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CANADA
PUBLIC ARCHIVES
ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES
THE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
Reference Book
A COMPENDIUM OF
USEFUL INFORMATION
Containing the Complete Census of the United States by
Counties ; Map of the United States ; Views of Public
JiuiLDiNGs ; Patent and Copyright Laws ; Rules and
JJIRECTIONS for OBTAINING PATENTS ; FoRMS FOR PA-
TENTS, Caveats, Assignments, and Licenses;
Hints on the Value and Sale of Patents •
Tables of the Weights and Measures '
of the United States ; The Prin-
cipal Mechanical Movements,
WITH 150 Diagrams ; History
and Description of the
Steam - Engine, and
Valuable Tables,
Calculations,
Problems,
Etc.
JTew yoRK :
MUNN & CO., OFFICE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
No. 37 PARK ROW.
1877. .
to
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by
MUNN & CO.,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
yai'M U-
S. W. Green, Printer,
16 ft 18 Jacob Street,
New York.
7 /J ^f
CENSUS
OF THE
UNITED STATES, BY OOUNTIES, POE 1870.
ALABAMA.— Area, 60.722 square inilef.
4ataaga...II,623 Clav 9,660
Baker 6,194 Cleburne. .. 8,017
Baldwin. ... 6,004 ('oflTee 6,171
Barbour... 29,309 Colbert 12,637
Benton Conecuh . . . 9,674
Bibb 7,469 Cooia I1,94S
Blount 9,945
BuUock.... 24,474
Butler 14,981
Calhoun... 13,979
Chamber*. . 17,663
Cherokee.. 1 1.132
ChocUw... 12,676
Clark 14,629
Arkaniat .
Ashley 8,U42
Benton .
Boone —
Bradley..
Calhoun .
Carroll .
Chi«ot r.214
Clark 11,963
Columbia.. 11,397
Conway
Crawford.
Crittenden
Covington.. 4,868
Crenshaw.. 11, 166
Vale 11,325
DaUaa 40,705
DeKalb... 7,126
KlDMre 14,477
EaKambia. . 4,041
Etowah 10,109
ABKANSAS.-
8,268 Craighead . 4,677
Crosi 8,916
Dallas 5,707
Desha 6,125
Drew 9,960
Franklin... 9,627
Fulton 4,843
Grant 8,943
Green 7,673
Hempatead. 13,768
Hot Springs 6,877
Independ'cel4,666
Fayette 7,166 Lowndeii. .26,719
rranklin... 8,006 Macon 17,727
Geneva 2,969 Madison . . .31,267
Greene 18,399 Marengo. . .26,161
Hancock Marion .... 6,069
Hale 21,792 Marshall. . . .9,871
Henry 14,191 Mobile 49,311
JackMn 19,410 Montgom'y.43,704
JelTerson. . . 12,346 Morgan. . . . 12,187
Lauderdale 16,092 Monroe 14,214
Lawrence . 16,668 Perry 24,975
Lee 21,760 Pickens. ... 17,690
Limestone . 16,017 Pike 17,423
ToUl
-Area, 62.108 square xniles.
Randolph.. 12,006
RusseU....21.836
Sanford 8893
Shelby 12,218
St. Clair... 9,360
Sumter 24,110
Talladega.. 18,063
Tallapooia 16,963
Tuscaloosa 20.081
Walker... 6,643
Washington 3,912
Wilcox . . . .28,377
Winston... 4,165
13,831
7,032
8,646
3,863
,6,780
8,112
8,967
8,831
Izard 6,806
Jackson 7,268
Jeflerson ..16,733
Johnson.... 9,162
Lafayette.. 9,139
Lawrence.. 6,981
Little River 3,236
Madison . . . 7,927
Marion
Mississippi.
Monroe. . .
Montgom'y
Newton... 3,364
Ouachita. . . 13,975
Perry 2,685
PhiUips.... 15,372
Pike 3,788
Poinsett... 1,720
Polk 8,376
Pope 8,409
Prairie 6,604
Pulaski . . .32,066
Randolph . . 7,466
St. Francis. 6,714
Saline 3,911
Scott 7,483
Searcy.
Sebastian . .
Sevier
Sharpe
Union ....
Van Buren.
6,614
:2,940
4,492
6,400
10,571
6,107
Washingt'nl7.266
White 10,346
Woodruff. .6,891
Yell 8,048
Alameda.
Alpine 685
Amador 9,682
Butte 11,403
Calaveras. . 8,895
Colusa 6, 165
Contra Costa 8,461
Del Norte.. 2,022
El Dorado. 10,309
Fresno 6,336
Inyo 1,966
Kern 9,925
Klamath... 1,686
Lake 2,969
Lassen 1,324
I^s Angelosl5,309
Marin 6,903
Mariposa . . 4,672
Mendocino . 7,645
8. Joaquin. 21 ,060
S.L.Obispo. 1,772
S. Mateo . . 6,635
S. Barbara. 7,784
S. Clara.
8. Crua
Shasta .
Sierra.. ,
Siskiyou..
.26,246
8,743
4,173
6,619
6,848
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehoma . . .
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Yolo 9,899
Yuba 10,861
.16i«;"l
.19.M9
6,499
6.030
3,687
3,213
4,533
. 8.150
3,97*
3,633
8,336
2984
Total... "....: 488,179
CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188,981 square miles.
24,237 Humboldt.. 6,143 Merced 2,807 S. Frauc'ul49,482 Solano
Mono 430
Monterey . . 9,876
Napa 7,163
Nevada ...19,136
Placer 11,367
Plumas 4,489
8acramento26,831
S. Bernar'o 8,988
San Diego . 4,974
Total... .". 660,286
CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square mil.s.
Fairfleld .. .96,276 Litchfield . .48,727 N. Haven. 121,267 TolUnd .. .22,000 Windham !W.618
Hartford . 109,007 Middlesex 36.099 N. London. 66,634 Total 637,418
DELAWARE.— Area, 2,120 squar « miles.
Kent 29,804 N. Castle. .63,615 Sussex. .. .31,696 Total 126,015
FLORIDA.— Area, 69,268 square miles.
Alachua... 17,328 Duval n,921 Jackson ... 9,628 Marion. .. .10,804 St. Johns
JaflTerson ..13,398
Lafayette.. 1,783
Leon 16,233
Levy 2,017
Liberty 1,060
Madison... 11, 121
Manatee... 1,931
Total..; :.. 187,760
OEORaiA.— Area, 68,000 square miles.
Kullock ... 6.610 Charlton .. 1,897 Cobb 13,814
Burke 14,686 Chatham . .41,279 Coffee 8. 192
Chattah'ee. 6,069
Chatooga . . 6,902
Cherokee. .10,399
Clarke 12,941
Clav 6.493
Baker 1,325 Escambia.
Benton Frank lin
Bradford.. 8,671 Gadsden
Brevard... 1,216
Calhoun ... 906
Clay 2,098
Columbia.. 7,335
Dade (6
Hamilton .
Hernando
Hillsboro .
Holme*.
7,825
. 1,266
. 9,802
. 6,749
. 2,938
. 8,215
. 1,672
2,618
Monroe 6,667 Sumter . . . 2,962
Nassau. . . . 4,247 Suwanee . . 3,566
New River, Taylor 1,443
Orange 2,195 Volusia 1,723
Polk 3,169 Wakulla .. 2,606
Putnam . .. 8,821 Walton . . . 3,060
B. Rosa. . . . 8,312 Washing'n 2,30
Appling . . . 6,086
Baker 6,843
Baldwin... 10,618
Bank* 4,973
Bartow 16,666
Berrien . . . 4,618
Bibb S1.265
Brook* 8,342
Bryan 5,252
Butt* 6,941
Calhoun . . . 6,603
Camden... 4,611
Campbell.. 9,176
Carroll 11,782
Cas* Clay4on 6,477
Catoosa ... 4,409 Clinch 8,945
Cokjuitt ... 1,664
Columbia.. 13,629
Coweta... 16,875
Crawford.. 7.667
Dade 3.033
Dawson.... 4,369
Decatur... 16,183
DeKalb... 10.014
Dooley .... 9.790
Dougherty 11,514
Early .
Echob
EfSngham. .
Elbert ...
Emanuel . .
Fannin
6,998
1,978
4,214
9.249
6,143
6,429
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Fayetto . . . 8,221
Fluyd 17,230
Foriv'h . . . »,9M
Frinklln .. 7,893
Fullon 3,34«
Oilmer . ... 6,644
(lltMock .. 2,736
Glynn 6,376
GurHon 9,268
Greene 12,464
Gwinnett . .12,431
Hkberiham 6,333
Hall 9.607
Hancock... 11,317
Haralwn... 4,004
Harri* 13,284
Hart 6,783
Heard 7,866
Adam* . . . .80,363
Alexander . 10,664
Bund 13,163
Roone 12,943
Brown 12,205
Bureau 32,415
Ralhoan . . . 6,663
Carrull... 16,705
Cam 10,089
Champaign 32,738
ChriRtian . .20,363
Olark 18,710
Olay 16,875
Clinton' 16,284
Ci>lea 26,237
Cook 349,970
Crawford.. 13.889
Cumberl-d . 12,323
DeKalb... 23,265
Ue Witt... 14,766
Douglas... 13,484
Adama 10,383
Alien 43,494
BaHbol'w .21,133
Benton 6,615
Blackford . 6,273
Boone 22,693
Brown 8,681
Carroll 16,163
Cass 24,193
Clarke 24,770
Clay 19,084
Clinton 17,330
Crawford.. 9,861
Davieii ..16,747
Dearborn. .24,116
Decatur
DeKalb .17,167
Delaware. .19,030
DuboU 12,697
.Adair 3,982
Adanu 4,614
.Ulamakee. 17,868
Appanoose . 16,468
Audubon .. 1,212
Benton 22,464
Bl'k Hawk.21,706
Boone 14,676
Bremer ...13,528
Buchanan .17,0.^4
Buena Vista. 1,685
Butler 9,961
Calkoan... 1,602
Carroll .... 2,461
CaH 6,464
Henry 10,103
HoutUm... 20,406
Irwin 1,837
Jaekwn ...11,181
Jasper 10,439
Jefferion ..13,193
Johnson . . . 2,964
Joneii 9,436
Laurens . . . 7,834
Lae 9,667
Mberly ...18,912
Lincoln. . .. 6,411
Lowndes . . 8,321
Lumpkin .. 6,161
Macon 11.418
Madison... 5,327
Marion ... 8, WO
Mcintosh . . 4.485
J." -irrlwet'r. 13,766
Miller 8,091
Milton 4,284
MileheU . . 6,633
Monroe.... 17,313
Montgum'y. 8,686
Morgan ...10,696
Murray . . . 6,600
Muscogee. .16,663
Newton . . . 14,615
Oglethorpe.11,782
Paulding .. 7,689
Pickens . . . 6,317
Pierce 2,778
Pike 10,905
Polk 7,833
Pulaski .. 11,040
Putnam ...10,461
Quitraai
Rabuu .
4,160
3,266
Ramlolph.. 10.661
Kuhmund .36,137
Schley 6,129
Bcriver 9,175
Hpaukling.. 10,305
Stewart ...I4.3U4
Sumter 16,669
Talbot 11,613
Taliaferro. 4,796
Tatnail
Taytor
Telfair .
Terrell .
Thomas
Towns .
Total
4,860
7.148
8,245
9,063
17,168
3,780
Troup
Twiggs. . . .
Union
I'pson
Walker ...
Walton. . . .
Ware
Warren .
Washing'n
Wayne. . .
Webster..
While...
AVhitfield .
Wilcox...
Wilkes...
Wilkinson
Worth...
ILLINOIS.- Area, 66,406 square miles.
J.
17,633
8,646
5,267
0,430
9,W6
li,03M
3,886
.10,546
16,641
2,177
4,677
. 4,606
.10,117
. 3,439
.11,796
. 9,387
. . 3778
194,089
DuPage ..16,685
Edgar 21,460
Edwards . . 7,665
Effingham. .15,663
Fayette ...lt>,338
Ford 9,103
Franklin ..12,662
Fulton 38,293
Gallatin ...11,134
Green 20,277
Grundy ...14,938
Hamillon.. 13,014
Hancock . .34,461
Hardin 5,113
Henderson. 13,683
Henry 36,607
Iroquois . . .26,783
Jackson ...19,634
Jasper 11,234
Jeflerson ..17,864
Jersey 16,064
Jo Daviess. 37,810
Johnvon ,..11,248
Kane 39,091
Kankakee .34,363
KendaU ...13,399
Knox 39,623
Lake 31,014
La Salle... 60,793
Lawrence. . 13,633
Lre 27,171
Livingston. 3 1, 473
Logan 28,063
McDono'h .36,611
McHenry..23,763
McUan . . .63,988
Macon 20,633
Macoupin ..33,729
Madison... 44.131
Marion 30,632
Marshall.. 16,966
Masion.
Massac. .
Menxrd .
Mercer. .
Monroe
16,184
. . 9,681
..11,735
..18,769
13,892
Montgom'y.26,315
Morgan . . .28,463
Moultrie ..10,385
Ogle 27,493
Peoria 47,640
Perry 13,723
Piatt 10,968
Pike 30,768
Pope 11,437
Pulaski . . . 8,762
Putnam . . .66,;^0
Pandolph.. 20,869
Richland ..13,803
Hock Island 39,783
St. Vlair... 61.069
Total
INDIANA.— Area. 33,809 square xnilea.
Elkhart . . .36,026 JeHeraon . .39,741 Noble 20,389
Jennings ..16,318
Johnson . . . 18,366
Knox 31,559
Kosciusko .38,631
LaGrange.14,148
Lake 13,880
La Porte . .37,063
Lawrence.. 14,688
Madison . . .33,770
Marion 66,345
Marshall.. 20,211
Martin.. ..11, 103
Miami 21.063
Monroe 14,168
Montgom'y .3?. 765
Morgan ...I7,j2»
Newton . . . 5,839
SsHne 12,714
Sangamon .46.364
Schuyler ..17,410
Scott 10,630
Shelby . . . .26,475
Stark 10,751
Stephenson. 30,608
I'atewell ..27,903
Union 16,618
Vermilion. .30.388
Wabash 8.841
Warren ,. 23.174
Washing'n. 17,699
Wayne. ...19,758
White 16,846
Whiteside .27,606
Will 43,013
WiUiamson 17,329
Winnebago 29,301
Woodford .18.966
2,639,688
Fayette ...10,476
Floyd 2S.S00
Fountain ..16,389
Franklin . .20,223
Fulton 13,726
Gibson 17.371
Grant 18,487
Green 19,614
Hamilton . .20,883
Hancock... 16, 123
Harrison ..19,913
Hendricks .30,277
Henry 33,986
Howard... 16,847
Huntington 19,036
Jackson ...18,974
Ohio 5,837
Orange.... 13,497
Owen 16,137
Parke 18,166
Perry 14,801
Pilie . .18 779
Porter 13,942
Posey 19,185
Pulaski 7,802
Putnam .31,614
RHndolph. .22,862
Ripley 20,977
Rush 17.636
St. Joseph .36.323
Scott 7,873
Shelby . . . .31,893
Spencer ...17,998
Jasper 6,634
Jay 15,000
IOWA.— Area. 60,014 square miles.
Cedar 19.731 Dubuque . .38,969 Humboldt . 2.898
Emniett... 1,293 Ida 336
Fayette . . .16,973 Iowa 16,642
Floyd 10,768 Jackson . . .23,630
Franklin .. 4,738 Jasper 33,116
Fremont... 11, 174 Jeflerson ..17,839
Greene 4,637 Johnson . . .34,898
Orumly . . . 6,398 Jones 19,731
Guthrie . . . 7,061 Kegkuk . . .19,434
Hamilton . . 6,065 Kossuth . . . 8,361
Hancock... 999 Lee 37,310
Hardin... 13,686 Lynn 38,788
Harrison . . 8,931 Louisa 12,868
Henry 21,460 Lucas 10,288
Howard ... 6,283 Lyon 31
Stark 3,888
Steuben... 13,864
Sullivan.. .18,463
Switzerland 12,134
Tippecanoe 33,616
Tipton 11,963
Union 6,341
Vanderb'g 33,146
Vermilion .10,840
Vigo 33,649
Wabash . . .21,306
Warren ...10,204
Warwick
Washing'n 18,496
Wayne 34,048
Wells 13,686
White 10,664
Whitley . . .14,399
Cerro Oor'o 4,722
Cherokee.. 1,967
Chickasaw. 10, 180
Clarke 8,735
Clay 1,623
Clayton ...27,771
Clinton 36,367
Crawford.. 2,630
Dallas 12,019
Davia 16,665
Decatur . . . 12,018
Delaware.. 17,433
Des Moines 27,268
Dickinson . 1,389
Madison . . .
Mahaska . .
Marion . . . .
Marshall . .
Mills
Mitchell ...
Monona . . .
Monroe
MoBtgom'y
Muscatine .
O'Brien . . .
Osceola . . .
16,854
3,6U6
4,434
17 076
8,717
, 9,683
3,664
12,724
.6,934
31,688
, 715
Page
Pak> Alto .
9,974
1,336
Plymouth. . 2,199
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.
PoralMNitM. 1,444
Polk 77, Mr
Pottawat'e 16,8SiS
Paweihlek. 15,081
RiBKgold . 5,603
flan.'..'....' 1,411
Sco(( SS,599
Shelby 2,540
8i«ax 576
Story 11,651
Tama ,
Warren ...IT.tm
WMhinst'n 18.953
Wayne ...II. 287
Webiter . . . 10.484
Winnebago l.fifiil
.16.131
Taylor 6,989
lirtiun 6,986
Van Buren. 17.673
Wapello . .3*2.346
KANSAS.— Area, 78.418 square miles.
Crawrurd.. 8.160 JslTerion.. .13,526 Nemeba ... 7,339
Jewell 207 Neu 2
Juhnion. . . . 13,684 Neonho .... 10,306
Kiowa Norton
Labette 9,973 Otrnge 7,648
I.eavenw'rh32,444 Oibome ... 33
Lincoln 516
Linn 12,174
Lyon 8,624
768
6,001
738
Winneiih(ek33,S70
Woodbury. 6.263
Worth 2,892
Wright 2,392
Total.. 1,191,803
AlfeB T.02S
Anderron . . 5.220 Davis 3,993
Atchiam . . . 15.507 I)iekin«on . . 3.043
Barb'r (w. Carley Doniphan. . 18.969
Burton S Dmiglaa . . .20.604
Boiirbon...l8,07S Ellis 1,336
Brown 6.834 Elbwortb. . 1,188
Butler 8,038 Ford
Chase 1,975 Franklin.. .10,885
Cherokee.. 11, 038 Graham Marion
Clatke Greenwood. 8,484 Marshall,
Clay 2,942 Gore McPherson
Ckmd 2,323 Harp'r (w. Carley Miami 11,725
Coffee 6,301 Hodgeman Mitchell... 485
Comanche Howard . .. .2,794 Montgom'y. 7,664
Carley ctal 1,175 Jackson. . .0^063 Morris 2,235
nunh
RuHseU.... 1C«
Saline 4,246
Sedgwick.. 1,522
Shawnee . .13,121
Smith 66
Ottawa 2,127 StaObrd
Pawnee... 179 Sumner
Phillips Trego 166
Pottawat'e. 7,848 W..baunsee 3,862
Pratt Wallace... 538
R M) Washingt'n 4,081
Uepublic. . . 1,281 WiUon 3,604
Rice 5 Woodnon .. 8.827
R iley 8,105 Wyandot . . 10,019
Rorke Total.... 363.873
Adair 11,065
Allen 10.296
AnderMon . . 6,449
Kalhrd 13,676
Barren 17,780
Bath 10,145
Boone 10,696
Bourbon... 14,863
Boyd 8,673
Boyle 9,615
Bracken... 11, 409
BreaCiitt . . 6,673
Breckin'ge. 13,440
Ballit .... 7.781
Butler 0.404
Caldwell... 10,826
Calloway . . 9,400
Campbell. .27,406
Carroll 6,189
Carter 7,608
Casey 8,884
Christian . .28,227
CUrk 10,883
E£NTUCKY.~Area. 87,680 square miles.
Clay
Clinton
Crittenden.
Ciimbrrl'd.
Daviess. . . .
Edmondson
Elliott
Estill
Fayette
8,207
6,497
0,381
7,690
20,714
4,459
4,433
0.198
20,666
A.irenslon ..11 .877
Assumption 13.284
.AToyeftes..l3,92«
B.Roug.K. 17.817
B.Roug.W 6,114
BienTiUr . .10,639
Bossier 12,678
Caddo 21,714
CalcHisleu.. 6.7S3
Caldwell .
Cameron .
Harrison ..12,993
Hart 13,687
Hendenon. 18,467
Henry 11.066
Hickman . . 8.463
Hopkins... 13.827
Jackson.. . . 4.647
JelTerson .118,963
Jessamine . 8,638
John Bell . . 8,731
Johnson . . . 7,494
Kenton 36,096
Knox 8,294
La Rue 8,236
Laurel 6,016
Lawrence . 8,497
Lee 8,055
Letcher 4,608
LewU 9,115
Lincoln 10,947
Livingston . 8,200
I.ogan 20,429
Lyon 6,238
Total '. 1,331,001
LOXnSIANA.— Area, 41,255 sauare miles.
Fleming... 13,398
Floyd 7,877
Franklin... 16,300
Fulton 6,161
Gallatin . . . 6.074
Garrard... 10,376
Grant 9,620
Graves 19,308
Grayson... 11, 680
Greene . .
Greenup.
Hancock.
Hardin . .
Harlan
9,370
.11,463
. 6,691
.15,705
4,418
Madison ...19,543
MagofGn... 4,684
Marion 12,838
Marshall . . 9,465
Mason 18,126
McCrackcn 13,988
McLean . . . 7,614
Meade 9,485
Menifee ... 1,986
Mercer 13,144
Metcair 7,934
Monroe 9,231
Montgom'y. 7,667
Morgan 6,975
Muhlenb'g. 12,638
Nelson 14,804
Nicholas... 9,129
Ohio 16,661
Oldham 9,027
Owen 14,309
Owilsy 8,889
Pendleton .14,030
Perry 4,274
Pike 9,862
Powell 2,699
Pulaski ...17,670
Robertson .63,0('9
Rock Custki 7,145
Rowan 2,991
RusseU 6,809
Scott 11,607
Shelby 16,733
Simpson... 0,673
Spencer . . . 8,966
Taylor 8,226
Todd 12,612
Trigg 13,686
Trimble . . . 8.677
Union 13,640
Warren . . .21,743
Washing'n. 13,464
Wayne. . . . 10,602
Webster... 10,987
Whileley . . 8,278
Wolfe 3,603
Woodford . 8,240
PlaqueniinelO.663
Pt. Coupee. 12.981
Rapides ...18.018
Richland .. 8,110
Sabine 6.456
4,820
1,691
Androsc'n
Aroostook
Cumherl'd 82,020
Franklin.. 18,807
.88,888
29,609
Carrdl... 10,110 Jackson ... 7,646
Catahoula . 8,478 Jafferson . . 17,767
CIMborne . .30,240 Lafayette . . 10,388
Concordia . 9,977 Lafourche .14,719
I>« SotiK: . .14,962 Livingston . 4,028
Pelici'na.E. 13,499 Madison S. Bernard. 8,663
Feliei'na,W10,498 Moorehouse 9,387 St. Charles. 4,867
Frankli 6,078 Natchitoch' 18,268 St. Helena. 8.423
Grant 4,5IV Opclousas St. James. .10,163
Iberia 9,042 Orleans . .19J, 425 8.J ~ ~
Iberville . . .12,347 Ouachita . .11,663 8. Lauad-y.24,646
MAINE.— Area, 81,766 square miles.
Hancock. . .36,470 Lincoln 26.597 Piscataquis 14.403
Kennebec. .63.205 Oxford 83.488 Sagadahoc . 18.803
Knox 30,623 Penobscot .74,691 Somerset . .34,611
S. Martin's. 9,370
St. Mary's 13,860
St. Tanim'y 8,68o
Tangipaho. 7,928
Tensas 12,421
Ter. Bonne. 12,461
Union 11,6H
Vermilion . . 4,828
Washing'n. 8,330
theB'p Winn 4,965
Total 732,731
Waldo . . . .34.535
Wanhing'n 43.343
York 60,174
Total 626,463
AUeghanv .38.836
A Arundel.24,46^
Ballimore.330,74t
Calvert 9,868
CaruUne... 12,101
MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square n lies.
Harford .. .22,608 Pr. George.21,138 Talbot 16,187
Howard ...14,160 Qu'n Anne. 16,083 Washing'n 34,713
Kent 17,103 St. Mary's 14,944 Wiromiro .18 802
Monteom'y.20,56a Somerset . .18,190 Worcester. 16,410
Total 780,806
MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, '. ,R0O square miles.
Barnstable. 32,774 Uukes 8,787 Hxmpden. .78,403 Nantucket. 4,123 SulTolk .270,802
Berkshire .64,827 Essex 200,843 Hampshire. 44,388 Norfolk .. .81t,443 Worcester 192,716
Bristol ... 102,888 Franklin . .32,638 Middlesex.274,353 Plymouth. .65,368 Total 1,457,361
(Carroll . . .28,619
Cecil 26,874
Charles 15,738
Dorchester. 19,468
Frederick .47,672
6
CENSUS OP
TOE
UNITED STATES.
MICHIOAN.-
-Area, 66,248
•qvare
snilei
1.
Alconit . . .
. c-«
Crawford.
.
Kalama<ao.8S,054
Menomine*. 1.893
Ostrgn . . .
• • • • • •
AllRgan. . .
.82,105
Delta
. 1,441
Kalrosco .
. 424
Michil'nao
• • " •
Ottawa. . .
.36.681
Alpena . . .
. 2,7M
Eaton ....
.25,171
Kent
.80.403
Midland .
.8.285
Presq. Isle
. 855
Antrim . . .
. 1,98S
Emniet . . .
. 1,211
Keweenaw
. 4.20S
Missaukee
130
Roscommon |
Barry
.22,190
<iene«ee. .
.33,900
Lake
. 648
Monroe. ..
.37,483
Saginaw..
.89.097
Bay.'....
.16,900
Gladwin .
Lapeer . . .
.3I,3a
Montcalm .
.18,620
81. Clair .
.36.661
Benzie . . .
. 3,184
O'dTravo
e 4,443
Leelenaw.
. 4.816
Monlmor'y
Sanilac . . .
.14.663
Berrien ..
.»>,104
Gratiot ..
.11,810
Lenawee .
.46,696
Muskegon
14,804
Schoolcraft |
Branch. . .
.36,226
Hillidale .
.31.684
Livingston
19,338
Newaygo.
, 7,298
Shiawassee
20.868
Calhoun . .
.36,669
Houghton.
13.879
Mackinaw
. 1,718
Nicosta. . .
. ■ • . a
St. Joseph
.26.276
.13.714
Cats
.21,094
Huron . . .
. 9,049
Macomb . .
.27.016
Oakland . .
.40.867
Tuscula . .
Charlevoix
. 1,724
Ingham . .
.25.269
Mani*ou . .
. 891
Oceana . . .
. 7,228
Van Burer
1.38,828
ChelMjygan
. 2.196
Ionia
.27,6lil
Manistee .
. 8,074
Ogemaw..
12
Washtenaw4 1.434 |
Chippewa.
. 1,689
Iosco
. 8,163
Marquette
.16,038
Onlonagun
. 9.845
AVayno...
119,03Ti
Clare
. 866
Isabell . . .
. 4,113
Mason
. 8,273
Osceola...
. 2.093
Wessford.
. 660
Clinton . . .
.22,845
Jnckmin ..
.96.047
Mecosta . .
. 5,642
Oscoda . . .
70
Total.. 1.184.286 1
MINKESOTA^Area, 96,274
square
milea.
Altkra . . .
18
Cottonwoo(j
. 634
Kennebeo.
. 93
Otter Tail
Sibley...
. 6.738
Anolia.. . .
. 3,n40
Crow Win
a uM
Lake
. 135
Pembina .
64
Stearns. . .
.14,206
Becker . . .
Bellmine .
. SOS
80
Dakota ..
Dodge....
'. 8.598
L. qui Par
Le Sueur.
1. 145
.11,607
Pierce . . .
Steele....
Stevens. . .
. 8,271
Pine
. 648
Benton l,Cfi8
Big Stone . 34
Blue Eartk.17,303
Douglas ctcl 4679
Faribault.. 9.390
Fillmore... 24.887
McLrod ..
Manomin.
Martin . . .
.61.643
■.13,867
Pipe Stone
Polk
Todd
Toombs . .
Traverse .
Popeetal.
. 2,878
Breckinr'e
Freeborn .
.10,683
Meeker. ..
. 6,090
Bamsey . .
.33,081
Wabasha w. 16.869 |
Brown . . .
. «,3t3
Goodhue..
.22,618
Mille Lac.
. 1,109
Redwood .
. 1,829
Wadina..
B
Baehanan
• - . • .
Grant
.
Monongalia 3,161
Renville..
Waseca . .
. 7.884 1
Carlton...
286
Hennepin .
.31,666
Morrison .
. 1,899
Rice
.16,<)83
Washing'n
11.810
Carrer . . .
.11,687
Honxton . .
.11,661
Mower . . .
.10.447
Rock
. 3.138
Watonwan
. 2,426
Caa»
. 184
Isanti ....
- • •
Murray. . .
. 209
St. Louis .
.11,561
Wilkio . . .
. 296
Chippewa.
. 1.467
Itasca....
. 178
Nicollet . .
. 8362
Scott
.11,042
Winona . .
.28,318
Chiiago . .
. 4^8
Jackson . .
. 1,828
Noble....
. 117
Sherburne
3,080
Wright...
. 9.487
Clay
. 92
Kandiyohi
. 1,760
Olmsted . .
.19.793
Tola
1
436,811
MIS8ISSIPPI.-
-Area.
47,166
square)
miles.
Adam* . . .
.14.774
Covington
. 4,763
Jefferson .
.13,848
Monroe. . .
.22,633
Smith....
. 7,126
Alcorn . . .
.10,431
D« Soto . .
Jones . . .
. 8,813
Neshoba..
4 • • ■ ■ ■
Sunflower
Amite....
Franklin .
. 7,498
Kemper . .
Newton ..
.9.807
Tallnhat'e
. 7.862
AttaU . . .
Greene . . .
Grenada..
. 2.038
.10.671
Lafayette
Lauderdale 13,468
Noxubeo .
Oktibbeha.
.20,905
Tippah . . .
Tisbeming
.20.727
BolWar...
. 9,738
Calhoun . .
.10,661
Hancock .
. 4.239
Lawrence.
. 6,720
Panola . . .
.12,413
Tunica . . .
. 5.368
Carroll...
.21.047
Harrison .
. 6.795
Leake
.
Perry
. 2,694
Warren . .
.26,766
Chickaaaw
.19,899
Hinds....
.26.798
Lee
.16,965
Pike
.11,303
Wa.shing'n
.14.669
Choctaw .
Holmes. . .
. i9.370
Lincoln. . .
.10.184
Pontotoc .
Wayne . . .
. 4,206
Claiborne.
.13,386
Issaquena.
. 6.887
Lowndes .
.30,602
Prentiss . .
. 9,347
Wilkinson
Clark ....
. 7,605
Itawamba
. 7,818
Madison . .
.20,948
Rankin . . .
.12,977
Winston .
. 8,984
Coahoma .
. 7,144
Jackson . .
.4.368
Marion . . .
. 4,211
Scott
. 7.848
Yalabusha
.13.284
Copiah . . .
.20,608
Jasper . . .
MISSOl
.10,884
)tat
Marshall .
.29,418
Simpson . .
. 6,718
Yazoo
627.ii7
JRI-
Area, t7,88Q
aquara
xniles
.
AdaJr....
.11,449
Clay
.16,664
Iron
. 6,m
Montgom'y.10,405
St. Clair..
. 6.743
Andrew ..
.16.137
Clinton...
.14,063
Jackson . .
.66,041
Morgan ..
N. Madrid
.8,43a
St. Francois 9.741 1
.AtcbiMNl..
. 8.440
Cole
.10,292
Jasper . . .
Jefferson .
.14,929
.11,339
Ste. Gen've 8.384 1
Audrain . .
.12.307
Cooper . . .
.20,698
.16.380
Newton ..
.12,821
St. I^uis .
361,180
Barry
.10.373
Crawford.
. 7,983
Johnson . .
.24.649
Nodaway.
.14.761
Saline
.21.672
Barton . . .
. 6.087
Dade
. 8,683
Knox
.10.974
Oregon . . .
. «,287
Schuyler .
. 7.987
Bates ....
.15.960
Dallas....
. 8,383
Laclede ..
.9.380
Osage
.10.793
SroiUnd . .
.10.676
P Benton . . .
.11.322
DaTies.s. ..
.14,410
Lafayette.
.22,623
Osark...
. 8.363
Scott
. 7.317
Bollinger .
. 8.162
De Kalb. .
. 9,868
Lawrence
.13,067
Pemiscot .
. 2.069
Shannon..
.2.339
Boone ....
.20,765
Dent
. 6,357
Lewis . . .
.16.114
Perry
. 9.877
Shelby . .
.10.119
Buchanan
.30.360
Douglas ..
. 8,915
Lincoln. ..
.14,073
Pettis
.18,706
SttKldurd .
. 8.636
Butler . . .
. 4.298
Dunklin . .
.5.982
Linn
.16,900
Phelpt...
.10,606
Stone
. . 3.263
Caldwell .
.11.390
Franklin .
.80,098
Liringston
.16,041
Pike
.23,076
Sullivan .
.11.908
Callaway .
.19,203
Gasconade
.10,093
Macon . .
.23,230
Platte....
.17,330
Taney. . .
.4,407
Cainden . .
.6.108
Gentry . .
.11,607
Madison . .
. 6,849
Polk
.12,445
Texas...
. 9.618
C. Oirnrdul7.658
Green .. .
.21,549
Maries...
. 5,915
Pulaski . .
4,714
Vernon. ..
.11.246
t^wroU . .
.17,445
Grundy ..
.10,667
Marion. . .
.22,604
Pntaam ..
.11,217
Warrei* .
. 9.673
Cam
.19,296
Harrison
.14,635
McDonald
. 5.226
Ralls
.10,810
Washingn. 11.719 |
Carter . . .
. 1.465
Henry. . .
.17,401
Mercer. ..
.11,867
Randolph .
.16,908
Wayne..
Webster.
. 6.068
Cedar . .
. 9.474
Hickory .
. 6,463
Miller ...
. 6,616
Ray
.18,700
.10,414
Chariton .
.19,135
Holt ....
.11,662
Mississipp
Reynolds .
. 3.768
Worth...
.5.004
Chriilian
. 6,707
Howard .
.17,233
Moniteau
.11.335
Ripley . . .
St. Charlei
. 8.175
Wright. .
. 6,684
Clarii....
.13,667
Howfll . .
. 4,218
Monroe. .
.17.149
1.21.304
Total.. 1.711.798 1
NBBRASKA.-
-Ar«a« 70.995
square
inil3B.
AdaflM . .
13
Bl k Bird.
31
Buffalo...
. 193
Burt
. 3.847
Butler...
. 1.9Bf
1
CENSUS OF TnE UNITED STATES.
Calhoun Ft Rftwkll Knruej .. C8
Cm 8.ISI Fmnklin . . M tsDOuter . 7,07«
Gage 47S L'E.q.Con't S61
C«4ar l.On
CiMymiie. . 190
City M
Coifam .... 1,4?4
Cuming ...12,345
Dakota 8,1)40
Damon ... 103
Dixon I.S45
Dodgs 4.«I9
JDouglM...l»,«n
FUlMore... 838
Grant 4M Llocdla.
Green Lyon
H»n 1, 087 MadiMn,
Hamilton .
Harrison .
Jacfcwn. . .
Jelhrsun..
Jolinaon . .
130
C31
9
9 446
8,439
Merrick .
Monroe. .
Nemaha .
NucuUa .
IT
78
l.ISS
687
SM
7,893
8
JtHKi Pawnee
Otoe I3.S4A
2,637
Plarce lOS
Platte 1,899
Polk 138
RIchardaon. 9,780
Saline... 8, 108
Sarpy 3,913
Saundera . . 4,847
Seward 2,993
Shorier
Ptanton ... 1,837
Taylor .... 197
Waahtngt'n 4,453
Wavne ....
WeiMter . .
York
Pawueei.R.
Winnebago
Terrify (un-
nrga ■ iieU
into coun-
tlei)inth<i
N.W.p.r-
tlon of tb;>
tlUte
10
604
44
84
81. Mary'*
Waiihoe . . . 8.091
White Pine 7,189
NEVADA.— Ares, 112,090 ■gnftre miles.
Carton :.... Etmeralda. 1,553 Lyon .... 1,837 PahUte... 763
Churchill.. 196 Humboldt . 1.916 Kye 1,087 Roop 188
Douglat... 1,315 Lander... S,818 Ormjby ... 3,668 Storey ... .11.858
Bko 8,447 Lincoln «.32S Totnl 42.481
KEW-HAMFSHIBE.-Area, 9.280 square miles.
.17,681 Cheshire... 27,365 Grafton .. .30,103 Merrimark.42,151 StralTord . .30.948
.17,338 •Cuot 14,938 Hilliboro . .64,338 nockingh'm47,398 Sullitan. .18,058
Total 818,800
ITEW.JERSE7 Area. 8.320 square miles.
.14.093 (^umberl'd 31,665 Hunterdon. 36,963 UorrU 48,137 Somerset . .23.510
Mercer... 46,388 '
Middlesex
Monmouth. 46.198
■elknap
Carroll.
AttanMe
Bergen
. .30.143
BurTiqgton.53,e38
Camden . . .46.038
Cape May . £,349
Albany
Allegany . .40.814
Broome ...44,107
Cataraugus,43,909
Cayuga . . .69,649
Chalauqua. 69,328
Chemung . .36,381
Chenango. .40,683
Clinton . . . .48,038
Columbia.. 47,044
Cortland.
Delaware
Essex.... 143,818
Gloucester 21,563
Uudsun . .129,068
Total
NEW-YOBK.
133,083 Dutcbeia . .74.404
Erie 178,695
Eaaex 39.043
Franklin . .30.271
Fulton ....27,064
Genesee . . .31,608
Greene 31,833
Hamilton . . 3,960
Herkimer
Jefferson
Kingi..
Ocean 13.6
Passaic 48,416
Salem 33.940
Sussex.... 38, 168
Union 41.868
Warren .
-Area, 47.000 square miles.
84.348
906,798
28,174
43.973
.39.933
.65.418
.419.92S
6,868
8.697
Alamance.
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson 13,428
Ashe 9.678
Beaufort.. 13,064
Bertie 13,960
Bladen 12,831
Brunswick. 7,764
Buncombe. 18,412
Burke 9,777
Cabarras..l 1,964
Caldwell. . . 8.476
Camden . . . S.861
Carteret. . . 9.510
Caswell . . .16,081
Catawba ..10,984
Chatham.. 19,733
Cherokee . . 8,080
Adama.... 20.750
AUen 23,62$
Ashland . . .81,93$
Ashtabula .32,818
Athens.... 21.873
AugUize . .20,040
Bebiont... 39,715
Bhiwn 30,803
Butler 89,913
CarroU.... 14,491
Champaign 34,188
Clark 33,070
Clay S.463
Clevdand. .12,696
Columbus. . 8,474
Craven 20,516
Cumberl'd. 17,038
Currituck . 5,131
Pane 3,738
Davidson . .17,258
Davie 9,630
Duplin... 15,543
Edgecombe 33,970
Forsyth ...13.060
FranUin.. 14.134
Gaston 13,603
Gatet 7.734
Granville . .34.831
Greene . . . 8.687
Lillington Pitt.
Otaega
Putnam . . . 15,420
Queens 73,804
Rensselaer. 95,660
Richmond .83,029
Rockland . .36,213
S.Lawrence84,835
Saratoga . .51,529
Bchenecta'y21,347
Schoharie. .33.340
Bcbayler . .18,889
Seneca 37.836
Mitchell .~. . 4.70B
Montgom'y. 7,487
Moore 12,040
Nash 11.077
N.ltanover.27.97S
Northam'n. 14.749
Onslow... 7,669
Orange 17,807
Pasquotank 8,131
Perquim's . 7,948
Person 11,170
67,717
46,960
34,646
Steuben
Suffdk .
Sullivan
Tioga 30,673
Tompkina .83,180
Ulster 84,075
Warren . . .33.691
Washingt'n49.870
Wayne. ...47.711
Wesk w'r iS2J28
Wyoming .29!l63
Yatea 19.605
Livingston .38.310
Madison ..43,823
Monroe... 117,867
Montgom'y.34,457
NewYork923,631
Niagara . . .80,430
Oneida . . .110,009
Onondaga. 104,144
Ontario 45,108
©range 80,901
Orleans ...37,689
Lewis 28,700 Otwego 77,948
Total 4.864,411
KOBTH-CABOLtNA.— Area, 60,704 sq^iare miles.
11,874 Chowan ... 6,450 Guilford. .21,796 MeeUeng .24,399 Rowan 16,811
HalifaK .. .20,407 —
Harnett . . . 8.89S
Haywood . . 7,921
Henderson. 7,706
Hertford . . 9.273
Hyde 6.445
liedell.... 16,931
Jackson 6,683
Johnson... 14, 168
Jones 5,1)03
Lenoir ....10,434
.17.276
Rutherfonl. 13,121
Sampaon . .16,436
Stanly ^315
Stoke* ... '1,908
Surry 11.353
Transylv'a. 8,636
Tyrrel.... 4,173
Union 13,318
Wake 35,617
Warren... 17.768
Waahing'n. 6.516
Watauga.. 8.287
Wayne... 18,144
Wilkes... 15,539
Lincoln. . . . 9.578 Polk 4,319
Macon .... 6.318 Randolph . . 17,566
Madison ... 8.193 Richmond . 13,883 Wilion .... 13,388
Martin 9,647 Robeson ... 13,261 Yadkin. . ..10.697
McDowell . 7,593 Bockingh'mlS.710 Yancey. ... 5.909
TMal.: 1,066,505
OHIO.- Area, 39,964 square miles.
Clermont . .84,896
Clinton... 31.918
Columbi'na 38.399
Coehocton. .33.600
Crawford. 36.556
Cuyahoga. 132,013
Darke 33,131
Defiance... 15,719
Delaware. .85,178
Erie 28.188
Fairfield... 31, 139
Payette ...17.170
Franklin . .63,019
Fulton.... 17,789
Gallia 35,548
Geauga ...13,069
Greene 28,053
Guernsey . .38,798
Hamilton. 260,370
Hancock... 33.847
Hardin.... 18,714
Harrison . .18,683
Henry 14,028
Blghismd.
.39,108
Hocking.
.17.925
Hulmea. .
.18.178
Huron.. .
.28.633
Jackson .
.21,759
Jefferson .
.29.188
Kuox . . .
.26,333
Lake. . .
.16.935
Lawrence
.31,380
Licking . .
.36,123
Logan . .
.23,038
Loraine .
.30,308
Lucaa...
.46,783
Madlion... 15,633
Mahoning .31,001
Marion.. ..16,184
Medina.... 20.092
Meigs 31,465
Mercer .... 17,264
Miami . . . .33,740
Monroe. . . .35,780
Montgom'y.63,897
Morgan. . . .20.363
Morrow . . . 18.683
Muskingum44,88f
8
CENSUS OP THE UNITED STATES.
Nnble 1«,9«ff
Ottawa... 1S,U8
Pauldinf . . 1,544
Parry 18.488
Pickaway .M.>7S
Pike U,44t
Baker S,804
Por(ag« ...34,577
Prebl* 3I,M9
PutDam... 17,083
RicbUnd . .83,8I«
Roaa 37,097
Bandiuky .S0,8O4
Scioto t9,80t
Brneca. . . .50,839
Shelby 30,748
Stark 53,508
Summit . . .34,674
Trannbiill
TuMaraw'sS^.MO
Villon IH.730
Van Wert. 15.SS4
Vinton 18,037
Wamn . . .M,OM
Wuhlng'n 40,609
Wavne . . .SS.On
Wlllianu.. 30,991
Wood 34,896
Wyandotte. 111,854
OROGON.— Ixes, ioa.606 aqtiare mllea,
totaJ a,0tt.3l4
Columbia. . 8CS
Kdntim 4.584 Curry 804
Coua 1,644 Douglaa ... 8,068
('htrkamas. 5,993 Grant S,35I
ClatMiy. . . . 1.354 Jackson . . . 4.778
JoMiphlae. . 1,304
Lane 8,428
Linn 8,717
Marlon 9,068
Multnomah 11,510
tTntim X,S5S
«,6W
Polk 4,700
TlUamook . 408 Wairo
Vmpqua WaibitiK'n. 4,361
VmatiUa .. t.918 Yam, Hill.. 8.013
Tola? 90.9M
Adami
AlleKbeny 363,373
Armstrong 43,883
Ueaver 80,150
Kedford . . .39,638
lierka 106,739
lilair 88,051
Bradford . .68,304
Bucks 64,848
Uutler... 86,510
Cambria... 36,660
('amerun . . 4,373
Carbon. .
Cealro.
Bristol .
Abberins.
Anderson .
Barnwell .
Beaufort .
PBirN8TIiVANIA.-Area, 46,000 aquaro mUeii.
80,815 Chester. ...77,808 Franklin . .48,365 McKcan. .. 8,835 Sn^dr^
Fultoa.... 9,300
Greene 38.887
Huntington 80,998
Indiana .. .36,133
itfTenoa . .31,658
Juniata 17,800
Lancaster. 131,340
Lawrence. .37,398
Lebanon.. .84,098
Lehigh 56,798
Luxerno.. 100,737
Lycomiag .47,639
-•w-» Total . . 3 499 348
IrHOSB laLAiribV—Area^ 1.306 i8qaara'
9,421 Keat 18,59$ Nawport . .30,080 PrOvlden'eMS.IOS Washlng'n 90,097
Total , 317,350
SOUTH-OABOIjISI'A— Area, 28,885 Bqnare miles.
31,139 Clarendon OreeariHs .30,018 Marion Richland . n.TST
34,049 Colleton ..44,014 Borrj 10,731 Marlboro ..11,814 Spartanb-g.35,784
Kershaw.. II, 754 "' ' " "
Laaeuter. 13,087
Lanrens . . .32,538
. .28,144
..81,404
Clarion. . . .36,960
ClearAeld. .35,740
Clinton... 33,311
Columbia.. 38,768
Crawford. 63,794
Cumberl'd. 43,919
Dauphin... 60,738
Delaware. .89.403
Elk 8,488
Erie 66,979
Fayette . . .43.384
Forest 4,019
Mercer.... 49.979
Mifilin.... 17,508
Monroe 18,362
Muntgom'y.81.772
Montour... 15,324
Northam'n .61,433
Northu>nd.41,44a
Perry 38,488
Phlladel-a.674,039
Pike 8.438
Potter 11.368
BchuylkiU. 109,869
.18,607
.-set . .3^.828
Mullivan. . 6,191
Susqueh'na 37,534
Tioga 35,100
Union 15.668
Venango... 47,985
Warren . . .38,897
W^asbinga. 48,483
Wayne... S8.lf8
Weatmord. 88.730
Wyoming .14,588
York 78,216
36,841 Columbia. . 9,398
4c,Slt Darlingtoa.92,391
Charleston. Edgefirld . .42,488
Chester . . .18,808 FairfleU
Chestarfl'd OeorgetownllLIOl
TENNSSaSE^
8,704 pa Kalb... 11,438
Newberry .17,983 Bitmter. . ..35.268
Ooonea 10,636 Union 19.248
Orangeb'g Williams'g. 15,489
.34,334
. . 8.334
4,870
Lexington Plckeu.... 10,263 York 12,448
-Area, 48,600 aqtiav? mlloa.
Henderson. 14,219 Marion. ... 6.866 Sequatchie. 9,335
Dickson . . . 9,940 Henry 20,883 MarshalL . . 16,207 Sevier II ,<Xia
Dyer 13,708 Hickman . . 9,858 Maury . . . .36.288 Bhalby . . . .76,378
Fayelt« . . .26,865 Humphrey . 9,328 Meigs 4,61 1 Smith 15,904
Fentress... 4,717 Jackson .. .13.688 Monroe 12,589 Stewart .. .12,019
Franklin.. 14,970 Jafferson . .19.478 Montgom-y.24.7C8 SuUiran .. .13,136
Gibson 25,679 Johnson ... 8.8S3, Morgan ... 3,969 Bumnar .. .23,711
0:ies 82,413 Knox 38,994 Obion 15,608 Tipton 14,884
Grainger . .12,461 Lake 9,428 Orertoa . . .10,989 Union 7,605
Greene 31,668 Lauderdale 10,838 Parry 6,928 Van Buren. 9,725
Grundy ... 8,251 Lawrence.. 7,60^ Polk 7,369 Warrwi . . .17,715
Hamilton . .17,341 Lewis 1,987 Putnam . . . 8,698 WasUng'n. 16,318
Hancock... 7,148 Lincoln 38,051 Rhea 4.854 Wayne. . ..10,209
Hardeman. 17,769 MclVlinn.. .13,969. Roana 16,623 Weakly .. .20,765
Hardin 11,770 McNairy ..12,728 Robertson .16,168 White 0,328
Hawkins.. 15,848 Macon 6,633 Rutherford.33,289 Williamson 38,353
Haywood . .23,098 II ad isoa.. .23,550 Scott 4,064 VTibon .. .28,884
Tot.:i , 1,267,983
TEXAS.— Area, 237,604 Bquara milea.
.„_ Brown Coneho Fannin. RasltaH
Anselino Buchanan...... Coek Fayette Hays 4,088
Af^er Burleson Coryell Fort Bend. 7,114 Henderson.,...,
Atacosa Burnett Dallas Frecatona Hidalgo ... 9,387
Austin 15,087 Caldwell Davis Frio Hill, , 7,463
Bandera... C49 Calhoun Dawson Galveston. .15,290 Hood
Bastrtip Cameron ..10,099 Denton Gillespie Hopkins........
Bayler Cass Do Witt ... 6,443 Goliad 8,628 Houston
Bee Chambers . 1,503 Dimiaitt.. 866 Gonzales Hunt
Bel) 1,083 Cherokee Duval Orayjon Jack 894
Bexar Clay Eastland Grimes Jackso ...9,378
BexarDis Coleman ., ..... Edwards Guadalupe Jasper .... 4,9ia
Blanco Callahan Ellis 7,614 Hamilton Jefl^rsun .. 1,806
Bowia. .....■•« CeUia £1 Paso Hardemaa. Johnson... .. ...
Bosqna Colorado .. 8,328 Ensinal Hardin I,4C0 Jonet
Brazoria .. ^,628 Comal 8,283 Erath Harris 17,373 Karnes
Brazos Comanche Falh Harrison KaofnuUl . .,..,
Anderson
Bedford .
Benton . .
Bledsoe. .
Blount 141237
Bradky...Il,669
Campbell.. 7,448
Cannon 10,609
CajroU.... 19,447
Carter 7,909
Cheatham . 6,678
Claibarne.. 9,321
CtMska 13,468
Coflfea 10,237
Cumberl'd. 8,461
Davidson . .62,898
Daoatur . . . 7,776
Anderson.
CENSUS OP THE UNITED STATES.
9
KcimUU... l.Ua Mum OruRi. . .. 1,US SlMckU/ori Vicloria...
K*rr I.M3 MaUswrda. Palo Pioto BbclHr Walkir. . .
KlmboU... n MkTerick. PanoU Cmitli WMkiain.
KiMMr MoCuUoch P»ri«r Starr Wabk
Knox Malicnnan.
Laraar MeMulko . SM
Lampaaaa . 1,344 Medina. ... t,07S
o.n«
Laiahe 69
LavacM. . . O.ICt
Loom.
Liberty ... 4,413
LtmMl«ni«
LW« Oak . . Mi
Llano 1,373
MadUoa
Marion..
Mf
Mcnura
Milan
Montagua .
Montmar'T.
Naeocdoc a
NaTarro. .. i,B7fl
Newton
Nuecaa.
890
«,48S
s.isr
4,103
Polk 8,70r Stevsnt Wharton .. S,43tf
Preaiilio Tarrant ... 5,7n Wichita
Red River Taylor VilbarRer
Bsfngio ... 8.334 Tkrockn'a WiUiamioa
Bobcrtiion Tttua Wilion
RunnelU TratU Wl«a 1,48J
Bulk Trinity Wood
Sabina Tylar «,01O Younf
B.Aninit'a Vpihnr Y"g Ter'y
B.Patrielo. 60S VimUin Zapata 1,4C3
•aaSaba VanZandL Zaralla
VZnElMONT.— Area, 10,319 aqaww xnlles.
Addlton ...S3,4S4 Chittenden. 36,480 Grand Iilo. 4,083 Uriuant ...S1,03S Windham
BenninKtou 1:1,025 Euex Lamoille... 12,448 KuUand WiiuUur
Caladonia . Franklin Orange Waabingt'a
VlRQINIA — Area, 88,362 squarj inilea.
Aoomnark .30,409 Cralf 2,043 Highland . . 4,161 Nebon . .. .13,srB Roannk-i. . . 9,380
Culpeper . . 12,2£7 lalj of Wig't8.330 New Kent . 4,381 Rookbrklgn I6,0C3
Cnmberl'd. 8,143 Jackson Nicholas RutieU 11,103
Sinwiddio. 30,703 JaniM City. 4.425 Norfolk .. .46,703 Scott 8,9:7
Doddridgt Jefferson Northamt'n. 8,048
EUsab'k Cy 8,303 Kanawha Northum'd. 6,863
Albemarle .27,M4
AUxaBdria.l6,7SA
AUegbany . 8.674
Amelia... C,878
Amhenit...I4.!>00
Appmnattox 8,9£0
Aueufta... 28,763
Kg & U'n. 0,709
K-gWiil-m 7,898
9,301
Nottoway,
Ohio
Orange 10,896
Page 8,469
Patrick.... 10,161
Essex 0,937 K'g Genrga
Fairfax... 13,9«3 ■
n arbour Fauquier . .19,690
Bath 8,79S Fayetta Lancaster . 8,88S
Bedford .. .26^7 Floyd 0.834 Lea 13,36S
Berkeley FluTanna.. 8,97S Lewis Pendlrtnn
Boona Franklin . .18,364 Logan Pittsylva'a.Sl,843
Bland 4,000 Frederic': .16,596 Loudon 30,939 PleasanU
Botetourt. .11,333 Gilmer Louisa 16,839 Pocahontat.
Braxton Giles 5,659 Lnnenberg. 10,409 Powhatan . 7,667
Brooke Oloueester. 10,311 Madison Preston Warwick.
Brunswick. 13,427 Goochland .10,313 Marshall Pr. Edw'd. 13,004 Warren
Buchanan . 8,777 Grayson ... 9,587 Marion.... Pr. Ocorga
Bucking'ni.13,371 Oreenbrier Mason A- Pr- Will'm. 7,504
Cabell OreenTillo . 6,363 Matthews. . 6,200 ' Pr. Anne . . 8,S73
Calhoun.
Campbell. .98,884
Caroline... 15,138
Carroll .... 9,147
Clay
Charles Cy 4,978
Charlotte.. 14,513
Chesterfield 18,470
Clarka C,G70
8benanduiihI4,03a
Smyth 8,838
Southam'n. 12.385
SpotiiyWa'a 11,738
Stanbrd... 6.420
Sussex.... 7,888
Surry 6,685
Taylor
Tazewell . .10,791
Tucker
Tyhr
llpshur
1,673
6,716
WashiDet'nl6,816
Wayne
Webster
Westmor'd. 7,683
Greene 4,634 McDowell . 1,300 Pulaski . . 6,63S
Halifax Meckleub-g91,9ia Putnam Wctrel.
Hampshire Mereer Raleigh... Wood
Hancock Middlesex . 4.981 Randolph Wirt
Hardy Montgom-y.IS,55« Rappab k. 8,2C1 Wise 4,785
HanoTer. ..16,458 Monongalin ..... Richmond . 6,S03 Wyoming
Harrison Monroe Bocklngh'm33,668 Wytha .. ..11,611
Henrico... 68, 179 Morgan Ritchie York 7,108
Henrr 13,303 Nansemon.1 11,676 Roane Total.. 1,234.880
o,U70 Hennr 12,303 Nansemoni 11,676 Hoane Tot
WEST-VIBQIKIAA-Area, 23,000 squa^re miles.
.13,958 Grant 4,468 Logan 5,124 Ohio 28,831 Taylor
McDowell . 1.963 ~ ~
llarbonr
Berkeley.. 14,MI0 Greanbrier. 15,311
Boon* 4,503 Hampshire. 7,643
Braxton. . . 6.841 Hancock. . . 4,363
Brooke.... 5,464 Hardy 6,518
CabeU 6,439 Harrison . .17,599
Pendleton . 6,455
Pleasants . . S,013
Pocahontas. 4,070
Calhoun... 2,939
CTay 2,196
Doddridge . 7,076
Fayette.
Gilmore
Adams . ,
Ashland
Marion 12,107
Marshall.. 14,941
Mason.... 16,978
Mercer. . .. 7,064
Mineral . . . 6,349
Monongalia 1 3,547
Monroe.... 11,134
Morgan . . . 4,315 Ronna 7,233
~ .....v„,„. . . . ^^- Nicholaa. . . 4,488 Total
WISCONSIN.— Area, 53,924 square miles.
C,60t Columbia. .28,813 Oreen 23,611 Manitowoc. 83,864 Poring*
221 Craw ford.. 13,076 OreenLakel3,195 "' ~
.. 6,647
4,838
Jackson ...10.300
Jefferson ..13,220
Kanawha. .33,360
Lewia 10,176
Lincoln 8,0SS
Preston
Putnam ..
Raleigh..
Randikph.
Ritchie.
14,664
. 7,794
. 8.578
. 5,663
9,085
Tucker. .
Tyler ...
Upshur. .
Wayne. .
Webster.
Wetiel..
Wirt 4,605
Wood 19,000
Wyoming. . 3,171
9,387
1,907
7,833
8,038
7,883
i,7S0
8,896
Total 445,616
BadAx Dallas Iowa 34.544
Barron.
Bayfield ,
Brown . .
BhUUo. .
Burnett .
Calumet.
538
.. 344
. .25,166
..11,133
.. 706
.13,334
Chippewa.. 8.345
CUrk 8,460
Dane 83,096
Dodge..... 47,039
Door 4,92*
Douglas ... 1,123
Dunn 9,489
Eau Claire.10,770
Fondd'Lac46,273
Grant 37,978
Jackson ... 7,'
Jefferson . .84,049
Juneau 12,379
Kenosha... 13,147
Kewaunee. 10,128
La Crosse. .20,398
La Payette. 33,659
Marathon.. 5,888
Marquette . 8,056
Milwaukee.89,941
Monroe 16,651
Oconto 8,321
Outagamie. 18,430
Osaukee... 15,568
Fepin 4,661
Pierce 9,969
LaPoints Polk 8,433
10,69S
Racine 35,740
Richland ..15,733
Rock 89.034
St. Croix.. 11,066
Sank 33,860
Shawanaw. 8,166
Sheboygan. 31 ,749
Trempelean 16,733
Vernon. ...I8,C48
Walworth .35,971
10
CENSUS OP TH3 UlJITED ST ATI S.
WuhiBK'n.24,S30 Wkapacca.l5,64ff Wauihara .11,379 Winnebago 37,280 Wood S.9I9
WaukMha. 2S,8S3 Tolai ..1.6S8,ia7
DI3TBICT OF GOIjUMBIA.— Area, 60 square sniles.
Ooor3st>wnll,3U WaaUin'a.lM,3U4 Bal. Diit . .11.117 ToM 131700
Muhavo ...
Arapahoe..
Beat
B uMer . . .
Clear Creek
Oon^oa
Bon Bomme
Brookings .
BunUo
Cbu. Mix .
TERRITORIES.
ABIZOirA.-Area. 113,916 Bqnare milesl' ^-i^^^-
9.6S8
A<la
Alturaa
Beaver H'd
Bir Horn. .
Cbuuteatt. .
593
1,939
I,S96
S,604
608
163
246
163
2,675
C83
3,888
AM
XB8
1,478
9i»,7U«
Arizona . . .
Bernalillo. .
Colfax,
Beaver
Box Elder.
Cache
Cedar
Davit
173 Pima 8,718 Yavapai ... 2.142 Yuma l,6-^l ToUt
COLORADO. -Area, 104,600 Bouare sniles.
C,829 Coitilla 1,779 Gilpin ...6,490 Lake 623 PaeMa . .
Douglas... 1,383 Greenwood. 610 Larimer... 838 Sngnache
£IPuo... 987 Huerfano. . 9,260 Las Animaa 4,276 Summit.
Fr«mont... 1,064 JefferKm .. 2,890 Park 447 Weld....
Total _
DAKOTA.— Area, 160,832 sqiiare miles.
Clay 3,621 Lineoln. ... 712 Todd 837 TTnorganlzed
Douel 87 Minnehaha. 865 Vnlon 8,607 portion uf
Hutcbiason. 37 Pembina .. 1,318 Yankton... 3,097 Territty . 2,091
Jnyno 6 Total 14,181
IDAHO.— Area. 86,284 square miles. '
Boise 8,833 Lemhi 980 Oneida 1,932 Shoshone.. 738
_ Idaho 849 Ner Percea r607 Ovr;hee ... 1,713 Total 14,998
MONTANA.— Area, 143,776 square miles.
722 Dawson... 177 Gallatin ... 1,679 l^wis &Cl'k6,041 Mengher .. 1,387
88 D«cr Lodgo 4,364 Jefcraoa . . 1,631 Madiaon. . . 2,684 Misaoala . . . 2,664
CI7 Total 20,694
NEW-HEXIOO.— Area, 121.201 square miles.
... DunaAna.. 6,8e4 Mora 8,066 Santa Fo .. 9,699 Taos 12,079
Grant 1,148 Rio Arriba. 9,294 San Miguel 16,06tt Valencia.. . 9,098
Lincoln. ... 1,740 Santa Ana. 3,699 Socorro 8,603 Total 91,789
UTAH.— Area, 84,476 square miles.
G't8'tLakel8,337 Millard 3,763 Sampelo. .. 6,786 Utah 13,308
GreenRiv'r Morgan ... 1,972 Shambip Wasatch .. 1,344
Iron S,369 P>uie Senir 19 Washingn. 3,064
Juab S,038 Rich 1,968 Summit . . . 3,613 Weber .... 7,868
Kane 1,613 ^Virgin. 460 Tooele 3,177 Total 86,788
7.609
1,993
2,007
4,812
8,273
4.469
Chehalit , . .
Clallam. . . .
Clarke . . . .
Cowlitz
laland
WA8HINaTON.--Area, 69,804 square miles.
Mason
Parilio 738
Pierce 1,409
Albany . , .
401 Jefferson .. 1,2C8
408 King. ...8,120
8,081 Kitsap 866
730 Klikitat ... 829
S26 Lewis 888
WYOMING.— Area, 87,883
2,021 Carbon 1,368 Laramie. .. 3,967
SuwamUh . 899 Waila W'!a 6.300
Stevens 734 Whatcom.. 684
Thurston . . 3,246 Yakima . . . 432
Spokane....... Wahkiak'm ?70 TheDis.Il'i 624
Skamania 133 ToUl 23,901
square miles.
Sweetwater <,916 Uaitah 868
Total 9.118
«^
Cities Haying over Ten Tliousand Inhabitants.
Census of 1870,
N.Tork.N.T.9>8,S41
PMU<I'«.P«. Iit667,277
Pbaad'a.Pa.3d. 674,022
Bnokl'n.N.Y. .396.300
St. Uuia, Mo. 310,864
Chicago, lU . . .298,983
Baltimore, Md. 267,304
Bottoa, Mass . .260,636
Cincinnati, O. .216,339
N. Orleans, La.191,333
8. Franco, Cal.149,483
Buflblo, N.Y..117,71<i
Waahin'n.D.C. 109,204
Newark, N. J.. 106,078
Louisville, Ky .lU0,7i>4
CleveUnd, O . . .93,840
PUtkburg, Pa. . 86,238
iJcweyC'y,N.J.. 81.744
Detroit. Mich...
Milwaukee, WU
Albany, N.Y...
Providence, R. I.
Rochester, N. Y.
Allegheny. P« . .
Richmond, Va . .
N. Haven, Ct....
Charleston. S. C.
Troy, N.Y
8yr«cuse, N. Y .
Worcei«ter,MaBa.
Lowell, Mass . . .
Memphis. T'snn.
CMniurid'e.Masa.
Hartford, Ct . . .
lndiana|iolis,lnd
Scrantuii, Pa .,
79,680 Reading, Pa... 88,932
71,499 Columbus, O . . .83,746
60,422 Pateraoa.N. J.. 83,688
68,906 Dayton, O 83,679
63,818 Kansas C'y, Mo. 83,360
£3,181 Moblk. Ab 88,184
61 ,038 Portland. Me ... 81 ,414
60,840 Wilt.<ilngton,DeL8i),841
,48,966 Lawrence, Maa8.88,931
46,481 Utica, N. Y . . . .38,804
43,068 Toledo, 38,646
.41,108 Cbarleat'B, Maas.38,388
40,988 Lynn, Mas'^ . . . .38,338
40,236 Fall River, Mass36,786
.89,634 Springfletd,Mass36,703
37.180 NaativUle.Teuii. 36,873
89,668 Peoria, III 36,787
36,098 Covington. Ky.. 84.608
Salem, Mass. . . .34,117
quincy, HI 34,088
MaBchMteT,N.H38.8a6
Harrisbura, Pa. 23,109
Trenton, N.J ..23,874
Evanaville. Ind .33.830
N.Bedford.Mass 81,830
Oswego. N. Y . .30,910
Elizabeth. N. J .30,888
Lancaster, Pa . .30,283
Savannah, Oa . .20,233
P'(bk«epsie,N. YS0,080
CaiDden, N. J . .30,046
Davenport, la . .30,043
St. Paul, Mina .30,081
Erie, Pa 19,646
Wheeling, W.V. 19,382
Norfolk. Va.... 19,268
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.
II
Ta«attin,MaM..18.<2»
CbalM«,Mjkw.. 18,647
Daboqae, U ...18,4M
LeftTeii«r'tli,Kanl7,849
Ft Wayne, Ind. 17,7 S8
SpringaeU, lU.. 17,365
AnVani.N. T..17.9S8
Nfwbur«,N.Y..I7,OI4
Anai)U.13a....l6,«8S
Norwich, Ct 16,663
Sacramento, C«l. 16,464
Oiraha, Neb.... 16,083
CImlra.N.Y... 16,863
Uetcvi'rt.N.Y. 16,468
Olottcerter. MaM. 16,887
C'oho*- N. Y...16.S67
N.BruMwlt.Me.^.oeS
N. Albany, .'nd. 14,378
Rudmn, N. Y..14,188
Newburj't.Mau 13,696
Bingham'n,N.Y.18,86a
ConcoH.N.H. 13,341
iichenec'y, N. Y. 11,036
Ogdensb'e, N.Y.10,076
Censas of the United State»~1870e Bj States.
Alabama . .
• 996|9Ql
ArkMuaa. ..
. 4yB3.17»
Califomia .
. 660,388
Conoectient
. 637,418
Dabware. .
. 136,016
Pk»ri*i. .. .
.. 187,766
Georria ...
. .1,300,609
Illinma...,
..3.630,688
Indiana ...
..1,673,046
Iowa
..1,191.803
Kansaa....
.. at63,873
Kentucky .
.£,331 ,001
Louiiiana .
, 732.731
Blaiae
.. 636,463
Maryland... 980,8M
MaiaacltiiMtUi ,467,361
Miebigaa....l,lS4,39«
Miumota... 436,611
MikiiMippi... 834,170
Minonri 1,716,000
Nefaraaka.... 133,000
Nevada 43,491
N.Hamptbire 818,300
NewJcraey.. 906,794
New - York .. .4,364.411
N. Carolina.. 1,069,614
Obio 3,669,314
Oregon 80,933
PenMyhsnia.3,618,993
Rhode hland. 317,368
S. Carolina . . 728,000
Tenneaaee ...1,387,988
Texas 797,600
Vermont 830,663
Virginia..... 1.834.830
Weat-Virginia 446,616
Wiaoonain . . .1,066,167
Tut'l States 38,093,741
TERRITORIES.
Dis. Columbia 131,706
Arizona .... 9,668
Colorado 89,706
Dakota 14,181
Idaho 14,998
Montana .... S0,S94
New-Mexico. 91,863
Utah 86,786
Washington. . 33,901
Wyoming ... 9,118
Total Territu-
ries 443,600
Total United
Slates 38.6.%S.341
..Tytal 38,977,741
Aggregate Past, Present, and Prospective Population of
i "^^ the United States.
Vbar.
1780 .*. r. 3,070,000
?790 -m'.. 3,929,214
V800. . . .'. v;,".^. . .. ...... 5008,483
ilSlO «:««V« 7,239,881
1820 .1'. 91658,453
1830 12,866,020
»840 17,069,453
1850 33,191,876
1860 3»i443»32i
1870 ....... . . *|w.*'^ . • *3®'977t74i
YEAR.
1875 44,060,000 (estim.ited)
1876.. , ....45,316,000 **
1877 46,624,000 "
1878 47,983,000 '*
1879 49.395,000 "
1880 .50,838^000 "
Notes from the Census of the United States, 1870.
Native-born population.... ^. 32,991,142
Foreign-born* " . . . . ; 5,567,229
Total whit^^ ^v • v* • n •?••»••• 33i589i377
Colored '^ii ,; m'! I .. r;?; .;..;;*-»* 4,880,009
Totel iiHtaibef of-faihilleaf (average 5.09 persons each) 7*579,363
*" ; *^ " ^* dwellings (5.47 persons to each) j^o^^^S^i^
" '^' '^ deaths annually (1.28 per cent) 492,263
** ** " births annually 1,100,475
• Ifirnh', 1,855,287.
others, i,a55»8os.
German, 1,690,410. British; '/65,o27. All
z
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Ed
THE CAPITOL OF THE UNITED STATES. 13
THE CAPITOL OP THE UNITED STATES.
The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid by the ilhistrious
Washington, on the 18th day of September, 1793. The
building was opened for the meeting of Congress November
17th, ITOO. Enlargement and new dome completed in 1867.
The edifice fronts the east, is 751 feet long, 348 feet wide,
and covers 3}^ acres ; courtyards, 3)^ acres ; in all 7 acres.
The predom-inant material of the exterior is white marble.
The dome is of cast-iron, 1S5J4 feet in largest diameter, and
2873*^ feet high, surmountea by a statue of Liberty 19X feet
high. The interior of the dome forms a remarkable circular
chamber, or rotunda, 96 feet in diameter, 180 feet high. One
thousand gas jets, flashed by electricity, illuminate the in-
terior by night. . The walls 01 the rotunda are adorned with
historical paintings by eminent artists. The Senate Cham-
ber, House of Representatives, Supreme Court Rooms, and
othe:r apartments are splendidly decorated. The halls are
lined with polished marbles from every State in the Union.
Frescoes, paintings, and sculptures abound. The front
porticoes are supported by one hundred Corinthian columns
of white marble. The cost of the Capitol building was
thirteen millions of dollars. It majr be justly styled the
Palace of Laws, for within its precincts the statutes of the
nation are enacted and expounded. Here are framed the
patent laws and kindred ordinances for the encouragement
of authors and inventors.
THE UNITED STATES.
The greatest length from East to West is 2800 miles ;
greatest breadth Noirthto South, 1600 miles ; average breadth,
1200 miles. Total area, 3,026,494 square miles; area of
Alaska additional, 577,390 square miles. The shores of the
Atlantic are for the most part low, those of the Pacific rockv.
The length of the Atlantic coast line is 2349 miles ; Gulf,
1556 ; Pacific, 1810, itidentadons not included. Shore lines
of the great . lakes, ^50 miles. Number of States, 38.1
Length of the Mississippi River, 2900 miles; Missouri, 3000;
milJes. Length, of steam navigation, Mississippi River and
branches, 7100 miles; ditto Missouri River, 3000 miles; ditto i
Ohio Rfver, 3Mi2 miles; ditto Red River, 3630 miles. Ap-;
proximate total length of railways in operation in United i
States, 1877, 80,000 miles. Approximate total length of tele-!
graph lines, 90,000 miles. I
HOW MUCH IS A PATENT WORTH.
15
THE PATEIsTT LAWS.
WITH DIRECTIONS AND COSTS FOR OBTAINING PATENTS,
CAVEATS, TRADE-MARKS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC., WITH
ABSTRACTS FROM OFFICIAL RULES.
In the practical av)plication of new and useful improve-
ments, America leads the world ; according to an estimate
made by the Commissioner of Patents, from six to seven
eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United
States, or upward of six thousand millions of dollars, prob-
ably, is based upon patents, either directly or indirectly. A
very large proportion of all patents prove remunerative ;
which is the reason why so many are applied for, and so
many millions of capital invested in their working. "But
all patents," says an able n'riter, "are not productive;
neither are all farms ; all men are not rich ; all mines are
not bonanzas. ^
" There is scarcely an article of human convenience or
necessity in the market to-day, that has not at some time or
other been the subject of a patent, either in whole or in part.
The sale of every such article yields the inventor a profit.
If we purchase a box of paper collars, a portion of the price
goes to the inventor ; if we buy a sewing-machine, the
chances are that we pay a royalty to as many as a dozen or
fifteen inventors at once. Indeed, the field is so vast and the
number of profitable patents so great that it would be far
preferable to undertake a recapitulation of those patents
which are not profitable than those which are,"
HOW MUCH IS A PATENT WORTH ?
rim an official report, a chief examiner of the Patent Oflfice
sayS: "A patent, if it is worth any thing, when properly
managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from ten
to fifty thousand dollars. These remarks only apply to
p)atents of ordinary or minor value. They do not include
such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber
l6 THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON.
patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the
first kind will better illustrate my meaning :^ -v,
**Aman obtained a patent for a slight improvement in
straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the
Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned
with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent.
"Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a
machine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it in about fif-
teen months for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a
patent for a printing-ink, and refused fiftv thousand dollars,
and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars.
•' These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing
no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hundreds
go out from the Patent Ofiice every year. Experience shows
that the most profitable patents are those which contain very
little real invention, and are to a superficial observer of little
value."
THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON.
The engraving on page 14 shows a full exterior view of
the Patent Office, which is one of the finest edifices in Wash-
ington. It is of the Doric order of architecture, 433 feet long,
331 feet wide, 75 feet high. The collection of models of in-
ventions here gathered is very remarkable, the aggregate
number being over two hundred thousand. Nearly twenty
thousand new models are sent to the Patent Office each
year.
PROCEEDINGS TO OBTAIN A PATENT.
To one who has made an invention or discovery, the first
inquiry that suggests itself is, " Can I obtain a Patent ?" If
so, *' How shall I proceed? Whom shall I consult? How
much will it cost?" The quickest way to settle these queries
without expense is to write to us (Munn & Co.) describing
the invention. Send us also a small sketch. Never mind
your inexperience. Nicety of writing or drawing is not es-
sential ; all we need is to get your idta. Do not use pale
ink. Be brief. Send stamps for postage. We will imme-
diately answer and inform you whether or not your improve-
ment is probably patentable ; and if so, give you the neces-
sary instructions' for further procedure. Our long experience
enables us to decide quickly. For this advice we make no
charge. All who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining
patents, are cordially invited to do so. We shall be happy
to see them in person at our office, 01 to advise them by letter.
In all cases they may expect from us a careful consideration
of their plans, an honest opinion, and a prompt reply.
THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION.
17
Inquiries about the patentability of new inventions we
answer, as above stated, without charge. But we frequently
receive letters containing strings of other questions, without
fee, or even postage-stamps. Some of these letters close
with the comforting assurance, " I would remit for your
trouble, but do not know how much to send." To relieve
the consciences of all such doubters, we would recommend
them to send a dollar or more, according to the value to
them of the desired information. If the latter is of no value,
they ought not to trouble us. To other inquirers the follow-
ing hints may be useful : The best washing-machines, the
best brick-machines, the best of every thing in the mechanical
line, is advertised and illustrated in the Scientific Ameri-
can, and the address of the parties having such things on
sale is there given. If not a subscriber to the Scientific
American, you should enroll your name by sending $3.20
for one year, which includes the postage. You will sooner
or later find in its pages answers to all your inquiries, to-
gether with an immense amount of other useful information.
THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION.
If we are not entirely satisfied that our correspondent's
idea is patentable, we ad.vise him to let us make a Preliminary
Examination. This consists of a special search, made at the
U. S. Patent Office, Washington, through the medium of
our house in that city, to ascertain whether, among all the
thousands of patents and models there stored, any invention
can be found which will probably prevent the grant of a
patent. On the completion of this special search, we send a
written report to the party concerned, with suitable advice.
Our charge for this service is five dollars.
If the report is unfavorable, the applicant is saved all
further expense. If favorable, he is enabled to modify or
enlarge his claims in accordance with the report.
In offering to make this examination for five dollars, our
correspondents must bear in mind that we here refer only to
the question of the patentability of the invention, not to in-
fringements or other questions. Will it pay ? Does it in-
fringe ? See page 26 for reply.
Where preliminary examination is wanted upon more than
one invention, $5 for each must be sent ; as each device re-
quires a separate search. All that we need for this examina-
tion is a brief description and sketch sufficient to enable us
to get an idea of the invention.
The fee paid for preliminary examination does not go
toward paying for the patent.
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES.
19
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20
COST OF THE PATENT.
What security have I that my communications to Munn <&*, Co,
will be faithfully guarded and remain confidential f -»^ -i
Answer. — You have none except our well-known integrity
in this respect, based upon a most extensive practice of
thirty years' standing. Our clients are numbered by hun-
dreds of thousands. They are to be found in every town
and city of the Union. Please to make inquiry about us.
Such a thing as the betrayal of a client's interests, when
committed to our professional care, never has occurred, and
is not likely to occur. All business and communications in-
trusted to us are kept secret aiul confidential.
COST OF THE PATENT.
If the invention is simple, the whole cost to apply for a
patent is $40,* and when allowed, $20 more are payable,
making $60 in all.f The applicant has six months m which
to pay the last instalment of $20, after the patent is allowed.
If the invention is complicated, the costs are somewhat in-
creased, because the preparation of the drawings and spe-
cifications involves extra labor.
Under the patent laws, all persons, citizens and foreigners,
pay the same official fees. There is no distinction as to
nationality. Patents are also granted to women and minors ;
also to the executors or administrators of deceased inventors.
The patent is granted for seventeen years, during which time
the patentee enjoys the full and exclusive right to make, use,
and sell the invention, and grant rights, licenses, or privileges.
In order to apply for a patent, all that is necessary is to
send a model of the invention to Munn & Co., by express,
prepaid, with an explanation of the merits and working of
the invention. Never mind spelling or grammar, but be
very particular to give your ideas in full about the invention.
Describe its intended working, and mention all the ad-
vantages that you can think o^ This statement is always
of assistance to us in preparin^^ the specification and draw-
ings. Also remit $15 on account, and give the inventor's
full name, middle name included. We will then prepare the
drawings and specification, and send the latter to you for
examination and signature. See page 22 about model.
Do not put the money in the box with the model, for it is
* If a patent is not granted, the applicant loses this cost of making
the application.
t Of this sum the first Government fee is $15, our (Munn & Co.'s)
charges $25, and the second Government fee is $20^ making $60 in
all. When an appeal is required, there are additional expenses.
See page 26.
COST OF THE PATENT.
21
liable to be stolen. Remit by express, postal order, check,
or draft, to order of Munn & Co., 37 Parle Row, New York.
When the invention consists of a process or new article of
manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article
must be furnished, and a mmute detail of the mode of pro-
duction given. New medicines or compounds, and useful
mixtures, recipes, etc., may be patented. Samples must be
furnished, and a minute statement given of the exact pro-
portions, method, and ingredients used in making a given
quantity of the new article. In the case of medicines it is
sometimes better for the author to keep the recipe a secret,
and register a trade-mark under which to sell and introduce
the article. See trade-marks, page 30.
On the reception of the model or specimen and first pay-
ment of $15, the case is duly registered upon our books, and
the application proceeded with as fast as possible. When
the documents are ready, we send them to the inventor by
mail, for his examination, signature, and affidavit, with a
letter of instruction, etc. Our charges for preparing the
case are then due and will be called for. On return of the
papers to us, the case will be presented to the Patent Office,
and as soon as the patent is allowed, the applicant will be
notified to remit the last instalment of the Government fee —
namely, $20, and the patent will then be printed and issued.
In addition to the above service, our patron receives,
gratis, a notice in the Scientific American, descriptive of
the merits of the new patent, giving also his name and
address. We print and distribute about fifty thousand copies
of this notice, without a penny of cost to our client. This
publication is of immense value to the patentee in advertis-
ing his new invention, and assisting to bring it promptly to
the attention of purchasers. Were he to do this printing
himself, it would cost him, by the most economical method,
say on the backs of postal-cards, over five hundred dollars.
The printing alone would cost him fifty dollars, and the cards
ten dollars per thousand ; to which must be added the cost
of addressing.
No patent agency in the world does so much for its clients
as ours ; and for that reason none so fully commands public
confidence or enjoys so great a share of patronage.
Persons who do business with us will be notified of the
progress of their application in the Patent Office, when it is
possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal
attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of
great complication ; the business can be done as well by
correspondence.
We have an extensive branch house in Washington (see
22
ABOUT MODELS.
engraving, page 24), employing a corps of skilled assistants,
and we make it our special duty to watch over the cases of
our clients while they are before the Patent Office. If the
examining officer objects to the grant of a claim, needs per-
sonal explanations, or requires amendments, we examine the
references and make the amendments, if we deem them
proper, so as to secure the allowance of our client's patent
as soon as possible. We make no additional charge for
these services.
The average time required to procure a patent is six
weeks. We frequently get them tnrough in less time, but
in other cases, owing to delay on the pan of the officials, the
period is sometimes extended to two or three months, and
even more. We make a special point to forward our cases
as rapidly as possible.
ABOUT MODELS.
Whoever applies for a patent is by law required to furnish
a model, if the invention can be illustrated, or partly illus-
trated, by a model. It is therefore useless to write letters
asking to be excused from sending a model. The model
must not exceed twelve inches in any of its dimensions ;
should be neatly made.
If the invention is an improvement upon some existing ma-
chine, it is not generally necessary to make a model of the
whole machine. All that is required is to illustrate by model
the intended construction and intended working of the im-
proved parts. The model of a car-coupler, for example, need
not embrace a complete car, wheels, etc., but only the coupler
parts. In a steam-engine, if, for example, the invention
relates to an improvement in the cylinder, the model of a
cylinder only is sufficient, and it may be made of wood.
Models may be made of such materials as the applicant
finds most convenient — ^wood or metal, or part wood, part
metal. It is not necessary to make the model of the same
materials that are to compose the manufactured article. For
example, the Patent Office will receive a model in wood,
representing an improved inkstand that is intended to be
manufactured in glass.
Sometimes a correspondent writes : "I am a poor hand at
making models. If I employ a model-maker, do I not run a
risk that he will steal the mvention and take the patent in his
own name?" Our answer is, that you run little risk of having
your ideas stolen, especially if you take the precaution to
deal with a person of good repute. For your own satisfac-
tion, however, you may explain your invention to the model-
at
n a
his
ing
to
ac-
Hel-
GOING TO WASHINGTON.
23
maker in presence of a friend ; and the evidence of the latter
would be sufficient to defeat any attempt made to take your
invention.
It is always better for inventors to have their models con-
structed under their own supervision, even at an increased
cost in money or time. Dunng the making of the model,
the author often perceives points where ihe invention may be
rendered more perfect than was at first contemplated. The
model should be small, but strong. In some instances,
owine to residence in distant parts or other causes, it is im-
possible for the inventor to furnish a model. In such cases
we (MUNN & Co.) can have proper models built by experi-
enced and trusty makers, at moderate charges.
Models may be sent to us either by mail or by express,
prepaid. If sent by mail, the postage is one cent an ounce,
provided there is no writing on the model or within the pack-
age. The ends of the package should be open, so that it
can be examined. But if the sender writes his name upon
the model, it then becomes subject to letter postage, which
is six cents an ounce.
Prepay all models, and address them MuNN & Co., 37 Park
Row, New York.
GOING TO WASHINGTON.
Some inventors suppose, very naturally, that if pe''sonallv
present in Washington, they can get their cases through
more expeditiously, or command other important facilities.
But this ic not so. The journey to Washington is usually a
mere waste of time and money ; but, notwithstanding, some
persons prefer to go. A good agent must be employed after
the inventor gets there. No one can possibly have facilities
or influence superior to our own ; a very large portion of the
entire business of the Patent Office passes through our
hands ; and we have an office in Washmgton, charged with
the especial duty of watching over and pressing forward the
interests of our clients.
The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make
models. These must be provided by the applicant or his
attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be
considered.
The law especially requires that all documents deposited
in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly
written, and that the drawings shall De of a specified size,
and executed in an artistic manner.
Persons who visit Washington in person can have all their
patent business promptly attended to, by calling at MuNN &
Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, comer of
REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES.
25
Seventh and F streets, opposite the Patent Office. (See en-
graving opposite page.)
REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES.
Ve (Munn & Co.) give prompt attention to the prosecu-
tion of rejected or postponed cases, that have been prepared
by the applicant or other agent. Terms very moderate.
CAVEATS.
The filing of a Caveat is sometimes of great importance,
as it may be quickly done, and afpDrds immediate protection
against the issue of a patent, without the knowledge of the
Caveator, to any other person for the same invention. The
object of a Caveat is to give the inventor time to test and
perfect his discovery. Should a competitor apply for a
patent for the same invention, the Caveator is officially noti-
fied, and called upon to file in his application for a patent.
The existence of a Caveat is one of the evidences of priority
of invention. A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended
from year to year. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of
the United States, and aliens who have resided here one
year and have declared their intention to become citizens.
All Caveats are secret. No one can see or obtain a copy of
a Caveat without the order of the Caveator. A Caveator
can use the stamp, "Caveat filed;" and such stamp some-
times assists in selling an ardcle, or securing trade.
But the filing of a Caveat does not secure any exclusive
right of sale, = The Patent secures that right. The filing of
a Caveat has nothing to do with the grant of a patent. The
Government makes no search as to novelty when a Caveat is
filed. No portion of the money paid for a Caveat applies
toward the patent.
A Caveat consists of a Petition, Specification, Drawing,
and Affidavit of Invei.non. To be of any value, these pa-
pers should be carefully drawn up, and the otilicial rules
scrupulously complied with. No model is required. Our
facilities enable us to prepare Caveat papers with great dis-
patch. Wher specially desired, we can have them ready to
send to the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return
mail, or at an hour's notice. The whole expense to file a
Caveat is generally $25, of which the official fee is $10, and
we generally charge $15 to prepare the papers and attend to
the businestit On filing the Caveat in Washington the
Patent Office issues an Official Certificate thereof, which we
forward to the applicant. To enable us to prepare Caveat
papers, all that we need is a sketch, drawing, or photograph.
26
APPEALS.
and description of the invention, with which remit fees as
above. Model not required.
APPEALS.
When the examiner refuses to allow a patent, and finally
rejects the case, we report the fact to our client, and inform
him as to the probabilities of obtaining a reversal of the ex-
aminer's decision by appeal.
Three appeals are allowed, namely : to the Examiners-in-
Chief, to the Commissioner of Patents, to the Supreme
Court of the Dibtrict.
First Appeal. — The Government fee payable by the appli-
cant, on making an appeal to the Examiners-in-Cbief, is $io.
Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are
verv moderate, and in part contingent upon success,
Second Appeal. — B'rom the decision of the Examiners-in-
Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of
Patents. Government fee, $20.
Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commissioner of
Patents an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court of the
District of Columbia.
REISSUE OF PATENTS.
Whenever any mislahe, defect, or insufficiency in the
claims or specification of a patent are found to exist, a peti-
tion for a reissue may be filed in the Patent Office, together
with new drawings and corrected specifications. A new cor-
rected patent will then be issued, and the old patent cancelled.
Messrs. Munn & Co. have had thirty years' experience in ob-
taining reissues, and will be happy to give further informa-
tion upon the subject, by letter, to all who wish to have their
patents corrected.
INFRINGEMENTS.
The general rule of law is, that the first original patentee
is entitled to a broad interpretation of his claims. The scope
of any patent is therefore governed by the inventions of prior
date. To determine whether the use of a patent is an infnnge-
ment of another generally requires a most careful examina-
tion of all analogous prior patents and rejected applications.
An opinion based upon such research requires for its prepara-
tion much time and labor. The expense of these examina-
tions, with written opinion, varies from $25 to $100 or more,
according to the labor involved. Address Munn & Co., 37
Park Row, New York.
Infringements occur much less frequently than most people
suppose ; and in general, unless you have special reason to
I
ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS.
27
believe that infringement exists, the best way is not to give
yourself trouble about it until some one troubles you. In-
fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of some-
thing already patented. It is not an infringement to take out
a patent for an invention whic is an improvement on a pre-
vious patent. It is not an infringement to own, to buy, or to
sell any patent. It is not an infringement to sell rights un-
der any patent, whether town, county, or State rights, or
1 censes.
All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their
use should be found to infringe a prior patent. Only a few,
comparatively, of the large number of patents issued prove to
infringe ; and the infringing device is sometimes worth more
than the patent with which it conflicts. Patentees of conflict-
ing inventions can usually make satisfactory arrangements
with the owners of the prior patents ; it is obviously to the
interest of prior patentees to have their patents used as ex-
tensively as possible. The princelv revenue of Howe, the in-
ventor of the sewing-machine, was about $500,000 annually,
derived chiefly from two infringing patentees, paying him a
small royalty on each machine. The net profits divided
among the owners of one of these infringing patents — the
celebrated Wheeler & Wilson — are ^reported to be more
than $1,000,000 a year. The profits of the other, the Singer
Manufacturing Co,, are reported at from $2,000,000 to
$3,000,000 a year.
ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS.
If you desire to have an assignment of a patent, or any
share thereof, or a license, made out in the proper manner,
and placed on record, remit five dollars, give full names oi'
parties, residences, title of invention, date of patent. The
above charge includes the recording fee.
Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either before
or after the grant of a patent. Agreements and contracts in
regard to inventions should be recorded, like assignments, at
Washington.
If you desiiie to know in whose name the title to a patent is
officially recorded at Washington ; or if you wish for an ab-
stract of all the deeds of transfer connected with a patent,
send us the name of the patentee, or date or number of pat-
ent, and remit five dollars.
We (MuNN & Co.) have branch offices in Washington,
and have constant access to all the public records. We can
therefore make for you any kind of search, or look up for you
any sort 0/ information in regard to patents, or inventions, or
28 PATENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS.
applications for patents, either pending or rejected, that you
may desire.
PATENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS.
The laws for the grant of patents for new designs are of
the most liberal and comprehensive character, and their bene-
fits may be enjoyed by all persons, without distinction as to
nationality.
Foreign designers and manufacturers who send goods to
this country may secure patents here upon their new patterns,
and thus prevent other makers from selling similar goods in
this market.
A patent for a design may be g^ranted to any person,
whether citizen or alien, who, by his own industry, genius,
efforts, and expense, has invented or produced any new and
original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo,
or bass-relief; any new and original design for the printing
of woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and origi-
nal impression, ornament, pattern, print, or picture, to be
printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into
any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original
shape or configmation of any article of manufacture, the same
not having been known or used by others before his invention
or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed
publication, upon payment of the duty required by law, and
other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inventions
or discoveries.
Patents for designs are granted for the term of three and
one half years, or for the term of seven years, or for the term
of fourteen years, as the said applicant may elect in his appli-
cation. The patent expires at the end of the term for which
it is first granted. No extension.
Design patents are not granted for mechanical or other in-
ventions ; but only for ornamental productions ; here the
scope of the design patent law is very broad. The patentee
of a machine may, in addition to the protection of an orii-
nary patent, also obtain a design patent upon any new orna-
ments or ornamental forms used on his device. Authors of
new inventions should fortify themselves as far as possible by
securing design patents ; also by securing trade-mark regis-
tration.
The personal presence of the applicant is not necessary in
order to obtain a design patent, as the business can be done
by correspondence. Those who reside at a distance should
send us their names in full, middle name included, together
with twelve photographs of the design not mounted. Also
remit the fees as above, by draft, check, or postal order. We
COPIES OF PATENTS.
29
will then prepare the petition, oath, and specification, and
forward the same to the applicant for signature. On their re-
turn by him, the papers are filed at the Patent Office, when
an official examination is made, and if no conflicting design
is found to exist, a patent is issued. The photographs only
need to be large enough to represent clearly all the features
of the design.
The petition, oath, specification, assignments, and other
proceedings in the case of applications for letters-patent for
a design are the same as for other patents.
City residents, by calling at our office, can have all the
business promptly attended to.
The expenses for design patents are as follows :
Patent for three and a half years, whole expense, $25.
Patent for seven years, whole expense, $30.
Patent for fourteen years, whole expense, $45.
The above includes Government fees and agents* charges.*
Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y.
It has been held in recent official decisions that the appli-
cant for a design patent must exhibit originality ai some part
of his design, otherwise a patent cannot be supported. The
mere imitation of an existing form or configuration of a
manufactured article will not support a patent. But an ori-
ginal combination of known ornamental configurations may
be patented.
COPIES OF PATENTS.
On receipt of one dollar, we (Munn & Co.) will furnish a
copy of the claim of any United States patent granted since
1828, or the full copy of the specification and drawings of any
patent issued since 1872, provided the name of patentee and
year of the patent is furnished to us ; but if we have to search
for this information, our charge for the search is five dollars.
Cloth is made Fire-proof nearly, by mixing tungstate
of soda with common starch, which is applied in the usual
manner, and the cloth then dried in the sun.
Tungsten is a very hard metal, infusible, of iron-gray
color, twice as heavy as iron. It is found in the mineral
known as wolfram; tungstate of soda is made by fusing
wolfram with carbonate of soda.
♦ The Government fee is $10 for three and a half years, $15 for
seven years, and S30 for fourteen years. Our (Munn & Co.'s)
charges are $15. When it is inconvenient for applicants to furnish
♦heir own drawings or photographs, we can supply them at a rea-
sonable cost.
30
TRADE-MARKS.
TRADE-MARKS.
The patent law provides that any person, firm, or corpo-
ration may secure an exclusive right to use a trade-mark,
by complying with the official regulations of the Patent
Office. 1 he whole expense is forty dollars.
Trade-marks alreaciy in use, no matter for how long a
time, may be registered ; also trade-marks intended for
future use'. The proprietor of a registered trade-mark may
put it in use whenever he desires.
A trade-mark consists of a distinctive or special name or
title for an article, or a device, design, or stamp, or combina-
tion thereof, applied to merchandise or the envelopes or
packages thereof. But the mere business name of a person
or firm is not registerable as a trade-mark.
The official rules must be carefully observed. A petition
is to be signed by the applicant, together with a written de-
scription of the trade-mark, statement, and declaration as to
use, affidavit thereto ; a copy of the trade-mark is to be fur-
nished, drawn or mounted on drawing-paper, with twelve
copies not mounted.
Trade-marks remain in force for thirty years, and may be
renewed for thirty years more. It is unlawful for any person
to use any registered tra.de-mark, or to make such a resem-
blance thereof as is calculated to deceive. But a trade-mark
registered for use upon one particular class of merchandise —
hardware goods, for example — will not prevent registration
of a similar mark, by another person, for use upon an entirely
different class of merchandise — crockery goods, for example.
Those who desire to secure protection for trade-marks are
requested to communicate with Munn Sc Co., No. 37 Park
Row, New York, who make it a part of their business to
prepare the papers and attend to the application before the
Patent Office.
All the business is speedily done. Registration is gener-
ally granted within ten days after the papers are filed. City
residents should call at our office. Those who live at a dis-
tance should give us, in a letter, the following information :
1. The names of the parties who own the trade-mark, their
residence and place of business.
2. State the class of merchandise and the particular de-
scription of goods in connection with which the trade-mark
is to be used.
3. Describe the particular mode in which the trade-mark
has been and is intended to be applied and used. For ex-
ample, for a trade-mark for sheedngs the statement would
be, " The trade-mark is to be printed in blue ink upon the
TRADE-MARKS.
31
outside of each piece of sheeting." Or, '* The trade-mark is
to be printed in black, or red, white, and blue, upon the ex-
terior of a paper wrapper, which is to cover or extend around
each package of the goods." In the use of a trade-mark the
owner is not confined to such particular colors or precise
method of use; but in the application he must set forth, as
above, one or more of the intended methods.
4. State whether the trade-mark is already in use, and if
so, how long it has been used.
5. Send us twelve copies of the trade-mark.
Also remit at the same time $40 in full for the expenses, of
which $25 are for Government fees and $15 Munn & Co.'s
charge.
We will then prepare the necessary petition, declaration,
and affidavit for signature by the applicant, and, shortly after
filing the papers in the Patent Office, the official certificate
will be forwarded to him.
The right to the use of any trade-mark is assignable by an
instrument of writing, and such assignment, to insure its
validity, should be recorded in the Patent Office within sixty
days after its execution.
For assignments, searches of trade-marks, etc., address
Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York.
Decisions. — The word " star," if registered as a trade-
mark, is infringed by the use of the figure of a star, and vice
versd.
As a rule^ a geographical name can not be registered as a
trade-mark, but may become so when not descriptive. For
example, the words " German Syrup" held to be a lawful
trade-mark.
Trade-marks such as the following may be registered :
For tobacco plugs, '• Andrew Jackson ;" for military goods,
"Smith & Co.," combined with the figure of two crossed
swords ; for cigars and tobacco, the letters *• B. C," no mat-
ter how arranged ; for a medical compound, the words
" Great American ;" for the same, " Bennington's," with a
portrait of Dr. Bennington; for shirtings, the figure of a
peacock; for dry-goods, the words "There's millions in
It;' for pickles, the words "Thunder and Lightning;" for
edge-tools, the word "Washoe;" for pianoforte, the word
" Weber;" for soap or cosmetic, the word " Hypatia."
On smooth ice on Hudson River, velocity of wind only ten
miles per hour, the best ice-boats sail sixty miles per hour,
or six times faster than their wind.
PRINTS.
. jL^ABELS and prints of all kinds, for bottles, boxes, and
packages, for medicines, compounds, and every^ description
of merchandise, may now be secured^ Jjy,cQpy.nglit rpgistrar
tjon in the Patent Office. , *,-
In order to obtain such registration, the applicant should
write to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, give his full
name, and send six copes of the label or print, together with
sixteen dollars, whicli covers all expenses.* On receipt
thereof, we will prepare and file the necessary papers in the
Patent Office, and forward the Official Certificate of Regis-
tration to the applicant. The whole business only occupies
a few days" timq. ^^ ^>,>l ^^ ;/[. o.ir-' f;r)i,jij>ya-r«T.vi
The patent or registration so obtamed lasts for twenty-
eight years, and may be then renewed for an additional
period of fourteen years. It secures to the proprietor the
exclusive right to use the registered label or print during the
periods named.
Copyrights for labels and prints may be assigned. The
assignments should be recorded. Messrs. MuNN & Co., 37
Park Row, New York, attend to the business.
By the word *' label," as used in the Act of Congress, is
meant a slip or piece of paper, or other material, to be at-
tached in any manner to manufactured articles, or to botdes,
boxes, and packages containing them, and bearing an in-
scription (not a trade-mark), as, for example, the name of the
manufacturer, or the place of manufacture, the quality of
goods, directions for use, etc.
By the word ''print," as used in the said Act, is meant any
device, picture, word or words, figure or figures (not a trade-
mark), impressed or stamped directly upon articles of manu-
facture, to denote the name of the manufacturer^ or place of
manufacture, style of goods, etc.
But no such print or label can be registered . unless it
properly belong to an article of commerce, and be as above
defined; nor can the same be registered as such print vOr
label when it amounts in law to a technical trade-mark. .01 4;
j/JIhe average velocity of light is 185,000 miles per secondv
The light from the sun occupies 83^ minutes in travelling
to the earth, the distance being ninety-two millions of miles.
The light of the fixed star " Sirius," supposed to be the
nearest of the stars, is 3)^ years in reaching the earth, the
distance being over twenty millions of millions of miles.
♦ The Government fee is $6, and our charge (Munn&Co.'s) is $10.
COPYRIGHTS POR POOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC. ^J
COPYRIGHTS^ FOR POOKS, PAMPHLETS, CHARTS,
PICTURES, AND ART WORKS.
Any citizen or resident of the United States may obtain a
copyright who is the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor
of any book, map, chart, dramatical or musical composition,
engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, or
of a painting, drawing, chromo, stdtue, statuary, and of
models and designs, intended to be perfected as works of the
fine arts.
A copyright is not valid unless the title or description is re-
corded in the Library of Congress before the publication of thk
work. ^ .},
Those who desire to obtain copyrights are requested to
communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New
York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, or
article. We will then cause the title to be printed, and re-
corded at Washington, as by law required. The official cer-
tificate of copyright will then be immediately sent to our
cHent. Our cliarge to attend to the business of obtaining a
copyright is $5, which please remit with the title. Copy-
rights are filed in advance of the issue of the work ; therefore
we only need to receive from the applicant the intended title
of his production, not the work itself.
If a copyright is desired for a painting, drawing, chromo,
statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send
us the intended title and also a brief description thereof
and $5. •- "•"
Copyrights are granted for the term of twenty-eight y6airS,'
and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the re-
newal is filed within six months before the expirarion of the
first term. -;" ^ ' ,
Copyrights Ai^'bie ksslghed ; the assignment must be re-'
cordecl by the Librarian of Congress. '
Foreigners who are not residents of the United States can-'
not obtain copyrights ; but if residents, they may obtain
copyrights.
Labels for goods, bottles, etc., maybe copyrighted. Cost,'
$ 1 6. Se«^ page 32.. But machines and inventions cannot be'
copyrighted,
Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, for further
information. — . —
The intensity of illumination on a given surface is inverse-
ly as the square of its distance from the source of light. If
the page of a book held twelve inches from a candle be
moved six inches nearer, the light on the page is made four
times stronger. ^,^^^^^ ^. . .
34
'Qt)ESft6NS AND Al^SWfi'kfe.
Ji ;'i '.'
51
QtJfeSTlbN^ AND ANdWBRB. '1 HO.i
Our extended experience of over thirty years in connec-
tion with The Scientific American makes our establish-
ment a sort of factotum for the receipt of and reply to questions
of all kinds. Thousands of these questions are answered,
generally, in The Scientific American, to which every-
body who desires tp be well informed should subscribe.
There are still other questions of a special or personal nature
to which written replies by mail are desired by our corre-
spondents.
fcrif Myself and friend wish to join in manufacturing a patented
article, and form a company. How shall we proceed ? How
ought the patent deeds to be arranged?"
** Can a patent be attached and sold for debt by sherifT, like
other personal property ?" / ^Ij vf n
"Suppose three parties own each one third of a patent.
Questions : (l) Is not each owner entitled to one third of the
profits made by the other owners ? (2) Can one owner of a
patent make, sell, and use, and grant rights to others, with-
out consent and without accounting to the other owners ?"
" If I assign a patent in full, with the verbal understanding
that the purchaser is to make certain payments, am I not en-
titled to recover back my patent if he fails to pay?|,^Jf not,
what is mv remedy?" |r'^ ''
Mf'f I send you herewith copy of an assignment of^ a patent
made to me. Please state whether it is correctly drawn."
" I own the right for the State of Ne^y York for the washing
machine patented by John Doe, July 4, ^876. Questioji :
Has the original patentee, pr other person,, t|>e right to make,
the machines in some other State and fill, orders for machines'
to be used in this State ?" . ,
To questions like the above, or those of ^alj:ii;idred jnatyxe,
we are always ready and willing to send brie^ written replies,,
provided correspondents are thoughtful enougfxtp inclose a
small fee in recognition of the service. This sliould not be.
less than. from one tP five dpllars. If we find th^tiWe a.re -Uii-;
able tp give the infprmation requested, we return rj^pney.^
Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. Questions
relating to patent infringements can not be thus ajiswered ;
seepage 26. ' ^Minn rnm^a aR
'^ ' fM\C} v,iv)m A .T;nt:^{
Never, under any circumstances, assume a respdiiisibiKty
you can avoid consistently with your dtity tb yotirself and^
others.' i; 'i'Jvo j^aiii.-.tv.irrt ,•/■?> q;? .h.«.;^ :o b^oq?. air"
'■ Ncv^V'rtT^*te^6\ir «Hif6WB^s, itrid>ftever grieve ^visrfwhat
you cannpt prevent. v- t ^ ,,;;«;
RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS AND ICMPLOYEES. 35
RIGHTS OP EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES.
The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of
the Union Paper Collar Company (Official Gazette, 1875),
decides substantially as follows in respect to the rights oi
employers and employes, touching the proprietorship of new-
inventions :
Where a person has discovered a new and useful principle
in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, he
may employ other persons to assist in carrying out that prin-
ciple ; and if they, in the course of experiments arising from
that employment, make discoveries auxiliary to the plan and
preconceived design of the employer, such suggested im-
provements are, in general, to be regarded as the property
of the party who discovered the original principle, and they
may be embodied in his patent as part of his invention.
Doubt upon that subject can not be entertained.
But persons employed as much as employers are entitled
to their own independent inventions : and if the suggestions
communicated by the persons employed constitute the whole
substance of the improvement, the rule is otherwise, and the
patent, if granted to the employer, is invalid, because the
real invention or discovery belongs to th<! person who made
the suggestions. •''- ;'
The doctrine held by the Patent Office is that an inventor
who is an employer has the right to avail himself of the
mechanical skill of those whom he employs to put his inven-
tion into practical form. If the inventor-employer gives
general directions to his workmen to produce a certain
machine, the combination or parts, or arrangement pro-
duced, belongs exclusively to the inventor-employer, and the
workman has no ps^tentable right therein.
But when a workman himself suggests and invents an im-
provement, without previous direction from his employer, the
invention belongs to the workman ; he can patent it, and the
employer has no claim thereon, although the device may
have been made in the shop of the employer, with his tools,
and during time belonging to him.
Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the
latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public favor
is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous feel-
ings should be cultivated.
The speed of an electric spark, travelling over a copper
wire, has beent ascertained by Wbeatstone;to be two hundred
and eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. . - , „^. ,, ,..
ruTAjiyje -r-rr
' mp ?bhrm UA
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES. 37
THB tdJENTIFIC AMBRICAN OFFICES.
Our cngTAving shows the location of The Scientific
AmericaIv oflUce, New York, No. 37 Park Row. Our prem-
ises extend acroiiS the front of the square formed by the
junction, of Park Row, Beekman and Nassau streets. This
locality isj the head-quarters of the city newspaper fra-
ternity and the business centre of the metropolis. The
large buildinj^ at the left is the United States Court-House
and Post Ofm:e, a magnificent structure of granite, recently
completed at a cost of about eight millions of dollars. The
other side of this building fronts on the famous thoroughfare
of Broadway. This is the largest local Post Ofhce on the
continent* and the extent of postal transactions here carrier'
on is enormous. In the upper part of the building are the
splendid Court-rooms an * ^''ices pertaining to the United
States Court, Marshals' ( s, and great Law Library. The
principaljines of city stn -ailway? all converge at or near
the Poai Officer and the s pass directly in front of the
doorway of Thb Scientific American. On the same
block with our offices are those of TA^ Times, The World, The
New-York Observp't^.'nd other celebrated newspapers. Close
by \sTheTrihmiiofhQe, with its tall tower, and The Sun
omce. Tfie Wge tutiilding seen at the head of the square is
the Zeitunje" ofUct. At this point will be the entrance-way to
the great Suspension Bridge between New York and Brook-
lyn, now in process of construction, at a cost of about twenty
millions of dollars.
Thr Scientific Amibrican offices occupy the upper
portions of die large building first mentionecji.
The interior of »ne main office of The Scientific Amer-
ican (shown on next page) is a large and splendid apart-
ment. It feiiiw Uiat subscriptions and advertisements for
The Sci^l!<tiFtC jJmerican are received, and much of our
busine|)|f<dd^ ip connection with our Patent Agency.
In adiiitibn to> the transaction of an immense amount of
f>ateiit business. wl»ch comes to us by mail and express,
arg^ mttnbieShi <rf authors and inventors prefer to come in
per^i^ to ttt^C^ccs to exf^ain the merits of their improve-
raentsf. '■'-;■:; '''\'
In cii^Jng on our extensiye patent business we aim to
condu^ iri« the nniost expeditious ^d systematic manner.
We : flir^^ fts^s^d h^ the most experiei^ed examiners. and
spedftcaHoii/i^^/ Tfi« fltiest mechani«fil draughtsmen M
the oountiry prcipare our drawings. . ^
Adjoining our main office, on the same f!oor, are ouf
model-rooms, shown in the engraving. All models are
!
f
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES.
39
ticketed with the names of their owners, and here carefully-
stored ; no one, except our confidential assistants in charge,
being permitted to enter. All correspondence relating to
patents is carefully preserved for a given time in large fire-
proof safes of extra thickness.
All drawings of pending
patent cases are likewise
preserved in similar safes,
specially made for us for
this purpose.
The utmost care is taken
to guard the privacy and
preserve the safety of the
manj' thousands of incho-
ate mventions committed
to our care; and we may
here mention with satisfac-
tion the fact that during
our long professional ca-
reer of over thirty years,
not one of our clients has
ever found his confidence
in us misplaced.
The remaining divisions
of our main establishment
in New York are the ty^ie-
room and the editorial-
rooms where the interest-
ing matter that fills the
pages of The Scientific
American is prepared.
^The printing of The Scientific American is done
in a neighboring building, where several large steam presses
are kept in constant motion, day and night, during the greater
part or each week, to work off our large edition. After leav-
ing the press the sheets pass through a folding-machine, are
by machinery then trimmed, and then enveloped for the
mail.
The iaddresses of our subscribers are printed on slips of
paper, and, during the mailing operation, cut and attached
by means of a curious little instrument to the separate copies.
Ihe regular combined edition of The Scientific Ameri-
can and SciENTiFir ^.merican Supplement at present
averages sixty-five thousand copies, printed weekly. Adver-
tisers m the two papers may thus have the advantage of a
very largf^ circulation. Regnlar subscribers receive the pa-
per free of postage, which is paid by us. The terms of sub-
THB MODEL ROOM.
40 OUR BRANCH OFFICE IN WASHINGTON.
I
scription to The Scientific American are $3.20 a year.
It is sold by single numbers by all news dealers, 10 cents per
number. Specimen copies can also be had by sending 10
cents to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, I^cw York.
OUR BRANCH OFFICE IN WASHINGTON.
We have a large office in Washington, located at the comer
of F and Seventh streets, diagonally across the street from the
Patent Office, as shown in the engraving, p. 24.
The first building on the right is the United States Patent
Office ; the next on the same side is the General Post Office :
on the left stands The Scientific American office. Ou*-
location is especially convenient for 'he transaction of busi-
ness. We employ at Washington a corps of trained assist-
ants, part of wnom make iv' their exclusive duty to watch and
assist the progress of our cases bsfore the Patent Office.
For these services we make no extra charges.
Another division of our helpers in Washington devote
themselves to the preliminary examination of inventions — a
matter that is explained more fully on page 17.
It is to the systematic method and abundant supply of
trained helpers, personally supervised by the proprietors, that
the long-continued prosperity and remarkable succe^^^^f The
Scientific American Patent Agency are due. , /
NO TAXES ON Pi^TENTS, thr ?r
The patent and all its rights are under the owner's control ;
and after a patent is issued it is not subject to additional pay-
ments or to taxes of any kind, whether national, State, or
local.
WILL IT PAY? n^ov
On page 16 readers are informed that we are always happy
to give them our opinion as to the novelty of their inventions,
luithout charge. But some persons, when they send for such
information, add many other inquiries, difficult to answer,
and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for exam-
ple: **What is it worth? Who will buy? Will it pay?
Does it infringe? Does it conflict with B'spaten*^? If you
will guarantee it does not infringe, I will apply for a patent,"
etc.
Ine following hints may prove useful as a sot^ of geiieral
answer. ' 'uj bluow yj
" What is it worth ? Who will buy ?" As a general ruie,
an invention is worth little or nothing until the patent is ob-
tained ; and until then no one is likely to buv. Therefore
the first thing to be considered, the first step to be taken, is to
obtain the patent.
vlOTDMTHgAV/ SOUND.
41
"Will. it pay?" As a general rule, every patentable im-
provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out
the patent The sale of a single machine, or of a single right
of use, will often bring; back more than the whole outlay for
the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends upon the
business capacity of the inventor or his agent. One man by
his activity will make a fortune from an unpromising improve-
ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will
realize little or nothing, owing to incompetence.
re
to
SOUND
Is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion
within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins -when
about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases
when about 40,000 vibrations per second are reached. In an
orgixn, the deepest note has thirty-two vibrations per second,
the highest, 3480. The compass of the human voice is, on an
average, about two octaves. Deep F of a bass singer has
87 vibrations per second ; npper G of treble, 775.
The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle
C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave
below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number.
Sound travels at the rate of iioo feet per second in a still
atmosphere. The distance in feet oetween an observer and
the point where a stroke of lightning falls, may be known by
multiplying iioo by the number of seconds that elapse after
the flash is seen until the sound is heard.
Melted snow produces from 3^ to )^ of its bulk in water.
Ocean waves rise from 20 to 22 feet in extreme height, at
which altitude there are 3 in a mile and 4 per minute.
The highest heat of a common wood fire is estimated at
1140° F.
Nearly all solids become luminous at 800 degrees of
heat F^ »»iV
The force of expansion of solids by heat is enormous.
Thus iron, if heated from 32° F, to 212", expands .0012 of its
lengfth, to produce which change of lengtn by mechanical
means would require a force of 15 tons.
The best engines and boilers develop a horse-power per
liour by the consumption of two pounds of coal. But this
is better than the average ; and three pounds of coal per
horse-power, per hour, is a more common result.
THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 43
THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON.
We present three engravings illustrative of the Patent
Office. In the picture given on page 24, the first building
seen at the right is the northerly front of the Patent Office, on
Seventh street, diagonally opposite The Scientific Ameri-
can Patent Agency. The situation of our premises is so re-
markably convenient that we are enabled to transact a large
amount of patent business very quickly. As all models,
drawings, specifications, trade-marks, records of assignments,
etc., are deposited in the Patent Office, we have access there-
to, on behalf of our clients, by simply stepping across the
street.
Next to the Patent Office, on the right, directly opposite
The Scientific American, is the General Post Office.
Here the Postmaster-General sits, and the postal service of
the country is reg^ulated. The Post Office building is 304
feet long and 204 feet wide, Corinthian style, of white
marble.
The engraving on page 14 shows a full exterior view of the
Patent Office, which is one of the finest edifices in Washing-
ton, It is of the Doric order of architecture, 433 feet long,
331 feet wide, 75 feet high. The collection of models of in-
ventions here gathered is very remarkable, the aggregate
number being over two hundred thousand. Nearly twenty
thousand new models are sent to the Patent Office each year.
On page 42 we give an interior view of one of the great
model-rooms of the Patent Office, nearly 400 feet long, paved
with marble. The models, it will be observed, are deposited
in glass cabinets upon the main floor and galleries. The
model-rooms are open to the public from 9 A.M. to 3 p.m.
No printed statement or recommendation that we could
present will convey to the mind of the visitor so adequate and
truthful an impression of the magnitude and wonderful suc-
cess of our (Munn & Co.'s) labors in procuring patents for
inventors as a walk through the Patent Office. The visitor
beholds *ier upon tier of models, rising on both sides from
floor to ceiling, occupying a main portion of the entire build-
ing, and finds, on examining the records, that every cabinet,
every class of invention, is crowded with models sent from
The Scientific American Patent Agency, and that a very
large portion of all the patents granted are to our (Munn &
Co.'s) cHents.
The number of persons generally employed at the Patent
Office is between four and five hundred. The principal
officers are the Commissioner of Patents, who is the execu-
tive, the Assistant Commissioner, and seventy examiners. I
44
THE LARGEST AND BEST.
Their aggregate salaries amount to about one hundred and
fifty thousand dollars a year. One hundred and thirty thou-
sand dollars a year, nearly, are paid into the Patent Office
by The Scientific American Patent Agency alone.
THE LARGEST AND BEST.
Now and then professional rivals, jealous or unreasona-
ble persons, will be found who rail about Munn & Co.,
usually because we transact so much business and make
small charges. These carpers falsely allege that they can do
the business better, and afford more time. ,. -,,^t \-
Everybody knows, however, that the best service ana the
most reasonable rates are generally furnished by large, well-
conducted establishments, and the patent-agency business is
no exception. We have a staff of trained assistants and
draughtsmen ; we give to every case careful study, experi-
enced care, and abundartie of time; we have helpers at Wash-
ington who make it their special duty to watch over and
assist the progress of our cases before the Patent Ofiice» give
explanations, and see that the best claims are allowed. No
extra charges are made for these services. Our efforts are
usually successful and give general satisfaction. For many
years we have secured more patents for inventors and done
more patent business than the combined business of the
majority of the four hundred patent agents in this country.
The largest proportion of all the most valuable and successful
patents now existing were obtained through The Scienti-
fic American Patent Agency.
FOREIGN PATENTS.
The American patent law contains a special provision for
the benefit of the inventor in respect to foreign patents,
namely : It provides that after a home patent is allowed, the
invention may remain in the secret archives of the Govern-
ment for a period not exceeding six months, if the applicant
so desires, thus enabling him to arrange for patents in
foreign countries in advance of all other persons.
If the inventor is unable to meet the expenses of the for-
eign patents, he should find a reliable assistant or partner
who will pay the costs and share the profits. Partnerships
of this kind have in many cases proved highly profitable to
all concerned. Arrangements with one partner for England,
another for France, and so on, are suggested.
It is of the utmost importance to the interests of the appli-
cant in taking out foreign patents that he should employ
home agents for their procurement, who are well known for
responsibility, experience, and integrity. He is thus en-
I '
I?
nrJGREAT BRITAIN.
45
abled to obtain better service and a better patent, together
with prompt information as to the condition of his paten«.
and the steps necessary for its preservation.
' '.a yocta^A in
CANADA.
The expense to apply for a Canadian patent is fifty dol-
lars ($50), which includes Government tax, agency, and ail
charges tor five years, after which two additional terms of five
years each may be obtained on payment of fifty dollars each
— in all fifteen years. The patent may be applied for at the
outset for fifteen years, at a cost of one hundred dollars. In-
ventions that have been already patented in the United
States for not more than one year may be secured in Canada
by the inventor, who must sign the papers. If patented for
more than one year in the United States thj Canadian pat-
ent is refused.
In order to apply for a patent in Canada, please send to
us (Munn & Co.) a description and drawing of ihe inve Jon,
and remit $50 in fall. If already patented in the United
States, a copy of the patent should be supplied. We will
then immediately prepare the documents and forward them
to the applicant for his signature. His personal presence is
unnecessary. All the business can be promptly done by
correspondence. The time required to secure the patent is
from four to six weeks ; the patent is granted without a
model, but before the document is actually delivered a small
model must be furnished. See page 22.
During the first year of a Canadian patent the holder may
import the patented article ready made. Within two years
from the date of the patent he must begin the manufacture
in Canada, ot arra,nge for some place where persons wishing
the invention can order the same. The Canadian patent
covers Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and both the
Canadas.
GREAT BRITAIN.
The British patent extends over England, Wales, Scot-
land, Ireland, and the Channel Islands, but not the Colonies ;
the latter make their own patent laws.
The expense to apply for an English patent is seventy-five
dollars ($75), which includes Government taxes, agency, and
all charges for the first period, or provisional patent, if the
invention is not complicated. No models. The patent
issues to the first applicant, whether he be the inventor or
merely the introducer.
A second instalment of $175 is payable in New York,
three and a half months after the date of the provisional pat-
ent. The patent is then completed and the great s^al at-
tached. A third tax is payable three years from date of
Patent Certificate ; and a final tax at the close of the seventh
year. The patent is granted for fourteen years, but ceases
if any tax is not duly paid. The patentee in Great Britain
possesses the same full and exclusive rights as in the United
States.
Great Britain has a population of forty millions, and is one
of the principal financial, commercial, and manufacturing
centres of the world. The importance to our citijens of se-
curing English patents for their new inventions cap not be
overrated.
FRANCE AND BELGIUM.
The cost to apply for a French patent is seventy-five dol-
lars ($75), which covers all expenses until the patent arrives
in New York, when a second instalment of $25 is pjiyable,
making in all $100 for agency and Government taxes for the
first year. No official examination is made ; no model.
The term of the patent is fifteen years, subject to annual
tax of $20. The patent ceases when any due tax is unpaid.
Belgium is the manufacturing centre for a large portion of
the Continent, and Belgian patents rank among the most
desirable of those that are taken out by American citizens.
The expense to apply for a Belgian patent is seventy-five
dollars ($75). The law and proceedings are substantially the
same as in France. When the patent arrives in New York
$25 more are payable, the whole cost being one hundred
dollars. A small tax is payable annually. The longest term
of the patent is twenty years.
GERMANY AND OTHER COUNTRIES.
In the following countries the cost of applying for the pat-
ent varies with the period of the grant, which may generally
be from five to fifteen years, at the option of the applicant.
The costs to apply for a patent for the shortest term are : in
Prussia, $ioqgi Austria, $100; twenty-seven other German
States, each $100 ; Norway, $100 ; Sweden, $100 ; Den-
mark, $100; Italy, $150; Russia, $300 ; Spain, $400; Portu-
gal, $400. No patents granted in Switzerland apd the
Netherlands. . f , ;? h{<,»« oli; alnt)>ivr;
Patents are also granted in the British Colonies and seve-
ral of the South American States.
N. B. — We would remind all who desire to take Forei^
Patents, that (i) we do the business as low as anybody ; (a)
we have had over thirty years' ej^perience ; (3) the Foreign
Patent, when issued, is noticed without charge in the Scibn-
HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS,
47
TIFIC American, which has a large circulation in Europe.
This publication is often copied into other papers, and in-
variably assists the introduction and sale of the patent.
We furnish, y>r^, a pamphlet containing additional particu-
lars, and shall be happy to give any other information that
may be desired. Address Munn & Co., Solicitors of Ameri-
can and Foreign Patents, 37 Park Row, New' York.
HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS.
The original study and planning of a new thing is usually
a labor of love on the part of the author. The work is suit-
able for the leisure hour, the winter's evening, the quietude
of home. The plan being finished, then comes the business
of introduction and sale. The first step in the material prog-
ress of the invention is its development into the form of a
public record, on which the patent issues. This business re-
quires experienced skill for its proper transaction, and the
inventor will generally promote his own interests by employ-
ing trustworthy solicitors. Not so, however, in respect to
the second step, namely, the making of money out of the pat-
ent. This is a commercial proceeding, involving the ordinary
details of industry, prudence, and care. The patentee him-
self is generally the best manager in this department.
The first thing to be done after receiving a patent is to
fnake known the merits of the invention as widely as possible.
This is like ploughing and seeding the ground. If well done,
the crop will grow, even while the husbandman sleeps.
One of the quickest and most effective methods of bringing
the merits of an invention before the public, is to have it no-
ticed and engraved in The Scientific American. This
paper, published weekly, is seen by probably not less than
three hundred thousand readers, who comprise all of the most
intelligent persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements
in the country. The fact of publication in The Scientific
American is a passport to their attention and favor. " Yes,
that is a good invention. I have seen it illustrated in The
Scientific American, and understand its construction. I
advise you to purchase the right." We suppose that more
patents are sold upon such advice than by all other agencies
and means put together.
The splendid engravings which adorn our paper are pre-
pared by the most talented artists. We are always glad to
illustrate new and useful inventions in The Scientific
American, and, owing to the interest which our readers take
in such novelties, we make the expense to the patentee as low
48
HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS..
as possible — generally but very little above the actual cost to
us. If any one will take the trouble to count the prubablq
cost to him of printing and circulating, by nuiil. a mass of cir->;
culars containing an engraving and description of his inven-'
tion, and then compare that cost with the msigniftcanc Agure
he would have to pay us to get up the same cut and descrip-
tion, and print ana circulatt ^hy thousand copUs i^itrtof in ,
The Scientific American, he will appreciate the marvel-
lous economy offered by our journal. The circular plan
would cost the patentee more for the white paper alone, than
we (Munn & Co.) should charge for the entire job. After
being electrotyped and published, the original blocks are sent
to the owner, who can then use them for other papers, cir<?u-r
lars, letter-heads, bill-heads, etc. ^» .^r
Let us here remind the inventor that the value of property
in patents is now far greater than in former years, when the
population was sparse, and the demand for new manufactures
small. Therefore do not part with your patent unless you can
realize from it adequately. Any foolish person can give or
throw away his property ; and we are sorry to say that thou-
selnds of valuable patent privileges are wasted by their own-
ers for lack of a little patience. :; '; x -.r r _-..:-:
In general, the best way to begin is'to manufacture the art!-^
cle, and also to grant licenses under the patent ; unless hand-
somely paid, avoid the sale of any undivided interest in the
proprietorship of the patent, such as a sixteenth, an eighth,
or a quarter of the patent. By even one such sale, no matter
how small, the patentee loses tne control of bis patent ; under
the license plan he does not. ■ x v:-- •tK*/:^/!.
It must not be supposed, because a patient is Ifranted, that
the world will run after an unknown man to buy from him an
unknown patent. In order to sell licenses cwr rights under a
patent, judicious effort is required on the part of the inventor.
Indeed, his final success will depend, to a considerable exy
tent, upon his business tact and energy. He should make
himsell thoroughly conversant with the merits of his inven-
tion, and should prepare specimens or model machines there-
of, made in the most perfect manner, so as reft4i^ tPr<exfaibiyt
the operations of the impwovement to others;f -^ufiSiH<{&. r^r*
A very profitable method of realizing from a patent is to
grant town or county licenses, employing good and rrfjable
special agents to travel about and sell them. Such agents
expect to make money by the operation, and generally need
to nave a liberal allowance of the proceeds devoted to their
temuneration. In the example of a bee-hive patent, the
l^tentee might issue to the ag^t, duly signed, a number of
licenses, not good, however, until countersigned by the
HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS.
49
agent. Suppose the price for a county is fixed at ten dollars
per thousand inhabitants. The agent deposits with the
{)atentee twenty-five dollars or other agreed sum on each
icense, to be returned if he fails to sell. He, however, sells
a county containing ao.ooo population for $200, retains by
agreement half the proceeds, or $100, and returns $100 to
the patentee. The foregoing will be suggestive of many
other methods of disposing of patents by special agents,
which is usually the most lucrative method of procedure.
In some cases an excellent method is to commence the
manufacture of the article in a suitable locality, and when it
is so far under way as to exhibit progress and merit, then to
sell out the business with license under the patent. This
method is often very remunerative.
The patentee may subdivide his patent into as many differ-
ent classes of rights as he chooses, and sell each class by
separate agents or otherwise, as he prefers. Thus, the
patentee of a sewing-machine may license one party to sew
straw goods, another party to sew cotton goods, another
silk, another woollen, etc.
The patentee may, if he desires, require purchasers of his
machines to pay him a regular annual rental for the use of
the machine, or a tariff upon the goods produced, in addi-
tion to the original price of the macnine. Thus in the case
of the wood-planmg machine the patentees required, say,
$5000 to be paid in cash, for which they allowed the licensee
to build one machine ; and thereafter, for every foot of lum-
ber planed by the machine, the patentee received an addi-
tional payment or royalty.
In many of the States general laws exist for the incorpora-
tion of manufacturing companies for the development of
improved articles. The usual method, where a patent is to
form the basis of such a company, is for several persons-
three or more — to unite under some agreed title, appoint
trustees, president, treasurer, secretary, fixing capital stock
at any desired sum, say fifty thousand dollars. The incor-
E orators c<mtribute in money say twenty-five thousand dol-
irs, and take half of the stock; and they issue twenty-
five thousand dollars in fully paid-up stock to the paten-
tee, who- assigns to the company the agreed right or
license under the patent. These companies, if. properly
managed, are often highly profitable. The patentee should
see to it that the required amount of cash capital is actually
paid up into the treasury before delivering his assignment,
thus insuring the effe iive working of the invention. Several
distinct companies may be organised in this manner, in dif-
ferent placaes, on the basis of one good patent.
1
so
PROFESSIONAL PATRNT-SELLERS.
The license and royalty plan is often a mtyit pfbfltable
method of employing patents. This, in effect, involves a
sort of contract between a patentee and a partner or manu-
facturer, by which the latter, in consideration of license to
make *^e thing, agrees to pay to the patentee a specified
sum I each article maae or sold. The patentee of the
chimi y -spring, now so commonly used to fasten glass
chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant licenses to
manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few cents per
dozen. His income was at one time reported to be fifty
thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, the inven-
tor of the sewing-machine, received a royalty of from five to
ten dollars on each machine, and his annual income was
estimated at five hundred thousand dollars. Goodyear, the
inventor of vulcanized rubber, divided his patent up into
many different rights, licensing one company for manufac-
turing rubber combs, another for hose-pipes, another for
shoes, another for clothing, another for wringers, etc. Each
company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the
continuous loom, has in like manner divided his patent into
many ferent rights : one company weaves carpets, another
corse nother bags, another sheetings, and so on. He
enjoys t... enormous income from his mvention. We might
give many similar examples. '^''^' "*/"
Licenses, shop rights, rights of use, if not exclusive, need
not be recorded at Washington. But a grant of an exclusive
territorial right, or of an undivided interest in a patent,
should be recorded. The business may be quickly done
through Messrs. Munn & Co. See page 27.
PROFESSIONAL PATENT-SELLERS.
No sooner does any person's name appear in print as the
patentee of a new invention, than he receives, by mail, a
shower of letters and circulars, from individuals who set forth
that they have remarkable faciHlies for the selling of patents.
The patentee is invited, if he wants to realize immediately,
say one thousand, two thousand, or ten thousand dollars, to
signify his desire to that effect, and send forward to the agent
a small advance fee. Thus, instead of helping the patentee to
obtain money, they begin by drawing money from him ; upon
this they live and flourish. We are often asked if these peo-
ple, who so pressingly and plausibly claim to be able to sell
patents, are reliable, and whether they ever effect sales. We
regret to be obliged to say that we seldom or never hear of
their making any sales. There are twenty thousand new
applicants for patents every year, from whom these pretend-
ing sellers obtain money. They busy themselves in writing
pq'.TtH71QLD THE FORT,
51
letters to inventors and in working them up to the remitting
point, but have no time left for the drudgery of patent-selling
even if they had any ability in that direction. There is nu
trickery too low for some of these sellers : one concern, for
example, has gone so far as to imitate and adopt our long-
established iirm name of Munn & Co. But we do not sell;
patents, nor have we connection with any concern that pre-
tendsi io to do. The truth is. that the profit upon the sales of
a sin|;le good patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the busi-
ness It furnishes is enough to fully engage the attention of
many persons. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold
yourselves of the business of selling. If you want assistance,
search for suitable agents among your friends, and mterest
t^eni.spt^^ially in your invention.
^Jniair HOLD THE FORT.
If yoi; have made an invention for which you desire to se-
cure a patent, but lack the necessary funds, do not for that
reason be so foolish as to ^ve or to throw away the discovery ;
do not part with any considerable portion for a pittance ; do
not/ as is so commonly the case, promise or convey a half or
any undivided portion of the improvement. 1? you are
pii^ched for money you can generally, by patience and perse-
verance, obtain tne use of the small sum required, by explain-
ing tjhe merits of the invention to intelligent, reliable persons
in yjour vicinity. To the party who is disposed to make the
desired loan, the grant of a privilege for a town or county
will generally be a satisfactory recompense, especially if he
believes that it will really assist you in the further develop-
ment of your invention. The following conveyance will, in
general, be anniple in sUch fcases : • - r •
" Whereas I, Richard Roe, of Wyoming, County of Mo-
hawk, State of New York, have invented a new and useful
iinprovenjen^ in mu:^ical instruments, for which I am about
to apply tor letters-patent ; and whereas John Doe, of Wyo-
ming, ^evy^^ork, hath advanced to me the sum of one hun-
dred dollars fpwards the expenses of said patent :
"Now this indenture witnesseth, that for and in considera-
tion; bf said payirient to me made, I do hereby grant and con-
vey to the Sf^id John Doe, his heirs or assigns, a license to
make, u.sqi a^nd sell the invention, within the limits of the Coun-
ty of Mpnawk, State of New York, for and during the full
end of the terrn for which said letters-patent are or may be
granted. ^Vitness my hand and seal, this first day of January,
4D,. 187^,; ■'■■ .,.,,, , J
> In presence 6f ' .f/ Richard Roe.
•^-■i^m!Ln^,'^' ■■■--, - ,-^"^'
hi
^Q^rl
;:ain£irii yaud vtjril
52 STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS.
STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS.
In some of the States, laws have been passed by which
patentees or their agents who o^er patent-rights ior sale, with-
out complying with certain State regulations, are made liable
to fine and imprisonment.
# The United States Court, in the case of John Robinson,
held that this kind of legislation is unauthorized, that prop-
erty in inventions exists by virtue of the laws of Congress,
and that ro State has a right to interfere with its enjoyment, or
annex conditions to the grant. If the patentee complies with
the laws of Congress on the subject, he has a right to go into
the open market anyv/here within the United States and sell
his property. If this were not so, a State might nullify the
laws of Congress and destroy the powers conferred by the
Constitution.
All laws of State legislatures that in any manner interfere
with the free sale of patent-rights, such as the requiring of the
agent or patentee to file copies of patent, take licenses, pro-
cure certificates, comply with forms, or which release the
payee of ordinary notes of hand given for patents, have been
declared unconstitutional and void by the United States
Courts.
All State judges, sheriffs, or other State officials who under-
take to interfere with patentees or their agents in the free sale
of patents, make themselves liable in damages and other
punishment.
The decisions of the United States Courts on these points
are given in Scientific American Supplement, >jo. 25.
Price 10 cents. To be had at Scientific American Office,
37 Park Row, and at any news store.
The above decisions apply only to the sale of patents and
rights under patents, not to the peddling of goods or t^e sale
of manufactured articles. All citizens of the United States
must comply with the usual local license laws concerning the
sale of goods, whether the goods are patented or not. But
no State can lawfully enact a special law adverse to the sale
of patented goods, or impose any special restriction, tax, or
fine upon persons who go about to s» •! patepte4;.gpcKis or
patented articles of any description. ..-; : i-r
Platinum has been drawn into wires only one thirty-
thousandth (auioir) part of an inch, invisible to the eye, and
one mile's length weighing only one grain.
A cubic foot of air weighs 535 grains. Water is 815
times heavier than air. A cubic foot of water weighs 62+ Ibi ,
a gallon 8^ lbs.
HOia-Tvrao
'^'iALfe
S OF PRACTTCE.
53
.(.-^(,;f 'hnm fnr: . ABSTRACT
'^/ "'■ FROM THE
RULES OF PRACTICE
IN THE
if.
jp
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
.pjnniat isnc
•♦*
WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT.
Any pefsdn, whether citizen or alien, being the original
and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art,
machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new
and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his
invention or discovery, subject to the conditions hereinafter
named.
In case of the death of the inventor, the patent may be ap-
plied for by, and will issue to, his executor or administrator.
In case of an assignment of the whole interest in the inven-
tion, or of the whole interest in the patent if granted, the
f)aten\: will issue to the assignee, upon the request of the
atter, or his assignor; and so, if the assignee holds an un-
divided part interest, the patent will, upon a similar request,
issue jomtly to him and the inventor ; but the assignment
must first have been entered of record, and at a day not later
than the date of the payment of the final f'^e. The applica-
tion and oath must be made by the actual inventor, if alive,
even if the patent is to issue to an assignee ; but where the
inventor is dead, the application and oath must be made by
his executor or administrator.
Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can
claim one separately ; but the independent inventors of sep-
arate and independent improvements in the same machine
can not obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions ;
nor does the fact that one man furnishes the capital and the
other makes the invention entitle them to make application
as joint inventors.
54
RULES OF PRACTICE.
A patent will not be granted to an applicant if what he
claims as new has been, before his invention, patented or de-
scribed in any printed publication in this or any foreign coun-
try, or been invented or discovered in this country, nor if he
has once abandoned his invention, nor if it has been in pub-
lic use or on sale more than two years previous to his appli-
cation.
If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his ap-
plication, believes himself to be the first inventor or discoverer,
a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or
diocoverjr, or any part thereof, having been known or used in
any foreign coimtry before his invention or discovery th.-^reof,
it not appearing that the same, or any subptantial part
thereof, had before been patented or described in any printed
publication.
Merely conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine
is not an " invention" or "discovery." The invention must
have been reduced to a practical form, either by the construc-
tion of the machine itself or by such disclosure of its exact
character that a mechanic, or one skilled in the art to which
it relates, can and does construct the improvement before it
will prevent a subsequent inventor from obtaining a patent.
No application for a patent will be regarded as complete,
or be placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is
paid, the specification, the petition, and the oath, projjerly
signed, are filed, and the drawings and a model or specimens
(when required) are furnished.
Two or more separate and independent inventions can not
be claimed in one application • but where several distinct in-
ventions are dependent upon each other and mutually con-
tribute to produce the new result, they may be so claimed.
DRAWINGS.
The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a
drawing of his invention, where the nature of the case admits
Oi \t. The following rules will therefore be rigidly enforced,
and any departure from them will be certain to cause delay
in the examination of an application for letters-patent :
a. Drawings should be made upon paper stiff enough to
stand in the portfolios, the surface of which must be calen-
dered and smooth. Indian ink, of good quaUty, to vhe ex-
clusion of all other kinds of ink or color, must be employed,
to secure perfectly black and solid work.
d. The size of a sheet on which a drawing is made should be
exactly lo by 15 inches. One inch from its edges a single mar-
RULES OF PRACTICE.
55
ginal line is to be drawn, leaving the " sight" precisely 8 by
13 inches. Within this margin all work and signatures must
be included. One of the smaller sides of the sheet is regard-
ed as its top, and, measuring downward from the marginal
line, a space of not less than i % inches is to be left blank
for the insertion of title, name, number, and date.
c. All drawings must be made with the pen only, using the
blackest Indian ink. Every line and letter (signatures in-
cluded) must be absolutely black. This direction applies to
all lines, however fine, to shading, and to lines representing
cut surfaces in sectional views. All lines must be clean,
sharp, and solid, and they must not be too fine or crowded.
Surface shading, when used, should be left very open. Sec-
tional shading should be by oblique parallel lines, which may
be about one twentieth of an inch apart.
d. Drawings should be made with the fewest lines possible
consistent with clearness. By observing this rule the effec-
tiveness of the work after reduction will be much increased.
Shading (except on sectional views) should be used only on
convex and concave surfaces, where it should be used spar-
ingly, and may even there be dispensed with if the drawing
is otherwise well executed. The plane upon which a sectional
view is taken should be indicated on the general view by a
broken or dotted line. Heavy lines on the shade sides of
objects should be used, except where they tend to thicken the
work and obscure letters of reference. The light is always
supposed to come from the upper left-hand corner, at an angle
of forty-five degrees. Imitations of wood or surface-graining
should not be attempted.
e. The scale to which a drawing is made ought to be large
enough to show the mechanism without crowding, and two
or more sheets should be used if one does not give sufficient
room to accomplish this end ; but the number of sheets
must never be increased unless it is absolutely necessary.
It, often happens that an invention, although constituting
but a small part of a machine, has yet to be represented in
connection with other and much larger parts. In such cases
a general view on a small scale is recommended, with one or
more of the invention itself on a much larger scale.
f. Letters of reference must be well and carefully formed ;
they are of the first importance. When at all possible, no
letter of reference should measure less than one eighth of an
inch in height, that it may bear reduction to one twenty-fourth
of an inch, and they may be much larger when there is suffi-
cient room.
Reference letters must be so placed in the close and com-
plex parts of drawings as not to interfere with a thorough
S6
RULES OF
PRACTICE.'^
n]
~fm
;i. J,
comprHbrnsion of the same, and to this «|hd shotild rafely
cross or mingle with the lines. When necessarily gtbuped
around a certain part, they should be placed at a little dis-
tance, where there is available space, and connected by short
broken lines with the parts to which they refer. They must
never appear upon shaded surfaces, and, when it is dlifficult
to avoid this, a blank space must be left in the shading where
the letter occurs, so that it shall appear perfectly distinct and
separate from the work. If the same part of an invention
appears in more than one figure, it should ^Iways be repre-
sented by the same letter. N/ ..,
The foregoing rules relating to drawings will be rigidly
enforced ; and all drawing not artistically executed in con-
formity therewith will be returned to the respective applicants,
or, at the applicant's option and cost, the Office will make
the necessary corrections.
All reissue applications must be accompanied by new
drawings, as in original applications, and the inventor's
name must appear in all cases upon the same^ q *)/!}
'<T";rv
MODELS.
As a rule, a model will not be dispensed with except by
recommendation of the examiner. It must clearly exhibit
every fec.*nre of the machine which forms the subject of a
claim of invei^tion, but should not include other matter than
that covered by the actual invention or improvement, unless
it is necessary to the exhibition of a working model. The
model must be neatly and substantially made of durable
material, metal being deemed preiferable j and should not in
any case be more than one foot in length, width, or height.
If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be painted,
stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but the parts
should be so connected as to resist the action of heat or
moisture. When the invention is a composition of matter, a
specimen of the composition, properly marked, must accom-
pany the application. Specimens of the separate ingredients,
if ordinary and well known, need not be furnished, unless
the Office disputes their operation in the manner as stated
by applicant.
THE OFFICIAL EXAMINATION.
All cases in the Patent Office arc classified and taken up
for examination in regular order ; thos« in the same class
,' 1
1
RULES OF PRACTICE.
57
being examined and disposed of, as far as practicable, in the
order in which the respective applications are completed.
When, however, the invention is deemed of peculiar imp>ort-
ance to some branch of the public service, and when, for that
reason, the head of some Department of the Government
specially requests immediate action, the case will be taken
up out of its oi:der. These, with applications for extensions,
for reissue, and for letters-patent for inventions for which a
foreign patent has already been obtained, which cases have
precedence over all others, are the only exceptions to the
above rule in relation to the order of examination,
INTERFERENCES.
An "interference" is a proceeding instituted for the pur-
pose of determining the question of priority of invention be-
tween two or more parties claiming the same patentable
subject-matter. It may also be resorted to for the purpose of
procuring evidence relating to the alleged a,baijdonment or
the public use of an invention, v- > - -7: ■
An interference will be declared in the fotTowIng cases :
First. When two or more parties have applications pend-
ing before the Office at the same time, and their respective
claims conflict in whole or in part.
Second. When two or more applications are pending at
the same time, in each of which a like patentable invention
is shown or described, and claimed in one though not spe-
cifically claimed in all of them. V; :'
Third. When an applicant, having been rejected upon ati'
unexpired patent, claims tQ have made the invention before
the patentee. .
The fact that one of the parties has already obtained a
patent will not prevent an interference; for, although the
Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already
issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the
prior inventor, give him a patent also, and thus place both
parties on an equal footing before the courts and tn6 public.
xm-::-J,y.ix^ iiii: iuq:. REISSUES.
A Treisstii^' is ' granted to the original patentee, his legal
representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when,
by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by
reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery
more than he had a ri^jht to claim as new. the original pat-
ent is inoperative or mvalid, provided the error has ansen
from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any
fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents
i
058
RULES OF PRAqTICE.
j>
issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870, the application for
reissue may be made by the assignee; but, m the case of
patents issued or assigned since that date, the application
must be made and the specification sworn: to by the inventor,
^i^he be living.
' ,'\'The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in
the original invention, and so described or shown that it
might have been embraced in the original patent, maybe the
subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced
into the specification, nor shall the model or drawings be
amended except each by the other ; but, when there is neither
model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof
satisfactory to the Commissioner that such new matter or
amendment was a. part of the original invention, and was
omitted from the specification, by inadvertence, accident, or
mistake, as aforesaid.
''l^eissued patents expire at the end of the term for which
the original patent:^ were granted. For this reason applica-
tions for reissue will take precedence,, in i.;(examination,pf
original applications. , . *' ^ r -i' ■■•
A patentee in reissuing may, at his option, have a separate
patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention
comprehended in his original patent, by paying the required
fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements
of the law, as in original apphcations. Each division of a
reissue constitutes the subject of a separate specrfication de-
scriptive of the part or parts of th?, invention claimed in such
division ; and the drawing may represent onljr sijch part or
parts. All the divisions of a reissue will issue sjraultaneouslv.
if there be controversy as to one, the otlic^s iWiU ^ wj^liel4
from issue until the controversy is end^d,;; fVi,';^ t,. t ;;* :? > :
In all ca,ses of applica;tions fo^ rei^i^ues, the priginal claim,
if reproduced in the aim ended specification, is subject to re-
examination, and may be revised and restricted in the same
manner as in origiiial applicatiopsi The appjicatipn for a
reissue must be accompanied by a surrender of the original
patent, or, if lost, then by an affidavit to that effect and a
certified copy of the patent ; but if any reissue be ^eifused, th^
original patent will, upon request, be retume^.to j^hq applir
cant. ,' . . ., ,,^ ., ,ziu)hqhoi'.fih io.-ji
^IVhen the design can be sufficiently represented by dfaw- •
iifi^gs or photographs a model v/ill not be required.
Whenever a photograph or an engraving is employed to
illustrate the design, it must be mounted upon a thiclc Bristol-
board' or drawing-paper, ten by fifteen inches in size; and
t:
RULES OF PRACTICE.
59
the applicant will be required to furnish ten extra copies ol
such photograph or engraving (not mounted), of a size not
exceeding seven and a half inches by eleven.
Whenever the design is reprc sented by a drawing, each of
the ten copies must be made to conform as nearly as possible
to the rules laid down for drawings of mechanical inventionF.
ASSIGNMENTS.
A patent or trade-mark may be assigned, either as to the
whole interest or any undivided part thereof, by an instru-
ment of writing. No particular form of words is necessary
to constitute a valid assignment, nor need the instrument
necessarily be sealed, witnessed, or acknowledged.
In every Case where it is desired that the patent shall isslie
to an assignee, the assignment must be recorded Jn the
Patent Office at a date not later than the day on which the
final fee Is paid.
A patentee may not only assign the whole or an undivided
interest in his patent, but he may grant and convey an exclu-
sive right under his patent to the whole or any specified por-
tion of the United States by an instrument in writin^^.
Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right,
as well as of an interest in a patent or trade-mark, must be
recorded in the Patent Office ; if a patent, within three
months, if a trade-mark, within sixty days, from the execu-
tion thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse-
quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration,
without notice.
The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent
to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey
territorial or shop rights which are aot exclusive. Such con-
veyances are mere licenses, and need not be recorded.
The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged
by the Patent Office ; they will be recorded in their turn within
a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to the
person entitled to them.
The Patent Office can not respond to inquiries as to the
novelty of an alleged invention in advance of an application
for a patent, nor to inquiries founded upon brief and irnper-
fect descriptions, propounded with a view of ascertaining
whether such alleged improvements have been patented, and
if so, to whom ; nor can it act as an expounder of the patent
law, nor as counsellor for individuals, except as to questions
arising within the Office.
I
66
FORMS.
\
A-^U
attorneys;
Any person of intelligence and good moral character may
apiiear as the agent or the attorney in fact of an applicant,
upon filing a proper power of attomev. As the value of pat-
ents depends larj^ely upon the careful preparation of the spe-
cification and claims, the assistance of competent counsel will,
in most cases, be of advantage to the applicant, but the value
of their services will be proportioned to their skill and hon-
esty. So many persons have entered this profession of late
years without experience that too much care can not be exer-
cised in the selection of a competent man. The Patent Office
can riot assume responsibilitv for the acts of attorneys, nor
can it assist applicants in making a selection. It will, how-
ever, be a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the posses-
sion of special and peculiar facilities in the Office for pyrocur-
in^ patents in a shorter time or with more extended claims
than others. ^
-♦♦-
i-
irjrtr-.'f/.
i
i
i ,!
.;riuj.rq FORMS. . /odK !»♦!) ni li^sisju
, FORMS pw, PET1T10H9^ f jQi^ ^ArBUT^ru-.tth^': '
1 " By a Sole Imenibh ^^^''i' ; mof
\Ta thi Commissiomr of Patents : n; inonr^vgjT'T.,
! Your petitioner, a resident of— •, ^— ^^^-.'-f^^ttf^ 'thtit
lejtters-patent be granted to him for the inventibn set forth in
the annexed specification. r.vni ^uu,^ ^^h io! mn.!*
Ic u'j-;ji;5.>-.:it: 15). ■■ ^ .n'-'fA"' ft
A\ .k
A. B.
JSy yoint Inventors.
To the Commissioher of Patents 7
\ Your petitioners, residing respectively in . ^ . »« .. t ^. >> . ^,,^ , k^ \
and '■^— — — , — ' -, pray that letters-patent may be granted
to them^as joint Ihveiitors, for the inx^ntion set forth in the
annexed specification. -i 5/ ^"-v }>'•>..;
i b\r,.xn^m m\i m i^.ivS\ : '. ,■-■.■ bjni^i^o hr^sx v. A. B.
^ >v -■ c. D.
h--a
iOsiAadUUMa
I'V
FORMS.
6i
By an Inventor for Himself and an Assignee,
To the Commissioner of Patents : _ i* i — ^ , vi-
Your petitioner, a resident of , prays thai letters-pat-
ent may be granted to himself and C. D., of , as his
assignee, for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica-
tion, the assignment to the said C. D. having been duly
recorded in the Patent Office, in libei; -7, page — . A. B.
r .\ - For a Reissue t (by the Inventor.)
To the Commissioner of Patents :
Your petitioner, of — , — , prays that he may be
allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an improvement in
coal-scuttles, granted to him May 16, 187 .whereof he is now
JBole owner, [or, " whereof C. D., on whose behalf and with
whose assent this application is made, is now sole owner, by
assignment,"! and that letters-patent may be reissued to him,,
[or, " the said C. D.,"] for the same invention, upon the an-
nexed amended specification. Accompanying this petition is
an abstract of title, duly certified, as required in such cases.
j A. B.
Assent of Assignee to Reissue.
; The undersigned, assignee of the entire [or an undivided]
interest in the above-mentioned leitters-patent, hereby assents
io the accompanying application. C. D.
I For a Reissue, {by Assignee^
(To be used only when the inventor is dead, or the original
I patent Was issueid and assigtied priof to Jiily 8, 1870.)
tTo the Commissioner of Patents :
\ Your petitioners, of th^ eitypf-i- -, State of , pray
that they may be allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an
improvement in coal-scuttles, granted May 16, 187 , to E. F.,.
how deceased, whereof they are now owners, by assignment,
of th^ entire intcjrest, , and the lettcrsrpatent may be reissued
to them for the same invention, upon the annexed amended
speci$c9tion. Accompanying this petition is an abstract of
title, duly certified, as re;£iuired in sucl^, cases. A. B.
I For Letters-Patent for a Design,
To-the<Jop^mission.eraf Patents :
Your petitipner, residing in t— — ^*—^. — ^, prays that
letters-patent may be granted to him for the terra of threq
and one half years [or "seven years," or ''iourteen years^'l,
for the new and original design set forth in the annexed
specrfic^on. . _ A. B.
i.UJ.-i.. ii- -,
r...i
^
^
FORMS.
.For the Registration of a T^a^e-Mark,
TV? the Commissioner of Patents :
• Your petitioners respectfully represent that the firm of
A. B., C. D, & Co. is engaged in the manufacture of woven
fabrics at , , and at , , and that the
said fifm is entitled to the exclusive use, upon the class of
goods which they manufacture, of the trade-mark described in
the annexed statement or specification, [and accompanying
fac-simile.']
They therefore pray that they may be permitted to obtain
protection for such lawful trade-mark under the law i^ such
qases made and provided..
•)7.,
\V^- •■.']/;
A. B., C. D. & Co.,
By A. B.
Petition with Power of Attorney.
Tdt the Commissioner of Patents :
-Your petitioner, a resident of the city of — ; , State of:
— , prays. that letters-patent may be 4 anted to him for'
t|i^ inyei]Ltion set forth in the annexed SP^cjfication ; and he
l^ereiby appoints CD., of the city of - .'.., '.. /State of — , ;
I his attorney, with full power of substitution and reyocation,^
; to prosecute this application, to make alterations and" amend-*
ments therein, to receive the patent, and to transact all
business in the Patent Office connected therewith.
Y a '.■■
.^>',
Po2aer of Attorney.
*"If the power of attorney be given at anytime other than •
thUt of makiftg application for patent, it Will be in substan-
tially t?r6^ following form : " ' '^! *-'-
to the Commissioner of Patents : '"^^ *\ , — •''*~''^!
The underiSigned havmg, on or about the 20th day of July,
187, , made application for letters-patent for an improvement
in 3, , horse-power hereby appoints C. D., of the city of
-*— — , State of — , his attorney, with fulLpower of sub-
stitution arid revocation, to prosecute said application, to.
make alterations and amendments therein, to receive the
patent," and to transact all business in the Patent Office con-^
nected therewith.
Signed at ■ , and State of—— — , this day of*
I ■^nr-fi-i ^y8-»v^- ■' • A. B. '
■rr
■ f-
FORMS.
63
Revocdtion of Power of Attorney.
The undersigned having, on 6f about the 26th day of
December, 187 , appointed C. D., of the city of , anc}
State of — — — , his attorney to prosecute an application for
letters pat-jnt, made on or about the ist day of June, 1868,
f6r an improvement in the running-gear of wagons, her(^^
revokes the power of attorney then given. m< a- ,'h< .. .r.
Signed at -, , this 21st day of July, 187 . iii.j.i'
mi?A<\fy n^ h'^YA<M-y)„ SPECIFICATION. ^/r
To all whom it may concern : '
Be it known that I, [here insert the name of the inventor,]
of , in the county of , and State of , have
invented a new and useful improvement in saw-toothing
machines, which improvement is fully set forth in the follow-
ing specification, reference being had to the accompanying
drawings: ,
The object of my invention is to rapidly form, on the blade
of a hand-saw, teeth gradually decreasing in size from the
broad to the narrow end of tiic ulade, by the combination, in
a $aw -toothing machine, 6f a tapering barrel, E, and a
chain, or its; equivalent, with rollers, a <2', for feeding, or
with a slide for carrying the blade A, as shown in the per-
spective view. Fig. J, of the accompanying drawing.
The machine is illustrated more in detail in the plane view.
Fig. 3, and in the veiftical section, Fig. 2, in which it has not'
been deemed necessary to show the driving mechanism.
The blade is held by and between the two upper rollers a d
(the Utter being a feed roller), and two lower rollers b b\ and
is m ide to traverse in the direction of the arrow, at a gradually
decreasing speed, by causing a barrel, D, to unwind a chain
or its equivalent from a tapering barrel, E, on the shaft B. The
several shafts have their , bearings in a simple frame, H, the
front portion h of the latter forming a table, which, in con-
junction with the lower rollers, supports the blade, as the*
lattet^ is tattised tb travefse with its edges in contact with, the
adjustable jgiiidesy^, on the frame. In this table is a fixed
die or anvu, f, on which the blade bears, and in which is a
triangttlar i|otch, correspondin|f in shape to a punch, e, on a
rapioly reVt>lving disk, G. '■' j' ' ,i?/f k >■/ aiijro^/j;
As the blade moves at a gfadually decreasing speed in the
direction of the arrow, the punch wfll strike triangular pieces
ffom its edge, and the result will be the formation of the de*
sired graduate-^ teeth.
It will be evident that the driving-barrel, D, may be taper-
ing, and the barrel, E, cylindrical, or that both barrels may
64
FORMS.
be tapering, and arranged to feed gradually faster instead of
gradually slower, with the same result, and that the blade
may be clamped to a guided sliding-bed, controlled by a ta-
mpering barrel and cord or chain.
I claim as my invention —
The combination in a saw-toothing machine, substantially
as described, of a tapering barrel and chain, with a roller for
feeding the blade. A. B.
Witnesses : C. D.
E. F.
AFFIDAVIT OF INVENTION.
State
A. B.
OF
By a Sole Inventor,
(To follow specification.)
County of-
ss.
the above-named petitioner, being duly sworn (or
affirmed), deposes and says that he verily felieves himself to
be the original and first inventor of the improvement in seed-
drills described and claimed in the foregoing specification ;
that he does not know and does not believe that the same
was ever before known or used ; and that he is a citizen of
, and a resident of . ^t y"J-J^'>J 't .'>v. a. B.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of March,
187 . CD., Justice of ike Peace.
[If the applicant be an alien, the sentence " and that he is
a citizen of the United States" will be omitted, and in lieu
thereof will be substituted " and that he is a citizen of the
Republic cf Mexico," or "and that he is a subject of the
King of Italy," or "of the Queenof Great Britain," or as the
case may be. ^.j, .,,, ,
If the applicaiits claim \6\itj6inf inventors, the oath will
read "that they verily believe themselves to be the original,
first, and joint inventors," etc. x-'^a^h a-A', .m vw.
If the inventor be dead, the oath will btf takert by the ad-
ministrator or executor, and will declare his belief that the
party named as inventor was the original and first inventor.]
Trade- Mark Affidavit,] Xnoin^^fii^
■lfA\
Cottnty of-
55,
a
■:i u.
f,
State of
A. B., being duly sworn, deposes and says
member of the firm of A. B., C. D. & Co., above
thdt he is a
named :
that he verily believes that said firm has the right to the use
of the trade-mark described in the foregoing specification,
and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right
to such use, either in the identical form or having such near
resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive ; and
rORMS.
65
that the description and lac-simile presented for record are
true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected, and
Jthat he resides in , and all the other members of the
firm reside at , in the State of ; and that they
are all domiciled in
and are citizens of ■
A. B.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 15th day of July,
187 . E. F., Justice of the Peace.
PETITION FOR CAVEAT.
The petition of A. B., of , in the county of J
and State of , respectfully represents :
That he has made certain improvements in velocipedes,'
and that he is now engaged in making experiments for the
fmrpose of perfecting the same, preparatory to applying for
etters-patent therefor. He therefore prays that the subjoined
description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the
confidential archives of the Patent Office. A. B.
. SPECIFICATION (/or Cawfl/). •->>::
The following is a description of my newly-invented veldd-
pede, which is as full, clear, and exact as I am able at this
time to give, reference being had to the drawing hereto an-
nexed.
This invention relates to that class of velocipedes in which'
there are two wheels connected by a beam forming a saddle
for the rider, the feet being applied to cranks that revolve the
front wheel.
The object of my invention is to render it unnecessary io
turn the front wheel so much as heretofore, and at the same
time to facilitate the turning of sharp curves. This I accom-
plish by fitting the front and the hind wheels on vertical piv-
Qts, and connecting them by pieans of a diagonal bar, as
shown in the drawing, so that the turning of the front wheel
also turns the back wheel with a position at an angle with the
beams, thereby enabling it easily to turn a curve.
In the drawing, A is the front wheel, B the hind wheel, arid
C the standards extending from the axle of the front wheel
to the vertical pivot a in the beam b, and D is the cross-bar
upon the end oia, by which the steering is done. The hind
wheel B is also fitted with jaws c and a vertical pivot, //.
, .Witnesses; C. D. A. fi. ;
• - • ^ Y. • '•-^-^?: '
. f The form of oath will be substantially that provided fdr
original applications, except that, as a caveat can only bei
filed by a citizen, or an alien who has resided for one year!
last past in the United States, and made oath of his intention!
to becoine a citizen, the oath should be modified accordingly.]!
66
FORMS.
ASSIGNMENTS.
0/ an undivided Fractional Interest in an Inven-
vit f'- Hon before the Issue of Letters-Patent.
In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by C. D., of
I do hereby sell and assign to said C. D. an undi-
vided half of all my right, title, and interest in and to a cer-
tain invention in ploughs, as fully set forth and described in
the specification which I have prepared [if the apphcation
has been already made, say " and filed "] preparatory to ob-
taining letters-patent of the United States therefor. And I
do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Pat-
ents to issue the said letters-patent jointly to myself and the
said C. D., our heirs and assigns.
Witness my hand and seal this th day of February, 187
In presence of
, A. B.
Of the Entire Interest in Letters- Patent,
In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by
C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said
C. D. all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters-
patent of the United States No. 41,806, for an improvement
in locomotive head-lights, granted to me July 30, 187 , the
same to be held and enjoyed by the said C. D. to the full
end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, as
fully and entirely as the same would have been held and en-
joyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made.
Witness my hand and seal this th day of January, 187 .
In presence of A. B.
Of an Undivided Interest in the LetterS'Patent and
Extension thereof.
In consideration of one thousand dollars, to me paid by
C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said C. D.
one undivided fourth part of all my right, title, and interest
in and to the letters-patent of the United States No. 10,485,
for an improvement in cooking-stoves, granted to me May
16, 187 ; the same to be held and enjoyea by the said C. D.
to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are
granted, and for the term of any extension thereof, as fully
and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed
by me if this assignment and sale ha-' not been made.
Witness my hand and seal this th day of June, 187 .
In presence of A. B.
FORMS.
H
Exclusive Territorial Grant by an Assignee,
In consideration of one thousand dollars, to mc paid by
C. D., of , I do hereby grant and convey to the said
C. D. the exclusive right to make, use, and vend within the
State of , and in no other place or places, the improve-
ment in corn-planters for which letters-patent of the United
States, dated August 15, 187 , were granted to E. P'., and by
said E. F. assigned to me December 3, 1P7 , by an assign-
ment duly recorded in liber X', p. 416, of tne records of the
Patent Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said
C. D. as fully and entirely as the same would have been held
and enjoyed by me if this grant had not been made.
Witness my hand and seal this th day of March, 187 . *
A. B. >
License — Shop-Right ,
In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm of
S. J. & Co., of , I do hereby license and empower the
said S. J. & Co. to manufacture, at a single foundry and ma-
chine-shop in said , and in no other place or places,
the improvement in cotton-seed planters for which letters-
patent of the United States No. 71,846 were granted to me
November 13, 187 , and to sell the machines so itianufactured
throughout the United States to the full end 01' the term for -
which said letters-patent are granted.
Witness my hand and seal this d day of April, 187 ,
A. B.
License — not exclusive — luith Royalty.
This agreement, made this 12th day of September, 187 ,
between A. B., of , party of the first part, and the
Uniontown Agricultural Works of , party of the second
part, witnesseth, that, whereas letters-patent of the United
States for an improvement in horse-rakes were granted to the
party of the first part, dated October 4, 187 ; and whereas
the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing
horse-rakes containing said patented improvement : now,
therefore, the parties have agreed as follows : . r
I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers
the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the
conditions hereinafter named, at their factory in , and
in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which
said letters-patent were granted, horse-rakes containing the
patented improvements, and to sell the same within the
United States. "aai'W '
II. The party of the second part agrees to make mil and
68
FORMS.
true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon
the first days of July and January in each year, of all horse-
rakes containing the patented improvements manufactured
by them.
III. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party
of the first part five dollars, as a license-fee upon every
horse-rake manufactured by said party of the second part
containing the patented improvements; provided, that if the
said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-an-
nual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty
per cent shall be made from said fee for prompt payment.
IV, Upon a failure of the party of the second part to make
returns, or to make payment of license-fees, as herein pro-
vided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party
of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written
notice upon the party of the second part ; but the party of the
second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liabil-
ity to the party of the first part for any license-fees due at the
time of the service of said notice.
In witness whereof the parties above named (the said Un-
iontown Agricultural Works, by its president) have hereunto
set their hands the day and year first above written.
In presence of A. B.
U. A. W,
Transfer of a Trade-Mark.
We, A. B. and C. D., of , partners under the firm
name of B. & D., in consideration of five hundred dollars to
us paid by E. F.,of the same place, do hereby sell, assign,
and transfer to the said E. F. and his assigns the exclusive
right to use in the manufacture and sale of stoves a certain
trade-mark for stoves deposited by us in the United States
Patent Office, and recorded therein July 15, 1870; the same
to be held, enjoyed, and used by the said E. F., as fully and
entirely as the same would have been held and enjpypd by
us if this grant had not been made. hixr.
Witness our hands this 20th day of July, 187 .loi-v^nrj,
In presence of ' . A» B.
CD.
Messrs. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, make it a
part of their business to prepa»"e and put on record assign-
ments and agreements relating to patents, trade-marks,
copyrights, etc.
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
69
THE
PATENT LAWS
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
REVISED STATUTES, FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, AP-
PROVED JUNE 22, 1874.
.-•-•-•-
ORGANIZATION OF THE PATENT OFFICE— SALARIES —
POWERS OF THE COMMISSIONER— PRINTING OF PAT-
ENTS, ETC.
Title XL, Rev. Stat., sec. 440, p. 74:
T^^ere shall be in the Department of the Interior
In the Patent Office :
One chief clerk, at a salary of two thousand five hundi'^d
dollars a year.
One examiner in charge of interferences, at a salary of two
thousand five hundred dollars a year.
One examiner in charge of trade-m*rks, at a salary of two
thousand five hundred dollars a year.
Twenty-four principal examiners, at a salary of two thou-
sand five hundred dollars a year each.
Twenty-four first assistant examiners, at a salary of one
thousand eight hundred dollars a year each.
Twenty-four second assistant examiners (two of whom may
be women), at a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars a
year each.
Twenty-four third assistant examiners, at a salary of one
thousanci four hundred dollars a year each.
One librarian, at a salary of two thousand dollars a year.
One machinist, at a salary of one thousand six hundred
dollars a year.
Three skilled draughtsmen, at a salary of one thousand
two hundred dollars a vear each.
1 * .:
70
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
}r.
••-r, ■■•.*■• ''!"•-*;
it ~^,->
Thirty-five copyists of drawings, at a salary of one thou-
sand dollars a year each.
One messenger and purchasing clerk, at a salary of one
thousand dollars a year. . rnO )n^l»)'l < '; "] '
One skilled laborer, at a salary of one tnoiisana two niin-
dred dollars a year.
^ Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of one
thousand dollars a year each.
Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of nine
hundred dollars a year each.
Sec. 475. There shall be in the Department of the Interior
an office known as the Patent Office, where all records, books,
models, drawings, specifications, and other papers and
things pertaining to patents shall be safely kept and pre-
served.
Sec. 476. There shall be in the Patent Ofiice a Commis-
sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three
examiners-in-chief, who shall be appointed by the President,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. .AH other
officers, clerks, and employes authorized by law for the Office
shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon the
nomination of the Commissioner of Patents.
Sec. 477. The salaries of the officers mentioned in the prt^
ceding section shall be as follows :
The Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hundred
dollars a year.
The Assistant Commissioner Qf,.Pa,tents, , tl^iree , thousand
dollars a year. ; , ; , rf . ,:;; -^ , ; r i^-i-r--
Three examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars a year
each.
Sec. 478. The seal^,;heretofore provided for the Patent
Office shall be the seal of the Office, with which letters-patent
and papers issued from the Office shall be authenticated.
Sec. 479. The Commissioner of Patents and the chief
clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall severally give
bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States,
the former in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and the latter
in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faith-
ful discharge of their respective duties, and that they shall
render to the proper officers of the Treasury a true account of
all money received by virtue of their offices.
Sec. 480. All officers and employes of the Patent Office
shall be incapable, during the period for which they hold
their appointments, to acquire or take, directly or indirectly,
except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest in any
patent issued by the Office.
Sec. 481. The Commissioner of Patents, under the direc-
1
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
71
tion of the Secretary of the Interior, shall superintend or per-
form all duties respecting the granting and issuing ot patents
directed by law ; and he shall have charge of all books,
records, papers, models, machines, and other things belong-
ing to the Patent Office.
Sec. 482. The examiners-in-chief shall be persons of com-
petent legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it
shall be, on the written petition of the appellant, to revise
and determine upon the vahdity of the adverse decisions of
examiners upon applications for patents, and for reissues of
patents, and in interference cases; and, when required by
the Commissioner, they shall hear and report upon claim's
for extensions, and perform such other like duties as he may
assign them.
Sec. 483. The Commissioner of Patents, subject to the
approval of the Secretary of the interior, may from time to
time establish regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the
conduct of proceedings in the Patent Office.
Sec. 484. The Commissioner of Patents shall cause to be
classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the rooms and
galleries provided for that purpose, models, specimens of
composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, and designs,
which have been or shall be deposited in the Patent Office ;
and the rooms and galleries shall be kept open during suit-
able hours for public inspection.
Sec. 485. Tne Commissioner of Patents may restore to
the respective applicants such of the models belonging to
rejected applications as he shall not think necessary to be
preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them after
the application has been finally rejected for one year, paying
the proceeds into the Treasury, as other patent moneys are
directed to be paid.
Sec. 486, There shall be purchased for the use of the
Patent Office a library of such scientific works and periodi-
cals, both foreign ana American, as may aid the officers in
the discharge of their duties, not exceeding the amount
annually appropriated for that purpose.
Sec. 487. For gross misconduct the Commissioner of
Patents may refuse to recognize any person as a patent
agent, either generally or in any particular case ; but the
reasons for such refusal shall be duly recorded, and be sub-
ject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior.
Sec. 488. The Commissioner of Patents may require all
papers filed in the Patent Office, if not correctly, Jegibly, and
clearly written, to be printed at the cost of the party filing
them.
Sec. 489. The Commissioner of Patents may print, or
72
PATENT lXWS of 1 874.
cause to be printed, copies of the claims of current issues,
and copies of such laws, decisions, regulations, and circulars
as may be necessary for the information of the public.
Sec. 490. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to
have printed, from time to time, for gratuitous distribution,
not to exceed one hundred and fifty copies of the complete
specifications and drawings of each patent hereafter issued,
together with suitable indexes, one copy to be placed for
free public inspection in each capitol of every State and
Territory, one for the like purpose in the clerk's office of
the di; rict court of each judicial district of the United
States, except when such offices are located in State or
Territorial capitols, and one in the Library of Congress,
which copies shall be certified under the hand of the Com-
missioner and seal of the Patent Office, and shall not be
taken from the depositories for any other purpose than to be
used as evidence.
Sec. 491. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to
have printed such additional numbers of copies of specifica-
tions and drawings, certified as provided in the preceding
section, at a price not to exceed the contract price for such
drawings, for sale, as may be warranted by the actual
demand for the same ; and he is also authorized to furnish
a complete set of such specifications and drawings to any
public library which will pay for binding the same into
volumes to correspond with those in the Patent Office, and
for the transportation of the same, and which shall also
provide for proper custody for the same, with convenient
access for the public thereto, under such regulations as the
Commissioner shall deem reasonable.
Sec. 492. The lithographing and engraving required by
the two preceding sections shall be awarded to tne lowest
and best bidders for the interest of the Government, due
regard being paid to the execution of the work, after due
advertising by the Congressional Printer under the direction
of the Joint Committee oii Printing ; but the Joint Commit-
tee on Printing may empower the Congressional Printer to
make immediate contracts for engraving, whenever, in their
opinion, the exigencies of the public service will not justify
waiting for advertisement and award ; or if, in the judgment
of the Joint Committee on Printing, the work can be per-
formed under the direction of the Commissioner of Patents
more advantageously than in the manner above prescribed,
it shall be so done, under such limitations and conditions as
the joint Committee on Printing may from time to time pre-
scribe.
Sec. 493. The price to be paid for uncertified printed
PATENT LAWS OP 1874.
73
copies of specifications and drawi gs of patents shall be de-
termined by the Commissioner of Patents, within the limits
of ten cents as the minimum and fifty cents as the maximum
price.
Sec. 494. The Commissioner of Patents shall lay before
Congress, in the month of January, annually, a report,
giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for pat-
ents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other
source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expenditures for
contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of all patents
which were granted during the preceding year, designating
under proper heads the subjects of such patents ; an alpha-
betical list of all the patentees, with their places of resi-
dence ; a list of all patents which have been extended during
the year; and such other information of the condition of
the Patent Office as may be useful to Congress or the public.
Sec. 495. The collections of the Exploring Expedition,
now in the Patent Office, shall be under the care and man-
agement of the Commissioner of Patents.
Sec. 496. All disbursements for the Patent Office shall
be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior Depart-
ment.
Title XIII., Rev. Stat., p. 168:
Sec. 571. [Refers to jurisdiction of certain district courts.]
Sec. 629. Clause 9. [The circuit courts have original juris-
diction] of all suits at law or in equity arising under the
patent or copyright laws of the United States.
Sec. 892. Written or printed copies of any records, books,
f)apers, or drawings belonging to the Patent Office, and of
etters patent authenticated by the seal and certified by the
Commissioner or Acting Commissioner thereof, shall be
evidence in all cases wherein the originals could be
evidence ; and any person making application therefor, and
paying the iee required by law, shall have certified copies
thereof. -'^ 5.:!i<'|
Sec. 893. Copies of the sp>ecifications and drawings of
foreign letters-patent, certified as provided in the preceding
section, shall be prima-facie evidence of the fact of the
granting of such letters-patent, and of the date and contents
thereof, t tu . ^
Sec. 8§4. The printed copies of specifications and draw-
ings of patents, which the Commissioner of Patents is
authorized to print for gratuitous distribution, and to deposit
in the capitols of the States and Territories, and in the
clerk's omces of the district courts, shall, when certified
by him and authenticated by the seal of his office, be
74
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
il jiii
received in all courts as evidence of all matters therein con-
tained.
Title XV., Rev. Stat., p. 261,
Sec. 1537. No patented article connected with marine
engines shall hereafter be purchased or used in connection
with any steam vessels of war until the same shall have been
submitted to a competent board of naval engineers, and
recommended by such board, in writing, for purchase and
use.
Title XVII. , Rev. Stat., p. 292:
Sec. 1673. No royalty shall be paid by the United States
to any one of its officers or employ^^ for the use of any
patent for the system, or any part thereof, mentioned in
the preceding section, nor for any such patent in which
said officers or employes may be directly or indirectly in-
terested.
Concerning Applications for, and Issue of, Patents,
Title LX., Rev. Stat., chap, i, p. 953:
Sec. 4883. All patents shall be issued in the name of the
United States of America, under the seal of the Patent
Office, and shall be signed by the Secretary of the Interior
and countersigned by the Commissioner of Patents, and
they shall be recorded, together with the specifications, in
the Patent Office, in books to be kept for that purpose.
Sec. 4884. Every patent shall contain a short title or
description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating
its nature and design, and a gjant to the patentee, his heirs
or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive
right to make, use, and vend the invention or discovery
throughout the United States, and the Territories thereof,
referring to the specirication for the particulars thereof. A
copy of the specification and drawings shall be annexed to
the patent and be a part thereof.
Sec. 4885. Every patent shall bear date as of a day not
later than six months from the time at which it was passed
and allowed and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or
his agent ; and if the final fee is not paid within that period,
the patent shall be withheld.
Sec. 4886. Any person who has invented or discovered
any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composi-
tion of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof,
not known nor use i by others in this country, and not pat-
ented or described in any printed publication in this or any
id
;i-
'f,
t-
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
75
foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof,
and not in public use or on sale for more than two years
Erior to his application, unless the same is proved to have
een abandoned, may upon payment of ^le fees required
by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent
therefor.
Sec. 4887. No person shall be debarred from receiving a
patent for his invention or discovery, nor shah any patent be
declared invalid, by reason of its having been first patented
or caused to be patented in a foreign country, unless the same
has been introduced into public use in the United States for
more than two years prior to the application. But every
patent granted for an invention whicn has been previously
patented in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire
at the same time vith the foreign patent, or, if there be
more than one, at the same time with the one having the
shortest term, and in no case shall it be in force more than
seventeen years.
Sec. 4888. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive
a patent for his invention or discovery, he shall make appli-
cation therefor, in writing, to the Commission 'T of Patents,
and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of the
same, and of the manner and process of making, construct-
ing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise,
and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or
science to which it appertains, or with which it is most
nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use
the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the
principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contem-
plated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from
other inventions ; and he shall particularly point out and dis-
tinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which
he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification
and claim shall be signed by the inventor and attested by
two witnesses.
Sec. 4889. When the nature of the case admits of draw-
ings, the applicant shall furnish one copy signed by the in-
ventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses,
which shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and a copy of the
drawing, to be furnished by the Patent Office, shall be at-
tached to the patent as a part of the specification.
Sec. 4890. When the invention or discovery is of a com-
position of matter, the applicant, if required by the Com-
missioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients and of the
composition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose of experi-
ment.
Sec. 4891. In all cases which admit of representation by
76
PATENT LAWS OF 1 874.
model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall
furnish a model of convenient size to exhibit advantageously
the several parts of his invention or discovery.
Sec. 4892. The applicant shall make oath that he does
verily believe himself to be the original and first inventor or
discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or
improvement for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not
know and does not believe that the same was ever before
known or 'ised ; and shall state of what country he is a citi-
zen. Such oath may be made before any person within the
United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or
when the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any
minister, chared d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent,
holding commission under the Government of the United
States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in
which the applicant may be.
SE(i. 4893. On the filing of any such application and the
payment of the fees required by law. the Commissioner of
Patents shall cause an examination to be made of the alleged
new invention or discovery; and if on such examination
it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to. a
patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently use-
ful and important, the Commissioner shall issue a patent
therefor.
Sec. 4894. All applications for patents shall be completed
and prepared for examination within two years after the
filing of the application, and in default thereof, or upon
failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within two
years after any action therein, of which notice shall have
been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as aban-
doned by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satis-
faction of the Commissioner of Patents that such delay was
unavoidable.
Patents may be issued to Assignees,
Sec. 4895. Patents may be granted and issued or reissued
to the assignee of the inventor or discoverer ; but the assign-
ment must first be entered of record in the Patent Office.
And in all cases of an application by an assignee for the
issue of a patent, the application shall be made and the
specification sworn to by the inventor or discoverer; and
in all cases of an appHcation for a reissue of any patent, the
application must be made and the corrected specification
signed by the inventor or discoverer, if he is living, unless
the patent was issued and the assignment made before the
eighth day of July, eighteen hundred and seventy.
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
77
Patents to the Heirs of Deceased Inventors,
Sec. 4896. When any person, having made any new in-
vention or discovery for which a patent might have been
g^ranted, dies before a patent is granted, the right of apply-
mg for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on his execu-
tor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the de-
ceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall
have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his
devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and con-
ditions as the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by
him in his lifetime ; and when the application is made by
such legal representatives, the oath or affirmation required
to be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by
them.
Renewal of Lapsed Cases.
Sec. 4897. Any person who has an interest in an invention
or discovery, whether as inventor, discoverer, or assignee,
for which a patent was ordered to issue upon the payment of
the final fee, but who fails to make payment thereof within
six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed
and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent,
shall have a right to make an application for a patent for
such invention or discovery the same as in the case of an
origmal application. But such second application must be
made within two years after the allowance of the original ap-
plication. But no person shall be held responsible in dam-
ages for the manufacture or use of any article or thing for
wnich a patent was ordered to issue under such renewed ap-
plication prior to the issue of the patent. And upon the
hearing of renewed applications preferred under this section,
abandonment shall be considered as a question of fact.
Assignment of Patents.
Sec. 4898. Every patent or any interest therein shall be
assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the pat-
entee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like man-
ner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to
the whole or any specified part of the United States. An as-
signment, grant, or conveyance shall be void as against any
subsequent purchaser or mort|jagee for a valuable conside-
ration, without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent
Office within three months from the date thereof.
78
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
Free Rights of Use,
Sec. 4899. Every person who purchases of the inventor,
or discoverer, or with his knowledge and consent constructs
any newly invented or discovered machine, or other patent-
able article, prior to the application by the inventor or dis-
coverer for a patent, or who sells or uses one so constructed,
shall have the right to use, and vend to others to be used,
the specific thing so made or purchased, without liability
theretOT.
Patented Articles to be Stamped,
Sec. 4900. It shall be the duty of all patentees, and their
assigns and legal representatives, and o\ all persons making
or vending any patented article for or under them, to give
sufficient notice to the public that the same is patented ;
either by affixing thereon the word " patented," together with
the day and year the patent was granted ; or when, from
the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to
it, or to the package wherein one or more of them is inclosed,
a label containing the like notice ; and in any suit for in-
tringement, by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall
be recovered by the plaintiff", except on proof that the defend-
ant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after
such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented.
Penalties for False Stamping,
Sec. 4901. Every person who, in any manner, marks upon
any thing made, used, or sold by him for which he has not
obtained a patent, the name or any imitation of the name of
any person who has obtained a patent therefor, without the
consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal representa-
tives ; or
Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any such
patented article the word "patent "or "patentee," or the
words "letters-patent," or any word of like import, with in-
tent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the pat-
entee, without having the license or consent of such patentee
or his assigns or legal representatives ; or
Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any unpat-
ented article the word " patent " or any word importing that
the same is patented, for the purpose of deceiving the public,
shall be liable, for every such offence, to a penalty of not less
than one hundred dollars, with costs ; one half of said penal-
ty to the person who shall sue for the same, and the other to
the use ci the United States, to be recovered by suit in any
district court of the United States within whose jupisdiction
such offence may have been committed.
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
79
Caveats.
Sec. 4902. Any citizen of the United States who makes
any new invention or discovery, and desires further time to
mature the same, may, on payment of the fees required by
law, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design
thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying
protection of his right until he shall have matured his inven-
tion. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives
of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative
for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if appli-
cation is made within the year by any other person for a pat-
ent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere,
the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification,
drawings, and model of such application in like manner in
the confidential archives of the office, and give notice there-
of, by mail, to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If
such person desires to avail himself of his caveat, he shall
file his description, specifications, drawings, and model
within three months from the time of placing the notice in
the post-office in Washington, with the usual time required
for transmitting it to the caveator added thereto ; which time
shall be indorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privi-
lege herein granted, if he has resided in the United States
one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has
made oath of his intention to becdme a citizen.
Rejected Cases,
Sec. 4903. Whenever, on examination, any claim for a
patent is reiected, the Commissioner shall notify the appli-
cant thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejection,
together with such information and references as may be
useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his applica-
tion or of altering his specification ; and if, after receiving
such notice, the applicant persists in his claim for a patent,
with or without altering his specifications, the Commissioner
shall order a re-examination of the case.
Interferences,
Sec. 4904. Whenever an application is made for a patent
which, in the opinion of the Commissioner, would interfere
with any pending application, or with any unexpired patent,
he shall give notice thereof to the applicants, or applicant
and patentee, as the case may be, and shall direct the pri-
mary examiner to proceed to determine the quesdon of pri-
ority of invention. And the Commissioner may issue a pat-
ent to the parly who is adjudged the prior inventor, unless
the adverse party appeals from the decision of the primary
examiner, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case
may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the
Commissioner shall prescribe.
Relatmg- to Witnesses.
Sec. 4905. The Commissioner of Patents may establish
rules for taking affidavits and depositions required in cases
pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits and depo-
sitions may be taken before any officer authorized by law to
take depositions to be used in thvj courts of the United States,
or of the State where the officer resides.
Sec. 4906. The clerk of any court of the United States,
for any district or Territory wherein testimony is to be taken
for use in any contested case pending in the Patent Office,
shall, upon the application of any party thereto, or of his
agent or attorney, issue a subpoena for any witness residing
or being within such district or Territory, commanding him
*o appear and testify before any officer in such district or
Territory authorized' to take depositions and affidavits, at
any time and place in the subpcjena stated. But no witness
shall be required to attend at any place more than forty miles
from, the place where the subpoena is served upon him.
Sec. 4907. Every witness duly subpoenaed and in attend-
ance shall be allowed the same fees as are allowed to wit-
nesses attending the courts of the United States.
Sec. 4908. Whenever any witness, after being duly served
with such subpoena, neglects or refuses to appear, or after
appearing refuses to testify, the judge of the court whose
clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such neglect or
refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or punish the dis-
obedience as in other like cases. But no witness shall be
guilty of contempt for disobeying such subpoena, unless his
fees a.nd travelling expenses in going to, returning from, and
one day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid
or tendered him at the time of the ^^ervice of the subpoena ;
nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery
made or owned by himself.
Appeals.
Sec. 4909. Every applicant for a patent or for the reissue
for a patent, any of the claims of which have been twice re-
jected, and every party to an interference, may appeal from
the decision of tne primary examiner, or of the examiner in
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
81
charge of interferences in such case, to the board of exam-
iners-in-chief; having once paid the fee for such appeal.
Sec. 4910. If such party is dissatisfied with the decision of
the cxaminers-in-chief, he may, on payment of the fee pre-
scribed, appeal to the Commissioner in person.
Sec. 4911. If such party, except a party to an interference,
is dissatisfied with the decision of the Commissioner, he may
appeal to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia,
sitting in banc.
Sec. 4912. When an appeal is taken to the Supreme Court
of the District of Columbia, the appellant shall give notice
thereof to the Commissioner, and file in the Patei.'t Office,
within such time as the Commissioner shall Pppoint, his
reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writing.
Sec. 4913. The court shall, before hearing such appeal,
give notice to the Commissioner of the time and place of
the hearing, and on receiving such notice the Commissioner
shall give notice of such time and pla : in such manner as
the court may pi escribe, to all parties who appear to be in-
terested therein. The party appealing shall lay before the
court certified copies of all the original ] pers and evidence
in the case, and the Commissioner shall furnish the court
with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in writing,
touching all the points involved by the reasons of appeal.
And at the request of any party interested, or of the court,
the Commissioner and the examiners may be examined
under oadi, in explanation of the principles of the thing for
which a patent is demanded.
Sec. 4914. The court, on petition, shall hear and deter-
mine such -appeal, and revise the decision appealed from in
a summary vvay, on the evidence produced before the Com-
missioner, at such early and convenient time as the court
may appoint; and the revision shall be confined to the
points set forth in the reasons of appeal. After hearing the
case the court shall return to the Commissioner a certificate
of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered of
record in the Patent Office, and shall govern the further
proceedings in the case. But no opinion or decision of the
court in any such case shall preclude any person interested
from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any
court wherein the same may be called in question.
Sec. 4915. Whenever a patent on application is refused,
either by the Commissioner of Patents or by the Supreme
Court of the District of Columbia upon appeal from the
Commissioner, the applicant may have remedy by bill in
equity ; and the court having cognizance thereof, on notice
to adverse parties and other due proceedings had, may ad-
82
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
'rll
judge that such applicant is entitled, according to law, to
receive a patent for his invention, as specified in his claim,
or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may appear.
And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the
applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such
patent on the applicant filing in the Patent Office a copy of
the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the require-
ments of law. In all cases, where there is no opposing
party, a copy of the bill shall be served on the Commis-
sioner ; and all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid
by the applicant, whether the final decision is in his favor
or not.
REISSUES.
Sec. 4916. Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid,
by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by
reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or
discovery more than \iC !iad a right to claim as new, if the
error has arisen b) inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and
without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commis-
sioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the pay-
ment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for
the same invention, and in accordance w'th the corrected
spscification, to be issued to the patentee, or, "n the case of
his death or of an assignment of the whole or any undivided
part of the original patent, then to his executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term of the
original patent. Such surrender shall take effect upon the
issue of the amended patent. The Commissioner may, in
his discretion, cause several patents to be issued for dis-
tinct and separate parts of the thing patented, upon demand
of the applicant, and upon payment of the required fee for
a reissue for each of such reissued letters-patent. The
specifications and claim in every such case shall be subject
to revision and restricdon in the same manner as original
applications are. Every patent so reissued, together with
the corrected specification, shall have the same effect and
operation in law, on the trial of all actions for causes there-
after arising, as if the same had been originally filed in
such corrected form ; but no new matter shall be intro-
duced into the specification, nor in case of a machine
patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except
each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor
drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfiictory
to the Conjmissioner that such new matter or amendment
was a part of the original invention, and was omitted from
the specification by inadveitence, accident, or mistake, as
aforesaid.
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
83
DISCLAIMERS.
Sec. 4917. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or
mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention,
a patentee has claimed more than that of which he was the
original or first inventor or discoverer, his patent shall be
valid for all that part which is truly and justly his own,
provided the same is a material or substantial part of the
thing patented ; and any such patentee, his heirs or assigns,
whether of the whole or any sectional interest therein, may,
on payment of the fee required by law, make disclaimer
of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose
to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment,
stating therein the extent of his interest in such patent.
Such disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one o: more
witnesses, and recorded in the Patent Ofi^ce ; and it shall
thereafter be considered as part of the origmal specification
to the extent of the interest possessed by the claimant and
by those claiming under him after the record thereof. But
no such disclaimer shall affect any action pending at the
time of its being filed, except so far as may relate to the
question ol unreasonable neglect or delay in filing it.
INTERFERING PATENTS.
Sec. 4918. Whenever there are interfering patents, any
person interested in any one of them, or in the working of
the invention claimed under either of them, may have relief
against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested
under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the inter-
fering patent ; and the court, on notice to adverse parties,
and other due proceedings had according to the course of
equity, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void
in whol2 01 in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu-
lar pa: of the United States, according to the interest of
the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But
no such judgment or adjudication shall affect the right of
any person except the parties to the suit and those deriv-
ing title under them subsequent to the rendition of such
judgment.
INFRINGEMENTS.
Sec. 4919. Damages for the infringement of any patent
may be recovered by action on the case, in the name of the
party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or grantee.
And whenever in any such action a verdict is rendered for
the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon for any
sum above the amount found by the verdict as the actual
84
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
damages sustained, according to the circumstances of the
case, not exceeding three times the amount of such verdict,
together with the costs.
Sec. 4920. In any action for infringement the defendant
may plead the general issue, and having given notice in
writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before,
may prove, on trial, any one or more of the following special
matters :
First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the
description and specification filed by the patentee in the
Patent Ofitice was made to contain less than the whole truth
relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is neces-
sary to produce the desired effect ; or.
Second. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained
the patent for that which was in fact invented by another,
who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect-
ing the same ; or,
Third. That it had been patented or described in some
printe*^ publication prior to his supposed invention or dis-
covery thereof ; or, n-i ■ *
Fourth. That he was not the original and firsi: inventor
or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the
thing patented ; or,
Ftfth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this
country for more than two years before his application for
a patent, or had been abandoned to the public.
And in notices as to prcof of previous invention, knowl-
edge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state
the names of patentees and the dates of their patents,
and when granted, and the names and residences of the
persons alleged to have invented, or to have had the prior
Knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom
it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat-
ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment
shall be rendered for him with costs. And the like defences
may be pleaded in any suit in equity for relief against an
alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same may be given
upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and with the
like effect. - .;>•• ;, v j ,!:.;
Sec. 4921. The several courts vested with jurisdiction of
cases arising under the patent laws shell have power to
grart injuncdons accordinp- lO the course and principles of
court:* of equity, to prevent the violation of any right
secured by p-^tent, on such terms as the court Tiay deem
reasonable ; r.nd upon a decree being rendered in any such
case for an infringement, the complainant shall be entitled to
recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted for by
m
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
8s
the delendant, the damages the complainant has sustained
thereby ; and the court shall assess the same or cause the
same to be assessed under its direction. And the court
shall have the same power to increase such damages, in its
discretion, as is given to increase the damages found by
verdicts in actions in the nature of actions of trespass upon
the case.
Sec. 4922. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or
mistake, and without any wilful default or intent to defraud
or mislead the public, a patentee has, in his specification,
-claimed to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of
any material or substantial part of the thing patented, of
which he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer,
every such patentee, his executors, administrators, and as-
signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the
patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity, for the in-
fringement of any part thereof, which was bona fide his own,
if it is a material and substantial part of the thing patented,
and definitely distinguishable from the parts claimed without
right, notwithstanding the specifications may embrace more
than that of which the patentee was the first inventor or dis-
coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or de-
cree shall be rendered for the plaintiff no costs shall be
recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at
the Patent Office before the commencement of the suit. But
no patentee shall be entitled to the benefits of this section if
he has unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter a dis-
claimer.
Sec. 4923. Whenever it appears that a patentee, at the
time of making his application for the patent, believed him-
self to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the
thing patented, the same shall not be held to be void on
account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof,
having been known or used in a foreign country, before his
invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been patented or
described in a printed publication.
Sec. 4928. The benefit of the extension of a patent shall
extend to the assignees and grantees of the right to use the
thing patented, to the extent of their interest therein.
PATENTS FOR DESIGNS.
Sec. 4929. Any person who, by his own industry, genius,
efforts, and expense, has invented and produced any new and
original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo,
or bas-reliei ; any new and original design for the printincr of
woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and original
impression, ornament, patent, [pattern,] print, or picture to be
'**V«fe^.:
f>m-
86
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into
any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original
shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the
same not having been known or used by others before his in-
vention or production thereof, or patented or described in any
printed publication, may, upon payment of the fee piescribea,
and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven-
tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor.
Sec. 4930, The Commissioner may dispense with models
of designs when the design can be sufficiently represented by
drawings or photographs.
Sec. 4931. Patents for designs maybe granted for the term
of three years and six months, or for seven years, or forfopr-
teen years, as the applicant may, in his application, elect.
Sec. 4932. Patentees of designs issued prior to the second
day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, shall be en-
titled to extension of their respective patents for the term of
seven years, in the same manner and under the same restric-
tions as are provided for the extension of patents for inven-
tions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March,
eighteen hundred and sixty-one.
Sec. 4933. All the regulations and provisions which apply
to obtaining or protecting patents for inventions or discov-
eries not inconsistent with the provisions of this title, shall
apply to patents for designs.
OFFICIAL FEES.
Sec. 4934. The following shall be the rates for patent fees :
On filing each original application for a patent, except in
design cases, fifteen dollars.
On issuing each original patent, except in design cases,
twenty dollars.
In design cases : For three years and six months, ten dol-
lars ; for seven years, fifteen dollars ; for fourteen years, thirty
dollars.
On filing each caveat, ten dollars.
On every application for the reissue of a patent thirty
dollars.
On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars.
On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty
dollars.
On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol-
lars.
On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners
to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars.
On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com-
missioner, twenty dollars.
-s,
rty
Ifty
lol-
;rs
im-
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
87
For certified copies of patents and other papers, including
certified printed copies, ten cents per hundred words.
For recording every assignment, agreement, power of
attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under,
one dollar; of over tiiree hundred and under one thousand
words, two dollars ; of over one thousand words, three dol-
lars.
For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making
them.
Sec. 4935. Patent fees may be paid to the Commissioner
of Patents, or to the Treasurer or any of the assistant treas-
urers of the United States, or to any of the designated de-
positaries, national banks, or receivers of public money,
designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that pur-
pose ; and such officer shall give the depositor a receipt or
certificate of deposit therefor. All money received at the
Patent Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatever,
shall be paid into the Treasury as received, without any de-
duction whatever.
Sec. 4936. The Treasurer of the United States is author-
ized to pay back any sum or sums of money to any person
who has through mistake paid the same into the Treasury, or
to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the Treasury,
as for fees accruing at the Patent Office, upon a certificate
thereof being made to the Treasurer by the Commissioner of
Patents.
REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS.
Title LX., Rev. Stat., Chap. 2, p. 963.
Sec. 4937. Any person or firm domiciled in the United
States, and any corporation created by the authority of the
United States, or of any State or Territory thereof, and any
person, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any
foreign country which by treaty or convention affords similar
privileges to citizens ol the United States, and who are en-
titled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or who
intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive use
within the United States, may obtain protection for such
lawful trade-mark by complying with the following require-
ments :
/^/>j/. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office a
statement specifying the names of the parties, and their
residences and place of business, who desire the protection
of tke trade-mark ; the class of merchandise, and the par-
ticular description of goods comprised in such class, by wnich
the trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated ; a
description of the trade-mark itself, with faC'Similes thereof.
38
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
or is intended to be
time, if any, during
showing the mode in which it has been
applied and used; and the length of
which the trade-mark has been in use.
Second. By making payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars
in the same manner and for the same purpose as the fee re-
quired for patents.
Third. By complying with such regulations as maybe pre-
scribed by the Commissioner of Patents.
Sec. 4938. The certificate prescribed by the preceding sec-
tion must, in order to create any right whatever in favor of
the party filing it, be accompanied by a written declaration
verified by the person, or by some member of the firm or
officer of the corporation by whom it is filed, to the effect that
the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right
to the use of the same, and that no other person, firm, or
corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical
form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be
calculated to deceive ; and that the description OiW^ facsimiles
presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought
to be protected.
Sec. 4939. The Commissioner of Patents shall not receive
and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and can not
become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of
a person, firm, or corporation unaccompanied by a mark
sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when used by
other persons, or which is identical with a trade-mark appro-
priate to the same class of merchandise, and belonging to a
different owner, and already registered or received for regis-
tration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned
trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public. But this
section shall not prevent the registry of any lawful trade-
mark rightfully in use on the eighth day of July, eighteen
liundred and seventy.
Sec. 4940. The time of the receipt of any trade-mark at
the Patent Office for registration shall be noted and recorded.
Copies of the trade-mark and of the date of the. receipt
thereof, and of the statement filed therewith, under the seal
of the Patent Office, certified by the Commissioner, shall be
evidence in any suit in which such trade-mark shall be brought
in controversy.
Sec. 4941. A trade-mark registered as above prescribed
shall remain in force for thirty years from the date of such
registration ; except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed
for and applied to articles not manufactured in this country
and in which it receives protecMon under the laws of any
foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it shall
cease to have any force in this country by virtue of this act
at
led,
npt
;eal
be
ght
itry
any
hall
act
PATENT LAWS OF 1874.
89
at the same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere. Such
trade-mark during the period that it remains in force shall
entitle the person, firm or corporation registering the same
to the exclusive use thereof so far as regards the description
of goods to which it is appropriated in the statement filed
xmder oath as aforesaid, and no other person shall lawfully
use the same trade-mark, or substantially the same, or so
nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, upon sub-
stantially the same description of goods. And at any time
during the six months prior +0 the expiration of the term of
thirty years, application may be made for a renewal of such
registration, under regulations to be prescribed by the Com-
missioner of Patents. The fee for such renewal shall be the
same as for the original registration ; and a certificate of such
renewal shall be issued in the same manner as for the orio;i-
nal registration ; and such trade-mark shall remain in force
for a further term of thirty years.
Sec. 4942. Any person who shall reproduce, counterfeit,
copy, or imitate any recorded trade-mark and affix the same
to goods of substantially the same descriptive properties and
qualities as those referred to in the registration, shall be
liable to an action on the case for damages for such wrong-
ful use of such trade-mark, at the suit of the owner thereof ;
and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy accord-
ing to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of his
trade-mark and to recover compensation therefor in any
court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such
wrongful use.
Sec. 4943. No action shall be maintained imder the pro-
visions of this chaptf^r by any person claiming the exclusive
right to aiiy trade-mark which is used or claimed in any un-
lawful business, or upon any article which is injurious in
itself, or upon any trade-mark which has been fraudulently
obtained, or which has been formed and used with the design
of deceiving the public in the purchase or use of any article
of merchandise.
Sec. 4944. Any person who shall procure the registry of
any trade-mark, or of himself as the owner of a trade-mark,
or an entry respecting a trade-mark in the Patent Office, by
making any false or fraudulent representations or declara-
tions, verbally or in writing, or by any fraudulent means,
shall be liable to pay any damages sustained in consequence
of any such registry or entry, to the person injured thereby;
to be recovered in an action on the case.
Sec. 494S. Nothing in this chapter shall prevent, lessen,
impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in equity, which any-
party aggrieved by any wrongful use of any trade-mark
ii
L,
90
PATENT LAWS OF 1 874.
might have had if the provisions of this chapter had not been
enacted.
Sec. 4946. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed by
any court as abridging or in any matter affecting unfavora-
bly the claim of any person to any trade-mark after the
expiration of the term for vrhich such trade-mark was
registered.
Sec. 4947. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to
make rules, regulations, and prescribe forms for the trans-
fer of the right to the use of trade-marks, conforming as
nearly as practicable to the requirements of law respecting
the transfer and transmission of copyrights.
AN ACT
TO PUNISH THE COUNTERFEITING OF TRADE-MARK GOODS
AND THE SALE OR DEALING IN OF COUNTERFEIT TRADE-
MARK GOODS.
Approved August i/\th, 1876.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of
the United States of America in Con^qress assembled. That
ev°ry person who shall with intent to defraud, deal in or sell,
or keep or offer for sale, or cause or procure the sale of, any
goods of substantially the same descriptive properties as
those raferred to in the registration of any trade-mark, pur-
suant to the statutes of the United States, to which, or to the
package in which the same are put up, is fraudulently affixed
said trade-mark, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu-
lated to deceive the public, knowing the same to be counter-
feit or not the genuine goods referred to in said registration,
shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceed-
ing one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not more than
two years, or both such fine and imprisonment.
Sec. 2. That every person who fraudulently affixes, or
causes or procures to be fraudulently affixed, any trade-mark
registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or
any colorable imitation thereof, calculated to deceive the
public, to any goods, of substantially the same descriptive
properties as those referred to in said registration, or to the
package in which they are put up, knowing the same to be
counterfeit, or not the genuine goods, referred to in said re-
PATENT LAWS OF 1 874.
91
e
e
gistration, shall on conviction thereof, be punished as pre-
scribed in the first section of this act.
Sec. 3. That every person who fraudulently fills, or causes
or procures to be fraudulently filled, any package to which is
affixed any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of
the United States, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu-
lated to deceive th'^ public, with any goods of substantially
the same descriptive properties as those referred to in said
registration, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or not the
genuine goods referred to in said registration, shall, on con-
viction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section
of this act.
Sec. 4. That any person or persons who shall, with intent
to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully
cast, engrave, or manufacture, or have in his, her, or their
possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any die or
dies, plate or plates, brand or brands, engraving or engrav-
ings, on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, or
any false representation, likeness, copy, or colorable imita-
tion of any die, plate, brand, engraving, or mould of any
private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or
other substance, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the
statutes of the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof,
be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act.
Sec. 5. That any person or persons who shall, with intent
to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully
make, forge, or counterfeit, or have in his, her, or their
possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any repre-
sentation, likeness, similitude, copy, or colorable imitation
of any private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving,
mould, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes oif
the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished
as prescribed in the first section of this act.
Sec. 6. That any person who shall, with intent to injure or
defraud the owner of any trade-mark, or any other person
lawfully entitled to use or protect the same, buy, sell, offer
for sale, deal in or have in his possession any used or empty
box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle, or other package, to
which is affixed, so that the same may be obliterated without
substantial injury to such box or other thing aforesaid, any
trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United
States, not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as
to prevent its fraudulent use, shall, on conviction thereof, be
punished as prescribed in the first section of this act.
Sec. 7. That if the owner of any trade-mark, registered
pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or his agent,
make oath, in writing, that be has reason to believe, and
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1 ATENT LAWS OF 1874,..
does believe, that any counterfeit dies, plates, brands, en-
; gravings on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, or
' moulds, of his said registered trade-mark, are in the posses-
sion of any person, with intent to use the same for the pur-
pose of deception and fraud, or makes such oaths that any
counterfeits or colorable imitations 01 his said trade-mark,
label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or other
substance, or empty box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle or
other package, tc which is afftxed said registered trade-mark
not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as to pre-
vent its fraudulent use, are in the possession of any person,
with intent to use the same for the purpose of deception and
fraud, then the several judges of the circuit and district
courts of the United States and the Commissioners of the
circuit courts may, within their respective jurisdictions, pro-
ceed under the law relating to search-warrants, and may
issue a search-warrant authorizing and directing the marshal
of the United States for the proper district to search for and
seize all said counterfeit dies^ plates, brands, engravings on
wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, and said
counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imitations thereof, labels,
brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper, or other
substance, and said empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases,
bottles, or other packages that can be found ; and upon satis-
factory proof being made that said counterfeit dies, plates,
brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other sulDstance,
moulds, counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imitations thereof,
labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper or
other substance, empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases,
bottles, or other packages, are to be used by the holder or
owner for the purposes of deception and fraud, that any of said
judges shall have full power to order all said counterfeit dies,
plates, brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other
substance, moulds, counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imita-
tions thereof, labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on
paper or other substance, empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers,
cases, botdes, or other packages, to be publicly destroyed.
Sec. 8, That any person who shall, with intent to defraud
any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully aid or abet
in the violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall,
upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding
five hundred dollars, or imprisonment not more than one
year, or both such fine and imprisonment.
THE
COPYRIGHT LAWS
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
In Force August i, 1874.
FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE
UNITED STATES, IN FORCE DECEM-
BER I, 1873, AS AMENDED 3Y ACT
APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874.
Sec. 4948, All records and other things relating to copy-
rights and required by law to be preserved, shall be under
the control of the Librarian of Congress, and kept and pre-
served in the Library of Congress ; and the Librarian of
Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee
of Congress on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties
required by law^ touching copyrights.
Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian
of Congress shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records
and papers issued from the office, and to be used in evidence,
shall be authenticated.
Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond,
with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States, in the
sum of five thousand dollars, with the condition that he will
render to the proper officers of the Treasury a true account
of all moneys received by virtue of his office.
Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an
annual report to Congress of the number and description of
copyri[rht publications for which entries have been made dur-
ing the year.
Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident
therein, who shall be the author, inventor, designer, or pro-
prietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical compo-
94
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874.
sition, engraving, cut, print, photograph or negative thereof,
or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of
models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the
fine arts^ and the executors, administrators, or assigns of
any such person, shall, upon complying with the provisions
of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting,
pubhshing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and
vending the same ; and, in the case of a dramatic composi-
tion, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it
to be performed or represented by others. And authors may
reserve the right to dramatize or translate their own works.
Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of
twenty-eight years from the time of recording the title there-
of, in the manner hereinafter directed.
Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still
living and a citizen of the United States or resident there-
in, or his widow or children if he be dead, shall have the
same exclusive right continued for the further term of four-
teen years, upon recording the title of the work or descrip-
tion of the article so secured a second time, and complying
with all other regulations in regard to original copyrights,
within six months before the expiration of the first term.
And such person shall, within two months from the date of
said renewal, cause a copy of the record thereof to be pub-
lished in one or more newspapers, printed in the United
States, for the space of four weeks.
Sec. 4955- Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any
mstrument of writing, and such assignment shall be recorded
in the office of the Librarian of C jngress within sixty days
after its execution ; in default of which it shall be void as
against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valu-
able consideration, without notice.
Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright un-
less he shall, before publication, deliver at the office of the
Librarian of Congp-ess, or deposit in the mail addressed to
the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Co-
lumbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other article,
or a description of fhe painting, drawing, chromo, statue,
I statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for
I which he desires a copyright; nor unless he shall also,
i within ten days from the publication thereof, deliver at the
[office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail
■ addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington,
i District of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or
! other article, or, in case of a painting, drawing, statue.
I statuary, model or design for a work of the fine arts, a pho-
i tograph of the same. 1 .
H-
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1 874.
95
-. . EC. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the '
name of such copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a
book to be kept for that purpose, in the words following :
,'* Library of Congress, to wit : Be it remembered that on the
day of , , A. B., of , hath deposited in this
office the title of a book (map, chart, or otherwise, as the case
may be, or description of the article), the title or description
of which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert
the title or description,) the right whereof he claims as
author, (originator, or proprietor, as the case may be,) in con-
formity with the laws of the United States respecting copy-
rights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall give
a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the
Librarian of Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall
require it.
Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from
the persons to whom the services designated are rendered,
the following fees : i. For recording the title or description
of any copyright book or other article, fifty cents. 2. For
every copy under seal of such record actually given to the
person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents.
3. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing for
the assignment of a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every
copy of an assignment, one dollar. All fees so received shall
be paid into the Treasury of the United States.
Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other
article shall deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress,
or deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Con-
gress, at Washington, District of Columbia, within ten days
after its public?ition, two complete printed copies thereof, of
the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subse-
quent edition wherein any substantial changes shall be made.
Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor
of any copyright to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of
the published copies, or description, or photograph, required
by Sections 4956 and 4959, the proprietor of the copyright
shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, to be re-
covered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the
United States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt,
in any district court of the United States within the jurisdic-
tion of which the delinquent may reside or be found.
Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book,
tide, or other article, is delivered, shall, if requested, give a
receipt therefor ; and when so delivered he shall mail it to its
destination.
Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the in«>
96
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874.
fringement of his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof
by inserting in the several copies of every edition published,
on the title-page or the page immediately following, if it be a
book ; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut,
engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue,
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and
completed as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some
visible portion thereof, or of the substance on which the same
shall be mounted, the following words, viz.: "Entered ac-
cording to act of Confess, in the year , by A. B., in
the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington ;" or, at
his option, the word " Copyright," together with the year the
copyright was entered, and the name of the party by whom
it was taken out, thus : " Copyright, 18 — , by A. B."
Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such
notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book,
map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or
photograph, or other article, for which he has not obtained a
copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars,
recoverable one half for the person who shall sue for such
penalty, and one half to the use of the United States.
Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the
title of any book as provided by this chapter, shall, within
the term limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of
the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of
two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, or, knowing
the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell
or expose to sale any copy of such book, snail forfeit every
copy thereof to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay
such damages as may be recovered in a civil action by such
proprietor in any court of competent jurisdiction.
SEC.4965. If any person, aftertherecordingof the title of any
map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photo-
graph, or chromo, or of the descriptionof any painting, drawing,
statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected
and executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this
chapter, shall, within the time limited, and without the con-
sent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writ-
ing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave,
etch, work, copy, print, publish, or import, either in whole or
in part, or by varying the main design with intent to evade
the law, or, knowmg the same to be so printed, published, or
imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such map
or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, ana every
sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further for-
feit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his pos-
1
or
de
or
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874.
97
session, cither printing, printed, copied, published, imported,
or exposed for sale ; and in case of a painting, statue, or
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same
in his possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale ; one
half thereof to the proprietor, and the other half to the use
of the United States.
Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing
any dramatic composition for which a copyright has been ob-
tained, without the consent of the proprietor thereof, or his
heirs or assigns, shall be liable for damages therefor ; such
damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not less than
one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every
subsequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be
just.
Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any
manuscript whatever, without the consent of the author or
proprietor first obtained, (if such author or proprietor is a
citizen of the United States, or resident therein,) shall be
liable to the author or proprietor for all damages occasioned
by such injury.
Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of
forfeiture or penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same
is commenced within two years after the cause of action has
arisen.
Sec. 49<39. In all actions arising under the laws respecting
copyrights the defendant may plead the general issue, and
give the special matter in evidence.
Sec; 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having
the jurisdiction of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill
inequity, filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions
to prevent the violation of any right secured by the laws re-
specting copyrights, according to the course and principles of
courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason-
able. .
Seg; 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to
Erohibit the printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any
ook, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print,
cut, engraving, or photograph, written, composed, or made
by any person not a citizen of the United States nor resident
therelmi'v ni ntiih:
io\b^^m0naments approved June 18, 1874.
B^ it enacted By the Senate and House of Representatives of
tkfi United States of America in Congress Assembled, That no
person shall maintain an action for the infringement of his
copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in
98
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874.
the several copies of every edition published, on the title-
page or the page immediately followmg, if it be a book; or
if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving,
photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or
model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion
thereof, or of the substance on which the same shall
be mounted, the following words, viz.: "Entered ac-
cording to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., in
the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington ;"
or, at his option, the word "Copyright," together with the
year the copyright was entered, and the name of the party
by whom it was taken out; thus — "Copyright, 18 — , by
A. B."
Sec. 2. That for recording and certifying any instrument
of writing for the assignment of a copyright, the Librarian
of Congress shall receive from the persons to whom the ser-
vice is rendered, one dollar ; and for every copy of an assign-
ment, one dollar ; said fee to cover, in either case, a certifi-
cate of the record, under seal of the Librarian of Congress ;
and all fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the
United States.
COPYRIGHTS FOR LABELS.
Sec. 3. That in the construction of this act, the words
"engraving," "cut," and "print" shall be applied only to
pictorial illustrations or works connected with the fine arts,
and no prints or labels designed to be used for any other
articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the
Commissioner of Patents is hereby charged with the super-
vision and control of the entry or registry of such prints or
labels, in conformity with the regulations provided by law as
to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid for re-
cording the title of any print or label not a trade-mark, six
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy
of the record under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents,
to the party entering the same.
Sec. 4. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with
the foregoing provisions be and the same are hereby
repealed.
Sec. 5. That this act shall take effect on and after the first
day of August, eighteen hundred and seventy-four.
Repeal Provtstons.
Title LXXIV., Rev. Stat., p. 1091:
Sec. 5595. The foregoing seventy-three titles embrace the
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874.
99
ith
rst
statutes of the United States general and permanent in their
nature, in force on the ist day of December, one thousand
eight hundred and seventy-three, as revised and consoHdated
by commissioners appointed under an act of Congress, and
the same shall be designated and cited, as The Revised
Statutes of the United States.
Sec. 5596. All acts of Congress passed prior to said first
day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three, any portion of which is embraced in any section of
said revision, are hereby repealed, and the section applicable
thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all parts of such acts
not contained in such revision, having been repealed or
superseded by subsequent acts, or not being general and
permanent in their nature : Provided, That the incorporation
mto said revision of any general and permanent provision,
taken from an act making appropriations, or from an act
containing other provisions of a private, local, or temporary
character, shall not repeal, or in any way affect any appro-
priation, or any provision of a private, local, or temporary
character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall
remain in force ; and all acts of Congress passed prior
to said last-named day, no part of which are embraced in
said revision, shall not be affected or changed by its enact-
ment.
Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in
said revision shall not affect any act done, or any right
accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or com-
menced in any civil cause before the said repeal, but
all rights and liabilities under said acts shall continue,
and may be enforced in the same manner, as if said repeal
had not been made ; nor shall said repeal in any manner
affect the right to any office, or change the term or tenure
thereof.
Sec. 5598. All offences committed, and all penalties or for-
feitures incurred under any statute embraced in said revision
prior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and punished in the
same manner and with the same effect as if said repeal had
not been made.
Sec. 5599. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to
civil causes and proceedings, or to the prosecution of
offences, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, em-
braced in said revision and covered by said repeal, shall not
be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings, or prosecu-
tions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts
done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced
and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had
not been made.
lOO
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874.
Sec. 56CX). The arrangement and classification of the sev-
eral sections of the revision have been made for the purpose
of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same,
and therefore no inference or presumption of a legislative
construction is to be drawn by reason of the Title under
which any particular section is placed.
Sec. 5601. The enactment of the said revision is not to
affect or repeal any act of Congress passed since the ist day
of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-
three, and all acts passed since that date are to have full
effect as if passed after the enactment of this revision, and so
far as such acts vary from, or conflict with, any provision
contained in said revision, they are to have effect as subse-
cjuent statutes, and as repealing any pordon of the revision
inconsistent therewith.
EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES.
Fahrenheit,
Deg.
Cast-iron melts 2786
Gold " 2016
Copper " 1996
Brass " 1900
Silver '* 1873
Red heat visible by day, . 1077
Iron red-hot in twilight,. . 884
Common fire 790
Zinc melts 773
Iron, bright red in dark. . . 752
Mercury boils 630
Lead melts. 612
Linseed oil boils 600
Bismuth melts 497
Fahrenheit
Deg.
Cadmium 450
Tin melts 442
Tin and bismuth, equal
parts, melts 283
Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts,
lead 2 parts, melt 212
Sodium 190
Alcohol boils 174
Potassium 136
Ether boils 98
Human blood (heat ot) 98
Strong wines freeze 20
Brandy freezes 7
Mercury freezes — 39 J
STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.
Prenflure
in lbs.
p'rsq.ln.
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
(.'orrespond'g i
1 Pressure
Corrcsponcrg
Temperature.
Pressure
C'on-espond'g
Tempt' raturo.
i in lbs.
in lbs.
Tcnipenvture.
Fahrenheit.
ip'r sq.ln.
Fahrenheit.
p'rsq.in.
140
Fulireiiheit.
192.4
1 ^5
301-3
357 9
212.8
i 70
306.4
150
3^^3-4
228.5
i 75
311. 2
160
368.7
241.0
80
315-8
170
373*6
«2si.6
1 85
320.1
180
378.4
260.9
90
324.3
190
382.9
269.1
95
328.2
2GO
.387-3
276.4
I03
332.0
210
391-5
283.2
110
339-2
220
395-5
289 3
120
345.8
230
399 4
295.6
135
352.1
240
403.1
I'g
ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. lOI
ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS.
The following directions, if carefully followed, will enable
any person to make a working galvanic battery, electro-mag-
net, and a needle telegraph, all at a cost of not exceeding ten
or twenty cents :
Take a bit of common sheet zinc— stove zinc — six inches
long, four inches wide. Bend it up two inches from the end,
nick the bent end, and wind the naked end of a copper wire
around the zinc at the nick. Use copper wire, size of a com-
mon pin — insulated wire, that is,
copper wire covered with thin
paper or cotton, or paint or var-
nish. Leave the ends of the
wires uncovered. Cover the zinc
with common white printing
paper, two thicknesses, as shown
at I. The white represents the
paper. Provide a bit of thin
sheet lead, same size as the zinc,
bent in and nicked, but not
covered with paper. Attach one end of a copper wire, as
shown at 2.
Provide a common tea saucer, in which place one ounce of
sulphate of copper (to be had for a few cents at any drug-
store) ; pour on warm water ; fill saucer two thirds full ; let
stand until dissolved. Now put the zinc (i) in saucer, and
put the lead (2) on top of the zinc, the ends standing above
the liquid as shown. You now have a complete and tolera-
bly strong galvanic battery. When the free ends of the two
wires are touched together, a spark will be seen at the mo-
ment of junction. The circuit is made or closed by placing
the two wires together. The circuit is opened or broken by
separating the wires.
An electro-magnet may be made by providing a small
wrought-iron staple, and grinding off the pointed ends.
Wind both legs with the insulated copper wire.
The mode of winding and carrying the wire from
one leg to the other is shown in the cut. Both
legs should, when finished, be closely wound, as
shown on the left side.
Now connect the end of the wire of one of the
legs with one of the battery wires, and the wire of the other
leg with the other battery wire, and you will find that the
staple is magnetized. The magnetism ceases when the wires
are separated. Put a steel knife blade on one leg of the
magnet, and the knife becomes permanently magnetized.
I02 ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS.
A needle drawn across the magnet is also magnetized, and
if suspended by a thread it becomes a compass, and will
point north and south. To make such a compass, magnetize
a sewing needle ; suspend it by a silk fibre drawn from a
piece of sewing silk ; attach the silk to a bit of bent wire, C,
the bottom of which is stuck into, and supported by, a piece
of round cork, as shown in the first cut.
Place the compass thus made on a table, and the needle
will point north and south. Now place loosely on the table,
around the cork base, two coils or turns of the insulated
wire. Connect one end of the wire with one of the battery
wires. Join the other end of the coil wire to the other bat-
tery wire. An electrical current will now go through the coil,
which will move the needle. This is the needle telegraph.
By alternately separating and joining the wire of the battery
and the coil wire, the needle swings. One swing may be
called A; two swings, B; three, C, etc. In this way intel-
ligible signals are sent. A needle smaller than that here
shown in the cut is used for telegraphing through the cable
under the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and America.
On land lines in England larger needles are used, but in
this country a magnet is used which draws down a lever with
such force as to make a click. A long click and a short click
mean A ; a short click, E ; two short clicks, I. The battery
wire and the coil wire are alternately joined and separated by
a pivoted finger lever called a key.
HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY.
Substances.
Silver
Copper —
Gold
Brass
Zinc
Tin
Steel
Iron
Lead
Platinum.
Palladium
Bismuth..
Heat
Conductivity.
loo.o
73.6
53-2
23.6
19.9
14.5
12.0
ZX.9
8.5
6.4
6.3
1.8
Electrical
Conductivity.
100. o
73-3
58. 5
•S
21.
22.6
• • • •
13.0
10.7
10.3
1.9
L
DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. I03
iv DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS.
Benjamin Franklin; b. Boston, 1706; d. 1790; at 12,
printer's apprentice, fond of useful reading ; 27 to 40, teaches
himself Latin, etc., makes various useful improvements; at
40 studies electricity ; 1752, brings electricity from clouds by
kite, and invents the lightning-rod.
Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton-gin; b. West-
borough, Mass., 1765; d. 1825; went to Georgia 1792 as
teacher ; 1795 invents the cotton-gin, prior to which a full
day's work of one person was to clean by hand one pound of
cotton ; one machine performs the labor of five thousand
persons ; 1800, founds Whitneyville, makes firearms, by the
mterchangeable system for the parts.
Robert Fulton; b. Little Britain, Pa., 1765; d. 1825;
artist painter; invents steamboat 1793; invents submarine
torpedoes 1797 to 1801 ; builds steamboat in France 1803;
launches passenger-boat Clermont at N. Y. 1807, and steams
to Albany ; 1812, builds steam ferryboats ; 1814, builds first
steam war-vessel.
Jethro Wood, inventor of the modern cast-iron plough ;
b. White Creek, N. Y., 1774; ^- 1834; patented the plough
1814. Previously the plough was a stick of wood plated with
iron. Lawsuits against infringers consumed his means.
Secretary Seward said : " No man has benefited the country
pecuniarily more than Jethro Wood, and no man has been
as inadequately rewarded."
Thomas Blanchard; b. 1788, Sutton, Mass.; d. 1864;
invented tack machine 1806; builds successful steam carriage
1825 ; builds the stern-wheel boat for shallow waters, now in
common use on Western rivers ; 1843, patents the lathe for
turning irregular forms, now in common use all over the
world for turning lasts, spokes, axe-handles, gun-stocks, hat-
blocks, tackle-blocks, etc.
Ross WiNANS, of Baltimore ; b. 1798, N. J. ; author of
many inventions relating to railways ; first patent, 1828 ; he
designed and patented the pivoted, double-truck, long pas-
senger cars now in common use. His genius also assisted
the development of railways in Russia.
Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of harvesting ma-
chines ; b. Walnut Grove, Va., 1809; ^" ^851 he exhibited
his invention at the World's Fair, London, with practical
success. The mowing of one acre was one day's man's
work ; a boy with a mowing-machine now cuts 10 acres a day.
Mr. McCormick's patents made him a millionaire.
Charles Goodyear, inventor and patentee of the simple
mixture of rubber and sulphur, the basis of the present great
f
104 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS.
3>
"V
CELEBRATED AMERICAN INVENTIONS. I05
L.
Io6 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS.
rubber industries throughout the world; b. New Haven,
Conn,, 1800; in 1839, by the accidental mixture of a bit of
rubber and sulphur on a red-hot stove, he discovered the pro-
cess of vulcanization. The Goodyear patents proved im-
mensely profitable.
Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor and patentee of electric
telegraph; b. Charlestown, Mass., 1791 ; d. 1872; artist
painter; exhibited first drawings of telegraph 1832; half-mile
wire in operation 1835 ; caveat 1837 ; Congress appropriated
$30,000, and in 1844 first telegraph line from Washington to
Baltimore was opened; after long contests, the courts sus-
tained his patents, and he realized from them a large fortune.
Elias Howe, inventor of the modern sewing-machine ; b.
Spencer, Mass., 1819 ; d. 1867; machinist; sewing-machine
patented 1846. From that time to 1854 his priority was con-
tested, and he suffered from poverty, when a decision of the
courts in his favor brought him large royalties, and he realized
several millions from his patent.
James B. Eads; b. 1820; author and constructor of the
great steel bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, 1867, and
tne jetties below New Orleans 1876. His remarkable enfergy
wasshcvvn in 1861, when he built and dehvered complete to
Government, all within sixty-five days, seven iron-plated steam-
ers, 600 tons each ; subsequently other steamers. Some of the
most brilHant successes of the Union arms were due to his
extraordinary rapidity in constructing these vessels.
James Lyall, N. Y. City; b. 1836; invented a simple
mixture, 1863, for enamelling cloth for knapsacks, etc., from
which he realized a fortune ; in 1868 patented the positive-
motion loom, from which patent he has acquired great riches ;
is the founder and manager of several great establishments ;
at one of these. Twenty-third street, N. Y., 4000 hands are
employed. This loom increases the production and lessens
the cost of woven fabrics. A single loom, attended by one
girl, turns out 320 square yards in 10 hours, the fabric being 8
yards or more wide.
The first recorded patent granted by the United States
Government bears date July 31st, 1790, issued to Samuel
Hopkins for making pot and pearl ashes. Two other
patents were granted in that year. In the following year,
1791, thirty-three patents were granted. Among them were
six patents to James Rumsay and one to John Fitch for inven-
tions relating to steam-engines and steam-vessels. For the
single year of 1876, the number of patents and caveats ap-
plied for was almost twenty thousand.
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
107
8
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
In the construction of models, or machinery, the skilful
mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the
arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select-
ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me-
chanical movements. As suggestive for this purpose we
have brought together and condensed an extensive series of
mechanical movements. Here the mechanic may find at a
glance the movement suited for his purpose, and may see
the separate parts best adapted to any special combination
of mechanism.
The following is a brief description of the various move-
ments, as numbered :
I. Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3, 4. Lever coup-
lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted,
and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing
this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is eN
fected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side view.
6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9.
Prong and spur lever coupling.
10. I'ast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal
boxes of one of the wheels being movable. 12. Friction
clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling
a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of
gear. 13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15, 16. Change of
motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con-
nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet-
teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted.
When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts ;
and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other
pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip-
rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of
the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which
passes over a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from
which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel.
20. " Flying horse," used in fairs for amusement. By
pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu-
py, i ig the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled
to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow-string ar-
rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion.
23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by
double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts.
26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding-spur pulley coupling.
28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29.
Chain wheel.
30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary
loa
MECHANICAL MOVEMENT^.!
motion by two racks and cog-wheel. 31. Oblique-toothed
wheels. 32. Worm and worm-wheel. 33, ^. Claw coup-
ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couphngs, with lugs
and cavities. 37. Disk couphng with screw bolts. 38, 39,
40. Shaft couphngs.
41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric-
tion pulleys. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob-
lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases
beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting
blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re-
ciprocating into rotary motion by zigzag groove on cylinder.
48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro-
tary motion.
50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack
and two ratchet pinions. ^ v hen the aouble rack moves in
one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the
rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid,
and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel
shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillatmg. 53. Rotary into
reciprocating. By the action of the wheel-pins the carriage
is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on
an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54.
Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating
motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by
means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk,
and catching in the slot. 57. Walking-beam and fly-wheel.
58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means
of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59.
Hoisting crane.
60. Friction gears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciprocat-
ing by rising and falling pinion acting on endless raclc. 62.
By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating
rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Reciprocating
motion to a frame by means of endless rack and pinion. 64.
Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed rack by a
toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected to the
action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, projecting
from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to a rod.
The wheels are of different diameters, and consequently the
rod has to rise and fall as the wheels revolve. (See no.)
66. Cam and elbow lever. 67. Rod reciprocates by means
of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by an end-
less segmental rack and pinion, the axle of which revolves
and slides in a slot toward and from the rack. This rack is
secured to a disk, and a rope round said disk extends to the
body to which a reciprocating motion is to be imparted. 69.
Elliptic gears.
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
109
70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans-
mitting motion from one axle to another, with three different
velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal diame-
ters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by a cam-
disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent revolv-
ing motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment gear-
wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls
which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which rectilinear
motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, connects by a
link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is imparted, "jt.
Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel.
78. Common treadle. 79. Describing on a revolving cylin-
der a spiral line of a certain given pitch which depends upon
the comparative sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels.
80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw.
81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead
and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers.
85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of joller-
arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs
projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion.
87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar.
88. The shaft carries a taper, which catches against a hook
hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and raise
the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached its
highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disengages
from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Reciprocating
motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique ring se-
cured to a revolving shaft.
90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce
reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. Pulleys,
belts, and niternal gear. 94. As the rod moves up and
down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with a
pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to said
wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with different
velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with the
mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in a
disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt
over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciprocating
motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever which
catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of a paral-
lelogram which is connected to the rod to which reciprocat-
ing motion is imparted.
100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion,
loi. Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double-
acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures
58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted
guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft.
no
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
io6. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two
cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the
same lenp+h, and connected by links with a cross-bar to
which the jjiston-rod is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin-
ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocycloidal mo-
tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear.
If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one half the
diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes a
eight line. 109. Same purpose as 56. '
no. Action similar to 65. in. Revolving motion by a
circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel.
112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws turn
on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An irregu-
lar vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the wheel A,
by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermittent rotary motion
of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous rotary motion of the
large wheel. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is
cut on the same curve as the plain portion of the circumfer-
ence, and, therefore, serves as a lock whilst the wheel makes
a part of a revolution, and until the pin upon the wheel
strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion-
shaft commences another revolution. 116. Stop-motion used
in watches to limit the number of revolutions in winding up.
The convex curved part, a, b, of the wheel B, serving as the
stop. 117. Several wheels, by connecting-rods, driven from
one pulley. 118. Intermittent circular motion is imparted to
the toothed wheel by vibrating the arm B. When the arm B
is lifted, the pawl is raised from between the teeth of the
wheel, and travelling backward over the circumference again,
drops between two teeth on lowering the arm, and draws
with it the wheel. 119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion is
given to the bar by the continuous motion of the cam. The
cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across
its centre.
120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire-
arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attach-
ed to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the
cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121.
Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of
eccentric toothed wneel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscil-
lating or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between
trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct-
ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The small
wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs move the
larger wheel by working against the faces of oblique grooves
or projections across the face thereof. 124. Longitudinal
and rotary motion of the rod is produced by its arrangement
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
Ill
between two rotating rollers, the axles of which are oblique
to each other. 125. Friction indicator of Roberts. Upon
the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded carriage is placed,
its tongue connected with an indicator. With a given load
the indicating pointer remains in a given position, no matter
what velocity is imparted to tha pulley. When the load is
changed the indicator changes, thus proving that the friction
of wheels is in proportion to load, not velocity. 126. Circular
intermittent rectilinear reciprocating motion. Used on sew-
ing-machines for driving the shuttle ; also on three-revolution
cylinder printing-presses. 127. Continuous circular into in-
termittent circular motion. The cam is the driver. 128.
Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The bar B carries the
feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to slide A. B is lift-
ed by a radial projection on cam C, which at the same time
also carries A and B forward. A spring produces the return
stroke, and the bar, B, drops by gravity. 129. Patent crank
motion, to obviate dead centres. Pressure on the treadle
moves the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the
centre, when the spring B forces the slide against the stops
until next forward movement.
130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives
a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion
of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar by rotation of
the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copying,
enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, ivory
tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied with,
and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Shift the
slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of
the copy will be varied. 134. Ball-and-socket joint for
tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth of
the worm shaft-gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal
diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the
first wheel has iod teeth and the second loi, the pointers will
indicate respectively loi and 10.100 revolutions. 136. Mont-
golfier's hydraulic ram. The right hand valve being kept
open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through the
pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. When
the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight of the
right valve, the momentum of the water opens the other
valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On equi-
librium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve
opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water is
raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary
engine. Shaft B and hub C are arranged eccentric to the
case. Sliding radial pistons, «, a, move in and out of hub,
C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub C.
112
MULTUM IN PARVO.
138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, B,
connect with crank D. Steam is admitted to act on the outer
sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and the ex-
haust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rectilinear
motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion to the
horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear movement
to the upright bar. 140. Rotary motion transmitted by roll-
ing contact between two obliquely arranged shafts.
MULTUM IN PARVO.
We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know
if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad-
dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half miles
from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It would
require one and a half hours' time to do the errand, and not
a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a letter and
tell him where to get a combined thermometer and bar-
ometer. Another, "will you be good enough to give me the
names and addresses of several of the makers of the best
brick machines?" another wants water-wheels; another
threshing machines : each writer desires our written opinion
as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one
is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or to reflect that to
answer his request will consume considerable of our time.
Another party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making
ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture
ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the
New York market. For this information he sends us the
generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C wants
us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can
buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take
to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three
cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica-
tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their
inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that
personal information, our reply to be printed in THE Scien-
tific American. We are at all times happy to serve our
correspondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are
expected, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be
sent.
Harness Blacking. — Melt i pound bees-wax, stir in 4
ounces ivory-black, 2 ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces
Prussian blue ground in oil, and % ounce copal varnish.
Make into balls. With a bnish apply it to harness, and pol-
ish with silk gently.
114
MBOHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
ill;
lift
MECHANICAL MOVJBMKNT8.
^
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
117
U2P
133
j^^^—
/J7
122
126
123
•^
m
127
134-
135
139
12*
128
132
1-.
118
HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER.
HOKSE-POWEB.
When Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he
wislied to be able to state their power aa compared with
that of horses, wnich were then generally employed for
driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments,
which led him to the conclusion that the average power of
a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in
vertical height per minute, pnd this has been adopted in
England and this country as the general measure of power.
A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. uf
water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of
fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi-
ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in
feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow-
ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62|,
the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by
the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per
minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse-
power.
For example : A stream flows throup;h a flume 10 feet
wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the
cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity Is 150 feet per
minute — 40 XI 50 =6000= the cubic feet of water flowing
per minute. 6000X62^=3'75,000=the pounds of water
flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X376,000=
3,760,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,-
000 by 33,000, and we have 113|i as the horse-power of
the fall.
The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying
together the area t e piston in inches, the mean pressure
in pounds per squa inch, the length of the stroke in feet,
and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by
33,000. '; r
Water-wheels yield from 60 to 91 per cent of the water.
The actual power of a steam-engine is le^s than the indicat-
ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this
loss varies with the arrangement of the enguie and th« per-
fection of the workmanship;
ft
PROPERTIES OP CHARCOAL.
119
Iw j
FBOPEBTIES OF CHARCOAL.
-Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re-
spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action
of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts
are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain
has been found in the excavations at IIcrculL-icum, which
was chaiTcd at the time of the destruction of that city, eight-
een Iiundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre-
served, so that you can distinguish between the different
kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable,
it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and
vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the
water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside.
Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it.
Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by
being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer.
Ale and porter filtered througli it are deprived of tiieir color,
and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means
of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal,
or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only
one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being
the mineral portion of the bone.
Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety
times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point
of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac-
cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this
accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar
power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition
of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. —
Hooker.
SUBSTITUTE FOB THE CBANK.
Various devices supposed to have adv^an-
tagcs over the common crank, have been in-
vented. Our diagram shows one of these
forms, which has been re-invented many times,
by different inventoi*s. A grooved wheel is
employed, and in the groove are two slides, at-
tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting rod of a
piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod
acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the
wheel.
KNOTS.
121
The knots represented on the preceding page of en-
gravings are as follows :
1. Simple overhand knot.
2. Slip-knot seized.
3. Single bow-knot.
4. Square or ruf-knot.
5. Square bow-knot.
6. V/eaver's knot.
7. German or figure-of-8
knot.
8. Two half-h) tches, or ar-
tificer's knot.
9. Double artificer's knot.
10. Simple galley-knot.
11. Capstan or prolonged
knot.
12. Bowline-knot.
13. Rolling-hitch.
14. Clove-hitch.
Black wall-hitch.
Timber-hitch.
Bowline on a bight.
Running bowline.
19. Catspaw.
20. Doubled running-knot.
Double knot.
Six -fold knot.
Boat-knot.
Lark's head.
Lark's head.
Simple boat-knot.
27. Loop-knot.
28. Double Flemish knot.
29. Running-knot checked
30. Crossed running-knot.
81. Lashing-knot.
15.
16.
17.
18.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
32. Rosette.
33. Chain-knot.
34. Double chain-knot.
35. Double running-knot,
with check-knot.
36. Double twist-knot.
Builders' knot.
Double Flemish knot.
English knot.
Shortening-knot.
41. Shortening-knot.
42. Sheep-shank.
Dog- shank.
Mooring-knot.
Mooring-knot.
Mooring-knot.
Pigtail worked on the
end of a rope.
48. Shroud-knot.
49. A bend or knot used by
sailors in making fast to
a spar or a bucket-han>
die before casting over-
board ; it will not run.
Also used by horsemen
for a loop around the jaw
of a colt in breaking :
the running end, after
passing over the Head of
the animal and throagh
the loop, will not jam
therein.
50. A granny's knot.
51. A weaver's knot.
37.
38.
39.
40.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
I
The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which
would move in the same direction if the rope were to
slip, should lie alongside of and touching each other. ;
1«8
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
MsABUBts OF LxNOTH. — Th« luljoined engrftTlng rHowb at the left » foar-lnch
lection of a common rule, the inch divUioni being tubdivided into twenty-tifthi,
twelfths, eighth*, and tenths. On the right ii the French measure, indicating milK-
metrei and centimetres. The French metre is intended to be the one ten-niiiliouth
pert of the dlitanc* from •iihtt pole of the earth to the equator.
^
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k
m^
ro
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CO Sofi in
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CO Ci PS <C 00 '-O <?< .-•
ss
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ft
go
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91
9
to
fc * ««
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8
a
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9-
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2 "-s,. ^^ -^g^a
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o
(i J^ 04 CI S*
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a
y
M
II Ii II
«) e
V
2 .5 g
II II II
«
• is
Msa
(J >x3
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w
K c o S
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a
l<< H. k 4> E
ES
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u u o u Js
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o o o o o o o
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o
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lis
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4
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II ;S « II
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TABLES OF WKIGHTS^^
123
*f*)5
TROY WEIGHT. -> «
S4gra^ns , 1 pennyweight, dM?t. .
ao pennyweighto , 1 ounce = ^ graioH. ,;
12 ounces 1 pound = 6760 graine.
Troy weight is used for gold ana silver.
i se, APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. j j; '
SOgrafhs '.'. 1 sample. ' '
3 scruples 1 dram = eOgrains.
8 drams 1 ounce = 480 grains.
12 ounces .1 pound = 5760 groins.
The ounce in the afcove measures, it will bo noticed, Is heavier,
contains more grains than the common commercial or avoirdu-
pois weight, but the avoirdupois pound is the heaviest.,:
AVOIRDUPOIS OR ORDINARY COMMERCIAL WEIGHT.
27.84 -f grains..... 4 1 dram.
16 drams. 1 ounce ss 437^ grains.
16 ounces. 1 pound = 7000 grains.
28 pounds 1 quarter.
4quarters ,....1 hundredweight =?= 112 lbs.
20 hundlredweight 1 ton = 2240 lbs. ^U^.
The $tandard of the avoirdnpois pound is the weight Sf7.7015 cu-
bic inches of distilled water at 30®.85 F., barometer 30 inches,^ ; ^
A trdy oz. = 1 .09714 avoir, oz.
An avoir, oz. = ,911458 troy oz.
A ytc^he = 14 lbs. A quintal = 100 lbs.
•}>:
t>n
FRENCH WEIGHTS
((
10 milligrammes make
10 centigrammes ."
10 decigrammes s.*i k
10 grammes
ilO decagrammes
10 hectogrammes
10 kilogrammes
jlO myriogrammes
110 quintala
(UNITED STATES STANDARD).
Oraina avoir.
1 milligramme
1 centigramme
1 decigramme
1 OBAMME
1 decagramme r=:
1 hectogramme =
1 KILOGRAMME =
1 myriogramme =
1 quintal =
? 'J 110 quintala •♦ 1 tonne = 2204.737. '
, iThe kramme Js the basis of the French weights, and consists of
actibicrcefatiiraetre of distilled water.
((
.0154331S.
.1543316.
1.543316.
15.43316.
Pound* KToir.
.02204737.
.2204737.
2.204737.
22.04737.
220.4737.
2204.737.
1
SQ0ARE OR LAND MEA-
^UHE, UNITED STATES.
""144 ieq. inches = 1 sq. foot.
9 Bq. feet = 1 sq. yard.
SOJ B^. yards = 1 sq. red,
40 sq. rods = 1 sq. rood.
4 sq. roods = 1 sq. acre.
DRY MEASURE, UNITED
STATES.
1
2 pints = 1 quart. <
4 quarts = 1 gallon.
3 gallons = 1 pecic. : 1
4 pecks = 1 Dnahel. j.^ f
124
TABLES OP MEASURES.
CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE
1728 cubic ins. =1 cubic foot.
S7 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard.
LIQUID MEASURE, UNITED
STATES.
4gm8
2 pints
4 quarts
63 gallons
= 1 pint.
= 1 quart.
= 1 gallon.
= 1 nogshead.
2 hogsheads = 1 pipe or butt.
2 pipes = 1 tun.
1 barrel
1 gallon
1 bushel
1 barrel flour
8U gallons.
231 cubic inches.
1.24445 cub. ft.
196 lbs. = 3 bush.
A cylinder seven inches diame-
ter and six inches high containB
a gallon.
FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE, U. S.
1 square millimetre =
1 square centimetre =
1 square decimetre =
1 square metre =
1 square decametre =
1 square decare =
1 square hectare =
1 square kilometre =
t square myriametre =
Square inchei.
.001549.
.154988.
15.4»88.
8qoar« feet.
10.763058.
1076.3058.
10763.058.
U. S. acre*.
2.47086.
247.086.
24708.6.
'V:
FRENCH CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE, U. S.
Cubic inrhea.
= .0610165.
= .610165.
= 6.10165.
= 61.0165.
= 610.165.
Millitre or cubic centimetre. . .
/ ^ -5 10 millitrcs make 1 centilitre
ii-t.alO centilitres
10 decilitres
10 litres
1 decilitre
1 litre
1 decalitre
ft»vrtlO decalitres
10 hectolitres
10 kilolitres
1 hectolitre =
1 kilolitre or cubic metre =
1 myrlolitre =
Cubie feet.
3.63105.
35.3105.
353.105.
MEASURING LAND BY WEIGHT. v^
The area of any piece of land, no matter how UrtP^lif the
boundary lines, may be accurately ascertained by means of a deli-
cate balance as follows. Make a drawing of the plot of ground on
pasteboard, to a given scale, say four square roods to one inch.
Cut from some part of the sheet of pasteboard a piece exactly one
inch square, which represents one acre or four square roods. Also
cut out the plot as drawn. Weigh the square and the plot. The
number of times the weight of the square is contained in the
weight of the plot indicates the area of the land. For example, if
the square which represents one acre weighs twenty grains, and
the plot weighs two hundred and forty grams, then the plot con-
tains twelve acres.
MOLECULES.
125
MOIiECXJLBS.
A MOLECULE 18 the smallest mass into whicU any
substance can be subdivided without changing its
chemical nature.
All substances are aggregations of isolated molecules.
A piece of gold having six plane surfaces, each one
inch square, is called a cubic inch of gold, and looks
as if it solidly filled that space. But it is not solid, for
it is composed of individual molecules, which are sepa-
rated by comparatively wide intervale.
Molecules are, to use the language of Sir William
Thompson, ** pieces of matter of measurable dimensions,
with shape, motion, and laws of action. '* A molecule
of glass, as measured by this philosopher, is one five
hundred millionth part of an inch in diameter.
Equal volumes of all substances, when in a state of
gas, and under like conditions, contain the same num-
ber of molecules.
The number of molecules in a cubic inch of any per-
fect gas, at 32^* F. and 30 ins. barometer pressure, is
one hundred thousand millions of millions of millions,
or 10".
The molecules of bodies are never at rest, but have
a constant motion. The molecules of a gas confined
in a vessel have great energy, are always flying about
with a high velocity, but in straight lines. They
strike against each other and rebound, they drive
against the inner walls of the vessel, and the force of
this impact of the molecules of the gas against the
walls we call the pressure of a gas.
At a barometer pressure of 30 inches, or 15 lbs. to the
square inch, temperature 33® F., the molecules of hy-
drogen have a velocity of 6097 feet per second, or over
4000 miles per hour. The energy of a pound of hydro-
gen, under the above conditions, is equal to that of a
cannon-ball of the same weight having the same velo-
city.
A cubic inch of water may by heat be expanded into
gaseous form, or steam, occupying the space of a cu-
bic foot. In both forms the same number of molecules
126
HOW TO INVENT.
of water are found ; but in the gaseous condition, the
molecules are much more widely separated than in the
liquid ; so widely, in fact, that a cubic foot of alcohol
vapor together with a cubic foot of ether vapor may
be introduced into the vessel — or, apparently, just
as much of the alcohol, and just as much of the ether,
as if there were no water vapor present. All these va-
pors remain separate ; they do not chemically unite.
nOVT TO INVENT.
In order to succeed, a new invention must be supe
rior to any thin^ that has preceded it, and must be
eold at a price that will enable it to be brought into
general use.
People can not afford to throw away old implements
unless the new ones are sufficiently superior to make
up for the loss. Let inventors produce a good article,
at a moderate price, and they will be sure of success.
The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking ; and
to thought add practical experiments. Book know-
ledge is not essential. Examine things about you, note
how they are made, and study how to improve them.
Keep your eyes and ears open, ask questions, be a con-
tinual seeker after useful information. Those who do
this, soon acquire a knowledge of the sciences, and in-
sensibly become educated. Among the beneficent in-
fluences of the Patent laws is the fact that they incite
the humblest individuals to study.
To avoid waste of time in reproducing old devices,
the inventor should be well posted in regard to inven-
tions that have already been made. He should also be
informed as to the particular classes of devices in which
improvements are most urgently demanded. For this
purpose, an attentive ptudy of The Scientific
American will be almost indispensable. This splendid
newspaper is published weekly, and furnishes the
latest information concerning the progress of new dis-
covery, with elegant engravings. $3.20 a year.
MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, publishers. Send 10 cents
for a specimen copy.
HISTORY OP THE STEAM-ENGINE.
127
HISTOBY OF THE STEAM-ENQINE.
Papin, of France, was the first (in 1690) to operate a
piston by steam, which acted only on one side of tlie
piston. He also invented the safety valve. He was
bom 1650, died 1710. Savery, 1697, first employed
steam-power in doing useful work. His piston, like
Papin's, took steam on one side only, the pressure of
the atmosphere being admitted to the other side.
James Watt was the first to make the complete steam-
engine, or the existing forms in which steam acts on
both sides of the piston. He also made the steam-con-
denser, the governor, the walking-beam, applied the
fly-wheel, and nearly all the parts of the modern en-
gine. He was born 1736, died 1819. He made a rotary
steam engine in 1782, and patented a locomotive engine
in 1784. In 1804, Trevithick and Vivian operated a
locomotive which traveled five miles an hour, with a
load of ten tons. Cook, in 1808, used fixed engines
and ropes to draw railway-cars. Blachett and Hedley,
in 1813, discovered that smooth locomotive wheels
might be used on railways, instead of toothed
wheels and toothed rails before required. George Ste-
venson, 1825, made railway locomotion successful by
adapting the locomotive to variable speeds and loads,
by means of his blast-pipe, and by introducing the
tubular boiler, which latter was suggested to him and
invented by Booth, 1829. October 6th, 1829, the fa-
mous competitive trial of locomotives on tne Liverpool
and Manchester railway took place, which established
the superiority of Stevenson's locomotives, and inau-
gurated the art of railway communication.
The first steamboat actually employed in business
was a small vessel built by John Fitch of Pennsylvania,
1790, worked on the Delaware ; speed, 7^ miles per
hour. Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, made
her first trip from New- York to Albany, August, 1807 ;
speed, five miles per hour. The first steam-vessel to
cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819, from Sa
vannah to Liverpool, 26 days. In 1838 the Sirius
arrived at New- York, 17 days from London ; and the
Great Western, 15 days from Bristol.
128 HEAT. — ITS MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT.
HEAT.-ITS MEOHANTOAL EQUIVALENT.
Heat is a peculiar motion of the particles of matter
which prevents their contact. Heat and mechanical
power are convertible forces. The force of the heat
that raises one pound of water 1° F. will lift a
weight of 773 lbs. one foot high. The power of a
weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, if applied to a
small paddle wheel turning in one pound of water,
will, by friction, raise the temperature of the water
r F.
A heat-unit is the amount of heat that raises a pound
of water 1° F., or that lifts a weight of 772 lbs. one
foot high.
The mechanical equivalent of a heat-unit is the x)ower
of a weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, or of a
one-pound weight descending 772 feet. Hence,
772 foot-pounds = 1 heat-unit,
1 heat-unit = 772 foot-pounds.
A galvanic battery that produces an electrial current
c&pable of heating one pound of water 1° F., will yield
magnetic force sufficient to raise a weight of 772 lbs.
one foot high.
Thus heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical
force are brought into numerical correlation with
mechanical power.
The illustrious philosopher. Dr. J. P. Joule, of Man-
chester, England, first promulgated the mechanical
equivalent of heat, a.d. 1845.
COPYING-INK.
Take two gallons of rain-water, and put into it J
pound of gum arable, ^ pound brown sugar, ^ pound
clean copperas, f pound powdered nut-gaHs. Mix and
shake occasionally for ten days, and strain. If need-
ed sooner, let it steep in an iron kettle until the
strength is obtained.
VELOCITY AND FORCE OF THE WIND. 129
VBLOOITY AND POBOB OP THE WIND.
Pressurs on
Miles per
Febt per
A Square
Description op the
Hour.
1 ■■
Minute.
Foot in
Pounds.
Wind.
1
88
.005
Barely observable.
2
3
176
264
.02
.045
■ Just.perceptible.
4
352
.08
Light breeze.
5
440
.125
'
6
528
.18
Qentle, pleasant wind.
8
704
.S2
10
880
.5
Fresh breeze.
15
1320
1.125
Brisk blow.
20
1760
2.
Stiflf breeze.
25
2200
8.125
Very brisk.
30
35
2640
saso
4.5
6.125
[•High wind.
40
3520
8.
Very high wind.
45
3960
10.125
Gale.
50
4400
12.5
Storm.
(iO
5380
18.
Great Bto;m.
80
7040
S2.
Hurricane.
100
8800
50.
Tornado.
GITNPO"WDER.
The heat developed at the moment of explosion is
4664° Falir., and the resulting gas pressure, if the
powder closely fills the chamber, is 40 tons or 80,000
lbs. to the square inch.
Careful experiment by De Saint Robert with rifled
cannon of 3^ inches bore, 8^ lbs. shell, 1^ lbs. powder,
gives 1300 ft. velocity per second, or a little over 900
miles per hour, for the sliell when it leaves the moutli
of the cannon, which is equal to a force of 219,000 foot-
pounds, or a little less than seven horsepower. But
the heat actually developed by the above amount of
powder corresponds to almost thirty-two horse-power
of work ; seventy-nine per cent of the power of the
powder is therefore lost.
180
SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
BrxciFic Oravitv and Wkioht or tarious
IpuasTANcm. Watkr = 1.
Brick, Common., j
Acetic ftcld
Alcohol
Aluminium, ibeet
Antimony, cait
Ath, dry
" green
Aipbalt
Bs<ialt
Beech, dry
Bell-mcUf
Birch
Biimuth, CMt
Box
Brait, cast.
" iheet
from
to
Cedar, American
*' Lebanon
" We»t-Indiau
" Indian
Comont, Portland
'' Roman
Chalk
Chentnut
Clay
Coal, anthracite
" bituminous
Coke
Concrete, ordinary
** in cement
Cork
Copper, cast
" sheet
Deal, Norway
( from
\ to
Ebony
Elm
" Canadian
Ether
Fir, spruce
Firestone
Glass, flint
. i *♦; crown
.** common green,..
" plate
Gold
Granite
Gun metdl [10 cop.,1 tin]
Gutta-percha
Gypsum..,
Hornbeam
Hydrochloric acid
Iron, cast, average
" wrought, average..
Ironwood...
India-rubber
Earth.
Vi &
1.06
.799
2.67
6.73
.69
.76
3.S
9.96
.69
8.06
.69
9.833
1.98
8.4
8.44
1.6
3.
.664
.486
.746
1.316
1.4
1.6
3.33
.606
1.9
1.63
1.27
.744
1.9
2.2
.240
8.607
8.78
.689
1.62
9.00
1.187
.679
.736
.716
.612
1.8
3.078
9.69
9.63
3.76
19.36
3.65
8.661
.966
3.986
.76
1.9
7.93
7.78
1.16
.93
66.
49.
166.6
419.6
43.
47.
156.
184.
43.
603.69
48.
618.1
80.
624.87
626.86
100.
196.
86.
30.
48.
83.16
87.
100.
146.
38.
119.
96.
79.
46.
119.
137.
15.
637.3
648.1
43.
77.
196.
74.
86.
45.
45.
32.
112.
192.
157.
168.
172.
908.5
166.76
634.49
60.
143.
47.
75.
451.
486.6
71.
68.
.038
.028
.096
.249
.025
.097
.09
.106
.026
.29
.025
.363
.046
.3
.301
.09
.067
.020
.017
.026
!05
.057
.084
.099
.068
.06.1
.045
.026
.068
.079
.008
.31
.316
.025
.054
.072
.043
.021
.026
.036
.018
.065
.111
.091
.091
.099
.697
.096
.808
.036
.083
.027
.043
.96
.28
.041
.033
Thk speciflo gravity of any liquid
or solid body Is Its weight as com-
pared with an equal volume of
pure water at 60o K. Water = 1.
Tm speciflo gravity of a gas Is
its weight as compared with an
equal volume of pure air at 60o F.
Air = 1.
Spicific Gbavity or Gasb*.
Air = 1.
Hydrogen 0.0699
Steam 0.4883
Marsh gas 0.6696
Carbonic oxide 0.967
Nitrogen 0.9713
Oxygen 1.1057
Carbonic acid 1.699
Sulphurous acid. . . . 9.26
Chlorine 9.47
Specific Hiat.
If 1 lb. of water, 1 lb. of mercu-
ry, 1 lb. of silver, 1 lb. of Iron be
exposed to a heat sufficient to raise
the water lo F., the temperature
of the mercury will be found to be
80O, the silver 17.6o the iron 8.8o.
The specific heat of diflierent sab-
•tances is found by comparing their
temperature with water as above.
Thus, the specific heat of water li
1 ; the specific heat of mercury is
-Jk^, or one-thirtieth that of wa-
ter; silver, Y^.~S' *"*"' "g^*
Friction.
A BAO of wheat weighing 200 lbs.
is dragged on the floor by means of
a spring-balance, the pointer of
which Indicates 40 lbs. as the force
required to move the bag. Make
that force, 40, the numerator of a
fraction, and the moved weight,
200, the denominator. Then •a^/r
or -L of the weight is the eo-eficieiU
of friction, or the force required
to overcome tlie friction. X of 200
lbs. is 40 lbs., which is the force in-
dicated in this example to over-
come the friction of the batr. If the
load or weight were 400 Ibk., und
the co-eflicient of friction 4-, then
it would take X of 400 lbs., or 100
lbs. force, to move the load.
ePBCIPIO GRAVITY.
181
SPBCirio (Uravity and Wbmiit or vabious
8UB«TANCBa. Watbr S 1.
I vory
Lnrch ,
Lead, ciut ...,.
♦' theet ,
Lif^niim vits
Liint-wood
Lime, quick
LImeitone ,
Loff wood ,
Mknogany, Honduriu.,
'* NaMAu....,
« Spanlih....
Maple
Marble
Mercury
Mortar, average
Muriatic acid
Nitric acid
Oak, African
" American, rad. . .
♦' " white, dry
" Canadian..
" English, white, dry
" '* " green
" live, seasoned
" " green
Oil, linseed.
" olive
" whale
Oolite, Portland stone..
♦* Bath stone
Pine, red J dry
" white, dry
" yellow, dry
«« pitch
Pitch
Platinum, average
Plumbago
Salt
Sand, quartz
" river
«* fine
" coarM..,.,.
Sandstone ....i..
Satinwood ..,,....,
Silver ...::i'i:;.:
Slate ....;...
Sulphur
Sulphuric acid
Tallow
Tar
Teakwood
Tile, average
Tin, cast
Water, distilled, 39o....
" sea
White meUl (Babbitt). ..
Zinc, cut
II'
(O Ed
1.89
.643
11.86
11.4
1.833
.664
.843
8.180
.913
.660
.668
.859
.675
9.72
18.596
1.7
1.9
1.217
.988
.86
.779
.872
.777
.934
1.068
1.260
.94
.915
.923
2.423
1.978
.690
.654
.461
.660
1.15
21.531
2.267
2.13
9.75
1.88
1.52
L61
.96
10.474
S.88
1.84
.94
1.01
.806
1.83
7.29
1.000
1.027
7.31
7.
114.
34.
708.6
711.6
8S.
68.
198.75
67.06
35.
49.
63.
42.
170.
848.76
106.
75.
75.
69.
63.
49.
64.5
48.
68.
66.76
78.75
53.
67.
58.
151.
1S3.
37.
84.62
28.81
41.25
69.
1843.9
140.
133.
171.
117.
95.
100.
60.
653.8
180.
116.
69.
63.
60.
113.50
45.51
69.426
64.
456.89
437.
.065
.019
.408
.41
.048
.09
.03
.09
.024
.031
.026
.098
.489
.061
.044
.035
.03
.028
.028
.034
.034
.033
.033
.087
.072
.029
.041
.776
.089
.099
.067
.054
.068
.0.34
.877
.104
066
.034
.036
.028
.065
.269
.036
.037
.263
.252
I
ihit average
1-1! 1-2 lbs.;
Iron bars, one Inrh square, roll-
ed, weigh 8..'M lbs. iM>r foot ; round
bars, ont inch diameter, 2.65 lbs.
per foot.
From 800 to 324 cubic feet of dry
clover, or 916 to 243 cubic feet of
dry hay, weigh a ton. S70 cubic
feet of new hay in a ton.
In this countr
weight of men
women, 1^4 1-9 lbs.
The weight of horses In this
country is troui bUO to lUUO lbs.
The standard weight of a bushel
of wheat ia 60 lbs. ; coin and rye,
66 lbs.; oats, 39 lbs. ; barley, 48 lbs.
Potatoes, in weight 100 lbs., are
made up oi 75.9 lbs. water ; silbu-
men, 2.3 lbs. ; oily matter, 0.9
lbs. ; woody fibre, 0.4 lbs. ; starch,
S0.9 lbs. ; minerals, 1 lb.
A kind of tracing paper, which
is transparent only temporarily.
Is made by dissolving castor-oil in
absolute alcohol and applying the
liquid to the paper with a sponge.
The alcohol speedily evaporates,
leaving the paper dry. After the
tracing it made, the paper is Im-
mersed In absolute alcohol, which
removes the oil, restoring the sheet
to Its original opacity.
The diameter of a barrel at the
heads is 17 inches ; bung, 19 Inches ;
length, 23 inches ; volume, 7689
cubic inches.
Incudation.— The temperature
of hatching eggs is 104o F. Pe-
riods : swan, 42 days ; parrot, 40 ;
goose and pheasant, 35 ; duck,
turkey, peafowl, 28; hens, 21;
pigeons, 14 ; canury birds, 14.
Pbriods or Gbstation.— Gui.
nea-pig, 3 weeks ; sow, 16 weeks ;
cat, 8 weeks ; dog, 9 weeks ; lion, 5
months ; sheep, 5 mouths ; cow, 9
months ; horse and ass, 1 1 months ;
buffalo and camel, 19 months ; el«-
pliant, 23 months.
m
132
SMALL STEAMBOATS.
SMALL STEAMBOATS.
The following is an example of the practical y^&y
in which special questions put by subscribers to the
/Scientific American are answered by the editors :
" H. C. E. says : 1. I have a boat, 21 feet long by 7
feet 6 inches beam, drawing 12 or 15 inches of water.
I built an engine 3x5 inches, with a link motion. Is
the engine large enough for the boat ? A. Yes. 2.
I have a ^-inch feed-pipe and f-inch exhaust. Is the
exhaust too small for the engine ? A. It will answer
very well. 3. What size of propeller should I use?
A. Of 18 or 20 inches diameter, 2i feet pitch. 4. What
size of boiler is required ? A. About 2^ feet diameter,
4 feet high. 5. What is meant by the pitch of a pro-
peller ? A. It is the distance it would move the boat,
at each revolution, if it worked in an unyielding me-
dium, like a screw in a nut."
The foregoing is an epitome of dimensions suflBcient
to enable any intelligent machinist to build i. *ast and
serviceable steamer. Hundreds of these little vessels
are now in use throupfhout the country, upon the
smaller lakes and shallow streams. Their use has
become greatly extended by the publication of prac-
tical details of construction and management in the
Scientific American.
Queries relating to steam engineering are answered
in the Scientific American by an experienced engineer;
those pertaining to electricity, by a practical electri-
cian ; chemical inquiries, by a superior chemist ; me-
chanical questions, by a talented machinist ; astrono-
mical inquiries, by an astronomer ; and so on, for nearly
all of the departments of science. The amount of
valuable information thus made public through, the
columns of the Scientific American is very large. It
is, on this account, the most positively valuable week-
ly newspaper ever published,.
Copper, if suddenly cooled, becomes soft and mal-
leable ; if slowly cooled it hardens and becomes brittle.
Ti
PRACTICAL GEOMETRY.
183
PBACTIOAL GEOMETRY.
A KNOWLEDGE of geometry, both practical and theoretical,
is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro-
motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to
the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of
mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and
pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable
knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim-
ple and ^t^aereWy useful problems for practice, in the hope
of thus interesting some of our readeis in the subject, so
that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo-
metry can be had at the book-stores.
9"
B
^
Problem 1. — To divide a line into
equal parts. — To draw a line perpen-
dicular to another : With a pair of di-
viders from the extremities of the line
A B as centres, with any distance ex-
ceeding the point where the line is to
be intersected, describe arcs cutting
each other sls mn ; then a line drawn
through m n will divide the line A B
equally, and will also be perpendicular
thereto.
Problem 2. — To find the side of a
square that shall be any number of
times the area of a given square :
Let A B C D be the given square;
then vill the diagonal B D be the side
of a square A E F G, double in area
to the given square A B D ; the di-
agonal B D is equal to the line A G ;
if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of
a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B
C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four
times the area of the square A B C D, etc.
\
134
PRACTICAL GBOMETRT.
Problem 8. — ^To find the diameter
of a circle that shall be any number
of times the area of a given circle :
Let A B D be the given circle;
draw the two diarpeters A B and C D
at right angles to ♦ ach other, and the
cord A D will be the radius of the
circle o P, twice the area of the given
circle nearly ; and half the cord will
be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc.
Problem 4. — To describe
an ellipsis, the transverse
and conjugate diameters be-
ing given : From o, as a
centre, with the difference
of the transverse and con-
jugate seinidiameters, set,
off o c and o d ; draw the
diagonal c c?, and continue
the line o c to A;, by the addition of half the diagonal c c?,
then will the distance o A: be the radius of the centres that
will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E,
and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the
centres k B m n; then with the radius m s, and with k,
and m as centres, describe the arcs D II and A E ; also,
with the radius n r, and Avith n and B as centres, describe
the arcs E H and A H, and the figure A E D H will be the
ellipsis required.
Thb " Scientific American." — " It is hardly necessary
for U9 to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly
posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general
reading public may not be so well aware that i*^ contains the
finest engravings of all the late inventions — the .new moni-
tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of
ttU kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural —
with essays from the most distinguished scholars.
THE CONDENSING ENGINE.
135
THE STEAM-ENGINE.
Evert mechanic and inventor should make himself gen-
erally familiar with the construction and operation of the
steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge.
we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con-
densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of
the various parts :
a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; <?, upper steam port or pas-
sage ; rf, lower steam port ; e c, parallel motion ; //, beam ;
g^ connecting rod ; A, crank ; i «, fly-wheel ; h ky eccentric
and its rod ibr working the steam-valve ; /, steam-valve and
casing ; m, throttle-valve ; n, condenser ; o, injection-cock ;
p, air-pump ; q^ hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum
in condenser previous to starting the engine ; «, feed-pump
to supply boilers ; ty cold-water pump to upply condenser ;
w, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip-
tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in
motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general
We recommend the folio w-
understanding of the machine.
J
136
HINTS TO LETTER- WRITEES.
\
ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to
become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the
Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine.
[From The Scientific American.]
A HIKT TO LETTER-WRITING BORES.
E consider, as a general thing, that our
correspondents are a fair and high-minded
set of men, such as we are most happy to
accommodate by answering, so far as it is
in our power, all their inquiries ; but there
are a few of whom we can very justly com-
plain. They put to us all sorts of ques-
tions, to answer which might require a
half-day of our valuable time ; and if we
snub them off with a short answer, they are
likely to reply back in complaining terms.
It cannot be reasonably expected of us,
that we shall spend our time in such — to
us — ^profitless letter-writing. We mean to be accommo-
dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting
information for correspondents who seem not to know how
to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our
time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case
before us. i correspondent wants us to hunt through our
files for a notice of some book which appeared in The
Scientific American some years ago, and to help him to
find the book. He also wants us to find for him an English
book which we do not believe can be had in this market.
Another correspondent wants us to send to England without
delay to get something which would require time and money
to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even
inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another
incloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which
would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for
such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us
more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and
you will have no cause of complaint
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS.
137
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS,
COMPILED FFwOM THE LAST CENSUS OF THE
STATES, A.D. 1870.
UNITED
All occupations (persons en- PnorKSsioNAL and Febsonal.
S^S^^^^) 12,505,923 Do^e,tic servants 975,734
Employees of companies
AoBicriiTt uE total, 5,922,471
(not specified) .' 843
Employees of Government. 14,407
Agrlculturallaborers 2,885,996; Employees of hotels and
Apiarists 136 restaurants 23,433
Dairymen and dairy women, 8,650,1 Engineers, civil 4,703
Farm and plantation over-
seers 8,609
Farmers and planters 2,977,711
Florists 1,085
Gardeners and nurserymen, 81,435
Stock-drovers 3,181
Stoclc-herders 6,590
Stock-raisers 6,588
Turpentine farmers 361
Turpentine laborers 2,117,,
Vinegrowers 1,112 Lamp-lighters
— Land-surveyors
Hostlers 17,586
Hotel-keepers 26,394
940
171
191
85.
1,709
5,283
PnOFEBSIOKAL AND PEE-
BONAL SEHVICES 2,684,793
2,053
Actors
Apprentices to learned pro-
fessions
Apprentices to barbers
Apprentices to dentists . , . .
Architects
Artists (not specified)
Auctioneers
Authors and lecturers
Barbers and hairdressers...
Bath-house keepers
Billiard and bowling-saloon
keepers
Bill-posters
Boarding and lodging-houso
keepers 12,786
Boot-blacks 587
Card-writers 33
Chemists (practicing) 608
Chimney-sweeps 73
Chiropodists 65
Claim agents 693
Clergymen 43,874
Clerks and copyists 6,138
886
859
166
2,017
2,948
2,266
458
23,935
1,220
424
Clerks in Govcrnm't offices,
Clerks in hotels and restau-
rants
Dentists
Designers and draughts-
men
8,672
6.213
7,839
934
Hunters and trappers ,
Indian guides and interpre-
ters
Intelligence-oflice keepers. .
Inventors
Janitors
Journalists
Laborers (uotspecitted).... 1,031,066
276
2,671
Launderers & laundresses. . OO.iXMJ
Lawyers 40,736
Librarians 218
Livery-stable keepers 8,504
Marines <U. S.) 477
Messengers D,717
Metallurgists 104
Midwives l,18:i
Musicians (professional)... 0,519
Naturalists 287
Nurses 10,976
OflJcers of the Army and
Navv 2,280
Officials of companies (not
specified) 3,410
Officials of Government. . . . 44,743
Painters 775
Physicians and surgeons... 62,383
Restaurant-keepers 35,185
Sailors (U. S. Navy) 780
Scavengers 301
Sculptors 250
Sextons 1,151
Short-hand writers 154
Showmen and ehowwomen, 1,177
Soldiers (U. S. A.) 22,081
Teachers (not specified) .... 126,822
Teachers of dancing 149
Teachers of drawing and
painting 108
Teachers of music 9,491
Translators 21
Veterinary surgeons 1,166
Whitewashers 2,873
138
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS.
Table op Occupations. {Continued.)
Tkade and Tkansporta-
TioK 1,191,238
Agents 10,499
Apprentices in stores 678
Bankers and brokers 10,631
Barkeepers 14,3f)2
Boatmen and watermen. . . . 21,332
Book-keepers and accoun-
tants in stores 81,177
Canalmen 7,338
Clerks in stores 222,604
Clerks and book-keepers in
banks 7,103
Clerks and book-keepers in
express companies 767
Clerks and book-keepers in
insurance offices 1,568
Clerks and book-keepers in
railroad offices 7,374
Clerks and book-keepers in
telegraph offices 191
Commercial travelers 7,262
Draymen, hackmen, teams-
ters, etc 120,750
Employees of trading and
transportation companies 4,152
Employees of banks (not
clerks) 424
Employees of express com-
panies (not clerks) 8,554
Employees of insurance
companies (not clerks)... 11,611
Employees or railroad com-
panies (not clerks) 154,027
Employees of street railroad
companies (not clerks) . . . 6,103
Employees of telegraph
companies (not clerks) . . . 8,31G
Hucksters 17,862
Laborers 14.882
Milkmen and milkwomen. . 3,728
Mule-packers 4r^
Newspaper criers and car-
riers . 2,002
Officials of trading and
transportation companies 976
Officials of banks 2,738
Officials of express co's 75
Officials of insurance co's. . . 762
Officials of railroad co's 1,902
Officials of street railr'd co's, 88
Officials of telegraph co's.. 72
Packers 1,421
Pawnbrokers 884
Peddlers 16,976
Pilots 3,649
Tkadk and Transpohtation.
Porters in stores and ware-
houses 16,631
Sailors 56,603
Salesmen and saleswomen.. 14,203
Shippers and freighters.... 8,567
Steamboat men and women, 7,975
Stewards and stewardesses, 1,24.5
Toll-gate &c bridge keepers, 2,253
Traders and dealers (n. s.) . . 100,406
Traders in agricultural im-
plements 1,939
Traders in books and sta-
tionery 3,392
Traders in boots and shoes, 7,019
Traders in cabinet-ware.... 4,087
Traders in cigars & tobacco, S,'?M
Traders in clothing 7,595
Traders in cloths and textile
fabrics 1,103
Traders in coal 4,143
Traders in coal and wood. . 2,493
Traders in cotton 1,701
Traders in crockery, china,
and stoneware 1,705
Traders in drugs and medi-
cines 17,309
Traders in dry-goods t.9,790
Traders in gold and silver
ware and jewelry 6,402
Traders in groceries 74,410
Traders in hats and caps. . . 8,875
Traders in ice 1,464
Traders in iron, tin, and cop-
per ware 9.003
Traders in leather, hides,
and skins 2,261
Traders in lime 310
Traders in liquors & wines, 11,718
Traders in live-stock 7,723
Traders in lumber 9,440
Traders in machinery (n.s.), 254
Traders in music and musi-
cal instruments 848
Traders in newspapers and
periodicals 1,455
Traders in oils, paints, and
turpentine 986
Traders in optical Instru-
ments 301
Traders in produce 11,809
Traders in provisions 7,528
Traders in real estate 8,933
Trad's in sewing-machines, 3,152
Undertakers 1,996
"Weighers, gaugers, and
measurers 926
Wreckers 93
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS.
139
Table op Occupations. (Continued.)
MANrFACTUBES AND MlHT-
ixo 2,707,421
Agricultural-implement ma-
kers 8.811
Artlflclal-flower makers..,. 1,169
Apprentices (not specified). ,16,302
Bag-makers 866
Bakers 27,080
Basket-makers 3,297
Bell-founders 169
Belting-factory operatives. 296
Blacksmiths 141,774
Bleachers, dyers, and scour-
ers 4,901
Blind,door,and sash^makers, 6,155
Boat-makers * . . 2,101
Bone and Ivory workers... 208
Bookbinders and finishers. . 9,104
Boot and shoe makers 171,127
Box-factory operatives 6,080
Brass founders and workers, 4,094
Brewers and maltsters 11,246
Brick and tile makers 26,070
Bridge builders and con-
tractors 1,029
Britannia and japanned
ware makers 1,092
Broom and brush r>akers.. 6,816
Bronze-workera 79
Builders and contractors
(not specified) 7,511
Butchers 44,354
Button-factory operatives.. 1,272
Cabinet-makers 42,835
Candle, soap, and tallow
makers 1,942
Card and fancy-paper ma-
kers 839
Car-makers 2,228
Carpenters and joiners 344,696
Carpet-bag and satchel ma-
kers 202j
Carpet-makers 16,669 :
Carriage and wagon makers, 42,464|
Charcoal and lime burners, 8,834j
Cheese-makers 3.5S4
Cigar-makers 28.286
Clerks and book-keepers... 6,861
Clock-makers 1,779
Comb-makers 693
Confectioners 8,219
Coopers 41,789
Copper-workers 3,122
Cotton-mill operatives 111,606
Curriers, tanners, finishers
of leather 28,703
Manutactubks and Mining.
Daguerreotyplsts and pho-
tographers 7,55S
Die-sinkers & stamn-mak's, 479
Distillers and rectifiers 2,874
Employees 20,242
Engineers and firemen 84,233
Engravers 4,226
Fertilizer - establishment
operatives 316
File makers, cutters, and
grinders 1,413
Fireworks-makers 101
Fishermen and oystermen. 27,106
Flax-dressers 1,046
Fur-workers 1,191
Galloon, gimp, and tassel
makers 569
Gas-works employees 2,086
Gilders 1,534
Glass-works operatives 9,518
Glove-makers 2,329
Glue-makers 241
Gold and silver workers. . . . 18,608
Gun and lock smiths 8,184
Hair cleaners and dressers. 1,026
Harness and saddle makers, 82,817
Hat and cap makers 12,625
Hoop-skirt makers 962
Hose-makers (leather and
other) 248
House builders and con-
tractors 399
Ice-cutters 143
Ink-makers 78
Iron and steel works and
shops operatives 22.141
Iron-ioundry operatives. . . . 34,245
Iron-furnace operatives 7,453
Iron and steel rolllng-mlU
operatives 17,249
Knitting and hosiery mill
operatives 3,053
Llnen-mlU operatives 706
Lumbermen and raftsmen . . 17,752
Macaroni and vermicelli
makers 29
Machinists 54,755
Manufacturers 42,877
Marble and stone cutters. . . 25,831
Masons, brick and stone... 89,710
Mast, spar, oar, and block
makers 653
Mattress-makers 375
Meat and fruit preserving
employees 770
Meat packers, curers, and
pLcklera 1,164
140
TABLE OF OCCUPATION'S.
Table or Occupations. (Continued.)
Manufacturks and Mining.
Mechanics (not specified).. 16,514
Mill and factory operatlveH
(not specified) 41,619
Millers 41,682
Milliners, dress and mantua
makers 92,084
Mineral-water makers 458
Miners 152,107
Mirror and picture frame
makers 070
Morocco-dressers 1,728
Musical instrument makers
(not specified) 877
Needle-makers 164
OfiJcIals of mauufacturiuf{
companies 2,144
Ofilcials of mining compa-
nies C76
Oil-cloth makers 454
Oil-refinery operatives 1,747
Oil-well operators & labor's, 8,808
Organ-makers 667
Oyster-packers 443
Painters and varnishers. . . . 86,128
Paper-hangers 2,400
Paper-mill operatives 12,469
Patent-medicine makers... 409
Pattern-makers 3,970
Perfumers 248
Piano-forte makers 2.685
Plasterers 23,577
Plaster-moulders 228
Plate-printers 231
Plumbers and gasfltters. . . . 11,143
Potters 6,060
Powder-makers 676
Printers 39,860
Print-works operatives 3,788
Publishers of books, maps,
newspapers 1,677
Pump-makers 1,672
Quarrymen 13,589
Quartz & stamp mill labors, 617
Rae-pickers 436
Railroad builders and con-
tractors 1,292
Reed and shuttle makers. . . 200
Roofers and slaters 2,760
MANUrAOTUBES AND MiNINO.
Rope and cordage makers. .
Rubber-factory operatives.
Sail and awning makers. , . .
Salt-makers
Saw-mill operatives
Sawyers
Scale and rule makers
Screw-makers
Sewing - machine factory
operatives
Sewing-machine operators.
Shingle and lath makers...
Ship-carpenters
Ship-smiths
Ship-calkers
Ship-riggers
Shirt, cuff, & collar makers,
Shot, cartridge, and fuse
makers
Silk-mill operatives
Spring and axle makers....
Starch-makers
Stave, shook, and heading
makers
Steam-boiler makers
Steam-engine makers
Stereotypers
Stove, furnace, and grate
makers
Straw-workers
Sugar makers and refiners. .
Tailors, talloresses, and
seamstresses
Tinners
Tool and cutlery makers.. .
Trunk and valise makers. . .
Tobacco-factory operatives.
Truss-makers
Type founders and cutters.
Umbrella & parasol makers.
Upholsterers
Wheelwrights
Whip-makers
Window-shade makers
Wire makers and workers. .
Woodchoppera
Wood turners and carvers. .
Woolen-mlU operatives ....
2,075
3,886
2,309
1,721
47,298
6,939
416
8,881
8,042
8,788
15,1)00
396
8,068
1,057
4,080
186
8,256
301
229
1,858
6,058
4,172
883
1,543
2,029
1,609
161,820
30,524
5,351
1,845
11,986
74
649
1,439
5,T36
20,942
609
245
1,834
8,338
7,947
58,836
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Engaged In agriculture 6,922,471
'* professional service 2,684,793
" trade and transportation 1,191,238
*' manufactures and mining 2,707,421
All occupations 1870, persons in 12,606,923
LIGHTNING RODS.
141
39
36
[>9
LIGHTNING RODS.
The golden rule of safety is to provide the building with
plenty of rods or conductors, and make sure that their lower
ends, in the ground, are soldered to a large surface of metal
or other conducting material placed underground. The
common method is simply to stick the end of the rod three
feet down into dry earth. But this is unsafe, because dry
earth is a very poor conductor of electricity. To compensate
for this lack of conductivity, the bottom of the rod should
communicate with a large extent of conducting material.
This may be done by soldering the lower end of the rod to
water or gas pipes, if they exist ; if not, then dig a trench
four feet deep, six inches wide at bottom, in which deposit a
layer sixMnches thick of coal dust, charcoal, anthracite, or
bituminous. Bed the end of the rod for several feet in this
layer of coal, which is a pretty good conductor of electricitv.
The trench should be one hundred or more feet in length.
The rods should be placed on all ridges, corners, and chim-
neys. All metallic roofs, gutters, and water-pipes should
have soldered connection with the rod, which should not be
insulated from the building. All metallic water, gas, stove,
and other pipes within the building, all bell wires, masses of
metal, machmery, should be connected with the ground, in
the manner described for the rods. The more conductors
that are connected with the ground in this way, the greater
the safety. Common one half inch square iron makes a good
conductor. So does copper wire one eighth inch in diameter.
Underdraining. — Surface water that flows off the land
instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever
fertilizing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from
the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, this
waste is arrested.
Common hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good
paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in-
combustible.
Ordinary Concrete is a coarse mortar made of i mea-
sure of fine quicklime, i)^ of water, 6 to 8 of gravel and
broken bricks or stones. Forms a cheap foundation or wall.
The ground trench being made, the concrete, well mixed, is
thrown in, in layers of one foot thickness, and thoroughly com-
pacted by rammers. Above ground, wide planks are used to
form trench. If carefully mixed and rammed, durable walls
may be quickly and cheaply made.
142
MINERAL CON'^^TITUENTS.
MINERAL CONSTITUENTS ABSORBED OR REMOV-
ED FROM AN ACRE OF SOIL BY THE FOL-
LOWING CROPS.
Potassa
Soda
Lime
Magnesia
Oxide of Iron...,
Phosphoric Acid .
Sulphuric Acid..
Chlorine
Silica.
Alumina
Total
Wheat,
25 bushel?.
Barley,
40 bushels.
Turnips,
20 tons.
Hay,
i^ tons.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
29.6
3-
17-5
5-2
47.1
8.2
38.3
13.
12.9
10.6
2.6
20.6
10.6
2.
17-
9.2
2.1
25.8
2.7
16.
29.9
19.7
7.1
46.3
13-3
3-6
44-5
151
9.2
41
J18.1
• • • •
129. s
a. 4
247.8
78.2
• • • •
210.00
213.00
423.00
209.00
USEFUL FACTS AND RECIPES.
Freezing Mixtures. — A mixture of nine parts phos-
phate of soda, six parts nitrate of ammonia, and four parts
nitric acid, is a freezing compound which will cause a fall in
temperature of 71° Fahrenheit.
Equal weights of sal-ammoniac and nitre, dissolved in its
own weight of water, lowers the temperature of the latter
from 50° Fahrenheit to 10" or 22° below the freezing point.
Soap-Bubbles. — Few things amuse children more than
blowing bubbles. Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of Castile
or oil soap, cut up in small pieces, in three quarters of a
pint of water, and boil it for two or three minutes ; then add
five ounces of glycerine. When cold, this fluid will produce
the best and most lasting bubbles that can be blown.
Liquid-Glues. — Take of gum shellac three parts, caout-
chouc (india-rubber) one part, by weight. Dissolve the
caoutchouc and shellac in separate vessels, in ether free
from alcohol, applying a gentle heat. When thoroughly
dissolved mix the two solutions, and keep in a bottle tightly
stoppered. This glue is called marine glue, and resists the
action of water both hot and cold, and most of the acids and
alkalies. Pieces of wood, leather, or other substances, joined
together by it, v/ill part at any other point than the joint thus
made. If the glue be thinned by the admixture of ether, and
applied as a varnish to leather, along the seams where it is
sewed together, it renders the joint or seam water-tight, and
almost impossible to separate.
CIRCLES.
143
CIRCLES.
A CIRCLE is the most capacious of all plain figures, or con-
tains the greatest area within the same outline or perimeter.
To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diame-
ter by 3.1416, and the product will be the circumference.
To find the diameter of a circle, divide the circumference
by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the diameter.
Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con-
tains four times the area 01 the other.
To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diameter
by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will be the
area.
To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the
diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circumfer-
ence by the radius, and divide the product by 2.
Plaster of Parls may be prepared in three ways to
form a hard casting capable of taking a high polish. Mixed
with a solution of borax, then rebaked, powdered, and mixed
with a solution of alum, it forms Parian. Mixed with solution
of alum, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution,
it forms Keene's cement. Mixed with solution of sulphate of
potash, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, it
forms Martin's cement.
Water is the offspring of the two gases hydrogen and
oxygen. If eight pounds of hydrogen and one pound of oxy-
gen are mixed and ignited by a flame, they combine with a
violent explosion and form nme pounds of limpid water. If
this water is now sufficiently heated, e.^. by passing it slowly
through a red-hot. tube, it quietly separates into its original
gases — namely, eight pounds of hydrogen, one of oxygen.
Should we deal with these gases by volumes, instead of
pounds, then three cubic feet of the combined gases, of
which two are hydrogen, and one of oxygen, if mixed and ex-
ploded form water; but the water produced only occupies
the two thousand six hundredth part of the space filled by
the combined gases prior to the explosion.
The air, the atmosphere we breathe, is composed of four
parts of nitrogen gas and one part of oxygen. For example,
if we mix four gallons of nitrogen and one of oxygen, we have
five gallons of air. It is the pa^ygen that supports life ; the
nitrogen is simply a diluent or„^pr«Bader.
Z rrX) £3 3C ,
PAOI
Air 69, 143
AppeiiU 96
Aiil^niii«iiU of Patanti 97, 59, 60
Attorneyt 60
Batteries, Electric lOl
Uelgian Patent! 4G
British Patents 46
Canadian Patents 46
Capitol of the U. S 18
Caveats 96
Cement Paint 141
Census, Foreificn Population 11
Census of the United States 3
Charcoal, Properties of 119
Circle, Problems 143
Cloth, Fire-proof 99
Coal, Power of •• 41
Concrete 141
Copies of Pateats 99
Copper 132
Copying Ink 198
Copyright Laws, The 93
Copyrights for Books, etc 33
Copyrights for Labels 89
Cost 01 applying for Patents 90
Crank, Substitute 119
Design Patents 98, 68
Distinguished Inventors 104
Drawing* for Patents 64
Earn what you Spend 136
Electric Batteries, Magnets 101
Electrical Conductors, Table 109
Electricity. Speed of 36
Employers' and Employes' rights ... 86
Engines, Best Coal for 41
English Patents 46
Examination, Official 66
Expansion, Iiorce of 41
Fees, Official, Table of 86
Fire-proof Cloth 29
Foreign Patents 44
Forms, various 60
Freezing Mixtures 149
French Patents 46
Friction 130
'Geometry, Practical 133
German Patents 46
Gestation 131
Glues, Liquid 149
Going to Washington 98
Gunpowder 199
Heat Conductors lOS
Heat, Effects of. Table 100
Heat, Mechanical Equivalent 198
Hints to Letter-Writers 136
Hints on Sale of Patents 47
Hold the Fort 61
Horse-Power 118
Hew to Invent 196
How to sell Patents 47
Ice-boats, Velocity of. 81
Illumination, Rule for 83
Incubation 131
Infringements 96, 67
Interferences 67
Inventors, Distinguished 103
Knots 190, 191
Labels, Copyrights for 39, 98
TAom
Largest and Ikst 44
License, Form for 60
Light, Velocity, etc 89
Lightning Rods 141
Magnets, Batteries h<\
Mechanical Movements 107
Minerals removed by Crops 149
Model Room, Patent Office 43
Modeli 99, 66
Molecules 196
Mulium in Parvo .... 119
Occupations in U.S., i 187
Patent, Cost of 90
Patent, How much wo .i ]6
Patent Laws, Directions 16
Patent Laws of the United States... 69
Patent Office, View of 14
Patent Office, Washington.... 43
Patent Sellers, Professional 60
Patented Articles, Stamping 78
Patents, Forms for 60
Patents, Hints on Sale 47
Patents, How to obtain 16
Penalty for Stamping. 78
Petition for Patent, Form 60
Plaster of Paris, To harden 143
Platinum 69
Population, past, present, prosp 11
Power of Wnter 118
Practice, Pntent Office, Rules 63
Preliminary Examination 17
Questions and Answer
Railways of U. S.,
Recipes, Useful....
Reissues
Rejected Applications
84
.. 13
.. 143
•J6, 67
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Applli
Rights, Employers, Employes 35
Rivers of U. S 13
Royalty 47
Rules of Practice 63
Sale of Patents, Hints 47
Scientific American Offices..94, 36, 38, 40
Scientific American Office, Washt'n. 94
Soap Bubbles 149
Sound 41
Specific Gravity 1£0
State Laws concerning Patents 69
Steamboats. Small 183
Steam Engine, History 197
Steam Engine, The 135
Steam Navigation of U. S IS
Steam, Pressure of. Table. ...^ 100
Substitute for the Crank 119
Taxes, none on Patents 40
Telegraph Lines, U. S 13
Trade Marks 80,87, 90
Tungsten 99
Underdraining 141
United States, Length, Breadth 13
United States, Map of; 18, 19
Useful Recipes, Facts 143
Water, Composition of 1 48
Water-power, Rule 118
Weights and Measures 199, 193, 194
Weights, Substances, Tables 130
What Security have I ! 90
Will it Pay! 40
Wind, Velocity, and Force 1«»
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