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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 OANAI>A, nova scotia, niv brunswick, ' ° newfoundlMIl-etc. OF TII(3SE COLONtlES; I.V REeAUIl TO EMIGRATION. so So 70 '^ I MUDS0N5 Yi'. ri eovresi, V \f BAY r*-'.**^ y (^' W^ 1^' ^/^Ai Ma And what is the most desirable Destination for Emigrants ? -Eligi- bility of Canada.— Objections to the United States, Australia, &c. — Advantage of Colonies.— Comparative Estimate of the Area of the British Possessions in North America 5 CHAPTER II. Geographical Position of Canada.— Union of the two Provinces.— Latitude and Longitude, Extent, Divisions, &c. — Rivers. — Moun- tidns.- Face of the Country.— Lakes.— Falls of the Niagara.— Geology and Mineralogy. — Soil, Temperature, &c g CHAPTER III. The Aborigines of Canada.— Discovery of the Country by the English. —Visited by the French.— Hunting of the Walrus.— First Descent of French Emigrants.— Jesuit Missionaries. — Capture of Quebec, and Death of General Wolfe.— Cession of all Canada to England. — Divi- sion of the Province in 1791.— Rebellion in 1837.— Lord Durham's Remedy.— Reunion of the Canadas.— Lord Sydenham, Sir Charles Bagot, and Sir Charles Metcalfe.— Basis of the Act of Union of 1840 CHAPTER IV. Quebec and Montreal, the Shipping Ports of the Canadas.— Romantic Situation of Quebec, the Capital of Lower Canada. — Its first Incor- poration as a City. — Municipal Government and Divisions. — New Union Act. — Population, Society, Newspapers, &c.— Plan of the City.— Castle.— Parliament House, and other Public Buildings.— Religious, Educational, and Benevolent Institutions. — Roman Catholic and Protestant Establishments.— Schools, &c. — Imports and Exports.— Importance of Colonial Trade. — Rapid Increase of Emigration. — Buckingham's Plan of National Colonization. — Grants of Crown Lands. — Diflferences of Opinion between Lord Stanley and Mr. Buckingham.— Lord Durham and Dr. M'CuUoch.— Right of Her Majesty over the Crown Lands.— Estimated Advantages of Mr. Buckingham's Plan SO n CHAPTER V. View of Montreal.— Foundation of the City.— Historical Events.— Alarming Phenomena.— Cholera.— Aspect of the Town.— Gas. — Public Edifices ; Churches, Chapels, &c.— Population.— University. — Municipal Government. — Government House.— Court House.— . Imports. — Timber.— Ship-building. — Rope-Walk.— Wheat.— New Act for regulating the Importation of Flour from Canada. — News- papers.— Markets and Hotels.— Theatre.— Nelson Column.— Supply of Water.— Police ■ i>a)«"*ss ihaext TJ^*^' ae ^ IV CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. Toronto.— Head Quarters for a Settle ^~ Advance of Civilization.— Population, &c.— Streets and Public (luildings. — Education.— News- papers.—Municipal Government.— Law and Physic. — Society. — Kingston. — The Thousand Isles. — Population. — Churches, &c. — Newspapers.— Prices of Land.— The Ridc.Mi Canal.— Steam-Boat Excursions. — Bay of Quinte.— Settlement ' Port Hope.— Town of Coburg.— Brockville.— Prescott.— Mr. fillicc'sEstateofBeauharnois. —Surprising Increase in the Value of Property 2!) CHAPTER VII. Nova Scotia. — Exports. — Fisheries. — Vegetable Produce. — Climate. — Minerals.— Discovery of Nova Scotia.— Founding of Halifax. — *• Population. — Churches, and other Public Buildings. — Newspapers. — Society.— Annapolis.— Halifax Exports and Imports. — Cape Breton. — Sydney, its Capital. — Population. — Ship-building. — Magdalen Islands.— Prince Edward Island. — Health and Longevity. — Popula> tion.— Harbour. — Fishery, &c Hi CHAPTER VIII. The Island of Newfoundland discovered, rc-discovered, colonized by the French, and finally ceded to England.— Physical Aspect and Capabilities of the Country. — Produce. — Fisheric". -Shipping. — Exports. — Population. — Government. — New Brunswick. — Vast Fertility ; its Agriculture, Fisheries, Mines, &c.— Rivers.— Climate. — Population. — Government. — Exports.— Prices of Land. — Gavel- kind.— Flourishing State of St. John Town. — Churches.- Public Buildings and Institutions.— Municipal Government. — Ship-bulld- ing. — Exports. — Saw-mills. — Population. — Newspapers. — Long Island, Gage Town, Sheffield, Maugerville, and Oromocto. — Frederick town, the Capital. — Prospects and General Description.— Population. — Society.— Woodstock, the Frontier Town. . . .40 CHAPTER IX. Emigration, one of the grand Restoratives of Commercial Prosperity. — Improving State of our Colonies.— Colonel Torrens's Pamphlet on the Encouragement of Emigration.— Proposed Loan of j£20,000,000 on Unappropriated Crown Lands.— Certainty of Repayment. — Increasing Value of .Settled Land.— Example of America.— Lord Sydenham's Proclamation.— Statement by the Canada Company, respecting the Increase of Property, &c. — Mr. Parkinson's Letters on the same Subject.— Superiority of Canada to the United States. — Advantages of the Poorer Class of Emigrants. — Middle Class of Settlers 47 CHAPTER X. Expenses of a Passage to Canada. — Ports of Embarkation. — Fares to Quebec- Choice of Ships and Berths.— Requisites for the Voyage. — Wliat to take out 5 1 CHAPTER XI. Arrival at Quebec— Choice and Purchase of Land, in each Division of the Province. — Cost of Houses and Farm Buildings. — Emigrants as Labourers.— Journey from Quebec to Toronto, &c.— A Gentleman's Expenses from New York to Toronto 56 CHAPTEll XII. Cost of clearing Land.— Advantages of Co-operation.— Table of Prices of Agricultural Produce. — Weights and Measures. — Value of Gold and Silver Coins, In Currency.— Note, on the American and British Steamers.— Table of Distances,— Table of Rates of Wages, . . do Civilization.— :atlon.— Newa- ic. — Society. — lurches, &c.— [.— Steam-Boat ope.— Towu of )ffieauliamo!s. i ;e.— Climate.— of Halifax.— Newspapers. — -Cape Breton. \g. — Magdalen iYity.- Popula- CANADA. d, colonized by :al Aspect and I. -Shipping. — nswick. — Vast vers.- Climate. Land.— Gavel- irches. — Public it.— Ship-build- papers. — Long Oromocto. — . Description.— rn. . . . 4i) :ial Prosperity. i's Pamplilet on of j^20,000,000 Repayment. — Vmerica. — Lord lada Company, inson's Letters United States. Middle Class of 47 ition.— Fares to For the Voyage. ach Division of £migrai\ts as •A Gentleman's fit 56 Table of Prices -Value of Gold an and British ages. . . titt CHAPTER I. emigration. — Vast Increase of Population. — Consequent Want of Employment. — How is the Evil to be remedied .' — Land, Labour, Skill, and Capital. — Who are the Parties that ought to emigrate .' And what is the most desirable Destination for Emigranis ? — Eligibility of Canada. — Objections to the United States, Australia, &c. — Advantage of Colonies. — Comparative Estimate of the Area of the British Possessions in North America. ^HE object of this little work is practical utility. It is not Jiere intended to elaborate sentences, paragraphs, and pages on [lie necessity, the propriety, or the advantages of emigration. That man should spread himself over the surface of the u'th, for the jiurpose of cultivating its soil, of obtaining ibsistence, of increasing and multiplying his kind, of ac- [uiring the means of comfort, happiness, and enjoyment, 3cms to be one of the princijdes of our nature. In itself, lerefore, what can be more natural than emigration ? The man of wealth and fortune — the landed proprietor— IJ^ie man thriving in agricultural, maimfaeturing, commercial, •r trading pursuits — has rarely a desire to emigrate. The iDve of home, of kindred, and of friends, is dear to his heart, Ind he is content. He could not improve his condition by imigrating. With thousands and tens of thousands of others, ■lie case is widely diflFerent. How should it be otherwise, in luoh a country as England, where the population is under- itood to be increasing at the rate of nearly a thousand a day ? B 6 CANADA. In proportion to the increase of numbers, in a densely i)opu- lated country, must be the paucity of resources for hibour and subsistence. One of the greatest, if not the greatest of all evils, is want of employment for the labouring classes. Wanting employment, they are of course unable to maintain themselves, and are compelled to fall back upon the classes above them for support. On the part of Government, there- fore, the first step in the remedy required should be to procure for the labouring classes such employment as uould enable them to earn their own subsistence, and at the same time contribute to the general wealth of the country, instead of becoming a drain upon its resources and an augmentation of its poverty. But it is not by solitary emigration — by the emigration of individuals — that an object so vast and so desirable is to be achieved. Effectually to relieve the suffer- ing poor, either employment and food must be obtained for them from abroad, or they must be themselves removed to other lands, where they may procure what ajjpears to be impracticable for them to procure at home. Of the former there can be ao reasonable hope or prospect. With a view, therefore, to the ultimate advantage of the parent state, as well as to the present and future benefit of individuals. Government, it is conceived, ought to encourage and promote emigration and colonization upon an extensive scale. — " The four great elements requisite for the production of wealth," observes Mr. Buckingham, in his Canada, Nova Scutia, New Brunswick, and other British Frovinces in North America, " are land, labour, skill, and capital : the first, to yield the raw materials, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, of which almost all articles are composed; the second, to perform the necessary operations of obtaining those materials from the surface or the bowels of the earth ; the third, to direct those operations in the most economical and effective manner ; and the fourth, to convey the requisite amount of population to the scene of their labours, and susl lin them until the first realization of profit from their own industry shall enable them to support themselves." These may be termed self-evident propositions. Two important questions here present themselves for con- sideration : 1. Who are the ])arties that ought to emigrate ' 2. In what direction ought the stream of emigration and colonization to be induced to flow ? or in other words, what > i WHO SHOULD EMIGRATE? 'he 1," Sew ricu, the of to rials to ctive y Ij« and vhat is tlic most promising and the most eligible destination for a British emigrant? With reterent'c to the first of these questions, it must l)e evident that some classes of people are much better fitted for emigration than others ; but it may safely be concluded, that all who, with youth, have strength for out-of-door labour, united to enerj^y of choracter, and a determination not to shrink from temporary difficulties, may venture to seek their fortune by emigration. Ilowison, in his excellent work on tlie Colonies, observes that " the persons who may be inclined to emigrate (he should rather have said, who are suitable for emigration) to Upper Canada are of three descriptions : namely, the poor peasant, or day labourer ; the man of small income and increasing family ; the man possessing some ca])ital, and wishing to employ it to advantage. Persons of tlie first class never would repent if they emigrated to Upper Canada, for they could hardly fail to improve their circum- stances and condition. The poorest individual, if he acts |irudently and industriously, and has a common share of good fortune, will be able to acquire an independence in the apace of four or five years. He will then have plenty to eat and drink, a warm house to reside in, and no taxes to pay ; and this state of things surely forms a delightful contrast with those hardships and privations which are at present the lot of the labouring population of Great Britain. And, he a«lds, " those who have been accustomed to a country life and to country labour are of course more fitted to cultivate land, and endure the hardships at first attendant upon a residence in the woods, than artizans or manufacturers, whose constitutions and habits of life are somewhat un- favourable to the successful pursuit of agriculture. But every individual, who to youth and health joins perseverance and industry, vvill eventually prosper. Mechanics cannot fail to do well in Upper Canada ; for when not employed iu clearing lands, they will find it easy to gain a little money by working at their profession ; and they likewise have the advantage of being able to improve their dwelling-houses, and repair their farming utensils, at no expense. Weavers, being ignorant of country affairs, and unaccustomed to bodily exertion, make but indifl^'erent settlers at first, and their trade is of no use to them whatever in the woods. Married persons are always more comfortable and received sooner, in 8 CANADA. Cnnadn, than single men ; fur a wifo and family, so far from l)eing a burthen tlicre, always prove sources of wealth. The wife of a new settler has many (lomestie c sea to Montreal, this magnificent stream (which receives in its vast course nearly all the rivers that have their sources amongst the mountains to the northward called the Lend's Height, separating the waters falling into Hudson's Bay from those which fall into the Atlantic, as well as many others southward) is called the St. Lawrence ; from Montreal to Kingston in Upper Canada, the Cataraqui, or Iroquois ; between Lake Ontaiio and Lake Erie, the Niagara ; between Lakes Erie and St. Clair, the Detroit ; between Lakes St. Clair and Huron, the St. Clair; and, between Lakes Huron and Superior, it is designated as the Narrows, or Falls, of St. Mary. It has been calculated that the St. Lawrence discharges into the sea annually about 4,2/7,800 tons of fresh water, one half of which is melted snow. — The Ottawa, or Grand River, originates in Lake Temiscaming, more than 350 miles N. W. from its junction with the St. Lawrence. The scenery on this river is in many parts ex- tremely wild, romantic, and beautiful ; and the soil on its banks is remarkable for fertility. — The Gatineau finds its source in some large lakes far in the interior. Traversing Hull, it falls into the Ottawa aboi't half a mile lower down. The Sagucnay rises in Lake St. John, and runs 108 miles previously to its junction with the St. Lawrence, 100 miles below Quebec. Its banks, rising from 200 to 2000 feet in height, are wddly grand and magnificent. In its course it receives the waters of thirty rivers, many of them navigable for large boats. The soil upon the banks of the Saguenay is some of the finest in the world. — The St. Maurice, or Three 12 CANADA. I I' ii Rivers, rising in the Lake Oskelanaio, near the skirts of the north-eastern ridge of mountains, is comparatively shallow, but in size inferior only to the Ottawa and the Saguenay. In its progress to the sea, nearly from north to south, it receives many tributary lakes and streams. — The Champlain, rising in the Seigniory of Cap de la Magdelaine, traverses the country in a north-eastern direction to Champlain, and enters Batiscan, where it turns to the south, and ultimately falls into the St. Lawrence. — The Chaudiere, celebrated for its falls, of picturesque beauty, rises in Lake Megantie. — The Richelieu (Sorel, Chambly, or St. Louis and St. John) finds its chief origin in the United States, whence it affords a facile water communication, by the way of Lake Champ- lain, into the heart of Canada. From the south point of Lake George, to its termination at Sorel, or William Henry Town, on the banks of the St. Lawrence, its length is esti- mated at 160 miles. — The Montmorenci, remarkable for its cataract, rises in the Lake of Neiges. The height of its fall is 250 feet, or 100 more than that of the Niagara. — There are several other rivers, but as we have mentioned the more important we must now proceed. The province of Lower Canada is intersected by ridges of mountains, generally extending from the coast into the interior, with intervening valleys of a fertile and beautiful aspect. " The natural features of Lower Canada," observes Martin, " partake of the most romantic sublimities and pic- turesque beauties; indeed the least imaginative beholder cannot fail to be struck with the alternations and vast ranges of mountains, magnificent rivers, immense lakes, boundless forests, extensive prairies, and foaming cataracts." Liclosed on each side by mountains, the valley through which the St. Lawrence flows is n^ostly level, and of a very rich soil. The country lying upwards of fifty miles north of the St. Lawrence, and covered with immense forests, has been little explored. Upper Canada, in it£ cultivated portions, presents in general a level champaign country. " From the division hue oil Lake St. Francis to Sandwich, a distance of nearly 600 miles westerly, nothing like a mountain occurs, although the greater part of the country is gently undulated into pleasing hills, fine slopes, and fertile valleys." A ridge of rocky country, howcN r, runs in a north-easterly and south-westerly . FACE OF THE COUNTRY. — LAKES. 13 direction through the Newcastle and Midland districts, to- wards the Ottawa, at the distance of from 50 to 100 miles from the north shore of Lake Ontario and the course of the St. Lawrence. Northward is a wide and rich valley of great extent, hounded hy a rocky and mountainous country ; and, still farther to the north, beyond the French river which falls into Lake Huron, are immense mountains, some of them of vast elevation. On the north and west sides of Lake Ontario, and of Lake Erie, which is still further west, the country- continues flat as far as Lake Huron, with only occasional moderate elevations of the surface. The lakes, or inland seas, of Canada, chiefly in the upper province, are innumerable, and seem to occupy the sites that extensive ranges of mountains occupy in other countries. Of these. Lake Superior, the chief, lies between the meridians of 92°. 10. and 84°.18. W. longitude, and the parallels of 49°. \. and 16°.26. N. latitude. It is more than 540 miles in length, 140 in breadth, and of an average depth of 1000 feet. In it are several islands; one of which. Isle Royale, is 45 miles long, and 7 or 8 wide. This lake is subject to storms, heavy fogs and mists, and sudden changes of temperature. Lake Huron, connected with Lake Superior by St. Mary's River or strait, about 60 miles long, is 250 miles in length by 190 in breadth. Along the northern shores of this beautiful lake stretches a chain of islands, called the Manitoulin, or Sacred Isles. Lake Huron may be considered as the centre of the great belt of waters by which it is surrounded, as it has a direct communication with them all : with Superior, as has been stated, by St. Mary's River ; with Michigan — and through Michigan with the Illinois River, by the Straits of Michilimachinai ; with Erie, by the River and Lake of St. Clair ; with Ontario, by the Severn River ; and with Simcoe, by a chain of lakes and the Trent River. It is known also to have two communications with the Ottawa. — Lake St. Clair is little more than an intermediate link between Lakes Huron and Erie; the latter receiving the Detroit river about 30 miles from its north-western extremity. There is not in the world a sheet of water so strikingly peculiar as Lake Ea Morship here in IHOI. There are four cliapels of tl'e Chure-J of England; two Scottish churches; and tkvo ^^ ( vyau chapels, one in the T'pper, and one in the Lower Town. Sunday Schools are connected with these churches. Here also are a National School, a public Gram- mar Scho(d, a Quebec Education Society School, some Infant Scliools, a Marine Hospital, an Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, &c. From >\ variety of valuable statistical information collected by Mr. Buckingham, it appears that, in the year 1839, the ag- gregate number of ships which arrived at Quebec was 1,147, amounting to 373,069 tons; with cargoes valuedatj^l, 904, 775; of which, it is an important fact, illustrating the value of colonial commerce to the mother country, no less a portion tlian .^1,806,!>20 was from Great Britain only, omitting Ireland ! In the same year, the number of vessels that cleared out from Quebec amounted to 1,184 ; the tonnage of which was 389,544, with 15,579 men; of which, British shij)* exclusively were 868, with 315,944 tons, and 12,424 men. — That emigration is rapidly on the increase is evidenced by the fact, that, in the first nine months of the year 184(5, there arrived at Quebec 21,914 ; while, during the same period of 1839, there were only 7jl4'> ; indicating an increase uf 14,765, or upwards of 300 per cent. In the course of the veek which ended Sunctually discharged, or to defer for another year, if special circumstances warranted such an indulgence ; so that the actual outlay of the Government, in capital, might he fully saved to the country, in diminished jjoor-rates and charitable contiibuticms ; and all the supply of implements, cattle, and seed, for first stocking farms, be reimbursed in two or three years at the furthest." N'iewing the subject comprehensively, there is much in this thiit seems entitled to the serious consideration of the legislature, and of the country at large. CHAPTER V. View of Montreal. — Foundation of the City. — Historical Events. — Alarming Phenomena. — Cholera. — Aspect of the Town. — Gas. — Public Edifices ; Churches, Chapels, &c. — Population. — University. — Municipal Government. — Government House. — Court House. — Imports. — Timber. — Ship-buihUng. — Rope- Walk. — Wheat. — New Act regulating the Importation of Flour from Canada. — Newspapers. — Markets and Hotels. — Theatre. — Nelson Column. — Supply of Water. — Police. Montreal, the second city in Lower Canada, and one of the oldest settlements on the North American continent, is situated on the south-eastern point of an island, bearing the same name, lying u])on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, at the mouth of the Ottawa, or Grand River. The island is tlurty miles in length, from east to west, and eight miles in breadth, from north to south. The surface is flat, with the exception of an isolated hill at the western extremity, which rises to a height of five or six bundled feet above the level of the river. From the summit of this hill, the prospect is very fine, presenting in every direction a vast extent of 00() to 8,0()(), the town of Kington, sufficiently regular in form, is about a mile and a half in length, by three quarters of a mile in breadtli. In digging for the foundations of a house, a sufficient quantity of stone is usually found for its erection. The Court House, near the centre of the town, is the most prominent of the j)ublic buildings. In its rear is the Town Gaol. At a distance, beyond the town, is a large Penitentiary, conducted on the silent system. In Kingston, the Establishment has one church ; the Kirk of Scotland, one ; and there are chapels for the Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists. There are three newspapers in Kingston ; Conservatives, Whigs, and Radicals, having each an organ of their own. " The society of Kingston is less extensive, less I If COUrilO, BROCKVILLE, AND I'RESCOTT. .'^3 varitid, and less elegant than that of Toronto." A Mechanics' Institute and u Temperance Society are found beneficial. In the neighbourhood of Kingston, land, though inferior in quality, is higher in price than farther west; ])rices " ranging from twenty to thirty shillings per acre, while in the western districts, much better tracts may be liad for from fifteen to twenty shillings per acre, and large tracts of wooded land at ten shillings. The Rideau Canal, commenced in 1826 and opened for navigation in 1830, is of vast importance to Upper Canada in the transport of her produce to the great port of shipment, Montreal. Its main object was to provide a communication by water, from Lake Ontario to "^lontreal, without going over the rapids, which in several psuts obstruct the naviga- tion of the St. Lawrence. This has been eflfected at a cost of more than a million sterling. The inhabitants of Kingston can, at any time, avail them- selves of a delightful water excursion, in the Bay of Quinte, a beautifully winding and picturesque sheet of water which forms an inlet from the general course of Lake Ontario. Steam-boats go daily up to Bath, a distance of forty miles, and to Belleville, eighty miles, and return on the following •lay. Port Hope is a promising little new settlement, with about two hundred houses, and two churches, on Lake Ontario. It has a fine open tract of cleared land at the back. About seven miles below Port Hope, is Coburg, a town extremely well laid out, with fine broad streets, substantial houses of stone, brick, «nd wood, and every indication of advancing prosperity. Its population numbers from 'AOOO to 4000. Behind, is a fine agricultiTral country, extending thirty miles north to the river Trent and the Bay of Quinte. Altogether, this is regarded as a most promising district. In the neighbourhood of the town, is a large htindsome stone edifice, erected by the Wesleyan Methodists as an academy and college for tlie education of youth. Below Kingston, on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, is the little town of Brockville; and, a little further in Prescott, the scene of a battle during tlie late insurrection in Canada. Proceeding downwards, towards Montreal in Lower tl \ 34 NOVA SCOTIA. Canada, and about twenty miles above Lachinc, is the flourishing village of Beauharnois ; which suffered dreadfully from the rebels, by whom a large portion of it was reduced to ashes. The entire estate of Beauharnois, at that time the property of Edward EUice, Esq., M.P., is said to extend over a space of eighteen miles square. This estate presents a wonderful instance of increase in the value oi property. It is said to have been " sold to Mr. Ellice some years since for less than j£! 1 0,000; that the improvements made on it by him, have cost about an equal sum, making the whole outlay ^20,000 j and that during the whole of the period it has been in his possession, he has derived an income of at least ^'5000 a year from it. The whole has been recently sold by him to a Company of Proprietors in England for about d£? 120,000, and these even are thought to have made a cheap purchase ; — so valuable is this fine estate, com- prising upwards of 200,000 acres of good land, a large portion under cultivation, with many buildings, and within a tew miles of the city of Montreal. In twenty years hence, with the infusion of a good class of settlers, and the judicious application of capital, the value of this estate may be easily raised to .4^500,000 ; and in half a century it can hardly fail to be worth a million."* CHAPTER VII. Nova Scotia. — Vegetable Produce. — Exports. — Fisheries. — Climate. — Minerals. — Discovery of Nova Scotia. — Founding of ilalifox. — Population. — Churches, and other Public Build- ings. — Newspapers. — Society. — Annapolis. — Halifax Exports and Imports. — Cape Breton. — Sydney, its Capital. — Popula- tion, — Ship-building. — Magdalen Islands. — Prince Edward Island. — Health and Longevity. — Population. — Harbour. — Fishery, &c. Having presented a general view, physical and historical, descriptive and statiiitical, of the vast and fertile country of * BucKi.N'OHAM's Canada, p. 90. VEOETADLE PRODUCE. 36 the Ifully luced le the xtenil Canndn, to assist the general reader, uiid more particidarly persons intending to emigrate, in forming an estimate of its ca])abihties, we proeeed to offer a yet more concise sketch of the other colonial possessions of Britain in North America — Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Ishuid, New- foundland, New Brunswick, &c. Nova Scotia, of which Halifax is the capital, is a peninsula connected with that part of the continent of North America eiUletl New Brunswick, by an isthmus of only ten miles across, from the head of the Bay of Fundy to the Straits of Northumberland. Its latitude is from 43*^ to 46° north ; its longitude from (51° to 67° west. It is about three hundi-cd miles in length from north-east to south-west, and of varied breadth, in different parts from fifty to one hundred miles. Its area is about 15,620 miles, or nearly 1(),0()0,0()() of acres, of which probably 5,000,000 may be deducted for rivers, lakes, and rocky surface, leaving about an equal space open to cultivation. No ])art of the land is at so great a distance from navigable water as thirty miles ; and tine streams and rivers abound in all directions. — The southern margin of Nova Scotia is broken and rugged, with very bold features, deep indents, and craggy islands. The northern coast is more free from rocks, and less striking iu character. It is bounded on the north by part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which separates it from Prince Edward Island ; on the north-east by the Gulf of Canseau, which parts it from Cape Breton ; on the west by the Bay of Fundy, by which it is separated from New Brunswick ; and on the south and south- oast by the Atlantic Ocean. The soil of this country varies greatly in quality ; but it may be remarked that the finest land is found in the north- western district. Towards tlie Bay of Fundy esjiecially, the soil is rich and free from stones. Many thousands of acres of alluvial soil, marsh land dyked in, so as to exclude the waters of the ri ers, are of extraordinary fertility. Some of this land has, for more than half a century, yielded an annual produce of three tons of hay jier acre. At the head of the Bay of Fundy, there are 70,000 acres of this description of land in one connected body. The next best quality of land, locally termed intervale, is met with in the valleys, on the banks of the fresh-water brooks and streams. Of this, large quantities are found in every direction, forming I I ■:i] y Y i i it In? u 36 NOVA SCOTIA. ill extensive meadows, covered with uutural grass several foet in height. The higher hinds vary greatly. A tract, com- meneing at Cape Uloniidon, and rnnning in a continuous ridge of more than one hundred miles, towards Dighy, and seven or eight miles in hreadth, is a strong soil of excellent quality, and producing wheat and other grain in uhundanee. Agricultural operations are generally conducted with great spirit and skill. The rivers of Nova Scotia [n'oduce salmon, trout, and other fish of the finest qualities; and the sea-shores are equally productive in white and shell-fish. One fourth, or more, of the inhabitants are engaged in the catchhig and curing of cod, mackerel, herrings, lialihut, &c. ; also in the capture of whales and seals for their blubher, and the latter for their skins. The annxial exports of fish and oil amount to not less than .4'2()0,()()(). There are largt; exports also of timber, coal, iron, &c. The sliipjnng amounts to about 150 vessels, measuring at least 1.5,l)U0 tons, and employing nearly lOOO men. The woods of the country consist of white, black, yellow, and grey birch ; red oak; white and yellow pine; white, red, and black spruce ; maple, elm, cherry, &c. All the English fruits ami culinary vegetables are jjroduced in abundance and of excellent quality. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, and maize are extensively cultivated. The climate of Nova Scotia is highly salubrious ; but, like that of Canada, extremely hot in summer and cold in winter ; snow generally covering the ground from Christmas till the first week of March. When vegetation commences, its progress is rai)id ; the summer is short but powerful, and the crops ripen quickly. Nova Scotia is rich in mineral productions. Tlic bed appears to be granite, with trap and slate. Sandstone, gypsum, lime, and coal abound ; with numerous indications of iron, lead, copper, &c. This territory was discovered by the Cabots in 1497 ; it was iirst colonized by the French in 1()04, and named Acadia ; but it has been a British jjossession ever since the year 171-. It is divided into ten counties, including Cape Breton at its eastern extremity. Its chief towns are Halifax, Truro, Londonderry, Onslow, &c. Halifax was founded in \1A\) bv the Earl of IlaUfax, at NEVVHl'APERB.— SOC'IETV. 37 thnt time President of tlie Poiinl of Trade and Plantations. It lies on tlic western side of n Him harbour, three or four miles in from the sea. ()|)})osite to Halifax, on the eastern shore of its harbour, is the little town of Dartmouth, the soil nroimd whieh is more fertile than in the west, and is well ctdtivated, mostly by German settlers. The first line of post-otfiee paekets fnnn Falmouth in Knf^liind, to Halifax, was establislied in IZf^S; two years afterwards, the port was visited by the late Kin{^, William IV., then uii oHieer of the navy; and, subsequently, the late Duke of Kent held the military command of italifax. Its value as a naval station became fully known in the war which broken out with France in 17J^''i. when it became the rendezvous of our West India squadron, and received all its prizes. In our last war with America also, Halifax was the port into which iill our prizes taken in that part of the world were carried for adjudication. The town of Halifax, running along the water's edge, is about two miles in length by half a mile in breadth. Eight princii)al streets riui parallel to the water, and are crossed at right angles by sixteen others, which ascend towards the citadel. Thi' latter are very steep. The streets, generally, are broad, but mostly xmpaved excepting at the sides. Above the town, on a very commanding site, is the Citadel, or Fort, with a signal post and a telegraph. Here are a dock-yard, and an ordnance dipot ; and several barracks for the troops are scattered over the town. The population of Halifax is esti- mated at 1(),0(K), with about 1000 negroes and a few Indians. 'IMiere are nine churches and other })laces of public worship in Halifax. Of the i)ublic edifices, one of the chief is the Province Building, large and handsome. In this are the Hall of Representatives, and the Legislative Council Chamber, witli the Courts of Law. The Government House is another handsome structure, nearly in the centre of the town. Didhousie College was founded in 1818 by the Earl of Dalhousie, then Governor. It has a nuiseum, and under the same roof is a lecture room for the use of the Mechanics' Institute. The Halifax Theatre is little attended. News- papers, of all shades of politics, are very numerous here. The society of Halifax is very good; the female portion being, in general, extremely well educated. Excepting Halifax, most of the towns of Nova Scotia are small and unimportant. Even Annapolis, on the western ! 1.^. 38 CAPE BRETON. coast, though the oldest settlement in North America, and possessing a good river and a iine harbour, has hardly more than 100 houses, and has never been in a flourishing state. The commerce of Halifax " consists chiefly of the export of timber, dried fish, wheat, flour, oats, salted pork, butter, and fish oil ; and in the import of manufactured goods from England, wines from the Mediterranean, and sugar, molasses, logwood, mahogany, cofifee, cigars, and rum from the West Indies. The aggregate amount of exports and imports on an average of several years past, is about ,5^750,000 annually for each ; though for the whole province of Nova Scotia, including the few other ports, it is about i^l-,000,000."* Lunenburgh, taking its name from one of the counties of Nova Scotia, was originally settled by a number of industrious Germans. It has now a population of about 2000. It is distant 35 miles W.S.W. from Halifax. f CAPE BRETON. Cape Breton, poUtically annexed to Nova Scotia, of which it now forms a county, and from which it is geographically separated only by the narrow channel of the Gut of Canseau, was formerly a distinct colony. Its length is about 100 miles, its breadth 80 ; covering an area of nearly 2,000,000 of acres. It was first settled by the French, who founded the town of Louisbourgh, on the south-east side of the island, in 1720. It was taken by the English in 17-45 ; in 1748, it was restored to France, in exchange for Madras in the East Indies ; but in 1766, it was again captured by the English, and has ever since remained in our possession. Since the year 1820, it has sent two members to the legislature, at HaUfax, as a county of Nova Scotia. The natural productions of Cape Breton are similar to those of Nova Scotia : their chief value is in the coal and iron mines. The island is divided by an inlet, called the Arm of Gold, 50 miles in length by 20 in breadth. Sydney, the capital of the island, is just within the strait or entrance to this inlet ; which, by means of a canal, may be expected, some day, to communicate with the Atlantic. The town of Sydney has not more than lOOO ahabitants ; the entire population of the island, including about 300 Indians, * BUCKINOUAM, p, 340. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 39 Jjeing estimated at 40,000. Such of the inhabitants as are engaged in the fisheries are chiefly of French descent, with an admixture of Scotch ; the agricultural families are mostly Irish emigrants. The miners, from 500 to 600 in number, are nearly all from Scotland. Much land remains imcultivated. The number of ships employed at Sydney amounts to about 600, from 20 up to 260 tons each. Some vessels art bui). acre for tlie coasting and fishing ti'ade. The Magdalen Islands, northward of Cape Breton, were the property of the late Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin. They are about half-a-dozen in number, very small, and containing few inhabitants. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Prince Eaward Island (formerly St. John's), taking its present name in honour of the late Duke of Kent, Com- mander-in-Chief of the Forces in these provinces in 1/99, lies to the westward of Cape Breton, between the latitude of 4G° and 47°. From the absence of high moimtains, and the proximity of the sea, its climate is milder than that of Canada or Nova Scotia ; and its inhabitants are remarkable for health and longevity. About 140 miles in length, and various in breadth, from its numerous bays, &c., it is estimated to con- tain 1,360,000 acres, out of which not more than 10,000 are thought to be unfit for tillage. It is one of the smallest }K)ssessions of the crown having a legislature of its own. It was first settled by the French, but transferred to the English in 1 763. The island is divided into three counties. King's, Queen's, and Prince's. The population, originally French, is now chiefly Scotch ; and the Presbyterians are the most numerous of the religious persuasions. The harbour, which is spacious, is considered to be one of the finest in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and ship-building, upon a small scale, is carried on here. The island has been recommended to such emigrants as combine a knowledge of agriculture with that of curing fish. Of late, however, the fishery has not been prosecuted with much energy. Charlotte Town, the capital, is neat and pretty, Avith fine views. The entire population of the island is about 40,000. Southward of Prince Edward Island, is the httle island of w 40 NEWFOUNDLAND. Pictou, with a lighthouse on the eastern point of its harbour. The town, about two miles inward, beyond the entrance of the harbour, is small, containing only about 300 houses, all of wood. Its chief inhabitants are emigrants from the western coast of Scotland. Pictou has three places of worship. CHAPTER VIII. i The Island of Newfoundland discovered, re-discovered, colonized by the French, and finally ceded to England. — Physical Aspect and Capabilities of the Country. — Produce. — Fisheries. — Ship- ping. — Exports. — Population. — Government. — New Bruns- wick. — Vast Fertility ; its Agriculture, Fisheries, Mines, &c. — Rivers. — Climate. — Population. — Government. — Exports. — Prices of Land. — Gavel-kind. — Flourishing State of St. John Town. — Churches, — Public Buddings and Institutions. — Municipal Government. — Ship-building. — Exports. — Saw- mills. — Population. — Newspapers. — Long Island, Gage Town, Sheffield, Maugerville, and Oromocto. — Fredericktown, the Capital. — Prospects and General Description. — Population. — Society. — Woodstock, the Frontier Town. Thr island of Newfoundland, to the north-east of Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island, and separated from the coast of Labrador by the Straits of Belle Isle, is in longitude 5.5° W., and from 4G° 40' to 50° 40' north latitude. It is believed to have been visited by the Northmen in the first year of the fourteenth century, and was re-discovered by Cabot, in 14f)7- Queen EHzabeth granted a patent for its colonization in l.")!>7; but the first permanent settkment umde here was in IG'Jii, h\ Lord Baltimore, who j)lanted Maryland, in America. Previously to this, however, the French, who claimed supremacy, had formed settlemeats in various parts of the coast, but cliiefly westward. In 1/15, it was fully ceded to England, with the reservation of only cer- tani rights of fishery to the French. The island is in extent from north to south about .'100 miles ; in mean breadth, from east to west, 200. With an area of .'l(i,00() square miles, it presents a surface of from 20,000,000 to 2;<,Ol>0,(l(iO of acres, or .'3,000,000 of acres more than Ireland, a country to whicl' sani the aboti &c., littlj is 1 FISHERIES. — SHIPPING. •^l it is considered to bear many physical resemblances. The western coast, the chief site of the French fishing stations, is the most fertile. In every direction, the margin of the island is full of fine estuaries, bays, and creeks. Six or seven large lakes, and forty or fifty smaller ones, are found in the interior. The bed of the island is granite ; but there are also gypsum, lime, and slate ; and, towards the south there are said to be indications of iron. Forest wood is in abundance, and some of the valleys are excellent in soil, for the growth of grain, the pasturage of cattle, and the production of fruit. As in Canada, the winters are long and severe ; high winds, as well as fogs, are more prevalent ; yet the cUmate is salubrious, and instances of longevity are numerous. Wolves, bears, foxes, otters, deer, hares, &c., are hunted and shot in the interior. The Newfoundland dog, in his genuine breed, is becoming scarce. Land and water-birds, and game in hnmense variety, abound. The horses, horned cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, &c., of Newfoundland all feed as freely on fish as on grain. Salmon, trout, and eels, are plentiful in the rivers and lakes. Amongst the smaller fish of the coast are cod, mackarel, herring, sole, plaice, halibut, lobster, &e. The chief delicacy, however, is the capelin, a little fish resembling a smelt, and familiar to Londoners in its dried state for the breakfast table. The seal and cod fisheries are the staple support of the colony. Nearly 300 sealing vessels are engaged, affording occupation to about 8000 men. Not fewer than half a million of seals are said to have been killed in a single season. \bout 1000 sail of vessels enter and depart from Newfound- and in the course of the year, exclusively of those employed in the fisheries and coasting trade ; and the aggregate num- ber of vessels engaged in the trade of Newfoundland amounts to not fewer than 1500, of 150,000 tons' burthen, and employ- ing 30,000 men and boys. During the fishing season, the number of boats engaged is estimated at more than 4000, of men at 20,000, besides 10,000 curers of fish. Twelve thou- sand tons of seal-oil have been exported in a single year ; and the annual average (piantity of cod-fish taken and cured is about 1,000,000 of quintals. Whales, grampuses, porpoises, &c., abound in the seas around Newfoundland, but they excite little attention ; and even the English fishing on the Banks is less extensive than formerly. Where there were 700, I I 42 NEW BRUNSWICK. ( .1' there are not now more than 100; "their places being supphed by French, Spanish, and American barques, schoo- ners, and sloops. Of these, the French employ in all these waters about 600 vessels, of 60,000 tons, and 13,000 seamen, having a right of fishing on 450 leagues of coast ; and the Americans have at least 1000 vessels, and 30,000 men and boys, in schooners of from 60 to 120 tons each." The quan- tities of fish appear to be inexhaustible. With vast capabilities, and in a greatly improving state, the chief wants of Newfoundland are enlarged capital and agricultural settlers and labourers. The chief town and best harbour of the island are St. John's, on the southern portion of the east coast. The town, without any pretensions to beauty, extends across the inner shore of the harbour, rising gradually from the sea. The streets are narrow and irre- gular, the houses chiefly of wood. The Government Plouse is a large plain stone building. The entire population of the island is about 100,000 ; nearly one half of French descent ; the remainder English and Scotch, with a number of Irish emigrants. Members of the English and Scotch Church establishments, Roman Catholics, and Methodists, have res- pectively several places of worship.* From 1728 to 1840, many of our most distinguished naval officers were, in succession. Governors of Newfoundland. Captain Prescott was the last naval Governor. In 1840, Major General Sir John Hervey, Governor of New Brunswick, a man of enlarged mind and statesman-like views, succeeded Captain Prescott. It was in 1832, under the administration of Sir Thomas Cochrane, that a constitution was first given to Newfoundland. Local differences, however, arising, the constitution was re-modelled in 1841, and it is now similar in })rinciple to the new constitution of Canada. NEW BRUNSWICK. New Brunswick, as yet but thinly populated, though possessing extraordinary capabilities, with reference to its fisheries, its agricultural produce, and its exhaustless mines of coal, ])resents a finely-promising field for the able and enterprisii g emigrant. — This province, considered capable of * By far the best work that has appeared relating to this colony, is Bonnycastlk's Newfoundland in 1841, in two volumes. coi ga thi wi wl wl in ab w| "55 a RIVERS. 43 supporting 3,000,000 of inhabitants, is situated on the main land of North America, north-west of Nova Scotia, and south of the eastern })ortion of Lower Canada, by which it is sepa- rated from the river St. Lawrence. On the south-east it is bounded by the Bay of Fundy and the isthmus which con- nects it with the peninsula of Nova Scotia ; and on the east by the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The entire province is esti- mated to contain about 16,500,000 acres; of which nearly 14,000,000 are yet ungranted by the crown. The greater part of the country is still covered by thick forest*; but there are considered to be about 11,000,000 of acres fit for cultivation, and the soil is generally fertile. In what is termed the Stanley settlement, wheat of the finest possible quaUty, weighing 701bs. per bushel, is grown. Hitherto, the felling and exporting of timber has been the chief trade ; but the fishery, though lamentably neglected,, is of incalculable value ; and the resources of the country are regarded as so varied and so vast, that, with industiy and capital, it might be rendered one of the wealthiest spots in the world, without the building of another vessel, or the exportation of another ton of timber. The prices of land vary, according to locality, quality, and other circumstances, from 6s. to £5 an acre. In the tract belonging to the New Brunswick Land Company, northward from Fredericktown, or in paria under sale from the Govern- ment, from 6s. to 10s. an acre for uncleared land is about the average price. Where clearings and improvements have been effected, ^5 may be required, and, in the neighbourhood of towns, it will run up to ,^20 or more. Purchasers of government land pay .^10 per cent, on the value of the purchase, when made, the remainder within fourteen days, and possession is not given till the entire payment has been completed. Property in land is divided by the custom of gavel-kind, as in Kent. " The eldest son has two shares of the property, and the rest of the children have one ; and if a widow be left, her right of dower takes precedence of these." The chief rivers of New Brunswick are the St. John, which falls into the Bay of Fundy; and the Miraraichi, which is navigable for about forty miles, and empties itself into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. On its southern banks, about twenty miles from its mouth, is the village of Chatham ; where merchants have settled, stores and wharfs have been lis ■^i i-:<: 44 NEW URUXSWICK. erected, and many ships ai'e freighted. The banks of these rivers are the seats of the timber trade. The principal settlements, however, are on the river St, John and its lakes. On its northern bank, where it enters the Bay of Fundy, stands the town of St. John, a place of extensive trade, and the largest in the province. On the same river, between eighty and ninety miles higher up, stands Fredericktown, the capital. On the shores of the Grand Lake, in the Queen's County, extensive veins of coal have brer found a few feet above the level of the water. An excellent vein has also been opened on the Salmon river. Iron ore is abundant; copper, plumbago, and manganese, have been found ; and, in the Chignecto basin, gypsum and sand-stone are in inexhaustible quantities. — The rivers and lakes abound in fish ; and the sea-coast is prolific in cod, haddock, salmon, &c. ; of which the Americans avail themselves to an infinitely greater extent than we do ourselves. The climate of New Brunswick much resembles that of Nova Scotia ; being milder in winter, and cooler in summer, than the climate of Lower Canada. The entire population of New Brunswick is not estimated at more than 200,000 ; but, from emigration, it acquires an average annual increase of from 5000 to COOO. — The govern- ment is invested in a Lieutenant Governor, who enjoys a salary of ^3,500 per annum — in a Council of sixteen members appointed by the Crown, and constituting the Upper House — and in a representative body of thirty-two, elected by the eleven counties into which the province is divided, and two from the city or town of St. John. The different Law Courts are conducted on principles similar to those of the parent state. The average annual exports of the province, including timber, ships, fish, oil, &c., amount to more than ^200,000. The flourishing state of St. John will be apparent from the following particulars. The town is situated on the steep side of a rocky hill rising from the left bank of the river. The chief streets intersect one another at right angles. Most of them are of considerable breadth ; King Street being one hundred feet wide, and few of the others less than fifty or sixty, A large open square, with houses ranged on terraces, crowns the summit of the hill. Nearly in continua- ST. JOHN. — SIIliKFlELD. — MAUGERVILLli:. 45 tion of St. John are the suburbs of Portland and Indian Town ; and on the opposite bank of the river is the Uttle town of Carleton ; between which and St. John is the inner harbour. On a small island, named Partridge Island, at the entrance of the harbour, are a lighthouse, a signal-post, and a fog-bell to warn shipping. In St. John Town und its suburbs (including Carleton) are no fewer than fourteen churches and other places of worship. The Court House, with a Council Chamber, &c., is handsome and commodious. Most of the new buildings are of brick or stone ; and the chief public edifices are of fine gray granite. Considerable architectural taste is displayed in a new market-house, with spacious halls above, a new custom-house, and two new banks. Extensive ranges of barracks have been recently erected. Amongst the scholastic establishments are — a Government School, a Lancasterian School, and numerous Sunday Schools for the gratuitous instruction of the poor. Here are also a Marine Hospital, a Board for the Assistance of Emigrants, a Vaccine Establishment, a Mechanics' In- stitute, a Literary Society, a Theatre, several Patriotic and Mutual Relief Associations; Bible, Missionary, and Tract Societies, &c. The municipal government of the town consists of a Mayor, Recorder, six Aldermen, and six Assist- ant Aldermen, the Mayor being nominated by the Government, while the Aldermen, &e., are elected by the six wards into which the town is divided. Ship-building is the principal busi- ness of the town. Ships may be built here for ^8 per ton, masts and rigging included ; at Quebec the rate varying from ^10 to ^'12, and in London from =€15 to £20. The tonnage of ships built at St. John ranges at from 300 to 1000. About 150,000 gallons of sperm and whale oil are annually exported. The right of the best fishing banks for the season is determined by lottery. Large fortunes are made in St. John by saw-mills. The population of the town and its suburbs is upwards of 30,000, Six newspapers are published here weekly, and two three times a week. The town has suffered repeatedly from accidental fires. Ascending the river, about forty miles above St. John is Long Island, with a church and tavern for the accommoda- tion of farmers ; ten miles further, on the left, is the neat little village of Gage Town ; and, sixty miles above St. John are Sheffield on the right and Maugerville on the left, 46 NEW BRUNSWICK. considered to be the oltlest settlements on the stream, are, however, only small villages. Fourteen miles They above these, on the left, where the river Oromocto enters from the west, is a town of the same name. Eighty-tivu miles above St. John Town, on the right bank of the river, is Fredericktown, the capital of the province. It was founded by Governor Carleton, in 17H4, when New Brunswick was first separated from Nova Scotia. Occuj)ying an agreeable site, on a plain, with hills rising behind it to the south-weat — the circumjacent country being extremely pleasant— the river running up 400 miles beyond — public roads branching off in different directions — and forming, as it does, a central position between Halifax and Quebec, and an important miUtary deput — it holds forth the fairest pro- mise of becoming a grand mart of commerce. Near the lanJing-i)hice is a fine open square, with a grass lawn, trees, &c. The officers' barracks occupy one side of the square. On a rising ground is seen King's College, the finest structure in the province. The Province Hall is nearly in the centre of the town; and the Governor's residence, elegant and commodious, is in its northern quarter. The Church of England, the Kirk of Scotland, the Roman Catholics, the Methodists, and the Baptists, have respectively their places of worship ; and, besides several benevolent institutions, tliere are, a Grammar and Madras School, numerous Sunday Schools, a Baptist seminary, and several private academies. The population of Fredericktown is now only about 5000 ; but it is rapidly on the increase. The higher classes of society are distinguished by urbanity and hospitality. Woodstock, a poor ill-provided place, is sixty-five miles beyond Fredericktown, on the riglit bank of the river St. John. A stage-coach runs thither from Fredericktown ; but no public conveyances proceed further towards the territory of the United States. St. Croix, the westernmost of the rivers of New Brunswick, was the original boundary, westward, between the British Provinces and the United States, as fixed by the treatv of 1 783. From the boundary line of that treaty, and also from that awarded by the King of the Netherlands, in 1814, some comparatively unimportant deviations were made in the treaty negociated by Lord Ashburton in 1842. They libove the bank It New it to lemely public 47 CHAPTER IX, Emierration, one of the grand Restoratives of Commercial Pros* perity. — Improving State of our Colonies. — Colonel Torrens's Pamphlet on the Encouragement of Emigration. — Proposed Loan of £20,000,000 on Unappropriated Crown Lands. — Certainty of Repayment. — Increasing Value of Settled Land. — Example of America. — Lord Sydenham's Proclamation. — Statement by the Canada Company, respecting the Increase of Property, &c, — Mr. Parkinsou^s Letters on the same Subject. — Superiority of Canada to the United States. — Advantages of the Poorer Class of Emigrants. — Middle Class of Settlers. After the general view which has been given of our colonial possessions in North America — a view more com})rehensive than can be met with in any other work upon so small a scale — some data of a more practical nature will necessarily be required by parties intending to seek a new home on the other side of the Atlantic. — Emigration — or, if another word be preferred, colonization — is one of the grand sources to which we must look for the revival of our trade and com- merce ; and amidst the distress which is prevalent in many parts of England, it is eminently gratifying to learn that our colonies, in all quarters of the world, are gradually assuming an aspect m.ore cheerful, more exhilarating, more flourish aig in character. In no instance is this improvement more apparent than in the province of Canada. With reference to our West Indian and Australian possessions, as well as those in North America, we are justified in indidging a reasonable expectation, that an attentive con- sideration, and a vigorous prudence on the part of the home government, will effect much in restoring our commerce to its former point of prosperity; in enabling us to supply, from our own colonies, that vacuum in trade which has resulted from the prohibitory system of the continent, and from the distress and embarrassments of the United States. However, to carry out our colonial system to a state of perfection, it is necessary not only to allow emigration to run in its vohintary and unassisted channels, but to foster it by new political regulations, at once safe to the parent government, and not risking its ultimate expenditure of capital. fi t\ iM I ii I Hi !» ii- ■i/ : 5 48 CANADA. In ft preceding Chapter, we have noticed at some length, Mr. IJuckingham's proposed new plan of national coloniza- tion. Whilst our own pages have been passing through the press, Colonel Torrens has published an exceedingly in- telligent and valuable pamphlet on the subject of removing public distress by the encouragement of emigration. *' As the existing distress," observes this writer, "is a conse- quence flowing from the enlarged productive power of our machinery, so the present flourishing state of our colonies appears to be the remedy which the especial interposition of Providence has appointed, and clearly pointed out for our deliverance. Our means of safety are thus rendered com- mensurate with our danger. To unlimited powers of pro- duction an unlimited field of employment is presented. The signs of the times proclaim our destiny, and repeat in legible characters the Divine command, ' Go forth, and replenish the earth.' The dangers which surround us are indications from on high ; they are pillars of cloud and fire guiding to Promised Lands. The renewal of friendly relations with the United States, through Lord Ashburton's Treaty ; the increased prosperity which that treaty cannot fail to bring to our North American provinces ; Canada inviting emigration to the St. Lawrence, to the lakes, and to the Pacific ; steam navigation drawing our distant possessions near to our shores; whilst our agriculture and manufactures are daily increasing in their productive powers ; all these concurring circumstances, these wonderful adaptations and means to an appointed end, these leadings of Providence, inspire the belief that English prosperity is not yet to pass away. Our sky may be overcast, but the bow is in the heavens." These are words of encouragement. As regards the capital which would be necessary, and the perfect security cf its repayment, it has been shown that the crown possesses in the colonies an extent of fertile and unaj)propriated territory equal to ten times the area of the United Kingdom. Now, according to Colonel Torrens's notion, if a loan of many millions could be raised with facility, and rei)ai(l with certainty, upon the security of the crovni lands in Great Britain, can any doubt exist that a similar loan might be raised upon the unappropriated lands belonging to the English crown in the colonies ? Colonel Torrens considers that there would be no difficulty in raising a capital of INCREASING VALUE OF SETTLKO I.ANDS. 41) .£20,000,000 upon the crown lands in Caniuln and Australia; and he contends that this capital would he sulficient to curry out emigration to its largest extent, and that the repayment of it would he fully secured, either hy the future sale of those lands, if the money were raised hy security only, or even hy their present ]:)rice, \vere the money to he raised from their ahsolute and iuiniediate alienation. " A land loan," he ohserves, " is not unfrequently confounded with an ordinary revenue loan; hut," as he justly adds, "they are essentially different, and have little in common hut the nanu'." A revenue loan, of which we have had too many in England, is an anticipation of the proceeds of taxes to he levied on the people. A land loan, on the other hand, is an anticipation of the j)roeeeds to be obtained by the sale of public jiroperty. When a loan is raised in anticij)ation of taxes, a perpetual burthen is laid uj)on the industry of the people, and the ])ro- gress of trade and industry is retarded by the weight and pressure of the new impost. But, in loans raised u|)on the successive sales of una])pv >priated land, the interest and ca])ital are paid, not by the community generally, hut by the purchasers of the lands as they are successively sold. The great questions then are : 1st. Are such future sales certain ? 2dly. Are they certain at such an increasing and improved price as to secure the government and the lenders ? There can hardly be a doubt on either of these points. In such an improving colony as Canada, and particularly where the great olyeet of the plan is to send out emigrants on a large scale, there can be no doubt as to the sale of the lands ; and as the progress of the colony in cultivation must be greatly accelerated by this large capital poured into it, and by this influx of imlustrious labourers, there can be as little doubt upon the second ))oint — that of the increasing value, and consequently augmented price of the lands in their future and successive sales. Indeed, all the numerous intelligent travellers, who have recently visited Canada, and the back settlements of the United States, give it as the result of their own observation, that the settlement of wild lands by indus- trious men raises the value, not only of the lands which they occupy, but also of the land ujion the belt of wilderness upon which their settlements abut. In Canada and the United States, such settlements double their population hi less than twenty-four years. A new market thus arises for new land. .^! I 50 CANADA. and those who have to sell it procure higher prices. The value of the hind is raised, not only hy competition but l)y the increased value of food, arising from an increased popu- lation, from new markets and new roads. This is forcibly exemplified in the United States of America, as well as in Canada. The government of the former, by fixing a i)ricc uj)on the public lands, raises for itself an immense revenue, as these lands are incessantly in demand, and the government is the only seller. The price is fixed for a certain number of years, after which a new valuation, according to the increased marketable value, is made ; and thus, from time to time, this source of revenue goes on increasing. It was by our wonderful improvements in mechanical |)ower that we were enabled to bear up against the war of the French revolution, and to support ourselves upon our own resources, when, owing to the power of Buonaparte and to the effects of a long war, we were wholly excluded from the continent. Our difficulties at this time are of a different nature. We want new lands for the settlement of our surplus population. Canada, and our other colonies, offer us an unlimited supply. We want new markets, and a new demand for our manufactures, to occupy the place of the foreign cus- tomers who have fallen off. It is necessary, therefore, that we should encourage the further settlement of our colonies, and a further development of their vast resources. By these means we shall more than supply the loss we have sustained ; and, while conferring immense benefits on the community at large, wc shall proportionately increase the comfort, i)ros- pcrity, and happiness of individuals, not only in the present day, but for generations yet unborn. Lord Sydenham, one of the vicent Governors of Canada, appears to have entertained a strong sense of the resources and capabilities of the country. The subjoined passage i? transcribed from his Lordship s Proclamation of the Union of the two Provinces : — " Inhabitants of the Province of Canada ! henceforward may you be united in sentiment, as you are from this day in name. Who can visit, as it has been my good fortune to do, the extensive reirions which are now united in one common denomination, and fail to acknow- ledge the vast resources they present for all that can conduce to the comforts and liappiness of man. Apart of the mighty empire of England, protected by her arms, assisted by her MR. PARKINSON « LBTTEHS. 51 treasury, admitted to all the benefits of trade as her citizenst your freedom guaranteed by her laws, and your rights sup- ported by the sympathy of your fellow-subjeets there — Canada enjoys a position unsurpassed by the world." As an instance of the vast increase of property, effectei twenty-two years. "In July, 1818," observes tl o writer, "we landed at Philadelphia ; from thence we wciu to settle in Susquehanna County, in Pennsylvania, with aoimt thirty-six other families, English and Scotch. As I had only, when I left England, about ^126, and our passage from Liverpool to Philadelphia cost nine guineas a head, so by the time I settled down in a township called Silver Lake, in Susquehanna County, 1 had not much money left to begin the New World with. I had a wife and eight children, six boys and two girls, the oldest about twelve years old. Provisions were high, being not long after the war. I staid here about two and a half years. It became a by-word among us — to sow a bushel and reap a peck ! I bought 100 acres at four dollars ])er acre, sold it for what I gave, after working and improving upon it, &c. I then moved into Seneca County, State of New York, in 52 CANADA. • i I'l i the township of Ovid ; here I found a good country, hand- some farms, very productive, but they had good owners to them ; I might as well have staid in England as expected to have got a farm. The land was here about ^8 to ^10 per acre, so it was out of my reach. As future anxiety for the good of my family was the chief cause of emigration, I staid at Ovid about two years and six months, saved, made, or earned about ^200, and then came to Upper Canada in the fall of 1823, as my object was to get land for myself and family. My means being only ^200 I found I must settle in some very new township, and go far back to make my little money go as far as I could. I first bought the 100 acres I live on, or a part of ray present farm in Eramosa, for the sum of thirty-five dollars, about £7 sterling. I next bought the lot my son George settled on, for the same money. I then ai)plied to Government for land in Eramosa, proved to them I had ^'200, six sons, and now foiu' daughters ; they granted for myself 500 acres, and set 400 acres a\mvt for my two oldest sons ; so now I had in Eramosa 1,1(H) acres. In the spring of 1824, we came and began on cm' new farm, then twenty-five miles from a grist mill and a bad road, twenty-five miles from a post office or a shop of any kind, but being determined to conquer or die in the attempt, I never gave way to despair, not for an hour. We now have been about sixteen years on our farm, have eight children niari'it'd off and settled on land close aroimd us ; we have given five of our sons 100 acres a-piece, a yoke of oxen, &c,, in value at the time when given about ^1()0 each. The three girls we have given j^'25 each, making what we have now advanced .^'575 to our children. We are now called, \Aith propriety, father, by forty children — grand-children, sons-in- law, daughters-in-law included, — so we are now become a great band, and Mrs. P. and myself are only lifty-five years old. " We have still a gcjod farm of about 250 arres in our own hands ; have got a boy and a girl at home with us, and about 120 acres under good improvement. Our stock consists of about thirty head of horned cattle, six of the horse kind, for one of which, a young steed coming three years old, I have had offered ^'100; of hogs about thirty, fifteen fat ones, fourteen store ones for another year ; from twenty to thirty sheep: from their wool we make our own cloth, &c.^ Our buihiings are good ; our house thirty by forty feet, (lellarcd / ( 3 \ ADVANTAGES OF THE POORER EMIGRANTS. 53 , hand- ners to cted to 10 per for the , I staid ade, or a in the self and st settle ake my the 100 nosa, for I next ;he same Eramosa, low four I set 400 Eramosa began on lill and a lop of any 3 attempt, now have t children ; we have 3xen, &c,, The three have now lUed, with I, sons-in- become a years old. n our own and al)out rcmsists of I kind, for )ld, 1 liavo fat ones, y to thirty &c., Our !t, cellared under the whole : I am happy to say a better farm-house I do not know of in the parish I come from, consisting of seven townships. Our barns 117 by 40 feet; sheds, stables, waggon-houses, &c., far more convenient than falls to the common lot of farm-premises in England. Our tax-gatherer comes only once a-year. For all my property I only pay about M\ sterling, with the exception of now having for a few years to help to build our jail, &c." In another of Mr. Parkinson's letters, written a month after the preceding, the following passage occurs, exceedingly interesting to the poorer class of emigrants : — " I am of an opinion that where a trade or exchange can be carried on between any two countries, and be really profitable to both, such a trade or exchange ought to be encouraged. In nothing could such a trade be carried on better than in emigration from Great Britain to Canada, or with such great benefits resulting to both parties. The poorer class of emigrants who are settled near me, and within the reach of my knowledge, are really so well off that it is almost needless to ask them to come to work any more ; they are all comfortably settled on small farms, either by lease-rent, or the more provident by purchase. They used to be glad to come and thrash for every tenth bushel. This year I wanted a man to thrash my barn empty. I expected to have about 1000 bushels of wheat, oats, and barley : they asked me every eighth bushel, and board, grog, &c." Farther on, in the same letter, Mr. Parkinson, speaking of some of his poor neighbours, who had been sent out from England by their parish under very disadvantageous circum- stances, thus adverts to one in particular : — " He now i-ents a farm of ten acres, a house, and fire-wood, &c., foi £'S. 10s. per year; has two good milch cows; has killed five good large fat hogs this fall; has three or four young horned cattle coming up; grows his own bread and potatoes, &c. What a different state these men are now in from what might have been expected had they been still at home in England ! I now give a boy seventeen years old £22. 10s. per year. I have had a man this summer to whom I gave £'S per month ; he really earned money so fast, that every fourth week he would have a holiday for a whole week. I really had to put up with it nu'ch against my will ; men were scarce, and bad to get." B 54 CANADA. The middle class of settlers — men who can land with from ^^100 to <^500, and a good stout healthy family, who have been used to hold their own plough, &c. — Mr. Parkinson says, will always do well in Canada. " A man with a few hundred poimds here can get an estate for himself and all his family." u, CHAPTER X. (f :-i y i Expenses of a Passage to Canada. — Ports of Embarkation. — Fares to Quebec. — Choice of Ships and Berths. — Requisites for the Voyage. — What to take out. As much of the difficulty and disappointment to which emi- grants are subjected, on their passage out, and on their first arrival in the new country, may be ascribed to a want of suitable information, we shall endeavour briefly to supply what is requisite. The passage to Canada may be made either direct by Quebec and Montreal, or by New York and the Erie Canal. By the former route, the voyage is longer, and the passage of the river St. Lawrence is tedious and troublesome. It has, however, the advantage of being cheaper than by New York; and it affords to emigrants a better opportunity for making observations on the country. The passage to Quebec may be engaged either including or excluding provisions. Emigrant vessels are bound to provide water, cooking-hearth, fuel, and medicine for the use of the passengers ; but it is not incumbent on them to find a surgeon. The charge for children under fourteen years of age is one-half of the full fare ; for those under seven years, one-third ; and for chil- dren under a twelvemonth old, no charge is made. When a family, going out together, happens to be large, a considerable saving may be sometimes effected by making a bargain with the captain for the whole. Ships may be found clearing out for Canada from almost every port of importance in England, Scotland, and Ireland ; l)ut the English and Scotch ports from which emigrant vessels, proj)erly so termed, usually sail, for Quebec, are — REQUIS/VES FOR THE VOYAGE. 55 London, Liverpool, Greenock, Glasgow, and Leitli. From these ports, the fares to Quebec will be found nearly as follows : — " Lo>?DON. — In the Cabin, Beilding and Provisions provided, from j6'20 to ^25. — Intermediate, with Sleepinf? Berth and Provisions, ;*'8to^l0; with Sleeping Herth alone, jfs to £6 — Steerage, with Provisions, hut no Bedding, ^f>. I6s. to £6. lOs. ; without Provisions or Bedding, ^3. 5,v. to iti. 5s. Emigrants ean generally victual themselves for from ^2. IOj. to 453. Usual length of the voyage, from six to seven weeks ; usual seasons for emigrating, spring and autumn. " LivKRPOoi- — In the Cabin, fully furnished, and every requisite for the table, about jf 20. — Intermediate, with Sleeping Berth and Provisions, :£b to jfc'6 i with Sleeping Berth alone, sH^ to M^z. — Steerage, with Sleeping Berth and Provisions, £i to st'h ; with Sleeping Berth alone, ^6*1. lOs. to lei. lOs. Emigrants may victual themselves for £2. 10*. Length of voyage about 30 days ; best seasons for emigration, spring and autumn. " Leith.— With Sleeping Berth and Provisions, £\Q \.o^'\2. No Inter- mediate passage. Steerage, with Sleeping Berth alone, jC2. IOs. to f6'3. Emigrants may victual themsc'ves from this port for ^1. lOs. to j6'2. Passage from 45 to 55 days , ' -ual seasons for emigrating, spring and autumn. " Grkkn'ock. — Cabin, gen' i th Bedding, Provisions, ^c., same as for the Captain, j6'20. — Intc .e, occasionally taken with Sleeping Berths alone, for ^'4.— Steerage, with Sleeping Berth alone, j6'3. lo.v. Emigrants may victual themselves for j6'2. IDs. Voyage from five to six weeks ; usual season for emigrating, from the end of March to September. " Gi-Asoow.— About the same as from Greenock." As general rules, the following are important for the atten- tion of emigrants. — Avoid old or crank vessels, and select one well manned, high and roomy between decks, with plenty of upper deck accommodation, and the berths well ventilated. If the berths are intended to hold four persons, cause a board to be run down the centre, as they will then be found to be about the usual size of a common mattress (which steerage passengers should provide). Children's berths should be well protected in front. In large vessels, berths are some- times erected in the centre of the steerage — these ate alwaiis to lie preferred. Never pay for a berth until i/ou liiive seen it, and had it secured ; and never engage a berth but from the captain on board, or from the principal agent ; and if there be any speciality in the bargain, get the particidars in writing, to which obtain the captain's signature, bcfoj-e yuur luggage goes on board. Emigrants who victual themselves should, if possible, lay in a moderate supply of the undermentioned articles : — corned or dried beef, pork, bacon, red herrings ; eggs packed in salt ; tea, coifee, sugar, Scotch barley, oatmeal, rice, sago. Milk, * - 56 CANADA. f i 1 I S boiled with loaf sugr a pound to a quart, and bottled, will keep during the voyage. Porter and ale in bottles ; a little brandy; pepper, salt, mustard, vinegar, pickles, lemons, or lemon-juice. Candles. Ship-biscuit ; some hard loaves, re- baked ; flour, and yuet, for puddings. Onions, carrots, and potatoes. — Use no crockery, or glass, but tin. For instance, " a water-can, to hold the supply of water, a gallon per day to each individual ; a wash-hand basin, baking-dish, a pot to fit into the ship's stove for broth, &c. ; a can for drinking from; a pot to hang on the stove for heating water ; tin plates for meals ; small tin cups for tea or coflFee ; table and tea spoons; knives, forks, &c. All should be maiked, and all packages should not only have locks, but be kept locked, and the keys be taken out." Emigrants of the labouring class should take out with them, bedding, blankets, and as good a supply of warm clothing as they can afford ; also their implements of trade, if not too bulky ; but they should encumber themselves with as little luggage as possible. Tools of various sorts are cheaper in England and Scotland than in Canada ; but the carriage out adds immensely to their original cost. Agricul- tural labourers need take nothing with them but requisites for the voyage, and as much warm clothing as they can afford. They cannot know what implements they may require before they are employed, and then they may speedily obtain them. CHAPTER XI. Arrival at Quebec. — Choice and Purchase of Land, each Division of the Province. — Cost of Houses and Faru. build- ings. — Emigrants as Labourers. — Journey from Quebec to Toronto, &c. — A Gentleman's Expenses from New York to Toronto. Emigrant ships, having thirteen or more steerage passen- gers, or if there be disease on board, must stop at Grosse Isle, the quarantine station, before proceeding to Quebec. The average time of detention is about two days. If the emigrant intend to purchase land, he should, immediately on COST OF HOUSES AND FARM BUILDINGS. 5/ his arrival at Quebec, proceed to the office of the Crown Laad Commissioner, or that of the Surveyor General, where he will see, by lists and charts, wliat surveyed lands are for sale. He will have the same opportunities at the offices of the different District Agents in Upper Canada. He unist then set out and examine the different lots of land that have been sur/eyed, and are for sale, and fix upon the lot he may prefer, with reference to extent, quality, locality, &c. Having made his choice, he may effect the purchase, and take pos- session, if in Lower Canada, in about a fortnight. In Upper Canada, the delay may probably be greater. Tht smallest quantity of land that can be bought from the government in Lower Canada, is fifty acres. In Upper Canada, if for a farm, fifty acres is also the smallest quantity sold ; but lands for building on, and for park lots in the neighbourhood of towns, are sold in smaller portions. Smaller farm lots may also be had from speculators, or persons desirous of selling. The government price of land in Lower Canada is, according to locality, 3s. Id. and 4.9. 9d. sterling per acre. The upset price of government land in Upper Cunaiia is 8s. currency per acre. Clergy reseives, however, average about 12s. 6ci, Common country land may be had in Lower Canada at froxra 4s. 7<^. to 6s. 6d. sterling per acre. In the back townships of Upper Canada, the same description of land averages from 4s. to 9s. an acre ; while, in other parts of the country it brings from 10s. to 50s. Land partially cleared and fenced averages, in Lower Canada, about 2<)s. an acre; and, in Upper Canada, an addition of from £3 to M4 must be added to the price of the wild land. In Lower Canada, the average expense of clearing an acre of land is about J^2. In Upper Canada, the expense of clearing and fencing sometimes runs up to £4. 10s. or more per acre ; but the average may be reckoned at from MS to ^'3. iOs. Having' purchased and taken possession of a piece of land, the farmer's first operation must be to erect a log house, stable, and barn. In Lower Canada, a log house, suitable for a small farmer, will cost about ,£'20 sterling ; a stable, for three horses, £\(), and a barn ,£20. In Upper Canada, a good log house will cost from .€35 to £G0, and a barn with stables from c£35 to £4(1 Small farmers, however, do not incur so heavy an expense. In the seignories of Lower Canada, the greater part of the cleared land is under tillage ; while in the eastern townships. ^ i '■^^ 58 CANADA. 'f!( A ill I f< I * from the difficulty of sending grain into market, the rearing of stock is the main object pursued. In Upper Canada, farms appropriated solely to either grazing or tillage are almost unknown. The young settler, with only a small portion of land cleared, generally, in the first place, raises such crops as he will require for his own consumption. On the other hand, in farms that have been wholly or mostly cleared, the greater part of the land is kept under grass, &c., to provide winter food for the cattle. Emigrants, desirous of employment as labourers, &c., will, on their arrival, be assisted with advice by the government agent, whose duty it is to board the vessels on their arrival at Quebec; previously to which printed bills are circulated amongst the emigrants when they reach the quarantine station. Agents are also stationed at Montreal, Bytown, Kingston, and Toronto. Information may likewise be obtained from the agents for the Commission of Crown Lands in the different districts. However, should the emigrant, on his arrival at Quebec, intend to proceed to Upper Canada, he cannot do better than follow the instructions given by the Canada Company, to the following effect : — " On his arrival at Quebec, he should ou no account leave the vessel, unless to go with the long-boat direct with his luggage to the steamer for Montreal. It frequently happens that the steamer comes alongside the emigrant vessel while slie is still lying at anchor in the river, and thus facilitates embarkation. The time occupied in going from Quebec to Montresil varies from twenty to thirty hours ; fare, 6s. for each adult, and no charge made for extra luggage, unless the quantity is very great. The emigrant, before going on board the steamer, should boil as much pork or beef as will serve him for a day or two. He can procure fresh bread, and obtam hot water in the steamer to make tea. On his arrival at Montreal, he should immediately get his baggage transported to the barges of the forwarding Company; is. 6d. should be sufficient to take all his luggage to the barges. Here the fare is from Montreal to Bytown 8s. per adult, allowance of luggage l cwt. to 1^ cwt. free, and for any quantity over and above this, 2s. per cwt. The same barges continue through to Kingstor. The fare from Bytown to Kingston is lOs. per adult, same allowance ot luggage as above, and 2a. 6d. for every cwt. extra. The average voyage from Montreal to Ivingstou is six days. The emigrant will And apparatus for cooking, and the female part of his family will find shelter in the cabin of the barge. In case of foul weather, he can get his family on board of the steamer at Lachine, (seven miles from Montreal,) where the barges are taken in tow to Carrillon, about forty miles from Lachine. On the way the emigrant can buy potatoes and other provisions from the farmers alongside of the canal ; potatoes. Is. 6d. to 2s. per bushtl ; pork, 5d, to 7d. per lb. ; butter, 8rf. to lOrf. per lb. ; flour, 5 dollars to 6 dollars per barrel ; tea, 3«. to 4s. per lb. ; sugar, 6rf. per lb. ; eggs, 8rf. to lOrf. per dozen ; butcher's meat, did. to 5d. per lb. according to the quality. From Gren- 111 I EXPENSES FROM NEW YORK TO TORONTO. 59 [e rearing Canada, [Uage are a small ice, raises |ion. On (or mostly ;rass, &c., &c., will, vernment r arrival at circulated ne station. Kingston, ained from ids in the at Quebec, better than )any, to the Eive the vessel, iie steamer for alongside the river, and thus )m Quebec to ach adult, and ry great. The > much pork or esh bread, and il at Montreal, barges of the lU his luggage a 8«. per adult, intity over and h to Kingstor. ,e allowance ot verage voyage And apparatus ,er in the cabin ily on board of ! the barges are . On the way m the farmers pork, 5rf. to 7d, ars per barrel ; Od. per dozen ; , From Gren- ville to Bytown is about sixty-five miles, and the barges are towed thence by a steamer, and reach in about fifteen or sixteen bours. The passage to Kingston is rather tedious ; but affords various opportunities of seeing the country, and (if desired) of engaging as farm-servants. " A great error is committed by emigrants in asking exorbitant wa^es ; if they would be contented with Ms. or 40». per month and board, ihey would get abundance of opportunity to engage.— Many emigrants, on arrival, have not tli means to carry them forward ; but they find no diffi- culty in getting work about the coves at Quebec, and may soon lay by sufficient to carry them up the country. They shculd on no account remain in Quebec or Montreal during winter. At Kingston there are steamers and stages for Toronto, distant 170 miles, and for Hamilton, at the head of Lake Ontario, distant from Kingston 210. The time occupied to Toronto is twenty-four hours ; the deck fare is usually Js. 6d. ; exclusive of provisions ; two children under fourteen years of age are reckoned as one passenger. The distance from Quebec to Toronto is 606 miles ; time occupied in performing it about eight days ; and the total expense of each adult, exclusive of provisions, (about Qd. per day,) jfc'l. 14». 6d.—At Toronto there are steamers plying daily for Hamilton, distant forty miles, time occupied three hours and a half. Deck fares 5s., exclusive of a meal. Emigrants proceeding to the Huron tract, or the Western townships, will avail themselves of this route, as cheapest and tiuickest. Stages run daily from Hamilton to London, eighty-three miles, stopping all night on the road; time in travelling twenty hours, fare 54 dollars, or 27*. 6d. ; and also every other day to Gait, twenty-five miles from Hamilton, fare 6«.3d," We shall yet further avail ourselves of information given by the Canada Company, with regard to the expenses of a gentleman, in taking the route from New York, in preference to that from Quebec, to Toronto. " From New Ycrk to Albany per steamer :— Distance, Time. Cost of Passage ^. s. d. 150 miles. 10 hours in Summer generally . 10 Autumr . , , 15 One meal • ■ 026 Albany to Schenectady, per railway :— Miles, Hours, Railway . . . 16 2 . , 3 9 Schenectady to Utica 78 5 . 15 iJtica to Syracuse . 53 3 the rates do 10 Syracuse to Oswego, per not vary canal packet-boat. towed by horses . 38 12 . 076 One meal in the boat . • • , 026 Oswego to Toronto per steamer . . .160 20 incl. meals 1 10 495 52 4 16 3 " The whole journey from New York to Toronto, including stoppages, is performed in three days. One cwt. of luggage is allowed free ; above this fiuantity is charged freiglit 5s. per cwt. of 112 lbs. The expense of living at New York and Quebec is about the same," r ir 1^ (JO CHAPTER XII. Cost of clearing Land. — Advantages of Co-operation. — Table of Prices of Agricultural Produce. — Weights and Measures. — Value of Gold and Silver Coins, in ('urrency. — Note, on the American and British Steamers. — Table of Distances. — Table of Rates of Wages. Supposing the emigrant to have located himself, it becomes necessary that he should receive some information as to the cost of clearing his land, &c. Our space io too limited for the insertion of tabular matter, but we shall give the results of some accurately made calculations on the subject. The entire cost of clearing ten acres of heavy timbered land, in the usual mode, by chopping, &c., including the expense of seed of all sorts for sowing, has been found to amount to .£58. 19.S. ; whilst the estimated crops to be produced there- upon, during the first three years after clearing, give a return 01 c£82. 10s. ; affording a balance of profit to the amount of ,£23. 15s., without taking into account the value of the after grass. To clear the same quantity of land by what is termed slashing, will cost <£()4. Gs. '.id. ; whilst the returns will be £100. 12s. (dd. ; giving a profit on the first three years of cultivation, of £36. ds. 3d. In slushing, all the trees ai'e cut in the height of summer ; the brush-wood, branches, &c., are burnt ; the trees never sprout again, and the stumps rot out two or three years earlier than by the common mode. Slushing is the more tedious manner, from having to wait two or three years after the trees are cut ; but it is attended with less personal labour, and the description of crop is l)referable. Another very important polat to be considered is the value of co-operation. If a man calculate how much it will cost him to buy a farm of eighty acres, and prepare it for cultiva- tion, he will find it will require much more money, in pro- portion for him alone, than it would require to render eight or twelve men equally comfortable with himself, provided those eight or twelve men should agree mutually to labour, and nmtually to enjoy the fruits of their labour. It has been calculated that if it cost one man .£124 to settle on eighty acres, eight persons settling on 150 acres will require only £387. If one man (with liis family) can cultivate ten )n.— Table of Measures. — J-Note, on the lances. — Table f, it becomes ion as to the limited for e the results ubject. The )ere(l land, in e expense of to amount to )duced there- give a return he amount of c of the after hat is termed !turns will be hree years of trees ai'e cut iches, &c., are tumi)s rot out timon mode, g to wait two t is attended n of crop is d is the value h it will cost t for cultiva- mey, in pro- render eight elf, provided lly to labour, our. It has to settle on will require cultivate ten WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 61 acres without hiring help, eight men (with their families) will cultivate eighty acres ; producing, at the enil of the tirst year, £6(i'3. 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Dress Makers ..,9B.. to 30.. per mouth, bosurd and lodging. Milliners S0«.to40. ditto ditto Farm Labourers HI. to so/, per annum. ditto Gardeners (first rate) ......4/. lo.. to si.; no employment in winter. Grooms a<. 10.. to 3/. per month, 30.f . to 40.. ail the year, with board and lodging. Millwrights 7t. 6d. to )0». per day. Millers, head millers, nsnal, 6/. per month, sometimes 100/. per annum. Ditto (inferior) 4/. per month, sometimes 60/. per annum. Blacksmiths 6s. 6d. to 7a. 6d. per day. Painters 6«. 3rf. to 7.. 6r lountry per week show the rate of es, with board lodKini?. ,rd and lodglnsr- 7a. ad. a day. and lodging, illtto iitto t in winter. \H. to 40<. all the ing. )/. per annum. . per annum. from 10». tcfl»«. vlnter. :er. I piece, and good ir day. aid for every 100 • timber. ployed in winter. 108. per day. earn from is. 3d. LONDON.