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CANADA 
 
 PUBLIC ARCHIVES 
 
 ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES 
 
THE 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 
 
 Reference Book 
 
 A COMPENDIUM OF 
 
 
 USEFUL INFORMATION 
 
 Containing the Complete Census of the United States by 
 
 Counties ; Map of the United States ; Views of Public 
 
 JiuiLDiNGs ; Patent and Copyright Laws ; Rules and 
 
 JJIRECTIONS for OBTAINING PATENTS ; FoRMS FOR PA- 
 TENTS, Caveats, Assignments, and Licenses; 
 Hints on the Value and Sale of Patents • 
 Tables of the Weights and Measures ' 
 of the United States ; The Prin- 
 cipal Mechanical Movements, 
 WITH 150 Diagrams ; History 
 and Description of the 
 Steam - Engine, and 
 Valuable Tables, 
 Calculations, 
 Problems, 
 Etc. 
 
 JTew yoRK : 
 
 MUNN & CO., OFFICE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 
 No. 37 PARK ROW. 
 
 1877. . 
 
to 
 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 
 
 MUNN & CO., 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 yai'M U- 
 
 S. W. Green, Printer, 
 
 16 ft 18 Jacob Street, 
 
 New York. 
 
 7 /J ^f 
 
CENSUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, BY OOUNTIES, POE 1870. 
 
 ALABAMA.— Area, 60.722 square inilef. 
 
 4ataaga...II,623 Clav 9,660 
 
 Baker 6,194 Cleburne. .. 8,017 
 
 Baldwin. ... 6,004 ('oflTee 6,171 
 
 Barbour... 29,309 Colbert 12,637 
 
 Benton Conecuh . . . 9,674 
 
 Bibb 7,469 Cooia I1,94S 
 
 Blount 9,945 
 
 BuUock.... 24,474 
 
 Butler 14,981 
 
 Calhoun... 13,979 
 Chamber*. . 17,663 
 Cherokee.. 1 1.132 
 ChocUw... 12,676 
 Clark 14,629 
 
 Arkaniat . 
 Ashley 8,U42 
 
 Benton . 
 Boone — 
 Bradley.. 
 Calhoun . 
 Carroll . 
 
 Chi«ot r.214 
 
 Clark 11,963 
 
 Columbia.. 11,397 
 
 Conway 
 
 Crawford. 
 
 Crittenden 
 
 Covington.. 4,868 
 Crenshaw.. 11, 166 
 
 Vale 11,325 
 
 DaUaa 40,705 
 
 DeKalb... 7,126 
 
 KlDMre 14,477 
 
 EaKambia. . 4,041 
 Etowah 10,109 
 
 ABKANSAS.- 
 
 8,268 Craighead . 4,677 
 
 Crosi 8,916 
 
 Dallas 5,707 
 
 Desha 6,125 
 
 Drew 9,960 
 
 Franklin... 9,627 
 
 Fulton 4,843 
 
 Grant 8,943 
 
 Green 7,673 
 
 Hempatead. 13,768 
 Hot Springs 6,877 
 Independ'cel4,666 
 
 Fayette 7,166 Lowndeii. .26,719 
 
 rranklin... 8,006 Macon 17,727 
 
 Geneva 2,969 Madison . . .31,267 
 
 Greene 18,399 Marengo. . .26,161 
 
 Hancock Marion .... 6,069 
 
 Hale 21,792 Marshall. . . .9,871 
 
 Henry 14,191 Mobile 49,311 
 
 JackMn 19,410 Montgom'y.43,704 
 
 JelTerson. . . 12,346 Morgan. . . . 12,187 
 
 Lauderdale 16,092 Monroe 14,214 
 
 Lawrence . 16,668 Perry 24,975 
 
 Lee 21,760 Pickens. ... 17,690 
 
 Limestone . 16,017 Pike 17,423 
 
 ToUl 
 
 -Area, 62.108 square xniles. 
 
 Randolph.. 12,006 
 RusseU....21.836 
 
 Sanford 8893 
 
 Shelby 12,218 
 
 St. Clair... 9,360 
 
 Sumter 24,110 
 
 Talladega.. 18,063 
 Tallapooia 16,963 
 Tuscaloosa 20.081 
 Walker... 6,643 
 Washington 3,912 
 Wilcox . . . .28,377 
 Winston... 4,165 
 
 13,831 
 
 7,032 
 8,646 
 3,863 
 ,6,780 
 
 8,112 
 8,967 
 8,831 
 
 Izard 6,806 
 
 Jackson 7,268 
 
 Jeflerson ..16,733 
 Johnson.... 9,162 
 Lafayette.. 9,139 
 Lawrence.. 6,981 
 Little River 3,236 
 Madison . . . 7,927 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Monroe. . . 
 Montgom'y 
 
 Newton... 3,364 
 Ouachita. . . 13,975 
 
 Perry 2,685 
 
 PhiUips.... 15,372 
 
 Pike 3,788 
 
 Poinsett... 1,720 
 
 Polk 8,376 
 
 Pope 8,409 
 
 Prairie 6,604 
 
 Pulaski . . .32,066 
 Randolph . . 7,466 
 St. Francis. 6,714 
 
 Saline 3,911 
 
 Scott 7,483 
 
 Searcy. 
 Sebastian . . 
 
 Sevier 
 
 Sharpe 
 
 Union .... 
 Van Buren. 
 
 6,614 
 :2,940 
 
 4,492 
 
 6,400 
 10,571 
 
 6,107 
 
 Washingt'nl7.266 
 
 White 10,346 
 
 Woodruff. .6,891 
 Yell 8,048 
 
 Alameda. 
 
 Alpine 685 
 
 Amador 9,682 
 
 Butte 11,403 
 
 Calaveras. . 8,895 
 
 Colusa 6, 165 
 
 Contra Costa 8,461 
 Del Norte.. 2,022 
 El Dorado. 10,309 
 Fresno 6,336 
 
 Inyo 1,966 
 
 Kern 9,925 
 
 Klamath... 1,686 
 
 Lake 2,969 
 
 Lassen 1,324 
 
 I^s Angelosl5,309 
 
 Marin 6,903 
 
 Mariposa . . 4,672 
 Mendocino . 7,645 
 
 8. Joaquin. 21 ,060 
 S.L.Obispo. 1,772 
 S. Mateo . . 6,635 
 S. Barbara. 7,784 
 
 S. Clara. 
 8. Crua 
 Shasta . 
 Sierra.. , 
 Siskiyou.. 
 
 .26,246 
 8,743 
 4,173 
 6,619 
 6,848 
 
 Sonoma 
 Stanislaus 
 
 Sutter 
 
 Tehoma . . . 
 
 Trinity 
 
 Tulare 
 
 Tuolumne 
 
 Yolo 9,899 
 
 Yuba 10,861 
 
 .16i«;"l 
 .19.M9 
 6,499 
 6.030 
 3,687 
 3,213 
 4,533 
 . 8.150 
 
 3,97* 
 
 3,633 
 
 8,336 
 
 2984 
 
 Total... "....: 488,179 
 
 CALIFORNIA.— Area, 188,981 square miles. 
 
 24,237 Humboldt.. 6,143 Merced 2,807 S. Frauc'ul49,482 Solano 
 
 Mono 430 
 
 Monterey . . 9,876 
 
 Napa 7,163 
 
 Nevada ...19,136 
 
 Placer 11,367 
 
 Plumas 4,489 
 
 8acramento26,831 
 S. Bernar'o 8,988 
 San Diego . 4,974 
 Total... .". 660,286 
 
 CONNECTICUT.— Area, 4,674 square mil.s. 
 
 Fairfleld .. .96,276 Litchfield . .48,727 N. Haven. 121,267 TolUnd .. .22,000 Windham !W.618 
 Hartford . 109,007 Middlesex 36.099 N. London. 66,634 Total 637,418 
 
 DELAWARE.— Area, 2,120 squar « miles. 
 
 Kent 29,804 N. Castle. .63,615 Sussex. .. .31,696 Total 126,015 
 
 FLORIDA.— Area, 69,268 square miles. 
 
 Alachua... 17,328 Duval n,921 Jackson ... 9,628 Marion. .. .10,804 St. Johns 
 
 JaflTerson ..13,398 
 Lafayette.. 1,783 
 
 Leon 16,233 
 
 Levy 2,017 
 
 Liberty 1,060 
 
 Madison... 11, 121 
 Manatee... 1,931 
 Total..; :.. 187,760 
 
 OEORaiA.— Area, 68,000 square miles. 
 
 Kullock ... 6.610 Charlton .. 1,897 Cobb 13,814 
 
 Burke 14,686 Chatham . .41,279 Coffee 8. 192 
 
 Chattah'ee. 6,069 
 
 Chatooga . . 6,902 
 
 Cherokee. .10,399 
 
 Clarke 12,941 
 
 Clav 6.493 
 
 Baker 1,325 Escambia. 
 
 Benton Frank lin 
 
 Bradford.. 8,671 Gadsden 
 Brevard... 1,216 
 Calhoun ... 906 
 
 Clay 2,098 
 
 Columbia.. 7,335 
 Dade (6 
 
 Hamilton . 
 Hernando 
 Hillsboro . 
 Holme*. 
 
 7,825 
 . 1,266 
 . 9,802 
 . 6,749 
 . 2,938 
 . 8,215 
 . 1,672 
 
 2,618 
 
 Monroe 6,667 Sumter . . . 2,962 
 
 Nassau. . . . 4,247 Suwanee . . 3,566 
 
 New River, Taylor 1,443 
 
 Orange 2,195 Volusia 1,723 
 
 Polk 3,169 Wakulla .. 2,606 
 
 Putnam . .. 8,821 Walton . . . 3,060 
 
 B. Rosa. . . . 8,312 Washing'n 2,30 
 
 Appling . . . 6,086 
 
 Baker 6,843 
 
 Baldwin... 10,618 
 
 Bank* 4,973 
 
 Bartow 16,666 
 
 Berrien . . . 4,618 
 
 Bibb S1.265 
 
 Brook* 8,342 
 
 Bryan 5,252 
 
 Butt* 6,941 
 
 Calhoun . . . 6,603 
 Camden... 4,611 
 Campbell.. 9,176 
 Carroll 11,782 
 
 Cas* Clay4on 6,477 
 
 Catoosa ... 4,409 Clinch 8,945 
 
 Cokjuitt ... 1,664 
 Columbia.. 13,629 
 Coweta... 16,875 
 Crawford.. 7.667 
 
 Dade 3.033 
 
 Dawson.... 4,369 
 Decatur... 16,183 
 
 DeKalb... 10.014 
 Dooley .... 9.790 
 Dougherty 11,514 
 
 Early . 
 
 Echob 
 
 EfSngham. . 
 
 Elbert ... 
 
 Emanuel . . 
 
 Fannin 
 
 6,998 
 1,978 
 4,214 
 9.249 
 6,143 
 6,429 
 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Fayetto . . . 8,221 
 
 Fluyd 17,230 
 
 Foriv'h . . . »,9M 
 Frinklln .. 7,893 
 
 Fullon 3,34« 
 
 Oilmer . ... 6,644 
 (lltMock .. 2,736 
 
 Glynn 6,376 
 
 GurHon 9,268 
 
 Greene 12,464 
 
 Gwinnett . .12,431 
 Hkberiham 6,333 
 
 Hall 9.607 
 
 Hancock... 11,317 
 Haralwn... 4,004 
 
 Harri* 13,284 
 
 Hart 6,783 
 
 Heard 7,866 
 
 Adam* . . . .80,363 
 Alexander . 10,664 
 
 Bund 13,163 
 
 Roone 12,943 
 
 Brown 12,205 
 
 Bureau 32,415 
 
 Ralhoan . . . 6,663 
 Carrull... 16,705 
 
 Cam 10,089 
 
 Champaign 32,738 
 ChriRtian . .20,363 
 
 Olark 18,710 
 
 Olay 16,875 
 
 Clinton' 16,284 
 
 Ci>lea 26,237 
 
 Cook 349,970 
 
 Crawford.. 13.889 
 Cumberl-d . 12,323 
 DeKalb... 23,265 
 Ue Witt... 14,766 
 Douglas... 13,484 
 
 Adama 10,383 
 
 Alien 43,494 
 
 BaHbol'w .21,133 
 
 Benton 6,615 
 
 Blackford . 6,273 
 
 Boone 22,693 
 
 Brown 8,681 
 
 Carroll 16,163 
 
 Cass 24,193 
 
 Clarke 24,770 
 
 Clay 19,084 
 
 Clinton 17,330 
 
 Crawford.. 9,861 
 Davieii ..16,747 
 Dearborn. .24,116 
 
 Decatur 
 
 DeKalb .17,167 
 Delaware. .19,030 
 DuboU 12,697 
 
 .Adair 3,982 
 
 Adanu 4,614 
 
 .Ulamakee. 17,868 
 Appanoose . 16,468 
 Audubon .. 1,212 
 
 Benton 22,464 
 
 Bl'k Hawk.21,706 
 
 Boone 14,676 
 
 Bremer ...13,528 
 Buchanan .17,0.^4 
 Buena Vista. 1,685 
 
 Butler 9,961 
 
 Calkoan... 1,602 
 Carroll .... 2,461 
 CaH 6,464 
 
 Henry 10,103 
 
 HoutUm... 20,406 
 
 Irwin 1,837 
 
 Jaekwn ...11,181 
 
 Jasper 10,439 
 
 Jefferion ..13,193 
 Johnson . . . 2,964 
 
 Joneii 9,436 
 
 Laurens . . . 7,834 
 
 Lae 9,667 
 
 Mberly ...18,912 
 Lincoln. . .. 6,411 
 Lowndes . . 8,321 
 Lumpkin .. 6,161 
 
 Macon 11.418 
 
 Madison... 5,327 
 Marion ... 8, WO 
 Mcintosh . . 4.485 
 
 J." -irrlwet'r. 13,766 
 
 Miller 8,091 
 
 Milton 4,284 
 
 MileheU . . 6,633 
 Monroe.... 17,313 
 Montgum'y. 8,686 
 Morgan ...10,696 
 Murray . . . 6,600 
 Muscogee. .16,663 
 Newton . . . 14,615 
 Oglethorpe.11,782 
 Paulding .. 7,689 
 Pickens . . . 6,317 
 
 Pierce 2,778 
 
 Pike 10,905 
 
 Polk 7,833 
 
 Pulaski .. 11,040 
 Putnam ...10,461 
 
 Quitraai 
 Rabuu . 
 
 4,160 
 3,266 
 Ramlolph.. 10.661 
 Kuhmund .36,137 
 
 Schley 6,129 
 
 Bcriver 9,175 
 
 Hpaukling.. 10,305 
 Stewart ...I4.3U4 
 
 Sumter 16,669 
 
 Talbot 11,613 
 
 Taliaferro. 4,796 
 Tatnail 
 
 Taytor 
 
 Telfair . 
 Terrell . 
 Thomas 
 Towns . 
 
 Total 
 
 4,860 
 7.148 
 8,245 
 9,063 
 17,168 
 3,780 
 
 Troup 
 Twiggs. . . . 
 
 Union 
 
 I'pson 
 
 Walker ... 
 Walton. . . . 
 
 Ware 
 
 Warren . 
 Washing'n 
 Wayne. . . 
 Webster.. 
 While... 
 AVhitfield . 
 Wilcox... 
 Wilkes... 
 Wilkinson 
 Worth... 
 
 ILLINOIS.- Area, 66,406 square miles. 
 
 J. 
 
 17,633 
 
 8,646 
 
 5,267 
 
 0,430 
 
 9,W6 
 
 li,03M 
 
 3,886 
 
 .10,546 
 
 16,641 
 
 2,177 
 
 4,677 
 
 . 4,606 
 
 .10,117 
 
 . 3,439 
 
 .11,796 
 
 . 9,387 
 
 . . 3778 
 
 194,089 
 
 DuPage ..16,685 
 
 Edgar 21,460 
 
 Edwards . . 7,665 
 Effingham. .15,663 
 Fayette ...lt>,338 
 
 Ford 9,103 
 
 Franklin ..12,662 
 
 Fulton 38,293 
 
 Gallatin ...11,134 
 
 Green 20,277 
 
 Grundy ...14,938 
 Hamillon.. 13,014 
 Hancock . .34,461 
 
 Hardin 5,113 
 
 Henderson. 13,683 
 
 Henry 36,607 
 
 Iroquois . . .26,783 
 Jackson ...19,634 
 
 Jasper 11,234 
 
 Jeflerson ..17,864 
 Jersey 16,064 
 
 Jo Daviess. 37,810 
 Johnvon ,..11,248 
 
 Kane 39,091 
 
 Kankakee .34,363 
 KendaU ...13,399 
 
 Knox 39,623 
 
 Lake 31,014 
 
 La Salle... 60,793 
 Lawrence. . 13,633 
 
 Lre 27,171 
 
 Livingston. 3 1, 473 
 
 Logan 28,063 
 
 McDono'h .36,611 
 McHenry..23,763 
 McUan . . .63,988 
 
 Macon 20,633 
 
 Macoupin ..33,729 
 Madison... 44.131 
 
 Marion 30,632 
 
 Marshall.. 16,966 
 
 Masion. 
 Massac. . 
 Menxrd . 
 Mercer. . 
 Monroe 
 
 16,184 
 . . 9,681 
 ..11,735 
 ..18,769 
 
 13,892 
 
 Montgom'y.26,315 
 Morgan . . .28,463 
 Moultrie ..10,385 
 
 Ogle 27,493 
 
 Peoria 47,640 
 
 Perry 13,723 
 
 Piatt 10,968 
 
 Pike 30,768 
 
 Pope 11,437 
 
 Pulaski . . . 8,762 
 Putnam . . .66,;^0 
 Pandolph.. 20,869 
 Richland ..13,803 
 Hock Island 39,783 
 St. Vlair... 61.069 
 
 Total 
 INDIANA.— Area. 33,809 square xnilea. 
 
 Elkhart . . .36,026 JeHeraon . .39,741 Noble 20,389 
 
 Jennings ..16,318 
 Johnson . . . 18,366 
 
 Knox 31,559 
 
 Kosciusko .38,631 
 LaGrange.14,148 
 
 Lake 13,880 
 
 La Porte . .37,063 
 Lawrence.. 14,688 
 Madison . . .33,770 
 
 Marion 66,345 
 
 Marshall.. 20,211 
 Martin.. ..11, 103 
 
 Miami 21.063 
 
 Monroe 14,168 
 
 Montgom'y .3?. 765 
 Morgan ...I7,j2» 
 Newton . . . 5,839 
 
 SsHne 12,714 
 
 Sangamon .46.364 
 Schuyler ..17,410 
 
 Scott 10,630 
 
 Shelby . . . .26,475 
 
 Stark 10,751 
 
 Stephenson. 30,608 
 I'atewell ..27,903 
 
 Union 16,618 
 
 Vermilion. .30.388 
 
 Wabash 8.841 
 
 Warren ,. 23.174 
 Washing'n. 17,699 
 Wayne. ...19,758 
 
 White 16,846 
 
 Whiteside .27,606 
 
 Will 43,013 
 
 WiUiamson 17,329 
 Winnebago 29,301 
 Woodford .18.966 
 2,639,688 
 
 Fayette ...10,476 
 
 Floyd 2S.S00 
 
 Fountain ..16,389 
 Franklin . .20,223 
 
 Fulton 13,726 
 
 Gibson 17.371 
 
 Grant 18,487 
 
 Green 19,614 
 
 Hamilton . .20,883 
 Hancock... 16, 123 
 Harrison ..19,913 
 Hendricks .30,277 
 
 Henry 33,986 
 
 Howard... 16,847 
 Huntington 19,036 
 Jackson ...18,974 
 
 Ohio 5,837 
 
 Orange.... 13,497 
 
 Owen 16,137 
 
 Parke 18,166 
 
 Perry 14,801 
 
 Pilie . .18 779 
 
 Porter 13,942 
 
 Posey 19,185 
 
 Pulaski 7,802 
 
 Putnam .31,614 
 RHndolph. .22,862 
 
 Ripley 20,977 
 
 Rush 17.636 
 
 St. Joseph .36.323 
 
 Scott 7,873 
 
 Shelby . . . .31,893 
 Spencer ...17,998 
 
 Jasper 6,634 
 
 Jay 15,000 
 
 IOWA.— Area. 60,014 square miles. 
 
 Cedar 19.731 Dubuque . .38,969 Humboldt . 2.898 
 
 Emniett... 1,293 Ida 336 
 
 Fayette . . .16,973 Iowa 16,642 
 
 Floyd 10,768 Jackson . . .23,630 
 
 Franklin .. 4,738 Jasper 33,116 
 
 Fremont... 11, 174 Jeflerson ..17,839 
 
 Greene 4,637 Johnson . . .34,898 
 
 Orumly . . . 6,398 Jones 19,731 
 
 Guthrie . . . 7,061 Kegkuk . . .19,434 
 
 Hamilton . . 6,065 Kossuth . . . 8,361 
 
 Hancock... 999 Lee 37,310 
 
 Hardin... 13,686 Lynn 38,788 
 
 Harrison . . 8,931 Louisa 12,868 
 
 Henry 21,460 Lucas 10,288 
 
 Howard ... 6,283 Lyon 31 
 
 Stark 3,888 
 
 Steuben... 13,864 
 Sullivan.. .18,463 
 Switzerland 12,134 
 Tippecanoe 33,616 
 
 Tipton 11,963 
 
 Union 6,341 
 
 Vanderb'g 33,146 
 Vermilion .10,840 
 
 Vigo 33,649 
 
 Wabash . . .21,306 
 Warren ...10,204 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Washing'n 18,496 
 
 Wayne 34,048 
 
 Wells 13,686 
 
 White 10,664 
 
 Whitley . . .14,399 
 
 Cerro Oor'o 4,722 
 Cherokee.. 1,967 
 Chickasaw. 10, 180 
 
 Clarke 8,735 
 
 Clay 1,623 
 
 Clayton ...27,771 
 
 Clinton 36,367 
 
 Crawford.. 2,630 
 
 Dallas 12,019 
 
 Davia 16,665 
 
 Decatur . . . 12,018 
 Delaware.. 17,433 
 Des Moines 27,268 
 Dickinson . 1,389 
 
 Madison . . . 
 Mahaska . . 
 Marion . . . . 
 Marshall . . 
 
 Mills 
 
 Mitchell ... 
 Monona . . . 
 
 Monroe 
 
 MoBtgom'y 
 Muscatine . 
 O'Brien . . . 
 Osceola . . . 
 
 16,854 
 
 3,6U6 
 
 4,434 
 
 17 076 
 
 8,717 
 
 , 9,683 
 
 3,664 
 
 12,724 
 
 .6,934 
 
 31,688 
 
 , 715 
 
 Page 
 Pak> Alto . 
 
 9,974 
 1,336 
 Plymouth. . 2,199 
 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PoralMNitM. 1,444 
 
 Polk 77, Mr 
 
 Pottawat'e 16,8SiS 
 Paweihlek. 15,081 
 RiBKgold . 5,603 
 
 flan.'..'....' 1,411 
 
 Sco(( SS,599 
 
 Shelby 2,540 
 
 8i«ax 576 
 
 Story 11,651 
 
 Tama , 
 
 Warren ...IT.tm 
 WMhinst'n 18.953 
 Wayne ...II. 287 
 Webiter . . . 10.484 
 Winnebago l.fifiil 
 
 .16.131 
 
 Taylor 6,989 
 
 lirtiun 6,986 
 
 Van Buren. 17.673 
 Wapello . .3*2.346 
 
 KANSAS.— Area, 78.418 square miles. 
 
 Crawrurd.. 8.160 JslTerion.. .13,526 Nemeba ... 7,339 
 
 Jewell 207 Neu 2 
 
 Juhnion. . . . 13,684 Neonho .... 10,306 
 
 Kiowa Norton 
 
 Labette 9,973 Otrnge 7,648 
 
 I.eavenw'rh32,444 Oibome ... 33 
 
 Lincoln 516 
 
 Linn 12,174 
 
 Lyon 8,624 
 
 768 
 6,001 
 
 738 
 
 Winneiih(ek33,S70 
 Woodbury. 6.263 
 
 Worth 2,892 
 
 Wright 2,392 
 
 Total.. 1,191,803 
 
 AlfeB T.02S 
 
 Anderron . . 5.220 Davis 3,993 
 
 Atchiam . . . 15.507 I)iekin«on . . 3.043 
 
 Barb'r (w. Carley Doniphan. . 18.969 
 
 Burton S Dmiglaa . . .20.604 
 
 Boiirbon...l8,07S Ellis 1,336 
 
 Brown 6.834 Elbwortb. . 1,188 
 
 Butler 8,038 Ford 
 
 Chase 1,975 Franklin.. .10,885 
 
 Cherokee.. 11, 038 Graham Marion 
 
 Clatke Greenwood. 8,484 Marshall, 
 
 Clay 2,942 Gore McPherson 
 
 Ckmd 2,323 Harp'r (w. Carley Miami 11,725 
 
 Coffee 6,301 Hodgeman Mitchell... 485 
 
 Comanche Howard . .. .2,794 Montgom'y. 7,664 
 
 Carley ctal 1,175 Jackson. . .0^063 Morris 2,235 
 
 nunh 
 
 RuHseU.... 1C« 
 
 Saline 4,246 
 
 Sedgwick.. 1,522 
 Shawnee . .13,121 
 
 Smith 66 
 
 Ottawa 2,127 StaObrd 
 
 Pawnee... 179 Sumner 
 
 Phillips Trego 166 
 
 Pottawat'e. 7,848 W..baunsee 3,862 
 
 Pratt Wallace... 538 
 
 R M) Washingt'n 4,081 
 
 Uepublic. . . 1,281 WiUon 3,604 
 
 Rice 5 Woodnon .. 8.827 
 
 R iley 8,105 Wyandot . . 10,019 
 
 Rorke Total.... 363.873 
 
 Adair 11,065 
 
 Allen 10.296 
 
 AnderMon . . 6,449 
 
 Kalhrd 13,676 
 
 Barren 17,780 
 
 Bath 10,145 
 
 Boone 10,696 
 
 Bourbon... 14,863 
 
 Boyd 8,673 
 
 Boyle 9,615 
 
 Bracken... 11, 409 
 BreaCiitt . . 6,673 
 Breckin'ge. 13,440 
 Ballit .... 7.781 
 
 Butler 0.404 
 
 Caldwell... 10,826 
 Calloway . . 9,400 
 Campbell. .27,406 
 
 Carroll 6,189 
 
 Carter 7,608 
 
 Casey 8,884 
 
 Christian . .28,227 
 CUrk 10,883 
 
 E£NTUCKY.~Area. 87,680 square miles. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Crittenden. 
 Ciimbrrl'd. 
 Daviess. . . . 
 Edmondson 
 
 Elliott 
 
 Estill 
 
 Fayette 
 
 8,207 
 6,497 
 
 0,381 
 7,690 
 
 20,714 
 4,459 
 4,433 
 0.198 
 
 20,666 
 
 A.irenslon ..11 .877 
 Assumption 13.284 
 .AToyeftes..l3,92« 
 B.Roug.K. 17.817 
 B.Roug.W 6,114 
 BienTiUr . .10,639 
 
 Bossier 12,678 
 
 Caddo 21,714 
 
 CalcHisleu.. 6.7S3 
 Caldwell . 
 Cameron . 
 
 Harrison ..12,993 
 
 Hart 13,687 
 
 Hendenon. 18,467 
 
 Henry 11.066 
 
 Hickman . . 8.463 
 Hopkins... 13.827 
 Jackson.. . . 4.647 
 JelTerson .118,963 
 Jessamine . 8,638 
 John Bell . . 8,731 
 Johnson . . . 7,494 
 
 Kenton 36,096 
 
 Knox 8,294 
 
 La Rue 8,236 
 
 Laurel 6,016 
 
 Lawrence . 8,497 
 
 Lee 8,055 
 
 Letcher 4,608 
 
 LewU 9,115 
 
 Lincoln 10,947 
 
 Livingston . 8,200 
 
 I.ogan 20,429 
 
 Lyon 6,238 
 
 Total '. 1,331,001 
 
 LOXnSIANA.— Area, 41,255 sauare miles. 
 
 Fleming... 13,398 
 
 Floyd 7,877 
 
 Franklin... 16,300 
 
 Fulton 6,161 
 
 Gallatin . . . 6.074 
 Garrard... 10,376 
 
 Grant 9,620 
 
 Graves 19,308 
 
 Grayson... 11, 680 
 Greene . . 
 Greenup. 
 Hancock. 
 Hardin . . 
 Harlan 
 
 9,370 
 .11,463 
 . 6,691 
 .15,705 
 
 4,418 
 
 Madison ...19,543 
 MagofGn... 4,684 
 
 Marion 12,838 
 
 Marshall . . 9,465 
 
 Mason 18,126 
 
 McCrackcn 13,988 
 McLean . . . 7,614 
 
 Meade 9,485 
 
 Menifee ... 1,986 
 
 Mercer 13,144 
 
 Metcair 7,934 
 
 Monroe 9,231 
 
 Montgom'y. 7,667 
 
 Morgan 6,975 
 
 Muhlenb'g. 12,638 
 
 Nelson 14,804 
 
 Nicholas... 9,129 
 
 Ohio 16,661 
 
 Oldham 9,027 
 
 Owen 14,309 
 
 Owilsy 8,889 
 
 Pendleton .14,030 
 Perry 4,274 
 
 Pike 9,862 
 
 Powell 2,699 
 
 Pulaski ...17,670 
 Robertson .63,0('9 
 Rock Custki 7,145 
 
 Rowan 2,991 
 
 RusseU 6,809 
 
 Scott 11,607 
 
 Shelby 16,733 
 
 Simpson... 0,673 
 Spencer . . . 8,966 
 
 Taylor 8,226 
 
 Todd 12,612 
 
 Trigg 13,686 
 
 Trimble . . . 8.677 
 
 Union 13,640 
 
 Warren . . .21,743 
 Washing'n. 13,464 
 Wayne. . . . 10,602 
 Webster... 10,987 
 Whileley . . 8,278 
 
 Wolfe 3,603 
 
 Woodford . 8,240 
 
 PlaqueniinelO.663 
 Pt. Coupee. 12.981 
 Rapides ...18.018 
 Richland .. 8,110 
 Sabine 6.456 
 
 4,820 
 1,691 
 
 Androsc'n 
 Aroostook 
 Cumherl'd 82,020 
 Franklin.. 18,807 
 
 .88,888 
 29,609 
 
 Carrdl... 10,110 Jackson ... 7,646 
 
 Catahoula . 8,478 Jafferson . . 17,767 
 
 CIMborne . .30,240 Lafayette . . 10,388 
 
 Concordia . 9,977 Lafourche .14,719 
 
 I>« SotiK: . .14,962 Livingston . 4,028 
 
 Pelici'na.E. 13,499 Madison S. Bernard. 8,663 
 
 Feliei'na,W10,498 Moorehouse 9,387 St. Charles. 4,867 
 
 Frankli 6,078 Natchitoch' 18,268 St. Helena. 8.423 
 
 Grant 4,5IV Opclousas St. James. .10,163 
 
 Iberia 9,042 Orleans . .19J, 425 8.J ~ ~ 
 
 Iberville . . .12,347 Ouachita . .11,663 8. Lauad-y.24,646 
 
 MAINE.— Area, 81,766 square miles. 
 
 Hancock. . .36,470 Lincoln 26.597 Piscataquis 14.403 
 
 Kennebec. .63.205 Oxford 83.488 Sagadahoc . 18.803 
 
 Knox 30,623 Penobscot .74,691 Somerset . .34,611 
 
 S. Martin's. 9,370 
 St. Mary's 13,860 
 St. Tanim'y 8,68o 
 Tangipaho. 7,928 
 
 Tensas 12,421 
 
 Ter. Bonne. 12,461 
 
 Union 11,6H 
 
 Vermilion . . 4,828 
 Washing'n. 8,330 
 
 theB'p Winn 4,965 
 
 Total 732,731 
 
 Waldo . . . .34.535 
 Wanhing'n 43.343 
 York 60,174 
 
 Total 626,463 
 
 AUeghanv .38.836 
 A Arundel.24,46^ 
 Ballimore.330,74t 
 
 Calvert 9,868 
 
 CaruUne... 12,101 
 
 MARYLAND.— Area, 11,124 square n lies. 
 
 Harford .. .22,608 Pr. George.21,138 Talbot 16,187 
 
 Howard ...14,160 Qu'n Anne. 16,083 Washing'n 34,713 
 
 Kent 17,103 St. Mary's 14,944 Wiromiro .18 802 
 
 Monteom'y.20,56a Somerset . .18,190 Worcester. 16,410 
 Total 780,806 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS.— Area, '. ,R0O square miles. 
 
 Barnstable. 32,774 Uukes 8,787 Hxmpden. .78,403 Nantucket. 4,123 SulTolk .270,802 
 
 Berkshire .64,827 Essex 200,843 Hampshire. 44,388 Norfolk .. .81t,443 Worcester 192,716 
 
 Bristol ... 102,888 Franklin . .32,638 Middlesex.274,353 Plymouth. .65,368 Total 1,457,361 
 
 (Carroll . . .28,619 
 
 Cecil 26,874 
 
 Charles 15,738 
 
 Dorchester. 19,468 
 Frederick .47,672 
 
6 
 
 
 CENSUS OP 
 
 TOE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 MICHIOAN.- 
 
 -Area, 66,248 
 
 •qvare 
 
 snilei 
 
 1. 
 
 
 Alconit . . . 
 
 . c-« 
 
 Crawford. 
 
 . 
 
 Kalama<ao.8S,054 
 
 Menomine*. 1.893 
 
 Ostrgn . . . 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 AllRgan. . . 
 
 .82,105 
 
 Delta 
 
 . 1,441 
 
 Kalrosco . 
 
 . 424 
 
 Michil'nao 
 
 • • " • 
 
 Ottawa. . . 
 
 .36.681 
 
 Alpena . . . 
 
 . 2,7M 
 
 Eaton .... 
 
 .25,171 
 
 Kent 
 
 .80.403 
 
 Midland . 
 
 .8.285 
 
 Presq. Isle 
 
 . 855 
 
 Antrim . . . 
 
 . 1,98S 
 
 Emniet . . . 
 
 . 1,211 
 
 Keweenaw 
 
 . 4.20S 
 
 Missaukee 
 
 130 
 
 Roscommon | 
 
 Barry 
 
 .22,190 
 
 <iene«ee. . 
 
 .33,900 
 
 Lake 
 
 . 648 
 
 Monroe. .. 
 
 .37,483 
 
 Saginaw.. 
 
 .89.097 
 
 Bay.'.... 
 
 .16,900 
 
 Gladwin . 
 
 
 Lapeer . . . 
 
 .3I,3a 
 
 Montcalm . 
 
 .18,620 
 
 81. Clair . 
 
 .36.661 
 
 Benzie . . . 
 
 . 3,184 
 
 O'dTravo 
 
 e 4,443 
 
 Leelenaw. 
 
 . 4.816 
 
 Monlmor'y 
 
 
 Sanilac . . . 
 
 .14.663 
 
 Berrien .. 
 
 .»>,104 
 
 Gratiot .. 
 
 .11,810 
 
 Lenawee . 
 
 .46,696 
 
 Muskegon 
 
 14,804 
 
 Schoolcraft | 
 
 Branch. . . 
 
 .36,226 
 
 Hillidale . 
 
 .31.684 
 
 Livingston 
 
 19,338 
 
 Newaygo. 
 
 , 7,298 
 
 Shiawassee 
 
 20.868 
 
 Calhoun . . 
 
 .36,669 
 
 Houghton. 
 
 13.879 
 
 Mackinaw 
 
 . 1,718 
 
 Nicosta. . . 
 
 . ■ • . a 
 
 St. Joseph 
 
 .26.276 
 .13.714 
 
 Cats 
 
 .21,094 
 
 Huron . . . 
 
 . 9,049 
 
 Macomb . . 
 
 .27.016 
 
 Oakland . . 
 
 .40.867 
 
 Tuscula . . 
 
 Charlevoix 
 
 . 1,724 
 
 Ingham . . 
 
 .25.269 
 
 Mani*ou . . 
 
 . 891 
 
 Oceana . . . 
 
 . 7,228 
 
 Van Burer 
 
 1.38,828 
 
 ChelMjygan 
 
 . 2.196 
 
 Ionia 
 
 .27,6lil 
 
 Manistee . 
 
 . 8,074 
 
 Ogemaw.. 
 
 12 
 
 Washtenaw4 1.434 | 
 
 Chippewa. 
 
 . 1,689 
 
 Iosco 
 
 . 8,163 
 
 Marquette 
 
 .16,038 
 
 Onlonagun 
 
 . 9.845 
 
 AVayno... 
 
 119,03Ti 
 
 Clare 
 
 . 866 
 
 Isabell . . . 
 
 . 4,113 
 
 Mason 
 
 . 8,273 
 
 Osceola... 
 
 . 2.093 
 
 Wessford. 
 
 . 660 
 
 Clinton . . . 
 
 .22,845 
 
 Jnckmin .. 
 
 .96.047 
 
 Mecosta . . 
 
 . 5,642 
 
 Oscoda . . . 
 
 70 
 
 Total.. 1.184.286 1 
 
 
 MINKESOTA^Area, 96,274 
 
 square 
 
 milea. 
 
 
 Altkra . . . 
 
 18 
 
 Cottonwoo(j 
 
 . 634 
 
 Kennebeo. 
 
 . 93 
 
 Otter Tail 
 
 
 Sibley... 
 
 . 6.738 
 
 Anolia.. . . 
 
 . 3,n40 
 
 Crow Win 
 
 a uM 
 
 Lake 
 
 . 135 
 
 Pembina . 
 
 64 
 
 Stearns. . . 
 
 .14,206 
 
 Becker . . . 
 
 Bellmine . 
 
 . SOS 
 80 
 
 Dakota .. 
 Dodge.... 
 
 '. 8.598 
 
 L. qui Par 
 Le Sueur. 
 
 1. 145 
 .11,607 
 
 Pierce . . . 
 
 
 Steele.... 
 Stevens. . . 
 
 . 8,271 
 
 Pine 
 
 . 648 
 
 Benton l,Cfi8 
 
 Big Stone . 34 
 Blue Eartk.17,303 
 
 Douglas ctcl 4679 
 Faribault.. 9.390 
 Fillmore... 24.887 
 
 McLrod .. 
 Manomin. 
 Martin . . . 
 
 .61.643 
 ■.13,867 
 
 Pipe Stone 
 Polk 
 
 
 Todd 
 
 
 Toombs . . 
 Traverse . 
 
 
 Popeetal. 
 
 . 2,878 
 
 Breckinr'e 
 
 
 Freeborn . 
 
 .10,683 
 
 Meeker. .. 
 
 . 6,090 
 
 Bamsey . . 
 
 .33,081 
 
 Wabasha w. 16.869 | 
 
 Brown . . . 
 
 . «,3t3 
 
 Goodhue.. 
 
 .22,618 
 
 Mille Lac. 
 
 . 1,109 
 
 Redwood . 
 
 . 1,829 
 
 Wadina.. 
 
 B 
 
 Baehanan 
 
 • - . • . 
 
 Grant 
 
 . 
 
 Monongalia 3,161 
 
 Renville.. 
 
 
 Waseca . . 
 
 . 7.884 1 
 
 Carlton... 
 
 286 
 
 Hennepin . 
 
 .31,666 
 
 Morrison . 
 
 . 1,899 
 
 Rice 
 
 .16,<)83 
 
 Washing'n 
 
 11.810 
 
 Carrer . . . 
 
 .11,687 
 
 Honxton . . 
 
 .11,661 
 
 Mower . . . 
 
 .10.447 
 
 Rock 
 
 . 3.138 
 
 Watonwan 
 
 . 2,426 
 
 Caa» 
 
 . 184 
 
 Isanti .... 
 
 - • • 
 
 Murray. . . 
 
 . 209 
 
 St. Louis . 
 
 .11,561 
 
 Wilkio . . . 
 
 . 296 
 
 Chippewa. 
 
 . 1.467 
 
 Itasca.... 
 
 . 178 
 
 Nicollet . . 
 
 . 8362 
 
 Scott 
 
 .11,042 
 
 Winona . . 
 
 .28,318 
 
 Chiiago . . 
 
 . 4^8 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 . 1,828 
 
 Noble.... 
 
 . 117 
 
 Sherburne 
 
 3,080 
 
 Wright... 
 
 . 9.487 
 
 Clay 
 
 . 92 
 
 Kandiyohi 
 
 . 1,760 
 
 Olmsted . . 
 
 .19.793 
 
 Tola 
 
 1 
 
 
 436,811 
 
 
 MIS8ISSIPPI.- 
 
 -Area. 
 
 47,166 
 
 square) 
 
 miles. 
 
 
 Adam* . . . 
 
 .14.774 
 
 Covington 
 
 . 4,763 
 
 Jefferson . 
 
 .13,848 
 
 Monroe. . . 
 
 .22,633 
 
 Smith.... 
 
 . 7,126 
 
 Alcorn . . . 
 
 .10,431 
 
 D« Soto . . 
 
 
 Jones . . . 
 
 . 8,813 
 
 Neshoba.. 
 
 4 • • ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Sunflower 
 
 
 Amite.... 
 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 . 7,498 
 
 Kemper . . 
 
 
 
 Newton .. 
 
 .9.807 
 
 Tallnhat'e 
 
 . 7.862 
 
 AttaU . . . 
 
 
 Greene . . . 
 Grenada.. 
 
 . 2.038 
 .10.671 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Lauderdale 13,468 
 
 Noxubeo . 
 Oktibbeha. 
 
 .20,905 
 
 Tippah . . . 
 Tisbeming 
 
 .20.727 
 
 
 
 BolWar... 
 
 . 9,738 
 
 Calhoun . . 
 
 .10,661 
 
 Hancock . 
 
 . 4.239 
 
 Lawrence. 
 
 . 6,720 
 
 Panola . . . 
 
 .12,413 
 
 Tunica . . . 
 
 . 5.368 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 .21.047 
 
 Harrison . 
 
 . 6.795 
 
 Leake 
 
 . 
 
 Perry 
 
 . 2,694 
 
 Warren . . 
 
 .26,766 
 
 Chickaaaw 
 
 .19,899 
 
 Hinds.... 
 
 .26.798 
 
 Lee 
 
 .16,965 
 
 Pike 
 
 .11,303 
 
 Wa.shing'n 
 
 .14.669 
 
 Choctaw . 
 
 
 Holmes. . . 
 
 . i9.370 
 
 Lincoln. . . 
 
 .10.184 
 
 Pontotoc . 
 
 
 Wayne . . . 
 
 . 4,206 
 
 Claiborne. 
 
 .13,386 
 
 Issaquena. 
 
 . 6.887 
 
 Lowndes . 
 
 .30,602 
 
 Prentiss . . 
 
 . 9,347 
 
 Wilkinson 
 
 
 Clark .... 
 
 . 7,605 
 
 Itawamba 
 
 . 7,818 
 
 Madison . . 
 
 .20,948 
 
 Rankin . . . 
 
 .12,977 
 
 Winston . 
 
 . 8,984 
 
 Coahoma . 
 
 . 7,144 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 .4.368 
 
 Marion . . . 
 
 . 4,211 
 
 Scott 
 
 . 7.848 
 
 Yalabusha 
 
 .13.284 
 
 Copiah . . . 
 
 .20,608 
 
 Jasper . . . 
 MISSOl 
 
 .10,884 
 )tat 
 
 Marshall . 
 
 .29,418 
 
 Simpson . . 
 
 . 6,718 
 
 Yazoo 
 
 627.ii7 
 
 JRI- 
 
 Area, t7,88Q 
 
 aquara 
 
 xniles 
 
 . 
 
 AdaJr.... 
 
 .11,449 
 
 Clay 
 
 .16,664 
 
 Iron 
 
 . 6,m 
 
 Montgom'y.10,405 
 
 St. Clair.. 
 
 . 6.743 
 
 Andrew .. 
 
 .16.137 
 
 Clinton... 
 
 .14,063 
 
 Jackson . . 
 
 .66,041 
 
 Morgan .. 
 N. Madrid 
 
 .8,43a 
 
 St. Francois 9.741 1 
 
 .AtcbiMNl.. 
 
 . 8.440 
 
 Cole 
 
 .10,292 
 
 Jasper . . . 
 Jefferson . 
 
 .14,929 
 
 .11,339 
 
 Ste. Gen've 8.384 1 
 
 Audrain . . 
 
 .12.307 
 
 Cooper . . . 
 
 .20,698 
 
 .16.380 
 
 Newton .. 
 
 .12,821 
 
 St. I^uis . 
 
 361,180 
 
 Barry 
 
 .10.373 
 
 Crawford. 
 
 . 7,983 
 
 Johnson . . 
 
 .24.649 
 
 Nodaway. 
 
 .14.761 
 
 Saline 
 
 .21.672 
 
 Barton . . . 
 
 . 6.087 
 
 Dade 
 
 . 8,683 
 
 Knox 
 
 .10.974 
 
 Oregon . . . 
 
 . «,287 
 
 Schuyler . 
 
 . 7.987 
 
 Bates .... 
 
 .15.960 
 
 Dallas.... 
 
 . 8,383 
 
 Laclede .. 
 
 .9.380 
 
 Osage 
 
 .10.793 
 
 SroiUnd . . 
 
 .10.676 
 
 P Benton . . . 
 
 .11.322 
 
 DaTies.s. .. 
 
 .14,410 
 
 Lafayette. 
 
 .22,623 
 
 Osark... 
 
 . 8.363 
 
 Scott 
 
 . 7.317 
 
 Bollinger . 
 
 . 8.162 
 
 De Kalb. . 
 
 . 9,868 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 .13,067 
 
 Pemiscot . 
 
 . 2.069 
 
 Shannon.. 
 
 .2.339 
 
 Boone .... 
 
 .20,765 
 
 Dent 
 
 . 6,357 
 
 Lewis . . . 
 
 .16.114 
 
 Perry 
 
 . 9.877 
 
 Shelby . . 
 
 .10.119 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 .30.360 
 
 Douglas .. 
 
 . 8,915 
 
 Lincoln. .. 
 
 .14,073 
 
 Pettis 
 
 .18,706 
 
 SttKldurd . 
 
 . 8.636 
 
 Butler . . . 
 
 . 4.298 
 
 Dunklin . . 
 
 .5.982 
 
 Linn 
 
 .16,900 
 
 Phelpt... 
 
 .10,606 
 
 Stone 
 
 . . 3.263 
 
 Caldwell . 
 
 .11.390 
 
 Franklin . 
 
 .80,098 
 
 Liringston 
 
 .16,041 
 
 Pike 
 
 .23,076 
 
 Sullivan . 
 
 .11.908 
 
 Callaway . 
 
 .19,203 
 
 Gasconade 
 
 .10,093 
 
 Macon . . 
 
 .23,230 
 
 Platte.... 
 
 .17,330 
 
 Taney. . . 
 
 .4,407 
 
 Cainden . . 
 
 .6.108 
 
 Gentry . . 
 
 .11,607 
 
 Madison . . 
 
 . 6,849 
 
 Polk 
 
 .12,445 
 
 Texas... 
 
 . 9.618 
 
 C. Oirnrdul7.658 
 
 Green .. . 
 
 .21,549 
 
 Maries... 
 
 . 5,915 
 
 Pulaski . . 
 
 4,714 
 
 Vernon. .. 
 
 .11.246 
 
 t^wroU . . 
 
 .17,445 
 
 Grundy .. 
 
 .10,667 
 
 Marion. . . 
 
 .22,604 
 
 Pntaam .. 
 
 .11,217 
 
 Warrei* . 
 
 . 9.673 
 
 Cam 
 
 .19,296 
 
 Harrison 
 
 .14,635 
 
 McDonald 
 
 . 5.226 
 
 Ralls 
 
 .10,810 
 
 Washingn. 11.719 | 
 
 Carter . . . 
 
 . 1.465 
 
 Henry. . . 
 
 .17,401 
 
 Mercer. .. 
 
 .11,867 
 
 Randolph . 
 
 .16,908 
 
 Wayne.. 
 Webster. 
 
 . 6.068 
 
 Cedar . . 
 
 . 9.474 
 
 Hickory . 
 
 . 6,463 
 
 Miller ... 
 
 . 6,616 
 
 Ray 
 
 .18,700 
 
 .10,414 
 
 Chariton . 
 
 .19,135 
 
 Holt .... 
 
 .11,662 
 
 Mississipp 
 
 
 
 Reynolds . 
 
 . 3.768 
 
 Worth... 
 
 .5.004 
 
 Chriilian 
 
 . 6,707 
 
 Howard . 
 
 .17,233 
 
 Moniteau 
 
 .11.335 
 
 Ripley . . . 
 St. Charlei 
 
 . 8.175 
 
 Wright. . 
 
 . 6,684 
 
 Clarii.... 
 
 .13,667 
 
 Howfll . . 
 
 . 4,218 
 
 Monroe. . 
 
 .17.149 
 
 1.21.304 
 
 Total.. 1.711.798 1 
 
 
 NBBRASKA.- 
 
 -Ar«a« 70.995 
 
 square 
 
 inil3B. 
 
 
 AdaflM . . 
 
 13 
 
 Bl k Bird. 
 
 31 
 
 Buffalo... 
 
 . 193 
 
 Burt 
 
 . 3.847 
 
 Butler... 
 
 . 1.9Bf 
 
1 
 
 CENSUS OF TnE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Calhoun Ft Rftwkll Knruej .. C8 
 
 Cm 8.ISI Fmnklin . . M tsDOuter . 7,07« 
 
 Gage 47S L'E.q.Con't S61 
 
 C«4ar l.On 
 
 CiMymiie. . 190 
 
 City M 
 
 Coifam .... 1,4?4 
 Cuming ...12,345 
 
 Dakota 8,1)40 
 
 Damon ... 103 
 
 Dixon I.S45 
 
 Dodgs 4.«I9 
 
 JDouglM...l»,«n 
 FUlMore... 838 
 
 Grant 4M Llocdla. 
 
 Green Lyon 
 
 H»n 1, 087 MadiMn, 
 
 Hamilton . 
 Harrison . 
 Jacfcwn. . . 
 Jelhrsun.. 
 Jolinaon . . 
 
 130 
 
 C31 
 
 9 
 
 9 446 
 
 8,439 
 
 Merrick . 
 Monroe. . 
 Nemaha . 
 NucuUa . 
 
 IT 
 78 
 l.ISS 
 
 687 
 SM 
 
 7,893 
 8 
 
 JtHKi Pawnee 
 
 Otoe I3.S4A 
 
 2,637 
 
 Plarce lOS 
 
 Platte 1,899 
 
 Polk 138 
 
 RIchardaon. 9,780 
 Saline... 8, 108 
 
 Sarpy 3,913 
 
 Saundera . . 4,847 
 
 Seward 2,993 
 
 Shorier 
 
 Ptanton ... 1,837 
 Taylor .... 197 
 Waahtngt'n 4,453 
 
 Wavne .... 
 
 WeiMter . . 
 
 York 
 
 Pawueei.R. 
 
 Winnebago 
 
 Terrify (un- 
 nrga ■ iieU 
 into coun- 
 tlei)inth<i 
 N.W.p.r- 
 tlon of tb;> 
 tlUte 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 604 
 
 44 
 
 84 
 
 81. Mary'* 
 
 Waiihoe . . . 8.091 
 White Pine 7,189 
 
 NEVADA.— Ares, 112,090 ■gnftre miles. 
 
 Carton :.... Etmeralda. 1,553 Lyon .... 1,837 PahUte... 763 
 
 Churchill.. 196 Humboldt . 1.916 Kye 1,087 Roop 188 
 
 Douglat... 1,315 Lander... S,818 Ormjby ... 3,668 Storey ... .11.858 
 
 Bko 8,447 Lincoln «.32S Totnl 42.481 
 
 KEW-HAMFSHIBE.-Area, 9.280 square miles. 
 
 .17,681 Cheshire... 27,365 Grafton .. .30,103 Merrimark.42,151 StralTord . .30.948 
 
 .17,338 •Cuot 14,938 Hilliboro . .64,338 nockingh'm47,398 Sullitan. .18,058 
 
 Total 818,800 
 
 ITEW.JERSE7 Area. 8.320 square miles. 
 
 .14.093 (^umberl'd 31,665 Hunterdon. 36,963 UorrU 48,137 Somerset . .23.510 
 
 Mercer... 46,388 ' 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Monmouth. 46.198 
 
 ■elknap 
 Carroll. 
 
 AttanMe 
 Bergen 
 
 . .30.143 
 
 BurTiqgton.53,e38 
 Camden . . .46.038 
 Cape May . £,349 
 
 Albany 
 
 Allegany . .40.814 
 Broome ...44,107 
 Cataraugus,43,909 
 Cayuga . . .69,649 
 Chalauqua. 69,328 
 Chemung . .36,381 
 Chenango. .40,683 
 Clinton . . . .48,038 
 Columbia.. 47,044 
 Cortland. 
 Delaware 
 
 Essex.... 143,818 
 Gloucester 21,563 
 Uudsun . .129,068 
 Total 
 
 NEW-YOBK. 
 
 133,083 Dutcbeia . .74.404 
 
 Erie 178,695 
 
 Eaaex 39.043 
 
 Franklin . .30.271 
 Fulton ....27,064 
 Genesee . . .31,608 
 
 Greene 31,833 
 
 Hamilton . . 3,960 
 Herkimer 
 Jefferson 
 Kingi.. 
 
 Ocean 13.6 
 
 Passaic 48,416 
 
 Salem 33.940 
 
 Sussex.... 38, 168 
 Union 41.868 
 
 Warren . 
 
 -Area, 47.000 square miles. 
 
 84.348 
 906,798 
 
 28,174 
 43.973 
 
 .39.933 
 
 .65.418 
 
 .419.92S 
 
 6,868 
 8.697 
 
 Alamance. 
 Alexander 
 Alleghany 
 
 Anson 13,428 
 
 Ashe 9.678 
 
 Beaufort.. 13,064 
 
 Bertie 13,960 
 
 Bladen 12,831 
 
 Brunswick. 7,764 
 Buncombe. 18,412 
 
 Burke 9,777 
 
 Cabarras..l 1,964 
 Caldwell. . . 8.476 
 Camden . . . S.861 
 Carteret. . . 9.510 
 Caswell . . .16,081 
 Catawba ..10,984 
 Chatham.. 19,733 
 Cherokee . . 8,080 
 
 Adama.... 20.750 
 
 AUen 23,62$ 
 
 Ashland . . .81,93$ 
 Ashtabula .32,818 
 Athens.... 21.873 
 AugUize . .20,040 
 Bebiont... 39,715 
 
 Bhiwn 30,803 
 
 Butler 89,913 
 
 CarroU.... 14,491 
 Champaign 34,188 
 Clark 33,070 
 
 Clay S.463 
 
 Clevdand. .12,696 
 Columbus. . 8,474 
 
 Craven 20,516 
 
 Cumberl'd. 17,038 
 Currituck . 5,131 
 
 Pane 3,738 
 
 Davidson . .17,258 
 
 Davie 9,630 
 
 Duplin... 15,543 
 Edgecombe 33,970 
 Forsyth ...13.060 
 FranUin.. 14.134 
 
 Gaston 13,603 
 
 Gatet 7.734 
 
 Granville . .34.831 
 Greene . . . 8.687 
 
 Lillington Pitt. 
 
 Otaega 
 
 Putnam . . . 15,420 
 
 Queens 73,804 
 
 Rensselaer. 95,660 
 Richmond .83,029 
 Rockland . .36,213 
 S.Lawrence84,835 
 Saratoga . .51,529 
 Bchenecta'y21,347 
 Schoharie. .33.340 
 Bcbayler . .18,889 
 Seneca 37.836 
 
 Mitchell .~. . 4.70B 
 Montgom'y. 7,487 
 
 Moore 12,040 
 
 Nash 11.077 
 
 N.ltanover.27.97S 
 Northam'n. 14.749 
 Onslow... 7,669 
 
 Orange 17,807 
 
 Pasquotank 8,131 
 Perquim's . 7,948 
 Person 11,170 
 
 67,717 
 46,960 
 34,646 
 
 Steuben 
 Suffdk . 
 Sullivan 
 
 Tioga 30,673 
 
 Tompkina .83,180 
 
 Ulster 84,075 
 
 Warren . . .33.691 
 Washingt'n49.870 
 Wayne. ...47.711 
 Wesk w'r iS2J28 
 Wyoming .29!l63 
 Yatea 19.605 
 
 Livingston .38.310 
 Madison ..43,823 
 Monroe... 117,867 
 Montgom'y.34,457 
 NewYork923,631 
 Niagara . . .80,430 
 Oneida . . .110,009 
 Onondaga. 104,144 
 
 Ontario 45,108 
 
 ©range 80,901 
 
 Orleans ...37,689 
 
 Lewis 28,700 Otwego 77,948 
 
 Total 4.864,411 
 
 KOBTH-CABOLtNA.— Area, 60,704 sq^iare miles. 
 
 11,874 Chowan ... 6,450 Guilford. .21,796 MeeUeng .24,399 Rowan 16,811 
 
 HalifaK .. .20,407 — 
 
 Harnett . . . 8.89S 
 Haywood . . 7,921 
 Henderson. 7,706 
 Hertford . . 9.273 
 
 Hyde 6.445 
 
 liedell.... 16,931 
 
 Jackson 6,683 
 
 Johnson... 14, 168 
 
 Jones 5,1)03 
 
 Lenoir ....10,434 
 
 .17.276 
 
 Rutherfonl. 13,121 
 Sampaon . .16,436 
 
 Stanly ^315 
 
 Stoke* ... '1,908 
 
 Surry 11.353 
 
 Transylv'a. 8,636 
 Tyrrel.... 4,173 
 
 Union 13,318 
 
 Wake 35,617 
 
 Warren... 17.768 
 Waahing'n. 6.516 
 Watauga.. 8.287 
 Wayne... 18,144 
 Wilkes... 15,539 
 
 Lincoln. . . . 9.578 Polk 4,319 
 
 Macon .... 6.318 Randolph . . 17,566 
 
 Madison ... 8.193 Richmond . 13,883 Wilion .... 13,388 
 
 Martin 9,647 Robeson ... 13,261 Yadkin. . ..10.697 
 
 McDowell . 7,593 Bockingh'mlS.710 Yancey. ... 5.909 
 
 TMal.: 1,066,505 
 
 OHIO.- Area, 39,964 square miles. 
 
 Clermont . .84,896 
 Clinton... 31.918 
 Columbi'na 38.399 
 Coehocton. .33.600 
 Crawford. 36.556 
 Cuyahoga. 132,013 
 
 Darke 33,131 
 
 Defiance... 15,719 
 Delaware. .85,178 
 
 Erie 28.188 
 
 Fairfield... 31, 139 
 Payette ...17.170 
 
 Franklin . .63,019 
 Fulton.... 17,789 
 
 Gallia 35,548 
 
 Geauga ...13,069 
 
 Greene 28,053 
 
 Guernsey . .38,798 
 Hamilton. 260,370 
 Hancock... 33.847 
 Hardin.... 18,714 
 Harrison . .18,683 
 
 Henry 14,028 
 
 Blghismd. 
 
 .39,108 
 
 Hocking. 
 
 .17.925 
 
 Hulmea. . 
 
 .18.178 
 
 Huron.. . 
 
 .28.633 
 
 Jackson . 
 
 .21,759 
 
 Jefferson . 
 
 .29.188 
 
 Kuox . . . 
 
 .26,333 
 
 Lake. . . 
 
 .16.935 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 .31,380 
 
 Licking . . 
 
 .36,123 
 
 Logan . . 
 
 .23,038 
 
 Loraine . 
 
 .30,308 
 
 Lucaa... 
 
 .46,783 
 
 Madlion... 15,633 
 Mahoning .31,001 
 Marion.. ..16,184 
 Medina.... 20.092 
 
 Meigs 31,465 
 
 Mercer .... 17,264 
 Miami . . . .33,740 
 Monroe. . . .35,780 
 Montgom'y.63,897 
 Morgan. . . .20.363 
 Morrow . . . 18.683 
 Muskingum44,88f 
 
8 
 
 CENSUS OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Nnble 1«,9«ff 
 
 Ottawa... 1S,U8 
 Pauldinf . . 1,544 
 
 Parry 18.488 
 
 Pickaway .M.>7S 
 Pike U,44t 
 
 Baker S,804 
 
 Por(ag« ...34,577 
 
 Prebl* 3I,M9 
 
 PutDam... 17,083 
 RicbUnd . .83,8I« 
 
 Roaa 37,097 
 
 Bandiuky .S0,8O4 
 
 Scioto t9,80t 
 
 Brneca. . . .50,839 
 
 Shelby 30,748 
 
 Stark 53,508 
 
 Summit . . .34,674 
 Trannbiill 
 
 TuMaraw'sS^.MO 
 
 Villon IH.730 
 
 Van Wert. 15.SS4 
 
 Vinton 18,037 
 
 Wamn . . .M,OM 
 
 Wuhlng'n 40,609 
 Wavne . . .SS.On 
 Wlllianu.. 30,991 
 
 Wood 34,896 
 
 Wyandotte. 111,854 
 
 OROGON.— Ixes, ioa.606 aqtiare mllea, 
 
 totaJ a,0tt.3l4 
 
 Columbia. . 8CS 
 
 Kdntim 4.584 Curry 804 
 
 Coua 1,644 Douglaa ... 8,068 
 
 ('htrkamas. 5,993 Grant S,35I 
 
 ClatMiy. . . . 1.354 Jackson . . . 4.778 
 
 JoMiphlae. . 1,304 
 
 Lane 8,428 
 
 Linn 8,717 
 
 Marlon 9,068 
 
 Multnomah 11,510 
 
 tTntim X,S5S 
 
 «,6W 
 
 Polk 4,700 
 
 TlUamook . 408 Wairo 
 
 Vmpqua WaibitiK'n. 4,361 
 
 VmatiUa .. t.918 Yam, Hill.. 8.013 
 Tola? 90.9M 
 
 Adami 
 
 AlleKbeny 363,373 
 Armstrong 43,883 
 
 Ueaver 80,150 
 
 Kedford . . .39,638 
 
 lierka 106,739 
 
 lilair 88,051 
 
 Bradford . .68,304 
 
 Bucks 64,848 
 
 Uutler... 86,510 
 Cambria... 36,660 
 ('amerun . . 4,373 
 
 Carbon. . 
 Cealro. 
 
 Bristol . 
 
 Abberins. 
 Anderson . 
 Barnwell . 
 Beaufort . 
 
 PBirN8TIiVANIA.-Area, 46,000 aquaro mUeii. 
 
 80,815 Chester. ...77,808 Franklin . .48,365 McKcan. .. 8,835 Sn^dr^ 
 Fultoa.... 9,300 
 
 Greene 38.887 
 
 Huntington 80,998 
 Indiana .. .36,133 
 itfTenoa . .31,658 
 
 Juniata 17,800 
 
 Lancaster. 131,340 
 Lawrence. .37,398 
 Lebanon.. .84,098 
 
 Lehigh 56,798 
 
 Luxerno.. 100,737 
 Lycomiag .47,639 
 -•w-» Total . . 3 499 348 
 
 IrHOSB laLAiribV—Area^ 1.306 i8qaara' 
 
 9,421 Keat 18,59$ Nawport . .30,080 PrOvlden'eMS.IOS Washlng'n 90,097 
 
 Total , 317,350 
 
 SOUTH-OABOIjISI'A— Area, 28,885 Bqnare miles. 
 
 31,139 Clarendon OreeariHs .30,018 Marion Richland . n.TST 
 
 34,049 Colleton ..44,014 Borrj 10,731 Marlboro ..11,814 Spartanb-g.35,784 
 
 Kershaw.. II, 754 "' ' " " 
 
 Laaeuter. 13,087 
 
 Lanrens . . .32,538 
 
 . .28,144 
 
 ..81,404 
 
 Clarion. . . .36,960 
 ClearAeld. .35,740 
 Clinton... 33,311 
 Columbia.. 38,768 
 Crawford. 63,794 
 Cumberl'd. 43,919 
 Dauphin... 60,738 
 Delaware. .89.403 
 
 Elk 8,488 
 
 Erie 66,979 
 
 Fayette . . .43.384 
 Forest 4,019 
 
 Mercer.... 49.979 
 Mifilin.... 17,508 
 
 Monroe 18,362 
 
 Muntgom'y.81.772 
 Montour... 15,324 
 Northam'n .61,433 
 Northu>nd.41,44a 
 
 Perry 38,488 
 
 Phlladel-a.674,039 
 
 Pike 8.438 
 
 Potter 11.368 
 
 BchuylkiU. 109,869 
 
 .18,607 
 .-set . .3^.828 
 Mullivan. . 6,191 
 Susqueh'na 37,534 
 
 Tioga 35,100 
 
 Union 15.668 
 
 Venango... 47,985 
 Warren . . .38,897 
 W^asbinga. 48,483 
 Wayne... S8.lf8 
 Weatmord. 88.730 
 Wyoming .14,588 
 York 78,216 
 
 36,841 Columbia. . 9,398 
 
 4c,Slt Darlingtoa.92,391 
 
 Charleston. Edgefirld . .42,488 
 
 Chester . . .18,808 FairfleU 
 
 Chestarfl'd OeorgetownllLIOl 
 
 TENNSSaSE^ 
 
 8,704 pa Kalb... 11,438 
 
 Newberry .17,983 Bitmter. . ..35.268 
 
 Ooonea 10,636 Union 19.248 
 
 Orangeb'g Williams'g. 15,489 
 
 .34,334 
 
 . . 8.334 
 
 4,870 
 
 Lexington Plckeu.... 10,263 York 12,448 
 
 -Area, 48,600 aqtiav? mlloa. 
 
 Henderson. 14,219 Marion. ... 6.866 Sequatchie. 9,335 
 
 Dickson . . . 9,940 Henry 20,883 MarshalL . . 16,207 Sevier II ,<Xia 
 
 Dyer 13,708 Hickman . . 9,858 Maury . . . .36.288 Bhalby . . . .76,378 
 
 Fayelt« . . .26,865 Humphrey . 9,328 Meigs 4,61 1 Smith 15,904 
 
 Fentress... 4,717 Jackson .. .13.688 Monroe 12,589 Stewart .. .12,019 
 
 Franklin.. 14,970 Jafferson . .19.478 Montgom-y.24.7C8 SuUiran .. .13,136 
 
 Gibson 25,679 Johnson ... 8.8S3, Morgan ... 3,969 Bumnar .. .23,711 
 
 0:ies 82,413 Knox 38,994 Obion 15,608 Tipton 14,884 
 
 Grainger . .12,461 Lake 9,428 Orertoa . . .10,989 Union 7,605 
 
 Greene 31,668 Lauderdale 10,838 Parry 6,928 Van Buren. 9,725 
 
 Grundy ... 8,251 Lawrence.. 7,60^ Polk 7,369 Warrwi . . .17,715 
 
 Hamilton . .17,341 Lewis 1,987 Putnam . . . 8,698 WasUng'n. 16,318 
 
 Hancock... 7,148 Lincoln 38,051 Rhea 4.854 Wayne. . ..10,209 
 
 Hardeman. 17,769 MclVlinn.. .13,969. Roana 16,623 Weakly .. .20,765 
 
 Hardin 11,770 McNairy ..12,728 Robertson .16,168 White 0,328 
 
 Hawkins.. 15,848 Macon 6,633 Rutherford.33,289 Williamson 38,353 
 
 Haywood . .23,098 II ad isoa.. .23,550 Scott 4,064 VTibon .. .28,884 
 
 Tot.:i , 1,267,983 
 
 TEXAS.— Area, 237,604 Bquara milea. 
 
 .„_ Brown Coneho Fannin. RasltaH 
 
 Anselino Buchanan...... Coek Fayette Hays 4,088 
 
 Af^er Burleson Coryell Fort Bend. 7,114 Henderson.,..., 
 
 Atacosa Burnett Dallas Frecatona Hidalgo ... 9,387 
 
 Austin 15,087 Caldwell Davis Frio Hill, , 7,463 
 
 Bandera... C49 Calhoun Dawson Galveston. .15,290 Hood 
 
 Bastrtip Cameron ..10,099 Denton Gillespie Hopkins........ 
 
 Bayler Cass Do Witt ... 6,443 Goliad 8,628 Houston 
 
 Bee Chambers . 1,503 Dimiaitt.. 866 Gonzales Hunt 
 
 Bel) 1,083 Cherokee Duval Orayjon Jack 894 
 
 Bexar Clay Eastland Grimes Jackso ...9,378 
 
 BexarDis Coleman ., ..... Edwards Guadalupe Jasper .... 4,9ia 
 
 Blanco Callahan Ellis 7,614 Hamilton Jefl^rsun .. 1,806 
 
 Bowia. .....■•« CeUia £1 Paso Hardemaa. Johnson... .. ... 
 
 Bosqna Colorado .. 8,328 Ensinal Hardin I,4C0 Jonet 
 
 Brazoria .. ^,628 Comal 8,283 Erath Harris 17,373 Karnes 
 
 Brazos Comanche Falh Harrison KaofnuUl . .,.., 
 
 Anderson 
 Bedford . 
 Benton . . 
 Bledsoe. . 
 
 Blount 141237 
 
 Bradky...Il,669 
 Campbell.. 7,448 
 
 Cannon 10,609 
 
 CajroU.... 19,447 
 
 Carter 7,909 
 
 Cheatham . 6,678 
 Claibarne.. 9,321 
 
 CtMska 13,468 
 
 Coflfea 10,237 
 
 Cumberl'd. 8,461 
 Davidson . .62,898 
 Daoatur . . . 7,776 
 
 Anderson. 
 
CENSUS OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 9 
 
 KcimUU... l.Ua Mum OruRi. . .. 1,US SlMckU/ori Vicloria... 
 
 K*rr I.M3 MaUswrda. Palo Pioto BbclHr Walkir. . . 
 
 KlmboU... n MkTerick. PanoU Cmitli WMkiain. 
 
 KiMMr MoCuUoch P»ri«r Starr Wabk 
 
 Knox Malicnnan. 
 
 Laraar MeMulko . SM 
 
 Lampaaaa . 1,344 Medina. ... t,07S 
 
 o.n« 
 
 Laiahe 69 
 
 LavacM. . . O.ICt 
 
 Loom. 
 
 Liberty ... 4,413 
 
 LtmMl«ni« 
 
 LW« Oak . . Mi 
 
 Llano 1,373 
 
 MadUoa 
 
 Marion.. 
 
 Mf 
 
 Mcnura 
 
 Milan 
 
 Montagua . 
 Montmar'T. 
 Naeocdoc a 
 NaTarro. .. i,B7fl 
 Newton 
 Nuecaa. 
 
 890 
 «,48S 
 
 s.isr 
 
 4,103 
 
 Polk 8,70r Stevsnt Wharton .. S,43tf 
 
 Preaiilio Tarrant ... 5,7n Wichita 
 
 Red River Taylor VilbarRer 
 
 Bsfngio ... 8.334 Tkrockn'a WiUiamioa 
 
 Bobcrtiion Tttua Wilion 
 
 RunnelU TratU Wl«a 1,48J 
 
 Bulk Trinity Wood 
 
 Sabina Tylar «,01O Younf 
 
 B.Aninit'a Vpihnr Y"g Ter'y 
 
 B.Patrielo. 60S VimUin Zapata 1,4C3 
 
 •aaSaba VanZandL Zaralla 
 
 VZnElMONT.— Area, 10,319 aqaww xnlles. 
 
 Addlton ...S3,4S4 Chittenden. 36,480 Grand Iilo. 4,083 Uriuant ...S1,03S Windham 
 
 BenninKtou 1:1,025 Euex Lamoille... 12,448 KuUand WiiuUur 
 
 Caladonia . Franklin Orange Waabingt'a 
 
 VlRQINIA — Area, 88,362 squarj inilea. 
 
 Aoomnark .30,409 Cralf 2,043 Highland . . 4,161 Nebon . .. .13,srB Roannk-i. . . 9,380 
 
 Culpeper . . 12,2£7 lalj of Wig't8.330 New Kent . 4,381 Rookbrklgn I6,0C3 
 
 Cnmberl'd. 8,143 Jackson Nicholas RutieU 11,103 
 
 Sinwiddio. 30,703 JaniM City. 4.425 Norfolk .. .46,703 Scott 8,9:7 
 
 Doddridgt Jefferson Northamt'n. 8,048 
 
 EUsab'k Cy 8,303 Kanawha Northum'd. 6,863 
 
 Albemarle .27,M4 
 AUxaBdria.l6,7SA 
 AUegbany . 8.674 
 Amelia... C,878 
 Amhenit...I4.!>00 
 Appmnattox 8,9£0 
 Aueufta... 28,763 
 
 Kg & U'n. 0,709 
 K-gWiil-m 7,898 
 
 9,301 
 
 Nottoway, 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Orange 10,896 
 
 Page 8,469 
 
 Patrick.... 10,161 
 
 Essex 0,937 K'g Genrga 
 
 Fairfax... 13,9«3 ■ 
 
 n arbour Fauquier . .19,690 
 
 Bath 8,79S Fayetta Lancaster . 8,88S 
 
 Bedford .. .26^7 Floyd 0.834 Lea 13,36S 
 
 Berkeley FluTanna.. 8,97S Lewis Pendlrtnn 
 
 Boona Franklin . .18,364 Logan Pittsylva'a.Sl,843 
 
 Bland 4,000 Frederic': .16,596 Loudon 30,939 PleasanU 
 
 Botetourt. .11,333 Gilmer Louisa 16,839 Pocahontat. 
 
 Braxton Giles 5,659 Lnnenberg. 10,409 Powhatan . 7,667 
 
 Brooke Oloueester. 10,311 Madison Preston Warwick. 
 
 Brunswick. 13,427 Goochland .10,313 Marshall Pr. Edw'd. 13,004 Warren 
 
 Buchanan . 8,777 Grayson ... 9,587 Marion.... Pr. Ocorga 
 
 Bucking'ni.13,371 Oreenbrier Mason A- Pr- Will'm. 7,504 
 
 Cabell OreenTillo . 6,363 Matthews. . 6,200 ' Pr. Anne . . 8,S73 
 
 Calhoun. 
 Campbell. .98,884 
 Caroline... 15,138 
 Carroll .... 9,147 
 
 Clay 
 
 Charles Cy 4,978 
 Charlotte.. 14,513 
 Chesterfield 18,470 
 Clarka C,G70 
 
 8benanduiihI4,03a 
 
 Smyth 8,838 
 
 Southam'n. 12.385 
 SpotiiyWa'a 11,738 
 Stanbrd... 6.420 
 Sussex.... 7,888 
 
 Surry 6,685 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Tazewell . .10,791 
 
 Tucker 
 
 Tyhr 
 
 llpshur 
 
 1,673 
 
 6,716 
 
 WashiDet'nl6,816 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Webster 
 
 Westmor'd. 7,683 
 
 Greene 4,634 McDowell . 1,300 Pulaski . . 6,63S 
 
 Halifax Meckleub-g91,9ia Putnam Wctrel. 
 
 Hampshire Mereer Raleigh... Wood 
 
 Hancock Middlesex . 4.981 Randolph Wirt 
 
 Hardy Montgom-y.IS,55« Rappab k. 8,2C1 Wise 4,785 
 
 HanoTer. ..16,458 Monongalin ..... Richmond . 6,S03 Wyoming 
 
 Harrison Monroe Bocklngh'm33,668 Wytha .. ..11,611 
 
 Henrico... 68, 179 Morgan Ritchie York 7,108 
 
 Henrr 13,303 Nansemon.1 11,676 Roane Total.. 1,234.880 
 
 o,U70 Hennr 12,303 Nansemoni 11,676 Hoane Tot 
 
 WEST-VIBQIKIAA-Area, 23,000 squa^re miles. 
 
 .13,958 Grant 4,468 Logan 5,124 Ohio 28,831 Taylor 
 
 McDowell . 1.963 ~ ~ 
 
 llarbonr 
 
 Berkeley.. 14,MI0 Greanbrier. 15,311 
 
 Boon* 4,503 Hampshire. 7,643 
 
 Braxton. . . 6.841 Hancock. . . 4,363 
 
 Brooke.... 5,464 Hardy 6,518 
 
 CabeU 6,439 Harrison . .17,599 
 
 Pendleton . 6,455 
 Pleasants . . S,013 
 Pocahontas. 4,070 
 
 Calhoun... 2,939 
 
 CTay 2,196 
 
 Doddridge . 7,076 
 
 Fayette. 
 Gilmore 
 
 Adams . , 
 Ashland 
 
 Marion 12,107 
 
 Marshall.. 14,941 
 Mason.... 16,978 
 Mercer. . .. 7,064 
 Mineral . . . 6,349 
 Monongalia 1 3,547 
 Monroe.... 11,134 
 
 Morgan . . . 4,315 Ronna 7,233 
 
 ~ .....v„,„. . . . ^^- Nicholaa. . . 4,488 Total 
 
 WISCONSIN.— Area, 53,924 square miles. 
 
 C,60t Columbia. .28,813 Oreen 23,611 Manitowoc. 83,864 Poring* 
 
 221 Craw ford.. 13,076 OreenLakel3,195 "' ~ 
 
 .. 6,647 
 
 4,838 
 
 Jackson ...10.300 
 Jefferson ..13,220 
 Kanawha. .33,360 
 
 Lewia 10,176 
 
 Lincoln 8,0SS 
 
 Preston 
 Putnam .. 
 Raleigh.. 
 Randikph. 
 Ritchie. 
 
 14,664 
 . 7,794 
 . 8.578 
 . 5,663 
 
 9,085 
 
 Tucker. . 
 Tyler ... 
 Upshur. . 
 Wayne. . 
 Webster. 
 Wetiel.. 
 
 Wirt 4,605 
 
 Wood 19,000 
 
 Wyoming. . 3,171 
 
 9,387 
 
 1,907 
 7,833 
 8,038 
 7,883 
 i,7S0 
 8,896 
 
 Total 445,616 
 
 BadAx Dallas Iowa 34.544 
 
 Barron. 
 Bayfield , 
 Brown . . 
 BhUUo. . 
 Burnett . 
 Calumet. 
 
 538 
 .. 344 
 . .25,166 
 ..11,133 
 .. 706 
 .13,334 
 
 Chippewa.. 8.345 
 CUrk 8,460 
 
 Dane 83,096 
 
 Dodge..... 47,039 
 
 Door 4,92* 
 
 Douglas ... 1,123 
 
 Dunn 9,489 
 
 Eau Claire.10,770 
 Fondd'Lac46,273 
 Grant 37,978 
 
 Jackson ... 7,' 
 Jefferson . .84,049 
 
 Juneau 12,379 
 
 Kenosha... 13,147 
 Kewaunee. 10,128 
 La Crosse. .20,398 
 La Payette. 33,659 
 
 Marathon.. 5,888 
 Marquette . 8,056 
 Milwaukee.89,941 
 
 Monroe 16,651 
 
 Oconto 8,321 
 
 Outagamie. 18,430 
 Osaukee... 15,568 
 
 Fepin 4,661 
 
 Pierce 9,969 
 
 LaPoints Polk 8,433 
 
 10,69S 
 
 Racine 35,740 
 
 Richland ..15,733 
 
 Rock 89.034 
 
 St. Croix.. 11,066 
 
 Sank 33,860 
 
 Shawanaw. 8,166 
 Sheboygan. 31 ,749 
 Trempelean 16,733 
 Vernon. ...I8,C48 
 Walworth .35,971 
 
10 
 
 CENSUS OP TH3 UlJITED ST ATI S. 
 
 WuhiBK'n.24,S30 Wkapacca.l5,64ff Wauihara .11,379 Winnebago 37,280 Wood S.9I9 
 
 WaukMha. 2S,8S3 Tolai ..1.6S8,ia7 
 
 DI3TBICT OF GOIjUMBIA.— Area, 60 square sniles. 
 
 Ooor3st>wnll,3U WaaUin'a.lM,3U4 Bal. Diit . .11.117 ToM 131700 
 
 Muhavo ... 
 
 Arapahoe.. 
 
 Beat 
 
 B uMer . . . 
 Clear Creek 
 Oon^oa 
 
 Bon Bomme 
 Brookings . 
 
 BunUo 
 
 Cbu. Mix . 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 ABIZOirA.-Area. 113,916 Bqnare milesl' ^-i^^^- 
 
 9.6S8 
 
 A<la 
 
 Alturaa 
 
 Beaver H'd 
 Bir Horn. . 
 Cbuuteatt. . 
 
 593 
 1,939 
 I,S96 
 S,604 
 
 608 
 163 
 246 
 163 
 
 2,675 
 C83 
 
 3,888 
 AM 
 
 XB8 
 1,478 
 
 9i»,7U« 
 
 Arizona . . . 
 Bernalillo. . 
 Colfax, 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Box Elder. 
 
 Cache 
 
 Cedar 
 
 Davit 
 
 173 Pima 8,718 Yavapai ... 2.142 Yuma l,6-^l ToUt 
 
 COLORADO. -Area, 104,600 Bouare sniles. 
 
 C,829 Coitilla 1,779 Gilpin ...6,490 Lake 623 PaeMa . . 
 
 Douglas... 1,383 Greenwood. 610 Larimer... 838 Sngnache 
 £IPuo... 987 Huerfano. . 9,260 Las Animaa 4,276 Summit. 
 
 Fr«mont... 1,064 JefferKm .. 2,890 Park 447 Weld.... 
 
 Total _ 
 
 DAKOTA.— Area, 160,832 sqiiare miles. 
 
 Clay 3,621 Lineoln. ... 712 Todd 837 TTnorganlzed 
 
 Douel 87 Minnehaha. 865 Vnlon 8,607 portion uf 
 
 Hutcbiason. 37 Pembina .. 1,318 Yankton... 3,097 Territty . 2,091 
 
 Jnyno 6 Total 14,181 
 
 IDAHO.— Area. 86,284 square miles. ' 
 
 Boise 8,833 Lemhi 980 Oneida 1,932 Shoshone.. 738 
 
 _ Idaho 849 Ner Percea r607 Ovr;hee ... 1,713 Total 14,998 
 
 MONTANA.— Area, 143,776 square miles. 
 
 722 Dawson... 177 Gallatin ... 1,679 l^wis &Cl'k6,041 Mengher .. 1,387 
 
 88 D«cr Lodgo 4,364 Jefcraoa . . 1,631 Madiaon. . . 2,684 Misaoala . . . 2,664 
 
 CI7 Total 20,694 
 
 NEW-HEXIOO.— Area, 121.201 square miles. 
 
 ... DunaAna.. 6,8e4 Mora 8,066 Santa Fo .. 9,699 Taos 12,079 
 
 Grant 1,148 Rio Arriba. 9,294 San Miguel 16,06tt Valencia.. . 9,098 
 
 Lincoln. ... 1,740 Santa Ana. 3,699 Socorro 8,603 Total 91,789 
 
 UTAH.— Area, 84,476 square miles. 
 
 G't8'tLakel8,337 Millard 3,763 Sampelo. .. 6,786 Utah 13,308 
 
 GreenRiv'r Morgan ... 1,972 Shambip Wasatch .. 1,344 
 
 Iron S,369 P>uie Senir 19 Washingn. 3,064 
 
 Juab S,038 Rich 1,968 Summit . . . 3,613 Weber .... 7,868 
 
 Kane 1,613 ^Virgin. 460 Tooele 3,177 Total 86,788 
 
 7.609 
 1,993 
 
 2,007 
 4,812 
 8,273 
 
 4.469 
 
 Chehalit , . . 
 Clallam. . . . 
 Clarke . . . . 
 
 Cowlitz 
 
 laland 
 
 WA8HINaTON.--Area, 69,804 square miles. 
 
 Mason 
 
 Parilio 738 
 
 Pierce 1,409 
 
 Albany . , . 
 
 401 Jefferson .. 1,2C8 
 
 408 King. ...8,120 
 
 8,081 Kitsap 866 
 
 730 Klikitat ... 829 
 
 S26 Lewis 888 
 
 WYOMING.— Area, 87,883 
 
 2,021 Carbon 1,368 Laramie. .. 3,967 
 
 SuwamUh . 899 Waila W'!a 6.300 
 
 Stevens 734 Whatcom.. 684 
 
 Thurston . . 3,246 Yakima . . . 432 
 Spokane....... Wahkiak'm ?70 TheDis.Il'i 624 
 
 Skamania 133 ToUl 23,901 
 
 square miles. 
 
 Sweetwater <,916 Uaitah 868 
 
 Total 9.118 
 
 «^ 
 
 Cities Haying over Ten Tliousand Inhabitants. 
 
 Census of 1870, 
 
 
 N.Tork.N.T.9>8,S41 
 PMU<I'«.P«. Iit667,277 
 Pbaad'a.Pa.3d. 674,022 
 Bnokl'n.N.Y. .396.300 
 St. Uuia, Mo. 310,864 
 Chicago, lU . . .298,983 
 Baltimore, Md. 267,304 
 Bottoa, Mass . .260,636 
 Cincinnati, O. .216,339 
 N. Orleans, La.191,333 
 8. Franco, Cal.149,483 
 Buflblo, N.Y..117,71<i 
 Waahin'n.D.C. 109,204 
 Newark, N. J.. 106,078 
 Louisville, Ky .lU0,7i>4 
 CleveUnd, O . . .93,840 
 PUtkburg, Pa. . 86,238 
 iJcweyC'y,N.J.. 81.744 
 
 Detroit. Mich... 
 Milwaukee, WU 
 Albany, N.Y... 
 Providence, R. I. 
 Rochester, N. Y. 
 Allegheny. P« . . 
 Richmond, Va . . 
 N. Haven, Ct.... 
 Charleston. S. C. 
 
 Troy, N.Y 
 
 8yr«cuse, N. Y . 
 Worcei«ter,MaBa. 
 Lowell, Mass . . . 
 Memphis. T'snn. 
 CMniurid'e.Masa. 
 Hartford, Ct . . . 
 lndiana|iolis,lnd 
 Scrantuii, Pa ., 
 
 79,680 Reading, Pa... 88,932 
 
 71,499 Columbus, O . . .83,746 
 
 60,422 Pateraoa.N. J.. 83,688 
 
 68,906 Dayton, O 83,679 
 
 63,818 Kansas C'y, Mo. 83,360 
 
 £3,181 Moblk. Ab 88,184 
 
 61 ,038 Portland. Me ... 81 ,414 
 
 60,840 Wilt.<ilngton,DeL8i),841 
 
 ,48,966 Lawrence, Maa8.88,931 
 
 46,481 Utica, N. Y . . . .38,804 
 
 43,068 Toledo, 38,646 
 
 .41,108 Cbarleat'B, Maas.38,388 
 
 40,988 Lynn, Mas'^ . . . .38,338 
 
 40,236 Fall River, Mass36,786 
 
 .89,634 Springfletd,Mass36,703 
 
 37.180 NaativUle.Teuii. 36,873 
 
 89,668 Peoria, III 36,787 
 
 36,098 Covington. Ky.. 84.608 
 
 Salem, Mass. . . .34,117 
 
 quincy, HI 34,088 
 
 MaBchMteT,N.H38.8a6 
 Harrisbura, Pa. 23,109 
 Trenton, N.J ..23,874 
 Evanaville. Ind .33.830 
 N.Bedford.Mass 81,830 
 Oswego. N. Y . .30,910 
 Elizabeth. N. J .30,888 
 Lancaster, Pa . .30,283 
 Savannah, Oa . .20,233 
 P'(bk«epsie,N. YS0,080 
 CaiDden, N. J . .30,046 
 Davenport, la . .30,043 
 St. Paul, Mina .30,081 
 
 Erie, Pa 19,646 
 
 Wheeling, W.V. 19,382 
 Norfolk. Va.... 19,268 
 
CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 II 
 
 Ta«attin,MaM..18.<2» 
 CbalM«,Mjkw.. 18,647 
 Daboqae, U ...18,4M 
 LeftTeii«r'tli,Kanl7,849 
 Ft Wayne, Ind. 17,7 S8 
 SpringaeU, lU.. 17,365 
 
 AnVani.N. T..17.9S8 
 Nfwbur«,N.Y..I7,OI4 
 Anai)U.13a....l6,«8S 
 
 Norwich, Ct 16,663 
 
 Sacramento, C«l. 16,464 
 Oiraha, Neb.... 16,083 
 
 CImlra.N.Y... 16,863 
 Uetcvi'rt.N.Y. 16,468 
 Olottcerter. MaM. 16,887 
 C'oho*- N. Y...16.S67 
 N.BruMwlt.Me.^.oeS 
 N. Albany, .'nd. 14,378 
 
 Rudmn, N. Y..14,188 
 Newburj't.Mau 13,696 
 Bingham'n,N.Y.18,86a 
 ConcoH.N.H. 13,341 
 iichenec'y, N. Y. 11,036 
 Ogdensb'e, N.Y.10,076 
 
 Censas of the United State»~1870e Bj States. 
 
 Alabama . . 
 
 • 996|9Ql 
 
 ArkMuaa. .. 
 
 . 4yB3.17» 
 
 Califomia . 
 
 . 660,388 
 
 Conoectient 
 
 . 637,418 
 
 Dabware. . 
 
 . 136,016 
 
 Pk»ri*i. .. . 
 
 .. 187,766 
 
 Georria ... 
 
 . .1,300,609 
 
 Illinma..., 
 
 ..3.630,688 
 
 Indiana ... 
 
 ..1,673,046 
 
 Iowa 
 
 ..1,191.803 
 
 Kansaa.... 
 
 .. at63,873 
 
 Kentucky . 
 
 .£,331 ,001 
 
 Louiiiana . 
 
 , 732.731 
 
 Blaiae 
 
 .. 636,463 
 
 Maryland... 980,8M 
 MaiaacltiiMtUi ,467,361 
 Miebigaa....l,lS4,39« 
 Miumota... 436,611 
 MikiiMippi... 834,170 
 
 Minonri 1,716,000 
 
 Nefaraaka.... 133,000 
 
 Nevada 43,491 
 
 N.Hamptbire 818,300 
 NewJcraey.. 906,794 
 New - York .. .4,364.411 
 N. Carolina.. 1,069,614 
 
 Obio 3,669,314 
 
 Oregon 80,933 
 
 PenMyhsnia.3,618,993 
 Rhode hland. 317,368 
 S. Carolina . . 728,000 
 Tenneaaee ...1,387,988 
 
 Texas 797,600 
 
 Vermont 830,663 
 
 Virginia..... 1.834.830 
 
 Weat-Virginia 446,616 
 
 Wiaoonain . . .1,066,167 
 
 Tut'l States 38,093,741 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Dis. Columbia 131,706 
 Arizona .... 9,668 
 
 Colorado 89,706 
 
 Dakota 14,181 
 
 Idaho 14,998 
 
 Montana .... S0,S94 
 
 New-Mexico. 91,863 
 
 Utah 86,786 
 
 Washington. . 33,901 
 
 Wyoming ... 9,118 
 Total Territu- 
 
 ries 443,600 
 
 Total United 
 
 Slates 38.6.%S.341 
 
 ..Tytal 38,977,741 
 
 Aggregate Past, Present, and Prospective Population of 
 i "^^ the United States. 
 
 Vbar. 
 
 1780 .*. r. 3,070,000 
 
 ?790 -m'.. 3,929,214 
 
 V800. . . .'. v;,".^. . .. ...... 5008,483 
 
 ilSlO «:««V« 7,239,881 
 
 1820 .1'. 91658,453 
 
 1830 12,866,020 
 
 »840 17,069,453 
 
 1850 33,191,876 
 
 1860 3»i443»32i 
 
 1870 ....... . . *|w.*'^ . • *3®'977t74i 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 1875 44,060,000 (estim.ited) 
 
 1876.. , ....45,316,000 ** 
 
 1877 46,624,000 " 
 
 1878 47,983,000 '* 
 
 1879 49.395,000 " 
 
 1880 .50,838^000 " 
 
 Notes from the Census of the United States, 1870. 
 
 Native-born population.... ^. 32,991,142 
 
 Foreign-born* " . . . . ; 5,567,229 
 
 Total whit^^ ^v • v* • n •?••»••• 33i589i377 
 
 Colored '^ii ,; m'! I .. r;?; .;..;;*-»* 4,880,009 
 
 Totel iiHtaibef of-faihilleaf (average 5.09 persons each) 7*579,363 
 
 *" ; *^ " ^* dwellings (5.47 persons to each) j^o^^^S^i^ 
 
 " '^' '^ deaths annually (1.28 per cent) 492,263 
 
 ** ** " births annually 1,100,475 
 
 • Ifirnh', 1,855,287. 
 others, i,a55»8os. 
 
 German, 1,690,410. British; '/65,o27. All 
 
z 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 X 
 ■Ji 
 
 < 
 
 b] 
 
 Ed 
 
THE CAPITOL OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 THE CAPITOL OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid by the ilhistrious 
 Washington, on the 18th day of September, 1793. The 
 building was opened for the meeting of Congress November 
 17th, ITOO. Enlargement and new dome completed in 1867. 
 The edifice fronts the east, is 751 feet long, 348 feet wide, 
 and covers 3}^ acres ; courtyards, 3)^ acres ; in all 7 acres. 
 The predom-inant material of the exterior is white marble. 
 The dome is of cast-iron, 1S5J4 feet in largest diameter, and 
 2873*^ feet high, surmountea by a statue of Liberty 19X feet 
 high. The interior of the dome forms a remarkable circular 
 chamber, or rotunda, 96 feet in diameter, 180 feet high. One 
 thousand gas jets, flashed by electricity, illuminate the in- 
 terior by night. . The walls 01 the rotunda are adorned with 
 historical paintings by eminent artists. The Senate Cham- 
 ber, House of Representatives, Supreme Court Rooms, and 
 othe:r apartments are splendidly decorated. The halls are 
 lined with polished marbles from every State in the Union. 
 Frescoes, paintings, and sculptures abound. The front 
 porticoes are supported by one hundred Corinthian columns 
 of white marble. The cost of the Capitol building was 
 thirteen millions of dollars. It majr be justly styled the 
 Palace of Laws, for within its precincts the statutes of the 
 nation are enacted and expounded. Here are framed the 
 patent laws and kindred ordinances for the encouragement 
 of authors and inventors. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The greatest length from East to West is 2800 miles ; 
 greatest breadth Noirthto South, 1600 miles ; average breadth, 
 1200 miles. Total area, 3,026,494 square miles; area of 
 Alaska additional, 577,390 square miles. The shores of the 
 Atlantic are for the most part low, those of the Pacific rockv. 
 The length of the Atlantic coast line is 2349 miles ; Gulf, 
 1556 ; Pacific, 1810, itidentadons not included. Shore lines 
 of the great . lakes, ^50 miles. Number of States, 38.1 
 Length of the Mississippi River, 2900 miles; Missouri, 3000; 
 milJes. Length, of steam navigation, Mississippi River and 
 branches, 7100 miles; ditto Missouri River, 3000 miles; ditto i 
 Ohio Rfver, 3Mi2 miles; ditto Red River, 3630 miles. Ap-; 
 proximate total length of railways in operation in United i 
 States, 1877, 80,000 miles. Approximate total length of tele-! 
 graph lines, 90,000 miles. I 
 
HOW MUCH IS A PATENT WORTH. 
 
 15 
 
 THE PATEIsTT LAWS. 
 
 WITH DIRECTIONS AND COSTS FOR OBTAINING PATENTS, 
 
 CAVEATS, TRADE-MARKS, COPYRIGHTS, ETC., WITH 
 
 ABSTRACTS FROM OFFICIAL RULES. 
 
 
 In the practical av)plication of new and useful improve- 
 ments, America leads the world ; according to an estimate 
 made by the Commissioner of Patents, from six to seven 
 eighths of the entire manufacturing capital of the United 
 States, or upward of six thousand millions of dollars, prob- 
 ably, is based upon patents, either directly or indirectly. A 
 very large proportion of all patents prove remunerative ; 
 which is the reason why so many are applied for, and so 
 many millions of capital invested in their working. "But 
 all patents," says an able n'riter, "are not productive; 
 neither are all farms ; all men are not rich ; all mines are 
 not bonanzas. ^ 
 
 " There is scarcely an article of human convenience or 
 necessity in the market to-day, that has not at some time or 
 other been the subject of a patent, either in whole or in part. 
 The sale of every such article yields the inventor a profit. 
 If we purchase a box of paper collars, a portion of the price 
 goes to the inventor ; if we buy a sewing-machine, the 
 chances are that we pay a royalty to as many as a dozen or 
 fifteen inventors at once. Indeed, the field is so vast and the 
 number of profitable patents so great that it would be far 
 preferable to undertake a recapitulation of those patents 
 which are not profitable than those which are," 
 
 HOW MUCH IS A PATENT WORTH ? 
 
 rim an official report, a chief examiner of the Patent Oflfice 
 sayS: "A patent, if it is worth any thing, when properly 
 managed, is worth and can easily be sold for from ten 
 to fifty thousand dollars. These remarks only apply to 
 p)atents of ordinary or minor value. They do not include 
 such as the telegraph, the planing machine, and the rubber 
 
l6 THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 patents, which are worth millions each. A few cases of the 
 first kind will better illustrate my meaning :^ -v, 
 
 **Aman obtained a patent for a slight improvement in 
 straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the 
 Western States, and after a tour of eight months returned 
 with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent. 
 
 "Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a 
 machine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it in about fif- 
 teen months for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a 
 patent for a printing-ink, and refused fiftv thousand dollars, 
 and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 •' These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing 
 no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hundreds 
 go out from the Patent Ofiice every year. Experience shows 
 that the most profitable patents are those which contain very 
 little real invention, and are to a superficial observer of little 
 value." 
 
 THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 The engraving on page 14 shows a full exterior view of 
 the Patent Office, which is one of the finest edifices in Wash- 
 ington. It is of the Doric order of architecture, 433 feet long, 
 331 feet wide, 75 feet high. The collection of models of in- 
 ventions here gathered is very remarkable, the aggregate 
 number being over two hundred thousand. Nearly twenty 
 thousand new models are sent to the Patent Office each 
 
 year. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS TO OBTAIN A PATENT. 
 
 To one who has made an invention or discovery, the first 
 inquiry that suggests itself is, " Can I obtain a Patent ?" If 
 so, *' How shall I proceed? Whom shall I consult? How 
 much will it cost?" The quickest way to settle these queries 
 without expense is to write to us (Munn & Co.) describing 
 the invention. Send us also a small sketch. Never mind 
 your inexperience. Nicety of writing or drawing is not es- 
 sential ; all we need is to get your idta. Do not use pale 
 ink. Be brief. Send stamps for postage. We will imme- 
 diately answer and inform you whether or not your improve- 
 ment is probably patentable ; and if so, give you the neces- 
 sary instructions' for further procedure. Our long experience 
 enables us to decide quickly. For this advice we make no 
 charge. All who desire to consult us in regard to obtaining 
 patents, are cordially invited to do so. We shall be happy 
 to see them in person at our office, 01 to advise them by letter. 
 In all cases they may expect from us a careful consideration 
 of their plans, an honest opinion, and a prompt reply. 
 
THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 
 
 17 
 
 Inquiries about the patentability of new inventions we 
 answer, as above stated, without charge. But we frequently 
 receive letters containing strings of other questions, without 
 fee, or even postage-stamps. Some of these letters close 
 with the comforting assurance, " I would remit for your 
 trouble, but do not know how much to send." To relieve 
 the consciences of all such doubters, we would recommend 
 them to send a dollar or more, according to the value to 
 them of the desired information. If the latter is of no value, 
 they ought not to trouble us. To other inquirers the follow- 
 ing hints may be useful : The best washing-machines, the 
 best brick-machines, the best of every thing in the mechanical 
 line, is advertised and illustrated in the Scientific Ameri- 
 can, and the address of the parties having such things on 
 sale is there given. If not a subscriber to the Scientific 
 American, you should enroll your name by sending $3.20 
 for one year, which includes the postage. You will sooner 
 or later find in its pages answers to all your inquiries, to- 
 gether with an immense amount of other useful information. 
 
 THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 
 
 If we are not entirely satisfied that our correspondent's 
 idea is patentable, we ad.vise him to let us make a Preliminary 
 Examination. This consists of a special search, made at the 
 U. S. Patent Office, Washington, through the medium of 
 our house in that city, to ascertain whether, among all the 
 thousands of patents and models there stored, any invention 
 can be found which will probably prevent the grant of a 
 patent. On the completion of this special search, we send a 
 written report to the party concerned, with suitable advice. 
 Our charge for this service is five dollars. 
 
 If the report is unfavorable, the applicant is saved all 
 further expense. If favorable, he is enabled to modify or 
 enlarge his claims in accordance with the report. 
 
 In offering to make this examination for five dollars, our 
 correspondents must bear in mind that we here refer only to 
 the question of the patentability of the invention, not to in- 
 fringements or other questions. Will it pay ? Does it in- 
 fringe ? See page 26 for reply. 
 
 Where preliminary examination is wanted upon more than 
 one invention, $5 for each must be sent ; as each device re- 
 quires a separate search. All that we need for this examina- 
 tion is a brief description and sketch sufficient to enable us 
 to get an idea of the invention. 
 
 The fee paid for preliminary examination does not go 
 toward paying for the patent. 
 
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 19 
 
 w w* ■rf 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^-VArt 
 
 /p*sr 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 •' 
 
 
 
 
 r .... i 
 
 H 
 
 f^ 
 
 \rittt 
 
 kCBOS'M 
 
 Brwe 
 
 '^^ 
 
 \r 
 
 11- 
 
 lio 
 
 cKf 
 
 MAF«»* 
 
 -^\ 
 
 |S^ 
 
 I 
 
 Ok 
 
 ?4. 
 
 •AT 
 
 4av 
 
 •*a.v 
 
 t« 
 
 ^5^! 
 
20 
 
 COST OF THE PATENT. 
 
 What security have I that my communications to Munn <&*, Co, 
 will be faithfully guarded and remain confidential f -»^ -i 
 
 Answer. — You have none except our well-known integrity 
 in this respect, based upon a most extensive practice of 
 thirty years' standing. Our clients are numbered by hun- 
 dreds of thousands. They are to be found in every town 
 and city of the Union. Please to make inquiry about us. 
 Such a thing as the betrayal of a client's interests, when 
 committed to our professional care, never has occurred, and 
 is not likely to occur. All business and communications in- 
 trusted to us are kept secret aiul confidential. 
 
 COST OF THE PATENT. 
 
 If the invention is simple, the whole cost to apply for a 
 patent is $40,* and when allowed, $20 more are payable, 
 making $60 in all.f The applicant has six months m which 
 to pay the last instalment of $20, after the patent is allowed. 
 If the invention is complicated, the costs are somewhat in- 
 creased, because the preparation of the drawings and spe- 
 cifications involves extra labor. 
 
 Under the patent laws, all persons, citizens and foreigners, 
 pay the same official fees. There is no distinction as to 
 nationality. Patents are also granted to women and minors ; 
 also to the executors or administrators of deceased inventors. 
 The patent is granted for seventeen years, during which time 
 the patentee enjoys the full and exclusive right to make, use, 
 and sell the invention, and grant rights, licenses, or privileges. 
 
 In order to apply for a patent, all that is necessary is to 
 send a model of the invention to Munn & Co., by express, 
 prepaid, with an explanation of the merits and working of 
 the invention. Never mind spelling or grammar, but be 
 very particular to give your ideas in full about the invention. 
 Describe its intended working, and mention all the ad- 
 vantages that you can think o^ This statement is always 
 of assistance to us in preparin^^ the specification and draw- 
 ings. Also remit $15 on account, and give the inventor's 
 full name, middle name included. We will then prepare the 
 drawings and specification, and send the latter to you for 
 examination and signature. See page 22 about model. 
 
 Do not put the money in the box with the model, for it is 
 
 * If a patent is not granted, the applicant loses this cost of making 
 the application. 
 
 t Of this sum the first Government fee is $15, our (Munn & Co.'s) 
 charges $25, and the second Government fee is $20^ making $60 in 
 all. When an appeal is required, there are additional expenses. 
 See page 26. 
 

 COST OF THE PATENT. 
 
 21 
 
 liable to be stolen. Remit by express, postal order, check, 
 or draft, to order of Munn & Co., 37 Parle Row, New York. 
 
 When the invention consists of a process or new article of 
 manufacture, or a new composition, samples of the article 
 must be furnished, and a mmute detail of the mode of pro- 
 duction given. New medicines or compounds, and useful 
 mixtures, recipes, etc., may be patented. Samples must be 
 furnished, and a minute statement given of the exact pro- 
 portions, method, and ingredients used in making a given 
 quantity of the new article. In the case of medicines it is 
 sometimes better for the author to keep the recipe a secret, 
 and register a trade-mark under which to sell and introduce 
 the article. See trade-marks, page 30. 
 
 On the reception of the model or specimen and first pay- 
 ment of $15, the case is duly registered upon our books, and 
 the application proceeded with as fast as possible. When 
 the documents are ready, we send them to the inventor by 
 mail, for his examination, signature, and affidavit, with a 
 letter of instruction, etc. Our charges for preparing the 
 case are then due and will be called for. On return of the 
 papers to us, the case will be presented to the Patent Office, 
 and as soon as the patent is allowed, the applicant will be 
 notified to remit the last instalment of the Government fee — 
 namely, $20, and the patent will then be printed and issued. 
 
 In addition to the above service, our patron receives, 
 gratis, a notice in the Scientific American, descriptive of 
 the merits of the new patent, giving also his name and 
 address. We print and distribute about fifty thousand copies 
 of this notice, without a penny of cost to our client. This 
 publication is of immense value to the patentee in advertis- 
 ing his new invention, and assisting to bring it promptly to 
 the attention of purchasers. Were he to do this printing 
 himself, it would cost him, by the most economical method, 
 say on the backs of postal-cards, over five hundred dollars. 
 The printing alone would cost him fifty dollars, and the cards 
 ten dollars per thousand ; to which must be added the cost 
 of addressing. 
 
 No patent agency in the world does so much for its clients 
 as ours ; and for that reason none so fully commands public 
 confidence or enjoys so great a share of patronage. 
 
 Persons who do business with us will be notified of the 
 progress of their application in the Patent Office, when it is 
 possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal 
 attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of 
 great complication ; the business can be done as well by 
 correspondence. 
 
 We have an extensive branch house in Washington (see 
 
22 
 
 ABOUT MODELS. 
 
 engraving, page 24), employing a corps of skilled assistants, 
 and we make it our special duty to watch over the cases of 
 our clients while they are before the Patent Office. If the 
 examining officer objects to the grant of a claim, needs per- 
 sonal explanations, or requires amendments, we examine the 
 references and make the amendments, if we deem them 
 proper, so as to secure the allowance of our client's patent 
 as soon as possible. We make no additional charge for 
 these services. 
 
 The average time required to procure a patent is six 
 weeks. We frequently get them tnrough in less time, but 
 in other cases, owing to delay on the pan of the officials, the 
 period is sometimes extended to two or three months, and 
 even more. We make a special point to forward our cases 
 as rapidly as possible. 
 
 ABOUT MODELS. 
 
 Whoever applies for a patent is by law required to furnish 
 a model, if the invention can be illustrated, or partly illus- 
 trated, by a model. It is therefore useless to write letters 
 asking to be excused from sending a model. The model 
 must not exceed twelve inches in any of its dimensions ; 
 should be neatly made. 
 
 If the invention is an improvement upon some existing ma- 
 chine, it is not generally necessary to make a model of the 
 whole machine. All that is required is to illustrate by model 
 the intended construction and intended working of the im- 
 proved parts. The model of a car-coupler, for example, need 
 not embrace a complete car, wheels, etc., but only the coupler 
 parts. In a steam-engine, if, for example, the invention 
 relates to an improvement in the cylinder, the model of a 
 cylinder only is sufficient, and it may be made of wood. 
 Models may be made of such materials as the applicant 
 finds most convenient — ^wood or metal, or part wood, part 
 metal. It is not necessary to make the model of the same 
 materials that are to compose the manufactured article. For 
 example, the Patent Office will receive a model in wood, 
 representing an improved inkstand that is intended to be 
 manufactured in glass. 
 
 Sometimes a correspondent writes : "I am a poor hand at 
 making models. If I employ a model-maker, do I not run a 
 risk that he will steal the mvention and take the patent in his 
 own name?" Our answer is, that you run little risk of having 
 your ideas stolen, especially if you take the precaution to 
 deal with a person of good repute. For your own satisfac- 
 tion, however, you may explain your invention to the model- 
 
at 
 
 n a 
 
 his 
 
 ing 
 
 to 
 
 ac- 
 
 Hel- 
 
 GOING TO WASHINGTON. 
 
 23 
 
 maker in presence of a friend ; and the evidence of the latter 
 would be sufficient to defeat any attempt made to take your 
 invention. 
 
 It is always better for inventors to have their models con- 
 structed under their own supervision, even at an increased 
 cost in money or time. Dunng the making of the model, 
 the author often perceives points where ihe invention may be 
 rendered more perfect than was at first contemplated. The 
 model should be small, but strong. In some instances, 
 owine to residence in distant parts or other causes, it is im- 
 possible for the inventor to furnish a model. In such cases 
 we (MUNN & Co.) can have proper models built by experi- 
 enced and trusty makers, at moderate charges. 
 
 Models may be sent to us either by mail or by express, 
 prepaid. If sent by mail, the postage is one cent an ounce, 
 provided there is no writing on the model or within the pack- 
 age. The ends of the package should be open, so that it 
 can be examined. But if the sender writes his name upon 
 the model, it then becomes subject to letter postage, which 
 is six cents an ounce. 
 
 Prepay all models, and address them MuNN & Co., 37 Park 
 Row, New York. 
 
 GOING TO WASHINGTON. 
 
 Some inventors suppose, very naturally, that if pe''sonallv 
 present in Washington, they can get their cases through 
 more expeditiously, or command other important facilities. 
 But this ic not so. The journey to Washington is usually a 
 mere waste of time and money ; but, notwithstanding, some 
 persons prefer to go. A good agent must be employed after 
 the inventor gets there. No one can possibly have facilities 
 or influence superior to our own ; a very large portion of the 
 entire business of the Patent Office passes through our 
 hands ; and we have an office in Washmgton, charged with 
 the especial duty of watching over and pressing forward the 
 interests of our clients. 
 
 The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make 
 models. These must be provided by the applicant or his 
 attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be 
 considered. 
 
 The law especially requires that all documents deposited 
 in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly 
 written, and that the drawings shall De of a specified size, 
 and executed in an artistic manner. 
 
 Persons who visit Washington in person can have all their 
 patent business promptly attended to, by calling at MuNN & 
 Co.'s Branch Scientific American Office, comer of 
 
REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES. 
 
 25 
 
 Seventh and F streets, opposite the Patent Office. (See en- 
 graving opposite page.) 
 
 REJECTED OR DEFECTIVE CASES. 
 
 Ve (Munn & Co.) give prompt attention to the prosecu- 
 tion of rejected or postponed cases, that have been prepared 
 by the applicant or other agent. Terms very moderate. 
 
 CAVEATS. 
 
 The filing of a Caveat is sometimes of great importance, 
 as it may be quickly done, and afpDrds immediate protection 
 against the issue of a patent, without the knowledge of the 
 Caveator, to any other person for the same invention. The 
 object of a Caveat is to give the inventor time to test and 
 perfect his discovery. Should a competitor apply for a 
 patent for the same invention, the Caveator is officially noti- 
 fied, and called upon to file in his application for a patent. 
 The existence of a Caveat is one of the evidences of priority 
 of invention. A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended 
 from year to year. Caveats can only be filed by citizens of 
 the United States, and aliens who have resided here one 
 year and have declared their intention to become citizens. 
 All Caveats are secret. No one can see or obtain a copy of 
 a Caveat without the order of the Caveator. A Caveator 
 can use the stamp, "Caveat filed;" and such stamp some- 
 times assists in selling an ardcle, or securing trade. 
 
 But the filing of a Caveat does not secure any exclusive 
 right of sale, = The Patent secures that right. The filing of 
 a Caveat has nothing to do with the grant of a patent. The 
 Government makes no search as to novelty when a Caveat is 
 filed. No portion of the money paid for a Caveat applies 
 toward the patent. 
 
 A Caveat consists of a Petition, Specification, Drawing, 
 and Affidavit of Invei.non. To be of any value, these pa- 
 pers should be carefully drawn up, and the otilicial rules 
 scrupulously complied with. No model is required. Our 
 facilities enable us to prepare Caveat papers with great dis- 
 patch. Wher specially desired, we can have them ready to 
 send to the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return 
 mail, or at an hour's notice. The whole expense to file a 
 Caveat is generally $25, of which the official fee is $10, and 
 we generally charge $15 to prepare the papers and attend to 
 the businestit On filing the Caveat in Washington the 
 Patent Office issues an Official Certificate thereof, which we 
 forward to the applicant. To enable us to prepare Caveat 
 papers, all that we need is a sketch, drawing, or photograph. 
 
26 
 
 APPEALS. 
 
 and description of the invention, with which remit fees as 
 above. Model not required. 
 
 APPEALS. 
 
 When the examiner refuses to allow a patent, and finally 
 rejects the case, we report the fact to our client, and inform 
 him as to the probabilities of obtaining a reversal of the ex- 
 aminer's decision by appeal. 
 
 Three appeals are allowed, namely : to the Examiners-in- 
 Chief, to the Commissioner of Patents, to the Supreme 
 Court of the Dibtrict. 
 
 First Appeal. — The Government fee payable by the appli- 
 cant, on making an appeal to the Examiners-in-Cbief, is $io. 
 Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are 
 verv moderate, and in part contingent upon success, 
 
 Second Appeal. — B'rom the decision of the Examiners-in- 
 Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of 
 Patents. Government fee, $20. 
 
 Third Appeal. — From the decision of the Commissioner of 
 Patents an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court of the 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 REISSUE OF PATENTS. 
 
 Whenever any mislahe, defect, or insufficiency in the 
 claims or specification of a patent are found to exist, a peti- 
 tion for a reissue may be filed in the Patent Office, together 
 with new drawings and corrected specifications. A new cor- 
 rected patent will then be issued, and the old patent cancelled. 
 Messrs. Munn & Co. have had thirty years' experience in ob- 
 taining reissues, and will be happy to give further informa- 
 tion upon the subject, by letter, to all who wish to have their 
 patents corrected. 
 
 INFRINGEMENTS. 
 
 The general rule of law is, that the first original patentee 
 is entitled to a broad interpretation of his claims. The scope 
 of any patent is therefore governed by the inventions of prior 
 date. To determine whether the use of a patent is an infnnge- 
 ment of another generally requires a most careful examina- 
 tion of all analogous prior patents and rejected applications. 
 An opinion based upon such research requires for its prepara- 
 tion much time and labor. The expense of these examina- 
 tions, with written opinion, varies from $25 to $100 or more, 
 according to the labor involved. Address Munn & Co., 37 
 Park Row, New York. 
 
 Infringements occur much less frequently than most people 
 suppose ; and in general, unless you have special reason to 
 
 I 
 
ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS. 
 
 27 
 
 believe that infringement exists, the best way is not to give 
 yourself trouble about it until some one troubles you. In- 
 fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of some- 
 thing already patented. It is not an infringement to take out 
 a patent for an invention whic is an improvement on a pre- 
 vious patent. It is not an infringement to own, to buy, or to 
 sell any patent. It is not an infringement to sell rights un- 
 der any patent, whether town, county, or State rights, or 
 1 censes. 
 
 All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their 
 use should be found to infringe a prior patent. Only a few, 
 comparatively, of the large number of patents issued prove to 
 infringe ; and the infringing device is sometimes worth more 
 than the patent with which it conflicts. Patentees of conflict- 
 ing inventions can usually make satisfactory arrangements 
 with the owners of the prior patents ; it is obviously to the 
 interest of prior patentees to have their patents used as ex- 
 tensively as possible. The princelv revenue of Howe, the in- 
 ventor of the sewing-machine, was about $500,000 annually, 
 derived chiefly from two infringing patentees, paying him a 
 small royalty on each machine. The net profits divided 
 among the owners of one of these infringing patents — the 
 celebrated Wheeler & Wilson — are ^reported to be more 
 than $1,000,000 a year. The profits of the other, the Singer 
 Manufacturing Co,, are reported at from $2,000,000 to 
 $3,000,000 a year. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS OF PATENTS. 
 
 If you desire to have an assignment of a patent, or any 
 share thereof, or a license, made out in the proper manner, 
 and placed on record, remit five dollars, give full names oi' 
 parties, residences, title of invention, date of patent. The 
 above charge includes the recording fee. 
 
 Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either before 
 or after the grant of a patent. Agreements and contracts in 
 regard to inventions should be recorded, like assignments, at 
 Washington. 
 
 If you desiiie to know in whose name the title to a patent is 
 officially recorded at Washington ; or if you wish for an ab- 
 stract of all the deeds of transfer connected with a patent, 
 send us the name of the patentee, or date or number of pat- 
 ent, and remit five dollars. 
 
 We (MuNN & Co.) have branch offices in Washington, 
 and have constant access to all the public records. We can 
 therefore make for you any kind of search, or look up for you 
 any sort 0/ information in regard to patents, or inventions, or 
 
28 PATENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS. 
 
 applications for patents, either pending or rejected, that you 
 may desire. 
 
 PATENTS FOR ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS. 
 
 The laws for the grant of patents for new designs are of 
 the most liberal and comprehensive character, and their bene- 
 fits may be enjoyed by all persons, without distinction as to 
 nationality. 
 
 Foreign designers and manufacturers who send goods to 
 this country may secure patents here upon their new patterns, 
 and thus prevent other makers from selling similar goods in 
 this market. 
 
 A patent for a design may be g^ranted to any person, 
 whether citizen or alien, who, by his own industry, genius, 
 efforts, and expense, has invented or produced any new and 
 original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, 
 or bass-relief; any new and original design for the printing 
 of woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and origi- 
 nal impression, ornament, pattern, print, or picture, to be 
 printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into 
 any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original 
 shape or configmation of any article of manufacture, the same 
 not having been known or used by others before his invention 
 or production thereof, or patented or described in any printed 
 publication, upon payment of the duty required by law, and 
 other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inventions 
 or discoveries. 
 
 Patents for designs are granted for the term of three and 
 one half years, or for the term of seven years, or for the term 
 of fourteen years, as the said applicant may elect in his appli- 
 cation. The patent expires at the end of the term for which 
 it is first granted. No extension. 
 
 Design patents are not granted for mechanical or other in- 
 ventions ; but only for ornamental productions ; here the 
 scope of the design patent law is very broad. The patentee 
 of a machine may, in addition to the protection of an orii- 
 nary patent, also obtain a design patent upon any new orna- 
 ments or ornamental forms used on his device. Authors of 
 new inventions should fortify themselves as far as possible by 
 securing design patents ; also by securing trade-mark regis- 
 tration. 
 
 The personal presence of the applicant is not necessary in 
 order to obtain a design patent, as the business can be done 
 by correspondence. Those who reside at a distance should 
 send us their names in full, middle name included, together 
 with twelve photographs of the design not mounted. Also 
 remit the fees as above, by draft, check, or postal order. We 
 
COPIES OF PATENTS. 
 
 29 
 
 will then prepare the petition, oath, and specification, and 
 forward the same to the applicant for signature. On their re- 
 turn by him, the papers are filed at the Patent Office, when 
 an official examination is made, and if no conflicting design 
 is found to exist, a patent is issued. The photographs only 
 need to be large enough to represent clearly all the features 
 of the design. 
 
 The petition, oath, specification, assignments, and other 
 proceedings in the case of applications for letters-patent for 
 a design are the same as for other patents. 
 
 City residents, by calling at our office, can have all the 
 business promptly attended to. 
 
 The expenses for design patents are as follows : 
 
 Patent for three and a half years, whole expense, $25. 
 
 Patent for seven years, whole expense, $30. 
 
 Patent for fourteen years, whole expense, $45. 
 
 The above includes Government fees and agents* charges.* 
 
 Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y. 
 
 It has been held in recent official decisions that the appli- 
 cant for a design patent must exhibit originality ai some part 
 of his design, otherwise a patent cannot be supported. The 
 mere imitation of an existing form or configuration of a 
 manufactured article will not support a patent. But an ori- 
 ginal combination of known ornamental configurations may 
 be patented. 
 
 COPIES OF PATENTS. 
 
 On receipt of one dollar, we (Munn & Co.) will furnish a 
 copy of the claim of any United States patent granted since 
 1828, or the full copy of the specification and drawings of any 
 patent issued since 1872, provided the name of patentee and 
 year of the patent is furnished to us ; but if we have to search 
 for this information, our charge for the search is five dollars. 
 
 Cloth is made Fire-proof nearly, by mixing tungstate 
 of soda with common starch, which is applied in the usual 
 manner, and the cloth then dried in the sun. 
 
 Tungsten is a very hard metal, infusible, of iron-gray 
 color, twice as heavy as iron. It is found in the mineral 
 known as wolfram; tungstate of soda is made by fusing 
 wolfram with carbonate of soda. 
 
 ♦ The Government fee is $10 for three and a half years, $15 for 
 seven years, and S30 for fourteen years. Our (Munn & Co.'s) 
 charges are $15. When it is inconvenient for applicants to furnish 
 ♦heir own drawings or photographs, we can supply them at a rea- 
 sonable cost. 
 
30 
 
 TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 The patent law provides that any person, firm, or corpo- 
 ration may secure an exclusive right to use a trade-mark, 
 by complying with the official regulations of the Patent 
 Office. 1 he whole expense is forty dollars. 
 
 Trade-marks alreaciy in use, no matter for how long a 
 time, may be registered ; also trade-marks intended for 
 future use'. The proprietor of a registered trade-mark may 
 put it in use whenever he desires. 
 
 A trade-mark consists of a distinctive or special name or 
 title for an article, or a device, design, or stamp, or combina- 
 tion thereof, applied to merchandise or the envelopes or 
 packages thereof. But the mere business name of a person 
 or firm is not registerable as a trade-mark. 
 
 The official rules must be carefully observed. A petition 
 is to be signed by the applicant, together with a written de- 
 scription of the trade-mark, statement, and declaration as to 
 use, affidavit thereto ; a copy of the trade-mark is to be fur- 
 nished, drawn or mounted on drawing-paper, with twelve 
 copies not mounted. 
 
 Trade-marks remain in force for thirty years, and may be 
 renewed for thirty years more. It is unlawful for any person 
 to use any registered tra.de-mark, or to make such a resem- 
 blance thereof as is calculated to deceive. But a trade-mark 
 registered for use upon one particular class of merchandise — 
 hardware goods, for example — will not prevent registration 
 of a similar mark, by another person, for use upon an entirely 
 different class of merchandise — crockery goods, for example. 
 
 Those who desire to secure protection for trade-marks are 
 requested to communicate with Munn Sc Co., No. 37 Park 
 Row, New York, who make it a part of their business to 
 prepare the papers and attend to the application before the 
 Patent Office. 
 
 All the business is speedily done. Registration is gener- 
 ally granted within ten days after the papers are filed. City 
 residents should call at our office. Those who live at a dis- 
 tance should give us, in a letter, the following information : 
 
 1. The names of the parties who own the trade-mark, their 
 residence and place of business. 
 
 2. State the class of merchandise and the particular de- 
 scription of goods in connection with which the trade-mark 
 is to be used. 
 
 3. Describe the particular mode in which the trade-mark 
 has been and is intended to be applied and used. For ex- 
 ample, for a trade-mark for sheedngs the statement would 
 be, " The trade-mark is to be printed in blue ink upon the 
 
TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 31 
 
 outside of each piece of sheeting." Or, '* The trade-mark is 
 to be printed in black, or red, white, and blue, upon the ex- 
 terior of a paper wrapper, which is to cover or extend around 
 each package of the goods." In the use of a trade-mark the 
 owner is not confined to such particular colors or precise 
 method of use; but in the application he must set forth, as 
 above, one or more of the intended methods. 
 
 4. State whether the trade-mark is already in use, and if 
 so, how long it has been used. 
 
 5. Send us twelve copies of the trade-mark. 
 
 Also remit at the same time $40 in full for the expenses, of 
 which $25 are for Government fees and $15 Munn & Co.'s 
 charge. 
 
 We will then prepare the necessary petition, declaration, 
 and affidavit for signature by the applicant, and, shortly after 
 filing the papers in the Patent Office, the official certificate 
 will be forwarded to him. 
 
 The right to the use of any trade-mark is assignable by an 
 instrument of writing, and such assignment, to insure its 
 validity, should be recorded in the Patent Office within sixty 
 days after its execution. 
 
 For assignments, searches of trade-marks, etc., address 
 Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. 
 
 Decisions. — The word " star," if registered as a trade- 
 mark, is infringed by the use of the figure of a star, and vice 
 versd. 
 
 As a rule^ a geographical name can not be registered as a 
 trade-mark, but may become so when not descriptive. For 
 example, the words " German Syrup" held to be a lawful 
 trade-mark. 
 
 Trade-marks such as the following may be registered : 
 For tobacco plugs, '• Andrew Jackson ;" for military goods, 
 "Smith & Co.," combined with the figure of two crossed 
 swords ; for cigars and tobacco, the letters *• B. C," no mat- 
 ter how arranged ; for a medical compound, the words 
 " Great American ;" for the same, " Bennington's," with a 
 portrait of Dr. Bennington; for shirtings, the figure of a 
 peacock; for dry-goods, the words "There's millions in 
 It;' for pickles, the words "Thunder and Lightning;" for 
 edge-tools, the word "Washoe;" for pianoforte, the word 
 " Weber;" for soap or cosmetic, the word " Hypatia." 
 
 On smooth ice on Hudson River, velocity of wind only ten 
 miles per hour, the best ice-boats sail sixty miles per hour, 
 or six times faster than their wind. 
 
PRINTS. 
 
 . jL^ABELS and prints of all kinds, for bottles, boxes, and 
 packages, for medicines, compounds, and every^ description 
 of merchandise, may now be secured^ Jjy,cQpy.nglit rpgistrar 
 tjon in the Patent Office. , *,- 
 
 In order to obtain such registration, the applicant should 
 write to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, give his full 
 name, and send six copes of the label or print, together with 
 sixteen dollars, whicli covers all expenses.* On receipt 
 thereof, we will prepare and file the necessary papers in the 
 Patent Office, and forward the Official Certificate of Regis- 
 tration to the applicant. The whole business only occupies 
 a few days" timq. ^^ ^>,>l ^^ ;/[. o.ir-' f;r)i,jij>ya-r«T.vi 
 
 The patent or registration so obtamed lasts for twenty- 
 eight years, and may be then renewed for an additional 
 period of fourteen years. It secures to the proprietor the 
 exclusive right to use the registered label or print during the 
 periods named. 
 
 Copyrights for labels and prints may be assigned. The 
 assignments should be recorded. Messrs. MuNN & Co., 37 
 Park Row, New York, attend to the business. 
 
 By the word *' label," as used in the Act of Congress, is 
 meant a slip or piece of paper, or other material, to be at- 
 tached in any manner to manufactured articles, or to botdes, 
 boxes, and packages containing them, and bearing an in- 
 scription (not a trade-mark), as, for example, the name of the 
 manufacturer, or the place of manufacture, the quality of 
 goods, directions for use, etc. 
 
 By the word ''print," as used in the said Act, is meant any 
 device, picture, word or words, figure or figures (not a trade- 
 mark), impressed or stamped directly upon articles of manu- 
 facture, to denote the name of the manufacturer^ or place of 
 manufacture, style of goods, etc. 
 
 But no such print or label can be registered . unless it 
 properly belong to an article of commerce, and be as above 
 defined; nor can the same be registered as such print vOr 
 label when it amounts in law to a technical trade-mark. .01 4; 
 
 j/JIhe average velocity of light is 185,000 miles per secondv 
 
 The light from the sun occupies 83^ minutes in travelling 
 to the earth, the distance being ninety-two millions of miles. 
 The light of the fixed star " Sirius," supposed to be the 
 nearest of the stars, is 3)^ years in reaching the earth, the 
 distance being over twenty millions of millions of miles. 
 
 ♦ The Government fee is $6, and our charge (Munn&Co.'s) is $10. 
 
COPYRIGHTS POR POOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC. ^J 
 
 COPYRIGHTS^ FOR POOKS, PAMPHLETS, CHARTS, 
 PICTURES, AND ART WORKS. 
 
 Any citizen or resident of the United States may obtain a 
 copyright who is the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor 
 of any book, map, chart, dramatical or musical composition, 
 engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative thereof, or 
 of a painting, drawing, chromo, stdtue, statuary, and of 
 models and designs, intended to be perfected as works of the 
 fine arts. 
 
 A copyright is not valid unless the title or description is re- 
 corded in the Library of Congress before the publication of thk 
 work. ^ .}, 
 
 Those who desire to obtain copyrights are requested to 
 communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New 
 York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, or 
 article. We will then cause the title to be printed, and re- 
 corded at Washington, as by law required. The official cer- 
 tificate of copyright will then be immediately sent to our 
 cHent. Our cliarge to attend to the business of obtaining a 
 copyright is $5, which please remit with the title. Copy- 
 rights are filed in advance of the issue of the work ; therefore 
 we only need to receive from the applicant the intended title 
 of his production, not the work itself. 
 
 If a copyright is desired for a painting, drawing, chromo, 
 statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send 
 us the intended title and also a brief description thereof 
 and $5. •- "•" 
 
 Copyrights are granted for the term of twenty-eight y6airS,' 
 and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the re- 
 newal is filed within six months before the expirarion of the 
 first term. -;" ^ ' , 
 
 Copyrights Ai^'bie ksslghed ; the assignment must be re-' 
 cordecl by the Librarian of Congress. ' 
 
 Foreigners who are not residents of the United States can-' 
 not obtain copyrights ; but if residents, they may obtain 
 copyrights. 
 
 Labels for goods, bottles, etc., maybe copyrighted. Cost,' 
 $ 1 6. Se«^ page 32.. But machines and inventions cannot be' 
 copyrighted, 
 
 Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, for further 
 information. — . — 
 
 The intensity of illumination on a given surface is inverse- 
 ly as the square of its distance from the source of light. If 
 the page of a book held twelve inches from a candle be 
 moved six inches nearer, the light on the page is made four 
 times stronger. ^,^^^^^ ^. . . 
 
34 
 
 'Qt)ESft6NS AND Al^SWfi'kfe. 
 
 Ji ;'i '.' 
 
 51 
 
 QtJfeSTlbN^ AND ANdWBRB. '1 HO.i 
 
 Our extended experience of over thirty years in connec- 
 tion with The Scientific American makes our establish- 
 ment a sort of factotum for the receipt of and reply to questions 
 of all kinds. Thousands of these questions are answered, 
 generally, in The Scientific American, to which every- 
 body who desires tp be well informed should subscribe. 
 There are still other questions of a special or personal nature 
 to which written replies by mail are desired by our corre- 
 spondents. 
 
 fcrif Myself and friend wish to join in manufacturing a patented 
 article, and form a company. How shall we proceed ? How 
 ought the patent deeds to be arranged?" 
 
 ** Can a patent be attached and sold for debt by sherifT, like 
 other personal property ?" / ^Ij vf n 
 
 "Suppose three parties own each one third of a patent. 
 Questions : (l) Is not each owner entitled to one third of the 
 profits made by the other owners ? (2) Can one owner of a 
 patent make, sell, and use, and grant rights to others, with- 
 out consent and without accounting to the other owners ?" 
 
 " If I assign a patent in full, with the verbal understanding 
 that the purchaser is to make certain payments, am I not en- 
 titled to recover back my patent if he fails to pay?|,^Jf not, 
 what is mv remedy?" |r'^ '' 
 
 Mf'f I send you herewith copy of an assignment of^ a patent 
 made to me. Please state whether it is correctly drawn." 
 
 " I own the right for the State of Ne^y York for the washing 
 machine patented by John Doe, July 4, ^876. Questioji : 
 Has the original patentee, pr other person,, t|>e right to make, 
 the machines in some other State and fill, orders for machines' 
 to be used in this State ?" . , 
 
 To questions like the above, or those of ^alj:ii;idred jnatyxe, 
 we are always ready and willing to send brie^ written replies,, 
 provided correspondents are thoughtful enougfxtp inclose a 
 small fee in recognition of the service. This sliould not be. 
 less than. from one tP five dpllars. If we find th^tiWe a.re -Uii-; 
 able tp give the infprmation requested, we return rj^pney.^ 
 Address Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York. Questions 
 relating to patent infringements can not be thus ajiswered ; 
 seepage 26. ' ^Minn rnm^a aR 
 
 '^ ' fM\C} v,iv)m A .T;nt:^{ 
 
 Never, under any circumstances, assume a respdiiisibiKty 
 you can avoid consistently with your dtity tb yotirself and^ 
 others.' i; 'i'Jvo j^aiii.-.tv.irrt ,•/■?> q;? .h.«.;^ :o b^oq?. air" 
 
 '■ Ncv^V'rtT^*te^6\ir «Hif6WB^s, itrid>ftever grieve ^visrfwhat 
 you cannpt prevent. v- t ^ ,,;;«; 
 
RIGHTS OF EMPLOYERS AND ICMPLOYEES. 35 
 
 RIGHTS OP EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of 
 the Union Paper Collar Company (Official Gazette, 1875), 
 decides substantially as follows in respect to the rights oi 
 employers and employes, touching the proprietorship of new- 
 inventions : 
 
 Where a person has discovered a new and useful principle 
 in a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, he 
 may employ other persons to assist in carrying out that prin- 
 ciple ; and if they, in the course of experiments arising from 
 that employment, make discoveries auxiliary to the plan and 
 preconceived design of the employer, such suggested im- 
 provements are, in general, to be regarded as the property 
 of the party who discovered the original principle, and they 
 may be embodied in his patent as part of his invention. 
 Doubt upon that subject can not be entertained. 
 
 But persons employed as much as employers are entitled 
 to their own independent inventions : and if the suggestions 
 communicated by the persons employed constitute the whole 
 substance of the improvement, the rule is otherwise, and the 
 patent, if granted to the employer, is invalid, because the 
 real invention or discovery belongs to th<! person who made 
 the suggestions. •''- ;' 
 
 The doctrine held by the Patent Office is that an inventor 
 who is an employer has the right to avail himself of the 
 mechanical skill of those whom he employs to put his inven- 
 tion into practical form. If the inventor-employer gives 
 general directions to his workmen to produce a certain 
 machine, the combination or parts, or arrangement pro- 
 duced, belongs exclusively to the inventor-employer, and the 
 workman has no ps^tentable right therein. 
 
 But when a workman himself suggests and invents an im- 
 provement, without previous direction from his employer, the 
 invention belongs to the workman ; he can patent it, and the 
 employer has no claim thereon, although the device may 
 have been made in the shop of the employer, with his tools, 
 and during time belonging to him. 
 
 Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the 
 latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public favor 
 is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous feel- 
 ings should be cultivated. 
 
 The speed of an electric spark, travelling over a copper 
 wire, has beent ascertained by Wbeatstone;to be two hundred 
 and eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. . - , „^. ,, ,.. 
 
ruTAjiyje -r-rr 
 
 ' mp ?bhrm UA 
 
 
 
 
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES. 37 
 
 THB tdJENTIFIC AMBRICAN OFFICES. 
 
 Our cngTAving shows the location of The Scientific 
 AmericaIv oflUce, New York, No. 37 Park Row. Our prem- 
 ises extend acroiiS the front of the square formed by the 
 junction, of Park Row, Beekman and Nassau streets. This 
 locality isj the head-quarters of the city newspaper fra- 
 ternity and the business centre of the metropolis. The 
 large buildinj^ at the left is the United States Court-House 
 and Post Ofm:e, a magnificent structure of granite, recently 
 completed at a cost of about eight millions of dollars. The 
 other side of this building fronts on the famous thoroughfare 
 of Broadway. This is the largest local Post Ofhce on the 
 continent* and the extent of postal transactions here carrier' 
 on is enormous. In the upper part of the building are the 
 splendid Court-rooms an * ^''ices pertaining to the United 
 States Court, Marshals' ( s, and great Law Library. The 
 principaljines of city stn -ailway? all converge at or near 
 the Poai Officer and the s pass directly in front of the 
 doorway of Thb Scientific American. On the same 
 block with our offices are those of TA^ Times, The World, The 
 New-York Observp't^.'nd other celebrated newspapers. Close 
 by \sTheTrihmiiofhQe, with its tall tower, and The Sun 
 omce. Tfie Wge tutiilding seen at the head of the square is 
 the Zeitunje" ofUct. At this point will be the entrance-way to 
 the great Suspension Bridge between New York and Brook- 
 lyn, now in process of construction, at a cost of about twenty 
 millions of dollars. 
 
 Thr Scientific Amibrican offices occupy the upper 
 portions of die large building first mentionecji. 
 
 The interior of »ne main office of The Scientific Amer- 
 ican (shown on next page) is a large and splendid apart- 
 ment. It feiiiw Uiat subscriptions and advertisements for 
 The Sci^l!<tiFtC jJmerican are received, and much of our 
 busine|)|f<dd^ ip connection with our Patent Agency. 
 
 In adiiitibn to> the transaction of an immense amount of 
 
 f>ateiit business. wl»ch comes to us by mail and express, 
 arg^ mttnbieShi <rf authors and inventors prefer to come in 
 per^i^ to ttt^C^ccs to exf^ain the merits of their improve- 
 raentsf. '■'-;■:; '''\' 
 
 In cii^Jng on our extensiye patent business we aim to 
 condu^ iri« the nniost expeditious ^d systematic manner. 
 We : flir^^ fts^s^d h^ the most experiei^ed examiners. and 
 spedftcaHoii/i^^/ Tfi« fltiest mechani«fil draughtsmen M 
 the oountiry prcipare our drawings. . ^ 
 
 Adjoining our main office, on the same f!oor, are ouf 
 model-rooms, shown in the engraving. All models are 
 
 ! 
 
f 
 
THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICES. 
 
 39 
 
 ticketed with the names of their owners, and here carefully- 
 stored ; no one, except our confidential assistants in charge, 
 being permitted to enter. All correspondence relating to 
 patents is carefully preserved for a given time in large fire- 
 proof safes of extra thickness. 
 
 All drawings of pending 
 patent cases are likewise 
 preserved in similar safes, 
 specially made for us for 
 this purpose. 
 
 The utmost care is taken 
 to guard the privacy and 
 preserve the safety of the 
 manj' thousands of incho- 
 ate mventions committed 
 to our care; and we may 
 here mention with satisfac- 
 tion the fact that during 
 our long professional ca- 
 reer of over thirty years, 
 not one of our clients has 
 ever found his confidence 
 in us misplaced. 
 
 The remaining divisions 
 of our main establishment 
 in New York are the ty^ie- 
 room and the editorial- 
 rooms where the interest- 
 ing matter that fills the 
 pages of The Scientific 
 American is prepared. 
 ^The printing of The Scientific American is done 
 in a neighboring building, where several large steam presses 
 are kept in constant motion, day and night, during the greater 
 part or each week, to work off our large edition. After leav- 
 ing the press the sheets pass through a folding-machine, are 
 by machinery then trimmed, and then enveloped for the 
 mail. 
 
 The iaddresses of our subscribers are printed on slips of 
 paper, and, during the mailing operation, cut and attached 
 by means of a curious little instrument to the separate copies. 
 Ihe regular combined edition of The Scientific Ameri- 
 can and SciENTiFir ^.merican Supplement at present 
 averages sixty-five thousand copies, printed weekly. Adver- 
 tisers m the two papers may thus have the advantage of a 
 very largf^ circulation. Regnlar subscribers receive the pa- 
 per free of postage, which is paid by us. The terms of sub- 
 
 THB MODEL ROOM. 
 
40 OUR BRANCH OFFICE IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 I 
 
 scription to The Scientific American are $3.20 a year. 
 It is sold by single numbers by all news dealers, 10 cents per 
 number. Specimen copies can also be had by sending 10 
 cents to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, I^cw York. 
 
 OUR BRANCH OFFICE IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 We have a large office in Washington, located at the comer 
 of F and Seventh streets, diagonally across the street from the 
 Patent Office, as shown in the engraving, p. 24. 
 
 The first building on the right is the United States Patent 
 Office ; the next on the same side is the General Post Office : 
 on the left stands The Scientific American office. Ou*- 
 location is especially convenient for 'he transaction of busi- 
 ness. We employ at Washington a corps of trained assist- 
 ants, part of wnom make iv' their exclusive duty to watch and 
 assist the progress of our cases bsfore the Patent Office. 
 For these services we make no extra charges. 
 
 Another division of our helpers in Washington devote 
 themselves to the preliminary examination of inventions — a 
 matter that is explained more fully on page 17. 
 
 It is to the systematic method and abundant supply of 
 trained helpers, personally supervised by the proprietors, that 
 the long-continued prosperity and remarkable succe^^^^f The 
 Scientific American Patent Agency are due. , / 
 
 NO TAXES ON Pi^TENTS, thr ?r 
 
 The patent and all its rights are under the owner's control ; 
 and after a patent is issued it is not subject to additional pay- 
 ments or to taxes of any kind, whether national, State, or 
 local. 
 
 WILL IT PAY? n^ov 
 
 On page 16 readers are informed that we are always happy 
 to give them our opinion as to the novelty of their inventions, 
 luithout charge. But some persons, when they send for such 
 information, add many other inquiries, difficult to answer, 
 and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for exam- 
 ple: **What is it worth? Who will buy? Will it pay? 
 Does it infringe? Does it conflict with B'spaten*^? If you 
 will guarantee it does not infringe, I will apply for a patent," 
 etc. 
 
 Ine following hints may prove useful as a sot^ of geiieral 
 answer. ' 'uj bluow yj 
 
 " What is it worth ? Who will buy ?" As a general ruie, 
 an invention is worth little or nothing until the patent is ob- 
 tained ; and until then no one is likely to buv. Therefore 
 the first thing to be considered, the first step to be taken, is to 
 obtain the patent. 
 
vlOTDMTHgAV/ SOUND. 
 
 41 
 
 "Will. it pay?" As a general rule, every patentable im- 
 provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out 
 the patent The sale of a single machine, or of a single right 
 of use, will often bring; back more than the whole outlay for 
 the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends upon the 
 business capacity of the inventor or his agent. One man by 
 his activity will make a fortune from an unpromising improve- 
 ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will 
 realize little or nothing, owing to incompetence. 
 
 re 
 to 
 
 SOUND 
 
 Is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion 
 within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins -when 
 about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases 
 when about 40,000 vibrations per second are reached. In an 
 orgixn, the deepest note has thirty-two vibrations per second, 
 the highest, 3480. The compass of the human voice is, on an 
 average, about two octaves. Deep F of a bass singer has 
 87 vibrations per second ; npper G of treble, 775. 
 
 The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle 
 C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. An octave 
 below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. 
 
 Sound travels at the rate of iioo feet per second in a still 
 atmosphere. The distance in feet oetween an observer and 
 the point where a stroke of lightning falls, may be known by 
 multiplying iioo by the number of seconds that elapse after 
 the flash is seen until the sound is heard. 
 
 Melted snow produces from 3^ to )^ of its bulk in water. 
 
 Ocean waves rise from 20 to 22 feet in extreme height, at 
 which altitude there are 3 in a mile and 4 per minute. 
 
 The highest heat of a common wood fire is estimated at 
 1140° F. 
 
 Nearly all solids become luminous at 800 degrees of 
 heat F^ »»iV 
 
 The force of expansion of solids by heat is enormous. 
 Thus iron, if heated from 32° F, to 212", expands .0012 of its 
 lengfth, to produce which change of lengtn by mechanical 
 means would require a force of 15 tons. 
 
 The best engines and boilers develop a horse-power per 
 liour by the consumption of two pounds of coal. But this 
 is better than the average ; and three pounds of coal per 
 horse-power, per hour, is a more common result. 
 
THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 43 
 
 THE PATENT OFFICE AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 We present three engravings illustrative of the Patent 
 Office. In the picture given on page 24, the first building 
 seen at the right is the northerly front of the Patent Office, on 
 Seventh street, diagonally opposite The Scientific Ameri- 
 can Patent Agency. The situation of our premises is so re- 
 markably convenient that we are enabled to transact a large 
 amount of patent business very quickly. As all models, 
 drawings, specifications, trade-marks, records of assignments, 
 etc., are deposited in the Patent Office, we have access there- 
 to, on behalf of our clients, by simply stepping across the 
 street. 
 
 Next to the Patent Office, on the right, directly opposite 
 The Scientific American, is the General Post Office. 
 Here the Postmaster-General sits, and the postal service of 
 the country is reg^ulated. The Post Office building is 304 
 feet long and 204 feet wide, Corinthian style, of white 
 marble. 
 
 The engraving on page 14 shows a full exterior view of the 
 Patent Office, which is one of the finest edifices in Washing- 
 ton, It is of the Doric order of architecture, 433 feet long, 
 331 feet wide, 75 feet high. The collection of models of in- 
 ventions here gathered is very remarkable, the aggregate 
 number being over two hundred thousand. Nearly twenty 
 thousand new models are sent to the Patent Office each year. 
 
 On page 42 we give an interior view of one of the great 
 model-rooms of the Patent Office, nearly 400 feet long, paved 
 with marble. The models, it will be observed, are deposited 
 in glass cabinets upon the main floor and galleries. The 
 model-rooms are open to the public from 9 A.M. to 3 p.m. 
 
 No printed statement or recommendation that we could 
 present will convey to the mind of the visitor so adequate and 
 truthful an impression of the magnitude and wonderful suc- 
 cess of our (Munn & Co.'s) labors in procuring patents for 
 inventors as a walk through the Patent Office. The visitor 
 beholds *ier upon tier of models, rising on both sides from 
 floor to ceiling, occupying a main portion of the entire build- 
 ing, and finds, on examining the records, that every cabinet, 
 every class of invention, is crowded with models sent from 
 The Scientific American Patent Agency, and that a very 
 large portion of all the patents granted are to our (Munn & 
 Co.'s) cHents. 
 
 The number of persons generally employed at the Patent 
 Office is between four and five hundred. The principal 
 officers are the Commissioner of Patents, who is the execu- 
 tive, the Assistant Commissioner, and seventy examiners. I 
 
44 
 
 THE LARGEST AND BEST. 
 
 Their aggregate salaries amount to about one hundred and 
 fifty thousand dollars a year. One hundred and thirty thou- 
 sand dollars a year, nearly, are paid into the Patent Office 
 by The Scientific American Patent Agency alone. 
 
 THE LARGEST AND BEST. 
 
 Now and then professional rivals, jealous or unreasona- 
 ble persons, will be found who rail about Munn & Co., 
 usually because we transact so much business and make 
 small charges. These carpers falsely allege that they can do 
 the business better, and afford more time. ,. -,,^t \- 
 
 Everybody knows, however, that the best service ana the 
 most reasonable rates are generally furnished by large, well- 
 conducted establishments, and the patent-agency business is 
 no exception. We have a staff of trained assistants and 
 draughtsmen ; we give to every case careful study, experi- 
 enced care, and abundartie of time; we have helpers at Wash- 
 ington who make it their special duty to watch over and 
 assist the progress of our cases before the Patent Ofiice» give 
 explanations, and see that the best claims are allowed. No 
 extra charges are made for these services. Our efforts are 
 usually successful and give general satisfaction. For many 
 years we have secured more patents for inventors and done 
 more patent business than the combined business of the 
 majority of the four hundred patent agents in this country. 
 The largest proportion of all the most valuable and successful 
 patents now existing were obtained through The Scienti- 
 fic American Patent Agency. 
 
 FOREIGN PATENTS. 
 
 The American patent law contains a special provision for 
 the benefit of the inventor in respect to foreign patents, 
 namely : It provides that after a home patent is allowed, the 
 invention may remain in the secret archives of the Govern- 
 ment for a period not exceeding six months, if the applicant 
 so desires, thus enabling him to arrange for patents in 
 foreign countries in advance of all other persons. 
 
 If the inventor is unable to meet the expenses of the for- 
 eign patents, he should find a reliable assistant or partner 
 who will pay the costs and share the profits. Partnerships 
 of this kind have in many cases proved highly profitable to 
 all concerned. Arrangements with one partner for England, 
 another for France, and so on, are suggested. 
 
 It is of the utmost importance to the interests of the appli- 
 cant in taking out foreign patents that he should employ 
 home agents for their procurement, who are well known for 
 responsibility, experience, and integrity. He is thus en- 
 
 I ' 
 I? 
 
nrJGREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 45 
 
 abled to obtain better service and a better patent, together 
 
 with prompt information as to the condition of his paten«. 
 
 and the steps necessary for its preservation. 
 
 ' '.a yocta^A in 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 The expense to apply for a Canadian patent is fifty dol- 
 lars ($50), which includes Government tax, agency, and ail 
 charges tor five years, after which two additional terms of five 
 years each may be obtained on payment of fifty dollars each 
 — in all fifteen years. The patent may be applied for at the 
 outset for fifteen years, at a cost of one hundred dollars. In- 
 ventions that have been already patented in the United 
 States for not more than one year may be secured in Canada 
 by the inventor, who must sign the papers. If patented for 
 more than one year in the United States thj Canadian pat- 
 ent is refused. 
 
 In order to apply for a patent in Canada, please send to 
 us (Munn & Co.) a description and drawing of ihe inve Jon, 
 and remit $50 in fall. If already patented in the United 
 States, a copy of the patent should be supplied. We will 
 then immediately prepare the documents and forward them 
 to the applicant for his signature. His personal presence is 
 unnecessary. All the business can be promptly done by 
 correspondence. The time required to secure the patent is 
 from four to six weeks ; the patent is granted without a 
 model, but before the document is actually delivered a small 
 model must be furnished. See page 22. 
 
 During the first year of a Canadian patent the holder may 
 import the patented article ready made. Within two years 
 from the date of the patent he must begin the manufacture 
 in Canada, ot arra,nge for some place where persons wishing 
 the invention can order the same. The Canadian patent 
 covers Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and both the 
 Canadas. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 The British patent extends over England, Wales, Scot- 
 land, Ireland, and the Channel Islands, but not the Colonies ; 
 the latter make their own patent laws. 
 
 The expense to apply for an English patent is seventy-five 
 dollars ($75), which includes Government taxes, agency, and 
 all charges for the first period, or provisional patent, if the 
 invention is not complicated. No models. The patent 
 issues to the first applicant, whether he be the inventor or 
 merely the introducer. 
 
 A second instalment of $175 is payable in New York, 
 three and a half months after the date of the provisional pat- 
 
ent. The patent is then completed and the great s^al at- 
 tached. A third tax is payable three years from date of 
 Patent Certificate ; and a final tax at the close of the seventh 
 year. The patent is granted for fourteen years, but ceases 
 if any tax is not duly paid. The patentee in Great Britain 
 possesses the same full and exclusive rights as in the United 
 States. 
 
 Great Britain has a population of forty millions, and is one 
 of the principal financial, commercial, and manufacturing 
 centres of the world. The importance to our citijens of se- 
 curing English patents for their new inventions cap not be 
 overrated. 
 
 FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 
 
 The cost to apply for a French patent is seventy-five dol- 
 lars ($75), which covers all expenses until the patent arrives 
 in New York, when a second instalment of $25 is pjiyable, 
 making in all $100 for agency and Government taxes for the 
 first year. No official examination is made ; no model. 
 The term of the patent is fifteen years, subject to annual 
 tax of $20. The patent ceases when any due tax is unpaid. 
 
 Belgium is the manufacturing centre for a large portion of 
 the Continent, and Belgian patents rank among the most 
 desirable of those that are taken out by American citizens. 
 
 The expense to apply for a Belgian patent is seventy-five 
 dollars ($75). The law and proceedings are substantially the 
 same as in France. When the patent arrives in New York 
 $25 more are payable, the whole cost being one hundred 
 dollars. A small tax is payable annually. The longest term 
 of the patent is twenty years. 
 
 GERMANY AND OTHER COUNTRIES. 
 
 In the following countries the cost of applying for the pat- 
 ent varies with the period of the grant, which may generally 
 be from five to fifteen years, at the option of the applicant. 
 The costs to apply for a patent for the shortest term are : in 
 Prussia, $ioqgi Austria, $100; twenty-seven other German 
 States, each $100 ; Norway, $100 ; Sweden, $100 ; Den- 
 mark, $100; Italy, $150; Russia, $300 ; Spain, $400; Portu- 
 gal, $400. No patents granted in Switzerland apd the 
 Netherlands. . f , ;? h{<,»« oli; alnt)>ivr; 
 
 Patents are also granted in the British Colonies and seve- 
 ral of the South American States. 
 
 N. B. — We would remind all who desire to take Forei^ 
 Patents, that (i) we do the business as low as anybody ; (a) 
 we have had over thirty years' ej^perience ; (3) the Foreign 
 Patent, when issued, is noticed without charge in the Scibn- 
 
HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS, 
 
 47 
 
 TIFIC American, which has a large circulation in Europe. 
 This publication is often copied into other papers, and in- 
 variably assists the introduction and sale of the patent. 
 
 We furnish, y>r^, a pamphlet containing additional particu- 
 lars, and shall be happy to give any other information that 
 may be desired. Address Munn & Co., Solicitors of Ameri- 
 can and Foreign Patents, 37 Park Row, New' York. 
 
 HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. 
 
 The original study and planning of a new thing is usually 
 a labor of love on the part of the author. The work is suit- 
 able for the leisure hour, the winter's evening, the quietude 
 of home. The plan being finished, then comes the business 
 of introduction and sale. The first step in the material prog- 
 ress of the invention is its development into the form of a 
 public record, on which the patent issues. This business re- 
 quires experienced skill for its proper transaction, and the 
 inventor will generally promote his own interests by employ- 
 ing trustworthy solicitors. Not so, however, in respect to 
 the second step, namely, the making of money out of the pat- 
 ent. This is a commercial proceeding, involving the ordinary 
 details of industry, prudence, and care. The patentee him- 
 self is generally the best manager in this department. 
 
 The first thing to be done after receiving a patent is to 
 fnake known the merits of the invention as widely as possible. 
 This is like ploughing and seeding the ground. If well done, 
 the crop will grow, even while the husbandman sleeps. 
 
 One of the quickest and most effective methods of bringing 
 the merits of an invention before the public, is to have it no- 
 ticed and engraved in The Scientific American. This 
 paper, published weekly, is seen by probably not less than 
 three hundred thousand readers, who comprise all of the most 
 intelligent persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements 
 in the country. The fact of publication in The Scientific 
 American is a passport to their attention and favor. " Yes, 
 that is a good invention. I have seen it illustrated in The 
 Scientific American, and understand its construction. I 
 advise you to purchase the right." We suppose that more 
 patents are sold upon such advice than by all other agencies 
 and means put together. 
 
 The splendid engravings which adorn our paper are pre- 
 pared by the most talented artists. We are always glad to 
 illustrate new and useful inventions in The Scientific 
 American, and, owing to the interest which our readers take 
 in such novelties, we make the expense to the patentee as low 
 
48 
 
 HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS.. 
 
 as possible — generally but very little above the actual cost to 
 us. If any one will take the trouble to count the prubablq 
 cost to him of printing and circulating, by nuiil. a mass of cir->; 
 culars containing an engraving and description of his inven-' 
 tion, and then compare that cost with the msigniftcanc Agure 
 he would have to pay us to get up the same cut and descrip- 
 tion, and print ana circulatt ^hy thousand copUs i^itrtof in , 
 The Scientific American, he will appreciate the marvel- 
 lous economy offered by our journal. The circular plan 
 would cost the patentee more for the white paper alone, than 
 we (Munn & Co.) should charge for the entire job. After 
 being electrotyped and published, the original blocks are sent 
 to the owner, who can then use them for other papers, cir<?u-r 
 lars, letter-heads, bill-heads, etc. ^» .^r 
 
 Let us here remind the inventor that the value of property 
 in patents is now far greater than in former years, when the 
 population was sparse, and the demand for new manufactures 
 small. Therefore do not part with your patent unless you can 
 realize from it adequately. Any foolish person can give or 
 throw away his property ; and we are sorry to say that thou- 
 selnds of valuable patent privileges are wasted by their own- 
 ers for lack of a little patience. :; '; x -.r r _-..:-: 
 
 In general, the best way to begin is'to manufacture the art!-^ 
 cle, and also to grant licenses under the patent ; unless hand- 
 somely paid, avoid the sale of any undivided interest in the 
 proprietorship of the patent, such as a sixteenth, an eighth, 
 or a quarter of the patent. By even one such sale, no matter 
 how small, the patentee loses tne control of bis patent ; under 
 the license plan he does not. ■ x v:-- •tK*/:^/!. 
 
 It must not be supposed, because a patient is Ifranted, that 
 the world will run after an unknown man to buy from him an 
 unknown patent. In order to sell licenses cwr rights under a 
 patent, judicious effort is required on the part of the inventor. 
 Indeed, his final success will depend, to a considerable exy 
 tent, upon his business tact and energy. He should make 
 himsell thoroughly conversant with the merits of his inven- 
 tion, and should prepare specimens or model machines there- 
 of, made in the most perfect manner, so as reft4i^ tPr<exfaibiyt 
 the operations of the impwovement to others;f -^ufiSiH<{&. r^r* 
 
 A very profitable method of realizing from a patent is to 
 grant town or county licenses, employing good and rrfjable 
 special agents to travel about and sell them. Such agents 
 expect to make money by the operation, and generally need 
 to nave a liberal allowance of the proceeds devoted to their 
 temuneration. In the example of a bee-hive patent, the 
 l^tentee might issue to the ag^t, duly signed, a number of 
 licenses, not good, however, until countersigned by the 
 
HINTS ON THE SALE OF PATENTS. 
 
 49 
 
 agent. Suppose the price for a county is fixed at ten dollars 
 per thousand inhabitants. The agent deposits with the 
 
 {)atentee twenty-five dollars or other agreed sum on each 
 icense, to be returned if he fails to sell. He, however, sells 
 a county containing ao.ooo population for $200, retains by 
 agreement half the proceeds, or $100, and returns $100 to 
 the patentee. The foregoing will be suggestive of many 
 other methods of disposing of patents by special agents, 
 which is usually the most lucrative method of procedure. 
 
 In some cases an excellent method is to commence the 
 manufacture of the article in a suitable locality, and when it 
 is so far under way as to exhibit progress and merit, then to 
 sell out the business with license under the patent. This 
 method is often very remunerative. 
 
 The patentee may subdivide his patent into as many differ- 
 ent classes of rights as he chooses, and sell each class by 
 separate agents or otherwise, as he prefers. Thus, the 
 patentee of a sewing-machine may license one party to sew 
 straw goods, another party to sew cotton goods, another 
 silk, another woollen, etc. 
 
 The patentee may, if he desires, require purchasers of his 
 machines to pay him a regular annual rental for the use of 
 the machine, or a tariff upon the goods produced, in addi- 
 tion to the original price of the macnine. Thus in the case 
 of the wood-planmg machine the patentees required, say, 
 $5000 to be paid in cash, for which they allowed the licensee 
 to build one machine ; and thereafter, for every foot of lum- 
 ber planed by the machine, the patentee received an addi- 
 tional payment or royalty. 
 
 In many of the States general laws exist for the incorpora- 
 tion of manufacturing companies for the development of 
 improved articles. The usual method, where a patent is to 
 form the basis of such a company, is for several persons- 
 three or more — to unite under some agreed title, appoint 
 trustees, president, treasurer, secretary, fixing capital stock 
 at any desired sum, say fifty thousand dollars. The incor- 
 
 E orators c<mtribute in money say twenty-five thousand dol- 
 irs, and take half of the stock; and they issue twenty- 
 five thousand dollars in fully paid-up stock to the paten- 
 tee, who- assigns to the company the agreed right or 
 license under the patent. These companies, if. properly 
 managed, are often highly profitable. The patentee should 
 see to it that the required amount of cash capital is actually 
 paid up into the treasury before delivering his assignment, 
 thus insuring the effe iive working of the invention. Several 
 distinct companies may be organised in this manner, in dif- 
 ferent placaes, on the basis of one good patent. 
 
 1 
 
so 
 
 PROFESSIONAL PATRNT-SELLERS. 
 
 The license and royalty plan is often a mtyit pfbfltable 
 method of employing patents. This, in effect, involves a 
 sort of contract between a patentee and a partner or manu- 
 facturer, by which the latter, in consideration of license to 
 make *^e thing, agrees to pay to the patentee a specified 
 sum I each article maae or sold. The patentee of the 
 
 chimi y -spring, now so commonly used to fasten glass 
 chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant licenses to 
 manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few cents per 
 dozen. His income was at one time reported to be fifty 
 thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, the inven- 
 tor of the sewing-machine, received a royalty of from five to 
 ten dollars on each machine, and his annual income was 
 estimated at five hundred thousand dollars. Goodyear, the 
 inventor of vulcanized rubber, divided his patent up into 
 many different rights, licensing one company for manufac- 
 turing rubber combs, another for hose-pipes, another for 
 shoes, another for clothing, another for wringers, etc. Each 
 company or partner paid a tariff. Lyall, inventor of the 
 continuous loom, has in like manner divided his patent into 
 many ferent rights : one company weaves carpets, another 
 corse nother bags, another sheetings, and so on. He 
 enjoys t... enormous income from his mvention. We might 
 give many similar examples. '^''^' "*/" 
 
 Licenses, shop rights, rights of use, if not exclusive, need 
 not be recorded at Washington. But a grant of an exclusive 
 territorial right, or of an undivided interest in a patent, 
 should be recorded. The business may be quickly done 
 through Messrs. Munn & Co. See page 27. 
 
 PROFESSIONAL PATENT-SELLERS. 
 
 No sooner does any person's name appear in print as the 
 patentee of a new invention, than he receives, by mail, a 
 shower of letters and circulars, from individuals who set forth 
 that they have remarkable faciHlies for the selling of patents. 
 The patentee is invited, if he wants to realize immediately, 
 say one thousand, two thousand, or ten thousand dollars, to 
 signify his desire to that effect, and send forward to the agent 
 a small advance fee. Thus, instead of helping the patentee to 
 obtain money, they begin by drawing money from him ; upon 
 this they live and flourish. We are often asked if these peo- 
 ple, who so pressingly and plausibly claim to be able to sell 
 patents, are reliable, and whether they ever effect sales. We 
 regret to be obliged to say that we seldom or never hear of 
 their making any sales. There are twenty thousand new 
 applicants for patents every year, from whom these pretend- 
 ing sellers obtain money. They busy themselves in writing 
 
 
pq'.TtH71QLD THE FORT, 
 
 51 
 
 letters to inventors and in working them up to the remitting 
 point, but have no time left for the drudgery of patent-selling 
 even if they had any ability in that direction. There is nu 
 trickery too low for some of these sellers : one concern, for 
 example, has gone so far as to imitate and adopt our long- 
 established iirm name of Munn & Co. But we do not sell; 
 patents, nor have we connection with any concern that pre- 
 tendsi io to do. The truth is. that the profit upon the sales of 
 a sin|;le good patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the busi- 
 ness It furnishes is enough to fully engage the attention of 
 many persons. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold 
 yourselves of the business of selling. If you want assistance, 
 search for suitable agents among your friends, and mterest 
 t^eni.spt^^ially in your invention. 
 
 ^Jniair HOLD THE FORT. 
 
 If yoi; have made an invention for which you desire to se- 
 cure a patent, but lack the necessary funds, do not for that 
 reason be so foolish as to ^ve or to throw away the discovery ; 
 do not part with any considerable portion for a pittance ; do 
 not/ as is so commonly the case, promise or convey a half or 
 any undivided portion of the improvement. 1? you are 
 pii^ched for money you can generally, by patience and perse- 
 verance, obtain tne use of the small sum required, by explain- 
 ing tjhe merits of the invention to intelligent, reliable persons 
 in yjour vicinity. To the party who is disposed to make the 
 desired loan, the grant of a privilege for a town or county 
 will generally be a satisfactory recompense, especially if he 
 believes that it will really assist you in the further develop- 
 ment of your invention. The following conveyance will, in 
 general, be anniple in sUch fcases : • - r • 
 
 " Whereas I, Richard Roe, of Wyoming, County of Mo- 
 hawk, State of New York, have invented a new and useful 
 iinprovenjen^ in mu:^ical instruments, for which I am about 
 to apply tor letters-patent ; and whereas John Doe, of Wyo- 
 ming, ^evy^^ork, hath advanced to me the sum of one hun- 
 dred dollars fpwards the expenses of said patent : 
 
 "Now this indenture witnesseth, that for and in considera- 
 tion; bf said payirient to me made, I do hereby grant and con- 
 vey to the Sf^id John Doe, his heirs or assigns, a license to 
 make, u.sqi a^nd sell the invention, within the limits of the Coun- 
 ty of Mpnawk, State of New York, for and during the full 
 end of the terrn for which said letters-patent are or may be 
 granted. ^Vitness my hand and seal, this first day of January, 
 4D,. 187^,; ■'■■ .,.,,, , J 
 
 > In presence 6f ' .f/ Richard Roe. 
 
 •^-■i^m!Ln^,'^' ■■■--, - ,-^"^' 
 
 hi 
 
 ^Q^rl 
 
 ;:ain£irii yaud vtjril 
 

 52 STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS. 
 
 STATE LAWS CONCERNING PATENT-RIGHTS. 
 
 In some of the States, laws have been passed by which 
 patentees or their agents who o^er patent-rights ior sale, with- 
 out complying with certain State regulations, are made liable 
 to fine and imprisonment. 
 # The United States Court, in the case of John Robinson, 
 held that this kind of legislation is unauthorized, that prop- 
 erty in inventions exists by virtue of the laws of Congress, 
 and that ro State has a right to interfere with its enjoyment, or 
 annex conditions to the grant. If the patentee complies with 
 the laws of Congress on the subject, he has a right to go into 
 the open market anyv/here within the United States and sell 
 his property. If this were not so, a State might nullify the 
 laws of Congress and destroy the powers conferred by the 
 Constitution. 
 
 All laws of State legislatures that in any manner interfere 
 with the free sale of patent-rights, such as the requiring of the 
 agent or patentee to file copies of patent, take licenses, pro- 
 cure certificates, comply with forms, or which release the 
 payee of ordinary notes of hand given for patents, have been 
 declared unconstitutional and void by the United States 
 Courts. 
 
 All State judges, sheriffs, or other State officials who under- 
 take to interfere with patentees or their agents in the free sale 
 of patents, make themselves liable in damages and other 
 punishment. 
 
 The decisions of the United States Courts on these points 
 are given in Scientific American Supplement, >jo. 25. 
 Price 10 cents. To be had at Scientific American Office, 
 37 Park Row, and at any news store. 
 
 The above decisions apply only to the sale of patents and 
 rights under patents, not to the peddling of goods or t^e sale 
 of manufactured articles. All citizens of the United States 
 must comply with the usual local license laws concerning the 
 sale of goods, whether the goods are patented or not. But 
 no State can lawfully enact a special law adverse to the sale 
 of patented goods, or impose any special restriction, tax, or 
 fine upon persons who go about to s» •! patepte4;.gpcKis or 
 patented articles of any description. ..-; : i-r 
 
 Platinum has been drawn into wires only one thirty- 
 thousandth (auioir) part of an inch, invisible to the eye, and 
 one mile's length weighing only one grain. 
 
 A cubic foot of air weighs 535 grains. Water is 815 
 times heavier than air. A cubic foot of water weighs 62+ Ibi , 
 a gallon 8^ lbs. 
 
HOia-Tvrao 
 
 '^'iALfe 
 
 S OF PRACTTCE. 
 
 53 
 
 .(.-^(,;f 'hnm fnr: . ABSTRACT 
 '^/ "'■ FROM THE 
 
 RULES OF PRACTICE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 if. 
 
 jp 
 
 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 .pjnniat isnc 
 
 •♦* 
 
 WHO MAY OBTAIN A PATENT. 
 
 Any pefsdn, whether citizen or alien, being the original 
 and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art, 
 machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new 
 and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his 
 invention or discovery, subject to the conditions hereinafter 
 named. 
 
 In case of the death of the inventor, the patent may be ap- 
 plied for by, and will issue to, his executor or administrator. 
 In case of an assignment of the whole interest in the inven- 
 tion, or of the whole interest in the patent if granted, the 
 f)aten\: will issue to the assignee, upon the request of the 
 atter, or his assignor; and so, if the assignee holds an un- 
 divided part interest, the patent will, upon a similar request, 
 issue jomtly to him and the inventor ; but the assignment 
 must first have been entered of record, and at a day not later 
 than the date of the payment of the final f'^e. The applica- 
 tion and oath must be made by the actual inventor, if alive, 
 even if the patent is to issue to an assignee ; but where the 
 inventor is dead, the application and oath must be made by 
 his executor or administrator. 
 
 Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can 
 claim one separately ; but the independent inventors of sep- 
 arate and independent improvements in the same machine 
 can not obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions ; 
 nor does the fact that one man furnishes the capital and the 
 other makes the invention entitle them to make application 
 as joint inventors. 
 
54 
 
 RULES OF PRACTICE. 
 
 A patent will not be granted to an applicant if what he 
 claims as new has been, before his invention, patented or de- 
 scribed in any printed publication in this or any foreign coun- 
 try, or been invented or discovered in this country, nor if he 
 has once abandoned his invention, nor if it has been in pub- 
 lic use or on sale more than two years previous to his appli- 
 cation. 
 
 If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his ap- 
 plication, believes himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, 
 a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or 
 diocoverjr, or any part thereof, having been known or used in 
 any foreign coimtry before his invention or discovery th.-^reof, 
 it not appearing that the same, or any subptantial part 
 thereof, had before been patented or described in any printed 
 publication. 
 
 Merely conceiving the idea of an improvement or machine 
 is not an " invention" or "discovery." The invention must 
 have been reduced to a practical form, either by the construc- 
 tion of the machine itself or by such disclosure of its exact 
 character that a mechanic, or one skilled in the art to which 
 it relates, can and does construct the improvement before it 
 will prevent a subsequent inventor from obtaining a patent. 
 
 No application for a patent will be regarded as complete, 
 or be placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is 
 paid, the specification, the petition, and the oath, projjerly 
 signed, are filed, and the drawings and a model or specimens 
 (when required) are furnished. 
 
 Two or more separate and independent inventions can not 
 be claimed in one application • but where several distinct in- 
 ventions are dependent upon each other and mutually con- 
 tribute to produce the new result, they may be so claimed. 
 
 DRAWINGS. 
 
 The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a 
 drawing of his invention, where the nature of the case admits 
 Oi \t. The following rules will therefore be rigidly enforced, 
 and any departure from them will be certain to cause delay 
 in the examination of an application for letters-patent : 
 
 a. Drawings should be made upon paper stiff enough to 
 stand in the portfolios, the surface of which must be calen- 
 dered and smooth. Indian ink, of good quaUty, to vhe ex- 
 clusion of all other kinds of ink or color, must be employed, 
 to secure perfectly black and solid work. 
 
 d. The size of a sheet on which a drawing is made should be 
 exactly lo by 15 inches. One inch from its edges a single mar- 
 
RULES OF PRACTICE. 
 
 55 
 
 ginal line is to be drawn, leaving the " sight" precisely 8 by 
 13 inches. Within this margin all work and signatures must 
 be included. One of the smaller sides of the sheet is regard- 
 ed as its top, and, measuring downward from the marginal 
 line, a space of not less than i % inches is to be left blank 
 for the insertion of title, name, number, and date. 
 
 c. All drawings must be made with the pen only, using the 
 blackest Indian ink. Every line and letter (signatures in- 
 cluded) must be absolutely black. This direction applies to 
 all lines, however fine, to shading, and to lines representing 
 cut surfaces in sectional views. All lines must be clean, 
 sharp, and solid, and they must not be too fine or crowded. 
 Surface shading, when used, should be left very open. Sec- 
 tional shading should be by oblique parallel lines, which may 
 be about one twentieth of an inch apart. 
 
 d. Drawings should be made with the fewest lines possible 
 consistent with clearness. By observing this rule the effec- 
 tiveness of the work after reduction will be much increased. 
 Shading (except on sectional views) should be used only on 
 convex and concave surfaces, where it should be used spar- 
 ingly, and may even there be dispensed with if the drawing 
 is otherwise well executed. The plane upon which a sectional 
 view is taken should be indicated on the general view by a 
 broken or dotted line. Heavy lines on the shade sides of 
 objects should be used, except where they tend to thicken the 
 work and obscure letters of reference. The light is always 
 supposed to come from the upper left-hand corner, at an angle 
 of forty-five degrees. Imitations of wood or surface-graining 
 should not be attempted. 
 
 e. The scale to which a drawing is made ought to be large 
 enough to show the mechanism without crowding, and two 
 or more sheets should be used if one does not give sufficient 
 room to accomplish this end ; but the number of sheets 
 must never be increased unless it is absolutely necessary. 
 It, often happens that an invention, although constituting 
 but a small part of a machine, has yet to be represented in 
 connection with other and much larger parts. In such cases 
 a general view on a small scale is recommended, with one or 
 more of the invention itself on a much larger scale. 
 
 f. Letters of reference must be well and carefully formed ; 
 they are of the first importance. When at all possible, no 
 letter of reference should measure less than one eighth of an 
 inch in height, that it may bear reduction to one twenty-fourth 
 of an inch, and they may be much larger when there is suffi- 
 cient room. 
 
 Reference letters must be so placed in the close and com- 
 plex parts of drawings as not to interfere with a thorough 
 
S6 
 
 RULES OF 
 
 PRACTICE.'^ 
 
 n] 
 
 ~fm 
 
 ;i. J, 
 
 comprHbrnsion of the same, and to this «|hd shotild rafely 
 cross or mingle with the lines. When necessarily gtbuped 
 around a certain part, they should be placed at a little dis- 
 tance, where there is available space, and connected by short 
 broken lines with the parts to which they refer. They must 
 never appear upon shaded surfaces, and, when it is dlifficult 
 to avoid this, a blank space must be left in the shading where 
 the letter occurs, so that it shall appear perfectly distinct and 
 separate from the work. If the same part of an invention 
 appears in more than one figure, it should ^Iways be repre- 
 sented by the same letter. N/ .., 
 
 The foregoing rules relating to drawings will be rigidly 
 enforced ; and all drawing not artistically executed in con- 
 formity therewith will be returned to the respective applicants, 
 or, at the applicant's option and cost, the Office will make 
 the necessary corrections. 
 
 All reissue applications must be accompanied by new 
 drawings, as in original applications, and the inventor's 
 name must appear in all cases upon the same^ q *)/!} 
 
 '<T";rv 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 As a rule, a model will not be dispensed with except by 
 recommendation of the examiner. It must clearly exhibit 
 every fec.*nre of the machine which forms the subject of a 
 claim of invei^tion, but should not include other matter than 
 that covered by the actual invention or improvement, unless 
 it is necessary to the exhibition of a working model. The 
 model must be neatly and substantially made of durable 
 material, metal being deemed preiferable j and should not in 
 any case be more than one foot in length, width, or height. 
 If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be painted, 
 stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but the parts 
 should be so connected as to resist the action of heat or 
 moisture. When the invention is a composition of matter, a 
 specimen of the composition, properly marked, must accom- 
 pany the application. Specimens of the separate ingredients, 
 if ordinary and well known, need not be furnished, unless 
 the Office disputes their operation in the manner as stated 
 by applicant. 
 
 THE OFFICIAL EXAMINATION. 
 
 All cases in the Patent Office arc classified and taken up 
 for examination in regular order ; thos« in the same class 
 
,' 1 
 
 1 
 
 RULES OF PRACTICE. 
 
 57 
 
 being examined and disposed of, as far as practicable, in the 
 order in which the respective applications are completed. 
 When, however, the invention is deemed of peculiar imp>ort- 
 ance to some branch of the public service, and when, for that 
 reason, the head of some Department of the Government 
 specially requests immediate action, the case will be taken 
 up out of its oi:der. These, with applications for extensions, 
 for reissue, and for letters-patent for inventions for which a 
 foreign patent has already been obtained, which cases have 
 precedence over all others, are the only exceptions to the 
 above rule in relation to the order of examination, 
 
 INTERFERENCES. 
 
 An "interference" is a proceeding instituted for the pur- 
 pose of determining the question of priority of invention be- 
 tween two or more parties claiming the same patentable 
 subject-matter. It may also be resorted to for the purpose of 
 procuring evidence relating to the alleged a,baijdonment or 
 the public use of an invention, v- > - -7: ■ 
 
 An interference will be declared in the fotTowIng cases : 
 
 First. When two or more parties have applications pend- 
 ing before the Office at the same time, and their respective 
 claims conflict in whole or in part. 
 
 Second. When two or more applications are pending at 
 the same time, in each of which a like patentable invention 
 is shown or described, and claimed in one though not spe- 
 cifically claimed in all of them. V; :' 
 
 Third. When an applicant, having been rejected upon ati' 
 unexpired patent, claims tQ have made the invention before 
 the patentee. . 
 
 The fact that one of the parties has already obtained a 
 patent will not prevent an interference; for, although the 
 Commissioner has no power to cancel a patent already 
 issued, he may, if he finds that another person was the 
 prior inventor, give him a patent also, and thus place both 
 parties on an equal footing before the courts and tn6 public. 
 
 xm-::-J,y.ix^ iiii: iuq:. REISSUES. 
 
 A Treisstii^' is ' granted to the original patentee, his legal 
 representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, 
 by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by 
 reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery 
 more than he had a ri^jht to claim as new. the original pat- 
 ent is inoperative or mvalid, provided the error has ansen 
 from inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any 
 fraudulent or deceptive intention. In the cases of patents 
 
i 
 
 058 
 
 RULES OF PRAqTICE. 
 
 j> 
 
 issued and assigned prior to July 8, 1870, the application for 
 reissue may be made by the assignee; but, m the case of 
 patents issued or assigned since that date, the application 
 must be made and the specification sworn: to by the inventor, 
 ^i^he be living. 
 
 ' ,'\'The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in 
 the original invention, and so described or shown that it 
 might have been embraced in the original patent, maybe the 
 subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced 
 into the specification, nor shall the model or drawings be 
 amended except each by the other ; but, when there is neither 
 model nor drawing, amendments may be made upon proof 
 satisfactory to the Commissioner that such new matter or 
 amendment was a. part of the original invention, and was 
 omitted from the specification, by inadvertence, accident, or 
 mistake, as aforesaid. 
 
 ''l^eissued patents expire at the end of the term for which 
 the original patent:^ were granted. For this reason applica- 
 tions for reissue will take precedence,, in i.;(examination,pf 
 original applications. , . *' ^ r -i' ■■• 
 
 A patentee in reissuing may, at his option, have a separate 
 patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention 
 comprehended in his original patent, by paying the required 
 fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements 
 of the law, as in original apphcations. Each division of a 
 reissue constitutes the subject of a separate specrfication de- 
 scriptive of the part or parts of th?, invention claimed in such 
 division ; and the drawing may represent onljr sijch part or 
 parts. All the divisions of a reissue will issue sjraultaneouslv. 
 if there be controversy as to one, the otlic^s iWiU ^ wj^liel4 
 from issue until the controversy is end^d,;; fVi,';^ t,. t ;;* :? > : 
 
 In all ca,ses of applica;tions fo^ rei^i^ues, the priginal claim, 
 if reproduced in the aim ended specification, is subject to re- 
 examination, and may be revised and restricted in the same 
 manner as in origiiial applicatiopsi The appjicatipn for a 
 reissue must be accompanied by a surrender of the original 
 patent, or, if lost, then by an affidavit to that effect and a 
 certified copy of the patent ; but if any reissue be ^eifused, th^ 
 original patent will, upon request, be retume^.to j^hq applir 
 cant. ,' . . ., ,,^ ., ,ziu)hqhoi'.fih io.-ji 
 
 ^IVhen the design can be sufficiently represented by dfaw- • 
 iifi^gs or photographs a model v/ill not be required. 
 
 Whenever a photograph or an engraving is employed to 
 illustrate the design, it must be mounted upon a thiclc Bristol- 
 board' or drawing-paper, ten by fifteen inches in size; and 
 
 t: 
 
RULES OF PRACTICE. 
 
 59 
 
 the applicant will be required to furnish ten extra copies ol 
 such photograph or engraving (not mounted), of a size not 
 exceeding seven and a half inches by eleven. 
 
 Whenever the design is reprc sented by a drawing, each of 
 the ten copies must be made to conform as nearly as possible 
 to the rules laid down for drawings of mechanical inventionF. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 A patent or trade-mark may be assigned, either as to the 
 whole interest or any undivided part thereof, by an instru- 
 ment of writing. No particular form of words is necessary 
 to constitute a valid assignment, nor need the instrument 
 necessarily be sealed, witnessed, or acknowledged. 
 
 In every Case where it is desired that the patent shall isslie 
 to an assignee, the assignment must be recorded Jn the 
 Patent Office at a date not later than the day on which the 
 final fee Is paid. 
 
 A patentee may not only assign the whole or an undivided 
 interest in his patent, but he may grant and convey an exclu- 
 sive right under his patent to the whole or any specified por- 
 tion of the United States by an instrument in writin^^. 
 
 Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial right, 
 as well as of an interest in a patent or trade-mark, must be 
 recorded in the Patent Office ; if a patent, within three 
 months, if a trade-mark, within sixty days, from the execu- 
 tion thereof ; otherwise it will be void as against any subse- 
 quent purchaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, 
 without notice. 
 
 The patentee may convey separate rights under his patent 
 to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may convey 
 territorial or shop rights which are aot exclusive. Such con- 
 veyances are mere licenses, and need not be recorded. 
 
 The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged 
 by the Patent Office ; they will be recorded in their turn within 
 a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to the 
 person entitled to them. 
 
 The Patent Office can not respond to inquiries as to the 
 novelty of an alleged invention in advance of an application 
 for a patent, nor to inquiries founded upon brief and irnper- 
 fect descriptions, propounded with a view of ascertaining 
 whether such alleged improvements have been patented, and 
 if so, to whom ; nor can it act as an expounder of the patent 
 law, nor as counsellor for individuals, except as to questions 
 arising within the Office. 
 
 I 
 
66 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 \ 
 
 A-^U 
 
 attorneys; 
 
 Any person of intelligence and good moral character may 
 apiiear as the agent or the attorney in fact of an applicant, 
 upon filing a proper power of attomev. As the value of pat- 
 ents depends larj^ely upon the careful preparation of the spe- 
 cification and claims, the assistance of competent counsel will, 
 in most cases, be of advantage to the applicant, but the value 
 of their services will be proportioned to their skill and hon- 
 esty. So many persons have entered this profession of late 
 years without experience that too much care can not be exer- 
 cised in the selection of a competent man. The Patent Office 
 can riot assume responsibilitv for the acts of attorneys, nor 
 can it assist applicants in making a selection. It will, how- 
 ever, be a safe rule to distrust those who boast of the posses- 
 sion of special and peculiar facilities in the Office for pyrocur- 
 in^ patents in a shorter time or with more extended claims 
 than others. ^ 
 
 -♦♦- 
 
 i- 
 
 irjrtr-.'f/. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 i ,! 
 
 .;riuj.rq FORMS. . /odK !»♦!) ni li^sisju 
 
 , FORMS pw, PET1T10H9^ f jQi^ ^ArBUT^ru-.tth^': ' 
 
 1 " By a Sole Imenibh ^^^''i' ; mof 
 
 \Ta thi Commissiomr of Patents : n; inonr^vgjT'T., 
 
 ! Your petitioner, a resident of— •, ^— ^^^-.'-f^^ttf^ 'thtit 
 
 lejtters-patent be granted to him for the inventibn set forth in 
 the annexed specification. r.vni ^uu,^ ^^h io! mn.!* 
 
 Ic u'j-;ji;5.>-.:it: 15). ■■ ^ .n'-'fA"' ft 
 
 A\ .k 
 
 A. B. 
 
 JSy yoint Inventors. 
 
 To the Commissioher of Patents 7 
 
 \ Your petitioners, residing respectively in . ^ . »« .. t ^. >> . ^,,^ , k^ \ 
 
 and '■^— — — , — ' -, pray that letters-patent may be granted 
 
 to them^as joint Ihveiitors, for the inx^ntion set forth in the 
 annexed specification. -i 5/ ^"-v }>'•>..; 
 i b\r,.xn^m m\i m i^.ivS\ : '. ,■-■.■ bjni^i^o hr^sx v. A. B. 
 ^ >v -■ c. D. 
 
 h--a 
 
 iOsiAadUUMa 
 
I'V 
 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 6i 
 
 By an Inventor for Himself and an Assignee, 
 
 To the Commissioner of Patents : _ i* i — ^ , vi- 
 
 Your petitioner, a resident of , prays thai letters-pat- 
 ent may be granted to himself and C. D., of , as his 
 
 assignee, for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica- 
 tion, the assignment to the said C. D. having been duly 
 recorded in the Patent Office, in libei; -7, page — . A. B. 
 
 r .\ - For a Reissue t (by the Inventor.) 
 
 To the Commissioner of Patents : 
 
 Your petitioner, of — , — , prays that he may be 
 
 allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an improvement in 
 coal-scuttles, granted to him May 16, 187 .whereof he is now 
 JBole owner, [or, " whereof C. D., on whose behalf and with 
 whose assent this application is made, is now sole owner, by 
 assignment,"! and that letters-patent may be reissued to him,, 
 [or, " the said C. D.,"] for the same invention, upon the an- 
 nexed amended specification. Accompanying this petition is 
 an abstract of title, duly certified, as required in such cases. 
 j A. B. 
 
 Assent of Assignee to Reissue. 
 
 ; The undersigned, assignee of the entire [or an undivided] 
 interest in the above-mentioned leitters-patent, hereby assents 
 io the accompanying application. C. D. 
 
 I For a Reissue, {by Assignee^ 
 
 (To be used only when the inventor is dead, or the original 
 I patent Was issueid and assigtied priof to Jiily 8, 1870.) 
 
 tTo the Commissioner of Patents : 
 
 \ Your petitioners, of th^ eitypf-i- -, State of , pray 
 
 that they may be allowed to surrender the letters-patent for an 
 improvement in coal-scuttles, granted May 16, 187 , to E. F.,. 
 how deceased, whereof they are now owners, by assignment, 
 of th^ entire intcjrest, , and the lettcrsrpatent may be reissued 
 to them for the same invention, upon the annexed amended 
 speci$c9tion. Accompanying this petition is an abstract of 
 title, duly certified, as re;£iuired in sucl^, cases. A. B. 
 
 I For Letters-Patent for a Design, 
 
 To-the<Jop^mission.eraf Patents : 
 
 Your petitipner, residing in t— — ^*—^. — ^, prays that 
 letters-patent may be granted to him for the terra of threq 
 and one half years [or "seven years," or ''iourteen years^'l, 
 for the new and original design set forth in the annexed 
 specrfic^on. . _ A. B. 
 
 i.UJ.-i.. ii- -, 
 
 r...i 
 
^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 .For the Registration of a T^a^e-Mark, 
 
 TV? the Commissioner of Patents : 
 
 • Your petitioners respectfully represent that the firm of 
 A. B., C. D, & Co. is engaged in the manufacture of woven 
 
 fabrics at , , and at , , and that the 
 
 said fifm is entitled to the exclusive use, upon the class of 
 goods which they manufacture, of the trade-mark described in 
 the annexed statement or specification, [and accompanying 
 fac-simile.'] 
 
 They therefore pray that they may be permitted to obtain 
 protection for such lawful trade-mark under the law i^ such 
 qases made and provided.. 
 
 •)7., 
 
 \V^- •■.']/; 
 
 A. B., C. D. & Co., 
 By A. B. 
 
 Petition with Power of Attorney. 
 
 Tdt the Commissioner of Patents : 
 
 -Your petitioner, a resident of the city of — ; , State of: 
 
 — , prays. that letters-patent may be 4 anted to him for' 
 
 t|i^ inyei]Ltion set forth in the annexed SP^cjfication ; and he 
 
 l^ereiby appoints CD., of the city of - .'.., '.. /State of — , ; 
 
 I his attorney, with full power of substitution and reyocation,^ 
 ; to prosecute this application, to make alterations and" amend-* 
 ments therein, to receive the patent, and to transact all 
 business in the Patent Office connected therewith. 
 
 Y a '.■■ 
 
 .^>', 
 
 Po2aer of Attorney. 
 
 *"If the power of attorney be given at anytime other than • 
 thUt of makiftg application for patent, it Will be in substan- 
 tially t?r6^ following form : " ' '^! *-'- 
 to the Commissioner of Patents : '"^^ *\ , — •''*~''^! 
 
 The underiSigned havmg, on or about the 20th day of July, 
 187, , made application for letters-patent for an improvement 
 in 3, , horse-power hereby appoints C. D., of the city of 
 -*— — , State of — , his attorney, with fulLpower of sub- 
 stitution arid revocation, to prosecute said application, to. 
 make alterations and amendments therein, to receive the 
 patent," and to transact all business in the Patent Office con-^ 
 nected therewith. 
 
 Signed at ■ , and State of—— — , this day of* 
 
 I ■^nr-fi-i ^y8-»v^- ■' • A. B. ' 
 
 ■rr 
 
 ■ f- 
 
FORMS. 
 
 63 
 
 Revocdtion of Power of Attorney. 
 
 The undersigned having, on 6f about the 26th day of 
 
 December, 187 , appointed C. D., of the city of , anc} 
 
 State of — — — , his attorney to prosecute an application for 
 letters pat-jnt, made on or about the ist day of June, 1868, 
 f6r an improvement in the running-gear of wagons, her(^^ 
 revokes the power of attorney then given. m< a- ,'h< .. .r. 
 
 Signed at -, , this 21st day of July, 187 . iii.j.i' 
 
 mi?A<\fy n^ h'^YA<M-y)„ SPECIFICATION. ^/r 
 
 To all whom it may concern : ' 
 
 Be it known that I, [here insert the name of the inventor,] 
 
 of , in the county of , and State of , have 
 
 invented a new and useful improvement in saw-toothing 
 machines, which improvement is fully set forth in the follow- 
 ing specification, reference being had to the accompanying 
 drawings: , 
 
 The object of my invention is to rapidly form, on the blade 
 of a hand-saw, teeth gradually decreasing in size from the 
 broad to the narrow end of tiic ulade, by the combination, in 
 a $aw -toothing machine, 6f a tapering barrel, E, and a 
 chain, or its; equivalent, with rollers, a <2', for feeding, or 
 with a slide for carrying the blade A, as shown in the per- 
 spective view. Fig. J, of the accompanying drawing. 
 
 The machine is illustrated more in detail in the plane view. 
 Fig. 3, and in the veiftical section, Fig. 2, in which it has not' 
 been deemed necessary to show the driving mechanism. 
 The blade is held by and between the two upper rollers a d 
 (the Utter being a feed roller), and two lower rollers b b\ and 
 is m ide to traverse in the direction of the arrow, at a gradually 
 decreasing speed, by causing a barrel, D, to unwind a chain 
 or its equivalent from a tapering barrel, E, on the shaft B. The 
 several shafts have their , bearings in a simple frame, H, the 
 front portion h of the latter forming a table, which, in con- 
 junction with the lower rollers, supports the blade, as the* 
 lattet^ is tattised tb travefse with its edges in contact with, the 
 adjustable jgiiidesy^, on the frame. In this table is a fixed 
 die or anvu, f, on which the blade bears, and in which is a 
 triangttlar i|otch, correspondin|f in shape to a punch, e, on a 
 rapioly reVt>lving disk, G. '■' j' ' ,i?/f k >■/ aiijro^/j; 
 
 As the blade moves at a gfadually decreasing speed in the 
 direction of the arrow, the punch wfll strike triangular pieces 
 ffom its edge, and the result will be the formation of the de* 
 sired graduate-^ teeth. 
 
 It will be evident that the driving-barrel, D, may be taper- 
 ing, and the barrel, E, cylindrical, or that both barrels may 
 
64 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 be tapering, and arranged to feed gradually faster instead of 
 gradually slower, with the same result, and that the blade 
 may be clamped to a guided sliding-bed, controlled by a ta- 
 mpering barrel and cord or chain. 
 
 I claim as my invention — 
 
 The combination in a saw-toothing machine, substantially 
 as described, of a tapering barrel and chain, with a roller for 
 feeding the blade. A. B. 
 
 Witnesses : C. D. 
 E. F. 
 
 AFFIDAVIT OF INVENTION. 
 
 State 
 A. B. 
 
 OF 
 
 By a Sole Inventor, 
 (To follow specification.) 
 County of- 
 
 ss. 
 
 the above-named petitioner, being duly sworn (or 
 affirmed), deposes and says that he verily felieves himself to 
 be the original and first inventor of the improvement in seed- 
 drills described and claimed in the foregoing specification ; 
 that he does not know and does not believe that the same 
 was ever before known or used ; and that he is a citizen of 
 , and a resident of . ^t y"J-J^'>J 't .'>v. a. B. 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of March, 
 187 . CD., Justice of ike Peace. 
 
 [If the applicant be an alien, the sentence " and that he is 
 a citizen of the United States" will be omitted, and in lieu 
 thereof will be substituted " and that he is a citizen of the 
 Republic cf Mexico," or "and that he is a subject of the 
 King of Italy," or "of the Queenof Great Britain," or as the 
 case may be. ^.j, .,,, , 
 
 If the applicaiits claim \6\itj6inf inventors, the oath will 
 read "that they verily believe themselves to be the original, 
 first, and joint inventors," etc. x-'^a^h a-A', .m vw. 
 
 If the inventor be dead, the oath will btf takert by the ad- 
 ministrator or executor, and will declare his belief that the 
 party named as inventor was the original and first inventor.] 
 
 Trade- Mark Affidavit,] Xnoin^^fii^ 
 
 ■lfA\ 
 
 Cottnty of- 
 
 55, 
 
 a 
 
 ■:i u. 
 
 f, 
 
 State of 
 
 A. B., being duly sworn, deposes and says 
 member of the firm of A. B., C. D. & Co., above 
 
 thdt he is a 
 named : 
 
 that he verily believes that said firm has the right to the use 
 of the trade-mark described in the foregoing specification, 
 and that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right 
 to such use, either in the identical form or having such near 
 resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive ; and 
 
rORMS. 
 
 65 
 
 that the description and lac-simile presented for record are 
 true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected, and 
 
 Jthat he resides in , and all the other members of the 
 
 firm reside at , in the State of ; and that they 
 
 are all domiciled in 
 
 and are citizens of ■ 
 
 A. B. 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me this 15th day of July, 
 187 . E. F., Justice of the Peace. 
 
 PETITION FOR CAVEAT. 
 
 The petition of A. B., of , in the county of J 
 
 and State of , respectfully represents : 
 
 That he has made certain improvements in velocipedes,' 
 and that he is now engaged in making experiments for the 
 
 fmrpose of perfecting the same, preparatory to applying for 
 etters-patent therefor. He therefore prays that the subjoined 
 description of his invention may be filed as a caveat in the 
 confidential archives of the Patent Office. A. B. 
 
 . SPECIFICATION (/or Cawfl/). •->>:: 
 
 The following is a description of my newly-invented veldd- 
 pede, which is as full, clear, and exact as I am able at this 
 time to give, reference being had to the drawing hereto an- 
 nexed. 
 
 This invention relates to that class of velocipedes in which' 
 there are two wheels connected by a beam forming a saddle 
 for the rider, the feet being applied to cranks that revolve the 
 front wheel. 
 
 The object of my invention is to render it unnecessary io 
 turn the front wheel so much as heretofore, and at the same 
 time to facilitate the turning of sharp curves. This I accom- 
 plish by fitting the front and the hind wheels on vertical piv- 
 Qts, and connecting them by pieans of a diagonal bar, as 
 shown in the drawing, so that the turning of the front wheel 
 also turns the back wheel with a position at an angle with the 
 beams, thereby enabling it easily to turn a curve. 
 
 In the drawing, A is the front wheel, B the hind wheel, arid 
 C the standards extending from the axle of the front wheel 
 to the vertical pivot a in the beam b, and D is the cross-bar 
 upon the end oia, by which the steering is done. The hind 
 wheel B is also fitted with jaws c and a vertical pivot, //. 
 , .Witnesses; C. D. A. fi. ; 
 
 • - • ^ Y. • '•-^-^?: ' 
 
 . f The form of oath will be substantially that provided fdr 
 original applications, except that, as a caveat can only bei 
 filed by a citizen, or an alien who has resided for one year! 
 last past in the United States, and made oath of his intention! 
 to becoine a citizen, the oath should be modified accordingly.]! 
 
66 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS. 
 
 0/ an undivided Fractional Interest in an Inven- 
 vit f'- Hon before the Issue of Letters-Patent. 
 
 In consideration of one dollar, to me paid by C. D., of 
 I do hereby sell and assign to said C. D. an undi- 
 
 vided half of all my right, title, and interest in and to a cer- 
 tain invention in ploughs, as fully set forth and described in 
 the specification which I have prepared [if the apphcation 
 has been already made, say " and filed "] preparatory to ob- 
 taining letters-patent of the United States therefor. And I 
 do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner of Pat- 
 ents to issue the said letters-patent jointly to myself and the 
 said C. D., our heirs and assigns. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this th day of February, 187 
 
 In presence of 
 
 , A. B. 
 
 Of the Entire Interest in Letters- Patent, 
 
 In consideration of five hundred dollars, to me paid by 
 
 C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said 
 
 C. D. all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters- 
 patent of the United States No. 41,806, for an improvement 
 in locomotive head-lights, granted to me July 30, 187 , the 
 same to be held and enjoyed by the said C. D. to the full 
 end of the term for which said letters-patent are granted, as 
 fully and entirely as the same would have been held and en- 
 joyed by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this th day of January, 187 . 
 
 In presence of A. B. 
 
 Of an Undivided Interest in the LetterS'Patent and 
 
 Extension thereof. 
 
 In consideration of one thousand dollars, to me paid by 
 
 C. D., of , I do hereby sell and assign to the said C. D. 
 
 one undivided fourth part of all my right, title, and interest 
 in and to the letters-patent of the United States No. 10,485, 
 for an improvement in cooking-stoves, granted to me May 
 16, 187 ; the same to be held and enjoyea by the said C. D. 
 to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are 
 granted, and for the term of any extension thereof, as fully 
 and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed 
 by me if this assignment and sale ha-' not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this th day of June, 187 . 
 
 In presence of A. B. 
 
FORMS. 
 
 H 
 
 Exclusive Territorial Grant by an Assignee, 
 
 In consideration of one thousand dollars, to mc paid by 
 
 C. D., of , I do hereby grant and convey to the said 
 
 C. D. the exclusive right to make, use, and vend within the 
 State of , and in no other place or places, the improve- 
 ment in corn-planters for which letters-patent of the United 
 States, dated August 15, 187 , were granted to E. P'., and by 
 said E. F. assigned to me December 3, 1P7 , by an assign- 
 ment duly recorded in liber X', p. 416, of tne records of the 
 Patent Office, the same to be held and enjoyed by the said 
 C. D. as fully and entirely as the same would have been held 
 and enjoyed by me if this grant had not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this th day of March, 187 . * 
 
 A. B. > 
 
 License — Shop-Right , 
 
 In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm of 
 
 S. J. & Co., of , I do hereby license and empower the 
 
 said S. J. & Co. to manufacture, at a single foundry and ma- 
 chine-shop in said , and in no other place or places, 
 
 the improvement in cotton-seed planters for which letters- 
 patent of the United States No. 71,846 were granted to me 
 November 13, 187 , and to sell the machines so itianufactured 
 throughout the United States to the full end 01' the term for - 
 which said letters-patent are granted. 
 
 Witness my hand and seal this d day of April, 187 , 
 
 A. B. 
 License — not exclusive — luith Royalty. 
 
 This agreement, made this 12th day of September, 187 , 
 
 between A. B., of , party of the first part, and the 
 
 Uniontown Agricultural Works of , party of the second 
 
 part, witnesseth, that, whereas letters-patent of the United 
 States for an improvement in horse-rakes were granted to the 
 party of the first part, dated October 4, 187 ; and whereas 
 the party of the second part is desirous of manufacturing 
 horse-rakes containing said patented improvement : now, 
 therefore, the parties have agreed as follows : . r 
 
 I. The party of the first part hereby licenses and empowers 
 the party of the second part to manufacture, subject to the 
 
 conditions hereinafter named, at their factory in , and 
 
 in no other place or places, to the end of the term for which 
 said letters-patent were granted, horse-rakes containing the 
 patented improvements, and to sell the same within the 
 United States. "aai'W ' 
 
 II. The party of the second part agrees to make mil and 
 
68 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 true returns to the party of the first part, under oath, upon 
 the first days of July and January in each year, of all horse- 
 rakes containing the patented improvements manufactured 
 by them. 
 
 III. The party of the second part agrees to pay to the party 
 of the first part five dollars, as a license-fee upon every 
 horse-rake manufactured by said party of the second part 
 containing the patented improvements; provided, that if the 
 said fee be paid upon the days provided herein for semi-an- 
 nual returns, or within ten days thereafter, a discount of fifty 
 per cent shall be made from said fee for prompt payment. 
 
 IV, Upon a failure of the party of the second part to make 
 returns, or to make payment of license-fees, as herein pro- 
 vided, for thirty days after the days herein named, the party 
 of the first part may terminate this license by serving a written 
 notice upon the party of the second part ; but the party of the 
 second part shall not thereby be discharged from any liabil- 
 ity to the party of the first part for any license-fees due at the 
 time of the service of said notice. 
 
 In witness whereof the parties above named (the said Un- 
 iontown Agricultural Works, by its president) have hereunto 
 set their hands the day and year first above written. 
 
 In presence of A. B. 
 
 U. A. W, 
 
 Transfer of a Trade-Mark. 
 
 We, A. B. and C. D., of , partners under the firm 
 
 name of B. & D., in consideration of five hundred dollars to 
 us paid by E. F.,of the same place, do hereby sell, assign, 
 and transfer to the said E. F. and his assigns the exclusive 
 right to use in the manufacture and sale of stoves a certain 
 trade-mark for stoves deposited by us in the United States 
 Patent Office, and recorded therein July 15, 1870; the same 
 to be held, enjoyed, and used by the said E. F., as fully and 
 entirely as the same would have been held and enjpypd by 
 us if this grant had not been made. hixr. 
 
 Witness our hands this 20th day of July, 187 .loi-v^nrj, 
 In presence of ' . A» B. 
 
 CD. 
 
 Messrs. Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, New York, make it a 
 part of their business to prepa»"e and put on record assign- 
 ments and agreements relating to patents, trade-marks, 
 copyrights, etc. 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 69 
 
 
 THE 
 
 PATENT LAWS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 REVISED STATUTES, FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, AP- 
 PROVED JUNE 22, 1874. 
 
 .-•-•-•- 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE PATENT OFFICE— SALARIES — 
 POWERS OF THE COMMISSIONER— PRINTING OF PAT- 
 ENTS, ETC. 
 
 Title XL, Rev. Stat., sec. 440, p. 74: 
 T^^ere shall be in the Department of the Interior 
 In the Patent Office : 
 
 One chief clerk, at a salary of two thousand five hundi'^d 
 dollars a year. 
 
 One examiner in charge of interferences, at a salary of two 
 thousand five hundred dollars a year. 
 
 One examiner in charge of trade-m*rks, at a salary of two 
 thousand five hundred dollars a year. 
 
 Twenty-four principal examiners, at a salary of two thou- 
 sand five hundred dollars a year each. 
 
 Twenty-four first assistant examiners, at a salary of one 
 thousand eight hundred dollars a year each. 
 
 Twenty-four second assistant examiners (two of whom may 
 be women), at a salary of one thousand six hundred dollars a 
 year each. 
 
 Twenty-four third assistant examiners, at a salary of one 
 thousanci four hundred dollars a year each. 
 
 One librarian, at a salary of two thousand dollars a year. 
 
 One machinist, at a salary of one thousand six hundred 
 dollars a year. 
 
 Three skilled draughtsmen, at a salary of one thousand 
 two hundred dollars a vear each. 
 
 1 * .: 
 
70 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 }r. 
 
 ••-r, ■■•.*■• ''!"•-*; 
 
 it ~^,-> 
 
 Thirty-five copyists of drawings, at a salary of one thou- 
 sand dollars a year each. 
 
 One messenger and purchasing clerk, at a salary of one 
 thousand dollars a year. . rnO )n^l»)'l < '; "] ' 
 
 One skilled laborer, at a salary of one tnoiisana two niin- 
 dred dollars a year. 
 
 ^ Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of one 
 thousand dollars a year each. 
 
 Eight attendants in the model-room, at a salary of nine 
 hundred dollars a year each. 
 
 Sec. 475. There shall be in the Department of the Interior 
 an office known as the Patent Office, where all records, books, 
 models, drawings, specifications, and other papers and 
 things pertaining to patents shall be safely kept and pre- 
 served. 
 
 Sec. 476. There shall be in the Patent Ofiice a Commis- 
 sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three 
 examiners-in-chief, who shall be appointed by the President, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. .AH other 
 officers, clerks, and employes authorized by law for the Office 
 shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon the 
 nomination of the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Sec. 477. The salaries of the officers mentioned in the prt^ 
 ceding section shall be as follows : 
 
 The Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hundred 
 dollars a year. 
 
 The Assistant Commissioner Qf,.Pa,tents, , tl^iree , thousand 
 dollars a year. ; , ; , rf . ,:;; -^ , ; r i^-i-r-- 
 
 Three examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars a year 
 each. 
 
 Sec. 478. The seal^,;heretofore provided for the Patent 
 Office shall be the seal of the Office, with which letters-patent 
 and papers issued from the Office shall be authenticated. 
 
 Sec. 479. The Commissioner of Patents and the chief 
 clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall severally give 
 bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States, 
 the former in the sum of ten thousand dollars, and the latter 
 in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faith- 
 ful discharge of their respective duties, and that they shall 
 render to the proper officers of the Treasury a true account of 
 all money received by virtue of their offices. 
 
 Sec. 480. All officers and employes of the Patent Office 
 shall be incapable, during the period for which they hold 
 their appointments, to acquire or take, directly or indirectly, 
 except by inheritance or bequest, any right or interest in any 
 patent issued by the Office. 
 
 Sec. 481. The Commissioner of Patents, under the direc- 
 
 1 
 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 71 
 
 tion of the Secretary of the Interior, shall superintend or per- 
 form all duties respecting the granting and issuing ot patents 
 directed by law ; and he shall have charge of all books, 
 records, papers, models, machines, and other things belong- 
 ing to the Patent Office. 
 
 Sec. 482. The examiners-in-chief shall be persons of com- 
 petent legal knowledge and scientific ability, whose duty it 
 shall be, on the written petition of the appellant, to revise 
 and determine upon the vahdity of the adverse decisions of 
 examiners upon applications for patents, and for reissues of 
 patents, and in interference cases; and, when required by 
 the Commissioner, they shall hear and report upon claim's 
 for extensions, and perform such other like duties as he may 
 assign them. 
 
 Sec. 483. The Commissioner of Patents, subject to the 
 approval of the Secretary of the interior, may from time to 
 time establish regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the 
 conduct of proceedings in the Patent Office. 
 
 Sec. 484. The Commissioner of Patents shall cause to be 
 classified and arranged in suitable cases, in the rooms and 
 galleries provided for that purpose, models, specimens of 
 composition, fabrics, manufactures, works of art, and designs, 
 which have been or shall be deposited in the Patent Office ; 
 and the rooms and galleries shall be kept open during suit- 
 able hours for public inspection. 
 
 Sec. 485. Tne Commissioner of Patents may restore to 
 the respective applicants such of the models belonging to 
 rejected applications as he shall not think necessary to be 
 preserved, or he may sell or otherwise dispose of them after 
 the application has been finally rejected for one year, paying 
 the proceeds into the Treasury, as other patent moneys are 
 directed to be paid. 
 
 Sec. 486, There shall be purchased for the use of the 
 Patent Office a library of such scientific works and periodi- 
 cals, both foreign ana American, as may aid the officers in 
 the discharge of their duties, not exceeding the amount 
 annually appropriated for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 487. For gross misconduct the Commissioner of 
 Patents may refuse to recognize any person as a patent 
 agent, either generally or in any particular case ; but the 
 reasons for such refusal shall be duly recorded, and be sub- 
 ject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior. 
 
 Sec. 488. The Commissioner of Patents may require all 
 
 papers filed in the Patent Office, if not correctly, Jegibly, and 
 
 clearly written, to be printed at the cost of the party filing 
 
 them. 
 
 Sec. 489. The Commissioner of Patents may print, or 
 
72 
 
 PATENT lXWS of 1 874. 
 
 cause to be printed, copies of the claims of current issues, 
 and copies of such laws, decisions, regulations, and circulars 
 as may be necessary for the information of the public. 
 
 Sec. 490. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to 
 have printed, from time to time, for gratuitous distribution, 
 not to exceed one hundred and fifty copies of the complete 
 specifications and drawings of each patent hereafter issued, 
 together with suitable indexes, one copy to be placed for 
 free public inspection in each capitol of every State and 
 Territory, one for the like purpose in the clerk's office of 
 the di; rict court of each judicial district of the United 
 States, except when such offices are located in State or 
 Territorial capitols, and one in the Library of Congress, 
 which copies shall be certified under the hand of the Com- 
 missioner and seal of the Patent Office, and shall not be 
 taken from the depositories for any other purpose than to be 
 used as evidence. 
 
 Sec. 491. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to 
 have printed such additional numbers of copies of specifica- 
 tions and drawings, certified as provided in the preceding 
 section, at a price not to exceed the contract price for such 
 drawings, for sale, as may be warranted by the actual 
 demand for the same ; and he is also authorized to furnish 
 a complete set of such specifications and drawings to any 
 public library which will pay for binding the same into 
 volumes to correspond with those in the Patent Office, and 
 for the transportation of the same, and which shall also 
 provide for proper custody for the same, with convenient 
 access for the public thereto, under such regulations as the 
 Commissioner shall deem reasonable. 
 
 Sec. 492. The lithographing and engraving required by 
 the two preceding sections shall be awarded to tne lowest 
 and best bidders for the interest of the Government, due 
 regard being paid to the execution of the work, after due 
 advertising by the Congressional Printer under the direction 
 of the Joint Committee oii Printing ; but the Joint Commit- 
 tee on Printing may empower the Congressional Printer to 
 make immediate contracts for engraving, whenever, in their 
 opinion, the exigencies of the public service will not justify 
 waiting for advertisement and award ; or if, in the judgment 
 of the Joint Committee on Printing, the work can be per- 
 formed under the direction of the Commissioner of Patents 
 more advantageously than in the manner above prescribed, 
 it shall be so done, under such limitations and conditions as 
 the joint Committee on Printing may from time to time pre- 
 scribe. 
 
 Sec. 493. The price to be paid for uncertified printed 
 
PATENT LAWS OP 1874. 
 
 73 
 
 copies of specifications and drawi gs of patents shall be de- 
 termined by the Commissioner of Patents, within the limits 
 of ten cents as the minimum and fifty cents as the maximum 
 price. 
 
 Sec. 494. The Commissioner of Patents shall lay before 
 Congress, in the month of January, annually, a report, 
 giving a detailed statement of all moneys received for pat- 
 ents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any other 
 source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expenditures for 
 contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of all patents 
 which were granted during the preceding year, designating 
 under proper heads the subjects of such patents ; an alpha- 
 betical list of all the patentees, with their places of resi- 
 dence ; a list of all patents which have been extended during 
 the year; and such other information of the condition of 
 the Patent Office as may be useful to Congress or the public. 
 
 Sec. 495. The collections of the Exploring Expedition, 
 now in the Patent Office, shall be under the care and man- 
 agement of the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Sec. 496. All disbursements for the Patent Office shall 
 be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Title XIII., Rev. Stat., p. 168: 
 
 Sec. 571. [Refers to jurisdiction of certain district courts.] 
 Sec. 629. Clause 9. [The circuit courts have original juris- 
 diction] of all suits at law or in equity arising under the 
 patent or copyright laws of the United States. 
 Sec. 892. Written or printed copies of any records, books, 
 
 f)apers, or drawings belonging to the Patent Office, and of 
 etters patent authenticated by the seal and certified by the 
 Commissioner or Acting Commissioner thereof, shall be 
 evidence in all cases wherein the originals could be 
 evidence ; and any person making application therefor, and 
 paying the iee required by law, shall have certified copies 
 thereof. -'^ 5.:!i<'| 
 
 Sec. 893. Copies of the sp>ecifications and drawings of 
 foreign letters-patent, certified as provided in the preceding 
 section, shall be prima-facie evidence of the fact of the 
 granting of such letters-patent, and of the date and contents 
 thereof, t tu . ^ 
 
 Sec. 8§4. The printed copies of specifications and draw- 
 ings of patents, which the Commissioner of Patents is 
 authorized to print for gratuitous distribution, and to deposit 
 in the capitols of the States and Territories, and in the 
 clerk's omces of the district courts, shall, when certified 
 by him and authenticated by the seal of his office, be 
 
74 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 il jiii 
 
 received in all courts as evidence of all matters therein con- 
 tained. 
 
 Title XV., Rev. Stat., p. 261, 
 
 Sec. 1537. No patented article connected with marine 
 engines shall hereafter be purchased or used in connection 
 with any steam vessels of war until the same shall have been 
 submitted to a competent board of naval engineers, and 
 recommended by such board, in writing, for purchase and 
 use. 
 
 Title XVII. , Rev. Stat., p. 292: 
 
 Sec. 1673. No royalty shall be paid by the United States 
 to any one of its officers or employ^^ for the use of any 
 patent for the system, or any part thereof, mentioned in 
 the preceding section, nor for any such patent in which 
 said officers or employes may be directly or indirectly in- 
 terested. 
 
 Concerning Applications for, and Issue of, Patents, 
 
 Title LX., Rev. Stat., chap, i, p. 953: 
 
 Sec. 4883. All patents shall be issued in the name of the 
 United States of America, under the seal of the Patent 
 Office, and shall be signed by the Secretary of the Interior 
 and countersigned by the Commissioner of Patents, and 
 they shall be recorded, together with the specifications, in 
 the Patent Office, in books to be kept for that purpose. 
 
 Sec. 4884. Every patent shall contain a short title or 
 description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating 
 its nature and design, and a gjant to the patentee, his heirs 
 or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive 
 right to make, use, and vend the invention or discovery 
 throughout the United States, and the Territories thereof, 
 referring to the specirication for the particulars thereof. A 
 copy of the specification and drawings shall be annexed to 
 the patent and be a part thereof. 
 
 Sec. 4885. Every patent shall bear date as of a day not 
 later than six months from the time at which it was passed 
 and allowed and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or 
 his agent ; and if the final fee is not paid within that period, 
 the patent shall be withheld. 
 
 Sec. 4886. Any person who has invented or discovered 
 any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composi- 
 tion of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, 
 not known nor use i by others in this country, and not pat- 
 ented or described in any printed publication in this or any 
 
 
id 
 
 ;i- 
 
 'f, 
 t- 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 75 
 
 foreign country, before his invention or discovery thereof, 
 and not in public use or on sale for more than two years 
 
 Erior to his application, unless the same is proved to have 
 een abandoned, may upon payment of ^le fees required 
 by law, and other due proceedings had, obtain a patent 
 therefor. 
 
 Sec. 4887. No person shall be debarred from receiving a 
 patent for his invention or discovery, nor shah any patent be 
 declared invalid, by reason of its having been first patented 
 or caused to be patented in a foreign country, unless the same 
 has been introduced into public use in the United States for 
 more than two years prior to the application. But every 
 patent granted for an invention whicn has been previously 
 patented in a foreign country shall be so limited as to expire 
 at the same time vith the foreign patent, or, if there be 
 more than one, at the same time with the one having the 
 shortest term, and in no case shall it be in force more than 
 seventeen years. 
 
 Sec. 4888. Before any inventor or discoverer shall receive 
 a patent for his invention or discovery, he shall make appli- 
 cation therefor, in writing, to the Commission 'T of Patents, 
 and shall file in the Patent Office a written description of the 
 same, and of the manner and process of making, construct- 
 ing, compounding, and using it, in such full, clear, concise, 
 and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art or 
 science to which it appertains, or with which it is most 
 nearly connected, to make, construct, compound, and use 
 the same ; and in case of a machine, he shall explain the 
 principle thereof, and the best mode in which he has contem- 
 plated applying that principle, so as to distinguish it from 
 other inventions ; and he shall particularly point out and dis- 
 tinctly claim the part, improvement, or combination which 
 he claims as his invention or discovery. The specification 
 and claim shall be signed by the inventor and attested by 
 two witnesses. 
 
 Sec. 4889. When the nature of the case admits of draw- 
 ings, the applicant shall furnish one copy signed by the in- 
 ventor or his attorney in fact, and attested by two witnesses, 
 which shall be filed in the Patent Office ; and a copy of the 
 drawing, to be furnished by the Patent Office, shall be at- 
 tached to the patent as a part of the specification. 
 
 Sec. 4890. When the invention or discovery is of a com- 
 position of matter, the applicant, if required by the Com- 
 missioner, shall furnish specimens of ingredients and of the 
 composition, sufficient in quantity for the purpose of experi- 
 ment. 
 
 Sec. 4891. In all cases which admit of representation by 
 
76 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. 
 
 model, the applicant, if required by the Commissioner, shall 
 furnish a model of convenient size to exhibit advantageously 
 the several parts of his invention or discovery. 
 
 Sec. 4892. The applicant shall make oath that he does 
 verily believe himself to be the original and first inventor or 
 discoverer of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or 
 improvement for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not 
 know and does not believe that the same was ever before 
 known or 'ised ; and shall state of what country he is a citi- 
 zen. Such oath may be made before any person within the 
 United States authorized by law to administer oaths, or 
 when the applicant resides in a foreign country, before any 
 minister, chared d'affaires, consul, or commercial agent, 
 holding commission under the Government of the United 
 States, or before any notary public of the foreign country in 
 which the applicant may be. 
 
 SE(i. 4893. On the filing of any such application and the 
 payment of the fees required by law. the Commissioner of 
 Patents shall cause an examination to be made of the alleged 
 new invention or discovery; and if on such examination 
 it shall appear that the claimant is justly entitled to. a 
 patent under the law, and that the same is sufficiently use- 
 ful and important, the Commissioner shall issue a patent 
 therefor. 
 
 Sec. 4894. All applications for patents shall be completed 
 and prepared for examination within two years after the 
 filing of the application, and in default thereof, or upon 
 failure of the applicant to prosecute the same within two 
 years after any action therein, of which notice shall have 
 been given to the applicant, they shall be regarded as aban- 
 doned by the parties thereto, unless it be shown to the satis- 
 faction of the Commissioner of Patents that such delay was 
 unavoidable. 
 
 Patents may be issued to Assignees, 
 
 Sec. 4895. Patents may be granted and issued or reissued 
 to the assignee of the inventor or discoverer ; but the assign- 
 ment must first be entered of record in the Patent Office. 
 And in all cases of an application by an assignee for the 
 issue of a patent, the application shall be made and the 
 specification sworn to by the inventor or discoverer; and 
 in all cases of an appHcation for a reissue of any patent, the 
 application must be made and the corrected specification 
 signed by the inventor or discoverer, if he is living, unless 
 the patent was issued and the assignment made before the 
 eighth day of July, eighteen hundred and seventy. 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 77 
 
 Patents to the Heirs of Deceased Inventors, 
 
 Sec. 4896. When any person, having made any new in- 
 vention or discovery for which a patent might have been 
 g^ranted, dies before a patent is granted, the right of apply- 
 mg for and obtaining the patent shall devolve on his execu- 
 tor or administrator, in trust for the heirs at law of the de- 
 ceased, in case he shall have died intestate ; or if he shall 
 have left a will, disposing of the same, then in trust for his 
 devisees, in as full manner and on the same terms and con- 
 ditions as the same might have been claimed or enjoyed by 
 him in his lifetime ; and when the application is made by 
 such legal representatives, the oath or affirmation required 
 to be made shall be so varied in form that it can be made by 
 them. 
 
 Renewal of Lapsed Cases. 
 
 Sec. 4897. Any person who has an interest in an invention 
 or discovery, whether as inventor, discoverer, or assignee, 
 for which a patent was ordered to issue upon the payment of 
 the final fee, but who fails to make payment thereof within 
 six months from the time at which it was passed and allowed 
 and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent, 
 shall have a right to make an application for a patent for 
 such invention or discovery the same as in the case of an 
 origmal application. But such second application must be 
 made within two years after the allowance of the original ap- 
 plication. But no person shall be held responsible in dam- 
 ages for the manufacture or use of any article or thing for 
 wnich a patent was ordered to issue under such renewed ap- 
 plication prior to the issue of the patent. And upon the 
 hearing of renewed applications preferred under this section, 
 abandonment shall be considered as a question of fact. 
 
 Assignment of Patents. 
 
 Sec. 4898. Every patent or any interest therein shall be 
 assignable in law by an instrument in writing; and the pat- 
 entee or his assigns or legal representatives may, in like man- 
 ner, grant and convey an exclusive right under his patent to 
 the whole or any specified part of the United States. An as- 
 signment, grant, or conveyance shall be void as against any 
 subsequent purchaser or mort|jagee for a valuable conside- 
 ration, without notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent 
 Office within three months from the date thereof. 
 
78 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 Free Rights of Use, 
 
 Sec. 4899. Every person who purchases of the inventor, 
 or discoverer, or with his knowledge and consent constructs 
 any newly invented or discovered machine, or other patent- 
 able article, prior to the application by the inventor or dis- 
 coverer for a patent, or who sells or uses one so constructed, 
 shall have the right to use, and vend to others to be used, 
 the specific thing so made or purchased, without liability 
 theretOT. 
 
 Patented Articles to be Stamped, 
 
 Sec. 4900. It shall be the duty of all patentees, and their 
 assigns and legal representatives, and o\ all persons making 
 or vending any patented article for or under them, to give 
 sufficient notice to the public that the same is patented ; 
 either by affixing thereon the word " patented," together with 
 the day and year the patent was granted ; or when, from 
 the character of the article, this can not be done, by fixing to 
 it, or to the package wherein one or more of them is inclosed, 
 a label containing the like notice ; and in any suit for in- 
 tringement, by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall 
 be recovered by the plaintiff", except on proof that the defend- 
 ant was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after 
 such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. 
 
 Penalties for False Stamping, 
 
 Sec. 4901. Every person who, in any manner, marks upon 
 any thing made, used, or sold by him for which he has not 
 obtained a patent, the name or any imitation of the name of 
 any person who has obtained a patent therefor, without the 
 consent of such patentee, or his assigns or legal representa- 
 tives ; or 
 
 Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any such 
 patented article the word "patent "or "patentee," or the 
 words "letters-patent," or any word of like import, with in- 
 tent to imitate or counterfeit the mark or device of the pat- 
 entee, without having the license or consent of such patentee 
 or his assigns or legal representatives ; or 
 
 Who, in any manner, marks upon or affixes to any unpat- 
 ented article the word " patent " or any word importing that 
 the same is patented, for the purpose of deceiving the public, 
 shall be liable, for every such offence, to a penalty of not less 
 than one hundred dollars, with costs ; one half of said penal- 
 ty to the person who shall sue for the same, and the other to 
 the use ci the United States, to be recovered by suit in any 
 district court of the United States within whose jupisdiction 
 such offence may have been committed. 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 79 
 
 Caveats. 
 
 Sec. 4902. Any citizen of the United States who makes 
 any new invention or discovery, and desires further time to 
 mature the same, may, on payment of the fees required by 
 law, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the design 
 thereof, and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying 
 protection of his right until he shall have matured his inven- 
 tion. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives 
 of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative 
 for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if appli- 
 cation is made within the year by any other person for a pat- 
 ent with which such caveat would in any manner interfere, 
 the Commissioner shall deposit the description, specification, 
 drawings, and model of such application in like manner in 
 the confidential archives of the office, and give notice there- 
 of, by mail, to the person by whom the caveat was filed. If 
 such person desires to avail himself of his caveat, he shall 
 file his description, specifications, drawings, and model 
 within three months from the time of placing the notice in 
 the post-office in Washington, with the usual time required 
 for transmitting it to the caveator added thereto ; which time 
 shall be indorsed on the notice. An alien shall have the privi- 
 lege herein granted, if he has resided in the United States 
 one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has 
 made oath of his intention to becdme a citizen. 
 
 Rejected Cases, 
 
 Sec. 4903. Whenever, on examination, any claim for a 
 patent is reiected, the Commissioner shall notify the appli- 
 cant thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejection, 
 together with such information and references as may be 
 useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his applica- 
 tion or of altering his specification ; and if, after receiving 
 such notice, the applicant persists in his claim for a patent, 
 with or without altering his specifications, the Commissioner 
 shall order a re-examination of the case. 
 
 Interferences, 
 
 Sec. 4904. Whenever an application is made for a patent 
 which, in the opinion of the Commissioner, would interfere 
 with any pending application, or with any unexpired patent, 
 he shall give notice thereof to the applicants, or applicant 
 and patentee, as the case may be, and shall direct the pri- 
 mary examiner to proceed to determine the quesdon of pri- 
 ority of invention. And the Commissioner may issue a pat- 
 
ent to the parly who is adjudged the prior inventor, unless 
 the adverse party appeals from the decision of the primary 
 examiner, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case 
 may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the 
 Commissioner shall prescribe. 
 
 Relatmg- to Witnesses. 
 
 Sec. 4905. The Commissioner of Patents may establish 
 rules for taking affidavits and depositions required in cases 
 pending in the Patent Office, and such affidavits and depo- 
 sitions may be taken before any officer authorized by law to 
 take depositions to be used in thvj courts of the United States, 
 or of the State where the officer resides. 
 
 Sec. 4906. The clerk of any court of the United States, 
 for any district or Territory wherein testimony is to be taken 
 for use in any contested case pending in the Patent Office, 
 shall, upon the application of any party thereto, or of his 
 agent or attorney, issue a subpoena for any witness residing 
 or being within such district or Territory, commanding him 
 *o appear and testify before any officer in such district or 
 Territory authorized' to take depositions and affidavits, at 
 any time and place in the subpcjena stated. But no witness 
 shall be required to attend at any place more than forty miles 
 from, the place where the subpoena is served upon him. 
 
 Sec. 4907. Every witness duly subpoenaed and in attend- 
 ance shall be allowed the same fees as are allowed to wit- 
 nesses attending the courts of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 4908. Whenever any witness, after being duly served 
 with such subpoena, neglects or refuses to appear, or after 
 appearing refuses to testify, the judge of the court whose 
 clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such neglect or 
 refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or punish the dis- 
 obedience as in other like cases. But no witness shall be 
 guilty of contempt for disobeying such subpoena, unless his 
 fees a.nd travelling expenses in going to, returning from, and 
 one day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid 
 or tendered him at the time of the ^^ervice of the subpoena ; 
 nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery 
 made or owned by himself. 
 
 Appeals. 
 
 Sec. 4909. Every applicant for a patent or for the reissue 
 for a patent, any of the claims of which have been twice re- 
 jected, and every party to an interference, may appeal from 
 the decision of tne primary examiner, or of the examiner in 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 81 
 
 charge of interferences in such case, to the board of exam- 
 iners-in-chief; having once paid the fee for such appeal. 
 
 Sec. 4910. If such party is dissatisfied with the decision of 
 the cxaminers-in-chief, he may, on payment of the fee pre- 
 scribed, appeal to the Commissioner in person. 
 
 Sec. 4911. If such party, except a party to an interference, 
 is dissatisfied with the decision of the Commissioner, he may 
 appeal to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 
 sitting in banc. 
 
 Sec. 4912. When an appeal is taken to the Supreme Court 
 of the District of Columbia, the appellant shall give notice 
 thereof to the Commissioner, and file in the Patei.'t Office, 
 within such time as the Commissioner shall Pppoint, his 
 reasons of appeal, specifically set forth in writing. 
 
 Sec. 4913. The court shall, before hearing such appeal, 
 give notice to the Commissioner of the time and place of 
 the hearing, and on receiving such notice the Commissioner 
 shall give notice of such time and pla : in such manner as 
 the court may pi escribe, to all parties who appear to be in- 
 terested therein. The party appealing shall lay before the 
 court certified copies of all the original ] pers and evidence 
 in the case, and the Commissioner shall furnish the court 
 with the grounds of his decision, fully set forth in writing, 
 touching all the points involved by the reasons of appeal. 
 And at the request of any party interested, or of the court, 
 the Commissioner and the examiners may be examined 
 under oadi, in explanation of the principles of the thing for 
 which a patent is demanded. 
 
 Sec. 4914. The court, on petition, shall hear and deter- 
 mine such -appeal, and revise the decision appealed from in 
 a summary vvay, on the evidence produced before the Com- 
 missioner, at such early and convenient time as the court 
 may appoint; and the revision shall be confined to the 
 points set forth in the reasons of appeal. After hearing the 
 case the court shall return to the Commissioner a certificate 
 of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered of 
 record in the Patent Office, and shall govern the further 
 proceedings in the case. But no opinion or decision of the 
 court in any such case shall preclude any person interested 
 from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any 
 court wherein the same may be called in question. 
 
 Sec. 4915. Whenever a patent on application is refused, 
 either by the Commissioner of Patents or by the Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia upon appeal from the 
 Commissioner, the applicant may have remedy by bill in 
 equity ; and the court having cognizance thereof, on notice 
 to adverse parties and other due proceedings had, may ad- 
 
 
82 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 'rll 
 
 judge that such applicant is entitled, according to law, to 
 receive a patent for his invention, as specified in his claim, 
 or for any part thereof, as the facts in the case may appear. 
 And such adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the 
 applicant, shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such 
 patent on the applicant filing in the Patent Office a copy of 
 the adjudication, and otherwise complying with the require- 
 ments of law. In all cases, where there is no opposing 
 party, a copy of the bill shall be served on the Commis- 
 sioner ; and all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid 
 by the applicant, whether the final decision is in his favor 
 or not. 
 
 REISSUES. 
 Sec. 4916. Whenever any patent is inoperative or invalid, 
 by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by 
 reason of the patentee claiming as his own invention or 
 discovery more than \iC !iad a right to claim as new, if the 
 error has arisen b) inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and 
 without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, the Commis- 
 sioner shall, on the surrender of such patent and the pay- 
 ment of the duty required by law, cause a new patent for 
 the same invention, and in accordance w'th the corrected 
 spscification, to be issued to the patentee, or, "n the case of 
 his death or of an assignment of the whole or any undivided 
 part of the original patent, then to his executors, adminis- 
 trators, or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term of the 
 original patent. Such surrender shall take effect upon the 
 issue of the amended patent. The Commissioner may, in 
 his discretion, cause several patents to be issued for dis- 
 tinct and separate parts of the thing patented, upon demand 
 of the applicant, and upon payment of the required fee for 
 a reissue for each of such reissued letters-patent. The 
 specifications and claim in every such case shall be subject 
 to revision and restricdon in the same manner as original 
 applications are. Every patent so reissued, together with 
 the corrected specification, shall have the same effect and 
 operation in law, on the trial of all actions for causes there- 
 after arising, as if the same had been originally filed in 
 such corrected form ; but no new matter shall be intro- 
 duced into the specification, nor in case of a machine 
 patent shall the model or drawings be amended, except 
 each by the other ; but when there is neither model nor 
 drawing, amendments may be made upon proof satisfiictory 
 to the Conjmissioner that such new matter or amendment 
 was a part of the original invention, and was omitted from 
 the specification by inadveitence, accident, or mistake, as 
 aforesaid. 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 83 
 
 DISCLAIMERS. 
 
 Sec. 4917. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or 
 mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention, 
 a patentee has claimed more than that of which he was the 
 original or first inventor or discoverer, his patent shall be 
 valid for all that part which is truly and justly his own, 
 provided the same is a material or substantial part of the 
 thing patented ; and any such patentee, his heirs or assigns, 
 whether of the whole or any sectional interest therein, may, 
 on payment of the fee required by law, make disclaimer 
 of such parts of the thing patented as he shall not choose 
 to claim or to hold by virtue of the patent or assignment, 
 stating therein the extent of his interest in such patent. 
 Such disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by one o: more 
 witnesses, and recorded in the Patent Ofi^ce ; and it shall 
 thereafter be considered as part of the origmal specification 
 to the extent of the interest possessed by the claimant and 
 by those claiming under him after the record thereof. But 
 no such disclaimer shall affect any action pending at the 
 time of its being filed, except so far as may relate to the 
 question ol unreasonable neglect or delay in filing it. 
 
 INTERFERING PATENTS. 
 
 Sec. 4918. Whenever there are interfering patents, any 
 person interested in any one of them, or in the working of 
 the invention claimed under either of them, may have relief 
 against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested 
 under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the inter- 
 fering patent ; and the court, on notice to adverse parties, 
 and other due proceedings had according to the course of 
 equity, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void 
 in whol2 01 in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu- 
 lar pa: of the United States, according to the interest of 
 the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But 
 no such judgment or adjudication shall affect the right of 
 any person except the parties to the suit and those deriv- 
 ing title under them subsequent to the rendition of such 
 judgment. 
 
 INFRINGEMENTS. 
 
 Sec. 4919. Damages for the infringement of any patent 
 may be recovered by action on the case, in the name of the 
 party interested, either as patentee, assignee, or grantee. 
 And whenever in any such action a verdict is rendered for 
 the plaintiff, the court may enter judgment thereon for any 
 sum above the amount found by the verdict as the actual 
 
84 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 damages sustained, according to the circumstances of the 
 case, not exceeding three times the amount of such verdict, 
 together with the costs. 
 
 Sec. 4920. In any action for infringement the defendant 
 may plead the general issue, and having given notice in 
 writing to the plaintiff or his attorney, thirty days before, 
 may prove, on trial, any one or more of the following special 
 matters : 
 
 First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the 
 description and specification filed by the patentee in the 
 Patent Ofitice was made to contain less than the whole truth 
 relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is neces- 
 sary to produce the desired effect ; or. 
 
 Second. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained 
 the patent for that which was in fact invented by another, 
 who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect- 
 ing the same ; or, 
 
 Third. That it had been patented or described in some 
 printe*^ publication prior to his supposed invention or dis- 
 covery thereof ; or, n-i ■ * 
 
 Fourth. That he was not the original and firsi: inventor 
 or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the 
 thing patented ; or, 
 
 Ftfth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this 
 country for more than two years before his application for 
 a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. 
 
 And in notices as to prcof of previous invention, knowl- 
 edge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state 
 the names of patentees and the dates of their patents, 
 and when granted, and the names and residences of the 
 persons alleged to have invented, or to have had the prior 
 Knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom 
 it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat- 
 ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment 
 shall be rendered for him with costs. And the like defences 
 may be pleaded in any suit in equity for relief against an 
 alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same may be given 
 upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and with the 
 like effect. - .;>•• ;, v j ,!:.; 
 
 Sec. 4921. The several courts vested with jurisdiction of 
 cases arising under the patent laws shell have power to 
 grart injuncdons accordinp- lO the course and principles of 
 court:* of equity, to prevent the violation of any right 
 secured by p-^tent, on such terms as the court Tiay deem 
 reasonable ; r.nd upon a decree being rendered in any such 
 case for an infringement, the complainant shall be entitled to 
 recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted for by 
 
m 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 8s 
 
 the delendant, the damages the complainant has sustained 
 thereby ; and the court shall assess the same or cause the 
 same to be assessed under its direction. And the court 
 shall have the same power to increase such damages, in its 
 discretion, as is given to increase the damages found by 
 verdicts in actions in the nature of actions of trespass upon 
 the case. 
 
 Sec. 4922. Whenever, through inadvertence, accident, or 
 mistake, and without any wilful default or intent to defraud 
 or mislead the public, a patentee has, in his specification, 
 -claimed to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of 
 any material or substantial part of the thing patented, of 
 which he was not the original and first inventor or discoverer, 
 every such patentee, his executors, administrators, and as- 
 signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the 
 patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity, for the in- 
 fringement of any part thereof, which was bona fide his own, 
 if it is a material and substantial part of the thing patented, 
 and definitely distinguishable from the parts claimed without 
 right, notwithstanding the specifications may embrace more 
 than that of which the patentee was the first inventor or dis- 
 coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or de- 
 cree shall be rendered for the plaintiff no costs shall be 
 recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at 
 the Patent Office before the commencement of the suit. But 
 no patentee shall be entitled to the benefits of this section if 
 he has unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter a dis- 
 claimer. 
 
 Sec. 4923. Whenever it appears that a patentee, at the 
 time of making his application for the patent, believed him- 
 self to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of the 
 thing patented, the same shall not be held to be void on 
 account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, 
 having been known or used in a foreign country, before his 
 invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been patented or 
 described in a printed publication. 
 
 Sec. 4928. The benefit of the extension of a patent shall 
 extend to the assignees and grantees of the right to use the 
 thing patented, to the extent of their interest therein. 
 
 PATENTS FOR DESIGNS. 
 
 Sec. 4929. Any person who, by his own industry, genius, 
 efforts, and expense, has invented and produced any new and 
 original design for a manufacture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, 
 or bas-reliei ; any new and original design for the printincr of 
 woollen, silk, cotton, or other fabrics ; any new and original 
 impression, ornament, patent, [pattern,] print, or picture to be 
 
 '**V«fe^.: 
 
f>m- 
 
 86 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 
 printed, painted, cast, or otherwise placed on or worked into 
 any article of manufacture ; or any new, useful, and original 
 shape or configuration of any article of manufacture, the 
 same not having been known or used by others before his in- 
 vention or production thereof, or patented or described in any 
 printed publication, may, upon payment of the fee piescribea, 
 and other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven- 
 tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. 
 
 Sec. 4930, The Commissioner may dispense with models 
 of designs when the design can be sufficiently represented by 
 drawings or photographs. 
 
 Sec. 4931. Patents for designs maybe granted for the term 
 of three years and six months, or for seven years, or forfopr- 
 teen years, as the applicant may, in his application, elect. 
 
 Sec. 4932. Patentees of designs issued prior to the second 
 day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, shall be en- 
 titled to extension of their respective patents for the term of 
 seven years, in the same manner and under the same restric- 
 tions as are provided for the extension of patents for inven- 
 tions or discoveries, issued prior to the second day of March, 
 eighteen hundred and sixty-one. 
 
 Sec. 4933. All the regulations and provisions which apply 
 to obtaining or protecting patents for inventions or discov- 
 eries not inconsistent with the provisions of this title, shall 
 apply to patents for designs. 
 
 OFFICIAL FEES. 
 
 Sec. 4934. The following shall be the rates for patent fees : 
 
 On filing each original application for a patent, except in 
 design cases, fifteen dollars. 
 
 On issuing each original patent, except in design cases, 
 twenty dollars. 
 
 In design cases : For three years and six months, ten dol- 
 lars ; for seven years, fifteen dollars ; for fourteen years, thirty 
 dollars. 
 
 On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 
 
 On every application for the reissue of a patent thirty 
 dollars. 
 
 On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 
 
 On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty 
 dollars. 
 
 On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol- 
 lars. 
 
 On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiners 
 to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. 
 
 On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- 
 missioner, twenty dollars. 
 
-s, 
 
 rty 
 
 Ifty 
 lol- 
 
 ;rs 
 im- 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 87 
 
 For certified copies of patents and other papers, including 
 certified printed copies, ten cents per hundred words. 
 
 For recording every assignment, agreement, power of 
 attorney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, 
 one dollar; of over tiiree hundred and under one thousand 
 words, two dollars ; of over one thousand words, three dol- 
 lars. 
 
 For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
 them. 
 
 Sec. 4935. Patent fees may be paid to the Commissioner 
 of Patents, or to the Treasurer or any of the assistant treas- 
 urers of the United States, or to any of the designated de- 
 positaries, national banks, or receivers of public money, 
 designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for that pur- 
 pose ; and such officer shall give the depositor a receipt or 
 certificate of deposit therefor. All money received at the 
 Patent Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatever, 
 shall be paid into the Treasury as received, without any de- 
 duction whatever. 
 
 Sec. 4936. The Treasurer of the United States is author- 
 ized to pay back any sum or sums of money to any person 
 who has through mistake paid the same into the Treasury, or 
 to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of the Treasury, 
 as for fees accruing at the Patent Office, upon a certificate 
 thereof being made to the Treasurer by the Commissioner of 
 Patents. 
 
 REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 Title LX., Rev. Stat., Chap. 2, p. 963. 
 
 Sec. 4937. Any person or firm domiciled in the United 
 States, and any corporation created by the authority of the 
 United States, or of any State or Territory thereof, and any 
 person, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any 
 foreign country which by treaty or convention affords similar 
 privileges to citizens ol the United States, and who are en- 
 titled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or who 
 intend to adopt and use any trade-mark for exclusive use 
 within the United States, may obtain protection for such 
 lawful trade-mark by complying with the following require- 
 ments : 
 
 /^/>j/. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office a 
 statement specifying the names of the parties, and their 
 residences and place of business, who desire the protection 
 of tke trade-mark ; the class of merchandise, and the par- 
 ticular description of goods comprised in such class, by wnich 
 the trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated ; a 
 description of the trade-mark itself, with faC'Similes thereof. 
 
 
38 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 or is intended to be 
 time, if any, during 
 
 showing the mode in which it has been 
 applied and used; and the length of 
 which the trade-mark has been in use. 
 
 Second. By making payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars 
 in the same manner and for the same purpose as the fee re- 
 quired for patents. 
 
 Third. By complying with such regulations as maybe pre- 
 scribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Sec. 4938. The certificate prescribed by the preceding sec- 
 tion must, in order to create any right whatever in favor of 
 the party filing it, be accompanied by a written declaration 
 verified by the person, or by some member of the firm or 
 officer of the corporation by whom it is filed, to the effect that 
 the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a right 
 to the use of the same, and that no other person, firm, or 
 corporation has the right to such use, either in the identical 
 form or in any such near resemblance thereto as might be 
 calculated to deceive ; and that the description OiW^ facsimiles 
 presented for record are true copies of the trade-mark sought 
 to be protected. 
 
 Sec. 4939. The Commissioner of Patents shall not receive 
 and record any proposed trade-mark which is not and can not 
 become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the name of 
 a person, firm, or corporation unaccompanied by a mark 
 sufficient to distinguish it from the same name when used by 
 other persons, or which is identical with a trade-mark appro- 
 priate to the same class of merchandise, and belonging to a 
 different owner, and already registered or received for regis- 
 tration, or which so nearly resembles such last-mentioned 
 trade-mark as to be likely to deceive the public. But this 
 section shall not prevent the registry of any lawful trade- 
 mark rightfully in use on the eighth day of July, eighteen 
 liundred and seventy. 
 
 Sec. 4940. The time of the receipt of any trade-mark at 
 the Patent Office for registration shall be noted and recorded. 
 Copies of the trade-mark and of the date of the. receipt 
 thereof, and of the statement filed therewith, under the seal 
 of the Patent Office, certified by the Commissioner, shall be 
 evidence in any suit in which such trade-mark shall be brought 
 in controversy. 
 
 Sec. 4941. A trade-mark registered as above prescribed 
 shall remain in force for thirty years from the date of such 
 registration ; except in cases where such trade-mark is claimed 
 for and applied to articles not manufactured in this country 
 and in which it receives protecMon under the laws of any 
 foreign country for a shorter period, in which case it shall 
 cease to have any force in this country by virtue of this act 
 
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 PATENT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 89 
 
 at the same time that it becomes of no effect elsewhere. Such 
 trade-mark during the period that it remains in force shall 
 entitle the person, firm or corporation registering the same 
 to the exclusive use thereof so far as regards the description 
 of goods to which it is appropriated in the statement filed 
 xmder oath as aforesaid, and no other person shall lawfully 
 use the same trade-mark, or substantially the same, or so 
 nearly resembling it as to be calculated to deceive, upon sub- 
 stantially the same description of goods. And at any time 
 during the six months prior +0 the expiration of the term of 
 thirty years, application may be made for a renewal of such 
 registration, under regulations to be prescribed by the Com- 
 missioner of Patents. The fee for such renewal shall be the 
 same as for the original registration ; and a certificate of such 
 renewal shall be issued in the same manner as for the orio;i- 
 nal registration ; and such trade-mark shall remain in force 
 for a further term of thirty years. 
 
 Sec. 4942. Any person who shall reproduce, counterfeit, 
 copy, or imitate any recorded trade-mark and affix the same 
 to goods of substantially the same descriptive properties and 
 qualities as those referred to in the registration, shall be 
 liable to an action on the case for damages for such wrong- 
 ful use of such trade-mark, at the suit of the owner thereof ; 
 and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy accord- 
 ing to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of his 
 trade-mark and to recover compensation therefor in any 
 court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such 
 wrongful use. 
 
 Sec. 4943. No action shall be maintained imder the pro- 
 visions of this chaptf^r by any person claiming the exclusive 
 right to aiiy trade-mark which is used or claimed in any un- 
 lawful business, or upon any article which is injurious in 
 itself, or upon any trade-mark which has been fraudulently 
 obtained, or which has been formed and used with the design 
 of deceiving the public in the purchase or use of any article 
 of merchandise. 
 
 Sec. 4944. Any person who shall procure the registry of 
 any trade-mark, or of himself as the owner of a trade-mark, 
 or an entry respecting a trade-mark in the Patent Office, by 
 making any false or fraudulent representations or declara- 
 tions, verbally or in writing, or by any fraudulent means, 
 shall be liable to pay any damages sustained in consequence 
 of any such registry or entry, to the person injured thereby; 
 to be recovered in an action on the case. 
 
 Sec. 494S. Nothing in this chapter shall prevent, lessen, 
 impeach, or avoid any remedy at law or in equity, which any- 
 party aggrieved by any wrongful use of any trade-mark 
 
 
 ii 
 
 L, 
 
90 
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. 
 
 might have had if the provisions of this chapter had not been 
 enacted. 
 
 Sec. 4946. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed by 
 any court as abridging or in any matter affecting unfavora- 
 bly the claim of any person to any trade-mark after the 
 expiration of the term for vrhich such trade-mark was 
 registered. 
 
 Sec. 4947. The Commissioner of Patents is authorized to 
 make rules, regulations, and prescribe forms for the trans- 
 fer of the right to the use of trade-marks, conforming as 
 nearly as practicable to the requirements of law respecting 
 the transfer and transmission of copyrights. 
 
 AN ACT 
 
 TO PUNISH THE COUNTERFEITING OF TRADE-MARK GOODS 
 AND THE SALE OR DEALING IN OF COUNTERFEIT TRADE- 
 MARK GOODS. 
 
 Approved August i/\th, 1876. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Con^qress assembled. That 
 ev°ry person who shall with intent to defraud, deal in or sell, 
 or keep or offer for sale, or cause or procure the sale of, any 
 goods of substantially the same descriptive properties as 
 those raferred to in the registration of any trade-mark, pur- 
 suant to the statutes of the United States, to which, or to the 
 package in which the same are put up, is fraudulently affixed 
 said trade-mark, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu- 
 lated to deceive the public, knowing the same to be counter- 
 feit or not the genuine goods referred to in said registration, 
 shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceed- 
 ing one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not more than 
 two years, or both such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Sec. 2. That every person who fraudulently affixes, or 
 causes or procures to be fraudulently affixed, any trade-mark 
 registered pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or 
 any colorable imitation thereof, calculated to deceive the 
 public, to any goods, of substantially the same descriptive 
 properties as those referred to in said registration, or to the 
 package in which they are put up, knowing the same to be 
 counterfeit, or not the genuine goods, referred to in said re- 
 
PATENT LAWS OF 1 874. 
 
 91 
 
 e 
 e 
 
 gistration, shall on conviction thereof, be punished as pre- 
 scribed in the first section of this act. 
 
 Sec. 3. That every person who fraudulently fills, or causes 
 or procures to be fraudulently filled, any package to which is 
 affixed any trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of 
 the United States, or any colorable imitation thereof, calcu- 
 lated to deceive th'^ public, with any goods of substantially 
 the same descriptive properties as those referred to in said 
 registration, knowing the same to be counterfeit, or not the 
 genuine goods referred to in said registration, shall, on con- 
 viction thereof, be punished as prescribed in the first section 
 of this act. 
 
 Sec. 4. That any person or persons who shall, with intent 
 to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully 
 cast, engrave, or manufacture, or have in his, her, or their 
 possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any die or 
 dies, plate or plates, brand or brands, engraving or engrav- 
 ings, on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, or 
 any false representation, likeness, copy, or colorable imita- 
 tion of any die, plate, brand, engraving, or mould of any 
 private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or 
 other substance, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the 
 statutes of the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, 
 be punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. 
 
 Sec. 5. That any person or persons who shall, with intent 
 to defraud any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully 
 make, forge, or counterfeit, or have in his, her, or their 
 possession, or buy, sell, offer for sale, or deal in, any repre- 
 sentation, likeness, similitude, copy, or colorable imitation 
 of any private label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving, 
 mould, or trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes oif 
 the United States, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished 
 as prescribed in the first section of this act. 
 
 Sec. 6. That any person who shall, with intent to injure or 
 defraud the owner of any trade-mark, or any other person 
 lawfully entitled to use or protect the same, buy, sell, offer 
 for sale, deal in or have in his possession any used or empty 
 box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle, or other package, to 
 which is affixed, so that the same may be obliterated without 
 substantial injury to such box or other thing aforesaid, any 
 trade-mark, registered pursuant to the statutes of the United 
 States, not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as 
 to prevent its fraudulent use, shall, on conviction thereof, be 
 punished as prescribed in the first section of this act. 
 
 Sec. 7. That if the owner of any trade-mark, registered 
 pursuant to the statutes of the United States, or his agent, 
 make oath, in writing, that be has reason to believe, and 
 
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 does believe, that any counterfeit dies, plates, brands, en- 
 ; gravings on wood, stone, metal, or other substance, or 
 ' moulds, of his said registered trade-mark, are in the posses- 
 sion of any person, with intent to use the same for the pur- 
 pose of deception and fraud, or makes such oaths that any 
 counterfeits or colorable imitations 01 his said trade-mark, 
 label, brand, stamp, wrapper, engraving on paper or other 
 substance, or empty box, envelope, wrapper, case, bottle or 
 other package, tc which is afftxed said registered trade-mark 
 not so defaced, erased, obliterated, and destroyed as to pre- 
 vent its fraudulent use, are in the possession of any person, 
 with intent to use the same for the purpose of deception and 
 fraud, then the several judges of the circuit and district 
 courts of the United States and the Commissioners of the 
 circuit courts may, within their respective jurisdictions, pro- 
 ceed under the law relating to search-warrants, and may 
 issue a search-warrant authorizing and directing the marshal 
 of the United States for the proper district to search for and 
 seize all said counterfeit dies^ plates, brands, engravings on 
 wood, stone, metal, or other substance, moulds, and said 
 counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imitations thereof, labels, 
 brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper, or other 
 substance, and said empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases, 
 bottles, or other packages that can be found ; and upon satis- 
 factory proof being made that said counterfeit dies, plates, 
 brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other sulDstance, 
 moulds, counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imitations thereof, 
 labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on paper or 
 other substance, empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, cases, 
 bottles, or other packages, are to be used by the holder or 
 owner for the purposes of deception and fraud, that any of said 
 judges shall have full power to order all said counterfeit dies, 
 plates, brands, engravings on wood, stone, metal, or other 
 substance, moulds, counterfeit trade-marks, colorable imita- 
 tions thereof, labels, brands, stamps, wrappers, engravings on 
 paper or other substance, empty boxes, envelopes, wrappers, 
 cases, botdes, or other packages, to be publicly destroyed. 
 
 Sec. 8, That any person who shall, with intent to defraud 
 any person or persons, knowingly and wilfully aid or abet 
 in the violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall, 
 upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding 
 five hundred dollars, or imprisonment not more than one 
 year, or both such fine and imprisonment. 
 
THE 
 
 COPYRIGHT LAWS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 In Force August i, 1874. 
 
 FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE 
 UNITED STATES, IN FORCE DECEM- 
 BER I, 1873, AS AMENDED 3Y ACT 
 APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 
 
 Sec. 4948, All records and other things relating to copy- 
 rights and required by law to be preserved, shall be under 
 the control of the Librarian of Congress, and kept and pre- 
 served in the Library of Congress ; and the Librarian of 
 Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
 thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee 
 of Congress on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties 
 required by law^ touching copyrights. 
 
 Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian 
 of Congress shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records 
 and papers issued from the office, and to be used in evidence, 
 shall be authenticated. 
 
 Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, 
 with sureties, to the Treasurer of the United States, in the 
 sum of five thousand dollars, with the condition that he will 
 render to the proper officers of the Treasury a true account 
 of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 
 
 Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an 
 annual report to Congress of the number and description of 
 copyri[rht publications for which entries have been made dur- 
 ing the year. 
 
 Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident 
 therein, who shall be the author, inventor, designer, or pro- 
 prietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical compo- 
 
94 
 
 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 sition, engraving, cut, print, photograph or negative thereof, 
 or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, and of 
 models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the 
 fine arts^ and the executors, administrators, or assigns of 
 any such person, shall, upon complying with the provisions 
 of this chapter, have the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, 
 pubhshing, completing, copying, executing, finishing, and 
 vending the same ; and, in the case of a dramatic composi- 
 tion, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it 
 to be performed or represented by others. And authors may 
 reserve the right to dramatize or translate their own works. 
 
 Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of 
 twenty-eight years from the time of recording the title there- 
 of, in the manner hereinafter directed. 
 
 Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still 
 living and a citizen of the United States or resident there- 
 in, or his widow or children if he be dead, shall have the 
 same exclusive right continued for the further term of four- 
 teen years, upon recording the title of the work or descrip- 
 tion of the article so secured a second time, and complying 
 with all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, 
 within six months before the expiration of the first term. 
 And such person shall, within two months from the date of 
 said renewal, cause a copy of the record thereof to be pub- 
 lished in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
 States, for the space of four weeks. 
 
 Sec. 4955- Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any 
 mstrument of writing, and such assignment shall be recorded 
 in the office of the Librarian of C jngress within sixty days 
 after its execution ; in default of which it shall be void as 
 against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a valu- 
 able consideration, without notice. 
 
 Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright un- 
 less he shall, before publication, deliver at the office of the 
 Librarian of Congp-ess, or deposit in the mail addressed to 
 the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Co- 
 lumbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other article, 
 or a description of fhe painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
 I statuary, or model or design for a work of the fine arts, for 
 I which he desires a copyright; nor unless he shall also, 
 i within ten days from the publication thereof, deliver at the 
 [office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
 ■ addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 
 i District of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or 
 ! other article, or, in case of a painting, drawing, statue. 
 I statuary, model or design for a work of the fine arts, a pho- 
 i tograph of the same. 1 . 
 
 H- 
 
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1 874. 
 
 95 
 
 -. . EC. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the ' 
 name of such copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a 
 book to be kept for that purpose, in the words following : 
 ,'* Library of Congress, to wit : Be it remembered that on the 
 
 day of , , A. B., of , hath deposited in this 
 
 office the title of a book (map, chart, or otherwise, as the case 
 may be, or description of the article), the title or description 
 of which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert 
 the title or description,) the right whereof he claims as 
 author, (originator, or proprietor, as the case may be,) in con- 
 formity with the laws of the United States respecting copy- 
 rights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall give 
 a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the 
 Librarian of Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall 
 require it. 
 
 Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from 
 the persons to whom the services designated are rendered, 
 the following fees : i. For recording the title or description 
 of any copyright book or other article, fifty cents. 2. For 
 every copy under seal of such record actually given to the 
 person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 
 3. For recording and certifying any instrument of writing for 
 the assignment of a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every 
 copy of an assignment, one dollar. All fees so received shall 
 be paid into the Treasury of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other 
 article shall deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, 
 or deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Con- 
 gress, at Washington, District of Columbia, within ten days 
 after its public?ition, two complete printed copies thereof, of 
 the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
 article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subse- 
 quent edition wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 
 
 Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor 
 of any copyright to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of 
 the published copies, or description, or photograph, required 
 by Sections 4956 and 4959, the proprietor of the copyright 
 shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, to be re- 
 covered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the 
 United States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, 
 in any district court of the United States within the jurisdic- 
 tion of which the delinquent may reside or be found. 
 
 Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, 
 tide, or other article, is delivered, shall, if requested, give a 
 receipt therefor ; and when so delivered he shall mail it to its 
 destination. 
 
 Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the in«> 
 
96 
 
 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 fringement of his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof 
 by inserting in the several copies of every edition published, 
 on the title-page or the page immediately following, if it be a 
 book ; or if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, 
 engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
 statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and 
 completed as a work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some 
 visible portion thereof, or of the substance on which the same 
 shall be mounted, the following words, viz.: "Entered ac- 
 cording to act of Confess, in the year , by A. B., in 
 
 the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington ;" or, at 
 his option, the word " Copyright," together with the year the 
 copyright was entered, and the name of the party by whom 
 it was taken out, thus : " Copyright, 18 — , by A. B." 
 
 Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such 
 notice, or words of the same purport, in or upon any book, 
 map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or 
 photograph, or other article, for which he has not obtained a 
 copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars, 
 recoverable one half for the person who shall sue for such 
 penalty, and one half to the use of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the 
 title of any book as provided by this chapter, shall, within 
 the term limited, and without the consent of the proprietor of 
 the copyright first obtained in writing, signed in presence of 
 two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, or, knowing 
 the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
 or expose to sale any copy of such book, snail forfeit every 
 copy thereof to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay 
 such damages as may be recovered in a civil action by such 
 proprietor in any court of competent jurisdiction. 
 
 SEC.4965. If any person, aftertherecordingof the title of any 
 map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, photo- 
 graph, or chromo, or of the descriptionof any painting, drawing, 
 statue, statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected 
 and executed as a work of the fine arts, as provided by this 
 chapter, shall, within the time limited, and without the con- 
 sent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writ- 
 ing, signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, 
 etch, work, copy, print, publish, or import, either in whole or 
 in part, or by varying the main design with intent to evade 
 the law, or, knowmg the same to be so printed, published, or 
 imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of such map 
 or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
 all the plates on which the same shall be copied, ana every 
 sheet thereof, either copied or printed, and shall further for- 
 feit one dollar for every sheet of the same found in his pos- 
 
1 
 
 or 
 de 
 or 
 
 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 97 
 
 session, cither printing, printed, copied, published, imported, 
 or exposed for sale ; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
 statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same 
 in his possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale ; one 
 half thereof to the proprietor, and the other half to the use 
 of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing 
 any dramatic composition for which a copyright has been ob- 
 tained, without the consent of the proprietor thereof, or his 
 heirs or assigns, shall be liable for damages therefor ; such 
 damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not less than 
 one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every 
 subsequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be 
 just. 
 
 Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any 
 manuscript whatever, without the consent of the author or 
 proprietor first obtained, (if such author or proprietor is a 
 citizen of the United States, or resident therein,) shall be 
 liable to the author or proprietor for all damages occasioned 
 by such injury. 
 
 Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of 
 forfeiture or penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same 
 is commenced within two years after the cause of action has 
 arisen. 
 
 Sec. 49<39. In all actions arising under the laws respecting 
 copyrights the defendant may plead the general issue, and 
 give the special matter in evidence. 
 
 Sec; 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having 
 the jurisdiction of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill 
 inequity, filed by any party aggrieved, to grant injunctions 
 to prevent the violation of any right secured by the laws re- 
 specting copyrights, according to the course and principles of 
 courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
 able. . 
 
 Seg; 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to 
 
 Erohibit the printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any 
 ook, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition, print, 
 cut, engraving, or photograph, written, composed, or made 
 by any person not a citizen of the United States nor resident 
 therelmi'v ni ntiih: 
 
 io\b^^m0naments approved June 18, 1874. 
 
 B^ it enacted By the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 tkfi United States of America in Congress Assembled, That no 
 person shall maintain an action for the infringement of his 
 copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in 
 
 
98 
 
 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 the several copies of every edition published, on the title- 
 page or the page immediately followmg, if it be a book; or 
 if a map, chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, 
 photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, or 
 model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
 work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion 
 thereof, or of the substance on which the same shall 
 be mounted, the following words, viz.: "Entered ac- 
 cording to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., in 
 
 the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington ;" 
 or, at his option, the word "Copyright," together with the 
 year the copyright was entered, and the name of the party 
 by whom it was taken out; thus — "Copyright, 18 — , by 
 A. B." 
 
 Sec. 2. That for recording and certifying any instrument 
 of writing for the assignment of a copyright, the Librarian 
 of Congress shall receive from the persons to whom the ser- 
 vice is rendered, one dollar ; and for every copy of an assign- 
 ment, one dollar ; said fee to cover, in either case, a certifi- 
 cate of the record, under seal of the Librarian of Congress ; 
 and all fees so received shall be paid into the Treasury of the 
 United States. 
 
 COPYRIGHTS FOR LABELS. 
 
 Sec. 3. That in the construction of this act, the words 
 "engraving," "cut," and "print" shall be applied only to 
 pictorial illustrations or works connected with the fine arts, 
 and no prints or labels designed to be used for any other 
 articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
 law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the 
 Commissioner of Patents is hereby charged with the super- 
 vision and control of the entry or registry of such prints or 
 labels, in conformity with the regulations provided by law as 
 to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid for re- 
 cording the title of any print or label not a trade-mark, six 
 dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy 
 of the record under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, 
 to the party entering the same. 
 
 Sec. 4. That all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with 
 the foregoing provisions be and the same are hereby 
 repealed. 
 
 Sec. 5. That this act shall take effect on and after the first 
 day of August, eighteen hundred and seventy-four. 
 
 Repeal Provtstons. 
 Title LXXIV., Rev. Stat., p. 1091: 
 Sec. 5595. The foregoing seventy-three titles embrace the 
 
COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 99 
 
 ith 
 rst 
 
 statutes of the United States general and permanent in their 
 nature, in force on the ist day of December, one thousand 
 eight hundred and seventy-three, as revised and consoHdated 
 by commissioners appointed under an act of Congress, and 
 the same shall be designated and cited, as The Revised 
 Statutes of the United States. 
 
 Sec. 5596. All acts of Congress passed prior to said first 
 day of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- 
 three, any portion of which is embraced in any section of 
 said revision, are hereby repealed, and the section applicable 
 thereto shall be in force in lieu thereof; all parts of such acts 
 not contained in such revision, having been repealed or 
 superseded by subsequent acts, or not being general and 
 permanent in their nature : Provided, That the incorporation 
 mto said revision of any general and permanent provision, 
 taken from an act making appropriations, or from an act 
 containing other provisions of a private, local, or temporary 
 character, shall not repeal, or in any way affect any appro- 
 priation, or any provision of a private, local, or temporary 
 character, contained in any of said acts, but the same shall 
 remain in force ; and all acts of Congress passed prior 
 to said last-named day, no part of which are embraced in 
 said revision, shall not be affected or changed by its enact- 
 ment. 
 
 Sec. 5597. The repeal of the several acts embraced in 
 said revision shall not affect any act done, or any right 
 accruing or accrued, or any suit or proceeding had or com- 
 menced in any civil cause before the said repeal, but 
 all rights and liabilities under said acts shall continue, 
 and may be enforced in the same manner, as if said repeal 
 had not been made ; nor shall said repeal in any manner 
 affect the right to any office, or change the term or tenure 
 thereof. 
 
 Sec. 5598. All offences committed, and all penalties or for- 
 feitures incurred under any statute embraced in said revision 
 prior to said repeal, may be prosecuted and punished in the 
 same manner and with the same effect as if said repeal had 
 not been made. 
 
 Sec. 5599. All acts of limitation, whether applicable to 
 civil causes and proceedings, or to the prosecution of 
 offences, or for the recovery of penalties or forfeitures, em- 
 braced in said revision and covered by said repeal, shall not 
 be affected thereby, but all suits, proceedings, or prosecu- 
 tions, whether civil or criminal, for causes arising or acts 
 done or committed prior to said repeal, may be commenced 
 and prosecuted within the same time as if said repeal had 
 not been made. 
 
lOO 
 
 COPYRIGHT LAWS OF 1874. 
 
 Sec. 56CX). The arrangement and classification of the sev- 
 eral sections of the revision have been made for the purpose 
 of a more convenient and orderly arrangement of the same, 
 and therefore no inference or presumption of a legislative 
 construction is to be drawn by reason of the Title under 
 which any particular section is placed. 
 
 Sec. 5601. The enactment of the said revision is not to 
 affect or repeal any act of Congress passed since the ist day 
 of December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy- 
 three, and all acts passed since that date are to have full 
 effect as if passed after the enactment of this revision, and so 
 far as such acts vary from, or conflict with, any provision 
 contained in said revision, they are to have effect as subse- 
 cjuent statutes, and as repealing any pordon of the revision 
 inconsistent therewith. 
 
 EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. 
 
 Fahrenheit, 
 Deg. 
 
 Cast-iron melts 2786 
 
 Gold " 2016 
 
 Copper " 1996 
 
 Brass " 1900 
 
 Silver '* 1873 
 
 Red heat visible by day, . 1077 
 Iron red-hot in twilight,. . 884 
 
 Common fire 790 
 
 Zinc melts 773 
 
 Iron, bright red in dark. . . 752 
 
 Mercury boils 630 
 
 Lead melts. 612 
 
 Linseed oil boils 600 
 
 Bismuth melts 497 
 
 Fahrenheit 
 Deg. 
 
 Cadmium 450 
 
 Tin melts 442 
 
 Tin and bismuth, equal 
 
 parts, melts 283 
 
 Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, 
 
 lead 2 parts, melt 212 
 
 Sodium 190 
 
 Alcohol boils 174 
 
 Potassium 136 
 
 Ether boils 98 
 
 Human blood (heat ot) 98 
 
 Strong wines freeze 20 
 
 Brandy freezes 7 
 
 Mercury freezes — 39 J 
 
 STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Prenflure 
 
 in lbs. 
 
 p'rsq.ln. 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 20 
 
 25 
 30 
 35 
 40 
 
 45 
 50 
 
 55 
 60 
 
 (.'orrespond'g i 
 
 1 Pressure 
 
 Corrcsponcrg 
 Temperature. 
 
 Pressure 
 
 C'on-espond'g 
 
 Tempt' raturo. 
 
 i in lbs. 
 
 in lbs. 
 
 Tcnipenvture. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 ip'r sq.ln. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 
 p'rsq.in. 
 140 
 
 Fulireiiheit. 
 
 192.4 
 
 1 ^5 
 
 301-3 
 
 357 9 
 
 212.8 
 
 i 70 
 
 306.4 
 
 150 
 
 3^^3-4 
 
 228.5 
 
 i 75 
 
 311. 2 
 
 160 
 
 368.7 
 
 241.0 
 
 80 
 
 315-8 
 
 170 
 
 373*6 
 
 «2si.6 
 
 1 85 
 
 320.1 
 
 180 
 
 378.4 
 
 260.9 
 
 90 
 
 324.3 
 
 190 
 
 382.9 
 
 269.1 
 
 95 
 
 328.2 
 
 2GO 
 
 .387-3 
 
 276.4 
 
 I03 
 
 332.0 
 
 210 
 
 391-5 
 
 283.2 
 
 110 
 
 339-2 
 
 220 
 
 395-5 
 
 289 3 
 
 120 
 
 345.8 
 
 230 
 
 399 4 
 
 295.6 
 
 135 
 
 352.1 
 
 240 
 
 403.1 
 
I'g 
 
 ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. lOI 
 
 ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. 
 
 The following directions, if carefully followed, will enable 
 any person to make a working galvanic battery, electro-mag- 
 net, and a needle telegraph, all at a cost of not exceeding ten 
 or twenty cents : 
 
 Take a bit of common sheet zinc— stove zinc — six inches 
 long, four inches wide. Bend it up two inches from the end, 
 nick the bent end, and wind the naked end of a copper wire 
 around the zinc at the nick. Use copper wire, size of a com- 
 mon pin — insulated wire, that is, 
 copper wire covered with thin 
 paper or cotton, or paint or var- 
 nish. Leave the ends of the 
 wires uncovered. Cover the zinc 
 with common white printing 
 paper, two thicknesses, as shown 
 at I. The white represents the 
 paper. Provide a bit of thin 
 sheet lead, same size as the zinc, 
 bent in and nicked, but not 
 covered with paper. Attach one end of a copper wire, as 
 shown at 2. 
 
 Provide a common tea saucer, in which place one ounce of 
 sulphate of copper (to be had for a few cents at any drug- 
 store) ; pour on warm water ; fill saucer two thirds full ; let 
 stand until dissolved. Now put the zinc (i) in saucer, and 
 put the lead (2) on top of the zinc, the ends standing above 
 the liquid as shown. You now have a complete and tolera- 
 bly strong galvanic battery. When the free ends of the two 
 wires are touched together, a spark will be seen at the mo- 
 ment of junction. The circuit is made or closed by placing 
 the two wires together. The circuit is opened or broken by 
 separating the wires. 
 
 An electro-magnet may be made by providing a small 
 wrought-iron staple, and grinding off the pointed ends. 
 Wind both legs with the insulated copper wire. 
 The mode of winding and carrying the wire from 
 one leg to the other is shown in the cut. Both 
 legs should, when finished, be closely wound, as 
 shown on the left side. 
 Now connect the end of the wire of one of the 
 legs with one of the battery wires, and the wire of the other 
 leg with the other battery wire, and you will find that the 
 staple is magnetized. The magnetism ceases when the wires 
 are separated. Put a steel knife blade on one leg of the 
 magnet, and the knife becomes permanently magnetized. 
 
I02 ELECTRIC BATTERIES AND MAGNETS. 
 
 A needle drawn across the magnet is also magnetized, and 
 if suspended by a thread it becomes a compass, and will 
 point north and south. To make such a compass, magnetize 
 a sewing needle ; suspend it by a silk fibre drawn from a 
 piece of sewing silk ; attach the silk to a bit of bent wire, C, 
 the bottom of which is stuck into, and supported by, a piece 
 of round cork, as shown in the first cut. 
 
 Place the compass thus made on a table, and the needle 
 will point north and south. Now place loosely on the table, 
 around the cork base, two coils or turns of the insulated 
 wire. Connect one end of the wire with one of the battery 
 wires. Join the other end of the coil wire to the other bat- 
 tery wire. An electrical current will now go through the coil, 
 which will move the needle. This is the needle telegraph. 
 By alternately separating and joining the wire of the battery 
 and the coil wire, the needle swings. One swing may be 
 called A; two swings, B; three, C, etc. In this way intel- 
 ligible signals are sent. A needle smaller than that here 
 shown in the cut is used for telegraphing through the cable 
 under the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and America. 
 On land lines in England larger needles are used, but in 
 this country a magnet is used which draws down a lever with 
 such force as to make a click. A long click and a short click 
 mean A ; a short click, E ; two short clicks, I. The battery 
 wire and the coil wire are alternately joined and separated by 
 a pivoted finger lever called a key. 
 
 HEAT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY. 
 
 Substances. 
 
 Silver 
 
 Copper — 
 
 Gold 
 
 Brass 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Tin 
 
 Steel 
 
 Iron 
 
 Lead 
 
 Platinum. 
 Palladium 
 Bismuth.. 
 
 Heat 
 Conductivity. 
 
 loo.o 
 73.6 
 
 53-2 
 23.6 
 19.9 
 
 14.5 
 12.0 
 
 ZX.9 
 
 8.5 
 6.4 
 
 6.3 
 1.8 
 
 Electrical 
 Conductivity. 
 
 100. o 
 
 73-3 
 58. 5 
 •S 
 
 21. 
 
 22.6 
 
 • • • • 
 
 13.0 
 10.7 
 10.3 
 
 1.9 
 
 L 
 
DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. I03 
 
 iv DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin; b. Boston, 1706; d. 1790; at 12, 
 printer's apprentice, fond of useful reading ; 27 to 40, teaches 
 himself Latin, etc., makes various useful improvements; at 
 40 studies electricity ; 1752, brings electricity from clouds by 
 kite, and invents the lightning-rod. 
 
 Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton-gin; b. West- 
 borough, Mass., 1765; d. 1825; went to Georgia 1792 as 
 teacher ; 1795 invents the cotton-gin, prior to which a full 
 day's work of one person was to clean by hand one pound of 
 cotton ; one machine performs the labor of five thousand 
 persons ; 1800, founds Whitneyville, makes firearms, by the 
 mterchangeable system for the parts. 
 
 Robert Fulton; b. Little Britain, Pa., 1765; d. 1825; 
 artist painter; invents steamboat 1793; invents submarine 
 torpedoes 1797 to 1801 ; builds steamboat in France 1803; 
 launches passenger-boat Clermont at N. Y. 1807, and steams 
 to Albany ; 1812, builds steam ferryboats ; 1814, builds first 
 steam war-vessel. 
 
 Jethro Wood, inventor of the modern cast-iron plough ; 
 b. White Creek, N. Y., 1774; ^- 1834; patented the plough 
 1814. Previously the plough was a stick of wood plated with 
 iron. Lawsuits against infringers consumed his means. 
 Secretary Seward said : " No man has benefited the country 
 pecuniarily more than Jethro Wood, and no man has been 
 as inadequately rewarded." 
 
 Thomas Blanchard; b. 1788, Sutton, Mass.; d. 1864; 
 invented tack machine 1806; builds successful steam carriage 
 1825 ; builds the stern-wheel boat for shallow waters, now in 
 common use on Western rivers ; 1843, patents the lathe for 
 turning irregular forms, now in common use all over the 
 world for turning lasts, spokes, axe-handles, gun-stocks, hat- 
 blocks, tackle-blocks, etc. 
 
 Ross WiNANS, of Baltimore ; b. 1798, N. J. ; author of 
 many inventions relating to railways ; first patent, 1828 ; he 
 designed and patented the pivoted, double-truck, long pas- 
 senger cars now in common use. His genius also assisted 
 the development of railways in Russia. 
 
 Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of harvesting ma- 
 chines ; b. Walnut Grove, Va., 1809; ^" ^851 he exhibited 
 his invention at the World's Fair, London, with practical 
 success. The mowing of one acre was one day's man's 
 work ; a boy with a mowing-machine now cuts 10 acres a day. 
 Mr. McCormick's patents made him a millionaire. 
 
 Charles Goodyear, inventor and patentee of the simple 
 mixture of rubber and sulphur, the basis of the present great 
 
f 
 
 104 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. 
 
 
 3> 
 

 "V 
 
 CELEBRATED AMERICAN INVENTIONS. I05 
 
 L. 
 
Io6 DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN INVENTORS. 
 
 rubber industries throughout the world; b. New Haven, 
 Conn,, 1800; in 1839, by the accidental mixture of a bit of 
 rubber and sulphur on a red-hot stove, he discovered the pro- 
 cess of vulcanization. The Goodyear patents proved im- 
 mensely profitable. 
 
 Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor and patentee of electric 
 telegraph; b. Charlestown, Mass., 1791 ; d. 1872; artist 
 painter; exhibited first drawings of telegraph 1832; half-mile 
 wire in operation 1835 ; caveat 1837 ; Congress appropriated 
 $30,000, and in 1844 first telegraph line from Washington to 
 Baltimore was opened; after long contests, the courts sus- 
 tained his patents, and he realized from them a large fortune. 
 
 Elias Howe, inventor of the modern sewing-machine ; b. 
 Spencer, Mass., 1819 ; d. 1867; machinist; sewing-machine 
 patented 1846. From that time to 1854 his priority was con- 
 tested, and he suffered from poverty, when a decision of the 
 courts in his favor brought him large royalties, and he realized 
 several millions from his patent. 
 
 James B. Eads; b. 1820; author and constructor of the 
 great steel bridge over the Mississippi at St. Louis, 1867, and 
 tne jetties below New Orleans 1876. His remarkable enfergy 
 wasshcvvn in 1861, when he built and dehvered complete to 
 Government, all within sixty-five days, seven iron-plated steam- 
 ers, 600 tons each ; subsequently other steamers. Some of the 
 most brilHant successes of the Union arms were due to his 
 extraordinary rapidity in constructing these vessels. 
 
 James Lyall, N. Y. City; b. 1836; invented a simple 
 mixture, 1863, for enamelling cloth for knapsacks, etc., from 
 which he realized a fortune ; in 1868 patented the positive- 
 motion loom, from which patent he has acquired great riches ; 
 is the founder and manager of several great establishments ; 
 at one of these. Twenty-third street, N. Y., 4000 hands are 
 employed. This loom increases the production and lessens 
 the cost of woven fabrics. A single loom, attended by one 
 girl, turns out 320 square yards in 10 hours, the fabric being 8 
 yards or more wide. 
 
 The first recorded patent granted by the United States 
 Government bears date July 31st, 1790, issued to Samuel 
 Hopkins for making pot and pearl ashes. Two other 
 patents were granted in that year. In the following year, 
 1791, thirty-three patents were granted. Among them were 
 six patents to James Rumsay and one to John Fitch for inven- 
 tions relating to steam-engines and steam-vessels. For the 
 single year of 1876, the number of patents and caveats ap- 
 plied for was almost twenty thousand. 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 107 
 
 8 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 In the construction of models, or machinery, the skilful 
 mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in the 
 arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- 
 ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- 
 chanical movements. As suggestive for this purpose we 
 have brought together and condensed an extensive series of 
 mechanical movements. Here the mechanic may find at a 
 glance the movement suited for his purpose, and may see 
 the separate parts best adapted to any special combination 
 of mechanism. 
 
 The following is a brief description of the various move- 
 ments, as numbered : 
 
 I. Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3, 4. Lever coup- 
 lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, 
 and to the shaft to be driven a lever is hinged. By causing 
 this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is eN 
 fected. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side view. 
 
 6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. 
 Prong and spur lever coupling. 
 
 10. I'ast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal 
 boxes of one of the wheels being movable. 12. Friction 
 clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling 
 a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of 
 gear. 13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15, 16. Change of 
 motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- 
 nected with the rod are pawl links, catching into ratchet- 
 teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. 
 When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts ; 
 and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other 
 pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip- 
 rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of 
 the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which 
 passes over a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from 
 which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel. 
 
 20. " Flying horse," used in fairs for amusement. By 
 pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- 
 py, i ig the seats or horses on the ends of the arms are enabled 
 to keep the apparatus in motion. 21, 22. Bow-string ar- 
 rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 
 23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by 
 double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 
 26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding-spur pulley coupling. 
 28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. 
 Chain wheel. 
 
 30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary 
 
loa 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENT^.! 
 
 motion by two racks and cog-wheel. 31. Oblique-toothed 
 wheels. 32. Worm and worm-wheel. 33, ^. Claw coup- 
 ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couphngs, with lugs 
 and cavities. 37. Disk couphng with screw bolts. 38, 39, 
 40. Shaft couphngs. 
 
 41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- 
 tion pulleys. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- 
 lique teeth. If the resistance to the driven shaft increases 
 beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting 
 blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- 
 ciprocating into rotary motion by zigzag groove on cylinder. 
 48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- 
 tary motion. 
 
 50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack 
 and two ratchet pinions. ^ v hen the aouble rack moves in 
 one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the 
 rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, 
 and a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel 
 shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillatmg. 53. Rotary into 
 reciprocating. By the action of the wheel-pins the carriage 
 is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on 
 an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opposite direction. 54. 
 Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating 
 motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by 
 means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, 
 and catching in the slot. 57. Walking-beam and fly-wheel. 
 58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means 
 of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. 
 Hoisting crane. 
 
 60. Friction gears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciprocat- 
 ing by rising and falling pinion acting on endless raclc. 62. 
 By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a reciprocating 
 rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Reciprocating 
 motion to a frame by means of endless rack and pinion. 64. 
 Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed rack by a 
 toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected to the 
 action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, projecting 
 from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to a rod. 
 The wheels are of different diameters, and consequently the 
 rod has to rise and fall as the wheels revolve. (See no.) 
 66. Cam and elbow lever. 67. Rod reciprocates by means 
 of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by an end- 
 less segmental rack and pinion, the axle of which revolves 
 and slides in a slot toward and from the rack. This rack is 
 secured to a disk, and a rope round said disk extends to the 
 body to which a reciprocating motion is to be imparted. 69. 
 Elliptic gears. 
 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 109 
 
 70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- 
 mitting motion from one axle to another, with three different 
 velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal diame- 
 ters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, by a cam- 
 disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent revolv- 
 ing motion to a shaft with two pinions, and segment gear- 
 wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying pawls 
 which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which rectilinear 
 motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, connects by a 
 link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is imparted, "jt. 
 Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in the ratchet-wheel. 
 78. Common treadle. 79. Describing on a revolving cylin- 
 der a spiral line of a certain given pitch which depends upon 
 the comparative sizes of the pinion and bevel-wheels. 
 
 80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 
 81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Crosshead 
 and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 
 85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of joller- 
 arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs 
 projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 
 
 87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 
 
 88. The shaft carries a taper, which catches against a hook 
 hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and raise 
 the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached its 
 highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disengages 
 from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Reciprocating 
 motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique ring se- 
 cured to a revolving shaft. 
 
 90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to produce 
 reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. Pulleys, 
 belts, and niternal gear. 94. As the rod moves up and 
 down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with a 
 pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to said 
 wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with different 
 velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with the 
 mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in a 
 disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt 
 over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciprocating 
 motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever which 
 catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of a paral- 
 lelogram which is connected to the rod to which reciprocat- 
 ing motion is imparted. 
 
 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion, 
 loi. Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- 
 acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 
 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted 
 guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. 
 
no 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 io6. Rod operated by two toothed segments. 107. Two 
 cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the 
 same lenp+h, and connected by links with a cross-bar to 
 which the jjiston-rod is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- 
 ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocycloidal mo- 
 tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear. 
 If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one half the 
 diameter of the internal gear, the hypocycloid becomes a 
 eight line. 109. Same purpose as 56. ' 
 
 no. Action similar to 65. in. Revolving motion by a 
 circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 
 112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws turn 
 on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An irregu- 
 lar vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the wheel A, 
 by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermittent rotary motion 
 of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous rotary motion of the 
 large wheel. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is 
 cut on the same curve as the plain portion of the circumfer- 
 ence, and, therefore, serves as a lock whilst the wheel makes 
 a part of a revolution, and until the pin upon the wheel 
 strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion- 
 shaft commences another revolution. 116. Stop-motion used 
 in watches to limit the number of revolutions in winding up. 
 The convex curved part, a, b, of the wheel B, serving as the 
 stop. 117. Several wheels, by connecting-rods, driven from 
 one pulley. 118. Intermittent circular motion is imparted to 
 the toothed wheel by vibrating the arm B. When the arm B 
 is lifted, the pawl is raised from between the teeth of the 
 wheel, and travelling backward over the circumference again, 
 drops between two teeth on lowering the arm, and draws 
 with it the wheel. 119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion is 
 given to the bar by the continuous motion of the cam. The 
 cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across 
 its centre. 
 
 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- 
 arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attach- 
 ed to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the 
 cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. 
 Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of 
 eccentric toothed wneel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscil- 
 lating or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between 
 trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- 
 ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The small 
 wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs move the 
 larger wheel by working against the faces of oblique grooves 
 or projections across the face thereof. 124. Longitudinal 
 and rotary motion of the rod is produced by its arrangement 
 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 
 between two rotating rollers, the axles of which are oblique 
 to each other. 125. Friction indicator of Roberts. Upon 
 the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded carriage is placed, 
 its tongue connected with an indicator. With a given load 
 the indicating pointer remains in a given position, no matter 
 what velocity is imparted to tha pulley. When the load is 
 changed the indicator changes, thus proving that the friction 
 of wheels is in proportion to load, not velocity. 126. Circular 
 intermittent rectilinear reciprocating motion. Used on sew- 
 ing-machines for driving the shuttle ; also on three-revolution 
 cylinder printing-presses. 127. Continuous circular into in- 
 termittent circular motion. The cam is the driver. 128. 
 Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The bar B carries the 
 feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to slide A. B is lift- 
 ed by a radial projection on cam C, which at the same time 
 also carries A and B forward. A spring produces the return 
 stroke, and the bar, B, drops by gravity. 129. Patent crank 
 motion, to obviate dead centres. Pressure on the treadle 
 moves the slotted slide A forward until the wrist passes the 
 centre, when the spring B forces the slide against the stops 
 until next forward movement. 
 
 130. Four-way cock. 131. One stroke of the piston gives 
 a complete revolution to the crank. 132. Rectilinear motion 
 of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar by rotation of 
 the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copying, 
 enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, ivory 
 tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied with, 
 and B, the pencil, will reproduce it double size. Shift the 
 slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and size of 
 the copy will be varied. 134. Ball-and-socket joint for 
 tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. The teeth of 
 the worm shaft-gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal 
 diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the 
 first wheel has iod teeth and the second loi, the pointers will 
 indicate respectively loi and 10.100 revolutions. 136. Mont- 
 golfier's hydraulic ram. The right hand valve being kept 
 open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through the 
 pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. When 
 the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight of the 
 right valve, the momentum of the water opens the other 
 valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On equi- 
 librium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right valve 
 opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water is 
 raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Rotary 
 engine. Shaft B and hub C are arranged eccentric to the 
 case. Sliding radial pistons, «, a, move in and out of hub, 
 C. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub C. 
 
112 
 
 MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, B, 
 connect with crank D. Steam is admitted to act on the outer 
 sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and the ex- 
 haust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rectilinear 
 motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion to the 
 horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear movement 
 to the upright bar. 140. Rotary motion transmitted by roll- 
 ing contact between two obliquely arranged shafts. 
 
 MULTUM IN PARVO. 
 
 We have some queer correspondents : One writes to know 
 if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- 
 dress which he gives, up town — distance two and a half miles 
 from our office — to make certain inquiries for him. It would 
 require one and a half hours' time to do the errand, and not 
 a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a letter and 
 tell him where to get a combined thermometer and bar- 
 ometer. Another, "will you be good enough to give me the 
 names and addresses of several of the makers of the best 
 brick machines?" another wants water-wheels; another 
 threshing machines : each writer desires our written opinion 
 as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one 
 is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or to reflect that to 
 answer his request will consume considerable of our time. 
 Another party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making 
 ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture 
 ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the 
 New York market. For this information he sends us the 
 generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C wants 
 us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can 
 buy the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take 
 to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc., three 
 cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- 
 tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their 
 inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that 
 personal information, our reply to be printed in THE Scien- 
 tific American. We are at all times happy to serve our 
 correspondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are 
 expected, a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be 
 sent. 
 
 Harness Blacking. — Melt i pound bees-wax, stir in 4 
 ounces ivory-black, 2 ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces 
 Prussian blue ground in oil, and % ounce copal varnish. 
 Make into balls. With a bnish apply it to harness, and pol- 
 ish with silk gently. 
 

114 
 
 MBOHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
ill; 
 
lift 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVJBMKNT8. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 117 
 
 
 U2P 
 
 133 
 
 j^^^— 
 
 /J7 
 
 122 
 
 126 
 
 123 
 
 •^ 
 
 m 
 
 127 
 
 134- 
 
 135 
 
 139 
 
 12* 
 
 128 
 
 132 
 
 1-. 
 
118 
 
 HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. 
 
 HOKSE-POWEB. 
 
 When Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he 
 wislied to be able to state their power aa compared with 
 that of horses, wnich were then generally employed for 
 driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, 
 which led him to the conclusion that the average power of 
 a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 lbs. one foot in 
 vertical height per minute, pnd this has been adopted in 
 England and this country as the general measure of power. 
 
 A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 lbs. uf 
 water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of 
 fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- 
 ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in 
 feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- 
 ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62|, 
 the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by 
 the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per 
 minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- 
 power. 
 
 For example : A stream flows throup;h a flume 10 feet 
 wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the 
 cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity Is 150 feet per 
 minute — 40 XI 50 =6000= the cubic feet of water flowing 
 per minute. 6000X62^=3'75,000=the pounds of water 
 flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X376,000= 
 3,760,000=the foot-pounds of the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 
 000 by 33,000, and we have 113|i as the horse-power of 
 the fall. 
 
 The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying 
 together the area t e piston in inches, the mean pressure 
 in pounds per squa inch, the length of the stroke in feet, 
 and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by 
 33,000. '; r 
 
 Water-wheels yield from 60 to 91 per cent of the water. 
 The actual power of a steam-engine is le^s than the indicat- 
 ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this 
 loss varies with the arrangement of the enguie and th« per- 
 fection of the workmanship; 
 
 ft 
 
PROPERTIES OP CHARCOAL. 
 
 119 
 
 Iw j 
 
 FBOPEBTIES OF CHARCOAL. 
 
 -Although charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- 
 spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action 
 of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts 
 are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain 
 has been found in the excavations at IIcrculL-icum, which 
 was chaiTcd at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- 
 een Iiundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- 
 served, so that you can distinguish between the different 
 kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, 
 it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and 
 vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the 
 water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. 
 Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. 
 Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by 
 being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. 
 Ale and porter filtered througli it are deprived of tiieir color, 
 and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means 
 of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, 
 or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only 
 one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being 
 the mineral portion of the bone. 
 
 Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety 
 times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point 
 of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- 
 cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this 
 accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar 
 power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition 
 of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. — 
 Hooker. 
 
 SUBSTITUTE FOB THE CBANK. 
 
 Various devices supposed to have adv^an- 
 tagcs over the common crank, have been in- 
 vented. Our diagram shows one of these 
 forms, which has been re-invented many times, 
 by different inventoi*s. A grooved wheel is 
 employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- 
 tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting rod of a 
 piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod 
 acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the 
 wheel. 
 
KNOTS. 
 
 121 
 
 The knots represented on the preceding page of en- 
 gravings are as follows : 
 
 1. Simple overhand knot. 
 
 2. Slip-knot seized. 
 
 3. Single bow-knot. 
 
 4. Square or ruf-knot. 
 
 5. Square bow-knot. 
 
 6. V/eaver's knot. 
 
 7. German or figure-of-8 
 knot. 
 
 8. Two half-h) tches, or ar- 
 tificer's knot. 
 
 9. Double artificer's knot. 
 
 10. Simple galley-knot. 
 
 11. Capstan or prolonged 
 knot. 
 
 12. Bowline-knot. 
 
 13. Rolling-hitch. 
 
 14. Clove-hitch. 
 Black wall-hitch. 
 Timber-hitch. 
 Bowline on a bight. 
 Running bowline. 
 
 19. Catspaw. 
 
 20. Doubled running-knot. 
 Double knot. 
 Six -fold knot. 
 Boat-knot. 
 Lark's head. 
 Lark's head. 
 Simple boat-knot. 
 
 27. Loop-knot. 
 
 28. Double Flemish knot. 
 
 29. Running-knot checked 
 
 30. Crossed running-knot. 
 81. Lashing-knot. 
 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 32. Rosette. 
 
 33. Chain-knot. 
 
 34. Double chain-knot. 
 
 35. Double running-knot, 
 with check-knot. 
 
 36. Double twist-knot. 
 Builders' knot. 
 Double Flemish knot. 
 English knot. 
 Shortening-knot. 
 
 41. Shortening-knot. 
 
 42. Sheep-shank. 
 Dog- shank. 
 Mooring-knot. 
 Mooring-knot. 
 Mooring-knot. 
 Pigtail worked on the 
 
 end of a rope. 
 
 48. Shroud-knot. 
 
 49. A bend or knot used by 
 sailors in making fast to 
 a spar or a bucket-han> 
 die before casting over- 
 board ; it will not run. 
 Also used by horsemen 
 for a loop around the jaw 
 of a colt in breaking : 
 the running end, after 
 passing over the Head of 
 the animal and throagh 
 the loop, will not jam 
 therein. 
 
 50. A granny's knot. 
 
 51. A weaver's knot. 
 
 37. 
 38. 
 39. 
 40. 
 
 43. 
 44. 
 45. 
 46. 
 47. 
 
 I 
 
 The principle of a knot is, that no two parts which 
 would move in the same direction if the rope were to 
 slip, should lie alongside of and touching each other. ; 
 
1«8 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 MsABUBts OF LxNOTH. — Th« luljoined engrftTlng rHowb at the left » foar-lnch 
 lection of a common rule, the inch divUioni being tubdivided into twenty-tifthi, 
 twelfths, eighth*, and tenths. On the right ii the French measure, indicating milK- 
 metrei and centimetres. The French metre is intended to be the one ten-niiiliouth 
 pert of the dlitanc* from •iihtt pole of the earth to the equator. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^5? 
 
 ^^ 
 
 f^ 
 
 ^7^ 
 
 k 
 
 m^ 
 
 ro 
 
 * 
 
 iTOTA 
 
 ""a s 
 
 
 to 
 
 «9 te 
 
 1^1 
 
 I s« .-. w 
 
 00 U) 
 
 <o oc us 
 CO Sofi in 
 
 0> CC S GO U9 < 
 
 CO Ci PS <C 00 '-O <?< .-• 
 
 
 ss 
 
 1= 
 
 ft 
 
 go 
 
 " o 
 
 B-S 
 C S 
 
 91 
 
 9 
 
 to 
 fc * «« 
 
 -< II 
 
 l/J 
 
 «• .s 
 
 8 
 
 a 
 O 
 
 
 •8 
 
 o « 
 
 V s 
 
 II -S 
 
 S 
 
 9- 
 
 ^o 
 
 
 (3 u V a 
 
 -" a 
 
 . 4* 
 
 ^a " 
 
 o 
 
 
 2 "-s,. ^^ -^g^a 
 
 0.5 "Sriop 
 
 o 
 (i J^ 04 CI S* 
 
 '-. »-• 
 
 CO 
 
 -<! 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 y 
 
 M 
 
 II Ii II 
 
 «) e 
 
 V 
 
 2 .5 g 
 
 II II II 
 
 « 
 
 • is 
 
 Msa 
 
 (J >x3 
 
 II 
 
 £ 
 
 ■♦J 
 
 w 
 
 K c o S 
 
 H s V n: 
 
 a 
 
 l<< H. k 4> E 
 
 ES 
 
 ^5 
 
 » - a a 
 
 s Si a s 
 
 u u o u Js 
 
 tl r- 0) Oi " 
 
 o o o o o o o 
 
 rj Q 00 CO 
 
 ^.- — 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 O V 
 
 o ^ 
 
 II 
 
 s. 
 
 l 
 i 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 III 
 
 lis 
 
 so o ^ 
 
 00 
 
 II 
 
 *« ^a 
 
 4 
 
 J1 
 
 I II ?! 
 
 •re S ". 
 
 II ;S « II 
 
 O 11 00 B 
 
 II 
 
 fl ;i; 
 
 twn 
 
 g J8 8 
 
 ]^ a 
 
 -8 -J 
 
 II « 
 ^ II 
 
 si 
 
 c a 
 
 o 
 
 ^la| 
 
«> 
 
 '1 
 
 . •> 
 
 II 
 
 8" 
 
 I s 
 
 B 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 I. 
 
 TABLES OF WKIGHTS^^ 
 
 123 
 
 *f*)5 
 
 TROY WEIGHT. -> « 
 
 S4gra^ns , 1 pennyweight, dM?t. . 
 
 ao pennyweighto , 1 ounce = ^ graioH. ,; 
 
 12 ounces 1 pound = 6760 graine. 
 
 Troy weight is used for gold ana silver. 
 
 i se, APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. j j; ' 
 
 SOgrafhs '.'. 1 sample. ' ' 
 
 3 scruples 1 dram = eOgrains. 
 
 8 drams 1 ounce = 480 grains. 
 
 12 ounces .1 pound = 5760 groins. 
 
 The ounce in the afcove measures, it will bo noticed, Is heavier, 
 contains more grains than the common commercial or avoirdu- 
 pois weight, but the avoirdupois pound is the heaviest.,: 
 
 AVOIRDUPOIS OR ORDINARY COMMERCIAL WEIGHT. 
 
 27.84 -f grains..... 4 1 dram. 
 
 16 drams. 1 ounce ss 437^ grains. 
 
 16 ounces. 1 pound = 7000 grains. 
 
 28 pounds 1 quarter. 
 
 4quarters ,....1 hundredweight =?= 112 lbs. 
 
 20 hundlredweight 1 ton = 2240 lbs. ^U^. 
 
 The $tandard of the avoirdnpois pound is the weight Sf7.7015 cu- 
 bic inches of distilled water at 30®.85 F., barometer 30 inches,^ ; ^ 
 
 A trdy oz. = 1 .09714 avoir, oz. 
 
 An avoir, oz. = ,911458 troy oz. 
 
 A ytc^he = 14 lbs. A quintal = 100 lbs. 
 
 
 •}>: 
 
 t>n 
 
 FRENCH WEIGHTS 
 
 (( 
 
 10 milligrammes make 
 10 centigrammes ." 
 10 decigrammes s.*i k 
 
 10 grammes 
 ilO decagrammes 
 10 hectogrammes 
 10 kilogrammes 
 jlO myriogrammes 
 110 quintala 
 
 (UNITED STATES STANDARD). 
 
 Oraina avoir. 
 
 1 milligramme 
 1 centigramme 
 1 decigramme 
 
 1 OBAMME 
 
 1 decagramme r=: 
 1 hectogramme = 
 
 1 KILOGRAMME = 
 
 1 myriogramme = 
 
 1 quintal = 
 
 ? 'J 110 quintala •♦ 1 tonne = 2204.737. ' 
 
 , iThe kramme Js the basis of the French weights, and consists of 
 actibicrcefatiiraetre of distilled water. 
 
 (( 
 
 .0154331S. 
 .1543316. 
 1.543316. 
 15.43316. 
 
 Pound* KToir. 
 
 .02204737. 
 .2204737. 
 2.204737. 
 22.04737. 
 220.4737. 
 2204.737. 
 
 
 1 
 
 SQ0ARE OR LAND MEA- 
 ^UHE, UNITED STATES. 
 
 ""144 ieq. inches = 1 sq. foot. 
 
 9 Bq. feet = 1 sq. yard. 
 SOJ B^. yards = 1 sq. red, 
 40 sq. rods = 1 sq. rood. 
 
 4 sq. roods = 1 sq. acre. 
 
 DRY MEASURE, UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 1 
 
 2 pints = 1 quart. < 
 4 quarts = 1 gallon. 
 
 3 gallons = 1 pecic. : 1 
 
 4 pecks = 1 Dnahel. j.^ f 
 
124 
 
 TABLES OP MEASURES. 
 
 CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE 
 
 1728 cubic ins. =1 cubic foot. 
 S7 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. 
 
 LIQUID MEASURE, UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 4gm8 
 
 2 pints 
 4 quarts 
 63 gallons 
 
 = 1 pint. 
 = 1 quart. 
 = 1 gallon. 
 = 1 nogshead. 
 
 2 hogsheads = 1 pipe or butt. 
 2 pipes = 1 tun. 
 
 1 barrel 
 1 gallon 
 1 bushel 
 1 barrel flour 
 
 8U gallons. 
 231 cubic inches. 
 1.24445 cub. ft. 
 196 lbs. = 3 bush. 
 
 A cylinder seven inches diame- 
 ter and six inches high containB 
 a gallon. 
 
 FRENCH SQUARE MEASURE, U. S. 
 
 1 square millimetre = 
 
 1 square centimetre = 
 
 1 square decimetre = 
 
 1 square metre = 
 
 1 square decametre = 
 
 1 square decare = 
 
 1 square hectare = 
 
 1 square kilometre = 
 
 t square myriametre = 
 
 Square inchei. 
 
 .001549. 
 .154988. 
 15.4»88. 
 
 8qoar« feet. 
 
 10.763058. 
 1076.3058. 
 10763.058. 
 
 U. S. acre*. 
 
 2.47086. 
 247.086. 
 24708.6. 
 
 'V: 
 
 FRENCH CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE, U. S. 
 
 Cubic inrhea. 
 
 = .0610165. 
 
 = .610165. 
 = 6.10165. 
 = 61.0165. 
 = 610.165. 
 
 Millitre or cubic centimetre. . . 
 / ^ -5 10 millitrcs make 1 centilitre 
 
 ii-t.alO centilitres 
 10 decilitres 
 
 10 litres 
 
 
 1 decilitre 
 1 litre 
 1 decalitre 
 
 ft»vrtlO decalitres 
 10 hectolitres 
 10 kilolitres 
 
 
 1 hectolitre = 
 
 1 kilolitre or cubic metre = 
 1 myrlolitre = 
 
 Cubie feet. 
 
 3.63105. 
 35.3105. 
 353.105. 
 
 MEASURING LAND BY WEIGHT. v^ 
 
 The area of any piece of land, no matter how UrtP^lif the 
 boundary lines, may be accurately ascertained by means of a deli- 
 cate balance as follows. Make a drawing of the plot of ground on 
 pasteboard, to a given scale, say four square roods to one inch. 
 Cut from some part of the sheet of pasteboard a piece exactly one 
 inch square, which represents one acre or four square roods. Also 
 cut out the plot as drawn. Weigh the square and the plot. The 
 number of times the weight of the square is contained in the 
 weight of the plot indicates the area of the land. For example, if 
 the square which represents one acre weighs twenty grains, and 
 the plot weighs two hundred and forty grams, then the plot con- 
 tains twelve acres. 
 
MOLECULES. 
 
 125 
 
 MOIiECXJLBS. 
 
 A MOLECULE 18 the smallest mass into whicU any 
 substance can be subdivided without changing its 
 chemical nature. 
 
 All substances are aggregations of isolated molecules. 
 
 A piece of gold having six plane surfaces, each one 
 inch square, is called a cubic inch of gold, and looks 
 as if it solidly filled that space. But it is not solid, for 
 it is composed of individual molecules, which are sepa- 
 rated by comparatively wide intervale. 
 
 Molecules are, to use the language of Sir William 
 Thompson, ** pieces of matter of measurable dimensions, 
 with shape, motion, and laws of action. '* A molecule 
 of glass, as measured by this philosopher, is one five 
 hundred millionth part of an inch in diameter. 
 
 Equal volumes of all substances, when in a state of 
 gas, and under like conditions, contain the same num- 
 ber of molecules. 
 
 The number of molecules in a cubic inch of any per- 
 fect gas, at 32^* F. and 30 ins. barometer pressure, is 
 one hundred thousand millions of millions of millions, 
 or 10". 
 
 The molecules of bodies are never at rest, but have 
 a constant motion. The molecules of a gas confined 
 in a vessel have great energy, are always flying about 
 with a high velocity, but in straight lines. They 
 strike against each other and rebound, they drive 
 against the inner walls of the vessel, and the force of 
 this impact of the molecules of the gas against the 
 walls we call the pressure of a gas. 
 
 At a barometer pressure of 30 inches, or 15 lbs. to the 
 square inch, temperature 33® F., the molecules of hy- 
 drogen have a velocity of 6097 feet per second, or over 
 4000 miles per hour. The energy of a pound of hydro- 
 gen, under the above conditions, is equal to that of a 
 cannon-ball of the same weight having the same velo- 
 city. 
 
 A cubic inch of water may by heat be expanded into 
 gaseous form, or steam, occupying the space of a cu- 
 bic foot. In both forms the same number of molecules 
 
126 
 
 HOW TO INVENT. 
 
 of water are found ; but in the gaseous condition, the 
 molecules are much more widely separated than in the 
 liquid ; so widely, in fact, that a cubic foot of alcohol 
 vapor together with a cubic foot of ether vapor may 
 be introduced into the vessel — or, apparently, just 
 as much of the alcohol, and just as much of the ether, 
 as if there were no water vapor present. All these va- 
 pors remain separate ; they do not chemically unite. 
 
 nOVT TO INVENT. 
 
 In order to succeed, a new invention must be supe 
 rior to any thin^ that has preceded it, and must be 
 eold at a price that will enable it to be brought into 
 general use. 
 
 People can not afford to throw away old implements 
 unless the new ones are sufficiently superior to make 
 up for the loss. Let inventors produce a good article, 
 at a moderate price, and they will be sure of success. 
 
 The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking ; and 
 to thought add practical experiments. Book know- 
 ledge is not essential. Examine things about you, note 
 how they are made, and study how to improve them. 
 Keep your eyes and ears open, ask questions, be a con- 
 tinual seeker after useful information. Those who do 
 this, soon acquire a knowledge of the sciences, and in- 
 sensibly become educated. Among the beneficent in- 
 fluences of the Patent laws is the fact that they incite 
 the humblest individuals to study. 
 
 To avoid waste of time in reproducing old devices, 
 the inventor should be well posted in regard to inven- 
 tions that have already been made. He should also be 
 informed as to the particular classes of devices in which 
 improvements are most urgently demanded. For this 
 purpose, an attentive ptudy of The Scientific 
 American will be almost indispensable. This splendid 
 newspaper is published weekly, and furnishes the 
 latest information concerning the progress of new dis- 
 covery, with elegant engravings. $3.20 a year. 
 MuNN & Co., 37 Park Row, publishers. Send 10 cents 
 for a specimen copy. 
 
HISTORY OP THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 127 
 
 HISTOBY OF THE STEAM-ENQINE. 
 
 Papin, of France, was the first (in 1690) to operate a 
 piston by steam, which acted only on one side of tlie 
 piston. He also invented the safety valve. He was 
 bom 1650, died 1710. Savery, 1697, first employed 
 steam-power in doing useful work. His piston, like 
 Papin's, took steam on one side only, the pressure of 
 the atmosphere being admitted to the other side. 
 James Watt was the first to make the complete steam- 
 engine, or the existing forms in which steam acts on 
 both sides of the piston. He also made the steam-con- 
 denser, the governor, the walking-beam, applied the 
 fly-wheel, and nearly all the parts of the modern en- 
 gine. He was born 1736, died 1819. He made a rotary 
 steam engine in 1782, and patented a locomotive engine 
 in 1784. In 1804, Trevithick and Vivian operated a 
 locomotive which traveled five miles an hour, with a 
 load of ten tons. Cook, in 1808, used fixed engines 
 and ropes to draw railway-cars. Blachett and Hedley, 
 in 1813, discovered that smooth locomotive wheels 
 might be used on railways, instead of toothed 
 wheels and toothed rails before required. George Ste- 
 venson, 1825, made railway locomotion successful by 
 adapting the locomotive to variable speeds and loads, 
 by means of his blast-pipe, and by introducing the 
 tubular boiler, which latter was suggested to him and 
 invented by Booth, 1829. October 6th, 1829, the fa- 
 mous competitive trial of locomotives on tne Liverpool 
 and Manchester railway took place, which established 
 the superiority of Stevenson's locomotives, and inau- 
 gurated the art of railway communication. 
 
 The first steamboat actually employed in business 
 was a small vessel built by John Fitch of Pennsylvania, 
 1790, worked on the Delaware ; speed, 7^ miles per 
 hour. Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, made 
 her first trip from New- York to Albany, August, 1807 ; 
 speed, five miles per hour. The first steam-vessel to 
 cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819, from Sa 
 vannah to Liverpool, 26 days. In 1838 the Sirius 
 arrived at New- York, 17 days from London ; and the 
 Great Western, 15 days from Bristol. 
 
128 HEAT. — ITS MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT. 
 
 HEAT.-ITS MEOHANTOAL EQUIVALENT. 
 
 Heat is a peculiar motion of the particles of matter 
 which prevents their contact. Heat and mechanical 
 power are convertible forces. The force of the heat 
 that raises one pound of water 1° F. will lift a 
 weight of 773 lbs. one foot high. The power of a 
 weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, if applied to a 
 small paddle wheel turning in one pound of water, 
 will, by friction, raise the temperature of the water 
 r F. 
 
 A heat-unit is the amount of heat that raises a pound 
 of water 1° F., or that lifts a weight of 772 lbs. one 
 foot high. 
 
 The mechanical equivalent of a heat-unit is the x)ower 
 of a weight of 772 lbs. descending one foot, or of a 
 one-pound weight descending 772 feet. Hence, 
 
 772 foot-pounds = 1 heat-unit, 
 1 heat-unit = 772 foot-pounds. 
 
 A galvanic battery that produces an electrial current 
 c&pable of heating one pound of water 1° F., will yield 
 magnetic force sufficient to raise a weight of 772 lbs. 
 one foot high. 
 
 Thus heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical 
 force are brought into numerical correlation with 
 mechanical power. 
 
 The illustrious philosopher. Dr. J. P. Joule, of Man- 
 chester, England, first promulgated the mechanical 
 equivalent of heat, a.d. 1845. 
 
 COPYING-INK. 
 
 Take two gallons of rain-water, and put into it J 
 pound of gum arable, ^ pound brown sugar, ^ pound 
 clean copperas, f pound powdered nut-gaHs. Mix and 
 shake occasionally for ten days, and strain. If need- 
 ed sooner, let it steep in an iron kettle until the 
 strength is obtained. 
 
VELOCITY AND FORCE OF THE WIND. 129 
 
 VBLOOITY AND POBOB OP THE WIND. 
 
 
 
 Pressurs on 
 
 
 Miles per 
 
 Febt per 
 
 A Square 
 
 Description op the 
 
 Hour. 
 
 1 ■■ 
 
 Minute. 
 
 Foot in 
 Pounds. 
 
 Wind. 
 
 1 
 
 88 
 
 .005 
 
 Barely observable. 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 176 
 
 264 
 
 .02 
 
 .045 
 
 ■ Just.perceptible. 
 
 4 
 
 352 
 
 .08 
 
 Light breeze. 
 
 5 
 
 440 
 
 .125 
 
 ' 
 
 6 
 
 528 
 
 .18 
 
 Qentle, pleasant wind. 
 
 8 
 
 704 
 
 .S2 
 
 
 10 
 
 880 
 
 .5 
 
 Fresh breeze. 
 
 15 
 
 1320 
 
 1.125 
 
 Brisk blow. 
 
 20 
 
 1760 
 
 2. 
 
 Stiflf breeze. 
 
 25 
 
 2200 
 
 8.125 
 
 Very brisk. 
 
 30 
 35 
 
 2640 
 
 saso 
 
 4.5 
 6.125 
 
 [•High wind. 
 
 40 
 
 3520 
 
 8. 
 
 Very high wind. 
 
 45 
 
 3960 
 
 10.125 
 
 Gale. 
 
 50 
 
 4400 
 
 12.5 
 
 Storm. 
 
 (iO 
 
 5380 
 
 18. 
 
 Great Bto;m. 
 
 80 
 
 7040 
 
 S2. 
 
 Hurricane. 
 
 100 
 
 8800 
 
 50. 
 
 Tornado. 
 
 GITNPO"WDER. 
 
 The heat developed at the moment of explosion is 
 4664° Falir., and the resulting gas pressure, if the 
 powder closely fills the chamber, is 40 tons or 80,000 
 lbs. to the square inch. 
 
 Careful experiment by De Saint Robert with rifled 
 cannon of 3^ inches bore, 8^ lbs. shell, 1^ lbs. powder, 
 gives 1300 ft. velocity per second, or a little over 900 
 miles per hour, for the sliell when it leaves the moutli 
 of the cannon, which is equal to a force of 219,000 foot- 
 pounds, or a little less than seven horsepower. But 
 the heat actually developed by the above amount of 
 powder corresponds to almost thirty-two horse-power 
 of work ; seventy-nine per cent of the power of the 
 powder is therefore lost. 
 
180 
 
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 
 
 BrxciFic Oravitv and Wkioht or tarious 
 IpuasTANcm. Watkr = 1. 
 
 Brick, Common., j 
 
 Acetic ftcld 
 
 Alcohol 
 
 Aluminium, ibeet 
 
 Antimony, cait 
 
 Ath, dry 
 
 " green 
 
 Aipbalt 
 
 Bs<ialt 
 
 Beech, dry 
 
 Bell-mcUf 
 
 Birch 
 
 Biimuth, CMt 
 
 Box 
 
 Brait, cast. 
 
 " iheet 
 
 from 
 
 to 
 
 Cedar, American 
 
 *' Lebanon 
 
 " We»t-Indiau 
 
 " Indian 
 
 Comont, Portland 
 
 '' Roman 
 
 Chalk 
 
 Chentnut 
 
 Clay 
 
 Coal, anthracite 
 
 " bituminous 
 
 Coke 
 
 Concrete, ordinary 
 
 ** in cement 
 
 Cork 
 
 Copper, cast 
 
 " sheet 
 
 Deal, Norway 
 
 ( from 
 
 \ to 
 
 Ebony 
 
 Elm 
 
 " Canadian 
 
 Ether 
 
 Fir, spruce 
 
 Firestone 
 
 Glass, flint 
 
 . i *♦; crown 
 
 .** common green,.. 
 
 " plate 
 
 Gold 
 
 Granite 
 
 Gun metdl [10 cop.,1 tin] 
 
 Gutta-percha 
 
 Gypsum.., 
 
 Hornbeam 
 
 Hydrochloric acid 
 
 Iron, cast, average 
 
 " wrought, average.. 
 Ironwood... 
 India-rubber 
 
 Earth. 
 
 Vi & 
 
 1.06 
 .799 
 2.67 
 6.73 
 .69 
 .76 
 3.S 
 9.96 
 .69 
 8.06 
 .69 
 9.833 
 1.98 
 8.4 
 8.44 
 1.6 
 3. 
 
 .664 
 .486 
 .746 
 1.316 
 1.4 
 1.6 
 3.33 
 .606 
 1.9 
 1.63 
 1.27 
 .744 
 1.9 
 2.2 
 
 .240 
 8.607 
 8.78 
 .689 
 1.62 
 9.00 
 1.187 
 .679 
 .736 
 .716 
 .612 
 1.8 
 3.078 
 9.69 
 9.63 
 3.76 
 19.36 
 3.65 
 8.661 
 .966 
 3.986 
 .76 
 1.9 
 7.93 
 7.78 
 1.16 
 .93 
 
 
 
 66. 
 
 49. 
 166.6 
 419.6 
 
 43. 
 
 47. 
 156. 
 184. 
 
 43. 
 603.69 
 
 48. 
 618.1 
 
 80. 
 
 624.87 
 626.86 
 100. 
 196. 
 
 86. 
 
 30. 
 
 48. 
 
 83.16 
 
 87. 
 100. 
 146. 
 
 38. 
 119. 
 
 96. 
 
 79. 
 
 46. 
 119. 
 137. 
 
 15. 
 637.3 
 648.1 
 
 43. 
 
 77. 
 196. 
 
 74. 
 
 86. 
 
 45. 
 
 45. 
 
 32. 
 112. 
 192. 
 157. 
 168. 
 172. 
 908.5 
 166.76 
 634.49 
 
 60. 
 143. 
 
 47. 
 
 75. 
 451. 
 486.6 
 
 71. 
 
 68. 
 
 .038 
 
 .028 
 
 .096 
 
 .249 
 
 .025 
 
 .097 
 
 .09 
 
 .106 
 
 .026 
 
 .29 
 
 .025 
 
 .363 
 
 .046 
 
 .3 
 
 .301 
 
 .09 
 
 .067 
 
 .020 
 
 .017 
 
 .026 
 
 !05 
 
 .057 
 
 .084 
 
 .099 
 
 .068 
 
 .06.1 
 
 .045 
 
 .026 
 
 .068 
 
 .079 
 
 .008 
 
 .31 
 
 .316 
 
 .025 
 
 .054 
 
 .072 
 
 .043 
 
 .021 
 
 .026 
 
 .036 
 
 .018 
 
 .065 
 
 .111 
 
 .091 
 
 .091 
 
 .099 
 
 .697 
 
 .096 
 
 .808 
 
 .036 
 
 .083 
 
 .027 
 
 .043 
 
 .96 
 
 .28 
 
 .041 
 
 .033 
 
 Thk speciflo gravity of any liquid 
 or solid body Is Its weight as com- 
 pared with an equal volume of 
 pure water at 60o K. Water = 1. 
 
 Tm speciflo gravity of a gas Is 
 its weight as compared with an 
 equal volume of pure air at 60o F. 
 Air = 1. 
 
 Spicific Gbavity or Gasb*. 
 
 Air = 1. 
 
 Hydrogen 0.0699 
 
 Steam 0.4883 
 
 Marsh gas 0.6696 
 
 Carbonic oxide 0.967 
 
 Nitrogen 0.9713 
 
 Oxygen 1.1057 
 
 Carbonic acid 1.699 
 
 Sulphurous acid. . . . 9.26 
 Chlorine 9.47 
 
 Specific Hiat. 
 
 If 1 lb. of water, 1 lb. of mercu- 
 ry, 1 lb. of silver, 1 lb. of Iron be 
 exposed to a heat sufficient to raise 
 the water lo F., the temperature 
 of the mercury will be found to be 
 80O, the silver 17.6o the iron 8.8o. 
 The specific heat of diflierent sab- 
 •tances is found by comparing their 
 temperature with water as above. 
 Thus, the specific heat of water li 
 1 ; the specific heat of mercury is 
 
 -Jk^, or one-thirtieth that of wa- 
 ter; silver, Y^.~S' *"*"' "g^* 
 
 Friction. 
 
 A BAO of wheat weighing 200 lbs. 
 is dragged on the floor by means of 
 a spring-balance, the pointer of 
 which Indicates 40 lbs. as the force 
 required to move the bag. Make 
 that force, 40, the numerator of a 
 fraction, and the moved weight, 
 
 200, the denominator. Then •a^/r 
 
 or -L of the weight is the eo-eficieiU 
 
 of friction, or the force required 
 
 to overcome tlie friction. X of 200 
 
 lbs. is 40 lbs., which is the force in- 
 dicated in this example to over- 
 come the friction of the batr. If the 
 load or weight were 400 Ibk., und 
 
 the co-eflicient of friction 4-, then 
 
 it would take X of 400 lbs., or 100 
 lbs. force, to move the load. 
 
 
ePBCIPIO GRAVITY. 
 
 181 
 
 SPBCirio (Uravity and Wbmiit or vabious 
 
 8UB«TANCBa. Watbr S 1. 
 
 I vory 
 
 Lnrch , 
 
 Lead, ciut ...,. 
 
 ♦' theet , 
 
 Lif^niim vits 
 
 Liint-wood 
 
 Lime, quick 
 
 LImeitone , 
 
 Loff wood , 
 
 Mknogany, Honduriu., 
 '* NaMAu...., 
 
 « Spanlih.... 
 
 Maple 
 
 Marble 
 
 Mercury 
 
 Mortar, average 
 
 Muriatic acid 
 
 Nitric acid 
 
 Oak, African 
 
 " American, rad. . . 
 
 ♦' " white, dry 
 
 " Canadian.. 
 
 " English, white, dry 
 
 " '* " green 
 
 " live, seasoned 
 
 " " green 
 
 Oil, linseed. 
 
 " olive 
 
 " whale 
 
 Oolite, Portland stone.. 
 
 ♦* Bath stone 
 
 Pine, red J dry 
 
 " white, dry 
 
 " yellow, dry 
 
 «« pitch 
 
 Pitch 
 
 Platinum, average 
 
 Plumbago 
 
 Salt 
 
 Sand, quartz 
 
 " river 
 
 «* fine 
 
 " coarM..,.,. 
 
 Sandstone ....i.. 
 
 Satinwood ..,,...., 
 
 Silver ...::i'i:;.: 
 
 Slate ....;... 
 
 Sulphur 
 
 Sulphuric acid 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Tar 
 
 Teakwood 
 
 Tile, average 
 
 Tin, cast 
 
 Water, distilled, 39o.... 
 
 " sea 
 
 White meUl (Babbitt). .. 
 Zinc, cut 
 
 II' 
 (O Ed 
 
 1.89 
 .643 
 11.86 
 11.4 
 1.833 
 .664 
 .843 
 8.180 
 .913 
 .660 
 .668 
 .859 
 .675 
 9.72 
 18.596 
 1.7 
 1.9 
 1.217 
 .988 
 .86 
 .779 
 .872 
 .777 
 .934 
 1.068 
 1.260 
 .94 
 .915 
 .923 
 2.423 
 1.978 
 .690 
 .654 
 .461 
 .660 
 1.15 
 21.531 
 2.267 
 2.13 
 9.75 
 1.88 
 1.52 
 L61 
 
 .96 
 
 10.474 
 
 S.88 
 
 1.84 
 .94 
 1.01 
 .806 
 1.83 
 7.29 
 1.000 
 1.027 
 7.31 
 7. 
 
 
 
 114. 
 
 34. 
 
 708.6 
 
 711.6 
 
 8S. 
 
 68. 
 198.75 
 
 67.06 
 
 35. 
 
 49. 
 
 63. 
 
 42. 
 170. 
 848.76 
 106. 
 
 75. 
 
 75. 
 
 69. 
 
 63. 
 
 49. 
 
 64.5 
 
 48. 
 
 68. 
 
 66.76 
 
 78.75 
 
 53. 
 
 67. 
 
 58. 
 151. 
 1S3. 
 
 37. 
 
 84.62 
 
 28.81 
 
 41.25 
 
 69. 
 1843.9 
 140. 
 133. 
 171. 
 117. 
 
 95. 
 100. 
 
 60. 
 653.8 
 180. 
 
 116. 
 
 69. 
 
 63. 
 
 60. 
 113.50 
 
 45.51 
 
 69.426 
 
 64. 
 456.89 
 437. 
 
 .065 
 
 .019 
 
 .408 
 
 .41 
 
 .048 
 
 .09 
 
 .03 
 
 .09 
 
 .024 
 
 .031 
 
 .026 
 
 .098 
 
 .489 
 
 .061 
 
 .044 
 .035 
 .03 
 .028 
 
 .028 
 .034 
 
 .034 
 .033 
 .033 
 .087 
 .072 
 .029 
 
 .041 
 
 .776 
 .089 
 
 .099 
 .067 
 .054 
 .068 
 
 .0.34 
 .877 
 .104 
 
 066 
 .034 
 .036 
 .028 
 .065 
 .269 
 .036 
 .037 
 .263 
 .252 
 
 I 
 
 ihit average 
 1-1! 1-2 lbs.; 
 
 Iron bars, one Inrh square, roll- 
 ed, weigh 8..'M lbs. iM>r foot ; round 
 bars, ont inch diameter, 2.65 lbs. 
 per foot. 
 
 From 800 to 324 cubic feet of dry 
 clover, or 916 to 243 cubic feet of 
 dry hay, weigh a ton. S70 cubic 
 feet of new hay in a ton. 
 
 In this countr 
 weight of men 
 women, 1^4 1-9 lbs. 
 
 The weight of horses In this 
 country is troui bUO to lUUO lbs. 
 
 The standard weight of a bushel 
 of wheat ia 60 lbs. ; coin and rye, 
 66 lbs.; oats, 39 lbs. ; barley, 48 lbs. 
 
 Potatoes, in weight 100 lbs., are 
 made up oi 75.9 lbs. water ; silbu- 
 men, 2.3 lbs. ; oily matter, 0.9 
 lbs. ; woody fibre, 0.4 lbs. ; starch, 
 S0.9 lbs. ; minerals, 1 lb. 
 
 A kind of tracing paper, which 
 is transparent only temporarily. 
 Is made by dissolving castor-oil in 
 absolute alcohol and applying the 
 liquid to the paper with a sponge. 
 The alcohol speedily evaporates, 
 leaving the paper dry. After the 
 tracing it made, the paper is Im- 
 mersed In absolute alcohol, which 
 removes the oil, restoring the sheet 
 to Its original opacity. 
 
 The diameter of a barrel at the 
 heads is 17 inches ; bung, 19 Inches ; 
 length, 23 inches ; volume, 7689 
 cubic inches. 
 
 Incudation.— The temperature 
 of hatching eggs is 104o F. Pe- 
 riods : swan, 42 days ; parrot, 40 ; 
 goose and pheasant, 35 ; duck, 
 turkey, peafowl, 28; hens, 21; 
 pigeons, 14 ; canury birds, 14. 
 
 Pbriods or Gbstation.— Gui. 
 nea-pig, 3 weeks ; sow, 16 weeks ; 
 cat, 8 weeks ; dog, 9 weeks ; lion, 5 
 months ; sheep, 5 mouths ; cow, 9 
 months ; horse and ass, 1 1 months ; 
 buffalo and camel, 19 months ; el«- 
 pliant, 23 months. 
 
 m 
 
132 
 
 SMALL STEAMBOATS. 
 
 SMALL STEAMBOATS. 
 
 The following is an example of the practical y^&y 
 in which special questions put by subscribers to the 
 /Scientific American are answered by the editors : 
 
 " H. C. E. says : 1. I have a boat, 21 feet long by 7 
 feet 6 inches beam, drawing 12 or 15 inches of water. 
 I built an engine 3x5 inches, with a link motion. Is 
 the engine large enough for the boat ? A. Yes. 2. 
 I have a ^-inch feed-pipe and f-inch exhaust. Is the 
 exhaust too small for the engine ? A. It will answer 
 very well. 3. What size of propeller should I use? 
 A. Of 18 or 20 inches diameter, 2i feet pitch. 4. What 
 size of boiler is required ? A. About 2^ feet diameter, 
 4 feet high. 5. What is meant by the pitch of a pro- 
 peller ? A. It is the distance it would move the boat, 
 at each revolution, if it worked in an unyielding me- 
 dium, like a screw in a nut." 
 
 The foregoing is an epitome of dimensions suflBcient 
 to enable any intelligent machinist to build i. *ast and 
 serviceable steamer. Hundreds of these little vessels 
 are now in use throupfhout the country, upon the 
 smaller lakes and shallow streams. Their use has 
 become greatly extended by the publication of prac- 
 tical details of construction and management in the 
 Scientific American. 
 
 Queries relating to steam engineering are answered 
 in the Scientific American by an experienced engineer; 
 those pertaining to electricity, by a practical electri- 
 cian ; chemical inquiries, by a superior chemist ; me- 
 chanical questions, by a talented machinist ; astrono- 
 mical inquiries, by an astronomer ; and so on, for nearly 
 all of the departments of science. The amount of 
 valuable information thus made public through, the 
 columns of the Scientific American is very large. It 
 is, on this account, the most positively valuable week- 
 ly newspaper ever published,. 
 
 Copper, if suddenly cooled, becomes soft and mal- 
 leable ; if slowly cooled it hardens and becomes brittle. 
 
Ti 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 183 
 
 PBACTIOAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 A KNOWLEDGE of geometry, both practical and theoretical, 
 is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- 
 motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to 
 the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of 
 mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and 
 pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable 
 knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- 
 ple and ^t^aereWy useful problems for practice, in the hope 
 of thus interesting some of our readeis in the subject, so 
 that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- 
 metry can be had at the book-stores. 
 
 9" 
 
 B 
 
 ^ 
 
 Problem 1. — To divide a line into 
 equal parts. — To draw a line perpen- 
 dicular to another : With a pair of di- 
 viders from the extremities of the line 
 A B as centres, with any distance ex- 
 ceeding the point where the line is to 
 be intersected, describe arcs cutting 
 each other sls mn ; then a line drawn 
 through m n will divide the line A B 
 equally, and will also be perpendicular 
 thereto. 
 
 Problem 2. — To find the side of a 
 square that shall be any number of 
 times the area of a given square : 
 Let A B C D be the given square; 
 then vill the diagonal B D be the side 
 of a square A E F G, double in area 
 to the given square A B D ; the di- 
 agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; 
 if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of 
 a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B 
 C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four 
 times the area of the square A B C D, etc. 
 
 \ 
 
134 
 
 PRACTICAL GBOMETRT. 
 
 Problem 8. — ^To find the diameter 
 of a circle that shall be any number 
 of times the area of a given circle : 
 Let A B D be the given circle; 
 draw the two diarpeters A B and C D 
 at right angles to ♦ ach other, and the 
 cord A D will be the radius of the 
 circle o P, twice the area of the given 
 circle nearly ; and half the cord will 
 be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. 
 
 Problem 4. — To describe 
 an ellipsis, the transverse 
 and conjugate diameters be- 
 ing given : From o, as a 
 centre, with the difference 
 of the transverse and con- 
 jugate seinidiameters, set, 
 off o c and o d ; draw the 
 diagonal c c?, and continue 
 the line o c to A;, by the addition of half the diagonal c c?, 
 then will the distance o A: be the radius of the centres that 
 will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E, 
 and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the 
 centres k B m n; then with the radius m s, and with k, 
 and m as centres, describe the arcs D II and A E ; also, 
 with the radius n r, and Avith n and B as centres, describe 
 the arcs E H and A H, and the figure A E D H will be the 
 ellipsis required. 
 
 Thb " Scientific American." — " It is hardly necessary 
 for U9 to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly 
 posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general 
 reading public may not be so well aware that i*^ contains the 
 finest engravings of all the late inventions — the .new moni- 
 tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of 
 ttU kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural — 
 with essays from the most distinguished scholars. 
 
 
THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 
 
 135 
 
 THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 Evert mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- 
 erally familiar with the construction and operation of the 
 steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge. 
 we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- 
 densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of 
 the various parts : 
 
 a, steam cylinder ; 6, piston ; <?, upper steam port or pas- 
 sage ; rf, lower steam port ; e c, parallel motion ; //, beam ; 
 g^ connecting rod ; A, crank ; i «, fly-wheel ; h ky eccentric 
 and its rod ibr working the steam-valve ; /, steam-valve and 
 casing ; m, throttle-valve ; n, condenser ; o, injection-cock ; 
 p, air-pump ; q^ hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum 
 in condenser previous to starting the engine ; «, feed-pump 
 to supply boilers ; ty cold-water pump to upply condenser ; 
 w, governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- 
 tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in 
 motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general 
 
 We recommend the folio w- 
 
 understanding of the machine. 
 
 J 
 
136 
 
 HINTS TO LETTER- WRITEES. 
 
 \ 
 
 ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to 
 become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the 
 Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine. 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 
 A HIKT TO LETTER-WRITING BORES. 
 
 E consider, as a general thing, that our 
 correspondents are a fair and high-minded 
 set of men, such as we are most happy to 
 accommodate by answering, so far as it is 
 in our power, all their inquiries ; but there 
 are a few of whom we can very justly com- 
 plain. They put to us all sorts of ques- 
 tions, to answer which might require a 
 half-day of our valuable time ; and if we 
 snub them off with a short answer, they are 
 likely to reply back in complaining terms. 
 It cannot be reasonably expected of us, 
 that we shall spend our time in such — to 
 us — ^profitless letter-writing. We mean to be accommo- 
 dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting 
 information for correspondents who seem not to know how 
 to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our 
 time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case 
 before us. i correspondent wants us to hunt through our 
 files for a notice of some book which appeared in The 
 Scientific American some years ago, and to help him to 
 find the book. He also wants us to find for him an English 
 book which we do not believe can be had in this market. 
 Another correspondent wants us to send to England without 
 delay to get something which would require time and money 
 to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even 
 inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another 
 incloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which 
 would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for 
 such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us 
 more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and 
 you will have no cause of complaint 
 
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 137 
 
 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS, 
 
 COMPILED FFwOM THE LAST CENSUS OF THE 
 
 STATES, A.D. 1870. 
 
 UNITED 
 
 All occupations (persons en- PnorKSsioNAL and Febsonal. 
 
 S^S^^^^) 12,505,923 Do^e,tic servants 975,734 
 
 Employees of companies 
 
 AoBicriiTt uE total, 5,922,471 
 
 (not specified) .' 843 
 
 Employees of Government. 14,407 
 
 Agrlculturallaborers 2,885,996; Employees of hotels and 
 
 Apiarists 136 restaurants 23,433 
 
 Dairymen and dairy women, 8,650,1 Engineers, civil 4,703 
 
 Farm and plantation over- 
 seers 8,609 
 
 Farmers and planters 2,977,711 
 
 Florists 1,085 
 
 Gardeners and nurserymen, 81,435 
 
 Stock-drovers 3,181 
 
 Stoclc-herders 6,590 
 
 Stock-raisers 6,588 
 
 Turpentine farmers 361 
 
 Turpentine laborers 2,117,, 
 
 Vinegrowers 1,112 Lamp-lighters 
 
 — Land-surveyors 
 
 Hostlers 17,586 
 
 Hotel-keepers 26,394 
 
 940 
 
 171 
 
 191 
 
 85. 
 
 1,709 
 
 5,283 
 
 PnOFEBSIOKAL AND PEE- 
 
 BONAL SEHVICES 2,684,793 
 
 2,053 
 
 Actors 
 
 Apprentices to learned pro- 
 fessions 
 
 Apprentices to barbers 
 
 Apprentices to dentists . , . . 
 
 Architects 
 
 Artists (not specified) 
 
 Auctioneers 
 
 Authors and lecturers 
 
 Barbers and hairdressers... 
 
 Bath-house keepers 
 
 Billiard and bowling-saloon 
 
 keepers 
 
 Bill-posters 
 
 Boarding and lodging-houso 
 
 keepers 12,786 
 
 Boot-blacks 587 
 
 Card-writers 33 
 
 Chemists (practicing) 608 
 
 Chimney-sweeps 73 
 
 Chiropodists 65 
 
 Claim agents 693 
 
 Clergymen 43,874 
 
 Clerks and copyists 6,138 
 
 886 
 
 859 
 
 166 
 
 2,017 
 
 2,948 
 
 2,266 
 
 458 
 
 23,935 
 
 1,220 
 424 
 
 Clerks in Govcrnm't offices, 
 
 Clerks in hotels and restau- 
 rants 
 
 Dentists 
 
 Designers and draughts- 
 men 
 
 8,672 
 
 6.213 
 7,839 
 
 934 
 
 Hunters and trappers , 
 Indian guides and interpre- 
 ters 
 
 Intelligence-oflice keepers. . 
 
 Inventors 
 
 Janitors 
 
 Journalists 
 
 Laborers (uotspecitted).... 1,031,066 
 
 276 
 
 2,671 
 
 Launderers & laundresses. . OO.iXMJ 
 
 Lawyers 40,736 
 
 Librarians 218 
 
 Livery-stable keepers 8,504 
 
 Marines <U. S.) 477 
 
 Messengers D,717 
 
 Metallurgists 104 
 
 Midwives l,18:i 
 
 Musicians (professional)... 0,519 
 
 Naturalists 287 
 
 Nurses 10,976 
 
 OflJcers of the Army and 
 
 Navv 2,280 
 
 Officials of companies (not 
 
 specified) 3,410 
 
 Officials of Government. . . . 44,743 
 
 Painters 775 
 
 Physicians and surgeons... 62,383 
 
 Restaurant-keepers 35,185 
 
 Sailors (U. S. Navy) 780 
 
 Scavengers 301 
 
 Sculptors 250 
 
 Sextons 1,151 
 
 Short-hand writers 154 
 
 Showmen and ehowwomen, 1,177 
 
 Soldiers (U. S. A.) 22,081 
 
 Teachers (not specified) .... 126,822 
 
 Teachers of dancing 149 
 
 Teachers of drawing and 
 
 painting 108 
 
 Teachers of music 9,491 
 
 Translators 21 
 
 Veterinary surgeons 1,166 
 
 Whitewashers 2,873 
 
138 
 
 TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 Table op Occupations. {Continued.) 
 
 Tkade and Tkansporta- 
 
 TioK 1,191,238 
 
 Agents 10,499 
 
 Apprentices in stores 678 
 
 Bankers and brokers 10,631 
 
 Barkeepers 14,3f)2 
 
 Boatmen and watermen. . . . 21,332 
 Book-keepers and accoun- 
 tants in stores 81,177 
 
 Canalmen 7,338 
 
 Clerks in stores 222,604 
 
 Clerks and book-keepers in 
 
 banks 7,103 
 
 Clerks and book-keepers in 
 
 express companies 767 
 
 Clerks and book-keepers in 
 
 insurance offices 1,568 
 
 Clerks and book-keepers in 
 
 railroad offices 7,374 
 
 Clerks and book-keepers in 
 
 telegraph offices 191 
 
 Commercial travelers 7,262 
 
 Draymen, hackmen, teams- 
 ters, etc 120,750 
 
 Employees of trading and 
 
 transportation companies 4,152 
 Employees of banks (not 
 
 clerks) 424 
 
 Employees of express com- 
 panies (not clerks) 8,554 
 
 Employees of insurance 
 
 companies (not clerks)... 11,611 
 Employees or railroad com- 
 panies (not clerks) 154,027 
 
 Employees of street railroad 
 
 companies (not clerks) . . . 6,103 
 Employees of telegraph 
 
 companies (not clerks) . . . 8,31G 
 
 Hucksters 17,862 
 
 Laborers 14.882 
 
 Milkmen and milkwomen. . 3,728 
 
 Mule-packers 4r^ 
 
 Newspaper criers and car- 
 riers . 2,002 
 
 Officials of trading and 
 
 transportation companies 976 
 
 Officials of banks 2,738 
 
 Officials of express co's 75 
 
 Officials of insurance co's. . . 762 
 
 Officials of railroad co's 1,902 
 
 Officials of street railr'd co's, 88 
 
 Officials of telegraph co's.. 72 
 
 Packers 1,421 
 
 Pawnbrokers 884 
 
 Peddlers 16,976 
 
 Pilots 3,649 
 
 Tkadk and Transpohtation. 
 
 Porters in stores and ware- 
 houses 16,631 
 
 Sailors 56,603 
 
 Salesmen and saleswomen.. 14,203 
 Shippers and freighters.... 8,567 
 Steamboat men and women, 7,975 
 Stewards and stewardesses, 1,24.5 
 Toll-gate &c bridge keepers, 2,253 
 Traders and dealers (n. s.) . . 100,406 
 Traders in agricultural im- 
 plements 1,939 
 
 Traders in books and sta- 
 tionery 3,392 
 
 Traders in boots and shoes, 7,019 
 
 Traders in cabinet-ware.... 4,087 
 
 Traders in cigars & tobacco, S,'?M 
 
 Traders in clothing 7,595 
 
 Traders in cloths and textile 
 
 fabrics 1,103 
 
 Traders in coal 4,143 
 
 Traders in coal and wood. . 2,493 
 
 Traders in cotton 1,701 
 
 Traders in crockery, china, 
 
 and stoneware 1,705 
 
 Traders in drugs and medi- 
 cines 17,309 
 
 Traders in dry-goods t.9,790 
 
 Traders in gold and silver 
 
 ware and jewelry 6,402 
 
 Traders in groceries 74,410 
 
 Traders in hats and caps. . . 8,875 
 
 Traders in ice 1,464 
 
 Traders in iron, tin, and cop- 
 per ware 9.003 
 
 Traders in leather, hides, 
 
 and skins 2,261 
 
 Traders in lime 310 
 
 Traders in liquors & wines, 11,718 
 
 Traders in live-stock 7,723 
 
 Traders in lumber 9,440 
 
 Traders in machinery (n.s.), 254 
 Traders in music and musi- 
 cal instruments 848 
 
 Traders in newspapers and 
 
 periodicals 1,455 
 
 Traders in oils, paints, and 
 
 turpentine 986 
 
 Traders in optical Instru- 
 ments 301 
 
 Traders in produce 11,809 
 
 Traders in provisions 7,528 
 
 Traders in real estate 8,933 
 
 Trad's in sewing-machines, 3,152 
 
 Undertakers 1,996 
 
 "Weighers, gaugers, and 
 
 measurers 926 
 
 Wreckers 93 
 
 
TABLE OF OCCUPATIONS. 
 
 139 
 
 Table op Occupations. (Continued.) 
 
 MANrFACTUBES AND MlHT- 
 
 ixo 2,707,421 
 
 Agricultural-implement ma- 
 kers 8.811 
 
 Artlflclal-flower makers..,. 1,169 
 
 Apprentices (not specified). ,16,302 
 
 Bag-makers 866 
 
 Bakers 27,080 
 
 Basket-makers 3,297 
 
 Bell-founders 169 
 
 Belting-factory operatives. 296 
 
 Blacksmiths 141,774 
 
 Bleachers, dyers, and scour- 
 ers 4,901 
 
 Blind,door,and sash^makers, 6,155 
 
 Boat-makers * . . 2,101 
 
 Bone and Ivory workers... 208 
 
 Bookbinders and finishers. . 9,104 
 
 Boot and shoe makers 171,127 
 
 Box-factory operatives 6,080 
 
 Brass founders and workers, 4,094 
 
 Brewers and maltsters 11,246 
 
 Brick and tile makers 26,070 
 
 Bridge builders and con- 
 tractors 1,029 
 
 Britannia and japanned 
 
 ware makers 1,092 
 
 Broom and brush r>akers.. 6,816 
 
 Bronze-workera 79 
 
 Builders and contractors 
 
 (not specified) 7,511 
 
 Butchers 44,354 
 
 Button-factory operatives.. 1,272 
 
 Cabinet-makers 42,835 
 
 Candle, soap, and tallow 
 
 makers 1,942 
 
 Card and fancy-paper ma- 
 kers 839 
 
 Car-makers 2,228 
 
 Carpenters and joiners 344,696 
 
 Carpet-bag and satchel ma- 
 kers 202j 
 
 Carpet-makers 16,669 : 
 
 Carriage and wagon makers, 42,464| 
 
 Charcoal and lime burners, 8,834j 
 
 Cheese-makers 3.5S4 
 
 Cigar-makers 28.286 
 
 Clerks and book-keepers... 6,861 
 
 Clock-makers 1,779 
 
 Comb-makers 693 
 
 Confectioners 8,219 
 
 Coopers 41,789 
 
 Copper-workers 3,122 
 
 Cotton-mill operatives 111,606 
 
 Curriers, tanners, finishers 
 
 of leather 28,703 
 
 Manutactubks and Mining. 
 
 Daguerreotyplsts and pho- 
 tographers 7,55S 
 
 Die-sinkers & stamn-mak's, 479 
 
 Distillers and rectifiers 2,874 
 
 Employees 20,242 
 
 Engineers and firemen 84,233 
 
 Engravers 4,226 
 
 Fertilizer - establishment 
 
 operatives 316 
 
 File makers, cutters, and 
 
 grinders 1,413 
 
 Fireworks-makers 101 
 
 Fishermen and oystermen. 27,106 
 
 Flax-dressers 1,046 
 
 Fur-workers 1,191 
 
 Galloon, gimp, and tassel 
 
 makers 569 
 
 Gas-works employees 2,086 
 
 Gilders 1,534 
 
 Glass-works operatives 9,518 
 
 Glove-makers 2,329 
 
 Glue-makers 241 
 
 Gold and silver workers. . . . 18,608 
 
 Gun and lock smiths 8,184 
 
 Hair cleaners and dressers. 1,026 
 
 Harness and saddle makers, 82,817 
 
 Hat and cap makers 12,625 
 
 Hoop-skirt makers 962 
 
 Hose-makers (leather and 
 
 other) 248 
 
 House builders and con- 
 tractors 399 
 
 Ice-cutters 143 
 
 Ink-makers 78 
 
 Iron and steel works and 
 
 shops operatives 22.141 
 
 Iron-ioundry operatives. . . . 34,245 
 
 Iron-furnace operatives 7,453 
 
 Iron and steel rolllng-mlU 
 
 operatives 17,249 
 
 Knitting and hosiery mill 
 
 operatives 3,053 
 
 Llnen-mlU operatives 706 
 
 Lumbermen and raftsmen . . 17,752 
 Macaroni and vermicelli 
 
 makers 29 
 
 Machinists 54,755 
 
 Manufacturers 42,877 
 
 Marble and stone cutters. . . 25,831 
 
 Masons, brick and stone... 89,710 
 Mast, spar, oar, and block 
 
 makers 653 
 
 Mattress-makers 375 
 
 Meat and fruit preserving 
 
 employees 770 
 
 Meat packers, curers, and 
 
 pLcklera 1,164 
 
140 
 
 TABLE OF OCCUPATION'S. 
 
 Table or Occupations. (Continued.) 
 
 Manufacturks and Mining. 
 
 Mechanics (not specified).. 16,514 
 Mill and factory operatlveH 
 
 (not specified) 41,619 
 
 Millers 41,682 
 
 Milliners, dress and mantua 
 
 makers 92,084 
 
 Mineral-water makers 458 
 
 Miners 152,107 
 
 Mirror and picture frame 
 
 makers 070 
 
 Morocco-dressers 1,728 
 
 Musical instrument makers 
 
 (not specified) 877 
 
 Needle-makers 164 
 
 OfiJcIals of mauufacturiuf{ 
 
 companies 2,144 
 
 Ofilcials of mining compa- 
 nies C76 
 
 Oil-cloth makers 454 
 
 Oil-refinery operatives 1,747 
 
 Oil-well operators & labor's, 8,808 
 
 Organ-makers 667 
 
 Oyster-packers 443 
 
 Painters and varnishers. . . . 86,128 
 
 Paper-hangers 2,400 
 
 Paper-mill operatives 12,469 
 
 Patent-medicine makers... 409 
 
 Pattern-makers 3,970 
 
 Perfumers 248 
 
 Piano-forte makers 2.685 
 
 Plasterers 23,577 
 
 Plaster-moulders 228 
 
 Plate-printers 231 
 
 Plumbers and gasfltters. . . . 11,143 
 
 Potters 6,060 
 
 Powder-makers 676 
 
 Printers 39,860 
 
 Print-works operatives 3,788 
 
 Publishers of books, maps, 
 
 newspapers 1,677 
 
 Pump-makers 1,672 
 
 Quarrymen 13,589 
 
 Quartz & stamp mill labors, 617 
 
 Rae-pickers 436 
 
 Railroad builders and con- 
 tractors 1,292 
 
 Reed and shuttle makers. . . 200 
 
 Roofers and slaters 2,760 
 
 MANUrAOTUBES AND MiNINO. 
 
 Rope and cordage makers. . 
 Rubber-factory operatives. 
 Sail and awning makers. , . . 
 
 Salt-makers 
 
 Saw-mill operatives 
 
 Sawyers 
 
 Scale and rule makers 
 
 Screw-makers 
 
 Sewing - machine factory 
 
 operatives 
 
 Sewing-machine operators. 
 Shingle and lath makers... 
 
 Ship-carpenters 
 
 Ship-smiths 
 
 Ship-calkers 
 
 Ship-riggers 
 
 Shirt, cuff, & collar makers, 
 Shot, cartridge, and fuse 
 
 makers 
 
 Silk-mill operatives 
 
 Spring and axle makers.... 
 
 Starch-makers 
 
 Stave, shook, and heading 
 
 makers 
 
 Steam-boiler makers 
 
 Steam-engine makers 
 
 Stereotypers 
 
 Stove, furnace, and grate 
 
 makers 
 
 Straw-workers 
 
 Sugar makers and refiners. . 
 Tailors, talloresses, and 
 
 seamstresses 
 
 Tinners 
 
 Tool and cutlery makers.. . 
 Trunk and valise makers. . . 
 Tobacco-factory operatives. 
 
 Truss-makers 
 
 Type founders and cutters. 
 Umbrella & parasol makers. 
 
 Upholsterers 
 
 Wheelwrights 
 
 Whip-makers 
 
 Window-shade makers 
 
 Wire makers and workers. . 
 
 Woodchoppera 
 
 Wood turners and carvers. . 
 Woolen-mlU operatives .... 
 
 2,075 
 3,886 
 2,309 
 1,721 
 47,298 
 6,939 
 416 
 
 8,881 
 8,042 
 8,788 
 15,1)00 
 396 
 8,068 
 1,057 
 4,080 
 
 186 
 
 8,256 
 
 301 
 
 229 
 
 1,858 
 
 6,058 
 
 4,172 
 
 883 
 
 1,543 
 2,029 
 1,609 
 
 161,820 
 
 30,524 
 
 5,351 
 
 1,845 
 
 11,986 
 
 74 
 
 649 
 
 1,439 
 
 5,T36 
 
 20,942 
 
 609 
 
 245 
 
 1,834 
 
 8,338 
 
 7,947 
 
 58,836 
 
 GENERAL SUMMARY. 
 
 Engaged In agriculture 6,922,471 
 
 '* professional service 2,684,793 
 
 " trade and transportation 1,191,238 
 
 *' manufactures and mining 2,707,421 
 
 
 All occupations 1870, persons in 12,606,923 
 
LIGHTNING RODS. 
 
 141 
 
 39 
 36 
 
 [>9 
 
 LIGHTNING RODS. 
 
 The golden rule of safety is to provide the building with 
 plenty of rods or conductors, and make sure that their lower 
 ends, in the ground, are soldered to a large surface of metal 
 or other conducting material placed underground. The 
 common method is simply to stick the end of the rod three 
 feet down into dry earth. But this is unsafe, because dry 
 earth is a very poor conductor of electricity. To compensate 
 for this lack of conductivity, the bottom of the rod should 
 communicate with a large extent of conducting material. 
 This may be done by soldering the lower end of the rod to 
 water or gas pipes, if they exist ; if not, then dig a trench 
 four feet deep, six inches wide at bottom, in which deposit a 
 layer sixMnches thick of coal dust, charcoal, anthracite, or 
 bituminous. Bed the end of the rod for several feet in this 
 layer of coal, which is a pretty good conductor of electricitv. 
 The trench should be one hundred or more feet in length. 
 The rods should be placed on all ridges, corners, and chim- 
 neys. All metallic roofs, gutters, and water-pipes should 
 have soldered connection with the rod, which should not be 
 insulated from the building. All metallic water, gas, stove, 
 and other pipes within the building, all bell wires, masses of 
 metal, machmery, should be connected with the ground, in 
 the manner described for the rods. The more conductors 
 that are connected with the ground in this way, the greater 
 the safety. Common one half inch square iron makes a good 
 conductor. So does copper wire one eighth inch in diameter. 
 
 Underdraining. — Surface water that flows off the land 
 instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever 
 fertilizing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from 
 the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, this 
 waste is arrested. 
 
 Common hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good 
 paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in- 
 combustible. 
 
 Ordinary Concrete is a coarse mortar made of i mea- 
 sure of fine quicklime, i)^ of water, 6 to 8 of gravel and 
 broken bricks or stones. Forms a cheap foundation or wall. 
 The ground trench being made, the concrete, well mixed, is 
 thrown in, in layers of one foot thickness, and thoroughly com- 
 pacted by rammers. Above ground, wide planks are used to 
 form trench. If carefully mixed and rammed, durable walls 
 may be quickly and cheaply made. 
 
142 
 
 MINERAL CON'^^TITUENTS. 
 
 MINERAL CONSTITUENTS ABSORBED OR REMOV- 
 ED FROM AN ACRE OF SOIL BY THE FOL- 
 LOWING CROPS. 
 
 Potassa 
 
 Soda 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Oxide of Iron..., 
 Phosphoric Acid . 
 Sulphuric Acid.. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Total 
 
 Wheat, 
 25 bushel?. 
 
 Barley, 
 40 bushels. 
 
 Turnips, 
 20 tons. 
 
 Hay, 
 
 i^ tons. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 29.6 
 3- 
 
 17-5 
 
 5-2 
 
 47.1 
 8.2 
 
 38.3 
 
 13. 
 
 12.9 
 10.6 
 
 2.6 
 20.6 
 10.6 
 
 2. 
 
 17- 
 9.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 25.8 
 
 2.7 
 
 16. 
 
 29.9 
 19.7 
 
 7.1 
 46.3 
 13-3 
 
 3-6 
 
 44-5 
 
 151 
 9.2 
 
 41 
 
 J18.1 
 
 • • • • 
 
 129. s 
 a. 4 
 
 247.8 
 
 78.2 
 
 • • • • 
 
 210.00 
 
 213.00 
 
 423.00 
 
 209.00 
 
 USEFUL FACTS AND RECIPES. 
 
 Freezing Mixtures. — A mixture of nine parts phos- 
 phate of soda, six parts nitrate of ammonia, and four parts 
 nitric acid, is a freezing compound which will cause a fall in 
 temperature of 71° Fahrenheit. 
 
 Equal weights of sal-ammoniac and nitre, dissolved in its 
 own weight of water, lowers the temperature of the latter 
 from 50° Fahrenheit to 10" or 22° below the freezing point. 
 
 Soap-Bubbles. — Few things amuse children more than 
 blowing bubbles. Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of Castile 
 or oil soap, cut up in small pieces, in three quarters of a 
 pint of water, and boil it for two or three minutes ; then add 
 five ounces of glycerine. When cold, this fluid will produce 
 the best and most lasting bubbles that can be blown. 
 
 Liquid-Glues. — Take of gum shellac three parts, caout- 
 chouc (india-rubber) one part, by weight. Dissolve the 
 caoutchouc and shellac in separate vessels, in ether free 
 from alcohol, applying a gentle heat. When thoroughly 
 dissolved mix the two solutions, and keep in a bottle tightly 
 stoppered. This glue is called marine glue, and resists the 
 action of water both hot and cold, and most of the acids and 
 alkalies. Pieces of wood, leather, or other substances, joined 
 together by it, v/ill part at any other point than the joint thus 
 made. If the glue be thinned by the admixture of ether, and 
 applied as a varnish to leather, along the seams where it is 
 sewed together, it renders the joint or seam water-tight, and 
 almost impossible to separate. 
 
 
CIRCLES. 
 
 143 
 
 CIRCLES. 
 
 A CIRCLE is the most capacious of all plain figures, or con- 
 tains the greatest area within the same outline or perimeter. 
 
 To find the circumference of a circle, multiply the diame- 
 ter by 3.1416, and the product will be the circumference. 
 
 To find the diameter of a circle, divide the circumference 
 by 3.1416, and the quotient will be the diameter. 
 
 Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- 
 tains four times the area 01 the other. 
 
 To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diameter 
 by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will be the 
 area. 
 
 To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the 
 diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circumfer- 
 ence by the radius, and divide the product by 2. 
 
 Plaster of Parls may be prepared in three ways to 
 form a hard casting capable of taking a high polish. Mixed 
 with a solution of borax, then rebaked, powdered, and mixed 
 with a solution of alum, it forms Parian. Mixed with solution 
 of alum, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, 
 it forms Keene's cement. Mixed with solution of sulphate of 
 potash, rebaked, powdered, and mixed with alum solution, it 
 forms Martin's cement. 
 
 Water is the offspring of the two gases hydrogen and 
 oxygen. If eight pounds of hydrogen and one pound of oxy- 
 gen are mixed and ignited by a flame, they combine with a 
 violent explosion and form nme pounds of limpid water. If 
 this water is now sufficiently heated, e.^. by passing it slowly 
 through a red-hot. tube, it quietly separates into its original 
 gases — namely, eight pounds of hydrogen, one of oxygen. 
 
 Should we deal with these gases by volumes, instead of 
 pounds, then three cubic feet of the combined gases, of 
 which two are hydrogen, and one of oxygen, if mixed and ex- 
 ploded form water; but the water produced only occupies 
 the two thousand six hundredth part of the space filled by 
 the combined gases prior to the explosion. 
 
 The air, the atmosphere we breathe, is composed of four 
 parts of nitrogen gas and one part of oxygen. For example, 
 if we mix four gallons of nitrogen and one of oxygen, we have 
 five gallons of air. It is the pa^ygen that supports life ; the 
 nitrogen is simply a diluent or„^pr«Bader. 
 
Z rrX) £3 3C , 
 
 PAOI 
 
 Air 69, 143 
 
 AppeiiU 96 
 
 Aiil^niii«iiU of Patanti 97, 59, 60 
 
 Attorneyt 60 
 
 Batteries, Electric lOl 
 
 Uelgian Patent! 4G 
 
 British Patents 46 
 
 Canadian Patents 46 
 
 Capitol of the U. S 18 
 
 Caveats 96 
 
 Cement Paint 141 
 
 Census, Foreificn Population 11 
 
 Census of the United States 3 
 
 Charcoal, Properties of 119 
 
 Circle, Problems 143 
 
 Cloth, Fire-proof 99 
 
 Coal, Power of •• 41 
 
 Concrete 141 
 
 Copies of Pateats 99 
 
 Copper 132 
 
 Copying Ink 198 
 
 Copyright Laws, The 93 
 
 Copyrights for Books, etc 33 
 
 Copyrights for Labels 89 
 
 Cost 01 applying for Patents 90 
 
 Crank, Substitute 119 
 
 Design Patents 98, 68 
 
 Distinguished Inventors 104 
 
 Drawing* for Patents 64 
 
 Earn what you Spend 136 
 
 Electric Batteries, Magnets 101 
 
 Electrical Conductors, Table 109 
 
 Electricity. Speed of 36 
 
 Employers' and Employes' rights ... 86 
 
 Engines, Best Coal for 41 
 
 English Patents 46 
 
 Examination, Official 66 
 
 Expansion, Iiorce of 41 
 
 Fees, Official, Table of 86 
 
 Fire-proof Cloth 29 
 
 Foreign Patents 44 
 
 Forms, various 60 
 
 Freezing Mixtures 149 
 
 French Patents 46 
 
 Friction 130 
 
 'Geometry, Practical 133 
 
 German Patents 46 
 
 Gestation 131 
 
 Glues, Liquid 149 
 
 Going to Washington 98 
 
 Gunpowder 199 
 
 Heat Conductors lOS 
 
 Heat, Effects of. Table 100 
 
 Heat, Mechanical Equivalent 198 
 
 Hints to Letter-Writers 136 
 
 Hints on Sale of Patents 47 
 
 Hold the Fort 61 
 
 Horse-Power 118 
 
 Hew to Invent 196 
 
 How to sell Patents 47 
 
 Ice-boats, Velocity of. 81 
 
 Illumination, Rule for 83 
 
 Incubation 131 
 
 Infringements 96, 67 
 
 Interferences 67 
 
 Inventors, Distinguished 103 
 
 Knots 190, 191 
 
 Labels, Copyrights for 39, 98 
 
 TAom 
 
 Largest and Ikst 44 
 
 License, Form for 60 
 
 Light, Velocity, etc 89 
 
 Lightning Rods 141 
 
 Magnets, Batteries h<\ 
 
 Mechanical Movements 107 
 
 Minerals removed by Crops 149 
 
 Model Room, Patent Office 43 
 
 Modeli 99, 66 
 
 Molecules 196 
 
 Mulium in Parvo .... 119 
 
 Occupations in U.S., i 187 
 
 Patent, Cost of 90 
 
 Patent, How much wo .i ]6 
 
 Patent Laws, Directions 16 
 
 Patent Laws of the United States... 69 
 
 Patent Office, View of 14 
 
 Patent Office, Washington.... 43 
 
 Patent Sellers, Professional 60 
 
 Patented Articles, Stamping 78 
 
 Patents, Forms for 60 
 
 Patents, Hints on Sale 47 
 
 Patents, How to obtain 16 
 
 Penalty for Stamping. 78 
 
 Petition for Patent, Form 60 
 
 Plaster of Paris, To harden 143 
 
 Platinum 69 
 
 Population, past, present, prosp 11 
 
 Power of Wnter 118 
 
 Practice, Pntent Office, Rules 63 
 
 Preliminary Examination 17 
 
 Questions and Answer 
 Railways of U. S., 
 Recipes, Useful.... 
 Reissues 
 
 Rejected Applications 
 
 84 
 .. 13 
 .. 143 
 
 •J6, 67 
 .. S6 
 
 Applli 
 
 Rights, Employers, Employes 35 
 
 Rivers of U. S 13 
 
 Royalty 47 
 
 Rules of Practice 63 
 
 Sale of Patents, Hints 47 
 
 Scientific American Offices..94, 36, 38, 40 
 Scientific American Office, Washt'n. 94 
 
 Soap Bubbles 149 
 
 Sound 41 
 
 Specific Gravity 1£0 
 
 State Laws concerning Patents 69 
 
 Steamboats. Small 183 
 
 Steam Engine, History 197 
 
 Steam Engine, The 135 
 
 Steam Navigation of U. S IS 
 
 Steam, Pressure of. Table. ...^ 100 
 
 Substitute for the Crank 119 
 
 Taxes, none on Patents 40 
 
 Telegraph Lines, U. S 13 
 
 Trade Marks 80,87, 90 
 
 Tungsten 99 
 
 Underdraining 141 
 
 United States, Length, Breadth 13 
 
 United States, Map of; 18, 19 
 
 Useful Recipes, Facts 143 
 
 Water, Composition of 1 48 
 
 Water-power, Rule 118 
 
 Weights and Measures 199, 193, 194 
 
 Weights, Substances, Tables 130 
 
 What Security have I ! 90 
 
 Will it Pay! 40 
 
 Wind, Velocity, and Force 1«» 
 
PAOI 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 6U 
 
 
 8'i 
 
 
 141 
 
 
 Icl 
 
 
 107 
 
 
 149 
 
 
 43 
 
 s 
 
 , 66 
 
 
 196 
 
 
 112 
 
 
 187 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 43 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 16 
 
 
 78 
 
 
 60 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 118 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 143 
 
 26 
 
 , 67 
 
 
 86 
 
 
 35 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 47 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 47 
 
 » 
 
 ,40 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 142 
 
 
 41 
 
 
 1£0 
 
 
 63 
 
 
 133 
 
 
 127 
 
 
 136 
 
 
 IS 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 119 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 13 
 
 J7 
 
 ,90 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 141 
 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 , 19 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 143 
 
 
 118 
 
 >f 
 
 124 
 
 
 130 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 129