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 1 
 
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 1 
 
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 5 
 
 6 
 
H. 1 
 
 Prin 
 
 PR 
 
REPORT 
 
 UPON THE 
 
 PAL.EONTOLOaY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 
 
 BY 
 
 H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, Esq., M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. 
 
 PROFBSSOR OF BIOI.OOT IM THB DURHAM UNIVBR8ITT OOLLBOBS OF PHYSICAL 80IBMCB AND UBDICIIia. 
 
 Printed by Order of the Legislative Assembly, by Gomrmnd oj His Excellency 
 
 the Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 «» 
 
 TORONTO: 
 PRINTED BY HUNTER, ROSE & CO, 86 & 88 KING STREET WEST. 
 
 1875. 
 
Toti 
 
 Lieu 
 tolog 
 
 in th 
 rocks 
 sumi 
 furtl 
 pead 
 
 Col 
 
To the Honourable the Secretary of the Province 0} Ontario. 
 
 Sir,— I have the honour to transmit to you, for the information of His Excellency the 
 Lieutenant-Governor in Council and the Legislature, the following Report upon the Palseon 
 tology of the Province of Ontario. 
 
 The present Report is supplementary to the one which was published by the Legislature 
 in the year 1874, which was exclusively concerned with the organic remains of the Devonian 
 rocks. This, on the other hand, is a record of the coUectionR which I made during the 
 summer of 1874 from the Silurian Rocks of the Province. I have also carried out some 
 further investigations in connection with the Devonian Series, an account of which is ap- 
 pended at the close of the Report. 
 
 I have the honour to be. Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient servant, 
 
 H. Alleyne Nicholson. 
 
 College of Physical Science, 
 
 Newgastle-on-Tyne, October, 1874. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Report upon the Palajontolopy of Ontario, which was published in the beginning 
 of the year 1874, was a record of a scries of researches carried on during the year 1873, and 
 comprised descriptions of one hundred and sixty species of fossils, all from the Devonian 
 Rocks of the Province. These researches which were begun in 1873, were continued in the, 
 year 1874, and the present Report is their result. 
 
 Collections were formed from the various Silurian Formations of the Province, from the 
 Trenton Limestone to the Guelph Dolomites, inclusive. Further investigations were likewise 
 carried out on the Devonian Formations lying between Lakes Erie and Huron. 
 
 Owing to want of leisure and to personal circumstances, to which I need not further refer, 
 the present Report is not of such a detailed character as its predecessor. In the case of well 
 known species, I have been compelled to content myself With a simple quotation of the name, and 
 a reference to some well-known work where the Canadian student can readily refer for a descrip- 
 tion. I have, however, given descriptions, in most cases axjcompanied by figures, of all new 
 species, as well as of those which have not been thoroughly examined or described in pre- 
 
 vious or readily accessible works. 
 
 As in the case of the preceding Report, I have to acknowledge myself deeply indebted 
 ' to the admirable palgeontological works of Mr. Billings and Professor James Hall. I wish also 
 to acknowledge gratefully the kind assistance which I have received from Mr. George Jennings 
 Hinde, Mr. David Boyle, of Elora ; Mr. John Wilkie, of Guelph, and Messrs. C. Clarke, senior 
 and junior, of Elora, all of whom have furnished me with valuable material, and otherwise 
 contributed to the objects which I had in view. 
 
 College of Physical Science, 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, October, 1874. 
 
1 
 
 would 
 for 801 
 sils ; 
 
REPORT 
 
 UPON r~ 
 
 PALEONTOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Fossils of the Trenton Formation. 
 
 1. " FUOOIDS." 
 
 The Trenton Limestone, in certain beds contains a large nunber of remains which 
 would be referred by most paleontologists to the class of so-called " Fucoxds. I have been 
 for some time engaged in making a special study of this singular and ^^^^ S^J f/^^ 
 sils- and I shall at present reserve my remarks upon the forms which are found in the 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 ButMrephis gracilis, HaU;' a supposed "Fucoid," from the Trenton Lime, 
 stone of Oi «awa. 
 
8 
 
 Trenton L.moBtone. I will merely mention, therefore, that the eommonost forms are refer- 
 able to the genus Liorophycus of BillingB. Tho«o are very abundant in the Trenton 
 Limestone of Ottawa and Peterboro'. Others, from the name locality, are referable to 
 the ,,onu8 Payoi^hycus (Hall). Others, again, very abundant in one partieulor bed at 
 Ottawa are eompsed of a central stem with largo floxuous lateral branohen, and these 
 would be referred to the genus ButMrephis. of Hall. Lastly, I have one well-preserved 
 example of a B.ngular form, which i« closely allied to, if not absolutely indentical with the 
 Z f ^ fo-1 described by Dr. Newberry from the Cincinnati grou'p of Ohio, under 
 
 es mb anoe to «3ct,ons of sp«,ies of the Polyzoan genus Arrhimedipora. It has clearly been 
 
 this IS of a vegetable nature. The locality of this curious form is Ottawa. 
 
 2. Stromatopora (sp.). 
 
 •UfoD of presemfon as to dlow of their »pcoiao dctemination 
 
 iag; S:;'o:::*-'"°'°° '''■"^'»°°' "«'^='-'^ *-^. I"-' Co-.b.h. 
 
 COLVMNAEIA ALVEOLATA (Hall, not of Ooldfuss). 
 
 (Ref Pal. N.y. Vol. I, p. 47, H XII. Pig,. I a-c) 
 mJ°CctI:a^'tT"'""T-^ °'"" *«»■ I •'"« 8"- brief account of .ho 
 uowinM, ai ongmallj described and fignrcd (Pelref Gem .d 72 PI YYIV vi - 
 appear, to bo undoubtedly identical with the well-known HuLn R i J^' -i "~''^ 
 
 mi. under the n.„e of /•„«„«.„. sI t usltrle ITrd! Tl^' '^ 
 predion of the name F„,«fe«„ ,«»,., and it, repl cen,e T 1" ^ 1^^^^^^^^^ '' '"'" 
 *oia(.. Thi, course, however, would lead to A ineonvd n e t thHa r """""'" 
 <^-.. ha. been .„o,t universally applied brwriter. sZe;! : iZI .'" ZZ 
 which I am about to describe from tho Tr«nt,.„ t • * . . "*"'"^^ ^° *"® ^oJ^a' 
 
 think that the best plan is to ..^iZlT: d'l^arCMeC;^:' hS T^T, '' 
 Famtella to stand for the .r,cies originally referred bv PnlHf ! Z^ ' """ 
 
 ™w,tbe ,nu, .,«.. Will .Le^e^!;::::;*^ wr::;r": 
 
 K.t be adnutted that the sept, are »n>etin>es prolonged to the centre of the cor. 1 Jth n , 
 keomes neccsar, to unite C„/,«.A and Fa,m,a, a, no other e,senti.l diC«ltLn 
 
 often"r:c*''it'irbt:tz:r-'"'r''"''''°'°°"^^^^^^^ 
 ^. or .ntagon. e^aiiites, wZ^st.;— :: rr;:~jr^^^ 
 
 wall.. The average diameter of the corallite, is about one and a half or two Unes The 
 
9 
 
 tabula) arc complete and very well developed, four or five occupying the Bpaco of two lines. 
 The septa arc well developed, Imt arc not complete, never extending in any of the specimens 
 which I have seen, more than (juito a short distance into the interior of the corallitos. They 
 appear, therefore, as a series of closely set longitudinal ridges on the inner faces of the coral- 
 lites. In general appearance this coral i.s closely similar to Favonites Guthlandka and alscj to 
 the coral which I described from the Hudson River group under the name of Culunmopora 
 n-ihri/ormis. From the former, however, it is readily distinguished by its absence of mural 
 pores and its comparatively well-developed septal apparatus ; whilst it is distinguished from the 
 latter by its imperforate walls. 
 
 Locality ami Formation.— Tronton Limestone ; Belleville ; Trenton ; Peterborc' ; Lake 
 Couchiching ; Collingwood ; Ottawa. 
 
 4. COLUMNARIA OOLDFU88I (BilHngs). 
 
 Cohmnaria Ooldfimi (Billings), Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada, Report of 
 Progress, 1858, p. 166. 
 
 Corallum aggregate, of small pentagonal or hexagonal corallites, averaging half a lino m 
 diameter, and usually forming sub-hemispherical or sub-globose masses. The radiating seV". 
 are rudimentary, and form a series of vertical ridges in the interior of the corallites. TabulsB 
 
 imperfectly observed. 
 
 I have a number of small specimens from the Trenton Limestone, which appear to be re- 
 ferable to this species, though they are all of inconsideiable dimensions, and do not exhibit 
 certain structural characters in a satisfactory manner. They agree, however, with Colum- 
 nuria Goldfmsi (Billings), in the size of the corallites. 
 
 Locality and Fm-mation.—lxewion Limestone of Pet«rbo'o' and Trenton. 
 
 5. Protarea vetusta ( Edwards and Haime). 
 
 Protarea vetusta (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Foss. des. Terr. Pal., Plate XIV., Fig. 6. 
 
 Astroiopora vetusta (D'Orbigny), Prodr. de Pal<:>ont, 1850. 
 
 Pmtes? vetusta (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol. I., p. 71, PI. XXV Figs. 5a, 5b. 
 
 Corallum forming thin crusts, about one-third line in thickness, which grow parasitically 
 upon foreign bodies ; calices nearly equally developed, about one line or rather less in diam- 
 eter, shallow; the bottom .of the cup tuberculated. Septa twelve in number, sub equal, 
 extending but a short distance inwards towards the centre of the cup. No columella, dissepi 
 ments, or tabulse. Walls of the calices, thick. , 
 
 This pretty little coral has been noted by Hall from the Trenton Limestone of the State 
 of New York, but it is much more abundant in the succeeding formation of the Hudson 
 River group. 
 
 Locality and Foriwdion.— Trenton Limestone, Peterboro' (also common in the Cincin- 
 nati group of Ohio). 
 
 6. Pavosites Gothlandica (Lamarck) ? 
 
 I feel considerable hesitation in quoting this species from such a low horizon. I hav.-, 
 nevertheless, a well preserved specimen of a coral, which I collected personally from the 
 Trenton Limestone, which agrees in all essential characters with the above species. Its state 
 
10 
 
 of preservation is not. such as to show the mural pores, which would be a decisive test of its 
 affinities ; bat it clearly does not possess the septa which are so characteristic of Columnm'ia 
 alveolata (Hall). 
 
 Localihjand Foiynation. — Trenton Limestone, Macpherson's Quarry, Lake Couohiching. 
 
 7. Tetbadium ftbratum (SaflFord)? 
 
 A species of Tbtradium is of not uncommon occurrence in the Trenton Limestone, which 
 may be provisionally referred to T. fibraUm (Safford). Its state of preservation is such as to 
 rander any determination of its minute characters impossible ; but it agrees in the size of its 
 tubes with the above species, rather than with the form which I shall shortly describe from 
 the Hudson River formation, under the name of Z minus (Safford). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Trenton Limestone, Ottawa and Trenton. 
 
 8. Ch^tetes petropolitan js (Pander). 
 
 (Plat« IV., Figs. 3 and 4). 
 
 (For a full description and synonymy, see the same species in the Hudson River 
 formation.) 
 
 Chmtetes petropolitanus is one of the most abundant and characteristic of the corals of 
 the Trenton Limestone, It usually shows verv distinctly iis concave base, with its concen- 
 trically striated epitbeca; but it varies immensely in form. The smaller specimens usually 
 have the form of thick discs, concave beneath, but more or less strongly elevated above. The 
 larr;er specimens generally form conical or hemispherical masses; but some of them are of a 
 more or less cake-like form, (Stenopora patula, Billings). 
 
 Jjocalitycnd Fomiaiion.— TTeaUin Limestone, Ottawa, Belleville, Trenton, Peterboro', 
 CoUingwood. 
 
 9. CHiETF.TES DISC0IDEU8 (James). 
 
 (For description and synonymy of this species, see the same species from the Hudson 
 River formation). 
 
 The Trenton Limestone has yielded a few specimens of n species of Cho'tetes, which in 
 most respects agree with the young of 0. petropolitanus, but are distinguished by their remark- 
 able tenuity. They agree entirely with a number of specimens from the Hudson River for- 
 mation, in treating of the fossils of which they m\\ be fully described. I do not, however, 
 ' feel certain that they can really be kept apart from C. petrqjolitanu^. 
 Locality and Formation.— Trenton Limestone, Trenton. 
 
 10. CfliETETES UNb.LATUS (Nicholson). 
 
 (Plate IV., Fig. 1). 
 
 Ar-.ong3t the forms included by Hall u- H.r the name of Chcetetes lycopcrdon (Say ), there 
 IS one (Pal, N. Y., Vol. L, PI. XXIII,, Fig. l-g), which i« far from uucommon in the 
 1 ronton Limestone, and which, 1 think, might perhaps be considered as a distinct species 
 It 18, certainly, very distinct from the typical forms of C. pdrqwlitanus, since it never shoivs 
 a concave base, but on the contrary, appears to have been always fixed. It forms great 
 
X' ■ 
 
 11 
 
 lobate tnaases, sometimes shaped more or less like a funnel, and often deeply indented later- 
 ally Some of the specimens which I have seen have net been sufficiently well preserved to 
 allow of my itudying the minute characters of ^hc cells in a satisfactory manner ; but, so tar 
 as I have been able to make out. the calice, are polygonal, thin-walled, about six m the space 
 of one line, destitute of vevy minute intermediate tubuli, and showing no well-marked tuber- 
 cles nor g;oups of large-eized coraliites. If it should turn out that the form here indicated 
 is distinct from C. petropoliianns, and that it is not a very massive form of some such species 
 as a ptdchellus, I would propose for it the name of Olu^tetes urululatus. It is ^^^^ of com- 
 mon occurrence in the Hudson River group of Canada, and the Cincmnati group of Ohio. 
 
 LocalUy and. I^mmation.-'lxmion Limestone, Belleville and Peterboro . 
 11. Ch^tetes Fletcheki (Edwards and Haime). 
 
 ,For description and synonymy, see the same species as occurring in the Hudson River 
 
 Fo-.mation.) „ , . j rk,*n™o 
 
 LmlUy arid Frnnaiim.- Trenton Limestone, Trenton, Peterboro and Ottawa. 
 
 12. CHiETETES GRACILIS (James). 
 CMtetes gracilis (James). Enumerated, but not figured or described in the Catalogue of 
 the Fossils of the Cincinnati Group, 1871. yvtX 
 
 Chcctetes grocUis (Ni-holson), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XXX., ir-i. ^ - 
 
 ^'^'"This^'^pecies is very closely allied to C. Fleicheri, but maybe distinguished by the uui^ 
 form size of the coraliites, the minute oval or sub-triangular calices and t^« -^y;^^^^^^^^^ 
 coraliites. This last mentioned character is the one by which C.gracU. ^^^^^^^^^ 
 rated from 0. Fleicheri ; but it must be admitted that it is often <i;ffif ^^ ^JJ^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 xnake the distinction between these species, unless the observer has U> deal with very well 
 
 preserved examples. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— TvenUiri Limestone, Peterboro'. 
 
 13. Ch/ETETES pulchellus (Edwards and Haune). 
 
 Cluetetespulrhdlm (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Fosb. des Terr. Pateon. p. 271 
 MonticuUporarkhella (Edwards and Haime), Man. Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 26 - , PL LXil., 
 
 Figs. 5 — 5h. wv PI VYTX 
 
 Cfuetrirs pulchellus (Nicholson), Quart. Journ. Geo. Soc, Vol. XXX., PI. AJ^i - 
 
 " Corallum usually of sub-.ylindrical branches, which have a diameter from two to sxx 
 .Ines; sometimes forming flattened and expanded sub-palmate fronds ; sometimes ino cu at 
 in,. Coraliites thin-walled, unequal, the average ones being about eight in the ^P-^ ^ «- 
 lin. Surfar,e exhibiting rounded or somewhat stellate groups of large-sized coraliites o 
 which two or tl e occupy the .pace of half a line, and which sometimes have very minute 
 ; dri coralUtes between them. Tl.e. groups of largo.ized corallit.. g-eraUy oompn. 
 L eve to seven individuals, and they are little or not at all elevate above the gen ^a 
 surface ; so that there are no conspicuous tubercles. The groups are placed about one line 
 apart. 
 
12 
 
 Cpulchelltis is very nearly related to C. Fletcheri, but the oorallum is generally of a 
 larger habit and tends more to assume a flattened and sub-palmate form, whilst the large- 
 sized corallites, instead of being indiscriminately mixed with those of average size, are aggre- 
 gated into distinct and quite conspicuous groups. It is an abundant and very characteristic 
 fossil of the Cincinnati group of Ohio; but I have not yet succeeded in satisfactorily identi- 
 fying it from the Hudson Kiver group of Canada. 
 
 Lomlity and Formation. — Trenton Limestone, Peterboro'. 
 
 14. Streptelasma corniculum (Hall). 
 
 (For description, see the same species in the Hudson River Formation.) 
 Locality and Formation. — Trenton Limestone, Peterboro'. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 PtUodkUja falcifofmis (Nich.), 
 «, Small specimen of the natural 
 size. Ii, Cross-section of the 
 frond enlarged, c, Portion of 
 the surface greatly enlarjjed. 
 Trenton Limestone. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 Ptilodktya acuta 
 (Hall), (o), Small 
 fragment of the na- 
 tural size, (b), Por- 
 tion of the same 
 enlarged. Trenton 
 Limestone. 
 
 Fio. 4. 
 
 Ptilodictya shafcri 
 (Meek), (a). Frag- 
 ment of the natural 
 size. (6), Portion 
 of the same enlarg- 
 ed. Hudson River 
 Group. 
 
 15. Ptilodictya acuta (Hall). 
 Pig. 3. 
 
 Stidopora acuta (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. I., PI. XXVL, Fig. 3. 
 
 Ptilodictya acuta (McCoy), Brit. Pal. Foss. p. 45. 
 
 Polyzoary forming flattened stems, which branch dichotomously at angles of about 50' 
 and at intervals of four or five lines ; both the branches and stem having an average width of 
 one line, or a little more. Transverse section acutely elliptical, much flattened ; margins 
 sharp, apparently non-celluliferous and striated. Cell-mouths oval, with their long diameter 
 corresponding with the axis of the frond, arranged in longitudinal rows. The cells in con- 
 tiguous rows are opposite, or more commonly sub-alternate, about six occupying the space of 
 one line measured longitudinally, and about eij-ht occupying the same space, measured trans- 
 versely or diagonally. There are usually eight or ten rows of cells in the width of the frond. 
 Ihi.s Hpenjflg (Fig. 3) is very abundant in the Trenton Limestone almost everywhere, and 
 it may be regarded as being the most characteristic Polyzoon of this formation. 
 
 Locality and Fm-mation.— Trenton Limestone, Ottawa, Trenton, Peterboro' and Belle- 
 ville. 
 
13 
 
 16. Ptilodiotya falciformis (Nicholson). 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 Polyzoary consisting of a single, unbranched, or slightly branched, elongated, narrow, 
 and two-edged frond, the form of which is falciform, and which expands from a pointed base 
 till it reaches a width of two lines, within a distance of less than half an inch above its origin. 
 The total length may exceed two inches, but the width rarely exceeds two and a half lines. 
 The transverse section is acutely elliptical, the thickness in the middle not exceedmg half a 
 line • and the flat faces of the frond are very gently curved, not angulated. The central axis 
 cannot aa a rule, be made out with certainty, though I have seen specimens in which this 
 structure is readily demonstrable. The edges of the frond are thin and sharp, when perfect, 
 longitudinally striated, and occasionally perforated by the apertures of minute and imperfect 
 cells Both sides of the frond arc celluliferous, the cells being apparently perpendicular to • 
 the surface and being arranged in intersecting diagonal lines, which cut one another at 60° 
 thus forming angles of about 30° with the sides of the frond. The mouths of the cells are 
 oval or somewhat diamond-Aaped, their long axes coinciding with that of the frond, alter- 
 nately placed in contiguous rows, about eight in the space of one line measured diagonally, 
 and ten in the same space measured transversely, the outermost rows very slightly smaller 
 than the others. Walls of the cells moderately thick; no surface-granulations, tubercles, 
 spines, or elevated lines. The mouths of the cells parallel with the general surface, neither 
 lip being especially prominent, and the plane of the aperture not being oblique. 
 
 As a general rule, the polyzoary (Fig. 2) is simple,, unbranched, and falciform. I have 
 seen however, in the fine collection of Mr. Dyer, of Cincinnati, some specimens which bifur- 
 cate'at the distal extremity, and at least one example in which the frond splits into three 
 divisions. I have also seen examples of what may ultimately prove to be a distmot species, 
 in which the width of the frond greatly exceeds the measurements given above. 
 
 Ptilodktya faldfmais is nearly allied to several previously recorded forms. The cells, 
 in their arrangement in intersecting diagonals of extreme regularity, closely resemble those of 
 Eschciropora recta (Hall). In the latter species, however, the frond is stated to be " cylmdrical 
 or sub-cylindrical," whereaB it is uniformly greatly flattened and acutely elliptical in P. fal- 
 dformis. The edges, also, of P. fddfarmis are sharp and non-celluliferous, whilst the entire 
 frond is regularly curved and sabre-shaped, instead of being straight. 
 
 P. fdciformis is readily distinguished from P. lanceolata (Goldfuss, Petref, PI. XXXVII. 
 Fig 2) more especially by the disposition of the cells in regularly intersecting diagonals; 
 whereas in the latter there is a central series of longitudinally arranged cells, flanked on each 
 side by diagonal rows of cells, directed in opposite directions like the barb of a feather. 
 
 With Ptilodiotya gladiola, (Billings) [Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anticosti, p. 10,] the present, 
 species agrees in the shape of the frond ; but it is proportionately twice as wide, whilst the 
 cells of the former have rectangular or oblong mouths, and are disposed in regular longitudi- 
 
 ''" ^L^Uy, P. falciformis is distinguished from P sulcata (Billings), [Cat. Sil. Foss. of Anti- 
 costi, p. 35,] by the fact that the latter has ueafly square cells with intervening su-ci, an_ the 
 cells are arranged in longitudinal lines. 
 
 Locality and f<yrmation.~Tventon Limestone, Trenton, Peterborough, Ottawa (also not 
 
 uncommon in the Cincinnati group of Ohio). 
 
 
17. Ptilodiotya fenestelliformis (Nicholson). 
 
 In my Report on the Fossil Corals of Ohio (in course of publication), I have described 
 a species of Ptilodidya from the Cincinnati group, under the name of P. fenestelliformis, with 
 the following characters: 
 
 "Polyzoary palmate or subpalmate towards the base, dividing distally into small 
 branches. Basal expansion and branches flattened and sharp-edged, the branches being 
 acutely elliptical in cross section, and about three-fourths of a line in thickness centrally. 
 Cells covering the whole surface on both sides, with the exception of the sharp lateral 
 margins, which are non-celluliferous, as well as certain non-poriferous areas, to be subsequently 
 noticed. The cells on the two aspects of the flattened frond respectively have their bases 
 separated by a thin laminar axis. The cells in the middle of the frond are about three eighths 
 of a line in height, gradually diminishing towards the margins. Cell mouths ovate, slightly 
 longer than broad, arranged in longitudinal rows, alternate or sub-alternate in contiguous rows, 
 about five cells in one line measured longitudinally, and six in the same space measured 
 diagonally. The longitudinal spaces between the rows of cells are broad and slightly elevated, 
 and are faintly striated longitudinally or obscurely punctate. On the other hand, the 
 spaces between the ends of the cells are very much narrower ; and the surface thus closely 
 resembles that of a small Fenestella, the cell-mouths looking like ' fenestrules,' the longitu- 
 dinal interspaces between the cells representing the "interstices," and the narrow spaces be- 
 tween the ends of the cells corresponding with the "dissepiments." The only specimens ex- 
 amined exhibit numerous, apparently solid, rounded, or stellate areolae, of an average 
 diameter of two thirds of a line, which are not occupied by cells, but exhibit an obscurely 
 pitted surface." 
 
 The specimens from which the above description was taken, were collected by Mr. U. 
 P. James from the Cincinnati group of Ohio, and were all portions of the frond close above the 
 base. Whilst showing the broken bases of the branches, none of them, therefore, exhibited 
 the actual branches themselves. I have obtained, however, from the Trenton Limestone a 
 number of specimens which I believe to be the branches of this form. They agree in all their 
 minute characters altogether with the above description j but they are, naturally, more 
 flattened and of less thickness. 
 
 They have the form of thin expanded stems, varying from two and a half lines to nearly 
 six lines in width, and dividing at intervals of from four to six lines into two or three bran che 
 which have about the same diameter as the main stem. The cells have precisely the same, 
 form, arrangement, and " fenestelliform " appearance as in the above description ; and there 
 may be from fourteen to thirty or more rows in the width of the stem. The edges are sharp, 
 with a broad non-celluliferous margin. The frond invariably exhibits a greater or less num- 
 ber of the peculiar obscurely pitted solid areolae above noticed. 
 
 In the form and disposition of the rows of cells, this species approaches P. acuta (Hall), 
 and P. coatellata (McCoy). It is, however, distinguished from both of these species by its 
 much larger dimensions, and by the conKpieuoup. fe.ituro of the presence of solid areola), simi- 
 lar in many respects to the well-known non-poriferous spaces which are seen in some species 
 of CluBtetes and Callopora. The present species appears also to be a much larger form than 
 P eUgantnla (Hall), or P. fenestrata (Hall), and to difier in other very important respects ; 
 
 
16 
 
 I 
 
 but the descriptions of these last named species are not sufficient to allow of a minute com- 
 
 "^"'"^LocdUy ard Fmnatim.-Tventon Limestone. Peterborough, Trenton, Belleville, 
 Ottawa. 
 
 18. Clatheopora (sp.). 
 The Trenton Limestone yields examples of a species of Clathropara apparently identical 
 with the fossil figured in the " Geology of Canada," p. 158, Fig 122, under the name of 
 Cosci^ proaviurn (Eichwald). I am unable at this moment to refer to ^^^-!^^J^^^^^; 
 tion of this form ; but there is no doubt, but that it belongs to the genus described by M 
 under the name of Clathrop<rra. I have, however, previously expressed the opinion that the 
 genus Clathropora (Hall), will have to be abandoned, and that its members may be regarded 
 as nothing more than reticulated Ptilodidyce. „ , . t, .i. 
 
 The present species occurs in the form of thin reticulated expansions, of which th 
 branches are about a line and a half wide, whilst the oval interspaces or fenestrules are about 
 one line in their long diameter. The margins of the perforations or fenestrules are non-cellu- 
 Ufer us concentricaUy-striat^d and sharp-edged, and there are fourteen or fifteen rows of 
 IlkTo each stem The cells have oval mouths, arranged in diagonal lines, often with very 
 It:: ::tu aUheir point of junction. The species is closely related to the forms of Cl.- 
 thropara which occur in the Niagara Limestone and Corniferous Formation 
 Locality ard Formatim.-TTenion Limestone, Peterborough and Trenton. 
 
 19. Rbtepora Tbentonensis (Nicholson). 
 
 (Plate II., Figs, 4— 4&). 
 
 Polvzoary forming a fan-shaped expansion, composed of slightly diverging branches, 
 
 v^hich have a width of about one-third of a line. The branches are more or less sinuous in 
 
 Thef couJr and divide dichotomausly at short intervals, the branches usually uniting wi h 
 
 d Int sLs so as to form an open network, the fenestrules of which have an approxim«.e^ 
 
 riape and are from one to two lines in length. The cells have ^^^^^^ 
 
 oblique to the surface, and there are from four to five rows of them in a b anch. They re 
 
 jt present upon the surfaces of junction of contiguous branches. The cell-mouths are o a 
 
 l!ogS shape The non-celluliferous side of the branches is very strongly striated with 
 
 .bic:!;:iessentialLact.sca.ot.sat«^^^^ 
 
 t^i:::::::^^ granmar ; whereas in the present .pecies the fenestrules are a^e 
 
 and irregular and the non-poriferous side is strongly striated. The general shape of the fron'l 
 and irregular, a P ^^ ^ ^^^ .^ .^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ to this 
 
 resembles some 01 lue iau«i * c.';.(-.ie"i- ^ — 
 
 genus 
 
 ''l^Uy a,ul fonn»«o«.-T«nton Li.es.one, Peterborough. (CoUeoted by Mr. George 
 Hinde.) 
 
 fflfl 
 
 V 
 
 M 
 m 
 
16 
 
 20. LEPTiBNA SKRIOEA (Sowerby). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Very abundant in the Trenton Limestone of Peterboro', Belle- 
 ville, Trenton, Collingwood and Ottawa. 
 
 21. Orthis testudinaeia (Dalman). 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Very abundant in the Trenton Limestone of Peterboro' 
 Ottawa, and Collingwood. 
 
 22. Orthis bifoeata (Schlotheim). 
 
 Fig. 5a. 
 
 {Mef. Delthyria biforatus var. lynx, Hall, Pal. N.S"., Vol. I., p. 133, Plate XXXIL, Figa. 
 la — u, and A — U). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Trenton Limestone, Peterboro', and Trenton. 
 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 a, OrthU Jn/orata {Schloth). a', View of the same from above, b, OHhis 
 Jlabellulum.{8ow). c, Orthia svbqxmdrata (Hall), c' Interior of the dorsal 
 valve of the same, d, Stropfuxmena deltoidea (HaU). Trenton Limestone, (d 
 IS after Hall). ^ 
 
 23. Oethis subquadrata (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 5c. 
 (Ref. Pal. N.Y., Vol. L, Plate XXXIL, A. Figs, la— o). 
 Locality and Formation. — Trenton Limestone, Peterboro'. 
 
 24. Steophomena altbrnata (Conrad). 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Very abundant in the Trenton Limestone. The individuals 
 are generally smaller than those which occur in the succeeding formation of the Hudson River 
 group. 
 
 25. Stbophombna pilitexta (Hall). 
 
 (Bef. Leptcenafilitexta, Hall, Pal, N.Y., Vol. L, p. 3, Plate XX VL, B., Figs. 3a—/. 
 Locality and Formation.— Trenton Limestone of Ottawa, Peterboro', Belleville, Trenton, 
 and Lake Couohiching. 
 
17 
 
 26. STBOrHOMENA DELTOIDEA (Conrad). 
 
 Fig. 5d. 
 
 (iJe/. Levi^n. Mtoidea, Hall, Pal. N. Y.,Vol. I., p. 106, Plate XXXt, A.. Figs. 3a-e). 
 LocaUty and fomato. -Trenton Limestone, Peterboro . and Trenton. 
 
 27. Stbophomena fluotuoba (Billings). 
 
 (Bef. Palawzoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I., p. 123, Fig. 102.) 
 locality and f oma^ion.-Trenton Limestone, Oollingwood. 
 
 28. Stbophomena bhomboidalis (Wahler.berg) 
 Locality and foma^icm. -Trenton Limestone, Peterboro', and Ottawa. Th« specimens 
 are usually of comparatively small size. 
 
 29. Rhynohonella recubvirostba (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 6c. 
 „ , , . , u„ii p«i N Y Vol I., p. 140, Plate XXXIII., Figs 5a 
 
 -d.) 
 
 ^Locality and Farmation.-Y ery abundant in the Trenton Limestone of Trenton, Belle- 
 ville, Peterboro', and Ottawa. 
 
 30. Rhynohonella increbresoens (Hall). 
 Fig. 6rf. 
 iRef. Atrypa inaebrescens, Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. I., p. U6, Plate XXXIIL, Figs. 13a 
 
 '^\calityand Formation..- Ah.nA.nt in tbe Trenton Limestone,1Trenton, Peterboro, and 
 ^''*^'*' 31. Obthis pltcatella (Hall). 
 
 (Ref. Hall, Pal, N.Y., Vol. 1„ p. 122, Plate XXXII., Figs. 9a y). 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Trenixin Limestone, Trenton. 
 
 e C e" 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 n A smaU example of Dinobolus wttf/nt^CMS (BilUngs). 6, Lingula 
 
 VTnS"fe;<S4satrV^%-^"«''« ^ ' ''""'^^ 
 
 view <i'. Profile view of the same. Trenton Limestone. 
 
 32. Orthis flabelltjlum (Sowerby) 
 LocaUty and Formation.-Trentou Limestone, Peterboro. 
 2 
 
18 
 
 33. DiNOBOLUS MAQNiFious (Biliings). 
 
 Fig. 6a. 
 
 Obolus Canadensis, (Billings), Mem. G«ol. Survey of Canada, Report for 1857, Fig. 19 
 {08Bt. exolusis.) 
 
 ObokUim magnifica, (Billings), Canadian Naturalist April, 1872, p. 17, Fig. 7. 
 
 Dinobolus magnificus, (Davidson and King), Quart. Journ , Geol. Soc, May, 1874. 
 
 Locality and Fmnatim.— Trenton Limestone, Trenton. I have seen no more than two 
 well preserved dorsal valves. 
 
 34. Trematis Ottawabnsis (Billings). 
 
 (Ref. Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 63. Fig. 58). 
 Locality and Formation.— Trenton Limestone, Trenton. 
 
 35. LlNGULA CoBUBGEWSis (BiUings). 
 
 Fig. U. 
 
 {Ref. Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I., p. 50, Fig. 54). ~ 
 Locality and Formation.— Trentan Limestone, Peterboro'. 
 
 36. MUROHISONIA BELLICINOTA (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 7a. 
 
 {Ref. Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, Plate XXXIX., Figs, la— e). 
 
 Casts of this fine species are quite common in various parts of the Trenton Limestone ; 
 but I have never been fortunate enough to discover a specimen in which the shell was pre- 
 served. The casts are readily distinguished from those of M. subfvsi/ormis, (Hall) by the 
 much smaller obliquity and the greater convexity of the whorls; and from those of Murchisonia 
 gracilis, (Hall), by their much greater size. 
 
 Lomlity and Formation.— Trenton Limestone, Ottawa and Collingwood. 
 
 37. MUECHISONIA GRACILIS (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 7c. 
 
 {Ref Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, Plate XXXIX., Figs. 4a— e). 
 
 Casts of this species may usually be distinguished by the small size and slender form of 
 the shell, and the convex, not angulated whorls. 
 
 LociLtty and Fwvmlion, Trenton Limestone, Trenton and Collingwood. 
 
 38. Murchisonia subfusiiormis (Hall). 
 Fig. lb. 
 
 {Ref Pal. N.Y., Vol. I., Plate XXXIX., Figs. 2a- b). 
 
 This species has also only come under my notice in the condition of casts, which are 
 readily distinguished by the comparative flatness of the whorls, and their obliquity. The 
 body-whorl is ventricose and considerably elongated. It is quite probable that this shell 
 should really bo regarded as belonging to the genus Subulites. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Trenton Limestonp, Collingwood. 
 
 Tre 
 
19 
 
 39. Pleurotomaria umbilioata (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 7«. 
 iRef Pal N Y. Vol. I. p. 43. pi. X. figB. 9, a-^h and p. 172, pi. XXXVII figs 5, a-d). 
 Z^^ For.aJ.-ibundant in the condition of casts of the lienor., the 
 
 Trenton Limestone af Collingwood. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 „: MurcUisonia MUoincta(n.\\) ^^-'-^^ rSeVciS:'t 
 »m,M {Fumpira ) »^fl^/'>Z^J^''Z'J^^^^ 
 
 asr (ir; ; 'f^.! ^r^Ji^i^'^^^-'^ <Hau) ; c^t. 
 
 Trenton Limestone. 
 
 40. Pleurotomaria lenticularis (Sowerby). 
 Fig. 7d. 
 (Jtef. Pkurotomaria ImticuUris, H.U, PI. N Y. Vol. I, p. 172, PI. XXXVII, Fip. 6 a 
 -'■^LocolUy^rd f««-.-Ab«nd.nt in the condition of caats of the interior, in the Tren- 
 ton Limestone of Collingwood. 
 
 41. Bellerophon bilobatus (Sowerby). 
 LocaUty and Fomation.-Trenion Limestone, Trenton and Collingwood. 
 42. CoNULAKiA Trentonensis (Hall). 
 
 (Ref. Hall, Pal. N. Y. Vol T, p. '^22, PI. u v III, Figs. 1, a-f). 
 Locality and Forrmtm.-TvenU>n Limestone ; Ottawa and CoUmgwood. 
 
20 
 
 43. EnDOOBBAS LONOI881MDM (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 a. Fragment of Endoceras langistimum (Hall)? ghowing the siphunole. a', Sum- 
 mit of the saroe. Hudson River Group. 
 
 {Ref. Hall, Pal., N. Y., Vol. PI. XVIII, Figs. 1, 1 a.) 
 
 A fragment about nine inches long and three and a half inches in diameter, showing a 
 large excentric siphuncle, the diameter of which is about one inch. The septa are about 
 four lines apart. The condition of preservation of the specimen is such as to render a posi- 
 tive specific determination impossible. 
 
 44, Obthoobras teretiforme (Hall). 
 
 {Ref., Pal., N. Y., Vol. I, PI. XLII, Figs. 8, a. b.) 
 Locality and Fmnation.—TvenUin Limestone, CoUingwood. 
 
 45 Lepebditia Canadensis (Jones). 
 
 (Ref. Leperditia Canadensis, Geological Survey of Canada, Decade III, p. 91. PI. XI, Fig 
 
 1—5.) 
 
 Locality and F(yrmatim.—Ahaada.Qt in a bed of lithographic stone near the base of the 
 
 Trenton Limestone, Lake Couchiching. 
 
 46. AsAPHUS platycephalus (Stokes). 
 
 Ref. hotelus gigas, Hall, Pal., N.Y. Vol. I, p. 231, Pie. LX, LXI, LXII, and LXIII.) 
 LocalUy and Forrmtim.—Treaion Limestone, Trenton ; also in the same formation at 
 Cobourg and Belleville. 
 
81 
 
 47. Calymknb blumenbachii (Brongniart). 
 LocalUy and Forma^ion.-Trenton Limestone, Peterborough. 
 
 48. Glyptocrinus 8P. 
 
 Cola™. »a deuohed p,.«. of . .peci™ .fGlyr>^^«> -'-. .k""'"" ■" "■'■''•"■ 
 ton Limestone of P.terborougb .nd Trenton. 
 
 ring a 
 
 about 
 
 posi- 
 
 of the 
 
 XIII.) 
 itioD at 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Fossils of the Hudson River Formation. 
 Oenus Favistella (Hall). 
 Co,.U». hemi-pherie o, ..H^<^. .-'-, ^-^^^^^^X^'-^"^ 
 
 ::;*rto^:ir;riru..»w. So— . T.w.,e,>de,e,oH. 
 
 """Ce .U«o„. or .e .enn. .— - - »- -^ ^^r: : Z^^ 
 tk.. it .m be nece»ar, .0 ento, here upon . »n>ewh. d^^^^^^^^ 
 
 CoiMmnona was originally founded by uoiai ^ ^^^ 
 
 ,bicb olo^iy ramble F„^<« .. ^-^ ^^ZZtt^X"^ '/»^ "°»' ^'"■ 
 be.«, developed *'»' *« ; '^' J^^^^^^^ c*„„,rt» Je dietioetly ....^ to b.ve .epU 
 The .peoies originally tetetred by UoMiass a „,jlito», iu>d this fact is 
 
 ,„ffleirn«y developed to -"'J-. »' •>°''«' ''^^J *;;::;;' Mjof the autboriUe^ 
 elearly shown in most of the hgu-e. "^W-* *» ""^^ ^^ ^„, ^, ^nimitted by 
 followed Ooldfui« eame, however, to the eonelusi« * ' "■°;;^°; .„„,, Henee the 
 
 Ooldfu„, .»d that the ,epta in <>;—/;;;— Ze^at wV.mall 0, rndimen- 
 name of Cotomwto beoame gradually ff 3°;/ ^ ,,„„„ ., W»m»ari» ai«^ 
 
 Ma by Ameriean an English ob.erv. U ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,^ 
 
 waa propOKd by Hall, (Pal. N. Y., Vol^ p ^.^^^ ,^ ^^^.^^^ ^^^ 
 
 cloaely resembled f*"-™;^^* .^ ^Z ™ Lai ehaLber, whilst the wall, of the 
 Mpta eltended nearly or qmte to the oentre ot toe j,j ^, ,„j j„,e. 
 
 oorallitos are ieseparatoly united with ^ZtL.^Z^'^^ "^ «»'«-. ^-"^^ 
 Haime pointod out that Vohmna,-m "'"^'-^ J"'^ ^t the genus Fmislella should be 
 „„„,,,.,e sep.«, and they *»;*-;,7'7„*j ^l^Il^ardel as a syno^y... of CoH^n- 
 .uppressed, and that '"^'">"''^^:^^,,,, ,L^., the name of Co^r^ 
 nana alveoMa (Goldfus.). Finally Mr. g., ^^^ ^ ^_^^ ^^^^^ 
 
 almlata for the eoral regarded as such by Hall and Me Wy 
 
desoribed other spooios of Columnaria in which tho septa varied from n rudiiuontary to ao 
 almost oomplete condition. 
 
 As I shall shortly point out, there can bo little doubt as to tho complete identity of 
 Hall's Favistella stdlala with tho Columnaria alveoUtla of (JoldfusH ; and there can, therefore, 
 be no doubt that the strict law of priority would demand the iibandonniont of tho former in 
 favour of the latter, both gonorioally and specifically. In tho meanwhilu, however, the name of 
 Columnaria alveolata has booome firmly attached to a familiar Trenton Limestone coral, which 
 possesses rudimentary septa ; and hence it has come to pans that an imperfect condition of the 
 septa has generally been regarded as one of the most important characters (if tho genua Colum- 
 naria. It would, therefore, caune great confusion to apply the law of priority in this instance, 
 and there are three courses open to us under the oircumstanoes : — 
 
 1. We may, as strict justice demiinds,consider Columnaria and Favisteila as synonymous 
 and adopt the definition of tho former laid down by Goldfuss. This course, though unques- 
 tionably the proper one, would be attended wit'i tho grave inconvenience that another and a 
 new genus would probably have to be created for the corals which have usually been regarded 
 as the typical Columnaria. 
 
 2. We may adopt the genus Columnaria as re-defined by McCoy and 1 1 all, restricting it to 
 'orms with rudimentary septa, whilst we may retain the genus Favisteila of Hall for the 
 forms with complete septa. This course would cause less confusion than any other, though 
 it certainly would not be compatible with strict justice. 
 
 3. We may consider that the development of the septa is not a character of itself suffi 
 eiently important to justify generic reparation, though repeatedly employed for this purpose. 
 In this case, the genus Columnaria would simply have to be expanded, so as to receive both 
 the original forms described by Goldfuss with complete septa, and the later ones described 
 by Hall, McCoy, and Billings with marginal septa, in this case, also, Favisteila would 
 simply be merged in Columnaria, or it might be retained as a sub-genus for the reception of 
 the forms with a complete septal apparatus. For my own part, I am disposed to think that 
 this course would probably be the best, but I shall in the meanwhile retain the gerus Favis- 
 teila as distinct from Columnaria, and shall adopt for it the definition given by Hall. If, 
 however, this last course'be adopted, then the following forms will have to stand as Columnaria 
 stellata and Columnaria calicina. 
 
 49. Favistella stellata (Hall). 
 
 Favisteila stellata (Hall) Pal. N. Y. Vol. I. PI. LXXV. Figs. l(f, If. 
 
 Corallum sub-hemispheric or pyriform, massive. Corallites prismatic, usually hexagonal 
 or pentagonal, from rather more than one line to two lines in diameter, completely amalga- 
 mated with one another by their walls. Septa unequally developed, alternately large and small • 
 the large ones fifteen, sometimes fourteeiv ii k. umber, reaching to the centre of the covallites 
 or nearly so. The smaller septa mn^ ' i;.iA i , d -.""timentary. The total number of septa is 
 thus from twenty-eight to thirty. Tabuiit w >11 developed and complete, about three in the 
 space of one line. No columella. Incrouse by fissiparous development of the old tubes. 
 
 According to ilali there are usually twelve septa, more or less, in this species ; but in 
 this enumeration he has evidently counted the hirger septa only, and has disregarded the 
 smaller ones. The number of the primary septa, however, appears to be almost always fifteen, 
 
fS 
 
 and the rudimentary Becondary «cpta alternate with tho former, and are therefore the «une in 
 number. In this respect the Canadian specimens which I have examined appear t« agree 
 
 altogether with those from Ohio. 
 
 FamteUa stellata (Hall) attains a large «i«o, and is one of the most conspicuous corals 
 of the Hudson River group of North America. Whilst its specific distinctness is beyond que 
 tion, and its specific characters are most readily recognisable, there is, nevertheless, consider- 
 able doubt as to the name which it ought properly to bear. Milne Edwards and Ha.me, in 
 their great work on the Paleozoic Corals, rcf^ari Fmnstdla stellata (Hall) as identical with 
 Columnmia alveoluta (Goldfuss), and in this they are almost certainly right. As we have 
 already seen, the name of Cohmnana was originally given by Goldfuss to a group of corals 
 with a complete septal system. In spite, however, of the clearness with which this fact w« 
 brought ont in the descriptions and figures of the German observer, McCoy and most subse- 
 quer* pal«3ontologist9 insisted that this was an error, and that the septa in the gcnui. CoZ»m- 
 nuru. were marginal and rudimentary ; and this view has been generally adopted. The result 
 of this ha« been that a very abundant Trenton Limestone coral, which possesses merely rudi- 
 mentary septa, has been universally recognised by American palaeontologists as Coummna 
 aheolata (Goldfuss), and has been generally accepted as the type of the genus Cohmru^na. 
 It is quite certain, however, that the Trenton Limestone coral just alluded to is not the 
 form described originally by Goldfuss, and carefully figured by himunder ttie name of Colum- 
 mria alveoluta (Petref. Germ. Pl.XXlV. Fig. 7). On the contrary, the latter is almost cer- 
 tainly identical with the coral subsequently described by Hall under the n.me otFamtdla 
 ..tellata. This is rendered the more certain by the fact that the specimens of Columnana 
 alveoluta described by Goldfuss are said to come from the shores of Seneca Lake, in the State 
 of New York, where the Lower Silurian rocks do not occur in place ; so that they must have 
 been derived from a travelled boulder. This also would harmonize with the assertion of 
 Edwards and Haime, that Columnaria alvcolata (Gold.) and FavMla stellata (Hall) are one 
 
 and the same coral. . . 
 
 Whilst fully believing that these two corals, as described by their original discoverers, arc 
 identical, it nevertheless remains certain that the corals now recognised universally in America 
 a. Cohcnmria alveolata and Fa^.tella stellata are entirely distinct from one another specifically 
 if not generically. It remains, therefore, to consider what course is to be adoi ted m practice 
 as to the nomenclature of these forms. If the strict law of priority, with its utmost rigour, 
 is U. be carried out, then the name of FavisteUa stellata must be abandoned ; the coral now 
 known by this name must be called Cohmnana alveolata (Goldfuss) ; and the coral to which 
 this latter title has been generally applied will have to be baptised by some quite new mvme 
 As to the strict justice of this proceeding there can be little doubt ; and those who attach 
 great importance to the rigid enforcement of the law of priority will doubtless carry this pro- 
 ceeding into actual practice. For my own part, I think less confusion would be -used by 
 the adoption of another, if less strictly regular, course. The name of Columnana al-eolala has 
 now by general consent become attached to an abundant and well-known coral from the Tren- 
 ton Limestone. To abandon this arrangement would be productive of much confusion : and 
 I would therefore leave this coral in possession of this name, although it is the Co^umvana 
 alveolata of McCoy and Hall, and not of Goldfuss. On the other hand, the coral . dcBcnbc^ 
 by Hall from the later formation of the Hudson River group under the name of Famstella 
 
24 
 
 stellata, though almost certainly identical with the original Columvaria alveolata of Goldfuss, 
 may be allowed to retain its specific nam'} ; and it may be left in the meanwhile an jpv. '^ue; 
 t.ion whether it shou'd be called Favisfella stellata or Columnaria e-'cUata. 
 
 With regard to the species of FavisteUa, now for the first time described as F, > 
 
 the present form is distinguished by its much larger size, ihe prismatic form and complete 
 amalgamation of the corallites, and the increase of the wrallum by fission of the tubes. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Hudson River group, lliver Credit, and Manltouwaning. 
 
 50. Favistflla calicina (Nicholson). 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 FavisteUa ca//cma (Nicholson), Brit. Assoc, lleport, Belfast, 1874. 
 Corallum, sub-hemispheric or pyrifbrm, not attaining a large size. Corallites more or 
 less cylindrical, rarely prismatic, in shape ; frora less than one to two lines in diameter, averaging 
 about one and a half lines. The corallites are never completely amalgamated by their walls, 
 and are rarely in direct and actual contact throughout their entir. height. Each corallite, on 
 the other hand, is enveloped in a complete and separate epitheca, and as they diverge from the 
 base, they nrc generally separated by more or less conspicuous intervals as their calices are 
 
 approached. Epi- 
 theca of the corallites 
 with strong vertical 
 ridges, of which 
 four or five occupy 
 the space of one 
 line, and also with 
 regular encircling 
 striae and grooves. 
 Septa alternately 
 large and small, 
 twenty - eight in 
 
 number altogether, the primary ones being continued over the upper surfaces of the tabulae 
 to near the centre of the corallites, whilst the secondary ones are marginal and rudimen- 
 tary. Tabulae well developed and complete, about three in the space of one line. Increase 
 by calicular gemmation, combined with parietal budding. 
 
 This pretty little species is very distinct from F. stellata (Hall), from which it may be 
 readily separated by the following characters : — 1. It is much more diminutive in average size 
 than F. stellata, its colonies rarely exceeding three inches in diameter and two inches in height, 
 a:, being often much smaller than this. 2. The corallites are comparatively lax and dis- 
 crete in their mode of growth. Rarely they may be more or less contiguous and prismatic in 
 form. More usually, they are cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, and, as they radiate from the base, 
 become more or less widely separated towards their terminations. Hence, the surface of a 
 mass of F. calicina often presents an appearance simila,r to the convolutions of the human 
 cerebrum or to a colony of Fascicularia. 3. The corallites arc never completely amalgamated 
 by their walls, but each on the contrary, is enclosed on a strong and very distinct epitheca, which 
 carries powerful vertical ridgis and fine encircling striae. 4. The increase of the colony is efiectcd 
 
 '-^TT 
 
 Fio. !t. 
 1(1. Farintella calicina (Nich.) 16, Calice of one of the corallites of the same en' 
 larged. 2. Calice of Columtiaria alveolata enlarged. Hudson River Group. 
 
25 
 
 by means of calicular gemmation, with or without lateral budding, and not by means of fis- 
 sion of the old tubes. . <. r, ^ , 
 If the genus Favistella, in accordance with the remarks laid down in treating ot /<. m~ 
 lata be sibsequently abandoned, then this species will take the name of Colummria cahana 
 ' Locality and Forrmtion—Y ery abundant in the Hudson River group, Credit River. 
 
 (?entts CoLUMNOPOBA (Nicholson). 
 
 Corallum aggregate, massive, composed of hexagonal corallites, which have distinct walls, 
 but are firmly united with one another. Septa well developed and close set, but 
 sho.t and not nearly extending to the centre of the visceral chamber. A row of large and 
 closely approximated mural pores between each pair of septa. Tabulae horizontal, not vesicu- 
 lar or infundibuliform, complete. Epitheca unknown. No coenenchyma, nor columella. 
 
 I have established thi. genus for the reception of some beautiful corals from the Hudson 
 River group of Canada and the corresponding formation (Cincinnati group) of Ohio. The 
 genus in most respects may be regarded as intermediate between Favosites and Columnana 
 agreeing with both in the general form of the ccrailum. the prismaac closely-approximat^d 
 corallites, and the absence of any cc^nenchyn.a. Cohmnopora further resembles Favosites m 
 possessing mural pores, but it is distinguished by its distinct ard comparatively well- developed 
 septal system, and by the fact that the mural pores are arranged in very numerous rows 
 and are uf very large size, so that the walls of the corallites have a regularly cnln-^form 
 aspect With Coiumnaria, as .his genus is usually understood, Columnnpm-a agrees in possess- 
 ing distinct septa, but is fundamentally distinguishedlby the perforated walls of the corallites. 
 Lastly, Columnopora is distin..^uished from Favistella, not onlylby the possession of mural pores, 
 but also by the much less developed condition of the septa. The following is the only species 
 of the genus which has as yet been noticed. 
 
 51. Columnopora cribriformis (Nicholson). 
 
 (Ref. Geological Magazine, June, 1874.) 
 
 Corallites mostly hexagonal or pentagonal in shape, averaging about one Ime and 
 a half in diameter, sometimes more or less. Septa iu the form of strong vertical ridges, 
 from twenty to twenty-four in nu.»^er, equally developed, and never reaching the centre or 
 extending more than quite a short distance into the interior of the corallite. Between each 
 pair of septa is a row of large circular or oval mural pores, so that there are from twenty to 
 twenty-four rows of these openings in each corallite, generally four rows on each face. Not 
 oi.ly are the rows very numerous, but the pores are extraordinarily large, and are placed close 
 to-rether, about three of them occupying the space of one line r^eusured either vertically or 
 transversely The walls of the corallites thus assume a completely cribriform appearance, 
 looking as if composed of a series of vertical pillars (the septa), united by horizontal cross- 
 bars. Tabulae, in perfect specimens, complete, from three to four in the space of one line. 
 
 Superficially this coral is very like that usually regarded as Columnana alveolata {i.oM- 
 fuss) both as regards the general form of the corallites, and the dimensions and charactern 
 of the septa. It is, however, at once distinguished by the mural pores. From all the mas^ 
 sive species of Fmsifc, the present form is distinguished by the well-marked septa, and 
 the large size, great number, and close approximation of the pores. From F^istclla stelL 
 
26 
 
 it is separated by its comparatively rudimentary septa and perforated waJls. Lastly, from 
 Michelinia, it is distinguished by not having vesicular tabulae, by the larger and more closely 
 s«t mural pores, and the much better developed septal system. 
 
 In the specimens which originally came under my notice, the tabulae were incomplete, 
 and nothing was left of them except their bases. A similar state of things is quite common 
 in Favosites and Columnaria, and I surmised at the time that this was merely accidental and 
 due to the condition of preservation. I have now obtained specimens from Ohio which fully 
 confirm this surmise, and which show that the tabulae of this form were really complete and in 
 all respects well-developed. 
 
 Locality ami /(rrmation. — Rare in the Hudson Siver group, River Credit (discovered by 
 Mr. George Jennings Hinde). Not very uncommon in the Cincinnati group, south-western 
 Ohio. 
 
 Genus Streptelasma (Hall). 
 
 Corallum simple, turbinate, free ; epitheca well developed. Septa well developed, twisted 
 and united with one another towards the centre of the visceral chamber, where they often 
 form a kind of vesicular tissue. No columella, nor dissepiments. Tabulae remote, irregular, 
 and poorly developed. A single septal fossette. 
 
 This genus stands on a somewhat dubious position, but I see at present no other option but 
 to retain it, if S. cwnicuhm (Hall) is to be taken as a type of the genus. The badly charac- 
 terised genus Petraia (Miinst), is said to have no tabulae ; otherwise StrejMasma would cer- 
 tainly have to be regarded as a synonym of this ; as has been proposed by McCoy and Billings. 
 On the other hand, Milne Edwards and Haime declare (Brit. Foss. Cor. Introduction, p. 
 xviii.) that Streptelasma is characterised by the fact that the wall is " destitute of yn epi- 
 theca and covered by sublamellar costse." This statement I am unable to comprehend, as all 
 the specimens of Streptelasma cortiicalam which have come under my notice, have the epitheca 
 remarkably well developed, except when they have been much weathered. Lastly, frdm 
 Ci/athophijUum proper, the genus Streptelasma is distinguislied solely by the total absence of 
 dissepiments and the comparatively rudimentary condition of the tabulae. 
 
 52. Streptelasma cornioulum (Hall). 
 
 Streptelasma corniadum (Hall), Pal. N. Y. Vol. I., PI. XXV., Figs 1 a 1 e. 
 
 Streptelasma crussa (Ibid.), PI. XXV., Figs, 2 a—2e. 
 
 Streptelasma multilamellosa (Ibid.), PI. XX^V., Figs. 3 a — 3 c. 
 
 Streptelasma parmla (Ibid.), PI. XXV., Figs. 4 a — 4 c. 
 
 Streptelasma cornicuhm (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal., PI. VII., Fi<>-. 4. 
 
 Corallum conical, slightly curved or nearly straight, averaging from one to four inches in 
 length, and from ten to eighteen lines in diameter. Septa numerous, from ninety to one 
 hundred and sixty in number, alternately large and small. The small septa rarely extend 
 much beyond the margin ; but the large ones extend to the centre, in approaching which 
 they become more or less twisted and unite with one another, in such a manner as sometimes 
 to produce a central mass nf ve.°,icnl.ar tissue. Csilico moderately deep. Septa very thick, 
 and often appearing as if composed of two coalescent lamellpe. Tabulae remote and irregular, 
 often elevated towards the centre of the coral. No dissepiments. A single septal fossette, 
 usually placed on the curved side of the coral. Epitheca exhibiting longitudinal ridges cor- 
 
27 
 
 reponding with the septa, but otherwise smooth, or, rarely, with a few encirling shallow folds of 
 
 growth. . , , 
 
 This species, if I have rightly referred to it all the specimens here placed, is very variable 
 as regards its size, the amount of curvature, and the number of the septa. The following are 
 the dimensions of a number of apparently typical examples :— 
 
 1. Length four inches ; diameter at summit nearly one inch and a half. Septa one 
 hundred and sixty in number, alternately large and small. This is the largest specimen ob- 
 
 served by me, but it is imperfect above. j 4 ,? 
 
 2. Length over three inches ; diameter at summit fourteen lines ; septa one hundred and 
 
 twenty-six, alternately large and small. u j .1 
 
 3. Length one inch and a half ; diameter at summit fourteen lines. Septa one hundred 
 and twenty-six, alternately large and small. The specimen is broken above. 
 
 4 Length one inch and a half; diameter at summit ten lines. Septa one hundred and 
 fourteen alternately larger and smaller. This is a less broadly expanding example than the 
 
 preceding. . , 
 
 5. Length one inch ; diameter at summit nine lines. Septa ninety-six, alternately large 
 
 and small. * 1 1 <» 
 
 6. Length fourteen lines ; diameter at summit nine lines. Septa ninety, alternately large 
 
 and small. ,. , 
 
 7 Length six lines ; diameter at summit four and a half lines. Septa thirty, all equal 
 and large sized. I do not feel at all sure whether this last specimen is the young of .. 
 m-nimlnm or a distinct species. It appears to be the S. parmla of Hall. 
 
 The above measurements are taken from specimens collected m the Cmcinna 1 
 group of Ohio, and all the Canadian examples that I have seen are of comparatively small 
 size averaging about one inch and a half in length. 
 
 The average number of the septa in a typical example would seem to be about one hun- 
 dred and twenty. Hall gives the number at sixty, but he, probably, in this enumeration, ne- 
 glected the small and rudimentary septa which alternate with the large ones. Hall gives 
 however, one hundred and twenty septa as the number in his S. muUilamdlosa, which would 
 appear to be identical with S. corniculum. 
 
 Locality and Forma^Jow.- Hudson River group, Manitouwaning, Georgian Bay. 
 
 Gems Tetradium (Dana). 
 
 '< Coralla massive, consisting of four-sided tubes and cells with very thin septa or parietes ; 
 cells stellate, with four narrow laminaj." 
 
 "This genus is near Receptaculitcs, but differs in having very thin parietes, and four 
 distinct rays between the cells, one to each side. The specimen answering to the descripti.-n 
 is a fossil of uncertain locality in the collections of Yale College, New Haven. The cells are 
 about half a line in breadth." (Dana, Zooph. vol. VIIL, p. 701, 1846). 
 
 To this description, Prof. J. M. Safford (Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Series, vol 
 XXII p '>3G 1856) add. the fnllowinsr :-" The tubes in the different species vary from I 
 line to nearly one line in breadth ; they are very long and are m -st frequently united throughout 
 laterally, forming massive coralla, resembling more or less those of Favosites or Chcetetes- some- 
 times however, they are united in single intersecting series, as in HaJysites caienulata (Linn.); 
 
 1 
 
28 
 
 not unfrequently, too, the tubes are isolated, or only united at irregular intervals, thus form- 
 ing loose fasciculated coralla resembling certain forms o{ Sijringopora." Safford further states 
 that isolated tubes are nearly quadrangular, with more or less rounded edges, and a slight ex- 
 ternal longitudinal depression opposite to each of the septa. The walls are more or less 
 rugose ; and increase is by fission of the old tubes. Only one specimen was seen in which 
 tran verse septa (tabulae) were recognised, and these were confined to one end of the mass and 
 distant about twice the breadth of the tubes. Prof Safford regards the genus as intermedi- 
 ate between the Favositidao and the Rugosa, the quadripartite character of the septa sufficing 
 to place it in the latter group. Four species of the genus were described. 
 
 Upon the whole, Safford's views as to the nature of this curious genus, and its intimate 
 structure can be safely accepted. The existence of tabulae, however, in the specimens which 
 I have examined, so far from being exceptional or diflScult to demonstrate, could almost in- 
 variably be made out with the utmost ease. The genua is most nearly allied to Chcetetes, 
 (Fischer,) but differs in its possession of four septa, and in the somewhat petaloid shape of the 
 corallites as seen in transverse section. Tetradmm fihratum has been enumerated from the 
 Trenton Limestone of Canada (l^illings, " Geology of Canada," p. 139, fig. 71); but I have 
 not been able to identify it with complete certainty. In the Hudson River group of Ontario, 
 however, there occurs very abundantly a species of Tetradium, which I have identified with 
 T. mintis (Sufford). 
 
 53. Tetradium minus (Safford). 
 
 Tetradium minus (Safford), Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2nd Series, vol. XXII., p. 238. 
 
 Corallum massive, hemispheric, or amorphous, composed of slender, closely approximated 
 tubes, which diverge from the base, or from an imaginary axis. Corallites of great length, 
 sometimes exceeding three inches, with a width of from one-third to one-fourth line ; their 
 walls tolerably thick, and their shape irregularly four-sided or five-sided. The septa are badly 
 preserved, and can only be occasionally det«cted ; they vary in number from one to four. 
 Tabulae very well preserved, remote, complete, from three to five occupying the space of one 
 line. 
 
 I should think it questionable if the specimens from which the above description is taken, 
 are really distinct from T. fihratum ; but I have thought it best to keep them separate in the 
 meanwhile, since they agree with T. minus (Safford), and differ from the former species, in the 
 small size of the corallites, of which three or four occupy the space of one line. They also 
 differ from T. fihratum, as described by Safford, in the greater closeness of tabulae, these struc" 
 tures being generally quite readily recognisable. On the other hand, the peculiar septa of the 
 genus can only be occasionally detected, and the corallites in polished transverse sections ap- 
 pear rhomboidal, rounded, reniform, shaped like a trefoil-leaf, or sometimes shaped like a 
 flower with four petah. 
 
 Locality and Foi-mation. — Abundant and attaining a large size iu the Hudson River 
 group of the River Credit, and at Manitouwaning. Also in the Cincinnati group of Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio. 
 
 Genus Ch^.tetes (Fischer). 
 
 Corallum varying very much in form, but always aggregate, and composed of prismatic 
 biisaltiform corallites, sometimes more or less cylindroidal. Wall imperforate ; tabulae nume- 
 rous and well developed. Septa absent or rudimentary. 
 
29 
 
 The genus CluBtetes was originally founded on an error, since Fischer believed it to dif- 
 fer from Favodtes in the absence of tabulae, which is not the case. Lonsdale (Geology of 
 Russia, Vol. I., Appendix A.), pointed out that this was a mistake, and expressed the opinion 
 that ChcBteies might be separated from Favosiks by the absence of mural pores, and by the fact 
 that the walls of the corallites are inseparably united, so that fractures expose the inierioT of 
 the corallites. This last-mentioned phenomenon is due to the fact that in Chatetes radians, the 
 type-speries of the genus, the young corallites are produced fissiparously by the subdivision 
 of the parent tubes; whereas in Favosites i\iQ new corallites are produced by gemmation 
 from the sides of the old ones. Later observers, however, included under the head of 
 Choetetes, various corals in which the increase was by gemmation, as in FavosUes, and in which 
 a rough fracture exposed the exkrm of the tubes. To remedy this, D'Orbigny (Prodrome de 
 Pal6ont, Vol. I., p. 25) proposed to separate from Chcektes these forms in which the increase 
 was by gemmation, and to constitute for their reception a new genus for which he proposed 
 the name of Monticulipark The confusion thus caused was further increased by the fact 
 that Lonsdale had previously founded a genus which he termed Sknopom, in which the coral- 
 lum was in all essential respects similar to that of Clmkks, but in which the increase was 
 effected by gemmation. Without entering further into this complicated question, I may simply 
 state that it appears to me to be advisable to re-unite the genus Clicekks and MmtimUpora, 
 abandoning the name of the latter altogether. At the same time, without pronouncing any 
 opinion as to the affinities of the coral upon which Lonsdale originally founded his genus 
 Stenopara, it appears to me that the forms which have been referred to this genus by later 
 palseontologists can not be separated from CAfffefes (including MonticuUpora xmier this head). 
 Finally, the genus Nebulipora (McCoy) is to be regarded as a synonym of Chceteks as above 
 
 defined. 
 
 The species Ch(ekks may be roughly divided into four groups :— 1. Ramose form— la 
 these the corallum is ramose or dendroid, the corallites of the branches springing in a radiat- 
 ing manner from an imaginary axis. The corallum is usually rooted at the base (in C. 
 briareus, Nich., it is apparently free), and the extremities of the branches are rounded. Some 
 of the forms of this group are slender, others are more or less swollen and tumid ; and these 
 latter seem to constitute a transition into certain lobate forms, which may be variously 
 regarded as the last term of the ramose series or the first term of the massive 
 
 B6T168 
 
 Frondescent Species :— In these, the corallum forms a flattened or undulating expansion, 
 often sub-palmate or palmate, and composed primitively of two layers of corallitco, the bases of 
 which are in contact, and which are directed in opposite directions from a common calcareous 
 membrane. The corallum is rooted at the base, with which exception the entire surface on both 
 sides is both covered by the calices. In old examples, additional strata ol corallites appear to 
 be superimposed upon the two primitive layers, in some instances at any rate, and the coral- 
 lum thus passes into the massive form. 
 
 3. Massive Species.-GoraWnm free or fixed, massive, discoidal, hemispherical, ,-pherical, 
 or irregular in shape. The typical forms of this group have the inferior surface of the cor- 
 allum more or less concave, and covered with a concentrically striated epithcca, and these 
 forms must have lived a free existence. Others are fixed by their basis to some solid object, 
 and the mode of life of other examples is unknown. The massive species of Chcektes pass on 
 
80 
 
 the one hand, by almost invisible gradations, into the ramose, and on the other hand, they 
 show a well-marked transition into the frondescent group. 
 
 4. Encrusting Species. — In these the corallum is parasitic, and forms a thin or us 
 usually consisting of a single stratum of corallites, growing upon various foreign objects, such as 
 the epitheca of corals or the shells of Brachiopods. In this group the corallites are excessively 
 short, whereas in general they have a length considerably exceeding their diameter. 
 
 Species of Chcetetes are extraordinarily abundant in the Lower Silurian Rocks of North 
 America, apparently attaining their maximum in the Cincinnati group. In the Hudson 
 River group of Canada, of the corresponding age, the number of species hitherto detected is 
 not so large, but the number of individuals is very great. 
 
 54. Ch^tetes Fletchebi (Edwards and Haime). 
 
 Favositea spongites (pars.)j Lonsdale, in Murchison, Silur. Sy8t.,pl.XV., bis. Fig8.9,9a,96. 
 Chcetetes Fletcheri (Milne Edwards and Jules Haime), Pol. Fos. desTerr. Pal. p. 271. 
 CImtetes lycoperdon (pars) ; (Hall) Pal. N. Y. Vol. II. p. 40, PI. XVII. figs. Ig—i. 
 Monticulipora Fletcheri (Edwards and Haime) ; Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 267. 
 Chwtetes Fletcheri (Nicholson); Quart. Journ. Geo. Soc. Lond., Vol, XXX., PI. XXIX., 
 Figs. 6— 6ff. 
 
 Corallum ramose ; branches cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, dividing dichotomously, usually 
 at somewhat remote intervals, often irregularly swollen here and there, from one and a half 
 to three lines in diameter. Corallites with moderately thick walls, unequally sized, the aver- 
 age ones being about eight in the space of one line. Interspersed with the ordinary corallites, 
 in well-preserved specimens, are others of exceedingly minute size. Surface smooth, destitute 
 of tubercles, but occasionally showing groups of corallites very slightly larger than the 
 average. 
 
 This species is very closely allied to C. pulcMlus (Edw. & H.), but differs in not having 
 distinct groups of corallit3S of a much larger size than the average. It is the most common 
 and characteristic form of the Hudson River group of Canada, When it occurs in some 
 beds of this formation it very readily weathers out, leaving a series of sinuous and intersecting 
 tubes in the rock, which, unless closely examined, might very readily be mistaken for the 
 burrows of worm.". 
 
 Locality a^^ Formation. — Hudson River group. River Credit, Don Mills near Toronto. 
 Weston, Manitouwaning, &c. 
 
 55. Chcetetes delicatulus (Nicholson). 
 
 Chcetetes delicatulus (Nicholson), Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., Vol. XXX., PI. 
 XXIX., Figs. 8— 8J. 
 
 Corallum very slender and delicate, ramose, of cylindrical branches terminating in 
 rounded and sometimes swollen extremities, ard occasionally seeming to spring from a hori- 
 zontal footstalk. Stems sometimes simple, more commonly dichotomously branched at acute 
 angles, from one quarter of a line to half a line in diameter, rarely reaching two-thirds of a 
 line, Corallites very oblique to the surface, opening by oval apertures, the lengf of which 
 corresponds with the axis of the stem and exceeds the breadth. Calices arranged m diagonal 
 
 rov 
 spt 
 an< 
 su 
 
 U 
 
 Li 
 ca 
 Si 
 ca 
 
 g> 
 
 I 
 
PI. 
 
 rows, about eight in one line meaaured longitudinally, and twelve or fourteen in the same 
 space measured transversely or diagonally. When perfect, the lower lip of the oalioe is thin 
 and prominent. The cells are all of equal size, without minute intermediate tubuli, and the 
 surface is destitute of monticules. 
 
 This is one of the commonest fossils of the Hudson River group both in Canada and the 
 United States. It is probably identical with one of the forms figured by Hall, from the Trenton 
 Limestone under the name of Chcetetes lycoperdon (Pal N. Y., Vol. I, PI. XXIV, fig. 1 k, 
 c»t, excl.). It is alsc, I think, certainly, one of the forms which has usually been quoted as 
 Stenffpm-a fibrosa {Qolituaa). It is readily recognised by its slender habit, uniformly sized 
 calices, and oblique corallites. 
 
 Locality and Formatim.—EuiBori River group, Weston, Toronto, River Credit, Geor- 
 gian Bay, iiiO. 
 
 CH/ETETES petropolitanus. (Pander). 
 
 (Plate IV, Figs. 3—4.) 
 
 Favosites petropolitanus (P&ndier), Russ. Reiohe, p. 105, PI. I, Fig?. 6, 7, 10, 11. 
 Calamopora fibrosa (pars), (Goldfuss), Petref. Vol. I, p. 215, PI. LXIV,fig. 9. 
 Favosites lycopodites (Vanuxem), Qeol. of New York, 3rd Part, p. 46, fig. 3. 
 Chcetetes petropolitanus (Lonsdale), in Murch., Vern., and Keys, Russ. and Ural, Vol. I, 
 
 p. 596, PI. A., fig. 10. 
 
 Favosites petropolitana {McCoy), Syn. of the Silur. Foss. of Ireland, p. 64, PI. IV, fig. 21. 
 
 Ckstetes lycoperdon (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. I, PI. XXIII, Fig. 1, and PI. XXIV, Figs. 
 1 a—h and Vol. II, PI. XVII, Figs. 1, a—f. 
 
 Chcetetes rugosus (Ibid), Vol. I., PI. XXIV., Fig. 2. 
 
 Chcetetes petropolitanus, lycoperdon and subfibrosus (D'Orbigny), Prodr. dc Pal^ont., Vol. 
 I, pp. 25 and 108. 
 
 Clicetetes petropolitanus (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Fos. des Terr,, Pal. p. 263. 
 
 Monticulipora peiropolitana (Edwards and Haime), Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 264. 
 
 Chcetetes petropolitanus (Nicholson), Quart., Journ. Greol. Soc, Vol. XXX, PI. XXX, 
 Figs. 5—8. 
 
 " Corallum in general free ; its basal plate flat or concave and comjiletcly covered with a con- 
 centrically wrinkled epitheca. Upper surface regularly convex, in general hemispherical and 
 presenting obtuse tuberosities, about one line broad and varying much in height. In some speci- 
 mens these tuberosities appear to have been worn away, and their existence is indicated only 
 by the presence of small groups of large calices with thick walls ; the calices are rather 
 unequal in size, generally polygonal, sometimes almost circular ; the largest are about one- 
 fifth of a line in diameter ; the walls are not perforated j the tabulae are l.orizontal, complete, 
 and placed at about one-twelfth of a line from each other. Some vestiges of .septa are often 
 visible. Young specimens are flat and discoidal." (Edwards and Haime.) 
 
 The Trenton and Hudson River formations, but more especially the former, yield a great 
 many examples which correspond with the above description in essential characters, some alto- 
 gether so, others with more or less striking variations. In external form this species is pro- 
 tean,being more or less discoidul when young, but being, when adult, sub-tpherical, hemispheri- 
 cal, sub-pyriform, lobate, mushroom-shaped, or not uncommonly of the shape of a cardinal's 
 
82 
 
 hat. The surface ia sometimes m'ammillated with obsoare and blunt tuberosities or eleva- 
 tions of variable height and form ; but quite commonly it is perfectly smooth. As a rule, no 
 definite groups of large sized corallites can be recognised, and in a'l the typical specimens, 
 which I have c .mined, the calices are polygonal or sub-polygonal, generally from eight to 
 ten in the space of one line, and without any very minute intermediate tubuli. 
 
 Typical examples of C. petropolitanus can be recognised without diflSoulty by their con- 
 cave under-surfaco (showing that the coral was free), concentrically-situated epitheca, and 
 rounded and more or less elevated upper surface. W^ have, however, to bear in mind the 
 following points : — 
 
 1. The very common corals of the Hudson River group of Canada which have gener- 
 ally been referred to as the " puff-ball variety " of Stenopora fibrosa, only occasionally exhibit 
 the typical characters of ChateteapttropoUtanus. Most commonly (PI. IV, Figs. 2— 2a) they do 
 not exhibit a concave base covered with an epitheca, but on the contrary are more or less spher- 
 oidal in shape, and are composed of corallites radiating in all direction from a central point. 
 In other cases, they are certainly not free, but can be shown to have grown parasitically upon 
 the column of a Crinoid, which passes through their centre. 
 
 2. The Cincinnati group of Ohio yields a number of forma which agree, in most respects 
 with C. petropolitanus. but which were attached to the exterior of Brachiopods and other 
 foreign bodies. These forms have, therefore, no concave base or concentrically wrinkled 
 epitheca, but have the form of hemispherical, sub-spherical, or nodulated masses, usually of 
 inconsiderable size. 
 
 3. To the genus Lichenalia of the Lower and Upper Silurian have boen often referred 
 the concentrically striated epithecae of this and allied species of Chcetetes ; the epitheca being 
 commonly thin enough to allow of the bases of the superjacent corallites being seen through 
 it. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hudson River group of Toronto, Weston, 
 C.edit River, Georgian Bay, &c. Also, in the Trenton Limestone. 
 
 57. CHiETETES DiscoiDEUS (James). 
 
 Chcetetes discoideus (James), Catalogue of the Lower Silurian Fossils of the Cincinnati 
 Group, 1871. (Named, but not figured or described). 
 
 Chcetetes discoideus (Nicholson), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XXX, PI. XXX, Figs. 
 4— id. 
 
 Corallum discoid, concavo-convex, sharp-edged, from five to eight lines in diameter, and 
 from one to nearly two lines in its greatest thickness. Under surface concave, covered with 
 a thin, smooth, or slightly wrinkled epitheca, which in general is so thin as to reveal clearly 
 through its substance the bases of the overlying corallites. Upper surface gently convex, not 
 exhibiting any tubercles or elevations of any kind. Corallites sub-equal; calices with 
 moderately thin walls, polygonal, about eight or ten in the space of one line. No groups of 
 larger corallites, nor any very minute intermediate tubuli. 
 
 I do not feel certain that this form ia distinct from the younc of O. '"etropolitanus • but 
 it differs in some points of importance, and it is at the same time both of common occurrence 
 and very constant in its shape and dimensions. 1 think it is, therefore, safest to describe it 
 under a separate title. Apart from its discoidal plano-convex form, it is distinguished by 
 
 
89 
 
 its great comparative tenuity with the resulting shortness of the oorollites, the sharp thin 
 edges of the disc, the evenly and gently curved upper surface, the absence of surface-monti- 
 cules or groups of large-sized corallites, and the thinness and smoothness of the epitheca. 
 The corallum, of course, must have been free in habit. It is very closely allied to C/untetes 
 (Nebulipora) lens (McCoy), with which I should have considered it to be identical, except for 
 the fact that the latter species is described as possessing distinct groups of large-sized 
 corallites. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Hudson River Group at Weston. Also 
 in the Cincinnati Group of Ohio. 
 
 .f)8 ChjKTETES undulatus (Nicholson). 
 
 The lobate and sub-massive form of Chcetetes, which I have briefly noted in speaking of 
 the corals of the Trenton Formation under the provisional name of Chcetetes uniufufus, is 
 far from uncommon in the Hudson River Group. Whether it is really a distinct species, or 
 a lobed and fixed form of C. petropolitanim (which I think very unlikely), or a sub-massive 
 variety of one of the ramose species, the materials in my hands do not allow me to decide. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Hudson River Formation ; River Credit, and Westou. 
 
 59. Ptilodictya Sghafperi (Meek). 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 Ptilodictya Schafferi (Meek), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia. Feb. 1872, and 
 Palajontology of Ohio, Vol. I. p. 69, PI. V, Figs. la-c. 
 
 " Polyzoum small and delicate, consisting of slender compressed divisions that give off 
 on each side rather closely arranged, regularly alternating, lateral branches of the same 
 breadth as the main stems, from which they diverge at an angle of about forty degrees ; 
 lateral branches, in the same way, giving off on each side, very short, lobe-like, alternating 
 projections ; flattened lateral margins of all parts very narrow, sharp, and minutely striated 
 longitudinally, in well-preserved specimens ; pores apparently without raised margins, more or 
 less oval longitudinally, alternately disposed in longitudinal and oblique rows, so as to present a 
 quincuncial arrangement ; the number of longitudinal rows varying from five to about seven 
 in the breadth of a stem or branch ; spaces between the pores, measuring transversely to the 
 stems and their divisions, about equal to the breadth of the pores, but greater, measuring in 
 the direction of the oblique and longitudinal rows, al! ornamented, in perfectly preserved 
 specimens, by very minute more or less waved or flexuous striae.'' (Meek). 
 
 Breadth of stems and branches from one twentieth of an inch to nearly one line. Cells 
 about six or seven in one line measured longitudinally, and eight to ten in the same space 
 measured obliquely. 
 
 This species is readily recognised by its mode of growth, the remote cells, and the 
 be.antifull" striated intercellular spaces. Thoush not previously reoorded from Canada, I 
 have detected it in considerable numbers in the Hudson River beds of the River Credit. 
 It is a well known species from the Cincinnati Group of Ohio. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Hudson River Group, River Credit. 
 3 
 
84 
 
 60. LEPTiGNA SERICEA (Soworby). 
 
 Fig. lOc. 
 
 Locality and Formutim, — Very abundant in the Hudson Kiver Group, River Credit; 
 Lalce Shore, Toronto ; WeHton ; and Don Mills, Toronto. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 o, Dorsal valve of Stiiphomena altcrnata ((Jonrad). 6, Dowal valve of Stupho- 
 menaJilitexta(llo,ll). c, Dorsal valve of Orthis teatudinaria (Dalman). rf. Dorsal 
 valve of Orthis plicatella {CiMiTad). (/'.Profile of the same, e, Leptaena sericea 
 (Sow.); dorsal valve, c, Profile view of the same, e", Interior of the dorsal 
 valve of .the same. Hudson Kiver Uroup. 
 
 61. Stbophomena ALTERNATA. 
 
 Fig. lOrt. 
 (Eef. Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, PI, XXXI and PI. LXXIX, Fig. 4.) 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 62. Strophomena filitexta. 
 
 Fig. 106. 
 {Ref. Leptoina filitexta (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. I, p. 111. PI. XXXI B., Figs. 3 a-f). 
 
 This species is very closely related to S. altarnata, from which, however, it may be 
 distinguished without difficulty by the fact that the radiating striae are nearly uniform in 
 size, whilst the fine concentric striss are so conspicuous as to give the surface a woven 
 appearance. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Hudson River Group, Weston ; and Wood 
 Point, Georgian Bfiy. 
 
 63. Orthis TESTUDiNARiA. 
 
 Fig. lOr. 
 Locality and Foi-mation. — Hudson River Group, Weston, 
 
 a, ( 
 
 binge U 
 
 « Mriur vi 
 
S5 
 
 Credit; 
 
 64. DiBcrNA SP. 
 
 A single valvo of a spccieH of Dimna or Orhktilnidea was collected by Mr. ssfi 
 Jennings Hinde from the IIudHon River Group ut Weston. The spooimon in the free valve, 
 and is conical and moderatelj elevated. The apex is nearly or quite central, and the surface 
 is covered with strong rounded concentric ridges, separated by about their own width. The 
 diameter of the valve is four lines, and its height is about one line. I know of no species to 
 which this could be certainly referred, but the material in my hands is insufficient for its 
 determination. 
 
 Locality and Formatim. — Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 65. Ambontchia radiata (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 1 1 d. 
 
 {Ref. Pal. N.Y., Vol. I. p. 292, PI. LXXX, Fijjs. 4, a, h.) 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Hudson River Group, Weston ; and Lake 
 
 Shore, Toronto. 
 
 06. AviouLA DEMihSA (Conrad). 
 
 {Ref. Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. I. p. 392, PI. LXXX, Figs. 2, a, h). 
 Locality and ^^ormation. — Abundant in the Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 67. M0DIOLOP8I8 MODIOLARIS (Hall). 
 
 (Re/. Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, p. 294, PI. LXXXI, Figs. 1. a—g.) 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Hudson River Group ; Weston ; and Lake- 
 Shore, Toronto. 
 
 J a-f). 
 
 may be 
 form in 
 I woven 
 
 i Wood 
 
 Fiff. 11. 
 a, Cast of Modiclopsis curta ? (Hall ) 6, Lyrndesma pnststriata (Eniinons), left valve ;!6 , interior of the same, allowing 
 hinge teeth ; c, Cleidophortis, sp, probably C. planulatun (Hall) ; (/, small specimen of Ambonychia radiata (Hall) ; d .An- 
 terior view of the same. Hudson River Group. 
 
 68. MoDIOLOPSis cnRTA (Hall), 
 
 Fig. 11 a. 
 
 {R»J. Pal. N.Y., Vol. I. p. 297, PI. LXXXI, Fig. 4). 
 Locality aiid Formation. — Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
3«i 
 
 69. Cleidoi'Houuh plandlatuh (Hall;. 
 
 Fig. 1 1 e. 
 
 (lief. Pal. N.Y., Vol. 1, PI. LXXXII, FIks. 9, a—c) 
 
 Locality and Formatim.—Hudmu River Group ; Lake-Shore, Toronto. 
 
 70. LyRODESMA P0ST8TBIATA (EmmoDs). 
 
 FiK. 11 b. 
 (Ref. Nucula poststriata, Hall, Pal. N.Y. Vol. I, PI. XXXIV, Figs. 2fl, 2h. and PI. 
 LXXXII, Figs. 10«, 166.) 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Gommon in the Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 71. MURCHISONIA OWAOILIrt (Hull). 
 
 (Ref. Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, PI. XXX IX Figs. 4, a—c, and PI. LXXXIII. Figs, la, 
 
 and 16.) 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Common in the Hudson River Group, Lake-Shore, Toronto. 
 
 72. CvRTULiTEs oRNArus (Uonrad). 
 
 {Ref. Cyrtolites ornatua ; Hall, Pal. N.Y. Vol. I., PI. LXXXIV. Figs. 1 a~g). 
 Locality aid Formation.— Common in the Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 73. Tentaculites tenuistriatus, (Meek and Worthen). 
 
 (Ref. Geology of Illinois, Vol. Ill, PI. IV. Figs, la, 7b.) 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Hate in the iiud.son River Group, Westoa. 
 
 FiK, 12. 
 a Fragment of OrthoccrCMi ?/iMi«icain«ra««ni(C.mraa?) ; b, Fraiftnunt i)f 0)'ffto(!Ci-«< JuirteJIoiitm, (Hall) ; o, Kuuineiit 
 Kiuio'ceras pruteiforuie (Hall). Hudson Kivcr Group. 
 
 74. Orthoceras lamellosu.m (Hall.) 
 Fig. 12 b. 
 {Ref. Pal. N.Y. Vol. I, PI. LXXXVI. Figs. 2, a— I.) 
 
 Locality and Form {<w/i.— Abundant in the Hud-son River Group ; VVeston ; Lake-Shore 
 Toronto. 
 
87 
 
 75. Endocerah proteiformi: (Hall). 
 FiR. 12 c. 
 
 (7?^/. Pal. N.Y. Vol. I, Pis. XLVto L and LIII.) 
 
 I have detected in the Hudcon River Group examples showing the oroHS-striation of the 
 surface, which is so oharaoteristioof this species. T have, therefore, no hesitation in referring 
 them here. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Uudaon River Group, Weston. 
 
 76. OrMOCERAB CUEBRIBEl'TUM (Hull). 
 
 (Bef. Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, PI. LXXXIV, Fig. 2«and PI. LXXXVII, Figs. 2 a—e.) 
 Locality and Formation.. — Hudson River Formation, Weston. 
 
 77. Calymene BLiiMENBAcnn (Brongniart). 
 Locality and Formation.— Hudson River Group ; Weston ; Lake-Shore, Toronto. 
 
 78. AsAPnus platycepiialus (Stokes). 
 
 {Ref. Isotelus gigas, Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. I, Pis. LX, LXIII and LXVI.) 
 Locality and Ftyrmation. — Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 Fi(}. 13. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Palaeophyew virgattis (Hall), uf the natural size. 
 Hudson River Group. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 RtiKophycus biiobalm (Hall), of the natural size Hudson 
 River Group. 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
38 
 
 I 1 
 
 PALiEOPHYCUS VIRGATU8 (Hall). 
 
 {Ref. Pal. N. Y., Vol. I., p. 263, PI. LXX., Fig. 1). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Hudson River Group, Weston. Common. 
 
 80. RUSOPHYCUS BILOBATUS (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 {Kef. Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 24, PI. IX., Figs. 1, 2, 3). 
 Locality and Formation. — Hudson River Group, Weston. 
 
 81. DiPLOQRAPSus HuDSONicus (Nicliolson). 
 
 Frond simple, diprionidian, from five to nine lines in length, its width being uni- 
 formly about two-thirds of a line, except in the immediate vicinity of the base. Base and 
 Fig. 15. distal prolongtition of the axis unknown. Cellules narrow, about 
 
 § forty in the space of one inch, inclined to the axis at an angle of about 
 45°. Cellules free in the outer third of their extent, tapering some- 
 what to the cell-aperture, which is nearly or quite parallel with the 
 axis of the frond. Lower lip of the cell-aperture furnished with a 
 single, short, and straight spine. 
 * f' This species is somewhat allied to the form which I described 
 
 a Fragment o.Dip%raj)»i« somc years ago. Under the name of D. Harknessii, {Geological Maga- 
 
 H)(d«(/J»icu«, Nich. , of the na- . _ , „/,» tai -«rT t\. n\ t. i x i, j;„ 
 
 turai size, o' Portion of the zmc, June, 1867, PI. XI., Fig. 6). It appears, however, to be dis- 
 
 same, enlarged. Hudson River .,, , n .« i r^ tt i • :i-jr c 
 
 Group. tinguished by characters of specific value. 1). Iliulsomcus diners trom 
 
 the typical Diplograpsi, in having the cell-mouth nearly parallel with the axis, instead of 
 forming a considerable angle therewith. The presence of a short spine proceeding from the 
 lower lip of the aperture is also a characteristic feature, together with the freedom of the 
 outer portion of the cell, both above and below. From Diplograpsus mucronatus (Hall), the 
 present species is distinguished by the fact, that the extremity of the cellule is broad and 
 obtuse, with a short and straight spine attached to its lower border ; whereas in the former 
 species, the extremity of the cellule is drawn out into a fine tapering point, to which a deli- 
 cate wavy spine is fixed. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Hudson River Group ; Lake-Shore, Toronto ; Weston. The 
 best examples in my possession were obtained by Mr. George J. Hinde, from a heap of Hudson 
 River flags, which must have been brought to Toronto from some quarry on the River 
 H umber. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Fossils of the Utica slates. 
 
 82. DiPLOGRAPsus PRI8TIS (Hisingcr). 
 
 A diprionidian Graptolite, apparently identical with this well-known European species is 
 common in the Utica slates of Whitby and Collingwood ; but none of the specimens which 
 have come urder my observation, are in such a state of preservation as to render its determi- 
 nation ab&r' jly certain.} 
 
 grapi 
 the I 
 whet 
 
 ceroi 
 tcnu\ 
 time 
 extr( 
 ing 1 
 with 
 the I 
 tinci 
 ever 
 in 3( 
 
 p. 2 
 
 Mos 
 che€ 
 
39 
 
 83, Climaooqrapsus teretiuscitlus (Hisinger). 
 
 The Utica slates of the above-mentioned localities, yield also specimens of a Climaco- 
 grnpstis, which is probably identical with the coramon C. teretiuscuhs, (Hisinger). None of 
 » the specimens that I have seen, however, exhibit the base, and it thus remains uncertain 
 
 whether they may not truly be referable to C. bicornis (Hall). 
 
 84. LiNGULA PROGNE (Billings). 
 
 I (Ref. Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada. Vol. I , p. 47, Fig. 50). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Utica slates of Whitby and CoUingwood. 
 
 85. Leptaena sericea (Sowerby). 
 Locality and Formation. — Utica Slates, Whitby and CoUingwood. 
 
 86. Orthis testi/dinaria (Dalman). 
 Locality and Formation. — Utica shales, Whitby and CoUingwood. 
 
 87. Orthis plicatella (Hall). 
 
 {Re,f. Pal. N. Y., Vol. I., p. 122, PI. XXXIL, Figs. ^a-g). 
 Locality and Formation.— Vtioa, shales, Whitby. 
 
 88. Endoceras proteiporme (Hall). 
 Fig. 12c. 
 
 The Utica shales of Whitby and CoUingwood very commmonly yield a species of Ortho- 
 ceras, which may be provisionally referred to the protean Endoceras protei forme of Hall, var. 
 tenuistriatum. The specimens in question are usually of a pointed triangular form, some- 
 times acutely so, sometimes with the lateral margins more nearly parallel. They are all 
 extremely delicate in texture, as shown by the presence of a longitudinal depression, indicat- 
 ing where the shell has given way to prpssure ; and all are marked with fine encircling striae, 
 without any evident longitudinal striae. Tiie pointed examples might easily be referred to 
 the genus Theca ; but their Cephalopodous nature is rendered certain by the presence of dis- 
 tinct septa, which are placed about one and a half lines apart. It must be admitted, how- 
 ever, that these septa cannot by any means universally he recognized, though their existence 
 in some examples is clear enough. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Utica slates, Whitby and CoUingwood. 
 
 89. Triarthrus^Becki' (Green). 
 
 [Ref. Calymene Beckii ; HaU, Pal, N. Y. Vol. T. p. 237, PI. LXIV. Figs. 2, a. e. and 
 p. 250. PI. LXVI., Figs. 2 a — k, and p. 250, PI. LXVII., figs- 4, a — e. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Ahvmdant in the Utica shales of Whitby and CoUingwood. 
 Most commonly, the specimens consist of nothing more than the glabella with the fixed 
 cheeks. I have only come across one perfect specimen, and that is a cast of the exterior. 
 
40 
 
 90. AsAPHCs Canadensis (Chapman). 
 
 {lief. Asaphus Canadensis ; Chapman, Canadian Journal, new series, Vol. III. p. 230.) 
 
 Locality 'md formation. — Extremely abundant in the Utica shales of Whitby and Col- 
 Hngwood. I have never seen a completely perfect specimen. The tails are the most abundant, 
 but it is by no means unusual to meet with the detached glabella, the free cheeks, or the 
 labrum. 
 
 91. Beyeichia, sp. 
 
 Locality and formation. — The Utica shales of Whitby and Collingwood contain, in enor- 
 mous nnmbers, a little Beyrichia, which has not yet been specifically determined. 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER xV. 
 
 FOSSILS OP THE CLINTON FORMATION. 
 
 The fossils of the Clinton, Niagara, and Guelph formations constituted the subject of a 
 joint memoir by Mr. George Jennings Hinde and myself, which was published in the Cana- 
 dian Journal in the early part of 1874. With regard to the Guelph formation, in particular, 
 I am now able to add a considerable amount of fresh information, derived partly from addi- 
 tional researches of my own on the spot, and partly from materials kindly placed in my hands 
 by Mr. James Boyle, of the Public School of Elora, and Mr. John Wilkie, of Guelph ; but 
 with regard to the other formations in question, I shall freely avail myself of the memoir 
 above referred to. xVs in so many other instances, my leisure has not allowed me, in the case 
 of well known fossils, to do more than simply quote the same along with a leading reference ; 
 but the more uncommon forms are noted at greater length. 
 
 92. BUTHOTREPHIS GRACILIS (Hall). 
 
 Buthotrephis gracilis, Hall, Pal. N. Y. Vol. II.. Pk V. & V. bis. 
 BiUhoirepliis gracilis, Nicholson & Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 Specimens, in all essential respects identica' with the obscure fossils figured by Hall 
 under this name, are far from uncommon in the Clinton Group. They are chiefly referable 
 to the forms described under the titles of var. intermedia and var. crassa, and present them- 
 selves as branching fiexuous bodies, sometimes in the form of hollow moulds or casta, at other 
 times in the form of flattened impressions, difiering in colour and texture from the matrix in 
 which they occur. That these enigmatical bodies branch, after a more or less regular fashion, 
 is indubitable, and it does not appear possible that they should have been produced by Anne- 
 lides or other murine animals. If they arc plants, however, their affinities are doubtful, and 
 their mode of preservation very obscure. 
 
 Locality and Fwma^wM.— Clinton Group, Dumias and Hamilton. 
 
 93. FCOLITHUS VERTICALIS. (Hall). 
 
 Scditlms vcrticalis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. Ill, Fig. 3. 
 
 ScoUthus verticalis, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jotirnal, April, 1874. 
 
41 
 
 
 Fig. 1«. 
 Burrows of ScolMus verticalis. (Hall), of the natural size, Clinton Formation. 
 
 This species is founded upon vertical circular tubes, sometimes slightly curved, which 
 penetrate the strata more or less in a perpendicular direction, and which open on the surfaces 
 of the laminse of deposition by regular rounded apertures. The average diameter of the 
 burrows is about one line, and their vertical extent is unknown. Often they are hollow ; at 
 other times they are more or less filled up with loose peroxide of iron ; or they may be com- 
 pletely filled up with sediment, when they present themselves as smooth, rounded or cylindrical, 
 vertical stems. That they are truly Annelide burrows can hardly be doubted. They differ 
 from ScolUlms linearis, Hall, in their smaller dimensions, and from S. Canadensis, Billings, 
 in not having an expanded aperture, and in apparently not being curved towards their lower 
 ends. The species is recorded by Hall from the thick-bedded sandstones of the Medina 
 Group, of Monroe County, State of New York ; but our examples are from a higher horizon. 
 
 Locality and Fmnation.—QXmiou Group, Dundas.' 
 
 94. Arenicolites sparsus (Suiter). 
 
 Arenicolites sparsvs, Salter, Quart. Journ. Gcol. Soc. Vol. XIII, p. 20.3. 
 
 Arenicolites sparsus, Nicholson and Hiudc, (.'(inadian Journal, April, 1874, 
 
 Paired burrows, with circular and com- 
 paratively remote apertures, are not unfrc- 
 qucnt in the Clinton Group. They vary 
 considerably in size ; but they do not 
 appear separable from J. sparsusof Salter, 
 which commences in the lower Cambrian 
 Rocks of the Longmynd, and is also not very 
 rare in the Skiddaw Slates of the North of 
 ^^^]J' „ .. En-'hind. The mouths of the burrows vary 
 
 Arfnicolites t!-pamM, (Salter). Clinton Fornmtn.n. r.Upiauu. . iic m , , 
 
 rom half a line to rather more than a line in diu.neter, and they are usually placed about 
 
 a line apart. 
 
 Locality and Foi-matum.—CWnton Group, Diindas. 
 
 Genvs Flanoijtes (Nicholson). 
 
 (Gr. j)ton(/s, a wiinilerir ; lifhnx.nUmo) 
 
 This name was formerly proposed by me, (Contributions to the study of the Errant 
 
 in 
 
42 
 
 
 Annelides of the Older Palaeozoic Rocks ; Abstract, Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 
 144, 1873.) for a group of fossils of constant occurrence in the sandy and shaly sediments of 
 the Palaeozoic Rocks, and consisting of the fiUed-up burrows of marine Annelides, more or 
 less nearly allied to the existing lob-worms. These burrows are not vertical as in Scolithus, 
 Histiodermia, Arenicolites and the like, but they are irregular in their course and direction 
 sometimes being more or less horizontal, then running obliquely, and then perhaps taking a 
 vertical direction for a space. The actual burrows themselves are not now preserved to us, 
 but we have in their stead the fillings of the burrows, consisting, in general, if not univer- 
 sally, of the sand and silt which has actually been passed by the worm through its alimentary 
 canal. The fossils referred to Plunolite.'^ consist, therefore, of casts of the burrows of 
 marine worms formed by the ejecta of the animal, and they appear usually in the 
 form of cylindrical or flattened stem-like bodies, which are often more or less matted together, 
 and which may cross one another in every imaginable direction. From the filled-up burrows 
 of Scolithus (which have actually been " burrows of habitation ''), the burrows of Flanolites are 
 readily distinguished by the fact, that, though they often pass obliquely to the bedding so as 
 to penetrate several layers of the rock, they are usually more or less nearly horizontal, and 
 they are never vertical except for a short distance at some abrupt bend in their course. 
 
 The genus rianolites includes a large number of the supposed vegetable fossils from the 
 Palaeozoic Rocks which have been referred to the genera Palceophijcus and Chondrites. 
 
 m 
 
 95. Planolites vulgaris (Nicholson). 
 
 PlanoUtes vulgaris, Nicholson, Proc. Roy. Soc. No. 144, 1873. 
 Flanolites vulgaris, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 Fossil consisting of the casts 
 of tortuous worm-tubes, which 
 are usually of an irregularly 
 cylindrical form, sometimes 
 thickened in parts, and vary- 
 ing from a line to two or 
 three lines in diameter. Sur- 
 face smooth. Specimens refer- 
 able to this widely diffused 
 and variable species are com- 
 mon in the Clinton Rocks. 
 They agree doubtless with 
 some of the species of Fulceo- 
 phycus described by Hall and 
 Billings from the Silurian 
 Fit' 18. Rocks of North America; 
 
 Planolit.eg %iilgaris C^ichohon). Clinton Formation. but they are undoubtedly 
 
 casts of the burrows of Annelides, and it seems better to abstain at present from any 
 attempt to found separate species upon the innumerable varieties which they present. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Clinton Group, Dundas. 
 
 
 I 
 
43 
 
 96. Stromatopora Hindei (Nicholson). 
 
 Stroniatopora Hindei, Nicholson, Annals and Magaaine of Natural History, Jan. 1874. 
 Stromatopora Hindei, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 The Clinton beds of Owen Sound yield examples of a large Stromatopora, which show 
 no internal structure, but which exhibit large rounded oscula. These may be provisionally 
 regarded as being referable to the above species, which will be noticed at length further on. 
 
 97. Fa"VO SITES SP. 
 
 A small hemispheric mass, with remarkably round thick-walled tubes, which are of 
 nearly equal size throughout, and have a diameter of about two-thirds of a line. Tabula flat 
 and tolerably remote. Allied to F. Gothlandica, Lam., but apparently distinct. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Clinton Group, Owen Sound. 
 
 98. Zaphrentis Stokesi (Edwards and Haime). 
 
 {Ref. Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. PI. HI, Fig. 9). 
 
 Common in the Clinton Group at Owen Sound. 
 
 form, at Dundas. 
 
 99. Heliolites sp. 
 
 Also, or a nearly allied but smaller 
 
 A form closely allied to and probably identical with H. interstinda (Wahl). but too 
 much metamorphosed to permit of specific determination. 
 Locality and Formation. — Clinton Group, Owen Sound. 
 
 100. CH.a!TETES Fletoheri (Edwards and Haime.) 
 (For synonomy of this species, see the description of the species as occurring in the Huil- 
 8on River Group. In the paper by Mr. Hinde and myself it was referred to under the 
 name of Cluetetes li/coperdon, Say., but I am now satisfied of its identity with the Clmtetes 
 FletcJieri of Edwards and Haime). 
 
 The massive and convex examples of Cluetetes which Hall places under C. lycoperdoii, and 
 which are now generally regarded as belonging to C. petropoUtanws, (Pander), have not come 
 under my notice as occurring in the Clinton Group, though recorded in this position by Hall. 
 On the other hand, the ramose examples which are probably identical with Cluvtetes Fletcheri, 
 (Edw. and H)., are far from uncommon. They consist of cylindrical or subcylindrical branch- 
 ing or sub-palmate coralla, composed of numerous cylindrical or prismatic corallites which 
 radiate obliquely from an imaginary central axis, and open on the surface by polygonal, 
 oval, or circular calices. The walls of the corallites are thin, and there are about eight calices 
 in the space of one line. The calices are for the most part of equal size, and there are no 
 elevations or " mamelons " occupied by corallites of larger size than the average. The 
 diameter of the branches varies from one to three lines. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Clinton Group, Dundas. 
 
 101. CHiBTETES SP. 
 
 A branching form nearly allied to the preceding, but differing in the much larger size of the 
 corallites, of which only four or five occupy the space of one line. I am, at present, unable to 
 
 
44 
 
 identify this species, but it is nearly allied to a Devoniaa species (C. Barmndi, Nioh.) and is 
 certainly distinct from C Fktcheri. 
 
 Locality and Fonaation. — Clinton Group, Dundas. 
 
 102. HeLOPORA FRAGILIS (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 19, 3 and 3 a. 
 ffeloporafragilis, Hall, Pr.l. N.Y. Vol. II. PI. XVII. Figs. 3 a—f. 
 Relopora fragilis, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, IC' 
 
 Polyzoary composed of cylindrical stems, which have a length of from . ■ and a half 
 to three lines, and a diameter of from a third of a line to half a line. Usually the stems are 
 quite straight or slightly curved proximally, very rarely branched, and very generally taper- 
 ing towards the base and thickened into a swollen, rounded, or clavate distal extremity. 
 Cells tubular, springing obliquely in a radiating manner from an imaginary central axis, and 
 opening at the surface by oval or sub-angular mouths, the lower lips of which are, in perfect 
 specimens somewhat prominent. About ten or twelve cells in the space of a line measured 
 vertically. The cells are arranged in longitudinal rows, those of contiguous rows alternating 
 with one another, so as to give rise to a series of diagonally spiral rows. According to Hall, 
 the cells are arranged between longitudinal lines which are elevated above the general sur- 
 face, but this character does not appear to be universally recognizable. 
 
 In many respects this curious little form presents a close resemblance to the more slender 
 examples of Chcetetes or Sknopora, from which, indeed, it is chiefly separable by the absence 
 of tabulce and by its general form. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Clinton Group, Dundas (exceedingly abundant). 
 
 103. Rhinopora verrucosa (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 19, 1 and la. 
 Rhinopora vemicosa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XIX., figs. 1 a—c. 
 Rhinopora verrucosa, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 Polyzoary forming laminar expansions, in some instances of a funnel-shaped form, which 
 are celluliferous on the two sides, and have a thickness of from a hundredth of an inch to a 
 
 third of a line. The surface is in 
 general even, but is sometimes tra- 
 versed by irregular anastomosing and 
 reticulating ridges, and it exhibits 
 the mouthsof the cells, which are quia- 
 cuncially arranged. The cell mouths 
 are strongly elevated above the sur- 
 -^a face, and have the form of rounded 
 _,. pustules, perforated centrally by a 
 
 1 & 1 ffl. Rhinopora verrucosa (Hall), natural size and enlarged, minute circular anerture snrroiinded 
 
 2 & 2 a. i'AftHiyjora e««(/oMnts (Hall), natural sizeandenlarged. . .^ 
 
 3 & 3a. Hdopora fragilis (Hall\ natural size and enlarged. by a thickened lip. About five cells 
 
 4 & 4 a, Ptilodietya H) raripora (Hall), natural size and en- ,. pi-, 
 larged. CUnton formation. occupy the space of One line, and 
 
 they are separated from one another by about their own diameter. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Clinton Group at Dundaa. 
 
 
 \ , \ 
 
45 
 
 104. PHiENOPORA EN8IP0RMI8 (Hall), 
 
 Fig. 19, 2 and 2a. 
 
 Phamopom ensiformis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. H., PI. XVIII. Figs. 8 a-c. 
 Plmnopma msiformis, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 Polyzoary forming a thin flattened expansion of an ensiform shape, curved and tapering 
 towards the base, and varying in length from half an inch to one inch. Cells arranged in 
 longitudinal rows, separated by elevated longitudinal thread-like lines, the number of rows 
 increasing as we proceed from the base towards the proximal end. Apertures of the cells, oval 
 or oblong, alternating in contiguous rows, about seven in the apace of one line measured longi- 
 tudinally. No striat«d and non-celluliferous marginal zones appear to exist ; but none of our 
 specimens exhibit the interna^ structure ; and we are therefore uncertain whether the species 
 should not really be referred to PlUodidya. 
 
 Location and Formation.— Common, though usually fragmentary, in the Clinton Group 
 
 at Dundas. 
 
 105. Ptilodictya crassa (Hall). 
 
 Stidopora crassa, Hall Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XVIII. Figs. 4a— c. 
 Ptilodictya crassa, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 Polyzoary composed of linear flattened expansions which branch dichotomously at short 
 intervals, and have a width of from a line to a line and a half. Cell mouths long-oval, ar- 
 ranged in longitudinal rows, about five in a line measured vertically, and seven or eight 
 measured in the same space measured transversely. According to Hall, the margin of each 
 cell aperture is surrounded by a shallow groove, which gives the surface a striated appearance ; 
 but this feature has not been observed by me. The margins do not appear to exhibit a 
 distinct striated and non-celluliferous border ; and as the internal structure is still unknown, 
 there is some doubt if the species is truly referable to Ftilodictya. 
 LoMtion and Fmmation.—GWniou ''Jroi^p, Dundas. 
 
 106. Ptilodictya (?) RARiPORA (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 19, 4 and 4a. 
 
 Stictjpom rarirm-a, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XVIII. Figs. 5a— c. 
 Ptilodictya (?) raripora, Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jom-nal, April 1874. 
 
 Polyzoary composed of small sub-cylindrical branching stems, about half a line ir dia- 
 meter. Cells large, three rows occupying the width of the stem, the apertures oval, about 
 four in the space of one line measured longitudinally, and six in the same space measured 
 transversely. The cells are arranged in longitudinal alternating rows, and their apertures 
 are surrounded by thick but not elevated margins. The rows of cells are not separated by 
 elevated lines ; there are certainly no non-celluliferous, striated marginal zones or borders to the 
 frond, and there is no evidence as to the existence of a centra! laminar axis. It is thus more 
 than doubtful if the species can be referred to Ptilodictya ; but in the absence of any certain 
 knowledge as to its internal structure, its generic aflBnities must remain uncertain. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— E&re in the Clinton Group at Dundas. 
 
46 
 
 107. Fenestella tenuis (Hall). 
 
 {Eef. Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XIX., Fig. 5 a—c). 
 
 Fragments of this species are not uncprnmon in the Clinton Gronp at Dundas, but they 
 are ill preserved, and their more minute characters cannot be made out. 
 
 108. Ptilodictya punctata (Nicholson & Hinde). 
 
 {Ref. Canadian Journal, April, 1874). 
 
 Polyzoary forming a thin flattened expansion, or explanate frond, which probably had a 
 circular form when perfect. Cells arranged in sub-alternate rows, separated by elevated 
 thread-like ridges, which are curved in such a manner as to lead to the belief that the rows of 
 cells were concentrically disposed of round a central point. Mouths of the ciells nearly circular, 
 from seven to eight in the space of one line measured across the rows, and about five in the 
 same space measured longitudinally or in the direction of the rows. The cells are separated 
 in a longitudinal direction by well marked spaces, which are occupied by from three to six 
 minute rounded pores, the apertures of as many small cells. I> ' such pores are to be detected 
 on the longitudinal ridges which separate tbe rows of cells, or on the lateral aspects of these. 
 
 The internal structure of this singular fossil cannot be 
 made out, and its generic aflSnities are thus uncertain. Only 
 one side of the coenoecium is known ; it is therefore uncertain 
 whether both aspects were celluliferous or not. So far as can 
 be judged, the fossil is a Ptilodictya belonging to the same 
 group as P. excellens and P. superba, Billings, in which the 
 ^S/imf^TTliP^^nT^^^^ «"d« «f the cells are separated by minutely poriferous inter- 
 larged ; b, Part of the same stiU fur- gpaces— a group which will probably be found to be of at 
 ther enlarged. Clinton Formation. *^ or r - .• , •■ i 
 
 least sub-generic value. It is, however, just possible that the 
 
 larger openings in the coenoecium are not the apertures of cells, but actual perforations passing 
 through the whole thickness of the frond, in which case the fossil would be a very aberrant 
 member of the Fenesiellidce. There is, however, no direct evidence to support this view ; and 
 but for the porous or punctate intercellular spaces, the fossil has all the characters and ap 
 pearance of one of the explanate Ptilodidyce. 
 
 Locality and F(yiimtion.—Qi\m\jon Group, Dundas. 
 
 109. Leptoc(eli plano-convexa (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 21a. 
 {Ref. Atrypa plano-convexa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, PI. XXIII. Figs. 11 a—h). 
 Abundant in the Clinton Group at Dundas and Hamilton. 
 
 110. Athteis (Atrypa) navipormis (Hall). 
 
 (Bef. Pal. N.Y. Vol. II, PI. XXIV. Figs. 1 c^k). 
 Clinton Group, Dundas. 
 
 111. Atrypa reticularis (Linn). 
 
 Clinton Group, Dundas. 
 
47 
 
 i i ' 
 
 112. Rhynchonella necilecta (Hall). 
 
 Fid. 2\h, b'. 
 
 (fief. Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, PI. XXIII. Fig. 1 a—/aud PI. LVII. Fig. 1 a—p). 
 Clintoa Group, iJuDda^. 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 a, Lcptocatlia plano-ronvcxa (Hall) ; a, Profile view of the same, h, 
 Rhynchonella ncyleeta (Hall) ; h', Profile view of the same, c, Ithiinrhonella 
 cuneata {HalY). d, Orthis eleiiantula (Dalm.) ; d' Profile view of the same, 
 e, Atri/pa heniisphericn (Sowerby) ; c', Profile view of the same. /, Atrypa 
 conyesta (Hall) ; /', Profile view of tlie same, y, Orthis calliymmma var. 
 Daoidsoni (Vern.) ; y', Profile view of the same. Clinton Formation. 
 
 113. Orthis eleoantula (Dalman). 
 
 Fig. Jl, d, d'. 
 
 Clinton group, Dundas and Owen Sound. 
 
 114. Orthis oalliqramma var. Davidsoni (De Vemeuil). 
 
 Fig. 21, ^, gr'. 
 Clinton group, Dundas. 
 
 115. Orthis flabellulum (Sowerby) ] 
 
 Clinton group, Dunda!=. 
 
 116. Leptaena sericea (Sowerby). 
 
 Clinton group, Dundas and Hamilton. 
 
 117. Strophomena rhomboidalis (Wablenberg). 
 
 Clinton group, Owen Sound. 
 
 Fig. 22 
 
 Strophomena rhomboidalig, Wahl. (After Billings). Trenton, Hudson Iliver, 
 ■Clinton, Niagara, and Devonian Formations. 
 
 i; 
 
48 
 
 118. AVICULA ALATA (Hall). 
 
 (lief. Pomhnia ? alata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, PI. XXVII. Fig. 4.) 
 Clinton group, Dundafl. 
 
 119. MoDloi.oi'si8 ORTHONOTA (CoDrad). 
 (Ref. Modiolopais orihmota, Hall, Pul. N. Y. Vol. II, PI. IV, A. Figs. 1 n—c). 
 
 Olinton group, Dundas. 
 
 120. Ctenodonta, sp. 
 
 Oasts of a small but undeterminable species of Ctenodonta are of common occurrence in 
 the earthy hiematite of the Clinton group at Dundas. 
 
 121. Tentaculites distans (Hall). 
 
 Tentaoulifes distans, Hall, Pal. N. Y. Vol. II, PI. XLI. A. Fi^s. 9 a—c. 
 
 TentacuUtes distans, Nicholson & Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 Tube straight, conical, from six to eight lines in length, and about one line in diameter 
 near the mouth. Annulations remote, nearly or quite half a line apart near the mouth, and 
 about a third of a line apart near the middle (from four to five in the space of one line and a 
 half). Spaces between the unnulation.s niaiked with close-set, sharp longitudinal striae. This 
 species is readily distinguished by the remoteness of the annulations, and the longitudinally- 
 striated interspaces. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— 'Rare in the Olinton group, Dundas. 
 
 122. Tentacdutes neulectus (Nicholson & Minde). 
 (Eef. Canadian Journal, April, 1874.) 
 
 Tube straight, conical, about three lines in length, and two-thirds of a line in diameter 
 at the mouth. Annulations five in the space of one line near the mouth, and nine in the same 
 space at the small end of the tube. Spaces between the annulations marked by fine sharp 
 longitudinal striai. 
 
 This species is referable to the same section of Tenlacidiles as T. distans (Hall), and T. 
 Sterlinyensis (Meek & Worthen), but it is distinguished from the former by its smaller size 
 and much more closely approximated annulations, and from the latter by its straight, not 
 curved, form, its smaller size, and its closer annulations. The walls of the tube appear to 
 have been of more than usual tenuity, as it generally is found in a crushed condition in itg 
 upper portion. The longitudinal striae are confined to the spaces between the rings, and do 
 not encroach upon the annulations themselves. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— QWuixtn Group, Dundas. Not very uncommon. 
 
 123. MuiiCHisoNiA subulata (Conrad). 
 
 {Ref. Murchisonia mbulata, (Hall), Pal N. Y. Vol. II, PI. XXVII. Figs. 7 a—d). 
 Olinton Group, Dundas. 
 
 f 
 
 is tb 
 
 all t: 
 a sp 
 deli( 
 
 W00( 
 
 disp 
 Som 
 face! 
 The 
 stral 
 like 
 
 comi 
 pros 
 abou 
 thel 
 
49 
 
 124. Platyostoma niaqarinbis, (Hall). 
 {Ref. Pal. N. Y. Vol. II, PI. LX. Figs. 1 a-«). 
 Clinton group, Dundas, 
 
 125. Oltptoorinus plumosub (Hall). 
 {Ref. Pal. N. Y. Vol. II, Pi. XLI. A. Figs. 3 or-g). 
 Clinton group, Owen Sound and Dundaa. 
 
 126. Caltmxne blumenbaohii (Brongniart). 
 Clinton group, Dundaa, 
 
 . 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Fossils of the Niagara Formation. 
 
 127. Stromatopora striatblla (D'Orbigny.) 
 
 (i?«/. D'Orbigny, Prod, de Paltont. p. 51). 
 
 The .species of Stromaiopora which has usually been quoted from the Niagara Limestone, 
 is the S. concentrica of Goldfuss, Whilst not denying its possible occurrence on this horizon, 
 all tae examples which have come under my notice are referable to the S. striaiella, (D'Orbigny) 
 a species which is nearly allied to S. coiicentrica, but is readily distinguished by its much more 
 delicate and closely set laminae. 
 
 Locality and Fwmation. — Common in the Niagara Limestone of Thorold. Rare at Rock- 
 wood. 
 
 128, Stromatopora Hindei ^Nicholson). 
 
 {Ref. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Jan. 1874.) 
 
 Fossil forming thin crusts or subhemispherio masses cf mposed of successive concentrically 
 disposed strata, each stratum made up of parallel calcareous laminsb separated by interspaces. 
 Semetimes the component laminae of each stratum are parallel with the upper and lower sur- 
 faces of the stratum or nearly so ; but more commonly they are oblique to these surfaces. 
 The result of this is that the interspaces between the laminae open on the surfaces of each 
 stratum as so many elongated and oblique apertures, which have usually the form of fissure- 
 like sinuous slits, but sometimes present the appearance seen in weathered specimens of Ah 
 veoUtes. The luminse of each stratum are sometimes connected by transverse pillars, but more 
 commonly they are so bent and curved as to inosculate with one another at points closely ap- 
 proximated, thus giving the whole ma«8 a vesicular structure. Well preserved specimens show 
 about eight lamina in the space of one line. The upper surface of the fossil not only exhibits 
 the linear and vermicular openings above spoken of as produced by the interlaminar spaces, but 
 
 \m 
 
 Wl 
 
00 
 
 ' i 
 
 also a series of large rounded or oval openings, which are more or less irregularly disposed, 
 and which are the orifices of so many canals which peuotrato the mass vertically or obliquely. 
 The size of these oscular apertures varies ; but most of them have a diameter from a line to 
 a line and a half. They also vary greatly in their number in a given space, some fragment* 
 exhibiting many of them placed close together, whilst others only show a few, and these remote. 
 The walls of the canals loading away from these openings are not lined by a continuous cal- 
 careous membrane (as in S. perfmita), but are perforated like a sieve by the elongated slits 
 produced by their intersection with the interlaminar spaces. Lastly, the general surface ia 
 undulating, and the oscula are not elevated upon eminences or papillae. 
 
 This remarkable species departs in 
 some important respects from the 
 structure of the typical species of 
 i>tromakypm-a ; but it presents at the 
 same time such a close resemblance to 
 forms like S. luberculala that it does 
 not seem necessary to form a new 
 genus for its reception. The chief 
 peculiarity of the present form de- 
 pends upon the fact that the compon- 
 ent laminae of the mass are not ar- 
 ranged concentrically as regards the 
 entire mass ; but the fossil is composed 
 of concentric layers, each of which is 
 composed of parallel or subparallel 
 laminuj disposed obliquely to the sur- 
 face of the stratum. Hence the in- 
 terlaminar spaces, instead of being 
 
 Stromatopora Hindei (Nich) : a, upper surface of a fragment, purullel with the surface of the mass 
 natural size, showing the pores and oscula ; b, vertical section "f . „ , , , , j c i t \ 
 
 a fragment, enlarged, showing the obliquely arranged lamina; (us in 6. tuoenulata aaO. b. graimaUl,) 
 Mi^d mterlaminar spaces; c, upper surface of a fragment, en- ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ j^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^. 
 
 oblique, sinuous, or vermicular openings, sometimes rounded or subtriangular, but more 
 commonly linear and having a transverse diameter of about one hundredth of an inch. It 
 can hardly be doubted that these minute openings, which cover the greater part of the entire 
 surface, are of the nature of inhalant apertures or " pores ; " and they communicate to frag- 
 ments of this fossil very much the aspect of worn and weathered examples of certain forms of 
 Alveolites and Ccenites. All those portions of the surface which are not occupied by the pores 
 are taken up by very much larger openings, which are certainly exhalant apertures or " os- 
 cula." Very often the laminae are arranged in any given stratum in a subspiral manner round 
 certain points cf the mass, and the pores on the surface have a corresponding arrauge- 
 ment. 
 
 Upon the whole, little doubt can be entertained as to the propriety of referring this 
 species to the Calcispongiee ; and its structure would strongly corroborate the view that the 
 surface-tubercles in <S. tuberculata are truly perforated, and are of the nature of pores, though 
 examp les of this species as ordinarily preserved do not exhibit this feature clearly. I have 
 
 Fio. 23. 
 
 U 
 
 a 
 
51 
 
 named the present npeoies after ita discoverer, Mr. George Jennings Hinde, who has kindly 
 furnished me with speoimens for examination. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Common in a magnesian limestone of the age of the Niagara 
 Jiimestone (Upper Silurian), at Owen Sound, Ontario. Colleotod by Mr. 0. J. Hinde. 
 
 129. HaLYBITKS OATINCLAEIA (Linn.) 
 
 
 M/n^.^m- 
 
 "mnr P'^S^^ 
 
 The Niagara Limestone 
 yields this species in great 
 abundance. Different ex- 
 ample8|vary immensely both 
 as regards the meshes of the 
 network, and still more as to 
 the size of the individual 
 corallites. Thus, examples 
 occur, on the one hand, in 
 which the long diameter of 
 the corallites is no more 
 than one-third of a line, 
 whilst others, on the other 
 hand,have a long diameter of 
 one line and three-quarters 
 more than five times 
 Nevertheless, too 
 many intermediate forms occur to »llow us to suppose these to be other than varieties of a 
 single epecies. The examples here included under the above name comprise both //. cat- 
 mularia and //. escharoides, as oharacterizedby Milne Edwards and Haime. 
 
 Localiti/ and Formation.— Owen Sound and Kookwood. Niagara Limestone. 
 
 ,0^, 
 
 J0^,07 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 a. Bdtytites catenularia, Linn., smaU variety ; b. Large variety of the or 
 same ; c.HalyHtesagylomerata. Hall; d. Section of two corallites of the 
 same. Niagara Limestone. as great 
 
 130. Haltsites agglomerata (Hall). 
 
 (Fig. 24, c and d.) 
 
 (Ref. Catmipora agglomerata, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. 11., PI. XXXV., figs. 2a-g.) 
 This form appears to us to be rightly separated from H. catenularia, with which it is 
 united by Edwards and Haime. It is distinguished chiefly by the general form of the oor- 
 allum, and by the fact that adjoining corallites are separated by transversely septate interspaces. 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Rockwood. 
 
 131. Heliolites intebstinota (Wahlenberg). 
 
 (Ref. Heliolites pyriformis? Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XXXVI., A. Figs la-m ) 
 Niagara Formation, Owen Sound. '' 
 
 132. Favosites Qothlandioa (Lamarck). 
 
 {Ref. Favosites Magarensis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XXXIV. A. Figs, ia-i.) 
 
52 
 
 Specimens undistinguishable from this species are not uncommon in the Niagara Lime- 
 stone, though not so abundant as F. vmusta. The oorallites usually average one line in 
 diameter, though there are always smaller ones intercalated amongst the larger ; and the 
 septa are commonly represented by spiniform projections. 
 
 In the Niagara Limestone of Owen Sound occur specimens which attain much larger 
 dimensions than is ordinarUy the case with F Gothlmdica. In these examples, the corallites 
 are hexagonal, with a normal diameter of from two and a-half to three lines, and in some in- 
 stances with a long diameter of from four to five lines ; the average diameter in F. Gothlandica 
 being about one line. The mural pores are of large size, in two or three rows, the third row 
 sometimes occupying the prismatic angles of the corallites. The tabulae are for the most part 
 horiiontal, not curved, about seven in the space of two lines. It is uncertain whether this 
 form is new or not, and in the latter case whether it is to be regarded as an extremely large 
 variety of F. Gothlandica or F. favosa, (Goldf.). 
 
 Locality and fomaiiow.— Niagara Limestone, Rockwood, Thorold, and Owen Sound. 
 
 133. Favosites FAVOSA (Goldfuss). 
 
 {Ref. Calamopora famsa, Goldfuss, Petref. Germ., PI. XXVI., Figs, 2a— e.) 
 The corallum in this species is massive and in all essential respects quite like F. Gothlan- 
 dica, except for the fact that the tabulae are strongly and uniformly curved, with their con- 
 vexities directed upwards. The corallites are prismatic, from one line to one and a half lines 
 in diameter ; the tabulae are about six in the space of two lines ; the mural pores are in two 
 alternating rows upon the faces of the corallites ; and the septa are represented by spini- 
 form projections. The very large examples above referred to may possibly be a variety of 
 this species, though wanting the distinguishing feature that the tabulae are curved. 
 Locality aud Fmmation.—'Hiaga.Ta Limestone,* Owen Sound. 
 
 134. Favosites venusta (Hall) 
 
 (Ref. Jstroceriumvenustum, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. XXXIV., Figs, la—i.) 
 The genus Astrocerium (Hall) cannot be retained, as its distinguishing character, viz., 
 the possession of spiniform septa, is shared by Favosites ; but the present species appears never, 
 theless to be a valid one. It forms large hemispheric or spherical masses, which are usually 
 composed of a succession of concentric layers. The corallites are slender and variable in size, 
 prismatic or polygonal, rapidly increasing in number by fission. The larger corallites are 
 usually about half a line across; but they have many smaller ones intercalated amongst them, 
 the diameter of which varies from the fiftieth of an inch to half a line. The calices are 
 hexagonal, polygonal, or sub-cylindrical, and our specimens show only rudimentary septa, in 
 the form of very short spiniform projections. The tabulse are complete, straight or flexuous, 
 four or six in the space of one line. The mural pores are not determinable. 
 
 There can be little doubt as to the distinctness of this species from F. Gothlandica, the 
 much smaller size of the corallites alone constituting a good ground of separation. It most 
 resembles the F. hemispherica of the Devonian, but it is distinguished by its complete aud 
 more remote tabulae and by its mode of growth. 
 
 Locality and Formatim. — Common, and attaining a large size, in the Niagara Limestone 
 at Rockwood. 
 
 .. 
 
68 
 
 135. PaVOSITES (?) MULTIPORA (Hall). 
 
 (Ref. Cladopora muUipora, Hall, Pal. N. Y , Vol. II., PI. XXXIX., Figs, la—g; nm 
 Fa/vositesmulUpora (Lonsdde). 
 
 The Niagara Limestone of Ontario yields various forms, which are referable to the genus 
 founded by Hall under the name of Cladopora, and oharaoteriied by him as follows. 
 
 " Ramose or reticulate ; branches cylindrical or slightly compressed ; terminations terete ; 
 coral composed of a series of tubes or cells radiating equally on all sides from the axis, and open- 
 ing upon the surface in rounded or sub-angular expanded mouths ; cells more or less closely 
 arranged but not always contiguous, and apparently destitute of septa or rays." 
 
 We are unable, so far as our specimens enable us to judge, to separate the forms referred 
 to Cladopora from Favosites. The chief point relied upon by Hall in separating the two genera 
 is the supposed absence in the former of tabulae and mural pores. This would be amply suf- 
 ficient, if it could be proved that these structures are really wanting ; but this is not the 
 case. Thus, we have examined some hundreds of well preserved specimens of Favosites dubia, 
 (De Blain.), F. reticulata (De Blain.), and F. polymorpha, (Gold.), from the Corniferous 
 Limestone, without meeting with more than two or three examples in which either the tabulae 
 or the mural pores could be detected. It is therefore quite possible, judging from their state 
 of preservation, that the Niagara Limestone specimens referred to Cladopora also at one time 
 possessed tabulae and mural pores, and that these structures have simply been obliterated by 
 the process of fossilization. The prominence of the lower lip of the calioe is likewise a charac- 
 ter common to the above quoted species of Favosites, and cannot be used to define Cladopora. 
 So far, therefore, as our materials permit us to come to a decision, we are of opinion that 
 most, if not all, of the species of Hall's genus Cladopora are truly to be regarded as ramose 
 species of Favosites. 
 
 If this view be established by more extended researches, the present species will have to 
 change its name, since the specific title " multipora " has been already pre-occupied by Lons- 
 dale for a different pecies of Favosites. In this case we would propose to call the present spe- 
 cies Favosites Halliana. 
 
 The characters of the species are as follows: — Corallum ramose, the branches cylindrical, 
 nearly a line and a half in diamet«r, dividing dichotomously at intervals of three lines and 
 upwards, sometimes inosculating. Corallites oblique to the axis of the branches, moderately 
 thick-walled, in contact with one another. Calices circular or polygonal, sometimes wider 
 than long, from four to five in the space of a line measured vertically or diagonally, the lower 
 lip of the aperture slightly or not at all prominent. For the most part the calices are of 
 the same size, but sometimes smaller ones are intercalated amongst the others. 
 
 The species is distinguished from the more slender forms of Favosites dubia (De Blain.), and 
 F. reticulata (De Blain.), by the much greater closeness of the calices, and the comparatively 
 thin walls of the corallites. In other respects no difference can be pointed out between our 
 Niagara examples and specimens of the last mentioned forms of the Corniferous Limestone. 
 From Glueteies the species is separated by the thicker walls of the corallites and the form and 
 aspect of the calices. 
 
 Milne Edwards and Haime identify Cladopoi a middpora (Hall) with Alveolites (?) scriato- 
 roides, (Edw. and H.) which is certainly not an Alveolites, and which is distinguished by its 
 
 m 
 
 r 
 
 11 
 
54 
 
 ir: 
 
 abundant coenenohyma, its vertical otrallites, and the arrangement of the calices in nearly 
 vertical rows. We cannot, however, accept this identification, since our examples, as well as 
 those figured and described by Hall, have no true ooenenchyma, have corallites with a slight 
 but well marked obliquity, and have not got the cells arranged in vertical rows, but rather 
 in obliquely transverse rows. 
 
 Locality and /'orwiaijon.— Niagara Limestone ; Rookwood, and Thorold. 
 
 136. FaVOSITES (?) SEBIATA (Hall). 
 
 (Ref. Chidopara seriata, Hall, Pal. N.Y. Vol. II., PI. XXXVIII, Figs. 1, a—m.) 
 
 Two or three specimens in our collections have the mode of growth of this species, but in 
 other respects differ little or not at all from the preceding, it is perhaps doubtful, indeed, if 
 the distinctions between Cladopma rmdtiptyra, C. seriaia, C. ccespitosa, C. cervicornis, and C. 
 macropJma (Hall), are of specific value ; but as we have not access to authentic specimens, 
 and as Hall only in the case of the first of these gives any measurements, we are unable to 
 
 decide this point. 
 
 Milne Edwards and Haime identify Cladopora seriata (Hall) with Alveolites repens, 
 which it much resembles in general form and mode of growth. We have not seen any 
 authentic specimens of the latter, but, judging from their figures and description, its calices 
 ai<^ entirely unlike those of the former in their characters. 
 
 Locality and FornMtion.—^i&g&ra, Limestone, Rookwood. 
 
 137. Favosites DUBiA (De Blainville)? 
 
 The Niagara limestone of Rockwood yields examples of a form which may, perhaps, be 
 referable to one of the species of Hall's genus Cladopora, but which appears to us to be alto- 
 gether inseparable from certain slender branching corals which occur abundantly in the Cor- 
 niferous Limestone, and which we have been in the habit of regarding as the young of Favo- 
 sites diiMa, (De Blain). In this form the corallum is composed of slender cylindrical stems 
 which have a diameter of from three quarters of a line to a line and a quarter, and which 
 divide at short intervals without anastomosis. The corallites have thick walls, and the calices 
 are polygonal, circular, «r transversely oval, about three in the space of one line measured 
 diagonally or vertically. In perfect specimens the lower lip of the calice is decidedly promi- 
 nent, but the calices are nearly of equal size. 
 
 In the larger and more typical specimens of the F. dubia, such as occur in the Devonian 
 Rocks, there are very small corallites interspersed amongst the larger ones. This character, how- 
 ever is not conspicuous in the small specimens from the Corniferous Limestone which appear 
 to be referable to this species, nor can it be detected in the Niagara examples. It hardly seems, 
 in the absence of any other distintive character, to be a point of apecific value. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Rockwood. 
 
 Genus Ccenites (Eiohwald). 
 
 (= Limaria, Steininger.) 
 
 Generic cAara,"fers.— (.Jorallum encrusting, massive, or sometimes ramose, extremely like 
 Alveolites, but having the corallites remote, embedded in a coenenchyma, or with walls so 
 

 
 
 
 { 
 
 \ 
 
 ps, be 
 
 
 
 ! alto- 
 
 
 
 iCor- 
 
 
 
 Favo- 
 
 
 
 stems 
 
 
 
 wnicn 
 alices 
 isured 
 )romi- 
 
 
 
 ronian 
 how- 
 
 
 
 ippear 
 seems, 
 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 • 
 
 y like 
 
 
 
 ills so 
 
 
 • 
 
 65 
 
 thick and fused together as to'simulate a coeneaohyma. Calioes triangular, cresoeatio, or 
 lunate, usually promiaont, and generally furnished with one or more projecting teeth. 
 Tabulae distinct, mural pores large and few. 
 
 The Niagara Limestone of Ontario has yielded to our researches the following two 
 species of Ccer^ites, 
 
 138. C(ENITES LAMINATA (Hall.) 
 
 Fig. 25 d, 6. 
 (Ref. lAmaria lamimta, Hall, Pal N.Y., Vol. II, PI. XXXIX. Figs. 6. a—d.) 
 
 Corallum encrusting or massive, the calices somewhat crescentic, with two prominent 
 rounded teeth in the concave side of the crescent (Fig. 25 e.). Calices not prominent, about 
 one third of a line in their long diameter, and one sixth of a line across, separated by about 
 their length ; six or seven in the space of two lines on an average. 
 
 The calices appear to be separated by a well-developed coenenchyma ; but it is probable 
 that this is only an appearance, and that it is really due to the great thickening of the walls 
 of the oorallites and their amalgamation with one another. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Rockwood. 
 
 139. CcENiTES LUNATA (Nicholson and Hinde). 
 (Ref. Canadian Journal, April, 1874.) 
 
 Corallum forming a thin crust, apparently about two-thirds of a line in thickness. 
 Calices strongly curved, crescentic or lunate, their form being due to the projection into their 
 cavity of a single strong rounded tooth developed from the concave lip (Fig. 25, b and c. . 
 Calices about one fourth of a line in their long diameter, and one eighth of a line across; 
 eight in the space of two lines. Corallites perpendicular to the surface, appearing as if 
 embedded in a dense coenenchyma, though this is most probably due simply to the great 
 thickening of their walls. 
 
 Of all the described species of the genus, C. 
 lunaia is most nearly allied to C. larnhiaia Hall, 
 but it is distinguished by the smaller size of the 
 calices, their more markedly crescentic form, 
 
 a, Fragment of Ca^uS lunula (Nich. and «D"1 ^^^ possession of a single rounded calicine 
 Hinde), natural bize; 6, Portion of the same en- tooth instead of two SUch. 
 larged ; c, single calice of the same still further 
 
 enlargedjc/, Fragments of Cienites lanuriata(VLaM:, Locality aiulFmmation. — Niagara Limestone, 
 
 natural size; e, Single corallite of the same enlarg- ,, „ ', 
 
 «d. From the Niagara Limestone. Owen feound. 
 
 
 140. Striatopora plexuosa (Hall). 
 {Ref. Pal N.Y., Vol. IL, PI. XL., B. Figs. 1 a—e). 
 Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Niagara Limestone, of Thorold. 
 
 I' I 
 
 !* Ij 
 
66 
 
 llhj 
 
 ir 
 
 a Fragment of StruUopomflexuosa, Hall (after Hall), of the natural size, a", Two calices of the lame 
 enlarged, b, b' and 6" Trematopora ostiolata. Hall (after Hall) Niagara Formation. 
 
 141. Alveolites fischeei (Billings). 
 {Ref. Canadian Jmimal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 256, Fig. 6). 
 
 From the Niagara Limestone of Owen Sound, we have obtained several examples of an 
 Alveolites, which in general characters and dimensions resembles A. Fischeri, (Billings), of the 
 Comiferous and Hamilton Formations, and which we are unable to separate specifically from 
 this form. The corallum forms a thin laminar expansion about one line in thickness, celluli- 
 ferous on the two sides, and either continuous or rarely partially reticulated. The calices are 
 transversely oval or subtriangular, usually with one curved and one straight side, sometimes 
 with one curved and two straight sides. The long diameter of the calices is from one-third of 
 a line to half a line, and they are separated from one another by about the same distance. 
 
 Locality and F&rmatim. — Niagara Limestone, Owen Sound. 
 
 142. Alveolites Niagarbnbis (Nicholson & Hlnde). 
 {Ref. Canadian Journal, April, 1874). 
 
 Corallum dendroid, branches cylindrical, about two lines in diameter, dividing diohoto- 
 mously. Calices small, distinctly triangular, with the apex of the triangle directed down- 
 wards, about six in the space of two lines. The upper side of each lalice carries a single 
 prominent septal tooth in the form of a vertical plate, which is placed in the median plane of 
 the aperture, dividing it into equal halves and giving it an almost cresoentic appearance. 
 
 We cannot identify this with any previously recorded 
 form, though it bears a general resemblance to more than 
 one known species. It is most nearly allied to A. labiosa 
 (Billings), 'rovn the Comiferous Limestone, All the un- 
 questionable examples of the latter which we have examined 
 
 Fig. 27.- Alveolites Nia&arensis, (Ni- j^ however, no septal t«eth at all ; whilst one or two 
 eholaon and Hinds), a, i!ragment, ot ' ' r 
 
 the natural size; 6, Small portion en- specimens which we have doubtfully referred to A. labiosa, 
 larged ; c, Single calice atill further en- *^ . i • j .i 
 
 larged. Niagara Limestone. and which possess a Single vertical septal ridge on the 
 
 upper side of the calice, have this ridge placed altogether on one side instead of centrally. 
 
 Locality and i^wma/ioTi.— Niagara Limestone, A.ockwood. 
 
 Genus AsTRiEOPHYLLUM (Nicholson and Hinde), 
 
 Corallum aggregate, composed of slender cylindrical corallites, united laterally by numer- 
 ous successive mural expansions or horizontal outgrowths of the cauce, which are placed a| 
 
 tl 
 
 C( 
 
 d( 
 n 
 
 tl 
 
57 
 
 the same level in contiguous oorallites, and form a series of complete floors. Walls of the theoa 
 complete and well developed, meeting in the centre of the theca, with a distinct and well 
 developed columella. Costal radii prolonged over the successive exotheoal floors. Tabul» 
 rudimentary or absent (?) 
 
 Fk. ^.-Astrceophyllum. gracite (Nicholson and Hinde) ; a, Side view of a fragment, enlarged, shewing 
 the mural expansions ; 6, Fragment viewed from above and greatly enlarged, showing the cahces. the con- 
 fluent mural expansions, and the costal radii. 
 
 There are some points in the structure of the corals here referred to which we cannot 
 actually make out with the materials at present in our hands j and we arc therefore uncertain 
 whether they really constitute a new genus, though we cannot place them under any genus 
 already described. 
 
 From Smithia, Edw. and H., the genus Astmophyllum is distinguished by the posses- 
 sion of a distinct columella, and by the fact that the cor- "-*«« are united not only by costal 
 radii, but by well developed exothecal floors. 
 
 From Phillipsastrcea, the present genus is distinguished by not having the corallites 
 united laterally along their whole length, and in having the calicos definitely circumscribed. 
 
 From Haimeophyllum (Billings), the genus is separated by the well developed, not rudi 
 mentary, septa, and by the fact that the latter possesses vesicular tabulae. 
 
 From Heliophyllum colligatum (Billings), which probably forms the type of a separate 
 group, Astraophyllumia distinguished by the possession of a distinct columella, and the apparent 
 absence of septal spines or tabulae. 
 
 From Thecostegites (Edw. and H.,) the genus is distinguished by its well developed septa 
 and columella, and the apparently obsolete tabulae. Lastly, Astmophyllum is distinguished 
 from Cannapora (Hall), by the possession of a columella, and the apparent absence of tabulae. 
 
 143. AstRjEOPHYLLUM gracile (Nicholson and Hinde). 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 {Ref. Canadian Journal, April, 1874). 
 
 This being the only known species of the genus, the generic characters form part of -,uo 
 specific description. In addition to these characters, however, the corallites are cyUndr.t.'d, 
 and about three-quarters of a line in diameter, placed at distances apart of two lines, less or 
 more. The oalices are expanded, about two lines in diameter, dee.p, with a prominent coliimella. 
 The septa are from twenty-six to thirty in number, unequally developed, the greater number 
 apparently reaching the centre. The mural expansions are nearly horizontal, from two to 
 four in the space of two lines measured vertically, placed at the same levels throughout the 
 
08 
 
 ma88. At the last formed surface, the oalioes project slightly above the layer formed by the 
 coalescent mural ezpansionn ; and this layer is traversed by radiating ridges corresponding 
 with the septa of the corallites. The oalioes, however, are circumscribed by very distinct and 
 well developed walls. 
 
 The upper surface of the coral somewhat resembles, on a small scale, that of Heliophylhm 
 coHiqatum (Billings) ; but the mural expansions and costal radii are confluent, and are not 
 marked off for each oorallite as they are in the latter. The mural expansions are variable in 
 number, sometimes very close, at other times remote. Owing to the silicifioation of the speci- 
 mens, it cannot be determined what are the characters of the free edgtas of the septa, nor 
 whether, rudimentary tabulae may not be present, though no signs of the latter can be 
 detected. In Heliophyllum coUigatum, on the other hand, there is a well marked central tabu- 
 late area. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Common in the Niagara Limestone, Owen Sound. 
 
 144. Cannapoba annulata (Nicholson and Hinde). 
 , (Ref. CanadiaTi Journal, April, 1874). 
 
 Corallum aggregate, composed of numerous slender cylindrical corallites, which form 
 flattened expansions or crusts, and are united together by exotheoal growths. Corallites from 
 half a line to nearly one line in diameter, usually the former, nearly in contact, about four or 
 five in the space of two lines. The corallites are strongly annulated with close-set annulations, 
 which are developed into so many mural expansions which unite together contiguous tubes. 
 About four of these annulations and expansions in the space of one line. Tabulae well deve- 
 loped and close-set. Septa distinct but rudimentary, only extending a short distance into the 
 theca, about twelve in number in each corallite. 
 
 Cannapora annulata is clotely allied to 0. juncifarmis (Hall), from the horizon of the 
 Clinton Group. The latter species, however, has the mural expansions placed at intervals of 
 about a tenth of an inch apart ; so that there are only ten in the space of an inch, instead of 
 between forty and fifty, as in the present species. Our examples, also, do not appear to have 
 attained anything like the dimensions of G. junciformis, the corallites rarely exceeding half an 
 inch in height. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Owen Sound. 
 
 145. Stringopora retiformis (Billings). 
 
 {Ref. Canadian Naturalist, Vol. IIL, p. 424). 
 
 This beautiful species is of common occurrence, and attains a large size in the Niagara 
 Limestone of Owen Sound. Specimens often show the radiating septa very distinctly, much 
 more so than is usually the case in examples of this genus. 
 
 147. Zaphrentis R(EMERI (Edwards and Haime). 
 
 {Ref. Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. p. 327). 
 
 Locality and Formation. - Niagara Limestone, Owen Sound. 
 
 147. Zaphrentis Stokesi (Edwards and Haime). 
 
 {Ref. Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. PI. III., Fig. 9). 
 
 Locality and Foi-mation. — Niagara Limestone, Owen Sound. 
 
 speci 
 
 Fig. 
 of T 
 
 The 
 
 rout 
 
 56). 
 
 and 
 
 rows 
 
 shot 
 
 forn 
 
 Vol. 
 
 men 
 
 a lai 
 
 peri 
 Per 
 a lii 
 
59 
 
 148. Zaphrentis bilateralis (Hall). 
 
 {Ref. Canrnia bilateralis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 41, PI. XVII., Figs. Sor-A). 
 Locality ana Formatim. — Niagara Limestone; Owen Sound, and Niagara River. 
 
 149. Cystiphyllum vesiuulosum (Goldfuss). 
 
 Transverse aeetions of a species of Cystiphyllum, most probably referable to the above 
 species, are not uncommon in the Niagara Limestone at Thorold. 
 
 150. Peteaia pygmjEA (Billings). 
 
 {Ref. Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 103). 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Thorold. 
 
 151. DiPHYPHYLLUM C^SPITOSUM (Hall). 
 
 (Ref. Diplophyllum cmspitosum, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 116, PI. XXXIII, 
 
 Fig. 1 a — r). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant, and forming large masses, in the Niagara Limestone 
 
 of Thorold. 
 
 152. Caryocrintts oenatus (Hall). 
 
 {Ref. Caryocrinus ornatus, Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. II, Pis. XLI A, XLIX and XLIX A). 
 locality and Formation.— mia^arsi Limestone; Thorold and Niagara River. 
 
 153. DiCTYONEMA GRAOILE (Hall). 
 
 {Ref. Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 175, PI. XL G. Fig. la—d). 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Hamilton. 
 
 154. Clathropora prondosa (Hall). 
 
 Clathroparafrondosa, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 160, PI. XL B. Figs. 5a— 5e). 
 
 Clathropora frondosa, Nicholson & Hinde Canadian Journal, April, 1874. 
 
 It seems certain that Prof. Hall has included under this name two quite distinct species. 
 The one which we have met with in the Niagara Limestone has the frond perforated with 
 rounded perforations of comparatively small size. (-6'ee Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. LX. B, fig. 
 56). The perforations are not more than from half a line to three-fifths of a line in diameter, 
 and are placed at intervals of from a line and a quarter to a line and a half, about fourteen 
 rows of cells occupying the space of one line measured transversely. The name of C. frondosa 
 should be restricted to forms agreeing with the above measurements. On the other hand, the 
 forms with perforations varying from one line to a line and half in diameter (see Pal. N. Y., 
 Vol. II, PI. XL, B. Fig. 5a) have elsewhere been described by me, from Devonian .speci- 
 mens, under the name of Clathropora intertexta. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— WiagSLTn Limestone, Thorold. Not uncommon, and attaining 
 
 a large size. 
 
 155. Clathropora intermedia (Nicholson & Hinde). 
 
 {Ref. Canadian Journal, April, 1874.) 
 
 Polyzoary forming a spreaditig expausion wliieh is eelluliferous on the two sides, and is 
 perforated by a series of rounded perforations which are arranged in regularly diagonal lines. 
 Perforations somewhat irregular in size, oval or circular, usually from two-thirdai ot a line to 
 a line in diameter. Intervals between the perforations rather more than half a line. Cells 
 
 1 
 
00 
 
 a 
 
 obloDg, not BO wide aa long, about six or seven rows in the space of half a line measured trans- 
 versely ; so that seven or eight rows of oells occupy the space between any consecutive pair 
 of perforations. 
 
 Clathropora intermedia (fig. 29) in some respects ap- 
 proaches the genus Bet^ora, and is intermediate in its charac- 
 ters between C. frondosa (Hall) and C. intertexta (Nich.). The 
 differences will be most clearly brought out between these 
 nearly allied species by the following summary of their respec- 
 tive characters. 
 
 Fio. 25). 1. Clathropora Jrmdosa, (Hall). — Perforations minute, 
 
 hS^T FrSentof the S averaging one half line in diameter, placed at intervals of one 
 
 tural size ; 6 Portion of the Hame ard a quarter to one and a half lines, about fourteen rows of 
 greatly enlarged. ^ 
 
 sells in one line measured trans/ersely. 
 
 2. Clathropora intermedia, (IT'oh. and Hinde). Perforations moderately large, from two- 
 thirds to one line in diameter, placed at intervals of rather more than half line, six or seven 
 rows of cells in half line, and seven or eight rows between any two perforations. 
 
 3. Clathropora intertexta, (Nich.). Perforations large, usually about a line and a half in 
 diameter, placed at interNals of from ono and a third to one and a half lines, about five or six 
 rows of cells in one line, or about eight rows between any two perforations. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Thorold. 
 
 156, Retepora asperato-striata (Hall). 
 
 (Ref. Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 161, PI. XL, C. Figs. 2a— 26). 
 
 Locality and Fm-maiion. — Niagara Limestone. Thorold. , 
 
 157. Trematopora ostiolata (Hall). 
 Fig. 266, V and h". 
 
 {Ref. Pal, N. Y., Vol. II, PI. XL, A Figs. 5a n.) 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Niagara River. 
 
 158. Fenestella tenuioeps (Hall). 
 
 {Ref. Pal. N.^., "'^ol. II, Plate XL, D. Figs. 2a— A). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Niagara River. ^ 
 
 159. Atrypa reticularis (Linn). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Niagara Limestone at Thorold. 
 
 Liiv 
 
 and 
 
 StOE 
 
 Fig. .30. 
 Atriipa reticularis (liinn), after Billings, Clinton, Niagara, Comiferoua 
 and HamiltouFormations. 
 
61 
 
 160. Pentamercs oblonqub (Sowerby). 
 Locality and Formation. — Very abundant in a particular bed at the base of the Niagara 
 LiiPdfltone at Thorold. 
 
 i » 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 Pentamerus oblongus (Sowerby). a. Exterior ; l, cast. Niagara Limestone. 
 
 161. Athykis intermedia (Hall). 
 Fig. 32a, ft'. 
 {Ref. Atrypa intermedia, Holl, Pal.N.Y., Vol. II, p. 7G, Plate XXIV. Figs. 3a—/ 
 and 4a — d). 
 
 A species apparently undistinguishable from this occuis commonly in the Niagara Lime- 
 stone at Thorold. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 a, Athyris intermedia (Hall) ; a', Profile view of the same ; h, Spirifera 
 Niagarensig (Conrad) ; c, Spirifera crispa (Linn) ; cf, Profile view of the 
 same ; d, Strophomena (Streptovhyyichus) subplana (Hall) ; e, Athyria navi- 
 formii (Hall) ; Athyrig (Meristella) cylindriea (Hall). Niagara Fonnation. 
 
 
62 
 
 162. Athtbis naviformis (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 32e. 
 
 {Ref. Atrypa noMformls, Hall Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 76, PI. XXIV. Figs, la— A). 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Dunda«. 
 
 163. Rhvnchonklla nbglkota (Hall). 
 
 {Bef. Atrypa negleda, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, PI. LVII. Pif^s. la-p). 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Thorold. 
 
 164. Orthis eleqantula (Dalman). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Rockwood. 
 
 165. Stbophomena rhomboidalis (Wahlenberg). ■ 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara. Limestone, Owen Sonnd and Thorold. 
 
 166. Strophomena sxibplana (Conrad). 
 
 (Fig. S2d.) 
 
 (Bef. Leptcena subplana. Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 259, Pi. LIII. Figs. 8, 9, 10.) 
 Locality and Foriaatijn. — Niagara Limestone, Thorold. 
 
 167. Strophomena, sp. 
 
 A form very similar to, if not absolutely identical, with S. punctidifera, (Conrad,) from 
 the Lower Helderberg. Not only is the general form and aspect of the shell the same, but 
 one specimen exhibits precisely similar punctations. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Thorold. 
 
 168. LEPTiENA TRAN8VER8ALI8 (Dalman). 
 Locality and Fcrmaiion.. — Niagara Limestone, Niagara River. 
 
 I 
 
 169. DiSOINA TENUILAMELLATA (Hall). 
 
 (Bef. Orbicula temdlamellaia, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II. PI. LIIL Fig. 3.) ^ 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Rockwood. 
 
 170. DisciNA FoRBESiiJXDavidson). 
 
 (Bef. Orbiculoidea Forhesii, Davidson, Monograph of the British Brachiopoda, Part 
 VII, p. 73, PI. VIL Figs. 14—18.) 
 
 Locality and Formation. — A form very nearly allied to this, if not absolutely identical 
 with it, occurs in the Niagara Limestone of Hamilton. 
 
 171. LiNGULA LAMELLATA (Hall). 
 
 {Bef. Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 249, PI. LIII. Figs. 1 and 2.) 
 Locality and Formation, — Niagara Limestone, Hamilton. 
 
-k). 
 
 68 
 
 172. SPiRii-ERA NiAGARKNS.a (Conrad). 
 
 Pig. 32/. 
 
 He/. (Spirifera Nic.garensis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 254, PI. LlV.Pigs. 6a— <.) 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Niagara River. 
 
 173. Orthis biforata (Sohlotheim). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Niagara Limestone, Thorold. 
 
 174. Phaoops CAU0ATU8 (Brongniart.) 
 
 locality and Formation, — Niagara Limestono, Hamilton. 
 
 175. Oaltmene Blumknbaohii (Brongniart). 
 
 Locality and Fwrnation. — Niagara Limestono, Niagara River and Thorold. 
 
 9, 10.) 
 
 d,) from 
 ime, but 
 
 la, Part 
 identical 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Fossils of the Guelph Formation.* 
 17G. Stromatcpora concentrioa (Goldfuss). 
 
 The Guelph Limestones contain, throughout their whole extent, very numerous and 
 very large specimens of a species of Stromatopora, which appears to agree in the coarseness of 
 its lamination with S. concentrica, (Qoldfuss). Owing, however, to the very imperfect state 
 of preservation in which these specimens occur, it is impossible to determine with "ny posi- 
 tiveness whether they are really referable to this species or not. One very interesting speci- 
 men, kindly submitted to me for examination by Charles Clarke, Esq., M. P. P., exhibits the 
 surface, which is studded with remote circular apertures or " oscula" from one to two lines 
 in diameter. If really referable to ^'. concentrica, this is the first example of the species in 
 which these openiu'^s have been recorded. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Guelph formation ; Elora, Gait, Guelph, Hespeler, &c. 
 
 176 bin. Stromatopora ostiolata (Nicholson). 
 
 Stronuitopora ostiolata, Nicholson, Annals of Natural History, August, 1873. Report 
 on the Palaeontology of Ontario, 1874. PI. I. Figs. 1, la. 
 
 Fossil forming large hemispherical mssses, several inches in diameter, composed of innu- 
 merable delicate lamina3, arranged conentrically, and separated by interspaces which are broken 
 up by numerous slender vertical pillars, giving the whole a finely reticulate structure. The 
 laminae are as thin as writing-paper ; and, with the intervening interspaces, there are about 
 
 * I take this opportunity of saying that I am indebted for many valuable specimens from the Guelph 
 Formation to the generosity of Mr. David Boyle, Public School Teacher, Elora, who is an indefatigable and 
 zealous collector, and whose museum iu connection with the School over which he presides, is a work of great 
 public utility. 
 
64 
 
 i: 
 
 ten of them in the space of one line. The upper surface of the maas is undulated and is quite 
 smooth, except for the presence of small rounded or conical elevations, perforated at the apex 
 with rounded openings, and arranged with tolerable regularity in diagonal lines. These eleva- 
 tions have a width of about half a line, and appear to be of the nature of exhalant apertures 
 or oscula. The lines of oscula are placed at distances apart of from four to five lines ; and 
 the oscula in each line are about the same distance from one another. When the mass is 
 broken, similar osouliferous surfaces are found to exist throughout the whole, arranged con- 
 centrically with one another, and separated by spaces varying from two to three lines in 
 thickness, these spaces being occupied by the ordinary laminated or reticulated tissue of the 
 fossil. Laterally the laminae and osouliferous surfaces, instead of being concentrically arranged 
 as regards the entire mass, terminate in a series of rounded, nipple-shaped prominences, each 
 of which is composed of thin concentric laminae which scale oflf like the coats of an onion. 
 The lateral surfaces of the fossil thus come to exhibit an extraordinary nodulated and botryo 
 idal appearance. 
 
 It is impossible to give in a few words any adequate diagnosis of this most remarkable 
 fossil, which appears to throw considerable light upon the aflBnities of the genus Stromatopora, if 
 indeed, it does not truly constitute a new genus. In the fact that its main bulk consists of a 
 succession of thin calcareous laminae, with intermediate vertical props, pillars, or dissepiments, 
 marking off minute cellular compartments, S. ostiolata agrees entirely with the typical species 
 of Stromatqxyra ; and in the great number of laminae in a given space it closely resembles S. 
 striaiella, (D'Orb.). It exhibits, however, two peculiarities which, so far as I am aware, are 
 altogether unique. 
 
 In the first place, it is not composed, as are S. str'mtdla, (D'Orb.), and S. concenirica, 
 (Goldf.) which it most nearly resembles in general form, of a succession of laminae concen- 
 trically arranged round an imaginary centre or centres. On the contrary, in the present 
 species, intercalated amongst the general enveloping concentric laminae of the mass is a series 
 of cylindrical masses, each composed of laminae concentric with its long axis, and each termi- 
 nating (probably at both ends, though this is not shown) in a rounded nipple-shaped extremity. 
 Superiorly these laminated cylinders are enveloped by laminae which are concentric to the 
 whole mass, so that the outermost surface is simply undulating. On two of the sides of the 
 fossil the ends of the above-mentioned cylinders protrude as so many nipple-shaped conical 
 prominences, giving these aspects of the mass very much the appearance of the peculiar inor- 
 ganic structure known as " cone-in -cone." 
 
 In the second place, a still more remarkable feature is presented by the upper surface of 
 the fossil. The specimens are so highly mineralized (as is always the case with the fossils of 
 the dolomites of the Guelph formation), that the smooth undulating upper surfaces of the 
 laminae exhibit no structure that can be made out with the lens. If any pores existed, as is 
 most probable, they cannot now be detected. The upper surface, however, exhibits tolerably 
 regular diagonal lines of small conical papillae, some of which at any rate are unmistakeably 
 perforated by rounded apertures. It is true that some of these eminences do not show any 
 sign of being perforated ; but this is probably, indeed almost certainly, due to the peculiar 
 eoDuition Gi miucraliZttiion ot the lossii. x 1:5 periorateu eminences are uistaot ifoqi two tO 
 four lines from one another ; and the diagonal rows stand about as far apart. The appearance 
 presented by the upper surface, with its perforated papillae, thus comes to simulate somewhat 
 
 4 
 
4 
 
 M 
 
 the root of a fossil plant like Stigmmia, with the points whence the rootlets proceedod. The 
 eminenoes 'hemsolves are but slightly elevated above the generul Hurface ; and the apical 
 aperture has a diameter of about one thirtieth of an inch. Not only does the outermost or 
 highest lamina of the fossil exhibit the above appearance, but the same structure reappears at 
 intervals of two or three lines all through the mass, each surface being concentric with the 
 preceding one, and separated from it by rotiouhited tissue. It is probable, therefore, that wo 
 should regard the fossil as really consisting of thin crusts, which are only accidentally super- 
 imposed one above the other. 
 
 A structure apparently analogous to the above has been described (M'Coy, Pal. Foss. pp. 
 12 & 66) as occurring in Strmatopora striatella (D'Orb,), S. conceiitrica (Goldf ), and S. 
 {Cuunopora) placenta, (Phill). In the first of these, according to M'Coy, the general laminated 
 structure of the mass is traversed nearly at right angles by " vertical vermicular perforations 
 about one fourth of a line in diameter," at distances varying from one to two lines apart ; and 
 essentially the same thing is seen in the other two species above mentioned. In the present 
 species, however, there is no evidence that the apertures on the surfaces of the successive 
 osculiferous layers communicate internally with vermicular tubes, though it is possible that 
 they do; whilst the apertures are placed at the summit of wraall rounded or conical elevations 
 and are comparatively remote and large. * 
 
 It can hardly be doubled that the perforated eminences of Stromatvpora ostiolata corres- 
 pond with the " oscula" of the genuine sponges. Indeed the surface of this species reminds 
 one very strongly of the well-known genus Porospongla or Manon. The probability that 
 Stromutopora is truly referable to the Calcispongia is thus rendered stronger than it would 
 have appeared from the evidence formerly in our possession. If, however, it should be found 
 that these oscula are not present in all the species at present referred to Stromalopora (and 
 they have certainly not hitherto been recognised in the majority of forms), then it might be 
 advisable to divide the genus into two, retaining Stromdopora for the species without oscules, 
 and forming a fresh genus for those in which these apertures are present. The former would 
 thus be nearly allied to the Foraminifera, whilst the latter would lead from the Foraminifera 
 to the Calcispongise. 
 
 The specimens of Slromatapora ostiolata from which the above description was taken, were 
 presented to the Museum of the University of Toronto, by their discoverer, Mr. John Wilkic 
 The species itself cannot possibly be confounded with any previously described form. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— la the yellow crystalline dolomite of the Guelph formation 
 (Middle Silurian), Guelph, Ontario, associated with numerous specia:ens of Slromitopoia 
 concentrica (Goldf). 
 
 177. Favosites polymorpha (^Goldfuss^). 
 Locality and Formation. — Guelph formation ; Hespeler, Elorp. 
 
 I 
 
 178. Favosites venusta (Hall). 
 {£"/. Astroceriumvenustum, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, PI. XXXIV. Figs, la—i.) 
 Locality and Formation.— Coaxmoa in the Guelph formation ; Hespeler, Elora, Guelph, 
 
66 
 
 179. Favositks Gothlandioa (Lamarck). 
 Fig. 33. 
 (Bef. Favosites Niagarensis, Hall, Pal. N. ¥., Vol II. PI. XXXIV A, Fig. 4). 
 LoccUUy and Formation.— Gneli^h. Formation ; Hespeler. 
 
 cri 
 cor 
 ap] 
 me 
 tail 
 gei 
 wit 
 the 
 but 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 Favotites Chtklandica (Lam). Niagara, 
 Guelph, Comiferous, and Hamilton for- 
 mations. (The specimen figured is from 
 the Corniferous Limestone.) 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 Favosites hemispkerica (Yandell and 
 Shumard) after Billings. Guelph, Cor- 
 niferous, and Hamilton formations. (The 
 specimen figured is from the Comiferous 
 Limestone.) 
 
 fori 
 
 ano 
 
 ] 80. Favosites hemisphebioa (Yandell and Shumard). 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 
 (Ref. Emmonsia hmispherka, Edwards and Haime, Brit. Fosg. Corals, P). XLVIII. 
 
 Figs. 4— 4a) . 
 
 LoccUUy and /''ormaiion.— Guelph formation ; Elora. 
 
 181. Favosites foRbesi (Edwards and Haime)' 
 
 {Ref. Favosites Farbesi, Edwards and Haime, Pol. Foss. des Ter. Pa), p. 238) i 
 Locality ajid formation. —Guelph Formation ; Hespeler. 
 
 182. Halysites agglomeeata (Hall). 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
 (Ref. Catenipora agglomerata, Hall. Pal., N, Y., Vol. II, PI. XXXV. Figs. 2, a.-f.) 
 locality and Formation.— Crudf^ formation ; Guelph. 
 
 183. Ampi^xus (?) SP. 
 
 The Guelph Limestones contain in abundance a species of coral, which I am unable to refer 
 with certainty to its proper genus. Some specimens have the form of detached cylindrical 
 tubes, irregular in their thickness, but varying in diameter from a line and a half to three 
 lines. These tubes are more or less flexuous, and are furnished both with very well de^e^ 
 loped tabulBB, and with marginal septa in the form of strong longitudinal rid-es. Examples 
 of this nature present precisely the characters of the genus Am.plexus, and I have been under 
 the impression that they were referable to Jmplexus laxatus of Billings, a form which is 
 quoted in the " Geology of Canada," aP occurring in the Guelph Limestones, but the des- 
 
 t V 
 
 Que 
 
 E8.1. 
 
 tive 
 
67 
 
 4)- 
 
 XLVIII. 
 
 )• 
 
 2, a.— #.) 
 
 ble to refer 
 
 cylindrical 
 
 alf to three 
 
 ■well deve- 
 
 Examples 
 
 been under 
 
 m which is 
 
 jut the des- 
 
 cription of which I have been unable to consult. Other specimens, equally or more abundant, 
 consist of numerous closely approximated tubes, similar in their structure to the above and 
 apparently forming parts of a composite mass. This would lead one to separate these s'peci- 
 mens from Ampkxus, which contains only simple forms; but one would still be left uncer- 
 tain where to place them. The genua to which such specimens would be referable by their 
 general form and mode of growth is Diphyphyllum ; but they differ from this genus and agree 
 with AmfUms, in the presence of complete tabulae (not a mere central tabulate area) and in 
 the rudimentary condition of the septa. The same form occurs in the Corniferous Limestone • 
 but I must at present leave its position unsettled. ' 
 
 Locdity and Formation.— Qnel^ph formation ; Hespeler, Elora. 
 
 184. Amplexus yandelli (Edwards and Haime), 
 
 Examples of a species of Amplems, which 1 am unable to separate from the Devonian 
 form, Amplexus Yandelli, occur, not very rarely, in the Guelpl Formation at Hespeler 
 and Guclph. ' ^ ' 
 
 185. Pentamerus oocidentalis (Hall), 
 
 {Rej. Pentamerus occidentalis ; 
 Hall,Pal.N.Y.,Vol. II.,p. 341 
 PI. LXXIX). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — This 
 is one of the most characteristic 
 Brachiopodsof the Guelph Forma- 
 tion, and occurs at Guelph, Elora, 
 and Hespeler. 
 
 186. Pentamerds ventrioosus 
 (Hall). 
 (Ref. Pentamerus [Pentamerella ?] 
 
 ventricosus, Hall, Twentieth Re- 
 X ig, 35, 
 
 Ptn^merru, occidentalis (HaU); a Profile view ; a' Ventral view ^""^ *"" ^^^ ^^^^ (^shinet, p. 374, 
 Guelph Formation. ^rai view. pi. XIII., Figs. 18-21.) 
 
 Locality and /Vma/iow.— Guelph Formation, Hespeler, and Elora. 
 187. Charionella Hyale (Billings). 
 
 (Charionella Hyale, Billings, Palajozoic Fossils of Canada, "Vol. I., p. 166, Fig. 150). 
 Locality and formation.— Guelph Limestone, Elora. 
 
 188. Trimerella qrandis (Billings).* 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 (Ref. Trinterella grandis, Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils, Vol. I., p. 166. Pig. 161.) 
 Locality and Formation.— GmeXph Formation ; Hespeler, Eiora, and Guelph. 
 
 Vu , * Th|,^""»«'«"'*E of the Guelph Formation have been kindly determined for me by Thomas DavidHon 
 tw'i'iSr. ' ' '" ''°"^^'=*'°" ^"'' P'^f^^^"' King, has m^e the group the subject of aZst ex W 
 
68 
 
 189. Trimerella acuminata (Billings). 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 (i?«/. Palaeozoic Fossils, Vol. I., p. 167. Fig. 151, bis). 
 Locality and Formation. — Guelph Formation ; Elora and H3S|,eler. 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Trimerella acuminata (Billings). 
 Guelph Formation. (After David- 
 son and King. ) 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Trimerella yrandis (Billings). 
 Guelph Format!oa. (After JCa- 
 vidson and Kiiiy). 
 
 rig, 38. 
 
 MonomereUa prisca (BillinL' ), 
 Gui'lph Formation. (After D - 
 vidson and King). 
 
 190. MOXOMERELLA PRISCA (BiUiogs). 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 (Ref. MonomereUa p-iica, Billings, Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VI., p. 221). 
 Locality and Formation.— Gadph Formation ; Elora and Hcspeler. 
 
 1 
 viev 
 aorv 
 
 191. Trimerklla Dalli (DaviJ.'^on and King). 
 
 (Ref. Quarterly Journal, Geol. Soc. Muy, 1871. PI. XV., Figs. 1-3). 
 Locality and Foi-mation.—G\XQ\fh Formation ; Elora and Hcspeler. 
 
 192. Megalomus Canadensis (Ua\\). 
 
 {Ref. Megalomus Canadensis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., PI. LXXX., Pigs, la-c; PI. 
 LXXXI.,Figs. la.-/; and PI. LXXXII., Figs. \a-i.) 
 
 Casts of this wonderful shell are not at all rare in the upper portion of the Guelph For- 
 mation, and sometimes almost form whole beds. Good specimens, however, are not so rea- 
 dily obtainable, and examples in which the actual shell is preserved, aie of comparatively 
 rare occurrence. The largest oaat in my possession has a length of five and a half inches, 
 and a width of four and a half inches, the depth of both valves being three and a half inches. 
 The smallest cast in my possession, has a length of two inches, and a width of one iach 
 and three-quarters, the depth of the clo.sed valves being one inch and four lines. 
 
 Localiiy aad Formation.— GuQ\yh. Formation; Hespeler, Elora, Gait, and Guelph. 
 
 CMt 
 
 Cm 
 
69 
 
 (BiUin-). 
 (After 1) - 
 
 f\ 
 
 la-c; PI. 
 
 lelph For- 
 lot 80 rea- 
 iparatively 
 lalf laches, 
 lulf inches, 
 f oae inch 
 
 uelph. 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 Meyalomus Canadensis (Hall ) ; a, Side-view of cast ; 6, Dorsal 
 view of the same ; c, Another specimen in which the shell is pre- 
 served. All reduced one-half. Guelph Formation. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 193. MegALOMUS COMPRESSUS 
 (Nicholson and Hinde). 
 
 Megalomus compressus, Nicholson 
 and Hinde, Canadian Journal, April, 
 1874. 
 
 Shell equivalve, valves compressed, 
 the depth of both valves being little 
 more than one-third of the width. 
 Form elliptical, the length nearly 
 one-third greater than the width. 
 Umbones anterior, incrassated, with 
 apparently one cardinal and two 
 lateral teeth. A single, deep, con- 
 centrically-striated muscular impres- 
 sion placed just in front of and be- 
 neath the umbones, with a small cir- 
 cular pit above it. Pallial line sim- 
 ple. Surface of the shell unknown. 
 
 In many respects this singu- 
 lar species agrees with M. Cana- 
 densis (Hall) ; from which, how- 
 ever, it is clearly distinct. It is 
 only known to us by the cast, 
 which is entirely free from dis- 
 tortion, and may therefore be 
 relied upon as giving the true 
 characters of the interior of the 
 shell. The cast forms an almost 
 complete ellipse, which is very 
 much compressed laterally, and 
 has a length of twenty-eigh 
 lines, a width of nineteen lines, 
 and a depth of seven lines. In 
 M. Canadensis, on the other 
 hand, the depth of the valves is 
 nearly or quite equal to the 
 width. Our species, therefore, 
 entirely wants the great ventri- 
 cosity of the dorsal portion of 
 the shell, which so distinguishes 
 M. Canadensis. In the latter 
 
 Melagomui conipresius {Nicholson and Hinde). A, Side view of the gpe^jigg i]xq beaks are 
 «t of the shell, natural size. B, The same viewed from above, ad, r 
 
 enormous- 
 
 c*»t 
 
 C'Mt of the adductor impression ; p, Pallial line. 
 
70 
 
 '■" 
 
 il 
 
 ly thickened, and the caat exhibits a great contraction or excavation situated anteriorly above 
 the .'casts of the muscular impressions. In M. cumpresms, on the contrary, the thickening of 
 the anterior portion of the shell must have been much less, and this contraction of the caft 
 IB wanting. In both species alike, the ventral portion of the cast is the thinnest, aad a well 
 marked shallow depression or groove extends backwards from the muscular impression, paral- 
 lel with the margin of the shell and ultimately becoming obsolete posteriorly. This indicates 
 a corresponding ridge or elevation on the interior of the shell. 
 Locality and Formatim.—Qnelph Formation, Hespeler. 
 
 194. MUROHISONIA LOOANII (Hall). 
 
 (Plate III, Figs. 3 and 4). 
 
 (Ref. Murehisonia Loganii, Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. II, p. 346, PI. LXXXIII 
 Figs. 4a— J). 
 
 Ucality and Formation.— Quelph Formation ; Elora and Hespeler. 
 
 195. MURCHISONIA MACaOSPIRA (Hall). 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 9). 
 (Bef. Murehisonia macrospira, Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. II, p. 346, PI. LXXXIII. Fig. 5). 
 Locality and Formation. — Guelph Formation. Elora. 
 
 This species is insufficiently char;:.terised; but I have two or three specimens which 
 would appear to be referable to it. 
 
 196. MURCHISONIA BIVITTATA (Hall). 
 
 (Plate III, Figs. 7 and 9). 
 
 (Bef. Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. 11 p. 345, PI. LXXXIII. Figs. la—b). 
 
 In the condition in which the fossils of the Guelph dolomites are preserved, this species 
 is most readily recognised by its columella, which is marked with a double spiral fold. In 
 other respects, the shell is not unlike that of Murehisonia Loganii. 
 
 Locality ami, Formation.— Qtud^h. Formation ; Elora and Hespeler. 
 
 197. MURCHISONIA LONGISPIRA (Hall). 
 
 (Plate III, Figs. 11 and 12). 
 
 {Ref. Murehisonia longispira, Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol. II, p. 345, PI LXXXIII Fies 
 2a-b). ^ ' 
 
 This species is readily recognised by its long and slender spire, consisting of numerous 
 volutions which expand very slowly ir d, jceeding from the apex to the mouth. The columella 
 is remarkably thick, and is simply rounued, without being in any way twisted. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— (iuelj^h Formation ; Elora, Hespelar and Guelph. 
 
 198. MURCHISONIA TUItRITIFORMIS (Hall), 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 10). 
 
 (Ref. Murehisonia turritiformis, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 347, PI. LXXXIII. 
 Picr.R. fia— J), 
 
 This species is distinguished by its long, turret-^ spire, which is composed of numerous 
 volutions. The whorls increase very slowly in size, and their outer surfaces are very slightly 
 
71 
 
 •ly above 
 [enmg of 
 the caft 
 id a well 
 m, paral- 
 iadioates 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Fig. 5). 
 s which 
 
 species 
 >ld. In 
 
 Figs. 
 
 imerous 
 tlumella 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 merous 
 slightly 
 
 •onvex or nearly flat, so that the two sides of the shell are approximately parallel about its 
 middle. The whorls are marked by a carina a little below their centre. 
 Locality and Formatim. — Guelph Formation, Elora. 
 
 199. MuRCHisoNiA Herotna (Billings). 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 2). 
 (Bef. Murchiscmia Hercyna, Billings, PalaeoEoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 158, Fig. 141). 
 In this species, the shell is conical or trochoid, with a nearly flat base, the apical angle 
 being about 65°. There are five or six gently rounded whorls, the surface being covered 
 with fine lamellose striae, which curve obliquely backwards from the suture to the lower edge 
 of the whorl. The length of the shell is fourteen lines, and its width at the base one inch. 
 Locality and Forrmtion. — Guelph Formation, Elora. 
 
 200. MuRCHisoNiA ViTELLiA (Billings). 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 6). 
 
 {Ref. Murchismia Fitellia, Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 156, Fig. 138). 
 
 la Ihia species, the shell is furnished with an elevat«d and conical spire of about four 
 angular solutions. The body-whorl is ventricose, and, in common with all the other whorls, 
 is furnished with a broad flat spiral band along its centre. Above the band, the whorls are 
 flat or slightly concave ; below, moderately convex. In the best preserved specimen in my 
 possession, the length of the shell is somewhat over two inches, of which the body-whorl takes 
 up one inch, the width of the body-whorl being an inch and a half. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Guelph Formation, Elora. 
 
 201. MURCHISONIA BOTLEI (NicholsOP; 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 1). 
 
 Shell turreted, with a long conical spire, the apical angle of which is about 18°. Whorls 
 ten or eleven in number, increasing regularly from the apex to the mouth, flat, with a well 
 marked spiral band or angulation situated just above the suture. Suture canaliculated. 
 Body-whorl little larger than the succeeding whorl, not ventricose. Base somewhat produced 
 below, apparently with a small umbilicus. Length two inches and a half, width of body- 
 whorl eleven lines. 
 
 This species is readily recognised by its turritiform shape ; its more rapid expansion than 
 is the case in M. longispira(iia.\l), M. iurritiformis (Hall) or M. ^'sfe/^a (Billings) ; its canalicu- 
 lated suture ; and the existence of an angular band a little above the suture, causing the lower 
 part of each whorl to project over the upper portion of the whorl next below. The above des- 
 cription is taken from a gutta-percha cast of a natural mould presented to the Museum of 
 Toronto University by Mr. David Boyle, Public School Teacher, Elora, to whom I have de- 
 dicated the species. 
 
 Locality and F&tmation. — Guelph Formation, Elora. 
 
 202. SUBULITES VENTRICOSA (Hall). 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 5). 
 {Ref. Pal. N. Y, Vol. I, p. 347, PI. LXXXIII. Figs. 7a -6, and Twentieth Re- 
 port on the State Cabinet, p. 346, PI. XV, Fig. 1). 
 
 Locality and FoTTna/ion.— Guelph Formation, Hespeler. 
 
 « I 
 
i 
 
 72 
 
 203. Cyolonbma ? elevata (Hall). 
 (Plate III, Figs. 16, 16a). 
 
 {Ref. Cyclomma i elevata, Hall, Twentieth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 342, PI. 
 XV. Fig. 4). 
 
 I have a couple of very well-preserved casts from the Guelph dolomites of Elora, which 
 agree in dimensions, apical angle, and other essential characters with the shell described 
 by Hall under the above name. The only diflFerencc to be noted is that one specimen exhibits 
 distinct indications of an obscure and shallow band on the body-whorl, which is not the case 
 in the specimens described by Hall. 
 
 Locality and Fmmation. — Guelph Formation, Flora. 
 
 204. Pleurotomabia solarioides (Hall). 
 
 (Plate III, Fig. 15). 
 
 {Bef. Pkurotomaria solarioides, Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. II, p. 348, PI. LXXXIV, 
 Figs. 4rt— 6). 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Guelph Formation of Hespeler, Guelph 
 and Eloia. 
 
 205. Pleurotomaria TrsioPEiA (Billings). 
 
 (Bef. Pleurotovmria Deiopeia, Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 155). 
 Locality and Formation. — Guelph Formation, Hespeler. 
 
 206. Straparollus Hippolyta (Billings). 
 
 (Bef. Straparollus Hippolyta, Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. T, p. 160, 
 Fig. 144). 
 
 207. HoLOPEA GuELPHENsis (Billings). 
 (Plate III, Fig. 18). 
 (Bef. Holopea Guelphensis, Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 159. 
 Fig. 143). 
 
 Locality and Fm-mation. —Guelph Formation, Elora. 
 
 208. Holopea Gracia (Billings). 
 (Plate III, Fig. 17). 
 
 {Holopea Gracia, Billings, Palaeozoic Fossils of Canada, Vol. I, p. 159;. 
 Locality and i^orma/ion.— Guelph Formation, Elora. 
 
 CHAPTEI? VII. 
 
 Fossils of the Devonian Formations. 
 
 In my report on the Palaeontology of Ontario for the year 1874, I gave desoriptioa»i of 
 one hundred and sixty species of fossils from the Devonian Rocks of Upper Canada. To 
 these I have now to add a considerable number of fresh forms, derived from additional maij^ 
 
78 
 
 t2, PI. 
 
 which 
 scribed 
 shibits 
 le case 
 
 [XIV, 
 3-uelph 
 
 55). 
 
 ). 160, 
 ). 159. 
 
 tioai of 
 a. To 
 
 rials which I obtained during the summer of 1874, in some further investigations which I 
 carried out in the Corniforous and Hamilton Formations. Some of these additional species 
 are new to science ; others are now recorded for the first time as occurring in Canada ; and 
 others, again, have been previously recognised as Canadian, by Mr. Billings, but had not come 
 under my notice at the time when my last years' report was written. 
 
 209. Cystiphylldm fruticosu.m (Nicholson). 
 
 (Plate I, Fig. 3). 
 
 Cystiphylhm fruticosum, Nicholson, Geological Magazine, December, 1874. 
 
 Corallum aggregate, composed of numerous, cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous co- 
 rallites, which grow side by side, but are not connected by epithocal processes or expansions, 
 and which often form colonies of several feet in circumference. Corallites about three lines in 
 diameter or rather less, and placed usually at intervals a'lart of two lines less or more. Epi- 
 theca thin, but distinct, marked with very uumerous finr , encircling striae, as well as irregular 
 annulations and constrictions of growth. Calice modt.ately excavated, from one and a half 
 to two lines in depth, exhibiting numerous bullae, sometimes with septal striae near the margin. 
 Internal structure wholly vesicular, the vesicles having a diameter of from half a line to nearly 
 one line. 
 
 With the exception tf the present very remarkable form, and the equally singular C. 
 aggregatum of Billings, all the known species of Cystiphyllum are simple. Its compound cha- 
 racter is therefore, of itself sufficient .o distinguish C fruticosum from all the hitherto re- 
 corded species of the genus except C. aggregaMm, and from this it is separated by its wholly 
 different form and mode of growth. In its general appearance C. fruticosum presents the 
 very closest resemblance to Diphyphyllum arundinaceum (Billings), with which it not uncom- 
 monly occurs associated, and with which it would certainly be confounded if its internal 
 structure were not examined. By this, howevor, it is at once separated, and is proved to be 
 conclusively a genuine CysiiphyUum. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Col- 
 borne and Hagersville. 
 
 210. Cystiphyllum superbum (Nicholson). 
 
 (Plate I. Fig. 1.) 
 Cystiphyllum superbum (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, December, 1874. 
 
 Corallum of large size, simple, turbinate, very broadly expanding. Calice extremely 
 large, circular, moderately deep, and very oblique, making, with the dorsal surface, an angle 
 of about 50 degrees and one of about 150 degrees with the ventral surface. The septa are 
 marked by distinct rows of bullae, which radiate from the bottom of the cup, and are not less 
 than one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty in number. The vesicles are small, 
 not exceeding half a line in diameter in the circumferential portion of the coral. Epitheca 
 well developed, with numerous fine encircling striae and annulations of growth. Owing to the 
 obliquity of the calice, the dorsal surface of the corallum is nearly twice as long as the ventral 
 surface ; and the greatest thickness is attained at about three inches above the base, or at about 
 half the total length. 
 
74 
 
 The only individaal observed had the following dimenHions : — Length measured along the 
 dorsal surface, six inches j along the ventral surface, throe inches and a half. Greatest thick- 
 ness, at three inches above the base, about three and a half inches. Diameter of oalice, four 
 and a half inches ; depth of calioe, about one inch. 
 
 This fine species is most nearly allied to C. wmcM^osMn»,(Goldfu8s.), but it is distinguished 
 from this and all other recorded species of the genus by its comparatively gigantic dimensions, 
 its very rapid expansion from the base upwards, and the striking obliquity of the oalice. When 
 viewed in profile its outline appears to be somewhat rhomboidal. This, however, is not a 
 natural or essential appearance, but is due to the fact that the dorsal surface, in the individual 
 examined, is abruptly geniculated about the middle of its length. There is, however, no rea- 
 son for supposing that this feature ?7onld prove to be a normal one in the species. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Group, Arkona, Township of Bosanquet. 
 
 211, Ekidophtllum striotum (Edwards & Haine). 
 
 Eridophyllum atrictum, Edwards & Haime, Pol. Foss. des Terr. Palaeoz. p. 424, PI. 
 VIII, Pig. 7. 
 
 Eridophyllum stridum, Billings, Canadian Journal New Series, Vol. IV, p. 133. 
 
 Corallum fasciculate, of elongated cylindrical corallites, which have a diameter of from 
 two to five lines, and are placed at intervals varying from half a line to two lines apart. The 
 corallites are sometimes annulated by sharp-edged epithecal projections at intervals of from 
 one and a half to three lines, and at each of these annulations arise small processes by which 
 the separate corallites are united to one another. At other times these periodic annulations, 
 and the processes which spring from them, are not nearly so well marked, and may hardly be 
 developed at all. In any case, the epitheca is marked by longitudinal and fine encircling striae, 
 of which the latter often have an oblique dii-ection. Increase is chiefly, or entirely, by oa- 
 licular gemmation, three or four young being often produced simultaneously from the oral 
 disc of the parent corallite. A well marked internal tabulatejarea is present. The septa are well 
 developed in the external area of the corallites, where they are united by delicate dissepiments. 
 The septa are apparently alternately developed, and rarely encroach mueh upon the internal 
 tabulate area, their number seeming to be about sixty in a full-sized corallite. 
 
 This species is somewhat variable. The specimens which I have seen from the Cor- 
 niferous Limestone of Ohio and Kentucky exhibit very conspicuously [ ... iodic annulations of 
 growth, from which the connecting processes are developed in a whorled manner ; but this 
 feature is not marked in the Canadian specimens. The species is most nearly allied to Eri- 
 dophyllum Simcomse (Billings), in general appearance and dimensions ; but I am satisfied that 
 the two forms are really distinct. When the connecting processes between the corallites are 
 not conspicuous, then E. strictum may usually be readily distinguished from E. Simcoense by 
 its calicular gemmation. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Woodstock. Hamilton Formation, 
 Riviere aux Sables, Bosanquet. 
 
 212. DiPHYPHYLLUM Archiaoi (Billings). 
 
 Diphyphyllum Archiaci, Billings, Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V, p. 260, Fig. 8. 
 Corallum aggregate, forming large masses of straight or slightly flexuous cylindrical cor- 
 
 ral! 
 
 tioi 
 of I 
 
 Ha 
 epc 
 cut 
 Bi 
 
75 
 
 PI. 
 
 rallites, which are placed nearly or quite in contact, and have a diameter of from six to nine 
 
 lines. Increase is by lateral gemmation, and 
 the young corallites rapidly attain the dimen- 
 sions of the adult. Generally there is a small 
 central tabulate area, into which the septa do 
 not extend. The septa are usually from fifty to 
 sixty in number, alternately large and small, 
 united by delicate dissepiments in the external 
 portions of the corallites. Epitheca with fine 
 concentric striae, and also with numerous annu- 
 lations and constrictions of growth. The annu- 
 lations of growth are usually sharp-edged, and 
 contiguous corallites are often united together 
 
 ,,• 1 I ,. . ..'^^'^■„t!: „ by their coalescence. 
 
 DtphyphyUum Archiaa (Billings), Hamilton Forma- _,, . 
 ti(m . ( After Billings). This species is readily recognised by its mode 
 
 of i^Towth, the large size of its corallites, and the characters of its epithecal covering. 
 
 Locality and Formalion. — Hamilton Formation ; Riviere aux Sables, Bosanquet. 
 
 213. Zaphrentis cornicula (Lesueur). 
 
 Caryophyllia cornicula (Lesueur), 1820. 
 
 Zaphrentis Phrygia (Rafinesque & Clifibrd), 1820. 
 
 Cuninia punctata (D'Orbigny), 1850. 
 
 Cyathophyllum Ammonis, dilatatum and conicum, 
 De Castelnau, Terr. Sil. de I'Amer. du Nord, V\. XXI, 
 Figs. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 Zaphrentis cornicula, Edwards & Haime, Pol. Foss. 
 des Terr.|Pal. PI. VI, Fig. 1. 
 
 Corallum turbinate, rapidly expanding, about three 
 inches in length when fully grown, and two inches 
 in diameter at the calice, more or less curved towards the 
 base. A large and deep fossette, usually placed on the 
 curved side of the corallum, sometimes on one side. 
 Septa unequally developed, usually from sixty to seventy 
 or eighty of the larger ones, with smaller ones intercalated 
 between them. The larger septa more or less closely 
 reaching the centre, where they may be more or lei? 
 twisted. Tabulae well developed, bent downwards to- 
 wards the circumference of the corallum. Epitheca with 
 a few shallow annulations of growth, and with longitu" 
 
 ^'^' '*^' dinal striae correspondin with the septa within. 
 
 ZaphrtntU cornicula (Edwards & t i i . .i -i ... n tt .i. 
 
 Haime), Hamilton Formation I see no reason to doubt the identity of our Hamilton 
 
 specimens with this species, as they agree perfectly with the numerous examples of Z. corni- 
 
 ctila which I have examined from the Corniferous Limestoae of Ohio and Kentucky. Mr. 
 
 Billings has expressed the opinion (Cajjarfjan Jour. New Series, Vol. V, p. 264) that Zaph- 
 
 I 
 
76 
 
 :sar. 
 
 rertis corniciUu will prove to be truly a HeUiyphyllum ; but all the speoiinonH wliich "have 
 come under my notice are clearly referable to the p;nnus Znphrentis. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Not very uncommon in the Hamilton Group, Arkona, Town- 
 ship of Bosanquot. 
 
 214. Ctathophyllcm ZF^rtjiUi ■ Billings). 
 
 Cyathophyllum Zenkeri, Billings, Canadian Jmrnid, Mow Sorits, Vol. V. p. 262, Fig. 
 11. 
 
 Corallum simple, turbinate, usually strongly curved towards the biiso, which is small 
 and pointed ; septa from one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty in number, some- 
 times equally developed, sometimes alternately large and small. In tho .i; - 1 n; mtial zone 
 of the coral, the interseptal loculi am rendered vesicular by the development of a number of 
 fine dissepiments, and longitudinal'seotions show the existence in the centre of the corallum of 
 a not very well developed tabulate area. Surface with fine encircling striae and low rounded 
 annulations of growth, marked with longitudinal strire which correspond with the septa within 
 and of which there are usually five or six in the space of two lines. Calice deep, usually with 
 a more or less flattened space at the bottom. The principal septa, more or fewer of them, 
 reach the centre of the calice, where they are often more or less twisted, and may even 
 be elevated so as to form a pseudo-columella. A septal fossette in several of the examples 
 observed. 
 
 The largest individual examined had a length of about two inches and a half, and a 
 diameter at the oup of twenty lines, the depth of the cup being rather over half an inch. 
 The smallest example observed had a length of an inch and a half, and a diameter at the top of 
 fourteen lines, the depth of the calice being eight lines. 
 
 The specimens upon which Mr. Billings founded this species were obtained from the 
 Comiferous Limestone ; but I have obtained a number of examples, agreeing in all essential 
 respects with his description of the species, from the Hamilton formation. 
 
 Locality and Fwmation. — Hamilton Formation, Arkona ; Township of Bosanquet. 
 
 215. MiCHELINIA PAVOSOTDEA (Billings).' 
 
 Michelinia favosoidea, Billings, Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 114. 
 Corallum forming large, spherical, hemispherical, or depressed masses composed of polygonal 
 corallites the diameter of which is usually about two lines and a half. Tabulae well developed, 
 flat, or slightly curved with the convexity directed upwards, sometimes vesicular towards their 
 outer margins. Septa represented by obscure striae or by rows of minute spiniform projections. 
 Mural pores variable in size and situation. Usually they form oval perforations in the walls of 
 the corallites, having their longer axis vertical ; or they may be in rows of five or six on each 
 plane surface of the corallite, in which case they are of small size ; or they may be quite ii 
 regular in their distribution in which case they are of larger size. 
 
 This species in general appearance is closely similar to Favosites favosa (Qoldfu&s), but 
 the characters of the mural pores and the sub- vesicular tabulae prove it to be a Michelinia. 
 It is very nearly related to Michelinia convexa (D'Orbigny), but the corallites are more uni- 
 form in size,^the tabulae are not so highly vesicular, and the mural pores are m.re numerous. 
 
 Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Walpole. (Also at the same horizon 
 at Louisville, Kentucky.) 
 
77 
 
 216. Amplexus LAXATUB (Billings)? 
 
 Ainpkxu8 hixittus (Billings), Canadian Naturalist. 
 
 The Corniferous Limestone of Ontario has yielded numerous examples of a hpeoies of 
 Jmjdcxus, which 1 believe to be identical with the A. luxatm of Uillings. I have not, how- 
 ever, uccess to the description of this species, and I am therefore obliged to leave this deter- 
 mination uncertain. Precisely the same form occurs in the Niagara Limestone, and also very 
 abundantly, in the Guelph Formation. All my specimens are fragmentary, and I cannot 
 made out their mode of growth accurately. Certain examples appear to be simple, and to 
 have the form of cylindrical floxuous stems, which are irregularly constricted at intervals, 
 and have a diameter of from one line to a line and a quarter. The tabulae are well developed, 
 and are placed generally ;.')out half a line apart. The septa are in the form of strong mar- 
 ginal ridges. Other examples consist of numerous tubes similar to the above, and placed about 
 two and a half,lines apart. Whether these actually form part of a compound mass or not, I am 
 unable to suy. If they do, then the species should probably be removed from Ampkxus, and 
 placed provisionally in the genus Dipliyphyllum. At the same time, the characters of the 
 septa are those of Amplems, and by no means those of DiphyphyUum. 
 
 Locality and Fin-mation.— CoTmiavona Limstone, Lot 6, Con. 1, Waiufleet, (Also in 
 the Niagara Limestone and Guelph formations of Canada.) 
 
 217. Oallopora MINUTI8SIMA (Nicholson). 
 
 Corallum forming thin crusts, not exceeding one quarter or one half of a line in thick- 
 ness, upon foreign bodies. Corallites exceedingly minute, about one hundred and fiftieth of 
 an inch in diameter. Calicesnot elevated above the general surface, oval or circular in shape, 
 
 separated by interspaces varying from half the diameter 
 of the calices to equal the diameter, about eight or ten 
 in the space of one line. Interspaces Vetween the coral- 
 lites filled with excessively linute circular or polygonal 
 tubuli. There do not seem to be any areolse or vacant 
 spaces filled simply with coenenchymal tubes. 
 Callopom minutissima (Nich.) ; a small Thjg gpecies forms thin crusts growing upon IJelio- 
 Sm;1ntVed!"HSV Vo^^on. phyllum Halli, ov H. ^-caespitosum, or enveloping the 
 columns of Crinoids. It is at once distinguished from all other recorded species of the genus 
 by the extreme slenderness of the corallites, and the excessive fineness of the coenenchymal 
 
 tubuli. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— lla.mi\U)ii formation, Arkona. 
 
 218. Phillips ASTR7EA uioas (Dale Owen). 
 
 Astra^a gigas, Dale Owen, Geo!. Survey, Iowa, &c., 1844, p. 70. PI. XIV. Fig. 7. 
 PhillipsastrcBa gigas, Billings. Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 128. 
 
 Corallum, forming large, spherical or hemispherical masses, the surface of which is covered 
 with corallites averaging one inch in diameter. The width of the calices is from four to six 
 lines and the corallites are destitute of walls, and are united with one another throughout 
 
78 
 
 their entir. height by the confluence of their septa. The number of septa appears to be from 
 fiftr to sixty and they carry arched striae on their sidea, and spine-like processes on their 
 edges, preciLcly as m the genus Ileliophijllum. 
 
 Locality and Fonmtion. Common in the Corniforous Limestone of the Township of 
 Walpole. * 
 
 219. Phillipsastr^a Verneuilli (Edwards and Haime). 
 
 Phillipsastma Verneuilli, Edwards and Haime, Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pal. PI. X. Fig. 5. 
 
 PhiUipsastrcBa Femeuilli, Billings, Canadian Journal, New Series Vol IV d 1->7 
 Fig. 24. , '. ir., p. i^(, 
 
 This species agrees in all the essential details of its structure with the preceding • but 
 the coralhtes are considerably smaller, having an average diameter of not more than half an 
 inch, whilst the oalices are only about a quarter of an inch across. The septa are from thirty- 
 five to fifty m number, and their edges are denticulated with minute spines. 
 
 Localitij and Formation—Common in the Corniferous Limestone of the Townships of 
 Walpole and Oneida. 
 
 220. Stromatopora nulliporoide? (Nicholson). 
 
 Fossil (" Sarcodeme") forming thin crusts, generally from one quarter of a line to half a 
 line m thickness, growing parasitically upon the exterior of corals. Surface conforming with 
 that of the body on which it is parasitic, quite smooth and apparently compact and imperfo- 
 rate. Under a high magnifying power, tie surface appears to be obscurely dotted, indicating 
 the existenca of minute pores. Here and there, also, irregularly distributed, are circular 
 openings about one quarter of a line in diameter ; but these are only occasionally present, and 
 often cannot be detected at all. The surface usually presents more or less numerous conical 
 projections or eminences, from half a line to one line in height ; but these appear to be usuallv 
 imperforate at their summits. The internal structure is composed of horizontal laming 
 separated by vertical dissepiments, about ten lamin* occupying the space of one line 
 
 This species is allied to S. granulata, (Nich.), and S. striatella, (D'Orb.,) but is distin- 
 guished by forming thin crusts which are attached parasitically to foreign bodies by the whole 
 of their inferior surfaces ; by the smooth, non-granulate, non-tuberculate and apparently solid 
 and imperforate surface ; and by the general presence of numerous small, sharp-pointed 
 conical emmences. The fossil, in its general appearance very closely resembles the crusts of 
 a Nulhpore ; but there is no doubt as to its being a genuine Stromatopcyra. All the exam- 
 ples which I have seen [are investing specimens of Cys</p%//Mm micwfosMm (Goldfuss) 
 
 Locality and Fomato/i. -Hamilton formation; Arkona. Also in the Corniferous Lime 
 stone, Port Colborne. 
 
 221. Cbramopora Huronensis (Nicholson). 
 (Plate II., Fig. 5-5rt.) 
 
 Polyzoary forming small patehes or crusts, of a rounded or irregular form from one 
 quarter to one-third of a line in thickness, growing parasitically upon foreign bodies, and 
 rarely exceeding three or four lines in diameter. Cells radiating from a central or excentric 
 
n 
 
 point, about six in the space of one line, partially immorged, elevated towards their mouth*, 
 which are of a sub-triangular or ore8c«ntic form when perfectly preserved. 
 
 This species resembles young examples of Ceramnpora Ohioensis (Nicholson) ; but is 
 distinguished from adult examples of the same by forming small parasitic crusts, composed of 
 a single layer of cells, which radiate from a central point. The cells also are to a much 
 greater extent immersed than is the case in V. Ohioensis, and are not so closely set. From O. 
 incrustans (Hall), the present species is separated by its smooth, not nodulose or tuberculated 
 surface. C. Huronenm somewhat resembles the figures of Berenicea {Diastopora ?) irregularis 
 (Lonsd.), but the latter is stated to possess round cell-mouths, and the published description 
 is not sufficient to allow of a detailed comparison. 
 
 Locality and Fwmation. — Hamilton Group ; Arkona. Growing on the exterior of Cys- 
 ti^ihyllum vesiculosum and JJeliophyllum Halli. 
 
 Genus Heterodictya (Nicholson). 
 
 PolyEoary (1) forming a simple, flattened, unbranched, two-edged frond, with sub-parallel 
 sides J consisting of two series of cells, the bases of which rest upon opposite sides of a thin 
 longitudinally-striated central membrane or laminar axis, from which they are directed obli- 
 quely outwards in opposite dirootions. The cells open in longitudinal rows on the two flat or 
 slightly convex surfaces of the frond, and have the form of more or less cylindrical tubes, 
 which are septate or divided transversely by a series of well developed tabulm. Cell -mouths 
 unknown. 
 
 In most essential characters, and in general appearance, the genus Heterodictya entirely 
 resembles Ptilodidya. We have, however, the very anomalous, and very important feature 
 that the cells in the present genus are as thoroughly and regularly tabulate as in the genus 
 Chcetetes. This clearly necessitates the removal of Heterodidya from Ptilodidya, and estab- 
 lishes a very interesting transitional link between the Polyzoa and the Tabulate Corals. I am 
 only acquainted with a single species referable to this genus, but this is of large size. 
 
 222. Heterodictya gioantea (Nicholson). 
 
 (Plate II., Fig. la, b, c, d, e.) 
 
 Polyzoary (?) forming a single, flattened, unbranched, two-edged frond, the dimensions 
 of which are unknown, though certainly very great. The largest specimen observed, expands 
 gradually in width in proceeding from the base upwards. Its length is three inches and a- 
 quarter, the breadth of the broken base is nine lines, and the breadth of the broken distal 
 extremity is fifteen lines. Both ends of this fragment are broken away, and its real length 
 may be estimated with every probability as being at least half a foot. The edges of the frond 
 are quite sharp, and its thickness in the centre is two lines. Its cross section is thus acutely 
 elliptical, and the two poriferous surfaces are gently and regularly convex, without any central 
 angulation. The frond is completely divided into two halves, by a central laminar axis, which 
 is marked by longitudinal striae, corresponding with the rows of cells, but does not exhibit 
 tyonoynypo afched strlse. The cells are arranged in longitudinal rows, in three series. The 
 first series is central, and consists of a few rows in which the successive cells are themselves 
 longitudinal, and are not obliquely disposed. The remaining two series of rows are lateral, 
 and each consists of a number of rows in which the cells are directed obliquely outwards and 
 
80 
 
 upwards aa regards the direotion of the row itself. The general arranj^ement of the cells is 
 thus penniform. There are about six rows of cells in one line measured transversely, and 
 thus there are ninety rows altogether at the broader end of the frond. There are four or five 
 cells in the space of one line measured longitudinally, and the cells alternate in contiguous 
 rows. The cells have the form of cylindrical tubes directed upwards towards the surface at an 
 angle of about 70° with the laminar axis. Each tube is partitioned off transversely by well 
 developedjtabulse. Most of the tabulse are complete ; but some do not quite reach across the 
 tube ; and there are five or six of them in the space of one line. The bases of the cells, as 
 seen by decortication of the laminar axis, have mostly the form of narrow ovate slits. The 
 free surfaces of the frond, and consequently the character of the cell-mouths are unknown. 
 
 This remarkable form resembles Ptilodidya lanceolata (Qoldfuss), in its general shape 
 and in the penniform arrangement of its yells ; and it e .^cis by no means impossible that the 
 latter species may ultiii}» ely be shown to possess tabulate cells, and thus to belong to the genus 
 Heterodicfya. Under any circumstances, however, P. hnceolata Is separated from the present 
 form by its comparatively diminutive dimensions ; and I know of no other recorded species of 
 the genus Ptilodidya with which Heterodidya gigantea could be confounded 
 
 Locality and Fw-mution. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Jarvis, Township of 
 Walpole. (Collected by Mr. George Jennings Hinde). 
 
 223. Ptilodictta Gilberti (Meek). 
 
 {Ptilodidya Gilberti, Meek, Palaeontology of Ohio, Vol.1 , PI. XVIII, Figs. la—r). 
 
 This species is nearly allied to P. Meeki, which I formerly described from the Corniferous 
 Limestone of -Canada (Report on the Palaeontology of Ontario, p. 98, Fig. 34, 1874) ; but it 
 is distinguished by the following differences: — 1. The longitudinal rows of cells are much 
 wider than in P. Meeki, about four or five being present in the space of one line measured 
 transversely. 2. The cell-mouths have well-marked raised lips or margins, and are thus dis- 
 tinctly elevated above the general surface. 3. The laminar axis is marked with distinct trans- 
 verse arched striae. 4. The frond divides at much shorter intervals, and the mode of division 
 is not dichotomous, the branches being given off more or less nearly at right angles to the 
 main stem. 
 
 Generally speaking, therefore, P. Gilberti may be recognised by its general form and 
 mode of division ; the remote, quincuncially arranged cells, with their elevated mouths ; the 
 well-marked clcviited lines between the rows of cells ; and the transversely striated axis. 
 
 Locality and Foimation. — Corniferous Limestone, Jarvis. (Collected by Mr. George 
 
 Jeanings Hiude). 
 
 224. Ptilodictya cosciniformis (Nicholson). 
 
 (Plate II, Fig. 2ti— /). 
 
 Polyzoary rooted by a strong foot-stalk, which is partly striated longitudinally, partly 
 covered with the apertures of cells interspersed with numerous minute interstitial tubuli. At 
 the summit of the foot-stalk, the frond divides into a number of flattened branches, which 
 ultimately divide and coalesce >/ith one another, so as to form a network with oval meshes. 
 The branches of this network are flattened and sharp-edged, with gently rounded surfaces. 
 Their cross-section is acutely elliptical, their thickness in the middle being half a line, their 
 width being two lines, and the meshes which separate them being about two lines in their long 
 
81 
 
 the cells is 
 jrsely, and 
 bur or five 
 3ontiguous 
 rface at an 
 ly by well 
 across the 
 he cells, as 
 lilts. The 
 known, 
 leral shape 
 lie that the 
 ) the genus 
 the present 
 I species of 
 
 ownship of 
 
 la— ^•). 
 Dorniferous 
 r4) ; but it 
 
 are much 
 i measured 
 re thus dis- 
 itinct trans- 
 
 of division 
 jles to the 
 
 x\ form and 
 louths ; the 
 . axis. 
 Mr. George 
 
 lally, partly 
 tubuli. At 
 ches, which 
 vai meahesJ. 
 3d surfaces, 
 a line, their 
 n their long 
 
 diameter. The sharp borders of the branches are marked with longitudinal and oblique striae, 
 interspersed with the apertures of minute tubuli, a complete margin of this nature surrounding 
 each mesh of the terminal network. The cells are not disposed in longitudinal rows separated 
 by elevated lines ; but are arranged quincuncially so as to form two series of intersecting 
 curved diagonals. The cell-mouths are regularly oval, each with a distinct rim, not elevated 
 above the general surface, about six or seven of them occupying the space of one line measured 
 diagonally. The interspaces left by the apposition of the oval cell-mouths are entirely filled 
 by very minute interstitial tubuli, the ajpertures of which are circular or oval. 
 
 This beautiful species forms in many respects a transition between the typical Ptilodictyce 
 and the thin reticulated expansions to which the name of Clathropora or Coscinium has been ap- 
 plied. It is distinguished by the following more important characters :— 1. The mode of growth 
 is peculiar. The polyzoary springs from a strong and thick root-stalk, from the top of which 
 proceed several branches, which do not lie in the same plane, but are so disposed as to form a 
 tuft or cluster similar to that of such a recent form as Flustra truncaia. These branches sub- 
 divide, and their divisions inosculate so as to form a network, the characters of which are 
 similar to those of Clathropora. 2. The cells are not arranged in longitudinal rows separated 
 by elevated lines. 3. The cell-mouths are oval, and are quinoimcially disposed. 4. All the 
 interstices between adjacent cells are filled up with numerous minute interstitial tubuli, simi- 
 lar tubules being present on the striated margins of the branches, and over considerable 
 portions of the footstalk. The only example, I have seen, is growing upon Heliophylhm Halli, 
 to the exterior of which the footstalk is attached by a widely expanded base. 
 
 Locality and formation. — Hamilton Group, Arkona. 
 
 225. Fenestella Davidsoni (Nicholson). 
 (Plate III. Fig. 3a— c.) 
 
 Frond small, flabelliform, the branches (" interstices ") keeled on both sides of the frond 
 with very high, thin, and sharp-edged carina). Three or four branches in the space of one 
 line, dividin£^ dichoiomously, usually with great regularity, at intervals of from two to three 
 lines. Roth the branches and the keels are more or less wavy or sinuous, sometimes as regu- 
 larly so as in some Rdeporoi ; and the dissepiments are very wide, deeply sunk below the level 
 of the celluliferous surface of the frond, and looking as if formed by anastomosis of the bran- 
 ches. The dissepiments are about one-third of a line in width, and do not carry cells. The 
 fenestrules are oval, about one-third of a line long, very slightly longer than wide, alternately 
 placed in contiguous rows, about two of them in one line, measured longitudinally. Cell- 
 mouths rounded or transversely oval, about three of them opposite to each fenestrule. Non-pori- 
 ferous side of the branches smooth, with the same thin, sharp and prominent keel as is seen 
 on the celluliferous side. 
 
 This species, in its mode of growth and division, and in the sharpness of the carina be- 
 tween the rows of cells, strongly resembles F. Milleri (Lonsdale); but the latter is stated to 
 possess narrow and slender dissepiments, placed two lines apart, with fenestrules five or six 
 times loiiger than wide, about twelve |)oretf going to the length of a fenestrule. I cannot 
 therefore, but think that the present species is clearly distinct, and I have dedicated it to my 
 friend, Thomas Davidson, Esq.,F.R.S., one of the most eminent of living palaeontologists. F. 
 
82 
 
 Davidsmi is distinguished by its regularly dichotomising branches, with prominent sharp-edged 
 keels on both sides the undulated character of the branches, and the great width of th« 
 dissepiments, which look as if formed by the anastomosis of the branches, whilst the fenestrules 
 are little longer than wide. In the aspect of the celluliferous surface and the sinuous course 
 of the branches, the species makes a close approach to some species of the genus Eetepora ; 
 but the presence of non-poriferous dissepiments, and the ejcistence of a keel separating two 
 rows of cells seem sufficient to justify the reference of the species to Fenestella. The keels are 
 so prominent that specimens, especially when viewed from the non-celluliferous side often 
 exhibit nothing except these structures projecting above the matrix. 
 Locality and Formation.— Eamilton Group, Arkona and Widder. 
 
 226. CEANIA HAMILTONIiE (Hall). 
 
 Crania Hamiltonice, Hall, Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 77. 
 Crania Hamiltonio', Hall, Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV, p. 27, PI. Ill, Figs. 17-23. 
 
 Ventral valves of this fine species of Crania are not uncommon in the Hamilton Forma, 
 tion, adhering to the epitheca of CystiphylJum vesiculosum. They are readily recognised by 
 the presence of four strong impressions for the adductor muscles, the two posterior being dis- 
 tant, and the two anterior placed near together with the pit for the protractor muscles between 
 them. The valve is somewhat oval in shape, and about six or seven lines in diameter when 
 
 fully grown. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— lUvaihon groui), Arkona. 
 
 227. SPIRIFERA GRANtLIFERA (Hall). 
 
 Spirifera granulifura, Hall, Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 163 and Pal, N. Y. 
 Vol. IV, p. 223, PI. XXXVI. 
 
 This handsome species cf Spirifera has not, so far as I am aware, been hitherto recognised 
 in Canada. Mr. George Jennings Hinde, however, last summer collected a number of Spiri- 
 fers from the Hamilton Formation of Ravenswood, which agree in all essential respects with 
 the above form. Hall describes the species aa having the entire surface of the plications, fold 
 and sinus covered by extremely fine interrupted longitudinal striae, which form numerous 
 minute pustules or short slender spines, which give a strongly granuloso :ispect to the shell. 
 This distinguishing character, however, can only be seen, where the outer surface of the shell 
 has been well preserved. This species, according to Hall, has a very wide distribution in 
 the Hamilton Formation, it having been found in Maryland and Virginia, as well as in various 
 parts of the State of New York. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— U&miltoa Formation ; Ravenswood, Township of Bosanquet. 
 
 228. Spirifera sculptilis (Hall). 
 
 belthyrisseulptilis, Hall, Geol. Rep. Fourth Dist. New York, p. 202. 
 
 Spin/era sc^ptilis, Hall, Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV, p. 221, PI. XXXV, Figs. 10-14. 
 
 Spirifera sculptilis, Billings, Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI, p. 262, Fig. 79. 
 
 Mr. Billings enumerates this species with some doubt as occurring in the Hamilton For- 
 maticn. I have, however, undoubted examples from this horizon. The species is readily re 
 
83 
 
 cognised by the presence of from three to five elevated plioatiooB on each side of the mesial 
 fold and sinus ; these plications being crossed by strong imbricating concentric stria,, and leav- 
 '^one '^'°' '* '""^ "''"^'"'^ '°^^' ""^''^ '' corrugated by the concentric striae 
 
 Locality ami Formation.— Uamiiton group, Arkona. 
 
 229. GoNiAX'iTES UNUNQULAras (Conrad). 
 
 Goniatites uniangularis, Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. VIII p. 
 268, PI. XVI, Fig. 4. ' > f- 
 
 Goniatites tmiangularis, Hall, Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet p 98 Fie 6 
 bis. > f > b- 
 
 Locality/ and Formation.— Not uncommon in the Hamilton shales, Widder. 
 
 230. Orthocebas exile (Hall). 
 OrtJioceras exile, Hall, Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 78, PI. VFII, Fig. 5. 
 
 Locality and Formation.— Fragments of a slender Orfhoceras which appear to belong to 
 this species are not rare in the Hamilton Formation at Widder. 
 
 231. Spirorbis anqulatus (Hall). 
 Spirorbis angulatus, Hall, Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 112. 
 
 " Discoid or very slightly ascending, making two or more volutions ; outer volution ro- 
 bust; the transverse (diameter greater than the dorso-veatra!, and the sides sometimes sub- 
 angular. Surface lameilose striate, the lamella undulating and somotimos crowded into ridgos, 
 and the upper angular side sometimes nodose. The aperture is rounded or oval, and usually 
 nearly rectangular to the plane of volution, but sometimes turned upwards." (Hall, he cit). 
 
 I have two or three specimens of a. Spirm-Us, growing upon S^nrlgmt spiriferoides, which 
 agree in their characters with the above description. The sutire spiral is about three-fourths 
 of a line in diameter, and the longest diameter of the ;ube at if. mouth is half a line. The 
 species is distinguished by its surface characters, the ventricosity of the last turn of the tube, 
 and the elevation of the aperture at right angles to the plane of volution. It is a dextral 
 species, and is much larger than S. Arkonensis (Nich.) ; whilst its transverse striation is much 
 less regular and close than it is in the latter species. 
 
 Locality and Formation, — Hamilton formation ■ Widder. 
 
 232. Spiroeibis spinulifertjs (Nioholson) 
 
 Tube dextral, of two and a half volutions, evenly rounded, and not ant^alated or carinated 
 diameter of the entire spiral nearly two lines, the diameter of the tube near ie mouth being 
 about three-fourths of a line. The tube is broken close to the mouth ; but the last volution 
 
84 
 
 A is 
 
 ■iL- 
 
 .*fe|: 
 
 is elevated, and the tube is consequently deeply umbi- 
 licated on the free side. There is, however, nothing to 
 lead one to suppose that the aperture did not open very 
 nearly in the plane of the spiral. Surface, with fine 
 transverse striae, and also with numerous strong spini- 
 
 In form and dimensions this species is near S. 
 
 a,Spiror6is/airu«{Hall) 6 specimen of the ^ projections or tubercles, 
 
 same in which tl>? last volution is free (after i"ii", F "J 
 Hall). From the Lower Helderberg forma- Jq f^jm ^nd dimensions 
 
 Sfo^mSf"^^'"""-^""^ ^^ omphalodes (Goldfuss) ; but it is slightly larger, and 
 
 its surface characters are quite different. From ,Sf. angulatus (Hall), it is separated by its 
 regularly rounded, not angulated or compressed tube, its larger dimensions, and its spinulose- 
 surface. 
 
 Locality and Formation.. Hamilton group ; Arkona. Growing upon Heliophyllum Halli. 
 
 
85 
 
 imbi- 
 ng to 
 1 very 
 1 fine 
 spini- 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 ar S. 
 ■, and 
 by its 
 ulose- 
 
 Halli. 
 
 Fio. 00. 
 
 Holopeaf occidentaHs (Nicholson), 
 Natural sire, "" 
 Formation. 
 
 HOLOPEA ? OOCIDENTALIS (Nicholson). 
 
 Shell conical, with a small but alevated spire ; whorls five, convex, with the greatest con- 
 vexity in the upper fourth ; body-whorl extremely large, occupying nearly three-fourths of the 
 length of the shelJ, moderately expanded towards the aperture, at which point it is almost 
 free. Aperture circular. In the cast there is a large umbilicus. 
 
 The length of the shell is twenty-one lines, the width of the 
 base (including the aperture) is nineteen lines ; the height of 
 the body- whorl ^^is fit teen lines, the height and width of the 
 aperture, each nearly nine lines, the width of the umbilicus 
 is four lines, and the height of the spire is about six lines. The 
 surface characters are unknown. 
 
 It is . ' ossible to feel certain whether this form is rightly 
 referable to Holopea or not, though its general characters 
 would lead us to place it in this genus. Tbp species is distin- 
 guished by its short but elevated spire, its large body-whorl, 
 becoming almost disjunct at tlie aperture, its circular aperture, 
 and its large umbilicus. The upper whorls are almost uni- 
 ^^^ formly convex, but the body-whorl is obtusely angulated at 
 about its upper fourth, being somewhat flattened from this point to the suture. The suture 
 ie deep. There are no traces of a band or carina. 
 
 Formation and Locality. — Guelph Limestone, Elora. 
 
 Genus Leptobolus (Hall). 
 
 The genus Leptobolus has been proposed hy Hall (Twenty- fourth Annual Report on the 
 State Cabinet, p. 226) for ce'-tain minute Linguloid shells, which occur in the Utioa slates 
 of New York and Iowa, and the Hudson River Group of Ohio. The shell in this genus is 
 semipho.Hphatic, fragile, minute, elliptical, or sub-circular, with usually moderately convex 
 valves, marked externally with concentric striae. The ventral valve show.s a distinct area 
 and a pedicle-groove, with an elevated sub-quadratx) muscular area in the interior. The 
 interior cf the dorsal valve . ' '>; i ^i 4^htly elevated trifid muscular impressians. 
 
 I am not aware that sf.ell*; of this genus have as yet been recognised as occurring in 
 Canada, but I have fouid ex;iixi;)les to be tolerably numerous in the Utica slates of CoUing- 
 wood and Whitby. Hall defines three species of the genus, all differing in slight peculiari- 
 ties of shape, and I Hhould be inclined to refer the Canadian examples to his Leptobolus 
 insignia. The shell is extremely minute, rarely exceeding one line in length, orbicular, or 
 broad]'' ovite with refularlv convex valves, which arc marked externallv by conoeutric lines 
 cf growth and fine radiating striae. 
 
 Locality and Fo-rmation— Abun'^.aDt in the Utica slates of N^;ttawasaga Bay and 
 Whitbj. 
 
I 
 
 86 
 
 LIST OF FOSSILS. 
 
 The letter T. indicates the occurrence of the species in the Trenton Limestone ; H. R. in 
 the Hudson River Foimation ; U in the Utioa slates; Gl. luthe Clinton Formation, N. in the 
 Niagara Group ; Or. in the Guelph Formation ; C. in the Comiferous Limestone ; and H- 
 in the Haiuilton Formation. 
 
 I. Protozoa. 
 
 1. 
 
 Stromatop 
 
 ra sp. (T). 
 
 2. 
 
 (( 
 
 striiitella, D'OrUgny (N). 
 
 3. 
 
 a 
 
 concentrica, Gclifuss (G). 
 
 1 
 
 " 
 
 ostiolata, Nicholson, .'G). 
 
 5. 
 
 << 
 
 nuUiporoides, Nicholson (0 and H) 
 
 6. 
 
 u 
 
 Hindei, Nicholson (01. and N). 
 
 II. HTDROiOA. 
 
 7. Diplograpsus Hudaonlci,:, 'ijr-Mi'on (H R). 
 
 8. " Pristid, hdngtr (U). 
 
 9. Cliroacograpsus toretiusculas. ilidnger (U). 
 
 III. ACTINOZOA. 
 
 10. 
 
 11. 
 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18, 
 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 27. 
 
 Golumnaria alveolata, Hall non Goldfuss (T). 
 
 " Goldfussi, Billings (T). 
 
 Favistella stellata, Hall (H. R). 
 
 " calicina, Nicholson (H R). 
 
 Columnopora cribriformis, Nicholsorv (H R). 
 
 Tetradium fibratum, Safford ? (T). 
 
 " mixrns, Saprd{BB,). 
 
 Favosites Gothlandica, Lamarck (T ? N ; G ; 
 
 " favosa, Goldfuss (N), 
 
 sp (CI). 
 " Forbesi, Edwards and Haime (G). 
 
 " hemispherica, Yandell and Shumard (G), 
 
 " polymorpha, Goldfuss (G). 
 
 " (Astroceriura) venusta, Hall (N; G). 
 
 dubia, DeBkivvilk ? (N). 
 
 " ? (Cladopora) multipora Hall (N). 
 
 " ? (Cladopora) striata, hall (N). 
 
 Michelinia favosoidea, BiWngs (C). 
 
 H). 
 
 m 
 
87 
 
 R. in 
 in the 
 id H- 
 
 28. ChsBtetes petropolitanus, Pander (T ; H R). 
 
 29. " discoideus, Jamea (T ; H R). 
 
 30. " undulatus, Nicholson (T j H R) 
 
 31. " pulchelluB, Edwards and Baime (T). 
 
 32. " Fletcheri, Edwards and Eaime (T ; H R). 
 
 33. " gracilis, James (T). 
 
 34. " delicatulus, Nicholson (H R). 
 36. " sp. (01.) 
 
 36. Callopora minutissima, Nicholson (H). 
 
 37. C'oenit«s laminata, Hall (N). 
 
 38i " " lunata, Nicholson and Hindc (N). 
 
 39. Alveolites Fischeri, Billings (N). 
 
 40. " " Niagarensis, Nicholson and Hindc (N). 
 
 41. Striatopora flexuosa, Hall (N). 
 
 42. Halysitea catenularia. Linnaeus (N). 
 
 43. " " agglomerata, HaU (N ; G). 
 
 44. Heliolites sp. (CI). 
 
 45. " " interstincta, Wahknberg (N). 
 
 46. Astrseophyllum gracile, Nicholson and Hincle (N). 
 
 47. Syringopora retiformis, Billings (N). 
 
 48. Cannapora annulata, Nicholson ami Hindc (N). 
 
 49. Protarea vetusta, Edwards and Eaime (T). 
 
 50. Amplexus laxatus, Billings ? (N 3 G ; C). 
 
 51. " " /andelli, Edwards and Eaime (G). 
 
 52. Streptelasma corniculum, Hall (T. and H R). 
 
 53. Zaphrentis Stokesi, Edwards and Eaime (CI. and N). 
 
 54. " " Roemeri, Edwards ami Eaime (N). 
 
 55. " " bilateralis, //aM (N). 
 
 56. " " cornicula, Lesueur (H). 
 
 57. Vet\a,i&-pygmiea,, Billings (N). 
 
 58. Cyathophyllum Zenkeri, Billings (H). 
 
 59. Diphyphyllum csespitosum, Hall (N). 
 
 60. " " Archiaci, Billings (H> 
 
 61. Eridophyllum strictum, Edwards and Eaime (C and H). 
 
 62. Phillipsastraea gigas, Dale Oiven (C). 
 
 63. " " Verneuilli, Edwards and Haime (C). 
 
 64. Cystiphyllum fruticosum, Nicholson, (C). 
 
 65. " " superbum, Nicholson (H). 
 
 IV. Ceinoidea. 
 
 66. Glypto«rinu8 sp. (T). 
 
 G7. " " plumosus, Hall (CI). 
 
 68. Caryocrinus ornatus, HaU (N). 
 
88 
 
 V. POLYZOA. 
 
 69. Ptilodiotya aoutp., {Hall) T. 
 
 70. " " faloiformis, NicMson (T). 
 
 71. " " feneHtelliformis, Nidwlmi (T). 
 
 72. " " Shafferi, Meek (H R). 
 78. " " craasa, Hall (CI). 
 
 74. " " p'iDotata, Nicholson and Hindc (CI). 
 
 76. " " ? raripora, Hall (CI). 
 
 76. " " Gilberti, Meek (C). 
 
 77. " " cosciniformis, JVicAofe(»i (H). 
 
 78. Clathropora sp. (T). 
 
 79. " " frondosa, iZaZZ (N). 
 
 80. " " iD'^ermedia, Nicholson and Hinde (N). 
 
 81. Retepora T.entonensis, Nicholson (T). 
 
 82. " " aap^ra^o-striata, Hall (N). 
 
 83. Fenestella tenuis, Hall (CI). 
 
 84. " " tennice^s, Hall (S). 
 
 85. " " Davidsoni, iV^JcWsoM(H). 
 
 86. Helopora fragilis, HlU (CI). 
 
 87. Phsenopora ensiformis, Hall (CI). 
 
 88. Rhinopora verrucosa, Hall (CI). 
 
 89. Trematopora ostiolata, Hal! (N). 
 
 90. Ceramopora Huronensis, Nicholson (H.) 
 
 91. Heterodictya gigantea, Nicholson (C). 
 
 VI. Brachiopoda. 
 
 92. Leptsena sericea, So^Mrby{T ; H R ; U; CI). 
 1)3. " " transversalis, Dolman (N). 
 94. Strophomena altemata, Conrad (T ; H R). 
 95. 
 96. 
 97. 
 98. 
 99. 
 100. 
 
 
 " " filitexta, Hall (T ; H R). 
 " " deltoidea, Conrad (T). 
 " " fluctuosa, Billings (T). 
 Strophomena rhomboidalis, WahUnherg (T ; CI ; N). 
 " subplana, Conrad (N). 
 
 sp. (N). 
 
 101. Orthis testudinaria, Dalman (T ; H R ; U). 
 
 biforata, Schlotheim (T ; H R ; N). 
 
 subquadrata, Hall (T). 
 
 plicatella, Hall (T ; U). 
 
 flabellulum, Sowerhy (T, CI). 
 
 calligramma, var. Davidsoni, De Verneuil (CI). 
 
 elegantula, Dalman (CI. N). 
 
 102. 
 •103. 
 104. 
 105. 
 106. 
 107. 
 108. Rhynchonella recurvirostra, Hall (T). 
 
89 
 
 109. 
 110. 
 111. 
 112. 
 113. 
 114. 
 115. 
 116. 
 117. 
 118. 
 
 119. 
 
 120. 
 
 121. 
 
 122. 
 
 123. 
 
 124. 
 
 125. 
 
 126. 
 
 127. 
 
 128 
 
 129. 
 
 130. 
 
 131. 
 
 132. 
 
 133. 
 
 134. 
 
 Rhynohonella inorebrescens, Hall (T). 
 
 " negleota, Hall (CI.) 
 
 Leptoooelia planooonvexa, Hall (CI). 
 Atrypa reticularifl, Linncem (CI ; N). 
 Athyris intermedia, Roll (N). 
 
 " (Atrypa) naviformis, Ball (01 ; N). 
 Lingula Cobargensis, Billings (T). 
 " Progne, Billings (U). 
 " lamellata, Hall (N). 
 Dinobolus magnifious, Billings (T). 
 Trematis Ottawaensis Billings (T). 
 Disoina sp. (H.R). 
 
 " tenuilamellata, Hall (N). 
 '< (Orbiculoidea) Forbesi, Davidson (N). 
 Pentamerus oblongus, Sowerhy (N). 
 " ocoiden talis, IIoU (G). 
 
 " (Pentamerella ?) ventricosus. Hall (G). 
 
 Charionella Hyale, Billings (G). 
 Trimerella grandis, Billings (G). 
 
 " Dalli, Davidson and King (G). 
 " acuminata, Billings (6). 
 Monomerella prisca, Billings (G). 
 Spirifera Niagarensis, Conrad (N). 
 •< granulifera. Hall (H). 
 " sculptilis, ball (H). 
 Crania Hamiltonise, Hall (H). 
 
 VII. Lamellibranchiata. 
 
 135. Ambonychia radiata. Roll (H R). 
 
 136. Avicula demissa, Conrad (H R). 
 
 137. " alata. Hall (CI). 
 
 138. Modiolopsis modiolaris, Hall (H R). 
 
 139. " curta. Hall (H R). 
 
 140. " orthonota, Conrad (CI). 
 
 141. Cleidophorns planulatus, Roll (H R). 
 
 142. Lyrodesma poststriata, Emmons (H R). 
 
 143. Ctenodonta sp. (CI). 
 
 144. Megalomus Canadensis, Hall (G). 
 
 145. " compressus, Nicholson and Hmde, 
 
 VIII. Gasteropoda. 
 
 (G.) 
 
 146. Murchiaouia bellicincta. Hall (T). 
 
 147. « gracilis, Hall (T ; H R). 
 
 148. " sub-fusiformis, Hal! (T). 
 
90 
 
 150. 
 151. 
 162. 
 153. 
 154. 
 155. 
 156. 
 157. 
 
 149. MurohiBonia subulata, Conrad (CI). 
 " Loganii, Hall (0), 
 
 " maorospira, Hall (G). 
 
 " bivittata, Hall (G). 
 
 " longiHpira, Hall (G). 
 
 " turritiformis, Hall (G). 
 
 " Hercyna, Billings (G). 
 
 « Vitellia, Billings (G). 
 
 " Boylei, Nicholson (G). 
 
 158. Pleurotomaria umbilioata, Hall (T). 
 
 159. <' lentioularis, Sowerby (T). 
 
 160. '• solarioides, Hall (G). 
 
 161. " Deio]^i&, Billings (G). 
 
 162. Platyostoma Niagarensis, Hall (N). 
 
 163. Subulites ventrioosa, Hall (G). 
 
 164. Oyoloncma? elevata, Hall {Or). 
 
 165. Holopea Guelphensia, Billings (G). 
 
 166. " graoia, .killings (G). 
 
 167. Straparollus Hippolyta, Billings (Q). 
 
 168. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby (T). 
 
 169. Oyrtolitesornatus, Conr<M?(H. R). 
 
 IX. Pteeopoda. 
 
 170. Conularia Trentonensis, Hall (T). 
 
 171. Tentaoulites tenuistriatus, Meek and Worthen (H R.) 
 
 172. « distans, Hall (CI). 
 
 173. " negleotus, Nicholson and Hinde (Cl). 
 
 X. Cephalopoda. 
 
 174. Endooeras longissinum, Hall (T). 
 
 175. « proteiforme, £?aK (H R. ; U). 
 
 176. Orthoceraa teretiforme, Hall (T). 
 
 177. " lamellosum, Hall (H R). 
 
 178. " exile, Hall (H). 
 
 179. Onnooerae orebriseptum, Hall (H R). 
 
 180. Goniatites uniangularifl, Conrad (H). 
 
 XI. Annelida. 
 
 181. Scolithus verticalis, Hall (Cl). 
 
 182. Arenicolites sparaus, Salter (Cl), 
 
 183. PlaaoliteH vulgaris, Nicholson (Cl). 
 
 184. Spirorbis angulatus, Hall (H). 
 
 186. « apinuliferus, Nicholson (H). 
 
91 
 
 XII. Crustaoba. 
 
 184. Leporditia Canadensis, Jones (T). 
 
 187. Beyriohiasp. (H. R). 
 
 188. Asaphus platyoephalus, Stokes (T ; H R). 
 
 189. Calymene Blumenbaohii, Brongniart (T ; H R ; 01 
 
 190. Phaoops oaudatuB, Brongniart (N). 
 
 191. Triarthrus Beokii, Oreen (IT). 
 
 192. Asaphus Canadensis, Chapman (U). 
 
 XIII. iNOERTiE SEDI8. 
 
 193. Licrophyoua sp. (T). 
 
 194. Palseophycus sp. (T). 
 
 195. " vi:rgatus, Hall (H R). 
 
 196. Rusophycus bUobatus, Hall ? (H R). 
 
 197. Buthotrephis sp. (T). 
 
 198. " gracilis, Hall (CI). 
 
 199. Fucoides sp. (T). 
 
 200. Diotyonema graoile, Hall (N). 
 
 N). 
 
 i 
 
A^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
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 t>. 
 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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INDEX. 
 
 PAGE I 
 
 Alveolites Fischeri 56 ] 
 
 " Niagarensib 56 
 
 Ambonychia radiata 35 
 
 Amplexus laxatus ? 77 
 
 " sp 66 
 
 " Yandelli 67 
 
 Arenicolites aparsus 41 
 
 AsAPHUS Canadensis 40 
 
 " platycephalus 20,37 
 
 AstrtBO. gigas 77 
 
 ASTB^OPHYLLUM 56 
 
 " gracile 57 
 
 Astrceopora vetusta 9 
 
 Astrocerium veniistum 52, 65 
 
 Athyhis intermedia 61 
 
 " naviformis 46,62 
 
 Atkypa increbrescens 17 
 
 " intermedia 61 
 
 " txaviformis 46 
 
 " neglecta 62 
 
 " plano-co7ivexa 46 
 
 " yecumrostra 17 
 
 " reticularis 46, 60 
 
 AviccLA alata 48 
 
 " demissa 35 
 
 Bellerophon bilobatus 19 
 
 Bbyrichia sp 40 
 
 BuTHOTRBPHis gracilis 7,40 
 
 « sp 8 
 
 Calamopora favosa 31, 52 
 
 " fibrosa 31 
 
 Callopora minutissima 77 
 
 Calymbne Beckii 39 
 
 " Blnmonbfvchii 21, 37 
 
 Caninia bilateralis 59 
 
 FAQB 
 
 Caninia pitnctata 75 
 
 Cannapora annulata 58 
 
 Caryocrinus omatus 59 
 
 Caryophyllia comicula 75 
 
 Gatenipora ayglomerata 51, 66 
 
 " escharoides 51 
 
 Ceramopora Huronensis 78 
 
 CHiETETES 28 
 
 " delicatulus 30 
 
 " discoideus 10, 32 
 
 " Fletcheri 11, 30, 43 
 
 " gracilis H 
 
 " lycoperdon 30, 31 
 
 " petropolitanus 10, 31 
 
 " pulchellus 11 
 
 ' ' rugosus 
 
 sp. 
 
 31 
 43 
 
 " undulatus lOj 33 
 
 Charionella Hyale 67 
 
 Cladopora multipara 53 
 
 " seriata 54 
 
 Clathropora frondosa 59 
 
 " intermedia 59 
 
 sp, 
 
 16 
 
 Cleidophorus planulatus 36 
 
 Climacograpsus teretiusculus 39 
 
 Ccenites ''* 
 
 " laminata 55 
 
 " lunata 55 
 
 Columnaria alveolata 8 
 
 " Goldfussi 9 
 
 COLUMNOPORA 25 
 
 " cribriformis 25 
 
 CoNULARiA Trentonensis , , 19 
 
 Coscinium ^° 
 
94 
 
 (I 
 (I 
 
 PAQJB 
 
 Crania HamiltonisB 82 
 
 Ctenodonta sp 48 
 
 Cyathophyllum J^mmoriw 75 
 
 comcum 75 
 
 dilatatutn 75 
 
 " Zenker! 76 
 
 Cyclonema ? elevata 72 
 
 Cyrtolites ornatus 36 
 
 Cystiphyllcm fruticosum 73 
 
 " suporbum 73 
 
 DicTYONEMA gracilis 59 
 
 DiNOBOLUs magnificus 18 
 
 DiPHYPHYLLUM Archiaic 74 
 
 " cajspitosum 59 
 
 DiPLOGRAPSus Hudsonicus 33 
 
 " pristis 38 
 
 Diplophyllum c(espitosum 59 
 
 DisciNA Forbeai 52 
 
 " sp 35 
 
 " tenuilamellata 62 
 
 Emmomia hemisplierica , 66 
 
 Endocep.a^ 'ongissimum 20 
 
 " proteiforme 37 39 
 
 Eridophyllum atrictum 74 
 
 Favistella 21 
 
 " calicina 24' 
 
 " stellata- 22 
 
 Favosites dubia 54 
 
 " favosa 52 
 
 " Forbesi qq 
 
 " Gothlandica 66 9 51 
 
 " hemispherica flg 
 
 " lycopoditci 31 
 
 " ? multipora 53 
 
 ** Niagareiisis 51 
 
 " petropolitanm 31 
 
 " polymorpha 65 
 
 " ? seriata , 54 
 
 " sj^ongites 39 
 
 " sp 43 
 
 '• venuata 52, 65 
 
 Fknestella Davidsoni gi 
 
 " tenuiceps 60 
 
 Fenestella tenuis 46 
 
 FAOB 
 FUCOIDES sp IT 
 
 Glyptocrinus phimosus 49 
 
 sp 21 
 
 G0NIATITE8 uniangnlaria 83 
 
 Halysites agglomerata 51 66 
 
 " catenularia 51 
 
 Hbuolites interatincta 51 
 
 " pyriformis ? 51 
 
 sp 43 
 
 Helopora fragilia 44 
 
 Heierodictya 79 
 
 " gigantea 79 
 
 Holopea Gracia 72 
 
 " Guelphensis 72 
 
 IsotelviS gigas 37 
 
 Leperdith Canadensis 20 
 
 Lept^na aericea I6 34 39 
 
 " transversalia .. 62 
 
 Leptoc(eli A plano-convexa 46 
 
 Liyitoi'HYCua ap g 
 
 LlMAKIA 54 
 
 " laminata 55 
 
 LingutjA Cobnrgenaia I8 
 
 " lamellata 62 
 
 Progne 39 
 
 LvRODESMA postatriata 36 
 
 Meoalomus Canadensi;^ 68 
 
 " uoinprcs.su^ 69 
 
 MicHELiNiA favo'joidea 76 
 
 MoDioLOPsis ourta 35 
 
 " modiolaris 35 
 
 ' ' orthonota 48 
 
 MoNOAr.iRELLA priaca 68 
 
 Monticnlipura Fktcheri 30 
 
 " petropolUana 31 
 
 " pnlchclla n 
 
 MuRCHisoNiA bellicincta I8 
 
 " bivittata 70 
 
 Boylei 71 
 
 " gracilia 18, 36 
 
 " Hercyna 71 
 
 " Loganii 70 
 
 " longiapira 70 
 
 " macroapira 70 
 
96 
 
 FAOE 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 21 
 
 83 
 
 ... 51, 66 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 7!> 
 
 79 
 
 .. .. 72 
 
 72 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 S, 34, 39 
 .. .. 62 
 
 46 
 
 8 
 
 54 
 
 55 
 
 18 
 
 62 
 
 .... 39 
 .... 36 
 . .. 68 
 .. . 69 
 .... 76 
 .... 35 
 .... 35 
 .... 48 
 ... 68 
 ... 30 
 ... 31 
 ... 11 
 ... 18 
 ... 70 
 ... 71 
 18,36 
 ... 71 
 ... 70 
 ... 70 
 ... 70 
 
 1 
 
 PAOE 
 
 MuRCHisoNiA subf usif onnis 18 
 
 " subulata 48 
 
 •' turritiformis 70 
 
 " ViteUia 71 
 
 Nucula poststriata 36 
 
 Ohollellina mmivijica 18 
 
 Obohis Caiiadeiisis 18 
 
 Orbmiloidea Forbesi f 62 
 
 ORMOCEKA.S crebriseptum 37 
 
 Orthis biforata 16, 63 
 
 " calligramma, var. Davidsoni 47 
 
 *' elegantiila 47, 62 
 
 " flabellulum 17, 47 
 
 " plicatella 17,39 
 
 " subquadrata 16 
 
 " testudinaria 16, 34, 39 
 
 Orthoc ERAS exile 83 
 
 " L'jiielloBum 36 
 
 *' tcretiforme 20 
 
 PALiEOPHYCUS sp 8 
 
 " virgatns 38 
 
 Pentawekus oblongus 01 
 
 " occidentalis 67 
 
 '* veutricosua 07 
 
 Petraia pygniroa 59 
 
 Phacops caudatiis 63 
 
 Ph.^noi'oea cnaif orniis 45 
 
 PulLLIPSASTEyEA gigaa 77 
 
 " Verneuilli 78 
 
 Planolites vulgaris 42 
 
 Platyostoma Niagarensis 49 
 
 Plburotomaria Deiopoia 72 
 
 " lenticularis 19 
 
 " Bolarioidea 72 
 
 •' unibilicata ,. 19 
 
 Pontes ? vehista 9 
 
 Poddonia? (data 48 
 
 Protarea vetusta 9 
 
 Ptilodictya acuta 12 
 
 '• cosciiiiformis 80 
 
 " crassa 45 
 
 '* falcifoiinis 13 
 
 " fenestelliformis 14 
 
 •' Gilbert! 80 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ptilodictya punctata 46 
 
 " raripora 45 
 
 " ShaflFeri 33 
 
 Retepora asperatoBtriata 60 
 
 " TrentoneuBiB 15 
 
 Rhinopora verrucoBa 44 
 
 Rhynchonella increbreBcens 17 
 
 " neglecta 47,62 
 
 " recurvirostra 17 
 
 Rusophycus bilobatuB 38 
 
 ScoLiTHUS verticalis 40 
 
 Spirifera NiagareuBiB 63 
 
 " granulifera 82 
 
 " sculptiliB 82 
 
 Spirorbis angulatuB 83 
 
 " spimiliferuB 83 
 
 Stictopora acuta 12 
 
 " crassa 45 
 
 " raripora 45 
 
 Straparollus Hippoljrta 72 
 
 Strbptelasma 26 
 
 " comiculum 12, 26 
 
 " crassa 26 
 
 " mrdtilamellosa 26 
 
 •' parmda 26 
 
 Striatopora flexuosa. . 55 
 
 Stromatopora coiicentrica 63 
 
 " Hindei 43,49 
 
 " nulliporoides 78 
 
 " ostiolata 63 
 
 " sp 8 
 
 '• atriatella 49 
 
 Steophomena alternata 16, 34 
 
 " deltoidea 17 
 
 " filitexta 16, 34 
 
 " fluctuosa 17 
 
 " rhomboidalis 17, 47, 62 
 
 " sp 62 
 
 " subplana 62 
 
 Subulites? ventricosa 71 
 
 Syringopora retif ormis 58 
 
 Tentaculites distans 48 
 
 " neglectus 48 
 
 Tentaculites teauibtriatus 36 
 
96 
 
 FAOE 
 
 TXTRADIUH 27 
 
 " fibratum 10 
 
 " mirys 28 
 
 Trematis Ottawaenais 18 
 
 Trematopoba ostiolata 60 
 
 Triarthrus Beckii 39 
 
 Trimereila acuminata 68 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Trimerblla Dalli 68 
 
 " grandis 67 
 
 Zaphrbntis bilateralis 69 
 
 " comicula 75 
 
 " Phrygia 75 
 
 " Rcemeri 58 
 
 " Stokesi 43,58 
 
 
 f 
 
PAOB 
 
 68 
 67 
 69 
 75 
 76 
 68 
 43,68 
 
'till t 
 
 PA l.yTv ONTOLOGY' OF OMTAF^IO 
 
 ?\■^U 
 
 tvlu.+ etT, Bros \n\y 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 Spocios ol' ; 'v'StiphyiluiTi. ( Devonian 
 
^ 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 Fig. 1. Cystiphyllum anperbvm, Nich., vieT^ed in profile, of the natural size. The 
 single dark line shows the outline of the calice as seen in a front 
 view. (P. 73.) 
 
 Fig. 2. Cystiphyllvm Ohioenae, Nich., of the natural size. 2a. Calice of the same 
 viewed from above. 
 
 Fig. 3. Fragment;ofCy8<ip%??wmyru<icoswm, Nich., of the natural size. 3a. Calice 
 of one of the corallites of the same, slightly enlarged. (P. 73.) 
 
 Fig. 4. Cystiphyllum squamosum, Nich., of the natural size, viewed from the front 
 4a. Profile view of the same. 46. Profile view of another individual 
 of the same, in which a secondary calice has been produced at right 
 angles to the primary calice. 
 
 ^ 
 
If- 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
li 
 
 i» 
 
 Mititeni Bios .mp 
 
 Devonian F^oly/.oa 
 
Mft* 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Fig. la. Heterodictya gigantea, Nich., a broken frond of the natural size. 16. 
 Portion of the same, enlarged to show the penniform arrangement of 
 the cells. Ic. Transvr rse section of the frond, natural size. Id. A few 
 of the ceUs, enlarged to show the tabulae, le. A small portion of the 
 surface, greatly enlarged. (P. 79.) 
 
 Fig 2 Ptilodictya coaciniformis, Nich., a broken specimen of the natural size. 2a. 
 Portion of the same, enlarged. 2&. Portion of the same, stiU further 
 enlarged. (P. 80.) 
 
 Fig 3. Fenestella Davidsoni, Nich., a small portion of the non-poriferous side, of 
 the natural size. 3a. Portion of the same, enlarged. 36. Portion of the 
 poriferous side of another specimen of the same, enlarged. 3c. Small 
 portion of a branch of another example of the same, greatly enlarged. 
 (P. 81.) 
 
 Fig 4 Ee<ej9orarre7i«onenm, Nich., a fragment of the natural size. 4a. Portion 
 of the same, enlarged. 46. Portion of another example, showmg the 
 non-poriferous surface, enlarged. (P. 15.) 
 
 Fig. 6. A small crust of Geramopora Huromnaia, Nich., growing on Hdio^hjllvm 
 Halli, enlarged. 5a. Portion of the same, greatly enlarged. (P. 78.) 
 
'p 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 wBm 
 
 B 
 
• N''^ 
 
PAL^.0NT0L0OY OF ONI'AHIO, 
 
 Plate 111 
 
 .. 
 
 4 
 
 A NicWolsun afl el .v 
 
 Miut t'l n iirua imp 
 
r 
 
 PLATE III. 
 Fig. 1. Murchiaonta Boylei, Nich. (P. 71.) 
 Fig. 2. Murchisonia Hercyna, Billings. (P. 71.) 
 
 Fig. 3. Fragment of a large example of Murchisonia Loganii, HalL (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 4. Section of another example of the same. (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 6. Suhulitea ventricosa, Hall. (P. 71.") 
 Fig. 6. Murchisonia Vitellia, Billings. (P. 71.) 
 Fig. 7. Murchisonia hivittata, Hall. (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 8. Small example of the same (?). (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 9. Murchisonia macrospira, Hall. (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 10. Fragments of Murchisonia turritiformis, Hall. (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 11. Fragments of Murchisonia longispira, Hall. (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 12. Section of another example of the same. (P. 70.) 
 Fig. 13 & 14. An undetermined species of Pleurotomaria. 
 Fig. 15. Base of PleurotoTnana solarioides, Hall. (P. 72.) 
 Figs. 16, 16a. Oyclonema (?) elevata, Hall. (P. 72.) 
 Fig. 17. Cast of Holopea Gracia, Billings. (P. 72.) 
 
 Fig. 18. Cast of Holopea Guelphensis, Billings, distorted by pressure. (P. 72.) 
 (All the figures are of the natural size.) 
 
a 
 
 1 1 
 
 ' 
 
PAL^NTOl.OGY OF ONTARIO. 
 
 Plate IV 
 

 PLATE IV. 
 
 Fig. 1. P-ti;|n^o2^ -- ^^^ undulatus, Nich., natural «i«. Trenton 
 
 ^'''- '' '" Wa""^ °' ^''^^^^"' '^^"^ ^'^^ H"^-- I^^G'^-P of Canada. 
 
 Fig. 3. A smaU example ofChcetetespetropoUtanus, Pander, having the typicil 
 form of the species. Natural size. Trenton Limestone. (P. m) 
 
 Fig. 3a. Base of the same, showing the concentrically-wrinkled epitheca. (P. 10.) 
 
 Fig. 4. ^^sG-f^m^ y^viety of a petropolitanu8(=8tenopomvatula Bil]ii.a«^ 
 viewed from above, /atural size. Trenton LiS^one (P. l^) ^^' 
 
 Fig. 4,a. Part of the under surface of the same, showing the epitheca. (P. 10.) 
 
 '&