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 X. 
 
 THE TOPOGRAPHICAL WORK OF THE 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 ■■■*,'M.-.-»y'-<»#-'V«»<Twat»5' ■ i;tf^'-'M^*^'i ''ifui"i" x^ 
 
 Bj8| James White, Chief Drauj-htsmun cf the Survey. K 
 
 From * The Geographical Journal ' for December, 1897. 
 
■*V ''.,',/*fK' 
 
 i 
 
 -I 
 
THE TOPOGRAPHICAL WORK OF THE 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA.* 
 
 By James White, Chief DraughtBman cf the Survey. 
 
 (From ' The Oeographical Journal ' for Ihcember.) 
 
 Most of the difficulties encountered in making a geological survey of Canada have 
 arisen from the want of good topographical maps. In the absence of an ordnance 
 or similar survey, the Geological Survey, as the only organization charged with the 
 mapping of the Dominion as a who'e, has had to undertake, concurrently with 
 tiie geological work, extensive topographical surveys from its very inception to 
 the present time. The surveys in Canada that are available for topographical maps 
 are, in general, Dominion Lands and Crown Lauds surveys. The former is based on 
 an accurate system, but applies only to Manitoba, the North-West Territories, and 
 a narrow belt along tlie Canadiau Pacific railway in British Columbia ; and its 
 operations have, thus far, been confined to a portion of the railway belt, and to the 
 country south of the North Saskachewan and lying between the Rocky mountains 
 on the west and the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba on the east. 
 
 The Crown Lands Departments of Ontario and Quebec have made cadastral 
 surveys in the southern portions of their respective provinces from time to time, to 
 meet tlie requirements of advancing settlements. As these townships are surveyed 
 independently, and sometimes not very correctly, extensive surveys have to be 
 made to check and correct them, and to add roads, railways, etc., that have been 
 constructed since they were surveyed. The other provinces have made no surveys 
 available for mapping purposes except in isolated areas. 
 
 Again, the Geological Survey, as the pioneer preceding the lumberman, the 
 minpr, and the settler, has frequently to make explorations and surveys in districts 
 that are subsequently cadastrally surveyed by the Dominion Lands or Crown Lands. 
 Tlie maps issued by the survey may conveniently be divided into — 
 
 (1) Preliminary maps on scales varying from 8 to 25 miles to 1 inch. These 
 are usually the results of reconnaissance and exploratory surveys in the great areas 
 of Northern Canada. 
 
 (2) Detailed maps on scales of 1, 4, and 8 miles to 1 inch. These maps are 
 published in sheets of standard size and on standard scales, and their publication 
 must obviously proceed more slowly than those of the first class. 
 
 As the topographical work of the survey is for inapj^ing purposes only, it is 
 necessary to strive after no greater accuracy and no greater detail than is requireii 
 
 * Paper read befure Section E (Geograj)hy) at ti.e Toronto meeting of th« British 
 Asiiopiation, August, 18tt7. 
 
2 THE TOPOORAPHICAI, WORK OF THE OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OK I'ANADA. 
 
 for the BCilo of the map in vi^w. The methods of sinvey une<l are therefore of an 
 elastic nature, varying wich varying circumiitances, and are usually a corabinatiun 
 of two lit more of the following : — 
 
 (1) Transit or compasH and chain Bur\reyB or triangulation. 
 
 (2) Micrometer or, if on roadf, odometer surveys. 
 
 (3) Paced surveys. 
 
 (4) 'I'rack or time surveys checked by sextant latitudes, and sometimei by 
 lonizitude ohgervations. 
 
 The order of description is by provinces, commencing with Quebec and Ontario, 
 the two provinces of Canada till confederation in 18G7, and then the otl.ors in 
 succession from east to west. While the work on the standard sheets is not less 
 important, and does not require less ability or diligence on the part of those engaged 
 in it than the t xploratory surveys of the north and west, yet, as a description would be 
 largely a recital of the number of miles of roads, lakes, afid streams surveyed in 
 each year, it has been abbreviated, and the sheets in each province dealt with en bloc, 
 
 QuKnEO. — In 1844 and 1845 Messrs. Logan and Murray made a triangulation of 
 the peaks in the hills that form the watershed of Gatipe peninsula. They also 
 made micrometer i<urveys of portions of the Chatte, Great Cascapedia, Bonaventure, 
 Matane, St. Anne, and St. John's rivers, in all 299 miles. In 1857 and 1858 the 
 work in this district was continued by Mr. Richardson, who surveyed the Magdalen, 
 Restigouche, Patapedia, and Great MetiH rivers, and several tributary streams and 
 lakes, in all about 200 miles. In 1862 Mr. Bell surveyed portionsof tho Dartmouth, 
 York, Malbaie, and Grand rivers, for an aggregate distance of 106 miles. In ad- 
 dition, about 100 miles of traveriie-lines were measured with the micrometer. In 
 1858 Sir W. E. Logan surveyed the upper part of the River Rouge and thirty-two 
 tributary lakes. Dr. Ells in 1881 to 1883, and Mr. Low in 1882 and 1883, com- 
 pleted tlie information required for the mapping of Gasp^ peninsula, 15,100 square 
 miles, on the 4-niile Fcale. Dr, Ells mode a chained survey of the shore-line road 
 from Little Pabos, on the bay of Chaleurs, to Grand Metix, on the St. Lawrence, and 
 micrometer surveys of the Salmon branch of the Cascapcdia, Grand Pabos, and upper 
 portion of the Bonaventure. Ottier roads and the coast-line were measured by 
 pacing ; Mr. Low triangulated the peaks in the Shickt'hock mountains, and made 
 micrometed traverses of the south branch of the Ste Anne, Little Cascapedia, and 
 west branch of the Magdalen rivers. 
 
 In 1858 Sir W. E. Logan surveyed the upper portion of the river Rouge and 
 thirty-two tributary lakes in the Grenville district. These surveys, with the 
 subsequent measurements, in the same district, by himself and Mr. J. Lowe, amount 
 to about 2600 miles, and lorm the basis of the so-called Grenville map, covering 
 an area of 1200 square miles. 
 
 The work on what is known as the " Eastern Townships " map-area was com- 
 menced by Sir W. E. Logan in 1848, and continued by himself, at varying intervals, 
 up to 1871 ; by Mr. Richardson in 1850 to 1852, 1854, 1855, and 1863 to 1868 ; 
 and by Mr. Webster from 1870 to 1876. The paced measurements of roads and 
 exploration lines by Messrs. Logan, Richardson, and Webster amount to about 17,000 
 miles, and cover an area of 26,380 square miles. The publication of the three 
 sheets thus far issued was delayed by the uncertainty as to the exact horizon of 
 some of the members of the Quebec group, so called. The additional surveys, to 
 bring them up to date, necessitated by this delay, were made by Messrs. Ells in 
 1886 to 1890 ; Garoux in 1886 to 1894 ; Adams, 1886 and 1887 ; A. R. Low in 1889 
 and 1891 ; and McConnell aud Ord in 1880 ; in .-ill about 8600 miles. 
 
 In 1857 Lieut. Ashe determined, telegraphically, the longitude, as compared 
 with Caiubridge, of Quebec, Tliree Rivers, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, 
 
THE TOPOORAPHICAL WORK OF THE CEOLOGICAI. SURVEY OR CANADA. 3 
 
 Collingwood, WindBor, and Chicago. So uncertain were the longitudes at that tini^, 
 that an important place like (jhioago was placed by the two best authoritlefi as in 
 longitude 88° 23' and 87° 28' W. respectively, wnereaa Aiho'a ubiiervationH gave 
 87° 37' 44", a difference of 9' 44" in one case, and of 4ry 16" in the other. Signals 
 were interchanged with Gambriilge which had been determined by the interchange 
 of several hundred chronometers with Qreenwich. 
 
 In 1870 Mr. llichardson made a micrometer survey of the canoe-route from the 
 upper portion of the Ashuapmouchouiin river, by Niliobau River Lake, Abatagamaw 
 and Chibougamoo lakes, to Lake Mistassini, and of the shore-line of the latter for 
 80 miles. His provisions failing to reach him, he was forced to abandon the survey 
 of Mistassini and return to Like Nil<obau, where they were stored. From Nikubau 
 he carried his traverse by the Foam-fall and Clearwater rivers to the St, Maurice, 
 which had been surveyed previously by the Crown Lands Department. From 
 Kirkendach, on the St. Maurice, a survey was made of the route by the Hair- 
 cutting river and south-east branch of the Oatineau, and the Gatineau to the 
 Desert. Of the surveys thus made, 274 miles were measured with the iLicrumeter, 
 and 300 miles were track survey. 
 
 In 1871 Mr. McOuat carried a micrometer-traverse in a north-westerly direction 
 for 90 miles from the Mistassini river to the lake of the same name, and thence al<ing 
 the lake-shore to the end of Mr. Richardson's survey of the previous year. He 
 also surveyed 160 miles of the cua«t-line of the lake to a point on the main north« 
 west shore, about 70 miles from the extreme south-west point. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. A. P. Low comnienrtd at the terminal point of Mr. McOuat's survey, 
 carried his traverse up the weist side to the north end, and down the east side to 
 Big Narrows, where he connected with McOuai's survey 139 miles. He found the 
 average length of the lake to be <tbout 100 miles, and average width 12 milep. 
 From the outlet of the lake he made a track survey of the Rupert river to Huduou 
 bay, 300 miles. 
 
 In 1891 to 1894 Dr. Ells made about 3200 miles of odometer and 400 miles of 
 paced surveys in the Grenvilie and Pembroke map-areas, ti900 squard miles. 
 
 Labrador Peninsula. — In 1887 Mr. A. P. Low surveytd Agumsk8,WeHton, and 
 other islands in James bay. In the following year he made a track-survey of Big 
 river from its niouth upwards for 160 miles, of the ''.rvnoe-ronte by the htadwaters 
 of Bishop Roggan river to the Fouth branch of .; /.it Whale river, and of the 
 latter to the main stream, and thence to Hudson bay, "uO miles. He also made a 
 micromtter survey of the route from Richmond gulf to Clearwater lake, 63 miles. 
 In 1892 Mr. Low made a tnicrumeter traverse from Lake Mistassini by the Rupert, 
 Kawashagami, and East Main rivers to Hudson bay, 326 miles, and of the East 
 Main between the Eawathagami and Chegami branches. In 1893 and 1894 Mr. 
 Ljw, with Mr. Eaton as topographical assistant, continued his explorations in the 
 Labrador peninsula. The micrometer traverse was continued from the mouth of 
 the Tshegami branch, where it connected with the surveys of the previous year, 
 up the East Main river, 104 miles, to where the route to Nichieun leaves the main 
 stream. From this point a track survey, checked by rextaut latitudes, was made 
 of tb" route by way of the headwaters of Big river, N<chieun, and Kaniapeskau 
 lakes, and the Koksoak river to Fort Chimo, upwards of 600 miles. In February, 
 1894, having wintered at North-west River Post, a micrometer survey was carried 
 from the post up the Hamilton river to Sand-girt litke, thence up the Attikonak 
 branch to the Height of Land, down the Romaine river for 115 mile?, thence by 
 ])ortage-route to the St. John river, 702 miles. From this foint a track survey 
 was made to the mouth, V.^ miles. From Sand-girt lake miciometer surveys w<re 
 made of the Ashuani^i river, Petitsikapow, and otht r lakes, 293 niilef, and track 
 
4 THE TOPOGRAPHICAI, VVOHK ()K THK QKOLOOKIAL SUKVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Hurveys of the canoe-route to Lake Micliikaniau, and of tlio lake itouir, l!Ut) milei). 
 Total in tlie two yearH, 1100 miluH of microiutter, auil iilo mileH Iriick Miirvcyu. 
 ]n 181)5 MeNHrH. Low and Eaton niadu a itiicrotiieter travcrHO I'roiu the liiail of Luke 
 Moucliala<:an l>y way of the headwaterti nf the Municui^an aud UutanleH rivern to 
 the Heif;ht of Land, a.id thence by a chain of lakes to Naokokan Inku, on ]Mn river. 
 In IH'.MI Mr. Low continut'd bin iiiicronuiter survey of IbHH from tliu outlot of 
 ('iearwatcr lake, surveying Clearwater and Lower iSeal lakex, and Larch and Koknoak 
 rivers, to Mur;ava bay. 
 
 In 1887 Mr. Cochrane made a track survey of Twenty-mile bay of Grand lake, 
 of a chaiu of lakes aud streams to Shabogama lake, aud of the Mekibkau river to 
 Ited Flower-hill portage. 
 
 In 1895 Dr. Bell made a micromotor survey of the Mekiskan from the end of 
 Mr. Cochrane's survey to Mattagami lake, of Mattagnnu lake and Nottaway river, 
 and of the shore-line of Uufiert bay to llupert llnii.so. A tnick-survey was niado of 
 Waswanipi lake and river between the Hudson's bay jxist and Lake Mattagami. 
 In 1800 Dr. Btll, with Mr. Brock as as.sistant, made track surveys of the Mokiskan 
 rivt-r between Shabogaina lake and where the route to VVaswanipi leaves it, and of 
 the lower portions of its principal branches; of the route from Waswuiiipi post to 
 Lake Neniiskan on the Rupert liver, aid of the route by way of Waswanipi rivor 
 Irom the post of the same name to Wakanichi lake, where it connected with Mr. 
 Kichardson's traverse of 1870. 
 
 Kkw Bkunswick. — The topographical work in New Brunswick, commenced by 
 Mr. Kobb in 1808 and 1801), was continued by Dr. Ells in 187.'?-78, and by Mr. 
 Broad in 1878-82 in the southern portion of the province. The north-eastern 
 portion was surveyed by Dr. Ells and his assistants in 1879, 1880, and 1881, and 
 the north-western aud adjoining portions of Quebec by Mr. Mclnnes in 1884-89. 
 It is difficult to give an estimate of the distances measured, but Dr. Ells in 1877 to 
 1880 surveyed 2950 miles with chiiin odometer aud i>aciiig, an average of nearly 
 760 miles a year. These surveys, with the topographical inforriiati<in available 
 from other sources, furnished the material for mapping the province— 27,200 sciuare 
 miles on a scale of 4 miles to 1 inch. 
 
 Nova Scotia.— Sir W. E. Logan in 18(18, and Mr. Hartley in 1808 and 18G9, made 
 a survey of the Picton coidfield ; in the Springhill coalliehl, Mr. S. IVirlow in 1871 to 
 1877, and Mr. MtOuat in 187.'{ and 1874, made chained surveys aggregating over lltOO 
 miles. The survey of the island of Cape Breton, commenced in 1872 l»y Mr. Uobb, 
 and continued by Mr. Fletcher after the death of the former in 1874, was completed 
 in 1882. Since 1882 Mes^srs. Fletcher and Fairbault have extended these surveys 
 westward on the mainland to Windsor on the Bay of Fundy and Halifax on the 
 Atlantic coast. Thue, with the island of Capo Breton, 13,180 square miles have been 
 surveyed in detail for mapping on a scale of 1 mile to 1 inch. Messrs. Fletcher 
 and Fairbault estimate the measurements made by themselves and their assistants 
 at 34,000 miles. In 1881 Mr. W. B. Dawson made a topographical survey of the 
 Laurencetown, Montagu and Waverly gold fields, the coast being borne in etjual 
 proportions by the Survey and Provincial Government. In 1884 Messrs. Ells, A. 
 E. Barlow, and Giroux made chain, micrometer, and paced surveys aggregating 
 1003 miles, to complete for publication the Cumberland coalfield map, begun by Mr. 
 S. Barlow some years previous. 
 
 OntauK). — In 1845 Sir W. E. Logan made a micrometer survey of the Ottawa 
 river from the Joachim rapids to the head of Lake Teniiscamiug, and of the 
 Mattawa river from its mouth to the Lake Nipissing portage, in all 280 miles. 
 The work in this district was continued in 1847 and 1853-50 by Mr. Murray. 
 During tliese years he surveyed f^ike .\i pissing, the French, Sturgeon, Wiilinapitai, 
 Spanisli, Maganetawaii, Muskoka, I'etawawa, Bounechere, ami York rivers and 
 
THK TOI'OORAPIIIOAL WORK OK TIIK OKOLOOKAL SURVEY OV CANADA. » 
 
 MimorouH tributary Htreanifl and InkcH. In IH'jTaml lhr>H lie Hiirveyod the'l'lioHHulDii, 
 AliHr^isiiiign, (luiilaiH iiiitl nuineroiiH other Htrtaiim and lakcH butwuoii iiliiid rivt>r and 
 l.akii Sui'iTior. Mr. Murray'HHurvovH in 1H|7 and IH.'iit-.'iHaniitunt in tlie agnre^^atu 
 tt) '2'HO iiiileM nieaHured witii the tnicniiuoicr, IjPHJdos lietwuen .'!00 and 100 inileH 
 liy |>aulii((. In IHKI Mr. Murray Hiirvuyt'd the K«iminiHti;xuia for l<) iniluM; atul in 
 1H5- a nunil)er of hik»'H and ntroaniH between Kins«ton and Balsam lake, 100 mdi'H. 
 In iHdlt, iH'o, and IH71 Dr. ittU Nurveyed Nipigon and Lonn laken, While, iilack, 
 Nie, I'lnf^linh (Kant) and Kcnogami rivern, the canoc-route from Lake Nipinon hy 
 way of Otnl)abika and Albany rivers to the contluence of the latter with the 
 Konogaini, and nunierouH laken and streams between the Nipigon ami the I'io — 
 total, lK(;5 miles of micrometer, IHI miles of paced, and HUT miles of track surveys. 
 
 lu lH7li Messrs. Helwyn and IJoll made a joint track survey of the canoe-route 
 from Hawk lake l)y tlie Knglish river (west) to Heparation lake, where they 
 BL'imrattd, Dr. Solwyn coiuinuin^ the survey down the En^^lish aiid VVinui[iuj5 
 rivers to Lake Winnipeg, llll miles from Hawk lake; and Dr. IJjII i)y Sandy 
 portage and the Wiiiuipeg river to Hat portage, 2'J miles from Separation hike. 
 In 1872 Mr. McOuat made a micrometer survey of Lake Abitibbi and of tiie river 
 cf the same name to the first fall. In 1H77 Mr. Cochrane surveyed the river from 
 the end of Mr. MeOuat's survey to its conlluence with Morsn river. 
 
 Dr. Bell, in lH7ij, surveyed the upper portion of the Montreal (west), the Matta- 
 gand, .Missinaibi, Michipieston, and lower portion of the Moose rivers; in 1885, 
 Lakes Wabatongwasliuoe, Ol)a, Esnai^ami, and other hikes and streams in the 
 vicinity ; and in 1885 Lake Seul, Lake Joseph, the Attawapishkat river from Lake 
 Lansdowne to Hudson bay, the shore of Hudson bay between the mouths of the 
 Attawapishkat and Albany, and the Albany, except the iiortion surveyed Ijy him- 
 self in 1870. In 1887 Dr. Bell nvule a track survey of the canoe-route from the 
 great liend of the Montreal (east) river to Haish-ko-chagami lake on the Frederick 
 House river. 
 
 Messrs. Lawson and J. W. Tyrrell in 1883 and 1884, and Messrs. Lawson, 
 A. E. Barlow, and Smith in 1885, made a detailed survey of the Lake of the 
 Woods, Kainy lake, the Winnipeg river from Rat portage to the Dalles, and other 
 lakes and streams in ihe vicinity, for publication on a scale of 2 miles to 1 inch. 
 This work has Iteen extended to the north and east over the Rainy lake, Hunter's 
 island, Seine river, Shebandowan and Ma'dtou sheets, by Dr. Daw.son in 1880 and 
 1887, Mr. Smith 1888 to 1891, and Mr. Mclnnes 181)0 to the present time. These 
 shiets are p^ibiichcd on the 4-mile scale, and cover an area of 19,230 square miies. 
 They are ful' ui' lakes and connecting streams, tho water-routes thus formed being 
 the only means of communication through the greater part of the district. Of the 
 larger lakes, the liake of the Woods has an area of 1770 square miles, Uainy lake 
 345 square miles, Lac des Mille Lacs 105 square miles. ^ 
 
 Messrs. Bell and A. E. Barlow in 1*^88 to 1891, to complete the information 
 for the Sudbury and French river sheets, made micrometer surveys of the upper 
 portion of Spanish river, Panach and Rogomasing laken, and Veuve and Vermilion 
 rivers, the shores and islands of Bay of Islands, and McGregor bay and peninsula. 
 In 1892 Dr. Bell surveyed Key, Henvey, and Byng inlets. Mr. Birlow in 1887 
 made a micrometer survey of Lake Temagami, and in 1892 and 1893, with Mr. 
 Johnston as assistant, surveyed the western pjrtion of Lake Nipissing, Abashing 
 and Keepawa lakes, canoc-route from Temagami to thq mouth of Temagami river, 
 and made paced surveys of the roads in the Nipissing and Temiscaming sheets — 
 in all 1080 miles of micrometer, 170 miles of paced, and 45 miles of boat-log surveys. 
 
 In 1895 and 189t) surveys of roads, amounting in the aggregate to about 5100 
 miles, wtre made by Dr. Ells, Mr. Grioux, and Messrs. Adams and Barlow in the 
 Pembroke, Cornwall, and lialiburlon map-areas resiKJctively. In the same years 
 
THE Tol'O.iRAl'mOAr. WORK OK THE GF.OLOOICAL SURVEY OF lANADA. 
 
 till) writer iimilu a trnvoritu with tranHit ami < liain acnmii the pri)viiiue I'roin (li'urKiaii 
 bay to Kin^Htiiwii, In iH'.t.'t Mr. I>(iwiiii;^ inadu li>)^ HiirvdyK ol' {{ml 'i'rout and 
 Ciiill-mclc lal{i'H, iiiiil trat;l< MiirvuyM ol' iliu coimectiii^ Htreainn, uf tlio Mattawa, 
 and uppiT portion of Hitciih iiv«T. 
 
 Masitoiia ani> NoiiTii-Wn.HT 'rKuiiiroiuKs. — In IHT.'l Dr. Solwyn niado a 
 track Hurvey of the SaHkachowan river from Kocky Mountain Houhb on the North 
 Hranch to (JiinilMiriand 11 miho, lUH niiicH. In lH7f< and IH"'.) Dr. Moll niado track 
 HurvoyH of tliu HJioru of Lake \V'inni|i<>^ liutwcun Do|; Head and DriiiikiMi rivor ; of 
 the NuJHon, I lay oh, and GraHH rivorn; of the canou-route from Hplit hike on the 
 NeJMon to the Churchill and lower ]H)rtion of tlie ('hurchill, in all 1710 miluH. In 
 iHTli Mr. (Jochranc, Dr. HoII'h aH8iHti\nt, Hurveyed Oodo and Inland taken, the 
 eaHtern [lortion of Oxford lake, and the coniiectin)^ ntreaniH, 5^5 miluH. In I ^0 
 and iHHl Mr. (Jochrniio made track HurvoyH of — 
 
 (1) Canoe-route from Crosn lake by I'ine, Moobo, and SaHkachowan rivers to 
 Cumberland IIuumo, lilJ milit*. 
 
 (2) Canoe-routo by Orassborry rivor to 'rhoj» portage, tlienco by Churchill and 
 Deer rivorn to Kuindeer lake, and lltiindeer lake, Tti.'t miloM. 
 
 (<'l) Kuuto by ('ochranu rivir, Hatchet lake, and Black river to Lake AthabaHca, 
 nud north Hiioru of the lake, li'.'u niileu. 
 
 (4) AthabaHca river from the mouth to its contluence witb the Clearwater, 
 thonco by the Clearwater and Churchill rivers to TIior portage, "tiO miles. 
 
 (o) Route from i'elican lake to Cumberland 1I<>uho. 
 
 Total measurements, L'.'iltO miles. 
 
 In 1H81 and IHS'J Dr. Dawson, with Mr. McConnoll as assistant, made 'J.'!I5 
 miles of odometer, and 1 10 miles of paced and track surveys in the country 
 iH'tween Mtdicine Hat and the Uocky mountains on the east and west, and the 
 'liith parallel and the U«d Deer river on the north and south respectively. Dr, 
 Dawson, with Mr. Tyrrell as assistant in iHSJj, and with the wiit(!r as assistant in 
 ISK t, made a reconnaissance survey of that portion of the U'k ky mountains lyitig 
 between the parallel of 111^ and 51° M'. Tiioso surveys wure continued north- 
 ward to the North Saskatchewan by Messrs. McConnell and the writer in ISHo, 
 and by Messrs. McConnell and Russell in IH'.)2. 
 
 In 1883 and 1884 Mr. McConnoll, with Mr. Dowling as assistant in the latter 
 year, made ItiOO miles of odometer surveys of trails and exploration lines, and 250 
 miles of river traverse in the country between Medicine Hat and the eastern end 
 of the Cyprtss hills on west anil oast and the 4yili and olst parallels. Mr. Tyrrell 
 in 1885, and Missrs. Tyrrell and Dowling iu 188(i, made similar surveys and ex- 
 ploratinns iu that portion of Alberta and tho adjoining districts, lying between 
 110° W. and 115° W. and 51° .10' N. and 54° N. 
 
 The above-mentioned surveys ol Jlessrs, Dawson, McConnell, and Tyrrell have 
 been published, on the scale of 8 miles to 1 inch, in tlie Ijow aiul Bclby, l^ypress 
 bills, and Northern Alberta maps, and cover au area of 100,000 square miles. 
 
 In 1882 Mr. Cochrane made track surveys of Herene, iV\<x lil;ick, and Rojilar 
 rivers, and of the headwaters of Severn and I'igiou rivers, 287 miles. In 188t) 
 Mr. A. P. Low luade a micrometer traverse from Lake Winnipeg to Hudson bay 
 by way of the Bncns river to Family lake, thence by tho headwaters of I'oplar 
 river and tho middle branch of the Severn to Severn lake, thence by the Fawu and 
 Severn rivers to Fort Severn, 882 miles. 
 
 In 1887 to 18'Jl Messrs. Tyrrell and Dowling surveyed, with micrometer or 
 boat-log, Wiunipegosis, Dauphin, lied Deer, Waterhon, and other lakes and poitions 
 of Lake Winnipeg; also made track surveys of tho Bad-throat and other rivers to 
 the eant of Lake Wiuniiieg, and odometer surveys of traiN and exploration lines in 
 North- Western Manitoba. In 18'J5 and 181MJ Mr. Tyrrell continued the work in 
 
TIIR TOI'OdKAI'IIK Al. WuKi< OK IMK OKOI.Oflh'M, MimVKY Of OANAKA 
 
 thin illKtrict, ami Niirvi*,v<'<l tlu' (■uiiiHan, ItUck, l'i|{von, hlood, i'iiio, nml VVulf 
 rlviTH, till) I'liis^D'i'ii liki*s I lilt (III iii'-ri)v<i'vi '..mii Hlpi-wuHk htke tu NuUoii Huunu, 
 mill lioiii I'ltliit liiki' ti) Ntmuudii rivur. 
 
 Ill Imh7 Mr. M .(Jiuiiull Hiirvcywl tho liiard river, from the mouth of tlm l>(^aM« 
 to ihii Miii^kt'M/ic, mill thit lowor iioitlonnf liny livor. In tho winicr ol IMH7-HH 
 tMuk Hiirviiys wurr iiiiuli) Ironi [''nrt I'roviihinco iiorthwanl to Fort l!ni', ami Moiith- 
 wanl to Lak« ItlRuho. in IHHH, a* Mr. Uxiivin hnil Iwcn liiBtriictt'd to niaku a 
 microriKiti'r nnrvny ol' Iho Miu'.kon/.ln river anil I'oi'l rivrr |iort«i,'(', a nketch tiuvorso 
 uf tim riviT anil iiiuiiiitiilii Ifaturi'i mily wiih imulu nl' tlii-i portioii of tlui roiitu, A 
 (Ictalit'il niniiiiiij Niirvry wum tnailn oC ilm |'i>rcii|>inii rivi^r froiii thu iiiontli uf IIiII'h 
 rivur to tlir Yukon. In iMHii ami IHIM) Mr. Mot.'onnt'U inulo track Htirv«yn of tlio 
 rotitu lii'twi'ini tho IViuiit ami AtlntbiiHca rlvrrx by th« I't'lman, Loon, ami WabLskaw 
 liviirM, 'too imiIim; of thn Uml rivur fmni itH imiiitli iiiiwiiril for 'Joo inilcH ; of tho 
 trialH to thn Kiill'ilo-hund hilU and Trout luki'H, ami of thu trIhiitariuH of thu 
 AthalniMca bt'low Kurt MrMurray. In IHD'J MesHrH. Tyrnll ami Dowlinj; made 
 travcri)u« of thn lloavcr, Mmijaliik, (-'ruu, Black, (inikie, and \Vliitofl»h rivirx, of 
 lilack and Hniiidunr lakuH, and of the Huutli ehoruit ot AtliabuHca ami VVullaitton 
 lakuH. DiHtHiiLUH wiTu ostlinatrd, exuxpt on Ukcs and ((uiet rcachefl, which wna 
 Hurvtiyiil with hoat-lo^. 'I'lmy kIho made inlcromotfr mirvnyK of Black and Doer 
 rivt'i'M, and of tin* Cliiindiill hntwnoti tlm month of Doer rivorand <. lo^ [Mirta^u. 
 
 In lH!i;j and iH'.il Mr. J. B. 'ryrnll madu exploratory »urv«yH in tho "Barron 
 LamlH." In iHli.'l, with Mr. .1. \V. Tyrrell as topix^r.iphor, he mado a traverno from 
 iiiiku Athaliusca to lluiUon Bay. A Hiirvey of thu north tthoru of Laku AthabaHca 
 from Oiiipnwyan to Komi du I. no waH madu with buat-ln^ and Holar cumpaHs. From 
 Black hike tho Hurvny wan carriud by tliu Cnipinan and l)ul>annt riverit to thu 
 head of OhuHtoriiuld inlot, '.)().'> miloH. Of this diMtancu '2!)0 miles wero on river.'), 
 whiTu till! diNtancim wnu I'Hiiinatnd, and (ilij miluH were throuirh lakes, wlioro tho 
 dlHtunceH woru meuiureil with n boat-log, and buaringn taken with Holar or prismatic 
 coiiip>iHH, Ah tho tidoH provented the iiso of the lo^; with any degreo of accuracy, 
 the travurm) uf CheHterlield inlet and west coast of Hudson bay to lat. (il' [\2', where 
 the HI vuriiy of tlio weather compollod the iil>aiiilonment of tho survey, was a time 
 Murvoy. A Himilarsiirvuv wnHmiidoof thu liuu miloH between Fort Churchilland York. 
 
 Ill Ih'.ll Mr. .J. B.Tyrrell carried another tiavor.so from Du Bmchot jwat oa 
 Reindeer lukn by tlie (.Jochrano, Tiilewiaza, and Ka^au rivers to lat. tJ.'J" 7', thence 
 eaxtward by chain of lakus and the Fer^Hson river to Hudson bay, 815 miles. 
 From tho point at which ho abandoned his survey the previous year, ho continued 
 it southward to ChurcliiU. A timo survey was mado of tho route between Churchill 
 and (lull lake. Total distance surveyed in 18iJ3 and 18i)4, 2(100 miles, of which 1073 
 miles worolo;{, IKL'J track in canoes, and 5 IQ |)art track survey on foot and part pacing. 
 Thu distances thus obtained were cliucked by numerous observations for latitude. 
 
 Biti'risii (Joi.iiMiiiA. — In 1871 Mr. Kichardson made paced surveys of roads in 
 the oiiiintry betwec^n Yah,' and (iuesnol, ajigrojiating 428 miles. From 1872 to 1874 
 he was surveying stream trails and exploration lines in the Gomox and Nanaimo 
 coalfield. In 1875 Dr. Hulwyn made a time survey of the trail from Quosnel to 
 Mclieoil's lake, of tho canoe-route from McLeod's lake by the Pack, Parsnip, and 
 Peace rivers to Smoky river forks, and of Pine river from the "forks" to iis 
 mouth, Durinft I87r> and I87ti Dr. Dawson surveyed trails, lakes, and streams in 
 thu country between the Fiasor rivur and the coast range on the east and west, and 
 Bulla (!oola valley and Francois lake on the south and north respectively. In 1878 
 Dr. Dawaon surveyt^d tho islands, channels, and inlets of tho north and east coasts 
 of the t^iieeii (Iliarlotto islamlH. In 187!) Dr. Daw.son mado a traverse from the 
 Skeeiia river to Fdniontoii. From llazulton the survey was carried by the trail 
 from lla/.eltoii to Mclicod's lake, thence by thu valley ol the Parsnip and the Piua 
 
8 THE TOPOGRAPHICAL WORK OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OK CANADA. 
 
 river pa'ts to the " lower forks " of Pine river, thence across country to Dunvegan. 
 From this point side traverses wore made through Grande Prairie and southward to 
 Smoky river, and of the lower jiortiuns of the Wapiti and Smoky rivers. From 
 Dunvegan an exploratory traverse was made to the Athabasca river, near the mouth 
 of Marshhead creek ; from this point the survey was carried down the AthabascH, 
 with a side traverse of Lesser Slave lake ami river, to Athabasca landing, and 
 thence by trail to Edmonton. The trail from Smoky river "forks" to old Fort 
 A.ssineboine was surveyed by Dr. Dawtion's assistant, Mr. McCoimell. In 1885 and 
 1886 Mr. Bowman triangulated the peaks in the Cariboo district, and measured 255 
 miles of roads and trails. 
 
 In 1887 Dr. Dawson, with Messrs. McConnell and McEvoy as assistants, made 
 an exploratory survey of the region of the headwaters of the Yuk^n, Liard, and 
 Stikine rivers. Mr. JlcConnell made a micrometer survey of the Stikine from the 
 end of Hunter's survey to Telegraph creek. A carefully paced traverse was made 
 from Telegraph creek to Dease lake by Mr. McEvoy. From Dease lake Dr. Dawson 
 made a detailed track survey, following the lines of the Dease, Upper Liard, and 
 Pilby rivers to the confluence of the latter with the Lewes, about 900 miles. He 
 also carried it up the Lewes to enable him to add the mouncain features and make 
 some additions to the lakes as surveyed by Mr. Ogilvie. Numerous points were 
 fixed in latitude by sextant obs'-rvations, and a number of chronometer longitudes 
 were obtained. In 1877 Dr. Dawson made a general reconnaissance of the southern 
 interior of British Columbia. In 1882, 1883, and 1884: Mr. Bowman, the impor- 
 tance of the district having been increased by the completion of the Canadian Pacitio 
 railway, extended the work of 1877. 
 
 The geological intricacies of the region, however, necessitated the doubling of 
 the scale of the original map, and, consequently, the re-delineation of the topo- 
 graphy. Of the four new sheets which now cover the old map-area, the north-west 
 or Kamloops sheet was re-surveyed in 1888 to 1890 by Dr. Dawson and his 
 topographical assistant, ^Ir. McEvoy. A loose network of triangles, based on the 
 Canadian Pacific railway and other surveyed lines, was carried out between points, 
 each of which was occupied as a transit station and sketch-point, elevations being 
 determined barometrically and by angles of elevation. Other details of topography 
 were filled in from paced and track surveys checked by latitude observations. The 
 Borth-east or Shuswap Sheet was surveyed in the same way by Mr. McEvoy in 
 1891, 1892, 1894, and 1895. This, with the Kamloops sheet, forms a contoured 
 map of 12,800 square miles of rugged mountainous country on a scale of 4 miles 
 to 1 inch. The topographical work for a similar sheet to the south-east of the 
 Shuswap has been in progress since 1894. This, the so-called West Kootanie 
 sheet, is under the direction of Mr. McConnell, who has been assisted in 1894 and 
 1895 by Mr. Russell, and in 1890 and at the present time by Mr. McEvoy. The 
 latter has complete! for publication a detailed plan of Trail creek mining district 
 on a scale of 1 mile to 1 inch. 
 
 In 1889 Dr. Dawson made surveys with boat-log of the Upper and Lower 
 Arrow lakes and northern portion of Kootanie lake, and track surveys of the 
 intermediate portions of the Columbia and Kootanie rivers between Ilevelstoke 
 and Nelson. In lbj..i Mr. McConnell, assisted by Mr. Ilussell, made a track survey 
 of the Finlay river from its confluence with the Parsnip to Lake Thutade, 220 
 miles; of the Omineca river from its mouth to the Omineca-Sitleka pass, 113 
 miles; and of the trail from Old Hogem to Tacta lake, 42 miles. In 1893 Mr. 
 lIcKvoy surveyed 300 miles of the Nasse river and its tributaries, and made 230 
 miles of explore *iry traversts on foot. 
 
 » 
 
 HKINTEU bV \WLI.IA.M LLUtt L.s ANU bUNS, LIMIiKU, LuNL/ON ANU UH.1.1.ES, 
 
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