The B o r k e I Awbro&e "J. Tine, sqcira»viehtal... A D K 5 174 S a c r a m e n t a L S Y S T E M R t . R e v . M s q r . A m b r o s c J . B u r k e T h e C a t h o l i c H o u r THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM Five addresses delivered in the nationwide Catholic Hour, produced by the National Council of Catholic Men, in cooperation with the National Broadcasting ¡Company, from October 1 through October 29, 1944. BY RT. REV. MSGR. AMBROSE J. BURKE' President of St. Ambrose College, Davenport, Iowa National Council of Catholic Men 1312 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington '5, D. C. . ; ' • Pr in ted and dis tr ibuted by Our Sunday Visi tor Hunt ing ton , Indiana Nihil Obstat: REV. T. E. DILLON Censor Librorum Imprimatur: JOHN FRANCIS NOLL, D.D. Bishop of Fort Wayne DesMdtf TABLE OF CONTENTS Page The Great Purpose of the Sacraments .. 7 Sacraments Are Visible Signs ....:.. 11 The Sacraments Were Instituted by Christ ......... 15 Catholics Are A Sacramental People ......: ........ 20 The Sacramentals ...:.... _._...._. .„.........„„. .._ 25 ijff ffDOTIff U \4iOMIdm jQ THE GREAT PURPOSE OF THE SACRAMENTS Address delivered on October 1, 1944 "I love life" is the title of a about the business of keeping our- semi-classical song often heard on selves alive without injury to any the radio. This sentiment might other creatures in their pursuit of very well be the "theme song" of living. There are other times when every living thing, for every living we "with souls that cringe and thing does love life and is intense- plot," resort to less honorable means ly and actively interested in keep- to feed the-flame of life, ing itself alive. As different as While we have no hope of find- the three great classes of living ing the fountain of youth, we do creatures—plants, brute animals, all that we can to put off death as and men—are from one another, long as-possible. We are grateful they all have this in common, the to modern medical science both for urge above all else to keep alive, prolonging life and for making us If we could assemble all living more healthy while living. We have, things and could ask them, "To in fact, become ̂ faddists on the what purpose do you devote most subject of health. We take nos- of your time and energy?" the trums for every ill and ache; we answer would come back in a unan- swallow capsules to put us to sleep; imous chorus, "Our chief concern we eat only food that has been is to keep ourselves alive." impregnated with vitamins. We are, "The violet by a mossy stone indeed, serious about this matter Half hidden from the eye," of living. We enjoy life, we want apparently with no effort, is busy a long life, and we desire to get the night and day drawing sustaining most out of it. life from the earth and the sun. In the plan of God all men were While the destined to an eternity of glorious "Tiger! Tiger!, burning bright living. We know what happened to In the forests of the night that beautiful idea in the mind of in a different manner—sometimes God. It is an old, familiar story, cruel, often violent—constantly The creature rebelled against the seeks food to preserve its life. Man- Creator. And the result? Human kind, too, is chiefly concerned with tragedy. Our first parents are this one basic need. At times we driven out of Paradise, man loses resemble the plants, quietly going dominion over the beasts of the 8 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM earth, he is compelled to labor by the sweat of his brow and the. toil of his hands, sickness and disease lay him waste, and finally he must die the death. Nor is that all. To the original act of rebellion against God, the children of Adam have joined their own personal sins and are paying the price. Their pil- grimage to the grave is accompa- nied by heartaches, tears, and blood- shed. Sometimes in Hollywood, pro- ducers of plays are confronted with the problem of a suitable .ending for a movie scenario. Should they be realistic and permit the char- acters of their story to be engulfed in the inevitable consequence of their own misdeeds? Or should they give the hero the means of provid- ing the unfortunate principals an escape from the great fate that should await them? Not infrequent- ly the story is filmed with two end- ings, the one happy—the other tragic. In the story of the human race the Great Producer has provided, likewise, two endings. Almighty God seeing the misery of man, made to His own image and likeness, has sent us a Hero, His own beloved Son, who has assumed the penalties due to us, and by His passion and death has atoned for the sins of the whole race. But the final cur- tain to the drama does not fall upon Calvary. Redemption, for all of Christ's sufferings and death, is not thrust automatically upon us. Every man has an important and difficult role to play. While living in the world and occupied with the necessity of keeping body and soul together, we must seek, possess, and maintain the friendship of God. We have to learn to strike the prop- er balance between the demands of worldly concern which require our daily, immediate attention, and the larger self-interests which deter- mine our happiness for all eternity. Christ has given us a standard that enables us to observe the right pro- portion: "Render therefore to Cae- sar the things that are Caesar's: and to God the things that are God's" (Luke 20:25). To that di- rective He has added a solemn war- ning, "For what shall it profit a man, if he gain the whole world, and suffer the loss of his soul?" (Mark 8:36). It is a warning that is sadly neglected by the run of men. . ' . . . The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers. Long before the poet and philos- opher recognized man's absorbing interest in mere physical and so- cial well-being, God foresaw the difficulties that would beset us. His beloved Son has done more than THE GREAT PURPOSE OF THE SACRAMENTS 9 redeem us, more than show us by His own example how to live the perfect life; He has given us the means of applying universal re- demption to our own individual souls. What are these means? The New Testament abounds with sugges- tions. The ordinary means recom- mended are prayer, fasting, pen- ance, almsgiving, and other works of charity. And, of course, sup- porting these good deeds is the necessary observance of the Ten Commandments. But means were always at the disposal of man. Since the time of Moses, men have al- ways known the Commandments (if- they have not always kept them), they have prayed, done pen- ance, and performed acts, of charity. Apart from His Sacrifice on Cal- vary, did Christ provide no new means, more accessible and more efficacious, whereby the grace of His presence, the virtue in His touch, the affection of His glance, and the power o.f His spoken word might be available to the millions who would believe-in Him long after His departure from this earth? We are not disappointed. Christ has left lis the seven Sacraments, sev- en channels of grace flowing from the Cross, seven means ordained by God for particularizing the Re- demption of Calvary in the person of every man. How admirably the Sacramental System satisfies our every need. There is a striking .parallel be- tween life in .the natural order and the life of Grace given by the Sac- raments. Just as physical life begins with conception and birth, super- natural life is born in Baptism. The helpless infant must be provided for until he can grow sufficiently strong in bodily health to meet physical dangers. Confirmation confers spiritual manhood. In the natural order men must eat if they would live; the Holy Eucharist is the divine food of the soul. When men become sick, they consult' a physician and take the medicine prescribed for them; the Sacrament of Penance is the medicine that heals the soul sick from sin. And finally men die. In the natural order the dying man is at the end of his resources. Nothing more can be done for him. Relatives stand helplessly around, awaiting the inevitable issue. Here,- thank God, the parallel breaks down, for the supernatural life does not end with physical death. How good Christ has been to give us a Sac- rament for this particular moment! Extreme Unction makes us resigned to the death of the body and pre- pares the soûl for its flight to God. The other two Sacraments, while contributing immeasurably to the sanctification of those who receive 10 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM them, belong primarily to the so- cial order. That society may sur- vive through vigorous and whole- some family life, Christ instituted the Sacrament of Matrimony. And finally, that the Church may endure until the end of time and fulfill its mission of bringing salvation to men through the administration of the Sacraments, Christ has given us Holy Orders. This in brief is the Sacramental System. Take it away, and we are little better off than were the peo- ple of the Old Testament. For what would we have that they did not possess? What do they have who reject the Seven Sacraments? They still have prayer, penance, alms- giving, and acts of charity. Are these sufficient? Christ gives us the answer, "Amen, amen I say to thee, unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Ghost, he can- not enter into the Kingdom of God" iJohn 3:5), and "Except you eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, you shall not have life in you . . . Many there- fore of his disciples, hearing it, said: This saying is hard, who can hear it? . . . After this many of his disciples went back ; and walked no more with him" (John 6:54-67). If we are to Walk with Christ, if we are to be saved Christ's way, then we must make use of the spe- cial aids that He has given us. The Sacramental System is the merciful provision of Christ for be- getting and repairing and sustain- ing the supernatural life of man. Our individual life story can have a happy ending—if we really want it. SACRAMENTS ARE VISIBLE SIGNS Address delivered on October 8, 1944 Men have strange ideas. One the tabernacle.4 When in the of the strangest, because opposed fullness of time God was ready to to our very nature, is the idea that redeem men, He established once since God is a spirit the only re- and for all the principle that God ligion worthy of Him is an act of will not save human nature apart pure intellect. Such a theory, of from human nature. He might have course, presupposes that man's phy- remained invisible to the eye and sical nature is essentially evil and inaudible to the ear, but He did as repulsive as the ugly Gargantua, not. He became Man like unto our- famed gorilla of the circus. Man selves. In Bethlehem we behold a is not a beast, nor on the other tiny, helpless Babe wrapped in hand is he a pure spirit like an cheap swaddling clothes lying in a angel. He cannot be expected to manger, and the Infant is the out- act contrary to his own nature. He ward sign of a hidden, omnipotent neither honors God by conforming God. What other appearance solely to his animal instincts as do could -reveal so well the infinite dumb brutes, nor can he worship love of God? What other mani- God in pure abstraction as if he festation could so tug at the hu- were an angelic spirit. What he man heart, attracting it to a God cannot do, God does not expect him who was never so close and lovable to attempt. The spirit that is in as in this outward sign of help- man is so bound to his physical less infancy? The whole man is nature that in his life on earth no reached by this sacramental ex- truth can be apprehended except pression of the , Incarnation: the through the medium of his senses, affections, the imagination and the In dealing with man, God has al- senses as well as the mind of man. ways recognized the two-fold na- A rational approach to God is jiever ture of His creature. From the merely intellectual, very first God revealed Himself and Just as God the Father used sen- worked through what struck the sible objects to reveal His presence, senses, a whMwind,1 a burning Christ the Son employed the or- bush,2 a pillar of fire,3 a cloud over dinary, close-by things for holy pur- 1 Job 38:i poses. Hilaire Belloc has express- 2 Exodus 3 : 2 — - — — 3 Exodos 13:21 4 Exodus 33:10 12 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM ed Christ's use of simple objects are blind. (John 9 :6 ) : Or He for- in the following verses: gives a poor woman's sins with a finger stirring in the loose sand at When Jesus Christ was four years H i g a n d a d v a n c e n o t i c e a s | old, I . , , . The angels brought Him toys of were of a merciful forgiveness m gold, the Catholic confessional, "Whose m m m a n G V e r h a d b ° U g h t ° r sins you shall forgive they are f o r - And yet 'with these He would not given them" (John 20:23). Now it play. is the slight touch of His shoulder He made Him small fowl out of | | | | b y & w o m a i i ( l o n g g i c k And blessed them till they flew T h o u g h it was but the edge, and the away: v edge of only a garment that had Tu creasti, Domine! o u r B I e g g e d L o r d (Sonnets and Verses—Sheed and ' __ , ,, , , , , Ward) c o u l d say, "Somebody hath touched me; for I know that virtue is gone How true and apposite are the ^ Qf m e „ ( L w f c e 8 : 4 6 ) . A g a i n words of Holy writ, "For thou lov~ c o i n i n t h e p a l m o f C h r i s t ' s est all things that are and hatest ^ faad g a i d j « S h e w m e the none of the things which thou hast Qf ^ t r i b u t e „ {Matthew. 22: made; for thou didst not.appoint, i g ) T h i n k Qf ^ w i t h t K a t . p e n n y or make any thing hating it" (Wis- ^ & & d e l i c a t e relationship dom 11:25). Our Lord did not des- Qf t r e m e n d o u s i mp 0 r tance was set- pise the ordinary things of His ^ f o r | | t i m e _ T h e r e l a t ionship creation, nor would He have us, C h u r c h a n d g t a t e h u n g o n a His children, despise them. In re- c o i n , s i n g c r i p t i o n . Y e S ) Christ did primand to the impulsive well-. u g e g i m p l e o b j e c t g a b o u t H i m _ T h e y meaning Apostle, St. Peter, Christ b e c a m e -n H i g h a n d g t h e -physical made clear His mind on this point: b a g .g > ^ g y m b o l ) ^ o u t w a r d s i g n > "That which God hath cleansed, do Qf w o n d r o u s e f f e c t s touching the not thou call common" (Acts 10: g o u l g o f m e n _ 15). # Page through the Gospel story, Christ was not the first nor the just a bit carefully and behold how last to use symbols. Man has ah frequently Christ used familiar ob- ways used signs in communicating jects in His teaching and in im- with other men. Oiir everyday life parting grace. Now it is a bit of is taken up in observing them. We clay and spittle in the hands of wait for the traffic light to change Christ, rubbing sight into eyes that from red to green. We see on the SACRAMENTS ARE VISIBLE SIGNS 13 streets a man dressed in a certain uniform and at once recognize an officer of the law. We express our friendship for one another by a hearty shake of the hand. We join civic clubs and fraternal organiza- tions by passing through -certain rites of initiation replete with sym- bolic meaning. We honor all who die in defense of our freedoms by placing 2t wreath on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. We symbol- ize our love of country by an act of reverence for the flag. There is, however, a great dif- ference between our everyday use of signs and the employment by Christ of like symbols. If the Son of God had used signs merely to explain difficult truths of religion, we would have been touched at His kindness in accommodating His knowledge to the limitations of our minds. But Christ did more than that; in the Sacraments He push- ed His signs on to a divine caus- ality. He used our familiar, tan- gible, and homely things—like wa- ter, bread, and oil—to signify to our minds what He was effecting in our souls. Water cleanses, bread supports life, oil brings comfort to an aching body. But the mystic touch of Christ gives to these sim- ple elements a power beyond them- selves. They are no longer mere gigns or tokens, but real deposi- tories of God's grace both signi- fying what they contain and con- taining what they promise. The words of absolution pronounced over the palsy-stricken man, "Be of good heart, s6n, thy sins are forgiven thee" (Matthew 9:2), were not merely a message of en- couragement, but an effective clean- sing from the sin. So it is always with the Sacraments. It is not so much that the signs are appropri- ate, but that the will and intent of Christ have endowed them with an efficacy far beyond their nature. It is through the visible signs of the Sacraments that Christ per- petuates Himself in the minds and hearts and souls of His followers. He does so, not because Sacra- ments are necessary to God, but because they are necessary for man. The soul of man is always open to God. He is a pure Spirit and can make His approach to the soul si- lently, directly, without any inter- mediary means. But man is not a pure spirit; he is spirit and body, and, therefore, he needs something that he can see, or handle, or feel, or hear. -If Christ had not given us His- Sacraments, we would prob- ably have attempted to introduce some less efficacious symbols of our own, for as St. Augustine has wisely remarked, men cannot be gathered together for any length 14 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM of time in the name of religion, through which God, the only source whether true or false, without some and cause of grace, chooses to op- visible sign or sacrament to unite erate. It is God Himself who them. When a sick man is anointed cleanses the soul, with holy oil, this action can be N q | | | ¡ n f o r m e d m a n > then, seen with the eyes; when absolu- a f f e c t ¡ ¡ g g | | Q r g h o c k ft tion is pronounced in the tribunal g k c r a m e n t a l g y s t e m o p e r a t i v e of Penance this can he heard with ^ t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h A s a c r a . the ears; when a person receives m e n t . b a s e d r e l i g i o n i s n o t h i n g other Holy Communion he can perceive t h a n a e m b o d y i n g a di_ the Sacrament with several senses v i n e p g y c h o l o g y t h a t r e c 6 g n i z e s 0 ur simultaneously. The adage, ^ - ^ S S B ^ s M m ^ W m . of sight out of mind," can never be ^ | ; . g | T h e p r i n _ applied to those who accept and ¡ g ^ s a c r a m e n t a l i s m jg a s o l d make use of the Sacraments. The g | g | r a c e ; 1 g ^ d i v i n e Qf sacramental signs are a constant ^ w h y t h e g u r p r i s e t h e n > a n d reminder that Christ is ever pres- R . , , . . . , , the shock, on beholding sacrament- ent in the seven definite channels „ . Aa . . . , alism as a functioning reality? As of grace that He Himself has de- ,, ., , ,, e „ ,„, . a matter of fact, the Sacramental termined. System of the Catholic Church is But while the nature of man de- • ; . . . . , .. . the highest fulfillment of a timeless mands these tangible signs of re- ... ,, ,. , , reality—matter, action, and words, ligious practice we never, for one . . , s r . the outward sign of high spiritual moment, imagine that mere signs , •85® , . , . n , ' 6 s ° ; purpose, elevated by almighty God could themselves produce any effect , , . . . . . . , ^ , beyond the possible imagining of on the soul. We do not believe that „ , . . any man. The Sacraments are the water of Baptism, for instance, , . , , , , , . f rui t ful signs, adequately serving seeps down through the head of _ . . r , ¿Si ., ,, , the nature and needs of natural the child until it reaches the soul. Neither do we believe that, some- m a n ; signs abundantly serving how God hides mysterfously in the m a n > 8 0 n e e d f u l o f Redemption; water. The sign of water joined signs rich in their bequest to all with the accompanying action and generations of men; signs straight words are but the instrument from the hand and heart of Christ. THE SACRAMENTS WERE INSTITUTED BY CHRIST Address delivered- on October 15, 1944 Those outside the Church often never takes undue advantage of envy the certainty in our Faith that this immunity from error, promised we Catholics enjoy. Our position by her Divine Founder. She is is so clear and so positive. We be- not given ' to sudden or capricious lieve whatever the Church teaches definition of strange doctrine. In us to believe, because we are firm- a sense no "new" doctrine is ever ly convinced that Christ Himself defined. What the Church officially instituted that Church and prom- declares to be a matter of faith ised ever to preserve her from er- has already been accepted for cen- ror: "And behold I am with you tunes as a part of Catholic teach- all days, even to the consummation ing and practice. A dogma requires of the world" (Matthew 28:20). For formal definition only when it is us the word of the Church is noth- challenged by heretical opinion and ing less than the word of God. there is imminent danger of con- Once we accept this infallibility, fusion in the minds of Catholics, all other doctrines of the Church When President Koosevelt defined are embraced without hesitation, the "Four Freedoms," he was not Our position may be expressed in proposing a new political theory; one simple question and one de(i- he was merely giving explicit em- nite answer: "What does the phasis to fundamental individual Church teach?" "That I believe!" rights that we Americans had al- We may not be able to explain ways held sacred. His declaration and defend in detail every Catholic of our liberties was occasioned by dogma; we are not all theologians, the insidious infiltration of phi- Theology is an exact, a complex, a losophy. from abroad that denies perfect science, and individually we all rights to the individual. The may not have the ability, nor the Church acts in the same .way. training, nor the time required, for The most complete statement of competent study. Yet one who has Catholic sacramental doctrine is to had scarcely any formal education be found in the proceedings of the" may have as strong a faith in the Council of Trent. That particu- teaching of the Church as the lar Council met with the very pur- most learned theologian. pose of confuting the errors that We know further that the Church had arisen in the early part of the 16 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM sixteenth century. For the 'first time in tyie history of Christianity men had challenged the doctrine that Christ had instituted the Seven Sacraments. The subject of the Sacramental System was extensive- ly and thoroughly investigated. Competent and saintly theologians bent every effort to the task. They studied the Holy Scriptures, criti- cally and prayerfully; they ex- amined the writings of the Fathers. In fact, every means known to scholarly research was employed. Finally, 'the complete evidence was presented to the Bishops of the en- tire Church, meeting under the leadership of the Holy Father. How diligent and sincere was the deliber- ation of the Council may be judged from the fact that it was in session, with the exception of necessary re- cesses, for eighteen years, from 1545' to 1563. Though the Church in her Coun- cils invariably has recourse to all possible intelligent and prayerful scholarship, she does not rely sole- ly on human endeavor. In the definition of doctrine, fa r more im- portant is the intervention of the Holy Spirit, whose divine assist- ance was promised by Christ to His Church. And so, the Council of Trent, af ter employing the servicès of learned theologians and Biblical scholars, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, unequivocally de- clared that the Sacraments of the New Law were all instituted by Jesus Christ. Even though the institution of the Seven Sacraments by Christ is an article of faith, and to be-Cath- olic is to accept it, nevertheless Catholics are not forbidden to ask why the doctrine was defined; they are not denied the right to examine the generous evidence studied at the Council of Trent. It is quite oibvious from her insistence on Catholic education, from the courses of philosophy and theology in her colleges and seminaries, from the requirement of catechetical in- struction of prospective converts, from the wealth of her apologetic literature, that the Catholic Church encourages her members to see a reason for the faith that is in them. And so we may ask, "What does the New Testament say about the Seven Sacraments?" Do the Four Gospels offer undeniable proof for the divine institution of each of them? Our answer is "No!" There is, indeed, definite and conclusive evidence to show that Christ did directly institute two Sacraments, Baptism and Holy Eucharist. For the other five there are meaning- ful intimations, but no explicit and absolute proof. Since Evangelical non->Catholics admit no other rule of faith than THE . SACRAMENTS WERE INSTITUTED BY CHRIST 17 the Bible, since they accept only dou'bts that since the Council of those Sacraments for which there Trent, Catholics have 'believed in is explicit and complete testimony the divine institution of the Seven in the Four Gospels, they are con- Sacraments. Can we find unanimity sistent in .allowing only two. We of belief before that time? In the Catholics, however, are not dis- year 1521, Henry VIII wrote a turbed. We yield to none in our treatise entitled, Assertio Septern reverence for the Sacred Scriptures, Sacramentorum. Henry, for all his but on the authority of the Bible moral weaknesses, was Catholic- ,itself we have access to another minded. His defense of the Seven authentic source for the teaching of Sacraments is good theology and, Christ, namely Tradition. In the at the same time, historical-evi- very last, verse of his Gospel, St. dence that before the separation of John wrote: "But there are also the Sects, when there was but one many other things which Jesus Church in Western Europe, all did; whicff, if they were written Christian people accepted this ar- every one,, the world itself, I think, ticle of faith. Going back further, would not be able to contain the we find in the writings of the great books that should be written" Schoolmen of the Middle Ages rich (John 21:25). These "other things" testimony of the universal belief have been treasured by the Church in Seven Sacraments. At the great as a precious legacy of equal value Universities of Paris, Oxford, Co-.' to the Written Word. Received logne, Salamanca, Rome, Naples, and preserved by the Apostles, and Genoa * famous .scholars, such handed down by word of mouth as St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Albert from one generation to another, re- the Great, Duns Scotus, Peter Lom- corded in the writings of the Fath- bard, Roger Bacon, and St. Ber- ers, jealously safeguarded "by the hard of Clairvaux, taught the uni- Church, we hold that the teach- versally accepted doctrine of Seven ings of Christ not found in the Sacraments, divinely instituted. Gospels have come down to us in Turn back the centuries to the time their original truth unaffected by of the Greek schismatic, Photius, heretical opinion, absolutely gen- who broke away from the Church uine, and therefore deserving of in 869 A. D. Although separated our acceptance. f T O m the Roman Catholic Church The old axiom, "Possession is for centuries, the Greek Church, nine points of the law," is applie- now as then, has always taught the able to the Sacraments. No one same doctrine of the Seven Sacra- 18 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM ments. If we go back still fur ther to the fifth and sixth centuries, we come to the Nestorian and Monoph- osite heresies. Their adherents erred in other matters of faith, but not in their teaching on the Sacraments, as their liturgical books clearly show. We are now rather fa r back in the history of Christian faith. It would be very reassuring, of course, if we could produce unquestioned, positive proof of the belief of the Apostolic Church in the Seven Sacraments. The evidence of that remote time, however, is only implicit. The Fath- ers of the first four centuries make no formal assertion of our doctrine of the Sacraments. Yet their very silence is eloquent testimony. If the teaching of the Church in the fifth century were something novel, if a radical change in sacramental doc- trine had been introduced, there would certainly have been contro- versy, even spirited opposition that would have left its traces in the records of history. The bishops and the faithful of the first four centuries jealously guarded the purity and integrity of the apostolic deposit of faith and practice. They did Hot hesitate to shed their blood in defense of their belief in the •Trinity and in the nature and mis- sion of Christ. But there were no martyrs, no militant apologists for the cause of the Se?en Sacraments among the Fathers of the first four centuries, simply because the in- stitution of the Sacraments by Christ was never challenged. On these historical grounds, then, we may legitimately conclude that the Christian Church, from apostol- ic times down to the Sixteenth Cen- tury, constantly and universally taught that Christ instituted Seven Sacraments. Christ no longer treads this earth. We may keep His memory fresh in our minds by reading His words and the account of His deeds contained in the four Gospels. We may learn more of His teaching in the other books of the New Testa- ment, wherein is recorded the faith and practice of His immediate fol- lowers. That knowledge may be increased by . an acquaintance with the truths of tradition carefully preserved from generation to gen- eration. From knowledge of Christ we may proceed to a conscious imi- tation" of His example. But for Catholics, Christ is more than a precious memory, more than the perfect exemplar. In the visible society, which is the Church, He lives and teaches and rules and gives life to the world through the special channels of His Grace, the Sacraments. From the dawn of Christian faith down to the present day, Catholics have always believed, THE SACRAMENTS WERE INSTITUTED BY CHRIST 19 do now believe, and to the end of institution by Christ of the Seven time will continue to believe in the Sacraments. CATHOLICS ARE A SACRAMENTAL PEOPLE Address delivered on October 22, 1944 Come with me to a Catholic At the far end of the church we Church. As we enter, the first see the altar on which the Holy object that strikes our eye is the Sacrifice of the Mass is offered baptismal font. Here the saving daily. Set upon the table of the waters of the first and most neces- altar is a cabinet several feet high sary sacrament are poured upon with a door in front. This is the the head of the unbaptized, mak- tabernacle, wherein dwells the Eu- ing him "a son of God and an heir charistic Christ. That woman in of heaven." Over there against the the third pew is kneeling in prayer wall is the confessional, which is before the tabernacle, because there really a large cabinet with three is Someone here to pray to. doorways opening into separate So far, we have seen reminders small compartments. Let us open of two great Sacraments, Baptism the middle door and look within, and Penance, and on the altar the We see a chair placed here for the tabernacle in which the Eucharistic convenience of the priest when he Presence of Christ dwells. This, hears confessions. At ear level, on in turn, reminds us of the Sacra- either side, there is a sliding panel ment of the Eucharist, or Holy that can be opened revealing a small Communion, as it is more common- grille covered with a veil. The oth- ly called. er two compartments are identical But if we should make our visit in appearance. Each has a kneel- during some church service, we ing bench placed beneath the grille, might see the actual reception of and an image of the crucified one of the Sacraments. Let us say Christ. That is all there is to a con- that the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass fessional. The priest opens the is being offered in the presence of sliding panels alternately, so that a congregation of devout worship- the penitents on the other side, ers. At a certain point in the cere- one after another, can whisper mony we notice men, women, and their sins through the grille and children leaving their pews and hear in return the words of for- going to the altar rail, where the giveness: "I absolve thee from all priest places a small white wafer your sins. In the name of the Fath- of unleavened bread upon the ton- er and of the Son and of the Holy gue of each. This is the Holy Eu- Ghost. Amen. charist, the Bread of Life. And CATHOLICS ARE A SACRAMENTAL PEOPLE 21 here we may remark the great de- mocracy of the Sacramental System. Before God, all men are equal. At the altar rail there is no distinc- tion of class, race, or color; a mil- lionaire may kneel beside a pauper; a governor of a state beside the humblest citizen. If the Mass were a Nuptial Mass, we would witness an exchange of vows in the Sacrament of Matri- mony. Or again, we might see a Bishop anoint the foreheads of young men and women in the Sac- rament of Confirmation. Or per- haps it might be our good fortune to be present when a "man from among" men" is ordained a priest of God. There is abundant evidence that the Catholic Church is. a sac- ramental Church and Catholics a sacramental people. The year 1905 was a turning point in sacramental history. In that year, Pope Pius X issued a de- cree urging the more frequent re- ception of the Sacraments of Pen- nance and the Holy Eucharist. Im- mediately there arose a great cry. Many thought that such familiarity with these Sacraments, precious channels of grace, would at the best make them too common and, at the worst, breed contempt. There was a possibility, they thought, that Catholics would become sacrament- minded and nothing else. But the dreaded eventualities have not ma- terialized. The frequent reception of the Sacraments of Penance and the Holy Eucharist has not led to any abuse; it has, in fact, been the means of keeping people, especially the young, in the ways of grace. Non-Catholics, too, regarded the new legislation with considerable skepticism. What was this running to Confession, but seeking a license to commit sin without fear of con- sequence? "Catholics have it toa easy—do as they please, and then tell it to the priest." Well, that is more than many others do! Going to confession is not easy. It is no trivial matter to appear before any tribunal to .acknowledge one's guilt. Even when we are summoned be- fore a city magistrate for a traf- fic violation, we experience some trepidation. Wê avoid such an ex- perience if we can. So, too, with Confession. To plead guilty in the confessional to a transgression of the moral law is not an. action that we look upon lightly. The. Sacra- ment of Penance is not an empty formula, consisting of a mere re- cital of sins, followed by an auto- matic absolution on the part of the priest. Neither is Penance, nor any other Sacrament, a magic charm or sleight-of-hand perform- ance. If Sacraments are to have any effect upon the soul of the re- cipient, they must be received with certain dispositions of heart and 22 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM will. At the very time that 'the whole; the figures do not reveal priest, acting in the place of Christ, the ratio of divorces in Catholic pronounces the words of forgive- families. But we do know that ness, the penitent recites a prayer, Catholics seldom resort to divorce expressing his sorrow and affirm- as a solution to marital problems ing his resolution not to sin again. Why? Is the answer simply that The act of contrition is a strong- the. Catholic Church forbids di- 0 my God! I am heartily sorry vented the breaking of a law We for having offended Thee, and, I s Kg v v e detest all my sins, because I dread l e a r n e d t h a t l e s s o n> i f w e did not the loss of heaven and the pains of know it before, from our experi- i f f ! ; i T W ° S t 0 f r a I i b e r e P i m e n t w i t h t h e Eighteenth Amend-on:end ihee, mv God. who art. all , , T good and deserving of my love. I m e n t N ° ' m e r e C h u r c h l a w firmly resolve, with the help of Thy n o t s t °P divorce. Catholic hus grace to confess my sins, to do bands and wives encounter the penance, and to amend my life. 0,a™0 i+- • • j Amen. s a m e difficulties in married life as Perhaps the besf argument for d ° ' those outside the Church. Sel- Catholic devotion to the Sacraments fishness> b a d temper, incompati- is to be seen in their effect upon the b i l i t y~y e s > infidelity—are present lives of those who use them. It is i n C a t h o l i c marriages too. But in- a fact for all impartial observers to s t e a d o f r u s h i n £ t o a lawyer to see that Catholics are sanctified s t a r t div°rce-proceedings, Catholic through the Sacraments. Let us m a r r i e d couples have recourse to look at three great problems on the t h e S a c r a m e n t s as the means of social horizon today. We all know p r e s e r v i n g t h e i r marriage. They that divorce is one of the greatest a r e a w a r e t h a t a t t h e t i m e o f their evils in American life. In England m a r r i a g € ' t h e y received a title to there is one divorce to every fifty- t h e a c t u a l graces sufficient to see seven marriages; 1 in Germany one t h e m through all the difficulties narriage out of every fourteen ends t h a t m i g h t a r i s e i n married life— in a divorce; 2 in Japan the ratio is f o r w i t h u a marriage is not a mere one to eleven; 3 while in the United c o n t r a c t > but a real Sacrament. And States the proportion has leaped to o v e r a n d a b o v e M a tr imony, there one in every six! 4 This propor- a r e t h e t w o S a c r aments of Penance tion is true of our country as a a n d H o l y E u c ha r i s t . When men and women in preparation for Con- 1 S ta tesman ' s Year Book, 1942. DD 19-20 J- . . 2 Idem. p. 959 " f e s s i o n examine their consciences 3 Idem. p. 1062 - ^ , , ;ry from a humble heart: vorce? Legislation alone never pre- 4 The World Almanac, 1944, p. 380 and try to see their faults as they CATHOLICS ARE A SACRAMENTAL PEOPLE 23 appear before God, as well as their injuries, the solution to marital problems is already well on the way. They make a firm purpose of amendment and are enriched and strengthened by the grace of Pen- ance. Confession is followed by the reception of the Sacrament of Holy Eucharist, in which they re- ceive not only grace, but the source of grace, Christ Himself. And where Christ is, there must be peace and loyalty, fidelity and un- derstanding. Another problem causing wide- spread concern is juyenile delin- quency. Our papers are full of reports from many cities of the alarming increase of juvenile crime. The Catholic Church has long had a solution. Just as marriage is safeguarded by the reception of the Sacraments of Penance and Holy Eucharist, so too is the'age of ado- lescence. When growing boys and girls frequent Confession and Holy Communion, there is no juvenile de- linquency. We are now engaged in a hor- rible war; millions of our ^oung men have left the security of family life to engage the enemy in mortal combat. Beside the physical dan- ger, the opportunity for moral cor- ruption is increased a hundredfold. Juvenile delinquency is now covered with a uniform. Again the Sacra- ments are the remedy. Catholic chaplains have many tasks; they do, indeed, censor letters; they help maintain morale - by talking to groups and to individuals; they ar- range entertainments. But their chief work is to administer the Sacraments. Like other Christs, our chaplains, traversing the battle- fields of the world, are ever re- storing the friendship of God to the souls of our fighting men through a good Confession, and are reproducing the ChrisWife in their hearts through Holy Communion. No American boy can be less a sol- dier for that. Catholics are, indeed, a sacra- ment-minded people, a sacrament- fed people. We have recourse to the Sacraments in every need and in every crisis. As has been said, "from the cradle to the grave," we are accompanied all the days of our lives by the sacramental aids that Christ Himself has left to sancti- fy us. It is but natural, then, that when the shades of eternal night approach we should desire to die with the same Sacraments sustain- ing us to the last. It is simply a fact that we Catholics endeavor to sanctify life and death by sacra- mentalizing them. This is the rea- son why in time of sudden death we sometimes hear our Catholic peo- ple ask, "When was he to the Sac- raments?" or, "When did he re- ceive last?" From the morning 2 4 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM watch, in Baptism, even unto night, 0 my Lord and Saviour, support with Extreme Unction, the Sac- m e in.that hour in the strong arms ramental System is a holy famil- f T h l s a c r a m e n t ? ' a n d M . ,, i I ~~ fresh fragrance of Thy consola- larity m lives that are really Cath- tions. Let the absolving words be olic. Never need the words in Saint s a i d o v e r me, and the Holy oil John's Gospel be applied to those ® I I P s e a I , H a rld Thy own j j. j j. j.T_ d Body be my food, and Thy Blood who are devoted to the Sacraments: my sprinkling; and let my sweet "Sir, thou hast nothing wherein to Mother Mary breathe on me, and draw, and the well is deep" (John I F a r l g e ! w h i s P ? r Peace to me, and 4 . , , s ' , the glorious saints . . . smile on me; that in them all, I may receive In the treasured heritage of Car- r ^ i ^ ^ K S S g dinal Newmans works is to be Thy Church, in Thy service, and found a prayer that expresses the i n Thy love. Amen.5 Catholic love for the Sacraments. 5 Cardinal Newman, ..Meditations and Devo- tions, p. 290 THE SACRAMENTALS Address delivered on October 29/ 1944 Only last month there appeared and one that deserves a candid an- in a popular illustrated magazine swer. two pictures of a doll, placed on an It is obvious that there must be altar, adorned with ' religious ob- s o m e difference between the cult of • , J a i l l Tj-t BH the Texas doll and devotion to gen-jects, and flanked by lighted can- , „, , , , ,, , . uine sacramentals, for the Church dies. The legend beneath read m , . . . condemns the- one and approves part: The most popular religious ,, H m H * , i ,, , the other. The first thing that cult in this part of the country „ ,. . , , . Catholics must look for in any sac- centers around a doll owned by a ¡SB . ,, ,, , . , , ramental practice is the authority lady . . . m the hitherto sleepy Qf ^ ^ ^ ^ T h e K g k n o w town of La Coste, Texas. . . . This M . . . . , j that security in private devotion doll is reputed to have made the . . . . , ,, , , „ - , can be had only when the Church, blind see, won baseball games and . . . ,. - , „ T . exercising her prerogative of di-rescued men fi*om the draft. It is . . „ , , , vine authority, gives explicit, ap- also supposed to make all photo- . , , „ , , • ' , proval to definite sacramentals. graphs come out blank, but these , . . . ,, , ,, , s ^ k ' _ < There is nothing that the Church came out very well. . . The Catholic . . ,, .... „ . abhors more than superstition, for Archbishop of San Antonio has .... . .. . , , , , , . . , , J superstition is religion gone astray, roundly condemned this as idolatry, „ .... xi. a , „ , . • Superstition attaches more than buit the ranks of worshippers are , . , , . . . , , . , . „ , natural powers to lifeless objects; still increasing. ' . , „ it makes out of them, as it were, It is not unlikely that to many little gods, and claims for them people, this devotion to the doll in such extravagant influences as La Coste, Texas, may not appear those attributed to the unfortunate any more superstitious than many doll. Man's capacity for bei-ng practices of Catholics. What are taken in is unlimited. That is why rosary beads, holy water, scapular the Federal Government has found medals, statues of the saints, the it necessary to protect the unwary ashes distributed on the _ first day by passing strict postal laws, so of Lent, the branches blessed on that rogues who wish to fleece the Palm Sunday, the Sign of the innocent may be apprehended. We Cross, but superstition, pure and expect the Government to protect us simple? It is a fair question to ask from confidence men; with the same 26 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM assurance we look to the Church to shield us from charlatans operating in the name of. religion. Even when a certain sacramental has been officially approved, there is still the danger that it may be employed in a manner beyond the intention of the Church. A gen- uine devotion may be degraded into a magical charm. Suppose, for instance, that a man comes home from work and complains to his wife' of a sharp pain in his side. Suppose that, instead of calling a doctor, she administers a teaspoon- ful of holy water at regular inter- vals, confident that this approved sacramental will provide a speedy recovery without the expense of an operation. Here we have an example of a superstitious use of a holy thing. Water blessed by the Church is one of the many ap- proved sacramentals. It has its legitimate use, but the Church has never sanctioned holy water as a substitute for medical care. So too with other sacramentals; abuses are possible, just as they.are possible with everything that is good. One of the best known sacramentals, the St. Christopher medal, may serve as a case in point. How many people put a metal image of St. Christopher in their cars as if it were a fourleaf clover, or a rab- bit's foot! The medal itself is of no spiritual value unless it oc- casions in the owner an expression of faith in God's merciful provi- dence and protection. A sacramental is simply anything set apart by the. blessing of the Church for the purpose of exciting good thoughts and increasing de- votion. It may be an article like a pair of rosary beads, a crucifix, or a medal bearing an image of some saint. The blessing which devotes such articles to religious purposes is also called a sacra- mental. The name comes from ( some similarity to the great Sac- raments. Like the Sacraments they are outward signs of an inner spir- j itual significance. But the differ- ences between sacramentals and the. Sacraments are greater than any similarities. The sacramentals were not instituted by Christ, but by the Church. Moreover, they do not of themselves confer grace as do the Sacraments. All that they can do is awaken in the user certain dispositions that promote faith, hope, and devotion. There is a strict obligation to 'make use of some of the Sacraments. If a Catholic wants to save his soul, he must be baptized; if he falls into serious sin, he must seek the op- portunity to make a good confes- sion in order to be restored to the friendship of God; if he contracts marriage validly, it must be through the Sacrament of Matri- THE SACRAMENTALS 27 mony. But there is never at any 'time an obligation for a Catholic to make use of sacramentals. He can take them or leave them alone. Yet an appreciative and enlight- ened use of the sacramentals is a sign of a genuine Catholic mind. They are delicate refinements of Catholic culture in ordinary ways, available to everyone. They are the fine flowering of high Christian living. The action, therefore, of a Catholic who would willfully ig- nore all sacramentals out of con- tempt, is just as reprehensible as that of a Catholic who would at- tribute to them magical powers be- yond their nature and purpose. Bothattitudes are contrary to Cath- olic teaching. Within the limits prescribed by the Church, sacra- mentals' are good for us. Their value lies in the intercessory prayer of the whole Church and in the dispositions rising from the hearts of those who use them. However fleeting or rudimentary such senti- ments may be, they are the seeds of faith and hope and love; assisting man in referring his deeds to God. Rightly understood, then, there is nothing mysterious or supersti- tious or idolatrous in the use of the sacramentals. As a matter of fact non^Catholics, too, have sacra- mentals, though they may not call them by that name. Whenever they say grace before a meal, they are using a sacramental; whenever in their own churches they receive the "Lord's Supper," they partake of a commemorative ceremony designed to awaiken sentiments of faith and love; whenever they breathe a pray- er asking God's blessing upon them- selves and upon any project in which they are interested, they do the very same thing that the Church does in her sacramentals. In recommending the sacrament- als to us, the Church has good au- thority and an excellent motive. Her authority rests on the example of Christ. Did not the Son of God bless the little children who gath- ered about Him (Mark 10:16), and the loaves and fishes before He fed the multitude (Matthew 14:19)? That the example of Christ in using sacramentals was to be imitated by the Church may be seen from the observation of St. Paul, "Every creature of God is good, and noth- ing to be rejected that is received with thanksgiving: for it is sanc- tified by the word of God and prayer" (I Timothy 4:4-5). The Church's motive in devoting certain articles to sacramental use is as excellent as her authority. We are not unaware how many things, good in themselves, are perverted to evil purposes. The food that we eat, the dwellings in which we live or visit, the clothes that we wear, the conveniences of modern living 28 THE SACRAMENTAL SYSTEM •that we enjoy, the entertainments that we patronize, can all become instruments of wicked influences if misused. The munificent hand of the Church reaches out to bless and elevate all that pertains to the life and surroundings of the Chris- tian. But instead of talking in generalities, let us observe how the Church sanctifies the ordinary things of daily life by imparting to them a sacramental blessing. I t has been said tha t "a man's home is his castle." It can also be his sanctuary if the sacramental, known as "the blessing of a house," be conferred upon it. While sprin- kling, the dwelling with holy water, the priest implores God "to send an angel from heaven to guard, cher- ish, shield and defend all who live in this home." Many of the house- hold articles can be sanctified through the sacramental prayers to be found in,the ritual. There is a blessing for the fire, or fireplace— whether it be the open hearth-stone, a modern range, or a furnace. Among other furnishings of the home for which there are sacra- mentals, suppose we select but one, the radio. How modern the Church is in sanctifying this invention through which we are afforded so many hours of entertainment, re- laxation, and instruction. In this blessing the Church asks: 0 God, who walkest on the wings of the wind, and who alone dost wonderful works; grant, that as by the power implanted in this in- strument Thou dost bring quicker than the lightning-flash absent things hither, and dost speed things present hence away; so we, taught by new inventions, and supported by Thy grace, may be able more easily and quickly to come to Thee. Through Jesus our Lord. Amen. The hours spent in the home are brief in comparison with the time that man must devote to earning his livelihood. There is scarcely any trade or profession for which I the Church has not provided some 1 sacramental. There are special J bl essings for factories, mills, shops, I libraries, schools, railroads, ships, telegraph lines, printing presses, ambulances, and fire-fighting ap- paratus. For those who live in the country there is an equal number of sacramentals dedicating the farm and all its produce to the service of God. The fertile fields are the sub- ject of several blessings; the seed, the growing crops, the first fruits, and the harvest are all commended to Him who alone can give the in- crease. The swarming bees, the poultry, the flocks, and the herds, may be assigned to the protection of God by appropriate prayers. There is a sacramental for the stable that I shelters the draf t horses and the herds, recalling how, on the night that Christ was born, "the ox knew its Master and . the ass th$ THE SACR. manager of its Lord." It reminds the owner that he should not be- come like the horse and the mule, that have no intelligence, but should recognize God as the sole author of all good things and should render thanks for the gifts that he has received. One more example may serve to show the purpose of all sacra- mentals. In the blessing of an air- craft the Church prays: O God, Who has made all things j because of Thyself and hast des- tined all the elements of this world for human use, bless, we beseech Thee, this aircraft, in order that it may serve to facilitate the more speedy transaction of human affairs with perfect safety, and also that it may foster heavenly aspirations in the souls of those who use it, all for the increase of the praise and glory of Thy name. Through Christ our Lord. Amen. By these saeramentals, then, the Church wishes to relate man's environment and his every activity to Almighty God—from visible things to those invisible, from nat- ural to the supernatural, from earth to heaven. This is the justification for and the purpose of -all sae- ramentals. They are minor agen- cies of grace, assisting man in his quest of the supernatural life. One question remains. What re- LMENTALS 29 lation do saeramentals have to the seven great Sacraments? They are merely subordinate aids. Except that both are outward signs, no comparison worthy of the name can be made. The Sacraments are beyond measure superior to the sae- ramentals, and no Catholic would ever make the mistake of substi- tuting the less for the greater. But sacrametotals are not to be despised on that account. They serve to pre- pare the individual for a more worthy reception of the Sacra- ments. Owing to the exigencies of this life we cannot always be in church, where normally the sac- raments are administered, but through the saeramentals we can always live in the presence of God. They remind us of our obligations, they dispose the will, and enkindle the affections of the heart. Their influences in relation to the Sacra- ments is like the feeble light of the candle in the full blaze of the mid- day sun. Still, in the dark, how fa r a candle throws its beam! The sae- ramentals in a world darkened by sin are beacons of light, pointing the way to complete union with God through the great channels of grace flowing from the Cross of Christ, the seven Sacraments. FHE PURPOSE OF THE CATHOLIC HOUR (Extract from the address of the late Patrick Cardinal Hayes at the inaugural program of the Catholic Hour in the studio of the National Broadcasting Company, New York City, March 2, 1930.) Our congratulations and our gratitude are extended to the National Council of Catholic Men and its officials, and to all who, by their financial support, have made it possible to use this offer of the National Broadcasting Company. The heavy expense of managing and financing a weekly program, its musical numbers, its speakers, the subsequent answering of inquiries, must be met. . . . This radio hour is for all the people of the United States. To our fellow-citizens, in this word of dedication, we wish to express a cordial greeting and, indeed, congratulations. For this radio hour is one of service to America, which certainly will listen in interestedly, and even sympathetically, I am sure, to the voice of the ancient Church with its historic background of all the centuries of the Christian era, and with its own notable contribution to the discovery, explora- tion, foundation and growth of our glorious country. . . . Thus to voice before a vast public the Catholic Church is no light task. Our prayers will be with those who have that task in hand. We feel certain that it will have both the good will and the good wishes of the great majority of our countrymen. Surely, there is no true lover of our Country who does not eagerly hope for a less worldly, a less material, and a more spiritual standard among our people. With good will, with kindness and with Christ-like sympa- thy for all, this work is inaugurated. So may it continue. So may it be fulfilled. This word of dedication voices, there- fore, the hope that this radio hour may serve to make known, to explain with the charity of Christ, our faith, which we love even as we love Christ Himself. May it serve to make better understood that faith as it really is^a light revealing the pathway to heaven: a strength, and a power divine through Christ; pardoning our sins, elevating, consecrating our common every-day duties and joys, bringing not only justice but gladness and peace to our searching and ques- tioning hearts. 92 CATHOLIC HOUR STATIONS In 39 States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii Alabama .Birmingham' WBRC* 960 kc Mobile W A L A 1410 kc Ar izona Phoenix 1 li „ . K T A R 620 kc Tucson . . . KVOA 1290 kc. Y u m a ; ' V " • . K Y U M 1240 kc Arkansas Little Rock . i . . . . K A R K * 920 kc * Cal i fornia Fresno KMJ 580 kc Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J . . : . . . .KFI 640 kc San Diego .1 1 KFSD 600 kc San Francisco H... KPO 680 kc Colorado Denver . . . . . . . . . . . . . KOA 850 kc District of Columbia Washington 1—...WRC 980 kc Florida Jacksonvil le „>....1L...: : .1.. . . . W J A X 930 kc Miami 1 WIOD 610 kc Pensacola WCOA 1370 kc Tampa W F L A 970-620 kc Georgia At lanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. WSB 750 kc Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . WSAV 1340 kc Idaho Boise J...... KIDO 1380 kc Illinois Chicago 1 . . . .WMAQ 670 kc Indiana Fort Wayne . . . . . . . .WGL 1450 kc Terre Haute . . l . . . . . . _ . . . . .WBOW 1230 kc Kansas Wichita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KANS 1240 kc Kentucky Louisville . . . | f | .WAVE* 970 kc Louisiana New Orleans .1 WSMB 1350 kc Shreveport KTBS 1480 kc Maryland Baltimore .-. W B A L 1090 kc Maine Augusta .¿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WRDO 1400 kc Massachusetts Boston !.. 1 . . . . . . . .WBZ 1030 kc Springfield . . . . . . . . . : . . . . W B Z A 1030 kc Michigan Detroit .1 W W J * 950 kc Saginaw ........-........•..._......'. . Ì WSAM 1400 kc Minnesota Duluth-Superior ...1 . . . . . . . . 1 WEBC 1320 kc Hibbing : .WMFC 1240 kc Mankato . . . . . . . . . . KYSM 1230 kc Minneapolis-St. Paul 1 KSTP 1500 kc Rochester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .KROC 1340 kc Virginia . . . . . . . .^ . . .WHLB 1400 kc Mississippi Jackson .„1 .WJDX 1300 Kc Missouri Kansas City . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . .WDAF 610 kc Springfield " M M KGBX 1260 kc Saint Louis . . . . . . . .KSD* 550 kc Montana Billings . _ . : . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .KGHL 790 kc Bozeman KRBM 1450 kc . Butte . . . . . . . . . . .1. . . . KGIR 1370 kc Helena . . . . . . . .1 KP FA 1240 kc 92 CATHOLIC HOUR STATIONS In 39 Stetes, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii Nohraska Omaha -----——-WOW 590 kc New Mexico Albuquerque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .KOB 1030 kc New York Buffalo . . . . , „ „ . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . .WBEN 930 kc New York . . . . _ . - S M - WEAF 660 kc Schenectady . . . . . , . . . . . . . . ; WGY 810 kc North Carolina Charlotte ...WSOC 1240 kc 4 Raleigh . WPTF 680 kc Winston-Salem WSJ5 600 kc North Dakota Bismarck .KFYR 550 kc Fargo .. . . . . . . : . . . . . ' . . , . , ; . „ .WDAY 970 kc Ohio Cincinnati W H — f M B WSAI* 1360 kc Cleveland I - - - WTAM 1100 kc Lima - WLOK 1240 kc Oklahoma Tulsa ... . . . . . . . . . . . .>.... . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . r . . . . . . . . . . .KVOO 1170 kc Oregon 'Medford W j m g S - ; - . K M E D 1440 kc Portland . . . . . . . . KGW* 620 kc Pennsylvania Allentown ....— .WSAN 1470 kc Altoona - WFBG 1340 kc Johnstown W J A C 1400 kc Lewistown .-•> . . . : WMRF 1490 kc Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . KYW 1060 kc Pittsburgh 9 Ü Ü H :. . . . ' : . . . . . . . . . . .—KDKA 1020 kc Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . WRAW 1340 kc Wiikes-Barre . . . . . . . .U ; . . : .^ : . ; . . . : . . ...^.....WBRE 1340 kc Rhode Island Providence WJAR 920 kc South Carolina Charleston 1...WTMA 1250 kc Columbia 0 ...'. WIS 560 kc Greenville ......'. . . . . . . . WFBC 1330 kc South Dakota Sioux Falls ....... KSOO-KELO I14Q-1230 kc Tennessee Kingsport ' -7- 7. ,7, 7 . . . . . .WKPT 1400 kc Memphis M m . WMC* 790 kc Nashville . . . . . . . . . . WSM* 650 kc Texas Amariilò 9 E . . . . . . . . . . J . . . . . . ; , . . . . .KGNC 1440 kc Dallas . . . . . . 1 . . . . . : . . .WFAA 820 kc Fort Worth WBAP* 820 kc Houston . .. KPRC 950 kc San Antonio H : WOAI 1200 kc Weslaco . : . . . . . . . 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Quanti ty Pr ices Do Not Include Carr iage Charge "The Divine Romance," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen, 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100. " A Trilogy on P r a y e r , " by Rev. Thomas F . Burke, C.S.P., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $5.50 per 100. "The Philosophy of Catholic Educat ion," by Rev. Dr . Charles L. O'Donnell, C.S.C., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantit ies, $5.60 per 100. "Chr is t iani ty and the- Modern Mind," by Rev. John A. McClorey, S.J. , 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. "The Moral L a w , " by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 88 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c; 5 or more, 15c each. In quanti t ies , $10.50 per 100. "Chr i s t and His Church," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Joseph M. Corrigan, 88 pages and cover. 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Gillis, C.S.P., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id : 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $6.50 per 100. " T h e Ete rna l Gali lean," by R t . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen, 160 pages and cover. Single copy, 35c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 25c each. In quanti t ies, $17.00 per J 00. "The Queen of Seven Swords ," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen (prayerbook size), 82 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 5c each. In quanti t ies , $3.50 per 100. "The Catholic Teaching on Our Industr ia l Sys tem," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. John A. Ryan, 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id : 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $5.50 per 100. "The Happiness of Fa i th , " by Rev. Daniel A. Lord, S.J. , 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid x 5 or more, 10c. In quanti t ies, $8.76 per 100. "The Salvation of Human Society," by Rev. Pe te r J . Bergen, C.S.P., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid,' 5 or more, 8c each. In quan- tities, $6.50 per 100. "Catholic Educat ion," by Rev. Dr . George Johnson, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. ' " T h e Church and Her Missions," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Wil l iam Quinn, 82 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $5.50 per 100. "The Church and the Depression," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100. "The Church and Modern Though t , " by Rev. J ames M. Gillis, C.S.P., 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100. "Misunderstood T r u t h s , " by Most Rev. Duane G. Hun t , 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 - o r more, 8c each. In quantit ies, $6.50 per 100. " T h e Judgmen t of God and The Sense of Duty , " by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Will iam J . Kerby, 16 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 oi more, 5c each. 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An address in honor of the 70th b i r thday of His holiness. 16 pages and 4 color cover. Single enpv. 10r nnqtnaid : 5 or more. 8c each. Tn quantit ies. $6.00 per 100. "Mi«mnderstandina' the Church ." by Most Rev. Duane G. H u n t . 48 nne*p* «ri'l rover Single copy, 15c pos tpa id : 5 or more, 8c each. In quan- tities. $6.50 per 100. "The Poetry of Duty . " by Rev. Alfred Duffy. C.P.. 48 pages and cover. Single copy, ' 15c pos tpa id ; 6 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $6.00 per 100. "Character i s t ic Chris t ian Ideals/* by Rev. Bonaventure Mclntyre , O. F . M., 82 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $5.50 per 100. "The Catholic Church and Youth ," by Rev. John F . O 'Hara , C.S.C. 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. " T h e Spir i t of the Missions," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Thomas J . McDonnell, 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. 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" P i u s XI, F a t h e r and Teacher of the Na t ions , " (On His Eight ie th Bir thday) by His Excellency, Most Rev. Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, 16 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 5c each. In quanti t ies, $3.50 per 100. ' 'The Eas te rn Catholic Church," by Rev. John Kallok, 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $6.50 per 100. "The 'Lost* Radiance of the Religion of Jesus , " by Rev. Thomas A. Carney. 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. I n quanti t ies , $6.50 p e r 100. "Some Spir i tual P rob lems 'o f College S tudents , " by Rev. Dr. Maurice S. Sheehy, 40 pages and4 cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $6.50 per 100. "God and Governments ," by Rev. Wil f r id Parsons, S.J. , 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. " Jus t i ce and Char i ty ," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen. P a r t I—"The Social Problem and the Church ," 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 25c postpaid ; 5 or more, 20c each. In quan- ti t ies, $12.00 per 100. P a r t I I—"The Individual Problem and the Cross," 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100. "Sa in t s vs. Kings , " by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 256 pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 20c each. In quanti t ies, $12.00 per 100. " I n Defense of Chast i ty ," by Rev. Felix M. Kirsch, O.M. Cap., 72 pages and cover, including study aids and bibliography. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100. "The Appeal To Reason," by Most Rev. Duane G. Hun t , D.D., LL.D., 72 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100. "Prac t i ca l Aspects of Catholic Educat ion ," by Very Rev. Edward V. Stanford , O.S.A., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. " T h e Mission of Youth in Contemporary Society," by Rev. Dr. George Johnson, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 6 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. "The Holy Euchar i s t , " by Most Rev. Joseph F . Rummel , S.T.D., LL.D., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quantit ies, $5.50 per 100. " T h e Rosary and the Rights of M a n , " by V e n Rev. J . J . McLarney, O.P., 56 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 6 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. " H u m a n L i fe , " by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 25c pos tpa id ; 5 or more. 20c each. In quanti t ies , $12 per 100. "F reedom," by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen. P a r t I—"Social Freedom," 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantit ies. $8.75 per 100. P a r t I I—"Personal Freedom," 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 25c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 20c each. In quanti t ies, $12.00 per 100. " T h e Holy Ghost," by Very Rev. J . J . McLarney, O.P.. B6 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies , $6.50 per 100. "Toward the Reconstruction of a Christ ian Social Order , " by Rev. Dr . John P. Monoghan, 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. " M a r i a n Vignet tes ," by Rev. J . R . Keane, O.S.M., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $5.50 per 100. "The Peace- of Chr is t , " by Very Rev. Mar t in J . O'Malley, C.M., 82 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quan- tit ies $5.50 per 100. "God's World of Tomorrow," by Rev. Dr . John J . Russell, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.60 per 100. " W h a t Catholics Do At Mass ," by Rev. Dr . Will iam H. Russell, 72 pages and cover, including study club questions and suggestions, and brief bibliography. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.76 per 100. "The Catholic Tradi t ion in L i t e r a tu re , " by Brother Leo, F.S.C., 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quan- tities, $6.60 per 100. "P rophe t s and K ings : Great Scenes, Great Lines ," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 15c each. In quanti t ies , $11.00 per 100. "Peace, t he F ru i t of Jus t ice , " by Rt . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen, 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 10c each. In quan- tities, $6.50 per 100. "The Seven Last Words and The Seven Vi r tues , " by R t . Rev. Msgr. Ful ton J . Sheen, 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 6 or more, 10c each. In quanti t ies, $8.75 per 100.. "1930—Memories—1940"—The addresses delivered in the Tenth Anni- versary Broadcast of the Catholic Hour on March 3, 1940, together with congratula tory messages and editorials. 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 25c pos tpa id ; 5 or mrore, 20c each. In quanti t ies, $11.00 per 100. " W h a t Kind of a World Do You W a n t , " by Rev. Wi l f r id Parsons , S.J. , 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 'or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $6.60 per 100. "The Life and Personal i ty of Chr is t , " by Rev. Herber t F . Gallagher, O.F.M., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 per 100. " L a w ; " by Rev. Dr. Howard W. Smith, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 6 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.60 per 100. " I n the Beginning," by Rev. A r t h u r J . Sawkins, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.00 per 100. "Amer ica and the Catholic Church ," by Rev. John J . Walde, 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies, $6.50 t>er 100. " T h e Social Crisis and Chris t ian Pa t r io t i sm," by Rev. Dr. J o h n F . Cronin. S.S.. 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 6 o r more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $6.50 per 100. "Missionary Responsibility," by the Most Rev. Richard J . Cushing, D.D., LL.D., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c pos tpa id ; 6 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies , $5.60 per 100. "Crucial Questions," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c pos tpa id ; 5 or more, 8c each. In quanti t ies. $6.60 per 100. "Favor i t e Texts From The Confessions of S t . Augus t ine , " by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 16c pos tpa id ; 5 or more. 10c each. In quanti t ies . $6.60 per 100. "The Purposes of Our Eucharist ic Sacrifice," by Rev. Gerald T. Bask- field, S.T.D., 32 pages and cover. 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