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These two opposite feelings are the result of the same opinion, namely, that but for our present prohibitory laws, the north of Europe would be able to pour in upon us enormous supplies of grain, at prices considerably below our present averages, which, under present circumstances, it is allowed, are but just suf- ficient to remunerate the grower. The class really and permanently interested in high prices is, indeed, small ; but, unhappily, it is possessed of stupendous influence. It has the ear of nearly all classes, and has, conse- quently, succeeded in exciting fear, where the opposite feeling should alone have found a dwelling. The farmer knows by bitter experience that a certain price is necessary to enable him to live. His landlord and vicar* — men on whom, and on whose opinions he habitually relies, tell him that foreign corn can be brought in at half that price, or at all events, for consid erably less ; which is true : but, they do not * Should tithes be commuted in any way but by giving a supposed equivalent in land, the landowners will lose thsir powerful ally " the church"— t. e. the body corporate of churchmen— without whose aid it is doubtful whether tithes could be mamtaincd another week. 4 A Statistical Sketch of the tell hint (let us (•luiritublv suppose they do not know) that the difference would ultimately fall on rent and money-tithes ; that money wages would fall,t and yet purchase more comforts for the labourer; and that by the fall in waKes,the farmer's proportionate profits would be greater ; and so further augment, by the fall m price of all raw produce, and of all articles, into the composition of which the raw produce of the soil enters. His income derived from profits, will purchase— will enable him to indulge in, com- forts, where before he could only afford necessaries — luxuries, where before he was glad to content himself with comforts. The hopes and fears above alluded to, however extravagant in de- gree have been productive of a most important result. They have raised up a demand for information, which government has evinced a praiseworthy anxiety to supply, not the least fruits of which, were Mr. Jacob's two missions to the north of Europe in 1825 and 182/. The two comprehensive re- ports of those journies, l)ring a knowledge of the corn trade of those parts of Europe which that gentleman visited, to every man's door ; the returns from the several consuls abroad, in some measure, t keep up our knowledge ; and these sources of information, combined with the experience of the last four years, may be said to have made us tolerably well acquainted with the corn supplying power of almost§ every country of Europe. With regard to America, however, both Republican and British, the case is widely different. Previous to 1830, with the exception of one or two extra- ordinary years, in which the pent-up surplus of previous years was suddenly liberated by extremely high prices, following virtual prohibition, the supply from the various parts of America was too insignificant to attract much notice. Last year, however, the supply of American wheat and flour entirely baffled calcula- tion, and produced what it never did before, a very decided in- fluence on prices in the English markets. Some enlightened merchants, known for the accuracy of their calculations in this branch of trade, have confessed themselves deceived ; and until better information is collected, there will naturally exist t From the increase of numbers which would follow cheap bread. % It is to be regretted that the last column in the returns is not usually more full. There is no reason why it should not contain a report of the harvest in the dis- trict where the consul resides. . i Russia is the most important exception. We know but little of the circum- stances under which the wheat of Russia is produced ; hence, at what price, and with what quantity that rapidly improving country can supply us, is still a mystery. T The a Corn Trade of ( unmlu, Sfc. ft a nervousness concerning the possibility of excessive trans- atlantic supplies. With regard to the United States, the Board of Trade has, by means of the several consuls, the sources of information within reach. Prices, with an occasional remark, are already trans- mitted to the corn department, and there appears no good reason why an annual report of the harvest and probable surplus for shipment should not be added thereto. From a colony, how- ever, such information is less easily procured, there being no public officer to whom government can apply, with any chance of getting the desired information with a sufficient guarantee for it's accuracy. These several considerations induce me to think that a short sketch of the corn trade of Canada will not be without iriterest generally ; but more es})ecially to the merchant interested in any branch of the corn trade of this country. it is now ascertained, and pretty generally acknowledged, that the continental states of Europe could not make any great addition to their average surplus * for shipment, except at a greatly increased cost of production. All the lands suited to the culture of white crops, and situated at moderate distances from the shipping markets, are already under pretty high tillage; and it is only by more skilful, and, at the same time, more ex- pensive application of mamires — in a word, by still hi<>-her til- lage, that an increased quantity could be drawn from the soil.f Canada, on the other hand, especially the upper province, stands ill a very different position. It possesses an extent of unoccu- pied land of the richest quality, which may almost be called boundless, and which, with a m'oderate application of most un- skilled labour, is capable of producing a continually increasing surplus for export. Europe may be said to produce it's corn by means of a large quantity of low priced labour, applied to rent, tax, and tithe- burthened lands, of various degrees of fertility ; the price of the • The total supply in five years ending 5th January, 1832, inclvdina America was 0,735,908, average 1,347,181. The largest import ever known wa? lasT^ar' namely, 2,319,402, of which, however, not much more than li milliom «?re froS Europe In 1817 itwas 1,030,000 from all parts.-(See No.^O, of a most u efS and well conducted mercantile papir, in 8vo., called the Londo^ Mirror of Com. merce, published by R. Macardy, 122, Fleet-street.) *^ t See Mr. Jacob's second report passim, and more particularly AoDendix 10 ommumcation trom J. H. VonThuenen, of Tellow, Lm whTc l^t^vSu tpJa; that there is not much room for higher cultivation. appear \ ,M 11 I J statistical Sketch of the produce being equal to the co«t of raising it on the worst-cir- 'TScf andlndeed all new countries, produce their corn &c S^ Sns > ( the district of Three Rivers j whereas about the Rice Lake, north of Lake Ontario, and on the St. Maurice river, it is more or less sterile, as it is also in the unsettled parts of Lower Canada, below Quebec. A deep rich black loamy soil, containing abundance of vege- table matter, predominates in the southern parts of the New Castle, Home and Midland districts ; in the]|'peninsula of Prince Edward, and about Kingston the soil is more clayey ;* partial plluvial tracts are met with in some parts of the course of most rivers ; and on the north shore of Lake St. Peter's (formed by the widening of the St. Lawrence) is to be found one of great extent and inexhaustible fertility ;t on the whole, the quantity ^f land incapable of tillage in Canada, is exceedingly small, particularly in the upper province, and most of it at the present day, preserves its aboriginal character, unimproved by expen- sive manuring, unimpaired by excessive cropping. The American farmers judge of the quality of the soil by the timber trees found upon it. Cseterjs paribus, well grown trees indicate richness, more especially if they are of hard wood ; stunted pine being the certain indicators of a barren soil. Again, a predominance of maple, black birch, beech, &c. indicate the richest deep black loam ; fir, spruce, &c. intermixed with the hard woods, indicate fertile clay. Pines, &c. alone indicate a sandy soil; if the trees be large, fertile; if small, stei^ile. Oaks also delight in soils in which sand predominates. These fer • tile sandy soils are seldom found muny leagues from the lakes and large rivers ; the back country generally consisting of the rich black loam already mentioned. On the former, however, wheat seems to thrive better than on any other, though no at- tempt, that I am aware of, has been made to improve and adapt them to other purposes, by means of lime or gypsum, the for- mer of which is ahvays — the latter generally, at hand ; indeed, to the total neglect of manures, both vegetable and mineral, I shall frequently have occasion to advert. I cannot dismiss this part of the subject without mentioning a part of the country of which I do not speak from personal in- spection, but which all agree in designating as the paradise of Up- per Canada. I allude to the Huron Tract : a triangular block of * The soil of Lower Canada is principally clay. t An extensive proprietor in tliat reighbourhood, informed me that he is now cropping land that has been cropped for forty years in succession, without manure. The soil is certainly twenty feet deep in some parts ; so that deep plough- ing is all that is wanted to get at a new virgin soil. { -, > 'I lice Lake, it is more of Lower e of vege- f the New a of Prince ;* partial • e of most formed by le of great le quantity igly small, ;he present by expen- soil by the rown trees ard wood ; ail. Again, ndicate the ;d with the '■ indicate a rile. Oaks These fer n the lakes ting of the r, however, •ugh no at- 3 and adapt n, the for- d ; indeed, mineral, I iientioning ersonal in- dise of Up- lar block of hat he is now ssion, without t deep plough- Corn Trade of Canada, Sfc. 11 land, based on the east side of the southern end of Lake Huron. It's middle latitude is about 43' 15' north, and it's longitude from 80' 40 , to 82' west; it is estimated to contain 1,100,000 acres ; the whole, excepting the small quantity they have sold, belongs to the Upper Canada Land Company. Notwithstand- ing it's thinly settled state, " the climate of the Huron tract (a friend reports) is milder than any other part of Canada, and they will here find every natural advantage a settler can desire. I think t)\e soil is generally sandy loam, and tobacco seems to thrive here wonderfully, though I do not know much about it's culture. I have seen some book accounts mention clay, but as yet, I have seen but little of it, though the quantity of vege- table soil fully warrants what you told me of Canada generally. The trees too are majestic ; indeed, I think I could hardly find it in my heart to treat them as enemies : onk I am now looking at, and on which I incessantly hear the axe of a raw-boned woodsman, (I give up my argument about the cross-cut saws,) I would certainly preserve. The underbrush, as it is called, is surprisingly thin ; and I like the place so much, I think I shall fix on it."t ******* We have now seen that the soil and climate of both the Cana- das are highly favourable to the production of wheat, and indeed of every thing else. I shall now devote a short space to the sub- ject of internal communications. In Mr. Jacob's second report, is an interesting calculation of the cost of conveying wheat to mai-ket in Mecklenburg. A table is constructed thereon, J showing that the whole value of the produce would be expended in carrying it 240 miles, (50 German miles.) If Canada depended on it's summer roads, such or worse would be the result. The excellence and extent of her natural water communication, howevr, renders the cost of conveying wheat, even from a great distance, very trifling. In the Appendix E will be found an interesting table, drawn up by Mr, Samuel llevans, of Montreal, (a gentleman known for the extent and accuracy of his knowledge of mercantile statistics,) exhibiting the cost§ of carrying produce to Montreal, from dif- ferent distances ; it forms a striking contrast to Mr. Jacob's table. The more distant parts of the province of Upper Canada, t I have a great deal of interesting correspondence on Canada, chiefly from new settlers, and persons about to take lands in Upper Canada, from which, when it accumulates a little more, I shall make a selection for publication. 1 8vo. edit, page 9. The whole statement, page 7 to 10, is worth looking at. ^ All the prices and rates in the text, notes and tables, are in Halifax currency, except when otherwise mentioned ; this currency is fully expleuned in Appendix D . jdl-.. 12 A Statistical Sketch of the \>^ * J y. . ..-^r^ as vet send but little, I think I may say no wheat to the ship - Dinl market. Niagara and the head of Lake Ontario being the S'Staui corn-Uplyi"g/l-tricts, hei.ee Hd- to 1. per bushel is the average cost of conveying the wheat of Upper Canada to Montreal. Most of the carting work is done m slei<-hs, (sledges,) when the snow is on the ground ; indeed, all of the wheat grown near, and some of that grown a considerable distance from Quebec and Montreal, is thus conveyed to those cit'es, when the farmers having nothing else, either for themselves or their horses and oxen to do : hence, if we allow any thing for this carting, it must be a mere trifle. The cost of conveying wheat by water from St. Thomas to Quebec, a distance of twelve leagues, is in summer, 2d to 2|d, yet some is carried by land in winter ; thus earning not more than 4s in two days for a man and horse and cart. From these observations, it will appear, that cost of conveyance can never operate as a check upon the sup- ply of wheat from Canada, as the settling, populating, and clearing of the country, and the general improvement of the roads and navigation resulting therefrom, will be continually reducing that expense. ^ v The system of agriculture pursued by the Lower Canadians is probably the worst on the face of the globe. Of rotation, even of the rudest kind, they have not the slightest conception; their custom (and from their customs nothing can turn them) being to crop one year, and pasture the next, giving the land no other manure than what is made by the small number of cat- tle fed on it. It is a mere alternation of wheat and weeds. Their total ignorance and neglect of manures is conspicuous, even to the'^numerous flying travellers who occasionally visit, and ailerwards to the great edification of their readers,— write about Canada. A Canadian farmer has been known, at a considera- able expenditure of his own time and labour, to cart the con- tents of his dung- heap into the river ; and around most Cana- dian houses is a heap of filth, perpetually offensive where it lies which might be converted to the most useful purposes. Many stories are told of the prejudices of the Canadians on this head, such as the pile of dung round the barn, rendering it necessary to build a new one, &c. Such stories are probably not all true, still they are invented as illustrations of existing customs, and for so much they are good. The consequence of all this need scarcely be stated : Lower Canada exhibits what no new country ought to exhibit ; namely, a considerable quan- tity of worn-out land, and many of the phenomena of redun- dant population. ■'(■If^W" ! .', '"'" Corn Trade nf Canada, Sfc. 13 le ship - ?ing the Is. per Upper done in leed, all iderable to those !mselves ;hing for nveying •f twelve / land in man and !ar, that the sup- ing, and it of the iitinually an ad i an s rotation, iception; rn them) the land ler of cat- lb. Their ous, even visit, and rite about lonsidera- :. the con- ost Cana- e where it pnrposes. ladians on rendering ! probably f existing •quence of ibits what iible quan- , of redun- Their agricultural implements are on a level with their system. Rudely constructed ploughs, attached to the horns of the oxen, by which they are drawn ; small triangular- shaped harrows, in some cases, made wholly of wood. The improved instruments of Great Britain, even those there considered as indispensable, are wholly unknown, and several laudable attempts to introduce them have failed ; sacre invention Anglaise being the name the habitans are wont to bestow on any thing with which they are not familiar. Still, I think I can discover marks of a better era. Mr. J. K. Perrault, a gentleman of considerable agricultural know- ledge of known benevolence, and of literary attainments, has lately written, for a weekly paper, some able essays on the elementary principles of agriculture, especially adapted to the climate and circumstances of Lower Cauda. These have since been collected into a small volume, which will, in all probability, produce some good effect on the younger inhabitants of the pro- vince. A favourite plan of Mr. Perrault's is to establish ele- mentary schools of agriculture, with farms attached thereto, all over the country ; a plan which certainly merits the attention and assistance of all who wish well to the agriculture of Canada. Among other impressions whicli there is some reason to think erroneous, is that against the culture of winter wheat on the score of climate : that the culture of white wheat is attended with more risk and requires greater care than red, I am fully aware. I know also that there are lands in Lower Canada, {ivhere are there not ?) ill adapted to winter wheat ; but I have the opinion of many good farmers that there is nothing in the length and severity of the winter, which militates against it's introduction, with sufficient care and attention, of course, all of which would be fully repaid by the additional weight and value of the crop when housed. About the middle to the end of April (15th to 20th) the snow is off, and the frost out of the ground; the farmer's labours may then be said to commence. Though the agency of a warm sun- shine the ground is soon sufficiently dry for the single ploughing, (if not done in the autumn,) which is all the Canadian farmer ever gives it; the 1st of May is considered a fair average time for getting the seed into the ground, the 20th is generally held to be very late ;* one harrowing completes this part of the pro- cess, the rest is left almost wholly to the hon dien, until the time of han ;:si, which is in August, or even at the latter end of July in emly years. One and half to three bushels is the quantity sown, the smaller quantity on the newest land, the larger, or sometliing approaching thereto, on lands long in * It was as lute as 3Uth May, last year. . 14 A Statistical Sketch of the |VV •-/ ' J' '4^. Si 1 cultivation ; fifteen, twelve, ten, and even as low as mne for one being the proportion of the produce to the seed^ The wheat ot' Lower Canada varies in quality, thongh 1 thmk much less than that of England. One great reason for this 1 ?ake to be the general steadiness of the weather about the time of harvest, an advantage which England cannot be said to eiijoy. The grain itself is of good quality, weighing from 5b to 62lbs. the bushel ; but it is brought to market in a most abominably dirty condition, full of oats, wild tares, {poix miwagcs) and dust The slightest improvement would remedy all this. A sum- mer 'fallow would eftectually eradicate the weeds, and the use of good clean seed wheat would stop their recurrence. At pre- sent, no care is taken even to pick out the poix sauvages, so that wheat and weeds are in fact cultivated together. In the midst of all this, however, we have many samples of bet- ter cultivation, but they are exhibitedby old-country fanners; Mr. Anthony Anderson's farm, on the north side of the little river St. Charles, which runs into the St. Lawrence at Quebec would do credit to any country. Mr. Anderson adapts all the English improvements to the circumstances of Lower Canada, with peculiar skill; his farm is stocked with the hnest breeds of cattle in the province, and from my connexion with the Quebec Agricultural Society, I have means of knowing that his libe- rality has been beneficial in numberless ways. But «)f course, the markets of Quebec and Montreal m ill draw around them the best farmers, ^c. ; in speaking of the system of Lower Canada, I mean to allude to that of the hahiians, as the country people arc called, only. ' . . ^ ,, , In Upper Canada, and in the townships of Lower Canada, a somewhat better system prevails ; the lands have an occasional respite, consequently they are not wholly exhausted m a few ^^When the land is first bnmght under cultivation, it is gene- rally the custom to sow it, in Upper Canada, with Indian corn ; in Lower Canada, with potatoes in the spring, and in September with wheat. If the soil be very rich, wheat is again sown in the September following. If, however, it is considered not suf- ficientlv good to bear two such exhausting crops, the land is left untouched until May, when it is broken up for summer fal- low, and in September it is again sown with wheat. With this second year's wheat, gras s is not unfre q uently sown ; * In the townships so»7th of the river St. Lawrence where a rather better sys- tem prevrils! (somewhat similar to that of I'ppcr Canada, about to be ^e^cnbed the produce i, greater, namely, from 12 to 25 bushels leaped, tor 1 , 1 1 or U sown , the average being about 15 for I. i Corn Trade of Canada, Sfc. 15 s nine for 1.* rh 1 think, for this I it the time d to enjoy. [3 to 62ibs. bominably fugcs,) and is. A sum- md the use \ At prc- luvages, so I pies of bct- irmers;Mr. ; little river cbec, Mould the English inada, with t breeds of the Quebee lat his libe- t of course, lul them the wer Canada, intry people vver Canada, m occasional ed in a few 1, it is gene- [ndian corn ; n September ;ain sown in ered not suf- le land is left summer fal- heat. With sntly sown ; Uher better sjs- o be described,) 1 , 1 ] or 1 i sown ; in tlie third or fourth year the grass is broken up, and wheat, Indian corn, or pease, again sown. In other places, wheat is sown once, grass follows for three years, then a sum- mer fallow, and wheat in the fall. Manure is used in very few cases, and inthese but sparingly ; I have been told, that new land has frequently been cropped 10 years out of 12. The Irish generally commence with the potato, following with wheat. A very favourite course is, first, wheat ; second, rye, mixed with hay- seed ; third, pasture ; fourth, ground broken up and summer fallowed ; and fifth, wheat again. For pasture, clover and timotliy are the favourites. White clover is indigenous, and is generally abundant after the clear- ing of the land and the burning of trees. The plough is seldom used on new lands until the first pas- ture is broken up, it being found quite sufficient, in the first in- stance, to harrow in the seed. Manure is but little attended to ; and, as in Lower Canada, much that might be usefully ap- plied to the land is wasted ; the stable dung generally goes to the Indian corn crop, or, if the farm have one, to the orchard ; where also oats or rye are frequently raised. The manure of the cattle is entirely lost to the land, by the custom of allowing them to stray, for the purpose of browzing ; no pasture is so agreeable to their palates, as the young and tender branches of the maple, to obtain the very top shoot of which, they walk doivu the young tree with great skill ; cropping it, and then letting it regain it's erect position ; with this food, however, they require an additional quantity of salt to keep them in health ; indeed, in countries far fro m the sea coast, the vege- table world, including the grasses, seems to be very sparingly impregnated with salt, a deficiency which the cattle invariably feel, and which art must always supply. 7'urnip culture, connected with feeding, with a view to the wool, might be most advantageously introduced into Upper Canada generally, as there is much land peculiarly adapted thereto, and the d' iration of the winter does not throw in the way the insuperable oa : which it does in the lower province. The better cultivation of Upper Canada, abundantly shows itself in the proportion which the produce bears to the seed, and in the quality of the grain, some of which has been sold within 2s of the top price of English wheat ; and when the harvest has been badly housed here, for some few shillings more. I saw, last Novem- ber, a sample of Upper Canada white wheat, weighing 64ilbs the bushel, which M'ould have borne comparison with any Kentish wheat I ever saw, and was much better than any now to be found in the London market ; it was frte from ble- ' \ ilj^ I I. V ^ jg ^ statistical Sketch of the • t f . kind Generally, the wheat of Upper Ca.uuhi con- mish of any Kiiul. *;^^"^' '^^^^ . , i defect ; but owing to le granted they ''"« ™X moducc bears to the seed is cer- The proportion which the proc mtc . 't:^Kr,:^rLl^°rat XSw^by over eropph;! much better, mil IS c ,„uch less, seldom exceeding U, Itl Zn " ulbi™ r ^, -d the produce is fron. 15 t« 25 bushels per acre.'- (,^„.^j^ ;, „„ The price »* ^vhich w e.^ cm. ^ S™ ,^^^^„„a and interesting subject of enquiry . " "^ ^"'^ ^ , j ^^ „,^jUet, admitted, that »"*;;;»« ™;:f, t^tit r™"-^^^^^^^^ '>'^'-"""'' i':r:S-i«-»at C.y borne out by the prices during the last ten J-ea'?; ^ j^^j, „{ the prices of wheat from ,82}"*: im It was coUeSed, with Leat labour by Mr. J, tn wl mm I have already expressed my obligations. '^'iCious to lS2rC">adawlLit las subject, in some mea- / tTthe CO npetition of the north of Europe, the reduction • ,hp?hSesftoml2s6dto5snot having then taken place; miitlf average price for the period may be cons.de.-ed as ...d^ c ti."!with totoable accuracy, the re.t.u..eratmg 1'"^; "f.*^t r";tCf f t.': cMo^/bt'g'cal.ed ""Canada ^^-^^^ c:i^r:^.:^s^"=-V!:12;s'3s•^^^;^ The averages of the five years above named were as follows :- 1821 4s. Od. 1822 4 1823 5 2| 1824 4 7 1825 4 10 Average of the 5 years .... 4 C^ Appendix C, No^ "TTT^^iiiT^^J^^ases ofhisher cultivation 35 bushels, and, I believe even 40, have beS re;pS S these are rare instances, and require heavy expenses. ^rAi'eS measure, one-twelfth larger than the Winchester bushel. "OH Curn Trade of Canada, ^'c. if lulu con- owing to I of lute ive made it nvust [I is cer- not only L'roppini«;. eding H, •om 15 to ida is an stood and t market, delivering the prices heat from r, by Mr. iitions. iome mea- reduction icn place ; •ed as indi- ice at that mada ; not icessarv, all eat." 'The vt present ; d as arising I remember minot.f i follows : — dix C, No. 4. believe, even 40, y expenses, bushel. Upper Canada wheat, howcr, of mcdinm qnaliry, conld not be laid down at Montreal under 5s (id per bushel,* or 54s 4d inf London, without duty. Now the average price in England must be low indeed for good white wheat to bring no more than 54s 4d. The medium price of a dollar per bushel would cost 50s 8d in London, without duty, (Appendix F) a price which would enable Canada, quality considered, | to cope with any of the corn-supplying countries of the nortli of Europe. In the present state of the corn laws it is not likely that wheat in Canada will be long under 5s 6d as a medium price, that is, 5s for Lower Canada, and Gs for Upper Canada wheat! And even were the commerce of grain quite unrestricted, I am inclined to think good wheat would seldom go below 62s to 65s per quarter here, which would keep the price in Canada up at from 6s to 6s 6d ; a price which operates as a decided induce- ment to it's extended cultivation. The remuneration of the labourer has been frequently over stated in this country, in works on emigration, &c. This arises, I imagine, from taking the wages paid at particular times, for particular kinds of work, as the current rate for the whole year. Thus 4s to 4s 6d per diem, is paid during summer to hard- working labourers in Quebec and Montreal; 3s 9d to 4s 6d, and even 5s are occasionally paid on farms at harvest time. In the discussions on the Emigration Bill, 2s 6d was assumed as something below the rate of wages in Canada; 3s 9d per diem being considered the medium rate of wages. Farm servants are usually hired by the year, and paid at a rate per month, being lodged and amply found. Their board is usually estmiated to cost Is per diem, and their wages vary from 6 to 12 dollars per month, according to their skill and ability in the work required to be done. The well-skilled Upper Canadian farm servants, accustomed alike to the plough and to the axe are usually paid from 10 to 12 dollars per month, with board' or from 2s 8d to 3s per diem, all the year round. The newly arrived raw immigrant, although accustomed to all the agricul- tural operations of an old country, is obliged to content himself with rather lower wages, until he has acquired the use of the American axe, and become skilful in chopping, loggino-, and I • Tlie last advices, January 24, 1832, quote Upper Canada Wheat, at 5s. 6d. t Appendix F. X A comparison of the present prices Hi the London market of all foreign wheats wth each other, and with English, will point out tolerably well where Sada wheat should be placed. See Appendix H. "ucil v^anmu ,.r.*- M 18 A Statistical Sketch of thi ^^^s^^r^t^^r^^^^^^. 50s) nils iinu hira^rage wages. .'^%'^^:rP^ ^XZ^'T^l^^^^. is I""'' -^^^ „f his time in.;«=f -"'f "' ^ C to 8 "lollars, or fr..m 30s t.. 40s, lowest rate, namely, at from to » u , ^.^_^_^ ^^^^^., ^^ ^^^ with board, per month, or -f^"^, / ,ets an advance, acquired better halnts, when h<, „ u.m^e ^ ^^ ^ .^^ ^, ^^^ ^he mean of all these r.,tesmM^c ^^^^^,^^^^^ diem, all the year """''• .,'',";a,.r 2s U per diem. These is 10 dollars per month, ^"'> »''™'f " ages. Even the great rates are not '"-'X/"^^, .J.^^^ ^to S),(KH) souls, had no sensi- imraigrationofiaM.am untn, , considered that of l.le eftect on ^™Sf '^"^^/ila X not 2,000, were able-bodied these, perhaps not ^W, ccriamij , ^^ mechanics working n«>r"""Pf f, e ame time more'fluctuating than are much higher and at the sau^e ^m ^^^^^^ ,^^^ ^ those above mentioned. ^'^^'"'^ ''};-,; J„, ,^ particular class of circumstances create such a cma .d tor s . i ,j,j_.^^ labourers, that any F''^'' "''y'';™;,,^, eorn to market, however, has no f ^'^ ™ ^'.^tf^he p obS.le^nrplus of a coun- In atteniptm- to imcstigait "'^ 1 , j ^j country is try for export, tlie g"';:.t\ "'^'^5 ™ f "'"P 'H e« i "o branch of a highly hiterestnig -*3f?f™C justly observed, less s«s- statistics, however, as M 1. J^*^""; '"„^J „ J„„ thereto has it's ceptible of accuracy ; ^'^"fVl'P Additional difficulty thrusts usc«. With regard to Canada, ■"'f^" ™", j „„ „u the cen- Uself forward, - /l- "^ ^^^v n eet "- -"""y of which has recently been made puMic >'\ * " ^'"^^ ,„„,h less papers. . It gives ^^oift'^fm ]^ ._,„, j ,„,,y ,,y. papers. It gives a *«'*'"'. """I'i,' ^evv, and I may say, than might have l-^e" ff"P*'f't supect it's accuracy • flourishing country, that I -^^^f ^u' ^ect ^^^^ ^^ ,^^ The last census was in 1»^», » exniun. S )78 6d si II dollars dered as ds much lid at the Is to 4()s, ■il he has ance. 6d* per however, ,. These the great no sensi- 1 that of ile-hodied inechanics [iting than at times, ar class of 1. This, market, of a coun- comitry is , branch of i, less sus- to has it's ilty thrusts [ill the cen- ley iis\ially her sovirces 1, the result idian news I much less I may say, iccuracy. al of some- Corn Trade of Catmda, Sfc. 19 thing over 423,000,* the defects thereof were glaring : they were as follow : — First. None of the townships in Cornwallis, Devon, Hert- ford, Effingham, St. Maurice or Quebec, arc mentioned in the returns ; and only a few in Buckinghamshire, Dorchester, Richelieu, York, Leinster, and Warwick, though numy of them are populous. Second. The protestant population of the seigneuries is very incorrectly given, nay, in many cases, wholly omitted. Third. The French Canadians are known to have concealed their numbers, from a vague fear of additional tiLxation ; tradi- tional accounts of censuses for such purposes, during the time of the intendantSjt being current among them. From these sources of error, it was generally calculated that the census of 1825, gave the population of Lower Ca- nada nearly, if not quite, 100,000 too little. Mr. Neilson, a member of the house of assembly, antl a man of great intelligence ; whose information on all subjects connected with Canada is undisputed, estimated the population in 1823, at 480,000. His data were the returns of the cures, corrected by information from other sources. The rate of increase would be about 3 per cent, per annum : this rate of increase, however, has not since been maintained. Assuming both the censuses to be equally defective, or equally correct, (and there can be no great difterence in their relative correctness,) the rate of increase exhibited by Lower Canada, is lamentably small. According to Mr. Buchannan, the agent for immigrants at Quebec, an officer who has the means of knowing the destination of every emigrant that ar- rives ; the following are the numbers that have remained in Lower Canada, since 1827- previous to which year, settlers did not turn their attention towards the lower province. Of the immigration of 1828, remained 1,000 Ditto 1829, „ 3,500 Ditto 1830, „ 11,000 Ditto 1831, „ 22,500 38,000 This number must, { equently, be deducted from the total exhibited by last year's census, and the remainder will be the * The particulars of this census, are to be found in the Commons' Report on tlie Civil Government of Lower Canada, 1827. t A sort of civil administrator of the finances,— always a great extortioner. . *c /#*' m A Statistical -Sketch of the i I I V -* . i,..r .h>t the populati.... would have attal..e.l, by ."eai.B of ZSon .t.e! !uKU.l.d by aa.Uti«n» from without. Ihe nrrnunt will Htund UH follows : — , /in7<¥¥1 "•^^"'iiopulatiou of 18;U, deUueting uum.grat.on 467 000 I'opulaliou of IWa, » Increase h. six years, by procreation ^'*'""" Thi. u pvictlv 10'4 per cent, or at an aceunndatinf? rate of l.^tr ent (-,.', ulv 1 5 per cent.) per annun;. This n.al... the 1 "?!'"'-•: .''...o: I Even t nsrate ot uicrease, small as pcru.dof d.ubl s4->^^^ f „,,, „,.t, „r tl.e lower pro- ■t IS, must S^^;7 " "^^^^ almost wholly by per- :^';;fBStet,e^lIitlheusuali^creaseofne^v countries, enu, in act the increase of the Unite.l Mates, and Upper ;.t"at di Hsi'rZ. „v.?^ i)8,0(K), which would leave ; 8 WW for the increase of the si,n,or,al W' i'^"' "J V..L.h descent, . '-".^i- ''*-■- "f ™ '^'J^^^Ztx S*i-46, oVlSs^i;;;,; u'(,eJ'c;|rthe perh.. of doubling, Mt such a rate of increase, being A'J\ years. '' ^iLumate the present^opulation we must jn^ juw.^ tion somewhere, and Mr. Neilson's estunate of 182.3, '^^^^'^^l alUnved to be as correct as an estmuite can be. It was, as has a T dv boon observed, 480,000. Were we to caknilate on the ''I, in u-v ncrease of a new country, and add the mnnigra ion of the e Li t would give nearly 700,000 ; the assumption of h^ w^eofinc^-easihowevei?; is t^bidden by the result of tip comnarison of the two censuses; a result, uuth is, n slc'r^e confirmed and accounted for by what has drejuly hPen said of the over-cropped, worn-out condition of some of the si^lorkl lands, and the palpable i^dundancy of population, ?n some of the eurlv-settled parts of the province. "x:^.:^iicreL by "-"-^ p-^-^^-j^^iii :::^^s:^ since 1823, is 1372 per cent., 13| nearly. Ihis will make account stand thus : ^^ i • i qoq 4«0 000 Population of Lower Canada in 1823 48U,Utni Increase by procreation, 1372 per cent. 6o,/60 Increase by immigration "^"'^ Population in laSl ^^'^^O I Corn Trade of Cmiadn, Sfc. 21 neans of It. 'J^he ,()00 ,0(K) ,000 g rate of nakes the , small as )wer pro- llybyper- L!ountries, lul Upper period of 84,000 of 11 descent, it would )uld leave Illation of 1,000, and he annual doubling, ,n assump- s generally t^as, as has ate on the ligration of niption of le result of lich is, in las already )f some of population, ', exhibited 11 make the Ifwe assume the census of 1825 to be 100,000 deficient, and it was certainly not nnich imder, it would give ()15,4()(). Now the mean between these two estimates is 590,580, or, in round numbers, (KK),(KK), to which, 1 think, we may fairly assume the i)opuhiti()n of Lower Canada to amount, at this moment : 1 think that estimate within the truth,* inasmuch as 1 have pm-posely left out, all the children born of those who have inunigrated since the year 1827- A statement of the population of upper Canada, has also been put forward, giving a total of 234,000 ; this likewise wants correction, as may easily be shown. Tiie township returns for 1830, give 210,000 : adding :3o/^ increase, and 35,000 for immi- gration. We have the population in 1831,251,300; but this also is far within the truth, as tlie returns were very imperfect. Out of 256 surveyed townships, only 107 «i'»t in their returns, fifty-)ihie being wholly omitted, 'rhese omissions are nearly "all' in the populous districts of Home, Midland ami Niagara. In the scantily peopled districts, there are but few omissions. The average population of a towuship is 1071. Now assuming the population of the omitted townships to average only 7^4, or 2-3ds of the general average— probably nuu;h below tiie truth— we must a(ld42,2(X) for these omissions, which brings the popu- lation in 1831 up to 204,000, and adding a triile for inhabitants, not within the i)ale of " sitrvei/cd towns/iips," including those engaged in lumbering and other pursuits in the forests, we may safely call the population of Upper Canada, in round numbers, 300,000,i- and of both provinces, 900,000. | Estimates of tiu^ (pumtity of wheat grown by a comitry are interesting, as exhibiting the fund, if I may be allowed the term, from which a surplus for export is derived. Next to having ascertained the population, tiie average quan- tity consumed by the inhabitants, is the most important step towards an estimate of the quantity grown ; indeed, if these two data could be ascertained with perfect accuracy, we should have nothing else to learn ; the conclusion would stand forth * I may add tliat such is the opinion ot'nio<*t men ac(|uainted with Canada, t Tills number was assumed all last year in the public prints, as the population of Upper Canada. + Since these remarks were sent to press, I have received an abstract of tlie causes, with certain omissions supplied. The total (inures are, population 512,000, of which, by iinniiu;ration, 23,000, the last figure is manifestly incorrect; upwards of o'HjOOO are known to have remained in Lower Canada sinee"l827, as the asent for eniit;rants at auel)ee, has kept a register of the numbers. These fi;aurcs will be found to siive raiuer a better ratio of increase than my former calculation ; still my remark on the small rate of increase of Lower Canada, compared with that of the iipper province, holds good. The increase from procreation in the whole six years was 11-79 percent, or rather above 18 per (;ent. per annum, the periml of doubling beins rather under 40 years. 4^'* ?■ -r M J StiUiMcal Ukatihiiflhe to tell it's ow. story. I Ikwc .tccrdinKly take. »o...r puinH will. E^:;^c;;»-^^■;t ."loit t:,s>v aoL, ,„. i.... their thftt nappy ^""'./f' . i i,econiu w leut-coiibuniera. '"Tt "l" m ";' W,./.v ,,er lu.a,l is the uveva^e As tar as 1 i.u iuu , •, .,.|,i„ it will he seen, is ''Th IrerXn i /-t" eCJJ^t esti,«'ate of the consump- !""°'',f ';*rB ui. one quarter each pers.,,. is the largest e»- ,S?na?ehnfe so -MrJacob fixes it at 6i bushels. A,ul n the abseieJ o cv de e,, on whieh 1 ean groun, eonfi.lent op,n«.n, f«ri\ellneatothlnk}.isasnearthen^^ gX l™r;r ITw eaC (t ;:';'..s''sterlin..)* and the hi,h rL of Xes, in some degree also, by the use of annual food '" m frdinafy 'allowauee of flour to a youuR able-bodied, hard - wort'nrft. n se vant, is 1 Slbs per diem. The fl.mr eonsumed rihisiay being not of the fi.iest kitul, n.ay be eons.dered as ™nn L f^.m 46to50lbs to the bushel of wheat ; henee thirteen /™T"f is the annual consumption of an able-bod.cd man tS however, is far beyond the average eonsu.nptu.n of he whde nonuto (,f thirteen persons I .,uest.oned on the lint Su,f whom were men of iutelligenee and well ae.mamt- ^dld'ti; the habits of the people, the answer, were as follow: One answered 11 bus^^'U. One 10 to 1 1 Two >0 One 9 to 10 Four 9 Two 8 to 9 Om 7 to 8 One 6| Average 9' 15 bushels per head. This result, but not the data, on which it was founded— was submitted to others, and approved especially by two gentlemen whose opinions I consider conclusive namely, M^ Geoige Hamilton, of Hawkesbury Mill, Upper Canaxla; and Mr. John Davidson, agent at Quebec, to the Upper Canada Land Com- . , have known wheat as low as 25s. to 27s. sterling per quarter in Lower, and 17s. in Upper Canada ! i I iiiH with ileHceiit, poorest ;hicli in on tlieir ra. aveia^c* seen, is )n8ump - ripest es- iici in the opinion, )e. ;rhc r chiefly the liigh null food ed, hard - onsumed idered as L' thirteen ied man. Ill of the d on the aetjuaint- i follow: lid. ided — was centlemen, r. George Mr. John .and Com- II Lower, and Corn TVadc of Canada, fifv. 23 pany. My own iiujuiries alio, among the country-people, fully corrohorate tliis conclusion. ^ The (luantity of wheat and flour exported may 1)C seen in Appendix A ; there is, however, an annual importation of flour from the United States, (Appendix li) which, although it hears hut a trifling proportion to the total consumption, of course liberates so much for export. On these data, making an allowance for seed, we are able to make a tolerable estimate of the crop of Canada, for the two last periods of five years, in Appendix A, and also for the year IBIM). The mean amount of population of the 5 years ending 1826, was alxmt (5()0,(XK); for the like period, ending IBIil, 7H(),(KK) ; the population of IKM being, as 1 have before shown, 900,000. 5 years, ending IH2G. 600,000 consumed 5,940,000 Average export 429,H(K) Import..... ll<^^^^2'«!??. Reserve for seed ^^/ >200 Average crop 1822-26 6,707,000 ,5 years ending 1831. 780,(KX) consumed 7,020,000 Average export 741,0(X) Iniport 111,(K)0— 630,000 Reserve for seed 546,400 Average crop 1827-31 8,196,400 The state of the English, and especially of the London market, in 1829, was highly encouraging to the extension of agriculture in Canada. The best wheat of Upper Canada had, during the whole of that year, commanded prices equal to the best Kent and Essex ; and when, in the month of October, the new wheats were brought to market, and found to be of inferior quality, the former maintained prices from Is. to 3s. above the lat- ter. This state of things continued until the month of May or June, 1830. As a natural consequence, a great quantity of land was cleared, and all which was capable of bearing a white crop was sown with wheat ; which yielded extremely well. The population would rec^uire 8,100,000. Exported in 1831 1,700,000 Import 184,000-1,516,000 Reserved for seed (one-fifth more than usual) 824,000 Estim ated crop of 1830 10,440,000 t Their answers varied from 60 to 100 bushels per family. 4 i ■fl oi A Statistical Sketch of the Prices auri,.s the year 1830, continued at a ■•™V.""!5'"'S -?^^t:"Aeti^^^^^^^^^^^ in Canada; ami me proM ^^ ^^^ :;;irro7t,^rt:™d^A' -^^^^^^^^^ -" '^ «<— '- ''''The'kno\™"prineiples of the present, aaministration too eariy pro need I the \nind« of the Canadums, a ™«1-- °» ™' ;u„ timber trade would not last tor ever ; and Lold Althorp r^easure of 1831 confirmed that suspicion. Steps were taken hv ™,>e few individuals to withdraw tl,erase ves, as soon as ^ "n! frnm thit rcstriction-bolstered trade ; and agricul- ^ Hm soon exhibit themselves in a ^^^^Y^^!^^;, The increase in the quantity of seed sown ni lH.il, compartu wi!h 1830 has been Variously estimated-by some extr.mj- lan Iv e m m.h. I have taken sonie pains to enqmre of we l- fXmied dividuals connected with agriculture and flour ml, a^dThe result is, that one,fiM -ay be --"-a;'; "^J; tion. This calculation, my own observation, dvu;n^ a ourney through part of Canada and the state of New \ork in J u y .nd Auiust last, fully confirms. Had the harvest of 18.3. ZLt:^^L'c^^nsLtoi 1830 the -op v,.uld W ^^^ needed hh millions of bushels, and the export of 1«^\^^^«^^1^^ Tot have been far short of 3 millions. But it 1^^^ "^^ been so ; iduX; though the dfciency would be extmnc4^^^^^^ Ltinnte with anv great decree of accuracy, t.enci.1115^ speak ifrShout Lower Canada tl>e wheat is deficeut m .puu,- al'mdSin quality; the wlK.at from the. pansl,es te o.v Ouebec, on the south bank of the St. Lawience s ot very uniK"- frct «a n much shrivelled, and full of weevil. One sample ,n my nossStion not worth as nn.ch by 30 to 35 per cent as he .?Ieat of "kV from the same fann. On the north bank of he river it is not so bad, l>ut still most lau.entaldy deficient. Fi 1807 15432 14007 18590 10997 20442 77100 70335 92950 54985 102210 300892 200043 22010 90909 231543 438052 270378 114900 151894 333753 Total . . 79528 397040 911403 130904* Average ' 15905 79528 ' 182281 201809 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 42402 19470 12519 19340 37025 212310 97380 02595 90700 188125 180858 198409 170900 8853 203178 3991 OH 295849 233495 97553 451303 Total .. 131122 057110 820258 1477308 Avciag( > 20284 131422 104051 295473 1813 1814 1815 1810 517 1217 1920 1135 2585 0085 9000 5075 2585 6085 9600 5675 Total . 4789 239452 23945 Averag e 1222 5980 1 5986 34 A Statistical Sketch of the APPENDIX A. (Continueih.) We Years. Flour 1 Bbl.=:5 bushels Wheat. Wheat. Bushels. Wheat and Flours Wheat Bushels. Barrels. Kqual to Wheat Bushels. 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 38047 30543 12086 45369 22635 190235 152715 60430 226845 113175 145660 401791 37895 319048 318483 335895 554506 98325 535893 431658 Total .. 148680 743400 1222877 1956277 Average 1822 1823 i»24 1825 1826 29736 47247 46250 41901 40003 33640 148680 236235 231250 209505 200015 168200 244575 147285 4510 5396 718010 228635 391255 383520 235760 214901 918031 396835 Total . . 209041 1045205 1103842 2149047 Average 41808 209041 220768 429809 1827 1828 1829 18.30 1831 54023 35720 11783 71749 82000 270115 178600 58915 358745 410000 391420 117714 40462 590081 1320000 661535 296314 99377 948826 1730000 Total .. 255275 1276375 2459677 3736053 Average 51055 255235 491935 747210 \ 1 No. 2. — Averages Recapitulated. 5 Years ending Bushels. 1797 1802 1807 1812 1816* 1821 1826 1831 326921 493707 261809 295473 5980 391255 429809 747210 * Four years only— war. From the Custom-house Returns Wd before the Asseraby of Lower Canada. Total trei Impo U.St Surpl for \ i Corn Trade of Canada, i^c. 35 APPENDIX J}. Weekly Import at Montreal of Wheat and Flour from Upper Canada, and Flour from tlie United States, in 1830 and 1831. 1H3U. 1831. Week I'ppcrlJanada L). States Week Upper Wheat ('anada L. States ending Wheat Moui- I'lour. ending I'lonr. Flour. Hushcis biiiiols bairols JMishels barrelH barrels. April 17 2087 1080 April, 23 17737 3021 G!5 24 3213 3284 2788 30 9745 31 GO 1172 May, 1 A.'SGS 3071 3827 May, 7 345G2 5G22 31GI 8 7<)32 4.510 2500 It 22228 27G1 415 15 93G8 3070 31.52 21 25G20 3335 050 22 101G8 5300 08G 28 3G79G 7514 2091 2!) ioyi»3 4400 G54 Jnne, 4 19171 2181 178 J line, 5 111G2 4413 3G03 11 4IG77 G8G3 13u 12 10818 8388 21GG 18 24 189 GI25 3G1 U) 14053 4448 1384 25 117G8 GI58 2G 30281 ()535 2208 July, 2 24171 3212 1G41 July, :i 104G2 27G4 337 2394G 41G5 3750 10 1254'J .HOlO 3G7 1(1 2GI57 3802 I7G0 17 12IJ»8 30(i4 200 23 21G14 3208 1838 21 3183 1470 30 14208 30G7 1IG5 31 2151 41G 135 Auf». G 5201 840 419 August, 7 •H.50 1473 13 22G4 3225 1308 14 4245 1813 418 20 5G2G 1779 2221 21 1548 G2i 27 4808 2350 751 28 2878 1202 Sept. 3 972 490 Sept. 4 1022 1181 10 4732 1198 1806 li 3113 1075 17 2207 524 1043 18 182G 1507 90 24 2108 1258 894 2.5 5248 820 784 Oct. 1 5404 IG 85G Octobr.2 7710 23G7 1184 8 2730 735 y 3879 17G 508 15 1G20 337 GIG IG 7112 1010 450 22 1832 128 590 23 5G48 1418 1004 29 3G55 1353 G73 30 527G 878 10.1G Nov. G G7G3 3130 1027 I'lxportcd ^32500 13 20 II din I932O \ 5472 Lli(>sum- 4158 2121 in Nov. &. l.)oc. Sll])- 14300 G700 Jan. I.aiulo 579G foss 35G8 posdcciual to 1830 . , inor, 1 )iit )niiUo(l in ilie well .ly lists s Total * • * 258371 03042 3G773 Total . . 430000 93000 37200 Bils. 1-^ 0815 Bils. 13 0200 Canada, Total Export from Quebec &. iMon treal in Wheat &, Flnnv in 1830 918,826 Wheat, bshls, Import from U. Canada. 2;5S,:J71 Fiour, brls. 03,012 4()5,'280 U. States do ... . :i(5,773 183,8G .5 907,446 Surplus afforded by Lower C^anada for Export 41,380 MEMORANDl'M. Total Export from Quebec & Mon- treal in Wheat & Flour in J831 1,700,000 Wheat, bshls. Im))ort from U. Canada t30,(K)0 Flour, brls. 93,000 4t>.-),()00 U. States do. . . .37,000 185,000 1,080,000 Surplus afforded by Lower (Jana- 2.'i 27 6 27 6 27 (5 27 6 30 2S f> 2S f) ?S 9 28 » 2"^ n 22 (i 2*^ <) 25 zr, 23 !» 2.5 27 6 26 3 26 3 .lantiary IVhy. .. March April .. May .. June .. July .. August Scplenir ( )utobcr Niivcmr Dcccmr. 4 4 ft 6 ft ft A ft ft 8 2(5 30 32 6 32 (i ;:2 6 .3^ (> 31 29 28 31 32 ( 32 ( 24 6 26 6 30 :u) 30 30 27 25 2.5 26 .30 30 2 4 2 4 2 4 i 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 10 2 10 1 3 1 4 1 (> 1 (S 1 6 1 6 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 7 1 7 2 •» 2 2 2 2 2 Avers 26 8 24 2 Avcrajje 4 10 30 10 27 10 2 5 1 5 2 1823 Jany. FeUy. March April May June July Au.i-t. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. 4 4 r 5 :] a f o ! ( 5 9 5 fl 30 27 6 27 6 37 6 37 6 37 40 r"y 3.'> :i5 27 6 2.5 2.'/ 32 6 32 b 3.5 32 32(1 32 () 32 (> 1 10 I 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 1 ) 3 I 3 1 3 I 3 1 3 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 182(5 January Feby .. Ilaich April .. May ,. June .. July .. Au^'ust . Scjiteini ()e'ti)l)cr Novcmr Decemr. 4 9 :35 35 35 ;55 35 ;58 25 2.5 25 25 ( 30 ( 32 32 6 32 (5 .32 (1 32 6 32 6 .33 22 6 22 6 22 (> 22 (i 26 ;5 .30 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 3 3 3 3 4 6 Avcrg o2f, 34 8 31 5 1 10 1 'i.| 2 2j Axerauc 4 9 31 3 28 () 3 2 2i 4 6 1824 Jany. Feby. March April May Juno July Au^t. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. 4 ft 5 3 6 5 () 5 6 5 9 5 !) 4 2 3 » 1 6 I 3 4 3.5 35 48 m (i :W 37 6 33 » 27 6' 27 6, 27 6! 31 32 6 35 .32 6 .30 .32 6 30 24 6 24 (i ir> 24 1 10 2 6 3 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 (i 2 4 2 4 1 3 1 H 1 H 1 () 2 1 10 1 .3 1 3 1 4 1 3 2 3 2 10 L 3 f) 3 •) 3 !> 2 2 2 2 2 1827 Januarv IVl)y .'. March... April .. May .. .lune .. July .. Au,.;ust.. Scj)lenir ()( tnber Novcmr Decern r 5 6 5 6 32 () .32 (, 32 (, 32 (i 32 (i 27 (i 27 6 27 6 27 f> .32 G 30 30 30 30 30 2.5 2.5 25 2.5 2.5 30 3 3 3 3 .3 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 .3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 8 Aversj 4 7 ,wl0|2f) 1 Hi 1 6 2 10 Avi'ruic 30 2 27 8 2 lOi 2 11 2 ic CDuld 1 a, sills. lishl » (i (> (1 (i 4 3 '.i a 1 1 I82S sprlliu' line tC hiislils llllS lis hr s. liils. biisiiU huslils Inislils Inisiils .liuuiiuy .. M2 (i .«) JJ I'l^ltnuiiy . . M <; ■■H) Mur<:li .... ■\2 (i :io 2 y April .... AUy .ii (i :<(» 2 !> 2 ■■',i (i :<(> 2 !) 1 H .Iiiiie .... .•) (i AO 27 (i 2 i) 1 ti July .") 4 ■>A (> 27 1 a Aujrust .. .") (i it 2!» I a Si'iitfinbtr 7 (i :W :«) :J 1 a ()i:t<)l)fr .. 7 (i 15 11 1 a N(ivt;ml)fr 8 \.\ l:i « 1 a l)i'icnil»cr 8 17 () 4o :i !) .i>> 7 :52 H ;} (i 2 111 1 <)' a 4 182!> .Imiuiuv .. FcbniaVy . . 8 •-)2 (i ;^() a oO a (J a I a a 4 April .... May .... !) 2 M (i 1() ;) :$ A u;; list . . 7 (> (i :»7 (i :»:} 4 (i a 1 4 4 » Si'ptt'ml)or (> (> (i 2 :y> : S a (i 2 {> 1 ^ '^ a « Octnhcr .. (> !) (i a :n () ■\7 a a 2 i> 1 I 2 a a >»()vt'iiil)er 7 ;i ;') !> to M 4 (! a i) ! 1 (i a !> DoccmiiL'f (> '■ !) ;'/) :J2 4 (i 3 4 1 (i a 9 Average 7 H 1 (5 ;i 44 2 10 •ii a 10 a oi I (i a ({ S. Revans, Montreal. No. 2. — Weekly Prices of Grniu and Flour at Quebec, 1830. Wii.iil 1 I'loiir 1 1 Carley IJyc Oats I'eiise Wliite Hrd MijK'r fine Jiimiai/ 1 (i ;-) (i a7 (i ao a (i 4 G 1 a t< (i 5 (i :i7 (i :» a (> 4 6 1 a W (i f) (5 a7 () ;"i a G 4 ti 1 a 21 U ;•) (i a7 () a;j a 6 4 6 1 4 Februiuy 1 (> 5 (i a7 (i ar, a fi 4 (i 1 4 H (i o (i a7 (i . •) a 6 4 G 1 4 Hi () "> (i a7 (J a-) a (J 4 () 1 G 21 (i .> 9 a7 () :") a (i 4 G I 6 Muich 1 li 5 )) a7 (i :5i") a G 4 fi 1 (i H (i 5 » a7 (i a-» a G 4 G I G 1(1 (i a r> «) a7 (> a:^ a G 4 (i I G 24 (> a (> a7 (! m a (i 1 4 G 1 G 1 38 uJ Statistical Sketch of the APPENDIX C— No. 2. fContinued.J Weekly Prices of Grain and Flour at Quebec, in 1830 and 1831. 1 W IlLilL !■ mir 1830. 1 - Barley liye Oats Pease WiiiU; lied .Sui)cr I'ine April .. ] G G G 37 G *) 3 6 4 G 1 G t i G G G 37 G lir, 3 6 4 G 1 (> I( > G 6 C 3 37 G ;» 3 3 4 G 1 G 2^ \ 6 !> G 3 37 6 3.5 3 3 4 G 1 G May .... 7 6 6 37 G ••io 3 3 4 G 1 G >■ i 7 G 6 37 (> a5 3 3 4 6 1 G 1( ) 7 G G 36 9 33 9 3 3 4 G 1 G 24 1 7 3 G 9 '.ir> 32 G 3 3 1 5 .lunc... : 7 3 7 •■in 32 G G 32 G 31 3 2 11 1 5 8 G !) G G 32 6 3] 3 2 H 1 G IC <; G G 32 6 31 3 2 9 1 () 21 7 G G 33 9 32 G 2 9 1 G Sepkm. J 7 3 G 9 33 9 32 6 2 G I G 8 7 3 G 9 33 9 32 G 2 G 1 G 16 7 3 G 9 33 9 .32 6 2 f» 1 5 24 7 3 G G 33 9 32 6 2 9 1 5 October..] 7 3 (i G 33 9 32 6 2 9 1 4 8 7 3 G G 33 9 32 G 2 9 1 4 Id 7 3 G G 33 9 32 G 2 9 1 4 24 7 3 6 6 .33 9 32 6 2 9 1 5 Novemb. 1 7 3 G 6 33 9 32 6 2 9 1 5 8 7 3 G (i 33 9 32 G 2 9 1 G 1« 7 3 G G 33 9 32 G 2 9 I 6 21 7 6 3 33 9 32 G 2 9 I 8 Dcconi);. 1 7 G 3 3.') 33 9 2 10 I 8 8 7 6 :w 33 9 2 10 1 9 16 G 10 G 35 .33 !) 2 10 1 9 21 G iO G 36 3 33 i) 2 10 3 G 1 10 No. ;?. 1831 January ] G 10 G 37 6 35 3 3 G 1 10 4 G 8 7 6 37 (i ;j.5 3 3 6 1 10 16 7 G 37 G •.io 2 9 .3 G 1 8 21 7 3 (■ G 37 6 lio 2 3 G 1 8 February ] 7 6 G G .37 6 •6o 2 9 3 G 1 8 8 7 G G G 37 G lio 2 9 3 G 1 8 16 7 G f) 6 37 G .35 2 9 3 6 1 8 24 7 6 (i G 37 G 35 2 9 3 (! 1 8 March . . 1 7 !) G 9 3S 9 .3<> 3 2 9 3 4 I 6 4 8 7 i) G 9 .'W 9 .3ti 3 2 9 .3 4 1 6 4 16 7 9 G 9 ;J8 9 36 3 2 9 3 4 1 (i 4 24 7 9 G 9 .38 9 .36 .3 2 9 3 4 1 G 4 April .... 1 7 9 G 9 37 G 'M 3 2 9 3 2 1 G 8 7 9 G 9 37 G 3G 3 2 9 3 2 1 6 16 7 G G G 36 3 35 2 9 3 2 ] 4 3 8 24 7 G G G .36 3 35 2 9 3 2 1 4 3 8 May ] 7 (i G G 3(i 3 ;55 2 9 3 2 1 4 3 8 8 7 G G 9 .36 3 35 2 9 3 2 I 4 3 8 16 7 6 G 9 3() 3 :v> 2 9 3 2 1 4 3 10 24 7 3 G G 36 3 33 9 1 2 9f 3 2 I 4 3 10 Jl Jl Si <)< N( D( stu nai na •♦t.f 1831. Pease V Corn Trade of Canada, ^u: APPENDIX C— No. 3. (Continued.) Weekly prices of Grain and Flour at Quebec, 1831. 39 4 (i i 1 4 4 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 10 3 10 : Wl leat riour 1 Barley Kyc /^ i. t-% Wheat Red Super Fine Oats l*ease June. 1 7 3 .'5 9 35 33 2 7i 3 2 1 4 3 10 8 7 5 9 3.) 32 2 7i 3 2 1 4 3 10 16 .'> 34 32 2 9 3 2 1 4 3 10 24 4 5 y 32 30 2 9 3 4 1 4 3 10 July.. 1 7 5 32 29 2 9 3 4 1 3 10 8 6 7 5 6 30 28 2 9 3 (i 1 3 10 10 6 7 5 6 30 2e 9 2 9 3 6 1 3 9 24 5 4 31 3 29 2 9 1 8 August 1 5 4 31 3 30 2 9 1 8 8 5 4 31 3 30 2 9 1 8 10 5 4 31 3 29 2 9 1 8 24 5 4 32 29 2 9 1 8 Siptr..! 3 5 3 32 29 2 9 1 8 « 3 5 3 32 29 3 1 10 10 Ji .5 3 32 29 3 1 10 24 li 5 3 32 30 3 1 10 Octobr.l n 5 3 32 30 3 2 2 8 3 5 32 31 3 3 2 2 10 r-) (i 33 9 32 a 3 2 2 24 6 5 33 y 32 3 2 2 Novem. 1 5 33 9 32 3 2 2 3 8 6 5 33 9 32 3 2 2 t# %J 10 5 1 24 Decciii. 1 5 5 It) 5 5 AJler the middle of Xoreviber there are vo sales, ex- 8 5 5 cept of Flour and Oats for consumption ; prices, there- 16 5 4 .'5 fore, generally continue nominally the same. 24 5 4 5 Ni J. 4. —Average price of Wheat, 1821 ^o 1831 inclusive. 1821 4 1822 4 1823 5 2i Averafic of 5 years cnd- 1824 4 T iwf/ 182r) m-Ach suftjeti ; 182.5 4 10 to fin-eifpi competition 1826 4 9 4*. G'^d.jjcrminot. 1827 5 2^ 1828 6 9 1829 7 2 1830 6 G 18; n 5 Average of W years 5 4| NOTE. — Since 1827 the price has been enhanced by two circum- stances : First. Lower duty on Canada wheat acting as a bounty to the Ca- nadian farmer. Second, llie increased quantity of the superior grain of Upper Ca- nada worth from 15 to 20 per cent more than that of Lower Canada. l^ / 40 j4 Statist >c(U Sketch of the APPENDIX D. — Money and Exchanges of Canada I know of nothing more likely to perplex and mislead, than the money and exchanges of Canada. Accounts are kept and prices quoted in pounds, shillings, and pence, as in England ; but the pound, and, of course, it's subdivisions, are of very different value from the pound ster- ling and it's parts. A further source of misconception is found in the bungling mode of stating that diflference, which I shall presently explain. The one-pound currency, as it is called, consists of four Spanish dol- lars, each of which is called 5s. At a time when the Spanish dollar — the piece of eight, as it was then called — was both finer and heavier than the coin now in circulation, it's value at the mint price of silver* was found to be 4s. Gd, sterling. Accordingly, the pound currency was fixed by law at IBs. sterling, and £90 sterling was equal to £100 currency, the rule of conversion being, to add one-ninth to sterling to give currency. This was called the par of exchange ; and so long as it continued correct, fluctuations were from a trifle below to a trifle above par. 4s. 6d, however, has long ceased to be the value f the dollar. Both the weight and purity of the coin have been reduced ; until it's value in the London marketf is not more than 4s. 2d, the pound currency being consequently reduced to 16s. 8d. sterling and £100 sterling being equal to £120 currency. The law,J however, still sanctions, nay, will not change the old language ; so that what is called premium is, in fact, partly an expedi- ent to correct the erroneously assumed par. The difference between the real par, 4s 2d, and the nominal par, 4s 6d, is 4d or 8 per cent ; thus, the fluctuations instead of being from 1 or 2 per cent below, to 1 or 2 per cent above the nominal par, are from 1 or 2 per cent below to 1 or 2 per cent above 8 per cent jjremium on ihs nominal, which is the real par, or from 6 or 7 to 9 or 10 per cent premium on the nominal par. The real fluctuations can seldom, indeed, for a long period, never, exceed 2 per cent from the real par, the cost of transmitting the precious metal being somewhat under 1|%. In the month of August last the above REAL par exchange advanced both in the United States and Ca- nada to 1 1 per cent, (S"/*) this fulfilled the condition (viz. a profit on the transaction) of an export of bullion, which accordingly took place to an extent sufiicient to reduce the exchanges to 9^ @ 9^ %,|| the Spanish doUar, at the same time, owing to heavy supplies from all parts of the new world, rather declined here, thus raising the par above the average of 8%, and consequently making the real exchange not much over^ 1 per cent, when the export of silver bullion became no longer profitable. • The mint price then coincided more nearly with the market price than at present. f It is necessary to use the market price, as the difference between the mint and mar- ket price is 4% and as the Spanish dollar possesses no conventional va'ue, it is only worth what it will bring as an article of traffic. X Mr. Mill, in his little golden book (so I must call it) on Political Economy, lays all the blame to us poor merchants; our "praelieal sagacity," a quality which Mr. Mill allows us, long ago pointed out to us the the truth, and taught us a remedy. II The export of cotton, which had been checked by the low rate of exchange, (6 @ 7%) in the spring, and promoted by the subsetiuent advance, again operated in depressing t!ie exchanges. rsz^ , than thi; ces quoted id, and, of )ound ster- und in the ly explain. )anish dol- it was then jirculation, 1, sterling. 3. sterling, conversion ; continued I par. lar. Both it's value d currency rling being ^e the old an expedi- te between ? per cent ; below, to 1 ;ent below vhich is the ominal par. iod, never, ;he precious list last the tes and Ca- irofit on the ik place to :he Spanish arts of the the average ich over 1 r profitable. lan at present: nint anil mar- ue, it is only noray, lays all Ivich Mr. Mill »1 era 5 each pers. Per Ton. 3,37 637 63 6,32 6.32 62 I 1 '3 .5,30 52,5 ! 15 1522 6 1017 6 15 10 5 10 A B ,6n040 ! I c 5 1025 4 1020 B 123 113 101 I) ,■1 117 Gf> 1012 5 4 10 80 70 5 120 110 100 l> !)0 80 70 7 6 812 «);50 485 4.50 230 140 180 1:386 A. In stages and steam-boats. boats tlbove"pre".ott '' ''"'' '"'''''"'' ''*''^''''" ^""^'''^^ ''"'^ ^'■'■'**^°"' •'"*' '^"""^ "<" «team - C. By the W^ellan'd Canal. D. The price of transportation upwards lias Huetuated this season from .50s. («> 80s f3\u^'r.. ^.^'\':^^^' ^y!" '^^^'-^^ '^'•<- .'i''"'"t tl'e avera-e, and afford, in the present stale' of the navigation, a fair remuneration. ' F. TARLL Exhibiting— 1st. the Cost of Wheat free on boak r' a Ship at Quebec or Montreal at the ordinary and average rate of Exchtinge, 8 per cent. 2nd. The Price per Qiiarter, delivered in London at average freight and insurance, exclu- sive ot all charges after arrival. If a. Cleaning and loss of measure. Price per quarter on b a tm . — -® '■=30 to 'v w lo.'d Price in London. Q >. s Q 4 3.5s. 29 2 39 0.]! -«fc 4S 61 4 3 37 30 10 11 40 9 50 3 4 6 4 9 39 41 32 G 34 2 U 12| 42 5| 44 21 \- 4 G 51 53 HI 7' 5 43 .35 10 s 13 45 11 1 55 * 1 5 3 "o) 45 37 G 13^ 47 7h\ 57 1 \ 5 6 "uo 47 39 2 b> 14 49 4 1 59 4 6 9 S J2 19 40 10 a. in 51 02 j Gl Of 9! G su 51 42 6 t/i 15! 52 9j e /» 58 3! 62 6 3 53 44 2 1 16 54 G y 5 GO G4 G 6 G "^ 55 45 10 1 IGi 56 21 Gl 81 66 2i G 9 t 57 47 G ' If 17 57 11 G3 5 1 67 11 7 59 49 2 m 59 7f!' ] G5 7i 70 n - 10^ 7 7 3 61 .50 10 > is; Gl 4^! 67 4. J 71 7 () 63 52 6 19 ()3 1 |> 5 6 69 1 73 7 9 (i5 54 2 19.1 64 9' 70 m 75 3.1 8 67 j .55 10 1 20 66 6 L 72 G 77 'I'on. 120 812 110 '«;V) 100 18o I> !)0 irio 80 230 70 140 7 6 180 :w« of stoain- Os. @ 80s. sent state Hontreal, 'he Price p, exclu- >, 6i 3 7| 5 n 4 Of fl 11 n Corti Trade of Canada, d)-c. 45 7 n APPENDIX H. Extract from the London Mirror of Commerce, No. 12, for the sake of comparing Canada Wheat with Foreign and English. ENGLISH GRAIN. Wheat, per qnaiter, Essex and Kent Red 50s («; (i4s White GOs @ 749 Suffolk and Nort'ollv do. 52 — G2 Do. 54 — 70 Lincolnshire and Yorkshire do. 51 — 58 Do. 50 — G5 West Country do. Gl — G4 Do. 64 — 72 Northumberland and Scotcli do. 5K — GO Do. fine 57 — 70 Irish do. 48 — 58 Wlnte50 — G3 Rye , 30 — 35 Buckwheat 34 _ 30 Barley, Malting 33 _ 37 Distilling 2U — 32 Grind. 20 — 28 Malt, Brown, 42s. to 52s Pale 45 — 59 Ware 58 — ()5 Beans, Tick new 32 — 30 old 35 — 38 Harrow and Small do. 33 — 38 old 40 — 43 Peas, Boiling 34 — 38 INIaple 37 — 38 Hog and Gray 32 — 33 Oats, English, Feed 18 — 22 Poland 20 — 25 Short Small 21 — 23 Scotch, new feed 23 — 24 Berwick 24 — 25 Potato 25 — 27 Fine . . 28 — Irish, Feed 18 — 21 Black . .20 — 21 Potato 21 — 24 Flour, Town-made per Sack 55 — GO Essex and Kent 50 — 51 Norfolk and Suffolk 48 — 50 Stockton and Yorkshire 47 — 49 West Counti-y 50 — .08 Irish 42 — 49 FOREIGN GRAIN. Free. Bond. Wheat, per quarter. Dantzic, Ktt-nigsberg,