Nihil obstat: P. L. Biermann, Censor Librorum Imprimatur: George Cardinal Mundelein, Archbishop of Chicago Copyright, 1934 by JAMES ~. MAGNER t)aaC1dified Shall ~ Marry a Non-Catholic? By JAMES A. MAGNER, Ph.D., S.T.D. Editor of The Question Box and Marria&e Questions of the Extension Magazine ST. GERTRUDE STUDY CLUB 1420 Granville Ave. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Shall I Marry a Non. Catholic HUNDREDS of letters from Cath- olics who wish to marry or have already married non-Catholics come to me each year, through the Marriage Questions department of the Extension Magazine. They reveal such a world of perplexing problems, of hopes, and regrets, that I have decided to take this opportunity to consider some of the more important points of the ques- tion of mixed marriage as it really exists. This article is prompted by a desire to help Catholic young men and women solve what may be the most critical problem in their lives. Marriage, while appealing to the most romantic instincts, is something which requires good clear thinking to be a success. Perhaps there is no situ: ation that calls · for ·this more ' than when two persons who are falling or have fallen in love begin to realize that they are of radically different reli- gious faiths. That this is a practical difficulty for Catholics is evident from the fact that Catholics form less than one-sixth of the popUlation of the United States. That means a Cath- olic boy or girl has only one chance in six of meeting a Catholic who is eligible for marriage, although this fig- -2- ure will assume different proportions in different communities and sections of the country. I th.ink that the mCJ,jority of Cath- olics who consider the possibility of marriage would prefer to marry one of their own, if they could get,partners that measure up to their ideals. This at least in theory. From a practical standpoint, however, love develops from a variety of personal human qualities and circumstances in :which differences of religion play . a very small initial role. Common interests, good looks, appealing talents, sympa- thy for another's hard luck, a catchy manner, or a subtle combination of all these may be enough to set off the spark. The emotional element devel- ops rapidly. Unless the couple are on their guard, this question of religious differences may appear as a mere technicality to which they can answer, "But we are in love I" The difficulty, however, is not so easily settled as that. The Catholic Church, forbids mixed marriages by general law. If the non-Catholic does not become a convert, a dispensation must be secured, when possible, and he or she mu~t pledge certain import- ant concessions, which will definitely -3- stamp the family as Catholic. The only alternative is to call off the match so far as Catholic marriage is con- cerned. It is easy to state these solu- tions of the problem. To carry them out is quite another matter. Wh~re the courtship has gone on for some time and the couple seem matched in all save religion, the importance of the religious issue seems to diminish. And where the non-Catholic refuses to comply with the requirements of the Church, the Catholic has only one choice out of two-either to break up the courtship or to abandon the Cath- olic Faith and be married outside the Church. Is this ruling of the Church too strict for Catholics? Is it an injustice to non-Catholics? In June, 1929, the Forum published an article called "What It Means to Marry a Catholic," , written by a non-Catholic woman who did. Her first observation was this: "The wisest ruling the Roman Cath- olic Church ever made is that of for- bidding the marriage of a Catholic with a non-Catholic. If it could enforce this decree, many tragedies would be averted. Every year, under the emo- tional agitation loosely called love, thousands of Catholics apply for and receive a dispens'ation from the law, -4- and the same number of non-Catholics enter into the marriage contract with those whose conception of marriage is totally different from theirs." Is Conversion Advisable? One of the most obvious courses suggested as a way out .of the diffi- culty is the conversion of the non- Catholic to the Catholic Faith. Many Catholics are timid about asking the other to take instructions or even to consider the possibility of entering the Church. They say that this is a pure- ly personal matter, which should be left entirely to the judgment and de- sire of the non-Catholic. A person who becomes a Catholic just to get married, it is affirmed, cannot make a good Catholic. As a rule, the non- Catholic is unwilling to begin instruc- tions or assume the responsibilities of becoming a Catholic unless there is a definite assurance of marriage. The prospect of taking instructions in a strange faith is not exactly a pleasant one, and such a step may cut him or her off from family and friends. Of course, no one should be forced into the Church. Such procedure is against all the principles of Faith and will end simply in the repudiation of -5- the belief and the obligations which membership in the Church requires. A person who becomes a Catholic just to get married is bound to be dissatisfied with the arrangement. Such "conver- sion" does not effect the desired unity of Faith and religious viewpoint. At the same time, if a Catholic really loves a non-Catholic, there can be no higher blessing to wish the ' latter than the gift of a sincere Catholic Faith. A non-Catholic man in love with a Cath- olic girl cannot help attributing some of her personal loveliness and charm to the religion which has had so im- portant a part in forming her char- acter. A Catholic man in love with a non-Catholic girl, and endowed with a minimum of foresight, can hardly fail to realize the value of having his wife a Catholic, for bringing up the chil- dren understandingly in that Faith. The time to effect the conversion, if a sincere conversion is possible, is before marriage, not after. The non-Catholic, in any event, should be obliged to take a course in Catholic belief, even though conver- sion is not the aim or the result. Only in this way can he or she learn what is expected from the spouse of a Catholic. If the obligations of Cath- -6- olic marriage are going to be too ardu- ous, the time to learn this is before, not after, the knot has been tied. Some dioceses require six periods of instruc- tion before a dispensation for a mixed. marriage will be granted. This regula- tion is certainly to the best interests and for the protection of both the Catholic and the non-Catholic parties. Agreements and Promises In the case o~ a genuine mixed mar- riage, that is, when the non-Catholic does not become a convert, a dispensa~ tion must be applied for. Before this can be granted, the non-Catholic IS re- quired to sign certain agreements and promises. The first agreement is to adhere to the Catholic doctrine of mar- riage as a permanent contract. The non-Catholic then promises to grant, first, free exercise of the Catholic party's religion, and, second, education of aU the children, both boys and girls, born of this union, according to the tenets of the Catholic Faith. For practical purposes, this means educa- tion in a Catholic school, where possi- ble. Furthermore, promise must be given that no other marriage ceremony shall take place before or after the ceremony -7- by the Catholic priest. To this promise is sometimes added the agreement that the attitude of the Catholic Church to- wards birth control will be observed . The Catholic party signs a correspond- ing agreement and promises to work for the conversion of the non-Catholic, especially by prayer, example, and fre- quentation of the sacraments. These promises must be given in writing and duly attested by the priest. Mere good will or verbal assent is not enough. They are then forwarded to the bishop, together with the applica- tion for dispensation. This is not a mere formality. The priest may not ·testify to these promises unless he can give a definite assurance to the fact that the couple have been sufficiently acquainted with their meaning and are sincere in enter- ing the agreement and in intending to carry out the promises faithfully. Nevertheless, these promises do not solve all the difficulties. Often they are signed in the flush of love, without realization of the practical difficulties that lie ahead. In this mood, some people are willing to sign almost any- thing. Unless the instructions have been vigorously insisted upon, the non- Catholic may later bitterly regret his -8- or her action and blame the Catholic or the Catholic Church. Catholic Education One of the earliest and most fre- quent evidences of disillusion arises from the promise to rear all the chil- dren in the Catholic Faith. Most non- Catholics have no particular objection to the Catholic's remaining a Catholic. But very often it seems unjust to some that children should not be permitted to be brought up in the respective re- ligions of the father and mother, or left free to choose their religion for them- selves. Many persons who have had comparatively little difficulty in bring- ing themselves to sign tile promises feel that they have been made the un- witting victims of an intellectual and religious tyranny, when it comes time for the children to make their acts of Catholic Faith. Whep the idea of Catholic schooling is added, the situation often becomes unbearable. Some non-Catholic par- ents live in fear that the children, un- der the influence of religious education, may decide to become priests or nuns. In the Forum article, referred to above, the non-Catholic mother declared : "There is not space for me to state -9- the many reasons why to have my child become a monk or nun would seem to me more terrible than its death." Nevertheless she had signed the promises to bring up the children in the Catholic Faith, and upon her, in large part, devolved the painful duty of teaching them their Catholic prayers, of hearing their catechism les- sons, and inculcating in them a spirit of understanding and love for the Catholic Church. Even when these objections _are not advanced, a practical difficulty of the most serious consequences arises when · the children see one parent going to one church and another to another church or to none at all. Differences of religious faith are not to ,be compared with differences of temperament or of economic, political, or social opinions thae may exist between man and wife. These latter differences do not touch the fundamental principles of life or the allegiances that shape one's con- science in relation to eternity. Re- ligious differences of this kind do, and the confusion and sadness that must result in the minds of the children who behold this example of different religious belief in their parents is in- calculable. -10 - \ Birth Control The 2tuestion of birth control is hardly less important than that of edu- cation. It has become Qne of the ma- jor issues of the day, projected by its advocates as a problem demanding na- tional attention. Against all odds, the Catholic Church has clung fast to her condemnation of race-suicide and con- traceptive practices, branding the lat- ter as unnatural and mortally sinful. This is far more vital than mOst young couples realize at the outset. If a couple do not see eye to eye on it, their married life is bound to be extremely unhappy. The overwhelming probabil- ity is that in a mixed marriage they will not. The position taken by an increasing number of non-Catholic sects, in re- sponse to popular demand, is convinc- I ing evidence of the' almost universal acceptance of contraception outside the Catholic Church as a legitimate means of limiting the size of families, In April, 1931, Presbyterian authori- ties drew up a report to the effect that "economic conditions and a worthy standard of living clearly make it wrong to bring children into the world without an adequate provision for their nurture and a proper consideration for -11- / / the health of the mother." This state- ment might well be endorsed by Cath- olic authorities, were it not for the fact that it was followed by a state- ment tolerating contraceptives if em- ployed "in fidelity to he highest spirit- ual ideals of the Christian home." The Catholic Church teaches that it is im- possible to employ such methods in · fidelity to spiritual ideals of Christian- ity. According to the Papal Encyclical Casti Conubii, of January 9, 1931, "those who in exercising the conjugal act deliberately frustrate its natural power and purpose sin against nature and commit a deed which is shameful and intrinsically vicious." Over against this are the reports of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ, Inc., the Lambeth Conference of Angelican Bishops, the American Universalist Church, and the Central Conference of Jewish Rabbis, among many other similar groups, which favor contraception. And in general, they take their cue from common practice and viewpoint. A Catholic husband or wife may urge adherence to the principles of mutual restraint and. periodic abstinence, which the Church allows as a moral procedure for a rea- sonable limitation of family growth. The chances are, however, that a non- -12- 1 \ \. Catholic, even after s i g n i n g the promiseS, will have the greatest diffi- culty in' trying to reconcile his or her ideas with a Catholic principle which demands great personal sacrifices and is generally characterized as tryannous and physically cruel. The practical difficulty often results in a" threat of the non-Catholic to leave the Catholic, cut off economic support, or get a divorce, unless the Catholic party comes around to the other's viewpoint. Needless to say, this puts especially a Catholic wife at a decided disadvantage. Thousands of Catholics in mixed marriages are submitting to this compromise, deprived of the sacra- ments, or are fixing their consciences in a vain effort to escape the feeling of hypocrisy. It may be argued that this difficulty can arise even in Cath- olic marriages; but in these there is al- ways some moral hold upon the of- fending party, such as the influence of early training, confession, sermons, or the friendship and encouragement of Catholic example. Divorce The question of divorce introduces another important consideration in mixed marriages. Non-Catholics who -13 - wish to marry Catholics are definitely instructed that they cannot contract a valid marriage unless they regard the union as permanently enduring-"for better, for worse, for richer, for poor- er, in sickness and in health, until death do us part." A trial marriage, made as ari experiment or with the condition that it can be dissolved by divorce in case all does not turn out well, is invalid. The supposition is that non-Cath- olics marrying Catholics intend to en- ter a permanent contract, not merely an arrangement whose endurance will depend On the success of the venture. Nevertheless, the Catholic in such a case is still under a tremendous disad- vantage. Civil law sanctions divorce and remarriage, and the grounds on which divorce is granted are becoming increasingly easy and general. A re- port of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1931, recommended that ministers be allowed to marry divorced persons, regardless of "guilt" or adultery. This is indicative of the . general trend of non-Catholic thought on the subject. However generously a non-Catholic may go into marriage with a Catholic, he can always have recourse to a di- vorce court in case difficulties arise. Society will not condemn him if a -14 - second marriage follows. The average young couple in a mixed marriage con- template no such action. In fact, they exclude it. All the same, experience shows that it is a common tragic oc- currence. Causes for Dispensations \ These observations indicate to some extent why the Catholic Church is so opposed to the idea of mixed marriage. The granting of a dispensation is not a mere formality, nor is the signing of the promises sufficient. The priest in charge of the case must not merely attest moral certainty that the promise will be fulfilled but also advance a real canonical reason which warrants the granting of the disp_ensation. A number of reasons are assigned by the Church as sufficient in themselves, ,,, such as a well founded hope or promise of conversion, the removal of grave scandal or serious temptation, real danger of marriage outside the Church, or of apostacy if the dispensation is denied, and revalidation of a marriage contracted outside the Church. Other reasons are given as supplementary but not sufficient in themselves, as ad- vanced age in the woman, family bur- dens of a widow or widower, publicity -15 - and full preparation, already "Com- pleted, for the marriage. It is important to note that a real and sufficient canonical reason must be present for granting a dispensation. If one is not mentioned, or if the one mentioned is false, the dispensation it- self is null and void. Often a couple imagine that all they have to do is walk into a rectory and demand a dis- pensation. If questions are asked, they feel insulted, and the Catholic begins to make apologies to the non-Catholic for the rude and suspecting attitude of the clergy. They expect the Church to turn itself upside down for their case. Marriage, they feel, is a person- al matter. It should be sufficient for them, they seem to think, to present themselves and be married on five min- utes' notice. But later, if the marriage turns out unhappily, they expect the Church to do another handspring , to get them out of it. If their case is slow or denied, they complain that the only reason they were refused is that they did not have enough money. Kinds of Dispensations There are two types of dispensations granted for mixed marriages. The first is known as that of mixed reli- gion. It is given when the non-Cath- -16 - olic is proved to be validly baptized. This dispensation is required by law, but if for some reason it was not ob- tained or was obtained under false pre- . tenses, the marriage is valid unless other obstacles stand in its way. The second type is granted if the non-Catholic was never baptized or was baptized in a way which is evi- dently invalid. This is known as the dispensation for disparity of cult. A special distinction is made, if the un- .baptized non-Catholic is Jewish, not only by birth but also by religion. If after due investigation it cannot be es- tablished whether. the non-Catholic was validly baptized, a dispensation is given for mixed religion and also for disparity of cult, by way of precaution. The importance of this precaution lies in the fact that a disparity of cult dis- pensation is required for an unbaptized person, not only to permit the mar- riage to take place, but also to make it a genuine, valid marriage. If this dispensation was not obtained when necessary, or if it was obtained under false pretenses, or on insufficient grounds, the marriage itself is invalid. A different procedure is followed when one of the couples is a fallen- away or non-practicing Catholic. All persons born of Catholic parents and - ,17 - baptized as Catholics, are considered Catholics by the Church and are held to the Church's laws on marriage. This is true even though they were never J)rought up as Catholics. If they do not take instructions and become prac- tical Catholics before the marriage, they -are required to sign the same promises as all non-Catholics. No dis- pensation is required for the marriage, although permission of the bishop is necessary, but one is required for per- mission to dispense with the publica~ tion of the banns. This type of mar- riage takes place privately.in the rec- tory. Children born of mixed mar- riages, who have been baptized Catho- lics but never brought up in the Church, are not considered Catholics and are not held to the Church's laws on mar- riage except when marrying Catholics. If the fallen-away or non-practicing Catholic has joined the Masons or an- other forbidden society or sect, the, case must be referred to the bishop for special consideration, unless, of course, the person gives up this affiliation completely and returns to the Church. This differs from the case of Masons who never were Catholics. They are considered simply as non-Catholics un- der one of the two headings of mixed religion or disparity of cult. If later -18- they come into the Church, they may, under certain conditions, which re- move scandal and all social affiliation, be permitted to retain their insurance policies, if their loss would be a great' hardship. This concession is not granted to fallen-away Catholics who return to the Church after having joined the Masons. The Ceremony Because mixed marriage is forbid- den by a general law of the Church and permitted only by way of excep- tion where there are special dangers. or unusual circumstances, the parties concerned are not granted the solemn- ity of a Catholic marriage. In the first place, the banns of marriage are not read. The marriage must be performed by a priest with two witnesses, but it does not take place in the church nor is the nuptial blessing given. This is by no means intended as an insult to the non-Catholic. One who does not profess the Catholic Faith can hardly expect to receive its special privileges, A Catholic who contracts a marriage which is tolerated as an exception to the general law cannot reasonably demand the special bless- ings assigned to a regular Catholic -19 - marriage. At the same time, it may be noted that marriage is a sacrament for baptized persons even though it lacks the solemnity of the Catholic ceremony. In some countries, the civil law re- quires a civil ceremony previous to the religious marriage. The Church toler- ates this, where it is enforced, as a civil formality, but does not regard it as a valid marrip.ge except for those who are not held by the laws of the Church. In the United States, Cath- olics who go through the civil cere- mony before a justice of the peace are guilty of mortal sin. As mentioned before, marriage as a religious ceremony by a non-Catholic minister, either before or after the Catholic marriage, is absolutely forbid- den. Catholics who permit this, even while protesting that they do not be- lieve in it, are excommunicated. Non- Catholics who have close affiliations with their own churches cannot under- stand why, .if they permit a Catholic ceremony, the Catholic should not compromise by allowing a Protestant ceremony to take place also. From the non-Catholic viewpoint, which regards one religion as good as another, or all as equally in the dark, - 20- this refusal is narrow-minded o and in- tolerant. The Catholic has another view on the matter. He believes that his Church was founded by Christ and that it is the only Church founded by Christ. To go through the religious ceremony of another creed, even to please the person he loves most, must be regarded as traitorous to his Faith and grievously sinful. Based on their respective principles, the contradictory outlooks of both Catholic and non- Catholic on this matter are equally logical. Family Troubles This difficulty is fundamental and i ~ bound to reappear whenever the iso~~~ of religion arises in domestic life.lflte~ on. "When man and wife," as one ob- server says, "cannot accept the. finality of the Church's commandS; wit~ eq.ual resignation, trouble ~"rin.Yariably : ' f01- lows." Trouble oL i_thiS:oo kind is not limited to the couple themselve-s. It IS going to arise also from' :the parents and relatives. There are many points on which Catholics, in virtue of prin" ciple, cannot yield. In practice, hbW- ever, the non-Catholic elements, forced to give way, often present °a far more hostile front . It is usually difficult for non-Catholic paren~s to see their chil: -- : 21 - dren marrying Catholics, giving in to Catholic demands and raising the grandchildren in the Catholic Faith which their forefathers have tradition- _ally abominated. The situation becomes even more painful if one of the couple dies, leav- ing a family to be raised. The non- Catholic is · still ~nder the obligation of raising the children in . a Faith which he cannot bring himself ' to adopt. If the Catholic remains, he or she cannot very well turn to the non- Catholic parents-in-law to help in the support of the children with any de- gree of sympathy. These hazards are by: no means certain in any particular case, but they are sufficiently common to merit careful consideration. To all these. observations, many per- sons, including some who have con- tracted mixed marriages, may answer that they know of many mixed mar- riages that have turned out happily. Non-Catholic parents sometimes show the greatest possible sympathy for the Catholic Faith and give the finest ex- ample to the .childreri, even accom- panying the family to church. Some outstanding vocations to the priest- hood and the religious life have come from marriages such as these. At the - -22- same time, one can point to many Catholic marriages which have been most unhappy, in which one of the parents has actually adopted a hostile attitude towards the laws of the Church ' in which he or she professes faith. , There 'is no gainsaying these facts . Nevertheless, even in these "ideal" mixed marriages there is always an element of secret sorrow. The wife adoring the Real Presence of Christ in the Mass caI1not but feel strangely apart from the husband who sits at her side with no real- , understanding or faith in that sacred mystery. The CatholiC children who genuinely love their religion must always feel a secret, pity for their unbelieving ' parent arid ardently cry out to God 'in every pray:" er for that . gift of Faith which wiU make their family one, not m€rely in affection, but also in profound belief. Those , tender allusions to religious belief or practice, characteristic of the Catholic family" must , always be hushed or passed over humorously for fear of embarrassing the non-Catholic party or raising useless doubts and disputes. For every "ideal" mixed marriage, there are hundreds that are far from .:.-: 23 - ideal for either the Catholic or the non- Catholic. The common experience 01 'priests is that a saddening percentage of these marriages end in loss of Faith for the Catholics involved and a com- promise in the rearing of the children that results in having the girls raised in one church and the boys in another, or all lost -to the Catholic Faith. It is no exaggeration to say that one of the largest sources of leakage in the Cath- olic Church is mixed marriage. It is difficult to lay the blame for this situation on any particular group or set of circumstances. Increased parochial and inter-parochial facilities for social acquaintance between Cath- olic young people, keener realization through organized study of what mat .. riage means, and a more sympathetic vigilance on the part of parents can all help to reduce the evil. At best, mar- riage involves a host of formidable problems. The chances of happiness and success are far greater from the beginning if husband and wife share the same religious faith. This Catholic Religion by James A. Magner, Ph.D., S.T.D. This splendid volume does more than explain and prove ~hat the Cath- olic Church believes and teaches. ~With a wealth of Scriptural material, it shows the logi,c and close connec- tibn that builds the Catholic faith in- to one beautift11 organism. Written in a simple, straightforward style, this book commends itself to Catholics and non-Catholics alike. Ideal for study groups, and CORvert classes. 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