Research purpose: The aim of this study was to review the role of I-O psychologists as counsellors and to ascertain whether these practitioners are effectively prepared for this purpose.

Motivation for the study: I-O psychologists are mainly concerned with the deep-rooted problems individuals experience in the workplace, and they therefore need appropriate counselling skills. However, it is not clear whether graduates in this discipline receive adequate training for this role.

Research design, approach and method: A qualitative research design with convenience and snowball sampling of 22 participants was utilised. Participants were practising I-O psychologists across Gauteng and North West (South Africa). Semi-structured in-depth interviews were used to gather data, which were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.

Main findings: Participants were familiar with the meaning of counselling and confirmed that they are faced with a range of counselling situations requiring a unique set of skills and competencies. Based on these findings, participants made recommendations for the future training of I-O psychologists and recommended that counselling be included in the scope of practice of I-O psychologists.

Practical/managerial implications: The role of the I-O psychologist requires training in short-term therapeutic techniques and counselling in tertiary education.

Contribution/value-add: The study clarifies the role of the I-O psychologist as a counsellor that will ensure that I-O psychologists can be trained more effectively for this role.

1. To conceptualise the I-O psychologist as a counsellor as defined by the literature.

2. To determine how I-O psychologists define the concept of counsellor.

3. To determine what type of workplace counselling situations practising I-O psychologists are faced with.

4. To make recommendations for the future training of I-O psychologists in counselling skills.

5. To make recommendations for the scope of practice of I-O psychologists in terms of counselling.

Strümpfer (2007) states that I-O psychology is the application of general psychology in the workplace. According to Strümpfer, I-O psychology should be viewed as a specialised field within the larger field of psychology that focuses on the workplace (Van Vuuren, 2010). Ryan (2003) is concerned with how the field fits into the broader field of psychology. Perloff (2005) states that during the past 50 years, ‘I-O psychology has drifted from its roots in mainstream psychology to its current alliance with practical business aims’ (p. 95). Employees experience emotional and psychological problems for which they require counselling (Cristiani & Cristiani, 1979). If I-O psychologists should choose to move away from their roots in psychology, they run the risk of becoming technicians, focusing on the traditional issues of human resource management (Perloff, 2005).

Strümpfer (2007) explains that I-O psychologists are involved in the entrenched problems influencing people’s lives, suggesting that it is the responsibility of the I-O psychologist to embark upon resolving these problems. Therefore, Perloff (2005) considers I-O psychology to be facing a crossroad due to the investment in the dimensions of the individual and the pressure not to neglect these investments. I-O psychologists who really wish to influence the way in which organisations function are not content to be technicians (Perloff, 2005). Barnard and Fourie (2007) investigated the role of the I-O psychologist and found the role of a counsellor to be evident in both current and future roles.

The contribution that I-O psychology will make relates to the development and implementation of wellness strategies, including aspects such as health promotions, psychology development programmes and stress management. Future contributions will consist of the wellness of personnel and how to keep individuals proactively healthy in organisations (Barnard & Fourie, 2007). Organisations need to employ more proactive strategies to keep individuals healthy, especially in the event of trauma, as currently companies typically manage trauma as it arises, but without any proactive thinking (Barnard & Fourie, 2007). One way of accomplishing the aforementioned is through workplace counselling.

According to the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) (personal communication, 2011), a qualified I-O psychologist should be able to ‘apply knowledge, theories and techniques of psychology to develop and implement interventions to enhance and/or promote individual, group or organisational well-being and optimal functioning’. Furthermore, the I-O psychologist should have the ability to identify, understand and promote various aspects of psychological well-being and resilience. The HPCSA further refers to the I-O psychologist’s ability to identify factors working against such well-being and resilience, to enhance the optimal functioning of individuals, groups, families and communities and to facilitate individual and group processes for effective organisational functioning. Perloff (2005) mentions that a high percentage of I-O psychology interventions include counselling and that this should be even higher in future.

Barnard and Fourie (2007) state that the current I-O psychology curriculum does not address the educational, training and developmental skills needed by I-O psychologists. The changing nature of the I-O psychologist’s role will challenge universities in terms of developing and equipping I-O psychologists (Schreuder, 2001). This change in direction is fundamental to the future direction of I-O psychology and will impact on how I-O psychologists are educated and trained (Perloff, 2005). Appropriate knowledge, skills and competencies are required from I-O psychologists to act as change agents and counsellors (Barnard & Fourie, 2007).

Strümpfer (2007) believes that I-O psychologists should have a training background in counselling. However, most I-O psychology postgraduate programmes do not include a basic counselling component with a practical element that is designed to develop counselling skills (Carducci et al., 1987). Pienaar and Roodt (2001) also state that the role of the I-O psychologist is such that they require training in therapeutic techniques and counselling in tertiary education. Moreover, all I-O psychologists need a thorough introduction to psychopathology (Strümpfer, 2007).

A suggested draft of the scope of practice that is currently in development allows the I-O psychologist to:

perform supportive psychological interventions and short-term therapeutic counselling interventions for the purposes of diagnosing and ameliorating organisational and work-related adjustment challenges and problems, and enhancing the personal functioning of individuals and groups in organisational or work-related contexts. (Department of Health, 2012, p. 8)

This inclusion allows for I-O psychologists to provide short-term counselling to clients, which suggests that I-O psychologists are in need of effective counselling skills.

Next, the methodology followed in the study will be discussed.

1. In your own words, what do you regard as counselling?
2. What type of workplace counselling situations are you faced with?
3. What recommendations can be made for the future training of I-O psychologists in terms of the development of their counselling skills?
4. What recommendations can be made for the scope of practise of I-O psychologists in terms of counselling?

Ethical considerations form an essential basis for research. Qualitative studies are frequently conducted in settings that involve the participation of people in their everyday environments. Therefore, any research that includes people requires an awareness of the ethical issues that may derive from such interactions (Orb et al., 2000). An important ethical consideration that was upheld in this study, according to Lichtman (2009), was that the researcher held a responsibility not to intrude on the time, space and personal lives of participants. Another consideration was one of data interpretation, as it is expected that a researcher will analyse data in a manner that avoids misstatements, misinterpretations or fraudulent analysis. To ensure this, a co-coder was used and the principle of justice was considered; justice refers to the avoidance of exploitation and abuse of participants. Other important ethical issues that were taken into account were those of informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, the avoidance of harm and ensuring that research is conducted with responsibility and competence (De Vos et al., 2005). Specific consent relating to the use of a tape recorder was included in the informed consent document that was signed prior to each interview.

Due to the fact that many of the sub-themes presented across the four themes, one can conclude that most of the participants had a clear picture of the meaning of counselling. There seem to be contrasting opinions regarding the timeframe of counselling. On the one hand, some participants regard counselling as long term, whilst, on the other hand, others regard it as short-term. Below are the descriptions of the meaning of counselling as provided by the different participants.

Facilitation: Counselling is viewed by the participants as a facilitation process, as a long-term process where different approaches are utilised. One such approach is mirroring. The results further indicate that, by facilitating, the counsellor engages in a psychological action with their client and also acts as a sounding board. During facilitation, aspects are identified that prohibit the client from functioning optimally or a specific event is addressed. This facilitation process provides guidance and aids the client to achieve self-insight, enrichment, personal development or a normalisation state or empowers the client with coping skills.

Helping: The participants viewed counselling as a form of helping, a short-term process during which an event or problem is addressed that has occurred in a client’s life. The goal is to assist clients to achieve self-insight. The participants indicated that this can also be done by providing clients with a form of guidance and support, in order to get the client to a point of normalisation. Participants regarded it as important that help should be provided by a trained professional as they possess certain skills.

Intervention: A counselling intervention was seen by participants as addressing an event that has occurred in a client’s life. A process then follows by providing the client with guidance throughout the counselling process.

Short-term intervention: Some participants were of the opinion that an intervention is regarded as a short-term process that takes place to address a life event. The goal of a short-term intervention is for the client, with the help of a trained professional, to achieve a point of optimal functioning.

Next, the counselling situations I-O psychologists are faced with in their workplaces are discussed.

From the results presented in Table 2, it appears that the I-O psychologists are counselling across numerous fields.

Career counselling: According to the participants, career counselling involves clients who have uncertainty regarding their career and study choice. During career counselling, issues relating to job dissatisfaction and job-person fit are also addressed.

Coaching: Most participants indicated that coaching involves the personal development of clients by equipping them with those skills that can add to their development.

Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) counselling: Participants are faced with various EAP counselling situations involving the counselling of people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. Counselling is provided whenever there are reports of low productivity levels or of employees being absent from work. Employees are also referred to EAPs when their physical well-being is endangered or when they are faced with psychological issues. Other aspects that fall under EAP counselling are trauma counselling, workplace violence and matters relating to substance abuse.

Informal counselling: Participants described informal counselling sessions as situations where clients would approach them without having a formal appointment and start discussions relating to problems that they are experiencing.

Marital and relationship counselling: Participants reported that they are faced with marital and relationship counselling. This refers to situations where conflict emerges and participants have to deal with divorce and mediation. Domestic trauma has also been the subject of counselling.

Psychometric assessment feedback: Participants reported that psychometric assessment feedback can result in a counselling situation. This is because deep-rooted discussions originate from psychometric assessment.

Personal problems: Participants reported that counselling situations also involve clients discussing problems that they are experiencing, such as burnout, work-life balance and financial stress.

Workplace counselling situations: Most participants indicated that these situations occurred within the workplace. Participants also mentioned they were confronted with situations requiring conflict management. Other employees were confronted with substance abuse and burnout, which resulted in counselling.

Trauma counselling situations: These situations include instances where crime has taken place and assistance was provided. Participants were also faced with situations where family members who lost someone to suicide required counselling.

No counselling situations: Some participants also mentioned that their work is of such a nature that they are not faced with any counselling situations.

Participants reported that, in addition to receiving formal training in counselling, students would benefit from receiving additional training in emotional intelligence, conflict management, as well as HIV and AIDS counselling. The results indicated that future students should be trained not only in the different psychometric assessments, but also in how to provide feedback on sensitive psychometric results. Participants reported that in-depth counselling training, with emphasis on the psychology aspect, should be included, along with indigenously focused counselling training (based on South Africa’s diverse cultures), training on the various types of counselling models and theories and trauma counselling training.

From Table 3, two themes were identified:

Counselling should form part of I-O psychologists’ scope of practice: Participants reported that counselling should form part of I-O psychologists’ scope of practice, due to the fact that their work environment requires them to work with people on a daily basis, which results in them being confronted with counselling situations. The inclusion will contribute to making them better equipped and prepared to handle these counselling situations. The participants also felt that, when confronted with counselling situations, they are not always in a position to prevent a counselling session from happening and that referral is not always an immediately available option. Some participants reported that including counselling in the scope of practice makes business sense, as businesses can avoid paying two people for a job that one person has the ability to do. In conclusion, participants felt that since the term psychologist forms part of their title, it should be formally recognised that the I-O psychologist is also, in fact, a psychologist.

Counselling should be included in the scope of practice, with revisions: This theme emerged due to the participants reporting that counselling should be included in the I-O psychologist’s scope of practice, but with revisions. Firstly, participants mentioned that counselling by the I-O psychologist should be defined and that the duration of the counselling needs to be clarified in terms of counselling being short-term or long term and how many sessions it will consist of. Lastly, participants mentioned that counselling should be included, but that the counsellor should be trained in a specialised field.

The first objective of the study related to the I-O psychologist as counsellor as described in the literature. Literature indicates that industrial psychology is defined as the study of human behaviour in organisations (Cascio, 2001; Van Vuuren, 2010). However, research indicates that, in practice, it is clear that the task of the I-O psychologist is far more complex than this definition suggests. Van Vuuren (2010) states that the boundaries of I-O psychologists are not limited to the physical workplace only, as a wide range of emotional and personal factors (such as family responsibilities and traumatic incidents) could also affect the workplace behaviour of individuals. From the literature it is clear that I-O psychologists should in fact be prepared to deal with workplace counselling situations. This supports findings from Strümpfer (2007) emphasising the fact that the responsibility lies with the I-O psychologists to resolve these aspects, even though they do not stem from the workplace itself.

The second objective of the study related to how I-O psychologists defined the concept of counselling. Most of the participants reported that when counselling is conceptualised, facilitation comes to mind. Participants viewed facilitation as a form of counselling that aims to assist individuals in achieving self-insight, stimulate enrichment and identify what prohibits individuals from functioning optimally and in turn enhance the personal development of individuals. A study conducted by Cilliers (2000) supports this view of facilitation, stating that facilitation is a person-centred approach, in which personal growth and learning are provided.

Participants also viewed counselling as a form of helping as a short-term process, during which an event or problem is addressed that has occurred in a client’s life. Participants reported that the goal of helping is related to assisting clients to achieve self-insight and to supporting the client in gaining a sense of normalisation. A similar goal is stated by Nelson-Jones (2006), who wrote that the goals associated with counselling relate to helping clients overcome deficiencies in their normal functioning or addressing changes associated with developmental tasks at various life stages and assisting clients to attain higher levels of functioning.

A third theme that was found in the results related to intervention as a type of counselling situation. Most participants indicated that an intervention is a process of counselling that addresses an event that has occurred in the client’s life by providing guidance throughout the counselling process. This is in accordance with Rao (1991), who states that counselling is a significant aspect of guidance and that the term ‘guidance’ is often used synonymously to counselling. According to the participants, the goal of a short-term intervention is for the client to achieve a point of optimal functioning with the help of a trained professional.

From the results of the second objective of the study it seems clear that most of the participants who are confronted with counselling situations in their workplace view their role as that of facilitator, giving guidance and offering help and running an intervention process. Thus, counselling in this context can be seen as a process of growth and learning, in order for the client to regain control and responsibility over their life or to manage their life better.

The third objective of the study related to determining what type of workplace counselling situations practising I-O psychologists are faced with. The first theme that was reported by participants in this regard related to career counselling where a client experiences uncertainty regarding career and study choice. During these sessions, issues relating to job dissatisfaction and job-person fit are also addressed. This finding corresponds with findings from Schreuder and Coetzee (2010), who report that I-O psychologists are involved in the field of career psychology, career guidance and career development, which all relate to the I-O psychologist’s area of expertise. Participants further reported the process of coaching as being a situation that they are faced with that is closely related to counselling. Participants viewed coaching as the personal development of clients by teaching those skills that can add to their personal development. Individuals providing coaching had been trained in this field. Foxhall (2002) reports that effective coaching requires an expert in a diverse array of fields related to learning and development, as well as the leadership development of clients. The fact that I-O psychologists are trained in these fields indicates that they are particularly qualified to provide coaching and that many I-O psychologists already serve as coaches (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2013). The American Psychology Association (2013) also reports that coaching employees is a skill utilised by the I-O psychologist.

I-O psychologists reported that they are faced with various EAP counselling situations. This entails counselling being provided following reports of HIV and AIDS diagnosis, low productivity levels or employee absenteeism. Participants reported dealing with EAP-related aspects such as trauma counselling, workplace violence and matters relating to substance abuse. In support of the finding in the study, Van Vuuren (2010) states when an I-O practitioner addresses the wellness of employees, they are affected by external forces such as traumatic incidents and HIV and AIDS. In South Africa, EAP programmes invariably contain an element to address the problem of HIV and AIDS in the workplace (Anderson & Louw-Potgieter, 2012).

From the results it is clear that participants are sometimes faced with informal sessions, where clients approach them without having a formal appointment and start discussions relating to problems they are experiencing. I-O psychologists further reported that they are confronted with marital and relationship counselling situations. Literature substantiates this finding relating to the strain that has been placed on relationships as a result of work obligations, which is known to be an important factor in marital conflict (Koekemoer & Mostert, 2010).

Participants reported that feedback relating to sensitive psychometric results often leads to a counselling situation. Providing feedback on the outcome is an important aspect of psychometric assessment (Department of Health, 2011). Considering the potential harmfulness of psychometric tests, the feedback process should be conveyed in a caring and sensitive manner to avoid doing harm (Foxcroft & Roodt, 2009) and can therefore be viewed as a sensitive counselling situation.

Participants reported that counselling situations also involve clients discussing personal problems that they are experiencing, such as burnout, work-life balance and financial stress. This finding is supported by the studies of Landy and Conte (2004) and Schreuder (2001) which state that I-O psychology has always been involved in the expression of concern for the welfare of workers, thereby relating to job and family matters and stress. Apart from addressing personal problems of clients, participants reported dealing with workplace counselling situations. These include providing conflict management and assisting employees in need of substance abuse and burnout interventions. This finding is supported by the work of Landy and Conte (2004) and Van Vuuren (2010), who report that many factors influence workplace behaviour, such as family responsibilities and cultural influences. Participants furthermore reported being confronted with trauma counselling incidents when employees who experienced traumatic experiences such as crime or injury required counselling. From the research of Young, Koortzen and Oosthuizen (2012), it is clear that the I-O psychologist’s work relates to dealing with trauma counselling situations.

Some participants did report not being faced with any type of counselling situations in their workplaces.

The fourth objective of the study was to make suggestions for the future training of I-O psychologists in counselling skills in order to better prepare students for the workplace counselling situations. The participants reported that I-O psychology students would benefit from receiving additional training in emotional intelligence courses, conflict management as well as HIV and AIDS counselling in addition to formal counselling training. In agreement, Van Vuuren (2010) states that I-O psychologists are affected by forces such as HIV and AIDS and employee relations. Participants reported that future students should be trained not only in the different psychometric assessment tools, but also in how to provide feedback on the results. Additionally, participants reported that students should receive more in-depth counselling training, with an emphasis placed on the psychology aspect. Participants further felt that more attention should be placed on indigenous-focused counselling, or counselling that is specifically focused on South Africa’s diverse cultures, along with providing students with training on the various types of counselling models and theories suitable for the South African context. In addition, it was advised that trauma counselling should be included in the training of future I-O psychologists. Training with regard to focus groups and team interventions was also recommended by participants.

Participants mostly reported that the curriculum should be more balanced in terms of theory and practical application and that a fair amount of time needs to be allocated to both aspects. It is therefore important that students are equipped with both adequate theoretical knowledge and practical skills that act to supplement the knowledge and skills necessary to be competent professionals (Corey, 2009). Participants also recommended that more time be allocated to practical training. Having first-hand familiarity with the pitfalls, limitations and constraints of a technique is different from having developed a sound theoretical knowledge of the topic (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1999).

The final objective of the study related to the question of whether counselling should be included in the scope of practice of I-O psychologists. Participants’ reported that their work environments require them to work with people and people-related problems on a daily basis. This, in turn, results in the I-O psychologists frequently being confronted with counselling situations. Furthermore, inclusion of counselling in the scope of practice will contribute towards equipping I-O psychologists sufficiently to address complex counselling situations. Participants mentioned that when confronted with a counselling situation, referral is not always an immediate possibility (as can be seen from the informal counselling theme in the abovementioned findings) and therefore the I-O psychologists need to be able to address these situations themselves.

It is recommended that future research should focus on the development of a training module that could be included in the curriculum of I-O psychology students in South Africa.

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