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REPORT 
 
 op THE 
 
 CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 
 
 1913-18 
 
 VOLUME X: PLANKTON, HYDROGRAPHY, TIDES, ETC. 
 
 PART C: TIDAL INVESTIGATIONS AND RESUI.TS 
 
 By W. BKLL DAWSON 
 
 G 
 &70 
 
 rr 3 
 
 C". 
 
 V . 1 <-> 
 pt .C 
 
 OTTAWA 
 
 THOMAS MULVEY 
 
 PRINTBR TO THB KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 
 
 1920 
 
 luiied Oct. 1st, 192U 
 
Report of the (Canadian Arctic Expedition, l'>l.<-18. 
 
 v;)i i^;k \: i'l \vk ,(^N, inniux.ir.i M^ . riiM'.s. vie 
 
 l':irl B; M MM -I HI MoMs, liy I.. V. i:,:i, y 
 I' II i ; 'I ;p \!. ' !>i i;\ \ 1 !' i\ -^ A\n i;; .^ '; 
 
 1 ■ W. II. II !).. 
 
 ./. /.r. .„.r../, 
 
 ■/'. j>' n full ■ 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 
 
 1913-18 
 
 VOLUME X: PLANKTON, HYDROGRAPHY. TIDES. ETC. 
 
 PART C: TIDAL INVESTIGATIONS AND RESULTS 
 
 Pv w BELL Dawson 
 
 OTTAWA 
 THOMAS MULVEY 
 PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAe 
 
 l9iU 
 
 "t ll* l»Ifl 
 
Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1^18. 
 
 TIDAL INVESTU; • ,ONS. 
 RmuIu Deducible from the Tidal ()bii«ivations 
 
 Hy W. Mki.1, Dawm.n, D.Sc, M.inst.' .|;., f h s.( ',, 
 
 Si,i„iinl,„<liiil „f Ih, Siimii ../ Tiili.t anil Cirnnls. (Ulumi. ('mtiuhi. 
 
 Duriiis- th.- CO. ' this .■xi..-.|iti..n, iiu.lrr il.r l...Ml.r-lii|, of Mr, Vilhj,,|nnir 
 
 ftctinisr-oii. o!m.T\ • >. ol' th.' ti.ic u.rr ol.t.iiii.-.l in ll.r xnirs |<)| | .,,,,1 |.,|-, 
 at .s,.v,.n point.; nit .1 alouK th.- o|.rt; .oa.l of thr ro.itihrnt , .•,•,. t«',.in I from 
 AliiMkii to the hi'iKJ ot .Vriiiiiiilsrii Kuh', iiii.l north of thi< umlf ,,n ll;iiik-^ i»!'in.l 
 
 ami in I'rin.v of \VMh..s strait. Th..,- may I h.....! to^.thrr ..s \».\u^ i„',hr 
 
 rcKion ot M,.,uiforf H-a. In thr y.ar l!»Hl. ti.lal oI.s.t aiions wrrr ol.iaim ,1 
 farther north, at thr.T [lointx which w.rc on the opm >hoi, of th.- \r.ii.' ...fan 
 <.r III strait... in th.' vi.inity of 'llcf Hin»fn.'s lan.l. Th.s.. lo.ahli.'s a.v .h..«n 
 on tJic aci'iimpanyiiiK map. 
 
 The .•.\pc.liti..ii was siippli,,! with an ..itifit .,f instnitn.'iits |,v ih.' Ti.lii 
 an.l ( urrcnt Siirvcv, c.imprisiiiK a cirniit nirt.r with a s.-t of a.V.ssorio u 
 larn.' r.'Kistrrintt ti.l.- ){aii«.' witn tw.. inl.'r.imnpal.l.' cl.>ck cvliii.h'rs •md 
 aimtluT r..Kist,.rinK Kau({.' ..f a m..r.' p..rlal.i.. tvp,.. Th.'s.. ^auK.-s w.r.' furni«h.'<l 
 
 with span- httings an.l all flu- ai ssori.'s n. c.ssarv f..r th.'ir ..p.'r;ili..n 
 
 I he .liHiciilly in iisiiiK thcs.. Kaii(j.'s an.v .lii.Hv f. 1 the cl.M-k-work ImIiuj 
 
 stoppc.l l.fcausc ..I fh.- har.l.'i.intj of llif ■•l.>.'k .til w, ., th.' .'ohi This ivpc of 
 
 jSaUK.' IS succ.'ssfiilly ii-.'.l thrmiKh.Mil tli.' \vinl.r in th.' r.'n;ular w..rk ..f the 
 
 liilal Mr -cy iin.l.T the severest w.'ath.T .'on.litions. witli ..iitsi.h' temperatures 
 
 s I. .V as .0 .l.'Ki-ees l.elow /er... Hut th.'y re.|uir.' t.. 1..' pn.p.'Hv install.'.l with 
 
 •atinjj to m.'viitain a t.-mp.ratur.' ,'il.ove the fr.'.'/iiiK point. ' tin this Vntic 
 
 ■pe.litioii, till KuilK'-s were shelleic.l in sii..w hoils.'s: an.l it a|)iH.;,)s 1,, l.e 
 
 po.s.sihle t.. keep such houses at a teinp.'iatiil.' ..f Mf to M' Kahiviiheit l.v hiiiip 
 
 heat, without thawing the int.'iior. Th.' ti.h' w.'ll. cut ihroiiuh the ic' withil, 
 
 the house, coul.l thus als.i h.- k.'pt from fr.'ezinn up. 
 
 AiK.ther .lifKculty aros.> from th.' v.'rv small rann.' of thr ti.h' in th.'s.' 
 rPKK.ns. Th.' raiiKc .)n th.' op.'u slmres of I{..,'iuf..rt sea was usuallv l.'ss tin 11 
 one f.)ot an.l sehlom as much as one ami one-half fe.t; an.l the ureat.'st nnn.' 
 met with, at the li.'a.l of Amun.lsen nulf, ,in<l in th.' .'Xtn'm.' ii.)rth, .)i'caM,.T.Ilv 
 ex.'e.'.lcl two f.'.'t. With so small a rann.', th.- ti.le curv.'s .tn the reconlini; .'auu'e 
 or when plott.'.l frrmi .seal.' r.-a.linKs. w.r.' v.'ry Hat; an.l wh.'ii th.' h.'iuht was 
 H'U.l ,lire.'tly tr.,m a .scale, th.' r.'a.liiiKs re.piire.l to l.e at vrv fn.iu.'i.t 
 •ntervals, t.) !).• of service. " ' 
 
 Tll).\I, l).\TA DKDrciBLK. 
 
 On an expedition .>f this character, it mipht n..t 1..' practical.le fo cM'ii.lish 
 ptTinanentJiea.l.iuarters where a ti.lal stafu.n coul.l be maintaine.l in .■ontiniious 
 operation for purp..sos ot c..mparison. ' ut if s.tme inhal.ite.l lo.alitv such as 
 Herschel islan.l, ha.l been equippc.l as 1- .fer.'nce station, all the ti.lal observa- 
 tions in the region .'..uUl hav.' been refei.vd t.. if; an.l a much mor.' satisfactory 
 reduction of the observation.s woul.l result. This plan of having a r.'feren.-e 
 station for each reKi.ui, is the uniform practi.. in the investigations of the Tidal 
 79804— 1 J 
 
4b 
 
 CiiiKiilltiii Arctic Expedition. lOl.l-lS 
 
 Survey. Ill (Iffatilt of this luctliipil. tlif <inly otliiT way wlicii tlir <)l)scrvati()ii.s 
 arc no( simultaneous, is to refer tlie time of the tide to the moon's position: 
 .so that tlie various localities may l)e compared, and tin- progress of the tide 
 ascertained. Tlie tiih' is referred to the moon liy the hini-tidal interval: which 
 is tlie interval of time lietweeii the moon's transit across the meridian an<l the 
 next followiiiK liinh w.iter. This interval at the Spring tides, when the moon 
 is new or full, is termed the • Il-laMishmeiit ". In dealinji with complete tidal 
 oliservatioiis, this interval c.tii he strictly delined: and in the re^itui under 
 consideration, where the ranjje of the tide is often less than one foot, tlie time 
 of hinh water is more delinite at the Sjirinn tides because the best ranne is then 
 olitained; and the IvstaMishmeiit is thus the best time-factor to deal with. 
 
 The other element ill the tide is its heijilit or raii^e. This can lie determined 
 indeliendeiitly at each locality: and it should pro|ierly be referred to a hiw-water 
 datum, but this was not attempted in these rejiioiis. It is best, therefore, to 
 deal with the raiifie of the tide, from hi«h water to low watiT. which can be 
 directly obxTved: rather than the rise above a fixed datum level. 
 
 When desiial)le, the rcidiiins on tide scales were ]>lotted, to obtain the 
 corresponding tide ciirvis. This iiloltinn. and the tjeneral reduction of the 
 ohser\ations, was carried out bv Mr. 11. W. Jones, of the 'I'idal Survey staiT. 
 
 IIDAI. UH.-.KIt\ArinNS oniAlNKI) i\ lillJ .\M) lin."). 
 
 Cdlliiiydi) jtiiiiil. On the north coast of .Maska. l.ontriiiHle il h. '-W m. l!t s. 
 West. Observatioiw were obtained hen- in MM f from .laniiary Hi to May (>, 
 by Dr. . I, ,1. O'Neill :nid .Mr.. I. H.Cox. .\s this was head<|Uarters for the winter, 
 the lar}je recording tide naujre was used. There are -ome interruptions in the 
 a))ove period; bu! the oliservatioiis atTord the raii-ie at six Spring tides and live 
 Nea]) tides. This mn".' is only 7 inches at the SjiriuKs and :{ inches at the 
 Neaps. With so flat a tide curve, the time of hifili water can only be obtained 
 at all detinitely at the Springs: ,nid a value for the Kstablisliment has Ix'eii 
 deduced, which shows ;i fair decree of constancy in the circumstances. The 
 results are }jiven in abstract in the table for Collinson point a])peiided. 
 
 The lime on the tiile K">ifl"' record is .•issumed to be correct throughout. 
 Collinson iioint local time w;is used: and althoufih no time errors are noted, 
 it is t.'iken to be correctly kejit on the aver.'me. 
 
 Mitiiin ixiiiil. On tin" north coast of .Vlask.i, .")() miles east of Collinson 
 Point. The ob.-ervations were for three days oiilv, on .March lU to 21, liMI. 
 They were taken by Messrs. T. .lohansen an<l ( I. II. Wilkins, as readings on a 
 tide scale; the readings beinjr to the hundredth of a foot, or to the nearest 
 (piarter of a tenth. .\ watch was used to carr\ the time from Collinson iioiiit ; 
 but as its error and rate are not st.it<Ml, the time remains uncertain. .Vs the 
 observations were at the Neap tides, they would not serve in any case for a 
 determination of the Ivst.'iblishnieiit . Tiie on' value obtainable, tlierefo|-e, 
 is the Ni'!!)) raiiKe; which is taken ;is the mean of four consecutive difTereiiccs 
 of level, between llijih ;iiid low wat<'r, to eliminate ine(iualities. This metiiod 
 of obtaining the raiifje is used in all cases in dealing with these .Vrctic tides; 
 and it is justified because of tlie small r:\utiv. The Nea]) raiifie hen' at this date 
 was ;i' 2 inches. 
 
 Ihmarcdliiiii jxiiiil. (lose to the .\laska boundary. I.onnituih' ',» h. 2t in. 
 4!t s. West. The time w;is c.'irried by a watch which was correct when Collins(Ui 
 point was left (Ui .Aiuil 2."), and was" Hi minutes fast of Collinson point time on 
 the return from the trip, on May 2(). Hy assuming the K;iininK rate to l.c constant, 
 anil allowing!: for the difference of 1 f ' ■_. iiiiiuites in longitude, it is therefore 
 possible to reduce the observations detinitely to lo<al time at Demarcation 
 point. 
 
'/'/'/((/ I nirstiiiatitiiin oB 
 
 Tlio oliscrviitidiis arc at the S)>riiin tides, from May !t to 12. litlt; taken l>y 
 Messrs. I'", .lolialiseii ami W. S. Hronks. Tliey are readiiiKs on a tide scale to tlie 
 Imiidredlli i)f a. foot, taken every fit'teeii iniiuites day and ni;:lil (■(Hitiniioiisly. 
 The Mstalilisliinent ()l>tained from tin- four hest luni-tidal intervals, nearest to 
 full moon, is \2 li. 1 [ m. Kelativeiv to the nearest Ir.insit of the moon, lii^h water 
 occurs sixteen minutes previously: the transits lieim; 12 h. -M m. apart at tiie 
 date of these olisei'\at ions. 'I'he ditVcrcnce in t lie lime of hijih water with ( olliiison 
 point, liroudht to .ilisohite time liy allowinii for lonfjitudi', is thus found to he 
 4!l iniinites earlier at Demarcation point. 
 
 'I"hi' Spriny; rantre. from the mean of four ililferenees lietween iiii;h and low 
 water, as shown in the talili' appi'iidcd, is ncarlx- U inches, 'riie determin,iti(m 
 of the Mstalilishment is .also shown in the taMe. 
 
 Ciilif Krilrll. On the west -ide of H.ink- island, lieaulort se,i. .\pproxi- 
 mate loiiniitude of tidal station, in liay on -oiith side of the cipe. S li. I<( rn. 
 West. t)liscr\ations were taken here in Decemln'r, l!l||. and .l.anuarv. I'.U't, 
 l>y Messrs. (I. H. Wilkins am! ( '. 'riioiMixMn; aiid simultaiteously for ;i few da.\s 
 in January, liy Afessis. W..I. M.iur and S. .^^torkerson. .it a point 20 miles north 
 on Hanks island, which is also on the open shore of Heauforl sea. There are 
 also ohservatioiis of wind .and liaroineter. every four hours, throughout the 
 ))erioil. 
 
 Thi'se oliservations were taken on a tide sc.ali' read from the lop downw.ards 
 ti> the water surface; the readings lieiny; in feet and inches to tin' ne,-ire~t (piarler 
 of an mch. From Decemlier 2() to January II and af;ain lioin Janu;iry 17 to 21 
 ami 27 to HO, the re.ailinirs are at intervals of four hoiu's, .lay and nii;lil. It is 
 unfortunate that it is not pos<ili|e to deduce any result fnim this scale- of 
 oliservations when they represent so miK'h labour; hec.ause the v.iUiir is so 
 slitcht and there are only six readinirs of height in the twent\-tour h >urs. |',ir 
 two (Lays at the .■^prinfi tides, (ui January I.') .and Id. the ol»erval ion- are 
 continuous ev(a-y lifleen miimtes. day and niy:ht: and they liecome so .acain I'or 
 four comi)l<te d.ays at the Nc.ips. on .lanuary 22 to 2(i. These continuous 
 olisei'vatiolis were plotted on a lar^c sc;de. to ohtain the true tide curves. 
 
 The oliservations at 20 miles north of Cape Kellclt. .are continuous everv 
 fifteen mimites, .lay and i\iy;ht. din-intr four d;,ys from .lanuarx' 22 to 2(i. 'i'hese 
 are at the \e.ap tides. The best risult- that can he deduced for the ranjie of 
 the tide ale .as follows: 
 
 At ( ape Kellett. Spring; ranjie () );} fi„,t. 
 
 At Cape Kellett. Neap ralifie 0.-|() 
 
 .\t 20 mill's north. . Neap raiin'e II 
 
 In ati( iiiptinjr to arrive at an I-'.staMishmciit. the dilliculti. s ;irr m riou-. 
 hecau>e of the wide uncertainty in the time u.-( d in ilie ohsc rxation-. th,' -mall 
 numli;r of hitih wal< rs at the Sprinn tides, and the iin at iricjiularit v in the 
 luni-tidal interval- due to the very small ranjic of i|,e iii|( . Vny, the time of hitih 
 water is di rivi (1 in -ome casi - fii.m ;i tide ha\iiit!: Ir— than two imlu - of I'aiisie. 
 
 11 idy n;ite as to time i I for. ivlVr- apparentl\- to the tir'-t pi rioil liii;iiininK 
 
 Decemlier 2li. It is ,as follow-: '■Time .approxim.ali'ly <ine-|ialf hour fa-l "it i.iral. 
 Uy_ compari-oii. two hour.- f.a-l on watch. Janu.ary 20." In the nt|i>v two 
 period-, at Cape !v,llett .and al 20 miles north, there is no indii:il ion as 
 to the time; ami it can onlv \<.- as-uined th.at it 1- correct on the .MXer.ajre, 
 ahhoufrh the above not,' i< not reas-uriny;. 
 
 On working out the luni-tidal intervals ,,ii the basis above indi.'ah d. they 
 are found to v;iry from li to 12 hour-. The variation with -uccessive 
 transits is either from li to II) hours, or from S to 12 hours; which must he 
 actual, as the time used would be the same in the course of aiiv one dav. This 
 
6b 
 
 Canadian Aiclic Expedition, 1913-lS 
 
 shows tlic l;irt;c error that may result in the (lelerniiiiation of the Kstuhlishinent 
 ill tliese regions, if care is not taiven to l)ahmce the values for l)oth the tides 
 in the twenty-four liours, whieh occur at tiie opposite transits of the moon. 
 Possihly some ()f the apparent discrepancies in Arctic values may thus lie 
 accounted for. if they are hased on unbalanced observations. 
 
 Hecause of these variaticuis and uncertainties, the luni-tidal iiitervals at 
 both SiiriuR and Neap tides are included: since the chanpe durinn the course 
 of the UKUith is not likely to be as mucli as these known amounts between 
 successive transits. The primary values taken as a basis for a\eraKes, are in 
 all cases the mean of two successive luni-tidal intervals, at the opposite transits 
 of the moon; to eliminate the ini (luality. Tor the two localities taken toKether, 
 as they are lioth near Cape Kellett, the result is as follows:— - 
 
 .\t Springs -Mean of two luni-tidal intervals: Jan. I.'j-Ki. . 10 h. l.im. 
 
 .\t Neaps Average of two mean values: ,Ian. 24-"2(i S h. ().'> m. 
 
 At Xea|)s — .\verage of tiuci' mean values: .(an. T.W2o 1 1 h. 0,^ m. 
 
 Resulting approximate I->tablisliment . 
 
 !th. .")()m. 
 
 Bernard harhanr. On the south side of Dolphin and Cnion strait. Longi- 
 tude 7 h. :59 m. '22 s. West. -The tidal observations here, were obtained in 
 June and December of lUI."). The first series, from June ti to 215. were taken 
 with a registering tide gauge: l)Ut the record is very broken and imperfect 
 owing to the instrument not working properly: ;iiid there are no ccmiparistms 
 to show that the time is correct. The second series, from December 4 to 12, 
 are readings on a tide scale, taken to the hundredth of a foot : and the watch 
 time error runs from to ISm. fast on chronometer, not on local, during the 
 seven i| ivs of observation. Tiie readings were taken by Mr. (!. H. Wilkins 
 in June, lltl.J: and by Messrs. K. C. Chipman, J. H. Cox. F. Johanseii, \V. V. 
 Hruee and Drs. J. J. O'Neill and H. M. .\nderson, working in turn throughout 
 the twenty-four hours during the Deceml)er period. 
 
 The best result that can be obtained from the first series, is the .Spring 
 range about the date of the new moon on ,lune 12: as the observations did not 
 cover the following Neap tides. The result, averaged witli the later observations 
 of Dei-emi)er. shows the Spring range to be nearly \] feet, whicii is the greatest 
 range measured at any of these tidal stati;)ns in the region of Heaufort sea. 
 
 .V good deteiiuination of the l^stablishment was obtained fioiii the December 
 series: as tl;e chronometer error was ultimately ascertained, and the greater 
 range of the tide makes the time of high water Tiiore definite th.'in elsewhere. 
 The icsull. together with the best value for the Si)riiig range, is given in the 
 table ap|)ended. It will be noticed that at thnes the luni-tidal intervals have 
 an alternation of a full hour in their values: which again shows that results 
 should be based on successive transits taken in iiairs. 
 
 Priiur of W(d<>: strait. — This was made winter (piarters for the Polar Ihar, 
 which wtis hiid up in the strait near Armstrong jjoiiit on \ietoriM island. Tidal 
 observations were obtained here for a month, from October S to November 8, 
 191."). The heii'' t was read on a scale to the nearest (piarter inch, at short 
 intervals day i.iid night: and these re^idings when plotteil, gave a continuous 
 tide curve for the ix-riod. The time was kept by a watch, and its eiror was 
 obtained by comparison with a chronometer. (See Supplementary Note.) 
 The resulting Kstablishmcnt as given in the table opposite, is lifisell on the 
 luni-tidal intervals at three Spring tides. There are also complete meteoro- 
 logieal observations covering this period of a month. 
 
Tidal I nresligalions 
 
 iB 
 
 A good result can l)c ol)taiiio(l from these oliscivatioiis for tlie raiiEe of tJie 
 tide, as shown in the tabulated statMiieiit for this locaUtv. Tlie raiine at Spriiitt 
 tides IS attain foui.d to he not over one foot. Tiie extreme (htTerence of level 
 during the period is 2.40 feet; hut this api)ears to he due. in part at least, to a 
 general raising or lowering of the water hy the intluence <.f the wind; and it is 
 thus much greater than the true amplitude of the tid:d undulation. 
 
 SiMMMIV OK llESILTS. 
 
 Locality. i ."^prini; 
 riiiiKi". 
 
 Collins.m point 0-60 fimt 
 
 Martin point ' .« 
 
 Demarcation |)oint , 0.72 " 
 
 (.'ape Ki'llctI 0,43 .1 
 
 Bernard liarliour l.^(j .. 
 
 I'rince of Wales strait Q.gj •■ 
 
 •This value is only ioukIiIv approximate. 
 
 Neap 
 range. 
 
 KstaMi>hment 
 i.I.oeal time.) 
 
 . ■ o-2iiro.it. 
 
 ' Oil 
 
 18 m. 
 
 O-2'J ■' 
 
 
 
 
 12 li 
 
 U ni. 
 
 OM •• 
 
 Uli 
 till 
 
 .■)» 111.' 
 40 m. 
 
 0-20 " 
 
 111 
 
 15 III. 
 
 T1D.\L OUSKHV.VTIO.SS ourAIXKl) I.\ lillli. 
 
 Ihese were taken at three localities in the region still fmther north' hut 
 they were limited to little over a day at each place. The dates .selected in each 
 instance tor the ohservations w(>re just after the new or full moon, in the 
 endeavour to ohtam .lata for I Ik- Spring tides. The tiiiu- was taken with watches- 
 hut their face readings diflVred hy two to four hours, and their actual errors 
 have never heen deduced from the astroiiomicd ohservations taken for the 
 purpose. It is douhtful. however, when the series of ohservations is so short, 
 whether they would he ade(|Uale for the determination of an Kstahlishm. nt! 
 even if the time error.-, could he correctly allowed for. The position of the 
 localities i.s shov.n on the ma]). 
 
 t this cape, at the 
 
 day on .June 2 >o 3, 
 
 If inch, everv fifteen 
 
 Cnpc Isiichsdt. — Tidal ohserv.atioiis were ohtained ; 
 extreme northwest end of Ellef J{ingnes land, during a ftil 
 1!H(). headings were taken on ;'. scale to tlie nearest ha 
 minutes continuously, for twenty-five hours. 
 
 The astronomical conditions were as follows, the hours heing in Standard 
 tune tor the r_'()th, Meridian West: .\ew moon. Afav .SI at 11 li. .Moon inaxinium 
 North, .Fuiie 1 at 10 h. Moon in Apogee, .lime li at \.i h. The tides were thus 
 at tl. apogee Springs, with the maximum of diiuiial inequality. 
 
 The range of the tide was from ()-27 to 0-<.l2 of a foot; the mean of tiie four 
 consecutive ranges hemg O-.')? foot. This may he takei. a.s the Spring range 
 with the ni(K)ii in aiiogee. 
 
 //«.w/ sound.— TUv tidal oh.servations weiv ohtamed at the south end of 
 this sound, at the cape on the west side of the entrance. Thev compri-^ed twenty 
 hours on .July IS and lit, Kilt). l{eadings were taken on a scale to the nearest 
 (juarter of an inch, at intervals of five to fifteen minutes during this period. 
 
 The a.stronomical conditions were as follows: Full moon and Perigee on 
 July 14. yUnm on e.iuator, .July 18. The (.!)servations were thus two or 
 three days after the Spring tides, hut near perigee: and the diurnal inequalitv 
 was mappreciahie. 
 
8B 
 
 Canaihnn Arctic Expedition, 1013-lS 
 
 Only three (•(.nsenitive raiiKcs were ol.tain. .1, hut tlic fourth <nul(l rcudilv 
 he intcrpohitid owiiik to the ahsenec of .liurnal ine.iuaHtv. The ran^e-* olwerveil 
 were trolii 1 • i:{ to I (i? teet: the mean of tlie four heinR | lis feet The middle 
 of the peno.l of the ol.s.rvations was just four di.ys after the full moon, when 
 tlie lieiijlit should lie l.e(rinnin>t to decrease after the Sprinn tides Mut this 
 rann.' |.rol.al.ly re|.resents th.^ average Spring tides; as th.' date was not far 
 Irom perigee, which must have some etTect in increasing the height. 
 . , 77i//v/(.s7,/ //,/.— This is a newly discovend island to the west of Kindlav 
 island. I he tide was ohserved at the shor<' camp, at the southwest end of the 
 island, which was thus near the open coast of the .Vrctic ocean. The ohservitions 
 comprised thirty hours on .August It and l.'), l'.)|<;. Headings were taken on 
 a scale to the nearest (piarter of an inch at intervals of ten minutes to one hour 
 during this period. 
 
 The astronomii'al conditions were as follows, the hours heing in Standanl 
 lime for the 12()1ii .Meridian West: .Moon in perigee, .\ugust f at 1 h Full 
 moon Augu.-t 1:5 at 4 h. .Moon on e.,uator. .August I,", at :. h. The tides wcr.. 
 thus the jMTigee S|)rings, without much diurnai ine(iualily. 
 
 The observations afforded four c(uise-'utive ranges which varied from i:{0 
 to 2-2.) fe<.t: t!ie mean of the four l.eing lS,s feet. This is the Spring rangi' 
 with the moon iii perigee; which may account in part for its l.eing so much lari'er 
 than 't the other localities. 
 
 SHmmanj. The results of the ol.servations of Htiti, in the more northern 
 regions, are summarized heh.w. It is to l.e notc.l that the .liurnal incoualitv 
 IS eliminated from the values given; as tlu^y are d< rived in each case from the 
 average ol lour consecutive ranges, as already explained. 
 
 Cape Isachsen- Range at Ajjogee Sjirings ()..-,7 f,„,t. 
 
 Hassel sound Hange after Springs near I'erigi'e. . i:W feet. 
 Third island Haiige at ['erigee Springs 1 -ms feet. 
 
 These various ranges cannot well l.e Wrought to a ■oninK.n standard for 
 ccmiparisou. when there was no reference station in continiK.us (.i.eration in the 
 region. 'Ihe influence of the moon's distance niav he inferred, however from 
 the proportionate ranges at perigee and apogee Springs, as I'.elermiiK d" fn.m 
 five months observation iit Winter harl.our. Melville island, during the Heniier 
 expedition. The range ..f the tide th, IV i> :{', to 4' feet. Cood comparativ." 
 values sho\\ that the range at perigee Springs is 12 |)er cent greater, and at 
 apogee Sjmngs 12 i)er cent less, than the mean Spring range. 
 
 Ti<l(il Strcniix. -These were ol.s.TVed at < "ape Isachs.n and in Has>el sound 
 (luring the one day at each place that tidal ol,servati(.ns were ol.tained \t 
 (ape Isachsen. the current was NK. or NXK. during the rise ..f the tide, an.l 
 SS\\ . during the tall; and the turn in direction (.ccurred aliout two hours after 
 high an.l 1..W water. As this was at th.^ Spring>. when th.' .•urrenls w..uld l.e 
 strongest, th.. relation thus indi.-ated hetw.cn the till.' and the curr.'iit w..iild 
 app.-ar to !,.■ trustworthy, although l.ased .,n so short a p,.ri<.d .,f ol.s.rvation 
 In Hassel sound, tli.T." was less current and it was less regular in turning- l.iit 
 the in.hcations. so lar as they g... are that the direction is s..uiliward during the 
 rise ..f the tiile and northward during th.' fall. This would correspond with the 
 general pn.gress ..f the ti.h' fr..ni the open Arctic o.-can, t. .wards th." straits 
 and soun.ls .xteii.ling -outheastward from Kllcf Hingn.-s land which a.ljoins 
 this s.)und. 1 h." directK.n .»f the ciirr.'nt was not ..[..served at Third island. 
 
 .■..NCLtSDN.s .\M) HK<I.MMEND.\TI.)NS. 
 
 Proyrcss of the title— Tho directi.m in which the tide progr.'ss.'s in lieaufort 
 sea is indicated l.y a c..mj)ari.s.)n ..f th.. Fstal.lishm. <its. The earliest on the 
 open shuns <.f the sra, i- (ape K.li.H ; an.l D.Miiarcaiion p.iint is earlier than 
 
Tiilnl InvrMiijdIiinig 
 
 !tB 
 
 ("dllinsoii point. It would jipix'iir, therefore, that the tide comes into this sea 
 from tiie north, and proceeds southward iin<l westward ali'nn its -iiores. 'I'his 
 
 would ac I with the view tliat the main tide of the .\riHe ocean intii froiri 
 
 its oppo>it • side, from the Noith .\tiaiitic. throunh the wide opening l>etween 
 (ireenhind and Norway. 
 
 'I'lic Kstaiilisliinents ohtained from the^e oli-ervalioii- are not definite 
 eimujth to enaiih' act\ial dilTerenee> of time to lie di luce d from tliem, reiativeh 
 I() some one of tiiese tidal stations. The fieiiera! ..line of XII hour- for the 
 I'lstalilishnient on these shores ui Meaufort sea. is in (rood accord with .\ 1 h. :5s m. 
 for Point Harrow, as formerly )jivei> in the Tide Tables of the Mritish .\ilmiralty; 
 liut it throws do\il)t on the value of \T li.():{ n.. which is jiivcn for Herscliel ishind. 
 
 .\t Mernard harliour. the K-talilishmeni \T h. U\ m. must he considen.l 
 as later than the o|)en s( ;i liy practiiall.\ the whole of ihi- amount with the 
 dedui-lion of the ditTerence of lon^itude, which i- I h. Kim. relatively to 
 I)emarc;ltion |)oint. This leaves a dilTennce of five hour- for thi' run of the tide 
 from the open, which seems lar^e, when the di-tance from I lie mouth of .\muiidMn 
 gulf is only ;{»)() miles. 
 
 There is no unceit.'iinty in the lime however, as Koth watch and chiono- 
 m(>ter errors have heen ascertained and allowed for, iSt'c Siipplinientarx 
 Note) .\s a term of coni|)arison. the rate of trav(d of hifrh water in the St. 
 Lawrence estuary, in the wide part mialTected hy river indueiKc, is I h. lil m. 
 per 100 iniles; which corren|)ondK fairly w(dl with this difference, if the dejvtlis 
 are similar. 
 
 lidiiiji' (if Ihr tlil( .' In rejiard to the ranjie of tin tide, it i- too -lijiht to have 
 any direct efVect uixin navigation. It may lie -ufficii iit. however, to cause hea\ \ 
 ice that i- firounded to move on, under certain condition-; and any ri-e of tide 
 also tends to lireak up grounded ice. 
 
 I'riKiiliin nciimuK nihil. — With re)iard to neneral procedure in any future 
 tidal oliservations in the .Arctic regions, it .s to he strongly recommended that 
 some permanent tidal station he estalili-lied for refirence in the rifiion: ami 
 that it lie maintained during the whole time that the exiilorations are in projin-^. 
 The observations at the various [loints reached by the exjiedition, are liable to 
 be for short periods or subject to interruption: but tlieir value would be 
 enhtmced three or fourfold if they could be <'otni)ared with -imiiltaneous 
 observations at a retVn nee station in the region. 
 
 Without such a reference station, the time of the tide at each local point 
 where a short series of observations is obtained. lia> to be liroiinht into direct 
 relation with the time of the moon's transit. \\ the lust, it may be ipiiie 
 uncertain whether the re-ult represents a true averafje value, by which one 
 locality can be compared wi'h another, to determine the projiress of the tidal 
 undulation, or for <ither comparative purjioses. Hut whin the observation- 
 are simultaneous with those at the n i'erenci' station, dilTerenccs in ab-oliile 
 time can be determir ! which must be close to the true averajje even when the 
 series of local observ s i- -horl. 'I he results at different localities can then 
 
 be eomi)ared witho. .■certainly, anil the iirojin-s of the tide ascertained. 
 At the reference statu,.., the M-taiilishment can be determined correctlv from 
 the long series of observations there: and the dilfereiice of time as found lor any 
 local i)oint, when ajiplied to this well-determined I'.-iabli-liment. should sii\e ;i 
 more trustworthy value than could be obtained inde|)endently. 
 
 In regard to the raiiiie of the tide, there are similar advanta(ies in comparing 
 local oliservations with the reference station. It can be readily seen, for example, 
 whether the local ranee of the tide can be takci. as the true Sprinsi raiifje or not, 
 at the date of the observations. The comp.'irison is valuable also .is an iiiti. 'ation 
 of any abnormal tides due to wind or to ice obstruction: as such tides will be 
 
 % 
 
10b 
 
 Canadian Arctic Expedition, W13-tS 
 
 out (;f ufconl with their normal ri'iation to llic rffiTciicf station. It is thus 
 evident that more rejiahie results for the raiiKe of the tide can he arrived at, 
 than h)eal ohservatiims for a short time wouki alT»>rd without the means for 
 simuhaneoiis comparisons. 
 
 The only assumption in this procedure is, that the tide is sufficiently similar 
 in type throunhout the region that is umhT explc.-ation to en.'iMe conijiarisons 
 for time and heinht to l.e nmdi' satisfactorily. Otherwis.', the timi-ditferences 
 and the rati:)s in height \« >>mr variahle during the course of the month. 
 
 '/'/(( .l/>/j(7((//j.— Tile wihles appenih'd jjive a di({est of the oliservations of 
 lltlt and 191.'), with tlie resulting ranges of the tide and the time values as far 
 as these are deducihle. 
 
 In the northern ohservations of IKKl, th" range of the tide as found from 
 rea(hnss on a scale duriiiK one day at each localitv, has alreatlv been stated and 
 iliscusseii. 
 
 To eomph'te the tidal infctmii. on oh'alned hy ( 'anadian .■\rcti<' expeditions, 
 a synopsis of the tidal oliservations at the winter (piarters of the Hernier exi>edi- 
 tioii is included. This reduction of the observations 
 appeared originally in the "Cruise of the .Arctic," 
 Fisheries (h'partmiuit in 1!)10. 
 
 Ott.\w.\, Can.vda 
 
 Fehruarv 2S. I",t2(). 
 
 made l.y the Tidal Survey, 
 lilished hy the Marine and 
 
 SI PPLEME.N T.\RY NOTK. 
 
 Since the above was in type, the tune reductions for .Vrmstvong ixiiiit, in 
 Prince of Wales strait, weje supplied by Mr. S. T. Storkerson of the Northern 
 party, which was two years later in returning. The errors are as follows: 
 Chronometer emu- in October and Xovendier, lUI."), averages :{ h. 40 m. fast. 
 Watch used in tidal observations, A to '.V,-, hours fast on chronometer. Total 
 watch error, deduced from accurate rates and comparisons, (i h. 'Mm. to 
 7 h. 20 m. with resetting of one hour. 
 
 The errors, though .so large, appear to be (piite definite. The resulting 
 values of the Kstablishment at three Spring tides, obtained bv plotting the 
 lirtu-tidal intervals, are as follows: 1 h. 18 m.. 1 h. l.'i ni. apimlximatelv, and 
 1 h. i;j m. Mean adopted, 1 h. 1.5 m. This value is much earlier relativelv, 
 than at Bernard harbour, when the distance from the op( ii sr>a is nearlv the 
 same. 
 
 Regarding the ob.servalions in Bernard hnrliour. it has now b(>en ascertained 
 that there was a chronometer error of 11 minutes as well as the watch error 
 mdicated in the original notes. This has enabled the vahie for the Kstablish- 
 ment MS given in the tables to be finally corrected. Also, during the June 
 ol)ser ions ol)tained with the registering gai*.zc, the chronometer error on 
 local Uiu(> was less than one minute: and if i' i;, assumed that the regist;'ring 
 gauge was set with the chronometer, and further tlnit the tide curves are 
 inverted, so that apparent low water rei)resents high water, a result can be 
 obtained for the Establishment. This suppositifin is probable although there 
 is no explanation regarding it; becau.se the tide gauge was set on tlo;iting ice, 
 and operated by a line anchored to the bottom. The value of the Kstaldishnumt 
 thus obtained is 7 h. 1 1 m., which is reasonably close in the absence of any time 
 eomparisons. It affords a valuable check on the result, as otherwise a cfimparison 
 of tiine which was carried over from Armstrong point, might leave it an open 
 question whether the same large chronometer error of 3} 2 hours should not be 
 applieil to the value at Bernard harbour. 
 
 W. B, D. 
 
Tiilal Inveatiya'ions 
 
 llB 
 
 Al'l'KNDIX. 
 
 DUiKsT (»K <>HSKIIVATIUN> OK \>M \ AMI I'll."), AM) >V\u|'>W UK !(KSII.T> 
 
 l>KI)l iKl) KUiiM rilKM. 
 
 Cnl.I.INSuX NT. Nnllli c.'iot of Alaska. Tile lailKf- Kiv.'ll air tlir 
 
 111. an ot till' lour (■(Uiscciitivc dinVri'iiccs lictwccn liijcli ant! Imv wat.i. \vlii,li div,. 
 til.' irr.atcst (ir l.'ust av.ragi-.* at Sprinns aii.l N.ap'^ r.s|M..tiv.'lv. '|'li.> tiin.' 
 ua> liical; aii.l tli.nijtii the tini.- ■ir.irx were imt n.itf.l, it was a|)|)ni\imatilv 
 ..irr.ct ilir.mulinut. Values lii hra.'k.'t- aiv I'n.in iiir.iiii|.l.'tc ..l.s,ivali..iis. 
 
 Dal.'. 
 I!»14. 
 
 Ti.lc 
 
 Range. 
 
 SprinKs Xt'aps. 
 Kift. 
 
 Datp. 
 
 l'J14. 
 
 Jan. Is 
 
 " ''7 
 
 Ki'l>. 5 
 
 . . .iXcapii. . . 
 . Spring.1. 
 Xeap.i . 
 . .Sprinna. . 
 
 " 10 
 
 " 17 j 
 
 2.) Springs. . 
 
 Mar. .1 Neaps. . . . 
 
 I't Springs. 
 
 •• 21 
 
 ^I> . Springs. . 
 
 .\pril 4 Noapa . 
 
 HI ."Springs. . . 
 
 May :! Xeaps. . . 
 
 Mean 
 
 62 
 0-60 
 0B2 
 8.5 
 ,i,S 
 iO-,'wi 
 
 60 
 
 Feci. 
 
 o:i7 
 
 21 
 
 HI 
 
 19 
 OL'li 
 
 Jan. 24 ... 
 
 2."i. , , . 
 •■ 2li ... 
 2'i 
 IVli. 9 . . 
 •■ 10 ... 
 ■■ 10 ... 
 Ii'l.. J4 . . 
 ■■ I'll .. 
 Mar. 1(1 . 
 
 II 
 
 ■• 12 
 
 •• 12 
 
 K.stiihlishment. 
 
 Mo..n. 
 
 Xcw. 
 
 lull 
 
 \,'» 
 
 lull 
 
 M.K.n'^ 
 'I'rah.-ii. 
 
 I.OW-IT. . 
 I PIXT 
 I.OW.T 
 I P|XM 
 
 I...H-,.r 
 I.i'wcr 
 
 I PI'lT 
 l.ttVMT 
 Ippfl 
 
 I.MHvr 
 
 I PIMT 
 
 l...»or . 
 
 I.uni-tiilal 
 iniiTvul. 
 
 II. .M. 
 
 (I : 4B 
 II ; :I4 
 : 12 
 -12 
 0:24 
 :U4 
 : 02 
 
 ; 11 
 :47 
 : 20 
 :21 
 
 :06 
 
 : IS 
 
 .M.vini.N poi.NT. North ciast of Alaska.— Ohscrvat ions for ilirci' 
 only, at Nrai) titles. March !'.» to 21. Tim.' not reliable, i.iinjr earri.'.l 
 Collinson ])oint and not che.k.il on return. Oli.servations heinjr at Neai 
 no! nivf the Kstahlishnielit. 
 
 .N'.'ap raiifie March 20, det.'rinineil as ti.'for.' 0-20 f.iot. 
 
 Dkm.vui ATioN POINT. At .\laska lii)Uiiilary,-^( )liservati.in- for four 
 at SjjriuK tides. May <» to 12. Th.' raiiK*' (liven is the mean of the l.nir 
 .secutive differenc.'s lietwecn liitjli and low water, wliieli give the v;reMti'st ,iv 
 at the Springs. Th.' time was carried from ("ollin-on jioint, aii.l ch.'.'k. 
 r.'turn, aft •■ a m.iiitli. It is thus (piit.' r.'lialile, ami Is ndii.-.'.l to i.o.al tii 
 allowing ditT.r.nce of lonnitud.'. 
 
 days 
 
 fr.iiii 
 
 )s, do 
 
 .lays, 
 ' .•iiii- 
 erane 
 ■il on 
 II.' 11.' 
 
 Date. 
 1914. 
 
 Ris,- 
 
 .>r 
 
 Fall. 
 
 Differ- Mi>iin 
 enro of Spring 
 I.evt'l. Hang.'. 
 
 D.ite. 
 1914. 
 
 Mfinn's 
 
 Traii-it. 
 
 May 9 
 •• II). 
 •■ 10 
 " 10. 
 
 Full 
 Ui«e 
 Fall 
 Hisc. 
 
 Feet. 
 0-.T4 
 lO.? 
 0-9.3 
 0-38 
 
 Feet. 
 
 0-72 
 
 May 9 Full L'pper 
 
 •■ » •■ Lower 
 
 10 ' " l'pper 
 
 •• 10 1 " Lower 
 
 11 i " Ippi-r 
 
 Establishment 
 
 I.tini-ti'lul 
 iiiit'i vaL 
 
 H. U. 
 
 11 :5g 
 
 12 : 14 
 12 : 3,i 
 12 : 10 
 
 12 : 14 
 
12h 
 
 CiiniKlian Arctic KxiKdilion. l!>l.i-IS 
 
 ItKitNAKD iiAUiinrii. N'urtli ('ii:i>t III' ( 'iiiiiiiliiin inaiiilaml. In l)i>l|iliin 
 iiiiil I'liiitii Strait. In .liiiii', the titii*' is uncertain as tlic tiint' errors arc not nntctl. 
 In l)ccctnl>cr, tlic time error is indicated; and the time is relialile as finally 
 corrected. 'I'lie ran({e is determined in the manner alretid.v explained. 
 
 Date. 
 
 MM.".. 
 
 JkHU' Vl 
 
 !)(..■. 7. , 
 
 Mean of |H4 
 Sprinis.s 
 
 li.l<' 
 
 Knnui-. 
 S|iriiiK. ; Nrapit. 
 
 KlM-f. 
 
 1 1« 
 
 I lU 
 
 1 ::! 
 
 1-46 
 
 l.«T\BLl''H\IK\ 1. 
 
 \'aluf' fur tran-it ln'twri-n II h. ami \'-\ li. 
 
 At fppiT Iran^its I 7 It. ^M) itt. 
 
 \t I.iiwcr Iran-its ' « li. 24 ni. 
 
 Mean . 
 
 I.r^.s I'linaiiinirti'r i-ITol 
 
 Hi— ultinjj Mj^talilislinient 
 
 *i h. ." In. 
 
 : nil. II III. 
 
 •ill. 4t>iii. 
 
 Dair 
 I1»i:i 
 
 I»w. 4 
 
 (I 
 " !l 
 " Id 
 " III 
 " II 
 
 Ave 
 
 riicM' 
 
 pari-iin-. I>i 
 ri'.sih u|ipii- 
 
 aim's aio corn 
 not for rliriin< 
 
 Mc«in'« 
 
 T.iini-tiflal 
 
 1 rali-il . 
 
 iniiTval. 
 
 1^* 
 
 1 
 
 li. M. 
 
 I'pppr 
 
 7 : .VI 
 
 I.MWrr 
 
 It : .Vt 
 
 1 pii,r 
 
 7 .M 
 
 i.ilMlT 
 
 11 : 2,5 
 
 IpiHT 
 
 7 : :i3 
 
 I.nwcr 
 
 11 : 2;i 
 
 I PIXT 
 
 7 . (K! 
 
 j.oUIT 
 
 li ' 114 
 
 IpiHT 
 
 « : .W 
 
 I.iiwir 
 
 fl : 12 
 
 IprxT 
 
 « :H« 
 
 Lower 
 
 (I : 11 
 
 ! PIHT 
 
 ti ; .52 
 
 I.OWtT 
 
 rt ; 15 
 
 
 « : 4H 
 
 ■fft'ij for wat'li {'oiii- 
 
 liii'tcr t'l-ro 
 
 .S-i' llllal 
 
 The inaikni Mlteinatiiiii in tlie time vahies in the early part of Decemher 
 will he iiofed. The iiiduii \va~ at m.'ixiiiuini dei liiiatimi South on Decemlur (i. 
 
 PuiNii: iiv Walks siHAir. Near .\nii'<' loiij!; jioiiil. ( tliservations lor 
 one iiionth. Iroiu ( litoher S to Novcmlier S, IIU."). The riiiiKcs for the Spriiin 
 and Neap tides are hased on the four consecutive ditTerenc(>s between hitjh and 
 low water, which >£ive the greatest averane after the new and full moon, and 
 the lea.-t average after the moon's ()uarter>. 
 
 Dale 
 l!liri. 
 
 Hi-(. 
 
 Fall. 
 
 1 
 
 DilTlT; 
 rail' ol' 
 
 LfVil. 
 LWt. 
 
 Mran 
 Sprintf 
 ItaniJr. 
 
 F.-t. 
 
 Date. 
 IIM.V 
 
 or 
 Full. 
 
 I lilTlT- 
 cni-r of 
 Level. 
 
 Ki-ci. 
 
 Mean 
 Neap 
 UanHe. 
 
 
 
 
 Fwt. 
 
 Oct. Ill 
 
 lall 
 
 II lilt 
 
 
 (let. 17 . 
 
 Lall 
 
 017 
 
 
 •• III 
 
 Hi>o 
 
 1 III 
 
 
 17 
 
 lii^.' , 
 
 (1 17 
 
 
 " II 
 
 iail 
 
 117 
 
 
 •■ 17 
 
 Lall 
 
 O'llS 
 
 
 " II.. 
 
 HI-., 
 iall 
 
 (1 71 
 
 LUII 
 
 ■■ 17 
 .Nov. 1 
 
 Hi-.. 
 
 ii:« 
 20 
 
 019 
 
 1 let. 2H 
 
 0H4 
 
 •■ 2:i. 
 
 Hi-r 
 
 109 
 
 
 1 
 
 Lall 
 
 :i7 
 
 
 " 24 
 
 . ., Lall 
 
 .SO 
 
 
 1 
 
 - Ki.«. 
 
 14 
 
 
 •' 24 .. 
 
 . Hrv.- .. 
 
 0-H.S 
 Mean... 
 
 0-90 
 
 •■ 1 
 
 Lall . 
 
 012 
 
 0-21 
 
 
 1 Mt>nn . . 
 
 
 0-9.5 
 
 0-20 
 
Tiiliil IniTs'ifinliiDis 
 
 |:<ii 
 
 SvN(ii'f<is <if 'riilal Ol>^t'rviilii)ii'« at Winter llurlxiiir, Mclv'llc Ulaiid, takrii l>v 
 «'a|il. .). !•:. M.tiiicr. (.(;>. Aniic. a>>i-.ir.l liy \V. K. \V. .Iaik:«..ii, M.A., 
 .1. (I McMillan, M.A Si., ami (Iiii. Hraillu\,tili'. first mate. 
 
 V™r. 
 
 f* 
 
 )rinK Ti'lt"*, 
 
 Dull' 
 
 II 
 
 4I1K<"'' 
 
 Nov. if, 
 
 
 a .'.7 
 ara 
 a i". 
 J iia 
 
 D.i-. S 
 
 
 ■2 '■)'> 
 
 a :■( 
 a .w 
 
 3 Jl 
 
 i>,-.. r. 
 
 
 1' so 
 
 a !.•) 
 a 70 
 a :>!» 
 
 \lfiiii tlt-iiiiin'. ^ I'lir, 
 
 .l:,n 
 
 .1,111 
 
 Krb. ti 
 
 Fell. 2a 
 
 Miir. !t 
 
 a .vi 
 a til 
 
 4 1-.' 
 
 .a li;' 
 a 17 
 
 aiw 
 a-7H 
 a ji) 
 
 3 0.') 
 
 aii.'i 
 am 
 
 4 •■is 
 4 tii 
 
 :■■ 4ii 
 
 a 7.S 
 
 a 77 
 
 a ai' 
 
 a a7 
 
 a .'4 
 
 IWI-s 
 
 
 \>,i 
 
 I 
 
 iKc-. 17 
 
 .Inn Hi 
 
 .Ian .",1 
 
 IVI. I.-, 
 
 M:,r I 
 
 Mar, 2 
 
 .Mar. Hi 
 
 I i: 
 
 .' Il.'i 
 
 II !!.! 
 
 7s 
 
 1 II 
 
 I li.; 
 
 ■2 I.' 
 Mi7 
 
 1 aii 
 
 IS!) 
 
 I .'7 
 
 II ss 
 1 411 
 Mil 
 
 I r,; 
 
 I '.11 
 
 I ail 
 
 I aa 
 
 II >:i 
 II 7:i 
 
 I II > 
 . II 
 
 II '.II. 
 
 II SM 
 
 I I'll 
 
 I I' 
 
 II !i:; 
 
 s| 
 II s| 
 
 1 .'II 
 
 M.-.n'^ 
 
 Mr.in. ili..>tanr(v 
 
 I I'l 
 
 1 70 
 
 I IIS 
 
 .Mar. 
 
 2a 
 
 t 7i; 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 111 4 
 
 .-|4 1" 1 
 
 Mar. 
 
 i 
 
 L'4 
 
 i 
 
 4a.-i 
 
 4 !KI 
 
 
 ' t 
 J 
 
 Till' Htiun'-: in tin' niliinin liraili'il "Hanni-"* sliuw tlir rise and fall ut' the 
 liilr "II till' days of urcatrst and Irast ranjic in liir niuntli. 'I'lic result iiiii; inratis 
 arr thus the licst valufs fur tlii' Spring raiifrr and tlir Neap r.'iiiKr. 
 
 It will lie nuticfil that tluTc arc times, when thr nnmn's d('cjin:ili(in i- hiicli, 
 that thrri' is a marked diurnal inei|uality. This inei|uality '- eliininaled Ky the 
 aliiivc method. 
 
 In the eolumn headed " .Moon's distanee." I' is for Perigee and .V f ir .Vjio^ee, 
 when these occur at the .Spriii); or Xeaj) tides rcsju'ctively, .. indicated. 
 
 K.siAHM.sfiMK.v r. — .Vt Winter harbour. Time crrorM are noted and accepted 
 as relialdc. \'ahie deduced from luni-lii'al intervals in five lunar months, 
 taken in sets of four at each new and full moon to eliminate diurnal ineipiality, 
 and averaged in pairs at full and chanjre to eliminate semi-monthly iiieipialitv. 
 Final iiiean, 12 li. 01 iU. 
 
CANAD/AN ARCT/C 
 £X P£0/T /OA/ 
 
 Untie r K Jfe fa 113300; /9/'f-/9/G. 
 AyfAP ACCOMPANY/NG REPORT Or THfl 
 r/OAL AND CUPR£N T SURVEY 
 A'AVAL ^ERV/C€ DEPARTMr-NT 
 
 7IWH 
 

 
 / 
 
 
 
 ■::?^ 
 
Report of t!ie Canadhin Arctic FxpeJItion. 19i.i-l')lS. 
 
 Viiliimi' I: (iciUTal llitrmlilttloii. Narritlu'. KIc. 
 
 I'art l; 
 
 \: \',irllu":. I'.u' 
 
 ',(|:; 1^ 
 
 ulh.n. I'aitv I'.'i.i J'i. i'.V l.'l'h- 
 
 Miuim An.l. 
 
 •i im i>:. Ill 
 
 Viilumr II: Mammalx ami lllrds. 
 
 I'nrt \; Mil 
 
 i-.. Hi- !;ii.i..ii,;i .\;:iri,n \i.. 
 
 /•, 
 
 P;irl, H: I'liiiv l'.> I;. M. Aii.l. i-.i. 
 
 ..1 I' 
 
 ■f ... l: 
 
 Viililinc III: liiM'Cls. 
 
 Introiliiciii)n Jiy ■ '. (i.iriluh ll.'witt (In ; 
 
 rt A ' '..ll.-M.l, 
 
 ,1... r.v.li!-hi-\. . I'dI- 
 
 I ■ ■ h 
 
 I'art li: N. un.iil'rc.i.l l:i-.-.l^ 
 
 r.v N.! 
 
 I'ar 
 
 (■ Du.IT.i 
 
 ]■:■ Cl.i^. V-. AI.-.i.i.l.T. II I- 
 
 T art 1': Va,l.i],h.ii.'a ;ai.| \ni i.lnra. 
 
 I'art l:: Ciil 
 
 iM.j.iiTa. 
 
 liv .1. M. Suauic. II. 
 I:. IV V.m !)iiz. 
 
 \. W. h 
 
 / .,■.!■• 
 I I 1 I, a 
 < . I- 
 11 !■, U. 1,' ■ 
 
 fan I : lla.,,l|.- 
 
 I'art (.: H,Mm'[]..;it.T.i and Plain !■ 
 
 1... .\1<-.. 1>. Ma. I. 
 
 .1 ,1 II M- 
 ii.M. h. .-1 
 
 '-. < h irl.'-^T, 
 
 I'l K, 1'. 
 Vait II; Spi,l-r.. Mi 
 
 Vrlt. /■'.../ 
 
 I.I M>ii..i.."l 
 
 I. I!. 1 aaTI 
 
 11 ..-ai V. i'\,.r 
 
 I I; I, ■pi.li.pUM-a. By Aiilii:! ( .il..-..ii, / 
 
 larl.!: ( In li. pt. ra. l',;-' IM, Wal 
 
 I'arl K: ( ■ 
 
 alDl,. 
 
 _'rvali'-ii- 'Hi 
 
 l.ihMa the \- 
 
 Vuliiim- l\ : Itiil'iny. 
 
 ]-\ 1 r.i h. 
 
 Part A : i>--linaT.T \'j 
 
 riaa Alua. 
 
 I'art li M 
 Ta-Il' I'l 
 Pati P: lafiaii.. 
 Part ll; M. 
 
 Pari A, 1 ' 
 
 :! I r,-.-!.v. .1, 
 Pv I , r,,llia-. 
 p\ .I,,l,n i '.■■,n' ■■- /' 
 ■p.v (;, K. M.ri.ii. I' 
 
 P\ i(. S. Ui 
 
 Voliimi' V: Kiilany. 
 
 Plaat- ar. I I rrn~. I'-y .lata 
 
 I :. t P.: (^ 
 
 l'..n li: \.- 
 
 I. 
 
 I.I Tiao H.-bi 
 
 V<ili!ii-.(' \1: I- Kill".. Tiiiil(;il',<<. lAf. 
 
 Pv p. I .!,: 
 
 ..|.-. P.-. A. «., 'I 
 
 Voliiiiif \ II: « ruvt;ii(a. 
 
 1 alt '. : I). • a|i...! ('-ii-tareari-. 
 
 Pv .M.ry ,1. l;.,!' 
 
 / 
 
 art p. 
 
 p. lit f '■ I 'i;m.a''ca. 
 
 Pari I): iM.po.ui. 
 
 Pari 11: Na,p!ii,.'.'la. \-y I 'la 
 
 .,| Cru^la.Tia.-'. P> \\a,.l.. I.. >. liJi.itt. /,- 
 
 Pv 'A. T. ( 
 P,v Mi«' P. I.. I-. 
 
 I': Pallt.ip ..1.1. la'. II .1. 
 
 all C: riipll 
 :.ri li: < ' al 
 
 i:ai;'-.'\ hiilay. 
 
 P.il .1: 
 
 .,1a. Pv H. U. ^^:■■;l.. 
 ..la. I.yi- 
 
 M: Mi 
 I : P; 
 
 n >hwa!.r ' ..pep 
 
 riiir ( '..p. p 
 
 „t ■, I'.y .\. W.il.- 
 
 Pv 'l.a.. P. U 
 
 ,i:;l.! Mai 
 
 / Ml ■! 
 
 Pan M (■ 
 
 irn-.'lia. 
 
 11 A P 
 
 ;.• 
 
 VoUiir.c VIII: lMnlIii>i.s, l.cliiiiixhTit'.s, <ii.!i,it,.ra(t- 
 
 .\: Mollu.-kl-. 111. fill- ami 
 rl P : l'(.'pha!op...|:i ai .1 Pi Tiip...! 
 
 11 I)' 
 
 Pail (■ 11 
 
 l,aiii>. ISy Ai;>-:, I!. I' 
 
 I r\ . 1 . I 
 
 I'ail 1>: l'ry..z III. 1 ,y li . f ' i .-i .i:ni, h: 
 
 P: li'.ta 
 Par: P: < l.i.-l,.:; 
 Pan I.: A.iia..z.. 
 
 •<: M..I.I 
 
 Pv II. K. Ila 
 
 . <,. IPl 
 
 1. Ii\. In. ;.!.,. p.. .M.P. ai 1 
 
 Hv \. I,. \'. 
 
 P.- II p.. P. 
 . .■, /•■ .' 
 
 ■:i. ..'„ 
 
 .!: P. .riff 
 
 Viilur.M- !.V: Vi'.ii.ll>N. I'arasilii- ^Viiria \r.i(r/. ill-. I 
 
 -1 \ : ill it'll. ai.iia;i. p. 
 
 i'alt P.: Pah. 
 Pan C. Ilira. 
 Pan 1): (l.pl 
 
 I'.v P 
 
 Hv.l. p. .M. 
 Pv ilaipli V 
 
 V -.lal';. .ual Pa 
 \ . Cliaiiil.. rli: 
 
 Part 11: .Vniiiilu-.ii.I-.iiaii. P.-. H..!, \i 
 Part I : \. i.i-.|...!a. I. 
 
 P;ul I .:-U. ri.'i.ial 
 Part 1 : 'l*..irt..'Il:.ri i 
 Pan ,1: l,..r.lia..-a. 
 Part K. -Vfiiainini 
 Part I.: --p. ii..z.ia. 
 P .ri .M : I'..rai,iiiaf.'r:i 
 
 \. ( -.111.. hi !,.-,„u: 
 il I ..-l.i.ia. \<\ \. IP '■ 
 
 P.v.i -.v. Mav.ii 
 .■ I. .',. '■ 
 
 VoIuniP X: I'laiikloii. M>!lrii_f:iipli) . 'i'iii. 
 
 Pan .\. Plallkli.M. U\ .M'l.it .M.il.n i'a 
 
 Part li: NPaali.. l.>i atoms, lly I.. W H; 
 
 Part (• ■li.lalni.sarMitl 
 
 1.1 R. suit.- liv \V. l;. II Da 
 
 Part 1): ii>-'lrf.'.;ra:iii>-. v/ii /■:. /.ara.'i"-.). 
 
TTTTii ^°^ 
 
 iics:-it ;• -^ -^^^r'.^ — satst.jifc-^'-Kr j-mi*. -'fi'-* 
 
 >afe--agi!.-- -•m^'JtAidJjS sm