« per- fection of the workmanship; ft PROPERTIES OP CHARCOAL. 119 Iw j FBOPEBTIES OF CHARCOAL. -Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain has been found in the excavations at IIcrculL-icum, which was chaiTcd at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- een Iiundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- served, so that you can distinguish between the different kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. Ale and porter filtered througli it are deprived of tiieir color, and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being the mineral portion of the bone. Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — Hooker. SUBSTITUTE FOB THE CBANK. Various devices supposed to have adv^an- tagcs over the common crank, have been in- vented. Our diagram shows one of these forms, which has been re-invented many times, by different inventoi*s. A grooved wheel is employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting rod of a piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the wheel. KNOTS. 121 The knots represented on the preceding page of en- gravings are as follows : 1. Simple overhand knot. 2. Slip-knot seized. 3. Single bow-knot. 4. Square or ruf-knot. 5. Square bow-knot. 6. V/eaver's knot. 7. German or figure-of-8 knot. 8. Two half-h) tches, or ar- tificer's knot. 9. Double artificer's knot. 10. Simple galley-knot. 11. Capstan or prolonged knot. 12. Bowline-knot. 13. Rolling-hitch. 14. Clove-hitch. Black wall-hitch. Timber-hitch. Bowline on a bight. Running bowline. 19. Catspaw. 20. Doubled running-knot. Double knot. Six -fold knot. Boat-knot. Lark's head. Lark's head. Simple boat-knot. 27. Loop-knot. 28. Double Flemish knot. 29. Running-knot checked 30. Crossed running-knot. 81. Lashing-knot. 15. 16. 17. 18. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 32. Rosette. 33. Chain-knot. 34. Double chain-knot. 35. Double running-knot, with check-knot. 36. Double twist-knot. Builders' knot. Double Flemish knot. English knot. Shortening-knot. 41. Shortening-knot. 42. Sheep-shank. Dog- shank. Mooring-knot. Mooring-knot. Mooring-knot. Pigtail worked on the end of a rope. 48. Shroud-knot. 49. A bend or knot used by sailors in making fast to a spar or a bucket-han> die before casting over- board ; it will not run. Also used by horsemen for a loop around the jaw of a colt in breaking : the running end, after passing over the Head of the animal and throagh the loop, will not jam therein. 50. A granny's knot. 51. A weaver's knot. 37. 38. 39. 40. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. I The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which would move in the same direction if the rope were to slip, should lie alongside of and touching each other. ; 1«8 MEASURES OF LENGTH. MsABUBts OF LxNOTH. — Th« luljoined engrftTlng rHowb at the left » foar-lnch lection of a common rule, the inch divUioni being tubdivided into twenty-tifthi, twelfths, eighth*, and tenths. On the right ii the French measure, indicating milK- metrei and centimetres. The French metre is intended to be the one ten-niiiliouth pert of the dlitanc* from •iihtt pole of the earth to the equator. ^ ^5? ^^ f^ ^7^ k m^ ro * iTOTA ""a s to «9 te 1^1 I s« .-. w 00 U) CC S GO U9 < CO Ci PS x3 II £ ■♦J w K c o S H s V n: a l<< H. k 4> E ES ^5 » - a a s Si a s u u o u Js tl r- 0) Oi " o o o o o o o rj Q 00 CO ^.- — o o O V o ^ II s. l i V c III lis so o ^ 00 II *« ^a 4 J1 I II ?! •re S ". II ;S « II O 11 00 B II fl ;i; twn g J8 8 ]^ a -8 -J II « ^ II si c a o ^la| «> '1 . •> II 8" I s B u o I. TABLES OF WKIGHTS^^ 123 *f*)5 TROY WEIGHT. -> « S4gra^ns , 1 pennyweight, dM?t. . ao pennyweighto , 1 ounce = ^ graioH. ,; 12 ounces 1 pound = 6760 graine. Troy weight is used for gold ana silver. i se, APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. j j; ' SOgrafhs '.'. 1 sample. ' ' 3 scruples 1 dram = eOgrains. 8 drams 1 ounce = 480 grains. 12 ounces .1 pound = 5760 groins. The ounce in the afcove measures, it will bo noticed, Is heavier, contains more grains than the common commercial or avoirdu- pois weight, but the avoirdupois pound is the heaviest.,: AVOIRDUPOIS OR ORDINARY COMMERCIAL WEIGHT. 27.84 -f grains..... 4 1 dram. 16 drams. 1 ounce ss 437^ grains. 16 ounces. 1 pound = 7000 grains. 28 pounds 1 quarter. 4quarters ,....1 hundredweight =?= 112 lbs. 20 hundlredweight 1 ton = 2240 lbs. ^U^. The $tandard of the avoirdnpois pound is the weight Sf7.7015 cu- bic inches of distilled water at 30®.85 F., barometer 30 inches,^ ; ^ A trdy oz. = 1 .09714 avoir, oz. An avoir, oz. = ,911458 troy oz. A ytc^he = 14 lbs. A quintal = 100 lbs. •}>: t>n FRENCH WEIGHTS (( 10 milligrammes make 10 centigrammes ." 10 decigrammes s.*i k 10 grammes ilO decagrammes 10 hectogrammes 10 kilogrammes jlO myriogrammes 110 quintala (UNITED STATES STANDARD). Oraina avoir. 1 milligramme 1 centigramme 1 decigramme 1 OBAMME 1 decagramme r=: 1 hectogramme = 1 KILOGRAMME = 1 myriogramme = 1 quintal = ? 'J 110 quintala •♦ 1 tonne = 2204.737. ' , iThe kramme Js the basis of the French weights, and consists of actibicrcefatiiraetre of distilled water. (( .0154331S. .1543316. 1.543316. 15.43316. Pound* KToir. .02204737. .2204737. 2.204737. 22.04737. 220.4737. 2204.737. 1 SQ0ARE OR LAND MEA- ^UHE, UNITED STATES. ""144 ieq. inches = 1 sq. foot. 9 Bq. feet = 1 sq. yard. SOJ B^. yards = 1 sq. red, 40 sq. rods = 1 sq. rood. 4 sq. roods = 1 sq. acre. DRY MEASURE, UNITED STATES. 1 2 pints = 1 quart. < 4 quarts = 1 gallon. 3 gallons = 1 pecic. : 1 4 pecks = 1 Dnahel. j.^ f 124 TABLES OP MEASURES. CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE 1728 cubic ins. =1 cubic foot. S7 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. LIQUID MEASURE, UNITED STATES. 4gm8 2 pints 4 quarts 63 gallons = 1 pint. = 1 quart. = 1 gallon. = 1 nogshead. 2 hogsheads = 1 pipe or butt. 2 pipes = 1 tun. 1 barrel 1 gallon 1 bushel 1 barrel flour 8U gallons. 231 cubic inches. 1.24445 cub. ft. 196 lbs. = 3 bush. A cylinder seven inches diame- ter and six inches high containB a gallon. FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE, U. S. 1 square millimetre = 1 square centimetre = 1 square decimetre = 1 square metre = 1 square decametre = 1 square decare = 1 square hectare = 1 square kilometre = t square myriametre = Square inchei. .001549. .154988. 15.4»88. 8qoar« feet. 10.763058. 1076.3058. 10763.058. U. S. acre*. 2.47086. 247.086. 24708.6. 'V: FRENCH CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE, U. S. Cubic inrhea. = .0610165. = .610165. = 6.10165. = 61.0165. = 610.165. Millitre or cubic centimetre. . . / ^ -5 10 millitrcs make 1 centilitre ii-t.alO centilitres 10 decilitres 10 litres 1 decilitre 1 litre 1 decalitre ft»vrtlO decalitres 10 hectolitres 10 kilolitres 1 hectolitre = 1 kilolitre or cubic metre = 1 myrlolitre = Cubie feet. 3.63105. 35.3105. 353.105. MEASURING LAND BY WEIGHT. v^ The area of any piece of land, no matter how UrtP^lif the boundary lines, may be accurately ascertained by means of a deli- cate balance as follows. Make a drawing of the plot of ground on pasteboard, to a given scale, say four square roods to one inch. Cut from some part of the sheet of pasteboard a piece exactly one inch square, which represents one acre or four square roods. Also cut out the plot as drawn. Weigh the square and the plot. The number of times the weight of the square is contained in the weight of the plot indicates the area of the land. For example, if the square which represents one acre weighs twenty grains, and the plot weighs two hundred and forty grams, then the plot con- tains twelve acres. MOLECULES. 125 MOIiECXJLBS. A MOLECULE 18 the smallest mass into whicU any substance can be subdivided without changing its chemical nature. All substances are aggregations of isolated molecules. A piece of gold having six plane surfaces, each one inch square, is called a cubic inch of gold, and looks as if it solidly filled that space. But it is not solid, for it is composed of individual molecules, which are sepa- rated by comparatively wide intervale. Molecules are, to use the language of Sir William Thompson, ** pieces of matter of measurable dimensions, with shape, motion, and laws of action. '* A molecule of glass, as measured by this philosopher, is one five hundred millionth part of an inch in diameter. Equal volumes of all substances, when in a state of gas, and under like conditions, contain the same num- ber of molecules. The number of molecules in a cubic inch of any per- fect gas, at 32^* F. and 30 ins. barometer pressure, is one hundred thousand millions of millions of millions, or 10". The molecules of bodies are never at rest, but have a constant motion. The molecules of a gas confined in a vessel have great energy, are always flying about with a high velocity, but in straight lines. They strike against each other and rebound, they drive against the inner walls of the vessel, and the force of this impact of the molecules of the gas against the walls we call the pressure of a gas. At a barometer pressure of 30 inches, or 15 lbs. to the square inch, temperature 33® F., the molecules of hy- drogen have a velocity of 6097 feet per second, or over 4000 miles per hour. The energy of a pound of hydro- gen, under the above conditions, is equal to that of a cannon-ball of the same weight having the same velo- city. A cubic inch of water may by heat be expanded into gaseous form, or steam, occupying the space of a cu- bic foot. In both forms the same number of molecules 126 HOW TO INVENT. of water are found ; but in the gaseous condition, the molecules are much more widely separated than in the liquid ; so widely, in fact, that a cubic foot of alcohol vapor together with a cubic foot of ether vapor may be introduced into the vessel — or, apparently, just as much of the alcohol, and just as much of the ether, as if there were no water vapor present. All these va- pors remain separate ; they do not chemically unite. nOVT TO INVENT. In order to succeed, a new invention must be supe rior to any thin^ that has preceded it, and must be eold at a price that will enable it to be brought into general use. People can not afford to throw away old implements unless the new ones are sufficiently superior to make up for the loss. Let inventors produce a good article, at a moderate price, and they will be sure of success. The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking ; and to thought add practical experiments. Book know- ledge is not essential. Examine things about you, note how they are made, and study how to improve them. Keep your eyes and ears open, ask questions, be a con- tinual seeker after useful information. Those who do this, soon acquire a knowledge of the sciences, and in- sensibly become educated. Among the beneficent in- fluences of the Patent laws is the fact that they incite the humblest individuals to study. To avoid waste of time in reproducing old devices, the inventor should be well posted in regard to inven- tions that have already been made. He should also be informed as to the particular classes of devices in which improvements are most urgently demanded. For this purpose, an attentive ptudy of The Scientific American will be almost indispensable. This splendid newspaper is published weekly, and furnishes the latest information concerning the progress of new dis- covery, with elegant engravings. $3.20 a year. MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, publishers. Send 10 cents for a specimen copy. HISTORY OP THE STEAM-ENGINE. 127 HISTOBY OF THE STEAM-ENQINE. Papin, of France, was the first (in 1690) to operate a piston by steam, which acted only on one side of tlie piston. He also invented the safety valve. He was bom 1650, died 1710. Savery, 1697, first employed steam-power in doing useful work. His piston, like Papin's, took steam on one side only, the pressure of the atmosphere being admitted to the other side. James Watt was the first to make the complete steam- engine, or the existing forms in which steam acts on both sides of the piston. He also made the steam-con- denser, the governor, the walking-beam, applied the fly-wheel, and nearly all the parts of the modern en- gine. He was born 1736, died 1819. He made a rotary steam engine in 1782, and patented a locomotive engine in 1784. In 1804, Trevithick and Vivian operated a locomotive which traveled five miles an hour, with a load of ten tons. Cook, in 1808, used fixed engines and ropes to draw railway-cars. Blachett and Hedley, in 1813, discovered that smooth locomotive wheels might be used on railways, instead of toothed wheels and toothed rails before required. George Ste- venson, 1825, made railway locomotion successful by adapting the locomotive to variable speeds and loads, by means of his blast-pipe, and by introducing the tubular boiler, which latter was suggested to him and invented by Booth, 1829. October 6th, 1829, the fa- mous competitive trial of locomotives on tne Liverpool and Manchester railway took place, which established the superiority of Stevenson's locomotives, and inau- gurated the art of railway communication. The first steamboat actually employed in business was a small vessel built by John Fitch of Pennsylvania, 1790, worked on the Delaware ; speed, 7^ miles per hour. Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, made her first trip from New- York to Albany, August, 1807 ; speed, five miles per hour. The first steam-vessel to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819, from Sa vannah to Liverpool, 26 days. In 1838 the Sirius arrived at New- York, 17 days from London ; and the Great Western, 15 days from Bristol. 128 HEAT. — ITS MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT. HEAT.-ITS MEOHANTOAL EQUIVALENT. Heat is a peculiar motion of the particles of matter which prevents their contact. Heat and mechanical power are convertible forces. The force of the heat that raises one pound of water 1° F. will lift a weight of 773 lbs. one foot high. The power of a weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, if applied to a small paddle wheel turning in one pound of water, will, by friction, raise the temperature of the water r F. A heat-unit is the amount of heat that raises a pound of water 1° F., or that lifts a weight of 772 lbs. one foot high. The mechanical equivalent of a heat-unit is the x)ower of a weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, or of a one-pound weight descending 772 feet. Hence, 772 foot-pounds = 1 heat-unit, 1 heat-unit = 772 foot-pounds. A galvanic battery that produces an electrial current c&pable of heating one pound of water 1° F., will yield magnetic force sufficient to raise a weight of 772 lbs. one foot high. Thus heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical force are brought into numerical correlation with mechanical power. The illustrious philosopher. Dr. J. P. Joule, of Man- chester, England, first promulgated the mechanical equivalent of heat, a.d. 1845. COPYING-INK. Take two gallons of rain-water, and put into it J pound of gum arable, ^ pound brown sugar, ^ pound clean copperas, f pound powdered nut-gaHs. Mix and shake occasionally for ten days, and strain. If need- ed sooner, let it steep in an iron kettle until the strength is obtained. VELOCITY AND FORCE OF THE WIND. 129 VBLOOITY AND POBOB OP THE WIND. Pressurs on Miles per Febt per A Square Description op the Hour. 1 ■■ Minute. Foot in Pounds. Wind. 1 88 .005 Barely observable. 2 3 176 264 .02 .045 ■ Just.perceptible. 4 352 .08 Light breeze. 5 440 .125 ' 6 528 .18 Qentle, pleasant wind. 8 704 .S2 10 880 .5 Fresh breeze. 15 1320 1.125 Brisk blow. 20 1760 2. Stiflf breeze. 25 2200 8.125 Very brisk. 30 35 2640 saso 4.5 6.125 [•High wind. 40 3520 8. Very high wind. 45 3960 10.125 Gale. 50 4400 12.5 Storm. (iO 5380 18. Great Bto;m. 80 7040 S2. Hurricane. 100 8800 50. Tornado. GITNPO"WDER. The heat developed at the moment of explosion is 4664° Falir., and the resulting gas pressure, if the powder closely fills the chamber, is 40 tons or 80,000 lbs. to the square inch. Careful experiment by De Saint Robert with rifled cannon of 3^ inches bore, 8^ lbs. shell, 1^ lbs. powder, gives 1300 ft. velocity per second, or a little over 900 miles per hour, for the sliell when it leaves the moutli of the cannon, which is equal to a force of 219,000 foot- pounds, or a little less than seven horsepower. But the heat actually developed by the above amount of powder corresponds to almost thirty-two horse-power of work ; seventy-nine per cent of the power of the powder is therefore lost. 180 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. BrxciFic Oravitv and Wkioht or tarious IpuasTANcm. Watkr = 1. Brick, Common., j Acetic ftcld Alcohol Aluminium, ibeet Antimony, cait Ath, dry " green Aipbalt Bsr foot ; round bars, ont inch diameter, 2.65 lbs. per foot. From 800 to 324 cubic feet of dry clover, or 916 to 243 cubic feet of dry hay, weigh a ton. S70 cubic feet of new hay in a ton. In this countr weight of men women, 1^4 1-9 lbs. The weight of horses In this country is troui bUO to lUUO lbs. The standard weight of a bushel of wheat ia 60 lbs. ; coin and rye, 66 lbs.; oats, 39 lbs. ; barley, 48 lbs. Potatoes, in weight 100 lbs., are made up oi 75.9 lbs. water ; silbu- men, 2.3 lbs. ; oily matter, 0.9 lbs. ; woody fibre, 0.4 lbs. ; starch, S0.9 lbs. ; minerals, 1 lb. A kind of tracing paper, which is transparent only temporarily. Is made by dissolving castor-oil in absolute alcohol and applying the liquid to the paper with a sponge. The alcohol speedily evaporates, leaving the paper dry. After the tracing it made, the paper is Im- mersed In absolute alcohol, which removes the oil, restoring the sheet to Its original opacity. The diameter of a barrel at the heads is 17 inches ; bung, 19 Inches ; length, 23 inches ; volume, 7689 cubic inches. Incudation.— The temperature of hatching eggs is 104o F. Pe- riods : swan, 42 days ; parrot, 40 ; goose and pheasant, 35 ; duck, turkey, peafowl, 28; hens, 21; pigeons, 14 ; canury birds, 14. Pbriods or Gbstation.— Gui. nea-pig, 3 weeks ; sow, 16 weeks ; cat, 8 weeks ; dog, 9 weeks ; lion, 5 months ; sheep, 5 mouths ; cow, 9 months ; horse and ass, 1 1 months ; buffalo and camel, 19 months ; el«- pliant, 23 months. m 132 SMALL STEAMBOATS. SMALL STEAMBOATS. The following is an example of the practical y^&y in which special questions put by subscribers to the /Scientific American are answered by the editors : " H. C. E. says : 1. I have a boat, 21 feet long by 7 feet 6 inches beam, drawing 12 or 15 inches of water. I built an engine 3x5 inches, with a link motion. Is the engine large enough for the boat ? A. Yes. 2. I have a ^-inch feed-pipe and f-inch exhaust. Is the exhaust too small for the engine ? A. It will answer very well. 3. What size of propeller should I use? A. Of 18 or 20 inches diameter, 2i feet pitch. 4. What size of boiler is required ? A. About 2^ feet diameter, 4 feet high. 5. What is meant by the pitch of a pro- peller ? A. It is the distance it would move the boat, at each revolution, if it worked in an unyielding me- dium, like a screw in a nut." The foregoing is an epitome of dimensions suflBcient to enable any intelligent machinist to build i. *ast and serviceable steamer. Hundreds of these little vessels are now in use throupfhout the country, upon the smaller lakes and shallow streams. Their use has become greatly extended by the publication of prac- tical details of construction and management in the Scientific American. Queries relating to steam engineering are answered in the Scientific American by an experienced engineer; those pertaining to electricity, by a practical electri- cian ; chemical inquiries, by a superior chemist ; me- chanical questions, by a talented machinist ; astrono- mical inquiries, by an astronomer ; and so on, for nearly all of the departments of science. The amount of valuable information thus made public through, the columns of the Scientific American is very large. It is, on this account, the most positively valuable week- ly newspaper ever published,. Copper, if suddenly cooled, becomes soft and mal- leable ; if slowly cooled it hardens and becomes brittle. Ti PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 183 PBACTIOAL GEOMETRY. A KNOWLEDGE of geometry, both practical and theoretical, is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- ple and ^t^aereWy useful problems for practice, in the hope of thus interesting some of our readeis in the subject, so that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- metry can be had at the book-stores. 9" B ^ Problem 1. — To divide a line into equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- dicular to another : With a pair of di- viders from the extremities of the line A B as centres, with any distance ex- ceeding the point where the line is to be intersected, describe arcs cutting each other sls mn ; then a line drawn through m n will divide the line A B equally, and will also be perpendicular thereto. Problem 2. — To find the side of a square that shall be any number of times the area of a given square : Let A B C D be the given square; then vill the diagonal B D be the side of a square A E F G, double in area to the given square A B D ; the di- agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four times the area of the square A B C D, etc. \ 134 PRACTICAL GBOMETRT. Problem 8. — ^To find the diameter of a circle that shall be any number of times the area of a given circle : Let A B D be the given circle; draw the two diarpeters A B and C D at right angles to ♦ ach other, and the cord A D will be the radius of the circle o P, twice the area of the given circle nearly ; and half the cord will be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. Problem 4. — To describe an ellipsis, the transverse and conjugate diameters be- ing given : From o, as a centre, with the difference of the transverse and con- jugate seinidiameters, set, off o c and o d ; draw the diagonal c c?, and continue the line o c to A;, by the addition of half the diagonal c c?, then will the distance o A: be the radius of the centres that will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E, and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the centres k B m n; then with the radius m s, and with k, and m as centres, describe the arcs D II and A E ; also, with the radius n r, and Avith n and B as centres, describe the arcs E H and A H, and the figure A E D H will be the ellipsis required. Thb " Scientific American." — " It is hardly necessary for U9 to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general reading public may not be so well aware that i*^ contains the finest engravings of all the late inventions — the .new moni- tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of ttU kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural — with essays from the most distinguished scholars. THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 135 THE STEAM-ENGINE. Evert mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- erally familiar with the construction and operation of the steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge. we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of the various parts : a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; akers.. 6,816 Bronze-workera 79 Builders and contractors (not specified) 7,511 Butchers 44,354 Button-factory operatives.. 1,272 Cabinet-makers 42,835 Candle, soap, and tallow makers 1,942 Card and fancy-paper ma- kers 839 Car-makers 2,228 Carpenters and joiners 344,696 Carpet-bag and satchel ma- kers 202j Carpet-makers 16,669 : Carriage and wagon makers, 42,464| Charcoal and lime burners, 8,834j Cheese-makers 3.5S4 Cigar-makers 28.286 Clerks and book-keepers... 6,861 Clock-makers 1,779 Comb-makers 693 Confectioners 8,219 Coopers 41,789 Copper-workers 3,122 Cotton-mill operatives 111,606 Curriers, tanners, finishers of leather 28,703 Manutactubks and Mining. Daguerreotyplsts and pho- tographers 7,55S Die-sinkers & stamn-mak's, 479 Distillers and rectifiers 2,874 Employees 20,242 Engineers and firemen 84,233 Engravers 4,226 Fertilizer - establishment operatives 316 File makers, cutters, and grinders 1,413 Fireworks-makers 101 Fishermen and oystermen. 27,106 Flax-dressers 1,046 Fur-workers 1,191 Galloon, gimp, and tassel makers 569 Gas-works employees 2,086 Gilders 1,534 Glass-works operatives 9,518 Glove-makers 2,329 Glue-makers 241 Gold and silver workers. . . . 18,608 Gun and lock smiths 8,184 Hair cleaners and dressers. 1,026 Harness and saddle makers, 82,817 Hat and cap makers 12,625 Hoop-skirt makers 962 Hose-makers (leather and other) 248 House builders and con- tractors 399 Ice-cutters 143 Ink-makers 78 Iron and steel works and shops operatives 22.141 Iron-ioundry operatives. . . . 34,245 Iron-furnace operatives 7,453 Iron and steel rolllng-mlU operatives 17,249 Knitting and hosiery mill operatives 3,053 Llnen-mlU operatives 706 Lumbermen and raftsmen . . 17,752 Macaroni and vermicelli makers 29 Machinists 54,755 Manufacturers 42,877 Marble and stone cutters. . . 25,831 Masons, brick and stone... 89,710 Mast, spar, oar, and block makers 653 Mattress-makers 375 Meat and fruit preserving employees 770 Meat packers, curers, and pLcklera 1,164 140 TABLE OF OCCUPATION'S. Table or Occupations. (Continued.) Manufacturks and Mining. Mechanics (not specified).. 16,514 Mill and factory operatlveH (not specified) 41,619 Millers 41,682 Milliners, dress and mantua makers 92,084 Mineral-water makers 458 Miners 152,107 Mirror and picture frame makers 070 Morocco-dressers 1,728 Musical instrument makers (not specified) 877 Needle-makers 164 OfiJcIals of mauufacturiuf{ companies 2,144 Ofilcials of mining compa- nies C76 Oil-cloth makers 454 Oil-refinery operatives 1,747 Oil-well operators & labor's, 8,808 Organ-makers 667 Oyster-packers 443 Painters and varnishers. . . . 86,128 Paper-hangers 2,400 Paper-mill operatives 12,469 Patent-medicine makers... 409 Pattern-makers 3,970 Perfumers 248 Piano-forte makers 2.685 Plasterers 23,577 Plaster-moulders 228 Plate-printers 231 Plumbers and gasfltters. . . . 11,143 Potters 6,060 Powder-makers 676 Printers 39,860 Print-works operatives 3,788 Publishers of books, maps, newspapers 1,677 Pump-makers 1,672 Quarrymen 13,589 Quartz & stamp mill labors, 617 Rae-pickers 436 Railroad builders and con- tractors 1,292 Reed and shuttle makers. . . 200 Roofers and slaters 2,760 MANUrAOTUBES AND MiNINO. Rope and cordage makers. . Rubber-factory operatives. Sail and awning makers. , . . Salt-makers Saw-mill operatives Sawyers Scale and rule makers Screw-makers Sewing - machine factory operatives Sewing-machine operators. Shingle and lath makers... Ship-carpenters Ship-smiths Ship-calkers Ship-riggers Shirt, cuff, & collar makers, Shot, cartridge, and fuse makers Silk-mill operatives Spring and axle makers.... Starch-makers Stave, shook, and heading makers Steam-boiler makers Steam-engine makers Stereotypers Stove, furnace, and grate makers Straw-workers Sugar makers and refiners. . Tailors, talloresses, and seamstresses Tinners Tool and cutlery makers.. . Trunk and valise makers. . . Tobacco-factory operatives. Truss-makers Type founders and cutters. Umbrella & parasol makers. Upholsterers Wheelwrights Whip-makers Window-shade makers Wire makers and workers. . Woodchoppera Wood turners and carvers. . Woolen-mlU operatives .... 2,075 3,886 2,309 1,721 47,298 6,939 416 8,881 8,042 8,788 15,1)00 396 8,068 1,057 4,080 186 8,256 301 229 1,858 6,058 4,172 883 1,543 2,029 1,609 161,820 30,524 5,351 1,845 11,986 74 649 1,439 5,T36 20,942 609 245 1,834 8,338 7,947 58,836 GENERAL SUMMARY. Engaged In agriculture 6,922,471 '* professional service 2,684,793 " trade and transportation 1,191,238 *' manufactures and mining 2,707,421 All occupations 1870, persons in 12,606,923 LIGHTNING RODS. 141 39 36 [>9 LIGHTNING RODS. The golden rule of safety is to provide the building with plenty of rods or conductors, and make sure that their lower ends, in the ground, are soldered to a large surface of metal or other conducting material placed underground. The common method is simply to stick the end of the rod three feet down into dry earth. But this is unsafe, because dry earth is a very poor conductor of electricity. To compensate for this lack of conductivity, the bottom of the rod should communicate with a large extent of conducting material. This may be done by soldering the lower end of the rod to water or gas pipes, if they exist ; if not, then dig a trench four feet deep, six inches wide at bottom, in which deposit a layer sixMnches thick of coal dust, charcoal, anthracite, or bituminous. Bed the end of the rod for several feet in this layer of coal, which is a pretty good conductor of electricitv. The trench should be one hundred or more feet in length. The rods should be placed on all ridges, corners, and chim- neys. All metallic roofs, gutters, and water-pipes should have soldered connection with the rod, which should not be insulated from the building. All metallic water, gas, stove, and other pipes within the building, all bell wires, masses of metal, machmery, should be connected with the ground, in the manner described for the rods. The more conductors that are connected with the ground in this way, the greater the safety. Common one half inch square iron makes a good conductor. So does copper wire one eighth inch in diameter. Underdraining. — Surface water that flows off the land instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever fertilizing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, this waste is arrested. Common hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in- combustible. Ordinary Concrete is a coarse mortar made of i mea- sure of fine quicklime, i)^ of water, 6 to 8 of gravel and broken bricks or stones. Forms a cheap foundation or wall. The ground trench being made, the concrete, well mixed, is thrown in, in layers of one foot thickness, and thoroughly com- pacted by rammers. Above ground, wide planks are used to form trench. If carefully mixed and rammed, durable walls may be quickly and cheaply made. 142 MINERAL CON'^^TITUENTS. MINERAL CONSTITUENTS ABSORBED OR REMOV- ED FROM AN ACRE OF SOIL BY THE FOL- LOWING CROPS. Potassa Soda Lime Magnesia Oxide of Iron..., Phosphoric Acid . Sulphuric Acid.. Chlorine Silica. Alumina Total Wheat, 25 bushel?. Barley, 40 bushels. Turnips, 20 tons. Hay, i^ tons. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 29.6 3- 17-5 5-2 47.1 8.2 38.3 13. 12.9 10.6 2.6 20.6 10.6 2. 17- 9.2 2.1 25.8 2.7 16. 29.9 19.7 7.1 46.3 13-3 3-6 44-5 151 9.2 41 J18.1 • • • • 129. s a. 4 247.8 78.2 • • • • 210.00 213.00 423.00 209.00 USEFUL FACTS AND RECIPES. Freezing Mixtures. — A mixture of nine parts phos- phate of soda, six parts nitrate of ammonia, and four parts nitric acid, is a freezing compound which will cause a fall in temperature of 71° Fahrenheit. Equal weights of sal-ammoniac and nitre, dissolved in its own weight of water, lowers the temperature of the latter from 50° Fahrenheit to 10" or 22° below the freezing point. Soap-Bubbles. — Few things amuse children more than blowing bubbles. Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of Castile or oil soap, cut up in small pieces, in three quarters of a pint of water, and boil it for two or three minutes ; then add five ounces of glycerine. When cold, this fluid will produce the best and most lasting bubbles that can be blown. Liquid-Glues. — Take of gum shellac three parts, caout- chouc (india-rubber) one part, by weight. Dissolve the caoutchouc and shellac in separate vessels, in ether free from alcohol, applying a gentle heat. When thoroughly dissolved mix the two solutions, and keep in a bottle tightly stoppered. This glue is called marine glue, and resists the action of water both hot and cold, and most of the acids and alkalies. Pieces of wood, leather, or other substances, joined together by it, v/ill part at any other point than the joint thus made. If the glue be thinned by the admixture of ether, and applied as a varnish to leather, along the seams where it is sewed together, it renders the joint or seam water-tight, and almost impossible to separate. CIRCLES. 143 CIRCLES. A CIRCLE is the most capacious of all plain figures, or con- tains the greatest area within the same outline or perimeter. To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diame- ter by 3.1416, and the product will be the circumference. To find the diameter of a circle, divide the circumference by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the diameter. Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- tains four times the area 01 the other. To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diameter by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will be the area. To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circumfer- ence by the radius, and divide the product by 2. Plaster of Parls may be prepared in three ways to form a hard casting capable of taking a high polish. Mixed with a solution of borax, then rebaked, powdered, and mixed with a solution of alum, it forms Parian. Mixed with solution of alum, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, it forms Keene's cement. Mixed with solution of sulphate of potash, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, it forms Martin's cement. Water is the offspring of the two gases hydrogen and oxygen. If eight pounds of hydrogen and one pound of oxy- gen are mixed and ignited by a flame, they combine with a violent explosion and form nme pounds of limpid water. If this water is now sufficiently heated, e.^. by passing it slowly through a red-hot. tube, it quietly separates into its original gases — namely, eight pounds of hydrogen, one of oxygen. Should we deal with these gases by volumes, instead of pounds, then three cubic feet of the combined gases, of which two are hydrogen, and one of oxygen, if mixed and ex- ploded form water; but the water produced only occupies the two thousand six hundredth part of the space filled by the combined gases prior to the explosion. The air, the atmosphere we breathe, is composed of four parts of nitrogen gas and one part of oxygen. For example, if we mix four gallons of nitrogen and one of oxygen, we have five gallons of air. It is the pa^ygen that supports life ; the nitrogen is simply a diluent or„^pr«Bader. Z rrX) £3 3C , PAOI Air 69, 143 AppeiiU 96 Aiil^niii«iiU of Patanti 97, 59, 60 Attorneyt 60 Batteries, Electric lOl Uelgian Patent! 4G British Patents 46 Canadian Patents 46 Capitol of the U. S 18 Caveats 96 Cement Paint 141 Census, Foreificn Population 11 Census of the United States 3 Charcoal, Properties of 119 Circle, Problems 143 Cloth, Fire-proof 99 Coal, Power of •• 41 Concrete 141 Copies of Pateats 99 Copper 132 Copying Ink 198 Copyright Laws, The 93 Copyrights for Books, etc 33 Copyrights for Labels 89 Cost 01 applying for Patents 90 Crank, Substitute 119 Design Patents 98, 68 Distinguished Inventors 104 Drawing* for Patents 64 Earn what you Spend 136 Electric Batteries, Magnets 101 Electrical Conductors, Table 109 Electricity. Speed of 36 Employers' and Employes' rights ... 86 Engines, Best Coal for 41 English Patents 46 Examination, Official 66 Expansion, Iiorce of 41 Fees, Official, Table of 86 Fire-proof Cloth 29 Foreign Patents 44 Forms, various 60 Freezing Mixtures 149 French Patents 46 Friction 130 'Geometry, Practical 133 German Patents 46 Gestation 131 Glues, Liquid 149 Going to Washington 98 Gunpowder 199 Heat Conductors lOS Heat, Effects of. Table 100 Heat, Mechanical Equivalent 198 Hints to Letter-Writers 136 Hints on Sale of Patents 47 Hold the Fort 61 Horse-Power 118 Hew to Invent 196 How to sell Patents 47 Ice-boats, Velocity of. 81 Illumination, Rule for 83 Incubation 131 Infringements 96, 67 Interferences 67 Inventors, Distinguished 103 Knots 190, 191 Labels, Copyrights for 39, 98 TAom Largest and Ikst 44 License, Form for 60 Light, Velocity, etc 89 Lightning Rods 141 Magnets, Batteries h<\ Mechanical Movements 107 Minerals removed by Crops 149 Model Room, Patent Office 43 Modeli 99, 66 Molecules 196 Mulium in Parvo .... 119 Occupations in U.S., i 187 Patent, Cost of 90 Patent, How much wo .i ]6 Patent Laws, Directions 16 Patent Laws of the United States... 69 Patent Office, View of 14 Patent Office, Washington.... 43 Patent Sellers, Professional 60 Patented Articles, Stamping 78 Patents, Forms for 60 Patents, Hints on Sale 47 Patents, How to obtain 16 Penalty for Stamping. 78 Petition for Patent, Form 60 Plaster of Paris, To harden 143 Platinum 69 Population, past, present, prosp 11 Power of Wnter 118 Practice, Pntent Office, Rules 63 Preliminary Examination 17 Questions and Answer Railways of U. S., Recipes, Useful.... Reissues Rejected Applications 84 .. 13 .. 143 •J6, 67 .. S6 Applli Rights, Employers, Employes 35 Rivers of U. S 13 Royalty 47 Rules of Practice 63 Sale of Patents, Hints 47 Scientific American Offices..94, 36, 38, 40 Scientific American Office, Washt'n. 94 Soap Bubbles 149 Sound 41 Specific Gravity 1£0 State Laws concerning Patents 69 Steamboats. Small 183 Steam Engine, History 197 Steam Engine, The 135 Steam Navigation of U. S IS Steam, Pressure of. Table. ...^ 100 Substitute for the Crank 119 Taxes, none on Patents 40 Telegraph Lines, U. S 13 Trade Marks 80,87, 90 Tungsten 99 Underdraining 141 United States, Length, Breadth 13 United States, Map of; 18, 19 Useful Recipes, Facts 143 Water, Composition of 1 48 Water-power, Rule 118 Weights and Measures 199, 193, 194 Weights, Substances, Tables 130 What Security have I ! 90 Will it Pay! 40 Wind, Velocity, and Force 1«» PAOI 44 6U 8'i 141 Icl 107 149 43 s , 66 196 112 187 20 16 16 69 14 43 60 78 60 47 16 78 60 143 62 11 118 63 17 34 13 143 26 , 67 86 35 13 47 63 47 » ,40 24 142 41 1£0 63 133 127 136 IS 100 119 40 13 J7 ,90 29 141 13 18 , 19 143 143 118 >f 124 130 20 40 129