L.q Iiou I Wi!l;QM J. -Th~ Li+VlJ'j~ "._ It DT L( S (2) TH E LITU R.CiY ~?-t-\98 AND TH E LAITY . WI LLIAM J. LALlOU THE CATHOLIC HOU ~ ", * THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY By REV. WILLIAM J. LALLOU Associate Professor of Liturgy at the Catholic Universi ty of America Foul' addresses delivered in the nationwide Catholic Hour (produced by the National Council of Catholic Men, in cooperation with the National Broadcasting Company), on Sundays from June 7, through June 28, 1942. Page June 7 Why Should We Have Liturgy? ___ ............. ................ .. ............ ......... 3 June 14 The Supreme Act of the Liturgy ..... .............................. .. ............... 8 June 21 Lay Participation in the Liturgy ......................................... ........... 14 J une 28 Oriental Rites in the Liturgy ....................... ..... __ ........ ..... .. ................. 20 Statement of the Catholic Hour's purpose ........................................... ............. 25 List of Stations Carrying the Catholic Hour ............................. ................ ...... . 26 List of Catholic Hour Pamphlets ....................... .. ............................................... 28 NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CATHOLIC MEN Producers of the Catholic Hour 1312 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. Printed and distributed by Our Sunday Visitor Huntington, Indiana '~ Nihil Obstat REV. T. E. DILLON Censor Librorum IMPRIMATUR: + JOHN FRANCIS NOLL, D. D. Bishop of Fort Wayne DeackJmed Printed in U . S. A. WHY SHOULD WE HAVE LITURGY? Address delivered on June 7, 1942 One who picks up the catalogue these relationships, that he is God's of a college rarely fails to be mys- creature, dependent upon God for tified by the titles of some of the his being and destined for God as courses list~d in its curriculum. his final end, that he owes God When the college is a theological thanksgiving for divine blessings seminary and the casual reader a and reparation for human short- layman, it is exceptional not to find comings. When man gives expres- at least one subject of the course sion to his sense of these relation- whose name gives one pause. So, ships between himself and his when we find liturgy listed on the Creator, he is said to worship God. theological curriculum, one is apt But this worship is not yet liturgy. to be puzzled as to its definite mean- The expression of the individual's ing even though his knowledge may convictions of his dependence upon not be so elementary that he con- God will vary with one's own pecu-, fuses liturgy with literature. So at liar disposition. It wnI be effusive. the outset of this series of talks or restrained, extravagant or digni- on the liturgy of the Church, it fied, hysterical or rational. His in- \ seems logical and not at all super- dividual worship may be much more £luous to define the word, liturgy. satisfactory to him personally We are not going to become pedan- than the organized worship which tic to the degree of tracing the we call liturgy. He may have mo- steps . by which the Greek word, ments of greater spiritual exalta- leitourgia, has come to mean the tion as he feasts on the glories of official worship of the Church, the sunset or contemplates the won- which we express by the term, lit- ders of the stars than he has at an urgy. So let us state at once that elaborate religious function. He the accepted definition of liturgy may thrill with greater spiritual is: the public worship of God as elan as he listens to a great sym- regulated by the Church. There phony than when he is the hearer are certain fundamental relation- of a Sunday sermon. He may feel ships, which exist between God and greater sensible devotion as he man, which exist whether man kneels alone in a tiny chapel than thinks of them or not. But man when he forms a unit in a vast con- can and does know and think of gregation in a great cathedral. All 4 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY this is very true, as it is true that he must externalize his devotion one may worship God in any place to his country in definitely pres- in His wide creation, at home or in cribed fashion. It is conceivable, the street, at work or at play, on though most unlikely, that some the mountain top or by the sea- citizen could design a flag which shore, in the busy city or in the would be a more expressive emblem quiet country. But all this worship of the United States than our pres- is not liturgy. If man finds such ent flag, just as it is conceivable, satisfaction in this unorganized but in this case more likely, that an worship of God, why must we have individual could compose a hymn liturgy whose ceremonial some- more distinctive of the spirit of times distracts man from his this country than our national an- thoughts of God more than it helps them. Nevertheless, the stars and him to concentrate on his relation- ship with God? stripes form our official flag, to be saluted as such, and the accepted chant of the Republic is the "Star We may glimpse an answer to Spangled Banner." In like manner, this difficulty by remembering that the official public worship of the the individual man is not himself Church is conducted according to alone. Not .only as an individual definite forms regulated by the must he pay to God the worship of adoration, thanksgi ving, repent- Church, even though at times these may not be so inspiring and satis- factory as his private worship is to the individual Christian. We do not have liturgy till this individual is associated with his fellows, and not associated in any chance · fash- ance, and petition, but as a social being, as a member of the society organized by Christ to perpetuate His work on earth, the Church, must he pay tribute to his Creator. The cult of God rendered to Him by ion but as members of an organiza- men as members of this society tion, the Church, which has its offi- must evidently, to be official, be reg- cial, public worship of Cod, as a so- ulated by the governing authority ciety, distinct from the private in the Church. The individual citi- zen, in private life, may give ex- pression to his patriotism in a var- iety of ways, some of them perhaps worship which may be practiced by the single member at home or else- where outside of Church. An or- better than the officially prescribed ganization, of its very nature, has ceremonies indicative of loyalty to the right to enact legislation to gov- country. But when the individual is ern the conduct of its members associated with his fellow-citizens when they are associated in its offi- WHY SHOULD WE HAVE LITURGY? 5 .cial assemblies. The result of such one without an altar. The former legislation, in the case of the provides for a popular devotion Church with reference to her mem- while the latter is needed for the bel's assembled for public worship, supreme act of the liturgy, the is liturgy. celebration of Mass. To be liturgy, Not all public worship is liturgy. It must be official as well as public to be classed technically as liturgy. There are many popular devotions, sanctioned by the Church, to some extent even regulated by her, which a function must be not only public or popular, not merely sanctioned by the Church, but it must be part of her official ceremonial, an obli- gatory observance, found in her official service-books,-the Missal, the Ritual, and the Breviary, to are not considered as part of the mention only the most important liturgy, because they are not pre- ones. scribed by the Church and are not to be found in her official service For the purposes of these talks, books. For example, the Devotion we must assume the existence of a of the Three Hours, which crowds Church and its commission to con- our churches on Good Friday, is tinue the work of Christ on earth not liturgical, while the morning and hence to regulate the official function of that day which con- public worship of God, which is to cludes with the Mass of the Pre- be understood by liturgy. In the Sanctified, is prescribed as the lit- course of age-long development, the urgy of Good F r iday. The Holy ritual of the Church has acquired a Hour of Adoration of the Blessed technique which regulates its min- Sacrament, which has such a pop- utest details. Catholic ceremonial ular appeal for Catholics, is much worship is often criticized and, in encouraged by the Church but no- defence of a more austere cult, the where prescribed as is, for instance, Scriptural verse is quoted that we the Procession of the Blessed Sac- should worship God in spirit and in rament on Corpus Christi. Even so truth. A purely intellectual cult of favored and so beloved of the peo- God without external forms would ,Ie as is the Way of the Cross, be indeed a worship of Him in r ichly indulgenced by the Church, spirit but it would not be a worship it is still strictly speaking not part of Him in truth. It would not be of her liturgy. We could imagine true to man's nature. We are men a Catholic Church without Stations and not angels. We are composed of of the Cross, though it would be an body as well as soul, of matter as oddity, but we could not imagine well as spirit. Consequently, the 6 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY body with its senses, and not alone prayer is recited, no action is per- the soul with its faculties, should formed, no garment or utensil is render homage to the Creator. The employed, but is deep with mean- whole man. body and soul, is con- ing and consecrated by the usage cerned ~.. <'eligious worship. The of ages. Some of our ceremonies material part of man is the instru- come from the example and precept ment of the soul to express the ac- of Jesus Christ Himself. Some are tivities of the soul. This is true taken direct from the pages of Holy in all departments of human life. Writ. Some were in use in the We are not content, for example, Church of the Catacombs. All have with thinking well of our neighbor. the patina resulting from centur- We must give visible expression to ies of use. It is true that we are our good thoughts of him. We not always able to account for the manifest our love or our friendship origin of every detail of liturgical by a tender embrace or a firm clasp practice. The beginnings of some of the hands. We show our sym- observances are lost in the mists of pathy with the bereaved or our antiquity and scholars differ as to memory of the dead by certain con- their historical genesis and their ventional signs, by sending mes- spiritual meaning. For the liturgy sages and flowers, by wearing is not to be pictured as a mathema- mourning clothes. As there have tical table, like a table of natural been developed certain conventions sines and cosines, calculated once in our intercourse with our fellows, for all time. It is a living thing, so has the Church developed a cere- the slow evolution of nineteen hun- monial expression of man's reli- dred years, gradually developing in gious thoughts and feelings in the accord with its varying environ- official, liturgical worship of God. ment. The liturgy does not re- semble a geometrical figure whose The result has been an artistic members show exact proportions, expression of divine worship. Some- but rather a tree whose branches one has defined the function of art are symmetrical without being to be the union of the soul of mean- mathematically balanced. A new ing to the body of expression. The Church has summoned poetry and house will show a well-defined plan, music, architecture and symbo- an harmonious grouping of its lism, painting and sculpture, pag- rooms, up-to-date conveniences, eantry and costume, to contribute useful arrangements, which are the each its share in the artistic de- resultant of years of experiment . . velonment of the liturgy. No But an old mansion will not display WHY SHOULD WE HAVE LITURGY '1 such order. It will show additions are draped with ivy of medieval and destructions. There will be growth. "No jutty, frieze, buttress, floors on different levels and win- nor coign of vantage" but is elo- dows and doors walled up or no quent with symbolic meaning. Such longer used. There will be rambling is the castle, centuries old even passages to connect old parts with when Columbus sailed across the new and modern appliances tacked Atlantic, raised by Popes and Pat- on out of harmony with the original riarchs and Bishops, as the impos- plan. Just such an old mansion is ing structure of the liturgy of the the liturgy of the Church. Portions Church. of it are as ancient as Christianity. Wings have been added in the course of centuries. Old sections CATHOLIC HOUR PRAYER IN TIME OF WAR have been renovated or torn down. (Adapted from Cardinal Newman) No new parts have been built for ages though there are constant o Lord Jesus Christ, Who in Thy minor alterations, represented, for mercy hearest the prayers of sin- instance, by new Masses in the ners, pour forth, we beseech Thee, Missal · and new offices in the Brev- all grace and blessing upon our iary as new saints are added to the country and its citizens. We pray calendar of the canonized servants in particular for the President- of God. In the talks which are to for our Congress-for all our sol- follow, · we shall inspect briefly diers-for all who defend us in some of the principal halls of this ships, whether on the seas or in venerable castle. Its corner-stone the skies-for all who are suffering was laid by Jesus Christ Himself. the hardships of war. We pray for Its foundations were dug by His all who are in peril or in danger. Apostles. Its ground-plan was de- Bring us all aft'er the troubles of signed by the early Christians be- this life into . the haven of peace, fore they emerged from the Cata- and reunite us all together forever, combs. Its main portion dates from 0 dear Lord, in Thy glorious heav- the late Roman Empire. Its walls enly kingdom. THE SUPREME ACT OF THE LITURGY Address delivered on .June 14, 1942 In the happy times before pan- eye of faith . It is no unusual per- zer units ploughed the ground and formance, restricted to ten-year the Luftwaffe darkened the air, intervals, but part of the Catho- tens of thousands used to journey lic's ordinary religious experience. from all quarters of the globe, Yet it exceeds the Passion Play of every ten years, to the little town Oberammergau as the substance of Oberammergau, in Bavaria, to does its shadow, as the reality does witness the production of the Pas- its representation. The Mass, sion Play. The Passion Play is a dramatic in its form, is the real pictorial representation of the life Passion Play, the authentic Pas- and especially of the passion and sion Play, as commanded by our death of our Lord. It is produced Lord Himself when He said at the with religious fervor by its actors, Last Supper, after He had conse- the men and women and children crated the bread and the wine in- of Oberammergau, and few are the to His Body and Blood, "Do this spectators who are not thrilled by for a commemoration of me" its scenes. Yet, after all, the Pas- (Luke 22:19), so that St. Paul sion Play is only a play, only a could write to his converts at Cor- theatrical representation of what inth: "As often as you shall eat it commemorates. But there is a this bread, and drink the chalice, memorial of the passion and death you shall shew the death of the of Jesus Christ which is something Lord, until he come" (I Cor. 11: more than a play, which is the of- 25). Every time that Mass is cele- ficial commemoration of the events of the original Holy Thursday and Good Friday, official because com- manded by Him who suffered the cruel passion and died the ignom- brated in imitation of the example and in obedience to the command of Jesus Christ, so often is appre- ciative commemoration made of the passion and death of our Lord inious death. It is no mere play, precisely as depending for its effect largely up- that such He Himself wished commemoration be on acting and stagecraft and the made. unusual time and place of its pro- To a non-Catholic attending duction. Its appeal is solely to the Mass for the first time it must THE SUPREME ACT OF THE LITURGY 9 seem a bewildering succession of priest at the foot of ' the altar, and involved ceremonies. It will be dif- the later ones which are known as ficult to convey a clear picture of the collects. There are hymns, like the Mass to those listeners in our the Introit, or entrance anthem, radio audience who are unfamiliar and the Gloria in excelsis Deo, with its intricate ritual. Yet to "Glory be to God in the highest," the well-instructed this supreme which is a development of the act of the Catholic liturgy has a hymn sung by the angels at the logical sequence of prayers and birth of Christ in Bethlehem. The ceremonies and a convincing rea- selections from Scripture, in the son for everything that is said first half of the Mass, are chiefly and done. the Epistle and the Gospel. This The Mass is divided into two preparatory portion of the Mass parts, a preparatory portion and concludes with the recitation of the the Mass proper. In this latter, Creed. our Lord's command is fulfilled to When we come to the second half repeat what He did at the Last of the Mass, the Mass proper, its Supper. Christ took bread and three salient divisions-Offertory, wine and so the priest takes bread Consecration, and Communion- are and wine, and offers them to God. elaborations of the order followed This is called the Offertory. Our by Jesus Christ at the first of all Lord consecrated the bread and Masses at the Last Supper. During wine into His Body and Blood and the Offerto ry section, the bread is so in Mass we have the Consecra- offered to God, wine and water are tion of the bread and wine by the poured into the chalice and it too priest. Christ gave to His Apos- is offered. There is a ceremonial tIes to eat and to drink of the con- washing of the priest's hands. The secrated bread and wine, whence people are invited to join their we have the distribution of Holy prayers to those of the celebrant Communion. Offertory, Consecra- as he turns to them with the .tion, and Communion make up the words, Orate fratres: "Pray, breth- :second and more solemn half of ren, that your sacrifice and mine ;the Mass. may be acceptable in the eyes of The preparatory half is made up the Almighty." The offertory sec- of prayers and hymns and selec- tion of the Mass concludes with tions from Holy Scripture. There prayers which beg for the divine are prayers, like the introductory acceptance of the sacrifice which ~nes which are recited by the is about to be offered. 10 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY Passing to t he Consecration sec- The priest then receives Holy t ion, which is the very solemn Communion both under the form of part of the Mass, we begin with bread and under that of wine, but an introductory prayer, appropri- Holy Communion is distributed to at ely called the Preface, which con- the congregation only under the cludes with the triple Sanctus, form of bread. The people, how- "Holy, Holy, Holy." There follow ever, in receiving only the Host, pr ayers for the living and prayers do not receive less of the Body and asking the intercession of the Blood of Christ than does the saints and begging for God's ac- priest. The Host, indeed, is de- ceptance of the Mass. This leads finitely consecrated into Christ's to the dramatic moment of the Body; but where that Body is we Consecration itself where, in obedi- have also His Blood and His soul ence to the command of Christ and and His Divinity and all that is in virtue of the power conveyed in Christ's. The Mass concludes ordination to priests, the bread and with a brief service of thanksgiv- wine become the Body and Blood ing, ending with a final blessing of J esus Christ. First the conse- and the Last Gospel, which is us- crated Host, and then the chalice, ually the beginning of St. John's is raised to be seen and venerated Gospel. by all present. A series of three Such is', in very summary out- prayers leads to the memento for line, the Catholic Mass of today, the dead who are to be mentioned the liturgical Passion Play, which in the Mass. Another intercession is the dramatic fulfillment of the of saints and the Canon, as this divine precept to renew the Last Consecration section of the Mass Supper, "Do this for a commemor- is termed, is over. ation of me" (Luke 22 :19). This The Pater Noster, the "Our is the Mass, the permanent mem- Father," is now said and the Com- orial of the death of the Lord, in munion section of the Mass begins. the already-quoted words of St. The particle of consecrated bread, Paul: "As often as you shall eat called the Host, is divided into this bread, and drink the chalice, three pieces, as our Lord broke you shall shew the death of the the bread at the Last Supper. Lord, until he come" (l Cor. 11: Thrice we call upon the Lamb of 26). This brief synopsis has per- God, the Agnus Dei, beseeching His haps been rather confusing to those divine mercy and begging for that of our listeners, 40 whom the ordel!' pe~ce whi<;h the world cannot give. of the Mass i~ ll_Q~ W,lt~t.e\ q~ ~Qm- THE SUPREME ACT OF THE LITURGY 11 . mon experience, or even to those Catholics who are accustomed to follow the rapid tempo of its ela- borate ritual with the prayerbook before them. So, let us repeat, the Mass consists of two parts, an in- troductory half, made up of pray- ers and hymns and Scripture selec- tions, and a second half, which is a development of the three chief actions performed by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, represented by our Offertory, Consecration, and Communion. The whole concludes with a short service of thanksgiv- ing. The evolution of the elements of the preparatory half of the Mass prayers known as collects are of very early origin and some of them are taken verbatim from our ear- liest service books. The Scripture readings, the Epistle and the Gos- pel, are naturally the most ancient portions of the Mass, going back to Apostolic times. Passing to the second half of the Mass, the mul- tiplied rites and prayers incident to the Offertory are largely medie- val elaborations of the primitive simple ceremony of taking the bread and wine and setting them apart for consecration. The Can- on, from its Preface to the Pater Noster-the "Our Father"-repre- sents our oldest text, found word and the elaboration of the funda- for word as it is recited today, mental liturgy of the Last Supper in the most ancient of our Mass- into the complex ceremonial and books, or Sacramentaries. The the multiplied prayers of the sec- Communion of the people in early ond half of the Mass, form the in- times soon became a long and com- teresting subject of the history of plicated ceremony, especially dur- liturgy. Not all portions of our ing those centuries when every Mass are of equal antiquity for member of the congregation re- they are the resultant of the slow ceived Holy Communion, communi- and not always symmetrical growth cated under both forms, of bread of centuries. For example, the and wine, and always received a prayers at the foot of the altar, portion of the Host broken off from with which Mass begins, are the another Host, in literal imitation most recent adrlition to its text, as of the action at the Last Supper they have been of obligation only where our Lord broke the bread since 1570. The Introit, on the to give to the Apostles in Holy other hand, originally a proces- Communion. The Last Gospel is, sional hymn, a psalm chanted as like the introductory prayers, an- the officiants entered the church, other late addition to the Mass dates from the fifth century. The since it, too, did not become of 12 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY obligation unt il 1570, with the bolically given to God by being publication of the standard Missal slain, its blood sprinkled on the of Pope Pius V. Thus the Mass altar, which r epresented Divinity, begins and ends with its most while portions would be burnt on modern additions. the altar or roasted to be eaten The Mass, however, must not be by the offerers of the sacrifice. considered simply as a series of These sacrifices of the Old Law prayers and ceremonies, some of passed into desuetude because they them sanctified as of divine ori- were replaced by the one great gin, some of Scriptural warrant, sacrifice of the New Law, that of- and all sacred with the tradition fered by Jesus Christ, when as of centuries, for the Mass is that both priest and victim, He was supreme act of divine worship crucified on Mount Calvary, the al- which is called a sacrifice. Time tar being the frame of the Cross does not permit nor does the pur- and the sacrificial change of the pose of these addresses require that victim nothing less than the death we attempt an elaborate explana- of the God-made-man. The cruel tion of the notion of sacrifice or and bloody sacrifice which was of- enter into the intricate theological fered by Christ when He died on question of the realization of the Golgotha was in prospect at the idea of sacrifice in the celebration Last Supper when our Lord offered of Mass. Suffice it to say that the sacrifice in the consecration of the accepted definition of sacrifice is bread and the wine, as it is in that it means the official offering retrospect when the same Savior, to God, and to Him alone, of some acting through His human priest, tangible object by destroying or at every Mass which is celebrated, changing it in some way as a sym- again changes bread into the Body bol of the worship due to God, thus which was delivered for us and presenting it to Him in r ecogni- wine into the Blood which was tion of His ownership of all things shed for us. The Mass, as was the of His creation. The definition is Last Supper, is Calvary in a pain- best understood by considering sacrifice under t he Old Testament. less and bloodless sacrifice, divest- An ancient Hebrew would pay his ed of the horrors of Good Friday. sacrificial worship to God by pre- Only the mystic na ils of consecra- senting in the temple an animal, tion are driven into the Body of such as a sheep or a goat, of his Christ, and the Blood which cov- flock. The victim would be sym- ered the dying Saviour on the THE SUPREME ACT OF THE LITURGY 13 Cross only mystically and sacra- two elements sacramentally sym- mentally flows at the Mass in the bolizing the actual separation of dramatic separate consecration of the Body and Blood of Christ in bread and wine. At the Last Sup- His death on the Cross. When, per our Lord said "This is my therefore, we Catholics assemble body, which is given for you" and in the church to hear Mass, we "This is the chalice, the new tes- come not only to participate in a tament in my blood, which shall be religious function of historic anti- shed for you" (Luke 22:19, 20), quity and of dramatic significance, and His omnipotent power effected but to take part in the offering of that which His words expressed. a sacrifice, the supreme act of re- So also the priest at Mass, in com- ligion, one entirely worthy of the pliance with Christ's command, GI"eat God to Whom it is offered, "Do this for a commemoration of the immolation of the most perfect me" (Luke 22 :19), changes bread of victill).s by the High Priest par into the Body given for us and excellence, in botlf cases, Jesus wine into the Blood shed for us, Christ Himself. the separate consecration of the Prayer in Time of War LAY PARTICIPATION IN THE LITURGY Address delivered on June 21, 1942 There is in the Church at the the altar-boys and the choristers present day a liturgical movement, players of the lesser roles, the which has for its object emphasis members of the congregation are on lay participation in the official, not mere audience but actors, public worship of the Church. This though their parts are of a less should not be understood as any- thing revolutionary. It does not contemplate the destruction of the active character. The idea of lay participation, as visioned by promoters of the litur- sanctuary rail with the consequent gical movement, is one which rests abolition of the distinction between on a firm basis, both theological chancel and nave. It does not aim and historical. In the words of St. at minimizing the separation of Paull(' we are members of the Mys- clergy and laity, converting the tical Body, of which Christ is the latter into so many altar-boys and Head, each .one of the faithful altar-girls. Its purpose is rather having his association with the Di- one of education which should re- vine Head who is the great High suIt in the point of view that the Priest. members of the congregation In the phrase of the same Apos- should not consider themselves as tle.** Christ our Lord is the High mere spectators of liturgical func- Priest who alone can pay to God . tions but real participants in the the Father, worship which il'! en- :conduct of official worship. The tirely worthy of the great God . .layman is not to take his place Who is adored. Our association in !in his pew as one would occupy a the Mystical Body of which Christ . ;seat in a theatre, to look at others the High-Priest is the Head, im- :worship in his name, but rather as parts to each one of us a sacerdotal , an actor in the sacred drama of character. Naturally, this is not to the liturgy, filling a role, however be understood in the sense that inconspicuous, but still a real and there is no essential difference be- even a speaking part. If we may, tween priest and layman. The with due reverence, compare the Mass to a sacred drama, in which Bishops and priests are the protag- onists and the minor clergy and former is not only one who has been selected and trained for th~ * I Cor. 12 :27. ** Hebr. 5:4. LAY PARTICIPATION IN THE LITURGY 15 exercise of the functions of the present responded Amen at the liturgy but one who has been ' en- end of what we should now call dowed by the laying on of hands the Canon of the Mass. When in ordination with powers not com- chanting was to be done, it was municated to the faithful general- originally in the form of congre- ly. The sacramental character im- gational singing, until the music pressed on the soul in Holy Orders became too difficult for those not is something quite peculiar to those specially trained to sing it. The who are ordained Bishops and Offertory at Mass took the form priests and lesser ministers in the of a procession of the faithful, Church of God. Nevertheless, the bearing gifts to the altar, includ- sacramental character stamped on ing the bread and wine to be con- the soul in Baptism and that with secrated at Mass. The Pax, or which it is sealed in Confirmation Kiss of Peace, was exchanged are to be regarded as giving the among the members of the con- individual baptized and confirmed gregation as it is to-day by the a participation in the priesthood of clergy assisting in the sanctuary Jesus Christ, so that each one of at High Mass. Holy Communion the faithful has his share in the was a general communion at every exercise of this priesthood when he Mass, every member of the congre- comes to the church to assist at gation receiving, so that attend- Mass or other liturgical services. ance at Mass without participation in Holy Communion was a thing In centuries past the part play- unthought of. ed by the congregation was much more co'nspicuous than it is today Theologically, therefore, and his- and much more active than even torically, active lay participation the most zealous promotors of the in liturgical worship rests on a liturgical movement would have sound basis. As time went on, revived. In very early times, be- various instances of the coopera- fore there were regularly ordained tion . of the faithful passed pne by lectors, or readers, members of the one into disuse. Their concert- congregation would be designated ed responses to the prayers became by the Bishop to read the selec- less frequent. Congregational tions from Holy Scripture at Mass. chant became the province of a There was much answering by the selected group of choristers. The faithful, as St. Justin Martyr offertory procession declined from (Second Century) tells how all the regular procedure to an ob- 16 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY servance eight times a year, then As a consequence the Missal for only four t imes, until it finally dis- the Laity is replacing the beads appeared altogether. The Pax lin- and the "Key of Heaven" in the gered in certain localities and at hands of the faithful, as they as- last became restricted to the sanc- sist at Mass. They learn first to tuary. Holy Communion grew so read the invariable portions of the infrequent that a Council of the Ordinary of the Mass, thus pray- thirteenth century had to pass a ing the Mass with the priest, rath- decree requiring Holy Communion er than reciting other prayers, at least once a year under pain of however devotional, which have no excommunication. Losing the ex- direct bearing on the function ercise of these active bits of par- which they are attending. The ticipation in the liturgy, the faith- next stage is their progress to a ful lost their appreciation of the Missal in some simplified form theological basis on which they (like that' of the leaflets, compiled . rested, and the mentality of the to cover the particlar Mass which congregation became that of ob- is being said), or the Sunday Mis- servers of, rather than participants sal, which avoids most of the ' com- in, the sacred liturgy. plexities arising from the constant conflict between the ever varying The liturgical movement, there- Sundays and the feasts permanent- fore, contemplates a campaign of ly fixed to days of the month. The education, destined to awaken in final step in the educational pro- the laity a liturgical sense, by in- gress is the use of the Mass-book structing them concerning the itself, many of the laity master- Mass and their real share in the ing its intricacies so that they use offering of it, with the r esult that it with a degree of skill which they will be able to follow the lit - would do credit to seminarians in urgy with the Missal and, taking a major orders. step still further, be able to take part by making the responses at Low Mass and joining in the chant at High Mass. The children in our So far, we have only education, the understanding of the Mass and the ability to follow it. The intel- schools, the young people in our ligent reading of the Missal with academies and colleges, and adults the priest is participation of a sort, in study clubs and similar organ- but much more active cooperation izations, are following courses in on the part of the laity is being the public worship of the Church. sought and, to a great · extent, LAY PARTICIPATION IN THE LITURGY 17 found, by the promotors of the lit- lay participation in High Mass, the urgical movement. The results only difficulties are the very prac- achieved are the Dialogue Mass in tical ones incident to congregation- the case of Low Mass, and the sing- al singing. Much is being done in ing of the official chant at High this connection with the children Mass. The Dialogue Mass may be of our schools whose training is described as a Low Mass at which widespread in the execution of the members -of the congregation. plain chant and of the easier lit- r ecite in concert the responses us- urgical Masses, especially when ually made by the altar-boy and, in sung in unison. At High Mass, no addition, say together certain congregation can be so ungifted prayers with the priest, especially musically as to be unable to man- those ordinarily sung by the choir age the choral responses, Amen, at High Mass. It must be admitted Et cum spiritu tuo, Deo gratias, that there are objections to the and the others. Not a high degree general adoption of this practice. of skill should be r equired to equip The Church r equires for the law- the congregation to sing the in- ful conduct of the Dialogue Mass variable chants of the Mass, along that it be permitted by the local with, or alternately with, the choir. Bishop and that the congregation The specially trained choristers do not recite aloud any portions of would continue to chant the vari- the Mass which the priest recites able parts of the Mass; as well as in secret. It would be, obviously, its more elaborate chants. So incongruous for the people to de- whether at Low Mass or at High claim the Canon of the Mass, for Mass, the attendants are no longer example, which the rubrics require silent passive spectators, but vocal, the celebrant to say in a whisper. active par ticipants in the liturgical On the other hand, there is noth- homage paid to the Most High ing indecorous in concerted an- jointly by His priest a t the altar swering by the congregation of the and the non-ordained members of responses usually made in its name t he Mystical Body of Christ in the by the server, nor in the recitation congregation, all actively united in aloud by priest and people together communal worship. of certain portions, like those which are sung by ' t he choir at High Mass. In these days of frequent Holy Communion, only passing reference need be made to that most active When we come to consider the and conspicuous participation of 18 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY the laity in the liturgy, which is faithful was the rule. It was an represented by the reception of indispensable element in the assist- Holy Communion at Mass. Empha- ance of the early Christians at sis, however, should be placed on Mass. It remained for later times the propriety of receiving Holy to conceive of attendance at Mass Communion during Mass, at the without reception of Holy Com- proper time, after the Communion munion. Even now, with our fre- of the priest, as the chief feature ~uent and daily Communion, there of lay association with the Holy is not sufficiently inculcated the SaGrifice. Hence Communion out- idea of the reception of Holy Com- side of Mass, or immediately be- munion as an active participation fore or immediately after Mass, in the Sacrifice of the Mass, not should be the exception rather than to be lightly divorced from it by the rule. Holy Communion is the the distribution of Holy Commun- highest and most intimate form of ion at times other than that imme- cooperation of the faithful at Mass. diately following the Communion The Mass is a sacrifice which re- of the celebrant. suIts in a Sacrament. The priest alone can offer the sacrifice but The liturgical movement offers priest and 'people together partici- to the laity these forms of partici- pate in the Sacrament, which is ef- pation in the sacred liturgy as a fected by the sacerdotal action of privilege, which all may enjoy but the consecrating priest. This Holy which none are obliged to exercise. Sacrament is an integral part of the Sacrifice. The people are not co-consecrators with the celebrat- ing priest but they are co-partici- pants in the Eucharistic Sacrifice by the reception of Holy Commun- There are those who are content with things as they are, who would be only disturbed by forms of ac- tive participation as a substitute for the private prayers to which they have been long accustomed. There are many others, however, ion along with the priest. The lay who feel that under the old condi- cooperation here is as active as tions they received only a fraction was that of the Apostles at the of the benefit which they should de- first of all Masses, offered by the rive from attendance at the supreme great High Priest Himself at the act of Christian worship. Teach- Last Supper in the upper chamber ing the people to follow the Mass in Jerusalem. In the primitive intelligently, Missal in hand; al- Church, general Communion of the lowing them, within proper limits, LAY PARTICIPATION IN THE LITURGY 19 the active participation of the Dia- but nevertheless bringing to the logue Low Mass and the congrega- man in the pew a realization of his tionally-sung High Mass; empha- active association with the priest sizing the intimate connection be- at the altar, in accord with the tween assistance at Mass and the prayer of the celebrant at the Or- reception of Holy Communion- ate fratres: "Pray, brethren, that here we have a three-fold system my sacrifice and yours may be ac- of lay cooperation-positive, com- ceptable in the sight of God, the parative, and superlative--quite in Father Almighty." accord with present ecclesiastical law, involving no radical changes, Prayer in Time of War ORIENTAL RITES IN THE LITURGY Address delivered on June 28, 1942 In the Catholic Hour for the Protestant Churches of Western past three Sundays, ~e have been Christianity. studying the liturgy of the Church How this came about historically in the familiar form in which may be stated thus: There was 01'- Catholics see it carried out Sunday ig inally some very simple ceremony after Sunday. When we learn in employed for the celebration of Catholic quiz programmes of the Mass. This rite crystallized into "Believe it or not" variety, that various forms according to the the Mass is celebrated not only in local conditions where it was prac- Latin but in nine or ten other dif- ticed. Some features were elabor- ferent languages, we must not ated in one place and not develop- picture the Mass to which we ed in others. Slight re-arrange- are accustomed, merely celebrated ments of the original order were in a tongue other than Latin. made, prayer's lengthy or abbrevia- Not only is the language different, ted varied in different parts of but the entire rite-the ceremonial, Christendom. The development of the vestments, the prayers-is dif- the r ather vague primitive rite cen- ferent. While the liturgy of the t ered ·about the three great patri- Church throughout the world is archates, Rome, Alexandria, and very predominantly the Latin rite Antioch, which became the parent of familiar religious experience, stems of many branches of litur- there are other rites in the Church. gical worship. Out of Antioch grew There is what is loosely termed the the Patriarchate of Constantinople Greek rite. There are the Armen- when that city became the seat of ian Rite, the Syriac Rite, and the the Roman Emperor, and from Chaldean Rite, to mention only a Constantinople arose the most- few. All those who practice these widely practiced of Easterll Lit- rites profess the same faith and urgies. The heresies of the fifth acknowledge the jurisdiction of century lost to the Church many the Pope; that is, all those among Christians in Asia Minor and the Catholics of the Near East, Egypt, in Syria and modern Iraq, who are called Uniates, united with who carried their liturgy with Rome-for there are also the so- them into her esy. In the ninth cen-called Orthodox E astern Churches, as disunited from Rome as are the tury, when the great Church of ORIENTAL RITES IN THE LITURGY 21 Constantinople severed its bonds and now in rapid tempo, now in with Rome-and with it the bulk of animated form and now in mourn- Christians of the Eastern Empire fu l guise, now in t he austere natu- - t he Byzantine Liturgy became a ral scale and now in colorful chro- schismatic form of worship. In the matics. F or the novice in music, Near East, both in the fourth cen- it is often hard to recognize the t ury and t he ninth century, some 0riginal t heme as it passes through remained faithful to the Pope ; successive variations. It is only and since then many have been re- the trained musician who can dis- ceived into unity with the Holy cern it by certain cadences, certain See. It is these who are called the patterns in the phrases, no matter Uniate Eastern Catholics, united how elaborately it is involved in wit h Rome in the profession of t he t he development. Just so, there is, same faith but allowed to retain all a fundament al theme in the Mass, their ancient customs as to wor- an inevitable pattern of introduc-. ship, prayers, and ceremonial, lit - tory service and Mass proper, an urgical language and ecclesiastical essential sequence of Offertory, music. These Uniates are all Cath- Consecration, and Communion, olics, as much so as the members which remain constant through alII of t he Church in Rome or New the variations of r ites, Latin and York, but they follow a different Eastern, Gr eek and Armenian, ritual and use a different language Coptic and Syrian. at t he altar. Basically the liturgy Now, who are these Uniate Cath- is the same. The essential elements olics of the E ast ern rites ? It is are identical in the Roman Rite beyond the purpose of these talks and in anyone of t he Eastern to go into t he· det ailed divisions rites . But externally they look very and complex subdivisions of these different and a Catholic of the bodies of Catholics of the Near Latin r ite would have difficulty in East. Best known and most num- following t he service in a Uniate erous in Christ endom, as well as Catholic Church. This difficulty in t he United St at es, is what is may be compared to that which is inaccurat ely called the Greek found in t he style of musical com- Church. By the Uniate Greek posit ion known as a t heme and Church we mean those Catholic variations. Here a musical phrase groups who use the rite attributed is stated and then subjected to a to St. John Chrysostom, who was number of t ranspositions and em- Bishop of Const ant inople in the broideries, appearing now in slow fourth century. This rite is not al- 22 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY ways celebrated in Greek; indeed, same origin, distinguished by the in this country it is only excep- fact that all Maronites are Uniates, tionally so, for here the more us- there being none who are schisma- ual langauge is the ancient Slav- tics, none who are not in commun- onic. Retaining, for convenience, ion with Rome. Churches of both the unscientific name of Greek these rites are to be found in this Church for the various Catholics of country, though they are much this rite, we may say that it em- fewer in number than those of braces the Ruthenians of the Uni- the Ruthenians. Again, there is ted States, who number over half the ancient church of Egypt, de- a million, and are governed by two vel oped under the aegis of the Pa- Bishops. The liturgical language triarch of Alexandria, known as is archaic Slavonic and the ritual the Coptic Church, most of whose is that of the Greek rite, the same members are not in communion as that of the orthodox Greek with Rome but of whom there is Church of Constantinople and Ath- a small body of Uniates. We may ens, and of the national church of mention here also the church of Russia under the Czars. The obe- Ethiopia or Abyssinia, in which dience however is that of submis- the Uniate percentage is a mere sion to the See of Rome. Next, we trace. Lastly, reference should be have the Armenian Uniates, Catho- made to the Chaldean Catholics, of lics originally, from the district ancient Mesopotamia. This very between the Black Sea and the summary and perhaps confusing Caspian, following a rite really not classification of Catholics of non- very different from the Greek lit- Roman rites, whose members ac- urgy, since both grew up under knowledge the authority of Rome the patriarchate of Antioch; but -the Greek Church and the Ar- their language is Armenian. The men ian Uniates, the Syrians and adherents of this rite in the Uni- the Maronites, the Coptics and the ted States are much less numerous Chaldeans-while by no means ex- than those of the Ruthenian Greek haustive, will suffice to give us a Church and they have not the ec- picture of Catholics practicing clesiastical organization of the lat- forms of liturgy basically identical ter. A third group of Eastern with our own, but peculiar in their Catholics is represented by the Sy- varying vestments, the texts of rians, another flowering of the Pa- their prayers, their ceremonial, and triarchate of Antioch, and a fourth their language. is the Maronite Church, of the If we may select certain charac- ORIENTAL RITES IN THE LITURGY 23 teristics which in general distin- The chant of the liturgy has guish Eastern liturgies from the that plaintive character and that Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic abundance of cadenzas which we Church, we should mention, first associate with Oriental music, as of all, the length of the prayers. distinguished from the greater re- The Oriental rites know no such straint of our Gregorian chant. streamlined services as allow Mass There are two very dramatic mo- every hour on the hour in our city ments in the Oriental Mass: the churches. Secondly, there is great- Little Entrance and the Great En- er elaboration of ritual than in our trance. The former is the proces- rite. The Roman Mass to an Orien- sion in which the Book of Gospels tal seems austere and "Low is carried about the church before Church." There are more multi- being placed on the altar, previous plied signs of the cross, more re- to the chanting of the lessons from pea ted bows and inclinations, Sacred Scripture. The second is though generally no bending of an even more elaborate procession, the knee, more complex gestures of which escorts the sacred elements all kinds, much freer use of in- for consecration, the bread carried cense, and a much more detailed by the deacon and the chalice by technique in preparing and hand- the celebrant, accompanied by in- ling the bread and wine destined cense and lights and ceremonial for consecration. The vestments fans, proceeding from the altar at are more gorgeous and less form- the left to the high altar at which fitting. The arrrangements of sanc- the Mass is being celebrated. On t uary and altar, though differing the other hand, the consecration it- f rom ours more in design than in self is not nearly so dramatic as essence, departs from that with with us. It might well pass un- which we are familiar. Ordinary noticed by the uninstructed observ- leavened bread and not the unleav- er, while in the Latin Mass, the ened bread of our use is as a rule silence, the tinkling bell, and the the material for consecration in the elevation of the Host and chalice E astern Church. The bread is cut would impress the most casual at- into little cubes for Holy Com- tendant that something of great munion. The laity receive both un- der the form of bread and under t he form of wine, in some cases by dipping the Host in the chalice, as with the Greeks. importance is transpiring. This generalization of the signif- icant features of Oriental rites must not convey the impression that they are all very similar one 24 THE LITURGY AND THE LAITY to the other, for each one has its old use as our own. We are all distinctive characteristics. The fellow-citizens of the one great Maronite rite, for instance, has kingdom of God on earth. We are been very much Romanized and all paying to God the homage of appears much more like our litur- worship, of official, liturgical wor- gy than it really is. On the other ship, differing in expression but hand, the coptic Liturgy, though agreeing in essence. The hands exhibiting most of the features may be the hands of Esau but the which we have named as peculiar voice is always the voice of Jacob. Liturgy has been defined as the the most unusual, the most Orien- official public worship of the tal, of all. The various Uniate to Eastern rites, would seem to us Churches are not in communion Church. This worship is no less official, no less liturgical, when conducted according to the rite of the Greek Church or the Armenian with one another but they are all in communion, as we are, with the Pope as the visible head of the Church, when carried out accord- Church, Eastern and Western, on earth. All ing to the ritual of Alexandria or are branches joined to the main stem, which is Rome. They are living branches draw- Antioch, in Greek or in Slavonic, in Coptic or Syriac, than when it is carried out in accordance with the ing their life by real visible com- ceremonial of the Church of Rome munion from the parent stem and and in the Latin language. All so from Christ Himself. We must not think of Ori€ntal Christians as less Catholic than ourselves. They are children of the great Patri- archates of Antioch and of Alex- andria, as we are children of the Patriarchate of Rome, though this last has the pirmacy of jurisdic- tion over all other patriarchates. Their rites and their ceremonies, their language and their customs, have all the same sanctity of age- Catholics, Roman and Uniate, pro- fessing the one faith, in obedience to the one Bishop of Rome, give voice to their official worship, each group in its own traditional form. Distinct as the fingers in the vari- ety of their liturgies, they are uni- ted as the hand in the one faith, of which each liturgy is an official expression. Prayer in Time of War THE PURPOSE OF THE CATHOLIC HOUR (Extract from the address of the late Patrick Cardinal Hayes at the inaugural program of the Catholic Hour in the studio of the National Broadcasting Company, New York City, March 2, 1930.) Our congratulations and our gratitude are extended to the National Council of Catholic Men and its officials, and to all who, by their financial support, have made it possible to use this offer of the National Broadcasting Company. The heavy expense of managing and financing a weekly program, its musical numbers, its speakers, the subsequent answering of inquiries, must be met . •.• This radio hour is for all the people of the United States. To our fellow-citizens, in this word of dedication, we wish to express a cordial greeting and, indeed, congratulations. For this radio hour is one of service to America, which certainly will listen in interestedly, and even sympathetically, I am sure, to the voice of the ancient Church with its historic background of a ll the centuries of the Christian era, and with its own notable contribution to the discovery, explora- tion, foundation and growth of our glorious country .... Thus to voice before a vast public the Catholic Church is no light task. Our prayers will be with those who have that task in hand. We feel certain that it will have both the good will and the good wishes of the great majority of our countrymen. Surely, there is no true lover of our Country who does not eagerly hope for a less worldly, a less material, and a more spiritual standard among our people. With good will, with kindness and with Christ-like sympa- thy for all, this work is inaugurated. So may it continue. So may it be fulfilled. This word of dedication voices, there- fore , the hope that this radio hour may serve to make known, to explain with the charity of Christ, our faith, which we love even as we love Christ Himself. May it serve to make better uRderstood that faith as it really is-a light r evealing the pathway to heaven : ; a strength, and a power divine through Christ; pardoning our sins, elevating, consecrating our common every-day duties and joys, bringing not only justice but gladness and peace to our searching and ques- tioning hearts. 104 CATHOLIC HOUR STATIONS In 41 States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii Alabama Arlzana Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire t-Iew Mexico Birmingham ........... ............................... WBRC 960 kc Mabile ....... ....................... ...................... WALA 1410 kc Phoenix ... ............................................... KTAR 620 kc Safford .................................................... 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OUR SUNDAY VISITOR is the authorized p ublisher of a ll CATHOLIC HOUR addresses in pamphlet form. The addresses published to date, all of which are available, are listed below. Others will be published as they are delivered. Quantity Prices Do Not Include Carriage Charge "The Divine Romance/' by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 80 pages and C'over. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, IOc each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "The Moral Order" and "Mary, the Mother of Jesus," by Rev. Dr. Gee. Johnson, 64 pages and cover. Single copy, IOc postpaid; 5 or more, 8e each. In qua ntities, $6.50 per 100. '4A Trilogy on Prayer." by Rev. Thomas F. Burke, C.S.P., 32 pages and cover. Sing le copy, I Oc postpaid; 5 or more, 8e cacho In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Philosophy of Catholic Education," by Rev. Dr. Charles L. O'Donnell , C.S.C., 32 pages a nd cover. Sing le copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $5:50 per 100. "Christianity and the Modern Mind," by Rev. John A. McClorey. S.J., 64 pages and cover. Single copy, l5c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $6 .50 per 100. " The Moral Law," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., % pages and cover. Single copy, 20c; 5 or more, 15c eae·h. In quantities, $10.50 per 100. "Christ and His Church," by Rt. R ev. Msgr. Joseph M. Corrigan, 88 pages and cover. Single copy. 20c postpaid; 5 or more, 15c each. In quantities, $10.50 per 100. "The Marks of the Church ," by Rev. Dr. J ohn K. Cartwright, 48 pages and cover. Single copy. 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c' each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Organization and Government of the Church," by Rev. Dr. Fran- cis J. Connell, C.SS.R., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8e each . In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Moral Factors in Economic Life," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Francis J. Haas and Rt. Rev. Msgr. John A. Ryan, 32 pages and eover . Single copy, 10e postpaid; 5 or m ore, 8e each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "Divine Helps for Man," by R ev. Dr. Edward J. W a lsh , C.M., 104 pages and covel'. Sing le copy, 25c postpaid; 5 or more, 20c each. In quantities, $12.00 per 100. "The Parables," by R ev. John A. McClory, S.J., 128 pages and cover. S ingle copy, 30c postpaid; 5 or more, 20c each. In quantities, $13 .00 per 100. "Christianity's Contribution to Civilization," by Rev . James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c postpaid; 5 or more, 15c each. In quantities, $11.00 per 100. "Manifestations of Christ," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 123 pages and covel". Single copy, 30c postpaid; 5 or more, 20c each. In quantities, $13.00 per 100. "The Way of the Cross," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 32 pages and cover (prayer book size) . Single copy .. 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 5c each. In quantities, $3 .50 per 100. "Christ Today," by V ery' Rev. Dr. Ig natius Smith, O.P., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In Quantities, $6.00 per 100. . "The Christian Fami1y," by Rev. Dr. Edward Lodge Curran, 68 pages and cover . Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, lOc each. In quantities, $7 .75 per 100. "The Dublin Eucharistic Congress," by His Eminence William Car- dinal O'Connell. An address rebroadcast from Dublin. 12 pages and C'over. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 5c each . In Quantities, $4.25 per 100. "Rural Catholic Action," by Rev. Dr. Edgar Schmiedeler, O.S.B., 24 pages and cover. S ing le copy. 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 5c eae-h. In quan- tities $4.00 per 100. "Religion and Human Nature," by R ev. Dr. Joseph A. Da ly, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 8c each. In Quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Church and Some Outstanding Problems of the Day," by Rev. Jones I. Corrigan, 8.J. , 72 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "Conflicting Standards," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S .P ., 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "The Hymn of the Conquered," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J . Sheen , 12S pages and cover. Single copy, 30c postpaid; 5 or more, 20c each. In quantities $13.00 per 100. "The Seven Last Words," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, (prayer book s ize) 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid ; 5 or more, 5c each . In quantities, $3.50 per 100. "The Church and the Child," by Rev. Dr. Paul H . Furfey, 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Love's Veiled Victory and Love's Laws," by Rev. Dr. George F . Stroh aver, S.J., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15e postpaid; 5 or more 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Religion and Liturgy," by Rev. Dr. Francis A. Walsh, O.S.B., 32 pages a nd cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, Sc each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Lord's Prayer Today," by Very Rev. Dr. Ignatius Sm'ith, O.P., 64 page and cover. Single copy. 15c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 10e each. In quantities $6.50 per 100. "God, Man and Redemption ," by R ev. Dr. Ignat ius W. Cox, 8.J., 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quan- tities, $6.50 per 100. "This Mysterious Human Nature," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S .P., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, .15c postpaid: 5 or more, Sc each. In quantities, $6 .00 per 100. "The Eternal Galilean," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 160 pages and cover. Single copy, 35c postpaid; 5 or more, 25c eac·h. In quantities, $17.00 per 100. "The Queen of Seven Swords," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen (prayerbook size), 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10e postpaid; 5 or more, 5e each. In quantities , $3.50 per 100. "The Catholic Teaching on Our Industrial System," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. John A. Ryan, 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid: 5 or more, 8c' each. In Quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Happiness of Fait h," by Rev. Daniel A. Lord, S.J., 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 1'5e postpaid; 5 or more, IDe. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "The Salvation of Human Society," by Rev. Peter J. Bergen, C.S.P. , 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid, 5 or more, 8c each. In quan- tities , $6 .00 per 100. "Catholic Education," by Rev. Dr. George Johnson, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, I5c' postpaid; 5 or more, Bc each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Church and Her Missions," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. William Quinn , 32 pages and cover. Single copy. 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8e each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Church and the Depression," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $8 .75 per 100. "The F ullness of Christ," by Rt. R ev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 176 pages and cover. Single copy, 45c postpaid; 5 or more, 30c eaCh . In quantities, $17 .50 per 100. "The Church and Modern Thought," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S .P., SO pag~s and cover. Single copy. 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, '$S.75 per 100. "Misunderstood Truths," by Most Rev. Duane G. Hunt, 48 pages and cover. Single copy, I5c postpaid; '5 or more, Bc each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Judgment of God and The Sense of Duty," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. William J . Kerby, 16 pages and cover. Single copy, IDe postpaid ; · 5 or more, 5e each. In quantities , $4.00 per 100. "Chr i,stian Education," by Rev. Dr. James A. Reeves, 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $4.00 per 100. "What CiviJization Owes to the Church," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. William Quinn, 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10 each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "If Not Christianity: What?" by R ev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c p ostpaid; 5 or more, I5c each . rn Quantities, $11.00 per 100. "The Prodigal World," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 140 pages and cover. Single copy, 35c postpaid; 5 or more, 25c each. In quantities, $17.00 per 100. "The Coin of Our Tribute," by Very R ev. Thomas F. Conlon, O.P ., 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Pope Pius XI," by His Eminence Patrick Cardinal Hayes. An address in honor of the 79th birthday of His holiness, 16 pages and 4 color C"over. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. uMisunderstanding the Church," by Most Rev. Duane G. Hunt, 48 pages and cover. Sing le copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, Sc each. In quan- tities, $6.00 per 100. "The Poetry of. Duty," by R ev. Alfred Duffy, C.P., 48 pages and cover. Sing le copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or mor e, 8d each . In qua ntities, $6.00 per 100. "Characteristic Christian Ideals," by Rev. Bonaventure McIntyre, O. F. M., 32 pages a nd cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 8c each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Catholic Church and Youth," by Rev. J ohn F. O'Hara, C.S.C. 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, Be each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Spirit of the Missions," by Rt. R ev. Msgr. Thomas J . McDonnell , 32 pages and cover. Single copy, lOe postpaid; 5 or more, 8e each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Life of the Soul," by R ev. J ames M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c postpaid; 5 or more, 15c each. In quantities, $11.00 per 100. "Our Wounded World," by Rt. R ev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 112 pages and cover. Single dOPY, 25c postpaid; 5 or more, 20c each. In quantities, $12.50 per 100. The first six addresses in this series published separately under the title "Freedom and Democracy: a Study of Their Enemies," 56 pages and cover . Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "The Banquet of Triumph," by Very R ev. J. J. McLarney, O.P., 32 pages and cover. Sing le copy, lOc postpaid; '5 or m ore, Be each. In quan- tities, $5.50 per 100. . "Society and the Social Encyclicals-America's Road Out," by Rev. R. A . McGowan, 32 pages and cover. Single copy , 10c postpaid; 5 or m ore, Sc each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "Pius XI, Father and Teacher of the Nations," (On His Eightieth Birthday) by His Excellency, Most R ev. Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, 16 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 6c eadh. In quantities, $3 .60 per 100. "The Eastern Catholic Church," by Rev. J ohn Kallok, 48 pages ana cover. Sing le copy, 15c postpaid; 6 or m ore, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Joy in Religion," by R ev. John B . Delauney, C.S.C., 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8d each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. uThe 'Lost' Radiance of the Religion of Jesus," by Rev. Thomas A. Carney, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 p er 100. "Some Spiritual Problems of College Students," by R ev. Dr. Maurice S. Sheehy, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 8c eadh. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "God and Governments," by Rev. Wilfrid Parsons, S.J. , 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or m ore, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Saints vo. Kings," by Rev. J am es M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages a nd cover. Single copy, 20 postpaid; 1> or m ore, 15c each. In quantities, $11.00 per 100. "Justice and Charity," by Rt. R ev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen . P art I- "The Social Problem and the Church," 96 pages a nd cover . Single copy, 20e- postpaid; 5 or m ore, 15c each. In quan- tities, $12.00 p er 100. P a rt II- "The Individual Problem and the Cross," 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or m ore. IOc each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "In Defense of Chastity," by Rev. Felix M. Kirsch, O.M. Cap., 72 pages and cover, including study aids and bibliography. Sing le copy, 15c postpaid. 5 or more, 10c each. In qua ntities, $8.75 per 100 ·'The Appeal To Reason," by M.ost Rev. Duane G. Hunt, D.D., LL.D., 72 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, lOc each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "Practical Aspects of Catholic Education," by Very Rev. Edward V. Stanford, O.S.A., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Mission of Youth in Contemporary Society," by Rev. Dr. George Johnson, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, l5C' postpaid: 5 or more, 8e each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Holy Eucharist," by Most Rev. Joseph F. Rummel, S.T.D., LL.D., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $5:50 per 100. "Cardinal Hayes-A Eulo~y," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 16 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quan- tities, $3.50 per 100. "The Rosary and the RiJrhts of Man," by Very Rev. J. J. M".Larney, O.P., 56 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "Human Life," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c postpaid; 5 or more, 15c each. In quantities, $10 per 100. "Freedom," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen. Part I-uSocial Freedom," 80 pages and cover. Single copy, l5c postpaid; 5 or more, 10". each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. Part II-"Personal Freedom," 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c postpaid; 5 or more, 15c each. In quantities, $12.00 per 100. "The Holy Ghost," by Very Rev. J. J. McLarney, O.P., 56 pages and cover. Single copy, l5c postpaid; 5 or more, lOC' each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "Toward the Reconstruction of a Christian Social Order," by Rev. Dr. John P. Monoghan, 48 pages and cover. Single ".opy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "Marian Vi2'nettes," by Rev. J. R. Keane, D.S.M., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Peace of Christ," by Very Rev. Martin J. O'Malley, C.M., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, lOc postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quan- tities $5.50 per 100. "God's World of Tomorrow," by Rev. Dr. John J. Russell, 40 pages and C'Over. Single copy, l5c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities. $6.00 per 100. "The Catholic Tradition in Literature," by Brother Leo, F.S.C., 40 pages and cover. Single copy, l5e postpaid; 6 or more, 8e each. In quan- tities, $6.00 per 100. "What Catholics Do At Mass," by Rev. Dr. William H. Russell, 72 pages and cover, including study club questions and suggestions, and brief bibliography. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "Prophets and Kin2's: Great Scenes, Great Lines," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P., 96 pages and cover. Single copy, 20c postpaid; 5 or more, 15c each. In quantities, $11.00 per 100. "Peace, the Fruit of Justice," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 64- pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10". each. In quan- tities, $6.50 per 100. "The Seven Last Words and The Seven Virtues," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 80 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "1930-Memories-1940"-The addresses delivered in the Tenth Anni- versary Broadcast of the Catholic Hour on March 3, 1940, together with congratulatory messages and editorials. 80 pages and cover. Sinitle copy, 25". postpaid; 5 or more, 20c each. In quantities, $11.00 per 100. "What Kind of a World Do You Want," by Rev. Wilfrid Parsons, S.J., 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Law," by Rev. Dr. Howard W. Smith, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; '5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. uIn the Be2'inning," by Rev. Arthur J. Sawkins, 40 pa2'es and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; '5 or more, 8c ea".h. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The Life and Personality of Christ," by Rev. Herbert F. Gallagher, O.F.M., 48 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. ·In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "America and the Catholic Church," by Rev. JOhn J. Waide, 48 pages dnd cover. Single COPY. 15C' postpaid; 5 or more, 8e each. In quantities, $6 .00 per 100. "The Social Crisis and Christian Patriotism," by Rev. Dr. John F. Cronin, 8.S., 40 pages and cover. Single COPY. 15c postpaid ; 5 or more, 8e each. In quantities, $6 .00 per 100. "Missionary Responsibility," by the Most Rev. Richard J. Cushing, D.D., LL.D. , 32 pages and cover. Single copy, IOc postpaid; 5 or more, Be each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100 . "Crucial Questions," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P. , 64 pages and cover. Single COPY. 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 8e each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "Favorite Texts From The Confessions of St. Augustine," by Rev. James M. Gillis, C.S .P., 64 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid ,; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. "War and Guilt," by Rt. R ev. Msgr. Fulton J . Sheen of the Catholic Univers ity of America, 196 pages and cover. Single copy, GOc' postpaid; 5 or more, 50c each. In quantities, $32.00 per 100. "The Purposes of Our Eucharistic Sacrifice," by Rev. Gerald T. Bask· field, S.T.D., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each . In quantities, $5 .50 per 100. "1'he Case for Conscience," by Rev. Thomas Smith Sullivan, O.M.I., S.T.D., 32 pages a nd cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Catholic Notion of Faith," by R ev. Thomas N. O'Kane, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid ; 5 or more, Bc each . In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "Freedom Defended," by Rev. John F. Cronin, S.S ., Ph.D., 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 10c postpaid; 5 or more, 8c' each. In quantities, $5.50 per 100. "The Rights of the Oppressed," by Rt. Rev. Msgr. Martin J '. O'Connor, 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, Bc each. In quantities , $6.00 per 100. "The Practical Aspects of Patriotism ," by Rev. George Johnson, Ph.D., 40 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid; 5 or more, Be' each. In quantities, $6.00 pel' 100. "What Is Wrong and How to Set It Right," by R ev. James M. Gillis, C.S.P ., 80 pages a nd cover. Single copy, 15c, pos tpaid; 5 or more, 10c each. In quantities, $8.75 per 100. "Peace," by R t. Rev. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen, 160 pages and cover. Single copy, 35c postpaid; 5 or more, 25c each . In quantities, $17 .00 per 100. "Christian Heroism," by Rev. Robert J. Slavin~ a.p., 64 pages and cover. Single C'opy, 20c, postpaid; 5 or more, 15c. In quantities, $7.'50 per 100. "A Report to Mothers and Fathers," by Rev. William A . Maguite, Chaplain, U. S. Army, a nd Rev. Christopher E . O'Hara, Chaplain, U. S. Navy, 24 pages and cover. Single copy. 15c postpaid; 5 or more, 10c. In quantities, $6.00 per 100. "The L iturgy and the Laity," by R ev. William J . L a llou, 32 pages and cover. Single copy, 15c postpaid ; '5 or more.z. 10c. In quantities, $6.50 per 100. Complete list of 108 pamphlets to one address in U. S., $13 .75 postpaid. Price to Canada and Foreign Countries, $16.75. Address: OUR SUNDAY VISITOR, Huntington, Indiana. 827198-001 827198-002 827198-003 827198-004 827198-005 827198-006 827198-007 827198-008 827198-009 827198-010 827198-011 827198-012 827198-013 827198-014 827198-015 827198-016 827198-017 827198-018 827198-019 827198-020 827198-021 827198-022 827198-023 827198-024 827198-025 827198-026 827198-027 827198-028 827198-029 827198-030 827198-031 827198-032 827198-033 827198-034 827198-035 827198-036