*****

San Francisco

:

Catholic Truth Society
Room 87, Flood Bldg.



4

CATHOLIC TRUTH SOCIETY.

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lished for the purpose of spreading the truth about

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-4



At IP 77/

7

Pope Leo XIII.

By Vicomte E. M. De Vogue,
Member of K6e ITrer.ch Academy

-^3*

San Francisco :
Catholic Truth Society

Room 87, Flood Bldg.





Pope Leo XIII

[The following article is a Character Study of Pope

Leo XIII. contributed to the “Pall Mall Magazine
77

by an eminent French Academician. The writer has

studied the personality of the Pope rather than his

office. He calls attention to the qualities of mind and
heart which have won the confidence and respect of

the world. The Catholic Truth Society reproduces

the study in the hope of making Leo XIII. better

known and loved by Catholics and non-Catholics.]

Events, words, and acts, which are now in all men’s

minds, have made the Vatican the center of contem-

porary interest.

In the countries which are separated from Catholi-

cism, in the atmospheres which are unresponsive to all

religious faith, public opiruon lies in wait for the acts

of the Pope with a concentration equal to that of the

flocks who look to him for spiritual direction. Noth-

ing is more significant than the absorption to which

distinguished visitors, heads of states, diplomats, pub-

licists, or agnostic thinkers, succumb the moment they

arrive in Rome. Whatever may be the motive that
brings them there, they all have only one wish—to see
and to hear the Pope; they all go and knock first at the

portone
,
at those heavy bronze gates which are shut

upon the voluntary prisoner. Men of action or men
of thought, those who make history and those who
write it, are warned by a sure instinct that the Vati-

can is still one of the great workshops of history. In

climbing up the interminable steps which lead to that

height, to those aerial dwelling-places whence all the

spectacle of the world may be embraced, the most
powerful monarch skirts the edge of silent shadows,



4 TOPE LEO XIII.

which have, in spite of him, the power to extend
or to

limit his authority. If he reigns over an empire
where

Goethe is in every man’s recollection, these
shadows re-

call to him the words of Egmont:
“ Ich sehe Geister

vor mir, die still und sinnend auf schwarzen
Schalen das

Geschich der Fursten und vieler Tausende
wagen’

(I see before me dumb and pensive spirits, who weigh

'in black balances the destinies of
princes and of

peoples.

)

I will not stop to describe it—this
magnificent

frame which sets off the great man whom I would
wish

to paint here. It is known to every travelled
foreign-

er. The gigantic and venerable palace
of the

Vatican, heavy with its burden of ages and
of mem-

ories, has grown under the shadow of St. Peter
like

the monumental form of the Church. It
sends its

roots down into the tomb of the Apostle ;
its deep

foundations, mingled with those of the Basilica,
extend

to the Crypt of the Fisherman. From these
Cata-

combs the buildings have risen step by step
until they

dominate the whole city with their topmost
storey,

where are distributed to-day the apartments
ot the

Sovereign Pontiff and the Secretariat of
State A

continual impulse of history seems to have
carried the

Pope to this height. In the evening, from
the depth

of the interior courts, his lamp may be seen
shining

like a beacon. But between the successor
of Peter

who lives high up there, and the hidden
bones fiom

which he derives the reason of his
existence, commu-

nication has never been broken. The chain
of the ages

stretches from its origins to this summit ,
it is per-

ceptible to the eyes, and the mind discovers
it on each

of the steps by which one mounts
upwards m this

labyrinth of marble and of travertine. #

The traditional rites of the Vatican
ordain that the

Pope who has just died should pass one
night m e

Sistine Chapel. Suspended in the ease
of Pius IX.

from force of circumstances, this ceremony
will with-

out doubt reappear. Let us transport
ourselves in

imagination to that coming night of funeral
watchings,



POPE LEO XIII. O

before the
u
Last Judgment” of the sublime Floren-

tine. He who wore the tiara lies at full length be-
neath the gaze of the sibyls and the prophets, on the

most august altar whence a last vision of the world

could be outspread. The history of humanity, painted

by Michael Angelo, surrounds him. Above him our

globe is outlined in space
;
sadly Adam emerges at the

foot of the mountain which he must climb, the symbolic

scenes in which the life of the sons of Adam is sum-
marized, cover the arches and the walls, up to Christ

the Judge, who calls the multitudes out of the tombs.

Piety, genius, the accumulated emotion of men of

every race—everything conspires to create in the
Sistine Chapel an atmosphere which enlarges and fer-

tilizes the thoughts.

I recall him, this personage, twenty-one years ago,

in this same Sistine Chapel, at the moment when the

cardinals brought him there on the sedia gestatoria
,

the

chosen of the conclave of 1878. I was there. Outside

the Sacred College no one knew this septuagenarian,

who had been imprisoned for thirty-two years in the

mountains of Umbria. He passed from his bishopric
of Perugia to the seclusion of the Vatican like a fugi-

tive shadow among shadows
;
among those other aged

men who celebrated his elevation with little ado, with

obsolete ceremonies, in the narrow enclosure and the

half light of the Sistine
;

timid and enfeebled under the

evil of the time, they had not dared to bring forth

their chosen in the basilica of St. Peter, with the con-

course of the people and the accustomed pomp. The

darkness of the place, the limited company, that air

of effacement and almost of mystery—everything led
the thoughts back to the first enthronements of the

Popes in the Catacombs. A lowly beginning, fore-
shadowing little. Pius IX., whose life had been so

eventful, left an abounding fame and a great void
;

the

despoiled Papacy seem.ed to have been engulfed with

him. The heir without a heritage who was shown to

us had a look of weakness, and his title to fame was

still discussed. His coronation seemed to us a Simula-



6 POPE LEO XIII.

crum of vanished realties, the elevation of a phantom.

And these were the years when the shadow of the
cross on the world was growing less. How deceptive
is a hasty judgment ! We took away from that cere-
mony the impression of a thing that was coming to an
end. The early years of his pontificate, condemned

to an attitude of discreet protest, did nothing to cor-

rect our mistake.

Leo XIII. did not reveal himself by precipitate ac-

tion, like other sovereigns one could name who have

fascinated men’s minds at the first blow. His lofty

stature rose gradually on the horizon with the calm of

great forces. Little by little his form became clearer

and more precise. T found it already vehy clearly

marked when I returned to Rome in 1886. However, it
had not even then reached its true pedestal. The new

Pope had been recognized as a masterly philosopher,

and a diplomatist of rare versatility
,
it was enough to

give him a great place for his papal letters and in the

Almanack de Gotha,—too little to give him the first
place in the world. At this moment the Curia was
the centre of very active negotiations, which recalled

the fine old times of ecclesiastical policy, but which did

not presage a new epoch. The dominant influences at
the Vatican were seeking the independence necessary

to the Holy See in a restoration of the ancient ter-

ritorial sovereignty
;
they were putting their hopes in

another policy, the accord with Germany, the effective

intervention of Prince Bismarck. It is well known

what disillusions awaited the Roman negotiators on
that score.

Insensibly the axis of the Pontiff’s action shifted in

proportion as Leo XIII. gained confidence in his own

strength. His personal ideas, readjusted and ripened

by experience, prevailed over Foreign Office routine
;

he governed alone, and relegated to the back-

ground the diplomacy of the cabinet
;

it was

social questions which he brought to the front. With-

out doubt the protest of principle against what was

done in Rome in 1870 is always maintained at the



POPE LEO XIII. 7

Vatican, and it could not be otherwise
;
we shall hear

of the protest for a long time to come
;
but the prodi-

gious success of a wider policy must have produced a

fundamental change at heart. It is now known in

what direction lie the great hopes of the future of the

Papacy.

Leo XIII. understands that the basis and the true

guarantee of the Holy See are in the hearts of Catho-

lic peoples and in the involuntary respect of non-

Catholics. The Pope continues to negotiate with

Governments, he deals with them prudently
;

but the

mainspring of his policy, more evident every day, is

in his appeal to the peoples. Each of his acts reveals

his increasing absorption in the task of conciliating

the French and American democracies in order to base

his action on those two wide foundations.

From the day when Leo XIII. inaugurated this

policy he became the first man of Europe. Since the

death of William I. of Germany, little by little, in the

popular imagination, he took the place which that other

old man had occupied. Twenty years ago no hesi-
tation would have been permissible to a conscientious

and intelligent painter, commissioned to group in a

picture the leading personages of Europe. He would
have set up in the centre the colossal figure of the old

German Emperor. Ten years later the same painter

again would not have hesitated : his composition would

have arranged itself round Pope Leo XIII.

Whence comes this general consensus of imagina-

tion ? First, from the incomparable prestige of that

position : a king without a kingdom, yet more power-

ful than territorial sovereigns. Next, it comes from

a proof of intellectual force of which the very express-

ion seems a guarantee. This old man had only made
one brief appearance in the outside world—during his
Nunciate at Brussels more than half a century ago.

After that he lived for thirty years in the retirement

of his bishopric of Perugia, and for twenty years in the

walled solitude of the Vatican
;
where he was sur-

rounded by a little society unresponsive to any innova-



8 POPE LEO XIII.

tion. Of the strangers who come to him some are

dumb out of awe, while the others have every interest

in distorting the truth. No condition can be imagined

better adapted for concealing from a man the changes

of his epoch
;

and no epoch has seen changes more

profound or more radical !

Nevertheless, this is what happened : the recluse of

thb Vatican, now a nonagenarian, knows, understands,

directs, and sometimes anticipates, these changes
;
he

is as well informed and as quick to take in at a glance,

he has as free a mind and as sound a courage, as the

editor of a great London or New York newspaper. We
all know how many of the ablest politicians, after they

attain extreme old age, shut themselves out from the

knowledge of contemporary need : their outlook re-

mains wide and piercing all in vain
;

it is directed

behind them, because these survivors turn their backs

to the current of the stream. The exceptions are so

rare in a century that they prove the rule. With Leo

XIII., in the conditions which I have recalled, this

phenomenon of active clairvoyance partakes of the

marvellous. Believers see in it the effect of a Higher

Assistance, unbelievers the sign of genius
;
both ex-

planations surround his forehead with a halo of glory.

Think what decision he needed to walk deliberately in

thenew ways ! At the age of eighty, Leo XIII. came out

of his retirement and threw himself into the world of

the living, to dispute with his adversaries who thought

'to possess that world without any one to say them

nay. He heard the word of his Master :
£

‘ Let the

dead bury their dead.” Nothing could have stopped

him. The expressions of the Holy Father’s thought

followed one after the other with a redoubled vigor

and clearness, which is absolutely amazing when we

think of his age. In the Encyclicals to the French

Catholics, ne attacked political problems with an equal

measure of doctrinal boldness and practical modera-

tion. He aroused among us terrible storms, and there

was a moment when it might have been thought that

the Pope was risking, in this dangerous course, his



POPE LEO XIII. 9

spiritual power over the French Church ; so much

trouble had he to make his intentions understood by

the spirits in prison in their old conceptions, by the

hearts panic-stricken in their most estimable relation-

ships. He persevered, and he won almost all along

the line. In the Encyclicals on the condition of the

working-classes he did not solve the problem—who

will solve it?—but he put it more clearly than it had

ever been put before, while connecting it with the

deep-seated causes from which spring all the evils of

humanity
;
and he took up his position frankly on the

side of the weak.

There will probably be no immediate effects of this

good will on the world, which is for the most part

soured, rebellious, and prejudiced against every re-

ligious interference
;

on a world in which each individ-

ual demands a precise solution, adapted to the partic-

ular case of which he complains. The Pope can only

give general directions, designed to prevent conflicts

and subordinated to a reform of morals. It is, however,

a great point that there is no mutual longer ignorance

between the Vatican and the workshop. There is an

observation, a looking of facts in the face, and an in-

vestigation with a paternal solicitude on the one side,

and 011 the other with a distrustful curiosity ; there is

sometimes a discussion in the workman’s cottage,

—

sceptical, but still a discussion. The masses know

that an oracle, reputed to be infallible, is taking up

the defence of their interests. Henceforth he will be

less suspect in their eyes, since he has been robbed of his

sovereignty and of his property; robbed of that,, strange

to say, at the very hour when all sovereignties were

furiously attacked, when most of them were under-

going a change of nature and of origin
;

at the hour

when the idea of private property, submitted to a

careful examination, is in danger of losing some portion

of its absolute character. Whether the social crisis goes

from bad to worse without coming to an end, or

whether it is solved by disasters, after which it will

only be banished to the rubbish-heap of vain chimeras,



10 POPE LEO XIII.

the moment may come when a portion of the working
world bethink itself, in spite of its deeply rooted pre-

judices, that there is in the Vatican a disinterested

arbiter to judge its conflicts with capital, an advocate

to plead its cause, an architect to aid it to reconstruct

destroyed societies. And it is to Leo XIII., and to
him alone, that the honor of this beneficent reconcilia-

tion will be assigned.

The Encyclicals, the canonical documents, are not

the most significant demonstrations of this Pontificate
;

acts not less remarkable, both fundamentally and

formally, have been the communications given by the

Pope to newspapers, to popular journalists like those

of our own Petit Journal. The more we reflect upon

those conversations, the more we find there, in every

word, the wish to enlarge, as much as the Pope can
do so, the range of free movement for the societies of

our time. The Church had not used this lan-

guage at all since the great days of the

Middle Ages. If I have employed in this study

the word “ innovations,” it is that I may fall in with
the current point of view

;
in reality Leo XIII. takes

up to-day the traditions which were sleeping for sev-

eral centuries. He follows the general movement
;
all

the living forces of our time are aroused towards this

past which comes to life again : the Pope like the Rus-

sian and German emperors, and the heads of the work-

ingmen’s organizations like other disinterested think-

ers. Those who are shocked at an
u
Interview with

the Pope,” ought first of all to ask themselves how a

Hildebrand, an Innocent, a Sixtus V., would have

acted to-day. Like this successor of theirs who be-

comes their equal, they would take the weapons of

their time, they would descend into the public arena

and speak directly to the peoples, to plead their

cause, to gain souls, to serve humanity. Whatever

has seemed daring and new in the Pope of the nine-

teenth century is only a return to the ideas of St.

Thomas Aquinas, the mighty philosopher who gave,



POPE LEO XIII. 11

so far back as the thirteenth century, the same direc-

tions for the conduct of societies and of the human

mind. Leo XIII. sets forth their natural consequences,

with the gentle obstinacy and the calm prudence which

form the basis of his character.

No one will refuse the epithet of liberal to a Pope

who has stretched the rigid Roman unity to the ut-

most possible limits every time that a particular right

demanded satisfaction. This large liberalism is above

all perceptible in the relation of the Pontiff with the

Oriental and the American Catholics. Under the

reign of Pius IX., the Oriental communities were

alarmed a t the centralizing movement which threaten-

ed their secular privileges, aimed at bringing back all

the members of the Church to strict Roman obser-

vance. Leo XIII. made that strictness bend. In

everything that concerns liturgy, ceremonies, the em-

ployment of a national tongue, and independent adminis-

tration, he confirmed andextended the ancient usages of

which the Oriental Christians are so jealous; the Slavs

in particular were accorded all the facilities that could

be desired to bring them into conformity with their

traditions without breaking the tie with Rome. Every

one knows how the Pope, when face to face with

America, broke down around him the resistance of the

Sacred College in order to leave to the Catholics of the

United States that liberty of movement which they

need in the New World. No one understands better

than Leo XIII. the American spirit, the proud in-

dependence which is as necessary to that spirit as the

air which it breathes. And in all legislation for the

United States the Holy Father never missed an

opportunity of showing to other Christian com-

munities his comprehension of their com

ditions of life, his respect for and his charity

towards them. In his Encyclicals the choice of terms

is carefully calculated, in order that not a single word

may wound the separated brethren. Gentleness in

strength—that is the dominant characteristic of this



12 POPE LEO XIII.

great figure. That is what one feels strongly in talking

with Leo XIII. Twice of late years I had the honor

of conversing with him for a long time together. I

should like to set down here my impressions with per-
fect frankness.

When the visitor is introduced by the private
chamberlain in the chamber of special audience, he is

first pf all struck by the ascetic emaciation of this

white phantom, by the transparent attenuation of this

delicately sculptured face. Recalling the age of the

Pontiff, he expects to find in him all its weaknesses.

The Pontiff speaks, his eyes brighten, and the visitor’s

first impression soon gives place to a delightful aston-

ishment, in presence of the youthful vigor which per-

sists in this weak frame. All his vital energies are

concentrated in his voice which is so strong, and in his

look which is so piercing
;

he is like a lamp, the flame

of which continues to shine without any perceptible

reservoir to feed it, or mechanism to hold it up. You
have scarcely crossed the threshold of the chamber,

when you feel yourself put at your ease by the intelli-

gent kindness of this look, which calls you and entreats

you from the end of the room. Seated in his arm-

chair, with both his hands firmly resting on its arms,

the Holy Father signs the visitor to a chair by his

side
;

with a simplicity which in no respect diminishes

his natural dignity, he suppresses most of the formali-

ties of the Procotol, quickly raises his visitor who is

bending at his feet, and enters immediately into con-

versation, like a friend happy at seeing his friend

again. After some affectionate questions on the- de-

tails of his guest’s family, career, and work, the Pope

questions him eagerly on the country from which he

comes, and on the movement of ideas and the condi-

tion of public affairs there. His voice growls louder

and more eager
;
sometimes it is hard to edge in an

answer, so far does that ardent speech outrun objec-

tion, and so eager is it to develop the master-thought

which Leo XIII. is working unceasingly to render



POPE LEO XIII. 13

clearer and more persuasive to each person. He

speaks French easily, with a slight Italian accent ,

occasionally he uses neologisms strange to our tongue,

but always formed by an excellent Latinist, and

drawn so naturally from their Latin source that one

is surprised that they are not actually French.

The information of this voluntary recluse is surpris-

ing
;
the foreigner does not find him at fault in a single

detail of the life of his nation ; the traveler
and the

diplomatist recognize in his first words a mind in-

formed about all the problems which have arisen
all

over our planet. Never a bitter word against his ad-

versaries in the conversation of Leo XIII., and never

a doubt of the effectiveness of his action ;
he has an

impregnable basis of confidence and of optimism. When

one respectfully observes to him that his hopes on
such

and such a subject will have a somewhat distant reali-

zation, he answers tranquilly that he knows it, and that

he is working for the century that is to come. It is
like

talking with an historian rather than with a states-

man
;

to such an extent does he possess the calm

gaze of the historian, the far-sighted outlook
which

seeks the object of vision over the mountains and
over

the years. And when he grows eager over questions

which affect each one of us in our capacity as citizens

of our respective countries, he conveys the
impression

of a father attentive to the interests of
his family,

rather than an individual who is bound to his own inter-

ests
;

however prejudiced one may be against the Ital-

ian acuteness, it is impossible not to surrender oneself

to the frankness and sincerity of this tone, drawn lit-

erally from a father’s bowels.

On going out from these audiences—I shall be al-
lowed to give this testimony here—I endeavored to

correct myself, to cross-examine myself mistrustfully ;

I remembered how in every country the friendly protes-

tations of sovereigns and of their ministers had always

given me an impression of feinting, which was never-

theless perfectly justifiable in the. case of men who



14 POPE LEO XIII.

only sought for their own advantage, even when they
seemed to be espousing the interests of my country.
Well, I shall go to my grave with the absolute convic-
tion that there is something different in the language

which Pope Leo XIII. uses to his interlocutors
;
with-

out doubt he has always present in his mind his bur-

den and his duties as Roman Pontiff, the high ambi-
tion^ of the head of the Church and of the dispossessed

monarch
;
but apart from these Roman preoccupa-

tions, there is one portion of his heart in which is

burning a true and disinterested sympathy for the

Frenchman with whom he is speaking of the things of
France

;
and similarly, so I am told, for the American

or Englishman of whom he makes himself for the
moment the fellow-citizen with an equal open-hearted-

ness. The universal father—that is just the impres-
sion which he left on me, and which triumphed over

my invincible scepticism engendered by my experience
of mankind.

The most pessimistic and the most discouraged leave

this old man with a soul cheered up
;

with a reinforce-

ment of youth and of warmth. Unforgetable is the

moment when one goes out of the little chamber. The

voice and the look which called the visitor at his en-

trance accompany him while he retires, according to

custom, backward, making the usual salutations. The

words of the Pope fasten themselves on the departing

guest, and, if I may say so, envelop him with encour-
agement

;

while he puts his hand on the handle of the

door it retains him, still supported by a gesture of

those emaciated fingers stretched out to bless
;
the

words rush forth always the same, joyous and affec-

tionate :
e

4

Courage ! work ! do good ! Explain to

them my thought ! Come and see me again ! ” This
vivid speech seems to persist in its pursuit of you,

while you go down the hundreds of steps of the great

silent staircase of the Vatican,

I shall not dilate upon the private life of Leo XIII.

It is known to all by the accounts which people have



POPE LEO XIII. 15

given to it. Methodical and well ordered, it is entirely

expended in overwhelming toil
;
the audience granted

to the pilgrims who have come from every quarter of

the globe
;
the transaction of the business of Catholi-

cism
;
the drawing up of the encyclicals and of the

briefs, of which his pen was so prodigal and which re-

main among the finished monuments of Catholic litera-

ture. The only recreations of the Pontiff are his

walks in the gardens of the Vatican, his Latin studies

to which he remains devotedly attached, and the

composition of those Latin verses in which he excels.

During the twenty years of his pontificate Leo XIII.

has accomplished a work which seemed to demand the

effort of a whole century. Men will judge it as a whole,
when for that indefatigable worker the hour of sleep-

ing his last night in the Sistine Chapel shall sound, in

that same place where I saw his humble and timid

beginnings. No historian will deny that he had need
to have a singular genius to grasp that work in its

vaiiety, in the interlocking of its parts, and in its

distant consequences. The future will say whether

the head of the Catholic Church really understood the

necessities of his time, when he directed the political

and social evolution of Catholicism in the spirit

of a return to the exigencies of great modern

democracies. Whoever may be the successor of
Leo XIII.

,
and however different a man he may be

supposed to be, it is difficult to conceive how the next

Pope could arrest that evolution, could make the
Church retrace her steps from the path laid down by
the persistent determination of his predecessor.

Even among those who will criticise the thought or the

political action of Leo XIII.
,

no one will have the right

to accuse the heart of the man. I have never heard

it said that he voluntarily did an injury to any one,

that he was ever hard to one of his servants. Born

with an authoritative temperament, this man knew
how to master it

;
inflexible in his ideas, he was gentle

and humane in his personal relations. To have genius



POPE LEO XIII.16

is a fine thing
;
to have goodness is better. Leo XIII.

has both. That sufficiently explains the sentiments of

affection and of respect with which he inspires all

those who come near him, believers or unbelievers. To

that I bring here my disinterested testimony
;
I hope

that he may win the appreciation of those who wil
read these pages with their free and judicial spirit.

THE CATHOLIC TRUTH SOCIETY.
Room 87. Flood Building. San Francisco, Cal.

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