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Les diagrammes suivants lliustrent la mithode. irrata to pelure, n d n 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 FA, f. ,«U.^_-«i *W "w^FV^ ^ z ■A /^ /' 1 Pi 'j^Hr . 1 l^lt' ' * '*3 ftj ^^^^F ^ '^^B H V x«- Ka<.- i 1 %, *? , m ■ if* H-' •■^^■'1^.- AN £XCUR^< '*'.-SH UNITED STATE^ Of NORTH AMERICA, IN TH£ SUMMER pf 1794. ^^^ V iSmbdUftnA vrlth the Fro^ of Os»sii4t WAftviicol aad an A^ua^tiAta VieW of the STATs-lftooaS| at Philadelphia^^ ' A*' ,i By HENRY WANSEY, P^ A.S. SECOND EDITION wztr ADDITI01(S» '* Nothing extenuate, nor Tet down aught in PRmtED AND SOLD BY J. EAB^k j^ "^ %ld alfo by 6. WILKIE, 'No. 57i P ■n^ ■% si .798, :^ ^ ^4- .9 "J^B^ ("BmKV'.w-, ■^p ^. .A. •t- ■* i^iMa^BHKa ♦^♦4*4^ 4 * 4 ' 4 * ' | »4*^4* 4 '* $ * 4 *" ! ^ SBEaBBHP PREFACE. XT may, perhaps, appear extraordiiuoy to fome of m^ Readers^ how I couM coUeft fo many materials in fo (hort a time. To this I anfwer, that, in contemplation -of this Journey, I furnifhed my felf with much preparatory knowledge refpeQing the tra^ through which I intended to pafs— both by converfing with American gentTemel^» and reading Morfe's Geography^ firiflbt^ JefFerfon, Mather, and other authors. At the fame time, I entered in a fmalt paper book, queries and memorandums - a 2 . of IV PREFACE. of f&ch fhtnga a» I fnceikk^ t& enquire after I wad, by the knowledge of flion- hand, I was enabled to make minutes as I travelled along, in another little wade hooky even while I was in the ftage, which I co- pied out every night. — This has, however, in fome meafure, by dating fa6ls juft as^ they occurred at the time, occafioned ir- regularity, and fome differences in fenti-^, ment. — In thefe cafes, the laft (latement is, probably, the trued, as it mud be the refult of more experience. ^ ^ If it gives my Friends at whofe requeft I pubUib my Journal, thepleafure and Infonaanon tliey expe£^, I am iatisiiedi And I h(^ criticifih will fpare me aftct '1^ explanation INTRO* :»'.-> BBBHaaipBB 4**^4*4*4*4*4*4*4**^4**^^*t^' wte tA' INTRODUCTION. JtsL DfisxRB of knowing fomethingof theUhhe^ States, of which we hear fo much, and know.fo little, together with fome occurrences in bufi« nefs, induced me to mak^ a trip thither during the laft Summer. I have been highly gratified : and as my account is chiefly founded on my own ddtual experience and obferv^ i?,«n, and different in many refpe&s from any other, ac- count, I am induced by thefe motives, as well as by the requeit of many friends, to fend my Journal forth into the world. It is publiihed' in the fame order in which ii was written on the ipot, which 1 hope will be an excufe for the want of method, and the errors and occaiional repetition to be foiind in fome places. % a 3 In vl INTRODUCTION. In Narratives of this kind, the world is gene- rally better pleafed with plain matter of fa£^, than abftrad difquifitions, or the Author's own ientiments obtruded too much on the Reader. Moft of the modern accounts of the United States have been publifhed under the influence of prejudice. While feme have rated them too highly in the clafs of nations, others have de- preciated them too much, even to contempt. Imlay's is the pufF direSfy and Cooper's the puff oblique. On the other hand, the Author of Letters , en Emigration, lately publiflied by Kearfley, has viewed everything withaj^un« diced eye. I took Brifibt's Travels in my hand, and palTed. over the fame ground as he did, from Bofton through Conne£licut to New York, and' afterwards to Philadelphia, and fre- quently 0opt at the fame inns. His account is tolerably accurate : however, in a period of iive years, fome conliderable alterations and improvements have talcen place. His book gives much real information. His account of Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Wadfworth, and of the Prefident, agrees with my own obfervations, as I was in company with^ and at the table of each of them. , JBriiTot INTRO'irUCTION. vu Briflbt juftly obferves of the Northern States^ (particularly Connediicut) that cafe and abun- dance univerfally reign there : for induftry if fure to receive the- reward of independency. But he has exceeded the truth refpeding the fuccefs of a vineyard, at Spring Mill, twenty miles from Philadelphia, which, he fays, (page 252] fucceeds well, and produces much good wine. The fa£l is, it does not fucceed at all* The Frenchman who began it, does not make it anfwer, nor can any vineyards fucceed, while there remain fuch immenfe flights of birds and infeds* His meteorological account for Pennfylvantat is far lefs in the extreme than the fa6^, (page 256.) The prefent appears to me, a good point of time to take a fketch of America, and to mark its progrei's iince it began to rank among the nations of the earth. This government is raif* ing itfelf on a new fyflem,— without Kings-— without Nobles— without a Hierarchy, Re<* ligion is left to its own intrinfu: worth and evidence, and we now ihall fee whether it can fupport • •• vni INTRODUCTIOJf. fupport Its due influence amongp iVien, without a£ts of parliament to inforce it } and whether it is eflential to Religion, thnt its eminent men ** Jhould rtar their mitred fronts in Courts and Parliaments:** It will be grateful to poftcrity to mark the beginnings of an Empire, not founded on conquefl, but on the fober progrefs and didates of rcafbn, and totally difeocumbered of the feudal fyftem, which has cramped the ge- nius of mankind for more than feven hundred jear^ paft» In thefe States, you behold a certain plain- nefs and flmplicity of manners, which befpcalc temperance, equality of condition, and a fober life of the faculties of the mind— ^the mens (ana tn carport fano. It is feldom yqu hear of a mad man, or a blind man, in any of the States ;^ fel- dom of a felo de fe^ or a man afflicted with the gout or palfy. There is, indeed, at Philadel- phia, an hofpital for lunatics. I went over it, but found there very few, if any, who were na- tives \ they were chiefly Iriih, and moilly women. The diforders in the United States, arife chiefly from external caufes. A bilious remittent fever is common in thte fouth .and middle States, about the cloie of every hot fummerj^ owing to the IVTIOSUCTION. M the mcrcaitd exhalations, at that fearon, of the ftagnant waters, which abound* But this evil is leffening in proportioo to the cultivation of their fioil, which tends to render the clinuite it- ielf more temperate. The Author of LetUrs en Emigration^ a«, mongft other obje^ions, obferves, •* That there does not exift a more fordid, penurious race, than the Captains of padage and merchant veflels.*^ I xeturned from America with one of them, and found it quite otherwife — pUnty of ali kinds of provifions, frefii as well as /alted; a cow oil boaid, which afforded us milk every day for our coffee and tea; wc had good Port» ilD«rfy^ porter, and beer, daily with our dinner; at w^ as oranges, nuts, almonds, and raifins, very fre« quently, by way of defert. Many of the native i Aiherican Captains being ufed to live with .tagur treme frugality themfelves, do not think much about the provifions neceffary for the paffen* gers ', in fuch cafes, they muft look into it them* felves, and fee that every thing proper is proi*\', UNITED STATES. i ills now bat three days to the mont)i of Ma/» yet there is fcarce any vegetation to be feen. No Jeaves oh any of the tfees, nor even a bud vifible* A late fpring is here the refult of a mild winter ; 'Ijlwhereas, a fevere winter produces a quick growth^ and a plentiful year. All the' bread feemed four to us the iirft.day, but this we find is owing to our having lived fo long on unleavened breads comi* monly called bifcuit. Beef is feven pence and eight pence a pound, and expedted foon to be a fhilling* in confequence of the American ports being ihut; cheefe fourteen pence a pound, coarfe lump fugar eighteen pence, freih milk four pence a pint; a guinea pafTes for one pound three {hillings and fonr , pence, and in changing a dollar you receive five; ihillings worth of coin, in (ilver and half-pence ; few ihillings are feen; the £11 ver coins are of the value of fifcee/ipence, tenpence half-penny, and fixpence half-penn^. ♦ HALIFAX Was firft built about the year 1748; it has no brick bu'Idings, nor any tile; the houfes are all of wood, with weather boards for the fides, and the roofs ar^ of ftiingles. It Hands on the fide of a hill ; the ftreets are wide ; no quays fof Ihipping, on^^ Wharfs. It much refembles fome of the fmall villages near London, on theborders of the Thames ; B2 the ■ # EXCURSION TO THE the poor are very neceflltous', ragged, and without ilockings and (hoes,; many negroes there ; the poor are emigrating fad to the United States, by hundreds, for want of employment. The military ftores are cAeemed worth a million of money, and the privato||^ property in ilores, debts, and buildings, two millions more, yet (o ill prote&ed that two vefTels of war, and one thoufand men, as was currently faid, might cleftroy it all; a great many cannon here lying about on the wharf, as they have done for a great while, in a ftate to be of no ufe. The deamefs of all kinds 4Df proviiions^, and the reilridiions on the trade of Nova Scotia, to take almoil all their articles from England, is a great check to the growth of this cqlony. Here is a fine harbour, with a large inner bafon, called Bedford Bafon, or Bulhey Cove, capable of holding forty fail of the line. An engagement was once fought there between an Englifli and French fleet. Halifax is efteemed ^ very healthy place, although it much abounds with fogs. ,. jipril zgi This morning an, Indian family tame in along fhore In their canoe from a diilant part of, the coail. Two young men, and the wife and mo- ther of one of them, were thofe I faw. Their ftature* about five feet four inches, appeared like the loweft and.,wori^ of our gipfies, with long, lank, dark hair, imall eyes,, high cheek bCnes, very yellow complex- ions. ''-"1 UNITED 8TATE9. \ ions, and ilupid countenances. They were of the , Mick-mack tribe, whofe general charafter is> a diflike to all, kinds of labour or exertion* e: on which they chiefly live. Yet fo Indolent, that when they have killed one, they fix themfelves on the fpot till they hav« eaten him up entirely- After which, till they kill another, they often fufFer a great deal of hunger* In this cafe, they fifli, or fearch on the fea (here for eggs, which are often found there in great plenty* The drefs of the young woman was remarkable ; a cap made of rufhes, in the form of a fugar loaf; a blue ferge petticoat, very ihort ; a flannel cloke of a yellow ground, efnboiTed with red ^Rrers; her hair plaited into a long pig tail down her back, almoil to the ground, I endeavoured to hold fome converfation with the young woman, but I could not make her, underiland me ; (he could only fay* " No Englilh, fir," which ftie fpoke with great ' modelly. It is certain, however, that genius/'is to be found even amongd thefe poor Indians, for I faw, two days after this at Liverpool, (a fifhing town *on this coaft) fome exceeding pretty work baikets, made of porcupine quills, formed intp a variety of fancied figures, of different colours, red, yellow, ■ black, white and brown. The quills were ilaiaed of thefe colours by themfelves, and had a great re- femblance to the workmanihip of the Wampuni- belts. . ^. , B3 Our V KXCUItSrON TO THB Oor friend Mr. Forfythc, having at length in- formed us of a fmall boat, juft difcharged of a cargo of lumber, and returning immediately to Liver-* pool« we determined to embrace this opportunity of getting on part of the way, although only feventy miles, depending on chance to carry us on afterwards* At five o'clock in the afternoon> (April iQ) we got on board, with a good frefh wind from the north, having flowed in fuch pro- vifions as we thought we might want, confifting of fome cold tongue, and a piece of boiled beef^ bottled porter, and Port wine, tea and fugar, bread* bKcuit, &c. &€• We foon pafTed St. George's Ifland, then Jebuflo Head, and by night we were oiF Sambro' Ifland* the •light-houfe being within half a mile of us* making a beautiful appeai'ance. The wind now funk and we lay becalmed. After a light fupper, and a draught of excellent bottled cyder* we took to our beds* and flept very found till the morning. May I. A fine ferene morning ; when we arofe we found ourfelves out in the wide 6cean* hardly in fight of any land, thirty miles fouth of Halifax. Our boat was very fmall, fcarcely twenty tons bur- den, ^nd the waves, although very moderate, Wafhed the whole deck. We had only two feamen on board* young men of about twenty years of age, very s^odeil* civil, well fpoken youths. The wind now fpruhg I7NITBD STATES^ f • i^rung up fre(h, and (hook our little boat exceed- ingly : the name of the veiTel was The Harlequin ; Mr* Hobe on hearing thisv fliook his head* and hoped this Harlequin would play us no tricks. At feven in the evening, the wind fet directly againft us ; luckily we were clofe in with land, and there- fore put back to Port Lehave, where we caft anchor. This is as large a harbour as Portfmouth. In failing up the harbour, I obferved a large building at a diilance, to my great joy, being the only houfe I had feen the whole day f we foon found it was a barn. Adjoining to it was a fmall houfe of one ftory, with one chimney, not promiiing much com-" fort to us. We, however, determined to land, and carrying an empty porter bottle or two with us, we got on ihore, not without fome difficulty, a large mafiiif dog keeping us at bay, for fbme time. Our feamen led the way, apd entering the houfe, we found a man and woman fitting" near a large fire« with a maid behind rocking a very uncouth cradle^ in which lay a fqualling infant. We folicited fome milk, and (hewed our empty bottles, but we could not make them underfland us, till Mr. Hobe, judg- ing by their appearance, they might be Germans^ addreiTed them in High Dutch. '1 his procured ut at once a hearty welcome ; we fat half an hour with them on a bench before the fire, for there was no chair in the houfe. Another man of the family now joined us ; our bottles were filled with milk, they would take no confideration for it : enquired much B ^ hoyr rung /. I BXCURSION TO THE how things went on in Europe, of which they feemed to know very little. There was a great appearance of thrift and happy eafe around them : a bad watch of the largefl and oldeft fafhion was hung up by the window, and was the only regulator of their time; he corredled it every morning, by means of a Bofton almanack, watching tKe time of the fun's rifing, and fetting it accordingly. We now took our leave of them, and taking a lighted Aick from their fire, to make one on board for ourfelyes* we warmed our milk, and had a very comfortable fupper, and turned in, as they call it, about ten o'clock. May 2. At five c'ctbck we weighed anchor, with a favourable wind, Und were foon out at Tea; paiTcd feveral Murlegaih fifhinf vefTels, (a very thriving place, about twenty leagues w ft of Hali- fax.) We now failed along a very pleafant even coaft, which, though much uncultivated, was h«re and there interfperfed with decent Hngle houfes, til! we came, about eleven o'clock, to Liverpool, or Lunenburgh, as it was once called. It is a very pleafant little town, Handing round a deep bay, the houfes well built, though of wood. It was. a very fine day, and after we had refrefhed ourfelves at the White Horfe, (the only inn in the place,) myDanifh friend and myfelf took a -walk into the woods, but it was fo thick, we could not go far. We, however, fprung partridges and pheafants in abundance : we next UNITED STATES* j) next went with a letter of introdu£lion to Mr» Benajah ColUna* who received as very hofpitably* At the entrance of the harbour of Liverpool> is a ftockade forti mounting four guns> to defend the entrance. We walked thither with Mr. Collins, and from this eminence we faw a veiTel at anchor at the mouth of the harbour, about two miles didance $ we hailed a boat and went on board, and found it was a fiihing fchooner from Plymouth, in MafTachn* (1^, bound to the Banks of Newfoundland. W« had fome difficulty to perfuade them to alter their courfe, and take us towards the place of our defti* nation, either to Shelburne orBarington, near Cape Sable, as we found there was a good chance from one of thefe places, of getting by fome boat or other, over to Boilon. At laft, for five guineas* they agreed to take us to the Cape ; we got our.lug* . gage on board, and by eight in the evening were ' under weigh : it foon falling calm, We made very little progrefs, we therefore got our lines out . and began fifhing. We had eight feamen on board, all' Americans, the moilinoffenfive, civil, friendly men I <% ever met with, full of fludioufnefs to pleafe us,' and "^ to make us welcome to every thing in the ihip. They were very inquifitive for news from the old country, for fuch they ftill call England; hoped there would be no war with us : they fatd theiif country had fuffered much by having their veffels taken. Mr. Grey of Salens, a very worth J^ mer» B 5 chant* 10 EXCURSION TO THE chtnt» had loft th&ty of his yeflels, and wit alinoft rained by it. They did not fuppofe the King knew any thin^ of it, or he would not fuJTer it. We thti» tHked of the late American war; Ihjy had all fought in it ; one had been a prifoner twice ; a iecond (hewed the fears he had received in the war ; another had fought under Gates and Arnold, at the battle of Saratoga ; a fourth had not only ferved theKe» but was alfo with the army at York Town, where Lord Cornwallis laid down his arms. They fpoke with the higheft praifes of General Wafiiir^ ton, for his affability, humanity, and catc of his men. ,( In a word, I muft fay, I was never engaged in a. converfation in which I faw (b much of the honefl feelings of nature. They offered u« ta partake of their grog, for t)iat they thought was a liquor every body mull lov.^ be A. By this time they had drawn up ten or twelve fine cod, which were flapping about the deck. We made a mofl excellent dinner . from them ; fo white, fo flakey and delicious, that «^ we wanted no fauce, hunger fupplying the ''beft of the kind, and thus did we eat it in high per^ fe^on. J ) Although the weather has hitiici lo been fun(hiny» •with now and then a fog of fhort continuance, yet now we begin to fe;el them more denfe and lafling* with freouent blfds of hot and cold air. The J . coafls. # ITNITED STATES. II coaftsf when vi Me, appeur very barren->|^l^\^ rocks and bladed fir-tree and pines, make^^eyy cheeriefs profpect. Yet here and there ^oi^ « ^* folitary hottfe along tie coaft like thofe^ jfJEu-^ .^ rope. We landed to-day at a Scotchmaf |!'ifefhire ; a very pretty woman for his wih^>«^hq^__^^^x^^• was aihamed to be caught nurfing the youngel^of S6m^^ ^ fovr children, fitting by the fire without any cap on, and her hair uncombed ; (he was from New England* Scott his name. We paid them for milk fixpencc a quart, eggs ninepence per dozen. We fpent an hour very pleafantly rambling about. He fhewed us an harbour he had made for hi., boat at the top of the creek. The ieamen comph.in how^ exceedingly dear fait is ; it is now fix dollars % hog« Ihead, which ufed to be fold for three. It is very brown and coarfe, and comes from Turk's Ifland, in the Weft Indies. A dollar is four ihillings and fix* pence fterling, or fix fhiiling& currency. They make iittle or no fait in America, though neceflity obliged them during their war for independence, to make it in Virginia. Labour is too dear ; befides, they da not know how to granulate it.. « The feamen obferved, that though they are •imoft always at fea, they are obliged to pay as annual tax to their minifter or clergyman, of feven or eight (hillings ; and that by law every man ar- riving at fixteen years of age, muft pay four ihillings per annum. This is at Plymouth*. B 6 Th© ». 12 .EXCURSION TO THE The wind is continaally contrary for us, W. and N. W. We have been from Friday evening till Sun- day night going five leagues, from Liverpool to Port Muttoon. The wind this morning, (Monday) is fprung up from the eaft, and we go on five knots an hour; involved however, in a thick fog, and obliged every now and then to found the conch, to prevent any other veffel from running^foul of us. I have flept very comfortably fince on board the Polly of Plymouth, in a fmall cabin ten feet fquare, with a conftant fire night and day ; fix of us, (two on watch). I obferved on the foremaft of this veffel> ^s well as of the other fchooner, a horfe-ihoe nailed^ but when I afked them the reafon, I could get no anfwer from them. We go to bed at eight o'clock, and get up at eight. The bugs I found very trouble- fome; thefe have peftered me fad ly, ever fince I came to Halifax for they abound in thefe parts. Our cold tongue, beef, bread, and fugar, are all expended 5 we eat our falmon and cod without butter or bread, but we have potatoes ; our bottled porter is out, and we have no winej the water we drink is of a pale yellow colour, yet of no bad tafle. We make ourfelves very happy. Mr. Hobe and myfelf are finging fongs every day, and they entertain us with Yankee Doodle, and other fongs made during the late war. We now paffed Bear Port ; and the rug- ged Ifles, and Port Jolly, alfo the two rocks called the Bull and the Whale. We had an excellent breakfail to-day on chocolate^ and fome bifcuitai.' • '■ . r, ■„*■ .- -V' made i ' \ UNITED STATES. \- J3 made of midlings and Indian wheat mixed, very coarfe and dark coloured, not half ground> fo bad that when I firil came on board, I thought it would be impoflible tO eat it, and even wondered how they could eat it ; but now it does very well, and I find it agrees with me, and is very wholefome. We do not know how time goes, ray watch the only one on board, met with an accident and does not go, and the fog prevents our feeing the fun $ when we arc hungry we eat ; when thirfty we go to the water cafk ; and when we find nothing to do, we go to our beds. What a contraft to the bufy fcenes I have been ufed to at home ! yet if it pleafe God that I once more get home to my native country, and the fociety of my friends, the remembrance of all thefe difficulties paiTed over, will, I am confident* aftbrd much pleafure in thp recolledion. are At two o'clock, {May 5, P. M.) faw the light- l>oufe at the entrance into Port Rofeway, or Shel- burne. This town is now almofl deferted ; the royalifts of America were encouraged to fettle here, by the Briiifh government, at the conclufion of the war, and carried a great deal of property with them. A town with good hiindfome ftreets was planned; but \yhen the encouragement held out, for two years, by government, ceafed, they could not maintain themfelves; all their articles, fifh and lumber, came to market fo dear, that their trade felLofFi and perfons who fet out with a capital of two againft , ■ which •4 UNITED STATES. »5 which the Tea was dafhing its waves. Add to this the noife of the Tea fowlj and the cries of the Iook bird« which jud thrufls its long neck above the water, and halloos like a man fliHuting at a great diftaitce* made us at times, aimed melancholy. What can induce any man to forfake fociety, aad build thofe houfes we fee every now and then on this ugly horrid coa(l> is difficult to conceive. They mud either have been ufed very ill by the world, or have ufed the world very ill. . _. > 1 Had Tajo been on this dreary coaft, before he had written his JerufaUm, he would have coniiderablj heightened his defcription of the Enchanted Forefl^^ * V ' ■ ■ * We went to Mr. Serjeant, the principal man there, (a merchant and flore*keeper,) to find out a VefTel to take us to Bollon. But to our mortification^ found there was no velTel had ^put in there all the fpring, except one ; and that the which makes a prodigious curfent, and occafions our veflel to roll exceedingly. May 7. We have had a fine run acrofs the Bap of Fuhdy, and are now, at eight o'clock in the morning, within twenty leagues of Boflon, but it being rather foggy, we have flackened fail and 'fee(ed» Our little filhing veffel of forty tons, has onlv three fails, a jib, forefail, and mainfail ; rolls exceedingly. Provifions and every other accom- jnodation, we are very fcanty of. ■ F Yefterday, being on St. George's Bank, with ninety fathom water, we put down a line and caught a very fine cod, which fupplied us with a dinner to-day, wiih a ftw potatoes, and for our drink we had the yellow water before mentioned. Mr. Hobe, my companion, has travelled through Germany UNITED STATES. n Germany and Switzerland, whera- he has often found bad accommodations, fo he is feaibned in fome meafure, to it ; but yet he longs to get to Boflon, as well as myfelf, to have the fight of meat aful wine, and taile bread once more. Towards even- iftg, the wind unfortunately (hifted to the N.. W, in our very teeth, fo that we are driven from all hopes of making land to-night. with and /ith a 3r our ed. May^ 8. A clear fine mornings dry and cold, (wind N. W.) At nine o'clock, faw land at ten or twelve leagues diilance, but fo obfcurely, that our Skipper cannot pronounce abfolutely what land it is, whether Cape Ann or Cape Cod. Saw feveral whales fpouting ; one within half a mile of the fliip«, whofe body I could dittinflly fee; the fpouting re- fembles the ihow^r thrown from a fire engine. At ten o'clock, faw a fleet of ihips, near thirty, (fchooners going to fifh for cod, on Nantucket ihoals) ; it was a very fine fight, mth, all their fails- bent. Two of them pafTed and hailed us. At three o'clock, came in clofe under land, at Cape Cod, and-could diflinguilh houfes, wind-mills, &c« up the country ; the fea Ihore, a flat fand, for miles. Had for dinner, three eggs and three potatoes, and a glafs of water between us ; no hopes of reaching Bofton to-night, the wind growing more a-head of us ; it is very cloudy, and blows cold, more like March than May. We now had a view of Ply- mouthj the firil Engliih fettlement on this coafl. « "Si'* iS ' EXCURSION TO THE ,-* May 9. The wind ftill contrary, and the weai-' thcr cold ; wA-e obliged to fteer northward, favr Cape Ann and Marble Head. In thedufkofthe evening, however, had a diflant view of Boflon Itght-houfe; we had now confumcd all our provi- fions, except the hard bifcuit and water % but about noon this day, putting out oUr fifhing lines near Cape Cod, we caught two cod> on which we alt dined. May |0. The wrnd S. W. we, by frequent tack^, and after many difappointments, got within the light-houfe bank, and made the outer harbour, to our great joy ; we then hailed a fiihing veiTel, which agreed for two dollars and a half, to take us and our luggage up to the towh. At ten o'clock in the morning we rrached the wharf, and fo eager werewe to land^ xhat we hardly waited the vefTers anchcrin^^* Account of the City of BoJloUm Oi 'N our arrival, w,e enquired for the beft houfc •it,l^ ©f entertainment ; and were direded to the Bunch of Grapes, in State-ftreet, kept by Colonel Cole- man. It is nothing unufual in America for army oificera to keep taverns. A man with the title of i > • Major 0y I houfc Bunch Cole- jr army title of Major #• € UNITED STATE!. Major fometimes holds your horfe, and Captains are digging by the road fide ; it is a veftige of the revolution. During the American war^ a man's promotion was not meafured fo much by his rank or fortune, as by his zeal and afliduity in the fervice of his country, and it was a cheap way of rewarding him for his fervices* In the year 1740, Bofton was efteemed the largefl: town in America, now Philadelphia and New York rank before it ; neverthelefsj it is a very flouriftiing place, full of buiinefs and aflivity. The merchants and tradefmen meet every day, from twelve to two a'clock, in State-flreet, as on an exchange. We enquired for a porter, to fetch our luggage from the ihip to the tavern, and a free negro offered himfelf, for which fervice he required half a dollar. The negroes in this date are all free, and are a refpediable body of people. They have a freC' mafons' club, into which they admit no white perfon. However, I believe they are not yet admitted to hold offices of Hate, though they vote for them. ' This town, or city, contains about eighteen thou- fand inhabitants. State. flreet is the principal one, about twenty yards wide, is near the centre of the town, and leads down to the lEng wharf. Cornhill is another confiderable ilreet for trade, but it put me in niind of Baiingiloke. Their foot ways are not yet paved with flat (lones, the horfe and foot '. way being alike pitched with pebbles, with poft« and ••* U !#• 20 EXCURSION TO THE and a gutter to divide them> like the old fafhioned towns ^n England. The buildings likevvife^ are but indifferent ; many of them, as well as their churches* are weather boarded at the fide, and all of them roofed ^with fhingles. A very aukward looking railed enclofure, on the top of the houfes, for drying clothes, gives them a very odd appear* ance. The part of the town called New or Weft BoAon, is an exception tC' this, for the houfes there are ajl neat and elegant, (of brick) with handfomr entrances and door cafes, and a flight of fleps. I • At Colonel Coleman's, which is more property a lodging houfe than a tavern, we were but very in- differently accommodated us to beds ; generally two in a room, and not very cleanly, for \^e were much peftered with bugs. At two o'clock dioneV was an- nounced, and we were fhewn into a room where we found a long table covered with difhes^ and plates for twenty perfons. We were ferved with falman, veal, beef, mutton, fowl, ham, roots, puddings* &c. &c. each man had his pint of Madeira before him, and for this and our breakfaft, tea, fupper and bed, we paid five (hillings currency, for they make no feparate charges, nor do they abate of their charges, were you td dine out every day. There is no fhyneft in converfation, as at an Englifh table. People of different countries and languages mix together, and converfe as familiarly as old ac- quaintancesi Three or four of our company were ' French % 4- UNITED STATES. 21 id at JS, :m ng* . for ar- ^eft [\ere omv :rly a ry ink y two - much as an* •re we plates ilman, "(dings* before »er and make If their here is table. es mix >ld ac- ^y were 1 French # French emigrants. On one fide of me fat ^ ^r. Waihington, from Virginia, (no reration to the Prefident, or ^ry diftant,) and on the other fide a young man from Philadelphia, next to him a perfon from Newbury Port, three hundred and fifty miles north of Philadelphia. I found myfelf well enter- tained with their converfation, on many fubje£ls new to me. In half an hour after the cloth was removed every perfon had quitted table, to go to their fev^ral occupations and employments, except the Frenchmen and ourfclves; for the Americans know the value of time too well to wafte it at the table. Here I met a Mr. Armftrong, once a clothier ' at Corfham, in Wilts, near my native place. «When we meet a countryjman in a remote part of the world, wc fpeak to him as an intimate acquaintance, though perhaps we have never feen each other be- fore. This was the cafe at prefent. I took a walk with him to Bunker Hill and Brede's Hill, the ground where the Americans, {June 17, 1775,) firft refilled the attack of the Britilh. A Captain Grea- tan accompanied us, who was an officer on the fpot , at the very time. He defcribed the whole adtion, and fhewed us the place where Dr. Warren fell; the point where the attack began, and the road by which the Americans retreated. The adion was not fought on Bunker Hill, as is on recovd, but on. Brede's Hill. It was but a detachment of the main army which were in aftion. We followed the fame route the armies went, for two miles f we then ^led '■?'-'-■ off ^flp^^ 82 EX<:URSION TO THE ! off to the left, and came to the town of Cambridge, where the principal Univerfity in t^ ftate is efta- blifhed. It is called Harvard Collie, is an excel- lent inftitution, was founded about the year 1650^ is well endowed, and fupports three hundred flu- dents; two large handfome brick buildings feparate from each other; a third has b:en taken down lately, to be re-built. We returned to Bofton over the new bridge, a. moft prodigious work for fo in- fant a country; a work, as Mr Hobe obferved, worthy the Roman Empire. It is a brid,»e over an arm of the fea, above one thoufand eight hundred feet long, and about thirty-four wide, well lighted, all the way and into Boilon, about a mile in length. This bridge is built entirely of wood, and coil about twenty-fpur thoufand pound5, and marks the genius and fpirit of the town of Boilon. It had been opened but about five months, when we paifed it. About half way over the bridge, we obferved two iron rings ; Captain Greatan, by one of them, lifted up a trap door, and discovered a large room below, capable of holding two hundred inen, to which we defcended by ilairs, and faw the machinery by >vhich the draw bridge is lifted up for large veiTels to pafs. In hot weather, this muil be a moil de- lightful cool retreat, as well as an excellent place for bathii;ig. There are two other long wooden brid^ es lead- ing from Boilon, Mj/ic and I>orchefter, Ti\e latter Ml • UNITED STATES. aj » la- :el- 50, ftu- rate own over » in- ■ved, er an [idred ghted, ingtb, about genius )pened About iron fted up below, which iiery by veffels , noft de- nt place es l^ad- 'ne latter ,'ia IS built on the fcite of an ancient Indian bridge, part of the caufeway of which Hill remains perfect; but thefe are not to compare with the n^w bridge. A very elegant theatre was opened at Bo(lon about three months ago, far fuperior in talle, elegance, and convenience, to the Bath, or any other coun- try theatre that I ever yet faw in England. Mr. Hobe and I were there with Mr. and Mrs. Vaughan. The play and farce were Inkle and Yarico, and Bon Ton ; I paid a dollar for a ticket. It held about wvelve hundred perfons. One of the dra- matis perfonae was a negro, and he filled his cha- rafter with great propriety. The drefs of the company being perfeftly Englifli, and feme of the a£lors (Jones and his wife) being thofe I had (eeti perform the lafl winter at Saliibury, in Shatford's company, made me feel myfelf at home. Between the play and farce, the (Jfrcheftra having played Ca Ira, the gallery called aloud for Yankee-doodle^ which, after feme (hort oppofition, was complied with. A Mr. Powell is the manager 6f the play- houfe. Mr. Goldfinch, the ingenious architeft of this theatre, has alfo lately built an elegant cref- cent, called the Tontine, a:)Out fourteen or iixteen elegant houfes, which let for near two hundred pounds fterling a year. In Bolton, they have forty hackney coaches, ^nd for a quarter dollar you are carried to any part of the town. *" *4 EXCURSION TO THE May f I. My Danifti friend, Mr. Hobe, and my- felf dined with Mr. Charle9 Vaughan, a con(i- d^fable merchant, to whom we had letters of intro- Uudfon. Three days before this we were croillng the Bay of Fundy, and found the weather fo cold that we were obliged to put on our great coats, and keep them clofe buttoned. To-day it is fo hot and clofe, that we can fcarcely bear*the preffure of any clothes at all, or venture to walk out in the fun- fliine. I went twice with Mr, Vaughan's family to the Unitarian chapel, the only one yet o^ncd in America, and is a proof of the encreafed liberality of fentiment of the Boflonians. They have in a great meafure loft that rigidity of manners, and vi- gilant way of keeping the Sunday, as to put people in the flocks who were {een walking in the ftreets during fervice. They no longer hang old women for witchcraft, as they did in the laft century ; yet at the fame time they maintain a general fobriety of manners, and the places of public worfhip, of which I think they have eighteen, are all well at- tended. Mr. Freeman is the minifter of the^Uni- iarians, who meet ^n what was called the King's chapel, before the revolution. It is one of thei handfomeft buildings in the town. He has a falary of about one hundred and fifry pounds a year, and the fociety is increafing. The clergy, however, re- fufed to give him ordination on account of his opinions ; u}>on which, the principals of the con- gregation' met and ordained him themfelves. < Their 1 tu 2e Pr ha an< r J and tain •tifuJ Oi pleaf Bofto by tr< Jame thefe field, it end mandj top ol is fqu| the v with no addition whatever ; fome part w^ left out, and a few alterations made. No creeA • prcierved but that called the Apoftle'a Creed ; they have a baptifmal confeflion for adult perfons^ and another for children. There are many beautiful fcenes around tlie town* and many views of the fea, and the green moan- tains In the diftant horizon weilward form a beaa* •tiful gropnd to the landfcape. t On the fouth-weft iide of the town, there is S pleafant promenade, called the Mall, adijoining to Bollon Common, confiding of a long walk fhaded by tr.ee$, about half the length of the Mall in St. James's park. At one end you have a fine view of the fea. The common itfelf is a pleafant green field, with a gradual afcent from the fea fhore> till it ends' in Beacon Hill, a high point of lanr^, com- manding a very fine view of the country. On the top of it there (lands a lofty pillar, the pedeftal is fquare, was ^ereftcd about three years ago, by the voluntary fubfcriptlons of the inhabitants of Boflon, and has the following infcriptions Dn the four fides : ON THE FIRST SIt>K« Americans ! While froth, this eminence , fcenes of lux- uriant fertilitji, of fourijhing commerce, and the C ahades. t^ 2d EXCURSION TO THE r shodii of /octal bappine/s meet your vienv, forget not $bofi wbo, by their exertion, bavjefecured to you theft ON THB 8EC0KD 8XS£« So commemorate that train of events nuhich led to the jSmerican revolution, and finally fecured liberty and independence to the United States, this column is sre£ted by the voluntary afntributions of the citizens of ^ofioHf 17Q0, Ol< THE THIRD SID'I. Ztamp aB paffed 1 765, repealed 1766. JBoard of cufioms efiablijhed, 1 767. Mritip troops fired on the inhabitants of Bcfion^ March 5, 1770. ^ea aa paffed, 1773- ', ' Tea defiroyed in Bofon, "December 16. JPort of Bofion put and guarded, June \, lyj^* Cemral Congrefs at Philadelphia, September 4. Provincial Congrefs at Concord, O^oberl I • BattUof Lexington, April 1^,1'j J ^* Rattle of Bunker Hill, June 1 7. ' Wafbington took command of the army, July 2. Bofton evacuated, March \y, 1776. Independence declared by Congrefs, July 4, 1776. HANCOCK, Presidskt. I UNITED STATES, ^7 tot )the and m is miff Bojio«§ ON THE FOURTH SIDE. Capture of the HeJJians at Trenton, Decemhir 26, 1776. Capture of the HeJJians at Bennington, Auguji 16, ' 1777- > Capture of the Britijh army at Baratoga, OSoher 17, jiUiance luith France, February 6, 1778. Confederation of the United States formed, July 9. Conjiitution of Majfachufets formed, 1780. Bowdoin, Prefident of Contention, Capture of the Britijh army at Tor^ {twon) O^lober 19, 1781. ' Preliminaries of peace, No and they were tri-coloured £igs of France, Vejfeh enured at the Fort of Bofion» 1793* Ships - • - - - 40 Brigs and Snows - 146 Schooners - > - 174 ^oops - - - - 4^ 404 Ships - - - - Brigs and Snows v Schooners - - Sloops - - - 78 148 210 28 464 [;> I went with Mr. Freeman to that pleafant fuburb, Charlellon, called the mother of Bofton. It is now entirely rebuilt, fince it was Iburnt in the war, and is a very neat, clean, well built town. Here lives Mr. Jedidiah Morfe, the famous editor of the firft American Geographical Grammar, which has run through fix editions in about three years. It is now univerfally taught in all the fchools and feminaries^ t^oughout America. In this town Mr. Freeman took «. • tWfTED StATES. s^ foAk me to fee a curious wool-card manufadory^ worked by an horizontal air mill, like thatifBaU terfea, though not fo large. Of this mechanical application they claim the invention. The mana* fa6lor> itfelf is curious and well worthy attention. It is a trade well encouraged here, for every houfe- wife keeps a quantity of thefe cards by her, to em* ploy her family in the evenings, when they have no- thing to do out of doors. The glafs-houfe, and the duck or fail cloth manufadory, I did not fee* In Bofton they have five or fix printing' officer, and they publifh three newfpapers, twice and three times a week, viz. The Columbian Centinel, Tbt Mercury, and The Bo/ton Gazette ot Republican Jour^ nat, A good market here fbr all kinds of provi- fions, which are brought every day in great plenty^ and are fcld mnch cheaper than at New York or Philadelphia* > - In the year 1790, there were enumerated in Bof- ton two thoufand three hundred and feventy-fix houfes, which. were computed to contain eighteen thoufand and thirty-eight inhabitants. Near Bofton are the following manufaftories efta- bliftied, according to the accounts given me by a (confiderable merchant there : A cotton and carpet manufaftory at Worceller, carried oil by Peter Stowell and Co. with a good capital ; and one of woollen, by Thomas Stowell j at Newbury Port, C J ^ Jofeph so EXCURSION TO THB Jofeph Brown, a clothier, makes a variety of woollen goods of the coarfe kinds ; at Ipfwich, the woollen jnaniifa(5lory, by Meflrs. Warner and a Doftor Manning. There is alfo in this town, which is an inland fituation, a large bone-lace manufaftory,. employing near an hundred cufhions. But all thefc I judge rather the feeds of manufa jlii-ii**- Journey from JBoJlon to New Yarh Miles. , Mllflf. To Cambridge • 2 Wilbraham • 7 Watertown 6 Springfield Plains 5 Waltham 3 Springfield • 1 Wefton 5 Snffidd • - 5 Sudbury 3 Windfor • - 8 Mftrlboi-oagh 9 Hanfofd - - 8 Korthborottgh • 7 Wethe«field - 6 Shrewfljory 4 Middleton • ', 8 Worceftcr ^« 9 Dorham • - 6 Leicefter 6 Wailingfford - - 8 Spencer 5 Northford - 7 Brookfield 10 Newhaven - 8 Wcftern 4 Niw YoJiK - 91 Pi»lmer • » 10 \ . »s» Wi EDNESDAY, May 14, 1794, at three in the morning, I left Bofton-by the New York Mail Coach ; I paid fourpence per mUe currency, (i. e. threepence ilerling) and was allowed fourteen pounds C 4 luggage. 34 IXCURSIOK TO THE « luggage. It goes every Monday, Wednefday, and Friday ; a light eafy carriage for fix ; no turnpikes in America, nor any fee to the drivers. , Eight mile* brought us, through Cambridge, where the Uni- vcrfity is, on to Watcrtown, an eafy, ple^fant, and good road. Here is eftablilhed a woollen Manu- faftory, but I did not fee it. The country houfes are framed with timber, weather boarded, faftied, and neatly painted. I remarked that all the- coun- try-women, on the approach of the carriage, retired to their houfes, and feemed either to have no curio* lity, or were afhamed to be feen idle. Three miles, more brought us to Waltham, a ftraggling village ; here I was ihewn, at the houfe where we flopped, fome Home-fpun American cloth ; it was, kerfey wove, made very flout, and large Tpun, but fervice- able ; they could fix no price to it per yard. The road now became unpleafant for fome miles ; the fences were only rude flones piled up loofely as if only removed out of the way. We now came to Weflon, which is five miles from Waltham, and had brought in for our breakfafls, beef-llakes, cofFeCj bacon and eggs, and veal- cutlets, with toafl and butter ; the very fight of thefe things took away my appetite, the weather being intenfely hot. Captain Flagg charged us two fhiilings a. head' for our dejeune, which we thought dear. We paid the dearer, I fuppofe, becaufe General Wa(l»ington had been entertained, and flept at his houfe. It is jufl ittch another as the half-way houfe between Salif- bury tJNITED STATES. 33 , * Tiury and Wilton. About feven miles further, we came to a fine lake called Marlborough Pond ; the country appeared now to me very much like H^mp- fhire. We foon palTed Northborough and Shrewf- bury. Worcefter Pond, three miles long, beauti- fully furrounded with wood growing to the water's edge, in all its variety of greens ; the pine, how- ever, feems to prevail moft in this province. The country for ten n..ies in fine culture ; the land for- merly much covered with large loofe flones, which are gathered up and made into fences. Mr, Mo^er, the landlord of the inn, we- were to dine at^ in Worcefter, was a paffenger with us, and gave us fome information. He faid you might buy in this neighbourhood a hundred acres of land in good culture, with a tolerable farm-houfe on it, for fout hundred pounds {\. e. three hundred pounds fter- ling). Worcefter, a neat, pleafant, clean town; one long ftreet, with two large meetings or churches; it ftruck me as much refembling Lyndhurft in the New Foreft; we dined well on beef and veal, with plenty of greens', potatoes, and cucumbers, for one Ihilling and fixpence currency per head (i. e. one ihilling and twopence fterling) ; and had as much good cyder as we could drink, into the bar- gain. I obferved the women in the country towns wore no caps; many had their hair plaited at full length down their backs, like a queue ; this very imbecoming faftiion could only have been adopted < from ceconomy. This is but a modern town j the ■'■ \ ■ > C5 iirfl: 34 EXCURSION TO THE firfl: male child born here is flill living. I went oat of curiofity, to the (hop of Ifaiah Thomas, the famous bookfeller, whom BriJJht celebrates as the DUot of the United States, and 1 bought a provin- cial almanac, and fome newfpapers of him. He has a well furniihed ihop and a good printing office. His newfpaper is as well conducted -as any European paper whatever; — a great encourager of the liberal arts* A paper mill has lately been ereded by him about a mile from the town. Moil of the houfifs have a large court before them, full of lilacs a6d other fhrubs, with a feat under .them, and a pavtd walk up the middle. In this ilate the negroes are free and happy, are electors, but not elet^ed to offices of ilate; their education, however, is the fame as the whites. There is a tax in this (late, for keeping a chaife, of about fix (hillings llerling per annum, and there is alfo a fmall poll tax. Mr. Mower faid a man might keep a hcufe, and live handfomely and comfortably for eighty pounds a year currency, or fixty pounds fterling, ,and keep a horfe. There are two ftages pafs through this town every day, the one to Bofton, about foity-iix miles diftant, the other to New York, about two hundred and four miles. No negro child isfuiFered to be indentured beyoni^ twenty-four years of age, and mull have the fame advantage of education ii's other children. Wc now mounted our vehicle, ttid drove away to Leicefter, fix miles in t1\ree quarters , f ©f an hour.— A wide handfome ftreet ; no twiS**^'l3? hottfes ■^ UNITED STATES. 35 per Ajl*' houfes join ; a very handfome prelbyterian church; with a lofsy fteepie. We were almoft melted with the intenfe heat of the weather, and not a breath of ^ air to relieve us; — the thermometer was at ninety- one on this day at New York, I remarked over the doors of moll houfes in this country, boxes with pigeon holes, as I fuppofed, but I foon found they were for fwallows to build in. This bird is much larger in America than in England, and ..of the colour of a pigeon. The robin is a bird as .4arge as an Engliih blackbird, and much of tho Jfhape of one, preferving no appearance like our robin, except in its colours. We now drove on fix miles further, and came to Spencer, which BrifTott calls, " a new village in the midft of the wood.** It might have been fo in Aaguft, 1788, when he travelled this fame road ; but now it is all cultivated fo much round it, that there b very little appearance of its having beea in the midil of a wood. lob* ferved a neat houfe, witli a water-mill adjoining^ and upon enquiry, found it was inhabited by a clothier, that is, one who mills and dreffes home- {pun woollen cloth for the houfewives of (he neigh- bourhood. It was now fun-fet, twelve minutes after feven, which is thirty-four minutes earlier thaL it fets on this day at Salifbury ; and the twilight fo ...ihort, that before we got to Brockfield it was almoft ^rk. Here we found a good inn, at the end of a f green lawn or common, which thirty years before* was covered with a foreft of tref s j— now not a vef- • , ' ' C6 ' *tig« ■r 3^ EXCURSION Tp THE tigc of a ftump remaining. The landlord, Mr. Hitchcock, an intelligent, civil, and curious man ; very inc^uifitive to know what he could about the paflengers, as al moll all the landlords are in this country. Briflbtt miftakes, in calling the diftance from Spencer to firockfield fifteen miles, it is but ten. The fituation, as he obrerven, is very pic- turefque ; it (lands on the termination of a hill, from whence you look over a vtfry extenfive coun- try, and fee fome very diflant hills, almofl loft in a blue haze ;~it feemed to refemble fome parts of Devonfhire. At bed time I was fadly tormented with bugs, which abound very much in all this country, and are fuppofed to come from the woodsi The Americans lay they feldom or never bite themJ We were called at four o'clock next morning, to purfue our journey. We now got into another coach ; it was hung light and pleafant — not fuch a one as Briflbtt found, without fprings,, and with only two horfes — for we had four horfes all the way to Newhaven, and very good ones, going from JSeven to nine miles an hour. Four miles brought vs to Weftern, a few fcattered houfes; and ten nilcs further ^e came to Palmer, another townfliip ; no two houfes hardly in fight of each other. What they called the ftreet was nothingbut a green lane ; it was pear thirty yards wide, and well fenced on both fides, and there was one beaten |rack about ] the vmrtt STATES. 37 • the mid-way I for the horfes and carriages. Some woollen goods are here made, as I was told, and they had fpinning jennies a*" work. Wc got our breakfail after fome delay, and a very bad one it was ; oar bread was very heavy, feemed to be made of rye ; the butter rank, the coffee ill-made; — the bell article was the fried fifh. We paid a quarter dollar each. Wilbraham, the next town, is fix miles ; we faw nothing remarkable there, but the country, in general, well cultivated. The wood* however, was chiefly pine in this neighbourhood. Springfield Plains, a pleafant open country, much like the neighbourhood of Alresford, in Hampihire ;' from fine plains, we defcend gradually to a beauti- ful vale, watered by ConneiSticut River, which we now had the firfl view of. It is a charming river* winding, like the Thames, through a very, fruitful valley. We now pafTed the Arfcnal, and foon after the Powder Magazines ; — both handfome new brick buildings. They were built, I believe* during the late war. Springfield is a very pleafant country town, the houfes neat, clean, and well painted, chiefly of weather board ; the flreets were regular, and the houfes join each other; it put me much in mind of VVinboum in Dorfetfhire. Two newfpapers printed here, three times a week. I went into one 'of the printing offices, and bought a provincial almanac ; I collected fome old newfpapers there* . of various parts of America; they afforded me much information as well as entertainment. A ., ' jyiember , 38 EXCURSION #0 THE Member of Congrefs had jufl pafTed through the town, and reported that the embargo on vefTels would be taken ofF the 25th inflant ; this I was glad to hear, as it would give me an opporta* nity of writing to England. There is A paper mill adjoining to this town, which is very thriving ; and eleven other paper-mills in this ftate of Maf- fachufets, yet paper is a good article to import. Almofl every town print* a newfpaper, for they arc great politicians, and inttreft themfelves very much in the news of Europe. While our coachee, and all its paiTengers were pafling this fine river in a fcowl, fome fifhermen, in other boats, near us, were drawing the Seine for falmon, of which they caught many in our fight. I was flruck with the fimilarity of the fcene to one near Lymington. A weekly newfpaper is publilhed here under the title of the Federal Spy; an excellent paper. The country prof- pe£ts now begin to be beautiful and cheacfuli not fo much ftony ground as in the former parr of our journey. We obferve a fchool, by the road-iide, in almoil every pariQi ; — one is juft over as wc pais it> and out of it run negro boys and girls, as well as white children, without any diilindion. Five miles from Springfield, we enter SufEeld, a pleafant little village. I heard there had' been a pot-aih mana« fa£lory eftabliihed here, but I did not fee it. Next we came to Windfor, eight miles, a pleafant coun<> try town, refembling Frenchay, near Briilol. At diis place we took up a clergyman^ who was going ,A UNI«D STATES. VI to> to New York, where' I afterwards met wnth him again. He was a very fenfible well educated man, very diffident and modeft in his deportment. A road branched off here to our right hand, leading to Albany, about fixty miles didant. I now obferve fix or eight negroes working together in -d field, well drefTed as other people. Notwithilanding they are here free, and admitted to equal privileges with .the white people, yet they love to aflbciate with each other. It is obfcrved> that they are naturally lazier, and will not work fo hard as a white fer- vant,— Perhaps, the remembrance of former com- pulfive fcrvicc, may make them place a luxpry in idlenefs. Nor do they yet feem to feel their im- portance in fociety ;— this is a portion of inheritance referved to the next generation of them. I now faw s log-houte, for the firft time ; it was about thirty feet long, and fix feet to the roof; and confided of logs or poles, with the bark on, laid upon each other i ac the four corners, where the logs crofied, they were notched together, and nailed ; and the inierftlccs were plaftered up with lo?m. I foon faw ten or twelve little heads peeping out at the win« dow and door. The families, from hard labour and wholefome food, become very prolific. A paffenger in our coachee, a flout hearty ^ oung man, faid he was the youngeft of fourteen children. We faw the wooden frame of many houfes building ; this, and clearing the woods g on very faft. Their firft crops are Indian corn and rye. Fine diilant prof- pe£ts« i* ¥hk EXCURSION^, TO THE : I pe6\s. Came on to Hartford to dinner ; to a ver^' pleafant large inn, kept by Frederick Bull. I ftaid two days there, that I might have time to infpedt the woollen manufadory of this place, and attend the debates of the Houfe of Reprefentatives of this Hate, at that time fitting ; I dined this day at the ordinary, with near thirty of-the members ; I found them very friendly and affable, and pleafed to con- verfe with one yro;« the old country;^— very earnefl to know whether, in general, we were well inclined towards them. They were very temperate, not fitting long after dinner — we fat down to dinner at one, and by a quarter after two, they adjourned to the houfe. I requefted a feat in the gallery, to hear their debates, which was readily granted ; and Dr. Porter requeffed a perfon to fliew the Englilh gen- , tleman into' a proper feat. Out of one hundred and feventy-feven members, there was but fix abfent. Their debates were conduced with ^reat decorum ; - a Speaker in the chair ; every man was heard pati- ently, without any interruption. * There were fome good orators among them ; — Mr. Granger, member for Suffield'j Mr. Stanley ; Mr. Phelps; Gen. Hart, member for Saybrook; made as good fpeeches as many I have heard in our own Houfe of Commons ; plain in their drefs, plain in their manners; with' no other qualifications than good common fenfe, actuated by the love of their country. Two -very interefting fubjeifts were in debate : — a bill brought in to repeal a law, pafled in Oftober laft, to order " That UNITED STATESi 'Jr ^* That the money arifing from the fale of their " lands, between the Ohio and Lake Erie, fhould ** be appropriated to encreafe the falaries of the «' minirters of the gofpel and the mafler of ** fchools ;"• and another bill (for its fecond read*- ^ ^g) " '^o provide for thofe poor and fick negroes, •' who having been freed from flavcry, might be " left unprovided for ; and that till the mafter was exculpated, by receiving a certificate from the •* ftate, that the negro was difcharged in perfedl " health, it fhould be incumbent on the mailer to ** continue to take care of him during Acknefs, or, ** at Icaft, pay the expences of his cure." — I was much pleafed to fee a legidature extend its humanitjr and care fo far* <«' , « The government of this ftate is allowed to fiirpaili moil of the others ; it was formed on a plan given by the famous John Locke, as General Gates after- wards informed me. It is about thrice as large as Wiltihire, is better cultivated and more fully in- habited than any other, as they reckon forty-five perfons to every fquare mile. The clergy are chofen by the people who pay them. Their falaries are in general one hundred pounds a year ; they affociate much with their people, affable and unreferved in converfation, and very friendly to flrangers; by this and other means, knowledge is more generally * See Note I* diffu fed |pt EXCURSION TO THE diiTufed among the common people than in anf other Itate, and they are thrifty aiul induftrious. There is no religious eitablilhment here, nor is any perfon more favored by the government for worfliippihg God one way than another ; yet reli- gion ilourifhes amongil all ranks and degrees, from the fenator to the wood-cutter ; they entertain no party-lpirit againft each other ; and their places of worfhip are well attended ; they wonder that any I government ihould interfere in a concern of which ^hey can be no judges, as it is of a fpijritual nature^ jind can only heproftrlyMii^nQed by tb« hop« of prefigjrment m a future world*. I called at Colonel WadCwoxih'i, to whom I hftd A letter of introdudlion, but found he wu at Phila* delpbia, being a Member of Congrefi ; Mrf • Wadi^ worth, however received me very politely, and do* fired her fon to attend me, to ihew me what waf mod worth my notice. In the coorfe of converfa* tion, I learned that Brijfot, Cujiim, Kofciujko, had all been at their houfe. ' Our firil vifit was to the woollen manufa£lory« cilabli(bed there about fix years ago, of which Morfii in his Geography, fpeaks in high terms ; I found it much on the decay, and hardly able to maintain itfelf J I faw two carding engines, working by . . , , water. ,/ UNITED STATES. '4|| water, of a very inferior conftruftion.* On walk- ing down to Connedicut River, I obferved a large pile of iron ore, which, Mr. Wadfworth told me, was dag a few miles up the river. We next went on the roof of a hew built houfe, to enjoy the charming profpe£t; it was a fine clear day; we traced the meanders of this noble river to » vaft diflance ; ihips, freighted with merchandize, p^iling up and down in full fail j a beautiful diftant country* abounding with wood and with hills ; the towns of Middleton, Wethersfield, Glailonbery, Bail Hartford, and Windfor, were within view, and the country finely cultivated ;-> very fimilar, indeed, to many fcene* in England i being, in (&&, planned and colti- vaccd by men who came origtnaUy from EngUiad* At Fredenck Bnll'i tavern, where I lodged, we had excellent provifions : beef, mutton, and veal# as good as in England s tea and coffee of the bed: kind ; three forts of fugar brought always to the table ;— the mufcovado, the fine lump fagar, and the maple ; froin the novelty of it, 1 preferred the lad, though I could not find much di£erence in the taile of it. At bre^kfafl: with us the firfl morning, was an American officer, in his uniform, the firit I had feen;— it was a blue coat of fuperfine cloth, with fcarlet facings and cuffs ; a buff calEmere waiftcog^t and breeches, and^ looked very becom* » See Note. II. ing 'r •'- u EXCURSION to THE ing on hfrn, being a very handfome well-built niail> of full fix feet in height. I obferved the people here were all very great politicians, and ready to afk me more queflions than I was inclined to anfvver, though I am far from'being referved. They aflced me" for Englilh nev^fpi^pers, which I let them have ; alfo jf or dan's Debates in Parliameni, i4ar- garot^s Trial ; the latter was read with great avi- dity, and borrowed by feveral ; and next morning; Dr. Potter ana another gentleman came and re- quefled I would lend it, that they might have it re* printed at Hartford, at their own expence. This town was founded anno 1636, by Mr; Hooker. The rights of prvnogeniture are un- known in this ilate : all the children of a parent are deemed equal objefls of his care as well as \ovt ; and he mull leave them an equal (hare of his pro* percy ; this is a great public advantage, as it pre- vents any overgrown fortunes continuing long to- gether, and keeps fociety nearly on a level ; in fome cafes, I belie/e the elder fon has a double ihare. I never obferved a fingle perfon in rags, or with any appearance of diftrefs or poverty ; yet I looked into all the poor habitations I could find, which were very few indeed, I could have bought good land, within two miles of this town for fifteea pounds an acre , The Hate houfe llands in the center of the town,. where UNITE© STATES. 45 "where the three principal roads meet. It lately fufFered by fire, and is now rebuilding in a very handTume ftyle. Two newfpapers are publilhed here every week ; the Ccnue^icut Journal, Wednef- day ; and the Conneiiicut Coutanti Monday. Hartford contains about four thoufand inhabit tants'i the Ilreets wide, ftrait, and well built; it ftands at the head of the navigable part of Con- nefticut River ; it is elleemed fo very healthy a place, that, by the bills of mortality for thirteen years paft, it exhibits only one death for fixty-five perfons, in the courfe of each year, ftrangers and new fettlers included. , This is not the cafe at Newhavcn, the other pr'ncipai town of this ftate, to which I am next travelling. May 17. At four in the morning, I left Hartford in one of the coaches which travel three times a v-eek from Bofton to New York ; — it takes eight perfons. When we left Hartford, a very reverend looking old gentleman accompanied us, with r. tre« mendious full-bottomed wig of the cut ^f the laft century. A ybung gentlemau who fat next me, tcid me it was Deacon Bilhop, an elder of the pref- byterian church at Newhaven, where Dr. Edwards is minifter. BJe fpoke very feldom, yet when he did, Jie appeared amiable and intelligent, not at all cor- jrefponding with his primitive drefs and appearance. We had now, near Middleton, a fine view of Con- nefticut / JEXCURSION TO THE ncfttcut River, very fimilar to the view betwee* Bemerton and Wilton, looking towards Lord Pem- broke's park. Aftei' paffing Middleton, I faw the firil maple fugar tree ;— many afterwards that had jeen tapped. There are many other kinds of maple trees; the black, the white, and the red do not prodace the faccharine liquor. Twenty-three pounds were procured in twenty-four hours, by Arthur No- ble, from two trees, which produced him four pounds thirteen ounces of good grained fugar ; but this is an extraordinary inllance. Peas not yet in bloom. The rye, I obferve, is more cultivated here than wheat ; next to that, is Indian corn. They have of late declined raiilng wheat on the maritime ftates, on account of the Heffian fly ; moreover, the lands for want of manure, do not make fuch profitable crops in wheat as in rye. I obferve in the hedges and fields, a great many double blofibm peach trees. —This fruit is fo plenty in Long Ifland, as fre- quently to feed their pigs with them. We had four excellent horfes, and they took us on at the rate of eight miles an hour ; — one of them, a Daniffi horfe, which coft an hundred dollars. We came firft to Wethersfield, five miles from Hahford, on the banks of Connedlicut River. It is famous for onions. Glallonbury is on the oppofite fide. Middleton was the next place, eight miles. From the hill, entering the town, you look back on a beautiful profpf ft to-i wards Hartford, Here we quitted the banks of e lands afitable hedges h trees, as frc- ad four rate of h horfe, 2 firft to le banks onions, eton was entering fpfft toi :s of told me that he had a pair of breeches of it, and that it was ftouter and better than any he got fj-omi Europe. Mr. Afpimjoid, oH^emhai^m, is the public- fpirited man who brought it forward about ten years KiB D 2 lege; V Sa EXCURSION TO THE lege, as he was gone to New York that day. The iludents had all been difmiiTed to their refpedivc homes, three months before, on account of the epidemic or putrid fever, which then raged in the town. We dined at a very good tavern there. We had en our table, mutton, veal, plenty of garden ftulF* with cucumbers, a good fallad, with cyder and brandy, for all which we paid only half a dollar, or two and three-pence (lerling. One of my com- panions in the coach, was a Mr. M' I ntoih, originally from Bocking, in Effex, He took me in a one- horfe chair to fee his large manufadlory, which he had lately eflabliflied at a head of water, about three miles from Newhaven. It is patronifed by the State, which has already advanced him ten thoufand dollars, and engaged to go as far as fixty thoufand ; they being very anxious to eflabli(h the woollen and cotton manufactory in that diilridt. But from what I iaw of the undertaking, I am con- vinced, a great deal of money will be funk to very little purpofe. The building is one hundred feet long, thirty-eight feet wide, and four flory high. There i< not a iingle window placed on the north fide, which is the bell of all lights for a manufaflory. There w«.re two carding engines finiftied and at work, but both were very much warped and crack- ed, by the heat and drynefs of the room, as well as from being made of unfeafoned wood. Two flub* bing and two fpinning machines of good and com- plete UNITED STATES. 53 piece workmanihip, but the cotton yarn, which was then fpinning, was not better than candlewicic yarn. He has a water wlvcel of thirty feet diame<- ter, and eight feet wide, but I think they will often be in want of water to drive it : the cards were very badly made. He has eredlcd forges on the fpot, and is making the heavy wrought and caft iron wheels, braifes, fcrews, fpindles, &c. at a vafl ex • pence. The coal for working ai d fmelting ia is brought from Virginia. A vaft number of work- men are employed in this department at a very heavy expence. He has many Englilh workmen engaged at great wages, particularly one from SirGeorg' Young's manofadlory at Ottery, in Dev.A ^ire, who engages to undertake the fptnning worAed by water ; a promife I do not think he will ever perform. Newhavcn fecms a neat pleafant town, but lies low, and/as feveral ftagnant waters near it which accounts for the contagious fevers and diforders fo common there. There is a long wharf projeds forty yards into the fea, againll '■ ich veflels moor to receive their cargoes. I counted about twenty in the harbour, but there were none of more than two hundredjtons burden ; the water being too fhallow for large veflels. Three or four packets fail every week from hence to New York, which is ninety- four miles diftance, for a paffage on board of which, you pay two dollars and a half, (or eleven ihillings D 3 and 54- EXCURSION TO THE ^*t. and threepence flerling) and are found in diet and bedding, and every thing neceflary. , The remainder .of the road by land to New York, being no ways pleafant, and fome part very rough and ftony, i- determined to go by water. ... ... ^•.. *3^v^:r^?:m fi fern.- General Obfervations on the Country through ,7 t." I Ijave already paffed. which -i^T^",7io 7LSV i'-> ■-•'« ')i.<.0*:^j hi V ; The beft houfea in Connecticut are inhabited by^ lawyers. The fpring feafon about three>^eeks later than in England. They raife pine apples here;, Mr. Alton Harvey, of Salem, and Mr. Barrell, of Boflon, have excellent hot houfea : 1 bought very ^ood ones at New York for twenty-pence a piece fterling, but thefe were brought from the Bahama Iflands. Moft country families make a foft foap for common ufe, out of alhes, and kitchen Huff or fat. I found it lathered like any other foap^ untl icoured as clean : no tax on foap or candles. ... ■ms^m vt ^^t'irvr' y^rr^rr n^mMc ...The bread in moft country places is very bad; rather indilFerent at Bofton, (at the lodging houfes at leaft) but very good at New York. I have feen fcarce one field of turnips, and very few of wheat. Moft of the good houfes have a condudor on the top, by which means, though they have frequent and heavy ilorms of thunder and lightning, they ,lcldom do much mifchief,' .>;, ,fj> mn •; ^ A great UNITED STATESr 5S « A great variety of birds, very different from ours ; wood peckers of many different kinds, fome of very beautiful plumage ; fly catchers and king birds. This laft, though a fmall bird, is a great tyrant and will attack almolt any bird. If it meets a hawk you may fee them both mount inftantly al- moft perpendicular, but the king bird has the ad- vantage, and will fix himfelf on the back of the hawk till he has torn off his feathers and van^uifhed him. The houfes which we paffed in the woods are generally built after the following mode : a framed work of timber, weather boarded and roofed with ihingles, two ftory high, beJides the attic; a good cellar beneath with three fleps up into the houfe, two windows on each fide the door, five in the next flory, all fafhed, and the whole neatly painted; fome of a free flone colour, others white with green doors and window fhutters. The women and chil- dren in mofl of the country places, go without caps* {hoes, or ilockings. Eight years ago, the road from Bofton to New- haven a diflance of one hundred and feventy miles, could fcarcely maintain two ftages and twelve hcrfes ; now it maintains twenty flages weekly, with upwards of an huiidred horfes ; fo much is travelling encreafed in this diflridl. vris:^*.. , great r>4 ^•. 56 EXCURSION TO THE - Saturday* At four o'clock in the evening, I went on board the Catharine Packet, Captain CJark, juft then opportunely fetting faiU as I returned from Mr. M'Intofh's manufaftory. I found good and convenient accommodation aboard this packet^ which was kept very neat and clean, according to the account Briflbt gave of them. We weighed anchor immediately, with a very fine north wind. At eight o'clock, we palTengers, twelve in number,, fat down to regale ouri'elves on tea, coffee, bifcuit, bread and butter, clams, radiflies, cyder, brandy and water, &c. &c. Two of our company were ladies, for whom, two beds in the inner cabin were provided, perfedly decent and well contrived. In the outer cabin, there were only eight beds for ten of us. Upon drawing lots, I was fortunate enough to get number one, which entitled me to the firfl choice. I chofe the upper birth, on the larboard fide, where I had a little Hide to open in the fide of the veiTel for air, whenever I found it grow too warm which I found very convenient. The vefl'el failed fo Heady, that I could hardly conceive that I was on fhipboard ; yet, to my great aftonifhment, we reached New York in lefs than eight hours, failing twelve knots an hour. When I heard the ' Captain, call out that we were pafling Hell Gates, I flarted from my bed, and went on deck to fee this tre- mendous eddy. A vail number of rocks feem to lie in the bed of the channel, wliich occafions the tide at every ebb and flow to roll over them with a . ' i monllrous UNITED STATES. 57 monflrous furge; and yet to thofe who are ac- quainted with the paifage, there is very little dan- ger ; it refembled fhooting London bridge. Long Ifland, which was clofe on our left hand, appeared very pleafant; neat country houfes difperfed all along the fea ihore, with pleafant gardens ' and ihrubberies adjoining. I particularly obferved Mr, Delafield's, who is faid to have made a confiderable fortune at once, by buying up the American bonds^ which the government paid off at par. We alfo faw on the New York tide, the large cotton manu- fadory belonging to Dickfon, Livingflon and Co* which I purpofe vifiting. ^ . u ••y!. • if-y. Account of the City of New York* < .'. W£ moored our vefTel at Burling flip at four in the morning, and after a little refrelhment I landed, and enquired out the Tontine coffee-houfe. New York is much more like a city than Boflon, having broad footways paved, with a curb to feparate them from the road. The flreeb are wider, and the houfes in a better ftyle. Boflon is the Briftol, New York the Liverpool, and Philadelphia the London, of Ame- rica. The Tontine tavern and coffee-houfe is a handfome large brick building ; you afcend fix or ^-y^-:.^^ D 5 eight S8 EXCURSION TO THE > eight fteps under a portico, into a large public room which 18 the Stock Exchange of New York, where all bargains are made. Here are two books kept, as at Lloyd's, of every ihip*& arrival and clearing out. This houfe was built for the accommodation of the ir:rciiants, by Tontine (hares of two hundred pounds each. It is kept by Mr. Hyde, formerly a woollen -draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a common table, and you pay ten ihillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not. No appearance of ftiop windows as in London ; only ftores, which make no fhew till you enter the houfes. Houfe rent is very dear ; a hundred pounds fterling a year is a very ufual price for a. common ftorekeeper. „ ,\ •i. • t Dined the firft day with Mr. Comfort Sands, a confiderable merchant, to whom I brought a letter from hib fon in London. In the evening'; called on Mr. Jay, brother to the Embaffador, and took a walk with him and Mj. Armftrong, to the Belvi- dere, about two miles out of New York towards the Sound — an elegant tea drinking houfe, encircled with a gallery, at one flory high, where company can walk round the building and enjoy the fine profpeft of New York harbour and fhipping. You have a delightful fea view from thence, com- manding Staten, Long Ifland, and Governor's Ifland, Paulus Hook, Brooklyn and the Sound, names very familiar to us during the American war. ♦■.;'- .; . '■■■ '-'^ :- -r.-X^- ^' \.: ., There T'- ft/' t^ ./ UNITED STATES. 59 There were alfo formerly fine orchards on the landi fide, but thefe were entirely cut down by the troops for winter firing. , fv ^ . . From hence we croffed the Bofton road, to another tea drinking houfe and garden, the Indian Queen, This place was filled by Frenchmen with their families. Here they all wear the tricoloured cock- ade, I obferved, whether ariftocrats or democrats. ",■'•■. ,■■■-. May 19. Dined with Mr. Jay, and in the evening went to the theatre with Mrs, Sands and her two daughters. Mrs. Cowley's play, A Bold Stroke for a Hujbandi with the farce of Hob in the Well ; the aftors moftly from England : price of admittance to the boxes, one dollar. A very bad theatre ; a new one is going to be built by fubfcrip- tion, under the direftion of Hodgkinfon, the prefent manager. Mrs. Wrighten, who ufed to fing at Vauxhall twenty years ago, and was afterwards an aftrefs at Briftol, is one of their principal female performers ; her voice is as clear and fhrill as ever* I think them altogether far inferior to the Bofloa company, „ / \'x In 1740, there was but one printing prefs in New York ; now there are near twenty, and fome map engravers. The following newfpapers are pub- ftied at New York : the Daily Avertifer, American Minerva, Daily Gazette, Diary, Evening Pojl, Green- D6 leafs •v^^^^:f^\ .:i^ 60 EXCURSION TO THE igofs New York Journal^ publiihed Wednefdays and Saturdays, price to fubfcriber* three dollars, or thi'teen fhillings and fixpence fterlini?; per annum; and one othtr that I do not know the nanie of. tl. At firft my lodging' were at the i on tine cotiee houfe, but after%vards I moved tc more rrivate lodg- ings, at Mrs. I onng's, n-ar the battery. This is the pleafanteil fituation imaginble. Our co-nmo.i :!itting room was iifty feet by thirty ;, and t vr^ity 'in Iveight, with windows on tvvo fiues of it. As v%e fat Uw dinner, we could fee the veffels, on one fide the ror.jT'; lauirtg out of the harbour ; and on the other, the lame turning up Hudfon's River, apparently failing round the houfe, within f.fty yards of us. We could alfo fee Long Ifland, Governor*s, and Staten Iflands, as well as the Narrows beyond them all, where every Ihip muft firft appear, before it can make the harbour; and with our glaifes we could defcry them, oftentimes a day before they came in. It was fo much of fea, that we could fee the porpoifes roll and tumble about at no great diftance from us. At this houfe lodged Mr. Genet, the late French Embalfador ; Mr. Jofeph Frieftly,, waiting the arrival of his father; Mr. Henry, of Manchefter; Captain Lindzey, formerly of his majefty*s fliip, the Pearl frigate, and two or three gentlemen from Connedicut. Mr. Genet is on the eve of marriage with Gene> ' UNITED STATES. J 6i ral Clinton*s daughter. Being a Girondifl, he muft not return to France again : he has now bought an cilate near Jamaica, in Long Ifland, where he in- tends wholly to refide. Mr. Prieilly came out in Oflober lall, with a view of engaging in the cotton manufadure, but he has now no great opinion of that line. He has been to infpedl feveral of the moil confiderable manufactures, particularly that large undertaking at Paterfon, near Newark, in which Colonel Hamilton fo much intereils himfelf. He fays,** it has been brought forward at a very heavy expence, is badly conduCled, and will be- come a heavy lofs to the £rfl undertakers ; and that fuch undertakings will continue to decline, till vhe country is fo full of inhabitants, as not to employ themfelve;; on the land, which at prefent commands a great p. eference." ■ 'ni^^'O'-''- ./'f:^' * -> - if je.' Under this conviftion, he, with Mr. Cooper, Mr. Vaughan, Mr. Humphries', Mr. Henry, Mr. Fitz- fimmons, a member of congrefs, and many others, had contraded for three hundred thoufand acres, on the Sufquehanah, about forty miles above Northum- berland, near the Loyal Soc Creek, intending there to form an Englifli fettlement ; but owning to the abfence of Mr. Cooper, who went to England to fetch his family, and fome difagreements among the parties, the fcheme is fince given up. ne- Mr. Priam at dinner one day, was telling us, that '*^Sit in \ 6% EXCURSION TO THE i-j in the neighbourhood of Worcefter, in Connefticut, when their apple trees grow old and decayed, it was ^uftomary to ftrip ofFthe bark, from fuch trees, and then it would have a new fmooth bark, and bear with frefh vigour. This diverted Mr. Genet ex- tremely; he was too polite to fay direftly, that he do'ibted the faft ; but declared that he thought the receipt for reftoring youth, had been loft ever fince the days of Medea : that it was a moft happy difco- very, and if it could be removed from trees to men, he would himfelf, when he was old, undergo the ope- ration, and publifh the receipt for the good of mankind. We all rallied the gentleman a good deal upon it, as it is generally underftood, when you ftrip a tree of its bark, you kill it. Mr. Priam, however, the next day brought Mr. White, another gentleman of Connefticut, to us at breakfaft, who confirmed the aftertion as a fsit within his own knowledge* -'t £ ] ' 1 •*■ May 20. In the evening, I went wkh Mr. Prieftly and Mr. Armftrong, in a boat, over to Long Ifland, ^^^ We walked over the lines and trenches at Brooklyn, occupied in the late wars, firft by General Waftiing- ton-and the Americans, and afterwards by General / Howe and the Britifti troops. It does not appear to have been a very ftrong poft. . . .; ^ ^ : : i May 21. I went with Mr. Hyde and Mr. Arm- ftrong inachaife, to a country houfe and garden, ■■m • • belong,- •.V''" UNITED STATES, 63 belonging to the former ; here I obferved the peas and beans were entirely burnt up by the fun for want of rain ; he faid, the (oil here was fo fandy, that they required rain every other day, and there had ^ none fallen now for the lafl two months : he afked , me if I could fend him a gardener from Fngland ; if unmarried, he would give him forty pounds a year currency, befides his board, and would pay his paflage in the fteerage; if married, he would alfo board his wife, and employ her in wafhing, ironing, and any other work (he was fit for, at the ufual wages. ^ , May 22. After a very hot and fultry day, (ther- mometer at 86) at four in the afternoon, came on a very heavy thunder ftorm, with lightning, which lailed twelve hours ; the wind was fouth-wefl at its commercement, but foon after changed to nortk- well. A friend of mine in England, who kept a daily account of the weather, ftates it at this time, in Wiltfhire, to be uncommonly cold ; the wind changing vice verfa, from N. W. to S. W. dull and cloudy, but no rain. By comparing his account with mine, I find the weather very often the reverfe of each other : for inftance, the feventeenth of May was clofei hot, thundery weather in England; at New York it was fuch a hard froll, as entirely to deftroy their crop of French beans. The laft win- ter, which has been altogether fo intenfely cold with us, has been uncommonly mild with them. -^ n , A clofc 6* EXCURSION TO THE A clofe comparifon of fii^h meteorological diaries, night, perhaps, lead to feme ufeful dlfcoveries re- ipcfting the weather and its variations. May 23. Though the rain has ceafed, it is ftill hot and clofe, and the night infupportable. I went this morning, with Mr. Prieftly and Mr. Henry, to loreakfaft with General Gates, the hero of Saratoga. He has a very pleafant country fituation, about three miles from New York, on the borders of the Sound; from whence you have a good view of Long Ifland, and of the (hipping. He received us very hofpitably. His wife is a pleafant, chatty, fat little woman, of fixty ; and defcribed to us a viiit paid to them by an Indian warrior, whofe dignity of manners, and ferious behaviour, were both engaging and refpeftable. — Seeing a fervant holding a filver waiter, and carrying the cups thereon, he obferved, «* the fervant was putting it to a wrong ufe ; a hole ihould have been drilled in it, and it ihould have been hung round the neck, for then it would have mkde an excellent breaft plate." He alfo remarked on the want of good judgment among the white people, in having their bed-rooms piled on the top of the others ; " walking upwards is fo unnatural, efpecially when there was fo much room on the ground; befides, you were in that fituation fo eafily furprifed by the enemy, who could put a fire under you, and burn you, while you were afleep." Many Other obfervations, equally dd, he alfo made, all ot wluch ^ I| P flj UN "ED STATES, 6s which I make no doubt he was convinced were ac- cording to the true di(flatcs of nature and common fenfe, and the Btncfs and reafon of things. The old general, upon finding I came from Wilt- ihire, called me countryman, and laid ne was born not far from me, near Totnffs, in Devonfhire. He is quite the uncle Toby ; all his ideas and exprcflions are ftill military ; at the fame time fo modell, as not to mention any thing relating to Saratoga, or any of his own military atchievements. We were fpeak- ing of the advance of land, and he informed us of a large traft within his own knowledge, bought five years ago, for three-pence an acre, and lately fold again at four fhillings. Chancellor Livingllon, who called on us at Mrs. Loring*s to day, fays that, on an average, in the laft twelvemonth, they have doubled in value; that eighteen months ago, he was offered one hundred and twenty thoufand acres for two fhillings an acre ; that a week after, when inclined to accept it, he found it had been fold at two fhillings and fixpence ; but that lately, it had been difpofed of at fixteen fhillings an acre. *« May 24, 1794. As I was getting up in the morning, I heard drums beating and fifes playing, I ran to the window, and faw a large body of peo- ple on the other fide of the Governor's Houfe, with flags flying, and marching two and two towards the water-fide. What, thought I, can the meaning of thii % 66 EXCURSION TO THE this be? The peaceful Americans with the cnfign of war? Whatl have the Amtricans a (landing nrmy too in tlnne of peace ? Tlie found of the drum i3 what I have not heard fince I left Enghmd. I haftened down Hairs, and the myftery was foon explained : it was a procef^ion of young tradefmen going in boats to Governor's Ifland, to give the Hate a day's work. 1 ortificationsare there erefting for ftrcngthening the entrance to New York har* bour ; it is a patriotic and general rcfolution of the inhabitants of this city, to work a day gratis, with- out any diftindtion of rank or condition, for the public advantage, on thefe fortifications. To-day, the whole trade of carpenters and joiners ; yerterday, the body of mafons ; before this, the grocers, fchool-mafters, coopers, and barbers; next Monday, all the attorneys and men concerned in the law, handle the mattock and (hovel, the whole day, and carry their provifions with them. How noble h this ! How it cherilhes unanimity and love for their country ! How much does it tend to unite all ranks of people, and render the focial compact firm and united I ^ , r Young Prieftly and Dr. Henry's fon, of Man- chefter, who have juft enrolled themfelves citizens of th"^ United States, tell me, that they worked with fpade, pix-axe, and wheel-barrow, a whole day there, amidft the moll cheariul fociety imagi- nable. . ■' ,i . . , , '' ■ ■^. , 7-v;^' r \.:. '' ' " ■ i A $^ UNITED STATES. 67 Mi^ May 26. Great expet^aiions by fome and ap- prchenfjons by others, arc entertained of a war with England* on account of Simcoe's having entered the territory of the United States at the falls of Miami, and built a fort there. Mr. Randolph, the fecretary, |ias written to Mr. Hammond, our cnvo/ at Philadelphia, upon it, and his anfwer is by no means conciliatory. ,> ,/ ..-*^. ....'- r^ May 27, Mr. J. Prieftly, Mr. Henry, and my- felf, dined with Mr. Ofgood, formerly a confiderable merchant, but now retired from bufmefs. He is a leading man in the anti-federal intereft. He mar- ried a widow of the name of Franklin, with v/hoia he had a fortune of thirty thoufand pounds.. uf:>ff<^^ «iiJ ■ ■ • ■. . May 28. We three went over to Governor's liland, to fee the new fortifications. General Clin- ton was there to infpeft the trying of fome cannon jufl planted on the new battery, and we faw the drft difcharge> and afterwards returned with hia Excel- lency, in his eight-oared barge. v.. . ..,<^Ak I went with Mr. Lewis to the federal hall, to fee the entry in the Hate books of fome flock bought for a friend of mine in England ; there I was (hewn a handfome library, with a large coUeftion of books ; fome good paintings alfo by Trumbull (an Ame* rican artift, ftudent under Weft) of General Wafti- ington, Governor Clinton, and Mrt Hamilton, the fecretary of the treafury. \ 68 EXCURSION TO THE ' May 30. This is the eighth day of fucceflive rain^ all the cellars and underground kitchens in the neignbourhood are afloat; at Mrs. Loring's we walked on boards to the garden. 'I :. It is obferved at New York and Philadelphia, that the rains which have fallen fo heavily from the twenty-fecond of May, to the middle of June arc very uncommon. At Philadelphia, the river De» lawar has rifen three inches higher than was ever known before. Thefe are generally very dry xnor:hs« :U~^-:m ■ M May 31. Went with a party to fee Dickfon*s cot- ton manufactory at Hell Gates, about five miles from New York. It is worked by a breaft water wheel, twenty feet diameter. There are two large buildings four ftcy highf, and eighty feet long. In one fhop 1 faw tVycnty-iix looms at work, weaving fuflians, calicoes, nankeens, nankinets, dimities, &c» and there are ten other looms in the neighbourhood. They have the new-invented fpring Ihuttle. They aifo fpin by water, ufing all the new improvements of Arkwright and others. Twelve or fourteen workmen from Manchefter. All the machinery in wood, Heel, and brafs, were made on the fpot from models brought f^rom England and Scotland. They are training up women and children to the bufmefs, of whojn I faw twenty or thirty at work ; they give the women, two dollars a week, and And them in board ^'^- '■^ UNITED STATES, 69 board and lodging ; the children are bound appren« tice till twenty-one years of age, wirii an engage- ment to board, clothe and educate them. They have the machine called the mule, at which they have {pun cotton yarn fo fine as twenty-one hundred fcains to the pound, and they purpofe making muf* lins. My obfervations on the undertaking are ;— > the iituation is not well chofen ; they have funk a vail deal of money in buildings and machinery un« neceffarily, which is a heavy tax on the under- taking, fo that the intereft of the money will eat up almoft all the profit ; they are fo deficient in water in funimer time to keep the wheel going, that to remedy this, a thoufand pounds more is to be laid out, to eredl in the fea another large wheel to ^'ork by the ebb and flow of the tide, to raife water into the refervoir, to fupply this deficiency. The En* gli{h workmen are diifatisfied, and ready to leave the fadory as foon as they have faved up a few pounds, in order to become landholders up the country, and arrive at independence. The com* pany alfo try at too many things, and the goods they make are very inferior to what they get from us, ii:^ :t ■^k{t.i V .; t/i^;; .*! 'hi0dmf^ ()<-::'f^>''i^ hm;j; {?•'■*" ff i;?/,,i!;-(VM^>l^ ^. The famous cotton manufa£lory for fuftians* corderoysj and jeans, at Beverley, in Mafiachufets, of which fuch favorable hopes were entertained for five years paft, does not anfwer; fo fays Mr. C. V, of Boilon, who belongs to a fociety for encouraging 3;ij<| ^ under- "■■ .i '.■ ( ' :.' a J ;:l . i :,**' ' ■'u-'j!.^.r''.-^^ .-\» 70 EXCURSION TO THE undertakings of this kind. They had a capital lent them at three per cent, and workfhops built for theni> and yet they are gone behind hand. I faw another cotton manufaftory at Brooklyn, in Long Ifland ; — a double carding engine worked by a horfe; a ilubbbg, and two fpinning machines, all of very good workman fhip. This was a fmall concern, where they make yarn for fale, and employ no weavers ; and it/eems to anfwer well. ^ .u'j'itu ■-■ The general error of all their large iindertakings has been, their laying out their capital in large buildings and an unnecefTary flock of machinery, &c. "which brings a heavy mortgage on the concern, be- fore they adlually begin. They alfo put the whole bufinefs under the care of a chief workman (being ignorant themfelves) who has no intereft in an (Economical management of the concern. The large cotton manufadlory at Paterfon, fifteen miles weft of New York, has almoft been ruined twice by inch men. •• - t , ^-^ •;.-.;i» i;,.^. -- •.;.. -i-; .. .-^ i^..v?,i > ',:. ; ■ ' ■ - ■• y-* ■'''•noir:? \i;y! ^ii- v„^i!. , ;:^i} yu»e 1 . Prieftly, Henry, and myfelf, went, ac- companied by Mr. Genet, (the ci-devant ambaffa- dor from France) to the nev/ Prefbyterian Meeting, where we heard Dr. Rodgers preach, and after- wards adminifter the Lord's Supper to near two \ hundred people, who, in companies of forty or fifty at a time, fucceeded each other in a large enclofed • iv;c), , part •t>* UNITED STATES. P part of the Meeting, near the commuRion table* ** I invite," fays he, " all of you to partake of the Lord's Supper ; but none," faid he, lifting up his hand, and throwing his palm outwards towards Governor Clinton's feat, where the Prieftlys' were, ** no none of thofe who deny the divinity of our Saviour ;" Query — was this a mark of his attach- ment to the principles of Chrillianity— or of illibe- rality ? As foon as we came out, Mr. Lewis ad- drelTed us with tne pleaiing news that the Sanfom, the fhip in which Dr. Prieftly embarked from Eng- land, was arrived at Sandy Hook ; where (he waited for a pilot, and would probably come up the Nar- rows the next liay. The town had been foma time €xpe6ling his arrival, and feveral focieties intended ihewing him particular honor. /■i lC- fa- 'g» ;r- /o Ifty Ifed )art In the afternoon I went to hear Dr. Lynn, at the Dutch Reformed Church : this is a large handfome ineeting-houfe, with an organ in iliC gallery. The prayers in Englifh, and the fermon delivered extem- pore, as is the cafe at all the meetings. They ufe Dr. Watts's Pfalms, mixed with ^ome others of Heidelburgh compofition, and there is bound up at the end, the confeflion of Dort and of Augfburgh ; alfo the form ufed in marriage, which is there always performed in the evening. No places of worlhip are open three times a day, except the two epifcopal churches (and St. George's chapel, 1 be- lieve.) , V .-n ^ , . • -^ ^ Owing !| ' i gp EXCURSION TO THE Owing to fome accidents, or contrary wind. Dr. and Mrs. PrielUy did not arrive till Wednefday,the fourth of June. Jofeph Prieftly, their eldeft fon, ivho had been wsuting three weeks or a month for their arrival, took a boat to meet them as the fhip came in, and they landed at the Battery in as private a manner as poflible, where young Mrs. Prieftly and a friisnd or two received them ; they went immedi- ately to Mrs. Loring's lodging-houie clofe by. It was foon known through the city, and next morning the principal inhabitants of New York came to pay their refpedts and congratulations; among others* Governor Clinton, Dr. Prevooft, bifliop of New York, Mr. Ofgood, late envoy to Great Britain, the heads of the college, moft of the principal mer- chants, and deputations from the corporate body and other focieties. No man in any public capacity could be received with more refpedl than he was. The Addreffes delivered to him by a deputation from Columbia college, from the Democratic and Tammany focieties, from the body of Britifli and Irifti republican fettlers, &c. &c. are already pub- lifhed in all the papers, with the Do6lor*s Anfwers. One circumllance is worthy notice; his anfwer to the Democratic fociety, which pleafed every body, except the fociety itfelf. They had addrefled him with a view of his uniting with them, as a par- tizan againfl that country that had ufed him fo ill ; but the Dodor, true to his profefTions when in Eng* ,--»:■ hac /...:. UNITED STATES. 73 land, told them, he came there not to be a public or political charader, nor to accept of any public employment, but to fpend his days in ftudy, and privacy with his own family, his three fons being already fettled among them . The firft principles of this club, is a rooted a,ver» fion to the government and policy of Great Britain ; and a clofe attachment to French politics. It produced the following excellent Letter, addreffed to him in the public papers, which feemed to be generally well received ; <' To JOSEPH PRIESTLT, LL. D. &c. '«- sc SIR, Irs. ** A Stranger arrived in a new country, with whofe opinions, habits, &c. he has but that imperfedl acquaintance which is formed by literary correfpendence, will be fafer by preferving a refpeftful diftance from, than by an intimate union with any party, who may ftep forward and endeavour, by a flattering addrefs, to prepoflefs his mind in their favor. land > " Your Anfwer to the Addrefs of the Democra- tic fociety of New York is modeft and decent; it conveys ideas of peace and harmony with all the world ; but differing from their expedlations : they hoped to have found in you the enemy of thole who had perfecuted you , they trufted that you were, like £ 'j*^. them- 74 fiXCUHSlON TO THE themrelves, unable to forget wrongs ; that becaufe ,# you had written and preached in favor of the unity of the Deity, you, therefore, (with them) were averfe to the principles of Chriflianity, inculcated in . the fermon of Jefus Chrift ;— * Bleffed are the peace- makers, for they Ihall be called the children of God, Bleffed are ye when men fliall revile you and perfe- cute you, and fay all manner of evil againft you falfely, for my fake. Rejoice and be glad, for great is_ your reward in heaven ; for fo perfecuted they the prophets which were before you.* / *« YoOr anfwer to them convinces a number of your friends that they were and are miftaken in their ideas of your refentment. There are few men in America who will not be happy in the acquaints ance of a perfon diftinguiihed as you are by your refearches in philofophy, and the moderation of your enquiries into moral, natural, and revealed j-eligion. ' i ■^^^ ■•■ ' - .. • ** You will reap in this weftern world a temporal enjoyment of a well-earned reputation, if you pre- *ferve yourfelf from all party fpirit. •; " But, fir, you are in danger ; a party is endea* vouring to make a merit to themfelves of your weight and influence. Beware, fir, of cafting it, into th#^ fcale on either fide ; preferve it for the cood of mankind by your guarded condud; and let us. m v I endea- f your king it Ifor the and let USj 1 ' UNITED STATES. 75 yes, who have only heard IffiSI a diilance, fee that your virtues are truly chrilUan ; -that though you exprefs doubts "of the divinity of our Saviour, you believe the divine meffage itfelf ; and that perfecu- ted in one city, you flee to another, and that only for peace and repofe. ^^= ^ ** Be affured, fir, that there is no perfecution here againil opinions, and that, however diiFerent your*s may be from that of the majority, you may write, print, or preach them, without danger of perfecu- tion of any kind j and that while we are inftrufted by thofe parts of your doftrines which with freedom we imbibe, we fhall never be angry becaufe we can- not fiibfcribe to thofe we rejedt, nor yet fufpeft you of being difpleafed for the exercife of our free will, *' Conducing yourfelf this way, your private virtues, your induftry in the purfuit of knowledge ufeful to mankind, will render your name refpeited as Franklin's. By a contrary conduft, by coalefciiig with any party whatever; you will certainly diminifli your fame, as much as the oppofite party is propor- tioned to that v/hich ycu fliall adopt, and fmk the jg;reat and well-earned reputation of your long life, .. . THILADELPHIA, June 1794. " Your's, &C. SENEX.*' t' Ez There f- r », ■ ■4i ■% "'■ ' , 7» BXCURSION TO THE There are two parties in politics here, as there «ver will be, and ever fhould be, in free Hates— the Federalijis zxidi Jnti'/ederalijis, . ■ *:' y-.--' '^ •■(/-■: The former are thofe who are attached to the prefent federal government ; they ftudy to give it weight and confequence, and are for keeping a funded debt to ftrengthen the hands of government ; they are rather averfe to French politics, and for preferving a peace and good underilanding with Great Britain. The heads of this party are General Waftiington, Colonel Hamilton, Meffrs. Dexter, Lee« Murray, Sedgwick., aid W. Smilh. The Anti-federalifls are for curtailing the power of congrefs, and leaning to a popular form of go- vernment; are totally againll the funded fyftem, as the fource of corruption ; ftronger in the principles of repubUcanifm, and for adopting French politics, with a fixed averlion to Great Britain. At the head of thefe are Meffrs. Maddifon, Jefferfon, Randolph, Mom-oe^ Clark« Dayton, Giles^ &c. It is believed by many of good judgment and cool heads, that thefe fparrings between the Fede- ra ids and Anti-federalifts will do no mifchief, but rather keep alive a degree of public fpirit, which is not naturally very flrong in the Americans, but which is effentialiy neceffary in all free govern- meats, '] ,. ^~ ' Contro- '*L # VNITED STATES. 77 Controverfy and difcuflion, in my opinioriripeay neccflary to the well being of the body politic, as food and exercife, are to the body natural. The free difcuflion of all public meafures prevents the abufe of power. In all countries, in all governments, pur men out of the fear of controul, and they be- come tyrants. Why is not Spain, as fertile in men of genius as Great Britain ? Bec^ufe they dare not write or fpeak for fear of the inquifition. " Jove fix'd it certain that whatever day ' Makes man a Slave, takes half his worth away." Popem Dr. Prieftly told me in New York, that, previous to his leaving England, he applied to the oiffice of Lord Greiiville, Secretary for foreign afFairs, iigni. fying his intention of leaving England, and requeft- cd a protection againll; any Algerine veiTel, which was immediately granted him. This will at once do away thofe infmuations of his enemies and illibe- ral perfeculors, who give out, that he ftole away fecretly, for fear of perfecudons by government. ; Who have been more reprobated than Doctors Prieftly, Price, and J. Jebb ? And where will you find three contemporary Britons who have been more ufeful to mankind ! If the prefent age will not honor them, pofterity (hall do them juftice, and future ages ihall call them bleflfed 1 Is it not how- i^i:. E 3 ever 78 EXCURSION TO THE ever /^e fate, oftentimes, of the heft and wortlii ft charaders to be abafed and vilified • 'inir* Jiving, to whom after their perfecution or death the world is ready to ereft flatucs, and even pay them divine lionors — iJut, as Pope obfervcs. •fi Who noble ends by noble means obtains, Or failing fmiles in exile or in chains ; Like good Aurclius let him reign or bleed Like Socrates f that man is great indeed Mi / f»< i^^;- m. Of the Public Buildings at New York, - i m ■..''/^' ' ■• '•'*;' ^'"■■'' - The Federal-hall, which was building when Bri{^ ^(>t was there in 1788, is a handfome edifice^ on ijTc'ies, extending over the foot-way at the north- weft-end of Wall-ftrett; a large hall at the en- trance by an afcent of two fteps ; here the Congrefs firft met when the federal government was formed ; and General Walhington on this ocpafion was pub- licly inaugurated Prefidcnt. The Governor's houfe, adjoining the battery on the moft fouthern part of the ifland, at the bottom ^ of Broadway, is a very handforoe brick building, ' with a portico^ fimilar to the manfion-houfe in Lon- V don. It ftands very pleafant, and commands a view of the whole harbour. • ■' • • ., ' % ' The %. ■.. . . . ■ . , ■. % .:'*<.. .-.r ^ UNITED STATES, 19 ^ » The Exchange is a very pcor building, ftanding^ on arches. It has been difurcd fince the Tontine coffce-houfe was built, at which place the merchants now meet and tranfad their bufiners. The Society Library, or Literary Coffee-houfe, npw building, is in forn^ and ftyle fomething fimilar to the governor's hf ough not fo large. Th^ fubfcribers to this, x\ >ounds entrance, and two dollars per annui.i .*.,.i ardft*- - , 0W Columbia College is a hnndfome old edifice. The Hofpital and the Workhoufe appear in the lame ftyle, and adjoin to it. ,^ ,, j * # In the front of Trinity Church Is a Monument Co the memory of General Montgomery^ of which the following is the infcription : - This Monument, ereSled by order of Congreu, January 25, 1776, to transmit to posterity the grateful remem* brance of the patriotism t conduSi, enterprise, and per- severance of Major General Richard Montgomery, fwho, after a series of successes, amidst the moji dis' couraging difficulties, fell in the attack on ^ebec, December 3 1 , 1 7 7 3 > ^g"^^ 3 7 years* ' N ^\: M W% t'l E4 Go0ii *.« W^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3> 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 1^ 12.2 £? I4i "" Hf li£ 12.0 u nil 6" /] ^h % Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4503 m !\ o ^■^ ^1\ 1 k k ^A^ .^ ^.<^ ^° ..^^ I/. <^ $6 IXCURSION TO THE Good Trades in America* A Carpenter is fore of immediate employ. In the new federal city they advertife for them> and offer them eight-penpe and ten-pence per hour, and ihey are much wanted in all the new fettlements. Hatter. A journeyman earns two dollars a day. A Cabinet-maker earns rather more at New York. Printers of newfpapers fucceed generally very well, particularly in the back country^ for they are 9II great newfmongers. Wheelwrights, and all artifts in hufbandry. Men converfant with Mill work, &c. All mechanic arts are fure to be encouraged, particularly Workers in Iron, as Mr. Hamilton told mc^ either in the great or fmall way. Breeding of horfes and mules is a very profitable occupation. Brick-making mud be a good trade now, as they fo generally ufe brick inflead of wood. They felt at New York for fifty fhillings per thoufand ; but the beft bricks are made at Philadelphia, which are imported to New York, tor the fronts of houfes, at the coil of five and fix pounds fterling per thou- fand. ;^ A Saw-mill, eredled on a good Ilream, will pay a man twenty per cent, , > - '-'■ I . ■,"■-' Good in: -1 «*■ yNITEO STATES, 8j 1* > Good Jrticles to take ever for Sale* Hofiery, Hats, ready-made Shoes and Boots, Paper of all kinds, (particularly for printing News,) old Checfe, Irilh Linen Cloth, cheap Carpeting, and Broad Cloth, are all good articles, and meet a ready fale« \f to fettle, take plenty of wearing apparel, kitchen furniture, (I was told the air at New York is fo dry as to crack mahogany furniture brought from England, unlefs the wood was feafoned there firft) feather-beds and mattrafTes, (hoes, hats, books, &c. All thefe articles are dear and bad, if had in America. You have no need to run the rifque of taking over cafh with you : a bill drawn on a good houfe in London yields ca(h there, with a premium, often- times from feven to ten per cent, in addition. .■-■.>^ June 3. Arrived the Columbus. As it came up towards the battery we thought it had been the Sanfom. The weather was very fultry till one o'clock, when a very heavy rain came on, with the largeft drops I ever faw, continuing for two hours. It raifed all the waters very fuddenly, and at Mor- riilown great damage was done to the iron works^ E 5 and Tr2 EXCURSION TO THE and fcveral mills were overthrown in that neigh- bourhood^,^ to the lofs of more than twenty thoufanci pounds. ~ * Mr. Genet, the late French embaffador, de- clared, that although he had been fo much refledled on in America for his official condudl, yet, in no ftep, had Jie gone beyond the commiffion given him by Roland and BrifTot, who had appointed him. Hearing from Captain Lindfey, that Mr. John Adams, of Bofton, the vice-prefident, was juft ! arrived in this city from Philadelphia, I requeiled him to introduce me to him, having a letter to de- liver him from Dr. Prieftly. I found him at Bur- ling-flip, onboard the packet juft failing for Bofton.. He is a ftout, hale, well-looking man of grave de- portment, and very plain in drefs and perfon. He read the letter, and requefted me to inform the Doftor that he fliould be glad to fee him at Bofton, which he defired me to tell him he thought better calculated for him than any other part of America, and that he would find himfelf very well received, if he fliould be inclined to fettle there. My luggage being this day arrived from Bofton^ I haften to fct off for Philadelphia, to be there be- fore the CoBgr«fs breaks up, and that I may have an opportunity of feeing that great man. General .Wafliington, before he returns to Mount Vernon. . ♦ 4^ V *>• I II.- 1^'- \ UNITED STATES. 83 / . Road from New York to Philadelphia, Acrofs the ferry to Paulus-hook» 2 miles. Newark ------- yf Elizabeth Town ----- 6 Raway --•--•-- 5 Woodbridge ---••- 4i .., At 26 to Perth Amboy 3f * Pifcataway ------ 7 Brunfwick on the Rariton - - 3 Kingfton ------- 13I Princetown ------ 3 At 55 Road to Bordentown* Trenton - 11 J: At 63I you crofs the Delaware, Briflol --.-_,. 10 At 73 a mile to the right i&Bath. Frankfort ------•' 14 Kenfington ^--•--- 4 Philadelphia - - - - - - o| n" 91 "*(' .^ii-' ^ F6 Jowrnt^ m 84 EXCURSION TO THE Journty to Philadelphia. WEDNESDAT, June 4, 1794, at eight in the morning, I croffed Hudfon's River to Paulus-hook, to take the ftage on the other fide for Philadelphia. Though only two miles and a half acrofs, we were an hour and a half pafling, owing to the rapidity of the current, from the violent ftorm the day before. I paid five dollars, and went in the flage called the ' Induftry. All the way to Newark, (nine miles) is l» very flat mar(hy country, interfe£led with rivers ; many cedar fwamps abounding with mufketos, ^ which bit our legs and hands exceedingly ; where they fix, they will continue fucking your blood, if not difturbed, till they fwell to four times their or- dinary iize, when they abfolutely fall off and burft> from their fulnefs. At two miles we crofs a large . cedar fwamp ; at three miles we interfeft the road leading to Berghen, a Dutch town, half a mile dif- tant on our right ; at five miles we crofs Hackinfack river ; here a bridge is going to be built, to pre- vent the tedious pafTage by a boat or a fcoul ; at fix we crofs Pofiaick river (coachee and all) in a fcoul, by means of pulling a rope faftened on the oppofite fide. We now came to Newark to break- fail, a pleafant little country town ; the church or meeting an exceeding neat elegant building of ilone. One of our fellow travellers was a Mrs, Harriot, who lives at Newark^ came from England N ' «•! to ;r (, . fcH SSBS UNITED STATES. •s ^1 I to fettle about two years ago ; 4ier hulband, a part- ner in the large cotton manufadtory of Dickfon, Livingfton and Co. at Hell Gates. She informed me that the worft circumftance of living at Newark, was the difficulty of getting domeftic fervants i they will only agree by the month, at very high wages of eight or ten dollars. The white fervants generally ftipulate that they fhall fit at table with their mafters and miflreiTes, but Mrs. Harriot affured me, Ihe had never yet agreed to give them the honors of the fitting. — A handfome, clever, fen- lible woman. I had the pleafure afterwards, on my return from Philadelphia, of breakfafting with her. To her laft footman, (he gave ten dollars per month (forty-five (hillings Aerling) and his wafhing. Cultivated land here letts from thirty-fix fiiillings to three pounds per acre ; — but I fliall fay more of this pleafant town on my return. A newfpaper is pub* lifhed here, called. Wood's Ne^Mark Gazette and Pater/on Advertifery every Wednefday, price nine , fliillings fterling a year. „ After our breakfaft, which was not a very good one, we fet oiF for Elizabeth Town, near which, on the right, is Governor Livingfton's handfome houfe. This is fix miles from Newark; two handfome churches or meetings, the fteeples of wood; no two houfes join. Here we pafled over a bridge famous for f battle fough't there for the liberty and inde- pendence of Ameiica. Qn l^oth fides of ^e road ■>-:. «(?:. 86 EXCURSION TO THE 4 ytt faw trees loaded with apples and cherries^ it being an uncommon year for the former. There were alfo large fields of flax^^which is much culti* vated throughout this Hate. Here are fettled many Dutch and German families, who being very induf- trious and intent on getting monc;^-, and alfo keep- ing but little company, grow very rich. The fea- fons (here,) I believe* are rather backwarder than in the Weft of England, the foil being fo moiftt Few goofeberry trees in their gardens, the foil not agreeing with them. No maple fugar trees grow ia this trafl. The country however is fine and plea- fant, with an agreeable mixture of wood and meadow lands ; good pafturage, which fupplies New York with butter, milk, eggs, . poultry^ and gardea-flufi> in great plenty. : , 4': I ] « < 3 S f f I obferved feveral negro houfes, (low buildings of one ilory) detached from the family honfe ; for the ilaves (from their pilfering difpofition) are not allowed to fleep in the fame houfes with their maf- ters. ^Slavery, although many regulations have been made to moderate its feverity, is not yet^ abolifhed in the New-Jerfeys. '? . ?> I' At Raway we faw fbme flocks of (heep newly ihorn, but they are not numerous, mutton not being in fuch general confumption as pork. Colonel Wadfworth told me this, and wifhed to fee it more .in ufe, as thereby, he {aid, they ihould have more .^^r u . . ■ . wool. i UNlfED STATES, «7 wool for their manufactories. It is faid they are careful that their flocks fliould always conflil of an odd number, from fome fuperilitious prejudice. '' Spinning of flax, is the general employment in private families in the evenings, when they are not in the fields ; each family ufually making their own coarfe linen, which they put out to weave, and afterwards bleach and finifh at home. Long poles appear every where, elevated at one end high in the air; thefe I found were fubHitutes for ropes, in raifing buckets of water from their wells, as wp fometimes fee in the gardens near London. At Woodbridge, twenty-five miles from New York, the foil appeared red, like fome of the lands in Glouceilerfliire. The woods of this country abound chiefly with white and black oak ; the latter is ufed in dying yellow, and is what Dr. Bancroft called quercitron, and obtained a patent, for the privilege of felling it in England, to the exclufion of all others. Few firs in this diilrifl, but plenty of walnut and cherry trees, which latter grow to a large fize, and are feen wild every where by the road fide, loaded with fruit ; fome acacias, or loculit trees. I faw no elm trees any where ; 1 believe it is not a native, of America, at lead not that which is fo common in England. They cultivate little or no wheat h thefe parts» 4#Qn S8 EXCURSION TO THE on account of the Hefllan fly ; rye and oats are the chief produce of the country. After paifing Pifca- taway, a very fmall place, we croflfed Rariton river in a fcoul, and ^mediately entered the pleafant town of New Brunfwick. The. bridge of fix arches had been carried away by the fddden florm of laft week, mentioned before ; but this was of little con- fequence to travelling, fc che ferry boats or fcouls are fo very convenient and well managed, that our 'driver never flackened his fpeed upon approaching thie river fide, but drove the carriage, with four horfes, at once into the ferry boat, not (lopping for us to get out, and in fix minutes drove out on the oppofite fide. Here we dined ; very bad accommo- dations ; the Port wine fo bad as not to be drink- able ; and the Madeira fo hot and fiery, that we were obliged to mix water with it to make it palatable ; the veal and mutton very badly drefiTed; and no garden-fiufF that we could eat, the landlord having no garden, and there is no market for articles of this kind. He took care however to charge us a dollar a-piece. While we were there, a very hand- fome gelding was brought to the door for fale ; a bright bay, with black mane and tail, fif een hands and a half high and a fine forehand, fuch as would have fetched thirty guineas in the Weft of England j the man aflced fixty pounds currency as the loweft price, equal to thirty-fix pounds fterling. Here we changed our carriage for one without fprings. 4 The 1-^ » . UNITED STATES. S9 The road from hence to Princetown (eighteen miles) was very bad, full of loofe flones and deep holes, in going over which with our heavy carriage^ we were fo violently (hook, that when we got down many of us could fcarcely (land ; this, and the ex- / treme heat of the weather made us very fick for an hour after : however, we went no further this night* / Jn walking about the town, I was (Iruck with the fingular phcenomenon of the fire flies, the firft I had * ever feen ; and which has a wonderful appearance ^ to thofe who are not acquainted with it, as was my ill ^^^^ * ^ ^^^^cn fpark of fire ajppears clofe to you in various diredlions, and as fuddenly difappearing : it frequently alarmed me, when I faw thefe fpark» among hay, (Iraw, and wood : it is a kind of fmall beetle, which upon elevating its wings, difcovers in certain dire£lions a red phofphoric light ;. for no other part of the body, except beneath the wings, gives light; yoH cannot therefore, when the \nk€t IS at reft, fee any luminous appearance. The tree toad as the evening fet in, began to make its dif- agreeable loud noife, refembling the ratling found of a quail pipe, and now the bull frogs beg.'.i to join in the concert, the old ones in a deep hoarfe tone, and the younger fry as (hrill as young ducks in a pond; thefe altogether formed fuch a full chorus, that we could hardly hear ourfelves fpeak. i\>ip At large Princetown is a very handfome college ; it is 2 uniform brick building, with two wings, one hundred -"i .•ffl^ •.--■^^tf.. 90 IXCURSION TO THE I *; hundred and eighty feet long, and fifty-four feet wide ; over the center is un elegant cupola ; the en- trance is by a flight of Heps,, and each wing has alfo an entrance ; it has, ] think, twenty- five win- dows in front, and is four Aory high. There are at this time ninety-five fcholars, and many of the moil eminent men in Congrefs had their education there. Dr. Wiiherfpoon, who went oyer from Scotland about thirty years ago, is the prefident ; Dr. Samuel S. i^mith, vice-prefident; and Dr. William Minto> the profefTor of nfathematicks and of natural philo* fophy. I was received very politely by the vicc- prefident, who, in the courfe of converfation, in- formed me, that it was intended as foon as they fhould hear of Dr. Priedly's arrival, to offer him the prefidency of a new college then erecting near Raw* leigh, in North Carolina* . . One of the young collegians Tupped with us ; his converfation was, to be fure* not of the claflle kind, but much however, like one of our Oxonians : Bacchus and Venus were his chief topics. He, however informed us, that a perfon could lodge and board well in that town for two dollars a week (nine , ihillings fterling) though travellers and flrangers were generally charged twice as much. For fupper we had veal cutlets, tarts, tea, and coffee, all of which were good ; our beds were not fo pleafant, as there were three in one room, owing to the great increafe of travellers, and having but fmall houfes ; \ ' 1 1 ^ UNITED STATES. 9» for the whole we paid half a dollar each, which we thought very reafonable. This town is famous for an a£\ion fought January 2, 1777* in which General Mercer loll his life. At five r^e arofc and got into our coachee, {(even of us) and proceeded twelve miles to Trenton, On this road lide, I remarked very handfome large trees, which they called black walnut. I alfo pafTed many orchards, and obfervcd many cyder •prefTes, made in a very heavy and cumberforoe manner* The birds in' greateft plenty were partridges, (ihaped more like our pheafants) fly-catchers, and wood« peckers, fome of very beautiful plumage. There were feveral fine fields of grafs juil mowed, which, with the morning air» regaled our fenfes in a moft delightful manner. - 7 ■ Trenton is a neat country town, (ituate near the Delaware; on the banks of which flands the flate- houfe, where the government of New Jerfey meet every year in the month of June; it is the capital of the ilate. The houfes join each other and form regular ftreets, very much in appearance like fome of the fmall towns in Devonfhire. A well-con- duded newfpaper is publilhed here once a week, called. The New Jerjey State Gazette^ price to an- nual fubfcribers, nine (hillings flerling ; an adver- tifement four inches in length and two and a half in breadth, ^ou will pay two fhillings per week for having ^ »i« -> 92 EXCURSION TO THE having inferted. In this town. In the late war. General Walhington furprifed and took prifoners a large body of Heffian troops ; it was one of the moft capital ftrokes of general (hip during the war. On the twenty-iixth of December, 1776, when the ri- ver Delaware was full of ice, he crcrTed it in the middle of the night fome miles above, and came on them about break of day ; this aflion gave a great turn to the American affairs, which were almoft defperate before. This town has a very good market, which is well fupplied with butchers* meat, ii(h, and poultry. Many good (hops are to be feen there, in general with feats on each fide the entrance, and a ilep or two up into each houfe. As it was hardly feven o'clock, we thought it too early for breakfaft, and three of us walked on, while the horfes were changing, to the ferry, about one mile on the road. As we defcended towards the river, we faw encamped on the banks of the Dela- ware, a little below the ferrying place, about forty American foldiers, drafted from the Hate of Maffa- chufetts, going to join General Wayne in Ken- tucky, then at war with the Indians; they had three hundred and fifty miles to march before they could reach Pittfburgh, from whence they are to fail down the Ohio till they come to Kentucky. In paLng the Delaware with our coachee, we ferry within ten yards of one of the rapids, by which ^ .f.. ■*. UNITED STATES. 95 which we are to underhand that part of a river where the bed is almoft filled up with rocks, chiefly below the furface of the water, which occafions the I current to pafs very quick, and makes it dangerous to thofe who are not acquainted with the navi« gation. .1 On the oppoiite fide is a beautiful country feat belonging to Robert Morris, one of the fenators of Congrefs, to whom I have a letter of recommen- dation, i The banks of this river are high, and it is con/i- derably widened in this place within a few years, by the waftiing away of the earth ; it is here one hundred and fifty miles from its mouth ; on its banks are many pleafant country feats. The white Cedar is a na- tive of this ftate, and is a very handfome tree. We now enter the State of Penfylvania, and drive clofe along the banks of this charming river for iix miles, till at length, by a curve, we have from elevated ground a full view of its beautiful waters. At this place it appears much wider than the Thames at Weilminiler, with feveral fine iflands in it. About two miles diftant on its oppofite banks, we fee the city of Burlington, rifing as it were out of the wa- ters At the fame time, more to the left, vaft rafts of timber of a quarter of a mile in length, are float- ing down the llream; on one of them I obferved a hut J- s 1 94 EXCURSION TO THE hut ereCled for a family to lodge itij and a flable with a horfe and cow at its entrance ; this float of timber was probably framed together two hundred miles further up the river, by feme fettlers, who were clearing the land, and wet-e now conveying fome of the iineft of the timber fit for fhip-builders and architedls, down to Philadelphia, in the cheapell way imaginable, to convert it into money, and therewith to purchafe ironmongery, woollens, im- plements of hu(bandry, and whatever other articles may be wanting to improve the comfort of their new fettlement. We now reached Briftol, a long fcattered town, confifting chiefly of one ftreet; this was the firft town that William Penn fixed on before he had planned Philadelphia; it (lands high and commands a confiderable extent of country; here we break- fafted, but we waited a confiderable time for it; none of the family were in the way except the land- lord, and neither by kind words or harfh language, could we induce him to flir a ilep towards helping us. At length we found out the cupboard (hungry as we were) and helped ourfelves to bread and but- ter, till the kettle and tea-things were brought; the landlord however came in at lad to tell us we had a quarter of a dollar a-piece to pay ; thefe gentry never make out any bill, and you are to pay whatever they demand. As I came out of the lioufe, I obferved a flage coach at the door> with an infcrip- :.;> <;. -'Ni, '=^: UNITED STATES, 95 >> iivfcrlption on its fide, " Briftol anc: iath Stage, was furprifed at firft at the fimilarity of circum- ftance to what I had fo often feen in my native country. I find that there is a place abounding with hot mineral waters, of the name of fiath, about four miles from hence ; they are chalybeate fprings; there is one hot bath, four plunging, and two Ihower baths. Briftol is not a very flourifhing place, nor is there any newfpaper publifhed here. We had now a fine level road, all the way to Phila- delphia, (twenty miles) except about half a mile, over one common full of floughs. We now find no loofe large ftones upon the road, as in the former part of our journey, but a general appearance of a higher degree of cultivation, and improvement of every kind, as if advancing to a great city. The wood in this part of the country is chiefly hiccory and the black oak, fome walnut, plenty of apple and cherry trees. In thofe fpots of ground newly cleared, ftill are to be feen the dead flumps of trees; formerly they made a point to root them up, which, was very expenfive; now, out of oeconomy, they let them remain till they rot, having firft deftroyed their vegetation by burning them : they have a very ugly appearance, but in four or five years they fo far de- cay that they are beat to pieces, fo as for the plow to go over them. Here I obferved a few drill plows ; this kind of hulbandry begins to prevail ia thjs ma- ritime Hates. ' , ^ At g5 EXCURSION TO THE At twelve miles diflance from Philadelphia^ we pafTed over Nefhaminy Bridge* It is of a very pecu- liar condruftion : two iron chains are ilrained acrofs the river, parallel to each other, about fix feet diflance; on it are placed flat planks, faflened to each chain ; and on this the horfes and carriage pafs over. As the horfes flepped on the boards, they funk under , the7>rcfrure, and the water rofe between them ; no railing on either fide, and it really looked very frightful and dangerous : I had never heard of a bridge of this kind before : this flream is fo rapid and rifes and falls in fuch extremes, that no bridge of any other kind would do here, for this rifes and falls with the flream. [ afterwards faw another of this kind, over the Skuylkil, a few miles beyond Phila- delphia. ':--.>:.'^ ■•■■} , ^^:.p-'^y }''''-'■"'' '•-['' ^'■■^- ;!!;.■?;. >*''.-> Now came on a fudden heavy rain, like one of our thunder florms, but heavier, for it was a prodi- gious quantity of water that fell in the courfe of an hour, and feemed to fill all the country round, and accounts for th« great and fudden rife of their rivers; by which many of their mills are deftroyed, that have not the full .means of drawing off the back waters. We now came to a fmall townfhip called Frank- fort, five miles from Philadelphia; il|^ is a place of fmall confequence, though one of the oldeil in the Hate, being built by the Swedifh and Dutch fet« tiers, before William Pcnn came to America : two '' / ■ •': " ■ ' ■■ : ■■ -/ 'miles 4- *«- i*^l VNIT£D STATU. ♦7 waSki farthery we pafled Htrrowgate Oardeat oa iMir right, whtre there are ntheral fpringt ; it tt « ^ace of cntertainmeiit and rehuaticm, for tlM tradefmen of Philadelphia to partake of ■pen, « Sunday, like thofe in the vicinity of London. We had now adiftant view of ^e fpirek and ftecplet of P-Uladelphiji, and the country all aroand at,^ and level as about London; the road neaify as good. We drove on at the iate of ninejnilcs an ^hour, and entered Kenfington, a fmall viHage ; ihea •evoffing Cohockfinck and C^oquenfqnock rivert, f we arrived at Philadelphia^ ninety- two miles ^ni New York, a diftance often run hy the mail ftaget la one day, akhough no turnpike an^ part of the way. We entered the city by Front-ftreet, aid arrived at the City Tavern, in South-^coad^^bve^ about noon. I flept at tins houfe iwo nights, ani BMt with my old tormenters, the hugs : tt was n very un^afant hoi^e to be lodged at; yet it wm s priacipal tavern, where the books are keptof wlMt . Ihtps arii>?aBd« clear oiit; and to tiiis ceffee^^hoaif ^priacipal merchants reibrt tvery day: a pub- lic ordinary every day at two o'clock : about twenty of .us dined there, but we could get hardly any attendance from the waiters, though we rang > the b^l incefiantly. , 31*.' . Fandiag die Congrcfs were iKll fitting, and ex-» fte&ed to ad|oum evc»y day, lioft no timcm gdng; to hear the debates; after calling on a gentl^flMii '-W F to % m i 1 I '%% # EXCURSION TO THE '«(rwfat)in I had a letter of introduftion, 1 was ac- companied by him> and heard an interefttng debate •n the political Situation of the country in refpei6t to Great Britain. On entering thiffoufe of Re^refentatives, I was ftruck with the convenient irrangement of the feats for the Members : the fizeofthe chamber was about ene hundred feet by fixty : the feats in t^ree rows formed femi-circles behind each other, facing the :$peaker» who was in a kind of pulpit near the centre ' of the andthe clerks below him : every mem- l>er «7at ^accommodated for writing, by there being likevofe a circular writing deik to each of the cir- cular Jeats:pver the entrance was a lafge gallery, inio which were admitted every citizen, without diftinAion, who chofe to attend ; and under the galle- Ty likewife were accommodations for thoie who were "' introduced : but no peribn either in the gallery or voder it, is fufiered to exprefa any marks of ap- plaufe or difcontent, at what is debated; it being imderftood they are prefent in the perfon of their reprefentative : this has been a great error in the new French government: an attempt, however, was once m^ade to introduce it here (in March laft) by a clapping of hands, at a fpeech which feli from Mr. Parker; but the whole houfe inilantly rofe to refent it, and adjourned their buiinefs* being then in a committee, and the galleries wer^^ *b»rcd. i Ovcf ^e.. S'i ^'■# f^¥ >•':* f--»>^^ ^■^• ■ ■:X'Hy^ ■IFH k ,-v^ •^'•>— ■*j\^ ^ >«ih, 1 i ni »i» i tii H i m i . i ;, jiii - y t. J i. tap«i I v»im^..^^m,.^ "M V Stal^IfOUSi' tJlF]imr.AJJ>m]LrM]IA.4^l'F^ in L^rt^l/t and WCui Dep -■"T- ■S; •'^•* . ■■■■■%- tfi and loom Drpth. bu^^ ^/ /»' .^F irf^ with Freestone Co rnvces %-'■ /■'' !^ • v. "' l^' . ^! »Si. .^'i.^ lii-:: 4^ .1 i-. , . V^ I t \ . 4- * ■ I ■IP 1) tl 14 h w u d ii \ 1 c V tl *• I j^f Brt/Jc with Freestone Cor?tvces. r J «.ll.«' m w VKITBD STATES. ' 9f . Over the door I obferved a buft of Dr. Frtnldiii» the great founder of their liberties, and the father o£j their prefent conftitution : '^^ ** Eripuit cclo fulmen, fceptruinqae tynuimi*** ' .,\ A ferions attention to bufinefs marked the coan^ ^ tenances of the Reprefentatives, who were all ytty \ decently drefled, which is not the cafe in all houfei of that kind, meeting for the difpatch of natumal buiinefs. The members that I heard fpeak th« firft day, were Mr, Sedgwick, Mr. Drayton, Mr, W. Smith, Mr. Pttz-Simmonds, and Mr. Tracy. | The fpeech of Mr. L^e, Member for Virgiiiia« in a jt -committee on Mr, Maddifon's famous refoltttioni, |^ was fo handfomc a commendation of the Britifli, 'N conftitution, in preference to the new French go- vernment, that I fliall fubjW itin this place, i^SL then much-talked of and ap^oved. -, Extraafrm Mr. LeeS Spe^ (of yir^nia) oti Mr. Maddifon*s Rekluti^m** "•it- '** MR. CHAIRMAN, *« LET not any gentlemip mkmderiland me^: let not any gentleman (uppofd, wLn I (hew that^ there is no fimilarity between Our gdyernmeQt and • Seven kefolutions moved January 3. 179^ by Mr. MUk tjifon, forlaying heavif r reftriaions and higheSiluties on the fflanufiiAures and navigation oir foreign nation*, chiefly in- tended againft ipitat Britain, V Fa thf :'$ . l O ^jw '-^r* "fj^ uiia;ii<»i"iifcir-'ii-ir too EXCURSION TO THI tke French conilitation, that I mean to derogate from the wirdom of the latter. • I only meaa to prove that their government is not like ottr's» and would not fuit us. The French are a brave, t generous, and enlightened nation. They have per« A>rmed tke moft brilliant atchievementi on the re- cords of man, they have broken the chains of dcfpotirro, they have obliterated hierarchical and feudal tyranny, they have eftabliihed that power which belongs to all nations, of ellabliihing a go« -vernmenc fuited to their own circHmftances, they «leferve to be happy under it, and I pray' that they tfULy be So, " *« But, Sir, as it has bees fo fiifiiionable to bring into our view comparifons between different nations, I hope I fliall be indulged* when I compare the go- '*r?mment of the ftates in America, to the Diitifli government. If any Similitude exifts bervveen* the American governments and foreign governments, the refemblance moft ftrongly relates to the Britiih government. Their executive is fingle, their legif* lative ts^livided i.^lo two houfes. Such are gene* fally the outlines 61 our governments ; we have only improved on thit firltifh model, by rendering our public fundionHries more refponfible to the people. We have aboltaed feudal rights, we have aboli/hed perpetuities ; and there is no remnant of the ancient fyftem of things among (It us> except that in fome fiates, lands are unjulll;^ i ;rcmp!;cd from the pay* / i> ■I-:' ' VNITID STATES. lOf jnenc of debt). To be fure» en^ry pan ')f a man's property fliou]d anfwer his obligationi. The lav of rfaibn,.«nd the law of morality require it. And ibcn» I hope, that this (lain on Americ n principittl will be for ever removed. /f 1: i!^ >i 'f ' f .f ** When I flate thefe fa£ti, I think they cannot be denied > ' j ^ot mean to juHify the conda£l of the C( met ot J ritain ; I feel refentment aa flrong as iny . t! gentleman for the retention of the Wt'il rn poilk. I fufpedt them of unfriendly offices bo^h with rrgard to our Indian war, and with regard to the depredation* committed on oar trade by the Aigerine corfairs. But I am not fent here to in- du]ge» at all hazardi, my r«fentments> but to pro- ifide for the welfare of my country in the beft manner that drcumiUnccs will permit* ^ *' I fliall be ready to join gentlemen in any mea- iiires to bring Great Britain to an explanation of all the injuries which we may fuppofe we have received from her* If (he refnfes to do us jufticej we may then> and it will be then time enough* to determine on the meafures proper to be purfiied. We have always ample means of redrefs within our power* w'tVdut recourfe to the propofed meafures. * t . *« But, Sir, difmifling our refentment againft the Cabinet of Britiin ; feparating the people from the court; the community from the adminiilration ; let F 3, ps -,^*{, .» 102 EXCURSION TO THE US dlfpaflionately look back npon their hiflory* CxfzT and Tacitas, in the ages in which they livedo tell us, that this people had an high fenfe, and were very jealous of their liberties. Coming down to periods more within our knowledge, we find them llruggling with, and gradually Ihaking off the eccle- iiailic and feudal tyranny, which had overwhelmed the reft of Europe. Little more than a century ago, we fee them bringing one tyrant to thefcaffold, and banifliing another. 'In this little corner of the globe alone, in the dark ages of the world, when igno- rance, fuperftition and oppreffion had enveloped Afia, Africa, and Europe, the flame of liberty was kept alive. To them we are indebted for our knowledge of civil rights and civil liberty, and the, inftitutions moft favorable to them. From them we derive the foundations of our laws ; from them both we and the French have derived the ineftimable trial by jury* ^ ■■■ f.^ : ^^^ •:*',• '■■i .'v:r UNITED STATES^, IO3 ie&TLf altogether my refpeft for a people who were the champions of liberty, when no other champions exided ; and who, I hope, will never confent to be (laves.?* . - \^ .!* v As it evidently has a conneflion with, and tends to elucidate the fubjed of Mr. Lee's fpeech, I ftiall make no apology for here introducing the following abilra6i from an excellent little recent publication^ entitled, ** ^JJ^ys on SubjeSis conneSied ijoith Civi- Uzatiottf by Benjamin Heath Malkin, Trinity College^ Qambridge ;." ,'».';>■ ■'^ . #>'-•- €t i-.:J;S-r.:{."*E; :. >i ;. It is a common charge againfl the aiTertors of civil liberty, that they contend for fuch a political fyllem as is> in fadl, only fit to be adapted to the difpofitions of nmnkind,^ when purified from the frailties of their nature, and clothed in the perfection of fuperior beings. It is further affirmed, that in the prefent Ante of the world, ftrong lines of fub- ordination, and powerful reftridions, are neceiTary to curb the fpiiit of licentioufnefs, and fupport the empire of virtue and of good order. Thofe who declare themfelves againfl the paramount authority of the people, ftrengthen their arguments by the experience of the American Republic, and infer from its conftitution, that a certain balance mufl necefTarily be maintained even in the mofl po- pular government, to counteradl the afcendancy of an obllinate majority.. , ^ f /^^ ,:> 104 EXCURSION TO THE " The ufe that has been made of this ideal cosn- terpoife, to prove the excellency of the mixed form which obtained in Great-Britain, is fo truly curious^ that it deferves fome attention. The Americans are faid to have adopted the policy, though they have fhaken off the authority of the parent country^ They faw the wifdom of that appointment which diftributed the adminiflration of the public concerns among three eftates, and bore thp moft decided teftimony to the utility of our provifions, by theii ele£ling to themfelves a Preiident, a Senate, and a Houfe of Reprefentatives. But let us obferve how much more flrongly marked is the diJlimHarity than the re/emhlance* . • ■'. ** The King of Great Britain holds his ofEce hj hereditary right ; and as long as he performs certain conditions, cannot be diveiled of his dignities, but by fuch a convuliion of the fiate as muft overturn the whale fabric of government. The Prefident of , the American Congrefs is ele^ed from among the ^ people, (to which clafs he again returns at the .. expiration of office) is removable at ftated periods, , and unfortified by perfonal revenue and patronage. f i- . • ■•:■''[ I will here fubjoin fome flirewd remarks of Mr. JefFerfon*s, when writing upon the conftitution of his country : " In Great Britain, it is faid, the conftitution re- lies on the Houfe of Commons for honefty, and the Lords for wifdom, ihis (he fays) would be a ra- F 6 -, ;. „ , tional ■4 to8 EXCURSION TO THB tional reliance, if honefty were to be bought with money and if wifdom were hereditary. " In fomeof the American dates, the delegates and fenators are fo chofen, (in order to introduce the influence of different interefts or different princi- ples) as that the firft reprefents the perfons> and the other the property of the (late. But with us (in Virginia) wealth and wifdom have equal chance or admiifion into both hoisfes.** ^ -. ; ' # *« All the powers of a government, legijlative, ex-^ Mcutivt and judiciary ^ ought to be di|lin£t and fepa* rate. The concentrating all thefe into the fame hands is precifely the definition of a defpotic go- vernment. In fuch a cafe the public money and the public liberty, will foon be difcovered to be the fources of wealth and dominion to thofe who hold them ;— diftinguifhed too by this tempting circum- ilance, that they are the inilruments as well as objects of acquifition. ** With money ive ivi/I get men^* faid Caefar, " and *with men tae iajHI get vion^J** ■' » ' ' ^ ■ (■ June 6. I had the honor of an interview with the Prefident of the United States, to whom 1 was introduced by Mr. Dandridge, his fecretary. He received me very politely, and after reading my letters , I was afked to breakfafl. I .'tvil "I Icon- V' . ; >■ m » UNITED STATES. 109 I i \ -•■ i. ^m I confefs, I was ftruck with awe and veneradon» when I recollected that I was now in the prefence of one of the greatell men upon earth — the o r b a r Washington — the noble and wife benefadlor of the world ! as Mtrabeau' flyles him ; — the advo> cate of human nature— the friend of both worlds. Whether we view him as a general in the field» veiled with unlimited authority and power, at the head of a victorious army ; or in the cabinet, as the Prefident of the United States ; or as a private gentleman, cultivating his own farm ; he is iliil the fame great ntan, anxious only to difcharge with propriety the duties of his relative fituation. His conduct has always been fo uniformly manly, ho-» norable, juft, patriotic, and diiinterefled, that hi» greateft enemies cannot fix on any one trait of his ' character that can deferve the leaft cenfure. Hi» paternal regard for the army while he commanded it ; his earneil and fincere defire tp accomplifh the* glorious objeCt for which they were contending j his endurance of the toils and hazards of war, with-^ out ever receiving the leaft emolument from his country ; and his retirement to private life after the peace, plainly evince, that his motives were the moft pure and patriotic, that could proceed from a benevolent heart. His letters to congrefs during the war, now lately publiihed in England, as well as his circular letter and farewell orders to the ar- mief of the United States, at the end of the war> ^ew him to have been juftly ranked among the V fine <■ *• fit:' 110 EXCURSION TO THE fine writers of the age. When we look down from this truly great and illuflrious charafler, upon other public fervants, we find a glaring contraft ; nor can we fix our attention on any other great nien> without difcovering in them a vaU and mortifying diflimilarity 1 # • The Prefjdent in his perfon, is tall and tWn, birt cre<£l; rather of an engaging than a dignified pre- fence. He appears very thoughtful, is flow in de- livering himfelf, which occafions fome to conclude him referved, but it is rather, I apprehend, the efFeA of much thinking and reflexion, for there is great appearance to me of affability and accommo- dation, tie was at this time in his fixty-third year, being born February ii, 1732, O. S. but he has very little the appearance of age, having been all his life-time fo exceeding temperate. There is a certain anxiety vifible in his countenance, with marks of extreme fenfibility. , u ,,.,.■; ■\ * -,? Notwithflanding his great attention and employ- ment in the. affairs of his well-regulated govern- ment, and of his own agricultural concerns, he is in correfpondence with many of the eminent geniufes in the different countries of Europe, not fo hiuch for the fake of learning and fame, as to procure the knowledge of agriculture^ and the arts ufeful to his country. ■■^" . -■■m:-% ii^U I.in» »<» ■, ( ; A .A * '■.■ ■•■I- .: ' >: V ■ ^. »1ci V , »',. : I fi ^ ^ %..\ -<4r^ UNITED STATIJS. Ill I informed his Excellency » ft the coorfe of con- verfation, that I was a manufafturer from England* who» out of cunofity as well as bufinefs, had made an excurfion to America, to fee the ilate of fociety there; to infpe^ their various manufa£tories> and particularly the woollen^ with which I was bell ac- quainted. The General afked me what I thought of their wool ? I informed him, that I had^ieen fome very good and fine, at Hartford, in Connefticut, which they told me came from. Georgia ; but that in general it was very indifferent: yet from tho ap- pearance of it, I was convinced it was capable of great improvement. That, to my furprife, in the courfe of travelling two hundred and fifty miles, from Bojfon hither, I had not feen s^x\y flock of more than twenty or thirty fheep, and but few of thefe; from whence I concluded there was no great quan- tity grown in the dates, fo as to anfwer any great purpofes for manufafture. His Excellency obferved, that from his own experience, he believed it capable of great improvement, for he had been trying fome experinients with his own flocks (at Mount Vernon ;) that by attending to breed and pafturage, he had fo far improved his fleeces, as to have encreafed them from two to fix pounds a- piece; but that fince, from a multiplicity of other objefts to attend to, they were, by being negledled, gene back to half their weight, being now fcarcely three pounds. I took this opportunity to offer him one of my publications > ■ .' -■■ ^ • oik X' iH 112 EXCURSION TO THB on the Encouragement of Wool» which he reemed with pleafure to receive. Mrs. Wafhingion herfelf made tea and coffee for us. On the table were two fmall plates of fliccd tongue, dry toad, bread and butter, &c. but no broiled filh, as is the general cuftom, Mifs Cuftis, her grand- daughter, a very pleafmg young lady, of about fixteeUf fat next to her, and her brother George Wafliington Cuftis, about two years older than herfelf. There was but little appearance of form : one fervant only attend- ed, who had no livery ; a filver urn for hot water, was the only article of expence on the table. She appears fomething older than the Prefident, though, I un- , derftand, they were both born in the fame year;, fliort in ftature, rather robuft; very plain in her drefs, wearing a very plain cap, with her grey hair clofely turned up under it. She has routs or levees, (which ever the people chufes to call them) every Wednefday and Saturday at Philadelphia, during the fitting of Congrefs. But the Anti-federalifls objedl even to thcfe, as tending to give a fuper- eminency, and introductory to the paraphernalia of courts. ;..■•'.,.* ;■,.-. . -'■;'"'■'•■",• ^ -•)■ " After fome general converfation, we rofe from table, to view a model which a gentleman from Virgi- ^ nia, who had breakfailed with us, had brought for the infpedion of the Prefident. It was a fcheme to convey velfels on navigable canals, from one lock to another, without the expence of having flood ^.,,/''' >•••■* ^- '•=.,'-;• '- '^*^ • ' • ■-'--/ :, He • \ UNITED STATES, ri5 .1- He told me twenty ewes had produced him forty- ithrec lambs lad year. He fays fome of the fouthem itates are attempting manufaflure, but with little fuccefs : their habits of life :\rc again A it ; naturally • indolent, they Icave.every thing to be done by their flaves. He fays, the planters own, that the work their negroes do, produces lefs improvement of capital, than if their purchafe money had been put out to intereil. This accounts for their being fo jpeady to come to a rupture with Great Britain, as they are generally much in our debt, and that would excufe them from paying. Fond of horfe- racing, cock-fighting, and other kinds of diflipa- tion, with a general averfion to bufmefs, they are» generally fpeaking, in embarraiTed circumllance>» yet hofpitable to an extreme* m M . is m p. \' mjfr. 1, ■ of m Mr. Wadfworth has many (hips of his own ; one, he told me, was juft returned from an Eaft In- dian voyage, . > , . . % . ■■;•;.,:/ He recommends to every man comfng out from England, firft to fee the whole traft of country from Newbury Port to Ch?.rleIlon, before he fixes his plan. Many perfcns, to his knowledge, have embraced the firft promifing oiFer, (which the •Americans are ready enough to make to every mail that has money) which they afterwards have re- pented of and quitted again, at a '^reat lofs. Mr. Wadfworlh had on a great coat from the Hartford manu- I (I ■ ir6 EXCURSION TO THE inanufadory» of which he is one of the proprietors? it was an elallic cloth, very thick, large fpun, aod batlly drefTed; not near fo good as the fame fort from England, and much dearer, of courfe. Many flocking looms are at work at Hartford ; the town encreafing very faft. Linen-weaving work is fent from Newhaven to Norfolk ; both are towns in Conne^licut, forty miles diHance from Hartford. Mr. W. made me very handfome o^ers to induce me to fettle near him in a manufactory there. I make no doubt, I might make fuch a fcheme profitable> were I to engage in it; but many objections occur to me: betides the giving up the fociety and friends I am ufed to, a concern of this kind would require thrice the exertion and fatigue^, and thrice the capital ; and certainly were I refolved to leave my country, I would not embarras myfelf with an en> creafe of trouble in another, unlefs my circumihuicet compelled ; and even in chat cafe> there are man/' other concerns to be engaged in, equally profitable, without half the capital,..or a quarter of the trouble and exertion.. # ' ■ The fame day, I went with Mr. Henry, of Man- chefler, who lodged in the fame houfe, to viiit the Franklin Library. It is one of the handfomeft buildings I have yet feen. It is of that beaud- ful brick which is peculiar to Philadelphia, with free-ilone mouldings, cornices, and fafcias; two^ Tories high, flat roof,, a Hone baluftrade on the top, ' . with. ' .WJJ l^ uJ amm m •UNITED STATES. "7 ^th ornamental urns, five on each fide; about feventy feet in front, and forty in depth : you enter it by a double flight of fteps, guarded by a neat iron railing on each fide, through an elegant portico; and over the door on the outfide, is a fl^tue of Dr. Franklin, its founder. It was given by Mr fiing- ham, the fenator. This Library confifts of near twelve thoufand volumes : ten diredors and a treafurer are annually eledledj the former appoint a fecretary and librarian : the books are lent out of doors, ac- cording to rules laid down ; and the library is open from two o'clock till fun-fet, for any perfon to come and read there for a very fmall fum, this en- ables perfons in all ranks of life to acquire what coloured ftockings, or undrefs. "5 The room, being (0 wide, will admit two, or even three .^bl»4o dance at the fame time^ II. No UNITED STATES. Mf 11 . No Citizen to be admifllble, unlefs he is Ji Subfcriber. 12, The Managers only are to give orders to thd Muiic. 43. If any dHpute ihould unfortanately ari(e« the Managers are to adjull and finally fettle the fame ; and any Gentleman refaiing to comply, becomes inadmiiTible to the future Aflem* ^ Wies of that ieafon, "" Were I to recommend the moft agreeable lodg^^ ^ngs in Philadelphiaf it ihould be Oeller's Hotel* He offered to lodge and board me for feven dollars a week, a good table, n^at lodging room, and a plea* fant, airy fituation: butitmuft not be daring the fitting of Congrefs, for then it is always full : and if you want to lounge away an hour, go to Dobfon^s, the Bookfeller^s (hop, in South-fecond'-flreet ; he is a very liberal intelligent man, and will inform you on moft fubjefls ; he came from Scotland to fettle about twenty years ago, and is now prefident of the Caledonian fociety. You may alfo find an agreea* i^ble reception at fiache's, the fon4n-law and fuccef- for of Dr. Franklin, in Market or High-ftreet, At Peale's Mufeum, I was entertained for two or three hours, in viewing his colledion of artificial and natural curiofities, fome of which Jihall pro- O ceed *^ fas EXCURSION t6 the ceed to enumerate. It is not yet fo exteniive as the Leverian Mufeum in London* but it is every day iincreafing. Mammoth's teeth, found on the banks cf the Ohio; ieveral of them that I meafured were fixteen and feventeen inches round; one that wat broken in two^ appeared of the fame homey fub- Hance within, fo as to confirm me in the opinion of its being the real cheek tooth of fome animal now utterly unknown. Dr. Cafpar Wiftar, profelfor of anatomy in this city, I am told, has colIe£led a vaft variety of huge bones of this animal, which he is endeavouring to fy ftem atife. There were fe veral of ihofe delicate birds* nefls of which foups are made ; a pair of Chinefe (hoes, worn by the lady of a mer- chant at Canton, with whom the^onor traniadled bu- fmefs, only four inches long ; Chinefe fans fix feet liighj Afbeilos, found a few miles from the city; furious and rare Birds preferved in their plumage ; the red and blue Manakins ; Birds of Paradife, and Humming Birds, in great variety ; Toucans, with their remarkable bills; Spoonbills, natives of Georgia; fiatts of Penfylvania, carrying their young ; Scarlet Curlews of Cayenne* Sec. ; medals* /offils, rare and uncommon ; very curious Petrifac- jdbns, from their catarafls and grottos ; fcalps ; to- mahawks; belts of wampum, of curious variety; Indian and Otaheite dreiles ; and feathers from the JPiiendly Illes, \r . 2ut ■*«* tJNlTED STATES, 123 the '\- ' But what particularly ftruck me at this place, wa» the portraits (kit-cat length) of all the leading men concerned in the Ute revolution :— Walhington, Fayette, Baron Steuben, Green, Montgomery^ Jay; and many others, to the number of thirty or more ; which after a century hence, will be very Valuable in the eyes of pofterity. June 8. I went to Chrift Church ; it was WhiU funday, and Dr. White gave a fermon on the pow« ers of the holy fpirit and the nature of infpiration* It is the general cuflom to preach occafional fermont on all the calendar and other remarkable days* Mrs. Wafhington was there, accompanied by her grandfon and grand-daughter. -'I I dined this day with Mr. Bingham, to whom I had a letter of introduftion. I found a magnificent houfe and gardens :n the beft Engliih ftyle, with elegant and even fuperb furnit^ure : the chairs of the drawing room were from Seddons*s in London, of the newefl tafte ; the back in the form' of a lyre, adorned with feftoons of crimfon and yellow filk« V the curtains of the room a feiloon of the fame : the carpet one of Moore's molt expeniive patterns : the room was papered in the French taile, after the ftyle of the Vatican at Rome. In the garden was a profuiion of lemon, orange and citron trees ; and many aloes, and other exotics. There dined with us Mr. Willings,pr€fident of the Sank of the United- Ga ' States, "4 CXCURSION TO THE f ;■ i ^ States* the father of Mrs. Bingham ; Monf. Cailot, the exiled Governor of Guadaloupe ; and the fa- mous Vifcount de Noailles, who dillinguiftied him- felf fo much in the firfl National ConHituent AiTem. b!y, on Auguft 4, 1789* by his live propofitions* and his fpeech* on that occafion, for the abolition 4Df feudal rights. He is now engaged in forming a fettlement with other unfortunate countrymen* about jfixty-five miles north of Northumberland Town* It IS called *' Afylum," and (lands on the eafiern branch of the Sufquehanah. His lady, the iifter of Madame la Fayette* with his mother and grand- mother, were all guillodned* without trial* by that ^ch villain^ Robefpier;-e« Mr. Willings* fpeaking of the richnefs of fome of the new foil* aiTured me, he has known lands fown ten years fucceiTively with rye, and then ten year* fucceflively to wheat, without any manure whatever during the whole time* and it never failed of good crops. But this is not to be underilood as the ge« flieral cafe. However* Mr. Bingham and his father, in-law are laying out all the money they can rai& Jn the purchafe of lands* * Mr. Bingham told me* that in the year 1783, he bought a piece of land adjoining to Philadelphia, for eight hti'ndred and fifty pounds* which now yields bim eight hundred and fifty pounds per annum* jUkl be has never bid out twenty pounds upon it : * forty 4 tNITED STATES* nS ling a ^ ibout r 3. he phia» yrields inum* m it: £ort/ forty acres of paflure land of his, fatted forty one oxen in one year for the Philadelphia market, v/ith- out any corn whatever being given them : this mull be very profitable indeed: but fuch beef is not equal to our's. Three houfes are buying up all the *« lands in Penfylvania that they can meet with, gi- ving from three (hillings. and fixpence to feven (hil- lings (lerling an acre. — viz. Morris and Nicholson--^ Bingkam and killings ^-soid Caxenove and Co, z- Dutch houfe. ^r I i*- .^4i>.r There was a Mrs. Morris, daughter to Mr. Wil* lings, at dinner with us in fable weeds, having loft her hufband during the late iicknefs : a fenfible, intelli- gent woman« who had much improved her mind by reading. I had a great deal of converfation with her, and (he gave me many paruculars of the fata] progrefs of the Yellow Fever, which were very dif- trefling. The contagion for the /irft month, was confined to Fore-ftreet, one of the dofeft and dirtied parts of the city, near the wharfs, and banks of the Delaware, which is feldom free from diforder ; for I was ferioufly advised when I was there, (ten months after) not to go much into that ftreet, for fear of infedlion. So virulent a diforder there, however, was fo new and alarming, that people flew from it as from a plague, and there was fuch a ge- neral fear of the infedion, that many perilhed, without a human b'ling coming near to give them even a drop of cold water. In one houfe, an infant G ^ wjw- ■ t„ 126 IXCURSION TO THB was found fucking the dead body of its mother* Women dying in pains of child-bed, not having any livin,'^ foul to come near them. There waa fuch a general panic;* and fear of death from thit malady, that relations appeared deilitute of the common offices of humanity. ■| 1 The firfl perfon feized with it was taken ill Juljr 97> and died on the 6th of Auguft ; and no public ftep was taken for the relief of the poor fuiFer- crst till September 15. I faw the houfeonBuih HiU> to which the Committee at laft began to re- move the difeafed. It was an excellent place fov the pnrpofe, about two miles out of the town. It U a handfome feat> belonging (I think) to a Mr. Ha- milton, then abroad on his travels. I never could get a true account of t^e number that loft their lives. Some ftatei them as high as fix thoufandf ethers three thoufand ; but by the Annual Account, Unce publi(hed, of the Births, Deaths, and Burials of the Inhabitants, which is here annexed, it appears that the extra deaths in that year, are three thou- fand four hundred and ninety-five, or three times as many as ufual, compared with thofe of the former year; of which two years the particulars next follow. I , h JLiJi : ^', VNITED STATE*. "7 jfLiJfofthe Births and Deaths in the feveral religiouf Societies in the City of Philadelphia, Frcm/tug. 1)1792, toAug.lf 1793, ri< Ttar btfurt tbt Fevtr ragtJ» I Birthi. Deaths. Total Total NAMES ot he SOCIETIES. >.^jC^n >^.jl^^n Bitthi. Deaths. Male. Fern. Male. Fein. 5 St. Mary's I Holy Trinity German Lutheran Church 244 German Reformed Church 123 Chrift's Ch. & St. Peter's Ch. 90 St. Haul's Church - - - 67 Society ofFriends, or Quakers 169 Catholic Churches Firft Prefbyterian Church Second Presbyterian Church Third PreftJyrerian Church Scotch Preflsyterian Church The AHbciate Church Society of Free Quaker! - Moravian Church - - Swedifli Church . . • Mtfthodiil Church - ^ • Baptift Church - . - Vniverfalifts - - - - iewifli, or Hebrew Church octer^s Field, white People Pitto^ bUck People - • 182 47 30 34 77 %^ 4 5 5 *S 2t 15 4 z 81 69 »35 125 128 479 95 45 5' 218 85 9» 76 175 56 18 a6 123 178 66 80 34" 171 90 86 353 24 14 15 51 26 17 24 56 35 23 26 69 82 43 37 59 5 5 3 17 3 % a 7 6 II 7 II X 4 » 6 26 I£ 14 49 18 9 10 39 18 10 9 33 5 I a 9 I a X 3 86 124 70 167 71 65 51 140 i6i 140 176 29 4« 8 .t 5 a6 19 19 3 3 194 116 -.•4"' ja8^ l^^^ 778 719 2511 1497 From Aug, i, 1793, tt Aug. }f 1794, the Tear tbe Fever raged. German Lutheran Church German Reformed Church Chrift'sCh. &St. Peter's Ch. St. Paul's Church - « Society of Friends or Quakers Catholic ? St. Mary's Churches \ Holy Trinity Firft Prefbyterian Church Second Prefbyterian Church Third Prefbyterian Church Scotch Prc'lbyterian Church The AfTociate Church ' "- Society of Free Quakers Moravian Ctiurch - - Swedifh Church - - - Methodift Church - - - Baptifl Church - - - Univerfalifts - - - Jewifh, or Hebrew Church Potter's Field, white People Ditto, black People - - i5S 70 78 5^ 171 100 33 27 29 82 II 3 8 3 12 85 17 3 3 92 67 251 403 379 506 83 179 130 153 77 221 179 155 76 40 46 135 579 236 238 350 140 198 167 240 35 41 25 68 25 69 30 5* 29 89 68 58 79 87 57 161 10 23 18 21 3 7 8 6 9 34 17 17 5 12 5 8 19. 46 50 31 27 34 26 5^ 39 35 31 36 4 2 I 7 2 I 3 89 1084 51A 181 72 91 68 139 78a '309 400 86 474 365 66 99 157 144 41 IS 51 17 96 60 67 3 1598 >59 li^, 123^1 29332059 2379 499a 128 EXCURSION TO THl During the rage of this diforder, the town was univcrfally forfalcen, and a great many of the houfes totally ihut up. It is believed that not half the number would have died* had not a general fear and conllernation occafioned fuch a great neg- leA of the fick and difeafed. The people did not begin to return into the city till the froft fet in, which was in December, The phyficians who have written on this difoider are much divided in opinion receding the origin of it. Some fappofe it imported from the Weft Indies cr Bulam, while Dr. Ru(h and many others think it originated at home. The following are fome of the pre-difpofing caufes of this yellow or bilious dif* order : it had been a very hot fummer ; and from May f , to September 30, a period of one hundred and fifty-two days* on eighty feven of them* the mercury had rifen to 88 or upwards. But what ftruck me very forcibly* was the fcite of the city it- felf, which is very low, flat* and marlhy ; and very little relieved by the frefli evening breezes. When I was there in June 1794* it ^^' ^^^ ^ marfh covered with water round the city ; and the thermometer was at 88, and at the fame time fo dofe, that I could fcarcely breathe. I felt none of thofe cold evening breezes which I Experienced at New York ; and I couLd only relieve myfelf by fitting in my bed-chamber without coat and waiilcoat* and witil jny door and window open. • M-vgi «h» # : . - The .* r •¥ •^ UNITED STATES. »9 The extraordinary heat of that Aimmer mud nt« turally have encreafed the exhalations of all the marihes. In the fouth and middle dates, it gene* rally occafions a bilious remittent fever, about the clofe of every hot fummer, to perfons not ufed to the climate; but this evil, however, is gradually leifening, in proportion as the country is more drained and cultivated; fo that the caufes there- of being removed, of courfe, the efie^s will ceafe. For the further information of my readers, I here fubjoin the account publiihed by authority at Phila- phia about a year after, "m Poui/on^s Almanac for the year 1795: _, W A brief Account of the Yellow Fever which pre^ varied in the City of Philadelphia, in the Tear '793- .. ; * - ■ /> Amon-o the domeftic occurrences that arrefled the attention of the Citizens of the United States, in the courfe of the year 1793, the rage of-" The Yellow Fever" in the city of Philadelphia, deferves to be recorded as the mod remarkable. The diforder, didinguifhed by this appellation, is highly contagi- ous and mortal, and leads in its train all the horrors of a Pedilence. A difeafe fo dreadful in itfelf, and fo unufual in thi« country, could not fail to occafion Q |; , univer^ . 4- IJO EXCURSION TO THE ' univerfal terror and confuiion during its prevalence^ tnd general curiofity and difcufllon after it had fub* iided. The public have already been prefented with the fucceffive publications of Mr. Carey, Mr. Helmuth, Dr. Naffy, Dr. Cathral, Dr. Carrie, Dr. Deveze, and Dr. Rufh, and the Minutes of the ac- tive and ufeful Committee of Citizens. Thefe produ£lions will tranfmit to pollerity an accurate and comprehenfive hiflory of the Fever, and throw the cleareft light upon the future refearches of fci- Cnce or curiofity. The prefent concife account is •offered only to thofe who have not an opportunity of perufing thefe produdlions. : ■-'-% The ftate of the weather fome time previous to the appearance of the Fever, deferves to be particu- larly noticed. It was, in general, warm and dry, and feemed to pofTefs a quality that rendered it un- commonly enervating and depreffing to the human frame. The feelings and recolledlion of many per- fons who have been fo fortunate as to efcape the Fever entirely, or to furvive its attacks, will fuffici- ently eftablifh the truth of this obfervation. But, whether the generation of the diforder may be at- tributed to this cirqumdance, or to exalations from putrid vegetable matter ; or whether it was gene- rated at all in this country, is a fubjed on which Doilors have difagreed, and I Ihall not attempt to decide. It feems, however, to be agreed on all hands, that the fenfible qualities of the atmofphere ♦/■ :• * y i. < CNITED STATES.: >3i lence^ id fub- .,, i jfcnted ♦ y, Mr. t B, Dr. •^ :he ac- Thefe » .curate ^ ' , '-^ i throw ■> of fci- : • .' • )unt is • rtunity f 1 » ^ lous to . articu- d dry. . it un- burn an y per- >e the fuffici- But, be at- s from gene- * ! which npt to on all fphere had 1 ■ .. V ■• A had a ftriking efFe£t, in rendering the contagioa Biore or lefs active. The Yellow Fever appeared in the city of Phila« delphia about the beginning of Auguft. Dr. Cath- rail attended a patient at Denny's lodging-houfe, in Water-ftreet, on the third of Auguft. On the fifth of Auguft, Dr. Rufh was requefted by Dr. Hodge to viiit his child. He obferves that he found the child ill with r fever of the bilious kind, accompanied v/itK a yellotvjkin, which terminated in death on the feventh of the fame montht On the fixth of Auguft, Dr. Rufli was called to attend two perfons with iimilar fymptoms, and vi- fited feveral between that day and the nineteenth following. It does not appear, however, that even the Phyficians had any apprehenfion of the exift- ence of a malignant contagious Fever in the city before the nineteenth ; and, even after that period, fome of the Profeflion difputed its exiftence. But the alarm feems then to have fpread pretty rapidly, for on the twenty-fecond of Auguft, our vigilant and intrepid Mayor, Matthew Clarkfon, Efq. ad- dreffed the City Commiflioners, and directed them to cleanfe and purify the ftreets immediately. On the twenty-third or twenty-fourth, the Governor of the commonwealth direfted an enquiry to afcer- tainthe fads refpedling the exiftence of a contagious diforder in the city, and the probable means of re<* • ' jp 6 moving -;*- ., »3* EXCURSION TO THE moving it. Dr. Hutchinfon> the Phyilcian of the Port, in anfwer to the firft queftion, ftated the ex- iftence of an infectious malignant Fever, and the ravages it had already made within the circle of his enquiries.* In anfwer to the fecond, he referred to the recommendations of the College of Phyfician^ refpediing the prevention and treatment of the dif- order, which were, at the fame time, made public. ■*/(*< The public calamity was now no longer queilion* able. Terror, confuilon, and diftra(5tion, fpread rapidly from breafl to breail, and from family to family. The Citizens ceafed to regard with pleafure their f&ats of thriving induilry and flourifhing com« jnerce. Thofe of them whofe connexions afforded an afylum, or whofe circum fiances permitted them to feek one, gradually abandoned the city, and re* tired to different parts of the United States; and the horizon of horror feemed to be clofing fwiftly on thofe who remained behind. In the progrefs of this fatal diforder, it was ob- ferved, that the fear of death and the defire of fafety> predofninated over every principle of generofity, gratitude and duty. The near approach of danger feemed to have diffolved the tender connexions of |>arent and child — of brother and Mer— of hufband ; :V %' i i * It appears by the regifter of deaths, that about two hundred l^erfoos had been carried off by the Fever at this time» '.y^- '_ ■. '^ '-""^" . ,-.- and ■);•• UNITED STATES. I» >' /■. dred and wife. That amiable enthufiafm~that heroifm of affeftion, which, might have been fo confpicuour* ly difplayed on this occafion, was fought for in vain. All the charities of human n?iture were contrafted into a fmall circle, and that little circle was s^lf. In making this obfervation, which muft be grating to the feelings of many of my fellow Citizens, I fol- low Mr. Carey, in his popular Hiftory of the Fever, As a general obfervation, I believe it is well found- ed; but, from the mafs of' the people, I have no doubt a thoufand amiable inftances of contrary con- dud might be feledled. To detail thefe would be a moft agrees ' office; but voluntarily ftirinking from public a ■ ^' fe, or funk perhaps to the filent grave, what hiftorian (hall enrich his annals with their virtues ? What penetrating eye has darted in- to the deferted chamber of difeafe and defpair, and feen the afFedtionate wife binding the temples of h'er hufband, or the weeping daughter kneeling befide the bed of her father ? Amiable fex ! — who know fo well to rob the barbed fhafts of pain of half their afperity — your gentle offices, 1 am perfuaded, were not entirely negledted at this important criiis. But it is the fate of female heroifm to fpread no farther than the borders, of their own families ; while the magnanimity of men is flamped on medal5> and handed down in records to poilerity* At this period of total ilagnation of buiinefs, the weight ••n* "34 EXCURSION TO THE weight of the public calamity fell very heavily uppn the poor. Without the means of efcape, without refources for fubfiftence, and placed in thofe narrow •alleys, and crouded and dirty receifes, in which the Fever raged with i moft deftruftive violence: fuch of ihem as were not fwept at once into the grave, were thrown upon the public charity. At the approach of the diforder, mjft of the Guardians of the Poor had left the city, and thofe of thpm who remained, though a£live and benev -'ent, found themfelves utterly unequal to the additional duties which now devolved upon them. The neceffity of an Hofpital for the infeded, was vimmediately felt and acknowledged, and Bufh Hill, the feat of Wil< liam Hamilton, £fq. a large and commodious edi- fice, fituated near the city, but aloof from the neighbourhood of any other dwelling houfes, was, after ifome time, fixed upon an^' taken poffeifion of. To this place the fick were fent, and here they were provided for and attended. On the tenth of Sep- ^ tember, au advertifement, under the fignature of the Mayor, announced that the Guardians of the Poor . were diftrefTed for want of aififtance, and invited the »'aid of benevolent Citizens. A meeting of the Citi- ^« eens was held on the twelfth, and another on the '.fourteenth of September. , At this laft meeting, the ' Committee, who rendered themfelves fo eminently " * ufeful in thcf e times of general diftrefs, were no;ni- nated. The Committee confifted, orginallyj of ^.iwenty-iix members^ and^ .as neceility demanded ' their ■M^ UNITED STATES, ns their immediate organization, they proceeded di- redlytobttfinefs. Stephen GiRARoandPsTER Helm offered themfelves as Superintendants to the Hofpital at Bufli Hill. This dangerous duty they ' difcharged with a zeal and aflivity which does them the higheft honor, and merits the warmeft gra* titude of their fellow Cfiizens. Dr. Deveze, a Phyfician from Cape Fran9ois, and Dr. DulHeld, of this c'.ty, devoted their profeffional labors to the fervice of the fick. Under the direction of thefe Gentlemen, the Hofpital was kept in excellent order* and furnifhed with every requifite for the comfort and convenience of the afRifted. Numerous Nurkf and Afliftants, and three Refident Phyficians, and an Apothecary, fecured to the patients every benefit of careful attendance, and immediate medical aid.* At iirft, as was natural to exped, the Citizens re- garded the Hofpital with horror, as the promifcuoua retreat of defpairing victims, who were conveyed thither to expire at a diflance from their friends. But it was afterwards regarded as the fafeft afylum for the infeded, and many perfons who needed not the benefit of the poor laws, were, at their own re* quell, removed thither, as to a place where they might be fecure of every pofilble attention and af« fiilance. • Vide Minutes of the Committee, page 5a, the Report upon the State «f the Hofpital. - .. '''■■■'" ^" :- . ^ \' ,• ■ Jm 136 EXCURSION TO THE In^he rapid progrefs the difeafe made, from the • time the Committee of Health was orgai ized, till the middle of Odlober, many families in the city, ' of fome refpedlability, --dually fufFered for the want of menial aid. The W jw Mills's family, in Race- ftreet, to the number orfeven, were all ill with the Fever, in the early part of September, and had no • other Nuife but a black man, who vifited them fre- « quently every day> but who had other families in the -fame manner under his care, and was, of confe- quence, often abfent. The family fufFered extreme- ly, till a young man, a Nephew of the Widow's, heard of their diflrefs, and heroically devoted him- felf to their relief: inftrufted only by his humanity, he became a tender, faithful, and felicitous Nurfe. Two of the family died— the reft recovered under his afFe£iionate care; but, a few days after, and un- der the fame roof, he himfelf funk a victim to his . own virtuous zeal. Virtue, wherever it appears* enobles the pofTefTor, however humble his externail fituauon may be. This young man's name was Charles Hal den — he had been an apprentice to Jofeph Budd, of this city, and was about twenty years of age. This effort of courageous humanity deferves the greater applaufe, as he never expelled toiurvive it. ? .,: The diforder feema-to have been attended with the greateft mortality^ between the eighth and four* . ^ - teenth *j/-: ■-^ ' ,■-* UNITED STATE*. »37 teenth of O£lober. The burials, during that in* terval, average, one hundred daily; and nothing could exceed the melancholy fituation of the furvi- vors. Almoft all the oiHcers of government had , forfaken the city : above twenty thoufand inha- bitants had likewiff fled, and near three thouiand houfes were (h. up. Every day added to the bills of mortality the names of valuable Citizens, to whom the People had looked up with eyes of hope and ex* pedation. Social intercourfe was at an end — the barred mannon admitted no longer the (leps of in* quifitive familiarity, or foothing afFedion. The Citizens turned their eyes, fuUen with continual grief* diilrefsfully upon every approaching objed. A friend of mine, who remained in the city^ during- the whole reign of the diforder, informed me, that, on the evening of a day in which the mortality around him had been very great, and feveral Of his I intimate acquaintances had fallen, he retired to bed at his ufual hour; but, tortured with melancholy refledtions, was unable to take any repofe. He rofe, and throwing up the fafh of a front window, looked into the llreet. The moon cad her palefi: beams upon the profpeft, and the disath-like iilence which reigned around, was interrupted only by the loud and piercing ftirieks of departing vi£lims, and the low rumbling noife of carriages removing the * dead. Sometimes he would fee a fre(h corpfe Alent- ty let down from a cafement, and^ being placed upoa ihaftsi 13? IXdURSlON TO THE fhaf^s, fall into the long, flow, and folemn marcTf ©fan endlefs train of coffins. What a Ilriking pic* ture of defolatioi;! did this once chearful and po» pnlous city prefent I How gloomy to a being fur- founded with all thefe horrors, and who knew tioft in what manner they would terminate ! » ' . ' An affefling indance of accumulated domeflic difV trefs, is recorded in the Minutes of the Committee^ page 71: (' ■k- ■ ys fix feet: on thefe accounts, no common bridge will Ao, as the abutments could not Hand long ; it is therefore a floating bridge, which nfes and falls with the tide, yet is perfedly fafe to the heavieft carriage^ and is very fimilar to one I defcribed be* fore, at Nefhammany, in my journey from New York. It is a difgrace to fo fine and large a city as Philadelphia, to have fuch bad roads near it : we could go fcarce four miles an hour, although it is the month of June. It was, a deep miry clay, drenched with water, which feems to have no means of running ofi*^ the country round being fo Hat* ' ' Crcat % t4> EXCURSION TO THE Creat oppofition has been made to the introduAioA of turnpikes : the only one yet permitted in Ame« rica, is now making from this city to Lancaller, a ^iflance of fixty miles« which is but partly efFe£led { yet the advantages which muft refuh from it, will |>robably foon make way for others. r . On our return to the city, about feven in thd Evening, the noife of the croaking frogs, and tree toads, was intolerable, for they abound in the en- virons of this citf . The ground laid out for halj^ the city, flill remains occupied by thefe croaking gentlemen : the buildings, as yet, extend but about iialf way from the Delaware to the Skuylkill. Tuefday, I was at the houfe where the celebrated Dr. Franklin lived and died. Mrs. Bache his slaughter, is a very handfome, pleafing woman: ihe introduced the Doftor's grand-children to me, one after the other, pointing to a little boy, that is reckoned the very image of his grandfather, "When I was fhewn into this great man's library and iludy, my fenfations almofl overcame me. In the toomi hung his pidure, painted at Paris, two years before his death, which was April 17, 1790. I felt a glow of enthufiafm grow in my mind, at vifiting the late abode of this great man. I was now Hand- ing in his library, the fcene of his vafl labours. I went from hence diredtly to the fpot where he laiided« when> with his roU under his arin> he was firft . i: tJNITED STATES, Hi Arfl noticed by Mifs Read, who afterwards became his wife, and walked over the very ground, whicb he defcribes in the memoirs of his life. ' This afternoon, June lO, very rainy, with thnn- der and lightning, I went witlf Mr. Vaughan thd merchant, to Mr. Johnfon, from Bordeaux, in bu« fmefs, and during our paHing through the Ilreets, at eight in the evening, it feemed one incefTant >fla(h : I had never feen fuch lightning before. It feems fuch Tains at this feafon of the year as accom* panied it, are very uncommon. Wednefday, I took a ride over to German Town, iix miles, to fee a Wiltlhirq family (Mayo) fettled in that place, who received me very cordially, at -a very pretty country houfe adjoining to a pleafant healthy towa. From thence 1 went to fee the falls of the Skuylktll, didant three miles: very pleafant <:ountry feats, were on my right and left, as I pafled. I obferved the ground here full of pieces •of mic£e or talk« which, as the fun (hone very bright* flittered ip my eyes at every ftep, like bits of glafs- or filver rather. This was obferved by thofe who firft fettled in thefe parts, and from knowin/»; but little of minerals, they took it for flakes of fil- ver, and freighted a fhip with it for England, con- cluding their fortunes made at once: I took up |>ieces in the middle of the road, two inches long, and ^44 EXCURSION TO THE I ' ^ . '.'\ and one irich wide, as thin and clear as fSnl' glafs : if burnt> I ihould fuppofe it would make « line manure. ' At the falls. Governor MiiHin has a neat cottage, to which he is very fond of retiring, when public affairs will permit him. The falls appear nothing but an obftrudlion of the rapid ilream, from feveral large rocks having fallen into it from the neigh- bouring heights. Skilful pilots know hpw to paft them in loaded boatSj without danger. ' In the afternoon, Mr, Woolftoncraft, Mr. W, pj-ieftly, the two Mr. Humphries*, Mr. HoTiry, Mr. St. George, and myfelf, went to fee the Hofpital, -with the apartments, for lunatics; the Bettering Houfe ; alfo the Gaol, where they have lately adopt- ed folitary imprifonment, with good efFeft. Thefe iiaving been fo well defcribed in various publica- tions, I fliall only juft mention their names. I Jieard at the Gaol, that not ohe in ten of thofe con- iined, are native Americans. The Gaol feems to t)e under mofl excellent regulations. , I went into feveral apartments, and found them neat and clean. In the upper rooms they were fpinning, and in thofe under ground there were feveral perfons weaving linen and woollen cloth. A printed paper was ^iven me while there, of which the following is a copy: ?^ . ' Direc- as fSnt' make « cottage, ;n public nothing m feveral. t\e neigH- w to pafs Mr. W. ^ enry, Mr. Hofpital, Bettering ely adopt- t. Thefe public a- ames. I. :hofe con- feems to went into id clean, id in thofe wcaviag per was iwing is a Direc-* ■.* ■ tNlTED STATES, 0^. 145 . HireSflonsforthe InfpeSiors^ ^c, of the Gaol oftht City and County of Philadelphia, Whbrbas, by a ** Supplement to the Penal Laws of this State," it is enafted, ** that the Prifon Infpeflors, appointed in purfuance of the A£l in fuch cafe provided, and of the faid Supplement, ^ ihall have power, with the approbation of the Mayor tt'wo Aldermen, of the faid City, and two oftht: Judges of the Supreme Court, or two of the Judges of the Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, to make Rules and Regulations for the government of aU Convifls confined in the faid Prifon, not inconfiftent with the Laws and Conftitution of this Common* wealth."- // is therefore ordained, that the f»d Inlpe£h)rt, feven of whom ihall be a quorum, ihall meet at the Prifon, quarterly, on the firft Mondays in January, March, June, and September; and on every fe« oond Monday throughout the year — and, may alfo be fpecially convened by the Vifiting Infpedtort when occaiion requires. At their firil meeting they ihall appoint two of their Members to be Viiiting Infpeflors, one of whom ihall ferve for one month, and the bth^rfor two months, continuing to make ii freih appointment to t^s office monthly. VIlITtNG INSPECTORS, ^ 'The Vifiting Infpeftors ihall attend at the Prifoa together, at leail twice in each week, and oftener, H if ■*'(,■- r ': ( ■r EXCURSION TO THE it occafion requires; at which times they (hall ex- amine into and infpeft the management of the Pri- fon, theconduft of the Keeper, Deputies, and Affifl- ants: They fliall alfo carefully enquire into and re- port the condudl and difpofition of the Prifoners, jand fee that they SLreproper/y znd/u^de^.t/y employ- ed ; that proper attention to cleanlinefs is obferved ; that due enquiry be made refpeding the health of • the Prifoners, and that their food is fervcd in quan- tity and quality, agreeable to the directions of the Board ; that the fick are properly provided for, . and that fuitable cloathing and bedding are furnifh- ■ €d to all : They Ihall hear the grievances of the • prifoners, receive their petitions, and bring for- ward the cafes of fuch, whofe condudt and circum- fiances may appear to merit the attention of the Board. They (hall be careful to prevent improper ^ out-door communications with the Prifoners ; that tio fpirituo us liquors be admitted on any pretence whatever, except by order of the Phyfician — That no intercourfe be admitted between the fexes— That the regulations of the Board, refpefting the fliftributibn of the Prifoners, according to their cha- nafters and circumftances, be attended to — That proper means be ufed : ) promote religious and mo- ral improvement, by the introduftion of ufeful ■ books, and procuring the performance of divine Service, as often as may be. .. lliey ihall> from time to time, report to the v.- %■ / " . Com* UNITED STATES, «47 Commiffioners of the County, all fuch Prifoners who have been fent from other Counties, and have incurred a charge for their maintenance, more than the profits of their labour will defray, in order that compenfation may be had as the law dire£ts« ; T.W.- , They fliall caufe fair returns to be made. out, and laid before the board monthly, of all the Prifoners, their crimes, length of confinement, by whom com- mitted, when and how discharged, fmce the preced- be return. »'/ . They fliall attend to the Keeper, Deputies, and Afliftants, by obferving thei** treatment of the Pri- foners, and fuffer no perfons addidled to liquor, male- ing ufc of profane fwearing, or other improper lan- guage, to be employed on this duty. m They fliall conflantly bear in mind, that all men are free, until legal proof is made to the contrary ; they will therefore take care that no perfon is held in confinement, on bare fufpicion ef being a run- a>Vay flave ; and thofe perfons who are a£lually flaves, and not applied for by proper claims, within a li- mited time, fliall be returned to the Supreme or other proper Court, for a Habeas Corpus, to remove them according to law; and generally they fl;all fee, that the prefent and fubfequent directions of the Board be carried into effect. :* '■ It H2 KIEPBR 14% CXCURSION TO THE I XEBPBR OF THE PRISON. ^ H The Keeper of the Prifon, befides attending to the fafe keeping of the Prifoners, ihall carefully in- ipeft into thdr moral condud, ihall enjoin a ArlGt ^attention to (the regulations r^lauve to cleanlinefs^ ibbriety, and induftry , and ha careful to avoid that penalty which is incurred by fufFering a criminal to cfcape. He ihall alfo, with the approbation of two of the in(pe£tors, provide a fufEcient quantity of ilock and materials, working tools, and implements for the conftant employment of the Prifoners. He Ihall deliver out their work and receive it from them by weight
arate accounts for all convids fentenced to labour :fix months and upwards, in which the expence of r doathing and fubfiftence ihall be charged, and a ^ f eafonable allowance £br their labour be credited ; thefe accounts ihall be balanced at fhort periods, in order that the Prifoner at his difcharge, may receive . ^e proportion^ if any^ that is due to him. "^ I He ihall caufe all accounts concerning the main- tenance of the Prifoners to be entered in a book or books for the purpoie, and Ihall alfo keep feparate ^ccounU of the itock and mkteriah purchafed by \ him; \ «» ifl* tJNITED STATESr ^49 &mi ; (hall take proper vouchers wherever money is expended; (hall regularly credit the materials manufadured and fold, mentioning to whom and when difpofed of; and at every quarterly meetings of the board, (hall exhibit his accounts Mid voucher* for their approbation and allowance. '■i'-- TURNKBr. I * The Turnkey (hall admit no perfons except the Infpeflors, Keeper, his Deputies, Servants or Af- fiftants> OfHcers, and Miniders of JuAice, Coun* fellors, or Attornies at Law, employed by a PriJoner% Minilters of the Gofpel, or perfons producing a written licenfe (igned by two of the faid Infp^£lors ; and the latter only in his prefence, or fome one of the 0(ficers of the prifon. He (hall prevent the admiC- iion of any fpirituous liquors or any other improper article to the prifoners, and on every attempt of this kind that may be dete^ed, he (hall make dif- covery thereof, in order that the penalty inflicted by law may be recovered. ••^ KBEPBR's O2PUTIE89 &C. j I The Keeper's Deputies and A(&flants (hall be careful to preferve cieanlinefs, fobriety, and induftry among the Prifoners ; to inform them of the Rules of the Houfe, and to enjoin an obfervance of them by mild yet firm meafures; they (hall be careful to * . . H 3 prevent ' » *>j ^?gf^->T^,.||(^W if 'ii|f> 150 EXCURSION TO 1 HE III i m' . preven' embezzlement, walle, 01 dedruflion of im« plements or materials; they (hall ccnftantly refide in the I^oufe, and infpecl the conduft and labour of the Prifoners — report the negliv,ent^ profane, or diforderly, (who fhall be rimoved) and the induf' tricus, quiet, and exemplary, thai they may be re- commended by the Vifiting Infpeclors. who hivc it in charge to bring fuch to the favorable notice of the Board, , - . '•■■.• •-^'"' ■ ' '■ ■"' " ■• .■.■':^'^y^-" ;./,';V Vt'":--^^-.- '■ WATCHMEN. ■ \ ;:\-; ■. .:.'■' ' * The Watchmen fhall continue in the Prifon all Aight, two of whom /hatJ be within the Iron Gate, and two in the Inipedor's Room — They fliall pa- trole the iniide conftantly, and ftrike the Bell every hour—They HitU report any remarkable occurrence Qi i:he night to th>3 Clerk of the Prifon, on the fuc« ceeding day, who fhall commit the fame to writing, and lay it before the Vifitjng InfpeAors, at their next meedng ; and as the fafety of the Prifon fb much depends on their vigilance and attention, it is required, that no circumflance fhall prevent the performance of their regular an4 frequent rounds. Vf c Signed by order of the Board, February 26fi7^z,' George Meaoe, Chairman. * ' ' Approved, John Barclay, Mayor. *?^..w.>, ' v , ^: ^. Approved,^ w^ •-' — v;' ■•--- y : , ' ^ ■ , ; % ''" . - . - ■' - - M- ' UNITED STATE*. '51 /ipproveJ, W. ROBERTSON T.L.MOORE ON, jun. I Judgea of 1 > Court of Co > y mon Pleaia the Con»r Approved, Hilary Baker, , J.M. Nesb AKER,1 ITT, y Aldermeuv Tiiere are, a vaft number of charitable inftitu- uons in this city, which would take up too much tiiue here even to enumerate. T ■'.,' lairman. -- ■ yor- . , 1 ■ 'kfi proved,^ I .»• *^**^' '■'■-'•■■• • 1 f I went into the market frequently, and afked the prices of all kinds of proviilons. For a round of beef I was afked fevenpence per pound, equal to fourpence per pound fterling, but it was not equal in goodnefs to our's; veal> fivepence currency; mutton, iixpence; an ox-heart, elevenpence, or fixpence> halfpenny fterling; for a fine fat turkey* a dollar; pigeons, very plenty and cheap; pork* exceeding fine and good, at three-pence-half-penny and fourpence fterling per pound, v ; * They bui.i wood chiefly, a chord of which you may buy from on board (hip, for five dollars, that is, a pile of logs eight feet long, and four feet fquarc. There are free negroes always waiting about the ihips, with little neat faws in their hands, who offer to faw it up for you, for half a dollar a chord. I- M' r Pofta'ge of letters is dear at prefent ; you pay for H 4 a fmgle 15« EXCURSION TO THE a fingle letter, equal to threepence for thirty miles ; under fixty miles, fourpence ; above one hundred,, and lefs than one hundred and fifty miles, fixpence. Every newfpaper fent by poll, under one hundred miles, pays one cent, or halfpenny. ■ The pleafanteil walk it Philadelphia, is the State Gardens, behind the Fioufe of Reprefentatives. It is fomething like F.<;nfmgton Gardens, but not fo large. I had intended to have gone on to Baltimore* by the ilage, which fets out three times a week for that place, at nine in the morning, and arrives there the next day to dinner, diflance one hundred and two miles; but I was fearful of over-heating my blood and contradling a fever; for the heat of the weather, at this time, was almoft infupportable. Had I gone thither, I (hould have been within forty* fix miles of the new federal city of Wafhington* which I wilhed very much to have feen. t;. Stages from Philadelphia* ''.,-^ i l^our Stages every day to Briftol, Trenton^ Prince Town, Elizabeth Town, and New York. , J/ /. •■: '• >v .■ ^ ■.■.'■- ■ ■,■■.-. ■' ■•'■''. 'c:' Two Stages to Baltimore, every Monday, Wed- * iiefday, and Friday, for one guinea, diftance one hundred and two miles. From thence to the fede- ral city of Wafhington, forty-fix miles, to which place iiom Baltimore, there is a ftage alfo. v ' .. '. ' ' ;• -'^ ,. :>•' One . VNITED STATES. *5i miles ; indred,. (pence* lundred le State i^es. It t not fo ltimore» veek for es there red and ting my heat of portable, in forty- hington* Prince ^ ... .. ■ j, , Wei- * nee one le fede- which One One to Harri/burgh, on the Sufquehanah, (forty five miles from Northumberland Town) every Wed- nefday. One Stage to Lancafter, every Tuefday and Friday. It is fixty miles on the road towards Har- rifburghj fare three dollars. One Stage to Reading* on the Skuylkil, every Friday, weekly. ^, '. One Stage to Beth1ehem> on the Lehi River* through German Town, every day, except Sunday^ at three in the morning. A diftance of about fifty miles, for which you pay only two dollars. This place is well worth feeing, from t'k>e peculiarity of the inhabitants living altogether, as one family. In their houfe or houfes of induftry, every perfon is fully employed; the fingle young men in qne houfe» the iingle young women in another, and the mar- ried in a third. Mr. Van Bleck, who has the chief direftion of the whole, will anfwer any enquiries that may be made about it. ,. w . -.>L*M.' \-li ■t Hs Coim V ■/■' «4 EXCURSION TO THE Coins of thi United States, ^ __gj. r Cent, is i -hundredth part of a Dollar. • ft \ Half Cent* * 5 fDolIa;' Half ditto. - Silver^ Quarter ditto Difmes, I HalfDifrocs, r Eagles, Gold < Half Eagles, ^ Quarter ditto. 4s. 6d. 1 If o 5 & 2-flfths. o 2f ori-zothofadollar. 10 Dollars> or 45s. od. 5 ditto, 22 6 2| ditto, II 3 The Gold Coin is not to be iffued till the year 1800, when the mint is to be eilablilhed in the new federal city. . ., Four days before I came to Philadelphia, there arrived an embafTy from the Cherokee and Creek Indians. I faw fome of them, (Flamingo and Double-head,) walking the flreets, followed by a crowd of boys. I intended to have got acquainted with them, and informed them, that I was a fubjeft of the great King George, on the other fide the great waters, and that I wiihed to fmoke a calamet with them, and to have procured a belt of wampum ; but when 1 heard that Flamingo (the tall, ilout fel- low I faw) had bragged publicly, that he had in his time fhed human blood enough to fwim in, I was fo much ihocked, that I never wiflied to fee them UNITE!) 8TATM. »55 any more. They all lodged (about twenty men and women) in a kind of barn, at the weft end of High- ftreet, not fir from the new manfion building for the Prefident. Some of the Indians^ when they can get ruin, will drink till they fall down fenfelefs on the fpot, u here they will lie, with hardly any motion, for ten or twelve hours ; then rife, as if out of a profound fleep, flill ftupid, and if they can get it^ will repeat the dofe again, till they fall into the fame fituation. It feems the immoderate and ge- neral ufe of fpirits, is the greateft caufe of their de- pop ulation. - , - V' • , ;: ; In the year 1761, the Indians began to be fen- fible of the bad efFe£ts of fpirituous liquors. At a Congrefs held at Oneida, September 8, a Sachem^ at the conclufion of the treaty, finiflied his fpeech. with thefe words: — " We requeft that the great men would forbid the traders bringing any more rum amongft us, for we find it not good; // deftroji. our bodies and our JouU*^ About four years before this, a Mr. Eleazcf Wheelock, and fome other pious minifters of the gofpel, attempted to convert thefe Indians to Chrif- tianity, and eftablifhed an Indian fchool, at Leba« non, in Connefticut. Among others, the famous Jofeph Brant was educated by him, who came over to E gland about ten years ago. But the Indian naujns foon faw how little better the Englifh them- H 6 felves '/ :. ■ / I56, EXCURSION TO THE felves were for being Chriftians, and they left oft fending their children for education. Two days after my arrival, 1 called on Mr. W. B. Grove, Member for North Carolina, at Fran- cis's Hotel, by recotnmendation of Dr. Smith, of Prince Town, refpefling the college going to be erefled in North Carolina, (thirteen miles fouth of Hillfborough, and twenty-five*iniles from Rawleigh, the feat of government) the prefidency of which • was intended to be offered to Dr. Priellley ; but as Dr. P. had informed me he had made up his mind to accept of no public employment whatever, the purport of my vifit was, to engage it, if poiHble, for a friend of mine in England, who had re- quefted me to look out for fuch a fituation for him. ■ -. . "■• ; ■ ^ ■'. ■',•'<■• - ■ • ,' ■ .' ■ .> " .Mr. Grove received me very cordially, and in- troduced me t& Mr. Macon, his brother member, with whom I fpent an hour or two very agreeably. In the courfe of converfation, I faid, I hoped their legiflature would not vote a war with Greajt Britain, for the errors of our miniflry, for I could afTure them, the nation at large, were friendly and well difpofed towards them. ** Why do you then fufFer,*' fays he, impatiently, *' your miniftry to a£l as they have lately done ? Why do n <: you bring them to account, or turn them out?" <* You may do it,*' faid I» <' in your country^ but it is a matter of fome . .- •' v ■ difficulty ^. • UNITED STATES. I57 difficulty with us. Had Lord North and his col« leagues* that involved us in a ruinous war with yoa» been brought to public juftice, our prefent minifters would not have been hardy enough to have gone the lengths they now have done. But they know too well they can do it with impunity. Befides* they have the art of bringing over, from time to time, the leaders of the whig interell, fo that the people begin to diftrud all great men, as only Tiding with them till the Miniiler bids to their price >» v# I ufed to think Walpole*s aflertion, •* That every man had his price," was too fevere a fatire on man- kind ; but from io many recent inilances of great men becoming apoftates, I fear there is too much reafon for the obfervation. Commend me, however, to honeft Andrew Mar* vel, dining on his cold fhoulder of mutton, fweet* ened with the enjoyment of an independent mind, rather than to honefl Edmund Burke, ruminating (but not in trope and , figure) over one thoufandtnuo hundred pounds per annum, out of the civil lifit uvith t n . ,AyS.^i'*'.jJ--- r;^ . s «« Senate Chamber, June 6, 1794. " The Senators of North Carolina cannot take upon themfelves to give any opinion on the fubjeft of your letter. They will receive vith plea- fure any information Dr. Prieflley may honor them with, , relative to the charafter and qualifications of the Reverend * * * . They will lay the fame be- fore the Truftees, at their next meeting, and com- municate to him their determination thereon. They can only add, that a recommendation from Dr. Prieflley, would infure a friendly attention to, and ft preference foi any gentleman. ^ f • \ Herf ..#* h UNITED ST S. «* »59 V «■; Here follows an AbJlraSi which I made from a Manufcript of Mr. Jofeph Priejiley (the Doc* tor's eldejl Son) of his Obfervations during a Journey from Philadelphia to the Loyalfoc, on the Wejlern branch of the Sufquehanahy one hundred and eighty miles N, W* of that City, '* December 1^, 17 (fS* We left Philadelphia, and paffed the Falls of the Skuylkil to Norris Town,fe* venteen — to Pratt, eighteen — to Pottfgrove, twelve —and then to Reading, fifty-fix miles from Phila- delphia. Thefe places are all fituated on the banks of the Skuylkil. The houfes at Reading are moftly built of ftone. We crofled the river, and came to Hamburgh, a town lately built by the Germans. To Reads, fourteen miles. Here I faw a log houfe, very neat, with four rooms on a floor ; the infide work, including doors, windows, wainfcoting, locks, &c, altogether coft only fever.;;' pounds currency; (forty-two pounds;) it was tally, and well finifhed. The outfide work the owner did for himfelf. Ve- niion is the common food, being in great plenty in the neighbouring woods. '.t « Sunbury, one hundred and thirty-one miles from Philadelphia. The land in this neighbourhood very rich, but not any great quantity of it to be cultivated, as the town is clofely furrounded by snoanuins* It fells here from twenty-five to thirty pounds ■"fx -V\ 'JMSsii i6o IXCtrRSlON TO THE ! !i if' I tl: i pounds aii acre. [I/uppofe he means currency^ Thc^ prices of grain at Sunbury, are as follow: Wheat - 5s. od. currency, per bufli. of 6olb. y Rye - 4 6 ditto. Oats - 2 6 ditto. , .. ' ^ ' , ' Buckwheat 2 6 ditto. ; ; ■ ■' -^L: ..■■'. . . . - W ■ .. • ' - • •' Beef, threepence halfpenny, currency; vcni- fon, fourpence; butter, twopence per pound; ]a« bour, three (hillings- a day ; (one (hilling and nine- pence three farthings fterling) or three (hillings and ninepence, (two (hillings and threepence fterling) if they find themfelves in food. Crops, generally from twenty to thirty bulhels an acre, \of nubeaty I. /uppo/e'\ fent for fale ufually to Middleton, (fifty miles down the Sufquehanah, at it.<^ conHux with Swatara Creek) at two (hillings and fixpence per hundred weight (one (hilling and fixpence.) Car- riage by land from Middletown to Philadelphia, is feven (hillings and fixpence (four (hillings and fix« pence) per hundred weight. Cyder of good qua- lity, fells at Sunbury for three to four dollars a bar- rel, of thirty-one gallons and a half. Surveying of land and making the proper return, cofts thirty-five Ihillings (twenty-one (hillings fterling) per hundred acres. In clearing of land, you pay thirty-five ihillings per acre, for grabbing and burning, ex- clufive of cutting down the trees* *f Nor» VNITED STATES. ' i6r The f6olb« ; vcni- nd; la- id ninc- ngs and :ling) if enerally uheat, I (fifty ux with ;nce per Car- shia, is and fix* )od qua- s a bar- eying of irty-five undred irty-five ng, ex- tt Nor* '• Northumberland, is a town finely fituate at the tonflux of the eall and weft branches of the Sufque- hanah, one hundred and thirty-three miles from Philadelphia. Sunbury and Northumberland may contain from one hundred to one hundred and fifty houfes each. A log houfe^ built upon a ilone foun- dation, having four rooms, (with SoorE) twelve feet fquare each, with a thorough paiTage, finifhed in the infide, in a plain manner, will coft two hundred and £fty pounds currency, or one hundred and fifty pounds fterling. As an inftance of the rapid ad- vance of land, we were informed, that the unoc- cupied lands in this town were offered to fale two years ago, for two thoufand pounds. This year« the owner refofed ten thoufand pounds." Major Platters Obfervatlons^ and Jccotmt of ihs Country three miles from Middleton, where he • lives ^ feventyfix miUi N. W, of Philaddpkia^ Firji, That a bed of limeftone was found juft be- low the furface of the earth> ^1 over that part of the country. Second. The winters are lefs fevere there, than on the eaftern parts of the Hate. In the beginning of March they break up the ground, and are feldom, if ever) affet^ed with frofts afterwards. HWR illlliWpWmUM-WM rvw«MilW« .^1 r1 I ( 162 'I IXGlJRSrON TO THE Third. March, April, and May, Was generally fine fpring weather. , . . . , .,- , . ,, • . . ,-, Fourth, The crop of wheat there, was about twenty-five buftiels from each acre, ,, • , 1 /'•■/>/&» The then prefent price of grain, was as ibllo^^": : wheat, five (hillings and fixpence, or three fhiliin ^s nnd fourpence fterling ; rye, four (hillings; oats, two (hillings and fixpence. Labour/ three (hillings a day. . . .--'■ .' •.i^:: •'^,^: - Sixth. That landion the banks of the river, partly iin proved, fells from three pounds to feven pounds per acre ; and further back in the country^ at thirty fhillings on to fix dollars per acre* Muncy Creek, is one hundred an4 (ixty-two miles from Philadelphia, a fine (Iream of water $ the lands on its borders are rich, and abounding with the fineft of timber. The Sufquehanah navigable one hundred and twenty miles lurther up, for boats of ten tons burthen.. .-.Viv*? ■ " - ^. Whitaker, an inn-keeper'there, gave me the foU lowing prices: For grubbing, fifteen (hillings an acre, with two drams a day ; (heep coil from ten (hillines UNITED STATES. l6 J fcilllngs to twelve (hillings and fixpencc (feven ihillings fterling ;) wool, two fhilHngs and fixpence, or one fhilling and fixpence fterling; beef, three* pence halfpenny, or twopence farthing fterling per pound. Whitaker occupies lands there, under Mr. Wallis, paying one third of the produce as the rent; ploughs the ground (three or four inches deep, with eafe) an acre and a half a day with one team. In one day, he often cuts down thirty timber trees to their proper lengths. He fays, that iixteen men can draw the logs and conftrud a log houfe, with two large rooms on a floor, and two ftories high> in a day. A man can grub an acre of land in four or five days. He valued his houfe (twenty feet by eighteen) at iixty pounds, or more> i. e. thirty-fix pounds flerling. ^ ,. The Loyalfoc (one hundred and feventy-four nules from P.) is a very broad and rapid flream, running in a valley or bottom, ten or twelve feet lower than the refl of the ground; the valley about half a mile broad, confifting entirely of very rich black mould* feveral feet deep. The timber upon it is exceeding lofty and fine, and grows without much underwood. This kind of land, whether on the banks of creeks or rivers, is called bottom land. It ts too rich for wheat, but is excellent for Indian corn, or for grazmg. fp Mr. Woolftoncrafc examined the lands of the ,. , weilern \ • 164-' EXCURSION TO THPE I'll i 1 I weilern branch of the Sufquehanah; he prefers that part of the country to ar>y other that he has yet feen. He defcribes the lands at the head of Muncy Creek, as beech lands, and the hills, as very fine lands, even to the tops. Alom is found in this cointry. He came down the Loyalfoc in a canoe, ten miles an hour. With refpeft to lands in that cottar) , he faid, that Dr. Rufh had given him his chcice of feveral four hundred acre lot, (rich bot- touk i.. At Sunbury, I met, in my return, with Mr, Wal- lis, of Muncy. He had lately bought two hundred thoufand acres upon Toby's Creek, which is navi* gable into the Alleghany river; and, by a por- terage of twenty miles, communicating with the Sinemahoning, and, by that creek, with the Suf* quehanah. This land he would fell for five ihiU lings (three ihillings flerling) per acre, ready mo* ney. The Sufquehanah abounds with fhad falmon, roach, trout, chub, fun-fifh, and perch. The lands produce from twenty-five to thirty bufhels of wheat per acre. ' ■ •- ■ -|jf ■ v\ ^ Mr. Prieftley met with an ingenious fettler, of the r ; name fers that has yet f Muncy very fine I in thi» a canoe» s in that n him his rich bot- mths ere*- thoufand along the Mr. Wal- hundred h is navi* 3y a por- with the the Suf. five ftiil* ready mo« falmon. The lands s of wheat tJNITED 5TATES. i6s \ name of White, who has a diftillery, where he makes his rye into whiflcey, after the following me- thod :— To a bufhcl and a half of rye, four quarts of malt, and a handful of hops, he adds fifteen gal- lons of boiling water, which Hands four hours ; then he adds fixteen gallons more; he then adds two quarts of yeail (made during the fummer, by boil* ing malt and hops.) It will take fix days properly to ferment; in winter, feven days. It is now put into a (till, the bottom of which is defended from the heat of the fire by a row of pigs of iron and clay, the flue being carried round the body of the im, :--x.;- :. ,. .,^^->;-.; ,: , ,.Sv I . One bulhel of rye produces about eleven quarts » )vhich fells at four ihillings and fixpence per gallon. The walh is good for the hogs. {N, B, I had copied out, for the Printer, from my Journal thus far, before 1 found, by looking into Cooper's Pamphlet, that he had publifhed ihefe fads already ; I forbear therefore, writing further, and ihall only proceed to add, from Mr. PriefUey's Journal^ what Cooper feems not to iiave noticed.) • N ttler, ofthe name JnformatiOM it •*"p*iipm 166 EXCURSION TO THE 'li Information refpe^ing Hagar's Town on ihePotomacJty Maryland fide^ part of thi Shenandoah Valley ^ at the Head of the Waters of Anti^am^ feventy- five miles from Baltimore^ eighty from Alexandria^ fifty-four from Carlijle^ and one hundred and * ftxty from Pittfiurgh, , Ki B. The following Prices of articles are in fterling Money, y- ' "* . ' as it was in 1793* Indian corn, one (hilling and Hxpence a bufhel— wheat, three fhillings — potatoes, fifteen-pence to eighteen -pence per bufhel — flour, feven Ihiilir.^sand cightpence for one hundred and twelve pounds — ap- ples, fifteen- pence per bufliel — butter, fixpence per pound — cheefe, fixpence-halfpenny — brown fugar^ nine-pence-halfpcnny — maple, fevenpence — loaf, iixteen-pence (cheaper when at peace in the Weft Indies) Port wine, fix (hillings and nine pence— . Madeira, thirteen iliillings and fixpence. Beer not much ufed. Cyder, twopence three farthings per gallon (by the barrel twopence) — mutton, two- pence— veal,threehalfpence — bacon, fourpence-far- thing — hams, fivepence- halfpenny. Fi(h, none but ialted. Fowls, threepence each— ducks, feven- pencc-halfpenny to eightpence — foap, fevenpence per pound — candles, fevenpence — wood, a dollar a cord (a bundle made up eight feet long, four feet fvide, and four^feet high) — coals, fourteen-penct per buihe^ dug in the neighboiiihood, none ufed iu ** -dwelling « \ ■V- ->.>. •I. "UNITED STATES. 167 dwelling houfes. Shoes, five (hillings to fcvcn Ihillings and fixpence a pair. Of clothing, one hundred pound's worth in England, is here worth one hundred and forty pounds. The houfes built moftly of wood; birch fcantling cofts three-half- pence per foot, running meafures. Mafons are paid for builoing brick wall, eighteen inches thick, fourpence per perch; bricks, three dollars a thou- fand; window glafs, ten dol ars per hundred foot ; female fervants, two (hillings a week; male, four ■dollars a month ; — difficult to procure them. ' - ;;;■ •av--;-;," %' ■; > ty"' The number of inhabitants in Hagarftown is about two thoufand; a healthy country; a great trade, by means of the Potomac, with the weftern country. The inhabitants are chiefly Germans.-"— Here follows a lift of the trades there: fix working faddler's (hops, two leather breeches makers, two copper fmiths, ten blackfmiths, four rifle gunfmiths, two earthen-ware ihops, two tin-plate workers, fix hatters, five tan- yards, three blue dyers, (moil of the families make home>fpun cloth, as formerly in England) one fulling mill, three nail manufadories. 1 M' The roads are good in fummer, except where the lime-ftone makes them rough. A poit to and from Baltimore and Philadelphia once a week, -. t,* - "^ ■■"■. 'W^^ The places of wor(hip are— one Englifh Epifcopal, V..; 'z;:: " ' ' ■ . one t6S BXCURSION TO THE one German Lutheran, one German Prefbyteriaft^ one Roman Catholic. The fchools are — two En- glifh, one German, and one gir'Ps boarding ichool. The claffics are not taught ; no library, no book fo* clety ; one weekly newfpaper, (about two hundred and fifty copies fold) befides about fifty German newfpapers from Lancafler, every week, and fifty Baltimore ones. Soil, a dark loam, fix inches thick ; the wood, oak, bbck and white hiccory, walnut, and wild locuil. Cattle require fodder from No- vember till April. Price of eilates, when about lialf cleared, from fixteen to twenty-four dollars an acre. A good working pair of oxen, twelve pounds ; cows, in the fpring, foon after calving, three pounds ; horfes for the plough, fix pounds to eigh- teen pounds ; fat fhee^) , ,G .teen or eighteen pounds to the quarter, abo"i twt' /e fhillings ; a cart for two horfes, five pounds > waggon, fifteen pounds ; hay, thirty fhillings a ton, of either timothy grafs, or clover, delivered in the'town, ^ . , I The buHdings necefTary on a farm there# are a barn, a fmall warehoufe, or crib, (for they grow but little Indian corn) flables, , and cow houfe« Thefe two lafl are generally under the bam, and built of Stone, There is ^ county tax Jot roads, amount- ing to two fhillings and threepence on fixty pounds* ^ .-'i^--' Jnformatm VNITED STATES* 1* !«, riaft» En- hodl* kfo- [idred rrman I fifty thick; /alnut, 1 No- abottt lars all >ounds; , three to eigh- pounds art for jounds ; y grafs, e, area TOW but Thefe o built of amount- ^ )oand»«% formtuion Jnformatlon refpe6ling the Counties of Frederic and Berkley^ in yirginia^ (part of the Shenandoah Valley) taken at a general Meeting of the In* habitants^ at IVincheJier and its vicinity^ ann§ 1793- Market at Winchefter twice a week : a confta " variety of batcher's meat in feafon ; pouUry and ve- nifon in great plenty; pork fit for faking} and ba« con; good water found every where ; Indian corn« at eighteen-pence Ilerling perbufliel; oats on aver- age, at fifteen. pence; wheat, two fliillings to three ihillings ; barley eafy to culiivate, but little in de- mand ; (cyder and whifkey being the common^irink ;) rye, two Ihillings and threepence ; potatoes, fifteen- pence halfpenny per buihel; wheat flour, feven ihillings and fixpence for one hundred pounds; ap- ples, of fine flavour, and in great plenty, nine-pance per bufhel, at the fall, and from fourteen-pence to eighteen-pence halfpenny after Chriilmas; peaches* one ihilling and fixpence to three (hillings a bufhel ; butter, fourpence halfpenny to feven pence; cheefe* foarpence halfpenny ; country made honey, three (hillings and ninepence a gallon; cane and mapic fugar, eightpence to ninepence per pound ; Lifbon* iufajQiiUings a gallon ; fhcrry, fix fhillings and nine* pence ; Port, feven fhillings and fixpence ; (beer, none made) London porter, twelve fhillings a dozen ; Philadelphia porter, nine fhillings ; old cyder, fe« I ven IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k y^ I/.. <^ 1.0 telli |2.5 1^ 1^ 12.2 u fii I.I ^ '^ H^ IL25 il.4 1.6 V ^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 iP <> '•b 4^ v.. % ^ i^ ftXCURSION TO TH« 'Ven IhiUuigs and fixpence a barrel of thirty gallons; <*-new, four ihillings and iixpence ; muttons pork* wejoion, two-pence farthing per pound; falmon, ibrty-five ihillings a barrel; ducks, four (hillings and iixpence Jto &x ihillings and ninepence a dozen; ^eefe* thirteen-pence halfpenny to eigbteen-pence a piece ; turkeys, thirteen-pence halfpenny to twenty- two pence halfpenny a piece; wild turkeys, two ihillings and threepence ; pheafants, fourpence half- |>enny-; partridges, ninepence to twelvepence per ^ozeni candles^ mnepence per pound. liodglng and "board in the town of Winch efier, from twelve pounds to twenty^two pounds ten fhiU hngsfer/um.i ditto>in the country, from nine pounds ^io thirtem pounds ten ihillings ; wages to honihold 'iervants, eight pounds; to female, ibur; landthere« ' 28 from iifteen ihillings to feventy-five ihillings an acre, ^nd iliil riiing ; working oxen, nine pounds a pair, (or forty dollars;) a good cow and calf« three pounds; a plough horfe, (even pounds ten ihillin|[S to thirteen pounds ten ihillings; waggoa hotfesj frfim thirteen pounds ten ihillings to twenty- fey^n pounds; iheep, from fix ihillings to nine ihiU Jings ; lambs^ a dollar a piece ; hay, thirty ihillings in town^, and twenty-two ihillings and iixpence in ihe country ; fize of eflates, from fifty to two thou- fand acres^ The maple fugar tree not cultivated. Market for produce is Alexandria, on the Poto- ' tnac; wagigons will take a hiarxel of Qoat, weighing UNITED STATES. »7i gallons; 1, pork* falmon* (hUlVngs . a, dozen; i.petice a o twenty- keys, twd >encc half- pence pa vne hundred and ninety-Hx pounds, for five fhillingt and ninepence ; the dlftance is eighty miles. Floor fells here at twenty (hillings a barrel. In 1741, the only towns of note m Maryland^ v^ere Annapolis, Chefler, and George Town ; the latter place, in 1736, had but fifteen houfes; ia four years, they increafed to feventy; Baltimore then had not a being ; in 1795, ^^ ^^^ ^^^ thoufand houfes, one hundred and fifty-itwo (lores, or ihopit and eleven thoufand inhabitants. Winchefter, :ids ten Ihil- nine pounds / J to honflipld ; land there, {hillings an |nine pounds tvv and cau» pounds ten kgs; waggo* igs to twenty- rs to nine Ihil- [hirty ihillinS* .d fixpence in to two thott- (t cultivated. OB the Poto- ir, weigl^ing Taken from Mr, Toulmin*s 'Journals A gentleman of Virginia means to fix all his foaa in Kentucky, not doubting but that it will be the 4rfl in the Union. This peffon took fervants thither* hired a waggon with four horfcs and a driver, front Fredericlburgh to Red Stone, for eighteen pounds £fteen (hillings, in which he took two thoufand pounds weight of goods, and the children of his ' ilaves ; at Red Stonc^ he purchafed a boat for (iz pounds nine (hillings j in which he carried down the Ohio river, thirteen horfes, twenty-one negroes* . thirteen white people, and one hundred pounds worth of bulky articles. No diilin£tion a(rumed on account of rank or property. A general attach- ment to the federal union; but a jealoufy of the monied intereft of the Northern ftates. *„ I 2 # Ba£[« -(.- -^^ *7» EXCURSION TO THB Bofinefs conduced at popular aiTeinblies with re« jgularity and propriety ; no fymptoms of ariftocra* tical influence* but a prevailing jealoufy of a man of large fbrtune« , ^^( A candidate for an office will ibmetimes canvafs* l)ut the reputa-uon of an opponent will often obtain a vote in preference. EledUons conduced very quiet — feldom any diforder. No expences attend fhem. All males, from fifteen to forty-five, liablt to Serve in the militia. , A. gentleman ufed to fend every year for la« , l)0urers from Scotland, and indenture them for five y«ars« who all in the end obcaiiied plantations for themfelves. Price of land depends on foil and ixinvemeace to market. They are moft of them -jrery iadi^erent ploughmen. . ' ^' In the Gfc.-.w^i'ee country, have lately been dif- covered two fulphur fprings. Before this> it was ^e^^v^rsilly fuppofed there was no mines of fulphur in gmy part of the United States: there has alfo been ibme alum difcovered on the banks of the Potomac jriver above the federal city. *;{ Obfervaiiom on the City of Philadelphia. All the flreets run parallel* oi* crofs each other at light angles. > ' .^ • imiTED STATW* 17J vith re* •iftocra- , man of canvafs* in obtain led very ;s attend re, liablt x for la* m for five tavions for foil and [ of them been dif- his, it was "ulpbur in alfo been te Potomac Iph ta. r.-'n. ^ch other at Almoft illmoil every hoafe of trade has an afcent of ftep» to enter, and a Hoping, cellar window or door, to xt> ceive goods, &c. . -^ - .^ Many houfes five, fome fix (lories high ; all Toof-» cd with ihingles, i.e. with pieces of oak, of the ihape of tiles, but twice as large. The houfes (at leaft the modern ones) built of brick. \ High-fireet, is the widefl flreet, and is about the centi-e of the town, reaching from the river Dela** war, nearly two miles towards the Skuylkil f it ir forty yards wide, and down the middle of the flreet is a market houfe, thirty feet wide, and half a mile long; in one part of it is the i|iambles» another^ poultry and garden-ftufF, 5bc. Here you can have a good long walk in all weather^ and here it war (being oppoiite Dr. Franklyn's houfe) where he afed to walk moft evenings in the early part of hi» fife. •^- ■■■•■• ''«■ —-v ..,.■ •- •- ■--. ^, ■ ^ There is a public pump ereflfed in all the principal ftreets, at every interval of thirty yards. No flaves allowed here, butmoflofthefervantf and labourers are free negroes. A great many Germans fettled at Philadelphia ; on the figns over their (hop doors they have their names and trades exprefied both in Englifh and I y German »74 EXCURSION TO THB German text, viz, Alleyne Innis, Hat Maker. A tax on dogs and one horfe chairs> five (hillingfii per axn* • . Executions feldom happen here. A law pafTed laft feffion, that nobody fhould undergo the puniih* tnent of death, except it be for murder. More thunder and lightning here in one week than in England a whole year. - Very little card playing in this city ; they ofleft make viiits without introducing them ; yet £nglifl» cuftoms and manners generally prevail : the ladies in veiled bonnets, carrying large fans, like the fa* ihion of laft year in England : the gentlemen ^th round hats, ihort canes in their hands, their coat*, in the Englifh tafle, and wearing pantaloons. ■t-y-i'i .-.» Schools for genteel female education fcarce snd much wanted, as Mr. Hamilton told me. ■ \ •, Houfe flies very numerous and troublefome in the liimmer months ; and the croaking of the bull frogt very loud and difagreeable in the environs of the city. •N The weather very changeable s Fahreinheit's ther.- -t.,.-* UKITED STATES* 17s thermometer was at 95, July 2, 1792* and the next and May 31, at g\ ; January 23, at 14, aiid January 31* at 39; thu is very different from Brif* fot*s account of it; but thefe extremes are obferved to leiFen every year, as the back country becomes more cultivated. Philadelphia was incorporated in the year 1704 In 1790, it wns found to contain 6,651 houfes, and 42,520 inhabitants, but a great many new houfet have been built fince that time, and it is fuppofed there are now more than 50,000 inhabitants. ' Smith is fo common a name m Ameiica, that in Philadelphia alone, there are eighty-iix trading houfes of that name. •% Butter, from fifteen-pence to eighteen-pence per pound^ and not very good, . . , . Harrowgate gardens, two miles diftant on the New York road, and Grey^s gardens on the SkuylkU* are the two tea-drinking places for the cit$« Ul^$ Bagnigge Wells* and the lilington Spa. At leaft one out often that I met in the ftreets was a French perfon, wearing the tri. coloured, cockade* the men with them in their hats, (he women on th^ lMreails« . ' '■ ^■.. The «/ 176 EXCURSION TO THE The date of fociety feems here to be very fimiUr to that which, in England, is found at Briftol, wherct there is an intermixture of Quakers, except that card-playing is not fo frequent. Tiie women marry ▼cry young. The chief revenue of the United States arifes not from internal taxation, which is very light, but from tiie duties on the imports and tonage ; thefe in the year 1789, amounted to 1,467,080 dollars, and in 1795, $3500,000 dollars. So light are their taxes, that all the inland duties together do not make more than a feventh part of the national revenue^ A gentleman at N^w York told me, that all the taxes of every kind levied on hU houfe, which he rented at two hundred and ten pounds per annum, amounted to no more than fix yound five killings, ;_/jj- - The national debt of the United States amounted to about fixteen millions fterling, or 76,096,469 dollars, which is fuppofed to bear far lefs proportion to their national wealth than our*s, not even a fourths fnd is every year lefiening that proportion. The annual exports a few years fince, amounted Co only feventeen millions of dollars ; in the three fttcceeding years> they were nearly as follows, viz* . * -V twenty- UNITED STATBSi m fWenty-one« twenty-fix, and thirty-three nillionn' For the year, ending in September, 1795, the]f^i amount to nearly forty -eight millions ; fo that in the ihort fpace of five years their value ha» trebled, and tfven their aftual quantity has been greatly; augmented. , The Englifli are apt to think of General Waihing«r ton as the Greeks did of HeAor— *' When Heftor falls, then Illon is no more/ ,1^ '-vi* I was much of that opinion myfelf, before I went tO» America, but I now think otherwife; their govern- ment is of that mild excellent frame as to require in the executive power not great abilities, as the com* plicated affairs of Europe do, but only a cool judg- ment, and a flownefs to ad. If America avoids war and interference in the politicks of Europe, nothing can hurt her. The fpi ' obferved in their political clubs and felf- created foc^eties will do no material mifchief ; it will only keep them from falling into that fupinenefs and pallive acquiefcence to the mea- fures of miniflry, which have been fo fatal to the liberties of the people in other countries. The warm animated difputes between the plebeians and patricians in ancient Rome, was the foundation of all its greatnefs, and fo, in my opinion, will be the fparrings between the federalilts and the anti-fede- raliilsj at leail it will not clog the government. A J 5 vigorous ii'^- Hj3 . EXCURSION TO THE vigorous executive power is unneceiTary in dates like thofe of America. ^ Being in company, at Francis*s Hotel, with Mr. Grove, and feme other members from the fouthern ftates, I argued as forcibly as I could agaihft the in- jullice and impolicy, in cafe of a war between the two countries, of fequeftrating or attacking the property of our countreymen lodged in their funds, upon the good faith of their public fecurities. Mr. Grove fmiled acrofs to one of the gentlemen oii the oppo- lite fide, and faid, I might fatisfy myfelf that fuch a neafure would never be adopted, however it might have been threatened. * When Mr. Dayton's propbfed refotution for the ^fequellration of all debts due to Britifli fubje£is, was "nnder debate, Mr. I. Smith quoted a writer upon 'the law of nations, j unifying all reprifals upon the cffe£is of individuals of the aggreiTing nation indif* criminately, except fiock in the public funds, Mr. Giles, however, was of opinion, that there could be no rational diftinflion in' principle. Mr. Swift ac- knowledged, on the ^ril view of the fubje£t> he had been inclined to favour the propofition, but on more mature deliberation, thought it a direct violation of the law of nations. " If, however, America fliould be bold enough^ in <^afe of hoftilities with Great Britain, to violate her ' pubJic VNITED STATES.; »7» public faith, by fequeftring the private property of individuals, depofited bona fide in her funds, (he will highly difgrace herfelf, and American faith will become as infamous and proverbial as Punic faith. Mr. Grove introduced me, one day, at the State Houfe, to Colonel Parker, the Member for Virginia* who after fome little converfation, gave me an invi- tation to return with him, and offered, upon the ad- journment of Congrefs, which was to be the next day, to take me with him, in his chariot, to Nor« folk, and ftrongly preflfed me to fettle there, and cflabliih a manufactory, and that I might have the nmrk of the Jlaves almoft for nothing. As I am fpeaking of Virginia, I would here inform mf reader, that there is a parilh in the county of Weft« moreland, called Waihington, as long ago as 1720 or 30, before the Prefident was born, his family hav« ing come out of England (Lincolnfhire I believe) about 1657, and fettled in that part of Virginia. There is a pariih in England, called Walhington, fomewhere in the county of Durham, from whenc9 the family probably originated. • / *^ ■■'-*,■ . Return to New York. i^' ^mfl- 1 stT out on my return to New York, from the Indian Queen, No. 15, South-Foarth-ftreet« at three i8o EXCURSION TO THE in the morning. The ftnge is to take us thither in me dajTj t diftance of more than ninety-two miles. The only paflTengers at fetting off, were, Mr. W. Prieftley and myfelf. It was a fine ftar light morning when we paiTed through the environ Kenfington* and in the firft hour we reached Frankfort town- ihip. In crofling the bridge over Penrtipack Creek» our horfes, full of fpirit, took fright, and were very near leaping the battlements of the bridge, which are very low. At fun rife we reached the Red Lion. The Hoping ground here, forms a beautiful iituation for a gentleman's country houfe, on the banks of the PoquafTmk Creek. From this place, a road runs diredly north to Warminfter and Ha- tefborough, which former being, the name of my native place, in England, I wifhed very much to have vifited, as probably fome people of that town Slight have fettled there, and named it, in compli- ment to their own native place. I have obferved that no mufquitoes had yet ap- peared at Philadelphia, notwithdanding the exceflive heat, although I had before found them in great plenty in the neighbourhood of New York, i, , At fifteen miles from Philadelphia, we palTed a burying ground* dofe to the road fide : I faw na houfe or chapel near it. It is a fquare of thirty yards, enclofed with a ilone wall, and here four •or five families bury their dead> without any fu- neral ^ VIIITED STATES. i9i nerat fenrice whatever over the corpfe^ ts I was informed. We pafled a fmall trafl of land, of abont ten acret^ that was lately cleared. Only two months before* it was a thick wood. The trees had been firft gird- led, that is, the bark cut away in a circle round each tree, which prevents the afcent of the fap, and kills them fpeedily. A dextrous woodcutter (the Con- necticut men are famous) will in three months, cut and clear three acres, and fplit up the wood into rails for fences : he will contract co do it at twenty Shillings currency, per acre, or twelve (hillings fter- ling. They next burn the old Aumps, with a fire made round each with the fmall wood, which kills its vegetation. In this operation they had been lately engaged. By July 1 6, buck wheat will be fown there, which will be fit to reap about Novem* ber I ; after which it will probably be ploughed up» and fowed at once to whe^t. A man's pay here, is half a dollar a day, and his keeping. If the ground ihould prove too luxuriant for wheat, then rye is fown, which is an excellent grain, they fay, to clear' the ground. ; ■' We now travelled eight or ten miles along the banks of the Delaware, to Briflol, and then to^. i, Trenton, to breakfaft, which is about thirty miles' from Philadelphia. I went to the Printing OiHco •i' , there, . ; 1 81 EXCURSION TO THE there, and procured a quantity of old news ^papers ;. among the reft, feveral Kentucky o: es, which were very amufing and novel. I read feveral abfurd and idle ftories abdut the ftate of the war in Europe^ and its events, which were much exaggerated, as may be partly fuppofed, in pafling to fuch a remote part of the world. They are hungry for news, and the printers know their ftomachs will fwallow any thing. Here we took into our vehicle two yery fmart young women, who were going to a country dance, about ten miles off: they were charming company, very facetious, innocent, and modeft with* al, and we were very loath to part with them. ..'• I muft, however, go back to mention that I en» quired the price of provifions at Trenton, and found, . diat beef fold that day for eightpence per pound* or fourpence halfpenny fterling ; mutton, fourpence (twopence halfpenny ;) veal, fourpence; (twopence halfpenny.) This was dearer than common, on two accounts : the great quantity lately bought up for exportation, upon taking off the embargo; and the afTembly of the ftate being then iitting at Trenton. / The natural wood of this traft is oak and chefnut, and many of the butternut trees; a few trees of the catalpa, planted for ornaments before the houfes, the fmell of whofe leaf refembles coffee. I have as M },. ^ / UNITED STATES. »83 yet feen no elm in America. Fern is feldom or ne- ver feen here, but I have heard there is fome found in the neighbourhood of Boflon. i . , ^v Near Princetown are large plantations of the Italian mulberry tree, for the culture of the filk • worm. Some of the farmers greatly objeft to thero^ as interfering with more ufeful domeilic occupa- tions, and encouraging too much habits of idlenefs; . ^ At Milflone Creek we paifed Kingftone, a fmall Icattered village, or townfhip, with fcarce three houfes in light together. The roads very rough and ftony. v As we approach New Brunfwick, we defcend a long gradual hill over a plain, and the town appears fimilar to the entrance of Aires* ford from the city of Wincheller. On the right fide of the town I faw the large extended barracks - which were formerly occupied by lord Cornwallis and his troops, who were ftationed here during three winter months. Here we dined, and then croffed the Rariton River in the ferry. The bridge of five arches which had been carried away by the late floods, had now ten or twent) men at work upon it, (or in boats) repairing it. We next came to Pif- cataway, through a very poor fandy foil. The land here may be bought for lefs than five pounds an acre. I faw a few crows fly along, which were the firft and only ones I obferved in America. Rooks they have »■. M >, V 1 tt4 EXCURSION TO THE have none^ as I am told. I fliould fuppofe it woulS be well worth the attention of their government to import the breed, as the country abounds (o much with infefls, worms, and reptiles. A farmer, in England, who deflroys or drives them from his eft^te« finds a great difference in this refpe^, far more than the value of v^'hat com they eat. The magpie is a bird not known there. Of fome kinds of birds they have great plenty, fuch as robins, fwaU lows, cat birds, and king birds, or men of war, a» Ijome call them. . J0t '■■'*u We now pafTed a road, branching off to our right* to Amboy and Sandy Hook ; and foon after reached Woodbridge. While they changed horfes, I went jound to furvey the houfe.and garden, and found a weaving ihop, where two men were weaving linen- fiieeting, out of flax raifed and fpun by neighbour- ing families, who brought their yarn to them to make it up into cloth. Thefe men told me they could weave fourteen yards a day of yard-wide* jheeting; it was not very fine, as may be fup- pofed. Five miles further on, we pafTed a faw mill* on Raway river; a very profitable erediion in every flate, if fecured from the effefts of fudden floods, very common in this country, to the ruin of many a once profitable concern. We flopped at at the Wheat-flieaf to water our horfes, and proceed- ed over a very unpleafant country till we reached pUzabeth Town; a very low ri(uation> near the '"■ ' . . . marfh^s. VNITED STATI9* "* f9jf marfl^es. Governor Livingfton has a country feat^ about half a mile to the left, on an eminence. Three miles further, we pafled a large Baptid Meeting Houfe, flanding alone on our right, and then came to Newark/ about five in the evening* The weather had been uncommmly hot, and I felt Biyfelf fo uncomfortable, that I was glad here to quit the Aage, and flay till the next day. I opened my portmanteau and changed myfelf,and having nowr got a comfortable difh of tea, with plenty of good cream, at the Hounds and Horn, kept by Archer Gilford, I was fo well refrefhed as to walk over evtry part of the town : the ftreets of which are ▼ery wide, with the houfes feparated from each ether by gardens and outlets. It is fo increafed a» to have doubled its inhabitants within the Isft ten years, and the land rifen in value from ten to thirty pounds an acre. A large manufactory of leather and ihoes, carried on here. There are four meet- ings or churches, one of which is peculiarly elegant^, with a handibme fpire, two hundred and two feet high, ninety-feven long, and iixty-fix feet in breadth,^ built of vAone. Near the top is a gallery on the outfide, from whence you have- a beautiful view of Staten and Long Iflands, Hudfon*s River, Newr York, &c. &c. A large brick building is now eredting here for a grammar fchool; one large apartment in it is already opened, for the youth of both fexes to meet and learn to fing. As night fet y^^^' ' '^ in, % ^ .. m IXCURSION TO THE Mm- in, the fire flies aiForded conllant entertainment m my walks. The next morning I went a mile out o£ the town, to fee the new bridge over the Pofaick^ •rented to avoid the frequent difagreeable delays at this ferry. It is neatly framed of wood, with 3 draw bridge to let the fchooners and other \effe\s pafs. Another bridge of the fame kind is going to ,be erefled over the Hackinfack, which> will be a great convenience to travellers to and from New York, and places adjacent. I remarked fome very beautiful elevated fituations for houfes, not yet oc- cupied. On the green,, adjoining to' Newark, is lately erefled a high pole, lurmounted with the cap of liberty. Hearing there was a meeting of the in- habitants, I followed the croud into a large towa hall, where I found them debating about the meani and ordering the commemoration of July 4, then ap* ' preaching, (the asra of their independence.). It was determined there fhould be a proceflion to church, and a fermon preached on the occafion, but as to a feaft, it was decreed, that every perfon fhould do as they liked beft Beds were fo fcarce at the inn, ^at two of us flept on the floor of the large parlour. / The inns are in general very fmall, travelling not having been very frequent till of late, and the houfes built only for private families. I went next morning to an exhibition^ of wild beafls, among which was a bufl'alo, jull brought from Kentucky; it refembled an ill ihaped cow, and of the colour of an afs. There are four or five pod chaifes kept in -■ ^ this* ■#:• VNITED STATE*. 1 ««7 tlnfr place, and a multitude of one-horfe chaifes, which pay, I think, five (hillings a year tax to the ftate of New Jerfey. There is a ftage every day in the fummer, which fets out at fix o'clock in the morning for New York, from Archer Gifford*s, (fare three ihillings currency) and returns again td dinner, about three. It pu^s up in New York, at the corner of Cortland-flreet, and Broadway^ It is very convenient for thofe who live at Newark, and carry on their bufinefs at New York. There is, I am told, a very genteel neighbourhood here, and much tea vifiting* It is alfo a great thoroughfare* and may be reckoned a very neat pleafant country town. Mr. Harriot's houfe is beautifully fituated on a kind of cliff; there I breakfafled^ according to a promife I made when I went to Philadelphia. Mrs. Harriot, Who had lived here two years, com- plained much of the excefilve heat in fummer, and the extreme cold in the winter, as what (he had not been ufed to in England. •^ I had not time to go and fee Schuyler's copper mine, about four miles from this place : it was firfl difcovered about the year 1776, but upon breaking out of the war, it was not much, at leaft, worked till lately. It is now worked by a fleam engine, and I am told, yields from the ore, three fourths cop* per. A mill for fmelting, is gomg to be ere^ed at Paterlbn. --,^-" „ . .;.; 'i^ ■ While :'# v.m c*;,. s8g EXCUftSION TO TB« I !-!" r M'*"! While at Newark, 1 heard much converfatTon about the Paterfon manufaftory, at the Falls in that neighbourhood, as a very cxpenfive undertaking; alfo of the roguery of the different managers, placed at different times at the head of it; chiefly men of ruined fortunes, from Engknd ; men who undertook it, merely to aggrandize themfelves at any rate. I have already given my opinion, on the fate of thefe undertakings. America has many better fources of aational wealth, at prefent, than manufadure. At ten o'clock, I took a place in the ftage, for Kew York, and paid half a dollar, being nine miles* The road is, for the moft part, over a fwamp^ and it is made paffable by flicks of timber laid aerofs it til the way, fo clofc together, that the horfes cannot ftep between. One of my fellow travellers fud* denly called out, ** A fnake, a fnake ! and fee the ftird following it." The fad was, a large black fnake was ftretched before us, on the road, fafcinating a poor bird, and he had fo far fucceeded, before the settle of our carriage diAurbed him, that when he retired flowly into the ruflies, by the road fide, the bird actually followed him. The driver told us, it was a very common occurrence. Monfieur Barre,^ a captaiiv of the Perdrix French frigate, wiiich lay^ in. North River, was a paffenger with us; a hand- ibme,'Weil looking, manly perfon, with fenfible and pleafant converfation ; yet to fee him with a pair of • -*...-f^ :.%. Vmr-ED STATES. i^ {old ear rings dangling next his cheeks^ iiUed SM with difguft. . , . After eroding the PalTaick and Hackinfack Ri« vers, we came to Paulus tlook, and were foon fer- ried over Hudfon's River, to the city of New York* 1 went immediately to Mrs. Loring*s, to enquire for Dr. and Mrb. PrieAley, and found they were gone to dine with .Mr. Ofgood, a gentleman I was ac* quainted with, and wnere I had before dined: I called there, and was introduced jull as the wines and defert were placed on the table, and found a Jarge party, of twenty-two ladies and gentlemen^ Befides Dr. and Mrs. Prieilley, there were: the fii* ihop of New York and his lady, (a relation of mine« by marriage,) Mr. Genet, the late French Ambaf- fadur, Melandhon Smith, and others^ befides Mrs* Ofgood, the Mifs Frankiyns, and many ladies* The two Mifs Frankiyns are the daughters of Mrs* Ofgood, by her former hufband. They are charm* ing accompliflied young women. I promifed myfelf , much pieafur« and delight in cultivating an ac- 4q[uaintance with them, while 1 was at New York^ but to my great mortification, a few days afterwards* they fet out on a vifit to their relations at Bofton* We had much interefting converfation after dinner* «fpecially on political fubje£ls. 1 could not help re- marking, that I was feated between the Bifhop and Dr. Prie^ey, the feat of war in England, but of ^eace and civility hej:e« (No loaves and £ihes in -rMm ■ •' • / the ■I \\ '4? ■y vv .^.«.i£- = ^';itf ., ... -j»r 1^0 EXCURSION TO THE the way.) When wc retired to the drawing room» for tea and coffee, converfation continued too inte- reiting for any one to propofe cards, and about ten in the evening, we feparated. Mrs. Loring's pleafant lodging houfe being too full to admit me, I took up my quarters at Mrs. Gordon's, No. 137, Greenwich -ftre6t, a new-built pleafant houfe; paying eight dollars a week^ for lodging and boarding. Saturday t June 14. Went with Dr. and the tw» Mrs. Prieftley's to call on Dr. Prevooft, the Biihop, a pleafant, agreeable man, of plain manners and good fenfe. No honours annexed to the office of fiifliop, in America. You neither addrefs them as Lords, nor Right Reverend Fathers in God Hi» Lady was a Mifs Bousfield, from Ireland, filler to Colonel Bousfield, a, genteel, pleafing, and agree* able woman.! v^ yunei^. Being Trinity Sunday, the divines preached almoft univerfally in fupport of that doc- trine. The famous interpolated text, which Dr. Clarke has juilly noticed, was not forgotten: ** There are three that bear record in heaven.** At Trinity Church, I heard Dr. Beach preach from thefe words: " Acquaint now thyfelf with God* and be at peace with him, thereby good Ihall come unto thee.'* In a very perfonal manner, he applied them ,-1-.^ .% "-^ , s WKITED STATEi. »9i g room» 00 inde* bout ten cing too It Mrs. ew-buitt ek, for the tw« Biihop, lers and office of them as •d His filler to 1 agree- divines hat doc- nich Dr. rgotten »» leaven. ich from th God* all come ; applied them them to Dr. Prieilley, as if the caufe of all his troa« hies was his ignorance of the nature of the Deitjr* They are really afraid of Dr Prieftley, and are pre-, paring pabiications againlt Unicarianifm, making no doubt of a complete victory. , ; r:' •4f; A fliip arrived to- day, from Leith» in Scotland* 'with abave a hundred paiTengers^ come out to iettle. > June 1 6. We dined with Mr. Bridgen, at his country houfe, three miles out of New York, on the JBall River. Our party were. General Gates and Jiis lady, the four Prieftleys, and two other gentle- jnen, befides the family. The top dilh was an ex- cellent fifh, called a iheep's head, ftewed, refembling tench, but much better. In the defert was a plafe of currants, but they were not fully ripe. Gengral Gates drank to me, at table, as his countryman. The General finding i was an Engliih clothier, com- plained he could never get any good iuperiine broad cloth, at New York, though he had tried every (hop there. ** Why,'* fays he, *' do you put us oiFwith fuch inferior cloth.*' There was an addition to our party at tea; a Mrs. fieckman, the mother of twelve fons and daughters, and ftill appears capable of producing as many more. Mr. Bridgen, our Jioft, is the father of eighteen. In Hanover-fquare* an New York, Mr. Atkinfon, who lives there, told jae* that four of his neighbours make up fifty- two children^ ' ) ■/? -■-r-- -- - -" , • .^_,.^;.::.*r,..,..;;./*l^>f.■: ..• Mgt r' EXCURSION TO THE 'I children, in their joint families. This is the way, indeed* to ftoclc a new country with inhabitants. Three of the Mifs Beckman's accompanied their mother* one of whom, it was faid* was well (killed in Greek and Latin : this, however, was not the ivhole of her accomplifhments : (he was handfome. nor had her deep Audies at all injured a very beau- tiful complexion. On our retarn, in the evening* William Prieftley and myfelf, went to fup with our friend Mr. Lewis* where we met Mr. and Mrs. Atkinfon ; the latter a very fenfible woman. Speak- ing of land purchafes, Mr. Atkinfon faid* a friend of his had bought a tra£t of land, fix years ago, at threepence an acre* which he has lately fold again* at five dollars an acre, or twenty-two fhillings and £xpence ilerling ; an immenfe profit in fix years ; i)ut this is an uncommon cafe. •if- yuMB 17. Took a ride with Mr. Lewis, in his phaeton, fix or eight miles along the banks of Hud- fon's River* then crofTed the ifland eailward, and 3-eturned by the fide of Eaft River, or Sound. It abounds with country feats of gentlemen and mer- chants* commanding fea views : amongft others, is a beautiful place belonging to Mr. John Wilkes* a nephew to the Chamberlain of London, which is foon to be difpofed of. Mr. Lewis's pair of bay horfes, coil him feventy-two pounds currency* or iorty pounds ten fhillings fterling: they are good Jiorfes, and well trained to their bufinefs* one fix, >; the 'V- 4^. UNITED STATES. >93 the other ieven years old, and reckoned well worth the money. On oar return, we faw a fchooner that had juft come down Hudfon's River, from Albany^ difcharging her cargo, which confifted of three* fcore fine mules, bought by a New York merchantt to fend to the Weil Indies. It mull be a very good trade to breed them, for as well as I re- member, they told me, they would fetch from forty to fixty pounds currency, a jnece^ in the Weil Indies. Jane i8. Dr. Prieftley and family fet oiT from New York for Philadelphia : I accompanied theoi acrofs North River, to Paulus Hook. He purpofes (laying at Philadelphia one fortnight only, and then goes up the Sufquehanah to Northumbeiiand tqwn» to a houfe his Tons had Tome time before his arrival* £tted np for his reception; a full proof, that he jcame to America for peace and retirement, and not with any view to any public fituation, of which, to my knowledge, he had many offered, and all of which, without any heiitation whatever, he pofi- tively declined. H& told me, as we paifed the river together, that his reception was highly flattering to him, and far beyond what he either wiihed or ex- peded. • June 19. 1 called out of curiofity, at J. Ware- ham's Regiiler OiHce, No. 1 10, Maiden-lane, to en- quire the price of a farm, advertifed by him for fale» K IB >^4 SXCURSION TO rHE in Monmouth County, New Jerfcy. It confided of fix hundred and fixty-fix acres, thirty of which are CHltivated, the reft in timber ; a dwelling houfe and ilables, a grift mill, with a never failing ftream of %vater, and a new faw mill, which he faid would vul two thoufand feet of board in a day j •'li- oi ^j planted orchard. ' wi- - Likewife another eftate near jt, uf four hikndred and eighty-feven acres, three hundred ot it fait sneadow« and plenty of lre(h meadow at a little ex- pence, enough to fupport one hundred andfifty head of cattle, with an indifpu table title. , He offered the two eftates together, for one thou- sand four hundred pounds currency, or fe^en hun- dred und ninety-feven pounds ten (hillings fterling: Lfufpe£t it, however, to be an unhealthy fituatioUf by obferving its fituation in the map of New Jerley. I mention the above, juft to give my reader a matter of fa£t account of the value of land. At the fame cfrici:, 1 was recomin* ided to the piirchafe of a.i elLte *;. Elizabeth Town, only fifteen jmiles from New York ; confifting of one hundred and eighty acre^, eighty of which is cultivated ; with a very good houfe and garden ; belonging to a Mr. Kobinfon, who lives on the premifcs : five windows an front, and three ftories high, including the attic. JFor the whole of this, he aiked one thoufand five hundred -4-1 WNITEI3 STATES. *95 handrf ' ponnds currency, or eight K«fidred and forty-thrc e pounds fifteen fliilling^ llerling. It is t pleafaut town^on the great road between New York and Philadelphia, to which places, four ftages iH every day. A cheap place loHhive in> and you m. f go by water feveral times every day, to anii from New York, for tenpence fterling, or one (hilling ar4 fixpence currency. You go it generally, (at le» 1 1 did) in an hour and a half* I have heard, to-day, tt at Mr. Wilkes's beautifi ^ houfe, and improvements, arr offered for fale ; nov rented by Mr. Ludlow. I has four elegant fronts* and a portico, with eighty . cres of improved land I'ound it; is five miles from New York, on the banks of Hndfon's or North River; commands « fine view of the river and city:, and has been offered for four thoufand pounds fterlie'g'*. June 20. A (hip arrived to-day, at the battery* from Ireland, which brings ovc r four hundred and thirty.five paiTengers. I made a point to find many of them out, and afk them why they left their country t they told me the times were fo hard, and every thing fo dear, that with all their induftry, they could not live. They faid they had all paid their pafTage; that near two hundred of them were * This elegant villa has fince beea fold for ten thoufand pounds currency to Mr. J. Conftablea ,_ K a ■ wcavcra iMCfi SXCURSION TO THE •m ^reavers of diaper and dimity. They toli me, that m, moft of them were going to the weftern parts of Conne£licut, to fettle on new lands. Many other arrivals of this kind lately, and great plenty of poor Englilh manufadurers, who would he glad to fettle at their old bufineifes, if they could get employ. Mr. Dixon told me, that when he has fomeumes put them' into the loom, at his manufaflbry, they gene- jrally leave him when they Jiave faved up a little jnoney,, and go to fettle on new land. The flattering profpefl of eafe and independi^ce, to be acquired by moderate labour, foon attrads their notice, as thofe who make latge purchafes of land, hold out liich great encourageme^it. The following terms vrere offered to one Moxam : To have pofTeinon of ififty acres^ the firft five years, for nothing, except a condition to ered a iog houfe, and cultivate it be- fore he cultivates any other land. He is then to be 4>ffered the purchafe of the land, at a market price. Jf lie will not bay, he mufl: pay one'ihilling an acre, as Tent, per annum, for the next five years ; and if at the end of ten years, he does not quit it, or buy itf he is to pay eighteen guineas a y«ar for ever. / i was alfo informed, that I might get almoft any land cleared, in New York County, for the ex- |>eBcechofen li- brary ; but feeing very few Greek or Latin books> I afked the reafon of it : the mailer informed me, that though they had near a hundred pupils, from different ilates of the Union, and fome £^s far pfF as from Georgia, that very few of them learned the claffics ; which (from the idea that it employed too muchof a^ boy's time,) was getting very^ much out K3 of •* ■, I9S EXCURSION TO TKE offaftion. There w€re, he faid, now fbch good tranflations into Englifh, of almoft all the fine claf- fic authors, that the knowledge of them, could be obtained very competently, without a young man'f hammering fo long a time at hie 9 hacy hocy and nrvrtlu^rv^Uy rerv^ct: I fmiled at his obfervation, which encouraged him to fay, that the habits and manners of America were fo far different from.thofe- of Europe, that they did not want to breed up mea of deep fpeculation and abflra^t knowledge; for a. man amongH: them, was no more valuable, than at If he was ufeful in improving the flate of the country. I thought there was good fenfe in his obfervations*. The endowment, he faid, allows only fix pounds, for each boy, but it generally made an expence of thirty pounds a head; the reft is defrayed, by their pa- rents* It was kept very clean and healthy, and every thing in neat order. It was then the va- cation time. I returned to the place where the ilage was w^tihg its hour, and there found another French gentleman, at lodgings. He affured me he paid for lodging and boarding, but two dollars a. week, and was very comfortably accommodated.. He was under afflifiion ; had been captain of a vef» fel, taken from him at Port au Prince, and he had retired hither alone, with the wreck of his fortune* waiting the event of the war, or fome favourable change of circumftance to try to recover his pro« perty. He was fludying the Englifh language. He had the Bible, the Spectators, Salmon's Geogra- phy, feveral hiftorical and political works. Among the CTNiTEir srATEar# 199 flic latter, I could not help remarking, " Pigs Meat for the SwiniQi Multitude ;'* a tra£l that had not been publilhed in England, more than three months i ^.. ^ow it could get to that remote part qf the worlds in fo fliort a fpace of time Teemed extraordinary* T obferved a great deal of linen (heeting, manuk fadtured in this pariih ; it lay about on the grounds^ to bleacb. The women, it feems, of each family^ whenever they have anyvleifure, fpin the yarn out of flax they themlelves raife, and when they have eight or ten pounds of yarn, they fend it to a public weaver, who returns it to them, wove into cloth. Soap they make^ of kitchen greafe and aihes, for domeilic ufe ; and railing all commodities and pro* Tifions around them, they are fo happy as to have very little ufe for money. There is one or two packs of dogs kept in this ifland ; a pack of fox ^ hounds hunts twice a week» at Jamsuca, during the feafon* I now mounted the coachee once more, with my two Frenchmen, and found I was going to Jamaica* t|ie chief town of the ifland. Good roads, and cherry trees, loaded with fruit, almoft all the way. We gathered them in plenty, without flopping the carriage. They are not fweet, as ours, but very palatable and cooling, the weather being at this time, very hot. The country very flat, fcarce a sifing ta be feen, till you meet the ridge which K 4 paifet 200 EXCURSION TO THE paiTes through the middle of the ifland» near Js. oiaica. It is but a fmall fcattered village, no two houfes join. There was a large market-hcufey and feveral ihops, like our country ones, in England, that fell every thing. Willing to bring away fome- , thing, I purchafed at a ihop, a neat little work hafket, mad^e by the Montaick Indians, of that n^ghbourhood, a very quiet harmlefs people, the Aborigines of the iflatid, who live in the adjoining woods* / ' ■ ' We h^d a very poor dinner at this place. After waiting two hours, there came in a bread of veal, at red as bacon, potatoes fweet and waxy, that I could not touch them: at lafi I got a good cucumber^ and bread and cheefe,. of which I made a tolerable din- ner. We had Port and Madeira, but they were both fo bad, that I was obliged to mix them widi water/ to make them palatable. We had fome good bottled porter, from New York. The landlord* however, ustderflood how to charge, for we paid five (hillings and fixpence a-pieice, at which our two Frenchmen uttered « Morbleau," and fliook their heads. After drinking " The Prefident," which is al- ways the iiril health, in America, and then " King George,*' I requeued they would fing me fome civic fongs. I fhall never forget the animation with which they fung the Mar/eilhis Hymn. They rofe from -1* UNITED STATES. lot from their feats with fuch agitation, and afed fuch geflure with their enthufiafm, while I fat fmoking a pipe very cooly, that I laid it down, preparing my* Iclf for either peace or war. They were two to one, but I was not in much fear of them, (agreeable to Sentiment of mod Englifhmen) although fo far diilant from all aid. We had next the Carmagnole, then Viellons au Salut de I* Empire, and many others. But our Frenchmen began^ at laft, to be too noify, to be any ways tolerable ; fo I quitted them, about fkx o'clock, and hired the coachee to take me back to Brooklyn, for which I agreed to give our cha- rioteer half a dollar, and a good glafs of brand/ and water, at the half-way houfe. When we were come three parts of the way to the crofs roads, one of which kads to Flat Bufh, where he lived, hav« ing had both money and beverage, herefufed to take « me any further, and faid he muft now return home : I told him I (houlid iniifl: on his fulfilling his agree- ment, and that if he dared to take me one ftep out of the roady I would fummon him before the next Juftice of the Peace, to anfwer for it. Upon which, feeing me refolute^ he at once became all obedience: the carriage, however, broke down, within a mile^ of Brooklyn, and ftepping out, I had a very pleafant walk to the ferry, and reached New York about eight in the evening* I remarked that I never faw one muiketoe while in the ifland, although they were fo very troublefome t V 261 EXCURSION to THE to me, laft week, on the other fide of North Rivcf. . This is owing to the wind being north, which keeps them on the Jerfey (hore ; had the wind been fouth- ward or weft, we fhould have had multitudes of them. I had taken with me an introduction, to call on Captain GiiFard, of Flat l$uih, but I did not find him at home : he was, it feems, employed doing ilatute labour on the road. It is liberty and equa- lity, in this ifland : the laws order that every man, without diilindion, muft give a day's labour, in turn, upon the high roads. I> faw well dreifed gentlemen at work, (hovelling dirt, with the com" moneft people. By this means they have very good roads, at little coft ; turnpikes being not fo ihuch as known there, or in any part of America, except very lately, pn the road between Philadelphia and Lancafter,' to which, though a great outcry was Iraifed againft it, by the thrifty Germans frequenting Philadelphia market, they are now very well re- conciled. They find, by experience, that they can " carry more goods to market, with the fame number ' of horfes, and do their bufinefs in lefs time, which amply reimburfes them what they pay to the turn- pike. The roads, to be fure, round Philadelphia, were fo fhockingly bad, being a fc^t miry clay, that they appeared to me almoft impafiable. June 22. This moroing I went to the Proteftant* Epifcopal li CNITSD STATES* 103 Spircopal Church of St. Paul; a modern hand- (ome edifice. The entrance is by a portico, in th« form of a dome,\l fortune 2ksfortn* yune 2"^ . I dined with James Rivington, the book- feller, formerly of St. PauPs Church-yard; he i« ftiU a chearful old man, and enquired of me for Mr. Collins, and Mr. Eafton, and mftny of his quondam acquaintances iQ England, puring the time the Britiih kept poffeflion of New York, he prnted a ne^paper for them, and opened a kind of cofFee- houfe for the ofHcers ; his houfe was the great place of refort ; he made a great deal of money during that period, though many of the micers quitted it confiderably in arrears to~hini. .'n the evening at fix o'clock, Mr. G. L and myfelf fet out, in an Elizabeth Town boat» with Mr. Addipgton, for , Spring- UNITED 9TATBf. SOf Springfield* in new Jerfey, to fee his prindng-callioi cftablilhment. • To Elizabeth Point, is about twelve miles ; we paid one fhilling and fixpence each for our paflage, (tenpence halfpenny fterling) and paffing along un- der Staten Idand, we landed there, at Judge Ryafs's* to take in two horfes belonging to Mr. Addington, and, after a moil pleafant fail of three hours, we reached the Point. While palling by Staten Ifland, our nofes wer^ fuddenly afTailed with a moil difagreeable flench» and before I could fpeak of it, the people on board' cried out, *' A Skunk ;" it feems this nafty animal may be fmelt at a mile diilanco, if the wind fets that way, which was the cafe at prefent : it is about the fize of a pole cat, very flow in its' niotions ; Na- ture, has therefore, given it a defence of a peculiar kind. We flept this night at the tavern at the Point* and next morning we walked two miles to Elizabeth Town to breakfaft. Here I got a one-horfe chair* and drove myfelf to Springfield. This place was burnt down during the late war; yet Mr. Adding- ton holds Ariflocratic principles, which renders the people there lefs friendly and fociable to him than i( otherwife. In this village there are plenty of ri- vulets of quick running water* I counted four mills 208 EXCURSION TO THE mills within the fpace of haJf a mile— for a paper manufaftory, for boring and fawing thnber, for making lintfeed oil and paint, and for turning card* ing engines. The latter I went to fee ; it is con- ducted by a Mr. Dewhorfl, from Manchefter, and is both for cotten and woollen; fome good work- Ihops were jufl finifhed building. One fmall card- ing engine appears nearly worn out, and another was juft finifliing of very coinpleat good workman* Ihip, with iron arches, and the cards of excellent workmanfliip, and well put on. I faw an eighty- four fpindled jenny, and four other fmaller ones. His millrwheel is twenty-two feet diameter, and never any want of water in the dried feafon. He had a large parcel of linen-yarn, of very good qua- lity; the flax 90(1 him tenpence per pound, cur- rency, and the fpinning, twenty-one pence, drawn about nineteen fkeins to the pound ; in all about one (hilling and fixpence per pound flerling. His weav- ing (hop in the lowed ftory, contained eight looms* A good workman there expeds to earn a dollar a day or more, but fome are to ' be had at half the price. Plenty of Emigrant workmen from our three kingdoms continually pafs along and afk for work. There is a fifth mill a little further on, in the occu<* pation of Mr. Tyler, a native of the village. He is a clothier, i. e. one who mills and drefTes the home- fpun cloth for the neighbourhood. He has two prefTes, (very poor ones) and two pair of flieers. He is fo ingenious as to dye almoft every colour him- felf /' UKITED STATI». «o» •k\f from roots, leaves, and the barks of trees which grow in his neighbourhood : — good yellows from the black oak bark, which is the quercitron for which Dr. Bancroft procured a patent, and fold at an enormoui price in England. The fame colour he alfo procures from the hiccory bark and the bir- bary root ; claret browns he dyes from the white 04k. bark, filled up with fanders ; good grafs greens* with the leaves of peach trees, fixed with alom ; he alfo dyed very good cinnamons and browns, from the bark of the butternut tree, by mere cold infuiion ; fumach, of very good quality, grows wild, and is had for nothing ; the apple tree bark dyes alfo a good yellow. This is a favorable fituation for efta- blifhing manufadlure ; there is good water carriage by Pofaick River, within five miles of the place* to New York. Provifions are exceeding cheap i butcher's meat, from twopence to threepence half- peny fterling per pound. A navigable canal might in fome future time be eafily made into the middle of the town. In walking acrofs a field, with Mr* JDewhorit, I met with a little tortoife travelling acrofa the footpath jull before me ; it was the firil I had ever feen; I put the little gentleman into my pocket* and brought him alive to England. In a field be* hind Tyler's houfe, I faw fome very good teizels growing. I dined here at Mr. Addington's, who has a confiderable bufinefs in printing callicoes* muflins^ and linens, and an excellent bleaching ground ; but it is as yet quite an infant un^rtak- . ; '- V ' '^ ing* ^10 EXCURSION TO THt r ing, and will hardly fucceed for want of a larger command of capital. The difficylty of making re- turns of money, will for many years operate againft eftabliftiing fuch concerns. I drank fome fpxucc beer, the firft I had ever tafted ; it is the common drink here ; they make it from the tops and green, • cones of the fpruce fir trees, fermented and fweet- cnedwith molaifes; it is an excellent anti-fcorbutlc. At four o'clock, we returned to Elizabeth Town Point, where a boat was juft putting off for New York. We were now (adly peftered with the niuf- ketoes. At Staten Ifland we were joined by two other veffels. As we approach New York, it forms a beautiful objedl riling from the waters. We now pafs through a fleet of French frigates, juft dropping their anchor's below Governor's liland. % Orders were lately iflued by Governor Clinton^ (on account of the appearances of a war with En- * gland) that na veffels of force of any foreign na- tion ihould come into this port, but in future drop their anchors a mile at leaft without Governor's : "'.^st ^ yune 29. I made' another excurfion into Lf ng ■Ifland, with a gentleman of New York; we croffed at nine in the morning, at Brooklyn Ferry, with our horfes, and rode through Flat Bufli to Gravefend, near the Narrows, where there is a beautiful view of the iJea and ail the fliipping entering the harbour. • AMru ,-; - ^' " ■"•%•"■ '•'-■. UNITED STATES. 2ir A Mr. Bailey, of New York, has juft built a very handfume tea-drinking pleafure houfe, to acconi' modate parties who come hither from all the neigh- bouring ports ; he intends alfo to have bathing ma- chines, and ieveral fpecies of entertainment. It feems parties are made here from thirty or forty miles diftance, in the fummer time. At Gravefend 1 went to church, but the fervice being in Dutch, I was very little the better for it ; the finging was the oddeft I ever heard, without the leail harmony in it* The day was fo clofe and hot, we were forced to remain there till the evening. On our return to Brooklyn Ferry, about fix o'clock, we could get no paffage for two hours. ^ So much company refort to this pleafant ifland on each fine Sunday, from New York and other places, as \.o keep four large ferry boats, holding twenty perfons each, in conilant em* ploy. Between three and four thoufand perfons had pafTed ovtx that day. . *sy-f''^^'» v >* - I attended a fale of fome military lands (by auc>> tion at the Tontine Coffee Houfe) iituated in th^ north part of New York State. Twenty-five acres in the townfhip of Cato, were fold at two ihillings and eightpence currency per acre; (one fhiUing and fixpence flerling) five hundred in Pompey^ at five fliillings and one penny (two fhillings and ten- pence ilerling ;) nine hundred in Tully and Han- nibal, at three fhillings and eightpence (two fhillings and one penny ;) fourteen hundred in Hedor and Dryden, "W'^'' atiz EXCURSION TO THE Dryden, at three (hillings and eightpence (two fhil^- Hngs and one penny.) : - /•.' Same day, in Loudon's (the bookfeller) ftiop I met with the Reverend John Hurt, a clergymar>, from Kentucky, where he had lived many years in the town of Lexington. He has travelJed through Virginia, Penfylvania, and moft parts of America. No country for making a fortune like Kentucky. He named three men who began with lefs than two hundred pounds a- piece, in his memory, and are now worth thirty thonfand pounds ilerling, only fiore keepers* .4, -..jr-- ,• .- / ■-:: ■ r^ He fays there is much want of judgment in pur- chafing lands : there are at this time lands even in Kentucky, not worth a pinch of fnufF an acre, and /jDthers thaif ivould be cheap at twenty or thirty ihiU lings an acre. The next land to it in point of ex* • cellence, he fays, is about Harrifburgh, on to Win*^ chefler and Hagar's Town, and the reft of the Shenandoah valley.. He thinks lands are not eligiw ble more than forty-two or forty-three degrees of North latitude in the back country. He has often J)een to the new federal city of Wafhington j^ has no doubt it muft be very confiderable in a few years, ' if the government is not overturned, for nothing lefs can prevent it. Mercantile men will princi^ pally fettle in the fouth-eafl corner on Eaft River. The navigation there is deep, (thirty- Ax fathom) • and . . I .-.ie5iu^'» ■ tmiTEp STATES. 213 »nd always free from the interruption of ice through* out the winter. The govdrnment will make it a principal object to improve this place, and all its regulations refpefling its future grandeur are already planned, fuitabie to a great and growing empire. A diftrid of ten miles fquare around ii, wa < granted by Congrefs, and appropriated for the permanent feat of the government of tl ? United States. It was alfo ratified and paiTed into a law, (Sedtlon the fixth) that on the firft Monday in December, i8oo« the feat of government ihall be transferred to the diilri£t and place aforefaid. This diftri^^l of ten miles fquare includes the River Potomac, live miles above and five miles below the city nearly ; and ex- tends into the ftate of Virginia^ three miles over the river. A:- .■*••■■ ^' The whole area of the city conftfts of upwards of four thoufand acres. Thtf ground is on an average forty feet higher than the water of the river, and yet a llream of freih water called Watt's Branch, may be bjrx>ught within half a mile of trie city, at the height of" forty feet above the level of the city itfelf, which will be very convenient for all water- works and manufaflures, &c. Many houfes are al- ready built, and a very handfome hotel, which coft in the eret^tion more than thirty thoufand dollars ' (fix thoufandfeven hundred pounds ilerling.) it ia now apportioned into one thoufand two hundred and thirty-fix locs> for buildingt (which are fbrfale.) . .:/ /■>•' ■' ^' ■ ■ £acb 1 1 n '■.-■: '.vv^ ., r.y. ,r ^14- EXCTTRsrON TO THE Bach lot contains ground for building three or four Jioufes, according to general rules to be obferved for making them uniform. The deepeft lots ate two hundred and feventy feet, by feventy, fronting the ftreet. A fquare has from twenty to thirty lot» in it. The value of each lot is from forty pounds to two hundred pounds Ilerling. There is to be a national Univerfity crefted there, as well as the Mint, Pay Office, Treafury, Supreme Courts of Juftice, Reiidences for the Ambaffadors; in fhort;, all the Public Offices. The city is to be built after a plan laid down for every ftreet, of a £ne white ftone found in the neighbourhood, equal to Portland. Each houfe is to be forty feet from the ground to the roof, in all the principal ftreets, which are to be from feventy to one hundred feet * wide. The firft ftreet was formed upon an ex|£l . meridian line, drawn few the purpofe, by a Mr. El- licot, which paffes through the Capitol, the feat of the legiflature, on an eminence, from whence the ilreets diverge into radii in every dire^on. li has, therefore, the full command of every quarter of the city. From it you can fee every veffel that comes in or goes out of the harbour, and every carriage or horfeman that enters the city by the bridge, On^ of the ftreets (Penlylvania) is marked out to be four^ jmiles long. ■:h'"-,--' ^. _;:^.rf .-■';;■/ -'^.^ ..-•;; _ ' ,.; 'i'-i^Sfc The preftdent*s houfe will alfo ftand on a rifmg . ground. UNITED STATES, 215 .;^ j^ound, pofTeffing a delightful wat?r profpeft, to- gether with a commanding view of the Capitol, and the moft material parts of the city, being likewife the centre of other radiate ftreets. All the grand avenues and feme Areets which lead immediately to public places, are from one hundred and thirty to one hundred and' fixty feet wide : this L to admit room for a walk, planted with trees on each fide* and a paved way for carriages. Every .ftreet is laid down according to adual meafurement, go- verned by the Hrft meridian line. Commiflioners are appointed to fee all thefe regulations carried into execution. The queftion ftill with me is, whe- ther the fcheme is not too magnificent for the pre- ient ftOtte of things* . . ,^^ _ . , .-_--,:■ -. ,,. ' - -i^i^^-' .w;; Tm''-, -A i ,.- The original projedlor of this city, was the Great Walhington himfelf ! Early in life, he contemplated the opening of this river from the tide water^ (with- in three miles of this city) up to nearly its fource. His public employments in the part of tlie country through vvhiqj||the Potomack and itsjaranches run, had given him a more complete knowledge of this river, than almoft any other man poffeffed, at that time ; and his mind was ftrongly impreffed with its fulare importance ; but the period for undertaking a work of fuch magnitude, had not yet arrived. The country as yet was but thinly inhabited, and canals and locks but little underilood in America. <}eneral Waibington^ however, kept this obje^ al-< I Sl6 EXCURSION TO THE ways in vieWf waiting until time and circumflances ihould enable him to bring it forward, with a prof- peA of fuccefs. In the year 1784, a Company was formed, for the purpofe of clearing and opening the navigation of this river. A capital of fifty thoufand pounds was required for this work, which was to be re- paid by the tolls arifmg from the navigation of the river, and it has already anfwered the purpofes for which it was inflituted, the one hundred {^unds ihares now felling at a vaft advance. ■ The reafon why a Situation on the Potomack River is more eligible than any other for a federal city, is, that this river runs more directly eaft and weft, than any river belides, by which means it will conneft the back Country with the Atlantic ftates, and preierve their federal union. In point of trade alfo, it will unite them by intereft j as by a navigable cut, of only fcventeen miles frohi Savage kiver, ( a , branch of the Potomack) to the'-Jp|ughiogany, which runs into the Ohio, a complete navigation can be aiFeded from Kentucky acrofs the country, -, clear to the Chefeapeak.* This will confolidate , , . the ' • The buildings and works at the Federal City, arc, I un» ierftand, at this time (1796) almoft at a ftand. The profpeftof a rupture with this country, and other important afFair§ of the States have occafioned this to be fr jin its bad quality. . _ .. !• Lz In -"ivw ^20 EXCURSION TO THE .1 1 « Tn refpeft to their buildings, I date a new sera from their acceptance of the federal conftitution. Then they began to feel themfelves unit *d as a nation, and all their public works and undertakings ieem to have commenced in a more important ftyle. ■* . ■ ■ - ■ . ^ / • "No copper money paffes here ; papers, of the fizc of turnpike tickets, pafs for one penny, twopence, threepence, and fourpence a-piece ; thefe will not pafs out of theii' diflrid, nor the copper halfpence of Connecticut, Vermont, or MaiTachufcts, pafs at Kew York. This will foon be reftified by the ge- iiecal ufe of a copper coin, called a cent, now jufl beginning to circulate, coined by the authority o^' Congrefc* j Moft of the families of New York have black fer- vants. I ihould fuppofe that nearly one fifth of the inhabitants are negroes, moil of whom are free, and jnany in good eafy circumilances. • . ' '■!► :■ • •• ■• • ■ • ■ , , ■1 '^- .■':'—..■■ >■ .'- Houfe Tent is very dear: three hundred pound" currency, or one hundred and fixty pounds flerling* h a common rent for flore -keepers and tradefmen to give. Mr. L gives two hundred and twenty pounds a year for a houfe in a back flreet, but all his lates and taxes of every kind do not make up isven pounds a year. , Of VNITED STATES.. 221 Of the rapid and wonderful increafe of population in tins city, I give the following, as what was pub- licly ftated for fadl : In 1790 were in New York 4500 houfe-keepers*. 1 79 1 they encreafed to 5800 1792 — — 6700 1793 — ^ ■ '77Ga , . 179^ ' — nearly 8900. A friend wrote me from thence in December^ r794, that there had been ipwards of eight hundred and fifty new houfes built that year, and yet hardljr one to be got, though the rents were doubled within the laft feven years. This is owing to the great increafe of its trade, and it bids fair in ihy opinion^ to be the largeft city in the union» They have a fine harbour, where there is ample room for all their fliipping ; and it is a port very convenient for 0iips to rnake^ at almoit any point of wind. * >■< L, elels 222 EXCURSION TO THE Vtjfds entered at the Port 0/ Nenu Tork in 1794* Ships • • ' 159 Snows - « • . 5 Brigs - « 301 Schooners 168 Sloops • « 157 Polacres • I 791 For the coalling trade 1523 2314 fej/itt cUartd eutwardt. Ships ' m Snows • 1 9 Brigs - • »43 Schooners • 152 Sloops • • III Polacres • « S Barques - • I 694, For the coafling trade 1695 2389 It is fo cold in winter, that their quickfet hedges are generally cut off in the courfe of fome fevere V -^ weather. UNITED STATEf» «23 weather, efpecially in the northern dates. The want of them gives a wild unpleafant appearance to their fields. 1 faw only one hedge of this kind; it wa* in my walk to General Gates's. They have fome very elegant chariots, coaches, and pod chaifes. I faw the chariot of a maiden lady (with a Dutch name) who lives a few miles out of New York, 'that coH eight hundred guineas. Ik was built in England (by Hatchet, I believe.) In country places they are fond of driving one horfo chaifes, on account of the bye roads. ■ • . )' . If any perfon fufiers his chimney to catch fire, he forfeits fix dollars to the ftate. A condu^kor for lightning is fixed to almoA every houfe. No (lages are allowed to travel on Sunday, The day, however, is not fo rigidly obferved a» formerly . Land was offered me within thirty miles> (to>^ wards Albany for four fhillings and fixpence an acre, , ,. The legal intereft of money in this ftate is fix peiP cent, out in the Jerfeys it is feven per cent. ) but any man who has the command of money, and is converfant with bufinefs, can make eight or ten per ceau ,fX,- L4 BiUs 224 EXCURSION TO THE Bills of exchange, drawn on Europe, and there protefted, carry ten per cent, intereft from their date in Virginia ; but in New York> they bear twenty per cent. All vegetables are very dear ; Mrs. M told me it coft her generally half 'a dollar a day for cab- bages, carrots, and potatoes, and but a moderate fized family. ft h Almoft all the beer drank at New York is brewed in London. They have one or two breweries here, but they do not fucceed very well, I was often in company, at dinner, with a Mr. Leipner, who owns the brewery in. Greenwich- ftreet. He fays, there is not barley enough raifed for home confumption, that the prefent price is from fix (hillings and fix- pence to feven ihillings and threepence (3s. 8d. to 4s. id. flerling) per bulhel, and malt at eight (hil- lings, (i. e. 4s. 6d.) that the farmers do not care to cultivate it. They do not drink ^much beer themfelves, preferring cyder and whilkey, which they get without buying. Were barley more cultivated, and breweries more generally eftabli(hed, it would Uffen that general ufe of whi(key, which is very pernicious, though the univerfal beverage of the back fettlers, and , Kentucky people. This habit arifes from the con- venience with which every mun, po(re(ring a fmall .^ \ 1 UNITED STATES, 225 •e e ■1 n 8 ■, \ ilHl and a little rye, can produce it in his own houfe. • • ' , ' ' ' . -.v.- The Government has feen this evil, and has en- deavoured to check it, by laying a fmall duty of threepence per gallon on it. This threw them into fuch a ferment, (about the time I left New York) as to excite a rebellion in the back country, fo that the Militia were called out, and the Prefident him- felf obliged to march at their head, to reduce them to obedience. It was, however,, fooa fuppreffed without any bloodfhed. O Of Provijions and Houfe-keeping. In New York, every article of life is more tha» doubled in price, within the laft three years. Fat turkeys ufed to be fold for twenty-pence a piece cur- rency, now fell for three (hillings and fix- pence; eggs that were fold twenty-four for a fhilling cur- rency, nine will now fetch a fliilling. I was afked ten pence, twelve-pence, and fifteen pence per pound currency, for ribs of beef, in the Fly market. Butter from fifteen-pence to eighteen- pence per pound, and not very good; has a tafte of onions. The fields are likewife over run with crow garlic, ; (allium pratenfe) which they will not take the pains - to weed out« and which gives it this bad flavor. G - L5 Yoot d26 EXCURSION TO THE You cannot board iii any good boarding houfe, for Icfs than feven or eight dollars a week, finding your own wine ; yet at Flat Bufli and Springfield (not more than fourteen or eighteen miles diftant) I could have taken very decent lodgings with boards for two dollars. New York is as healthy and plea- fant a place to live in, as any city I ever faw. The price of provifions fiuftuates here exceedingly, like Bath ; and perfons who know how to take oppor- tunities, may furniih themfelves very cheap : after , refufing to buy at their high prices, I was foon after afked by the fame perfons, ijuhat ixmuld I ^hurfday, June 26. I was afked the following prices : (reduced to fterling money) good beef, fe- ven pence halfpenny; a vaft plenty of filh, from twopence to twopence-halfpenny per pound ; lob- fters, twopence per pound ; eels twopence-halfpenny for a bunch (one pound and a quarter,) green peas, fourpence a peck; cucumbers, threepence-half- penny a piece ; fine flavored rafpberries, at four- pence a bafket, (fize of thofe in Bath and London) live ducks, twenty-one pence a couple; cherries, twopence per pound ; currants, (none but red ones) three-halfpence a pint ; onions, twopence halfpenny and threepence a rope ; mulberries, three-pence a pint* Three young lambs, alive, for eleven (hillings and fixpence. Salmon, though in great plenty, they ■V,;,?i^. CNITED STATED. 227 they do not ever pickle, but fell it dried, and falted^ in preference, at fourpencw-halfpenny and iivepence per pound. Great plenty of fturgeon, which is caught in Hudfon's River, at about one penny per pound. No cauliflower there, nor heads of brocoli; the plants run up to feed quickly, from the quick« nefs of vegetation. No filberts there, only common hazel nuts, which they often call filberts. The " New York Chamber of Commerce*' have lately recommended the following inilrudlions to the captains and mailers of all veffels, trading to fo* reign countries, at the recommendation of the " So* ciet^ for promoting of Agriculture and ufeful Arts" —a conduct worthy of imitation in every country, Firft, Procure a fmall quantity, not exceeding one quart, of thofe kinds of grain, which make the principal food of the inhabitants, and this even though it (hould be wheat, barley, rye, oats, or maize ; for though thofe grains are common in this country, yet there are varieties whic. may be ex- tremely important, as was inflanced in the acci« dental introdudlion of the white bearded wheat, which was found to refill the infedl when every other fpecies was deflroyed by it. > ':%v L6 Second* ftaS EXCURSION TO THE Second, Procure alfo fmall quantities of the feed of thofe kinds of pulfe and legumens which are of any eftimation in the opinion of the inhabitants of the country you vifit, with inllrudions for tbeJr proper cultivation, of which a minute ihould be made upon the ipot. Third. In countries where the rigour ol' the cU- /nate compels the inhabitants to procure dr/ food for their cattle in the winter, inquire what that food is, whether hay, grain, or roots : obtain feeds of the fpecies of grafs from which they make their hay, if not fimilar to that in common ufe here ; and a fmall quantity of the grain and roots, with the modes of cultivation, — Procure the feeds and ftones of fuch fruits as (hall appear to you of importance to this country, or which are not known here, tropical fruits only excepted, fmce there is little profpeft of their fucceeding in this climate. This exception is not, however, to apply to annual fruits* fince they m?.y probably fucceed here. Fourth* Remark any differences that may diftin- guifti the cattle, either ufed for food or draft, in the country you vifit, from thofe found here; make notes of the variance, and communicate your ob« fervations to the Prefidentor Secretary of tjie Agri- C'lltural Society, in order that if any advantage faould refult from their introduflion, the fociety may take meafures to import them. - ■ - Fifth. ■«^4^ UNITED STATES. 229 Fifth. Be particularly attentive to the breed of (heep, and whenever they Ihall appear fuperior to . thofe of this (late, either in fize, or in the finene/s or the quantity of the wool proportioned to the fize of the (heep, (for fmall flieep may be very valuable if their fleeces fhould be fine) to import if poffible a pair of them, or a rim at leaft, particularly if you fhould be able to obtain the flieep of Spain or Bar- bary, which are among the mofl valuable, even though rhey fliould not appear to you fuperior to thofe of this country. Sheep from China would alfo be defirabie, as would thcfe of the fine wool kind from India, Angora. a\id other parts of Afia, There i** alfo a fpecies of fine white long-haired goat in Africa, the ikin of which is uied for muff^s ; it would be defirabie to procure a pair of thefe if it could be conveniently done. Sixth, South- America affords a fpecies of fheep, (the Vigone or Peruvian flieep) which, if introduced and found to fuit the climate, would be an inva- luable treafure. Fro'n the fame country, the Gulph of Mexico, and the Bay of Hondoras, Cayenne, &c« may be brought the Pecari, which is a fmall and Angular fpecies of wild hog: this may, on experi* ment, be found worth while to domefticate here, if a pair of them could be conveniently procured. Se'venth, If any lard or water fowl, not known in this country, fliould be domefticated in the country ,u : yo'i :>■ ajo EXCURSION TO TH» you vifit, you will procure a few of them ; among- which may be remembered the Hoco of the Braziles and Cayenne. It is nearly of the fize of a turkey, black, and frequently domefticated. Jt is known by various names. * ; P S, You will obferve, that it is not expefted t' K you (hould bring any fheep from Engla». J or Ire- land, or any other country from which the expor- tation is prohibited, as you are on no account ta incur any perfonal rifk, or hazard the property of your owners. The Americans have now a confiderable trade, dire£l to the Eail Indies, and China, which is very profitable, as they have fo few drawbacks and du- ties. While I was at New York, I went on board the Fair American, which was juft returned from a very profitable voyage thither. This, I fee clearly, will one day or other, bring, on a rupture with our £aft India Company, as they will be able to under- fell them in moil foreign markets. Their Ihips are well built for their trade, and make very quick voyages. The Pegu went from Philadelphia to China, took in a cargo, and returned within eleven months. Ship building is dear, and coils at this time, at New York, eight pounds ten (hillings Currency (four pounds fixteen ihillings) per ton; and tho wages * .... . > UNITED STATES, 231 lies m wages to feamen from twenty to twenty-four dollars per month. This is higher than common, owing to the wars in Europe, having thrown a great part of the carrying trade into their hands. For they tell me, where they had ten ihips five years ago> they have now> at lea(l« forty. With refpeft to the mode of invefting money in the American Funds, by a perfon living in En- gland : When a Certificate of American Stock, of any kind, i:! purchafed in '.ondon, the perfon in whofe name the Certificate ftands, (De Berdt and Co. is a houfe that fells) gives a Power of Attorney to the purchafer, to have it transferred in his name: w-ui this Power is given a Guarantee, by feme well known refpeftable houfe in London, fpecifying that the transfer fhall be made at the proper ofiice in America, (if applied f • within twelve months) and for the payment of the dividends, until the transfer is made at the Bank of the United States. 1/ Bank Stock, or if Funded Debt, it is at the Loan Offices* After the purchafer has received the Stock Receipt, Power of Attorney, and the Guarantee, he keeps in his poflefTion the Guarantee, but fends the Stock Receipt and Power to fome peribn in America, (or fome houfe for him,) to have it there transferred into his name ; referving, however, a copy of them, atteiled by a Notary ; fo that in cafe it is loil at fea, or otherwife, it may be renewed without injury to the owner, after a fure method, well underilood. The ■— i '«- r. 23* EXCURSION TO THE The intereft is paid always in America quarterly, but any American houfe (Bird, Savage, and Bird; De Berdt and Co. &c.) will receive it for you, giv- ing him a Power of Attorney, upon your paying a' fmall commiiTion, fay a | per cent, on the money he receives. * Of all the dates through which T have travelled,! prefer, as an Englilhman, C onnedlimt ; and of the country towns between Boflon and Philadelphia, the pleafantefl to live at, in my opinion, are the follow- ing : viz. Worcefter, in Maffachufets ; Springfield and Hartford, in Conne£licut; and Newark and Trenton, in the Jerfeys. I objed to New Brunf- wick, though a neat, clean, well-built town^ on the fide of a hill, becaufe it feems too fmall to afford much pleafant fociety. The provifions there, I found very indifferent and dear, neither does it ap- pear to be a very fruitful foil, for there are but very few gardens to be feen in its vicinity. A German would probably prefer the Jerfeys, or Albany, as being more inhabited by perfons from his own country. I have heard it faid, at New York, of an Albany man, that if a ftranger fpeaks to him in Englifh, he will fcarcely open the upper hatch of his door, but a fingle word uttered in German or High Dutch, will make the whole hatch fly open inflantly, and the perfon, whoever he is» welcome to every thing in his houfe. Does not m. ' this .i I .. t UNITED STATES, 233 this (hew a (Irong love of their own country? yet feme ilronger principle operates on their minds to leave it. , • . They colleft no ty thes in America, the caufe, in England, of fo many difputes ; the Clergy here arc well provided for without it ; in fome lUtes by a rate, in others by a free fubfcription. There is very little wheat grown in the traft, of country through which I pafled, for the reafon I be- fore mentioned, but they grow a vaft deal of rye, of which the country bread is pretty generally com- pofed. The northern ftates are very adlive, dili- gent, and profperous ; but the Hates fouth of Pen* fylvania, tend very much towards indolence, luxury, and vice. The lower clafs of tradefmen,. in the Northern States are not the moft honourable, in bufinefs: they will make as much out of you as they can, and take every advantage. You mud, in your concerns with them, trull to your own judgment, and not leave your interefts to their keeping. Their money circulation appears very limited, their capi- tals very fmall, and the opportunities they conti« nually have of laying out what money they can muiler to great advantage, tempts them to break their engagements, and keep your money as long in their hands as pofUble. On this point they are not at all fcrupulous. , . »- V- ; 1 '^:^ tfot^ «J4 BXCURSION TO THK Notwith (landing the regulations, of their governw ment to put a llop to flavery, which, indeed, has been given up by Maifachufets, Conncdticut, Pen- fylvania, and moll of the Northern States, yet yoa fiill fee the Philadelphia papers dtigraced with fuck advertifement» as ttie following: ^ohtdijpojtdoff. ** A Negro Lad, feventeen years of age, either for life, or » term of years, as may Tuit the Purchafer. He has been ac- cuftomed both to houfe work and farming. For further lA/* formation enquire at the Office of the Aurora.** February 23, 1794* Their (hip building and carrying trade have won* derfully increafed« within the lad three or four year»» fince the war, on account of their prudent and wiiir neutrality. The tonnage in 1790, was as follows t Tiielr own (hipping 479091 tons} foreign to their ports 25891^ ' In I79« - 501790 — • 440799 179* - 56828J - oM 244263 The difference in the tonnage duty, and the ad* dition of one tenth upon the duties on goods inw ported in foreign bottoms, is a fufEcient encourage- ment to their own (hipping trade, and in fome mea« fure countervails our navigation aft, in its effe£l to- wards themj at lead. To increafe this diiference in * h Vt '^ CMITID STATI9. '35 an enormous degree, as Mr. Maddifon propofed* January 3, 179^ would, in my opinion, defeat iu {elf; and this leems to be Mr. Smith's opinion. Here we fee how much their own {hipping trade has increafed, while their trade in foreign bottoms has gradually leiTened. It is a doubt, however, with many fenfible obfervers, whether the extenfion of their navigation, does not, in a conPierable de- gree, check population and agriculture, which ought to be, for a long time« their principal national Proportion of their Trade with Europe^ from Ja» nuary i^to December 31, 1792. » EXPORTS, IMPORTS, VO THK AMOVNT OF TO THK AMOVKT Of Dollars. Dollars. a,oo5,907 to Spain and from 3 3 5.* 10 1,283,46a m Portugal 595,763 - 4»698»735 - France ^,068,348 9,363,416 - Great Britain 15,285,428 1,963,880 • Holland 1,172,69a aa4,4iS - Denmark 351.394 47,240 » Sweden Ruma 14,345 ■' ■'. 't Hanfe Towns ,v, •! ,'■ -^ Indies '" ■.' -'. ■^ ■ -"•''" ' It %'^i EJCCURSION TO THE It is remarked, that the United State* have flotr* riihed more during the laft three or four years, than thrice that time during any former period. This, I obferve, is fince the federal conlHtution has come into full exercife. In England, the degree of liberty ijoe ha^je enjoyed, IS confidered as the grand caufe of our greatnefs, and fuperiority over other nations ; yet here, geniu» is often cramped by poverty and misfortune, and the exertions of a vafl body of people loft to the corn, munity, by partial laws» chartered rights, appro- priation s» &c» a a n It is not fo in the United States ; every man feels himfelf equal in the eilimation of his country^ ao* cording to his virtue and ufefulnefs> and the ftate provides for his education. The civil rights of no one are abridged on account of religious belief or worihip ; and every one is at full liberty to follow the bent of his genius^ uncontrouled in its exertions by any of thefe impediments. Three fourths of the people are adively employed in either agriculture, trade, or commerce. There are but few idle drones in the hive, and, with all thefe advantages, their rapid progrefs to wealth and improvement is certain, and muil be great beyond conception. But, with all their improvements, they mnft yet iox a long time come to John Bull for his cloth, for # VNITED STATE*. *37 xt lead hair a century, I fhould fuppofe. Although the Alleghany and other mountains, would do well for ratf:ng a breed of fine>woolled (hcep, yet there are, as I before obfcrved, many things at prefent ' againfl them; to which I may further add, the number of wolves all over the bac^' .'ountry, which would be deflroylng them continualty. July 8, 1769* aa a£t paflfed the IcgiHature to lay an impoft on goods, wares, and merchandizes, im-' ported into the Un! red Str.- es ; and a repc^rt of the produce being ordered to be mac' out by a com- mittee, Mr. Gerry, on the 2.^.th of September, J 789, from the commit xt, made the ;;bllowing report to Congrefsi ( ( • ^ m H 9t3S EXCURSION TO THE ^n Ejiimate of the grofs Amount and neat Produce ■ efthe Impoft and Tonnage Duties for one Tear^ : 4tccordmg to the lateji Returns, " In K Grofs Amount of the Impoft. Ditto of the Tonnage Duty. Neat Produce of the Import & Ton. Duty. - 1789. Dollars. Dollar*. Dollars. Vvff Hampfhire 42,177 i,28z a 1,491 MalTachufets 116,366 10,188 199,261 Conne£licut 76,824 3,ai3 72,450 New York *45,i6s l5>oi9 a45,3x6 Jerfey 11,336 240 10,514 ^Philadelphia 376,841 18,003 361,405 Delaware 5,69* 443 5,654 Maryland 223,620 17,054 a",53iy Virginia i76.>85 18,687 186,470 Carolina 137,887 14,446 144,839 Ceorgia 3,7" 4,614 8,141 M95,8i5 103,189 1,467,080 ■4^- In . D*' VNITES STATES. a3» In the fpace of five years they have • trebled in value, for in the year I794» Mr. Smith ftates them before Con- Dollars. igrefstobe v • . • ^ • *5, 500,000 ■' . ' . ' ' • '\- ' To this add the - Excife • - 400,000 Carriage Tax - - 150,000 •? Sugar and SnufF - 90,000 Auftion Tax - 40,000 Wine and Spirit Li- xences - - 100,000 Pod Office, and Surplus of Dividend 'ifiji Bank Stock S-L 780^000 70,003 Amountof National Income in 1794 - 6,350,000 And the Amount of their Nadonal Debt • ^ the iame Time • ' - i^>853,2oS ■•-; ..} • This is confiderably larger than any former year, owing, iMr. Smith faid, to the prodigious emigrations, laft year, to their country; which he fuppofes will 1)6 diminished when f eace takes place* Zalarta S4d EXCURSION TO TKE Salaries to the Legijlature* *To George Waftiington, as Prefi, dent of [the United States, ^^r«»«. 25000 dollars, or - ;^. 5650 o o dJ TTo John Adams,* as Vice Prefi- dent, 5000 dollars, or • - 11 25 00 To each Senator during the Seflion, fix dollars per day, and three more while travelling to and from 'Congrefs. TToeach Reprefentativein the Lower Houfe, fix dol- lars per day, and to the Speaker twelve dollars. '* I met Mr. Adams at New York; he had come, the day before, from Philadelphia to New York, in the ftage, and was juft going on board the packet, for Bofton, I thought of Cato, commended by the Hiftorian for his fimplicity of manners j af- ter di£lating> in the Romap Senate, the fate of kingdoms, he was to be feen riding home to his country houfe, on a little pad nag, attended only by one fervant carrying his portmanteau. Mr. Adams had juft determined the queftion in Congrefs, by his fingle voice, whether there fhould be w^r between Grca t Britain and America. A bill had paiTcd the Lower Houfe, to prohibit all commercial intercoufc with Great Britain ; the votes in the Senate Houfe, were equal, and Mr, Adams, as Pre- fident, was called on for his vote, which he gave againft the hiW, and it was loft* !'V The -«. UNITED STATES* a4* o ,, The mode of elcfilon is as plain and iimple at l^ofTible. I was at New York during the ele£tion : I faw no additional buflle in the fireets. The names of the Candidates having been pabliflied, the proper officers went about* through every ward* door by door* and received each perfon^s vote, ia writing fealed up, which was afterwards opened be* fore the Committee, fitting in the Hall* and there regiflered. No canvas by the Members f no holi- day on the occafion ; no appearance of tumult or Inebriation. The fums total for each Candidate being made up, they are inferted in the newfpapers. (I write this from my memory only* having n^fla^ the document.) .^i j.K -t): The following circumftance occurred during that cleftion : A lady of New York, of confiderable property* and heirefs to the Lake edate* previous to the above eleflion* fent feveral letters to her tenants in the north part of the (late, to vote for General Williams, as Senator for that diilridt ; one of thefe letters came, by chance into other hands* and was opened, by which means it became public. It was univerfally reprobated as unconftitutional influence» and notice was taken of it in the public papers. . In Conne£licut, were a perfon to canvas, or come forward with pretentions of merit* it would at once do away all pretentions whatever ; for a man there has no occation to make any exertions on his own ^C'^C M behalf f .(-•,/, ; ^. 1«4« EXCURSION TO THIS ticliitf ^' and if deferving of deftion, ihould he ap- ^jp'car /dliCitbus, it would create fufpidons to his rl ^'tt^jdbftraSi ofihi ASf of Naturalization, )**' *^ And be it further cna6led, that any alien, bcin^ fifree white person. Who ihall have reAded within the limits and jurifdi£lion of the United States for the term of two years; may be admitted to become a cidzen thereof, on application to any common law •Court of Record, in any one of the dates wherein 3ie fhalt have reilded for the term of one year, at the Heaftf giving proof that he is a perfon of good cha- radier, and taking the oath, or the affirmation, pre- icribed by lawj to fupport the conflitution of the JJnitei States. 'J4 vr --•^ifi'-.j ,,-.,v.^ 'j^.'ij. V;... ,,-- -^VS'- •^/■•■^■u ;■'■■''■ -.^.•i"■- , Kcvei^elefs, no perfon heretofore profcribed by any one of the dates, ihall be admitted a citizen, as aforefaid, except by an A£i of the Legiilaiure of that date, in which fuch perfon Was profcribed.*' K.B. In the year 1795, ^7 ^" Aft of the Legif. lature, thi^ qualification is required to be a five years j-efidence, in confequence of the va(t influx of Euro* jpeans, for the lad year or two pad* S ■.. I :* Mpitom k&^ UNITED STATES. jt «4S 'Epitome of the Federal Government as in 1 7942 THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,— chofen by the citizens at large, every two years^^ qualifications, twenty «Ave years of age, and Teven years a citizen — paid for their attendance^ fix dol« lars per day out of the national treafury, (one.hun* V dred and Ave- in number.) \ as THE SENATE, (two from «ach ftate) chofcn by each (late government, every fix years—* divide thera- felves, when they firft meet, into three clafles, one of which goes out every two years, by rotation- qualifications, thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen — are paid for their attendance, fix dollars per day, out of the national treafury, (thirty in namber.) The Senate appoint all the public of- ficers, none of which have any vote, or are futffeitd to fit in either houfe. :£ .H • THE PRESIDENT of the United States, clea- ed in the following manner : Each of the ftates (on the fame day with each other) appoint a number of ele^ors, equal to the Senators and Reprefentatives^ they laft fent to Congrefs— thefe meet and vote, by ballot, for two perfons, one of whom is not to be an inhabitant of their ftate. Thefe fifteen returns are fent to the Prefident of the Senate, who opens them in the prefence of both houfes, and whoever has M 2 moft y ^44 EXCURSION TO THB noft votes Is chofen Prefident; (the next in num- l>ers is Vice Prefident.) Qualifications, he mail be thirty. five years of age, avid fc'\rteen years a re- iident— he has a kind f^i negative d'a every bill, that is, he may fend hick a b'll, ^o be . < '.oniidered, an- nexing thereto his reasons xor noL iigning it, which will oncafion the t'Ao houfes to reconfider it j but if they iliil fee it uncbjcQionable, (rf two thirds ftill vote for it) hey fend it to hinji, and he muft fign it, without any further deinur He is never chofen for more than i'our years j in his ficknefs, or abfence« the Vice Prefident ihall a£l in his Head. .*. The Judges are appointed by Congrefs, and hold their office quamMeu fe bene gejjferit* There is only one Supreme Court, and Trial by Jury, as in En- gland, whofe conl^itutional law they take for their guide; — falary to Chief Juftice, four thoufand dol- lars; to five AiTociate Judges, three thoufand five hundred dollars each ; and to a Judge befides, in «ach of the fixteen United States, from eight hun- dred to one thoufand eight hundred dollarst All are paid oat of the national treafury. From' all that I have feen, read, and heard, I con- clude America (I mean the Northern States) to be a fine country, for an adlive induilrious man to live in, whether he be rich or poor. Activity and ufe- fulnefs are better recommendations than riches ; for as iFranklin obferved, when a ftranger comes amongll i ' ■ them UNITED 8TAT£9» 245 them (be he ever forich) it is not enquired, what is he, or who is he, but, what can he do, or is he a pleafant man ? I think a man who has been in hi> youth employed in a£tive life, by which he has ac« quired experience and information, is fure to be well received in America, and may conclude his life happily. _ I (hall now conclude my account, with Dr« Ramfay's elegant and energetic Addrefs to the Americans: t . ■■ " ' 1 . ■ . . ■ 1 . .-! 1 " CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES ! *' Tou have a fwelUbalanad conjiitution eftablijhed hy general con/ent, which is an improvement on all republi- can forms of governnent heretofore eftablijhed. It pof- fejfks the freedom and independence of fi popular ajjemhly acquainted *with the ivants and *VDiJhes of the people, hut iwithout the capacity of doing thofe mifchiefs nvhich re- fult from uncontrouled porjter in one aj^embly. The end andobjeSi of it is public good. If you are not happy it tuill be your own fault. No knave or fool can plead an hereditary right to /port voith your property or your liber" ties. Your laws and your law-givers mujl all proceed from your/elves , Tou have the experience of nearly fix thou/and years, to point out the rocks on vohich former republics have been dajhed to pieces. Learn nuifdomfrom their misfortunes. Cultivate jujiice both public andpri» vate. No government ;. r. -.. ^ ^ / H^ EXCURSION TO THB rtgulatioHs an adopted, as 'will fecure ffoftrty as wtU as liberty, sne revolution nvill follow another, jinarthyr. monarchy, or de/poti/m, will be the con/equence* ^yj'ifl • laws and the faithful execution of thenii public and pri" *vate credit will be reftoredi and the refioration of credit • naillbe a mine ofnjoealih to this young country » It will make a fund for agriculture, commerce, and manufacm tures, which willfoon enable the United States to claim an exalted rank among the nations of the earth. Such are the refources of your country , and fo trifling are your debts, compared (with your refources, that proper fyflems,*wifelj- planned and faithfully executed, will foon fill your exien- five territory with inhabitants, and give you the com* mand offuch ample capitals, as wtll enable you to run tht career of national greatntfs, *u*ith'ad'vantagfs equal /#> the oldeft kingdoms of'Europt* What they hew* been^ flowly growing to J in thg courfe ^fiear twffthoufand \ yearr, you may hope to equal within -one century ^ If you > continue under one government i built onthefolidfoknda*' tions of public juft ice, an, < public virtue, there is no points of national greatnefs 1o which yau may not afpiret with^ a weH founded hdpt offpeedily attaining it, Cheriflt' and fupport a reverence for government, and cultivate > an union between the Eaft and Souths the jitlanti< and - the Mifjifjippi, Let the greateft good of the greateft number, be the pole-flar of your public and private de- liberations. Shun wars, they beget debt, add to the^ common vices of mankind, and produce others, which are • dilmo/t peculiar to them/elves, ^Agriculture, manufac- tures, and (omnerce, are your proper buftnefs. Seek not i9 UNITED STATEJ,,^ H7 H 1o, tnlargeyo^r territory hy conquejl ; it is already fftffic^:*, entlyfxtfttjifve. Tou ha've amplt Jcope for tht employ^ ment of your moji a£iive minds, in promoting your oivrr dofftefiix: bappinefs, Ma^Htain your on/uft rights, and Iti all others remflin in quiet po^^on. of fheif ■.. Avoid dif» cord, fusion, luptury, and the other vices *which havi bejfn the bane, of commt^'wealths, Cherijh and rtward th* philofopbers, thejinttfme^, and the patriots, *who d«- vqte Mr talents and tim(^ at, the e^fivat^ of their pri* niati: intetrtfs, to^ thi.JoiJj of enlightening and dire^,Ag. thiir fellow, citizens, andjlhereby refcue citizens and XH^^ IfTA of rep^blicf from jthefof^nton, and toe often mtrited^ thargi , of ingti^titudt,. PxaQift indufiry, frugality », tep^rmut tnqdera{iont. an4 the *whpli lovely, fraitf of repi^]fcfsnw{rtt»e^* . Banifijfrm yowr^ borders the liqjuid fte pf- the Weji' Indies, vobieb, *wkik it entail^. pover^ eu^ , difeetfe, prevents induftry, and^ foi^nt.s pryiiot^ qifiorrils.. Feneratf thejflpuglf, thejjqe^.atui.alli.th^ itifpletnettts^ of agricultm/u HmQtur $he. ,la«fr^ vtho ,t^tk tl^eirown b(in>ds. m/xintfi^ ^hetrfa/^il^es,^ ^n^d ,raife t^p^ clfildr^en to toil,. an4 capable „of defending theiif. eoutft^y^ RecMott the necejjity tf- labot^i^ not .a^png the curfes,, but th^ blejjings of life* Tour tonuns, vjill probably, ere Jong,, b^ engulphedin luxury and effeminacy, ^fyour libgrties an4 future profpe3s depended on them, your career of lih&rty^ would probably be Jhort ; but a great majority of your, country, mujl, and 'will be, yeomanry, ivho have no other d^pen4ence them, on Almighty God for his uf^al, blef fing on their daily labour.^ FromJl^e great,. exc,efs. of the,. number of fuch independent farmei[s in , th^e StatfSp 'i. 24S IXCURSION TO THI §ver and ahcve all othtr clajfts of inhabitants ^ thtlong €ontJnumct of ytur lihtrt'tts may be reafonably prefumtd. " Let the tapUfs Jfrican Jlcep undijlurbed on his na- ii've Jhore, and give o*ver ihick in lefs than a century will probably contain fifty ' '^ T . , , miliions UNITED STATES* «49 miUiont of inhabitants. You have, with a great expend of blood and treafure, re/cued your/el'ves and your pofterity from the domination of Europe. Perfe£l the good *work you have begun, by forming fuch arrangements and injii- tutions, as bid fair for enfu. ing, to the prefent andfuturt generations, the blejftngs for which you have fuceefsfullf contended* •* May the Almighty Ruler of the Univerfe, who hat raifed you to independence, and given you a place among the nations of the earth, make the American revolution an ara in the hijlory of the nvorld, remarkable for the pro- grejjtve increafe of human happinefs !** . HAVING how completed my buflnefs, I agreed for my paflage home, with Captain Smith> of the Sanfcm, (the fame who brought out Dr. Prieftley) for thirty guineas. He was to find me in wine* porter, and provifions of all forts, and with every neceiTary, except bedding and towels.. July 2. I flept on board, expefting to fail before the morning, but fome of the American failors, from a defire of once more feeing their fweethearts and wives, jumped overboard, andfwam onfhore: we loft that tide, and I had an opportunity of going into the city, and purchaftng fome almonds and M 5 raifins> 2SO EXCURSION TO THE nifina, apples and gingerbread, which are articles I would particularly recommend to erery young voyager, as the domach will often relifli thefc things* ivhen other things become unpleafant and infipid. They counteract the fait taile which brings on ^knefs. yu/y 3 . At two o'clock , p . m . we weighed anchor* and reached Sandy Hook that evening* where we again anchored, on account of the return of the tide. OA the beach, we faw the monument erected to the memory of fome Englilh feamen, that were all frozen to death, near the place, in the year 1782, by a fudden fnow ilorm. The next morning having a fine frefh breeze, from the fouth, at five o'clock we again fet fail, and, on our getting clear out of the Hook, our pilot left us, in his little fkifF, which appeared hardly able to buffet the waves, which how began to heave apace. Before dinner* we had completely lofl fight of the Neverfink, the lafl ridge of land vifible of the American fhorCs. I brought from the United States with me* of live animals* two kinds of tortoifes* and a beautiful flying fquirrel; of fhrubs and plants, rhododendron Sy martegon lillies, tulip trees, acacias, Virginia cy- prefiTes, magnolia glaucus, fugar maple trees* &c. Of nuts, hiccory and chinquopin, or pea nut ; the latter. .,..4.. \2r UNITED! 8TATM« ^k Icles jung |pid. on lor, we ide. the a]} 82, latter, I find, is very common in Chint, a« a .nativi^ Chinere told me, when dining at my hioufi^, witlv two gentlemen of Lord Macartney's faitt* fome o£ thofe nuts- being on table. ■« . We now failed fouthward till we made latitodt 36. The weather being warm, multitudes of Ayin^; filh were fcen rifing out of the water. They can only fly in ftrait lines, about eighty or one hundred yards, when their wings or long fins loofing their moiflure, they fall again, expofed to the mouths of the purfuing dolphins ; of the latter our CaptaiOr ftruck a fine one with his harpoon, and brought it{ on board. It is a beautiful well-formed fiOi, very, different from what it is ufually reprefented* Its. forehead is high above the eyes, and formed fliarp like the keel of a fhip or cutwater, by which means it makes its way very fwiftly in the fea. It- feen^d to die with all the agony and (hivering of a human, being, and, changed its colour repe;Ltedly from a gold,- colour. to an emerald green, tli^n to a beautiful Saxon blue^ and amidil a variety of beautiful' tints^ like thofe on mother of pearl, it fijiced in a brpwd^ and white. We found it very good *o eat. Our courfe was now changed to a northerly direc« tion, till we made the Banks of Newfoundland* Here we lay to, and caught fixteen or eighteen fine cod. After this, when near the Wellern Idands^ M6 we -*? i^% ; EXCURSION TO THE #e had fome very rough weather, and our mefs table was often drenched with a heavy Tea, which pafled through the light over the mefs room*^ ^^ yufy 20f It was a dead calm, fo as not to be able to make lleerage way : at noon> found we were in 45. 38. N. latitude. y«^ 21. A freih breeze fprung up from the W. S. W. The Iky continues overcaft and dull. In the wake of the ihip, I now obferved a multitude of little birds, about the fize of a lark, ccMitinually rifing from the furface, and dropping again in* ceflantly. The faiiors call them Metier Carey s chickens, and think their appearance ominous, as rough weather generally follows. ^i|if :sv:ii ■' In the evening, a large drove of porpoiies paffed along, clofe to the ihip, whofe appearance feemed to me quite formidable. They rofe almoft out of the waves, and da(hed the water about them, like ib many coach horfes trotting through a ftream of water* The faiiors called them the hottk vo/es. **>■.*■' '^i^^f»'*=r-4 "•i*,?" July 26. At eleven at night, a flrange appear- ance, like fire, was iwn on the north fide of the (hip, on the furface of the deep, of the fize of a doud, which continued for half an hour. The cap* tain UNITED STATES, «53 a& taiii thinks it was a whale amufing himfelf, by dafb» ing the waves about him. I was rejoiced that he did not favour us with his company. The variation of the compa(s where we now are, is confiderably more than what we found on the American coafts. It was there one point and ahalf» and it is here two and a half, or 28 degrees weft. A( Saliibury> the variation is about 2 if degrees^ By fome inattention to our !og, we outrun our reckoning, fo that when we were looking out for Land's End, we found ourfelves faft running on the rocks of Guernfey, and before we could wear fhiir againft a ftrong wefterly wind, we were carried within fight of the Coaft of Brittanny. Had but an armed boat from France attacked us, we muft have been taken, as we had not a iingle gun on board. At length, by great exertion, we weathered the rocks, got clear of all the breakers, and made Alderney ; between which and our fhip, was a fmall ifland, on which Hands the Cafkets: this is a large handfome tower, with three lights, which, by means of a rotative motion, with 'refle<^ors, are rendered vifible and invifible alternately. It was a pleafant fight to us during feveral hours of the night> for we could fee them at a vaft diftance* . :'4' *f *••* (,*«R,«M-. ■ w« ■^ 254 EXCtJRSION TO THE We now flr«tched over the Channel, and had a; view of the lile of Wight, from whence we (haped our courfe to the Suilex Coaft^ We had next a di£* tinfl view of Brighton, and could fee the company walking on the Seine. At feven, a. m, we faw the high land of Beachy Head (Iretching out beyond all: the reft of thecoaft, and at eight, we were abread of Shoreham^ A frigate is now making, towards us. We next fee Ncwbaven, and the Harbour full of (hipping; alfo Seaforth, and a large camp to the eftA>of it upon the fea fhore, and, by our glaiTes we dffcover a great many officer'i and foldiers looking- at us. Ten o\lockt We are now opening another! head land beyond Beachy Head, and dircover a naii»of«>war at anchor in a bay, with auEnglilh. ' enfign hoiiled. We are going to hoifl our colours. for the ftrft time on the voyage, (having never fpoke a.iingleveAisl) in order to prevent the man- * of-war firing a gun to bring us to, which we mufl: obey, (or be fuak) which would hinder us a full hour. We are now clofe to Eaftbourn, in SulTex, and fee the bathing muchines, and the company walking the Beach. Hailings next appears, and another camp on the heights near it, - . ■'4 The fun now fliines mild and pleafant. The pea^^ creen hue of the fea contrafted with the ripe brown \ jsvv . colour UNITED STATES* XSS: colour of the corn fields* partly reaped and piled in ridgesy like armies of men ; as well as the occafional mixture of green meadows and fields, and a clear blue fky, form a fcene of the moft lively land, and* highly pi£turefque. Winchelfea now appears on the top of a ridge^ almofl covered with trees ; and near it are tents^ foldiers, and horfes ; fome exercifing. The Diana» a feventy-four gun (hip, furrounded by a fleet of tranfports, bound for Cork, next meets our view. Then Bye, one of the cinque ports, from whence a pilot boat puts off to meet us. Our Captain, finding he belonged to Hythe, (the next port eaft* ward,) treated with him to take his bag of American letters. After this, we hailed a boat belonging to Dover j and, being impi nt to land, eight of us paifengers agreed with him for four guineas to land us there. On our arriva!, the Cuftom-Houfe Officers came on board as u'nl, to examine our luggage, wiiich was taken to me Cuftom Houfe. At the York Hotel, we regaled ourfelves with good tea and frefh cream, new bread and butter, &c, which was the greateft treat imaginable, after being on fhipboard two and thirty days. The next day I arrived fafe in London to my great iatisfattion ; wr 256 EXCURSION TO THE and, what is remarkable, though never before out of fight of land, I did not once experience the leafl: ficknefs or illnefs, by fea or land, during an excur- fioHsOf near eight thoufand miles. ^5. ' >♦. •:.* vii-t4t' '■'"■'- *-■'■•- 1«. J »■ ■ .,' ■i-... .-■('. i. iC/-' '^ %M?^ ■J';.';, w^f;^-;f»^: i^ # i,?^i,,V "»E i-,; 1; "ii ^^ ••'•♦' *^ iV # ^r*' *i v'fHi'j.vy'M ./l! <:>>-• ir' -l;v?f, i>ti ' o«''i- .{^%y-^ fv*i.H>.": -•-'■; >i-C ii' iii; ^K:-r. ■:*''* . .. ^ % vv,i,t^. APPETC- [ 457 J :w.:- APPENDIX. '!■ " - ■ t' I- ■ ■ • NOTES. -M;'^ '. J 1 •^.-■v. k;** ',; • I. ri THE State of ConneOicut, originally held fivt millions of acres of land, adjoining to Lake Erie» of which it took in part. Of this faid land, five han* dred thoufand acres had been granted in 0£lober» 1 792, as a compenfation to thofe inhabitants of Ne>v London, Fairfield, Croton, Norwalk, and Danbury^ who had fuffered by the burning of their towns^ during the American War. In OiSlober, 1793* * ^^^^ ^^-^ brought in, to ap- propriate the remaining four millions five hundred thoufand acres, in the following words: " Be it enafted by the Governor, Council* and Houfeof itc- »58 APPENDIX. Reprefentatives, in General Court alTembled, that the monies arifmg from the fale of the territory be* longing to this ftate, lying weft of Penfylvania, be, and the fame is hereby ^ftablifliedj a perpetual fund, the intereft whereof is granted, and fhall be appro- priated to the ufe and benefit of the feveral eccle- fiadical focieties, churches, or congregations, of all denominations in thi3.ilater,tQ.,beL. by them applied to the fupport of their refpedlive mmiilers, or preachers of the gofpel, and fchools of education, tinder fuch regulations as ihalllie .adopted by this, or fome future feflion of the General Affembly.'* Mr. Stanley, Member for Bc;rlin, delivered an ex« cellent fpeech, of three quarters of an hour long, to urge the Houfe to refcind the vote of laft Odober Seflion ; alleging that the refolution made by the ^mer-Hotiffu .tr#»¥he4 jupon the^rights of the pre* fant rand -of, all i future ; General Aflembliw. Inafit niflQbc ^ as tho\)gk , no immediate . appropriatioii o£ tliofc l4»4« WAS! at -all ne^eiT^ry* or could pofl»bly« take place rftt prefect, yet that Houfe had proceeded, ibiar, a» to direct all future legiflators, how the pron dttc^.of ; the. fatd lands fhould be appropriated; a rigV::, he afferted, that they wer^e, npt warranted to. exercife, and againft which he fully expelled the pfsefeul Hoftfei; would, make fopie dficifixe, refo- l&U QrwgCithjp Mem^c.% Suffi<;W^ w«is againft tht AFP£NDrX# 25^ th€ approprifttion of thje money to the: objeAs men*, tioned oa other accoants* He faid^ « it was wdl: known, that in no part of the United States whatever^*, was poblio^ddcAtion at this time better attended to»i, than in I Connecticut. Their clexgyi of erery de^ nomination, were well provided for^ their fchools. properly /upported> and religion and moraUty hadi their, due -weight in: fociety^ Why then fell out lands, or appropriate (them to parpofes not wanted 2; It appears from our public accounts, that we are not in{ want of fmonoy; if we Jook at the ftate of our finances^ they are. flonrtihingi The ftate to all itr creditors, owes but three hundred and thirty thou«t fand dollars, and^ the debt due to us from Congrefai» amounta to fix hundred and nineteen thooiand.onei hundred and twenty*one dollars ; fo that upon the. balance^ our funds can at any time pay> at the letft^ fiye and twenty ftullings in the pound.? n ^ ^ ' : k;"? ■■...I General Hart and fome others, fpoke in favor of the fale of them. Mr. Phelps remarked, *' that one of the great errors in the old governments, and the caufe of the decay of true genuine Chriftianity, was thie making their clergy independent of the people* and forming eftablifhments for them. We fee aa as early as the time of William the Conqueror, iit the conduct of Lanfrac, and after him* Thomas a- Becket, and many others ; that all the meeknefs of of the Apoftle was foon loft in the love of domina- tion. Religioa was by them, under thefe circumn fiances^ ,# i6o APPENDIX, ^X ..- ■.*: fiances, an infirqment to attain worldly confequence^ pomp, and authority. And this had continued to be the cafe ever iince, notwithdanding occafional reforms had taken place, for they had contrived to refume their power. On thefe accounts, he was firongly again ft apportioning any part of the public lands, for an independent fupport of the clergy." The queftion was put by Mr. Dagget, the fpeaker^ and the bill was loft— •! 14 againft 56* . i,. The Government of this ftate confifts of a Go^' vernor, a Lieutenant-Governor, and twelve Aflift« aLi\iSt> ^vho form the Upper Houfe ; and one hundred and feventy-feven Reprefentatives for the different towns, who conftitute the Lower Houfe* They are re-ele£ted every year, at which time no perfon is fuiFered to canvafs for votes, as they carefully guard againft any perfonal influence during tbe cleftion. * . • . . *■'.-■* '^" ^"i'n ■->, 'T V.N* . »-, The carding and fcribbling engines, at Hartford, were of the oldeft fafliion. Two large center cylin* ders in each, with two doffers, and only two working cylinders, of the breadth of bare iixteen inches, faid to be invented by fome perfon there. They had no fpinning jenni* s, the yarn being all fpun by hand. They were fcribbling deep blue wool, of the quality of APPENDIX. 26f of WUtlhlre running fine, for making coarfe broad cloth ; the fpinning was very bad, the wool not being half worked. I faw in the weaving (hop, fivelooms> two on broad cloth, two on coarfe caffimeres, with worded chains, and one on narrow or foreft cloth. They gave the weavers nine -pence per yard curren- cy, for the caflimeres, i. e. fixpence three-farthingi ilerling; dear enough, con Adering the largenefs of the fpinning. They could weave fix yards of broad cloth in a day, I faw there fome very good well- combed worded. They fort a fleece into feven forts. I obferved fome very fine wool there, which» they told me, came from Georgia, but it was in bad condition. The concern is carried op by a com* pany ; nine thoufand three hundred dollars have been lent towards the undertaking, by the State. None of the partners underftand any thing about it« and all depends on an Englifhman, who is the forter of the wool. Mr. £li(ha Colt, a fbre-keeper, or woollen-draper, has the prefent diredlion of it, but he is going to fettle in another place very fliortly. He (hewed me every part of the manufadlory, and afterwards, at his own ftore, twenty or thirty pipces of cafiimere, broad cloth, elaftics, and narrow cloths, of the Hartford manufa£lure. He could fell them at about the fame price, 1 found, as our £n- gli(h goods would cod, when delivered into the dores there, but the fabric was very poor, and hard in the fpinning, and very badly drefTed, and there* , fore very inferior to, and dearer than the Briri(bj loaded 162 APPENDIX. loaded with all the expenccs of freight, inAirance, :Hierchant*s pr -iv., md feven and a half percent, duty. Morfe, in his Geography^ fays, *« This t wn en- ters largely into manufafturc." Her? as well as in many other places, he certainly writes under a (IrOBj; prejudice in favour of his own country, ^ .^.,.„i • t*' /;. r- ""■t '» r W m. • The fugarmaple, is a tree that I Ihould ftrppofe 'vould grow in this country as well as in many parts of Europe. In Connecticut, it is expofed to as fe- vere winters as any in this ifland. I have a tree in my garden, feven feet high, that hasllood the {ie- veire winter of 1794. The chief thing to attend to, IS to fee it planted in good rich foil. Thofe fettlers in America, who dear the lands, always begin with cutting down the fugar maples, becanfe they are . generally found on the richeft and befl land.— This is one reafon why America will not be fufiicient to fupply its own fugar, i" ..... .'l**^ f ■ t'. . l^ ■ '.VI ■ I was given the following as the method in which they make it: Draw oiF the fap into wooden veffels, by wooden taps fixed in the bark, feven feet from the ground. Boil it always the next day ; — provide three kettles of different fizes — fay» of fifty, fixty, ' 9iid feventy gallons ; boil it iirft in the largeil kettle> v., „- ... adding APPENDIX, afil adding as much lime, as will make the liquor gra- nulate; as it boils, take off the fcum, encreafing the heat* till it evaporates to fixty gallons ; then drain it through a woollen cloth into the fixt3r gallon kettle. This mud boil and be (kimmed in the fame manner* till it is reduced to hfty, and then be ilrained into the £fty gal' V. And each kettle muft be or . tinued in u< . till you have boiled your whule quantity, j hundred gallons. ^ When it is boiled enough, which is known bf its becoming ropy between the finger atid thumb, it it turned out into a wooden cooler, and ftirred with a kind of wooden paddle, till it granulates ; and tiien it is put into earthen moulds, in the fame manner as the Weft-India planters pradife. ■ ,.-..: ^ i-'^-i ,.;-'■! ^'t- " ■-' '7^ (tii- ^•jn;v •-.'V/ -W'/i'Mf y:/":l'M'''--^. ! '%' M- 0?'J ,,,i \ ,; ,,f,- jv^ v \ :V«- f| :':•'; -[^.^-iiiH-^ii^ r?\; iuifi i,iWO.\ ■m „>•■■■ ';#' ^ ^^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I •^ Ui 12.2 1!^ 144 ■■■ lit |i£ 12.0 I I 1.8 '•^^ir-^ 1'-^ < 6" ^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 "^W ^ ^64. APPENDIX. Ai .^ ,iV .S many perfons have wHhed to know how far a tafte for Literature prevails in the States, I have an- nexed a Lift of/omc of the Books J^. Which han't anfwered to reprint there, *with the names tf the Towns, and dates vthen reprinttd; together *with original' Publications of their ovin* Beiides which it is to be underftood, that there is annually a vaft importation of Books from England, Scotland, and Ireland, and that it would not be worth while to re-print there, unlefs the demand was greater than could be conveniently fupplied from Europe. When matters of faQ are jlated, efvery body may judge for themfelves, > V*^»,i. O B VB R A L neat editions of the Bible, at Philadelphia^ New Tori, Bofton, and all the principal towns. New ^ p" '♦^^i Xfpbndix, 16 j. New Teftament* ?r/«/Mr, 1788 Robertfoh's Hiftory of India^ PhilM/tipbia,iyg2 Price's Obfervadons on Civil Liberty. PhikuUlpbia, 1776 Paley's Principles of Moral and Practical Philofo^ phy, Philadelphia, 1787 Watts's Pfalms, 4th edition, Ntw Tori, 1792 and "793 Doddridge's Rife and Progrefs of Religion in the Soul, Philadelphia, 1 791 and 1794 Encyclopedia, P>&//a^i^/&/ N a V LanghorneVl -tes APPENDIX. Jjanghorne's Fables of Flora, Philadtlpbia, 17S4 iMSaXk^s Poems, Philadelphia, I790 Cowper's Talk, Bojion, 1791 Cowper's Poems, Salem, 1792 Peter Pindar's Works, i»i&/7«

» Index to the fiible, Salem, I792 Belknap's American Biogra^y, Bd/foH, 1794 Examination of Sheffield's Obfervations on the Commerce of the United States^ Pbiladelpbid, 1791 Univerfalifl's Catechifm, Port/mouth, N, E, 178* JHiftory of the Sute of Vermont, by Dr. S* WtU Hams Bartram'a Botanic Travels through Oeorgia tnd Florida Gookin's Hiftoric^ CoUeQions of the Indiani b New England, Bofton, 1793 Hutchinfon's Hiftory of Maflachnfettt Hazard's Hiftorical Colkdion of State Papers Minot's Hiftory of the Infurre^tioa in 1786 -andl 1787, Bofton 1790 Smith's Hiftory of New York, fublijhed by Carey tf Pbiladelpbia liCtters from an American Farmer by Hector St. John Goftavus of Sweden, a tragedy, Bofton, 1793 ^■1 INDEX. Abstract of the Kd of NaturafisAtioii Adams* John, Vice President 82— compared to Cato - - • Account of the Yellow Fever f • Addrcfs to Dr. 2 iieftlcy .• * Alom found - • . - • American Funds, how to purchafe in « Anti-Fedcralifts defcribed • 761 Apple Trees flripped of their Bark to reno- vate them \ - ^ » •, Articles beft to be taken over to America Aipinwal, Mr. a public fpirited Man ^ • 9m 24s J40 73 164 231 112 61 81 48 Albeilos found Ni 51* ia« BachCif INDEX, fi Bache« Franklin • • - 121 Bancroft^ Dr. his Patent 87* ao9 Belvidere, Profpeft from . s» Barrington, in Nova Scotia • • H' Bartram, the Botaniil - 140 Bay of Fundy, a remarkable Tide there - 16 Beavers, good Clearers of Land • - 196 Bingham, Mr. * 123, 124 Bifliop of New York - • - 7« Books, Lift of, reprinted 264 — Original Pub- lications . • ■ . a66 Bofton defcribed 18— Obeliik on Beacon Hill 25— Long Wharf and Harbour - It Brant, Jofeph - • 155 Branno&'s Tea Gardens . 205 Briffot 34' 36' 56 Briftol r • . - 94 Brockfield . v • 35 Boll Frogs • • • . 89 Bunker's Hill - 21 Burke, Mr* his enormons Penfion - »57 Bugs , • . . 20, 36, 97 BufliHill ^ »34 Butter and Cheefe bad> and why - 225 Cape ^ I^DBX, Cape Cod • - ' » 5 1/ Cape Sable - - - - *5 Caillot, late Governor of Guadaloape •. 124 Carey, Map and Print-feller at Philadelphia 133 Cenfus . . • • • • 34a Chinquopin, a Nut common to China and America only • * ^ • • 250 Charlefton* near Bofton • • 28 City Tavern, at Philadelphia - • ' 97 Chrift Church, Philadelphia ^ - 123 Clinton, General • • 67 Clearing Lands 181 — coil of - . 196 Coafting Packet Boats, clean and neat - 56 Cochineal Fly, fuppofed - "49 Coins of the United States - • 154 College of Cambridge - - 22 ■ of Newhaven - - jo ■ Columbia . • ^ • 72 Confeffion of Dort - - 71 Connecticut, its River 37, 43 — its Govern- ment modelled by the famous Locke 41 Controverfy in Politics friendly to Liberty 77 Congress fitting - - 98 Cotton Manufa£t6ries - - 6S, 188 Country Towns that feemed mofl preferable 232 Cuftis, George Walhington • - 11 a. Ns Debates INDEX. Debates jn Houfe of AfTembly at Hartford Pebt of the United States Difconiblate« a Frenchpian - • Pelafield" . . ^ Delaware - . Democratic Society at New York Difficulty of keeping Servants Dpbfon* fiookfeller Drefs of an American Officer Drill Ploughs obferved •' • Dutch Reformed Church 40 176 198 57 68, 93 7* 85 121 43 9} 7i E Eaft India Trade of the Americans 230 Effeft of General Wafhington's Death ■ 177 EleAioneering without noife or buftle 241 Elizabeth Town 85, 194 Elizabeth Town PaiTage Boat 207 Epitome of the Federal Government 243 Eftates, ptice of> in the Jerfeys "94 Exports and Imports compared m» ^iS Exports, Table ©f - - 242 N V , .■ V*. « » ♦ ■■(■. Fedemf ♦ -v noriir. F Federal H>1I ... U Federaliils defcribed • • Federal City defcribed ^^ • Fevers, at Newhaven 53«-atThiladclphi« Fire Flies defcribed Flag, Captain Flat Bufli • . '• Flax Funds, American, how to purchafe Flocks of fheep, fmall Frankfort Franklin, Mrs. 67— Dr. Franklin Franklins, Mifs Franklin Library • Freeman, Rev. Mr* ai3 126 197^ 210 48* ^7* 199 231 f6 96 99* "7 189 117 Gaol Regulations at Philadelphia » t^$ Gates, General . - - 64 General Obfervations on Conneflicut 54 — on Philadelphia 172— on New York 57*219 Genet, the French Ambaifador 60, 62, 82 Gravefend, in Long iiland • . 210 Gr6y*8 Gardens ^ ^ 141 N 6 Cxove i^- r,i.'" INDEX* ■ .'^. v-;.\.., Orove> Mr. vifit to - - i56> 17! Governor's Ifland . - 66 iGreek and Latin going out of Faihion in / America - - - 198 *:«. ;,;*47^ v.-,^^: ]^ Hbuu-lem .'' -^iW ^■^"'/'V . -..^i-t. ./v'-. 205 Haldenj Charles^ a Vidim to his Humanity^ 136 HaUfax - . - * >* 3 Harrow*gate Gardens - -"^175 Hartford, in Conpe£Ucut ' r «r, 40« iii> 116 Hagar's Town . - ; ^. • >.*. 166 Havord College ' - * 22 Hackney Coaches at Boflon « - 23 'Hell Gates, it Eddies accounted for - S^»7^ Heffian Fly - - 46, 88 Heffian Troops farprifed by General Walhing. ton ./ - . 02 Hories, good for travelling — a Danifli one coft 100 Dollars - • 46 HotBaths - ;-»:,. . 9«j Hudibn's River - «* ^ ». Hurt, Rev. John 212 — his Opinion of Land ,#-. Furchafes .# i. vV . 212 \ :■«. Jamaicaj INDEX. •^ -■■: Jamaica^ in Long Ifland - - 199 Iced Creams and Liquors - 118^205 Importance to Great Britain the increaiing " Population of the United States ** 30 ' Indian Chief, his peculiar Notions - 64 Indian Deputies at Philadelphia • 154 Indians, Mickmack c— Montaick - 200 Inftruflions to Sea Captains •' *' ^* 227 Journey of J. Prieftley to Northumberland 159 Iron Ore on Conne^ut River K >,■>■ f' ■--•♦# \, , . ,;,-.^"S. ,^ v,.-^. Kofciofko wi^ru- ^ V * Kentucky Lands« beft next to it ,'^*. 4« 21Z "1 .•^■ Land, its increafed Price Lands, Military, fold by Audlion Lee's Speech in Favor of England ;%. Legiflator, Qualifications for Leicefter - » ' ^ ' Liberality of the Epifcopalians 204^Bofton excepted - - - . 24 Library^ public^ at Philadelphia • « * 117 •^5 211 99 243 34 INDEX. lift of the Deaths during the Yellow Fever at Philadelphia^ compared with the former Year - - ^ - 127 Literature . - 264 Liverpool^ in Nova Scotia> defcribed 9 Livingftone^ Chancellor H Livingfton, Governor -- ^ -' 8s Loghoufe* one defcribed • 39, 161 Long Ifland - , - 62, 197J 210 Loring's Lodging Houfe, Mrs* 60 Loyalfoc Settlement - • 6I1 165 M Malt Liquor but little brewed, and why 224 Malkin's Eifays* Extrad from - iCy Mammoth, huge Teeth of the • js Manufadofies of Woollen defcribed 29, 32, 42, 20S Marlborough Pond - ♦ Maple Sugar Tree Members in Congrefs, Number of Mickmack Indians - Mifflin, Governor, his Cottage Miftakeof BriiTott's Montgomery, General f Morfe, Jedediah Muncy Creek Murlegafli Fifliing Vcffels Muiketoes « * « ■■':'-).^i<: 33 54 118 iM4 - 79 28, 48 84, 201 Negroes^ ■H5f" ■ ". INDEX. •^V,t^, N ■ iV'^ \ Negroes* their natural Indolence accounted for 39— Sick ones provided for by Law 41 Negro Houfes ... 86 Nelhaminy Bridge defcribed - • 96 Newark - • ,- - 84,185 NewBrunfwick - >. 88,183 Newhaven - - . ■* 49,129 New York, Account of 57— its increaiing Population - - - 221 Newipapers at Bofton 29—31 New York 59 — at Springfield • ♦ 37 Noailles, late Vifcompte de - •» 124 i f' o Obfervations on their Manufa£lo- ries. Woollen and Cotton 52, 61, 69, 2o8 Obfervations on Philadelphia 172— on 1 New York w • 57, 219 Oeller*s Hotel - - - .118 Oil extraded from Sun-flower Seeds - 48 Ofgood, Mr. - • 1* 67 P Paper Mills Parker^ Colonel 34 98, 179 Paterfon » i^ateribn Manufactory . 6i, i88 Patriotic Inftrudlions given to all Captains and MaftersofVeiTels . 227 Paul's Churchy New York « 203 Peach Trees - - _ •. 4J6 Peale*s Mufeum - - 121 Penn, William - - 96 Pigs fed with Peaches ' - - : 46 Philadelphia, firft fight of - - 97 Piatte*s Obfervations on Penfylvania - . i6t Pine Apples raifed near fioilon •• 54 Playhoufe,yJf Theatre Population of Bofton 29~of Hartford 45 — of New York 221— of Philadelphia 175 Prieftley, Mr. ^ - - 60, 180 Prieftley, Dr. - 72, -j^, 90, 156, 189, 193 Pilmogeniture, no Rights attached to it in Connedlicot » . - 44 Prince-town - . - g^ Proviiions, Price of, at Trenton 182 — at New York 225 — at Philadelphia - 151 Prolific Families common in the United States - - 39, 191 Public Buildings at New York 78— at Philadelphia . - 117,144 lUmfay, Dr. his Addrefs to the Americans 245 Rariton River '^^k' - - 88 Reafott INDEX. Reafon why Dr, Prleftley was not afked to preach - - 205 R«afons fbr the Federat City being fixed where it is « v • ^16 Religious Prejudice - •' • 203 Remarks of JefFerfon's on our Government 107 Return to New York - - 179 Revenue >of the United States • 176 Rivington, James . . 206 Road from Bollon to New York 51— to PM. iadelphia . . 8j Rodgers, Dr. his Illiberality - 71 Roles for the Philadelphia AfTembly - 120 Rye fown in preference to Wheftt> and why 46 Sale of Lands by Auftion at New York Salaries to the Legiilatore , •. Sands, Comfort >. *^ Sea retired Sequeftration of Briti0i Debts confidered Sheep • . * Shenandoah Valley Shelburn, or Port Rofeway Shipping, increafe of - Silkworms bred Simcoe Skuylkil - ? ' -- 240 49 178 86 166, 2IZ n an 48 I43« 141 Slavery INDEX* Slavery not aboHflied . . Smith, the commoneft Name in America Snakes with two Heads Soap, a cheap domeilic kind Society (of pronioting Agricolture, Sec, Sounds dividing Long Ifland from New York, grows narrower « Spencer - - • Spinning and Carding Machines Springfield Plains •- • Springfield, in Jerfey 207— Manufaflories there . • ' . Stages from Philadelphia State-houfe at Philadelphia defcribed State-gardens Staten Ifland . . . Statute Labour in Long Ifland Stocking Looms - ^ • Stocks, American • • Sugar of Maple at Table Sulphur Springs difcoveredj fiuperftitious Cuftom with a Horfe-lhoe 2J4 51 199 227 49 36 42*, 68, 20S 37 20^ 152 99 117 207 20s 116 43*47 172 M. tTayterand, late Bifhop of Autun . fiS Theatre at Bofton 23— at New York 59 — \ Philadelphia - -.j^ .113 Thomas, Ifaiah, a famous Bookfeller - 34 !r - 144, 163 32 17 165 37 123 46 90 169 ^37 33 206 Yaledollege - * 50 Yellow Fever - - 125 Yonge« Sir George's Manufactory at Ottery 53 \ 1 I'age 53, fine 19, for as, read has* «. 63, •— 5, from xhchottom, for owning tteiiicvfingt •» 79, w i$f for Trinity Churcbf tcAi St, Paurs» — 124, ~ I, for father f tei6 grandfather, — 151, —• 7, for i/ ii, read /ifc^ are. •— 194, — 5, from the bottom, for is, read are, «M a29| — ■ 22, for HotideraSf read Honduras* DireSUotts for placing the Flaies^ ^<% The Profile to face the Title. ^ , The State-HouCe, page T17. > Table of Eji^ortsand Qcj^us, fagea4z«