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Dominion Catholic Series 
 
 OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 CANADIAN HISTORY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 USE OF SCHOOLS 
 
 BY 
 
 A ' 0'A's:irohw teacher 
 ' . , * • * 
 
 [ ^ r,VJ,S,E D E b I V ft \ ]' ' ' 
 
 JAMES A. SADLIER 
 MONTREAL AND TORONTO 
 
■:% 
 
 Entf.rf.d accc -fliiT- to Act of Parliament of ('aiuxda, in the 
 year one tliousanti eism hu:i ueu and cinhtv-eifilit, by Jami-s A. 
 3adui£R, in the office of the Muiisterof Agriculture. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It Avill bo scon iluit the following sketch of Cana- 
 dian llistoryis prosentod on a plan dilFering niaterially 
 from that in ordinary iiso. The jjrinoipal events of 
 oach period are sunjniarily given in chronological 
 order ; the leading topics are briefly discussed in their 
 jiroper places, and short biographies of eminent per- 
 sons complete the sketch of the period. Useful tables 
 a]>pear at regular intervals. No questions are given, 
 as they tentl to make the study too mechanical. AH 
 the essential facts are dealt with, ])ut necessarily in a 
 brief way, it being left to the skill of the earnest 
 teacher to amplify M'here necessary. 
 
 bTb':>'^ 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 FRENCH RULE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From the Discovery of America to the Foundation of Quebec, 
 
 1492 to 1C08 5 
 
 CHAITKR II. 
 
 From the Foundation of Quebec to the Treaty of RyHwiclt, ICOR 
 to 1697 ". If 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 From the Death of Frontenac to the Treaty of Parin, 1608 to 1763. . 27 
 
 BRITISH RULE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 From the Treaty of Paris to the Treaty of Ghent, 1763 to 1814 40 
 
 chapt!:r II. 
 
 From the Treaty of Ghent to the Act of Union, 1814 to 1841 5r» 
 
 * CHAPTER III. 
 From the i^ct of Union to the Confederation, lr41 to 18C7 60 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From the Formation of the Dominion to the Present Time, iH'C/1 
 
 to 1889 78 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 Parliamentary, Municipal, and Educational 83 
 
 Al'PENDIX. 
 
 1. Treaties affecting; Canada ... C3 
 
 2. Acts and Bills 94 
 
 8. The Lieutennnt-Qovcrnors C5 
 
 4. Alphabetical List of Canadian Aiilhors 97 
 
 6. Pronunciation of difUcult Proper Names Hi 
 
OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 FRENCH RULE. 
 
 CHAPTER i. 
 
 From the Discovery of America to the Founda- 
 tion of Quebec, 
 
 1492 TO 1608. 
 
 Principal Events.— Christopher Columbus, an Ital- 
 ian, in the service of Spain, discovers America, in 
 1492, landing successively at the islands of San Salva- 
 dor, Cuba, and Hayti. In his second voyage Colum- 
 bus discovers other AVest India Islands.* In 1497, 
 John Cabot and his son Sebastian, in the service of 
 England, discover Labrador and Newfoundland. In 
 his third voyage, 1498, Columbus discovers the main- 
 land of South America. In 1500, Gaspard Cortereal, a 
 Portuguese, after having visited Newfoundland and 
 Lal)rador, discovers the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In 
 1523, Verrazani, in the service of the French king, 
 visits the eastern shores of North America between 
 
 • Columbus, supposing he had discovered the eastern part of India, 
 called the natives Indians. 
 
OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 the 301 II parallel of latitude and Xewfoundland, claims 
 
 it for his master, and calls it New France. 
 
 In 1534, Jacques Cartier (see pa^jc 11) lands on the 
 
 Gaspe ])cninsula, and takes possession of the country in 
 
 the name of the kinjj of France, Francis I. 
 Landing of 
 Jacques In 1535, he discovers the St. Lawrence, 
 
 and sails up that river as far as the island 
 of Montreal. In 1540, Francis I. api)oints the Sieur de 
 Koberval, his lieutenant in Canada, who makes a settle- 
 ment at Charleshourj,' Royal ; but from want of succor, 
 and owin^ to the wars between France and Spain, he 
 is forced to abandon it, and returns home in 1544. 
 In 1598, the Manpiis de la Roche, rea]>pointed 
 
 lieuteuiint-f'eneral by Henry IV., reaches 
 Varioas Ex- ■% o j j > 
 
 peditionsto Sable Island. Wishing to observe the 
 tana a. neighboring coasts, before choosing a 
 
 j>lace of settlement, he leaves his people on the island 
 and goes on westward; but storms prevent his return, 
 and drive his shipb across the ocean to France. About 
 the same time (1599-1600) Pierre Chauvin, under 
 authority from the king, makes two voyages to Canada 
 for fur-trading purposes, but does not form a settlement. 
 In 1603, De Chastes, successor of Chauvin, forms a 
 company and sends out an expedition under Pontgrave 
 and Champlain, who make an ex})loration of the river 
 St. Lawrence, between St. Louis Rapids (now Lachine 
 Rapids) and Tadoussac. In 1604, De Monts, granted 
 a monopoly of the fur-trade by Henry IV., sails to 
 
FRSNOH RULE. 
 
 I 
 
 Canada, accompanied l)v Chaniplain ; the result of this 
 exix'tlition is the formation of a settlement Settlement of 
 at Port Royal— 1605— (now Annapolis, J^^^^i^Jj, 
 Nova Scotia). In 1608, Champlain makes 1608. 
 another voya<ife to Canada, and forms a settlement at 
 Quel.ec (Stadacona), which hecomes p<>rmanent. 
 
 What the Discovery of America did for Europe. — 
 
 Europiian nations, that had hitherto ^'iven their «hi«'f 
 
 attentiim to military allairs, mpidly imhihed the spiijl 
 
 of niaritime discovery, until now monopolized hy Italy, 
 
 Spain, and Portui'al. The benefits of com- 
 
 . Beutifits of 
 
 merce and trad<>, ] reviously enjoyed almost Commerce 
 
 exclusively hy the great Italian cities, be- ^ ' 
 
 gan to gradually spread over other ])arts of Europe, and 
 
 manufactures received a fresh impulse from the new 
 
 materials brought from America. Ship-building and 
 
 navigation, now that the demands on these arts had 
 
 largely increased, improved with wonderful mpiditv. 
 
 A new field for industrial enterprise was opened ; and 
 
 thousantls M'ho, either through social ov political causes, 
 
 lived in hardship and misery at home, fouml in the Xew 
 
 World the promise, at least, of freedom and prosi)erity. 
 
 The Early Explorers of America. Th<! pioneers \ 
 
 of American discovery were almost exclusively Catho- 
 lics. The importance of this remark may not fully 
 appear in referring to the era of Columbus and the 
 Cabots, because then all Europeans were Catholics. 
 Its real significance is seen in a later period. During 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
m§ 
 
 hhui 
 
 8 
 
 OITMNKS OK CANADIAN IIISTOia'. 
 
 iho sixiccMilli ('cnturv, '.vliih- ilio nations of noHliom 
 Kuropc wore distractcti liv tlu' «lis(tr(l«'rs canst'd l»v tho 
 Catholic Ex- '"'•'•'ti<'!>I doctriin's of LutluT, i\n' darinj^ 
 plorers. ^,„,^ ,,f (/jitljolic France, Sjiain, an<l Portu- 
 
 ^m1 were travcrsiii^' iliis contiiKMii in all diivctions, 
 braviii^f the (lan<^'('rs of mountain and forest, yearly 
 niakiiij^' new tliscoveries valuable to after j,'enerations, 
 and soundijij:, tiie praises of (lod aiuid rejj;ioiis that 
 iiitherlo <M'hoed oidv to the cries of wiltl beasts and 
 Catholic Na- ^^iivaijje iiieii. Scattered altout this conti- 
 
 J{°""i7®^°P uent today are centers of trad.' and com- 
 the greatness 
 
 of America, nierce wiiose names indicate! their Catholic 
 ori.ufin, and whose i>ros|>eriiy bears testimony to the 
 far-reaching,' sagacity of their founders. Orators and 
 writers in hoastiuL!: of the ^M'eutness of America fre- 
 quently i.v,niore, or l)elittle, the siu'vices rendered })y 
 tlie Frenchman and the Spaniard ; but impartial his- 
 tory proves that tiu' ori.ifin of this {.^reatni'ss, and much 
 of its develoi)ment, is «luo to tlie ^*; nius of those Catho- 
 lic nations whom ignorance or prejudice would gladly 
 overlo(tk. 
 
 How America obtained its Name.— A Florentine 
 navigator of oi)scure fame, named Anu'ricus Vespucius, 
 Americus luatle several voyages to this hemisphere 
 Vespucius. .,ftj.,. t,i„, earlier visits of Columbus. On 
 his return from one of these voyages, he published a 
 glowing account of his adventures, and, consequently, 
 from this man's name (Americus), tli(5 name of our 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 9 
 
 contiiu'ut was <l»'nvo(l,ainl tlio honor due to Colunilma 
 W!iH ^i\(']\ id {mother.* 
 
 New France anu its Aborigines. — Wlmn tlic 
 French lirst eaiiio to Canada t they found it every- 
 where covered with dense forests. The climate was 
 very severe in winter ; the air was sahihricMis, hut the 
 ('han;,'e of temperature was very sudden. The forests 
 ahounded in game, and tlie lakes and rivers afforded a 
 l)h'ntiful supply of lish of all kinds. The The Indian 
 Indian trihes dill'ered litth; from on(( an- Tribes, 
 other in character, manners, and customs. They were 
 lierce and warlike savag<'s, and sulisisted (;hi('f]y ])y 
 liunting and fishing. They Ijelievod in the e.vistence 
 of a (Ireat Spirit, and had a confuse«l notion of future 
 rewards and punishments. Their precise origin is un- 
 known, though it is su|)posed that a part of their ances- 
 tors at some remote period crossiMl over from difTerent 
 points of northern Asia, l)y way of Uehring Strait. They 
 ■were remarkable for great courage and powers of endur- 
 ance. Thi' principal trihes inhabiting Canada when the 
 French nrrivcd were: (1) The Algonquins, dwelling 
 chiefly along the north bank of the St. Lawrence, be- 
 tween Tadoussac and Ilochelaga ; (2) the Ottawas, 
 dwelling iJear th»^ river of ihat name ; and (3) the 
 
 ♦ It is now believed liy soiiio ortlic IcariUMl tliat Amrrim cotiies fnnii an 
 IiKliiiii dialect, as Americm iM-iiig neither Italian nr>r Latin. 
 
 t Canada, -supposed ' y some to lie derived from the Indian KiinnUt, % 
 villa>?e ; by others from the Spanish Aca Naiki, -hew. is nothing. The for- 
 mer is more probable. 
 
mBs^msmm 
 
 10 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Hurons, occupying the district lying between Lake 
 Sinicoc iind (l(;orgiiin liay. Soutli of tlie St. Law- 
 rence and Lake Or.tario were the Iroi^uois, forming a 
 powerful confederacy (»f five nations. These were 
 TheFiveNa- ^^'^ce and relentless enemies of the Hu- 
 tions. rons, and before the end of the French 
 
 period they h.nl succeeded in almost exterminating 
 them. The Iroquois were also bitter enemies of the 
 French. 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 Christopher Columbus -1436 to 1506.— The discoverer ot 
 America was bom in Genoa, Italy, and was tlie son of a v.'ool- 
 comber. At tlie age of fourteen lie began life as a sailor ; but 
 httle is known of him, until about the year 1470, when he mar- 
 ried, and settled in Lisbon as a maker of maps and charts. It 
 was during the years of conii>arativo leisure tliat now followed, 
 that he conceived the idea that India could be reached by sail- 
 ing westward. IJuing too poor to fit out an expedition that 
 might realize this idea, he applied for assistance alternately to 
 his fellow-countrymen, and to the courts of England, Portugal,, 
 and Sj)ain. At last, after many refusals, his long-tried patience 
 was rewarded by the patronage of the sovereigns of Spain, then 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, who furnished him with three small 
 vessels, equipped and manned. With these he set .sail, and 
 after a hazardous voyage of two months through an unknown 
 sea, he at last discovered the island of San Salvador, the first 
 land in the new worhl — 1402. His subsetpient discoveries 
 (made in three voyages) have alread}' been mentioned. His 
 achievements had the effect of advancing Spain to the first 
 position among European nations ; yet the monarch of Spain 
 was unjrrateful. At first Ferdinand bestowed on Columbus 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 11 
 
 so.ne degree of lionor and favor, but in time listening to tlie 
 slanders of jealous courtiers, he caused or iK?rnutted repeated 
 indignities to be heaped upon him, and coldly allowed him to 
 spend his last days in poverty. Columbus was a man of noble 
 bearing ; lofty and daring, indomitable in conduct, moderate in 
 success, undepressed in adversity, and in all imbued with a 
 spirit of i>iety and devotion. 
 
 Jacques Cartier — 1494 to 1554 — a distinguished naviga- 
 tor of St. Malo, in France, and the first explorer of Canada, 
 Under the ausi»ices of Francis I, he sailed from St. Alalo in 
 1534, and successively passed through the Strait of Belle Isle, 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and liay of Chaleur, and landed on Gaspe 
 Peninsula, wliere he planted a Cross bearing the arms of France, 
 thus formally taking possession of the country for his master. 
 In his second voyage, 1535, he explored the river St. Law- 
 rence, and sailed up that river, stopped at Stadacona (now 
 Quebec), and pass:! to Hochelaga (now Montreal). The 
 Indians, wdio inhal)ited the villages along the route, received 
 tlie Frencli kindly and hosi»itably. In the following spring, 
 Cartier returned to France, bringing with him Chief Donacona 
 and other Indians. In 1541, Francis I. organized a new expe- 
 dition to Canada under Cartier, and appointed the Sieur de 
 Roberval his lieutenant in that country. Cartier arrived first, 
 and built a fort called Charlesbourg Royal, but which he aban- 
 doned next year, and returned to France. Roberval's unsuccess- 
 ful attempt at the sanie place has been already noticed. Cartier 
 spent the rest of his lifetime in retirement at home. lie was 
 prudent, persevering, magnanimous, and religious, and his dis- 
 coveries, as well as his personal uccoi 'plishUients, entitle him 
 to be ranked among the most distinguished men of his 
 time. 
 
 John Cabot, aVenetia;. ^ulot and skilled navigator. It is 
 not known when he was born or when he died. He resided at 
 
12 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Bristol, England, at the time of the discovery by Cohimbus. 
 In 1497, under a patent from Henry VII., he Lviled on a voy- 
 age of exploration in company with his son Sebastian, and 
 discovered what is now known as the Peninsula of Labrador. 
 Sebastian was a greater explorer than his father. He discovered 
 Newfoundland, sailed along the whole east coast of North Amer- 
 ica, and attempted to find a north-west passage to India. The 
 English king rewarded him with a pension. He spent several 
 years in the service of Spain, and died about the year 1557. 
 
IS. 
 
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 r' 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 From the Foundation of Quebec to the Treaty 
 
 of Ryswick. 
 
 1608 TO 1097. 
 
 Principal Events.— In 1608, Samuel de Clmmplain- 
 founds the city of Quebec (see paj^e 22) ; in 1611, he 
 chooses the site of Montreal (foot of Mount Royal) ; 
 in 1613, he explores the Ottawa River, and in 1615, 
 he discovers Lakes Nipissing, Huron, and 
 Ontario. By his exertions missionaries are brought^to** 
 first brought to Canada (1615). In 1627, Canada. 
 the Company of One Hundred Associates is formed for 
 fur-trading purposes (see page 18). In 1629, the 
 English, under Kirke, capture Quebec, but it is re- 
 stored to the French in 1632. Champlain is made 
 governor in 1633. Champlain dies on Christmas Day, 
 1635. 
 
 In 1642, Montreal (Ville Marie) is founded under 
 the auspices of the Mont.-eal Company, 
 formed for the maint(?nance and propaga- Founded for' 
 
 tion of the Catholic Faith in Canada. In Jhe Propaga- 
 
 . . tionoftne 
 
 1663, the Sulpicians obtain possession of Catholic 
 
 the island of Montreal, and in 1677, they ^"'*'^^®*2). 
 founded their seminary. In 1658, tho Right Rev, 
 
14 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 rran9ois dc Laval is appointed Vicar Apostolic of New 
 
 France, and first bishop of Quebec in 1674. In 1663, 
 
 the Company of One Hundred Associates is dissolved, 
 
 and a Supreme Council is established to administer the 
 
 affairs of the colony (see page 17). In 1665, occur a 
 
 series of violent earthquakes, which last several months, 
 
 and make vaiious alterations in the face of the country, 
 
 but cause no loss of life. 
 
 In 1672, the Count de Frontenac arrives at Quebec 
 
 as governor, but is recalled on account of 
 Frontenac's 
 Adininistra- arbitrary conduct (see page 25). In 1673, 
 
 ^°"* the Mississippi is discovered by Louis 
 
 Joliet, accompanied by Father Marquette, and in 1682, 
 that river is explored to its mouth l)y Sieur d(> la 
 Salle, In 1689, the Iro(piois surprise and massacre 
 several hundreds of French settlers at La chine, on 
 Montreal Island. In 1689, Frontenac is again ap- 
 pointed governor, and takes an active and successful 
 part against the English and their colonies in " King 
 "William's War " (see page 20). The war closes with 
 the treaty of Ryswick, in 1697. Frontenac dies the 
 following year. 
 Canada in the Seventeenth Century. — During this 
 
 period the French population reached the number of 
 15,000, scattered in small settlements along the baidvs 
 French Popu- ^^^ ^^^^ ^^' Lawrence, bf^tweon Tadoussac 
 lation. jiini Montreal. The principal places wore 
 
 Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers. Settlers came in 
 
 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 16 
 
 V 
 
 K 
 
 The Iroquois. 
 
 slowly, deterred by the prospects of a long and dan- 
 gerous sea voyage, and by reports of the severity of the 
 climate, and the liostility of the Indians. At first agri- 
 culture was in a low state, and the people were com- 
 pelled to live chiefly on the jii'oducts of hunting and 
 fishing. Provisions were often scarce, and famine and 
 disease as often prevailed. 
 
 The Iroquois, exasperated by the alliance of the 
 French with the Hurons, continually har- 
 assed the colonists, who were frequently 
 massacred, or carried into captivity by these fierce 
 savages. At one time the Iroquois became almost 
 masters of Canada, all but exterminating the Hurons, 
 and blocking up the French in Quebec, Montreal, and 
 Three Rivers. However, Providence regularly, at 
 critical moments, saved the colony from destruction ; 
 and then a Champlain, a Tracy, a Courcelle, or a 
 Frontenac, made head against the savages, chastised 
 them severely, and forced them to sue for peace. 
 
 The failure of the Companies (referred to elsewhere), 
 who at different times enjoyed a monojwly xroubles of 
 of the fur-trade, to fulfil that part of their ^^^ Settlers, 
 agreement which required them to provide certain nec- 
 essaries for the settlers, still further increased the dis- 
 comforts of the latter ; while the outbreaks of the 
 Indian, and sometimes the incursions of English colo- 
 nists from the south, kept the sett'ers for a long time 
 in a continual state of alarm. 
 
wmsmmmm 
 
 16 
 
 OUTLINES 02" CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Nevertheless, the settlers struggled bravely on, en- 
 couraged by the vigilance and patience of such men ai 
 Frontenac, the noble example of the missionaries, and 
 by the wi'-e and prudent conduct of Bisliop Laval. As 
 time passed on, the home government began to take 
 more interest in the affairs of the colony ; furnished 
 it with means to improve agriculture and other in- 
 Supreme dustries ; sent more troops to protect it 
 Council. against its enemies, and gave a better sys- 
 
 ^tem of government in the formation of the Supreme 
 Council. The condition of the colony now began to 
 imi)rove. 
 
 How New France was Governed. — At the begin- 
 ning of this period, the French claimed possession of 
 the greater part of what is now known as the Domin- 
 ion of Canada, the northern and western boundaries 
 being, however, undefined. This comprised chiefly 
 Canada (now Ontario and Quebec), Acadia (now 
 Nova Scotia and New-Brunswick), and Prince-Edward 
 Island. In the early days of di^oovery, the represent- 
 atives of the French king were called 
 Viceroya. . • ^ • . 
 
 viceroys, as we have seen m reierrmg to 
 
 Roberval and ])e la Roche. When settlements began 
 to be fixtures, they were called licHitenants of the 
 king, among whom were Comte de Soissons, Prince 
 de Conde, Due de Montmorenci, Due de Venta- 
 dour, etc. Most of these never lived in Canada, but 
 acted through deputies, of which rank were Champlain, 
 
 *5 
 
 H 
 
 fi 
 
 r 
 

 II 
 
 FRENCH RULE. 
 
 17 
 
 etc. The fur companies, too, had a right in tlio gov- 
 ernment of the colony. 
 
 In 1648, a Colonial Council was formed, consisting 
 of the Governor, the Keetor of the Jesuits, colonial 
 the previous Gov(!rnor, two colonists elected Council, 
 for three years by the memhers of the Council and l>y 
 the syndics of Quebec, Montreal, and Three Kivers. 
 On the dissolution of the Company of Dissolution 
 
 One Hundred Associates, in 1G63, a Su- of the Hun- 
 
 ' area Associ- 
 
 preme Council was formed by a royal edict, ates. 
 
 and the colony became directly subject to the king of 
 
 France. The Council was composed of the (lovernor, 
 
 the Bishop, the Intendant, the Attorney-(}eneral, the 
 
 clerk, and four counsellors appointed by the (lovernor, 
 
 the Bishop, and the Intendant. Three royal courts of 
 
 justice were established, viz. : in ^lontreal, Quebec, 
 
 and Three Rivers. Canada was declared a province, 
 
 and Quebec a city. 
 
 I)e Mesy was the first governor under the new order 
 
 of things. After him the most celebrated Governors 
 
 political men sent by France were : the ^^ffLjlt. 
 X -' new order 
 
 Intendant Talon, Manpiis de Tracy (1G65), of things. 
 who brought out new settlers and sui)plies to the col- 
 ony, and severely chastised the Indians; De Courcello 
 (1G65), who followed the course of his predecessor, 
 and strengthened the colony ; De Frontenac (1C72), 
 referred to elsewhere ; and De Den<»nvillc, who im- 
 prudently seized u number uf Iroi^uois at a ccuucil. 
 
18 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN' HISTORY. 
 
 nnd tliorel)y iiit<'i»sili(Ml tlic alrciuly iifirc aiiiiiiosiU nl 
 
 tli('S(; tril)os against tlio Fn'iicli. 
 
 Tin; liit(uulaiit was next in laiik io llic Oovj'rnf'p, 
 
 _ . , ami (liscliargcd tlio duties «>f iiiinistcr <>i 
 
 The Intend- 
 
 ant Talon liiiaiicc, justice, and public Avorks. J lie 
 
 most reniarkahle Intendant Avas Talt)U 
 (lOdf)), -who, l)y liis mIso and energetic policy, did 
 much to advanc(5 the agricultural and commercial in- 
 terests of the i»rovincG, 
 
 The Fur-tpade and Fur Companies. The French- 
 men who lirst arrived in Canada eaily learned tho 
 value of tlu! furs of the numerous animals that peo]>led 
 the livers, lakes, and forests. They collected tlie skins 
 in ahundanc(^ themselves, and hy a trilling comi»ensa' 
 tion stimulated the Indians to supply them with others. 
 Demand ''"' demand hy Kuropcans for these furs 
 
 for furs. steadily increasing, comjtanies were formed 
 
 under the authority of the Frencli king, and given a 
 inono])oly of this lucrative trade. The ])rincii)al of 
 these companies were the "C'ouipany of Merchants," 
 and the "CNtmpanyof the ()ne Hundred Associates," 
 till' latter established ]iy Cardinal Kichelieu, in 1027. 
 liesides a monopoly <if the fr.r-trade, they were given 
 
 „ ,.^. a share iii the <j-overiimeut of the colonv. 
 
 Conditions '^ 
 
 under which The general conditions under which these 
 
 theCompa- , ir i i n ^ .i 
 
 nies were coiiij)anies were e-^tahnshea were : that tliey 
 
 founded. should construct forts wlu'U retpiire'l, jiro- 
 
 vidc necessaries fur the missionaries, send oul; cultiva- 
 
 
 
VHKxni nn.K. 
 
 Ifl 
 
 ^k 
 
 ¥ 
 
 tors, lahorors, ami artisans, and maintain a niilitarv forco 
 Rullicient to i)n)t«'('t the French settlers and their In- 
 dian allies. They eniploveil a nuniher of rni/fOff'/irs in 
 tlie Itnsiness, hut aside fr«»ni tiiis, thoy were rather a 
 drawl >aek than a lienetit to tin; eolonv. lleeause, wliile 
 by their monopoly rii^'hts, they dei)i'ived the people at 
 lar^^! of till! henelits of trading' with :he Indians for 
 furs, tliey fre<|uently violated the ctiuditions ahctve 
 lHentione<l ; so that tlie day of th» ir linal dissolution 
 was liailed with salisfiiction hy the population. 
 
 The English Colonies. In the meiintime, the 
 
 Kn^lisji liad formed settlements on the South, The 
 
 principal were the colonies of Massiichusetts, New 
 
 Hampshire^ Connecticut, Khode Island, Maiyland, \'ir- 
 
 ^nnia, and New York, — the last acMpiired hy conquest 
 
 from the Dutch, in \W)0. Veiy soon the French and 
 
 Kurdish cohiuies, imitatiiiLf their respective mother 
 
 countri(!S hecame hitler rivals. Disimtes 
 
 , . i. 1 • Disputes 
 
 ahout the houndaries of their res]K!ctive aboutBound- 
 
 II- J ^1 • •! c aries. 
 
 ]»ossessions, and claims to the ]»nv:le^^fe ot 
 
 fui'-trading with the Indians, led to many hloody con- 
 flicts, in which th<' usual horrors <tf war wen^ JigMr^i- 
 vatcd hy til!' atrocities of their Indian allies — the 
 llurous (HI tlie ."^aile of the French, and the Iroipiois 
 on that of the I-ai,ulish. 
 
 Th(! most im])ortant of these strUL^L-les was what is 
 known as " Kin;^' William's War,"' which Ixiijan ahout 
 1685, and lasted until 1G1)7. Under (juvernur l)e Do- 
 
 \ 
 
20 
 
 OUTLINES OP rAXAmAN* IIIHTORY. 
 
 iionvillo, tho Kn;^'lisli ])osts, near Iliulson Bay, were 
 
 „. captunMl by D'lhervilli' ill*' Inxiuois wore 
 
 King Will- '. "^ , ,. 
 
 iam^ War, twice route*!, and Fort Niagara was luiilt ; 
 
 1685-1697. 1 * 1 • 1 1 f 41 T 
 
 Imt Ills treaeheroiis seizure ot tlu; InKjuuis 
 
 chiefs Iji'ouglit (HI the inassacre at Laehiiie. Froiiteiiac 
 then appeared: lie overran several English settlements, 
 worsted the InMjuois in v..;ious engagements, and 
 frustrated an Knglish attempt t(» take Montreal. 
 Capture of '*^'*' ^^ dliam l*hipi>s eaptur<'(l I'ort Royal, 
 Port Royal. i,j Acadia, hut was comi»letely defcatetl 
 l)y Fiontenac, in his attack (Ui (^)u«'hec, in 1G90. The 
 treaty of RysM'ick closcul the Avar, 1097. 
 The Missionaries and their Worlc. — The lirst 
 
 missionaries to land at C^)ue1)ec were three of the Ke- 
 collet fathers, in IGIT). The first missionarv to (hita- 
 rio was Father le Caron, a Recollet,* who celebrated 
 the first Mass in the Province on June 24th, 1615, 
 at which Champlain assisted. The Jesuits arrived in 
 1625. On the surrender of Quebec to the English, 
 in 1629, all the religious retired to France. The 
 Return of Recollets ilid not return until 1670, but 
 i632**Recdl. ^^'^ Jesuits began to come back in 1632. 
 lets, 1670. These soon spread themselves over the 
 country for the conversion of the Indians. They dis- 
 played unbounded zeal in their labors, and endured 
 untold privations and sufferings in the wild regions 
 through wliich they passed. They opened the way 
 
 ♦ The Recollets were a branch of the Franciscan Order. 
 
 H 
 
 ,v 
 
FUENCII RULE. 
 
 21 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 through trackh'ss territories liithiMto unknown t(» tlie 
 W'hitt.'s, n.jule many new an«l vahia1)lo discoveries,* con- 
 verted thousands of lieathens to the Christian faitli, and, 
 by thus softening and controlling the savage nature of 
 the Indians, made life in tlie new huul more enduraltle 
 to the French settlers. Many sullered tlie Canadian 
 most cruel inartvrdom with heroic con- Martyrs, 
 stancy and Christian resignation, hut as fast as they 
 thus disappearr'd tlieir places were taken })y others, who 
 sullered with ((jual heroism. Among those who j»er- 
 ished in this y were : Father .logues, 1G4C ; Fathers 
 Brebeuf, Lallemant, (Jarnier, and Daniel, 1G49; and 
 Father Ihiteux, 1G52. Fathers Iheheuf, Lallemant, 
 Garnier, and Daniel were martyred in Ontario within 
 the limits of the present county of Simcoe, — all victims 
 of the bloody and relentless Iroquois. 
 
 Besides the missions, other religious works were 
 vigorously prosecuted during this period. _ , . 
 
 A Jesuit college was founded at Quebec, in ofReligious 
 ,„.,_ TT 1- 4 1 AT 1 1 andCharita- 
 
 lOJa ; an Ursuline convent by Madame dc ble Institu- 
 
 la Peltrie, in 1639, at tlie same place, and **°""* 
 the Congregation of Notre-I )ame was foumh'd at Mon- 
 treal by Sister Bourgeoys, in 1653. Bishop Laval 
 founded the seminary of Quebec in 1663. In 1657, 
 the Sulpicians arrived at Montreal, where they estab- 
 lished their order. Then followed the foundation of 
 
 " " Not a cape was turned, nor a river eutered, but a Jesuit led the 
 V,'SLy."—Jiaticruft. 
 
22 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 tlio ,L,'(3n('riil liospitals at Qiujbec and Montreal, and 
 otlujr institutions of religion, learning, and beijcvo- 
 lence, — all of which operated largely for the social, 
 material, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of 
 the province. 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 Samuel de Champlain (irt67 to 163.')), a French navi- 
 giitor of <'Xi»('ri<'nce Jiiid rducation, founder of Qucltcc, and first 
 governor of New France. His abiUtics early won liini the. 
 favor of Heniy IV'., wlio granted him a pension. Acting 
 luider l)e Chastes, Ik^ first sailed to Canada, in IGO.'i. His doings 
 under this oliieial and liis successor, De ]\h)nts, liave already 
 ])oen noticed. After he liad founihid Quehee {Uu: Slndt), in 
 1608, he proeeeclcd to make i'nrther explorations. In company 
 with a party of Hurons and Algoncjuins, he attacked and de- 
 feated an Tro(|uois fonse near the Sorel, an event wliich aroused 
 i\w, umlying hatred of the Irotpiois against tlie French. He 
 explored the Sorel and Ottawa rivers, and successively discov- 
 ered Lakes Chamiihiin, Nipissing, Huron, and Ontario, anu iaid 
 out tlie site of tlie present city of Montreal. After the surren- 
 der of (^)uehec, to Kirke, lie retired to France, hut returned 
 wlien Cana(hi was restored by the treaty of St. (lermain-en- 
 Laye, in 16152, and was appointed governor. Champlain died 
 at (^)uebec, in 163.'), deeply regretted. He was a man of uncom- 
 mon ability and exemi)lary character, and was wholly devoted 
 to the duties oi his position. His views of justice were stern 
 and upright, yet tem])ered with mercy. His zeal for the propa- 
 gation of the Catholic faith was great, and he was accustomed 
 to say, that the salvation of one soul was of more importance 
 than the fiMUidini^ of a new empire. 
 [ Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, founder 
 
 A 
 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 n 
 
 v^ 
 
 of Montreal, an<l its first governor, 1 HI 1-1 664, belotigod to 
 one of tlie first families of Chiinii»ivgne, in Friinfc. Chosen hy 
 M. .^o la Dauversiere ami his eomi>anions to lay the foundations 
 of Ville Marie, M. de Muisonneiive governed it during the most 
 troublous iterit»d of its existence with rare ability. A brave 
 soldier, a model Christian gentleman, at once enlightened, hu- 
 mane, and zealous foi- the best interests of the tolony, and of 
 religion, he was universally esti'emed as "a knight without fear 
 and without rejtroath." In 1664, he was unjustly deprived of 
 the jiosition he had so ably tilled, by M. de Mesy, (Jovernor «tf 
 Canada. AVith a humility whi(di astonished his contemporaries, 
 he (juietly sul)mitted to the unjust .sentence, and which he re- 
 garded as the will of God, and icturning to France, died there 
 in honorable obscurity. 
 
 Pere Jean de Br^beuf (ir.0.3 to 1649), a French Jesuit 
 missionary, cauK! to Canada with Chamitlain in 162i'», was carried 
 prisoner to Kngland in 1620, but returned in 16;{2. He spent 
 Keventcen years ni.iong the Hiiroiis, laboring for their spiritual 
 and social welfare. He acipiired great iiilhience over the Indians 
 by his zeal and ability, and his sui'ccss among them was very 
 great. In 1649, \n' was ca[ttured by the Inxpiois, ami with his 
 c?omi)anion, Pere (iabricd Lallemaiit, ]mt to death amid the 
 most cruv'l tortures, in tlie vicinity of the present town of i'en- 
 etanguishene. Pere Urt'dieiif was also a writer of great ability. 
 
 Right Rev. Francois Xavier de Laval (16-2:? to 170s), 
 first bishoi> of C''!-''"''- 1" 16."iS, he was appointed Vicar Apos- 
 tolic of >'ew France, and ai-rived nt (^bieb(>c the following year, 
 lie founded the Seminary of (^>uebec, in l(i(>."., tuid becunie a 
 memlicr of the Siqtreme Council the same y, :•!•. In 1674, he 
 was ajiitcinted liishop of (^)neliec. lb' organized an cHicient 
 .system of parochial clergy, introduce(l ndigious communities, 
 and lal)ore(l earnestly to improve the condition of the {(cople, 
 both French ami Indiuus, lie enacted the most stringent regu- 
 
 I 
 
24 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 latioii.s af^aiiist tlio sale of liciuor to the Indians, and in the oon- 
 llic't into which liis attitude on tiiis ([ue tion lirought liini with 
 the civic authorities lie ov(!rcanie all opjto.dti )n. During the 
 fifteen years he ruled his diocese, he wan distinguished hy an 
 unbleniislied puritj' of life, indoniitalilc iirniness, and an ardent 
 zeal for religion. In lG8r>, he retired from jmhlic life, leaving 
 
 , \ 
 
 the charge of the di 
 
 to h 
 
 coadjutor, and died in 1708. 
 
 P6re Jacques Marquette (1637 to l(37ri), missionary and 
 explorer. At the age of seventeen he entered the Society of 
 Jesus, and in 16(56, he came to Canada. During the; next seven 
 years he lahoreil with success among the Indians on the Ottawa 
 and the sliores of Lake Sui)erior. In 1673, he accomi>anied 
 Joliet in a journey westward 'to find the "(ireat River" 
 spoken of by the Indians, and discovered and partly explored 
 the Mississippi the same year. Both on his forwanl and 
 return journeys, he never ceased to exercise the duties of his 
 holy ministry among the Indians. He died on the east shore 
 of Lake Michigan, near the mouth of the river that hears his 
 name. He was famous as an explorer, hut he was still more 
 remarkable for his missionary zeal and devotion. 
 
 Le Moine D'lberville, born in Montreal, 1661, died at 
 Havana in 1706, styled the " Cid of New France," one of 
 the greatest sea-captains and discoverers of his age. He car- 
 ried the "banner of France from Hudson Ijay to the Mexi^ 
 can Oulf. " One of eight brothers, each of whom distin- 
 guished himself in the service of his country, D'lberville 
 ecli]»sed them all by the splendor of his achievements and his 
 personal prowess. 
 
 Louis Joliet was born in ()u(>bec in 164ri, tlied in 1701. 
 He was educated for tlu; priesthood, but gave up this design 
 and l)egan th(^ life of an explorer. In comi»any with Tcre Mar- 
 quette he discovered and partially explored the Mississippi. On 
 his return he was sent on an expedition to Hudson IJay, which 
 
 a 
 
 .i 
 
 ] 
 
PRENCII HUl-E. 
 
 25 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 he suocessfiiUy cxcoutLMl, ami was ivwaitleil with tho island of 
 Aiiticosti, 1G80, and tlie St'ij,'in'ury of .loliette in 1097. Few 
 nion of his time contributed more than Jolit-t to the geo^'raidiy 
 of this continent. Among his descendants are Cardinal Tasch- 
 ereau and Archbishop 'rache. 
 
 Robert Cavalier, Sieur De La Salle (1G13 to 1G87), a dis- 
 tinguished French explorer, lie came to Canada in 1666, and 
 obtaining a grant of land on the island of Montreal from tho 
 Sul[.icians, he foundetl Lachinc. He spent seveial years after 
 this in exploring the wcstt'rn country, but his greatest exploit 
 was till! exploration of the Mississi|tpi to its mouth, which he 
 accomplished in KkSJ, in company with Fere Hennepin. Ifo 
 then formally took possession of tlu^ country along its banks, 
 antl called it Louisiana, in honor of liouis XIV. In a journey 
 into Texas he. was assassinated by some jealous followers. 
 
 Louis de Buade, Count de Frontenac (ItJJO to 16S»S), one 
 of the ablest of th(! French governors. He entered the French 
 army at the age t)f seventeen, and served with distinction in 
 Italy, Flanders, and (lermany. Louis XIV. appointed him 
 Governor of Canada, in 1672. He built Fort Cataracpii, or 
 Frontenac, wluM'e Kingston now stands, sent I'erc Mai'(|Uette 
 and Joliet on the expedition to find the Mississip[»i, and was 
 the friend of La Salle ; but becondng involved in dilhcnlties 
 with lUshop Laval, who opjiosed the liijuor trallic with the 
 Indians, he was recalled, in 1682. The critical conditi<»n of 
 the colony caused his re-appointment, in l(i8i>. His vigorous 
 measures, and triumiths over tlie Knglish and their Indian 
 allii^s, have been already noticed, lie was a man of ability, 
 courage, ami deep religious convictions, iictive, and full of re- 
 source, but apt to be arbitrary and imperious. 
 
 Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam 1 )ollard, Sieur ties Ormeaux, 
 called by some historians Daulac, born 16:{.'), died 16r>0. Being 
 commander of the garrison at Montreal in 1660, when that set- 
 
 1 
 

 26 
 
 OUTLINES OF CAXADIAX HISTORY. 
 
 fli 
 
 tleniont was throatoued witli ilcsfriu'tioii by the Iroquois, Dol- 
 lanl put himself at the head of a baud of sixteen young men, 
 wliom he liad imbued with liis own heroic sentiments. Pro- 
 ceeding to the Churcli, they received tlie last Sacraments, and 
 took a solemn vow in presence of the altar to light until 
 death, accepting no quarter, for the salvation of the town. 
 They kept a force of 700 Iroquois at bay during eight days, 
 aft(!r wliich time tlicir Indian allies deserted and betrayed to 
 the enemy the state of the little garrison. Dollard and his 
 conq)anions fought heroically till the last, and after their death, 
 the Inxpiois, terrilied at the prowess of the French and weak- 
 ened in numbers, retreated hastily to their own country. ■ 
 
 Pere Sebastien Rasle (lO.'iS to 1724), a French Jesuit 
 missionary. lie came to Canada in 10S9, and was appointed 
 missionary to the Abenaquis Indians, among whom he labored 
 faithfully and successfully for more than twenty-five years. 
 His last station, Xorridgewock, on the Kennebec River, was 
 several times ravaged by Knglish colonists. ThcsCj in one of 
 their raids, nuirdered Pere Rasle at the f(>'>'()f his mission cross, 
 and then l)rutally mutilated his body. / , , 
 
 " 
 
 II 
 
 . 
 
 6 I 
 
c 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 
 i 
 
 From the Death of Frontenac to the Treaty of 
 
 Paris. 
 
 1098 TO 1703. 
 
 Principal Events. — In 1700 (I)e Calliores, governor), 
 
 a settlement is made at Detroit, by I)e Cadillac. In 
 
 1703, begins "Queen Anne's War,'' or the Queen 
 
 War of the Spanish Succession, Avhich ter- Anne's War. 
 
 minates with the Treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. (For 
 
 particulars of this and following wars, see ])age 31.) 
 
 Marquis Yaudreuil, governor from 1703 to 1725, does 
 
 much to fortify the colony, and bring in settlers ; during 
 
 his rule the French build Louisburg (1713), a fortress, 
 
 on Cape IJreton Island. l)e lieauharnois, his successor, 
 
 erects a fort at Crown Point (1729), on LakeChamplain. 
 
 Several years of i)eace now follow, during which the 
 
 population increases, and the colony prospers. In 
 
 1743, a party of Montreal merchants, led l)y Sieur do 
 
 la Verendrye, discover the Rocky Mountains. The 
 
 Austrian Succession War begins in 1741, ^ .,,. , 
 
 '^ ' Building of 
 
 and closes with the treaty of Aix-la-Cha- Fort Kouill6 
 11 • 1 w J o X 1 -» i ^ / 1 TV on the pres- 
 
 pelle, in u48. In l/'4<, (jiovernor De entsiteof 
 
 Gallissoniere builds Fort Rouille, where Toronto. 
 Toronto now stands. In 1754 (Marquis Du Quesne, 
 
28 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 li 
 
 governor), the French built Fort Du Qiiesne, near the 
 site of the present city of Pittsburg, on the Ohio. In 
 1755 (Do Vamlreuil-Cavagnal, governor), begins the 
 Seven Years' War, which closes with the treaty of 
 Paris, by wliich France cedes all Canada to England, 
 in 1763. 
 
 Condition of Canada. — The able and energetic rule 
 of Frontenac brought comparative security to the 
 province, and during the period of peace that followed 
 the treaty of Utrecht, Canada improved very fast. At 
 the beginning of the Austrian Succession War the 
 population had reached nearly fifty thousand. For 
 Division of ^^^ convenience of government the prov- 
 tlie Province, jjjcjj -^yas divided into three districts, whose 
 centers were Quebec, Montreal, and Three Rivers, each 
 having a governor of its own. The governor of Quebec 
 was known as the Governor-general, and his jurisdic- 
 tion ext(!nded not ouiy over the greater part of what ie 
 now known as *].e Dominion of Canada, but also that 
 vast district extending along both sides of the Mis- 
 sissippi to the Gulf of Mexico, and called Louisiana. 
 
 Agriculture made considerable progress during this 
 period. As early as 1725, cargoes of flour, 
 l)eas, tobacco, and salt pork, besides large 
 quantities of furs, lumber, staves, and tar, were shipped 
 to France. Ship-building had made a respectable be- 
 giup'*' i mining, especially in iron, was carried on 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 29 
 
 Affairs ecclesiastical and educational continued to 
 advance. The province was divided into progress of 
 eighty-two parishes, in 1722. The Hospi- S^SJIi'^'f 
 tallers, of Montreal, establislied mission affairs. 
 schools in several places. In 1753, Madame de You- 
 ville founded the Grey Nuns at Montreal. The work 
 of propagating the Faith among the Indians was 
 steadily prosecuted, and several missionaries suffered 
 martyrdom. Among these were Fathers Auneau and 
 Verendrye, tortured to death by the Sioux. 
 
 Had the government of Louis XV. done its duty, Can- 
 ada would have become a great r-^:d power* 
 
 ^ ^ Neglect of 
 
 f ul French colony. But that government Canada by 
 
 was frequently tardy, remiss, and penurious ^^^^^' 
 in the support of its colonies; and where France sent 
 to Canada but hundreds, England sent to her colonies 
 thousands, both in men and money. Thus Canada be- 
 came eventually an easy prey to her more powerful 
 neighbors. When the final struggle was fairly under 
 way, the English generals had at their command more 
 than forty thousand men, while Montcalm had but six 
 thousand, all told, a disparity which even the superior 
 military skill of the French commander could not 
 supply. 
 
 The Feudal System In Canada.— The first settlers 
 in Canada held their lands under the Feudal System, 
 by which the primary ownership was vested in the 
 king of France. The great objection to tliis system 
 
30 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 li' 
 
 was : tlie liolders of tlie lands were recjuired to peiv 
 form certain duties as tlie king desired them. In 
 1627, Cardinal Richelieu, the Prime; Minister of 
 Seigniorial Fi"itice, established the Seirjntorial Tenure. 
 Tenure. Under this system the land was divided 
 
 into portions, and given to gentle?nen of distinguished 
 merit, or to religious orders who sent out missionari(!S. 
 For example, La Salle received the Seigniory of Ca- 
 tara(pii (Frontenac), Joliet was given the Island of 
 Anticosti, and the Sul})icians received the Island of 
 Montreal. The Seigniors afterwards divided their por- 
 tions among those wishing to settle, the holders agreeing 
 to pay them certtdn sums every year. More encour- 
 agement was given to immigration, and the pojjula- 
 tion increased. The Seigniorial Tenure prevailed in 
 the French part of Canada, until 1854, when it was 
 Freehold abolished by act of Parliament, and in its 
 System. place substituted the Freehold system, by 
 
 which farmers and land tenants Avere enabled to ob- 
 tain possession of the lands they tilled and occupied. 
 The Seigniors were duly compensated for the surrender 
 of their rights and privileges. 
 
 War of the Spanish Succession (1703 to 1713).— 
 The European features of this Avar, as well as of the two 
 following wars, are dealt with in the English Outlines. 
 In America, the questions of boundary and fur-trading 
 were the avowed causes of these wars. In 1704 and 
 1707, the English made abortive attempts to capture 
 
 I 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 31 
 
 Port Royal, in Acadia; but in 1710, they were suc- 
 cessful, and Port Royal was thereafter called Annapo- 
 lis, in honor of Queen Anne. In 1709, the French 
 took St. John's, Newfoundland. In 1711, an English 
 
 fleet sailed up the St. Lawrence to attack , . 
 
 Wreck of 
 Quebec, but several of the largest vessels an English 
 
 having been wrecked on the Seven Islands, ®® > ' • 
 with a loss of three thousand men, the attempt was 
 abandoned. On learning this, General Nicholson, who 
 was advancing on Montreal, retreated with all his 
 army. The war closed with the treaty of Utrecht, by 
 which France ceded to Great Britain Acadia, New- 
 foundland, and Hudson Bay Territory, 1713. 
 
 War of the Austrian Succession (1741 to 1748). — 
 The most important event of this war was the capture, 
 by the English, of Louisburg, on Cape capture of 
 Breton, 1745. A fleet sent out to recap- Louisburg. 
 ture this stronghold was dispersed by storms, and 
 forced to return to France. The war closed with the 
 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, by which France recovered 
 Louisburg, and other places lost during the struggle. 
 
 The Seven Years' War (1756 to 17G3). — Great 
 Britain and her colonies now determined to make a su- 
 preme efl'ort to conquer Canada. The French Cana- 
 dians were equally determined to hold their own, and, 
 indeed, with their small force they made an admirable 
 defence against overwhelming numbers. Hostilities 
 were begun in tlie valley of the Ohio. The French 
 
 r 
 
 f 
 
 
82 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANAHTAN HISTORY. 
 
 captured Fort Necessity (Iniilt by the En<,'lish in op- 
 position to Fort J^u Quesne), and with their Indian 
 allies surprised and almost totally destroyed an English 
 
 _ . army und(U' General Braddock, who was ad- 
 
 Defeat of . 
 
 General vancing to re-cai)ture rort Necessity, ant 
 
 Braddock. j^^troy F(3rt Du Quesne, 1755. Braddock 
 was killed, and the remnant of his army saved only hy 
 the skill of Colonel Wasjiington, afterwards the lead- 
 ing spirit of the American Kevohition. As an offset to 
 this defeat, Colonel .Johnson routed the French under 
 Baron Dieskau, near Lake Oeorge. 
 
 Marquis ^Montcalm was now api)ointed commander 
 
 Successes of ^^ ^^^^ French troops in Canada. Under 
 the French. iji,jj ^i^^ French for a long time were al- 
 most everywhere successful. In 1756, he captured 
 Forts Ontario and Oswego, with over sixteen hundred 
 prisoners, one hundred and thirteen guns, five men-of- 
 war, more tlian two hundred boats, and a large quan- 
 tity of ammunition. In 1757, he took Fort William 
 Henry, with twenty-three hundred prisoners — a great 
 victory, but tarnished by the killing and plundering of 
 a large number of the prisoners by his Indian allies. 
 In 175S, General Amherst, with a force of nearly two 
 to one (12,600 against 7,000), captured Louisburg; 
 Colonel Bradstreet, with three thousand against sev- 
 enty, took Fort Frontenac, and Fort Du Quesne, threat- 
 ened by six thousand men under Colonel Washington, 
 was abandoned and destroyed ; but at the battle of 
 
 3/ 
 
 ^ 
 
FHENCH RULE. 
 
 33 
 
 bin 
 
 
 Carillon (Ticondcroga), M(jiitcalin, witli tliirty-six 
 liundivd incii, (•<)iiii)l('tely dcfcutotl sixtci'ii tli(nisan<l 
 English, uuflcr (loncral Abcrcroniby, with a loss of 
 live thousand. 
 
 The campaign of I "HO was the most momorahle in 
 French colonial history. The Knglish ar- campaiirn of 
 niies appeared in the field in (»verwi»('lming 1759. 
 numbers, and were commanded by their ablest generals, 
 ^[ontcalm, calling in all his outixists, had but six thou^ 
 sand men at his command, while the Knglish forces 
 numbered forty thousand. (Jeneral Prideaux ad- 
 vanee<l towards the Ohio to cut oil' French communica- 
 tion with Louisiana, (leneral Amherst took Ticonde- 
 roga, which had been a])andoned, and (Jeneral Johnson 
 ca])turetl Fort Niagara, after a short resistance. Gen- 
 eral Wolfe appeared l)efore Quel)ec with a powerful 
 army and lleet, but found his early attempts frustrated 
 by the vigilance of Montcalm, and the strength of the 
 fortress. At last Wolfe determined to risk the issue 
 on one bold stroke. Sailing up the river to Cape 
 Kouge one dark night, he cleverly eluded the French 
 sentries, landed his troops at Wolfe's Cov(.', climbiHl 
 
 the steep ascent, and on the morning of 
 
 * . . Battle of the 
 
 8e{)tember 1,'Jth, had his army in battle Plains of 
 
 array on the Plains of Abraham. :Moiit- ^^'^^a*"- " 
 
 / 
 
 i. i' 
 
 9 ^ 
 
 it70ifc/ 
 
 n 
 
 calm, with forty-live hundre d men against Wolfe's 
 eight thousand, nwule a gallant light, but his army at 
 
 7 /c^o ^^ 
 
 last broke and fleij. Both generals received wounds ^^ f Cr^^ 
 
 
 <r^ X. 
 
34 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 ill tlie battle, from wlucli they afterwards died. Que- 
 FallofQue- ^^'-^ surrendered to the En^disli in a few 
 ^«C' (hiys. 
 
 Next sprin;,' th(; Frencli general De Levis, acting 
 under (jovernor Vaudreuil, whose heatl-<|Uart(;rs were 
 at Montreal, attacked and defeated the English under 
 General Murray, in the second batth; of the Plains of 
 Battle of Ala'ahani (St, Foye) ; but hearing of the 
 Ste. Foye. approach of an Englisli fleet, i)e Levis re- 
 treated to Montreal. The English followed him, and 
 after a short siege Montreal surrendered to (jeneral 
 Andierst, Se})tember, 1760. This was the last event 
 
 Treaty of ^^ ^^'^* ^^'^'"- ^V ^^^^ Treaty of Paris, 1763, 
 Paris. France ceded all Canada to Great Jhitain. 
 
 Thus ended French rule in Canada — a rule remarkable 
 throughout for noljle deeds worthy of the gallant na- 
 tion whose sons performed them. 
 
 La Belle France. — The ancient owner of Canada 
 ■was originally called Gaul, nnd its inhabitants were of 
 the Celtic race. It was concjuered by the Romans 
 under Julius Cii?sar, alx)ut B.C. 60 to 58, and remained 
 a Roman province until about the beginning of the fifth 
 century, when it was overrun by the Franks, a Teu- 
 tonic tribe, and a kingdom formed, since calkd i' ranee. 
 It continued to grow in importance until iV.r time of 
 Charlemagne (800), when it formed the center c f his 
 great Empire of the West, composed of France, Ger- 
 many, Italy, and part of Spain. About 841 this em- 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 35 
 
 pire was broken up, and Franco, as a soparato king- 
 dom, rapidly bocani(; prosperous and i)ow(.'rful. For 
 a thousand years slio lus held a leading position in 
 Europe. In the eleventh century lier Xornian subjects 
 conquered England (1066), and established a new dy- 
 nasty in that country. From her shores, in the twelfth 
 and thirteenth centuries, went those l)old aiul chival- 
 rous Crusaders, who fouglit and bled on the plains of 
 Palestine to prot(*ct the interests of Christianity against 
 the. sacrilegious fjllowcrs of Mahomet. At tlitFerent 
 times in her care«;r did her monarchs —a Philip, a Fran- 
 cis, a Louis, a Xapoleon — hold the destinies of Europe 
 in their hands; until at last, at the beginning of the 
 present century, she reached a pitch of supremacy sel- 
 dom before attained by any other nation, when her 
 armies, leil by her emperor. Napoleon IJonaparte, over- 
 ran and conquered more than half of Euroj)e. She 
 had her trials, too, as well as her trium}»hs ; her vices, 
 as well as her virtues. Several times in history were 
 her provinces wasted, and her capital taken by con- 
 querors ; by the gross carelessness of her government 
 she lost her Canadian empire ; the tyranny of her 
 
 kings and nobles brought on the dreadful 
 
 . . Kevolution 
 
 revolution of 1789, which terrorized the in France 
 
 ( 1789) 
 
 nation and horrified the world. The world 
 owes much to the versatile genius of the French nation; 
 and when the deeds of her warriors, inventors, naviga- 
 tors, artisans, scholars, statesmen, and clergy are care- 
 
■:^ 
 
 36 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN UISTORY. 
 
 fully oxfiiiiiiied, it Avill be found that France stands 
 almost without a rival in her contributions t<> 'iviliza- 
 tion, progress, and religion. 
 
 
 EMINENT ]\IEN. 
 
 Louis Joseph Montcalm (1712 to 1759), Marquis and Mar- 
 slial of France. He entered tlie arm}' when only Iburteon years 
 old, and distinguished himself in several campaigns, especially 
 in Germany during the "War of the Austrian Succession. In 
 1756, he was appointed conunander-in-chief of the French 
 army in Canachi. We have already rend of his brilliant deeds 
 in the Seven Yeais' AVar that followed. Ilis able generalship 
 and personal aecomidishments made him the favorite of the 
 people and the army, and it is the general opinion that, had he 
 received timely re-enforcements, he could have maintained the 
 supremacy of France in North Amcriea. At the battle of the 
 Plains of Abraham, he was mortally wountled, and died in the 
 city of Quebec next morning. 
 
 General James Wolfe (1720 to 1750). He entered the 
 English army at the age of tifteen, and fought at Dettingen, 
 Fontcnoy, ami Culloden. In 1753, he was raised to the rank 
 of Major-general, and sent to Canada with a powerful army 
 and lleet to assist in the conquest of Canaila. He spent from 
 June to September, 1759, vainly striving to rediu^e the defences 
 of Quebec ; but he at last found the weak side of the city 
 when he landed his forces on the Plains of Abraham, and com- 
 pletely defeat ■■■ the army of the hitherto invincible Montcalm. 
 He was mortally wounded, and died on the battle-lield, while 
 his troops were shouting victoiy. In the government gardens, 
 at (Quebec, there is an obelisk, si.xty feet high, in memory of 
 both Wolfe and Montcalm. 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 37 
 
 Abb6 Francis Picquet (170!i to 17S1), a zealous Sulpu'iau 
 missionary, and bravo soldier. His varied abilities made him 
 popular even with the Iroquois, among whom he established 
 mission sehools. He Wius feared and respected by the English, 
 and was idolized by the French, who called him the "Apostle 
 of the Iro(piois." 
 
 General de L^vis, a brave and skillful oiricer. He took 
 command of the French army on the death of Montcalm, and 
 promi»tly rallying his forces, juarched to the relief of Quebec, 
 but timling that the city had surrendered, he retreated towards 
 Montreal. Returning in the spring, he defeated General Mur- 
 ray near the scene of Wolfe's victory, and laid siege to Quelx'c. 
 The approach of English re-enforcements compelled him to 
 retire. At tlie surrender of Montreal, De Levis had only thirty- 
 tive hundred men to cope with twenty thousand J'.nglish. He 
 died in France in 1787. 
 
 Pierre de Vaudreuil, Manp Is and Governor, was born in 
 Quebec in 1098. He entered the army at an early agi' ; was 
 governor of Three Rivers in 1732, and of Louisiana in 1742, 
 and in 1755 was made (lovernor-general of Canada. In the 
 Seven Years' War he made the best possible use of the limited 
 resources at hisconiiaand, and succumljcd only to overwhelming 
 numbers. After the surrender of Montreal he retired to France, 
 where an in •estigati<in justilied his adnui.istrution. Manpiis 
 Vaudreuil was the last i'rench governor of (.'anada. He died 
 in 1704. 
 
T5^ 
 
 i' > 
 
 38 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTOUi'. 
 
 H I 
 
 11 
 
 |i ?■ 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE FRENCH PERIOD. 
 
 Columbus discovers Ainerica 1492. 
 
 Cartier lands at Ga.s[>e 1534. 
 
 Cartier discovers and explores the St. Lawrence. 1535. 
 
 Chainplain founds (Quebec 1608. 
 
 Arrival of the RecoUets 1615. 
 
 Arrival of the Jesuits ■ 1625. 
 
 Company of One Hundred Associates formed. . . 1627. 
 
 Seigniorial Tenure established 1627. 
 
 Quebec first taken by the English 1629. 
 
 Montreal ( Ville Marie) founded 1642. 
 
 The Sulpicians in Montreal 1657. 
 
 Supreme Council created 1663. 
 
 Ships first built at Quebec 1666. 
 
 The Seminary of JNIontreal founded 1677. 
 
 Joliet and Fere Man^uette discover the Missis- 
 sippi 1673. 
 
 Mgr. Laval, first Bishop of Quebec 1674. 
 
 Massacre by the Irocpiois at Lachine 1689. 
 
 Frontenac defeats the English at Quebec 1690, 
 
 Treaty -A' Utrecht 1713. 
 
 ^Mission Schools established 1716. 
 
 Rocky Mountains discovered 1743. 
 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748. 
 
 Battle of Carillon (Ticonderoga) 1758. 
 
 Battle of the Flaiiis of Abraham 1759. 
 
 Treaty of Paris 1763. 
 
FRENCH RULE. 
 
 39 
 
 FRENCH GOVERNORS, OR LIEUTENANT-CENERALS 
 
 OF THE KING. 
 
 SlEUR DE ROBERVAL ir>40 
 
 Mauquis dk la Roche 1598 
 
 Samuel de Ciiamplain 1612 
 
 Makc Antoine de Chateau- - 
 
 PORT 1635 
 
 Chevalier de Montmagny. . .1636 
 Chevalier D'AiLLEBousT.1643,16r,r 
 
 Jean de Lauzon 16.51 
 
 Charles de Lauzon Charny.. 1656 
 
 Viscount d'Aroenson 1658 
 
 Baron du Boia d' Avauoour. . . 1661 
 Chevalier de Sappray Mesy . 166;i 
 
 Chevalier de CouRCELr-E 1665 
 
 Count de Frontenac. . .16:2, 1689 
 SiEUR de la Barre 1688 
 
 Marquis de Denonville .... 1685 
 
 Chevalier de Calliere 16!>9 
 
 Marquis de Vaudreuil 1703 
 
 De Longueuil ( Charles le 
 
 ^loyne) 1735 
 
 Marquis de Beauuarnois. . ..1726 
 Count de la Gallisoniere.. .1747 
 Marquis de la Jonquiere. . . .1749 
 De Longueuil {CharUs U 
 xMnyne, son of the above 
 
 mentioned) 1753 
 
 Marquis du Quesne 1752 
 
 Marquis de Vaudreuil Cav- 
 AONAL (son of the above 
 mentioned) 1755 
 
T^ 
 
 BRITISH RULE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From the Treaty of Paris to the Treaty of Ghent. 
 
 . iTi;;; to isu. 
 
 / 
 
 Principal Events. — After the suiTondcr of Canada 
 to l^^nj^daii(l,( iciicral Ainliorstl)ocoincs(ioveriior <::foneral, 
 and divides the province into tliree niilitarv districts — 
 (^)uel)ec, Montreal, and Tliree Rivers. Military rule \nv- 
 vails from 1760 to 1764 (s(M! page 42). In 1763, King 
 George Til., l)y liis own proclamation, and contrary to the 
 Treaty of Paris, aholishes French Luvs, and suhstitntes 
 those of (Ireat T.ritain. (leneral Murray is Oovernor- 
 Conspiracy g<'n('r;d from 1763 to 1766. Ahout this 
 ofPontiac. jj,,,,, pniiiiac, chief of the Ottawas, forms'" 
 a confederacy of Indian Irihes to drive out the iMig- 
 lish, and is not overcome Avithout nuu.-h difliculty. 
 In 176(), (leneral (arleton bet^omes Covernor-general ; 
 in 1774, the QuelxfC Act is passed, Avliich 
 restores most of the old Prencli laws, rec- 
 ognizes (he Catholic Churcli, estahlishes a legislative 
 council, and enlarges the houndaries of the I'rovince of 
 (Quebec, which was the name given to what we now 
 
 Quebec Act. 
 
 J 
 
 : M 
 I ■ 
 
 : I 
 
nRITISII R«'LE. 
 
 41 
 
 J 
 
 know as Ontario and Queboe and a large portion of 
 the territory now owned by the United States, In 
 1775, the American Revohition l)egins, and American 
 lasts until 1783 (see page 47). In 1783, the Revolution. 
 United Kniinre Loyalists l)egin to immigrate into Canada 
 from the States (see page 4G). In 1778, Oeniu'al Haldi- 
 mand is appointed (,}overn(n*-general, and rules despot- 
 ically for six years. General Carleton (made Lord Dor- 
 chester) is re-appointed in 1786, and resumes his old 
 policy of friendship and con('iliati( n ; in 1791, the Con- 
 stitutional Act is passed, by which Canada is divided 
 into two provinces, L^^pper and Lower, and a measure 
 of representative government established (see page 43). 
 
 In 1702, the first parliament of Ui)i)cr „. _ ,. 
 ' ^ _ \' First Par lia- 
 
 Canada assembles at Niagara, under Lieu- ment of Upper 
 
 , , ci- i^ 1 1 1 1 Canada, 1792. 
 
 tenant-governor Snncoe ; it al)olislies slav- 
 ery in 1793, and in 179G, removes the capital to York 
 (Toronto). Tn 1803, slavery is declared ilh'gal in 
 Lower Canada. In 1807 (Sir dames Craig, (Jovernor- 
 general), the Allen Lill is ]»ass(>(l to |»unish stranger., 
 for attem}iting to stir U|) seditions among the ])eople. 
 In 1812, war breaks out Ix'iween tli(! United States 
 and Great Britain (see jtagi; 49), Sir Ceorgo I'revost, 
 <Jf)vernor-general. 
 
 Government and Laws. When Canada surren- 
 dered to the British, it was stipulatt'd that the French 
 Canadians should be allowed the fice exercise of their 
 religion, should be governed by their own laws, and 
 
,.5^" 
 
 42 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Test Oath. 
 
 not 1)G tlispossessed of their property. These condi- 
 tions were not always observed. As lias already been 
 said, from 1760 to 1764, French law Avas set aside for 
 that of Great Uritain, and all powers, legislative, ex- 
 ecutive, an<l judicial, were invested in the (lovernor- 
 general, and a Council of thirteen appointed by him. 
 The harshness of this arbitrary government was much 
 relieved by the wise administration of Governor Carle- 
 ton. General Murray once convoked an assembly of 
 the })eoplo's representatives, but on account 
 of the Tcsi ' th* the Catholics, though in 
 the proi)ortion of one hundred and fifty to one, could 
 not take their siiits, '.nd '^h'^, Assembly was never 
 held. This oatli also excluded Catholics from civil 
 offices. 
 
 Fearing tliat the Canadians would join in the threat- 
 ened rising of the American colonies, the British gov- 
 ernment, in 1774, passed the Quebec Acf,-f 
 which confirmed the rights guaranteed the 
 Catholics at the surrender, exempted them from the 
 Test Oath, provided for the maintenance of the Catholic 
 clergy, restored the old civil law (Custom of Paris), but 
 allowed English law in criminal courts, and established 
 a legislative council. This Act conciliated the Cana- 
 dians, and strengtliened their allegiance to the British 
 
 * To abjure transuVtstautiation in tlie Sacrifice of tlie Mass, and the 
 invocation of tlie Blessed Virgin and the Saints, 
 
 t See "Government in Canada," by D. A. O'Suliivaii, M.A., D.C.L., pp. 
 268-277. Second edition. 1687. 
 
 Quebec Act. 
 
)\-/X-^-^i 
 
 yl/\ 
 
 'n 
 
 li'AA 
 
 
 BRITISH RULR. 
 
 43 
 
 crown, so that tliey rejected the appeal to join in the 
 rebellion of the colonies, and even resisted Habeas Cor- 
 all American attempts to conquer Canada. P^^ ^*'*- 
 The Habeas Corpus Act and Trial by Jury were intro- 
 p, duced soon after (1785). 
 
 The Constitutional Act of 1791 necessarily gave 
 more political freedom than existed before. Each 
 province was to liave its own governor, and Parlia- 
 ment, consisting of two houses — an Assembly elected 
 by the people, and a Council, whose members were 
 chosen by the crown. The governor had, also, an ex- 
 ecutive council, composed of a few men acting as advis- 
 ers. The governor of Lower Canada held 
 
 IiawSa 
 the title of Governor-general. The crim- 
 inal law of England was maintained in both provinces. 
 
 Lower Canada retained the French law in civil 
 cases, and the Seigniorial land tenure. Both languages 
 were allowed to be used. Upper Canada adopted the 
 Freehold system of land tenure. This Act also pro- 
 vided for the maintenance of the English Church in 
 Canada, by setting aside one-seventh of the public 
 lands (called Clergy Reserves) for that (jierffv 
 purpose. With regard to the public rev- Reserves. 
 enues, it was agreed that Upper Canada should re- 
 ceive one-eighth (afterwards raised to one-fifth) of 
 the customs duties on imported goods arriving at 
 Lower Canadian ports. Notwithstanding its many 
 good points, this Act had also its defects, viz. : the 
 
^^ 
 
 44 
 
 OUTLINE?^ OF CAN'ADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Bi k 
 
 : 
 
 British j^'ovcniiiiciit rotiiinod tlio rii^lit (1) to impose 
 duties for the retaliation of tnidc and coiiiinorce ; (2) 
 to dispos(^ of tlio crown lands, and (3) to appoint the 
 nieml)ers of the legislative councils, who were thus 
 beyond tlu; control of tlie rcpresenta'ivc^. asseinblies. 
 
 Social, Civil, and Industrial Condition. — At the 
 time of the Knglish c()n([uest the population of Canada 
 was about seventy thousand French, and eight thou- 
 sand Indians, nearly all Catholics. AVithin lifty years 
 aft(>r, the population had increased to two hundred 
 tliousand in T.ower Canada, and eighty thousand in 
 the Ujjper Province, — the increase being largely due 
 to iinmij^ration from the United States and Great 
 Britain. 
 
 For many years the progress of the country was re- 
 Race Jeal- tarded ])y the jealousies of the rival races 
 ousies. — Frencli and English — differing from 
 
 each other in language, customs, ami religion. The 
 English settl(TS, with all the arrogance of conquerors, 
 sought to be dominant in all things ; while the French 
 inhabitants M-ere indignant to find that, although in 
 the vast majority, their religion was nnder the ban, 
 their language more or less proscrilxnl, and themselves 
 excluded from office. The Quebec Act relieved the ,'' 
 French of most of the disabilities under wdiich they 
 labored ; but it did not please the English. So, 
 chielly with a view to satisfy the latter, the Act of 
 1791 was passed, wdiich, by dividing Canada into two 
 
 f 
 
 ;i 
 
 -? 
 
f 
 
 1 
 
 ^^ ■ 
 
 teftlTISH RULE. 
 
 45 
 
 provinces, respectively east and west of the Ottawa, 
 to a great extent separated the rival races, Act dividing 
 and gave each the privilege of being gov- prJyfnce?^'* 
 ernod according to its own wishes. It is 1791. 
 a matter of note that in Lower Canada, the French 
 have, from the iirst, shown their generosity by electing 
 more than a projwrtionate number of English-speaking 
 members to their legislature. 
 
 From this time forward the country made steady prog- 
 ress. New roads were opened, the navigation of the 
 St. Lawrence was improved, canals and harbors were 
 constructed, and agricultural produce became more 
 plentiful. In 1809, the lion. Jolm Molson built a 
 steamboat on the St. Lawrence. The prac- slavery abol- 
 tice of keeping slaves, which had been in- islied. 
 troduced into Canada under the French Regime, was 
 abolished, or declared illegal.* Facilities for education 
 were increased, especially by the efforts of Bishop 
 Plossis. Newspapers became numerous : the Quebec 
 Gazette^ first published in 1764 ; tlie Montreal Cumdie^ 
 in 1785; the Quebec Mercury, in 1805; Le Cana- 
 dien, in 180G, and the Montreal Herald, in 1811. 
 Other improvements continued to be made, but there 
 still existed one great evil : the want of responsible 
 government, which retarded the development of the 
 country, and caused bitter political strife. 
 
 • Nearly sixty years l<efore slavery was abolished in the United 
 SUitea. 
 
 ) 
 
 I 
 
46 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 V ■ 
 
 9 
 
 About the middle of this period (1783), we first 
 
 licar of the Unitt-Al Empire Loyaluts. 
 TTnited Em- . , . . 
 
 pireLoyalists These were inhabitants of the American 
 
 '' colonies who refused to take part in the 
 
 rebellion against Great Britain, in 1776, and remained 
 loyal to tlie Empire. When the independence of the 
 colonics was acknowledged, these loyalists were coldly 
 treated by the victorious republicans, who looked upon 
 them as enemies of the new government. In conse- 
 quence, about twenty-five thousand loyalists left the 
 States and came to the British provinces — chiefly to 
 Acadia and Western Canada. The British government 
 rewarded them for their ^)yalty by giving them large 
 sums of money, grants of land, and farm supplies. In 
 the latter province, they settled principally along the 
 St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, and the Niagara district. 
 It was from these and their descendants that the Amer- 
 icans met with the most stubborn opposition in the war 
 of 1812 in the Upper Province. 
 
 In Upper Canada the progress made during the 
 Fron'essof period of which we write, was more ap- 
 TJpperGanada. parent than elsewhere. For, with the ex- 
 ception of the settlements made by the United Empire 
 Loyalists, the country west of the Ottawa was almost 
 an unbroken wilderness. After 1791 more activity ap- 
 peared in the West. Settlers pourad in rapidly, and 
 flourishing towns sprang up. Under the energetic 
 Lieutenant-governor Simcoe, inland communication 
 
 ♦• 
 
 / 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 47 
 
 / 
 
 I 
 
 was opened up in all directions. Parliament voted 
 considerable sums for the construction of roads and 
 bridges, for extending postal facilities and the means 
 
 of communication with the outside world. 
 
 Commerce 
 Commerce, too, made some headway, makes head- 
 Upper Canada's share of the customs ^*^* 
 receipts was raised to one-fifth, ports of entry were 
 established, and a trade opened with New- York State. 
 Provision was also made for the support of schools. 
 The first newspaper in Upper Canada, called the 
 Gazette, appeared at Newark* in 1793. 
 
 In the religious world, events of importance took 
 place. After the death of Bishop de Pontbriand, in 
 1760, the British government, for several years, refused 
 to acknowledge a Catholic bishop of Quebec. In 1776, 
 the Jesuit college at Quebec was converted into a 
 
 barrack, and in 1800, all the property of ^ „ 
 
 . 1 1 J Confiscation 
 
 the Jesuits was confiscated to the crown, of the Jesuit 
 In 1806, Solicitor -General Sewell at- ^"P«'*y- 
 tempted to give the Catholic parishes to Protestants, 
 but the firm attitude of Bishop Plessis (see page 53) 
 showed the government the imprudence of tampering 
 further with the rights of the Church. The first Prot- 
 estant (Episcopal) bishop of Quebec was Dr. Mountain, 
 appointed in 1793. 
 
 The American Revolution (1775 to 1783). — Scarcely 
 
 * Niagara, formerly Newark, is the oldest town in Ontario , and was tlw 
 first capital of Upper Canada. 
 
y 
 
 48 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY, 
 
 had the aiitliority of Groat Dritain heon established in 
 
 Canada, wlien lier Aiuerican coloiiies rose in reljellion, 
 
 chiefly tliroii^'li her own fault. To help to pay the 
 
 expenses of her numerous wars, England imposed taxes 
 
 on the eohtnies. The latter stoutly objected to this, on 
 
 the ground that, as tliey diil not send members to the 
 
 English parliament, th(!y should not pay to supi)ort the 
 
 English government. The government persisted, when 
 
 the colonies took uj) arms, and at a Con- 
 Declaration 
 oflndepend- gress, held in Philadelphia, in 1776, de- 
 
 ®°*'®' clared themselves independent of (Jreat 
 
 Britain. They had previously invited the Canadians, 
 chiefly of French descent, to join them, and followed 
 up the invitation with an invading army. But the 
 Canadians refused to liave anything to do with them. 
 In 1775, tlie Americans, under Chjiieral Montgomery, 
 took Montreal, and marched on Qaebec, where he was 
 joined by a force under General Arnold. They at- 
 torn ptod to take (^Uiebec by storm, but their army was 
 defeated, and Montgomery slain. After a few M'eoks* 
 dolay, Arnold renewed the siege of Quebec, Init hearing 
 of the approach of a large British fleet, lie retreateil in 
 such disorder that all his artillery, stores, and baggage 
 were taken ])y the Canadians. General Burgoyne, with 
 eight thousand British regulars, then invaded Xew-York 
 State. After some slight successes, he was surrounded, 
 at Saratoga, by a superior force of Americans, and com- 
 pelled to surrender his whole army, 1777, llencelorvb 
 
 'f 
 
 i 
 
BRITISH RULE. 49 
 
 the war was coiifuicd cliicfly to the Amoricnn territory. 
 
 Aided by France, the euloiiies ultimately ob- 
 
 France as- 
 tained their indcix-ndcnce. The surrender siststheCol- 
 
 of General Cornwall is to a combined army of °'^^®^* 
 
 Americans and French, commanded by Generals WasU- 
 
 in<'ton and Lafayette, at Yorktown, in 
 
 ,, . Surrender of 
 
 1781, virtually closed the war. The Brit- GeneralCorn- 
 
 ish government acknowledged the ii;df.- ^* "' 
 pendence of the United States at the Treaty of Ver- 
 sailles, in 178.'J. 
 
 War with the United States (1H12 to 1815).— Dur- 
 ing her wars with Napoleon, Great Britain, hard 
 4 pressed for seamen, authorized her naval officers to 
 
 search American vessels for deserters and absconding 
 subj(!cts. The United Btiiucs Congress protested against 
 this outrage, but England persisted, whereupon the for- 
 mer declared war. In this war the design of the Ameri- 
 cans was to concpier Canada. The latter received but 
 little assistance from Great Britain, and tlu; glory of 
 having successfully resisted the Americans belongs to 
 
 the Canadians themselves. In Julv, the 
 
 \ Invasion of 
 
 American General Hull invaded Canada Canada .n 
 
 from the west, but was soon forced to re- 
 
 tire, and subsequently to surrender Detroit and his 
 
 whole army to General Brock, Lieutenant-governor of 
 
 U[)per Canada. In October, the American General Van 
 
 Rensalaer attacked (j)ueenston, on the Niagara, which 
 
 was defended by General Brock. The latter was killed 
 
cTO 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 1 5 
 ■I ii 
 
 at tliG beginning of the battle, but the timely arrival of 
 General Sheaffe gave the victory to the British. N^iim- 
 bers of the Americans were driven over the cliffs into 
 the river, and perished ; the remainder surrendered. 
 General IJearborn, with ten thousand Americans, ad- 
 vanced against Montreal, but meeting with a most 
 stubborn resistance from Major de Salaberry, at La- 
 coUe, he retreated without effecting anything. 
 
 In 1813, the Americans threatened Canada with 
 Canada three powerful armies. General Harrison 
 
 bv'three^Dow- ^PP^J^i'tid in the west, but was for a time 
 erful armies, held in check by Colonel Proctor and the 
 Indian chief Tecumseh. Meanwhile, Colonel Mac- 
 donald crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice, and cap- 
 Capture of tured Ogdensburg, with a large (piantity of 
 Ogdensburg. niilitary stores. General Dearborn made a 
 descent on York (Toronto), wiiich he took, after a des- 
 perate struggle; he then crossed the lake to Niagara, and 
 drove General Vincent from Fort George. Vincent re- 
 treated to Burlington Heights, with four thousand 
 Americans in pursuit. These encamped carelessly near 
 Stony Creek, where they were surprised, in a night 
 attack, by Colonel Harvey, who captured two generals, 
 Chandler and Winder, and scattered the Americans in 
 
 confusion. Tlie Ir ' ' <^r soon retreated to 
 Capture of a 
 British Fleet Fort George. On Ke Erie, the American 
 
 by Ferry. Commodore Perry defeated and captured a 
 British fleet of six vessels. This reverse forced Proctor 
 
 ^ 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 61 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 and Tecumseh to retreat from the Detroit frontier. 
 General Harrison closely followed them, and compelled 
 them to give battle at Moraviantown, on the Thames. 
 Here Tecumseh was slain, and the British were so badly 
 beaten that they retteated precipitately to Burlington 
 Heights. In Septembfu*, General Hampton, with seven 
 thousand men, invaded Lower Canada and attacked 
 Colonel de Salaberiy, at Chateauguay. Battle of 
 This battle is one of the wonders of his- Chateauguay. 
 tory ; for De S;. laberry, with only three hundred men, 
 French Canadian Yoltigeurs, opposed the overwhelming 
 army of Americans for four hours, and then fairly drove 
 them from the held. Soon after this event, General 
 Wilkinson, sent to capture Prescott and Kingston, was 
 defeated at Clirysler's Farm, on the St. Lawrence, by an 
 iiiierior force of British, under Colonel .\rorrison. The 
 campaign of this year closed with two disgraceful acts: 
 the Americans burned Niagara, leaving the inhabitants 
 lionudess in depth of winter, and the British, in revenge, 
 similarly treated Black Rock and Ihillalo. 
 
 In July, 1814, the American gen(M'als, Brown and 
 Scott, took Fort Erie (ojiposite Buffalo), and defeated 
 General Riall, at Chiiii)ewa, near Niagara Falls. (Jen- 
 eral Drummond hastened from Kingston with re-en- 
 forcements for Riall, and effecting a junc- Battle of 
 tion with him, awaited the attack of the Lundy'sLane. 
 Americans, at Lundy's Lane, near Chippewa. Here 
 was fought the bloodiest battle of the war : General 
 
62 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HIStORV. 
 
 Brown was wounded, and General Riall taken pris- 
 oner ; the Americans lost eight hundred and fifty four 
 men, the British eight hundred and sixty-eight. The 
 battle lasted until after midnight ; towards morning 
 the Americans retreated to Fort i!rie. In Septendjer, 
 a British fleet was defeated on Lake Chanqjltiin, l)y 
 Comniod(jre MacDonough, and on the same day tlieir 
 land army, under Sir George Prevost, was defeated at 
 Plattshurg, by General ^Maccjuib. About the same 
 Destruction ^i'^^c an army of Wellington's veterans, 
 BuUdinffsat ^^i^'^^'i' ^ ''-'^^'i"^! Ross, captured Washington, 
 Washington, and destroyed the imblic buildings, but 
 was foiled in its attempt on Baltimore. Another 
 veteran army, under General Pakenham, was defeated, 
 in JaiHiary, 1815, at New Orleans, by the American 
 General .Jackson. Meanwhile negotiations for peace 
 Treaty of ^''^^ been in progress, and a treaty was 
 at Ghenr^^ signed at Ghent, in December, 1814. The 
 (1814), Americans received back all places taken 
 
 from them during the war, but did not retain any part 
 of Canadian territ(»ry. Their attem})t on Canada was 
 a signal failure, notwithstanding their overwhelming 
 numbers ; Ijut on the ocean they were more successful 
 —having captured several of the heaviest British war- 
 ships with inferior vessels. 
 
 
 ^« 
 
 \\ 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 53 
 
 # 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 Most Rev. Joseph Plessis, born in Montreal, 1763, died 
 at Quebec, 1825. He was ordained priest in 1786, elected coad- 
 jutor bishoj) in 1797, and consecrated Bisliop of Quebec, in 1801. 
 The Britisli crown claimed the right to confirm the election of 
 Catholic bishops, but this claim was strenuoiisly and success- 
 fully resisted by Bishop Plessis. By his influence, Sir (Jeorge 
 Prevost caused the Catholic Church in Canada to be legallj' rec- 
 ognized. He stimulated the progress of education, founded the 
 college of Nicolet at his own expense, and established several 
 primary schools. In 1818, he was appointed a member of the 
 legislative council, and was raised to the dignity of Archbishop 
 of Quebec. Within a few years he succeeded in having bishops 
 appointeil to Kingston, Montreal, New Brunswick, and the 
 North- West. Throughout his whole life he displayed unbounded 
 zeal and marked ability in the discharge of his duties. 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton, born in Ireland in 1724, died in 1308. 
 He entered the English army at an early age, and distinguished 
 himself at the sieges o*" Louisburg and Quebec. He was appointed 
 Governor-general of Canada in 1772, and ruled with great pru- 
 dence. In 1781, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
 British army in America, and heM that position until the close 
 of the Revolutionary War. In the meantime, the tyranny of 
 General Haldimand made the Canadians wish for Carleton's re- 
 turn. In 1786, he was again appointeil governor, with the title 
 of Lord Dorchester. He was a wise and skillful officer, and did 
 much towards reconciling the French Canadians to English rule. 
 After the American Revolution he declared that the Catholic 
 priests preserved the Province of Quebec foi- the crown. 
 
 Colonel Charles M. De Salaberry was born at Beaujiort, 
 near tluwity of Quebec, in 1778. He first served in the West 
 Indies, and afterwards in Canada in the war of 1812. In that 
 
54 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 i- > 
 
 ri 
 
 i; 
 
 year lio defeatod General Dearborn at Laeolle, and in 1813, per- 
 formed the extraordinary feat of overthrowing an army of seven 
 thousand Americans with only three hundred Canadians, at the 
 battle of Chateauguay. He dieil in 1829. 
 
 Sir George Prevost, the son of a British general, was born 
 in New York in 1767. Ho distinguished himself in the West 
 Indies in 1803, and was created a baronet for his bravery. Ho 
 was successively governor of Dominica, Xova Scotia, and Can- 
 ada. During the war of 1812, he did not show any of the 
 qualities of a great general, but he endeared himself to the 
 inhabitants in his civil capacity as governor. He died in 1817. 
 
 Sir Isaac Brock, a 13ritish general, was born in 17G9, in 
 the Island of Guernsey. He entered the army at sixteen, and 
 served under Lord Nelson. He came to Canada in 1802, and 
 in 1811 was made President of Upper Canada during the ab- 
 sence of Governor (fore in England. In 1812, lie forced the 
 American General Hull to surrender Detroit and an army of 
 twenty-five hundred men, and in October of the same year he 
 was killed at (Jueenston Heights. 
 
 Pontiac (1712 to 1769), was a famous chief of the Ottawas, 
 an Algonquin tribe, and a warm friend of the French. In the 
 interests of the latter he .successfully defended Detroit in 1746, 
 and in 17r)5he took part in the overthrow of General Braddock, 
 near Fort Du Quesne. After the surremler of Montreal, he 
 formed a union of s(n'eral Westei'n Indian tribes to restore 
 French jiowor in Canada. At first he and his warriors carried 
 everything before them, and he displayed so much ability in 
 the contest that it took some of the ablest English officers to 
 subdue him. He was murdered by an Indian spy near St. Louis. 
 Pontiac possessed the skill of a state^nan, great sagacity, and 
 daring courage. 
 
 ■\ I 
 
 r 
 
 ! 
 
 }i. 
 
f 
 
 ''"r 
 
 Canals. 
 
 CHAPTER ir. 
 From the Treaty of Ghent to the Act of Union. 
 
 1S14 TO 1841. 
 
 Principal Events.— In 1817, Sir John Slu'rl)iooke, 
 
 Govenutr-general, the Pninks of Montreal and (^)nebeo 
 
 arc first opened. In 1816, an act is passetl to estal)lish 
 
 common scliools. In 1819, the Hon. AV. 11. Merritt 
 
 projects tlie AVelland Canal, and in 1821, 
 
 the Lacliine Canal is commenced. About 
 
 this time the country is much agitated over the (pies- 
 
 tions of Clergy Keserves and Responsible CJovtirnnient 
 
 (see page 57). In 1823, the British parliament passes 
 
 tlio Canada Trade Act, which ie(piir(\s Lower Canada 
 
 to pay to Upper Cana<la tlu; sinn of thirty thousand 
 
 pounds of arrears of duties, and not to impose new 
 
 duties without the consent of tlie Up[)er Province, or 
 
 of tl'e Sovereign. hi 1827, King's College (l^ni- 
 
 vcrsity of Toronto) is founded, Sir John Colborne, 
 
 Lieutenant-governor of Ujijicr Canada. During his 
 
 administration tifty-seven rectories of the Church of 
 
 England are formed and endowed from -,. .. ,. , 
 '' visitation of 
 
 the clergy reserves.'* In 1832-4, Canada is Cholera, 
 
 1833-4 
 visited with cholera, which carries otl" thou- 
 sands. In 1837, a rebellion breaks out in both Can- 
 
 * Luwcr Canudu accurds the ri^litti uf citizenship tu the Jews. 
 
I 
 
 56 
 
 OUTLINES OF Ci^NADIAN HISTORY.. 
 
 adas (see page 58). In 1838, Lord Durliani; Governor- 
 general, advises the union of all the IJritisl" -American, 
 provinces. In 1840, the Act of Union is passed, re- 
 uniting the two j)rovinces, and providing foi the estab- 
 lishment of responsible government. 
 
 State of the Country.— The close of the v.ar (1812) 
 found both provinces mucli exhausted. Nevertheless, 
 they [»romi)tly met their liabilities, an«l even granted pen- 
 sions to disabled soldiers, and gratuities to the "widoAvs 
 and orphans of soldiers killed in tlic. war. A famine, 
 caused by th(! failure of the crops, was the next trouble, 
 and lat(!r on the cholera severely alllicted 'joth ])rov- 
 inces. Still the. peo})le bravely faced these and other 
 difficulties, and tlie country gradually recoven.'d from 
 their efiects. Publit; works, .such as canal and ship 
 building, Avere vigorously carried on. Lundjering 
 Cominffof became a flourishing industry. Thousands 
 New Settlers. ,)f new settlers cann^ in yearly, induced by 
 free grants of land and farming implements. Altout 
 the end of this period the population of T'}iper (*anada 
 had reached nearly four hundred thousand; that of 
 Lower Canada about six hundred and fifty thousand. 
 Schools sjiraug up all over tlie countr}', and although 
 Arrival of surrounded l)y many disadvantages, they 
 
 fhToSiin "■'■'■« l"-™l<";tive of mud. ^.-.khI. TIh, 
 Schools (1837). cause of education Avas much assii^ted by 
 the arrival of the Brothers of i]m Christian schools, 
 who first appeared at Montreal, in 1837. Sever;il new 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 5< 
 
 colleges ^vcre founded in Lower Canada during this 
 period. Early in 1837 a connnercial crisis swept over 
 the States, and produced had fdfocts on laisiness 
 throughout Canada. ^lany merchants failed, and 
 several hanks stojiped ]»aynient. 
 
 Political Agitation. — The defects of the Constitu- 
 tional Act of 1791 hore evil fruit during this ])eriod. 
 TIk; setting apart of one-seventh of the j)u])Iic lands, 
 called the Ch'rijij Rcxt'rrc.^, for the support of the 
 Church of iMigland, was deemed an injustice ^o the 
 other r(digious dtaiominations, and the ill-feeling which 
 it engendered was heightened when Governor Coll)orne 
 forme(l tin; iiftv-seven rectories, and endowe(l them 
 
 with valuahh^ lands, Anotlu^r cause of _ 
 
 . Want of Ee- 
 discontent was the irai/f of Uo^i^nufiihli' sponsible 
 
 r< 1 Ti T ' \ *■• r' -1 Government. 
 
 trocennnoif. ilu! Legislative Council, or 
 
 Upper House, was composed of memhers ai)pointed by 
 
 the Crown, and the Executive Couneil (Ministry) was 
 
 composed of memhers chosen hy tlie (Jovernor, — the 
 
 two Ixxlies heing entirely free from responsihility for 
 
 tlieir actions to the people's r(>in'esentatives. The third 
 
 great cause of complaint Avas the retention hy the Crown 
 
 of control over tiu? rtM'cipt of customs duties and the 
 
 sale of }tul)li(; laii'ls. liesides all this. Lower Canada 
 
 had a ])articular comi)laint, that Koman Catholics were 
 
 excluded from ])laces of trust; and Ci»per Canada, that 
 
 all the chief otlici'S of the <;overnment were tilled hv the 
 
 mondjcr^ uf u few families, !l;o that the province was 
 
w 
 
 58 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 ili; 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 said to 1)0 I'ulod Ly a Fmnihj Compact. These evils 
 The Family dividcMl the people; into two great parties, 
 Compact. ^],(, ,),)f. seeking to have the government 
 r(!niain as it was, and the other, called the liheral 
 party, demanding reform. Angry discussions gnnv 
 
 rife, and hitter feedings hecamc more in- 
 Bitter Feel- ' 1 1 . . 1 
 ines become tense from year to year ; the British gov- 
 
 (;rnment was petitioned for reidress of 
 
 grievances hy liheral delegates from hoth provinces, 
 
 hut without effect ; and, finally, the rehellion of 1837 
 
 (sometimes called the Patriot AVar) hroke out. 
 
 Lord Durham's Mission. — In the middle of the 
 rehellion (18.'J8), Lord Durham arrived as Governor- 
 general. He Avas authorized to inquin; into the polit- 
 ical grievance's of Canada. This he did, and prepared 
 an elahoi'iitc report to the Ih'itish govonimeiit on the 
 sultject. He suggested the huilding (tf an intercolonial 
 railway, recommended the legislative union of all the 
 British-American provinces, or at least of the two 
 Canadas, and urged that the Executive Councils he 
 made responsiltlc! to the Assemhlies. This last sugges- 
 tion jdeased the friends of res})onsihle government, hut 
 was strongly denounced hy tlie " Family Conipact," 
 and did not then meet Avith favor from th" Imperial 
 government itself. 
 
 The Canadian Rebellion (18;}7 8).-The lead- 
 ing agitators for responsihle government at last took 
 up arms to ohtain hy force what memorials aiu* 
 
 'A 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 59 
 
 ' 
 
 public discussions had failed to secure. In Upper 
 Canada the leader of the a''itation was William Lyon 
 Mackenzie ; in Lower Canada the leaders were Louis 
 Joseph Papineau and Dr. AVolfred Nels(jn. The re- 
 bfillion firbt appeared in Lower Canada, where Sir John 
 Colborne was Lieutenant-governor, Li No- Rebellion of 
 veuiber, 1837, a rising took place in Mon- 1837 begins. 
 treal, which was not put down without much difficulty. 
 The government forces were defeated at Chamhly and 
 St. Denis, but having been re-enforced, they soon .suc- 
 ceeded in quelling the insurrection. In November, 1 838, 
 another rising took place in Montreal, which was not 
 suppressed until after a seven days' struggle. Gov- 
 ernor Colborne then proclaimed martial law, by which 
 all arrested prisoners were tried. Thirteen were con- 
 demned for treason and executed, and several others 
 banished from the country. It is ahnost needless to 
 remark that the clergy Avere opposed to this ill-advised 
 
 rel)e]lion. Defore the first shot w-as fired, 
 
 T)- 1 T ^- f AT ^ 1 • 1 Pastoral of 
 
 i)isliop Lartigue, or Montreal, issued a Bishop Lar- 
 
 pastoral letter warning his fio(;k against "fi-^®" 
 being " misled by persons seeking to engage them in 
 rebellion against tlie established authorities." 
 
 When the rebellion broke out in Lower Canada all 
 the troops in the Tj'p})er Province were sent to the 
 scene of trouble. Scarcely had this been done, when 
 the insurrection began in Ui)per Canada. About four 
 hundred men, under Mackenzie, assembled at Mont- 
 
l:-:: 
 
 60 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANAKIAN HISTOUV. 
 
 H n 
 
 {^oiiiory's Til vein, four miles iiditli of Toronto, in Dccriii- 
 
 lt(M", 1S.S7, with the (Icsi'^'ii of sci/iii-^ llio 
 Attempt to . 
 Capture <''^y ; nut (leliiyiiiif too loiij^f, tlu' ^•ovcriior, 
 
 Toronto. ^^j^. i.',,,^,,,.;., i.,„„| ^j...^^^ ^,„t InH.s.-lf in 
 
 roiulincss to meet lliciii. Tlicy iiiiirclKMl towards To- 
 ronto, l)nt were driven liaek, and the. next day put to 
 llijj;lit Ity a government foi'cc; under Colonel ^^(•Xal). 
 INIackenzio fled to UuH'alo, where he laised a ft»i'ee of 
 aliout a thousand men, with whom lie. took })ossession 
 of Navy Island, in the Niagara Kiver, called his fol- 
 lowers Patriots, and ])roclaimed Canada a republic. 
 Colonel j\l('Nal), who had, in tlie meantime, cammed the 
 dispersion of a Ixnly of insurgents that had assemhlod 
 near I.ondon, now hastened to expel him. ]\!<'Nah 
 
 Seizure ofthe ''""'^'''^ ^^"' ^''''i^'^ii'^^ <>f t^^'*' (^(roliiic, an 
 Caroline. Anu'iican vessel htaded with snpjjlies for 
 
 iMaekonzici's men, sent the wow ashore, and setting her 
 on fire, allowed her to drift over the Kails. Mackenzie's 
 followers then scattered (January, IS.'^S). Later in the 
 year, assisted l»y American adventurers, they raided the, 
 j)rovince in vai'ious plac(>s. A hody of them took ])os- 
 session of an old windmill, near I'rescott, as a hase of 
 o})erations, hut they were soou forced to sini'ender with 
 a loss of forty killed. Not long afterwards another force 
 cross(Ml the Detroit River and took AVindsor, l)ut they 
 W'ere (piickly expelled with lu^ivy loss. All captured 
 in these raids were tried hy court-martial. Ten were 
 executed at Kingston and three at London, while largo 
 
 h ' 
 
 M 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 61 
 
 J 
 
 Act of Union. 
 
 nuiiilx'is were triinsportcd. Many, itichuling tlie lead- 
 ers, rcturiKul to Caiiiulii, uiidt'i' amnesties Amnesties 
 su])S(>(|uently granted l)y the government granted. 
 (1845). Tliis rebellion caused much destruction <»f life 
 and property, and, in a military sense, was a failure ; 
 still, to it is largely due tin; subsequent establislunent 
 of better government in Canada. 
 
 Responsible Government Secured. —In 1839, Lord 
 
 Syd(!nhamwas ap})ointed( lovernor-generaljAvitli the task 
 of bringing about the legislative union of the Canadas. 
 He drafted the Aet of l^nion, which was acc(i)t('(l by 
 the two legislatures, j)assed the liritish i>arliain('nt in 
 1S40, and went into oju'ratiou in ISII. 
 This .Vet providcil foi- the union of tlic tw(» 
 ])rovinces under tlu- nauic of tlic Province of ('anada, 
 Avitli one legislative council and our. legislative assciu- 
 bly, — th(^ incnilicrs of \\\v former to be ajjpoinlcd l»y the 
 crown, and tliosc of the latter to b(^ chosen l)y the peo- 
 ])le. Tbe executi\(' council, or ministry, Was to ])e com- 
 ]iosed of members i-espousible to the Assembly, Avhlcji 
 also, by tills Act, obtaine(l the control of revenues. 
 The " i'^auiily Compact "' was broken up, lves))()nsible 
 ( lovernment practic^ally estal)lislied, and one great causi; 
 of })o'iti(;al disturbances removed. The French Cana- 
 dians were not altogether satisfied with the new state 
 of affairs, and justly complained that after having nearly 
 paid oil" their own i)ublic (h;bt, they were now re(]uired 
 to assist in paying the debt of the Upper Province. 
 
02 
 
 OUTLINED UF CANADIAN lII«TOliY. 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 i> ' 
 
 '.U 
 
 Right Rev. Alexander Macdonell, first Iiislinp of Upper 
 Caiiiuhi, wiis b(»ni in Iiivl-iir'ss Co., Scotliuid, July 17, 1762. 
 He WHS ctlucutt'd at tlie Scottisli Colk'gi.', Paris, and at the 
 Si'ottisli Colk'j^'c, Vidladolid, Si»aiii. He was ordained Priest at 
 Valladolid on February 10, 1787. He returned to Scotland, 
 when; Ik; excrciscMl the saered ministry in the Braes of Lochaher 
 for live years. He sailed for Canada in 1803, and settled at 
 St. Raidiacl's, Glengarry, with a large nunilter of Highlanders 
 who came with him. At that time there were only three Cath- 
 olic Churches in Upper Canada and two Priests. Those two 
 Priests soon left the Province, and Father Macdonell found 
 him.self sole missionary of Upper Canada, through the length 
 and breadth of which he traveled, exercising his sacred ministry 
 among the few scattered Catholics who had settled there. In 
 1819, Father Macdonell was nominated IJishop of Resina, in 
 partibus injiddium, and Vicar- A])ostolic of Upper Cnnada, and 
 was consecrated on the 31st of December, 1820, in the Ursu- 
 line Convent Chapel, at Quebec. Up])er Canada was erected 
 into a Pishopric by Leo XII. on the 17th of January, 1820, 
 and liishop Macdonell was appointed first Bishoi>, under the 
 title of Tlegiopolis, of King.ston. In 1839, he returned to Scot- 
 land, where he died, January 14, 1840. His remains were re- 
 moved to Kingston, Canada, during the episcopate of Bishop 
 Horan, and were interred in the Cathedral there, September 
 20, 1801. 
 
 John George Lambton, Earl of Durham, Avas born in En- 
 gland in 1792. He was elected to the British parliament in 
 1813. During his whole public career he steadily advocated 
 the cause of the people and liberal principles of government. 
 He was made carl in 1833. As Governor-general of Canada, in 
 
 ) 
 
1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 \y 
 
 nHlTIt<H HULE. 
 
 03 
 
 ^ 
 
 1838, he (lid good service, as we liiive seen. Ho resigned tiiis 
 ])OHiti(»ii because tJic Imperial government vetoed an amnesty 
 granted by him to political otrenders in the Kehellion of 1837 
 He died in lS-10. 
 
 Sir Allan Napier McNab was horn at Niagara in 1708. 
 He served in both the navy and the army in 181*2. He was 
 elected to the ri)per Canadian Assembly in 1820, and was twico 
 made Speaker. For his active service in the rclitdlitui of 1837 
 he received the honors of knighthood. In ISGf), he was pre- 
 mier of Canada. He died at Hamilton in 1862. 
 
 William Lyon Mackenzie was born in Scotland in 1705, 
 He came to Canada in 1820, and between 1824 and 1833 ho 
 published the Culonial Advocate, in Niagara and Toronto. In 
 ls28 he was elected member of i>arliament, and was five times 
 expelled for an alleged libtd on the Assembly. In 1832, he 
 was sent to Knirland with a memorial of nrvievances from 
 tho.se who were advocating responsible government. In 18ii6v 
 lie was elected first mayor of Toronto. His career in the re- 
 bellion is .sketcdied elsewhere. After his defeat at Navy 
 Island, he found emidoyment on the American press for sev- 
 eral years. Under an amnesty proclaimed in 1840, he returned 
 to Canada, and was elected to a seat in parliament. He died 
 in 18G1. 
 
 Louis Joseph Papineau was born near Montreal in 1786. 
 He was admitted to the bar, but never ]»racticed. At twenty- 
 two, he was elected to the Lower Canadian Assend)ly, and soon 
 became the leader of the liberal party. He wa.s twice chosen 
 S})('aker. He worked hard to obtain a n»ore liberal form of gov- 
 ernment, and traveled the country advising constitutional 
 agitation for that purpose. He was opposed to the insurrection 
 _of 1837, and although he remained with the insurgents, he took 
 no part in their military operations. His arrest being ordered, 
 he retired to the States, and then to Paris, where he lived for 
 
 /< 3 y. 
 
 / 
 
64 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 k 
 
 several years, engafjed in litcrar}- pursuits. Ho returned to 
 Canada in 1847 under an anincsty, and was again elected to 
 parliament. He died in 1871. 
 
 Dr. Wolfred Nelson, born in Montreal in 1792, was at 
 the opening of tlie rebellion a physician in the important 
 village of St. Denis. He was the actual lea<ler in the ti'oubles 
 of 1837, and at their conclusion was kept in close confine- 
 ment for several months, and sent under sentence of banish- 
 ment to the West Indies. He was afterwards permitted to 
 return to his native ciiy, where he rendered efficient service 
 in his professi<inal capacity during tlie subseciuent outbreak 
 of choleral. He rei»r(!sented the county of Ri<helieu in Par- 
 liament, tilled various honorable ofl^ices in the country, and 
 was twice elected Mayor of Montreal. He died in 1863. 
 
 Hon. Auguste N. Morin v.as born at St. Michel de Belle- 
 chasse, near the city of Quebec, in 1803. He Avas admitted to 
 the bar in 1828, and by an able legal course reached the position 
 of judge. He was a member of the Lower Canadian Assembly and 
 of the parliament of Canada, and was for several years Speaker 
 of the House and member of the government. It was he who 
 drew up the famous ninety-two resolutions that, in 1834, passed 
 the Lower Canadian A.s.sembly, denouncing the exclusion of 
 French Canadians from office and the general conduct of j)ublio 
 affairs by the government. He died in ISef). 
 
 BRITISH GOVERNORS AND ADMINISTRATORS. 
 
 PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 
 
 Sir Guy Carleton, 
 
 1T6(). ir;i, 1786, and 179.3 
 
 General Amherst 1700 General P. Haldimand 1778 
 
 General James Murray 17(53 Henry Hamilton (Lioutcn- 
 
 P. E. IKVINO (President) 1766 [ ant-^'overnor) 1784 
 
 U.G, Cramaue' (Pi-CBident).. 1770 Henry Hope (Lieut. -yov.)., 
 
 1786 
 
 |! .: 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 65 
 
 LOWER CANADA. 
 
 Alured Clarke 1791 
 
 General Robert Prescott.. 1793 
 
 Sir R. S. Milnes 1799 
 
 Hon Thomas Dunn. . 1805 and 1811 
 
 Sir J. H. Craig 1S07 
 
 Sir Oeorge Prevost — 1811 
 
 Sir G. Drummond 1815 
 
 General John Wilson 1816 
 
 Sir J. C. Siikrbrooke 1S16 
 
 Duke of Richmond 1818 
 
 Sir James Monk 1819 
 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland... 1820 
 Earl of DALUouisiE.lHaOand 1885 
 
 Sir F. N. Burton ... 1831 
 
 Sir James Kempt 182S 
 
 Lord Aylmer 1830 
 
 Earl of Gosford 18:15 
 
 Sir John Colborne 18;^ 
 
 Earl o Durham 18;i8 
 
 Lord Sydenham 1839 
 
 UPPER CANADA. 
 
 Colonel J. G. Simcoe 1792 
 
 Hon. Peter Russell (Pres- 
 ident) 1796 
 
 General Peter Hunter 1799 
 
 Hon. Alex. Grant (Pies't). .. 1805 
 
 Hon. Francis Gore 1806 
 
 Sir Isaac Brock 1811 
 
 Sir R. U. Sheaffe ISW 
 
 Baron de Rottenburg (Pres- 
 ident) 1813 
 
 Sir (ioRDON Drummond 1813 
 
 Sir George Murray 1815 
 
 Sir F. p. Robinson 1815 
 
 Hon. Samuel Smith. . 1817 and 1820 
 Sir p. Maitland .... 1818 and 1820 
 Sir John Colborne (Admin- 
 
 istratoiy 1828 
 
 Sir Francis B. Head 1836 
 
 Sir George Arthur 18S8 
 
. 1' 
 
 sh'i 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 From the Act of Union to the Confederation. 
 
 1841 TO 1867. 
 
 Principal Events. — The first parliament of United 
 Canada opens at Kingston, June, 1841, Lord Syden- 
 ham, governor, and soon after passes the Municipal 
 Act, — by which every township, county, village, town, 
 and city is given the right to manage its own local 
 Ashburton affairs. In 1842, the Ashburton Treaty is 
 Treaty, 1842. mtide, defining the boundaries as at present 
 existing between Canada and the United States, and 
 providing for the extradition of certain criminals from 
 one country to the other. In 1844, the Pul)lic and High 
 School system of education for Upper Canada is organ- 
 ized by Dr. Kyerson. In 1847, Lord Elgin ])eco nes gov- 
 ernor. During his administration the customs duties, 
 heretofore imposed by the British government on goods 
 entering Canada, are removed, 1847 ; the St. Lawrence 
 canals are completed, 1848 ; Rebellion Losses Bills are 
 passed (1847-9) to indemnify persons in both provinces 
 Grand Trunk ^<>i' losses sustained by the recent rebellion ; 
 Slilways*" ^^^^' British parliament transfers the Post 
 began> OlRce Department to the Canadian govern- 
 
 ment, 1861 ; the Grand Trunk and Great Western Rail- 
 
 I 
 
BRITISH IIUI.E. 
 
 67 
 
 ways arc bogun ; the Municipal Loan Act is passed, by 
 Avhicli municipalities could borrow money from the 
 government to make local improvements; in 1854, a 
 Reciprocity Treaty is made between Can- Reciprocity 
 ada and the Unitoil States, providing for Treaty, 1854. 
 the mutual exchange of natural prodvtcts, and is to last 
 for ten years ; the Seigniorial T».'nurc is aboli;?hed, and 
 the Clergy Reserves arc secularized (see page 68). In 
 1855, Sir Edmund Head, governor, the Militia Act is 
 passed; in 1858, Decimal Currency is introduced the 
 first Atlantic Telegraph Cable is laid, and Otvawa chosen 
 by Queen Victoria to be the capital of Canada. In 
 18G0, the Prince of Wales visits Canada. In 1861-5, 
 a great Civil AVar rages in the United States (see page 
 71). In 1866, Canada is disturbeil by Fenian raids 
 (see page 73). In 1867, the British North America 
 Act is passed, providing for the Confederation of the 
 British American Provinces (see page 70). 
 
 How United Can^dc flourished.— ^The twenty-six 
 years that followed the iVct of Union made a period 
 of great internal development and improve- 
 ment. The population increascMl to two 
 million seven hundred thousand, of which one million 
 five hundred thousand belcmged to the Upper Province. 
 Canals increasing, steamboats getting more numerous, 
 and railroads extending in various directions, facilitated 
 the transit of goods, local travel, the spread of popula- 
 tion, the settlenieut of the country, and the develop- 
 
 Fopulation. 
 
^mmmm 
 
 68 
 
 OUTLINES OF CJ YAUIAN HISTORY. 
 
 vS: 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 inent of its rosourcos. Fai'Ming, mining, and manu- 
 facturing mado groat headway, and when tlie World's 
 Fair was held in London, in i'3r^i, Canada's exhibit 
 of her industrial resources (h-ev; nuirk-jd attention. 
 Municipal '^^^^ Mfm/cijml Stjdem I'ved the country 
 System. from tlie tyranny, or cjrelctjsness, of 
 
 Quarter Sessions and Boards of Commissioner.^ — the 
 previous managers of local affairs — and created an 
 active and healtliy emulation among tlu; municipal' 
 ities. Tlu! acquisition of land was made easier it 
 Lower Canada by the abolition of the Seif/iiioritil Ten 
 ure, and the country at large derived l)en(;lit and satis 
 faction when the C/cnfi/ Reserves were secidarized,— 
 that is, Avhen the bulk of the land set apart for the 
 benefit of the clergy of the English Church was })lace(/ 
 on sale, and the money so realized given to the munic 
 ipalities for educational or local improvement purposes. 
 Municipal '^'^^' ^Innicqxd Loan Ad did not work a.* 
 Loan Act. \\{A\ as had been expected. For, although 
 it aideil for a time some .struggling municipalities, it en- 
 couraged excessive borrowing, and many sank hopelessly 
 into debt, which had to l)e assumed by th(i government. 
 When ( Ireat Britain removed the customs duties on cer- 
 tain goods entering Canada, and when the Keciprocity 
 Treaty with the United States was established, Cana- 
 dian trade with these two countries grew 
 
 School System. .„ • , , i • - ' rp, 
 
 rapully in extent and im})ortance. iJie 
 
 Scliool System ((ixplained elsewluu-e), which vras estab- 
 
BRITISH RUL-:. 
 
 69 
 
 lisheJ during tliis poriod, has become one of the most 
 complete in the world. The country was not without 
 its afflictions. Typhus fever appe;<.red in 1847, and the 
 cholera in 1854, carrying off tliousands, and the cities of 
 Quebec and ^Montreal were devastated ])y extensive fires. 
 Among the wonders <jf the period were the laying of the 
 Atlantic Telegraph Cable, and the ci)nstructi(»n of the 
 Yictoi-ia Tubular Bridge over the 8t. Lawrence, at 
 I\rontreal. 
 
 The Political World.— Although responsible gov- 
 ernment had been granted, the two politi(,'al parties — 
 named Conservatives and Reformers — foruKnl in Can- 
 ada before the rebellion, found other causes Party Dis- 
 of dispute. Sir Charles Metcalfe, who Avas P^^es. 
 appointed governor in 1843, made some appointments to 
 office without the consent of his Ministry (Kc.'form), 
 who accordingly resigned, and the governor for a time 
 ruled without a ministrv. This affair lu-ovoked a 
 fierce contention between the parties — the Conserva- 
 tives supporting, and the Reformers condemning the 
 governor's conduct. The bill {Pwhi'llinn indemnity 
 Losses) to indemnify Uj)per Canadians for Bill, 
 losses sustained during the n-bellion was strongly op- 
 posed by the Conservatives, wlio called the interested 
 
 persons rel)els, and when a similar bill was 
 
 _ ITT r-i 1 • 1 ,1 J r^ . . ^M Riots in To- 
 
 passed tor Lower Canada, in 1849, the Con- ronto and 
 
 servatives grew so indignant that a second ^o^^^^*^- 
 
 rebellion Avas feared. As it was, viuis were raised in 
 
•^f^^mmmmmmmmmm 
 
 70 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 .v • 
 
 n 
 
 In 
 
 Toronto and ^Monireal. In Hk; latter city, at that time 
 
 tlie capital, the nioh insulted tlu^ governor, Lord Elgin, 
 
 for having given his assent to the l)ill, drove the nieni- 
 
 Iters of the Assembly from their chamber 
 Burning' of 
 Parliament and set fire to the Parliament buildings, 
 
 ° ' burning them down and destroying the 
 library and State records. Tlu; Home government sus- 
 tained the governor and severely condemned the con- 
 duct of his opponents. After that Toronto and Quebec 
 were made the capital alternatcdy. Tin; most impor- 
 tant political chang(\s made in this period Avere the 
 increase of the number of representatives in })arlia- 
 ment from eighty-f(Kir to one hundretl and thirty, and 
 the making of the Legislative Council elective, in 
 Agitation for l^-'^G- Then followed an agitation for 
 
 fion^by^opu- Ii'T^'''^''^^M'(^>^ ^»J I'opuldtion, conducted 
 lation. chi(^fly by Upper Canadians, on the ground 
 
 that their province was not duly represented in i>arlia- 
 ment. Tiiis agitation, together with the growing strift; 
 of i)arties (now about ecpial in numbers), and the Jeal- 
 ousy between the two provinces, -were among the causes 
 that led to the proposition of ConfcMleration, and the 
 nltimate L"^nion of the British Provinces into the Do- 
 minion of Canatla. Among tl»e party leaders of those 
 days were Draper and INfacdonald on the side of the 
 Conservatives, and Paldwin, Lafontaine, and Brown 
 on the side of the Reformers. 
 
 The British North America Act. — This Act pro- 
 
I] cal- 
 luses 
 tlio 
 Do- 
 lose 
 the 
 |own 
 
 nro- 
 
 BRITISH RULE. 
 
 71 
 
 vided for tlie union of tlie four provinces of Ui)i)er 
 
 Canada, Lower Canada, Xew Pirunswick, and Nova 
 
 Scotia, under tlie desi,L,niation of tlie Dominion of 
 
 Canada. Upper and Lower Canada were to l)e called 
 
 respectively Ontario and (j|uebec. The Government 
 
 government of the Dominion Avas to con- ^;l;®Jr2# 
 ^ minion oi 
 
 sist of a Governor-giMieral, rei)resentinrr the Canada. 
 Queen, and a Federal Parlianu'nt, composed of two 
 Houses, the Senate and the Commons — the former ap- 
 jKtinted hy the Crown, th(^ latter elected by the i)eople. 
 Each province was allowed a lieutenant-governor and a 
 local legislature for the manaLfement of its own local 
 affairs. Other provinces could enter the Union with 
 the consent of the Dominion Parliament. The Imperial 
 government guaranteed a loan of three millions sterling 
 to help to build the Intercolonial Railway, Ottawa 
 was made the capital of the Dominion, and Lord 
 Monck the first governor-general. The Act A\tiit into 
 force July 1, L^OT. 
 
 The American Civil War (1861 o). — The jmictice 
 of keeping slaves, which war; ha[)pily given up in Can- 
 ada at an early day (1803), was retained for many years 
 afterwards by the Southern States of the American 
 Kepublic. Towards the end of 1860, it iK'came evi- 
 dent that the United States government 
 
 • 1 riM Secession of 
 
 had determined to abolish slavery. i he Slave-hold- 
 slave holding States strongly objected, and *°^ ^**^®^' 
 early in 1861, they, to the number of eleven, seceded 
 
72 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 m 
 
 I'' 
 
 from tho Union and f(»rnioil a new ropuLlic, which tliey 
 cjille.d tho Conlodcratc States of America. This was 
 takiiii as an act of rebellion hy the United States gov- 
 ernment, and a long, extensive, and most deplorable 
 civil war ensned between the N(n'thern and Soutliern 
 States. Wliatc'ver may be. tliought of the justice of 
 their cause, there can be no ({uestion as to the bravery 
 dis[)laycd by the Soutlu;rn soldiers and tlie skill of their 
 officers, among whom were Generals Lee, Jackson, and 
 Beauregard. Tiie principal officers of merit on the 
 Northern side wen^. (lenerals (Irant, Sherman, an<l 
 Sh(M'idan, In tlie early part of the war the Confeder- 
 ates w(M'(^ generally successful ; but tho determination, 
 superior numbers, and wealth of the Xorthern States 
 Kebellion fnially triumphed. The rebellion was 
 
 Slavery abol- ^1'"^^"'*^' ^^''' authority of the United 
 ished. States gov(!rnnient restored, and slavery 
 
 ao!>lished. The American government then laid two 
 charges against (lr(!at Ih'itain. One was that most of 
 tlu! rebel cruisers, notably th(3 Aldhiinia, that had 
 swept American commerce from the seas during the 
 Mar, were built in liritish waters ; the other, that Can- 
 ada had been allowed to b(> a base of operations for 
 Southern raiders into United States territory. ^Vftcr 
 some years' delay, these and other questions were 
 settled by the Treaty of AVashington in 1871 (see 
 page 81). 
 
 The Fenians. — About the close of the Civil AVar, a 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 73 
 
 society known as tlie Fenian Brotlierliood, that had been 
 organized in the United States for the purpose of freeing 
 Ireland from Englisli ride, threatened to invade Canada 
 and make it a base of operations against Great Ih'itain. 
 In June, 18GG, all Canada was startled by tlu; intelli- 
 gence that a body of several hundreds of Fenians in- 
 Fenians, led bv Colonel O'Xcill, had en- vadeCanada. 
 tered the i>rovince at Fort Erie, opposite Ihiffalo. 
 Immediately volunteers and regulars were on the move 
 to expei them. Tliey were met rvear Ridgeway, sonuj 
 miles east of tlu; AVelland Canal, by corps of volun- 
 teers from Toronto and Hauiilton, These, after a sluat 
 battle, were forced to retire. The Fenians did not fol- 
 low U[) their victory, but hearing of tlu; approa(;h of a 
 strong force of ]^)ritish regulars, they Avitliilrcw to l-'ort 
 Erie. Here tlu' most of th(>m embarked in a scow for 
 the American shore, but wer(i compelled to surrender 
 to the American gun-boat MIcIu'iikik Others, that had 
 been left behind, were tidcen 1)V the Canadian author- 
 itics and brought before the courts. Sttuu; were con- 
 demned to various terms of iuiprisonment, aud tlie rest 
 set fre(>. Those ca})tured by the gun-l)oat wen; liber- 
 ated on pronnsing to returu home. Siuiilar daring 
 atteuii)ls were made at oilier ]t(mits along the frontier, 
 l)ut failed, aud only brought ctmtempt on their authors. 
 The loss of life among the Canadians was not great, al- 
 though much to be regretted. Great excitement pre- 
 vailed through Canada, and tlio country was put to 
 
74 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 EL 
 
 r, 
 
 If 
 
 11 :; 
 
 much annoyance and cx})onsc. It is Avorihy of note 
 
 that, althoii»fli the raitk'i's came from tlie 
 Nocompen- ,..,,' 
 sation for I nitcd States, tlie American ^ovcM-nment 
 
 niiule no com[)ensation to Canada for the 
 
 losses the latter sustained. 
 
 The Other Provinces. Nova Scotia and Xew 
 Brunswick M-ere orij^dnally owned hy France, under 
 the name of Acadia. Tlie whole territory was finally 
 ceded to Grc^at Britain hy the treaty of Ttrecht, in 
 1713. In 1758, it was ^aven a constitution hy Great 
 Britain, which provided for an Assend)ly elected hy 
 the people, and a Council named hy the Crown. After 
 the American Kevolution several thousand Ignited Em- 
 pire Loyalists settled in the country, and the two [)rov- 
 incesof Xew Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed. 
 In 1820, Nova Scotia received Cape lireton Island. 
 In 1838, it ohtained rosponsihle government, after 
 which Nova Scotia niad(! rapid })rogress. 
 
 New lUiUNSwicK, as Ave have seen, liecame a i)rov- 
 
 inc(^ in 1784. Its po])ulation was at that 
 NewBruns- i , • , i • n n 
 
 wickbecomes time largely increased hy an influx of 
 
 a r vm e. XTnitod Empire Loyalists, and again after 
 the war of 1812, when a large nmnher of dishanded 
 soldiers settled in the province. In 1837, the pro- 
 vincial revenues were given over to the control of the 
 local government. New Brunswick possesses ahun- 
 dant natural resources, and has advanced rapidly in 
 wealth and importance. 
 
 
 !|.;| 
 
URITISH RULE. 
 
 li) 
 
 X 
 
 Prince Edward Island (nainc.l by tlio Frontli 
 
 St. John Island) Avas owned Ity France until 1703, 
 
 when, by the treaty of Taris, it became _ . _, 
 ' -^ -^ ' Prince Ed- 
 
 British pro})erty and formed ])art of Ni>va ward Island 
 
 Scotia. The land was divided under lease- British prop- 
 hold amon^ otHcers of the IJritisii army ^^^^' 
 and navy. In 1773, it received a separate govern- 
 ment, but it was not until 1851 that the government 
 was made responsible. In proportion to its size, it 
 has a larger population than any other i)rovince, and 
 has always been in a })ros})erous condition. It was 
 admitted to the Union in 1873. 
 
 liRiTisii Columbia and Vancouver Island were 
 formerly s(jparate i)rovinces. The former was first vis- 
 ited, in 1770, by an agent of the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany, and in 1792, Captain Vancouver, a British naval 
 
 officer, discovered the island that bears his 
 
 Admitted to 
 name. In 1858, they Avere formed into the Union, 
 
 1871 
 
 one province, but were separated in 18G3. 
 
 They were admitted into the Union, in 1871, as the 
 province of British Columbia. 
 
 Manitoba and the Northwest are dealt with else- 
 Avhere. 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 Sir James Bruce, Lord Elgin, a British statesman, was 
 bori) ill 1811, and died in 1863. He entered pnblic life as a 
 member of the British parliament in 1841, and in 1846 was 
 
I 
 
 76 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 
 appointod r.overnor-^'eneral of Canada. His career in this 
 country (1847-r»4) is identilied with many important measures, 
 in('ludin<( the Rebellion Losses Hill and the Reeiproeity Treaty, 
 In 18r>7, he was apjxiinted Dritisli Minister to C'hina, and iu 
 1862 was made flovcriior-;^'eneral of India, where lie died the 
 following year, uiuversally rej^Mctted. 
 
 Hon. Robert Baldwin, C.B., was born in Toronto in 1804. 
 He was elected to tli(^ Leyislatui'e in 1828, became executive 
 councillor in 18;>t>, solicitor-general in 1840, attorney-general 
 and joint prenner of Canada in 1842 an<l 1848, and was for 
 many years leader of the Li]»eral part\ in Ui)per Canada. lie 
 died in 18.')8. 
 
 Hon. Sir Louis H. Lafontaine was born at Boudierville, 
 Lower Canada, in 1807. He was a nu'inber or the Legislature 
 for man}' years, and a distinguished political leader iu Lower 
 Canada. In 1842 and 1848, he was appointed attorney-general 
 and joint premier of Canada. He was made Chief Justice of 
 Lower Canada in 1853, and created baronet of the United 
 Kingdom. He died in 1864. 
 
 Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, D.D., was born in Upper 
 Canada in 1803. He became a Methodist minister iu 1825, and 
 founded iheJ^iuirtfian in 1829. He was ap[)ointed Superin- 
 tendent of Public Schools in Upper Canada iu 1844, and after 
 an extensive tour through the United States aud Europe, he 
 published a plan for the reorgauizatiou of the Canadian schools 
 in 1847. He died in Toronto iu 1882. 
 
 Sir George E. Cartier, of the family of Jacques Cartier, 
 was born at St. Autoine (Vercheres), Lower Cauada, iu 1814. 
 He was implicated in the rebellion of 1837, and had a price .set 
 upon his head, but obtained the benefit of the amnesty of 1840. 
 In 1S;')5, he was appointed provincial secretary, and soou after 
 attorney-general. In 1858, he became Premier of Canada, with 
 .Alacdouald as his colleague iu Upper Canada. He assisted in 
 
 r 
 
BRITISn RULE. 
 
 77 
 
 Mrrylng out many useful logislativo moasuros, including the 
 Coiifi'dcratlon of tlif I'lovinccs. lie dii'il in Knglaiul in 1873. 
 
 Sir Francis Hincks was born in Iivland in 1807. At <lif- 
 fcivnt times, in Canada, ho engaged in eoinini'ieial jtursuits, 
 journalism, and jiolities. lit; was Finance Minister for many 
 years, and was rrime Minister in ISol. He wa.s apjtoijiteil (Jov- 
 crnor of liritish (Juiana in \H('y2, received the honors of knight- 
 hood, and wa.s again apixiinted Kinani'e Minister of Canada in 
 18t)9. lie was one of the first to urge responsible government 
 in Canada, He died in Montreal in 188'). 
 
 Most Rev. Ignace Bourget, llishop of Montreal, horn at 
 Point Levis, near the city of (Juehec, October .30, 1799. Ordained 
 November '22, 1822, appointed coadjutor to Hishop Lartiguc in 
 1S.'{7, he became, on the death of the latter, Rishop of Montreal. 
 Owing to old age and infirmity, he resigned his seat in 1876, be- 
 ing made titular Archbishop of Marianoitolis, la part ib us. His 
 epis(^opate was an eventful one, and his services to the Catholic 
 Church in Canada can hardlv lie overestimated. He brought fif- 
 teen religious Orders into the country, among which may be men- 
 tioned the Jesuits, Oblates, Urothers of the Christian Schools, 
 Fathers of Holy Cross, Sisters of Providence (founded in 1828, 
 by Mine. Ve .T. 15. Gamelin, and canonically erected in 1844 by 
 Mgr. Hourget), Sisters of the Good Slu'idierd, P>rothers of Char- 
 ity, etc. Such was his reputation for .sanctity that many mira- 
 cles have been attril)uted to him. He celebrated the golden 
 Jubilee of his ordination in 1872, and died June 8, 1885, leav- 
 in«j a name honoretl alike; by all classes and creeds. 
 
 GOVERXOKS AND ADMINISTPtATORS OF UNITED 
 
 CAXADA. 
 Baron Stdenham (Hon. CuAKLES Earl CATUCAitT 1845 
 
 PotiLETT Thompson) 1841 Earl of Elgin 1847 
 
 R D.Jackson, (A(lmini8trator)1841 i W. Rowan, ( Administrator).. 18r)3 
 
 SiF{ CuARLEs Bagot. 1842 Sir Edmund Head 1854 
 
 Sir Charles Metcalfe 184? i Lord Viscount Monck . . 1861, 1867 
 
© 
 
 CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 JFrom the Formation of the Dominion ta the 
 
 Present Time. 
 
 1807 TO 1889. 
 
 Principal Events. — In 18G9 (Lord Lisgar, gov 
 
 ernor), the Hudson Bay Company cedes the ^Jorth- 
 
 wcst Territory to Canada for tlie sum of one nallion 
 
 five hundred thousand dollars ; in tlie same year the 
 
 Metis (half breeds) raise a rebellion in the Red River 
 
 Settlement, but it is suppressed within a year, and the 
 
 - .^. , „ Province of Manitoba formed (see page 
 Britisn Co- 
 lumbia joins 83). British Columbia, induced In' the 
 
 e nion. promise of tlie Dominion government to 
 build a railway to the Pacific Ocean, joins the Union 
 in 1871 ; the Treaty of Washington is signed the same 
 year (see page 81). In 1872, Lord Dufferin becomes 
 Governor-general. In 1873, Prince Edward Island be- 
 comes part of the Dominion. Tlie Marquis of Lome 
 is appointed Governor-general in 1878. The contract 
 for the building of tlie Canadian Pacific Railway u' let, 
 in 1880, ])y the Dominion government to the Stephens 
 Syndicate, and the railway is tinished in 1886. In 
 1883, the Martpiis of Lansdowne succeeds the ^lanpiis 
 of Lome as Governor-general. In 1885, the Metis 
 
 i 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 79 
 
 \ 
 
 * I 
 
 agitation in the North-west develops into nn armed 
 conflict, wliich, however, is suppressed Franchise 
 within a few weeks (see page 83). A ^*'*- 
 .Franchise Act is i)assed the same year, largely extend- 
 ing the liberty of voting, giving it even to Indians. 
 
 Progress of the Dominion. — The confederation of 
 tlie four i)rovinces made, in the Dominion of Canada, 
 a great and important nation, and when the other prov- 
 inces and the territories were added, the sway of the 
 Dominion extended over a country rivalling in size the 
 continent of Europe, The area of Canada is about 
 three million five hundred tliousand square miles, and 
 the population, although it has not increased as rapidly 
 as was expec;ted, has reached the respectable aggregate 
 ^f four million five hundred thousand. Railways 
 have been extended, and new lines constructed, in- 
 creasing the conveniences of travel and helping to open 
 up the country. The most important of these are the 
 Canadian Pacific and the Intercolonial Canadian Fa- 
 Railways. Tli.^ latter (running from Que- jjjjoknijf 
 bee U) Halifax) was liuilt by the Do- Railways. 
 minion governnusnt at a ct)st of about twenty-five 
 million dollars, and to the contractors of the for- 
 nu^r, the government gave twenty-five million dollars 
 and twentv-five million acres of land. Trade with 
 foreign nations has almost doubled in extent and value; 
 the lund)ering industry has not advanced, but mming, 
 fishing, and agriculture have become more productive. 
 
80 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Nevertlieless, the country lias move tliuii onco fi-lt the 
 iiiflueiico (if (l('])r('ssi(tn in Itusincss, causetl liy over- 
 trading' and cxtrava.Ljancc in years of prosjjerity. Tlio 
 display of jmidiicts, which Canada made at the World's 
 Fair held in Philadelphia, 1S7G, showed that tJK de- 
 velopment of h"r material resources had made consid- 
 erahle ])i'ogress. The national deht of Canada amounts 
 to ahout three hundred million dollars. 
 
 Political AfTaJps. Tlie ])olitieal history of this 
 period has heeii very eventfid. .V Conservative Ad- 
 ministration, under Sir -lohn A. jNIacdonald, ruled the 
 country until 1873. In that year the government was 
 chargetl with receiving hrilx's from one of tlie two 
 cojni)anies that were striving to secure the contract for 
 huilding the i'acitic Kailway. This affair is known as 
 
 Pacific Scan- ^'"' I*''^'''''' Seandal. and caused the over- 
 dal- thi'ow of Sir -hliirs ministry. The Ke- 
 
 foi'mers, led l>y Mr. .Mcxander Mackenzie, tlien came 
 intd })ower and ruleil until 1S7S, wlieii at the general 
 elections of that year they were defeated hecaus(> the 
 ministry refused to I'aise the customs duties and form 
 what is known as a protective tarilf. This hrought 
 hack to power Sir dohn Macdonald and liis jiarty, who 
 National <'stahlished what they calle(l a " >sational 
 
 Policy. ]*oliry," including a high jn-otective tariff, 
 
 designeil to encourage the growth of home industries. 
 The (piestionof extending the franchise to the Indians 
 causeil party feeling to run high, and whi-n several 
 
 'J 
 
 '/ 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 81 
 
 '^• 
 
 J 
 
 French Canadian ("onscrvativts tcniporarily witlidrow 
 
 from the ranks on account of the cxccntion of Rid, 
 
 political circles wvwi greatly excited. During the; 
 
 progress of the ele(.'tions for the ( )iilaric) legislature in 
 
 th(! fall of ISSG (pertain newspapers and 
 
 .... , Memorable 
 
 })oliticians tried to antu-^e IM'otestant feel- elections of 
 
 ing against the Ivoiiian ("atlmlic Chiu'ch, 
 with a view to the oNci'thi'iiw of the Idcal (1-veforni) 
 government, heeause the latter liad jiassed some fair 
 and just measures for the heiielit of the ("alholic Sepa- 
 rate Schools ; l)ut this outi-ageous attempt was resenteil 
 by the electors as it deserved, and l*reiiiier Mowat Avas 
 returneil to ]»owerwith an iiid'ea^d luajoi'ity. 
 
 The Washington Treaty. i)ispi:t<s h(tw((ii the 
 
 United States ami (ireat nritaiii on the i|«ie,stions of 
 the lisheries, )>onndaries, Fenian i'aid>, and the Ala- 
 bama claims \vei'e at last settl(Ml. in |S71, liy the Ti'caty 
 of Washington. It \vas negotiated, at \\'^ashingt(.»n, 
 by a committee called the Joint High jointHifh 
 Commission, com[)os(_'d of lepreseiitatives Commisaion. 
 of both nations - among whom was Sir dohn Mao 
 donald. The treaty i»i'ovide(l foj- (I) the settlement of 
 tlie .Vlahama. claims by a tribunal of aibitrati'tn, which 
 met at' ( lene\'a, S-\\ii/erlanil, and aftei' due di'h'beration 
 awanled the Tnited State.-> llie sum of lifteen million 
 five hundred thousand dolltirs: (2) the settlement of the 
 l)oundary between British Columbia and Washington 
 Territorv bv reference to the (ievman l^mi)eror, wlio 
 
82 
 
 OL'TLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 decided in favor of the United States by awarding that 
 country the island of San Juan ; (3) the settlement of 
 the fisheries question hy a commission, whicli met at 
 Halifax, and (h?cided, in 1878, that the United States 
 should pay Canada the sum of five million five hun- 
 dred thousand dollars for the privilege allowed Ameri- 
 can citizens to fish in Canadian waters. 
 Fisheries. 
 
 Canada's claims on the United States for 
 
 damages caused l)y the Fenian raids were not men- 
 tioned in the treaty, and this omission caused much 
 dissatisfaction among Canadians. 
 
 The North-west. — That vast territory, bordering 
 on Hudson's I>ay, and extending westward to the 
 Rocky jSIountains, was confirmed to France by the 
 treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, in 1G32. In spite of 
 this treaty, Charles II., in 1670, granted a charter, for 
 two hundred years, to a company since known as the 
 Hudson Bay Hudson I>ay Company, to carry on fur- 
 Company, trading in that territory. By the Treaty 
 of Utrecht, in 1713, Franco ceded the Avhole North-west 
 to Great Jh'itaiu. In 1784, the North-west Fur Com- 
 pany was formed in opposition to the Hudson Hay 
 Company, and the jealous rivalry of these companies 
 \iv\)t back the settleinent of the country. In 1812, 
 Lord S(>lkirk purchased froui the Hudson Bay Com- 
 pany a tract of Innd ahmg iho Red River, and began 
 the settlcmeiif of it in 1821. This was the origin of 
 the present province of Manitoba* 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 83 
 
 The charter of the Hudson Bay Coini)aiiy at last 
 
 expired, and, in 18G9, tlic company ceded _ . , 
 
 the Avhole territory to Canada for tlie sum the Company 
 , .„.,.,,,,, , 1 , of their ter- 
 
 01 one million nve hundred thousand do!- ritoryto 
 
 lars. The inhahitants of th«i Red River Canada, 
 settlement, chiefly Half-l)reeds, ohjected to the cliauge, 
 Avhich was made without their consent, and whicli was 
 likely to injure tlieir rights and interests. Accord- 
 singly they prevented the entry of the ollicials sent l)y 
 the Dominion authorities to organize a new province, 
 and formed a provisional government at Provisional 
 Fort Garry, with Louis Riel at its hea.l. JXS* 
 AfFairs remained in this state for about Kiel- 
 a year, when the approach of Colonel Wolseley, with a 
 force of twelv(i hundred men, caused the leaders to 
 leave the countr\'. The I^rovince of Manitoba was 
 then organized, "with a constitution similar to that of 
 the other provinces. Fort Garry was called AVinnepeg, 
 and l)ecame the ca})ital of the new province, "which 
 began to grow raj)idly in popuhition and importance. 
 
 At a later date tlie territory outside of Manitoba was 
 divided into the districts of Keewatin, Alberta, Sas- 
 katchewan, Assiniboia, and Athabasca, whose aflairs 
 were managed bv a Lieutenant-governor and council 
 appointed by the Dominion government, rpj^g Metis 
 About this time, tlie Half-breeds, who Rising, 
 had settled along the banks • of the Saskatcluwan 
 River after the formation of Manitoba, began to 
 
u 
 
 OUTLINES 01' CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 m f 
 
 fear that, under tlic new order of ihii'.g!^, tlie^- would 
 be dis})ossessed of their lioldings. Aecordiiigly they 
 petitioiKul tlie Doiniiiioii ,L,foverniiient several times for 
 a settleiiKMit. Tln'ir petitions heing neglected, they 
 resorted to ngitation, and cidhMl in Louis Kiel to aid 
 tluMu in their Avork. A erisis was reached early in 
 1885, when a conflict occurnnl at Duck Lake, hetween 
 a party of th(^ Ilalf-hreeds and a hody of mounted 
 police, in which the latter sufFered severely, A rising 
 tlien 1)(!came general, and several Indian trihes took 
 part with the ^Nfetis. The Dominion government, at 
 General Mid- ^^^'-^^ roused to action, dispatched (leneral 
 dleton. Middleton, with three thousand Canadian 
 
 volunteers, to restore order. After some minor en- 
 gagements, the rehellion was hrought to a close hy tlie 
 capture of liatoche, the stronghold of the ^letis (half- 
 breeds). Louis Kiel, and some of his followers taken 
 in the engagement, were afterwards tried, condemned, 
 and executeil at Kegina, in Xovend)er, 1885. The 
 authority of the govei'iuuent was snou re-estahlished. 
 
 4* 
 
 ¥ 
 
 EMINENT MEN. 
 
 Frederick S. H. Blackwood, I'lul of L'ltiU'i'rin, states- 
 man and author, was born in 18'2('i. He sunceeded his father in 
 1841 as Harou I")unc'riii and Clawdeboye, and subseciuently 
 filled several high positions under the P)ritish government. In 
 1872, he was appointed Governor-general of Cana(hi, and for six 
 years discharged tlie duties of that position with great ability 
 and distinction. 
 
tJUlTlSH RULE. 
 
 65 
 
 i 
 
 if 
 
 Sir John A. Macdonald was born in Glasgow ii» 1815. 
 lie was called to the bar in 1835, and was elected to Parliament 
 in 1844. For more than forty years he has been actively iden- 
 tili(!d with Canadian politics, and has discharged the duties of 
 • most of the prominent oflices in the government of the country, 
 including the position of Prime-Minister, whiih he has held 
 several times. As a consequence of the Pacific Scandal affair, 
 his government (Conservative) resigne<l in 1873, but he was 
 returned to jiower in 1878 on the strength of the Xational 
 Policy. He was Premier until liis death (1891), and was an 
 able debater and a skilful party leader. 
 
 Cardinal E. A. Taschereau was born at Ste. Marie de la 
 Beauce, Province Quebec, in 1820. He was ordained priest in 
 1842, and in 18ij6 received the degree of Doctor of Canon Law, 
 in which science he has proved himsfdf an eminent teacher. In 
 1871 he was consecrated Archbishop of Quebec, as successor to 
 Archbishop Baillargeon, and was raised to the rank of Cardinal 
 in 1886. 
 
 Most Rev. John Joseph Lynch, D.D., the first Arch- 
 bishop of Toronto, was born in Irelaml on the 6th of February, 
 1816. In his early life he distinguished himself by his zeal and 
 labors as a missionary in the South, and to the present day no 
 contemporary ecclesiastic has been more indefatigable in the 
 service of the Church. On the 20th of November, 1850, he was 
 consecrated Hishop of Toronto, and in 1870 was raised to the 
 dignity of Archbishop. He is the author of a large luunber of 
 sermolis and pastoral letters that are read through the English- 
 - speaking world, and are noted for their pathos and literary 
 merit. He died in T«)ronto, May 12, 1888. 
 
 Thomas D'Arcy McGee was born in Ireland in 1825. 
 Being an ardent patriot, he early joined the " Young Ireland " 
 party. After the unsuccessful rising of 1848, he lied to Amer- 
 ica, where he spent several years, engaged i« literary pursuits. 
 
 ^I^' 
 
 -f^-*-^ 
 
jj\d 
 
 8C 
 
 ■rvl 
 
 / / 
 
 
 S/O^ 
 
 lu>U^\>VV\ 
 
 CANADIAN IIISTORV. 
 
 ■ i 
 
 }{(' scttlcil ill Montreal in 1858, and for many years represented 
 that (.'ity in the Canadian i»ailianieiit. He was assassinated in 
 Ottawa in 18^J8. As a poet, he liolds a liii^h rank ; as an ora- 
 tor, journalist, and statesman, he has had few e([nals. He was 
 one of the chief promoters of Confetleration. 
 
 Sir Etienne-Pascal Tach6 was limn at St. Thomas de 
 Montmaf,'ny, Lower Canada, in 179'). He served with distinc- 
 tion during the war of 1812-15, first as ensign then as lieutenant, 
 and for his gallant conduct at Chauteauguay was rewaided with 
 a medal. In 1848, he was in the Cabinet of the Tiafontaine 
 lialdwin Ministry; in 18r»(5, he was President of tlm Council ; 
 in 1855, leader of the administration with Sii' Allen McNab, 
 and with Sir John A. Macdonald in 185(j and 1864, when the 
 liill of Confederation was discu.sscd and adapted. He also held 
 the ))ositi()n of Adjutant (Jeneral of Militia. He died at St. 
 Thomas, in 186;'. ; honored by his sovereign and beloved by 
 the people. He \^'as a model of political lionesty, and of devo- 
 tion to Canadian interests. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF THE DOMINION. 
 
 Loud Monck 18()7 ; M Aitcjuia of Lorne 1878 
 
 Loud Lisoau 18G8 Mai^quis of Lansdowne 18n3 
 
 Lord Dufferin 18?-J ; Lou ) Stanley 1888 
 
 1 
 
 1 i 
 
 if 
 
 ii „ 
 
 1 
 
 CHIEF DATES OF THE liKITISH PERIOD. 
 
 Quebec Act ])assed 1774. 
 
 Ameiicans defeated at Quebec 1775, 
 
 Constitutional Act pas.sed 1791. 
 
 First Parliament of Upper Canada 1792. 
 
 War with United States 1812-1815. 
 
 Common Schools established 1816. 
 
 Canadian Rebellion 1837-1838. 
 
,.,^^/>1l■•^^ 
 
 M 
 
 BRITISH RULE. 87 
 
 Act of Union 1841. 
 
 Asliburton Tivaty si^jned 1842, 
 
 Reciprocity Treaty si^'iied 1^54 
 
 Cler<fy Reserves secularized 1804. 
 
 Seigniorial Tenure aljolislied 18f>4. 
 
 Canada visited by the Prince of Wales i860. 
 
 Fenian Invasion Iggg 
 
 Donnnion of Canada formed 1867, 
 
 Acquisition, of the North-west 1869. 
 
 Treaty of Washington 1 871. 
 
 Kovth-v.est Rebellion 1870 and 188.'>. 
 
!! ! 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 Parliamentary, Municipal, and Educational. 
 
 The Canadian Constitution. — Tlio Constitution of tlie 
 Dominion of Uana<ln is contiiincii in tlu^ liritish Nortli Auierica 
 Act of l.S(37. 'i'liis Aft fully (k-sciihod how Caiuulii was to be 
 governed. On account of its length, the essential parts only 
 are presented here. The government of Canada is essentially a 
 limited monarchy, whose head is the Sovereign of Great Britain. 
 Tile government consists of the Legislature and the Executive. 
 Parliament '^'''<^ Legislature, or FarliauK'nt, is composed ol 
 of Canada. (i) the (lovernor-general representing the Queen, 
 and appointed l»y the Tlonu; govei'nment ; (2) the Senate, oi 
 Upper House, whose members are appointed by the Crown foi 
 life ; and (3) the House of Comnuuis, whose members are elected 
 by the people. The consent of these three branches must be 
 given to every bill before it can become law. The Executive of 
 the Dominion consists of the Governor-general and a Cabinet, 
 or Ministry of thirteen mend)ers. 
 
 The Oovcrnor-gaicral is the commander-in-chief of the mil- 
 Duties of the ^^■'^O' '"^"'^ uaval forces of Cana(hi ; with the advice 
 Governor- of his Ministry he appoints the Lieutenant-gov- 
 generai. ernors of the various provinces, the nu'mbers of 
 
 the Senate, the judges, and other officers ; he assembles, pro- 
 rogues, and dissolves Parliament, assents to all bills not reserved 
 for Her Majesty's pleasure, and has the power in the Sovereign's 
 name to commute a sentence of a court of justice. 
 The members of the Cabinet, or Ministry, arcs 
 chosen by the Premier, and by constitutional usage they must 
 
 Ministry. 
 
 « i 
 
BRITISH RULE. 
 
 89 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 have scats in rarliamont, to whicli tl^oy arn responsible for all 
 tlu'ir acts. Eadi of tin? tliirtoon Canadian Ministers has cliar^'i' 
 of Konio Olio of tlic (U'partincnts info wliidi tlie work of carrvin^ 
 on tlifi govcriinieiit is divided. 
 
 The Senate of Canada rorrespoiula to the British House of 
 Lords. It consists of seventy-eight ineiiihers, of whom Onta- 
 rio sends twenty-four, Quebec twenty-four, New Brunswick ten, 
 Nova Scotia ten. Prince Edward Island four, Manitoba three, 
 and British Columbia three. The House of Com- House of 
 7nons at jiresent consists of two hundred and eleven Commons. 
 members, of whom Ontario sends ninety-two, Quebec sixty-live. 
 Nova Scotia twenty-one, New Brunswick si.vteen, Prince Edward 
 Island six, British Colum])ia six, and Manitoba five. Bills 
 granting money can originate with the Commons only. The 
 House of Commons is elected for five years. 
 
 Each province has a Lieutenant-governor and a Legislature. 
 The latter, in Ontario, Manitoba, and liritish C(dund)ia, con- 
 sists of but one chamber ; but in each of the other provinces 
 there is a second chamber, called the Legislative Local Lesis- 
 Council. Local legislatures are elected for four latures. 
 years, and have each a Ministry with departments presided over 
 by members of the Provincial Executive. In Ontario, the Ex- 
 ecutive Council consists of the Attorney-general, Minister of 
 Education, Provincial Secretary, Provincial Treasurer ami Com- 
 missioner of Agi'iculture, Commissioner of Crown Lands, and 
 Commissioner of Public Works. 
 
 The Dominion government has jurisdiction over the public 
 
 debt and i)ropertv, trade and commerce, raising . ,. . 
 
 Jurisdiction 
 money on the credit of the Dominion by loan or of the Do- 
 taxation, the postal service, militia, tisheries, nav- minion Gov- 
 
 ,. , , 1 1 i ernment. 
 
 igation, banks, currency, coinage, bankruptcy, 
 
 marriage and divorce, criminal law, public works, and in com- 
 mon with the local legislatures, agriculture and immigration. 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 WEP'.'ER.NY 14580 
 
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 OUTLINEa OF CANADIAN UISTUUY. 
 
 It lias charge of the n-'ve»ue (or moneys obtained from customs 
 duties and excise), from wliich it [)ays the expenses of the public 
 service, interest on the puhliedeht, antl sul)sidies to the several 
 Provincial local governments. The Provincial legislatures 
 Legislatures, can levy direct taxes for jimvincial jiui-poses, bor- 
 row money on the credit of the province, organize and amend 
 municipal institutions, define civil and [iroperty rights, legislate 
 on the administration of justice, establish reformatories, public 
 prisons and asylums, undertake local works, and make laws 
 with regard to education. Roth Dominion and Provincial Par- 
 liaments must meet annually, and the princi])le of resj)oiisible 
 government prevails in each. (For definitions of technical 
 terms s(!e buTl.lNKs ok Knoli.sii TIvsToitY, ])age 119.) 
 
 Tin; l)t)minion l<^.\ecutive is responsible for the «luties of the 
 Dominion JiuUciary. Through the CJovernor-general, in 
 Executive. Council, it ap[)oints all the judges of the Sui)eri(»r, 
 District, and Cimnty Courts, and pays \\w\v salaries. These 
 judges hold their positions during good behavior, and can be 
 removed oidy liy ])etition of botli Houses of Parliament. As the 
 Local Gov- local governments are charged with the (ultninla- 
 ernments- tratton of the laws, they appoint sheriffs and mag- 
 istrates, and organize courts that do not deal in matters affect- 
 ing the Dominion at large. The Supremo Court of Caiuida has 
 been constituted by the Dominion Executive, and although it 
 is the highest court i»f ap|>eal in Canada, its (hu.'isions can be 
 referred for fuial settlement to the Privy Council of England. 
 
 Municipal Government. — The Municipal Act of 1841 gave 
 cities, towns, villages, counties, and townships the right to 
 manage their own local alfalrs. To give a village this right 
 (that is, to incorporate it), it nmst have a poi)ulation of seven 
 hundred am' lifty, a town nmst have two thousand, and a city 
 ten thousand.* The enactments of a muni«ipal corporation a)'o 
 
 ♦ There are cities In (^lU'liec with less thiiu ten tliousaml inli;it)it;uits. 
 
 , 
 
BRITISH KILE. 
 
 91 
 
 By-Laws. 
 
 called By-Laws, and can provido for the maiiitonaiicf of [lolicc, 
 making and repairing roads and bridges, aiding 
 schools, agricultural societies, mechanics' insti- 
 tutes, charitable institutions, etc. The members of u corpora- 
 tion, or council of city, are called Aldermen, or Councilors ; 
 of a town, village, county, or township, Councihtrs ; the chief 
 magistrate of ii city or town* is called Mayor; of a county, 
 "Warden ; and a township, f Reeve, l^acli township in Ontario 
 elects a council of five members to manage its affairs. The 
 Reeves of the townships in a cr)unty form the County 
 County Council. All tlie nuMubers of these cor- Council. 
 porations are elected annually by the votes of the rate-payers (in- 
 clinling unmarried women and widows) po-sscrring the necessary 
 property qualilication. The voting is by ballet. Kach munici- 
 ]>ality, town, and village in (Quebec; has a Council of seveu 
 members to manage its business. The presiding otficer, called 
 Mayor, is ele<'tcd from their numlu'r. The mayors of the dif- 
 ferent municipalities of a county form the County Council. 
 They elect from among their number a presiding odicer called 
 Warden. 
 
 Education. — W\ the Ib-itish Xortli America Act the subject 
 of education ^s'a3 left to each province. The numicipalities of 
 Ontario are divided for the purposes of edui^ation into I'chool 
 Sections, whose affairs are managetl l»y School Hoards, elected 
 in much the same way as Municipal Councils are electe«l. 
 I'rcvious to 1N7(), these l»odi<>s were governed under the Legisla- 
 ture by a Cluef Superintendent, aided by a Conn- Minister cf 
 cil of Public Instruction. In UwO the office of Education. 
 ^Minister of lOducation was i-reati'd. 'fhis Minister assumed the 
 
 * In some of the pn vinccs, V.\o chief iii;ij,'istnvti' of a town is clooted by 
 tlio Councilors from among their iiunilMT, ami is ciillcil Vrrsidnit. 
 
 t The townships of Qncln'c arc >i.simlly ciillofl jniriahoi, nnil generally 
 Iwjir the name of a saint. The chief maijistrute i« calleU 3/ayor 
 
92 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 dutios of the Council referrod to, and his department is held 
 ros|Kmsil>le to the Legislature for the inanagenient and iiisi»e(> 
 tionofthe Public, Separate, High, and Normal Schools through- 
 out the province, and for the carrying out the school law and 
 regulations. The cost of supporting all these schools is borne 
 partly by the Legislature, and partly by the municipalities or 
 sections, whose school boards have the power of levying an 
 annual rate for that puri)ose. Previous to confederation. 
 Separate Catholic Separate Schools had been estal dished 
 
 Schools. i:i Upi)er Canada, and Dissentient (chictly Prot- 
 
 estant) Schools in Lower Canada, as jiart of the i>ifl)li(; school 
 system ; and the continued existence of both is guaranteed by 
 the Act of Confed'-'ration. The public school system of Qucb(!c 
 is similar to that ot Ontario, except that the Dissentient Schools 
 of the former province arc more privileged than the Catholic 
 Sej)arate Schools of Ontario. The Seminary of Quebec is tho 
 ohhst college of Canada (1663). Laval (Catholic) University, Que- 
 bec (with its branch in Montreal), is the highest Catholic educa- 
 tional institution in the Dominion. It has a royal charter, 
 and is recognized by the Poim as a Catludic University, witli 
 iwwer to grant degrees in divinity. St. Joseph's (Cathtdic) 
 College, Ottawa, has a royal charter as the University of Ot- 
 tawa. St. Michaid's (Catholic) College, Toronto, is alhliated 
 *vith the University of Toronto, the latter a i)rovincial institu- 
 tion richly endoweil. The (irand Sennnary, Montreal, for the 
 training of Theological students, is directed by tho Priests of 
 St. Sulpice. 
 
 /// 
 
4 
 
 APPE^JDIX. 
 
 n/ 
 
 I / 
 
 I. TREATIES AEFECTINd CANADA. 
 
 St. Germain-en-Laye (ncai-raris), 1(5:J2 : Ilestorea Canada 
 ami Acadia to France. 
 
 Ryswick (ir Holland), 1097: Closed " Kinj? ^Villianl's 
 AVar." ICnglaiid and Franco inutually restored contiuercd 
 American territory. 
 
 Utrecht (near Amsterdam), 171''> : Closed "Queen Anne's 
 V/ar," and gave Acadia, XcwfouniUand, and Hudson Uay Ter- 
 ritory to England. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle (near Ccdo-ni-), 174v']: Chtsed Austrian 
 Succession War, and restored L<»uisliurj;, on Cape Breton Island, 
 to tlu! French. 
 
 Paris, 17t)3: Closed "Seven Years' War," and gave all 
 Canatla to the English. At Vcrsnifles (near I'aris), 1783, set- 
 tled the boundary between United States and Canada. 
 
 Ghent (in Ik-lgium), 1814: Closed "War of 18TJ" by a 
 mutual exchange of territory. 
 
 Ashburton Treaty, 1842: Srttled the dis|mte.l boundary 
 iHitween New lirunswick and Maine, and provided for the ex- 
 tradition of criminals. 
 
 Reciprocity Treaty, 18r)4 : Provided for the free exchange 
 of natural products between Canada and United States ; ceased 
 in 1866. 
 
 Washington Treaty, 1871: Provided for the rettlemeut 
 of the Alabama claims, the fishery disputes, and the San Juan 
 boundary. 
 
i! 
 
 94 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 II. ACTS AND BILLS. 
 
 Quebec Act, 1774 : Restored French law (Custom of Paris), 
 for all but criminal cases. 
 
 Constitutional Act, 1791 : Dividcil Canada into two prov- 
 inces, and provided for Jieprcscntative government. 
 
 Alien Bill, 1807 : Provided for the punishment of foreigners 
 for attempting to stir up sedition. 
 
 Canada Trade Act, 1823: Required Lower Canada to pay 
 thirty thousand pounds arrears of duties to Upper Canada. 
 
 Act of Union, 1840 : Re-united the two provinces, and es- 
 taldished Ilrspoiisihlc government. 
 
 Municipal Act, 1841 : Cave municipalities the right to 
 manage their own local an'airs. 
 
 Rebellion Losses Bill, 1840 : Compensated persons for 
 losses sustained during the Rebellion of 1837. 
 
 Municipal Loan Fund Act, 18.02: Established a fund 
 from which municii»alitics might borrow .money for making 
 local improvements. 
 
 British North America Act, 1867 : Provided for tho 
 Federal Union of the British North American Provinces. 
 
 Rupert's Land Act, 1868 : Empowered the Hudson Bay 
 Company to surrender its territory. 
 
 Manitoba Act, 1870 : Described the limits of the province 
 of Manitoba, and gave it its constitution. 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 95 
 
 III. THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS 
 
 OF THK PROVINCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA AND OF 
 THE NORTH-WEST TERRlTORlEii, FROM CONFEDERATION TO 
 JANUARY 1, 1888. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 The Hon. Sir Naicisse-Fortunat Belleau, Knight. July 2, 1867. 
 
 Reappointed. 
 Ho .. Rene-Eilouard Caron. 
 Hon. Luc Letellier de St. Just. 
 Hon. Theodore Robitaille. 
 Hon. Louis-Fran9ois-Rodrigue Masson. 
 Hou. Auguate Real Angers. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 Henry William Stisted, C. B. 
 
 Hon. William Pearee Howland, C.B. 
 
 John Crawford. 
 
 Hon. Do'iald Alex. Macdonald, P.C. 
 
 Hon. John Beverley Robinson. 
 
 Hon. Sir Alexander Campbell, K.C.M.G., C.B 
 
 NOVA-SCOTIA. 
 
 Sir W^illiam Fenwick Williams, Baronet, of Kaps, K. C. B. 
 
 July 1, 1867 
 Charles Hastings Doyle, Major-General. 
 
 Reappointed. 
 Hon. Joseph Howe, P.C. 
 Hou. Adams George Archibald, C.M.G. 
 Matthew Henry Richey. 
 Hon. Archibald Woodbury McLelan, P.C 
 Malachy l*o\ves Daly. 
 
 January 31, 1868. 
 
 February 17, 1873. 
 
 Deceml>er 16, 1876. 
 
 July 26, 1879. 
 
 October 7, 1884. 
 
 October 29, 1887. 
 
 July 8, 1867. 
 
 July 22, 1868. 
 
 November 12, 1873. 
 
 May 21, 1875. 
 
 July 8, 1880. 
 
 June 1, 1887. 
 
 October 95, 1867. 
 
 Jani'.ary 31, 1868. 
 
 May 7, 1873. 
 
 July 23, 1873. 
 
 July 4, 1883. 
 
 July 9, 1888. 
 
 July 14, 1890. 
 
 NEW-BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Charles Hastings Doyle, Major-General. 
 Francis Pym Harding C. B. 
 
 July 1, 1867- 
 October 19, 1867. 
 
mm 
 
 MM 
 
 F 
 
 96 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Hon. Lomuel Allen V>'ilmot. 
 Samut'l Leonard Tilley, C. B, 
 Hon. Edward Barron Chandler. 
 Hon. Robert Duncan Wiliuot. 
 
 July 23, 1868. 
 
 November 15, 1873. 
 
 July 23, 1878. 
 
 February H, 1880. 
 
 Hon. Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley, K.C.M.C.., C. li. Nov. 11, 1885. 
 N. W. TERRITORIES. 
 
 Hon. William McDougall. 
 
 Hon. Adams (Seorfje Archibald, P.C. 
 
 Hon. Francis Godscball Johnson. 
 
 Hon. Alexander iMoi'ris, P.C. 
 
 Hon. David Laird. 
 
 Edgar Dewdney. 
 
 Hon. Joseph Royal, LL.D. 
 
 MANITOBA. 
 
 Hon. Adams fJeorge Archibald, P.C. 
 Hon. Fran(*is (iodschall Jidinson. 
 Hon. Alexander Morris, P.C. 
 How. Joseph Edouard Cauchon. 
 Hon. James C(»x Aikius. 
 Hon. John Christian Schultz, M.D. 
 
 September 29, 1869. 
 
 May 20, 1870. 
 
 April 9, 1872. 
 
 December 2, 1872. 
 
 October 7, 1876. 
 
 December 3, 1881. 
 
 July 1, 1888. 
 
 May 20, 1870. 
 
 April 9, 1872. 
 
 Decend)er 2, 1872. 
 
 Decemb* r 2, 1877. 
 
 Decendu'r 2, 1882. 
 
 July 1, 1888. 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 Hon. Joseph AVilliam Trutch. 
 Hon. Albert Norton Richards. 
 Hon. Clement Francis Cornwall. 
 Hugh Nelsou. 
 
 August 14, 1871. 
 
 July 28, 1876. 
 
 July 20, 1881. 
 
 March 28, 1887. 
 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 
 
 Hon. William Robinson, Esquire. 
 Hon. Sir Robert Hodgson. 
 Hon. Thomas HtiUh Hnviland. 
 Hon. Andrew Archibald Mactlonald. 
 Jedediah Slason Carvell 
 
 June 10, 1873. 
 
 July 18, 1874. 
 
 July 19, 1879. 
 
 August 1, 1884. 
 
 September 5, 1889. 
 
APi»6jJi)iJi. 
 
 d: 
 
 IV. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF CANADIAN AUTHORS. 
 
 Abbott, Hon. J. J. C, Hooks on Law. 
 
 Al)ram, M. A., The Women's (Juiile. 
 
 Achintre, M., ])e l Atlaniiqne ati Pacifiquc. 
 
 Atlams, (J. Mercer, Toronto, New and Ulil. Contributions to 
 
 Periodical Literature. 
 Akins, T. H., Archives of Nova Scotia, 
 Anderson, James, Tlie Union of the Britisli North American 
 
 Provinces. 
 Anderson, W. J., The Cold Fields of the World. 
 An<5ers, Ileal, Lieut. -Clovernor of Quebec, Poems, Journalism. 
 Ascher, Isidore (>., Voices from the Hearth. 
 Aubin, N. A., La Chimie Ayricolc (Agricultural Chemistry). 
 Aubin, Blain de St., Contributions to Periodical Literature, 
 liaddely, M., Writings on Mineralogy. 
 Big:^, Stanley Clarke, Treatises on Coins. The Ides of March. 
 
 Canadian Ardueology. 
 liagwell, N. I)., W\aldo. 
 liailhirge, C. F'., Tralle dc Gcouictrie ct Trigonovietr ie,{Trcatiiie 
 
 on (fcometry and Trigonometry). 
 l).ul!arge. Rev. F. A., La Xatiirc, la Race, la SanU. 
 IJ.iillargeon, Mgr., Commcntaire sur le Nuuvcau Testament 
 
 (Connnentary on the New Testament). Rccueil d'Ordov- 
 
 lurnces Synodales, etc. (Collection of Ordinances relating 
 
 to Synods, etc. ). 
 Biird, W., Seventy Vears of New Brunswick. 
 Bildwyn, Augusta, Poems. 
 l>:irnston, James, Catalogue of Canadian Plants. 
 Barry, K. M., Honor Kdge worth. 
 Barry, L. E. F., Contributions to Periodical Literature, 
 Bearnston, George, Botanical Works. 
 Bcauchemin, Abrege dc Gcographie. 
 
fl f; 
 
 98 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Bcaiichemin, Neree, Poems. 
 
 Beaudry, Ablx- N., Le Cunsciller da Peujde {Wo\)\ii'ii Guide). 
 
 The Youu^ Converts. A Month of Mary. 
 Beaudry, Judge J. U., Coib; lics Curi MaryuiHicrs cl ParoiS' 
 
 siens, Onloiiiutw.es de M. dr Maismineuve. 
 Beaugrand, H., Six Moi.sdum Ivs Afunimjiu's Jiocheums. 
 Beausoleil, M.D., J. M., Dernier Chant. 
 Bechard, Fortificatiuiut du Canada. 
 Bedard, Histoire de CiixjuaiUe Ans (History of Fifty Years). 
 
 Etudes. 
 Beers, D.S., A., Contriliutions to Periodical Literature. 
 Begin, Abbe Nazaire, La Primaute ct IiiJ'aillibilite des Souve- 
 
 rains Pontijcs (Prinm<;y and Infallibility of the Sovereign 
 
 Pontiffs). 
 Bell, Andrew, Translation of Garneau's History of Canada. 
 Bellefeuille, E. Lef. de. Numerous and im[)ortant Legnl Works, 
 
 Translations, etc. 
 Bellemare, R. li., Vice-Rois et Lts.-Gcncreaux des Ro!s de 
 
 France en Catuida (Viceroys and Lt. -Generals of the Kings 
 
 of France in Canada). 
 Bender M. D. P., Literary Sheaves. Old and New Canada. 
 Bibaud, Maximilien, Biographic des Lujamos III nstrcs de VAinc- 
 
 riquc ScptciUrionale (Biographies of Illustrious Ligamos of 
 
 N. America). Dictionnaire Histo riquc {Hxatorical Diction- 
 ary). 
 Bibaud, Michel, Histoire du Canada. Ejntrcs ct Satyrcs. 
 Billings, Elkanah, Writings on Natural History. ^ 
 Blane, Rev. Elie, Traite de Philosophie Scholastique. 
 Bois, Abbe E. D. , Le Colonel Dambourg4s. Vie de Mdc. de la 
 
 Peltrie. 
 Borthwick, Rev. Douglas, The Battles of the World. Examples 
 
 of Historical and CJeographical Antonomasis. 
 Boucher, Adclard, Un Tableau Si/noptique ct Synchroniquc de 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 9d 
 
 vings 
 
 de la 
 ainples 
 ique de 
 
 Vllishiiir (hi Canada (Synoptical and Synchronic Tablo of 
 the History of Canatla). Une Paijv di node JJLstuirc (A 
 Paj^c of our History). 
 
 BouchcrvilU', (J. <lc, Uur dr Perdue, Dnij- d Trouv^es (O'.io 
 Lost, Twt) Foinul). 
 
 Bouchctti!, Lt. -Col. Joseph, Drscrijifimi Titjioifniphiqiirs de fa 
 I'roviiiee dtt lias Canada, etc. (Topogra[»liical Description 
 of the Province of Lower Canathi, etc.). The Hritish Do- 
 iiiiiiioii in North America ; or, A Topographical aii<l Statis- 
 tical l)es(;riptiou of the Provinces of L'pjier and Lower 
 Canada, etc. 
 
 Bouehette, jr. , .lo.seph, Table of Trigonometrical Solutions of 
 right angh.', plane angle, etc. Tables showing the dilfer- 
 ence in longitude in time of the most imjH^rtant places he" 
 tween the Atlantic and Pacihc oceans in the R N. American 
 Dominion and the northern section of the United States. 
 
 liourassa, Napoleon, Xajdes et ses Envivonx (Najdes ami its 
 Vicinity). Jacques et Mtnie. ■ 
 
 Bourinot, J. (!. D. History. I'arliamentary Procedure and 
 Practice. Canada. 
 
 I>()UlhiIlier lie Chauvigny, Vicomte, Justice au.e Canadiens 
 Frani^a's 
 
 Bovven, N. P., Essay on the .social condition of Laltrador. His- 
 torical Sketch of the island of Orleans. 
 
 Braun, S.J., Rev. P. A., rue Fleur de- Carme.l (Flower of 
 Carmel). Instructions Doijmatique.s sur le Maritvje Chrc- 
 ticn (Dogmatic Instructions on Christian Marriage). 
 
 Breakenbridge, John, The Crusades and other Poems. 
 
 Briggs, J., (ieographieal Diagram. 
 
 Brothers of the Christian Schools. Language Lessons, and 
 other Educational works in French and English. 
 
 Brown, T. S., History of the (Jrand Trunk. History of the 
 Kebellionof 1837. 
 
!'1 
 
 100 
 
 ULTLlNEd OF CAXAUIAX HISToRY. 
 
 lirui'L't, Ahlu' Ovi<!t', Xn/cs siir Irs /V««/f.v (Noti-s on k'luiits). 
 
 CahtliHfiicH dcs veyclauj' Utftieux dc Canada. Votjajr d' .In- 
 
 dir Mifhaufi. 
 Hiiics, Artliiw, Ija Haijitninn rt la J'alhr du Lar St. Jean. 
 liuiloii, llfv. .1. K. , Coiiiparativc Af^'ririilturc. 
 Caiiiiiir, Williiiin, History of tlu' Scttlciiifiits of rppi-r Canatla, 
 C'aiiiplK'II, Mrs. Isalit'lla, The Inner I^it'c KoM<r|i and Smooth. 
 Carrier, C.S.C, I lev. Jos. ('., Inip«)rtant Seientihe Paniphlfts. 
 Carron, Kev. N., Dnir roi/d'jct snr Ir Sf. Maiin'ci', 
 (.'as^rain, Ahln' X. K., Jli.stoirr dr la Miir Marie de Vliirar' 
 
 natinii. liiiiijraphiis ('anadieniics. Lcijcmles Vanadiennes. 
 
 I'oenis, 
 Casse;.,'raiii, Arthur, La (irande Tronrladr, 
 Casson, »M. DoUier tU-, History of Montreal. 
 Cauelion, Hon. .I«»s. , Xutimis Khiiicutaires sur la J'hifsiqiic {VAe' 
 
 nieiitary Notions «)f I'hysie). 
 Cazes, Paul dv, Xahs .siir Ic Canada. 
 Cha<^non, Melle. , Ls Fiaiu-es d'Outir Tombc {Tim Ik-trothed of 
 
 the Other Worhl). 
 Chantlctniiet, .Milu', Lis ('anadlcns aiir Efats-Cnis (Canadian in 
 
 tlie IJnite.l States). 
 Chapleau, Hon. J. A., Lr Coinrrnrnicnt Canadkn. 
 Chapman, W., Fi'iiillcs d' /-Jrahlrs. 
 Charh'voi.x, S.,1., I'uv tie, llisloirc <7 Jfescrijition Cencrale dc 
 
 !'i Xoiiivllc Fraacf, etc. Life ui' Marie dc I'liwarnatiua. 
 Chauve:»u, Pierre, Life of Freihirie Ozanain. 
 Chauveau, Hon. V. .1. O. , L' I n. struct imi Public au Canada. 
 
 Es.say8, liCctures, Pounis. Charles (lUerin. 
 Chevalier, Kmile, L' Iferoiuc dc Chateau (jay. 
 Chouinai'il, J. li. , Fete Xationnle dcs Francais Canadicns. 
 Christie, IJohert, History of tin; late Province of Lower Canada. 
 Clemo, Kltenezer, Life antl Adventures of Simon Seek, or (^anada 
 
 in all Shapes. Canadian Homes, or the Alystcrv Solved. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 101 
 
 I'lilllts). 
 
 (• if An- 
 
 Cauatla. 
 luoth. 
 
 J»lllft.S. 
 
 rjiu'dr- 
 uiU'iincs. 
 
 iqitc (Kle- 
 
 ro 
 
 tlM'»l of 
 
 ailiaii ill 
 
 1 1', dc 
 
 \iMtlon. 
 
 Canada. 
 
 ■ns. 
 
 Caiiatla. 
 W Canada 
 Isolved. 
 
 CofTin, Wm., 1812, tlie Wr.r and its Moral. 
 
 C<»ul»i'rtin, M., Ctnuufn, lirit(tniqi(e rt Cunada Frnnrni.'i, 
 
 Crein:i/i(', Octave, Le Jfni/ieiiu de Carillon, Millrs /Irs, La Fi- 
 nntrr dii Marin, Casfrljidardo and othtT I'ocnis. 
 
 Crokcr, M., Two Masters. 
 
 CroutiT, .). A., Prinripia. 
 
 Dalliy, H., Intlcx of Cnnfut Kvcnts. 
 
 Daniel, U.S., Ahl>e, Jli.sloirc dcs (Irnndes Families du Cn- 
 nadit. 
 
 Darnell, II. Faulkner, Sonjjs of tlie Way. 
 
 l):vrv«'au, Michel, Xos ILimmrs dc Lcttrcs (Our Men of Letter •. 
 Jlififoirr dc la Tribune. 
 
 Daviil, L. O., Galcric ^'n'onal. 
 
 Davin, Nicholas Flood, Poems and Bictgraphy. 
 
 DaWvSon, Rev. Enias McDonel!, Our Strenj,'th and Their Strcn<(th. 
 Maitre Pierre. Translation of de Maistre's Topes an«l Let- 
 ters on the Inquisition. Poems. 
 
 Daw.son, M.A., LL. D., F. H.S., Sir .I(din Wm., Acadian fJe(d- 
 o;,'y. Arcliui.i, or Studies of the IIel»re\v Scriptures. Vari- 
 ous (!.Milo;.^ic:d and Sci<'ntitic Subjects. 
 
 Daw.son, S. C. , Tenn^'son's " I'rince.s.s. " 
 
 Day, Mr.s., Pioneers of tluf Eastern Town.ship.s. History of tlie 
 Eastern 'i'ownships. 
 
 Deguisc, Charles, Hrlihi, Meinnire d'un vieux maitre d'ecolc. 
 
 Dt! Lorin.ier, Charles, Legal Work.s. 
 
 Demarche!, (!., An CanmUi. and Che.z Ics Peaiur Rnn'/r,s. 
 
 Demers, Rev. Jerome, Institutions Philosophiqucs. 
 
 Dent, J. C, History of Canada. 
 
 DJrome, F. M. , Poems. 
 
 Des Rivieres, Heaubien, Traite sur les Luis Civiles du Pas 
 Canada (Treatise on the Civil Laws of Lower Canada). 
 
 Desrochps, M.D., J. L., Catechisrnc d'Ht/ffinir Privee. 
 
 Desrosiers, Jos., Contributions to Periodical Literature. 
 
102 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 |K 
 
 Dick, iM.D., E., ''Enfant Miistfirienn':' 
 Dionne, M. C, Jaciiucs C'artiiM-. 
 
 Donovan, M.A., Corni'lius, Contrihution to the Periodical Lit- 
 eral nrc of Canada. 
 Doutrc, (Jon.salvc, llisloire da Droit Canadicn (History of 
 
 Canadian Law). 
 Doutre, Jos('}tli, Les Fiances dc 1812. 
 Drapean, Stani.slas, Writin<,'s on Colonization. 
 Druiuniond, S.J., llev. Lcwi.s, French Canadians in the North- 
 
 west. 
 Dubu(ine, A., The Duty of Judge.s. 
 ])ucliaine, Ahlie, Educational Works. 
 Dugast, Rt'v. (J., Uii Voiiageur au Pays d\'n Ilaut. 
 Duguay, S..I., Rev. V. IL, Vir du R. P. SncM. 
 ])un('an, Sara Joannetti! ((Jarlh (irafton), A Social Departure. 
 Dunn, Oscar, Lerture Pour Tout (Reading for All), (rlossaire 
 
 Fraiuv-Canadicn (French-Canadian Glossary). Z>y> Ahs 
 
 de Jnurnalisuie (Ten Years of .lournalisin). 
 Fahre, Hector, La C/iassc an.r dots. Li: Co;ur et l' Esprit. 
 Faillon, Aldte, Life of Marguerite Hourgeoys. Life of Mde. 
 
 d'Vouville. History of the French Colony in America. 
 Fariltault, C. B. , Cafaloijuc liaisonm d'Ouvrages sur VHistoire 
 
 du Canada. 
 Ym\\\ S. M., Rev. P. H. , Pratique dc la Devotion a St. Joseph. 
 Ferland, Ahhi;, Cours d'Histoire. Episode of 1 759. Histoiredc 
 
 (famache. 
 Fiset, L. J. C, Meditailons. TjCS Voix du Passi, and other Poems. 
 Fontaine, L. !N. , Renaissance Acadicnne. 
 Foran, Joseph K., LL. !>., The S[)irit of the Age. 
 Franchcre, Cabriel, Voya(je de Fraiicherc, 
 Frechette, Achille, Martyrs de la Foi en Canada (Martyrt" for 
 
 the Faith in Canada). 
 Frechette, Louis Honore, Drama of Papineau. Pieces CJioisds, 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 103 
 
 
 cal Lit* 
 
 tory of 
 
 North' 
 
 irture. 
 
 iHossaire 
 yix Am 
 
 it. 
 
 of Mde. 
 
 M'ica. 
 
 Histoire 
 
 Joseph, 
 istoirc de 
 
 r Poeins. 
 
 rtyrs- for 
 Chuises. 
 
 
 Mes Loisirs. Les Oiseaux de Neiges (Snow-Birds). Lea 
 
 Fleurs Borialcs. Felix PorUre, a drama. 
 Ganung, N. F., Cartography . of the Gulf St. Lawrence from 
 
 Cartier to Champlain. 
 Gameau, Alfred, Premieres Pages de la Vie. 
 Garncau, Fran9oi8 Xavier, Histoire du Canada. Voyages. 
 Gaspe, Phillippe Aubert de, Les Anciens Canadiens (Canadians 
 
 of Old). 
 Ga.spe, jr., Phillippe Aubert de, Le Cherchcur de Trcsor (The 
 
 Trtktsure Seeker). 
 Oauvreau, Chs., Llle Verte. 
 Gerin, ELear, Relations Commerciales enfre les Etats-Unis et la 
 
 Canailii (Commercial Relations between the United States 
 
 and Canada). 
 Germain, Melle A., La Lcttre. 
 Gibon, Fenelon, La Croisade du Dimayiche. 
 Gingras, Abbe Leon, V Orient ou Voyage en Egypt, en Arabic, 
 
 Terre Sainte, etc. (The East, or Travels in Egypt, Arabia, 
 
 The Holy Land, etc.). 
 Gironard, I)., Le vie.iix Lachine et le Massacre du 5 Aout, 1G89. 
 Gosselin, Rev. A., Vie de Mgr. de Laval. 
 Gosselin, Rev. D., Journalist. 
 Grant, Geo., History, etc. Travels. 
 
 Guay, Mgr. Chs., Guide Fran<;ais de la Xouvelle Angleterre. 
 Hagarty, Ch. Just., Law. 
 Haliburton, Judge, "Sam. Slick. 
 Hall, Archibald, Zoology of the District of Montreal. 
 Hamon, S. J., Rev. P., Articleaon French Canadians in the States. 
 Harold, Rev. P. J., Irene of Corinth. 
 Harrison, Ch. Just., Law. 
 
 Hart, Gerald E., The Fall of New Franco, 1 "of)-! 760. 
 Harvey, Arthur, Year Book and Almanac of British North 
 
 America. The Grain Book. 
 
wm 
 
 104 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Hcavysege, Cliarles, Saul, a drama. Count Filipe, or the Un- 
 ecjual Marriage. Jeplitha's Daughter. 
 
 Henderson, John, !Notes on Xenoi>hon's Anabasis. 
 
 Henrv, Dr. Walter, Triiles from my Portfolio, 
 
 Hcrrcbondt, Le Canada au point tie mc dc V Eviicjration. 
 
 Kingston, M.D., William H., The Climate of Canada. Various 
 writings on Medical Subjects. 
 
 Hodgins, Dr. J. G., Geography, etc. 
 
 Hogan, John Sheridan, Prize Essay on Canada. 
 
 Holmes, Abbe, John, Educational Works. 
 
 Huart, Mgr. D., Racine. 
 
 Hunt, T. Sterry, Treatises on Geology and other Scientific! 
 Works. 
 
 Jarvis, T. S., Geoffrey Hampstead. 
 
 Johnson, G. , Alphabet of First Things in Canada. 
 
 Kingsford, W., History of Canada. 
 
 Labelle, F^lzear, Lrs Rimes. 
 
 Laberge, Charles, Poems. 
 
 Lacombe, O.M.J., Rev. 
 
 Lacombe, Patrice, La Terre Paier7ielle (Fatherland). 
 
 Lafitau, Pore, Mteitrs des Saavages Americaines comparee aux 
 mteiirs de.s' premier temps (Customs of the American In- 
 dians compared with tl><' Customs of Primitive Times). 
 
 Lafloche, Mgr., Coiisiderations tnir les rapports de la So- 
 cUti Civile arec la religion el la famille (Considerationp 
 on the Relations between Religion and Society in tlip 
 Family). 
 
 Lafontaine, Sir L. H., De Veselarage de Canada. Memoir do 
 M. Ic Commandeiir Viger. 
 
 Lajoie, A. Gerin, ^Tean Rivard, Le Jeune Latour. 
 
 Lalande, S.J., Rev, P., Une Vcille Scigncurie Boiichcrville. 
 
 Lampman, ^ rchibald. Among the Millet. 
 
 Langevin, Mgr. Jean, Histoirc dc Caitada, en, Tableaux Pido- 
 
 ^ 
 
■'it ■« • 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 105 
 
 ! ' 
 
 rifi,l (History of Canailii). Xoks sur Ics Archives dc X. D. 
 de Bcaufrd. 
 
 Langevin, Sir Hector L. , Lc Canada, Ses institutions, rcssourccs, 
 2>rodults ct maiinfadures (Cuuaila, its Institutions. Re- 
 sources and Miinufacturcs), ' 
 
 Lanigan, F. G., Canatliau Uallads. 
 
 Larcau, Eilniond, Histoirc de la Literature Canadicnne. 
 
 Larue, Huliert, Vuijaije autour de Vile d'Orleam. Lcs FHes 
 Patronalcs des Vnnudicns Franrais. Lcs lliclicssc^ Natu- 
 rclle-i da Catiada. Mchviijes d' Histoirc, dc literature ct 
 ctcconomic Politique. 
 
 Laterrierre, De Salles, A Political and Historical Account of 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Latour, Huguet, Annuaire dc Ville Marie. 
 
 Laverdiere, Ab^e, IjC Journal dcs Jusuita. Lcs (Euvrcs de 
 Chnmplain. 
 
 Leblond, »le B., Histoirc Populairc dc Montreal. Lc Canadian 
 antiquariuni. L Erauffcline Illusfn'i'. • 
 
 he Brun, Isidor, Tableau Statistiquc ct Politique dcs Dcuj'. 
 Canadas. 
 
 Legcndre, Najtoloon, Sabre ct Scalpel. L'Encou. Lc Collier 
 Bleu de Maricttc. Poems. 
 
 Lemay, Leon Paiupliile, Translatiuu of Longfellow's Evange- 
 line. Kssais /'orfiqucs. La /hrmnrrtc du Canada. 
 
 LeMoiiie, J. M., Qucljec Past ami Present. Mai»le Leaves. 
 Lcs dcrnicrcM Anntrs dc hi I)o)ninatton Franraisc en Canada 
 (Last Years of French Doniinion in Canada). Album du 
 Touristc. Notes on Land and Sea li.rds Observed around 
 Qnel)ec, IJOrnill )lnjie en Canada. IjCS Pecherics du 
 Canada. La Mcmoirc dc Montcalm Vcngic (The Memory 
 of Montcalm Avenged), e;-'. 
 
 Lenoir, J., Miserc, La FcnUre Ouvcrtc. Le Huron Mourant, 
 and other Poems. 
 
1^ 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 : I I. 
 
 106 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Leprohon, Mrs. R. E., Antoinette de Mirecourt. Arrdand 
 Durand. The Manor House of de Villerai. Clarence 
 Fitz-Clarence. Eva Huntingdon. Eveleen O'Donnell, etc. 
 
 Leroux, M. D., Le Medailes du Canada. 
 
 Lesperance, J., Poems and Contributions to Periodical Litera- 
 ture. 
 
 Levi, Adam, Comic Verses. 
 
 Lighthall, M.A., N. D., An Account of the Battle of Chateau- 
 gay- 
 
 Lind.say, Chas., Pamphleteer. / 
 
 Lindsay, Rev. Lionel, Pelerinages d'Outre-iner. 
 
 Lippens, Rccueil de Devoir. 
 
 Logan, Sir William, Ceological Works. 
 
 Lorrain, L., Fleurs Poctiques. 
 
 Lusignan, A. , Faute a Corriger. 
 
 Macdonell, J. A., A Sketch of Bishop Macdonnell. 
 
 Macdonell, W. J. , 
 
 MacFarlane, Thomas, Primitive Formations in Norway and 
 Canada. 
 
 Macpherson, Helen, Poems. The Bride of Christ. 
 
 Maguire, Rev. Thos., Recueil des Locutions Vicieuses. Polem- 
 ical Works. 
 
 Mair, Charles, Dreamland, and other Poems. 
 
 Malingre, Carte de Vile de Montreal. 
 
 Marchand, Felix, LErreiir n'est pas Compte. Contributions to 
 Periodical Literature. 
 
 Marcoux, Abbe, Iroquois Grammar and Dictionary. 
 
 Marmet, J. D., Victory of Chateaugay. Chambly, and other 
 Poems. 
 
 Marmette, Joseph, Les Macha'Mes de la Nouvelle France. 
 Hcroismc et Tfahison. VJntendani Bigot. Fram^ois de 
 Bienville. Le Toniahaiuk et I'Epie. Le Chevalier de 
 Mornac. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 107 
 
 l- 
 
 !r 
 
 Marsais, A., Fugitive Poems. 
 
 Marsile, C.S.V., Rev. J. M., Epines et Fleum. 
 
 Martin, S.J., Pere Felix, Dc Montcalm en Canada, etc. Manuel 
 dc X. D. dc Bon^ccovrs. Translation of the Relations de 
 Brcssiani. 
 
 Masson, Hon. U., Sons Jacques Curlier. Bourgeois de la Com,' 
 laijnicdc la Bale d' Hudson. 
 
 Maurault, Ablte, llistoirc dc^s Abrna.qni.t. 
 
 Maurice, Fauchcr de Saint, Deux Am dc Mcjciquc (Two Years 
 in Mexico). A la Veil lee, Contcs et Recits (Fireside Tales 
 and Stories). Promenades dans le Golfc St. Laurent (Trav- 
 els in the Gulf of St. Lawrence). 
 
 Mayrand, Zephyrin, Poems. 
 
 McCarroll, James, The Ne\y Ganger. The New Life-Boat. 
 Letters of Terry Finegan. 
 
 McCoU, Evan, A Collection of Poems and Songs. The Mount- 
 ain Minstrel. 
 
 McCord, F. A., Handbook of Canadian Dated. 
 
 McGee, Hon. Thomas D'Arcy, A Popular History of Ireland. 
 Irish Settlers in America, Life of Bishop Maginn, A 
 Catholic History of North America. \ O'Connell and his 
 Friends. Poems. 
 
 McGonn, B.A., A., A Federal Parliament of the British People. 
 
 McLachlan, Alex., Poems cliiefly in the Scottisli Dialect. 
 Lyrics and Miscellaneous Poems. The Emigrant and 
 other Poems. 
 
 McLennan, Wm., Metrical Translations. 
 
 McMullin, John, History of Canada. The Camp and Barrack 
 Room. 
 
 Meilleur, Dr. Jos., Educational Works. 
 
 Miles, H. H., The History of Canada under the French Regime. 
 
 Moutgolfier, Abbe, Life of Marguerite Bourgeoys. Life of Mile. 
 LeBer. Life of Sceur Marie Barbier. 
 
108 
 
 OUTLINES OF CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 r .. ! 
 
 't*; I 
 
 ii :.! 
 
 Mootlie, Mrs., " Uoiii,'liiiig it in clic IJusli," etc. 
 
 jMoreim, IteVi S. A., Prdcis de Vhistoirc dc Deiihirr. 
 
 Morgan, Henry T., CiUiadian Parlianicntiiry Companion. 
 Hi()grui»liied of Celebrated Canadians. Manual of Canadian 
 Literature. 
 
 Morgan, Miss M., Toems. 
 
 Alountain, Kev. (Jeorge, Songs of the Wilderness. 
 
 Murray, (leorge, Poems. Contributions to IVriodieal Literature. 
 
 i^Iurray, Marg. Poison, Contril)utions to Periodical Literature. 
 
 Myrand, Ernest, rue Fete dr Nikl. 
 
 Northgraves, Rev. George, Mistakes of Modern Infidels. 
 
 O'Hrien, 1).])., Most Kev. Cornelius, The Philosoiihy of the 
 Bible Vindicated. After Weary Years. Mater Admi- 
 rah His. 
 
 Odelin, Abbe, P(domi(^al Works. 
 
 Ogilvie, Maud, Contributions to Periodical Literature. 
 
 0' I lagan, Thomas, A (late of Flowers. 
 
 O'Reilly. L.D., Rev. Hernard, A Life of Pius LX. 
 
 O'Sullivan, I). A., Essays on the Church in Canada. Consti- 
 tutional Law and History. Conveyancing, Wills, Sketches, 
 etc. 
 
 Ouellet, Dc CalhoUcisnw en Anglctcrrc (Catholicity in Eng- 
 land). , 
 
 Ouimet, Hon. 0., Instruction Publique. 
 
 Oxley, J. Macdonald, Short Stories and other Contributions to 
 Periodical Literature. 
 
 Panet, J. C. , Journal da Sietfe dr Quebec en 1859. 
 
 Pa(|uet, Abbe, Liberalismc en Canada. 
 
 Patjuet, Rev. L. , La Foi et la liaison. 
 
 Pa(l\iin, Abbe, Journal Ilistorique de^s cvenement arrive o Si. 
 Fusfarhe, ISJO. 
 
 Paradis, Rev. V., Sociefe dcs Ohlats de St. Jean Baptiste. 
 
 Taradis, Rev. L, Lc Fori et la Chapcllc de Stc. Anne. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 m 
 
 Parent, Etienne, Treatises on Philosophy and Political Econ- 
 omy. Author of " Aos Lois, iwtre lanyne nutre reliymi." 
 
 Pelletier, Ophir, Poems. 
 
 Penneo, Georgiana, Translation of Canadians of Old. 
 
 Pic'he, Ilev, E., Revolutions et Evolutions. 
 
 Plcssis, Bishop, Polemics. 
 
 Pope, A. M., Contributions to }\;riodi(;al Literature. 
 
 Po[>e, Joseph, Jaoipies Cartier, His Life and Voyages. 
 
 Proctor, J. A., Voices of the Nignt, and other Poems. 
 
 Provancher, Abbe, Lc Flore Catiadicn. Lc Xaturalistc Ccina- 
 (lien. 
 
 Pruiriiomme, Eustache, Lcs Martyres de la Foi en Canada. 
 
 Quesnol, Josei)h, Lucas el Cecilc. Anylomanic. Cluinson-ettes. 
 
 Kacinc, L. , Souvenirs Uistoriques du Canada. 
 
 Kattra}', James, History. 
 
 Raymond, V.S., Abb..', Importaiices des Etudes Eel iyeuses. 
 
 Kcade, Jolm, I'ocms. 
 
 Kichey, Uev. J. A., Poems. Contributions to Periodical Liter- 
 ature. 
 
 Roberts, C. I)., English Translation of Les Anciens Canadiens. 
 
 Roberts, C. e. D. , Poems. 
 
 Roe, Rev. H. , Letters on Tractarianism. Writings on Doctrinal 
 Subjects. 
 
 Rogers, Cliarles, The Rise of Canatla from Barbarism to Civili- 
 zation. The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay, and other 
 Poems. 
 
 Rouillard, Eug. , Les Bibliotheques populaires. 
 
 Rouleau, C. E. , Le Guide du Cullivateur. 
 
 Rousseau, E., La Mononyhahcla. 
 
 Routhier, Basil, Causeries du Dinianche. 
 
 Routhier, Judge A. B., A Travcrs VEspayne. Les Grands 
 Da men. 
 
 Rou.x, Abbe, Ve dc la Sueur Bourycoys. 
 
no 
 
 OUTLINES OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 
 
 1 I 
 
 p 5 
 
 t 
 
 Roy, J. E., All Royaume da Saguenay. 
 
 Roy, P. G., Premier Foyaye dc Jacques Cartier in Canada. 
 
 Royal, .losiiph, Vie Politique de Sir L. H. Lafoiilaine. Con- 
 sideraiioiis sur Ics nambreux cfiangements const itutionelles 
 de I'Anu/ique Scptentriotwllc (Considerations on tlie Nu- 
 merous Constitutional Changes in North America). 
 
 Ryan, Carroll, Oscar and other Poems. The Songs of a Wan- 
 derer. 
 
 Sadlisr, Mrs. J., Confederate Chieftains. Blakes and Flanagans. 
 Maureen Dhu. Old and New. Hermit of the Rock. 
 Willy Huikc. 
 
 Sadlier, Anna T., Names that Live. Women of Catholicity. 
 
 Sandham, Alfreil, Coins, Tokens, and Medals of Canada. 
 
 Sangster, Charles, Hesperus, and other Poems. The St. Law- 
 rence anil the Saguenay, and other Poems. 
 
 Sangster, J. H., Educational Works. 
 
 Savary, Chs. , Fcuilles Volantes. 
 
 Sauvalle, P. M., Manuel des AssemhUes delihirantes. 
 
 Scadding, Dr., History of Toronto. Other Writings. 
 
 Seguin, Rev. S., Principes de Literature. 
 
 Senecal, D. H., Contributions to Periodical Literature. 
 
 Shepard, Mrs. Win., Notes on Some of the Birds of Canada. 
 Essay on Conchology. Notes on the Plants of Lower 
 Canada. 
 
 Shephard, Hon. M., Observations on the Plants of Canada 
 described by Charlevoix in his History. Notes on the 
 Plants of Lower Canada. On the Geographical Distribu* 
 tion of the Coniferse in Canada. 
 
 Sims, Rev. A., Helps to Bible Study. 
 
 Smith, Goldwin, History and Essays. 
 
 Smith, Mrs. H. R., Looking Forward. 
 
 Stevens, Paul, Fables, Popular Tales. 
 
 Stuart, J. L., Poems. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Suite, Benjamin, Poesies Laure7itiennes. Au Coin de Feu^ 
 '■".e CJiasse a I'Ours. La Nouvellc France. Le Loup 
 GaroH. Le Canada en Europe. Hisloire de la Ville de 
 Trois Rivihrcs. 
 
 Tache, Mgr. Alexandre, Twenty Years Mission in the North- 
 west. Sketch of the North-west. 
 
 Tache, J. C. , Forest iers et Voyageurs. Trois Legendcs de Man 
 Pays. 
 
 Tanguay, Abbe, La Dictiomuiire Oencalogiques dcs Families 
 Canadiens. 
 
 Tardive!, J. F., Notes de Voyage de Jacques Cartier. 
 
 Tasse, Joseph, Les Canadiens de I' Quest. La ValUe de 
 VOutouais. 
 
 Taylor, Penning, Biographical Sketches of British Americans, 
 
 Todd, Alpheus, Constitutional History. Parliamentary Gov- 
 ernment in England. 
 
 Trail, Mrs., *' Backwoods of Canada." 
 
 Trudelle, Abbe Charles, Verses. 
 
 Turcotte, L. P., Histoire de Vile d'Orlians. Le Canada Sous 
 V Union. 
 
 Turgeon, J. 0., Biographic de Camille Urso. 
 
 Verniolles, Rev., Essai sur la Traduction. 
 
 Verreau, Abbe, La Siige de Montreal en 1775. 
 
 Viger, J., Historical Research. Sabertache. 
 
 Vining, Pamela S. , Humorous and other Poems Contributed to 
 Various Periodicals. 
 
 Walsh, Rt. Rev. John, The Sacred Heart. Contributions to 
 Periodical Literature. 
 
 Waters, Francis, Sir J. A. Macdonald. 
 
 Wilson, Sir Daniel, History. 
 
 Wiman, Erastus, Advantages of the Province of Quebec. 
 
 Withrow. 
 
 Young, Egerton Ryerson, By Canoe and Dog Train. 
 
m 
 
 OUTLINED di OAITADIAN HlSTOftV. 
 
 V. PROXUXCIATION OF DIFFICULT PROPER NAMES. 
 
 a, C, I, 0, a, long ; i, t, A, legg pivlonged ; il, 6, I, ft, ft, short; o, fi, i, 5, 
 ohsc iro ; f.ir, f^jll ; thCre, t Tin ; fir, f kmI, foot, f lirl ; ou, as in cow ; 
 ch, aa in chin ; e, i, o, .silent ; Q, as e in her ; Q is like tlie French u : 
 u, like the French tu ; g. soft ; i^, as in get ; th, as in thine ; n. nasai- 
 
 Ab-cn-il'quis. 
 
 Aix-la-C'haiK'lle, ahy'la iha-pel'. 
 Al^nqnin, alj^on^'kanir. 
 As sin-nc boi'a (bwi). 
 
 Bcauharnoi--, bo-bar'nuah. 
 Bourgct. 
 
 rireton, brct'touj/. 
 BQr-go.vnc'. 
 
 Cabot, k.^b'n. 
 Calliercs, kai'16-yar. 
 f'articr, k'ir't«5-!l. 
 Cataracjni, ka-ta-rak'wee. 
 Champlain, sham'plan//. 
 ( hai'lcmajjne, shtlrl'man*/. 
 Cbatcanfort, shit fCr. 
 Cliateangnay, sh.t-tu goo'. 
 Chauvin, BhO'van/7. 
 Cortereol, krir-tJ-ra'ai. 
 Courccl!es, k h r'sel. 
 
 D'Aillobonst, d i'.vij-boo. 
 
 D'Argenion, dilr'zhon-sonc. 
 
 D'Avaugour, di'vO-goor. 
 
 Dcnonville, dS-nonfy-vel'. 
 
 D'lberville. 
 
 Dieskaii, dC-Ca'ko, 
 
 Dollard. 
 
 Du Quesnc, dfl-kfln. 
 
 Gallissonicrc, gjJ-lis'sOn-yar. 
 Gasi)';. gas'pS. 
 Ghent or gon^r. 
 
 Ilayti, ha'tec. 
 nCn'nc-p"n{7. 
 Hochelaga, hii-she-U'ga. 
 
 Iroquois, e;^'ro-kwii. 
 
 Joliette, zli51'ti-yet. 
 Jonqulcre, zhonk'6-yar. 
 
 ' La bra-dor', 
 Lachinc, lA-shen'. 
 Lacolie, lakOl'. 
 Lafontainc, ia-f6n'teng'. 
 Lauzon, lo'zonjy. 
 La-vai'. 
 Lemoine. 
 Levis, la'vS. 
 
 Maisonncuve. 
 Manitoba, man'i-to-ba". 
 Marquette, mar-k6t'. 
 Mesy, maze. 
 Montcalm, mongr'kam. 
 Montmagny, ni5ngr'nian-y6. 
 Montmorency, m0n/jr-m6-rfln-s5'. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 MES. 
 
 h I 9, 
 
 cow ; 
 
 ch u: 
 
 imscU- 
 
 il3 
 
 Monte, mong'. 
 Morin, mOr-i'Mg', 
 
 Pleseis, pldHs'C. 
 Pontgrave, pOngr'grft va 
 Pon'fi-ac 
 Prideaux. prCd'tf. 
 . Provost, lirg-vo'. 
 
 Richelieu, r?Kh'el-a. 
 Roberval. rtb'er-vai. 
 EouilW', roo'ee-ya. 
 
 san Sai-va-dOr'. 
 
 Ste. Foye, snnt-fwft . 
 Sa8-katchf-wan. 
 Sal a-ber ry. 
 
 Tascluireau. Ulsh'er 6. 
 Tadoubsac. tad'tniB-sac. 
 Talon, tft-lon^'. 
 T6-cQm'e6h. 
 
 Utrecht, fl'trt ift. 
 
 Vaucouver, v'iii-koTi'vSr. 
 Vaudrt'uil vO-drfl'ye. 
 Versailles, ver eft.