Skutkjn IV, 1880. [ 57 ] Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. 
 
 IV". — On fioiiie Ri'/ati'oiix hihncti I he Gvohiyy uf EasUni Mniuv <iiid New Brutisirlt/,-. 
 
 By L. W. JJailky. 
 
 (liuail May S.',, I«88.) 
 
 Is is HOW Iwciily-.six years since the dale ol' publiealioii oi' J'rui'. V. II. lliielieoek's 
 St'cond lieport, upon tho Geology of Maine, a work containing do riptions and ai loni- 
 panied by a map illustralive ol'lhe geology of those portions ol' the »State which are adjacent 
 to th(( Province oi" New Brunswick. It was al alnnit tho same time iliut, in this latter 
 Province, a renewed interest in its geological structure and history was being awakened 
 l)y a uioro careful study of the formations exposed in and near the city of St. John, and 
 tho discovery of the remarkable flora and fauna which they contain. These discoveries 
 wore at that time uiade the basis of some interesting comparisons bctwoou the geology 
 of St. John and that of south-eastern Maine, especially as regards tho j)lant-boariug 
 beds of the two districts, by Sir Wm. Dawson ; but it was not until tho year 1808 
 that, by tho extension of tho work of the Dominion Geological Survey to tho Lower Pro- 
 vinces, anything like a syst(>matic study of the actual border-region betwoen tho two 
 countries was begun. AVith the progress of these investigations in New Brunswick much 
 additional light was necessarily thrown upon the geology of eastern Maine, while actual 
 examinations of tho latter wore from time to timo made, when they soomed likely to bo 
 of service to a more correct appreciation of the geology of the former. In the year IStO 
 tho author, in conjunction with Mr. G. F. Matthew, read before tho meeting of tho Amer- 
 ican Association in Salem, a paper entitled, " liemarks on the Ago and Itelations of tho 
 Metamorphic Hocks of New Brunswiik and Maine," in which, after a brief review of tho 
 formations identiJiod up to that time in the Province, the extension of c(>rtain of these 
 formations into tho State of Maine was pointed out, and thoir bearing iipou tho jprobable 
 ago of other groups was discussed. 
 
 The formations regarded as thus common to the two countries wore these, viz. : — 
 
 (1.) A series of coarsely granitoid and obscurely gneissic; rocks, crossing St. Croix 
 River in and about tho town of Calais, and which were supposed to be of Lauroutian age. 
 
 (2.) Red Granites regarded as probably representing altered sediments of Upper 
 Silurian or Lower Devonian age. 
 
 (3.) Several bands of slates and sandstones, in part micacooirs, which rested upon 
 the granites, and wore regarded as including both Silurian and Devonian horizons. 
 
 (4.) To these, finally, were to be added the Red Sandstones and Conglomerates of St. 
 Andrew's and Perry, containing a distiuctiAa^ly Devonian flora. 
 
 In these comparisons, however, only that portion of Maine bordering upon St. 
 Croix River was included, the country north of the sources of the latter not having 
 then been made, jn New Brunswick, the subject of examination. Some years later, a 
 
 Sec. IV, 1889. 8. 
 
88 BAILEY ON flKOLOCIV OF 
 
 partial ri'vi.siou ol' the gt-ology ol' norllicvii Miiiiic wiiis miidc by TroW Ililchcock in an 
 nitii'lc acioinpaiiying an alias of Aroostook Connly; hut this was based upon no new 
 fxiunination of the <listri<t, and in the main adhered to thi' views previously expressed in 
 tho report oi" 18(i2. In 18*78, an Atlas of the Marilinie Provinces was also published by 
 Roe Brothers, of St. John, in which the geology of the western frontier of New liruns- 
 •wick, in conmion with thiit of thi' entire Province, was summarized by Prof J. Fowler, 
 and represented in a new geological map, but like the publications previously mimed, 
 this also was based upon observations previously nuule by others, and contained no new 
 results of original investigation. More recently, observations of a more or less desultory 
 kind have be.ui nuule by varioixs observers in and about Passama<[uoddy liay, by far 
 the most important being those of Prof. N. S. Shaler, Avho in a preliminary report 
 addressed to the IJirector of the United States tieologieal Survey, but pu])lish"d in the 
 ' American Journal of Scieno(!' (July, 1880), details the results of several months' observa- 
 tions about Eastport and the adjoining bays and islands; such report, though only tenta- 
 tive, serving to add materially to our knowledge regarding the structure of the latter and 
 the fossiliferous strata which they embrace. In the meantime, and at various periods 
 between the years 1870 and 1887, tho worK of the Geological Survi^y in New IJrunswick 
 has been extended up the valley of the St. John and along the entire length of the Maine 
 frontier, ami some of the results and comparisons thus suggested have lieen made tho 
 basis of communications already published in the Transactions of this Society, as Ihey 
 have also been made thi; basis of a review of New Brunswick geology, by Dr. I'^lls, in a 
 pamphh^t pid)lished for private circulation in 1887. In the present year the last rej^ort 
 and tho last map relating to this region will be published by the Canadian Survey, 
 and hence it would seem a iitting time in which to renew our retrospect, and, as far as 
 possible, to correct or to extend the comparisons of twenty years ago. 
 
 The importance of these comparisons will be bett(>r appreciated when w^e bear in 
 mind the peculiar position which New Brunswick holds, not only as regards the adjacent 
 portions of Maine, but also as regards the entire State and, indeed, a large jwrt of New 
 England. Situated directly to the east and north-east of the State first named, the north- 
 easterly trends, which here as elsewhere characterize most of the formations of the Atlan- 
 tic sea-board, cause these necessarily to pass directly from the one to the other, so that a 
 correct determination of the relations of these formations in either country will go far to 
 make intelligible the structure of that which adjoins it. Moreover, in the case of New 
 Brunswick, it would seem that the disturbances and ai'companying metamorphism which 
 have so greatly obscured the geology of much of New England, have been much less 
 severely felt, so that a much greater number of definite fossiliferous horizons may be 
 identified ; and the relations of other non-fossil iferous formations to these being deter- 
 mined, a kt>y is furnished for the elucidation of regions in which the data available are 
 less complete and satisfactory. The fact that, in many of these fossiliferoiis horizons, 
 features are presented, which are widely difl'erent from those of the more westerly portions 
 of the continent, and point to a idoser affinity with those of lilurope, adds further interest 
 to comparisons of this kind, and suggests many interesting questions regarding the early 
 geographical and physical conditions of eastern America, a few of which it is jiroposed to 
 consider in the present paper. 
 
 The subject may, for the present purpose, be best considered by a review of the 
 
MAINI'l AND NKW MRLINSWIOK. 89 
 
 (liU'i'iciil roniuitions as thcsi' succcssivt'ly prcHunt Iht'insi'lvi's, fntni soiilh io iiortli, iilnii<>' 
 Ihi' inli'i-iiatioiiiil hoiindaiy. 
 
 Al llic jmiiit wlu'if lliis Ijoinulary liiriis northward Iroin Un; IJay iil" l-'uiuly, llw i()a>l 
 line of the latter is cxtrciiit'ly irregular, present iiiy in parlieulur iwodeei) indentations, ol' 
 which the larger, I'asNunuKjiioddy 15ay, lies almost wh(dly within the Province of New 
 Brunswick, while the secoiul, or Cohscook Hay, is wholly iu tho State ol' Maine, jloth are 
 themselves hmken l>y numerous smaller indentations, hut this is especially true ol' Cohs- 
 cook Bay; while between the two is what is practically a long, narrow peninsula, the larger 
 part of which, known as Moosk Island, and suppmting the town ol'Kastport, is separated 
 from tho mainland only hy a narrow channid. Across the mouth of Passama<pioddy Bay, 
 uud separating it from the Bay ol l-'undy, is a chain of ishmds, of which Deer Island is 
 tlie most consider.ihle. while oil' that of C'oi)scook Bay, hut stretching eastward iind i)artly 
 overlapping as a parallel belt to that of Deer Islan<l, is the still larger Island of Campo 
 Hello. 
 
 Tho geok)gy of Passamaquoddy Bay was iirst worked otit by tho writer, in connection 
 with Mr. Q. F. Matthew and Mr. li. \V. I']lls, in 1870-71, at which time it was shown that 
 this in<U'ntation is upon throe of its sides, the eastern, jiorthcrn and western, the latter 
 including Moose Island, l)order.'d l)y a series of but slightly inclined rocks, of which one 
 portion, the lower, Avas composed of siliceous slates and sandy shales, containing fo.ssil 
 shells, while the upper was to a large extent of volcanic origin, embracing dioritos, 
 with associated red and purple sandstones, amygdaloids and felsitcs ; both l)eing at 
 various i)oiuts covered rrnconformably by the coarse red conglomoratos of the Perry series, 
 then regarded as Lower Carboniferous. Similar fossils were collected from Broad Cove 
 and Shackford's Head on the w^ost side of Moose Islaiul, and from the latter, as identilied 
 by the hito Mr. Billings, the whole series, described iu the New^ Brunswick reports as the 
 Mascareuo series, was referred to the Upper Silurian. At the same time the rocks of iJoer 
 Island, consisting largely of slates, with intercalated masses of diorite, and wdiich, by a 
 fold, wM're suppos.'d to bu repeated iu Campo Bello, wer(> found to lie uncouformably 
 beneath the Silurian and, from the (>videiice of facts seen farther east, were described and 
 represented on the maps as Pre-Cambriau. Finally, of the smaller islands between Deer 
 Island and Campo Bello, and which ditter greatly among themselves, some were referred 
 also to the Pro-Cambrian, but the larger part to either the Silurian or tht; Lower 
 Carboniferous. 
 
 In his more recent examination of Cobscook Bay, Prof. Shaler alsf) recognizes the 
 existence here of two separate formations, which he designates respectively as the Cob.s- 
 eook series and the Campo Bello series, of which the latter is regarded as lying immediately 
 below tho fornuir. AVhile, however, the rocks of the Cobscook series everywhere yielded 
 to him as to us an abundant harvest of fossils — those of some localities being of a distinctly 
 Lower Holderberg type, while at others they were rather of the ago of tho Clinton and 
 Niagara — the rocks of Deer Island and Campo Bello, after the most careful search, failed 
 to yield any. Tho latter are, by Prof. Shaler, compared directly with the Cambrian system, 
 and are said to nearly resemble tho rocks of that age about Cambridge and Boston ; 
 but when we recall w^hat is now known of the Cambrian of southern New Brunswit-k, 
 both as regards the persisti^ncy with which its pecixliar features are retained, and tho 
 renarkabli' fauna which it yields, it seem!- hardly possible that this view can })e a correct 
 
60 lUITiKY ON (iKOLOdV OP 
 
 one. Until thtTfloro more dfiinitt' cvidt'iico isobiaiiu'd to tho coiilriiry, it woultlNcciii best 
 to mllicrc to tlic view adopted in the Survey Iteportw that these loi ks aro rro-Canihriaii, 
 and i)rcsunud)ly Hiironian, ln'inn; an ext(•n^si()n westward of beds which traverse large 
 portions of soul hern New Ihiinswiek, and which are ut various points overlaid by I'ossil- 
 ii'erous ('and)rian rocks. From the character ol' the rocks oi" tlu^ C'obsconk (or Mascarene) 
 series, I'rol'. iShaler inl'crs that they were deposited, probably, at lU) great distances I'roni 
 land, along tin; eastern side perhaps ol' a ridge oI'Laurenlian rock stretching up along the 
 i'astern sea board ol' America aiul separating the Silurian rocks oi' this region rroni those 
 formed in warmer waters on tht; western side ol' the same ridge, and north-west to 
 Anticosti. W(( shall have occasion presently to rel'er to this conjecture again. Finally, 
 it is important to observe that the I'acis are such as to indicate that the Canipo Bello aiul 
 Deer Island rocks -were subject to extensive elevation and erosion prior to the deposition 
 oi' the Cobscook series, as tins in turn was largely removed before the deposition of the 
 rocks of Perry. 
 
 As regards the so-called Perry Clroup, although riu-ognized by all as the most recent 
 of the formations l)ordering Passama<iuoddy Bay, considerable doubt has been enter- 
 tained with regard to its precise position. In its I'ossil ilora, so well lescribed by Sir 
 William DaAvson, its aspect is undoul)tedly Devcniiau, but to the other rocks of that sys- 
 tem as seen only a ftsw miles to the eastward along the New Brunswick coast, it bears no 
 resemblance whatever, while, both in the nature of the beds and in their rtdatioiis to th(! 
 subjacent formations, it does bear much resemblance to the rocks of the Lower Carboni- 
 ferous system which spread so widely over other portions of the Province. I'or this reason 
 it was, in the Survey LVports and Maps, repn^sented as a part of the last-named system. On 
 the other hand, howcA^er, it dill'ers from the latter in the total absence of the marine lime- 
 stones and gypsiferous beds usually found in connection therewith, and in this respect 
 approaches more nearly a group of coarse sediments skirting the shores of the Bay des 
 Chaleurs, and which have been there shown to be unconformably overlajiped by the 
 Lower Carbonil'eroias or Bonaventure rocks. It is probable that in both instances these 
 coarse red beds, though true Devonian, are to be regarded as representing the most recent 
 portion of that system, and like the C'atskill (J roup of New York, which they nearly 
 resemble, constitute a transitional series between the two. 
 
 The great Imlk of the Perry beds, their coarse character and their contained plant- 
 remains are a further indication of the exttMisive erosion to which the region has been 
 subjected ; while their intersection (at Joe's Point, near St. Andrew's and tdsewhere), by 
 dykes of trap, extending across Passamacjuoddy l>ay, shows that, as in (^arlier periods, the 
 region continued to l)e*one subject to igneous overflows at least as late as the close of the 
 Devonian age. 
 
 In passing northward along the western side of Passamaquoddy Bay, towards St. 
 Croix River, the Perry rocks are found to rest upon a broad platform of granitic and 
 syenitic rocks, extending, with few exceptions, almost to the town of Calais. On the 
 eastern shore of St. Croix Rive/ they are more completely covered by Silurian rocks, 
 but still rise into prominent hills, forming a portion of an extensive tract of such rocks 
 extending eastward through Charlotte County, New Brunswick. These rocks, as seen in 
 Maint», are regarded by Prof Shaler as probably Laurentian. A similar view was also 
 entertained and published as regards those of the Province (Report of Progress, Geol. Sut- 
 
MAINIO AND NKW IIIMNHWKJK'. 61 
 
 vcy, 1H70-71), hut: an lluM'(i was rciiNoii (<> believe tlmt much of the <,niiiute I'omid in this 
 region was ol' intrusive origin, and of iiunh hiter dale, while the separation ol' the two 
 was extremely Jillieult, it was thought best to represent thi-m upon the maps simply with 
 reference to their lilholo^ical aspects It is the belief of those who have studied the 
 geology of Charlotte County, N.-vv IJninswick, that in the gn^it axis of crystalline rocks 
 intervening between the Hay of l-'undy and the central c-d basin of the Trovince, both 
 Laurentian and Iluronian rocks exist, the former l)(!ing rei)resi'nted not only antong Hit! 
 syenili(^ aiul gneissitr rocks which cross St. Croix lliver ut and below Calais, but also 
 in the limestones and associated bods whiih directly skirt the IJay at Iw-ye's Island and 
 L'Etang; while the Iluronian, besides including the ro-ks of Deer Island and Campo 
 IK'llo (with the southern half of Crrand Manan), is also rei)resented by bands of dioritit; 
 and serpentinous rock. Hanking the granites and syenites on their northern edge in the 
 vicinity of St. Stephen. Th(! existence of these old and lirm ridges and plai forms of 
 Pre-Cambrian rock in southern New Brunswick and Maine, during the deposition of the 
 Silurian and Devonian ages, goes fur to explain the contrast which these hitter here 
 exhibit, both in character, attitude and organic remains, as compared with those of the 
 regions farther north, to be presently noticed. 
 
 "VVe have now to consider the rocks which either cross or are nearly adjacent to the 
 internation-il boundary, along that portion of the latter whi.h lies north of (Calais and 
 St. Stephen, extending thence to the frontier oft^aebec. Through this extensive tract, 
 including a distance of two hundred and lifty miles, the rocks which actually cross the 
 border are, so far as uuirely lithological characters are concerned, mainly reducible to two 
 principal kinds, viz., granite and slate, the lirst named forming a belt some twenty miles 
 in breadth, which crosses St. Croix River just north of Vanceboro, while the slaty 
 rocks occupy th(> areas respectively south and north of the latter. The general structure 
 also would, when viewed as a whole, appear to be quite simple, the granite, constituting 
 an axis on either side of which the sedimentary beds are repeated in corresponding order, 
 rising to and including the beds of the Carboniferous system. Nevertheless, great diver- 
 sity of opinion has existed, and still exists, as to the precise age of different portions of 
 th(^se slaty ro<^ks, which, both in Maine and New Hrunswick, have been severally referred 
 to vtM-y different horizons. This uncertainty u-m^s from various causes, but mainly from 
 the fact that, the rocks being of very uniform character over extensive areas and through 
 considerable thicknesses, the recognition of delinite horizons through lithological differ- 
 ences is very dilRcult, whih^ the fossils are but few and obscure, the slaty cleavage by 
 which the beds have been everywhere aifected having tended to obliterate them, as they 
 have also largely the planes of sedimentation. The whole area has also been subjected to 
 extensive plication and probably abouiuls with faults, the position and effects of which 
 are not always easily ascertaina])le. 
 
 We may now consider somewhat further the different views which have been 
 advanced as to the precise equivalency of different portions of these slaty rocks, beginning 
 with those which, in Nevi' Brunswick, occupy the interval between the southern and the 
 northern granite belts. 
 
 All observers, at least since 1862, have recognized here a division of the slates into 
 two groups. These, in the Ileport and Map of Prof. Hitchcock were separated solely on 
 lithological grounds — the one adjacent to the granite and presumably the older being 
 
02 llAlfiKY ON (IKOlXXiY OK 
 
 (It'sif^uiilcd iis inicii srlii.st, while tlic olln r, roiiiiiiiu,- ihc icntn' of ii Nyiicliiml, wiin disij^-- 
 iiiitctl siini)ly as cliiy Nliilf. Tlie division in New Itninswiclv was similar, Inil in foniioitioii 
 with both f^Toups, fossils were olitaiucd, those comicitcd with the loiincr, whith was 
 dcMcrihcd as th(^ " Hark Argillitc Si'iifs," iiidicalini;' a Silurian horizon, while tiiose of llio 
 latter, though oliscure, favored I he supliosilioii thai I hey were Devonian. This latter view 
 also reieivt'd conlirniation from the lait that these rocks woui<l tlius he ()((Ui)yin;4' their 
 natural position directly beneath the ('arl)oniierons system, around both margins of which 
 thoy (!ome to the surface. No ri-ason for doubting this detorniinatioi', as regards the Devon- 
 ian, has since arisen, but as regards the so-called dark argilliles, while at first the view 
 was entertained that thy were wholly Uppi-r Silurian, a (piestion sui)se(|uently arose as to 
 whether they might not also embrace; still older or C'ambr«>-Siluri:ui strata. 'Die rocks with 
 rel'erencL' to which, more particularly, this latter view waf: lu-ld are those which cross St. 
 Croix Jviver, nortli of Haring, and thence extend easterly through the parish of St. Stejjhen, 
 iu New Hrunswick, to and l)i'yond tho settlement of Moore's Mills, cousisling chielly of 
 fine-grained gneisses, mieaci'ous, garnet ii'erous aiul staurolitic slates, l)lack plumliaginous 
 schists, act inolyte schists and purple line-grained micaceous sandstones; l)ut eventually 
 the; sami' A'ievv was extended to the whole of the "dark argillite '' series, except such 
 portions as could bo clearly shown, upon pahrontological evidence, to be Silurian. It was, 
 however, at the same tinit> stati'd that this arrangement was provisional, and it is still 
 uncertain how much, if any, of the formation in (juestion can really be regarded as older 
 than the system last named. The facts which favor the general Upper Silurian age of the 
 belt are those of its position directly beneath and in apparent conformity to the " i)ale 
 argillites " or Devonian (the contacts, however, being vertical), and of a general resem- 
 blanc^e, which it boars to the first-named group of rocks, as developed in some portions of 
 King's County, New Hrunswick, and around Passamaiiuoddy 15ay. On the other hand, the 
 resemblance to the rocks which occupy a similar position on either side of the northern 
 granite axis is still more marked; while in this latter case, it has not only been shown that 
 the argillites in (question are unconibrmably covered by fossiliferous Upper Silurian beds, 
 but in places themselves contain fossils indicative of a Lower Silurian horizon. That the 
 rocks of these several dark argillite belts, as seen (1) north of Jiaring and St. Stephen, (2) 
 through the parish of Priui^e William, and (3) in Canterbury, New Brunswick, are essen- 
 tially alike, would probably be readily admitted by any one who directly compared them, 
 and the view that they are the same formation brought up by successive geanticlinals has 
 been taken alike by Gresner, Robb, Hitchcock, Hind, Logan, Ells and the present author. 
 All these authorities have also regarded them in the main as older than Silurian, the two 
 authorities first named considering them (together with the pale argillites or Devonian) as 
 of Cambrian age, while by Hind and Logan they hav(» been compared to the so-called 
 Quebec Group. It should not however, be overlooked that at one point in New IJruuswick 
 (Itocky Drook, on Nashwaak liiver) in the very heart of the dark argillite belt, and at but 
 a short distance from the granite, fossils indicative of a Lower Helderberg horizon were, 
 some years ago, found by the late Chas. liobb, and more recently, in the same belt, but in 
 its less altered portions, fossils which appear to be of Devonian type have been obtained, 
 a lew mil(?s north ofMl^'redericton, by Mr. W. T. H. Reed. Hence the same question arises, 
 here as nearer the coast, whether, upon the evidence of these fossils, the age which they 
 indicate is to be regarded as that of the entire belt in which they are obtained, or of any 
 
MA INK AND NKW lUlUXSWIOK. 63 
 
 i-oUNiilcrahln i)ail ol" it, or whether, on the other hiiiid, the rosMil-heiiriiin' hiiiuls iire not 
 liitherto he renunh'd us portions of newer I'orniiitions eiiloided unioni'' slrntii really ol' 
 nmeh greater antiquity. The resolution ol" this queNlion, u[)on vvhieh some I'urlher laelM 
 will presently l)e stutt'd, is one ol" the most important prol)lems still deniandinif I he 
 attention of those interested in New Urunswii k yeolopy. 
 
 It is ne<'essary now to refer more i)arli( uhirly to the jfronnds upon which the rocks 
 skirtini;- the northern side of the northern ifraiiile axis are, in part nt least, lield to be of 
 Camhro-Silurian orij;in. Of theso evidences the lirst, that of unconforinahility to the Silu- 
 rian, nuiy bo seen anywhere alony the line of contact between the two formations, and is 
 evidenced alike by discordance of dip, by transvi'rse proi>re,«.sive overlap, and by the com- 
 position ol the coni{lomeratcs of the newer series. Within a few miles of the bonhr are 
 l)eds of coarse and hi<>hly calcareous conji'lomerates, conformini^ to the Silurian succession, 
 and filled with pebbles derived from the Cambro-Silnrian rocks near by, and luross which 
 their trends would carry them, The evidence of fossils is at present conlined, so fur as 
 the western portion of New Mrunswick is concerned, to the occurrence, lirst observi'd by 
 Matthew, oriin,!^uh)id shells in black calcarooiis and siliceous bi'ds upon the Meccai^iiimic 
 Jiiver in Curleton County, and which have since been found to l)e associated with trilo- 
 bites of the genern ILirju's, Tn'niick/is and others, indicating an horizon which is certainly 
 Ordovic.'ian ; whih' in the uorth-east of the Province, in what are Ix-lieved to be rocks of 
 tlie same S'l'o^P- remains of gruptolites, apparently Lower Silurian, were observed by Mr. 
 Ells. To these facts it may be added that in tlie occurrence of l»riyht green and red slates, 
 su(;h as occur near Woodstock and Nt'wburgh, New Brunswick, aiul the association with 
 these hitter of heavy beds of coars(( grey grit, similar to those of the Sillery formation, a 
 general resembhuuM! is suggested to the rocks of the so-<'alled Quebec (rroup, as sei'u along 
 the Temiscouata Portage Road, and the south shore of the St. Lawrence. It is not impro- 
 bable that the slates of VVaterville, Maine, containing the so-called Nerei/es, etc., may be 
 a part of the same great Ix'lt. 
 
 It has been usual to regard the granites iipon whii'h the slates last described repose 
 as being of Devonian age, chiefly rrpon the ground of their evident resemblance to the 
 granites of soutlu'rn New Brunswick, and the fact that pebbles, apparently derived from 
 the latter, are abundant in the Lower Carboniferous conglomerates, vv'hile they are rare 
 in those ol' earlier formations. In neither district, however, an; tint granites known to 
 actually invade undoubted Devonian sediments, whereas sixch invasion in the case 
 both of the Cambro-Silurian and Silurian, has bei-n frequently observed. The Silurian 
 conglomerates of the north also include both granitic and syenitic pebbles. 
 
 The line of contact of the Lower and Upper Silurian, referred to above, crosst>s the 
 international bouiulary not far from the Monument at the extrenn^ source of St. Croix 
 River. Prom this point northward in New Brunswick, the admirable section afforded 
 by the valley of St. John River, running parallel with and for a considerable distance 
 actually forming the boundary, has, with a single i-xceptiou (that of a narrow belt of 
 Carboniferous and possibly in part Devonian sediments, a few miles north of Woodstock), 
 failed to show the existence of any rocks other than those of the Silurian system. At the 
 same time it was here, as elsew here, fouiul very difficult, owing partly to the comparative 
 uniformity of the beds, partly to the general and excessive plication to which they have 
 been subjected, and partly to the i)aucity of fossils, to determine with any degree of 
 
64 RAH/KY ON OROLOOV OP 
 
 ifiiiiiiily t'illicr Ihcir (irilrr ol' NUit'fH.siiiii, Ihcir lliickiic^H, or llh'ir cxiirt hori/oii. In 
 iill«-iiipliiiL>' lo ndIm' Ihi-Ni- ({ui'HlioMs il ort urrtd lo Iho niillioi' llinl hoiin* viiluahln 
 inlonimlioii iiii<^'lit Im> Hiiiii<'<l |>y iiisliiiiliiii>' ruiupiiiiHiiiiN hctwi'i'ii llio sut'ct>HNiuii ul' Itt'du 
 ii|ii>ii llic cxlicmc Miiulliciii 1(11(1 llic cxlrt'iiic iioillicni fdyi' <•!' Iln- H'«'in'riil Siliiriiin hiiHin, 
 thi' Dili* l)i'iiii;' loiiiid (III III!' Ili'i'i'i(;^uitiii<' l{iviT, in Curlt'loii Couiily, mid llic otluT on Ijiikti 
 Tt'iiiisioiiiilii, ill tile I'roviiiii' (d' (^U('i»i'c Willi si vii'vv iit tin' hhiiu- time lo Iln' mori! ready 
 I't'i'ogiiilioii di' Kiiy Di'voiiitin Nimtii whi li Ihc rt><{-i(iii ini<;lil coulain, <*xiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiN wcr« 
 miidt^ ill porlioiiH ol' iioithi'i'ii Miiiiic, jiiorc ixirlituliiily in iln- rcffiou ol" lh<! Fish liivcr 
 LukcH and Ihitl ol' Arooslook Uivcr, in Imlli of wliiih n\uh Devonian Ninila had hcuii 
 Vt'pri'Heiitfd lis oiturriny. These coinpiiiisoiis pmveil nnexperledly intereslinjr hy show- 
 ing iiol only Unit jarge li'iicls oi' whiil iiiid, in llie iiiaps ol' Maine, been represenlcd as 
 Devonian were in realily Silurian, hut Ihat, holh in Ihe ehiiraeler and HuceesHion of Iho 
 heds, as well ii8 in Ihe iiMSOeiated I'osNils, these three vvich'iy-separated loealilies exhihiled 
 8ueh a close parallelism as lo leave lillle doubl ol' I heir essential Hynclironisin. Some ol" 
 the facts heariini- upon these comparisons have already been u'iveii in the Transactions ol" 
 the Society, but more recently mucli further information relating to Ihe same sul)ject has 
 been obtained, so that we art; now in a position not only lo correlate, with some degree 
 of certainty, Ihe ueveral divisions of the Silurian system as seen through the extensivo 
 triuit extending from Cape Gaspe to northern Maine, but also to compare the nature and 
 origin of these several subdivisions with those of tlu> same fornuitiou iu southern New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Of Ihe tliret> localities to which reference has been made, the most interesting and 
 iuBtructive is that of Lake Temiscouala, and may well stTVo as a basis of comparison for 
 the entire region of which it forms a part. As indicated in the sections given in the 
 " Geology of Canada," Ihe strata here exposed fall natrirully into three great groups, the 
 hrst consisting essentially of limestones, mon; or less pixre, and abounding in fossils, but 
 haA'ing at their base a consideral)le thi«kiiess of grey and white sandstones, with some 
 conglomerate; the second consisting largely of sandy shales, but having beneath them 
 over 1,000 feet of coarse conglomerate (Burnt Point conghmierates), and at their summit 
 heavy beds of coarse somewhat opidotic sandstones (Point aux Trembles sandstones), and 
 thirdly, an apparently great thickness of very line slates and sandstones, the latter 
 occupying all the lower half of the lake, and spreading widely over northern New 
 Brunswick. The attitude of these groups is as strongly (contrasted as is their character, 
 the rocks of the first or Mount Wissick division having but a low inclination (varying 
 from 13° to 30^), while those of the second have a much steeper, but at the same time very 
 regular dip of about 00" to the sor.^hward, while those of the third, exhibit only a system 
 of abrupt and complicated foldings. Actual contacts between the several divisions are 
 not visible; but from the (;irouic stance t.'uit iu all three the general dip is to the south, 
 and further that the rocks at the ,aje of Moi-'u* Wissick rest directly and uncouformably 
 upou beds of the Quebec grov.p. •. ». •• , iu the author's first paper upon the subject 
 (Traus. Roy. Soc. Can., Vol. IV) sugjfeisted that these were probably the lowest beds, 
 and that those of the second niid tliiid divisions followed the order of their apparent 
 succession. It was, however, at the same time stated that until a more complete 
 examination had been made of the fossils collected, not only from Mount "Wissick, but from 
 Point aux Trembles, no definite conclusions upon this point could be reached. Since 
 
MAINK AND NMW IlKUNSWICK. 68 
 
 Iht ' III', iiiui'lt iiioi'i' iniipli- t'olli'i'lioiis hiis'i' hi-fii nnili' iiiid Imvi' hci-ii I'Miiiiiiicil l)y Mr. 
 \V hili'iivi'H ihhI Mr. Ami, l»iil willi lln' n'Hiill ol' slmwiii;'; thiil wliilc Ihc Mitiiiit Wi.s.sick 
 I'ofks, iiN had hi'i'ii Niiiii»iisril. urc in Ihc iiiiiiii (li'iidt'dly LkWit llildcrld'in' in iii^c, llmsf 
 • >l' Toiiil tiux Ti'i'iiililcs iiidiciili' u low-r hori/oii, npproxiiniiliiii;' iiion' iiciirly In llml ofllii' 
 Niii^^'iiiii tiixl Mi'diiia roriiiiilinii.s. Thi.s rniiilusioii, whii li is ruiiliniii'd hy cviilfiici' .si-cii 
 i'IncwIici'i', i.s iiiusi iiii|iiirtiiiil, lur iiol only dues it iiuliciili- Ihtil llic urdn' ol' ,su( ri'N.sioii ii|' 
 llii' Nlnila ill llii.s viciiiily is, n.s rr^iirds two iil Iciisl ol' ils divisions, Ihc reverse ol" whid 
 hud lieen supposed, ItuI tlial ii <>'rcal physiciil hrcnii, incoinpiinii'd l»y unconlonnit y, exisln 
 here between the lower luid u|)pcr liJill'ol' Ihe Silurinn syslfui ilseli'. I'urllicr, IVoni Ihe 
 |Misilion tind \n\\ in< limilion <d' Ihe Moiml Wissiek licds, iiud their entire ahsenee I'roni ll>e 
 rciiion wesi of liidxc Tcniisciiuiitii, il would jollow llml llieenlire mass ol' Ihis uronp, ol' 
 nearly <!n(l I'eel in ihiekness, has hcen coniidelcly removed iVdUi an area ori;'rcal exienl. 
 
 Takin'4' now ihe rocks ol' llie TemiHe(»ualii seiiliou as llie key lo llic Silurian syslem 
 of eastern (^ueln'c, no dillieully is I'ounil in idenlilyin^' the rocks id' Moir I Wissiek with 
 (hose descrihcd by various oljservers hclvveen the laller and Cai)cGaspe. Thus, Ihe pecu- 
 liar white samlslones, whicli I'orni so conspicuous a lealure at Ihe base of the eminence 
 named, Ihinmh tipparenlly wanting' in Ihe tyi)ical sedion at Capi' Gasi>e, are readily 
 reeognizableat ma.ny other i>oiuts In IhcGiispi! IVuinsuhi, such as Ihe sources ol'tho C'halle 
 and Malane Rivers, al Lako Mt'lapedja, (Iraud Metis Kiver, tho Valley of (he Neij^ellc 
 and Rimouski River, and in each instaiico are directly overlaid by a yreat body ol 
 limestones, ol' which the fossils in Ihe lower i)art bclon!"- to Ihe ui)i)er porli(»n ol' tlie 
 Niagara Ibrmalion, and I'rom Ihis range up lo and Ihrougli that of the Lower ll(d(b'rberg 
 (Iroup. They also rest, as at Mount Wissiek, direclly bul uuconrornud)ly upou tho rocks 
 of the Quebec Group, wilh no trace beneath either of the heavy couglouicrates of JJlack 
 and llurnt I'oiuts, or of the fossilil'erous slates aud saudslonos of Point aux Trembles 
 and Tiiladi River. On the other hand, in a westerly direi-tion, while these inferior 
 beds may be followed for several miles from Lake Temiscouata, the higher calcareous 
 niend)ers in turn disappear, being apparently cut olf abruptly in the eminence of Mount 
 Wissiek. The ihird or slaty division of the system is more persistent, and may be seen 
 with essentially Ihe same characters on Metapedia River, on the Patapedia, ihe Quata- 
 wamkedgewick, the liestigoucho, the Madawaska and the upper St. John. Over these 
 extensive areas, the position of the beds is usually that of broad and low undulalions, 
 but in places these are reidaced, and often quite abruptly, l)y a high dip or by sharp 
 and complicated foldings. 'Very similar rocks, with similar variations of attitude, are 
 also spread over a large part of northern New Brunswick and Maine, where their soft and 
 highly calcareous character, combined with a strongly developed cleavage, have deter- 
 mined a distrii't remarkable for the depth and productiveness of its soils. Here, however, 
 in connection with the movements to which reference has been made, there are a few 
 points in which strata resembling the inferior beds of Lake Temisi'ouata are brought to 
 the surface, and are found to contain a similar assemblage ol" fossils. One of these is near 
 the mouth of Siegas River in Victoria County, New Brunswick, and directly ou the 
 border, where a nearly vertical series of strata consists in part of conglomerates, holding 
 (like those of Burnt I'oiut on Lake Temiscouata) pebbh^s of limestone, serpentine and 
 jasper; in part of hard grey sandstones, holding besides Orthis and Strophomeiia (S. rhom- 
 boidalis) a Zaphrentis resembling a form foiind in the Point aux Trembles sands';oues, aud 
 
 Sec. IV, 1889. 0. 
 
66 15AILHV ON (iEOLOiiY OF 
 
 thill beds of limfsloiic. Throiigh tlio lattor, which nrc qnilc iKiiuliiir in hnvinu,' the ihin 
 hiycrs ol' which they arc compo.scci, not only scpiiviitcd hy Ihin shaiy i>iirlinii's, l)ui 
 divided across the layers into niinierous pnrlly sepiirated blocks, as k .uiih disjoinled by 
 the pn'ssiire lo which tluy have been subjeclcd, tliis locality is easily coniuHled with 
 another, in which a similar association ol' strata may be seen, viz., that ol' the Aroostook 
 lliver between Ashland and I'resqii'isle. Here aii'ain, a series ol' coarse conglomerates, 
 I'arrying rragmeiits of serpentine and jasper, in addition to a variety of nietamorphie and 
 igneous rocks, is succeeded 1 y heavy beds of sandstone, somewhat dioritic and vesicular 
 in aspect, and these by slates holdin<>' limestone! layers in every way similar to those ol' 
 the Siegas. In the sandstones, besides carbonized vegetable remains, ure impressions ol' a 
 coral, resembling Favosites, a Bryozoon, jnoljably a Callapora, Orthis, tSlro/jliomena rliomboi- 
 dalis, Khynchonella, Spiril'era (like jS. mdiula, Sow.), Alniiia irlknia\h, Lin., and Cornulites 
 (like C. /Ic.iiiostix, Ilall) — the whole indicating an horizon about that of the Niagara 
 formation. Similar conglomerates and sandstones are widely spread over northern Maine, 
 and in the reports upon that State have been regarded as DeA'onian, but there would now 
 seem to be but little doubt that they are the equivalents of the liurnt Point and Point aux 
 Trembles rocks of Temisoouata Lake, and, with the latter, hold a position which is quite 
 low ill the Silurian system. In the same portions of Aroostook County, Maine, the higher 
 members of this system are again represented by limestones, and are remarkable for th<' 
 number and fine preservation of the organic relics which they hold, the well known 
 beds of Square Lake or Lake Sedgewick having yielded not less than forty-two species, 
 mostly new, while similar beds near Ashland are but little less prolific. 
 
 Finally, on Be<'caguimi(^ River, in Carletr.n County, New IJrunswick, and on the 
 extreme southern edge of the great Silurian tract of that Province, strata are again met 
 with, which, though highly disturbed, exhibit much the same aspect as those which have 
 been descriljcd, with similar ivlations and organic remains. 
 
 It will now be of interest to instituti! a comparison between the succession of Silu- 
 rian rocks as thus made out in northern New Brunswick, Quidiec and Maine, with the 
 succession of the regions nearer to the Bay of Fundy. 
 
 In so doing, or u of the first facts to attract attention is the almost entire ab&ence, in 
 southern New Brunswick, of the great btdts of limestone which constitute so marked a 
 feature in the north, and more particularly in the Provinci^ of Quebec. Indeed no un- 
 doubted equivalents of thes(( Lower Htdderb.'rg rocks are known to occur in the former, 
 though apparently met with, to a limited extent, in south-eastern Maine, as observ(>d by 
 Prof. Shaler. On the other hand, between the lower members of the system in the two 
 cases a very striking parallelism may be drawn. Thus, taking the section afforded by 
 the Mascarene i>eninsuhi, in Passainaquoddy Bay, as typical of the southern coastal 
 region, the grey felspathic and siliceous slates, which constitute its first two diA'isions, 
 apparently find their counterpart in the great body of slates, often also highly siliceous, 
 which border Lake Temiscouata between Burnt Point and Point aux Trembles, already 
 described as holding a fauna low^ down in the Silurian system. With the conglomerates 
 of Burnt Point, the latter a local accumulation, they _may be regarded as the probable 
 equivalents of the Oneida, Medina and Clinton Ciroups of New York, of Divisions II and 
 III of the Anticosti series, or of Groups B and B' of Arisaig in Nova Scotia. Division III 
 of southern New Brunswick consists of sandstones, of greenish and purplish colours and 
 
MATNK AND NKW HRUNSWICK. 67 
 
 iiioro or IcHM umygdaloidal ; and siiuihirly, in Ihe north, the Ix'ds of Point aux Tronibli's, 
 on Lake Ti'niiscouata, with tlu'ir supposed oqiiivalcnts on Sii'i^'as lliver, New Brunswiek, 
 and on the Aroostook, in Maine, occur in siuiihir relations and present much the 
 same aspect, including' in ))oth instances the occurrence ol" mucli comminuted vegetabh' 
 matter. Division IV oi' Ihe Mascarene section, consists of red and green shites and sand- 
 stones, with diorites and lelsites, and so, again, similar rocks are found in this position 
 at Cape Gaspe, Cape Chatte, Melapediu Lake, Tiimouski, and near the base of Mount Wis- 
 sick. The felsites and associated trappean rocks of Aroostook County, Maine, as well as 
 those of Restigouche County, Ni-w Brunswick, may possibly represent this and the suc- 
 ceeding division (V) ; but the facts at present known, rather favor the idea that the former 
 are Cambro-Silurian. The absence of the higher members of the system iu southern New 
 Brunswick may be accounted for upon the supposition that the barrier of Laurentian 
 rocks, alluded to on a former page, as extending along the coast subsequently to the close 
 of the Archiuan age, continued to exist in Silurian times, and that while, iu the north, 
 the later half of the Silurian age was a period of subsidence, in the south it was chieJiy 
 cue of elevation, excluding the access of pure sea-water, and hence, of such forms as are 
 dependent on its presence. 
 
 Of other strata observed in northern Maine and New lirunswick, it is more dillicult 
 to si)eak with conii<lence, their straligraphical relations not having been fully worked out, 
 and fossils beinn' as yet wanting. Of these the most important consist of a mass of fine 
 grained slaty felsitic and siliceous rocks, associated with dioritic and amygdaloidal sand- 
 stones, quartz-porphyries and agglomerates, w'hich appear to stretch in parallel belts 
 across a considerable portion of Aroostook County, and in places rise into prominent hills. 
 One of these belts is conspicuously exposed about Churchill, Uiisaskis and Spider Lakes 
 on Allegash liiver, and apparently extends thence past the head- waters of the Aroostook, 
 forming the Aroostook Mountains, and eastward to the Valley of Fish River, separating 
 the Silurian basin of Square and liagle Lakes from that of Ashland and Presqu'isle ; while 
 a second, as yet only seen at a few points, lies to the south of the latter, here including 
 the steep and conspicuous conical peak known as the Haystack. No fossils have yet 
 been observed in the slates of this group (referred to in the Maine reports simply as trap- 
 pean rocks), and we are hence without definite proof of their age, Imt the nature of many 
 of the pebbles in the Silurian conglomerates would seem to indicate that the former was 
 the source from which these were to a large extent derived, while there are also points in 
 w^hich conglomerates, apparently Silurian and similarly constituted, have been seen to 
 rest uncoiiformably upon the siliceous and felsitic rocks. On the other hand, these latter, 
 in their line-grained flinty texture and banded aspect, as well as in their dark purple to 
 black colours, recall the similar beds which, in southern New Brunswick, mark the base of 
 the Silurian system. If really more ancient than the latter — as seems most likely, — their 
 true position is probably that of the Cambro-Silurian formation, to some portions of which 
 they also bear much resemblance. The same remarks will also ai)ply to a series of line 
 grained micaceous and gneissic sandstones and shites, of dark purplish and lilac colours, 
 which accompany the beds above described on the Allegash River. These latter are 
 peculiar in being filled with !:Dperfectly developed crystals, apparently of staurolite, 
 and are quite similar to some of the beds referred to on a former page, as occurring, 
 along the course of St. Croix River, both near St. Stephen, and again in the western 
 
68 ]{AILEY ON flEOLOflV OK .MAINK, CT(!. 
 
 part of York County, New Urunswick. A iiirtlicr exiimiuiition of these (loxil)tful beds 
 is greatly to be desired. 
 
 Of true Devonian, none is known to oecur in the immediate v Cinity of ihe frontier, 
 unless it l)e a small band of dark grey and reddish conglomerates and shales, holding 
 remains of Psilophyton, whieh (irosses !St. John Kiver, a few miles above the town of 
 Woodstock. While, howevtT, as has been stated, much of what, in the Maine reports, has 
 been described and mapped as Devonian, is now known to coniaiu a faxina (|uite low 
 down in the Silurian, the determinations of Mr. Billings of the collections submitted to 
 him would appear to indicate that strata bearing trixe Oriskany forms do occur at various 
 localities (such as Tarlin Pond and elsewhere), in the northern part of the State, while an 
 outlier of similar age has been observed by Mr. W. Mclnnes, near the head of Tobique 
 River in New Brunswick. 
 
 Upon the roads leading south from the town of Presqu'isle, in Aroostook County, and 
 not far IVom th(* border, 'he Silurian rocks are unconformably (^jvered, over a small area, 
 by a series of bright re. I aiul rather soft sandstones and conglomerates. It is possil)le that 
 these may also be Devonian, th<i equivalents in that case of the I)eds of Perry, but in the 
 absence of fossils it seems altogether more probable that they are Lower (carbon il'erous, 
 representing the very similar beds of that age, which occur in a like i>osition in the val- 
 ley of Tobique Ifiver, in New Brunswii k. The absence, so far as known, of strata of 
 like age and oriiiin from points further westward in the State of Maine, would appear to 
 indi<'ate that the area of marine submergence in the later Devonian and Lower Carboni- 
 ferous ages, the westward exteusion of the great St. Lawrence or Acadian Basin, had its 
 western limit not far from the boirndary line now separating New Brunswick from the 
 United States.