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 The 
 
i 
 
 O-TJII^^- 
 
 ONTARIO 12 MANITOBA 
 
 TORONTO, 
 
 ONTARIO, TO WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, 
 
 1WMl: 
 
 Tke Lake Superior, 
 
 Duluth and Moorehead Route, 
 
 DURINO 
 
 ^ TOUR THROUGH MANITOBA, VISmNO THK 
 
 RMING SETTLEMENTS, 
 
 PRINCIPAL FA 
 
 AND RETURN TO ONTARIO 
 
 VIA THE DAWSON ROUTE. 
 
 BY 1> H. SCOIT. 
 
 feij 
 
 TORONTO: 
 Troy & Co.. Pubu^hkrb. 32 Kino St. East. 
 
 1873. 
 
LP 
 
 fC^'bU.SL-5'2)'55 
 
 I't 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter I. — Journey from Toronto, Ontario, to Winnipeg, 
 Manitoba, via the CoUingwood, Lake Superior, Duluth 
 and Moorehead Route. 
 
 Chapter II. — Tour through Manitoba, visiting the principal 
 Villages, Farming Settlements, <kc. 
 
 Chapter III. — Journey from Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Toronto, 
 via the Dawson Route. 
 
 Chapter IV. — Appendix — Dominion Lands Act and Public 
 Lands of Manitoba; also, the natural features, and other 
 interesting items of Manstoba, from a Government 
 pamphlet, encouranging emigration. 
 
 I 
 
•'I 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 TO THE PUBLIC. 
 
 O The "Guide," Ontario to Manitoba, is simply a Diary ^nitten 
 as I journeyed from Toronto, Ontario, to Winnipeg, Manitoba ; 
 during my travels through Manitoba, visiting the principal farm- 
 ing settlements, and then back again to Ontario. 
 
 It is a round, unvarnished tale, and I know it has many lite- 
 rary eiTors, but hope that its truthfulness may compensate for 
 its defects. Leaving Toronto in May, I travelled by the Duluth 
 and Moorehead Route, arriving in Manitoba in June. Here I 
 remained not quite one month, and in July, leaving Manitoba, I 
 ^ returned to Ontario, via the Dawson Route, arriving at Toronto 
 in August. During this time, a Diaiy was kept of the chief 
 things I saw or heard from day to day. 
 
 -3 
 
 C 
 
 
 The Diary was not written for publication, or if printed at all 
 was to have been for private circulation only. But those who 
 were competent to speak on the matter, said that the notes con- 
 tained information that would be of interest to the general public 
 and of value to the intending emigrant. 
 
 At the request of many friends, I have had them printed and 
 placed btfore the public just as they were written. 
 
 The A ppendix is from a Government pamphlet for encouraging 
 emigration, published in 1873. 
 
 
 isesG. 
 
 Xi 
 
JOURNEY 
 
 FROM 
 
 
 Mm0tit(if ^nimkf U ^iwttip^g, p»ttiW»t 
 
 Via GoUingwood, Dtduth and Moorehead Route. 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 CHAPTER I, 
 
 May 26th. — Leaving Brampton, my native town, by the 10.25 
 p. m. train, I proceeded to Toronto, where I remained over night. 
 Toronto, as a city, is so well known by all (^anadians, that it would 
 be useless for me to attempt giving a description. The present 
 population exceeds 60,000. Here I purchased a ticket of passage 
 to Winnipeg, via Collingwood, Lake Superior, Duluth and Moore- 
 head. 
 
 May 27th. — I took the Northern 7 a. m. train for Colling- 
 wood, about 100 miles due north. The first part of the journey, 
 as far as Allendale on Lake Simcoe, is through a fertile rolling 
 farming country; beyond this has been settled more recently, but 
 gives equally as good promise to the settler. Collingwood is a 
 new and thriving town on the South Shore of the Nottawasaga 
 Bay, with a population of about 2,500. It is a good instance of 
 what a Railway terminus does for a place. Eighteen or nineteen 
 years ago, before the Railway was built, an unbroken forest occu- 
 pied its site. It now does a large commercial business, and is 
 unsurpassed by any western town for its lumbering facilities. I 
 reached Collingwood shortly after mid-day, and was informed that 
 the steamer Frances Smith would arrive during the evening, and 
 start on her return up the Lakes at an early hour to-morrow. 
 While here, I met Mr. M. Shipley, of Brampton, and Alex. 
 McCannell, ot Cheltenham, both bound for Manitoba, the former 
 accompanied by hia wife and family. 
 
May 28th. — ^Through some unexpected delay, the Steamer did 
 not arrive until noon to-day, and was busy taking on freight and 
 baggage till 5 p. m., when she started en her way. She belongs 
 to the Lake Superior Royal Mail Line of Steamers, is well built, 
 commodious, and under the skilled attention of her captain, Mr. 
 Robertson, of Owen Sound, (a man well suited to the responsible 
 position,) gives good accommodation in every particular. Her 
 average rate of speed is twelve miles per hour. Sailing along the 
 south shore, up Georgian Bay, we called at Owen Sound during 
 the night. Here we were delayed while the mail was brought by 
 stage from Collingwood, which the Steamer, being hurried in 
 starting, had left behind. Owen Sound has the appearance of a 
 lively business town. It is a port of entry for Steamboats, also, 
 the proposed terminus of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway. 
 
 May 29th. — To-day we have been sailing northerly, up Geor- 
 gian Bay. We called at Killarney to land freight, (mostly flour,) 
 and to take wood. This is a small Indian village with one or two 
 Irish families, to whom the place appears to owe little more than 
 its name. Near the wharf is a small shanty covered with birch 
 bark. This is the store wherein you can buy Dry Goods, Grocer- 
 ies, Hardware, Indian work, and almost anything that the heart 
 of man in Killarney can desire. As you go in at the door, a 
 placard catches your attention with 
 
 "ENGLISH AND IRISH VOCUBULARITY, 
 FOR SALE HERE," 
 
 and further in, another placard hangs from a beam overhead, with 
 the words, 
 
 "TO-DAY FOR CASH AND TO-MORROW FOR NOTHING." 
 
 I purchased some Maple sugar made by the Indians on Manitou- 
 lin Island, and afterwards amused myself looking at their bead 
 work until the boat whistled for starting. We next called at 
 Manitowaning and Little Current, the principal poi ts on Mani- 
 toulin Island, to land freight, which I noticed was mostly spring 
 wheat. At this date vegetation on the Island 'was not as far ad- 
 vanced as in Ontario. The trees were not yet in full leaf, and the 
 farmers were doing their spring seeding. The land along the 
 
shore does not present a good agricultural appearance, but I am 
 credibly informed tl.at after going back a few miles the land is 
 fertile and level, at the same time suflSciently rolling for farming 
 purposes. Several years ago the Indian title to the Island was 
 settled by the Canadian Government giving them certain annu- 
 ities, and allowing them to retain certain small reserves of the 
 land. They are of the great Chippewa nation, and are mostly 
 Christianized. Since this treaty the Government has had the 
 Island surveyed, and is selling it at $1.50 per acre. 
 
 May 30th. — This morning we are sailing along Spanish River. 
 Tne scenery is beautiful. After calling at Algoma Mills to de- 
 liver the mail, we sailed up the North Channel, which is dotted 
 with numerous islands. During the afternoon we met the Steamer 
 Manitoba, on her return trip from Duluth to Sarnia, and ex- 
 changed signals. At 4 p. ra. we hauled up at Bruce Mines, a vil- 
 lage on the north shore. This has the most li^'ely appearance of 
 any stopping place since leaving Owen Sound. Copper mining, 
 the principal business, is being carried on very successfully. The 
 mines now in operation are the Bruce and Wellington. They are 
 still very productive, and at the present time give cmplos ment to 
 between four and five hundred men. While here, t]ie Steamer 
 City of Montreal met us on her return to Sarnia, after being stuck 
 in the ice, in the bay at Duluth, for two weeks. Shortly after 
 starting out we were met by the Steamer Chicoia, on her return 
 from Thunder Bay to Collingwood. We ban led up at Garden 
 River to deliver the mail, and then sailed un the Ste. Marie River, 
 which leads to Lake Superior, and forms the boundary between 
 our Dominion and the United States. At the Sault or Rapids in 
 the River, there are neat villages on ea jh side, but as the canal is 
 on the American side our Steamers have to cross in order to get 
 through it to the great Lake. The canal is built to avoid navigat- 
 ing the rapids. It has two Locks, each 350 feet long, 70 feet 
 wide, 1 2 feet deep, and with a lift of 9 feet. It is well and solidly 
 built, at a cost of $1,200,000. Though the necessity for two 
 canals on the same side is not very apparent, still the United 
 States Government has commenced the excavation for the channel 
 of another, which they expect to complete during the summer of 
 next year. As it would be much easier to make a canal on the 
 
 
 m 
 
\l 
 
 8 
 
 Canadian side of the River, one should be commenced without 
 delay. The moat ordinary self-respect forbids that the entrance to 
 Manitoba and the North-west, should be wholly in the hands of 
 our friendly cousins, a power which during the Riel Rebellion in 
 Red River, shut their canal against even our commercial and 
 Mail Steamers. It being after hours for passing through the 
 canal when we arrived at the village on the Canadian side, we 
 laid up over night. 
 
 May 31st. — This morning we started early, and had passed 
 through the canal, which occupies one hour, and were fairly sailing 
 on Lake Supei'ior at sun rise. After calling at Point aux Pins 
 a small Indian village, to deliver the mail and take wood, we 
 sailed westward all day without stopping, till shortly after dark, 
 we hauled up at Michipicoten, where we sent the mail ashore in a 
 small row boat. The day being calm and clear, the sail was en- 
 joyed by all on board. To the north the shore was to be seen 
 with its mountainous hills towering one above another, and 
 strewed at the basis with ice. To the south, as far as the eye 
 could reach, nothing was visible save the vast expanse of water, 
 and numerous sea gulls flying after the boat, picking from the 
 water anything edible that might be cast overboard. 
 
 June 1st. — This (Sunday) morning, like yesterday, dawned calm 
 and clear, but before noon there was a change to rain, accom- 
 panied by wind, which rocked our boat considerably, and caused 
 several to become sea-sick. We sailed on, westward, up the lake 
 calling in the evening at Nipigon, where the scenery is of the 
 grandest description. This has been a Hudson Bay Company's 
 trading post for upwards of 150 years,and is the proposed summer 
 terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, for the traffic from the 
 West. To-day was observed by all in a manner becoming the 
 Sabbath, 
 
 June 2nd. — During the night we have been sailing southward, 
 and this morning at 5 a. m. called at Silver Islet, a little rock in 
 an island studded Bay. On this small Islet the richest vein of 
 silver ore in the known world has been struck. It was originally 
 owned by a Montreal Company, and is reported to have bee*., of 
 fered for sale by them in London for a mere trifle. The Company 
 
9 
 
 that works it now is chiefly a New York one. Last year 30 men 
 took out from it $1,300,000 worth of silver, and competent judges 
 say that in all probability the mine is worth hundreds of millions. 
 The original $50 shares nowsell for $25,000. At presentthe mineis 
 in full operation, and the surface of the Islet is covered with 
 buildings containing the necessary machinery for carrying on the 
 work. After a short stoppage here, we resumed our course west- 
 ward, and at 9 a. m. were landed at Prince Arthur's Landing, 
 Thunder Bay. Here we have to change boats. The Frances 
 Smith, after unloading, started on her return to Collingwood at 
 midday. The Steamer Algoma, by which we are to go on to 
 Duluth has not yet arrived, but is expected to-day, being long 
 overdue. This is the commencement of the Dawson Transporta- 
 tion Route to Fort Garry, uhich is the only route to Manitoba 
 and the North-west, through British Territory. At this date it is 
 not yet open for carrying passengers or merchandize, but the Gov- 
 ernment have large gangs of men engaged making preparations for 
 doing so as soon as possible. Prince Arthur's Landing is a new 
 thriving village, and a good instance of what mineral wealth can 
 in so short a time do for a place. Three or four years ago only a 
 few small buildings marked the site. It has now a goodly num- 
 ber of large, substantial, well-stocked stores, and can boast two 
 new churches, two first-class hotels, and many private residences 
 that would do credit to many of our eastern Ontario towns. The 
 principal business is Silver Mining, and prospecting for silver, 
 copper, iron and other valuable minerals, known to exist in the 
 neighbourhood. Fort William, three miles due east, is also a 
 place of interest, and one much frequented by Canadian tourists 
 during the summer. As many as 10,000 is said to have visited 
 this locality during the summer of last year. 
 
 June 3rd, 4th and 5th were passed in the Landing, and still 
 no appearance of the Algoma. This delay gave me opportunity 
 of visiting several silver mines. The Shinnah 3 miles southwest, 
 3 A and Beck, 12 miles west, are the principal mines now in 
 operation. They are being worked with comparatively little suc- 
 cess, compared with that on Silver Islet. 
 
 June 6th. — To-day all is astir in the Landing. Thi*ee steamers 
 have arrived during the day, and are busy loading and unloading 
 
 litl 
 
10 
 
 
 their freights. The Algoma has at last arrived, and will start on 
 her return to Duluth at a late hour thio evening. Her Captain 
 reports being stuck in the ice in the bay at Duluth, for 8 days, 
 thus causing this unpleasant delay. The other Steamers are the 
 Chicora from Colling s^ood and the Manitoba from Sarnia. After 
 unloading they will start on their return trips during the night. 
 
 June 7th. — The Algoma left Thunder Bay shortly after mid. 
 night. She is also a Steamer belonging to the Lake Superior 
 Royal Mail Line, and is the only steamer of that line running be. 
 tween Prince Arthur's Landing and Duluth. She originally plied 
 on Lake Ontario, where the " City of Toronto" now runs, and 
 while there was known as the " City of Toronto." Some years 
 ago she was brought to Lake Superior and after being refitted, was 
 connected with this line. She is now upwards of 40 years old, 
 and is still being run with safety to the ti-avelling public and 
 profit to her owner. Ten miles per hour is her average rate of 
 speed. To-day we are sailing south-westward, along the north 
 shore of Lake Superior, in the dii-ection of Duluth. It has been 
 raining heavy all day, and is still raining when I retire for the 
 night. 
 
 June 8th. — The rain still continues, accompanied this morning 
 with considerable wind, causing a few cases of S(!a-aickness. At 
 midnight we came into the ice which fills the lake for 13 miles out 
 from Duluth, and were working hard till morning before we suc- 
 ceeded in getting to the dock. At first the ice was in small broken 
 pieces, but as we gradually advanced it became larger and more 
 difficult to sail through, and at last this becante almost impossible. 
 Sometimes we were going ahead, but the greater part standing 
 still. We were 5 hours in making 13 miles, and from this it can 
 easily be imagined what difficulty the boat must have encountered 
 in making the passage. On examination, on arriving in Duluth, 
 it was ascertained that damage to the amount of $200 had been 
 done, and that the necessary repairs would have to be made before 
 stai'ting on her return to Thunder Bay, thus causing another de- 
 lay to the waiting passengers. Some few passengers spent the 
 nig' '. in walking the cabin, being afraid to retire in case of some 
 accident in passing through the ice. At 5 a. m. we hauled up at 
 Duluth, Minnesota. From here we take the Northern Paciiio 
 
 
m 
 
 train to Moorhead, distant 250 miles, where we will take the 
 steamboat down Red River to Winnipeg. Shortly after breakfast 
 the Custom-house officer being on hand, the examining of baggage 
 was commenced, which took considerable time. Having your 
 trunks opened and their contents ransacked is a piece of very un- 
 pleasant business, and particularly so during a pouring rain like 
 there is this morning. Standing near I witnessed the performance 
 with interest, and was pleased to see that very few were in any 
 way suspected of smuggling, and only an occasional charge of duty 
 imposed. A couple of bottles of French Cognac stored near the 
 bottom of a well filled trunk were removed by the officer, and 
 ordered to be taken to the Custom buildings, notwithstanding the 
 strong and numerous assertions of the owner that they were for 
 his own use. At Thunder Bay I had made an affidavit of the 
 contents of ray trunk in the presence of a Stipendiary Magistrate, 
 who subscribed it an duly sworn. This I now showed to the offi- 
 cer and was allowed to pass my trunk without opening, but would 
 not recommend this plan to intending emigrants, for some parties 
 having similar documents were obliged to open their baggage and 
 have it examined as tliou^ijh this had not been done. After having 
 my baggage forwarded to the railway station, I put up at an hotel 
 to await the starting of a train to-morrow. To-day being Sunday 
 there are not any trains running. Duluth is a city of several 
 thousand inhabitants, a port of entry on Lake Superior, also the 
 starting point of the Northern Pacific Railway, which will in a 
 few years connect it by lail with Puget Sound, on the Pacific 
 Ocean, distant 2,200 miles. One of its (Duluth's) enterprizing 
 citizens, in conversation with me, said, " Duluth is at present only 
 the capital of the state of Minnesota, but it will yet be the capital 
 of the Lakes, the great central port of the continent, the city 
 whose wharves will bo laden with the teas from China and the silks 
 of Ja])an." It is built chiefly of wood on a steep ridge or side hill, 
 from which the forest has been only partially cleared, — trees, 
 stumps, lumbei, aiul other obstructions standing in the streets and 
 on the landinur. Adjoining the city is a swamp, croaking at this 
 season of the year with its innumerable bull-frogs. Still, in spite 
 of rock and swamp, Yankee energy will triumph here as it hiu 
 triumphed elsewhere over similar difficulties. 
 
12 
 
 June 9th. — I took the Northern Pacific 7 a. in. train for 
 Moorhcad. The track for the first 25 miles nxns along the moun- 
 tainous banks of the St. Louis River, and is for the most part 
 built on the side hill. It makes some very sharp curves, and 
 crosses a succession of bridges, many of them upwards of 100 feet 
 high. The River is almost a continuous rapid, over broken rocks, 
 but in no place making an abrupt fall worthy of notice. Several 
 haults wj.i- made for the purpose of removin" rock and other ob- 
 structions that had accumulated upon the tracK from the adjacent 
 side hill. After crossing this 25 miles at the rate of 8 miles an 
 hour, we were juat starting off at 25 miles per hour speed, when 
 we were all suddenly tossed up and down several times in our 
 seats. A general rush for the doors followed, but before any suc- 
 ceeded in getting out the train had stopped. Soon all were aground 
 anxious to see what was the trouble. On investigation, it was 
 found that what might have been a serious accident, was caused 
 by the water from the excessive rain having washed the earth 
 from under the track, so that when our train came upon it it sank 
 into the mud. The track for a short distance was completely de- 
 moralized, but no serious damage done to the train beyond break- 
 ing the coupling between the engine and its tender. After plac- 
 ing a flag so that other trains following us might be apprised of 
 the danger, we started on our way, going very cautiously. We 
 had not gone far till we were obliged to stop and fix the track, the 
 passengers doing most of the work. Shortly after starting on 
 again, we were met by a gang of trackmen, wlio assured us that 
 the track for the remainder of the way was in safety. It was 
 now almost midday, and the train travelling since 7 a. m. has only 
 reached Island liako station, scarcely 50 miles distant from 
 Duluth. At this rate wo would be a long time in getting to 
 Moorhead. On starting out from Island Lake, the country which 
 has been rough and broken, assumes a more level and productive 
 appearance, but the soil is still a light sand. At Brainerd station, 
 midway between Duluth and Moorhead, wo had dinner. Here 
 this railway has its engine and machine shops, in which a large 
 number of men are employed. During the afternoon we crossed 
 the Mississipi River running in its sand worn bed. After this 
 the soil gradually becomes richer, and the country more level and 
 
IB 
 
 prairie-like, until arriving at Oak Lake, 50 miles from Moorhead^ 
 we came fairly into the beautiful, rich and level prairie, covered 
 with dark green grass, this extends westward as far as the eye 
 can reach, the soil being a black clay loam. The country, 10 
 miles deep on each side of the track is owned by the Railway 
 Company. There are but very few settlers to be seen, excei)t an 
 occasional one or two, near some of the stations. On arriving in 
 Moorhead, our terminus by railway, I was surprized to hear that 
 there wouldn't be a boat going down the river before Friday. 
 Moorhead is a small village of about 600 inhabitants, on the east- 
 ern shore or Minnesota side of the Red River. It can boast a few 
 good general stores, but its hotel accommodations are miserable. 
 Red River rises in Elbow Lake close to Lake Ithaska, in which 
 the great Mississippi takes its rise. Flowing north 900 miles by 
 waiter it discharges in Lake Winnipeg, while the Mississippi flow- 
 ing south 2,500 miles discharges in the Gulf of Mexico. People 
 say that Red River derives its name from a bloody Indian battle 
 which once took place upon its banks tinging the waters with 
 blood. It certainly cannot be called red from the hue of the 
 water, which is of a dirty white color. Flowing northward with 
 innumerable twists and sudden turninga, the Red River divides 
 the State of Minnesota, which it has on its right, from the great 
 territory of Dakota. It receives from each side many tributaries. 
 Those from the east flow through dense foi-ests, while those from 
 the west wind through the vast sandy wastes of the Dakota 
 prairie, where trees are said to be almost unknown. The plain 
 or prairie through which Red River flows is fertile beyond com- 
 parison. Its shores are marked by a narrow belt of woods fring- 
 ing the whole length of the streanj. 
 
 June 10th and 11th were passed in Moorhead, and still no 
 appearance of the Steamer International, by which we are to go 
 down the River. Part of the time was spent in Fargo, a village 
 on the Dakota side of t ho Riv jr, but most of it in roaming the 
 boundless prairie. 
 
 June 12th. — The Steamer has arrived and is busy unloading 
 her fi*eight, which is mostly furs from f lie Hudson Bay Company's 
 ])OBtB in the Northwest. She will start on her return down the 
 river at a late hour to-morrow. She is rather a curious craft. 
 
u 
 
 measuring 130 feet in length, draws only 2 feet of water, and is 
 propelled by an enormous wheel placed at her stern. Her engines 
 are a perfect piece of patch work. The Captain and other officers 
 are far from being men suited to such responsible positions. 
 
 June 13th. — At daybreak the village is all astir. Many of 
 the passengers, like myself, are weary of the long,[delay, and are 
 early making preparations for going on board. At 2 p. m. all 
 being in readiness, the boat started on her way, going at the rate 
 of 8 miles per hour. I have already mentioned the zigzag course 
 which the Red River has wound for itself, through these level 
 western prairies. The windings of the river more than double the 
 length of its general direction, and the turns are so sharp that 
 after steaming a mile the traveller will often arrive at a spot 
 not one hundred yards from where he started. These bends not 
 only lengthen the course, but give the Steamers immense trouble 
 in getting round them. The International has only state room 
 accommodation for 40 passengers, and there are upwards of 130 
 cabin or first-class passengers on board, each anxious to secure one 
 for him or herself. The Purser of the boat, who had the letting 
 of the rooms, having done so privately, kept himself out of sight 
 of the remaining restless passengers. He first let them out to the 
 ladies and married men accompanied by their wives, who had ap- 
 plied, and afterwards to the lucky gentlemen passengers who had 
 first applied. The many remaining and almost riotous passengers 
 were obliged to make the floor of the cabin or deck their sleeping 
 apartments. After advancing 2J miles down the river, wo came 
 to a wild pigeon rookery, where these birds were to be seen flying 
 in cloudlike flocks, and the trees along the shores were full of 
 nests, many of them almost within reach from the boat. 
 
 June 14th. — We have been sailing all night, and have passed 
 Georgetown, a village about 40 miles down the river from Moor- 
 head. This morning dawned calm and beautiful. The river all 
 along is similar to what we passed yesterday. A narrow belt of 
 Oak and Poplar woods border its shores, beyond this the dark 
 green sea-like prairie extends far away in the distance. During 
 the afternoon we ^ame to the rapids, which occur in the river 30 
 miles below Georgetown. In passing down this, our boat was 
 
caught on one of the fewr rocks that form the bottom over which 
 the water runs swiftly, and is at this season of the year very shallow. 
 After being delayed upwards of 4 hours, we eventfully got off 
 without any damage to the boat. 
 
 June 16th. — We have been laying up most of the night, but 
 this morning are sailing on downwards. This morning, like yes- 
 terday, was spent on the upper or hurricane deck, which affords a 
 good view of the surrounding country. There are a few Nor- 
 wegian settlers along the river at this point. They ai'e not culti- 
 vating much land, chiefly living on fish and prairie fowl. Their 
 houses are very small thatch covered arrangements. At 2 p. m. 
 we had preaching in English by a minister on board, and shortly 
 after, in German, h£. Mr. Shantz, of Berlin, Ontario. 
 
 June 16th. — This morning at 8 a. m. we hauled up at Pem- 
 bina, a small village on the Dakota side of the river. Here there 
 is a fort and garrison of 300 soldiers, who were placed here a few 
 years ago to withstand the Indians. I went ashore, and while the 
 boat was unloading freight had an opportunity of visiting the fort. 
 A little north of htre is the 49th parallel which forms the bound- 
 ary line between the United States and Manitoba. On the Mani- 
 toba side of the line there is a small village of about 300 inhabi- 
 tants. After a sliort pause here we started uu, and at mid-day 
 arrived at Foi-t Dutierin, a few miles north from Pembina, where 
 the Canadian Boundary Commission have their buildings. The 
 government have also stationed here a garrison of 200 men. From 
 the principal building floats a handsome Union Jack, the first seen 
 since leaving my own fair Province, Many young Canadians on 
 board who had been keeping quiet all along, now joined in giving 
 three cheers for our Queen and in singing the National Anthem, 
 Rule Britannia, and other loyal British or Canadian songs. As 
 we advance down the river with Manitoba on either side, giving 
 fully as good a show of beautiful green prairie as any we have 
 passed. A change is noticeable throughout the boat, (except the 
 Captain and his crew, who are Americans). About 200 of the 
 passengers are Canadians going to Manitoba, aod now when they 
 have crossed the lines and are within its borders, a new interest 
 has sprung up. The ice is broken, ladies and gentlemen who had 
 
 ! I 
 
16 
 
 kept aloof all the way, addressed each other freely without waiting 
 to be introduced, and all began now to express sorrow that they 
 were to part so soon. As we advance downward, nearing Winni- 
 peg, the country which is prairie is better settled, and the build- 
 ings and fence? are superior to any we have seen. I am informed 
 by a gentleman on board, who has been surveying in the Province, 
 that the land in this locality, as we leave Fort Dufferin, is superior 
 to a great quantity that has been taken up in other sections, but 
 the idea of settlers is to get as near large settlements or Winnipeg 
 as possible. 
 
 June 17th. — A.t daybreak we are in sight of the long looked 
 for Fort Garry, and Winnipeg in the distance presenting a large 
 city-like appearance. In less than an hour we arrived at the junc- 
 tion of the Assinaboine with the Red River, and turning up the 
 former a few hundred yards, we were soon landed on the dock in 
 front of the Fort. This ends my journey from Toronto, Ontario, 
 to Fort Garry and Winnipeg, Manitoba, distant by this route 
 1,500 miles. I was 22 fall days in making the journey, but 10 of 
 these were wasted by delays in making connections. It can be 
 easily made in 10 days with good connections. With this I dis- 
 continue my travels for the present, and will next give some par- 
 ticulars of Fort Garry, Winnipeg, Kildonan, (Selkirk Settlement,) 
 and other settlements throughout the Province. 
 
 CHAFrER II. 
 
 Fort Garry and Riel Rebellion, 1869-70. 
 
 Fort Garry was built many years ago by the Hudson Bay 
 Company, and was long used by them as the principal trading 
 post in the Northwest. At present it is occupied by a garrison of 
 300 Canadian soldiers, who were placed here during 1870. Ad 
 joining the fort there is a large bonded warehouse, where all goods 
 coming into the Province via the United States are taken for in- 
 spection before delivery to owner. On the east side the H. B. Co. 
 have a large well-stocked general store. 
 
 Fort Garry has more than once been the scene of warlike 
 troubles, but those during 1869 and 1870 were the first and only 
 
ones in which our Dominion took a prominent part. This trouble 
 finally resulted in a portion of the then small community of Mani- 
 toba rising in rebellion, and is said to have been caused by the 
 Canadian Government or rather the Hudson Bay Company selling 
 their territc.uil rights for £300,000, to the Imperial Government, 
 they in turn retransferring to our Canadian Government that 
 portion of the Northwest known as the Red River Territory, 
 without in any way consulting the wishes of the 15,000 persons 
 then living in peaceful possession of the soil thus transferred. 
 These 15,000 persons very naturally objected to have ther/iselves 
 and possessions signed away without one word of consent or note 
 of approval. The Dominion Government appointed ' a Mr. Mc- 
 Dougal, Lieutenant-Govei'nov of this Territory, who advanced as 
 far as Pembina for the purpose of assuming his responsible posi- 
 tion. Tliey also sent a number of surveying parties to the country 
 with instructions to at once commeno:) on the great work of pre- 
 paring it for settlement. The French half-breeds and others in 
 the revolt, under the conmiand of a young French hulf-breed 
 named Louis Reil, a man possessing many principles suited to the 
 leadership of such a party, informed Mr. McDougal on his arrival 
 
 from Canada, that his presence was by no means desirable in Red 
 Rivoi', or among its inhabitants, and also interfered with any at- 
 tempts made at surveying their farms. 
 
 After forcibly expelling the Governor appointed by Canada, 
 from tlie frontier station at Pembina, the French rebels had pro- 
 ceeded to other and still more suspicious proceedings. Assembling 
 in large numbers they had guards i)laced on the road between 
 P(^mbina and Fort Garry, and had taken possession of the latter 
 place, in which large stores of provisions, clothing, and merchan- 
 dize of all descriptions had been stored by the Hudson Bay Co. 
 
 The occupation of this fort, which stands close to the junction 
 of the Red and Assinaboine Rivers, gave the French party powerful 
 comxnand of the whole settlement. Up to this point those joining 
 in this little rebellion can scarcely bo condemned for endeavouring 
 to hold a country wherein they had made their homes. ' 
 
 If the Canadians wantad a share of it why did they not come 
 fairly and say so, or say what they meant to do with the origimU 
 2 
 
 ,1 
 
 I ■ 
 
 ■li i 
 
people, after they had taken possession, or why did they not deal 
 with these people, and ask what they would take and go further 
 west, but no, they either meant to outwit them or they held them 
 of so small account that it mattered little what they thought about 
 it. Had these Frenchmen been quietly settled to the usual pur- 
 suit of farming, it is probable that all would have gone well 
 between the new-comers and the old. Over this great western 
 piairie there was room for all. But no they came here to trade 
 and not to farm. Now they were afraii that this their only means 
 of a livelihood was to be taken fi'om them by Canadians. 
 
 Riel and many of his followers or colleagues going from bad to 
 worse, from plundering to robbery of a very low type, much as- 
 sisted by men drinking and other intemperance, he and they 
 finally, on the 4th March, 1870, disregarding some touching ap- 
 peals for mercy, shot to death a helpless Canadian prisoner named 
 Thos. Scott. This act committed in cold blood, bears only one 
 name, the red name of murder. This instantly and forever drew 
 between Riel and his followers, and the outside Canadian world, 
 that impassable gulf, which the murderer in all ages digs between 
 himself and society, and which society attempts to bridge by aid 
 of the gallows. On the night of the murder the body was interred 
 in a very deep hole, which had been dug within the walls of the 
 fort. Two clergymen had asked permission to inter the remains 
 in either of their (Jhurches, but their request was denied. 
 
 On the anniversary of the murder, namely, the 4th of March, 
 1871, other powers boing then predominant in Fort Garry, a large 
 •rowd gathered at the spot where the murdered man had been in- 
 terred for the purpose of exhuming the body. After digging for 
 Bome time they came to an oblong box or coflSn in which the re- . 
 mains had been placed, but it was empty. The interment" within 
 the walls had been a mock ceremony, and the last resting place of 
 ihe bod^ lies hidden in mystery. When the murder by Riel n]u\ 
 hi« paruy became known throughout Canada, an expedition was 
 at once mustered, and under Colonel Wolseley started for I'ed 
 River. The expedition left Ontario early in April, 1870, and did 
 not arrive at their destination in Red River, until the end of 
 August. Their course was up Lake Superior as far as Thunder 
 
1^ 
 
 Bay, thence via Tiake Shebandowan, Rainy Lake, Rainy River, 
 Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, Lake Winnipeg, und up Red 
 River to Fort Garry. 
 
 Long ere they had travelled half thiH distance, the English and 
 Scotch settlers who had at tirst joined with the rebels in the in- 
 surrection, but whose hearts wore not hi this business, had forsaken 
 Riel, and laying asid^their arms, were again peaceably pursuing 
 their usual avocations, " 
 
 Riel held the fort until the troojts had almost arrived, when 
 he abandoned it so recently, that tlu! dinner prepared for his 
 officers was still steaming o'' the table when Wolscley had taken 
 possession, and again placed the Union Jack on the flag-staff, 
 where it still floats unfurled. With those notes gathered fron^ 
 various sources, during my stay in Winnip«jg, respecting the fort 
 and rebellion, I will leave it and advance to 
 
 WINNIPK(» 
 
 the present capital of the Province, whi«!h is northward from the 
 fort. These places were once distinct from each other, but by the 
 rapid growth of the latter have become united. It is built on the 
 level prairie, near the confluence of tln5 Red and Assiniboine 
 Rivers, 30 miles from the discharge of the former into Lake Win- 
 nipeg, both these rivers are navigabh) by large steamers. The 
 former for upwards of 500 miles, the latter 100, Winnipeg can 
 boast a very rapid growth, not only in commercial wealth, but 
 also in increase of population. In 1 H70, it had only 300 inhabi- 
 ttmts, it now claims 2,500, which is Jixoected to be increased to 
 3,000 during the present (1873) summer. An attempt made at a 
 recent session of the Manitoba House of Assemblv, to have it in- 
 corporated, was not successful. For* want of sidewalks, the streets 
 (hiring muddy wet weather, are almost imi)aHsable. The building 
 operations continually going on, I'ld toiiming in connection there- 
 with, does much to iinpair them. A rough count during the last 
 week of June, shows upwards of fifty new buildings in course of 
 erection, ' • > 
 
 Founded only a few years ago, it now contains 15 or 20 Q«ne- 
 lal Stores, 3 Hardware, Agricultural Implement and Furniture 
 
20 
 
 Stores, 4 Watch and Jewellery Stores, 2 Tin and Stove Shops, 3 
 Drug Stores, 3 Baker Shops, 4 Meat Stores, 4 or 5 Fur dealing 
 Stores, 3 Book and Stationery Stores, and 2 Wholesale Liquor 
 Stores. Many of these are owned by merchants from the older 
 Provinces of the Dominion, are well-built and stocked to compare 
 with our first-class stores in Ontario. There are 3 Churches, Pres- 
 byterian, W. Methodist and English ; 5 weekly papers published' 
 Free Press, Manitoban, Gazette, Liberal, and ^or' -Wester, C} Hoteh, 
 '4 Carriage and Blacksmith Shops, 2 large Steam Saw Mills, 2 
 Planing and Furniture Factories, 1 Woollen Factory, 2 Gristing 
 Mills, 3 Brick Factories, 1 Brewery, Pop Factory, Post Office, 
 Telegraph OfTico, Merchants' Bank, Custom House, Crown Land 
 Office, Savings' Bank, 5 or six resident doctors, 10 or 12 Lawyers, 
 Attorneys, &,c., several Billiard and other Gambling Saloons, 4 
 Barber Shops, 3 Livoiy Stables, Police Station and Court House, 
 Hospital, Emigrant Sheds, Parliament Buildings, and many other 
 places of business, professions, or mechanics occupations not enu- 
 merated here. Judging from ordinary indications of trade and 
 building, few towns can boast a more rauid growth. 
 
 With respect to wages in Winnipeg and surroundings, although 
 varying according to circumstances and season, the average price« 
 may bo set down as follows : carpenters, $3 00 per day, Brick- 
 layers and Masons, $3 50, ])ainters, $3 00, Blacksmiths and 
 waggon-makers, $3 50. and common labourers $2 00 per rla} . 
 These rates though higher than elsewhere are much lessened by 
 having to pay from !|5 00 to $9 00 per week for board, though 
 many young men are saving money by boarding themselves. 
 Durinj the present summer very many tradesman have come to 
 the Province seeking employment, and this has been the cause of 
 reducing the rates of wages paid during previous summer. Good 
 workmen, however, generally find work at which they can mak« 
 good wages. 
 
 The building of 2 large Hotels, each to contain 100 rooms, a 
 bridge across the Red River, the Receiver-General's Office, ('ustom 
 House, Barracks, Penetentiary, and Post Office, all to be erected 
 as soon as possible, will do much to increase the demand for good 
 mechanics and labourers for some time to come. There is aJso 
 
21 
 
 oonsiderable demand for dressmakers, milliners, seamstresses, and 
 female servants, all of whom can obtain much better wasrea than 
 in Ontario. Land property adjoining the town is held at high 
 figures, one-fifth of an acre, half a mile out, sold for $150 cash. 
 
 r Across the river, eastward from Winnipeg lies 
 
 '"''"'■'^'' "" •^' '■ . ■' ST. BONIFACE, '[ ' '" 
 
 the Roman Catholic headquarters in this Province Here they 
 have a Cathedral, Convent and School, all built of cut stone, and 
 being on a rising bank of the rivei', commands a good view. The 
 office of Mr. Buchanan, Dawson Koute Agent, is on this side of 
 the river, as also is the residence of Mr. Codd, of the Crown Land 
 Department. 
 
 The prairies for which Manitoba is chiefly noted are fertile and 
 level. The soil is a black clay loam, averaging from 2 to 3 feet 
 deep, below this clay for 10 or 12 feet, and then sand. On the 
 open plane, the grass grows from one to two feet high, and is of a 
 dark green colour; when shot out it resembles our Canadian June 
 grass or ed-top. In the hay meadows where the pi'airie is irt^ 
 clined to be low and flat, the grass grows from two to six and 
 seven feet high, and is of a Jeafy description, seldom ever seeding 
 or shooting out. During spring and summer, the prairies are 
 beautifully decorated with flowers of great variety, many of which 
 are unknown save on prairies. Along the rivers and woods, roses 
 and sweet briars bloom in profusion. 
 
 !ii 
 
 Wood is said to be the great want of Manitoba, bi*t men who 
 have been surveying in the Province foi- years, inform me that 
 there is sufficient wood to su})})ly the Province for 20 years, if it 
 was all settled. They say that as soon as the woods are cut down 
 they commence to grow up again, and will in ten years be as good 
 as at first. From what 1 saw during my travels through the 
 Province I have no reason to doubt this in the least. The kinds 
 of wood most plentiful along the rivers and near the best farming 
 settlements, are Poplar, Oak, Elm and Basswood. Although not 
 to be had in all localities, Pine, Cedar and Hemlock are found in 
 abundance on the shores of Lakes Winnipeg, Shoal and Manitoba. 
 
 *■ 1 
 
25 
 
 Water, another scarcity in most prairie countries, is to be had 
 in Manitoba', by digging on an average from 12 to 20 feet, and is 
 as good as any I have ever drank in Ontario. The wells, in ab- 
 sence of stone, are cribbed with poplar plank. Manitoba w also 
 well watered by rivers and lakes, all of which abound with fish 
 of the best species. The prairies also abound in game, which in 
 sections where settlements have been formed, is confined to prairie 
 fowl, but west in the Saskatchewan Territory, buffalo, wolf, deer, 
 mink, martin, otter, black bear, and other animals are still numer- 
 ous. During the months of June and July, the days were warm 
 and clear, with gentle rustling breezes, and the nights cool with 
 heavy dews, occasional growing showers. On the prairies, along 
 the rivers and edges of woods, wild strawberries, plums, cherries 
 and other fruits are to be had in abundance, also wild peas, grapes 
 and hoj)s. The settlers houses are almost entirely of log, covered 
 with a thatching of prairie grass or straw. Not many of these 
 have any outbuildings, save a small stable for their working teams. 
 The crops are stacked and thrashed in the fields. The grasshop- 
 pers were numerous when I first entered the Province, but have 
 been gradually disappearing. Since leaving I have been informed 
 that they are all gone south into the States, having done but little 
 damage to the crops. 
 
 The population of Manitoba is increasing very fast, every boat 
 that arrives from up the river brings from two to three hundred 
 emigrants. The Dawson Route, July 1 2th, has already transported 
 upwards of 400 during the present summer, and besides these 
 routes there are hundreds coming in frdm the States, bringing 
 their own conveyances. Manitoba as an agricultural country is 
 attracting many, while its facilities for stock raising and dairy 
 purposes cannot possibly be excelled. 
 
 A short distance, in a north-easterly direction from Winnipeg, 
 
 the 
 
 KILDONAN, OR SELKIRK SETTLEMENT, 
 
 Commences and extends along the Red River as far as Stone 
 Fort, distant 18 miles, and in width 2^ miles on each side of th^e 
 
 nver. 
 
 -f,;;T:, 
 

 This settlement was first formed in 1812, by the Earl of Sel- 
 kirk, a large proprietor of the Hudson Bay Company, who brought 
 a colony of Highlanders from the parish of Kildonan, in Suther- 
 landshire, Scotland, and placed them here in the very heart of 
 North America, in the midst of this immense and apparently 
 boundless prairie. During the troubles between the North-west 
 and Hudson Bay Companies, they were driven from their settle- 
 ment to the shores of Lake Winnipeg, where they were obliged to 
 seek shelter. Shortly after this, these two companies became 
 amalgamated, or rather the North-west Company ceased to exist, 
 and from this date, 1822, the progress of this little colony has been 
 slow but sure. Throughout its length there are churches, schools 
 (one college), grist and saw mills, plenty of oak, poplar, basswood 
 and elm woods, good water and rich level prairie. This season, 
 on account of expected ravages from grasshoppers, the farmers in 
 Kildonan sowed very little. The leaves on some small pieces of 
 spring wheat and barley were at this date, June 20th, being des- 
 troyed by them, but as they departed southward before destroying 
 all, it is expected that the crops will yet yield an average. Speak- 
 ing to the Scotchmen ies{>ecting the grassho{)i)ers, they seem quite 
 confident that they will not be troubled by them next year, taking 
 for a precedent their never before having troubled them more than 
 two years in succession. 
 
 Thursday. June 19th. — Accompanied by Messrs. M. Shipley, 
 Neil McCloud, Alex. McCannel, and George Tidsbury, I started 
 on a tour through the country to visit the best farming settle- 
 ments. 
 
 The four gentlemen who accompany me are seking a locality 
 wherein each may select for himself a suitable farm. They desire 
 to locate where they can get rich level prairie, goed spring water, 
 abundance of wood and, at the same time, as near Winnipeg or 
 some large sattlement, as i»ossible. We secured a conveyance by 
 paying $5 per day, and finding the driver and horses with pro- 
 visions. 
 
 With this, we started, having on board provisions to last us 
 several days ; also, blankets and other equipage for camping out, 
 which in this country the traveller finds quite indispensible. We 
 
24 
 
 first travelled westward across the prairie, via the direction of 
 Boyd's Cattle Farm, for about ten miles, then turning north- 
 eastward, we passed a little north of 
 
 STONEY RIDGE OR STONEY MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Which is fifteen miles north of Winnipeg. This ridge is about 
 three-and-a-half miles in length, from one half to three-quarters of 
 a mile in width, and rises about seventy or eighty feet above 
 the level of the surrounding prairie, and is covered with a good 
 growth of poplar. It is composed mostly of lime-stone rock, which 
 is exposed to view on the western side, where it is in some [)lace8 
 parcipitous, while the eastern side is a gentle slope. No better 
 building stone can possibly be found, and the supply is practically 
 inexhaustible. 
 
 A little north-west of this ridge 
 
 ROCKWOOIJ SETTLEMENT 
 
 Commences three miles due north of Victoria. 
 
 In Rock wood wo had dinner at u farnun*'s named Davis, who 
 came in from Ontario last year. Many of the settlers are from 
 the Counties of Iluion, Grey and I>iuc(^, ()nta.iio, and for the 
 most part came here late last fall or early this spiing. 
 
 Most of them have small [»atch»vs of vegetahles on the first 
 plowing, but very few have any giain croj)s, and it is just as well, 
 for th(! grasslioppcis are nunu;rouH and would undoubtedly have 
 destroyed thoni. The men are now engaired jtlowing or breaking 
 the prairie, in onhu" to have it ready for the next season, and all 
 seem well pleased and contented with their new homes and 
 country gen<nally. The land in tiiese setthnntuits is mostly taken 
 up, but the S(!ttlers are often a considei'al»l(! distance! from each 
 other. This is chiully caused by speculators coming in after 
 a stittlemeiit lias been commenced and buying up tlu^ seotiont* 
 adjoining those on whieh settlement has been made, and holding 
 it on sp(M'uIation, knowing that it will inci«!as(! in value much 
 faster ni^ar a good stittlenient than elsewhoiuj. (Jood land 
 can still be had within a few miles, and at present is attracting 
 many. 
 
25 
 
 In Townships 14 and 15, range 2 east, a new settlement \r 
 being formed, chiefly of Canadians. To this locality, which is 
 within twenty-two miles of Winnipeg, I woiild refer settlers from 
 Ontario. Here the prairie is rich and level, the soil turned up in 
 plowing is a black clay loam. Good water can be had by digging 
 from twelve to twenty feet, and wood is plentiful. 
 
 After spending two days in this locality, where Mr. Shipley 
 and Mr. McCloud have since located, we returned to Winnipeg. 
 On our way we noticed lai-ge herds of cattle feeding on the open 
 prairie, all looking well. On the following morning, crossing Red 
 River on a ferry boat, we went eastward to 
 
 SI'HINIJFIKLD AND SUNNVSIDE. 
 
 These s(!ttUnnents are distant about 20 miles from Winni{)eg 
 and like Kookwood and Victoria, adjoin each otljer and are settled 
 in like manner. During the present summer a public school has 
 been ojtentHi in <^ach. 
 
 Tlierc^ is preaching by ilic rrcsbyterians ;ind Mtithodisls every 
 alternate Sunday. The prairie is more rolling, and in some places 
 marshy and wet, good water is plentiful, but the wood is distant 
 from the central settlers about H or 10 mihis. Tiie crojis are look- 
 ing well, but are being destroyed by grasshoppers. We returned 
 home to Wiiniiptig, better satistictl with Uockwood an<l Victoria. 
 Monday morning, June 'J.'b'd. starting wijstwai'd, following a I'oad 
 running within two ami a half miles of the Assiniboine, which 
 like lied River, is fringed with a dtMise belt of Oak and Poplar 
 wood along its shores. Along this most of the ICnglish iind French 
 haU'-bre»Mlshave stitthMi, and an^ farming on a small scale, but live 
 chiefly by hunting. Some of th(?ii' fai-ms hvh neatly tencod, and 
 the buildings tlioiigli Hinall are neat and clean. 
 
 A little out of town wo came to St. .Jam(!S* Church, then to 
 Buckhorn, the r«'sid(!nce of the lion. .James McKay, a Scotch Half- 
 breed, then to Silver Heights, the summer residence of Jiieutonant 
 Governor Morris. Not far from hwi^i llnire is a distillery, gristing 
 and saw mill, all rmw, very large, and substantially built, and all 
 in full operation, giving employment to a largo number of ujen. 
 W« next can»e to Sturgeon Creek, where we drank water from a 
 
26 
 
 flowing spring. There are a few Canadian settlers along thiB 
 creek. Further on we came to St. Charles Church, and next to 
 Headingly, where there is a ford across the river, and a number of 
 mechanic's and other residences. The country between here and 
 Winnipeg is thickly settled, and the crops, after travelling seven 
 miles out from town, are beautiful, and not a grassho{>per to be 
 seen. From Headingly we travelled on westward, along the river 
 through prairie country yet i^nsettled, and which presents a good 
 agi'icultural appearance. At White Horse Plain, twenty-six miles 
 from Winnipeg, we put up for the night Here there is a Hudson 
 Bay Comi>any's trading post, a Post Office and hotel, but no 
 settlers saAe the half-breeds along the river. It will be remem- 
 bered that it Avas at this j)oint that the Menonite deputation from 
 Russia, (who came here to select land for 50,000 of their peojile,) 
 were attacked on the first July last, on their return from the west- 
 ern parts of the Provinc(;, by French half-breeds, who threatened 
 to kill every Canadian who came into the country. Rum drinking 
 caused this disturbance, which was soon quieted. 
 
 Leaving White Horse Plain early next morning, we travelled 
 westward through an extensive hay meadow, known as the Big 
 Bay, where the grass is already high. We reached Poplar Point 
 at 9 a. m. Here there are three churches, Piesbyterian, English 
 and Methoilist, a Post Office, school-house, blacksinitli shop, grist- 
 ing mill, saw mills and an hotel, surrounded by a good farming 
 settlement. The land near the village is all taken up, a good part 
 of it by Canadians, who have laige well-fenced fields of crop looking 
 extremely well, and at this date as far advtnced as in Ontario, 
 liand can be had within three miles. The prairie is coven^d with 
 dark green grass, upon which largo droves of cattle and horses are 
 feeding. Water, which is excellent, can be had by digging 16 
 feet. Wood convenic^nt. 
 
 At High IMutT, ten miles further west we had dinner at a 
 first-class hotel kept by a Mr. Alcock, who came here from 
 Mitchell, Ontario, three or four years ago. He has also under 
 cultivation, a large farm, and owns a large number of cattle and 
 horses. High Hluffalso contains thnni chunshes, W. Methodist* 
 Presbyterian, ami Englisli, a school house, store, and Post Office. 
 The Rev. M. Fawcett, late from Ontario, resides here. 
 
m 
 
 at a 
 
 Ifrom 
 
 Inder 
 
 iind 
 
 [distt 
 
 ffioe. 
 
 Seven miles further on in a westerly direction, we came to 
 Portage La Prairie, a village containing four stores, three gi-isting 
 mills, two saw mills, two hotels, two blacksmith shops, school- 
 house, two churches, two resident doctors, two lawyers, attorneys. 
 <fcc.. Post OflBce, and quite a number of mechanics. Several new 
 buildings are being put up, and business generally is pi-ogressing 
 The farming settlements surrounding this village. High Bluff and 
 Poplar Point, are considered the most flourishing in the Province. 
 Here fields containing from 60 to 100 acres, may be seen in crop, 
 all of which, at this date, promises an abundant harvest. No 
 grasshoppers ever visit this neighbourhood. 
 
 The land along the river and near the villages is all taken up by 
 English half-breeds and emigrants from Ontario. Many of the 
 former are sealing out to Canadians. One farm of 320 acres, con- 
 siderably improved, sold last Hi)i-ing for $2,000. George Tidtbury 
 one of our party, has located within three miles of High Bluff, 
 where he has taken u[) 320 acres, or a half section, on which he 
 intends settling at once. About midway between High Bluff and 
 Portage La Prairie, J called on Mr. James Frazer, who came in 
 from Nerval, Ontario, last spring. He bought an improved farm 
 of 320 acres, a rivoi- lot, for which lie paid f 2,000. Mr. Frazer 
 and family seem well plesised with their new home. 
 
 Mr. James Whinistcr, adjoining him, came here from St 
 M iry's, Oiitarto, three years ago, and is also well ph'ased with the 
 country. His orchard and gardens ai'c looking as well as any w® 
 have seen. (Jood land can still be had by going back from three 
 to five miles from tlu'sci settlements. 
 
 The Canadian Paciii(^ Hailway will undoubtedly have a station 
 near the portage. Right miles distant from I'ortage l/.i Prairio 
 Messrs. MacKen/.ie and (Jrant, botli from Ontario, have taken uP 
 large farms, and ar<\going in((t stock raising, as well as general 
 farming on a large scale. Mr. MacKenzie has at pres(>nt a herd 
 of 30(> cattle, among which tli<>re are some full-brod DurliRDis. 
 His settlement is on liat (-recik, a n(>ver-failing stream. 
 
 During o\ir stay in Portage Jja Prairie, we heard so much re- 
 •j>ectlng the settlements at the First, Second, and Third crossing! 
 
28 
 
 of .the White Mud River, Palestine, and the Riding Mountain s^ 
 that we finally concluded to visit them before returning to Winni- 
 peg, they are due west from here. Wednesday noon we started 
 v.n our journey, following a cart trail known as the White Mud 
 Road. I would advise travellers leaving Portage La Prairie for 
 the White Mud River settlements, to take the Shannon Road, 
 which, although a few miles longer, is much the better way, being 
 entirely without marsh or wet places, which so frecjuently inter- 
 cept the tirst mentioned. Travelling most of the afternoon across 
 prairie, unmarked by settlers, we arrived during the evening at 
 the First Crossing of the White Mud River, distant al)out twenty 
 miles from Portage La Praii-ie, and eighty from Winnipeg. TIuh 
 crossing can boast two stores, two hotels, a Post (Office, and a few 
 settlers, whose crops are looking well. Wliite Mud is quite a 
 large river, Hows eastward, discharging in Lake Manitoba. Its 
 shores are lined with hu-ge poplar, oak and elm wood in some 
 places from 5 to 10 miles in depth on either side. Along this the 
 land is for the most })art taken up, t)ut the timber is at present 
 reserved by the Government, who intend dividing it equally 
 among the settlers. Five miles beyond the Fir.st Crossing we put 
 up for the night. 
 
 Next morning w(^ resumed onr course westward across prairie 
 dotted with numerous bhiflf's of [>oplar. The Second Crossing, 
 distant 8 miles from the First, was .soon reached. Here there is 
 a store and Post Office, surrounded by a goodly number of (Cana- 
 dian settlers. Travelling on westward, sixtetm miles across bluff 
 dotted prairie, w;^ reached Palestiut', which is near the 3i'd Cros- 
 sing, at noon, where there is a store and a Post OHice, Piesl)y- 
 terian (yhurch, and School Jlouse. This to the most recent sett'*^ 
 ment in Manitoba, and is being'raj)idly tilliMl up. Those already 
 located are Irish de.seeudtMits and Scotchmen, chiefly from the 
 counties of (Jrey and Prucr, Ontario. 
 
 The Rev. Jno. McNab, Presbyterian Minister, Messrs. David 
 Carr, David llyndman, Archd. Mcl^onald, Josei)h Glenn, (Jeorge 
 and William McC^ray, aw. some of the many who have come in 
 from Ontario, and located here. En)igrants .seeking land in this 
 locality, would do well to cull or these gentlemen, who are ever 
 
•0 18 
 
 iiiia- 
 uff 
 
 •OH- 
 
 sby- 
 
 !iuly 
 the 
 
 in 
 this 
 jver 
 
 willing to lend their assistance in picking out the best sections 
 yet nntaken. 
 
 Palastine affords to the settler a choice of land. In some places 
 
 the prairie is dotted with bluffs, presenting in appearance a cleared 
 
 uj) wooded country, while in others not a tree or shrub is to bo 
 
 seen for miles. The crops throughout this settlement are excel- 
 
 l<Mit, being entirely free from the ravages of gi^asshoppers. Good 
 water can be had by digging from twelve to fifteen feet. 
 
 We staid sit Mr. ( 'arr't over night, and next morning accom- 
 panied by him, started for the Beautiful Plains and Riding Moun- 
 tain, following the Saskatchewan cart trail. After leaving Pales- 
 tine, not a settler is to be notm, and the vast, unbroken prairie 
 lies here n lonely waste. yVbout mid-day, we came into the 
 P»f'autiful Phuie, which all agi-eed in saying was well named. It 
 is a stretch of country, twenty miles in lert by five or 
 
 miles wide. The White Miul River runs along the west, 
 forming a boundary. To the North the Riding Mountain is 
 visible, while to the south and east there is a continuous 
 b«dt of poplar and oak tind)er. The soil is slightly lighter 
 than ftny we have seen in the Province. Five miles ud this plane 
 tlie Government has placed a surveyors supply station. On arriv- 
 ing lifM-e, all being weary of travelling so far through an unsettled 
 unchangeable country, we concluded to return to Winnipeg by the 
 SMine route as wc came. 
 
 One day's travel brought us back to Palestine, another to 
 Portage La Prairie, another to White Horse Plain, another half, 
 day to Winnipeg. Fu j/assing through the settlements on our 
 course, we noticed considerable spring wheat and barley shooting 
 out, and peas in blossom. 
 
 On my return to Ontario, via the Dawson lloute, I passed 
 through Oak Point ; in French, Point Deaux Shene, tliirty miles 
 due east from Winnipeg. Here thtire is a Hudson Pay Company's 
 stoie, Government emigrant sheds and supply store, Post OlHce, 
 Kiiiglish church, school-house, and about thirty other buildings. 
 The liiver Seine, a never failing stream, runs a little south of the 
 village. South from hero theni is asuudl settlement of Canadmns. 
 On the prairie we noticed a large flock of sheep and herds of cows, 
 
30 
 
 horses and pigs, almost innumerable. The crops are as good, if 
 not better, than any we have ever seen. Barley and spring wheat 
 are at this date, July 7th, shot out, and peas in blossom. Through- 
 out this locality the prairie is level, and the grass of a dark green 
 healthy colour. The soil for three feet deep is a black clay loam. 
 Excellent spring water can be had by digging twenty feet. Eight 
 miles east; then commences a bush 100 miles in depth, extending 
 to Lake of the Woods. For many reasons I prefer this (Oak 
 Point) settlement, to any I have visited, and would advise emi- 
 grants to visit it before locating elsewhere. 
 
 This concludes my travels in Manitoba, having visited Kil- 
 donan, adjoining Winnipeg^ Rock wood and Victoria, fifteen or 
 twenty miles north, Springfield and Sunnyside, twenty miles north, 
 east, White Horse Plain, twenty-five. Poplar Point, forty-live- 
 High Bluff", fifty-five. Portage La Prairie, sixty-two. First Crossing, 
 eighty-two, Second Crossing, ninety, Palestine or Third dossing, 
 105 miles weat, and Oak Point thirty miles east on the Dawson 
 Route. 
 
 If T was advising emigrants going from Ontario to Manitoba, 
 to settle as farmers, where to locate in order to have good prairie 
 farms, water and wood, I would first say Oak Point, then Victoria 
 and north of it in township fifteen, range two east, and next Pal- 
 estine or Third Crossing of White Mud River. Those settlements 
 possess these requisites, and are chiedy settled by Canadians and 
 old country emigrants. 
 
 The reader will observe fiom the above remarks that it is not an 
 unsettled country to which the emigrant is invited to go, ami 
 make himself a home on a free grant, but that there are plenty of 
 settlements which he can join. The land is principally prairie, 
 requiring no clearing for agricultural purposes, although timber is 
 to bo found in sufficient quantities for buildmg purposes, fencing, 
 and fuel. In addition to the latter there are the large coal fields 
 further west on the SaskatcheBvan Rivoi*. Wherever settlements 
 have been established, both grist and saw mills are to be met with. 
 In the western states the railway companies own the lands from 
 i«u to twenty miles on either side of their respective roads, which 
 settlers cannot obtain as free grants, but for which they have to 
 pay from $2.50 upwards per acre, according to locality. 
 
31 
 
 In Manitoba, however, the settler can at present make his 
 choice of any lota which are not yet taken up, and can always join 
 a settleme t. Another inducement which Manitoba has to offer 
 to settlers is, i" the grant of land to which they are entiled is not 
 sufficient, more can be procured at one dollar per acre, whereas in 
 the western states even beyond the railway limits the pr-ico is one 
 dollar and twenty cents per acre. f> 
 
 Had my stay in Manitoba been more lengthy, say one year, I 
 would be able to give my own experience of the seasons, particu- 
 larly the winter, of which wo hear so miich, when spring seeding 
 haying, how the crops yield in proportion to ours in Ontario, and 
 so forth. This not being the case, and most of those with whom 
 I became ac(juainted, being but a short time in the Province, J 
 ill not quote their experience, nor will I give a list of yields of 
 crop, snIHce me to say that in all my travels I did not meet one 
 farmer who has been in the Province two years or upwards, but 
 is well pleased with the climate, and give very encouraging ac- 
 counts of the agricultural facilities of the countiy, many of them 
 f)lacing the yield of wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and turnips, so 
 large, that I am afraid if (pioted in Ontario, they would at once be 
 set dow 1 ;is exaggerated. ' 
 
 The following is a Winnipeg market report, from a weekly paper 
 published in the town, 
 
 WINNIPEG MARKETS. 
 
 The Manitoban OJficc, July 12, 1873. 
 
 Wool is coming in freely, but mostly in bad condition. The prices are 
 20c. for washed, and one-third discount for unwashed and badly handled 
 loto. 
 
 Dur local (Quotations are : — 
 
 Wheat, per bushel $1 25 @ $1 50 
 
 Barley 1 OO (jij 125 
 
 Oats I 00 @, 9 00 
 
 Rye None. 
 
 Flour, per cwt 3 50 @ 3 75 
 
 Pollard, " 2 00 (&i 00 
 
 Bran " 1 25 @ 1 50 , 
 
 , PoUtoea '• 75® 90 
 
32 
 
 Oniona, per bushel 2 00 @ 2 50 
 
 Beef, perlb 10 @ 18 
 
 Mutton, " None, 
 
 Veal " 12 @ 15 
 
 Pork, salt 12® 00 
 
 " fresh 15 @ 00 
 
 Eggs, per dozen 12 @ 25 
 
 Butter, fresh, perlb 30 ® 35 
 
 " salt, imp(irt(!d None. 
 
 Cheese, imported, perlb 25 (di 00 
 
 " home-made 20® 00 
 
 Pcraican, perlb 14 ® 00 
 
 Buflalo tongues, each 50® 00 
 
 Salt, per bushel 2 00 ® 00 
 
 Wool ^ 20 ® 25 
 
 Lumber of inferior quality of common and dimension stuff, $10 to $20 
 7)er 1,00 feet; good dimension stuff, .$30 per 1,000; lirst quality, couunon, 
 $35; second quality, common. |!30. 
 
 The Indians in Manitoba are cliieflj'^ of the Chippewa, Cree 
 and Sioux tribes. They are, as far as I could ascertain, both 
 quiet and inoffensive, and well satisfied with the Government, 
 from which they receive an annuity of three dollars to every soul 
 annually; besides this, they have hunting grounds for themselves 
 far back in the North-west. If the agreement or treaty with 
 them is carried out faithfully by our Government, and I have no 
 doubt it will be, there will be no trouble from tlie Indians. 
 
 The intermarrying of Scotch, English and French with the 
 native Indians, pi'oduced the race of people known as half-breedR 
 or half Indians. They are a civilized class of people, and can 
 nearly all read and write. Wherever they have settlements they 
 have good" scliools and churches. Parties who have dealt with 
 them, tell me th at they are honest, obliging and hospitable. The 
 reader might wonder why they rose in rebellion in 18()9 and 1870 
 if they are civilized and satisfied. A-S I have before mentioned, 
 they thought that our Government shoiild first consult them, and 
 give thtm a certain right to the lands they then occupied, and also 
 lands for their children. An arrangement has now been come to, 
 between these people and the Government, which gives to every 
 man, woman and child living at that time, one hundred and forty 
 
38 
 
 acres of land, with which they are now satisfied, and seem to be well 
 pleased with the Government. One million four hundred thousand 
 acres of land has been reserved for this purpose. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 uo 
 
 the 
 leeds 
 can 
 bhey 
 nth 
 le 
 .870 
 [ned, 
 and 
 
 also 
 
 to, 
 
 rery 
 
 rty 
 
 Joumey to Toronto, Ontario ma the Dawson Route, from 
 Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
 
 July 7th. — Monday morning. Having concluded to return to 
 Ontario, via the Dawson Route, I had my trunk taken to the 
 ferry crossing, where it was placed in a lumber waggon bound 
 for North-west Angle of Lake of the Woods, 110 miles distant. I 
 am accompanied by three gentlemen who have taken up land in 
 Manitoba, and are now returning to Ontario for their families. 
 Crossing the Red River to St. Boniface, we secured tickets of 
 passage to Thunder Bay, and soon after started on our way, in 
 covered stages. Before losing sight of Winnipeg the terminus of 
 this route, I will give a brief sketch of the Government emigrant 
 depot, which is situated on the bank of the river eastward from 
 the fort. It was built one year ago, is large, neat and clean, with 
 accommodation for about 200. On arriving here the emigrant is 
 at liberty to remain until he settles his business or finds employ- 
 ment. The comfort of having such an apartment to go to on ar- 
 riving here cannot bo overrated. All through the spring and up to 
 this date, nearly all the rooms are occupied. To-days journey is 
 to Oak Point, thirty miles due east, over level prairie dotted with 
 blufis of small poplar. The road is for the most part turnpiked 
 and in good order. For thirteen miles out there are occasional 
 settlers, some of them have small fields of crop. One field of about 
 ten acres was particularly noticeable, five acres of it in spring 
 wheat, the remainder in peas. The wheat has once given pros- 
 pect of being a good crop, but is now almost completely destroyed 
 by grasshoppers, while the peas, which are about two feet high 
 and in blossom remain untouched. bk)me small pieces of corn and 
 
34 
 
 potatoes also look well. During the afternoon we passed through 
 an extensive hay marsh, where the grass is at this date as high a» 
 our horses. At sundown we arrived at Oak Point, (before men- 
 tioned in these pages,) where we i-emained over night. Mr. 
 Graham, the station master or manager of this station, is a man 
 1 well suited to the position. The emigrant sheds are commodious, 
 ( neat, and clean. The meals, like at all stations on this route, are 
 very plain, fat pork, bread (mostly sour or made without yeast,) 
 hard tack biscuits and black tea comprise the spread. Emigrants 
 going by this ro\ite shon.ld take their own provisions, for the 
 rations provided by Government at cost price are very poor. They 
 should also carry blankets and other nece.^"'aries for sleeping. 
 
 July 8th. — Leaving Oak Point at 7 a. m. we travelled east- 
 ward across beautiful rich prairie for eight miles, when we came 
 into a bush of small oak, poplar, pine, cedar, and Tamarac, grow- 
 ing on soil slightly lighter than at Oak Point. As we advance, 
 the soil gradually becomes lighter, with numerous sand stones. 
 After travelling fifteen miles into the bush, the soil is all sand and 
 gravel. The timber with which it is covered is similar to that 
 first mentioned. 
 
 The country for the remaining sevetny-five miles to North-west 
 
 Angl« is, with slight variation, similar to this. Strawberries 
 
 and raspberries are ripe in abundance along the road, and are of 
 
 extra large varieties. At Broken Head we fed our horses, and 
 
 \ had dinner. Mr. McAllister, an old employee of the Hudson Bay 
 
 I Co., is the station (naster. The sheds are well and comfortably 
 
 I built. At this point the black flies and mosquitos are very 
 
 troublesome. We are now out of Manitoba, into what is known 
 
 as the North West Indian Territory. Our afternoon travel was 
 
 to White Mouth, a station IG miles distant. Here we remained 
 
 over night. The sheds like those at the stations we have passed, 
 
 are neat and clean, newly whitewashed. The White Mouth River 
 
 runs within a few yards of the sheds. The mosquitos are in 
 
 myriads and were quite successful in spoiling our nights rest. Wo 
 
 are obliged to wear veils for protection against them. 
 
 July 9th. — Our mornings journey was to White Birch, sixteen 
 ; miles, where there are good emigrant sheds. The manager, Mr. 
 
 .XVU' 
 
 >i 'it'.ii i 
 
 •.;*.»■( K, (!*»:!;'.. 
 
 -Nh^- 
 
m 
 
 Scott, is very accommodating. We fed our horses and had dinner. 
 Thinking that the flies would be less troublesome in the evening, 
 we did not start till late. This is our last stopping place this side 
 of North-west Angle, thirty-two miles distant. Leaving White 
 Birch in the evening, we started for the Angle, travelling all night. 
 At midnight we fed our horses and put on a fire to warm 
 ourselves. , . 
 
 July 10th. — After travelling all night we arrived at North- 
 west Anglo, Lake of the Woods, at 6 a. m., very much wearied for ' 
 want of sleo}). The sheds are now in course of erection. The tug 
 by which we are to cross the lake to Fort Francis has not arrived 
 but is expected during the day. I am informed by the manager 
 here that upwards of 400 emigrants have already passed through 
 by this route to Manitoba, during the present summer. Late in 
 the evening the tug arrived with five boats in tow. She will start 
 on her return to Fort Francis at an early hour to-morrow. The 
 tug boat is about twenty-live feet long by nine wide, without any 
 cover. In this small arrangement the engine and boiler are placed, 
 the weight of which sinks the boat to within a few inches of the 
 waters edge. In calm weather she runs very well, and averages 
 ten miles per hour, but if the lake is the least rough she cannot 
 run at all. This is often the case, and does much to cause the un- 
 pleasant delays for which this route is at present chiefly noted. 
 The boats in tow are the ones used in the first expedition to Red 
 River. They average from thirty to thirty-five feet in length by 
 nine to twelve wide, without any covering or protection from the 
 svin or rain. Previous to the tugs being placed here they wers 
 used as row boats. ■ . 
 
 xteen 
 Mr. 
 
 July 11th. — Last night's rest was spoiled by an Indian pow. 
 wow, which was kept up until near daybreak. There are lots of 
 these people in this section, and throughout the whole route, in 
 fact, we are in Lidian territory, and the like of the music, noise 
 and general pow-wow I have never before witnessed. At 5 a. m. 
 we were called on board by a shrill whistle from the tug, which is 
 Starting with the same fi\ e open boats in tow. About ten o'clock 
 when far out on the lake, rain, which we had been dreading all 
 morning, now began to fall freely. Putting on our oil cloth coats 
 
36 
 
 we endeavoured to keep dry as long as possible, but the rain con- 
 tinued until noon, and long before it ceased the bottom of our 
 boat was covered with water, so that we had to stand in it. This 
 made us still more uncomfortable. At mid-day the rain ceased, 
 a strong wind taking its place, which drifted our little fleet con- 
 ':, siderably, and so endangered its being swamped that our captain 
 :: made leeward of an island, where he anchored until the wind 
 j would abate. Hero we had to remain two nights and one day. 
 
 July 13th. — This (Sunday) morning all is astir at daybreak. 
 The wind has ceased and we are now for making a start. This is 
 our seventh days travel since leaving Winnipeg, and we are not 
 yet 150 miles away from it. At this rate when will we get to 
 Toronto 1 One hours steaming brought us to Hungiy Hall on 
 fv Rainy River, where we had breakfast. On arriving here we met 
 <.! three boat loads of emigrants, who have rowed themselves this far 
 j down the river, and are now waiting for the tug to convey them 
 , across the lake. It is seventy-five miles from here to Fort Francis 
 up a river in which the current runs at the rate of three miles an 
 hour. The tug has returned to North-west Angle with the other 
 emigrants, and we are to be rowed up the river by six Indians. 
 J We were four full days, going at the rate of two miles per hour, 
 I in making this journey. Twice we had to leave the boat to as- 
 sist the Indians to tow it up the rapids by a rope from her to the 
 shore. The country between Hungry Hall and Fort Francis is of 
 ,* a beautiful rich soil and large timber. On arriving in Fort 
 Francis where the river issues from Rai.^y Lake, with a fall of 
 tw .nty-five feet, we were well accommodatou by the manager, Mr. 
 Bruinell, and a Mr. Fowles, from Ottawa, who is building a grist 
 and saw mill here. Fort Francis is now and has been a Hudson 
 Bay Company's trading post for many years. It has quite a village 
 like appearance, and from the appearance of the surrounding 
 country, there is every reason to believe that it will always be an 
 important post on this route. A side- wheel steamer 120 feet long 
 with two decks is being built here, and will be running in three 
 weeks. She is to ply on Lake of the Woods between Nurth-west 
 Angle and Hungry Hall, forty-five miles. Once this is completed 
 the journey between the Angle and Fort Francis, will be made in 
 one day with ease and comfort, which took us six days. The tug 
 
 I 
 
37 
 
 age 
 
 ling 
 
 an 
 
 which now runs on the lake, will tow iip and down the river, con- 
 necting daily with the steamer at Hungry Hall. The rapids in the 
 river at this (Fort Francis,) point, prevents the boats running 
 through from the river to the lake. All baggage and merchandize 
 have to be transhipped from the boats below the rapids, over a 
 a portage of a quarter of a mile in carts, to a largo steamer which 
 runs daily across Kainy Lake to Kettle Falls, fifty miles. 
 
 July 17th. — At 11 a.m. we started on board a side- wheel 
 steamer 1 1 feet long, with two decks, across Rainy Lake. This 
 steamer and the one now being built to run on Lake of the Woods 
 are the only large ones on this route. We arrived at Kettle Falls 
 about mid-day. Hero there is a portage of 200 yards, over which 
 goods are conveyed by oxen on a tramway. The slieds are small 
 and anything but clean. Tents are provided for emigrants to sleep 
 in. The tug by which we are to be taken across Nemenkan Lake 
 thirty miles to Nequaqiion Portage, has not arrived, but like all 
 others, when enquired for, is expected during the evening. The 
 remainder of the afternoon was spent in fishing. 
 
 July 18th. — We ai'e at Kettle Falls up till noon, and yet no 
 appearance of the tug. Shortly after mid-day there 1 )tnng a fair 
 wind we started in one of the thirty foot boats, to row ourselves 
 across to Nequaquon, thirty miles distant, whei'e we arrived at 8 
 p. m. Here there is a portage of four miles, over which goods are 
 conveyed in lumber waggons to Lake Lac Laoroy, across which 
 they are conveyed by a tug to Island Portii:;-^, thirty miles distant. 
 At Nequaquon we met thirty emigi'ants \\ ith two span of horses 
 and a cow. The horses being the first to pass through to Mani- 
 toba by this route, are taken free of charge. The cow costs 
 fifteen dollars. The men with the horses left Southampton, On- 
 tario, six weeks ago, and have been travelling ever since. It will 
 take them 
 Winnipeg. 
 
 at least two weeks longer in getting through to 
 
 in 
 tug 
 
 ' Jlly 19th, — At 3 p. m. the tug arrived with tventy more emi- 
 grants, and at 4 p. m. started on her return to Island Portage 
 with us on board, where we arrived at 8 o'clock and remained over 
 night. Here there is a portage of one-fourth mile across an island. 
 Goods are conveyed on a tramway by oxen. 
 
 / 
 
38 
 
 July 20th, — This Sunday morning we are to start and row 
 ourselves up Maligne River, twelve miles, to Maligne station. As 
 there is a swift current and several rapids in the river, it will take 
 us most of the day to make the twelve miles. If we fail to make 
 this distance to-day, it will cause a delay of four days in making 
 connections at other points. We started at 8 a. m. and worked 
 hard until 1.30 p.m., when we arrived at our destination. Here 
 the sheds are commodious, neat and clean. The Government 
 have built a dam across the river here for the purpose of raising 
 the water in the adjoining lake. The Portage is about half a mile 
 long. Goods are conveyed by a tramway. 
 
 July 21st, — Monday morning, wc crossed Sturgeon Lake in an 
 open boat rowed by Frenchmen, to Deaux Rivere, twenty-five 
 miles distant, arriving at 11 o'clock. Here there is a portage of 
 half a mile. The sheds are small. Goods are conveyed in lumber 
 waggons. After dinner we crossed Pine Lake, a mile and a half, 
 to Pine Portage, in a row boat, rowing ourselves, arriving at 1,30 
 p, m. The tug by which we ai'e to cross the lake to French, 
 eighteen miles distant, has not arrived. There being a fair wind 
 we secured a boat and started on, rowing ourselves, at 3 p, m, and 
 arrived in French at 7 p, m. Here there is a portage of two miles 
 across which goods are conveyed on waggons, and passengers in 
 covered stages. 
 
 July 22nd. — Leaving French at 3 p, m. we were towed .icioss 
 to Brien, eighteen miles, by a tug, in two hours. Here there is a 
 portage of three-fourths of a mile, lumber waggon conveyance. 
 Sheds are being i)ut up. On arriving across the portage wo found 
 the tug in waiting, by which we are to be conveyed across to 
 Barril, nine miles. We were two liours in making the trip, and 
 arrived in Barril at nine o'clock p. m., where there is a jjortage of 
 half a mile. The sheds ai'o larger than the average. A large 
 barge is being built to bo towed by the tug between Brien and 
 Barril. We met 25 emigrants at this station. 
 
 July 23rd. — The tug anived at mid-day, towing a large barge 
 loaded with freight, and after unloading started on lior return 
 across the Lac de MiUe Lac, twenty-five miles, to the Heighth of 
 Land Portage. The water west of this Heighth runs west towards 
 
39 
 
 the Pacific, while those to the east run eastward to the Atlantic. 
 Here there is a portage of one mile ; goods ai-e conveyed by a lum- 
 ber waggon. The sheds are large, neat and clean. 
 
 July 24th. — At mid-day the tug arrived with a lai-gc barge in 
 tow, loaded with freight. After unloading she started on her re- 
 turn to Kashbowe, nine miles, where there is a portage of three 
 fourths of a mile. The sheds are very comfortalile. The tug by 
 which we are to be conveyed across Lake Shel)andowan arrived 
 during the evening, with a large bai'ge iji tow. Being late and 
 raiuinf" the engineer refused to return until morning, but promised 
 to have us across in time to catch the stnge, which leaves there 
 every morning at 7 a. m. for Thunder Bay. 
 
 and 
 
 JiLV 'Jnth — ^All is astir at 3 o'clock a. m., and we started on 
 our way across the Shebandowan at 4.30. This is our last sailing 
 on the Dawson Boute, and all are glad of it. On account of the 
 wood being wet, steam could not be kept uj), and we did not ari'ive 
 at Sliebandowan station until 7.15, just in time to see the stage 
 by which wo should have gone on to the Bay, start out without 
 us, when if it had waited ten minutes, we could hare lieen aboard. 
 This caused considerable strong language bc^tween some of our 
 party and the station master, who acknowledged having seen the 
 tug and luNvrd her whistle for landing before the stage started. 
 We k«^pt matters pretty liot for the old man during the forenoon 
 and finally succeeded at mid-day in getting a rig to take us on 
 twenty miles, to Matiwan, where the stage is to put up for the 
 night. We made the twenty miles easy by six o'clock p. m., 
 catching the stage where wo had (expected. Wo remained at 
 Matiwan over night, and started early next uu)rning on board the 
 stage for l*rince Arthur's Landing; Thunder Bay, twenty-tivo 
 miles, where wo arrived early in the afternoon, during a pouring 
 rain. This ends our journey by the far-famed Dawson Route from 
 Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Thunder liav, Ontario, a distance of 400 
 miles l)y water and 1 50 by land. We have been twenty full days 
 on the journey, averaging twenty-seven and a half miles per day, 
 and had wo not workenl ouiaelves over 100 miles of this wo would 
 have been at least another week in getting through. Many of tlie 
 delays were caused by carelessness of the employees. Thioughout 
 
40 
 
 1 
 
 ' the route there are three men employed to do one man's work and 
 still it is not done properly. 
 
 Parties going to Manitoba via this route will find the connec- 
 tions more certain, as the arrangements are made for carrying emi- 
 grants into the country, not for bringing them away. To emigrants 
 going to Manitoba after the 15th of June, and not later than the 
 last of September, having lots of time at their disposal, I would say 
 take the Dawson Route. In all probability you will arrive in Win- 
 nipeg as soon as though you had go. ^ by the Duluth and Moorhead 
 route. The scenery is more interesting. The trouble of Bonding 
 your goods is saved and you get through for less than half the 
 money. For passenger and freight rates by this route see list on 
 page 41. The route from Thunder Bay to Ontario and eastern 
 Provinces is via the La'-e Superior Mail Line of Steamers to Col- 
 lingwood, on the Northern Railway, or to Sarnia, on the Grand 
 Trunk Railway. From these points railway connections are 
 made with all the principal cities and towns in the Dominion and 
 throughout America. j 
 
 Passenger fare and distances from Toronto, Ontario, to Win- 
 nipeg, Manitoba, via the Collingwood, Duluth, and Moorhead 
 route : 
 
 Torotito to Collingwood . 95 miles 
 
 Collingwood to Owen Sound 60 " 
 
 Owen Sound to Killarney 125 " 
 
 Killarney to Little Current "... 26 ** 
 
 Little Current to Bruce Mines Ill " 
 
 Bruce Mines to Sault Ste. Marie 40 " 
 
 Sault Ste. Marie to Michipicoten 119 " 
 
 Michipicoten to Pic River 103 ' 
 
 Pic River to Nipigon 107 ** 
 
 Nipigon to Silver Islet 74 " 
 
 Silver Islet to Prince Arthur's Landing, 
 
 , Thunder Bay 22 " • 
 
 Prince Arthur's Landing, Thunder Bay, to 
 
 Duluth 202 " 
 
 Duluth to Moorhead 252 " , 
 
 .• , Moorehead to Winnipeg (by laud) .....300 •' 
 
41 
 
 Fare from Toronto through to Fort Garry 
 
 or Winnipeg, first-class ^42 50 
 
 Do. do. second-class 24 00 
 
 Children between the ages of 4 and 12, 
 half fare. 150 pounds of baggage free. 
 
 Distances from Prince Arthur's Landing, Thunder Bay, to 
 Winnipeg, via the Dawson Transportation Route : 
 
 Prince Arthur's Landing to 
 Lake Sliebandowan 
 
 Shebandowan to Kjishbowie 
 
 Kashbowie to Heighth of 
 Land 
 
 Heighth of Land toBarril... 
 
 Barril to Briene 
 
 Briene to French 
 
 French to Pine 
 
 Pine to Deaiix Rivere 
 
 Deaux llivere to Maligne. ... 
 
 Maligne to Island Portage... 
 
 Island Portage toNeciiiaciiion 
 
 Nequaquonto Kettle Falls.. 
 
 Kettle Falls to Fort Francis 
 
 Fr-tFr;?ucis to Hungry Hall 
 
 Hungry Hall to North West 
 AnglCj Lake of the Woods 
 
 North West Angle to Win- 
 nipeg 110 
 
 45 miles, overland in stag'es. 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 9 
 
 18 
 18 
 
 H 
 
 25 
 12 
 30 
 30 
 50 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 by water, | mile portage. 
 
 1 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 h 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 overland in stages. 
 Fare and Ratei of Freight and Bagga^3 : 
 
 From Toronto, via Collingwood or Sarnia, to Prince Arthur's 
 Landing, Thunder Bay, thence via the Dawson Transportation 
 Route to Manitoba, the faro is $15, all second-class. Children 
 between the age of 4 and 12, hjilf fare. 150 pounds baggage 
 free. Extra baggage 35 cents per 100 lbs. Emigrants should 
 take their own rations. Provisions will, however, bo furnished 
 at cost price, at any of the stopping places, where there are also 
 emigrant sheds. MerchantUzo will bo carried at the rate of $2 })er 
 hundred lbs. 
 
 The above routes can only be used in the summer season, and 
 till the ico sots in in the fall. There are several other routes to 
 
42 
 
 Maiiitoba which are more convenient, but at the same time, more 
 expensive. One route is from any point on the Lakes whence the 
 steamboats start to Duluth, on the north-westerly shore of Lake 
 Superior, thence by Northern Pacific Railway to Glynden, 242 
 miles distant. From this point a line of Railway branches north- 
 wardly, 152 miles, to Pembina, on the boundary line, the re- 
 mainder of the distance to Fort Garry and Winnipeg being com- 
 pleted by stages, or steamboat on Red River. 
 
 Another route is by the Grand Trunk Railway from Toronto 
 to Detroit, and thence by way of Chicago and St. Paul to Brack- 
 enridge on the Red River, where steamers run to Fort Garry in 
 summer, some 500 miles distant, or if by land, taking the stage 
 route from Brarlcnridge, 288 miles. This route costs through 
 from Toi-onto, t' fc-ciabs, $50 to $60, according to the season, the 
 fare being lowei n summer than in winter. 
 
 ■i ■ ^m i 
 
 ■ I • ,..;•.■■■" • ' ■' > 
 
 ' . : ■ > ■ • ' » " ' ----- - -J 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DOMINION LANDS' ACT. 
 
 Tlve following is a summary of the Dominion Lands Act : 
 
 An Act was passed last Session (35 Vic, cap. 23) amending 
 and consolidating the Laws and Ordeis in Council respecting the 
 public lands of tlie Dominion. 
 
 The administration and management is to be effected through 
 a Branch of the Department of the Secretary of State of Canada, 
 known as ^^The Domimoii Lands Office." 
 
 The surveys divide the lands into quadrilateral townships, 
 containing 30 sections of one mile square in each, together with 
 road allowances of one chain and fifty links in width, between all 
 townships and sections. 
 
 Each section of 040 acres is divided into half sections of 320 
 acres, quarter sections of 1 GO acres, and half quarter sections of 80 
 acres. All townships and lots are rectangular. To facilitate the 
 descriptions for Letters Patent of less than half a quarter section, 
 the quarter sections composing every section in accordance with 
 the boundaries of the same, as planted or placed in the original 
 survey, shall be supjiosed to be divided into quarter quarter sec- 
 tions, or 40 acres. The area of any legal subdivision in Letters 
 Patent shall be held to bo more or less, and shall, in each case, be 
 represented by the exact quantity as given to such subdivision in 
 the original survey ; i)rovided that nothing in the Act shall be 
 construed to prevent the lands upon the Red and Assinaboino 
 Rivers, surrendered by the Indians to the late Earl of Selkirk, 
 from being laid c t in such manner as may be necessary in order 
 to carry out the clause of the Act to prevent fractional sections or 
 lands bordering on any rivers, lake, or other watercourse or public 
 road from being divided .• or such land from being laid out in lots 
 
of any certain frontage or depth, in such manner as may appear 
 desirable ; or to prevent the subdivision of sections or other legal 
 subdivisions into wood lots; or from describing the said lands upon 
 the Red nd Assinniboine Rivers, or such subdivisions of wood 
 lots, for ]"atent, by numbers according to a plan of record, or by 
 metes and bounds, or by both, as may seem expedient. 
 
 Unappropriated Dominion lands may at present be purchased 
 at the rate of $1 per acre ; but no purchase of more than a section 
 or 640 acres, shall be made by the same person. Payments of 
 purchases to be made in cash. The Secretary of State may, how- 
 ever, from time to time, reserve tracts of land, as he may deem 
 expedient, for Town or Village plots, such lots to be sold either 
 by private sale, and for such price as he may see fit, or at public 
 auction. The Governor in Council may sot apart lands for other 
 public purposes, such as sites of market places, gaols, court houses, 
 places of public worship, burying grounds, schools, benevolent 
 institutions, and for other like public purposes. 
 
 Free grants of quarter sections, 160 acres, are made to any 
 person who as the head of a family, or to any person not the head 
 of a family who has attained the age of 21 years, on condition of 
 three years' settlemcuu, from the time of entering upon possession, 
 provided the limitati<»:} of quantity shall not prevent the granting 
 of a wood lot to the same person. When two or more persons have 
 settled on and seek to obtain a title to the same land, the home- 
 stead right shall bo in him who made the first settlement. If both 
 have made improvements, a division of the land may be ordered 
 in such manner as may preserve to the said parties their several 
 improvements. 
 
 Questions as to the homestead right arising between different 
 settlers shall be investigated by the Local Agent of the Division in 
 which the land is situated, whose report shall be referred to the 
 Secretary of State for decision. /( , , .' ; .li? i 
 
 Every person claiming a homestead right from actual settle- 
 ment must file his application for such claims with the Local 
 Agent, within 30 days after the date of such settlement, if in 
 surveyed lands ; if in unsurveyed lands, within three months after 
 such land shall have been surveyed. 
 
 I ' ' ' ' I : ' ; , I ' ."IE 
 
 I 
 
45 
 
 No patent shall be granted for land till the expiration of three 
 years from the time of entering into possession of it. 
 
 When both parents die, without having devised the land, and 
 leave a child or children under age, it shall be lawful for the 
 executors (if any) of thr last surviving parent, or the guardian of 
 such child or children, with the approval of a Judge of a Superior 
 Court of the Province or Territory in which the lands lie, to sell 
 the lands for the benefit of the infant or infants, but for no other 
 purpose ; and the puichaser in such case shall acquire the home- 
 stead right by such purchase, and on carrying out the unperformed 
 conditions of the right, shall receive a patent for the land, upon 
 payment of the office fees. 
 
 The title to lands shall remain in the Crown until the issue of 
 the patent therefor, and such lands shall not be liable to be taken 
 in execution before the issue of the patent. 
 
 If a settler voluntarily relinquishes his claim, or has been 
 absent from the land entered by him for more than G months in 
 any one year, then the right to such land shall be forfeited. 
 
 A patent may be obtained by any person before three years, 
 on payment of price at the date of entry, and making proof of 
 settlement and cultivation for not less than 12 months from date 
 of entry. 
 
 All assignment and transfers of homestead rights before the 
 issue of the j)atent shall be null and void, but shall be deemed 
 evidence of abandonment of the right. 
 
 These provisions apply only to homesteads, and not to lands 
 rzt apart as timber lands, or to those on which coal or minerals, 
 at the time of entry, are known to exist. ' 
 
 GRAZING LANDS. 
 
 tJnoccupied Dominion lands may be leased to neighboring set- 
 tlers for grazing purposes; but such lease shall contain a condition 
 making such land liable for settlemeht or for sale at any time 
 during the term of such lease, without compensation, save by a 
 proportionate deduction of rent, and a further condition by which. 
 
 ' ! 
 
on a notice of six months, the Secretary of State ma\ 
 lease at any time during the term. '^ 
 
 mcel the 
 
 Unoccupied Dominion hinds will be leased to neighboring set- 
 tlers for the purpose of cutting hay thereon, but not to the 
 hindrance of the sale and settlement. 
 
 MINING LANDS. 
 
 As respects mining lands, no reservations of gold, silver, iro i 
 copper or other mines or minerals will be inserted in any patent 
 from the Crown, granting any portion of the Dominion lands. Any 
 person may explore for mines or minerals on any of the Dominion 
 public lands, surveyed or unsurveyed, and, subject to certain pro- 
 visions, may ])ui'chase the same. As respects coal lands, they 
 cannot be taken for homesteads. .,,..... 
 
 TIMBER LANDS. 
 
 Provisions are made in the Act for disposing of the timber 
 lands so as to benefit the greatest i)ossible number of settlers, and 
 to prevent any petty monopoly. In the subdivision of townships, 
 consisting partly of prairie and partly of timber land, such of the 
 sections us contain islands, bolts, or other tracts of timber, shall be 
 subdivided into such number of wood lots, of not less than ten and 
 noc more than twenty acres in each lot, as will afford one such 
 wood lot to each quarter section prairie farm in such township. 
 
 The Local Agent, as settjera apply for homestead rights in a 
 townshi[), shall apportion to each quarter section one of the adja- 
 cent wood lots, which shall be a free gift in connection with such 
 homestead, and in addition thereto. 
 
 Any homestead claimant who, previous to the issue of the 
 patent, shall sell any of the timber on his claim, or on the wood 
 lot appertaining to his claim, to saw-mill proprietors or to any 
 other than settlers for their own private use, shall bo guilty of 
 a tresspass and may be prosecuted therefor, and shall forfeit his 
 ch'in absolutely. 
 
 The word timber includes all lumber, r ad all products of timber 
 including firewood or bark. 
 
47 
 
 The right of cutting timlior Hhall bo put up at a bonus per square 
 mile, and vary according to the situation an value of the limit, and 
 sold to the highest bidder by competition, either by tender or by 
 public auction. 
 
 The purchaser shall receive a lease for 21 years, granting the 
 right of cutting timber on tli(( land, with the tollowing conditions : 
 To erect a saw mill or mills in connection with such limit or lease, of 
 a capacity to cut at the rate of 1,000 feet broad measure in 24 hours, 
 for every two and a half sciuiiro mile of limits in the lease, or to 
 establish such other manufactory of wooden goods, the equivalent 
 of such mill or mills, and the h'ssoe to work the limit within two 
 years from the date thereof, and during each succeeding year of 
 the term ; ■ ' ■ .,. . . . - — 
 
 To take from every tnw ho cuts down all the timber fit for use, 
 and manufacture the same into sawn lumber or some other sal> 
 ableproduct; ' ' ' ' '' !->- . 
 
 To prevent all unnecessary destruction of growing timber on 
 the part of his men, lud to prevent the origin and spread of fires ; 
 
 To make monthly returns to Government of the quantities 
 sold or disi)osed of — of all sawn lumber, timber, cordwood, bark, 
 &c., and the price and value thereof; 
 
 To pay, in addition to the bonus, an annual ground-rent of 
 $2 00 per square mile, and further, a royalty of 5 per cent, on his 
 monthy account ; ■ 'i •• i ' •: 
 
 To keep correct books, and submit the same for the inspection 
 of the collector of dues whenever re(juired. 
 
 The lease shall be subject to forfeiture for infraction of any of 
 the conditions to which it is subject, or for any fraudulent return. 
 
 The lessee who faithfully carries out these conditions shall 
 have the refusal of the same limits, if not required for settlement, 
 for a further term not exceeding 21 yoats, on payment of the same 
 amount of bonus per S([uar(» mile as was paid originally, and on 
 such lessee agreeing to such conditions, and to paj' such other 
 rates as may be determined on for such second term. 
 
48 
 
 The standard measure used in the surveys of the Dominion i 
 the English measure of length. 
 
 Dues to the Crown are to bear interest, and to be a lien on 
 timber cut on limits. Such timber may be seized and sold in 
 payment. 
 
 Any person cutting timber without authority on any Dominion 
 lands, shall, in addition to the loss of his labour and disbursements 
 forfeit a sum not exceeding $3 for each tree he is proved to have 
 cut down. Timber seized, as forfeited, shall be deemed to be con- 
 demned, i 1 default of owner claiming it within one month. 
 
 FORM OF APPLICATION FOR A HOMESTEAD RIGHT. 
 
 of 
 
 do hereby apply to be entered, under the 
 
 provisions of the Act respecting the Public Lands of the Dominion, 
 for quarter quarter sections number and forming part 
 
 of section number of the Township of containing 
 
 acres, for the purpose of securing a homestead right in 
 respect thereof. 
 
 AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT OF CLAIM FOR HOMESTEAD RI«HT. 
 
 I, A.B., do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that 
 I am over 21 years of age, rnd that my application for leave to be 
 entered for lands, with a view of securing a homestead right 
 therein, is made for my exclusive use and benefit, and that the 
 entry is made for the purpose of actual settlement. — So hdlp me 
 God. 
 
.... PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. 
 
 '{The following are extracts from the Pamphlets published hy tht 
 Dominion Government for the Information of 
 
 Intending Emigrants. , i ; / 
 
 .V ;. 
 
 Jr* 
 
 ■U'- 
 
 GENERAL FEATURES. 
 
 Westwards, in the newly acquired North "West Territory, is 
 the recently created Province of Manitoba. It contains about 
 9.000,000 acres of land; but it is comparatively a speck on the 
 map of the vast Territory out of which it has been formed. The 
 soil, which is mostly prairie, and covered with grass, is a deep 
 alluvial deposit of unsurpassed richness. It produces bountiful 
 crops of cereals, grasses, roots and vegetables. So rich and inex- 
 haustible is the soil, that wheat has been cropped off the same 
 place for forty years without manure, and without showing 
 signs of exhaustion. It is especially a wheat growing soil, and 
 is believed to contain the most favorable conditions for the growth 
 of this grain on the continent. Pumpkins, potatoes and roots of 
 all sorts, grow to perfection. Strawberries, currants (red and 
 black), raspben-ies, plums, cherries, blueberries, whortleberries, 
 cranberries, (both bush and mai*sh), grow wild and in abundance- 
 Flax is very luxuriant. The wild grasses of the country, which 
 are very nutritious; are particularly favorable for stock raising of 
 all sorts. Cattle can be fattened in Manitoba, and driven to St. 
 Paul without loss of weight. There are large tracts of woods 
 ■along the streams. The beet root grows in great abundance, but 
 the saccharine qualities of the sugar beet have not yet been tested. 
 
 Manitoba is situated in the middle of the continent, nearly 
 equally distant between the Pole and the Equator and the Atlantic 
 and Pacific Oceans. Its climate gives conditions of decided heat 
 in summer, and decided cold in winter. The snow goes away and 
 ploughing begins in April, wl:''^h is about the same time as in the 
 •older Provinces of Canada, and the Northern United States on the 
 Atlantic Seaboard, and the North Western States of Minnesota 
 
50 
 
 and Wisconsin. The crops are harvested in August. The lon^ 
 sunny days of summer bring vegetation of all sorts to rapid ma- 
 turity. The days are warm and the nights cool. Autumn begina 
 about the 20th September, and lasts till the end of November, 
 \ehen the regular frost sets in. The winter comprises the months 
 of December, January, February and March. Spring comes in 
 April. The Summer months are part of May, June, July, August, 
 and part of September. In winter the thermometer sinks to 
 thirty or forty degrees below zero ; but this degree of cold in the 
 dry atmosphere of the North West does not produce any unpleas^ 
 ant sensations. The weather is not felt to be colder than that in 
 the Province of Quebec, nor so cold as milder winters in climates 
 where the frost, or even a less degree of cold than frost, is accom- 
 panied with dampness. The testimony is abundant, in fact uni- 
 versal, on this point. 
 
 / 
 
 .in- 
 
 \';n-y.iiii 
 
 ..R'lJ 
 
 Snow does not fall on the prairies to an average greater depth 
 than eighteen inches, and buffaloes and horses graze out of doors 
 all winter. They scratch the snow off the prairie grass on which 
 they grow fat. Horned cattle graze out of doors part of the 
 'winter, but in some states of the weather they require to be 
 brought in. Instances are, however, stated in which homed cattle 
 graze out all winter. ' ' '. 
 
 Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba, has not at present much 
 r^ore than the dimensions of a large village, but it is already be- 
 ginning to receive an immigration, as well from the older Pro- 
 vinces of the Dominion as from the United States and Europe. 
 It will probably, thei-efore, soon become a considerable town. 
 Navigation is about to be opened between Red River and the head 
 waters of the Saskatchewan, above Fort Edmonton, near the 
 base of the Rocky Mountains, by steamboat, a distance of over a 
 thousand miles, as the crow flies, through prairie land of unsur- 
 passed richness. The route to Manitoba from Thunder Bay to 
 Fort Garry has been very greatly improved, and the Canadian 
 Ck)vemment convey emigrants between these poinfs for $15. The 
 weight of luggage which emigrants can carry over this route is, 
 however, limited to 450 lbs. each, and no package must exceed 
 150 lbs, weight, foi convenience of transport over the portages. 
 

 51 
 
 It is intended to have steamers on the navigable watei-s of this 
 iroute, during the coming season of navigation. 
 
 By the United States route an emigrant may })roceed hy water 
 to Duluth, and thence by the Northern Pacilic Railway to Moor- 
 head, a station on the Red River; whence tliere is steamboat 
 navigation to Winnipeg. 
 
 There are other railway routes via St. Pauls, which afford 
 facilities for travel to Manitoba. 
 
 A light buggy may be driven for a thousand miles in a straight 
 line over the open prairie, adapted to the production of wheat, 
 not only in the largest quantity to the acre, but of tho best quality. 
 
 This tract of country east of the Rocky Mountains contains 
 under the surface of its rich prairie land, one of the largest coal 
 fields in the world, which in some places, crops out at the surface 
 on the banks of the rivers. It is almost impossible to over-estimate 
 the importance of this physical fact for ^^e future of the Domin- 
 ion. The rivers which run east from the Rocky Mountains are 
 rich in gold deposits ; and in fact mineral wealth of almost every 
 \md is found in this tex'ritory. , ., , 
 
 PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 LETTER FROM UNITED STATES CONSUL. 
 
 The subjoined letter from Mr. James W. Taylor, the United 
 States Consul at Manitoba, is copied from a Westein United 
 States newspaper. It is given here as the testimony of an Ameri- 
 can, in official position, for the information of his own people as to 
 the capabilities and productions of Manitoba : — , 
 
 ' ■■ " U. S. Consulate, 
 <* Winnipeg, B.N.A., 8epc. 11, 
 
 1872, 
 
 } 
 
 ■ "Sir, — In response to your communication, requesting.samples of 
 the agricultural products of Manitoba for exhibition at the Minne- 
 sota State fair, I forward specimens of the wheat crop of 1871, a 
 parcel of winter wheat harvested in 1872, some Indian corn and 
 oats, and a few vegelablcs. 
 
62 
 
 " The season here is fully tw 3 weeks later than in Minnesota. 
 Your State Fair is earlier than usual, and the Manitoba crops are 
 not yet threshed. A month later it will be convenient to send a 
 full list of the grain and vegetables for the current year. 
 
 " I will add a few words of explanation in regard to the samples 
 herewith forwarded. ' 
 
 " The wheat produced by John Flett, (one half bushel) was 
 imported forty years since from England, where it was a fall or 
 winter variety, but in course of its acclimation it has become a 
 spring wheat, known as the English. , i, ;. . *•• /. 
 
 '•' "It shows some signs of deterioration from constant cultiva- 
 tion on the same farms for nearly hal" a century, yet a parcel for- 
 warded by me to the Department of Agriculture at Washington 
 was so much esteemed that the Commi'.sioner proposes to circulate 
 a consideral)le quantity in the United States as ' Manitoba Spring 
 Wheat.' Mr. Flett's farm is on the east bank of Rod River, thrc ; 
 miles north of Fort Garry. jr..; j.^jj - 
 
 i;; "^ 
 
 :>.>. 
 
 r '1, 
 
 ">• ( J 
 
 "I send one-third bushel s{)ring wheat from the farm of John 
 Mathe>!on, in Kildonan, (the Scotch parish), four miles north of 
 Winnipeg, which is mainly the 'English.' A third variety of 
 spring wheat may be termed * Minnesota Spring,' the seed Ijeing 
 sent by Mr. N. W. Kitsou to Hon. James McKay, in the winter 
 of 1 SOS, ouo-and-a-quarter bushels of which in 18 61) produced 44 
 bushels oiv one acre, and has since averaged 30 bushels per acre for 
 field cultivition. .. .: . ■ . . 
 
 i -».• 
 
 7 I 
 
 I ' " You will notice a few heads of bearded wheat from the farm 
 of John Matheson, second, of Kildonan. They are from a field of 
 spring wheat in 1871, which bore a considerable crop this head, 
 altho igli left fallow. > ■ ■' ■ • •■ 
 
 *' J aUu send s-^ine heads of the * English Spring.' 
 
 " I invite your j)artioular attention ty the spocimen.s of ' Fultz 
 Wint(<r,' grown in St. Boniface, by Mr. Jean Mayor, from seed 
 furnished me by Mr. Fred. Watts, U. S. Commissioner of Agri- 
 ■culture. It was sown October 2, 1871, and harvested August 10, 
 1M72. When the snow disappeared this spring the i)lant8 wer» 
 
m 
 
 barely visible, but they came to great perfection, and the yield was 
 at the extraordinary rate of 72 bushels per acre. Results signally 
 remarkable attended the cultivation of the * Fultz' wheat by Hon. 
 James McKay, of St. James Parish, and Mr, John Matheson. 
 
 " Encouraged by these results, the U. S. Department of Agri- 
 culture are about to distribute through this Province a liberal sup- 
 ply of Tappahanock and Forzelle Wi?iter Wheat and Winter Rye. 
 
 " I am gratified to observe that Commissioner Watts will at- 
 tend and address the Minnesota State Fair. May I ask that you 
 will personally communicate to him the thanks of the agiicultur- 
 ists of Manitoba for the distribution of new and valuable seeds in 
 the Province. 
 
 " The new ears of corn sent are the squaw variety grown at the 
 mission of Northern IMinnesota. It only reaches the height of 
 three feet, but is very prolific. Tliis specimen wSs planted by 
 Hugh Poison, of Kildonan, May loth, and gathered September 
 4th. 
 
 " The sheaf of ' Fultz* winter wheat is sent to indicate the 
 growth and appearance of the plant. . , 
 
 " I have no doubt that the i>roductions of the districts far 
 north of the line of your road will compare favorably with the re- 
 sults of agriculture in siniilar areas of North Europe. 
 
 I'M 
 
 M.( i'.i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 " I am, Sir, 
 
 " Youi-a truly, 
 ' "JAMES W. TAYLOR.'^ 
 
 .It. . '.(' ! ' 
 
 .11. ;.i 
 
 ■A ..i 
 
 I I 
 
 ('•!/) 
 
 
 LETTER FRO:,I ARCHDEACON McLEAN. 
 
 This letter of Mr. Taylor was submitted by the Department of 
 Agriculture to the Ven. Archdeacon McLean, on the occasion of a 
 visit to Ottawa, in order to obtain his opinion, as a resident, as to 
 the accuracy of the Btateincnts contained in it. He replied in the 
 following letter : 
 
H 
 
 "Ottawv, 10th February, 1873. 
 John Lowe, Esq., ^ . : ^^ ,^ 
 
 •'* '^'^ Secretary Department of Agriculture. 
 
 i-;h 
 
 
 *' Sir, — In reference to the letter of Jas. W. Taylor, Esq., U. 
 S. Consul at Winnipeg, on the subject of Manitoba wheat, I beg 
 to say that the statements containeu in it relative to the average 
 yield per acre, aaree fully with the results of my own observation 
 during nearly a seven years residence in Manitoba. There is no 
 doubt at all that forty bushels of wheat per acre can be got in 
 Manitoba, with ordinary care in farming. My observations have 
 reference only to Spring wheat. I have not seen any efforts made 
 to cultivate Fall wheat, although I know no reason why they 
 should not be successful. 
 
 " With regard to ordinary kitchen vegetables, I do not think 
 it possible to. surpass the products of Manitoba. i 
 
 " About the fii-st week of October I attended an Agricultural 
 show of the i)roducts of the Province, held at Foit Carry. I do 
 not remember ever seeing so fine a display of vegetables anywhere. 
 The potatoes, turnips, cabbages, beets, and onions, were of a size 
 and apparent quality that indicated the very richest soil. 
 
 Zr.i 
 
 " Let me take the opportunity of reminding you that Mani- 
 toba is after all but a very small portion of the Great Fertile Belt 
 of our Dominion. 
 
 " The Valley of the Upper Assinabjine with those of its affluents, 
 the Rapid River or little Saskatchewan, the Shed Ri vor, the Swan, 
 and other rivers — and the valley of the Saskatchewan — stretching 
 westward to the Rocky Mountains, contains millions upon millions 
 of acres of soil as rich as thai of the best in Manitoba, with a rilag- 
 nifioent climate, and every requisite for securing the health and 
 material prosperity of a vast population. 
 
 " I can speak with as much certainty of the climate und soil 
 of those portions of the Fertile Bolt, that I have not seen, as of 
 Manitoba, where I bave lived for years. 
 
 •■*'<' "I have made it my business to converse witb Missionaries, 
 
55 
 
 Hudson Bay Officers, and natives of the country, who have lived 
 for long periods in the vafrious sections. I have carried on this 
 practice for a series of years, taking notes of the conversations. I 
 Jiave compared from time to time one man's statement with that 
 of another, and I am to-day thoroughly convinced that the Saskat- 
 chewan Valley is destined to be the great field for emigration. 
 
 " The land in the Saskatchewan valley is on the whole very 
 similar to that of Red River, though not quite so level. 
 
 " The thermometer falls low^er in winter, but as there is very 
 seldom anv high wind, the cold is not much felt. 
 
 " The severe frost pulverizes the ground, and renders it easily 
 ploughed in spring. 
 
 " Wheat grows there in great perfection, and is ready to cut 
 from the middle to the und of August. , 
 
 " The risk of early frost is chiefly confined to the neighbour- 
 iiood of swampy flats. In general there is but little risk on the 
 high ground. ,, " 
 
 " Tho grasshojjpers that from time to time visited Red River, 
 liave never yet done any serious damage in tlie Saskatchewan 
 Valley. In 1866 they came to Carleton, but did not spread be- 
 yond fifteen miles east. The Red River Valley has been exposed 
 to tho grasshopper in common with the prairie lands of the United 
 States. We have reason to believe that the liability will cease, or 
 at least decrea.se very much, when a large section of the country 
 is under cultivation. .1:1 
 
 .... .. "J remain. Sir, „• .,/.. . 
 
 "''r '^ .f ' •^' f"-i " Yours truly, 
 
 il/-! f/-<V 
 
 .' ' ' 
 
 li'V- 
 
 
 
 '»< ( 
 
 " JouM McLiAN, D.D., D.CL., 
 
 *' Archdeacon of Manitoba." 
 
 ni.'.'m-jt jjj; 
 
 STATEMENT OF MR. G. B. SPENCE. 
 
 The following are notes of an interview of Mr. G. B. Spence, 
 Collector of Customs at Winnipeg, Manitoba, with the Hon. J. H. 
 Pope, Minister of Agriculture, at his office, on tho 1 1 th February, 
 
5G 
 
 1873. They are given here as further evidence respecting the' 
 productions of the soil and climate of Manitoba : — .^ ,,j e-^-t'^c^.r 
 
 In answer to a question from the Minister, Mr. Spence said he 
 
 had been in Manitoba since the 22nd December, 1870 
 Minister — When does Spring begin there ? 
 
 Mr.. Spence — In 1871 the Spring opened about the Ist of 
 April. The river is navigable about the 23rd of April. In 1872: 
 the Spring set in somewhere about ten days later. The first 
 steamer went down early in May. 
 
 Q. What time do farmers sow wheat there ? 
 
 } ■.■r: tils i 
 
 A. They sow in April or May, from about the 15th or 20th of 
 April to the 15th or 20th May. The Spring is shorter than it is 
 here, and sets in without any breaks. '' ' 
 
 Q. What quantity of wheat do they raise to the acre ? 
 
 A. They raise from thirty to sixty-three bushels to the acre.. 
 Forty bushels is the average. 
 
 Q. What is the usual weight per bushel ? * , " 
 
 " ; . J 
 
 A. Sixty -two lbs. I have been told by persons who have seen, 
 it, that wheat can be cultivated for forty years, continuously^, 
 without manure. ''.'!■ J! iin v ;; 
 
 Q. What about oats and barlev, and root crops 1 . " 
 
 A. The barley sown there is very fine ; the oats not so good.. 
 Buckwheat has never been tried. Root crops are extraordinary. 
 Cabbage and cauliflower grow alniost of their own accord. Cab- 
 bages grow to a very large size. Potatoes and turnips are very 
 fi*xe, also mangolds. Sugar beet has never been grown, but some 
 parties think of trying it. Tomatoes, if they were to take the 
 same trouble as in this country, would answer well. Very little- 
 attention is paid to scientific farming. The grasses have not been 
 thoroughly tested ; have seen small patches of timothy, which 
 were very good. The wild grasses are very good for pasturage.. 
 There are what aie cnlled hay farms. '■ ''*"' " '• ' '^ ''^"- ^ " ^ 
 
 Q. Do fanners house their cattle 1 
 
b$ 
 
 A. Hundreds of cattle are never housed, and they look fai 
 better than those you see come out of bams. 
 
 Q. Is the climate equal to that of Minnesota? "- ^'^ ^" *''^* 
 1 * A. The climate is much the same. , ,, .; .m njc.'; >.'! 
 
 Q. The soil? ' V -^:,--,.,.^!- ,nt(;=o-i;: 
 
 .. , A. Yes. The soil is believed to be better than that of Minne- 
 sota. I believe there is no country where the soil is equal to it. 
 
 Q. What time do they usually cut the gi-ain? '^ >.'< o ,.] -s > 
 
 A. At the latter part of July and beginning of August. 
 
 Q. What time does winter set in ? 
 
 A. Winter usually sets in about the first of December, some- 
 times a little earlier. The snow lasts till the first of April. 
 
 Q. How many months could you plough in ? ,.y; . 
 
 A. Five, if not six. Part Df April, May, June, July, August, 
 September, and part of October. r ^ 
 
 Q. As to the cold in Winter ? . . r ./ - ; liirftof''! 
 
 A. The air is drier than it is here, and the cold is not felt so 
 
 much. ' / .,.,...,.,.-,,.,....,...-.. , ..... , .... .i^iji. 
 
 Q. What about Summer ? 
 
 A. The greater part of the Summer is pretty hot. The ther- 
 mometer ranges about ninety degrees; have seen it go up to 
 ninety -six degrees. There is not much rain. 
 
 Q. SupiK>sing you were a man without means and with a 
 family, would you go there 1 / 
 
 A. A man without means has a better chance there than he 
 would have by going into bush land. Fuel is more accessible there 
 than in the prairie. If you go back fifty or sixty miles you come 
 timber lands. 
 
 ,, .The whole of this evidence is of the same character, and to pi-e- 
 cisely the same effect, as that taken by a Committee of the Senate 
 in 1870 ; a summary of which was published in a sheet for the 
 ** Information of Intending Emigrants in 1872," a copy of which 
 
may be obtained on application to Mr. Dixon, Dominion Emigra- 
 tion Agent, 11 Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C, London. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF SOIL BY A GERMAN CHEMIST. 
 
 The following is an analysis of the soil of the Province of 
 Manitoba, by Professor V. Emmerling, Director of the -Chemical 
 Laboratory of the Agricultural Association of the University of 
 Kiel, Holstein, Germany. This scientific analysis confirms in a 
 remarkable manner the reports which have been received of the 
 the great fertility of the soil of Manitoba. ; 
 
 (translation of letter to senator emil klotz.) . / 
 
 ^ ''^ " Kiel, 29th April, 1872. 
 
 " Hon. Senator, V*'/ .a 
 
 " The analysis of the Manitoba soil is now completed, and 
 ■the result is in 100,000 parts : — 
 
 Potash ...:....^ .........228.7 'A • 
 
 Sodium 33.8 ^=^-"'' 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 69.4 .p 
 
 Lime 682.G ^ 
 
 Magnesia 16.1 
 
 Nitrogen 486.1 
 
 ..« . "Yours truly, 
 
 *.i f r^ , «u *> li (Signed). ' 'i"-'r.i: j V. Emmerlinq. 
 
 liXTBACT FROU LETTER OF SENATOR EMIL KLOTZ TO JACOB E. KLOTZ, 
 AGENT FOR the DOMINION government. 
 
 ••' ■ ' Kiel, 4th May, 1872. 
 
 , " After considerable delay, I succeeded in obtaining the analy- 
 sis of the Manitoba soil from Professor Emmerling, Director of 
 the Chemical Laboratory of the Agricultural Association of thia 
 place, and hope it may be of service to you. Annexed I give you 
 our analysis of the most productive soil in Holstein, whereby you 
 will see how exceedingly rich the productive qualities of the Mani- 
 
s 
 
 59 
 
 toba soil are, and which fully explains the fact that the land in 
 Manitoba is so rerj fertile, even without manure. 
 
 " The chief nutrients are, fii-st, nitrogen, then potash and phos- 
 phoric acid, which predominates there ; but what is of particular 
 importance is the lime contained in the soil, whereby the nitrogen 
 is set fre^; and ready to be absorbed in vegetable organisms. The 
 latter property is defective in many soils, and when it is found de- 
 fective, recourse must be had co artificial means by putting lime or 
 marl (a clay which contains much lime) upon the same. 
 
 " According to the analysis of the Manitoba soil, there is no 
 doubt that the farmer who desires to select for his future home, a 
 country which has the most productive soil and promises the rich- 
 est harvests, no country in the worl J offers greater attractions than 
 the Province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada." 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE HOLSTEIN SOIL AND MANITOBA SOIL COMPARED. ; 
 
 -.- iji r-vi t' r Holstein Excess of properties 
 
 ' ; ■ ■ ' » ^ ' ^ Soil. of Manitoba Soil. ' 
 
 Potash 30 : 198.7 . . 
 
 Sodium 20 13.8 »/ 
 
 ,^ . .. Phosphoric Adid 40 29.4 .; 
 
 " Lime 140 " 552.6 'i» ^ 
 
 ,1. ' -. J- ■ 
 Magnesia 10 6.1 
 
 Nitrogen 40 ' 446.1 //^ 
 
 -'^--^■■-'- ■ -- -- -u..\:l.,:- (Signed), ■ '-x- EMIL KLOTZ. -^ 
 
 To J. E. Klotz, Esq., , , , . , ? , , n; 
 
 • . Agent for Dominion of Canada, '^f^ • — ' - '^ 
 
 Kiel. '' " "" '' ' 
 
 '' 'n i^j-i"' ' :,•>:%■• : - ' • ' ■'■ 
 
 >i7/.''j' -' ''I'M ". ; "- ... "'' ^.i! *' ■ •' ' ''"' ^-'' "■> 
 
 , 1 V .,^., ' ,. .■' • ■>.!,;, '. > nj ;■" 
 
 J. -I '.,•/,-,!.. •' • - ) • t c • / ', i:- v.. ,*-rj 
 
 __.,.,) I-., • .» (, ■•';,('-; ft" S 
 
m 
 
 fu f. 
 
 -«!«.•< i 
 
 'tllr: 
 
 COST OF TRANSPORT TO MANITOBA. 
 
 \. 
 
 
 ,; I.' ,''r--. :jJi:ou<'] 
 
 By order in Council, dated January 23rd, 1873, the fare for emigrants 
 from Port William to Fort Garry has reduced to $10 for adults; children 
 under 12 yeara, half-price. The fare from Toronto to Fort William is $5 
 for emigrants. Each emigrant is allowed to car/y 150 lbs. of luggage free. 
 Extra Luggage, 35 cents per 100 lbs. 
 
 Emigrants should take their own rations. Provisions will, however, be 
 furnished at cost price, at Shebaadowan, Fort Francis, and the North- West 
 Angle of Lake of the Woods. ' • 
 
 Merchandise will be carried, after June 20th, 1$"'^. over fhia rouie, 
 from Prince Arthur's Landing to the North- West Angle of the Lake of the 
 Woods, for $40 per ton of 2,000 ponnds. 
 
 Each piece or package to be of convenient size, not exceeding 300 lbs. 
 in weight, and to be firmly bound or fastened. 
 
 Horses, oxen, waggons, and heavy articles, such as castings and ma- 
 chmery, can be sent through to the siime point, on giving due notice and 
 making special arrangements for the conveyance of the same. 
 
 No wines or spirituous liquors will be taken over the route from Prince 
 Arthur's Landing. 
 
 The route is from Toronto by the Northern Railway to Collingwood, 
 and thence by steamer to Prince Arthur's Landing, Thunder Bay, which 
 takes about three days and a half. On arriving at Thunder Bay, an emi- 
 grant reception house is to be found. 
 
 From Prince Arthur's Landing, a Government Stage runs over a 
 splendid road, 45 miles to Lake .Shebandowan, with stopping places every 
 10 miles for meals, 
 
 The journey by water now 'jommences, which is easy and comfortable, 
 by means of a s^null steamer on each lake. At the portages: dividing the 
 lakes, houses aie erected for the comfort of immigrants. 
 
 Bare Portaige or Kettle Falls, are next reached, and then Rainy Lake,. 
 where a large steamer, 100 feet long, conveys passengers and freight to- 
 Fort Francis, where another steamer conveys them down Rainy River and 
 across the Lake of the Woods, terminating at the North- West Angle. 
 
 Then comes a land journey of 93 miles, by stage or team, Tvith resting- 
 places in government houses at Brick River, White Mud River, and Oak 
 Point, about 30 miles from Fort Garry. 
 
 On arrival at the latter place, a large government house will be found 
 with sufficient accommodation, wLere the emigrant car remain uritil he 
 settles his business or finds employment. 
 
61 
 
 -A. 
 
 The diatances travelled are 00 milea by rail to Collingwood, 532 by 
 steamer to Prinee Arthur's Landing, 45 miles by stage or waggon to Lake 
 Shebandowan, 310 miles of broken navigation to the North-West Angle of 
 the Lake of the Woods, and 05 miles Htage or waggon to Fort Garry, the 
 whole of which can be accomplished in about 14 days from Thunder Bay, by 
 govemment transport, for the sum of $10, with au additional $5 for pro- 
 visions for consumption on the way. 
 
 Those who have passed over the route speak highly of its facilities and 
 •the comfort they experienced on the journey.