t i y i i - Z I . (1?0TìieWtl/Lcl I (Bound! € REV. EDWARD V. DAI LEY OUR LADY of MERCY CHU RCH CHICAGO ILL O U R S U N D A Y V I S I T O R P R E S S H u n t i n g t o n , I n d i a n a Romeward Bound Our Modern Converts Nihil Obstat: REV. F. E. DILLON Censor Liborum Imprimatur: * JOHN FRANCIS NOLL, D. D., Bishop of Fort Wayne Deaefcßftecf ROMEWARD BOUND Everyone likes to be flattered a bit. If he subscribes to a religious opin- ion, he likes to think himself identi- fied with an intellectual band of men and women. It is no particular dis- tinction to be a Holy Roller, because it is recognized as the minimum of brains to crawl around like Digger Indians on the war path. Nor does anyone in his senses feel a longing for sun worship or fire adoration. Any creed that presents strong argu- ments to thinking people must have an intellectual following. Imagine, if you can, a peaceful meeting of our leading thinkers, Nicholas Murray Butler, Newton Baker, Alfred E. Smith, Henry Ford, and a hundred of our greatest econ- omists and financial strategists are agreeing to a gigantic investment. Without hesitation, they throw every penny they have into the scheme. Any casual observer would say that whatever the project is, it must be sound. One or two can easily go R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 4 wrong, but for a hundred keenly in- telligent men to agree on a proposi- tion, especially, when it involves their personal fortunes and good names, is an excellent guarantee of its sound- ness. In the religious world, we find ex- isting a similar situation. From the time Christ entwined his baby fingers in the heart-strings of the pagan world, we have seen a con- stant influx of great minds into the Catholic Church. Doctrines Were Radical Certainly the doctrines of Christ were radical, unbelievably revolu- tionary. His creed was conceived in revolt against the order of things, the licentiousness of Rome, the decadence of Greece, the putrefaction of Jewry. Humanly speaking, it could not suc- ceed, so topsy turvy were the stand- ards of morality. Almost everything happened except the end of the world. There were unparallelled heights of piety and utter depths of depravity, intellectual giants like Augustine and R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 5 Jerome, and moral pygmies like Ti- berius and Nero. Above all the tur- moil poised the Roman Eagle, su- preme in its sway. Its war cry could be heard as fa r north as England, westward to Spain, eastward over every drop of the Mediterranean to Asia and Egypt, southward through the burning sands of Africa. Nations could come and go, kings perish, prin- cipalities could crumble; but as long as the sun stayed in the heavens, one thing was certain, pagan Rome with its doctrines of hate and greed was unconquerable. No sword could strike hard enough, no council could be shrewd enough, no philosophy could be potent enough to bring down the Roman Eagle from its place next to the sun. It shrieked ruthless defiance to the world. Strange enough, it was infant fin- gers that would never wield a sword, baby eyes that would never shine with the cold steely glance of pagan- ism, a baby king that would wear purple, but the purple of running blood, have a crown, but a crown of R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 6 thorns, a doctrine, but one connected with suffering and abnegation, that would change it all. In thirty years He would press paganism, to its knees with His gentle commands. What no army could do, what no fleet could ac- complish, what no philosopher could effect, He would do by a system of thought and action diametrically op- posed to the drunken, lustful, blas- phemous ritual of the day. An Avalanche of Thinkers We find instead of failure an aval- anche of thinkers crowding into Christ's Church. Ignatius of Rome, Justin Martyr, Theophilus of Anti- och, Clement of Alexandria, and Aug- ustine were men of great prestige. Their literary genius could have shone in the pagan courts as readily as un- der the standard of Christ. Instead, they jeopardized their fortunes and oftentimes their lives in casting their lot with Christianity. Through the centuries, we find the same phenomena. The west quickly became Catholic. In the onward R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 7 march of the Church, it naturally- swept with it the harvest of the world's thought and > piety. In the middle ages, the Church struck and fed the vast springs of philosophy and theology, and fostered the keenest of intellects. Augustine, convert from the most abject paganism, literally ploughed up the fields of Catholic thought, planting with his genius the seeds of the first, real formidable system of theology. In the middle ages, the presence of Thomas Aquinas dominated the horizon. The names of Alexander of Hales, Bonaventure, Al- bert the Great, Duns Scotus, are sy- nonymous with anything intellectual in those days. Church's Influence On Art In art there can be no question about the influence of the Church. There are few masterpieces before the rise of the modernistic school that do not owe their life to the mysteries of the Church and the saints. Almost without exception the artists were men actuated by the beautiful senti- R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 10 ments of Catholicism. The divine Madonnas of Raphael, the celestial charm of Fra Angelico, the sublime conceptions of Leonardo da Vinci and Michael Angelo were unparalleled in history; and these men are only a few of the hundred of artistic giants de- veloped beneath the mantle of the Church. Music had its Stradella, Logros- cino, Mozart, Palastrina, Franz Lizst; astronomy its Copernicus and Galileo; medicine and surgery its Theodoric, Lanfranc, Yesalius, and hundreds of others, who laid the foun- dations for the present high degree of medicinal efficiency. The influence in general of men like Dante, perhaps the greatest of poets, of Thomas a Kempis and Teresa of Avila, two of the deepest of mystics, of Columbus, La Salle, Joliet, most fearless in dis- covery; of Pasteur, often called the world's greatest savant, is incalcul- able ; and to a man they were Catho- lics. R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 9 Strong Arguments for Truth It is needless to glance through the centuries and discover the finger- prints of the Church on the pages of time. The original idea is clear enough; namely the religion that can command the thought, the science, the art and the devotion of the greatest intellects the world has known must have strong arguments for its truth. Certainly, this is not a final reason for believing in it. There have been gigantic swindles perpetrated on hu- manity. Whole cities have been hood- winked into believing black is white, two and two make five, that there are square circles and the like, because there is a gullibility about human na- ture in the face of oratory, quick sales, and bottles bearing prpmises for the cure of everything from worms to worry. The world even put on a uniform and laid down twenty- five millions of its life in defence of some vague principle relating to democracy. But nowhere in history pan we find 10 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D a constant loyalty to an unsound theo- logy or philosophy. It just doesn't work out that the finest men and wo- men in history could believe consis- tently in a sensational doctrine ex- pounded by a wild-eyed demagogue balancing himself on a soap box for the same reason that they do not be- lieve in Santa Claus. A successful system of thought must have sub- stance, must offer the most convinc- ing of arguments, must prove conclu- sively its doctrines. Otherwise it is bound to fail. Just there is the consolation in the Catholic Church. She has gathered in millions of loyal sons and daugh- ters since her birth on Pentecost Sun- day. Today's Rome ward March It will be interesting to focus our attention on these late years. Forget the achievements of those inside the Church. Skip over the monuments of mind and soul erected through the length and breadth of Catholicism it- self. R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 11 Rather try to visualize the steady breath-taking Romeward march of the last century. Like some lightning express train, ever gathering speed, it hurtles on toward the Eternal City, where waits eternal hope, eternal happiness. No stops, no sidetracks, no wrecks, it rushes on, true as an ar- row, with its famous passengers to Rome. No wonder the world stands by and gasps with astonishment. The reformers started it all. They thought that by ripping Mary's statues from the niches of Cathe- drals, that flinging tabernacles from above the Sacred Heart of Christ could tear devotion for these things from the hearts of the people. They forgot that men and women rever- enced symbols of their God and their Mother much more than heirlooms and portraits of their own families. They could trample on neither with- out violent elemental revulsions. The reaction came slowly. Natu- rally so! Swords kill, devastation of lands cripples life, diabolic persecu- 12 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D tions of sovereigns stifle self-expres- sion. A dozen kings with hate in their hearts and a queen with a demon in her breast saw that no reaction came except abject time-serving to a greedy crown. Cardinal Newman Skip over the years and stand with head uncovered in the cemetery at Rednal, England. There is a small slab of marble covering the place where rests the heart of a genius and the hand of a giant—"John Henry Newman; Out of the shadows into the light of Truth" is scratched across its face. Forty years have dimmed the sharpness of the lettering. But forty centuries can not efface the lustre that the man left on the lists of courage and honor. On Newman's frail shoulders rest- ed a world of responsibility. He was born at the dawn of the nineteenth century. It was during the last glor- ious gleams of that century's sunset that his soul finally leaped back to its R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 13 Creator. At his birth, there was blackness on the face of the religious world. The French revolt had run roughshod over the Church. Instead of Christ, they fondled chaos, instead of the Virgin Mother, they enshrined a harlot on the altar of Notre Dame. The Italian revolution had not yet shook its fist before the Vicar of Christ. But in the German states and the Balkans there were materialistic and rationalistic epidemics. In Eng- land there was no hope for anything but the smug theologies of the Refor- mation. The Catholic Church was hated with an undying hate. The air was charged with anti-Roman bias. A Hater of Rome At the age of thirty, John Henry Newman was delicate, but the intel- lectual giant of the English Church; a Roman-hater, but poetic enough to feel its mystic charm; a celebrated student of the Fathers, but too blind as yet to see in their writings the markings of the One True Church. At forty years of age, Newman was 14 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D not too sure he would live much long- er. His spare frame was battered through by the power drives of his mind. But he would keep writing his "Tracts for the Times" which urged a renaissance of faith and religious spirit. It is a matter of speculation just what would have happened if his pen had been stricken lifeless before his Tract Ninety. Perhaps the leaden clouds of ignorance would still hang over England. Perhaps no light would have arisen and shone like a sunburst on the horizon of English thought. As it was, Tract Ninety was pen- ned; and after it came the deluge. Riveted to the centuries-old preju- dices against Rome, Newman went painfully but surely to the truth. He found himself one morning forced to admit to the world his conversion. Effects of Newman's Conversion It was the "crash of matter and the crush of world" feared by the English churchmen. Mark Pattison, the critic, writes: R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 15 "It is impossible to describe the en- .ormous effect produced in the aca- demic and clerical world by one man's changing his religion." Disraeli, who was supposed to have played baby games with Newman, said: "This conversion has dealt a blow to England from which it still reels." Certainly this middle-aged clergy- man announcing his allegiance to Catholicism was one of the most epoc- hal events of the century. The frail little man becoming a priest, writing the while immortal literature, finding himself continually on the defence, led the modern movement back to Rome. When he became a prince of the Church, when his hand became feeble, unable anymore to wield his pen like the broad sword of a warrior, when his heart finally trembled and broke over the smoldering battle ground of controversy, he had served his des- tiny. Twelve hundred English clergy- men are said to have followed him to Rome, thousands are known to have 16 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D been influenced by his conversion, millions pay homage to his genius, his virtue, his consummate courage. His destiny was marked out for him; and the simple epitaph on his grave could not be truer. "Out of the shadows, into the light of truth." Manning Followed Newman Not long after Newman's conver- sion, the young arch-deacon of Chi- chester, Henry Edward Manning, be- came a Catholic. His was not the in- tense, laborious, studied conversion that Newman's was. Manning's was a quick conviction of the inadequate- ness of the Anglican Communion. He saw clearly the course to follow. Char- acteristically, he drove ruthlessly to his decision, come what might. Not near- ly of the intellectual stature of New- man, certainly not of the diffident, sensitive nature of his contemporary, he was more the man of events, the administrator with not too much sym- pathy for the "Stradivarian" nervous system that was Newman's. Manning R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D tf became Cardinal Archbishop of West- minster, primate of all England. His reign was illustrious, marked by im- portant strides in faith and action. He lent much to the ever gathering march to Rome. Other English Converts Less important was the advent of Robert Hugh Benson. He was pri- marily a novelist. He earned a place in English literature by his romantic, historical sketches, but it was not in his position as a writer that he was valu- able to the Catholic cause. His con- version was startling to the world be- cause his father was Archbishop of Canterbury. To find this cradle of Anglicanism being rocked by the Ro- man enthusiasm was portentous and a fearful thing. It is in our own day that we find a most remarkable avalanche of Eng- lish converts. Such great names as Ronald Knox; Gerald Manley; Hop- kins, the poet; C. C. Martindale; Dr. William Orchard; Maurice Baring; Alfred Noyes, one time poet laureate 18 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D of England; Evelyn Waugh; Enid Dennis; Sheila Kaye Smith; the popu- lar novelist, Shane Leslie; Compton MacKenzie; D. B. Wyndham Lewis; Frances Chesterton; Owen Dudley, and Father Vernon Johnson are among them. But greatest of all is the inimitable Gilbert Keith Chesterton. He is colos- sal in every department of his exist- ence. Intellectually he crowds his con- temporaries to the wall as he would a pedestrian that would happen in front of his lumbering and gigantic person. It is hard to imagine Chesterton a free-thinker, although you can not imagine any one freer in mental gym- nastics and literary somersaults. Still he was fettered by agnosticism before his naturally buoyant mind cleared itself into Christian thought. It was inevitable that he should kneel one day before a humble parish priest and receive admission into the Church. R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 19 Chesterton a Genius That was in 1922. For years, he had gained the ear of the thinking world. Since his conversion, he has been even more spectacular in his writings. Catholicism furnished him with just the right medium for his high-flown imagination, his depth of mind, his ingenuity of expression. He has written philosophic essays that are unequaled in their paradoxical way. He wrote one of the finest bal- lads in the English language. His novels are bought as quickly as they are written. In one word, he is a genius, a genial, rollicking, lovable genius, one in whom perspiration figures ninety per cent less than in- spiration. He can do anything but re- duce his portly frame, for the simple reason that G. K. was born with a lit- erary silver-spoon in his mouth. His brain thinks as readily as his big heart beats. He can not help being brilliant because his waking moments are intershot with ideas and his life is enveloped with the tradition and faith of the centuries. 20 R O M E W A R D B O t f N t ) . Undoubtedly, Chesterton has given impetus to the Romeward move- ment. English converts have tingled with satisfaction at seeing the king- pin of letters numbered in their ranks. As the express train moves on towards Rome, no one can fail to see G. K. by the window, occupying a tremendously large compartment. His influence, his defence of the Church, his thundering attacks on infidelity and ignorance will never be forgotten. In continental Europe, conver- sions are becoming numerous among the literati. Sigrid Undset and Johannes Jorgensen are notable ex- amples. Their literary excellence is beyond question. Romeward Movement Here In the United States there has oc- curred a very vital Roman move- ment. It, too, has taken captive some of the best minds of the last century. One of the first to cut himself free from the freezeup of Puritan tradi- R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 21 tion in America was Orestes Brown- son. He was an eclectic in theology if there ever was one. Although born of Congregational parents, he became a Universalist minister, but soon lost faith in revelation and the divinity of Christ. Running quickly through Presbyterianism, Unitarian- ism, and Congregationalism, he ulti- mately, at the age of forty-one, thought his way into the Catholic Church. Before his conversion, he had reached the very pinnacles of literary and philosophic heights. Recognized as one of the finest es- sayists and political scientists in the country, his adherence to Catholic- ism was a shock to the rock-ribbed Protestantism of his time. He is a land-mark on the journey to Rome. James Kent Stone, president of Kenyon and Hobart Colleges, fol- lowed Brownson into the Church with further surprise to the New England smugness. He was a man of letters, well thought of, and ex- traordinarily tranquil in his religi- ous convictions. 22 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D At «the turning of the century, the movement towards the Church be- came startling. For generations be- fore, and proceeding in an irresist- ible march up to our own time, there was a tidal wave of conversions. It no longer was a shock; it came as a weekly expectation. Other Notable Converts Names such as John Stoddard, author of "Rebuilding a Lost Faith", the Honorable Bellamy Storer, George Searle, Dr. Kinsman, one time Episcopalian bishop of Delaware, the Honorable Peter Bur- nett, the eminent jurist, Professor Lord of Harvard University, Dr. Dwight, also of Harvard, Dr. Alfred Doolittle, the astronomer, Rear Ad- miral Benson, John Tabb and Joyce Kilmer, the poets, James S. Hill, the famous railroad builder, Dr. John Cutter, Countess Mackin, F. Marion Crawford and Frank Spearman, the novelists, the inimitable Artemus Ward, Isaac Hecker, founder of the Paulist Order in America, Carlton R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 23 J. Hayes, professor of History at Columbia and a noted writer, Henry Brownson, the Archbishops, Samuel Eccleston of Baltimore, Bayley of Newark and Baltimore, Blenk of New Orleans, Christie of Oregon, Wood of Philadelphia, the Bishops, Wad- hams of Ogdenburg, Rosecrans of Columbus, Young of Erie, Gil- mour of Cleveland, Curtis of Wil- mington, Becker of Savannah, Tyler of Hartford, suggest a brilliant gal- axy of prominent men and women to the ranks of our converts. Thous- ands of others have joined this movement within the last four years such as the prominent New York minister, Dr. Selden Delany, who is at present studying in Rome for the priesthood, and Horace Mann, promi- nent Washington, D. C. attorney and descendant of. the gentleman of the same name who is honored as the father of the American Public School system. It was estimated some years ago that out of three thous- and American converts, there were three hundred and seventy-two Prot- 24 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D estant clergymen, one hundred and thirty-five of whom became priests, two hundred and sixty convert sis- ters, one hundred and fifteen doc- tors, one hundred and twenty-six lawyers, forty-five United States Senators and Congressmen, twelve governors of states, one hundred and eighty army and navy officers and two hundred and six authors, musi- cians and men of cultural promi- nence. It would become tedious to trace name "after name, putting emphasis on this or that quality in the step towards Rome. The illustrious sons and daughters of America who have fought through the shadows of doubt and religious bewilderment are legion. They stand for them- selves, a monument to courage and sincerity. Stepping-Stones To Faith Just how the grace of conversion came to them is even a more baffling question. Perhaps the occasion was a book. John Whitney, later Father R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 25 Whitney, rescued Dr. Stone's "Invi- tation Heeded" from the waters of Long Island Sound and read it. It became for him the stepping-stone to Faith. A crumpled newspaper wrapping containing a sermon swung belief before the eyes of Doc- tor Monk, of North Carolina, and subsequently to the entire popula- tion of his little village. It was the best work the New York Herald ever did. A visit to the shrine of the Little Flower and the piety which she com- manded in her life convinced Dr. Vernon Johnson that only the true Church could foster such devotion. It was the death of his little baby girl that swerved the delicate poetic heart of Joyce Kilmer to the Church. Whether it was the influence of a nun as in the case of Judge Acker, whether the attending of Cardinal Manning's obsequies as in the life of Bishop Kinsman, whether it was the magnetic appeal of the Little Ther- ese as in the conversion of Vernon 26 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D Johnson, it all revolves into the one fact: there is and always will be a convincing, historic turning to Christ's Church until the day when one shepherd will reign over a unit- ed flock. When and how this prediction of Christ will be accomplished is be- yond explanation. Possibly, race suicide will depopulate the face of the earth, leaving Catholicism alone to shoulder the work of propagation. Perhaps the individual movements such as the Oxford Revival will finally become gigantic in their in- fluence and sweep millions into the Church. However effected, there is as much certainty of the fact as there is mystery about the time and the manner. Somehow, the world feels that this final triumph of the Church is inevitable. The mind of Thomas Babington Macaulay is characteris- tic. Certainly, he was no lover of the Church. Nevertheless, he read history intelligently and used it as a lamp to his feet. What has hap- R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 29 pened, could happen again and most likely would in the case of the Cath- olic Church, he argued. The para- graph in his essay on Ranke's "His- tory of the Popes" is one of his most graceful literary brain children; it is important particularly as a psy- chological study. It expresses per- fectly the dazed attitude of the Protestant mind at seeing the per- petuity of the Church. Macaulay's Excellent Tribute "The subject of this book has al- ways appeared to us singularly in- teresting. How it was that Protes- tantism did so much, yet did no more, how it was that the Church of Rome, having lost a large part of Europe, not only ceased to lose, but actually regained nearly half of what She had lost, is certainly a most curious and important ques- tion ; and on this question Professor Ranke has thrown far more light than any other person who has writ- ten on it. "There is not, and there never was 28 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D on this earth, a work of human policy so well deserving of examina- tion as the Roman Catholic Church. The history of that Church joins to- gether the two great ages of human civilization. No other institution is left standing which carries the mind back to the times when the smoke of sacrifice rose from the Pantheon, when camelopards and tigers bound- ed in the Flavian amphitheatre. The proudest royal houses are but of yes- terday, when compared with the line of the Supreme Pontiffs. That line we trace back in an unbroken series from the Pope who crowned Napol- eon in the nineteenth century to the Pope Pepin in the eighth; and far beyond the time of Pepin the august dynasty extends, till it is lost in the twilight of fable. The republic of Venice was modern when compared with the Papacy; and the republic of Venice is gone, and the Papacy remains. The Papacy remains, not in decay, not a mere antique, but full of life and youthful vigor. The Cath- olic Church is still sending forth to R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 29 the farthest ends of the world mis- sionaries as zealous as those who landed in Kent with Augustin, and still confronting hostile kings with the same spirit with which she con- fronted Attila. The number of her children is greater than in any for- mer age. Her acquisitions in the New World have more than compen- sated for what she has lost in the Old. Her spiritual ascendency ex- tends over the vast countries which lie between the plains of the Mis- souri and Cape Horn, countries which a century hence, may not im- probably contain a population as large as that which now inhabits Europe. The members of her com- munion are certainly not fewer than a hundred and fifty millions; and it will be difficult to show that all other Christian sects united amount to a hundred and twenty millions. Nor do we see any sign which indi- cates that the term of her long do- minion is approaching. She saw the commencement of all the govern- ments and of all the ecclesiastical 30 , R O M E W A R D B O U N D establishments that now exist in the world; and we feel no assurance that she is not destined to see the end of them all. She was great and respected before the Saxon had set foot on Britain, before the Frank had passed the Rhine, when Grecian eloquence still flourished at Antioch, when idols were still worshipped in the temple of Mecca. And she may- still exist in undiminished vigor when some traveller from New Zea- land shall, in the midst, of a vast solitude, take his stand on a broken arch of London Bridge to sketch the ruins of St. Paul's." Church Has Grown The quotation is not impertinent to our subject. The Church did not spring full panoplied from the brow of Jove. It came to life and grew through the years that Macaulay describes with tremendous labor pains, not in the least allayed by the "Twilight Sleep" that accompanied the birth of most state religions. Continually, the Catholic Church R O M E W A R t ) B O U N D 31 has doubled and tripled her com- munion to the surprise of the world, because usually she could offer noth- ing materially except obloquy or death. Macaulay's wonder is more frank although no different from the present bewilderment over so many conversions to the Church. It is presumptuous to dabble with a masterpiece. But Macaulay could well have written: "She may still exist in undimin- ished vigor when some traveller from afar, shall in the midst of a vast solitude, take his stand on a broken arch of London Bridge to sketch the ruins of St. Paul's and all that it represents; and turning from his task he might paint in glorious colors the monuments that will still exist, the memory of great con- verts." There will be no broken arches or dusty ruins because their sacrifices are gauged by eternal measures. Such influence can never die, Have You Read These New Popular Pamphlets? 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