DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/rfna.v70n1.61767
Production and composition of buffalo milk supplemented with agro industrial byproducts of the african palm
Producción y composición de leche de búfala bajo suplementación con residuos agroindustriales de palma africana
Carlos Bustamante1, Rómulo Campos2 and Hugo Sánchez2
1 Asesor producción animal. Agroindustrial YAMU. Bogotá, Colombia.
2 Departamento de Ciencia Animal. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Apartado Aéreo 237, Palmira, Colombia. <rcamposg@unal.edu.co>
Received: April 28, 2016; Accepted: November 15, 2016
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ABSTRACT
The goal for this applied research was to assess the production and composition of buffalo milk when Oil Palm kernel flour and Oil Palm kernel cake are supplemented to their diet. Thirty buffaloes from the grasslands of the Andes valleys in Colombia with 1 to 3 lactations and an average weight of 575 kg were selected for the experimental. The animals were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: (T1 Control Group) with no diet supplements, (T2) 1000 g·day-1 of oil palm kernel cake and 350 g·day-1 of molasses diet supplement, and (T3) 1150 g·day-1 of oil palm kernel flour. During the first 100 days of lactation, the milk livestock were individually weighed and milked. Milking was scheduled every 15 days, for a total of seven samples. The supplement consumption was recorded and a bromatological analysis of grasses was performed. The chemical composition of the milk was determined using an ultrasonic Ekomilk analyzer and a fatty acid full profile analysis was made using High Liquid Pressure Chromatography (HLPC). A 7 x 3 multiple variable statistical analysis was performed by sampling seven fifteen day periods and three types of diet. The average values of milk components observed were: 3.54% protein; 7.4% fat; total solids 16.9%; non-fat solids 9.5%; 2.1 fats to protein ratio. The profile of fatty acids showed 2.34% of polyunsaturated; 33.1% of monounsaturated; 64.6% of unsaturated fatty acids; and 0.96% of Omega 6 acids. In conclusion was observed partial effect to fat supplementation in the buffaloes milk production.
Key words: Buffalo milk, Fatty acids, Milk chemical composition, Oleaginous plants
RESUMEN
El objetivo del presente trabajo constituyó la evaluación de la producción y composición química de la leche de búfalas sometidas a suplementación con derivados de la industria de la palma de aceite. El presente trabajo se realizó en la época de transición de lluvias en un sistema bufalino ubicado en el Magdalena Medio colombiano. Se utilizaron 30 búfalas de dos o tres partos, con pesos promedio de 575 kg y una condición corporal de 3.5 al inicio del experimento. La composición de los subproductos torta y harina de palmiste, y la de los forrajes fueron determinadas mediante análisis bromatológico. Los animales fueron dispuestos en forma aleatoria en tres grupos, control y dos suplementados con residuos agroindustriales. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 = Sin suplementación (control), T2 = torta de palmiste y, T3 = harina de palmiste. En los primeros 100 días de lactancia y cada 15 días se realizó pesaje individual, medición de la producción, perfil de ácidos grasos por HLPC y composición química de la leche por análisis ultrasónico. Se hizo análisis multivariado con arreglo factorial 7 x 3 (periodos x tratamientos). En leche la media de sólidos totales fue 16.9% y 9.5% de sólidos no-grasos; El perfil de ácidos grasos presentó porcentajes totales de 2.34 de poli-insaturados, 33.1 de mono-insaturados, 64.6 de insaturados, y 0.96 de ácidos omega 6. En conclusión se observó efecto de la suplementación sobre la producción de leche de búfala y efecto parcial sobre la composición grasa.
Palabras claves: Leche de búfala, Ácidos grasos, Composición química de la leche, Plantas oleaginosas.
High production, protein quality and fat contents of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) milk, justifies a selection of ecologically conditioned outstanding specimens from this bovine breed found in the valleys of the central mountain range of the Andes in Colombia. According to the FAO (2010) the worldwide production of buffalo milk grows at an annual rate of 248%, for various reasons apart from its high content of total solids (TS) compared to other milk cattle breeds. During the last 42 years Colombia’s buffalo population has been increasing due to its capacity to adapt to different eco-systems and to the quality of its milk (Bolívar et al., 2010).
Chemical composition of buffalo milk varies widely as a consequence of numerous factors such as breeds, climate and lactation period. The Murrah is the main milk production in the buffaloes breed (Malhado et al., 2013).
The production of milk with buffaloes is actually an alternative for large, medium and small milk producers in Latin American and Caribbean countries. It is therefore of utmost importance for producers, technicians and the milk industry in general to know the chemical composition of this type of milk compared to other milk cattle breeds and the factors that affect it.
In areas where agricultural activities produce residues with high potential use for animal nutrition, it is important to assess its effects during the Buffalo first lactation phase in which milk production coincides with nutritional unbalance of buffaloes, a problem still unresolved by research in animal production (Terramoccia et al., 2005).
The African Palm produces 200 million tons of biomass per year worldwide; of which only 10% is used. An important part of this by-product is burned, which causes CO2 contamination. It is estimated that every hectare of this crop produces 25 tons of plant residue (Pauli, 1999), that could be used to produce energy as biomass and in animal nutrition; with which an environmentally friendlier palm cultivation could be achieved (Abdalla et al., 2008).
In various countries the oil palm subproducts are use in ruminant nutrition (Castro et al., 2016; Hassim et al., 2010). This agro-industry produces two different by-products depending on the extraction processes: the oil palm kernel flour and the oil palm kernel cake. The first is obtained by applying mechanical pressure to the seeds after they have been mashed with help of chemicals solvents, while the palm kernel cake is made by desolventizing the oils once obtained by chemical lixiviation. This last residue contains less fat, higher amount of fiber (NDF), more protein and raw energy. The chemical composition and the digestibility of the palm cake vary in content of the tegument of the seed, and the amount of residual oil. The palm flour is 20% more digestible for its low tegument residue content (FEDNA, 2003).
The greater percentage of milk fat of the buffalo is related to the presence and composition of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) (Patiño et al., 2008), which are important in the development of nutrients that have a preventive action on certain pathogens; this is the main reason why the present study is oriented towards obtaining nutraceuticals rich in special fatty acids (Hernández and Serna, 2003; Valdés, 2011).
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the supply of palm kernel meal and palm cake expeller in the production and composition of the milk produced by the buffaloes during the first 100 days of lactation, grazing in the mid-grass lands of the Andes Valley in Colombia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted at a specialized buffalo milk production system located in the fertile soil of the Mid-Magdalena River Valley (6º19’N and 73º57’O). Thirty female Murrah breed buffaloes with two or three calvings; between 550 and 600 kg in weight and with at least a 3.5 body condition score on a scale of one to five (Alapati et al., 2010). The selected buffaloes were pregnant with an estimated calving date due for the first week of September. The assessment period was programmed for the 1st stage of lactation (0 - 100 days). The study was approved for the committee of Animal experimental and ethics of the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.
The selected livestock were previously conditioned during 15 days by being fed with one kg of palm kernel flour and 1.15 kg of oil palm kernel cake. The supplement was offered once a day after milking and its consumption was total. The buffaloes were milked by hand once a day and the scientific measuring and analysis of the chemical compositions of the milk was taken every 15 days. The livestock grazed in rotation system on "Angleton" (Dichatium aristatum Benth), "Climacuna" (Dichantium annulatum), "German" (Echhynochloa polystachya) and "Puntero" (Hyparrhenia rufa) grass, with mineralized salt (8% phosphorus) and water ad libitum. Openly available to groups of 10 animals each as follows:
T1: Control group, no diet supplement; T2: Diet supplement (1 kg oil palm kernel cake with 350 g of molasses per animal per day) and T3: Diet supplement (1.15 kg of oil palm kernel flour without molasses). The groups were considered to be isoproteic and isonergetic. The qualities of the oil palm kernel cake and flour as well as the pastures were assessed with help of bromatological analysis (Table 1).
The milk samples for measurement and analysis (n=210) were taken on milking days 1, 16, 31, 46, 61, 76, and 91 after calving. Protein, fat and Total solids analysis was made using the Ekomilk Fast automated machine. A profile of fatty acids (FA) was made by using a Shimadzu GC-14A gas chromatograph, equipped with flame detector (260 °C), flow gas carrier to 15 psi and reverse phase capillary column.
The statistical model used for the analysis of the data was multivariate analysis with factorial arrangement 7 x 3 (periods x treatments):
Where:
Yijk = value of the dependent variable for j that received the ijk diet supplement
m = overall average
ti = fixed diet effect
Bj = j fixed time effect
Cijk =fixed interaction effect between diet and time
Eijk =random error of j that received the ijk diet
The level of probability was P<0.05; the variation analysis was made with the statistics program SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute, 2007).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Milk Production
Significant differences for daily milk production were found among the treatments (P<0.001). The average production in the T1, T2 and T3 were 2.69, 3.82 and 3.40 L·day-1, respectively, with an average value of 3.3 L·day-1 which is similar to the production of 3.21 obtained by Bolívar et al. (2010) with buffaloes in pasture grazing and slightly higher than 3.1 L·day-1 found by Hurtado et al. (2005) in conditions of extensive pastures in the same region of the present study. Medina and García (2008) supplemented the diet of a commercial herd of Water Buffalo with yeast in the department of Sucre (Colombia) and found a daily average milk production of 4.49 and 3.72 L per animal in supplemented diet and non-supplemented diet, respectively; this greater production probably was due to the increased consumption of metabolic energy as is suggested by Mahyuddin and Praharani (2010). When water buffalo had a diet supplement of corn and sorghum silage (Barile et al., 2007) or with sugar cane (Franzolin and Alves, 2010), the milk production was not significantly different to that of grazing buffaloes. (Quintero et al., 2008) found that milk production is affected by the number of calvings and climate change.
During the first calving, the average maximum daily milk production per animal was of 3.81 L during rainy season as compared to 3.76 L during the dry season. On the fifth calving, milk production during the rainy season was 4.52 L and 4.37 L during of dry season. This information shows that when the buffalo reaches its adult weight, the production of milk is higher during the rainy season.
For this experiment, the first 100 days of the milking period, correspond to a transitional climate period between the wet and dry seasons.
Total Solids (TS) in buffalo milk
The TS in the milk varied between the dietary treatments 16.6%, 16.7% and 17.2% for T1, T2 and T3, respectively (P<0.001). Differences were found between the results of T1 and T2 groups and T3 superior to T2, in the TS content. The percentage differences of T3 were of 2.55 versus T2 and of 3.19 in respect to T1. These differences were affected by the amount of fat in the milk, while the percentage of protein showed the least variation. The amounts of TS found in the present study are similar to those obtained by Hurtado et al. (2005) (16.9%) and greater to those found by Patiño et al. (2002), Patiño (2004) (15.7%) and Bastos (2005) (16.6%).
Milk composition
No differences were found among the dietary treatments (P>0.05) for the protein contents in buffalo milk. The average amounts found were 3.56% for the control group, 3.54% for the group with a diet supplement of oil palm kernel cake and molasses; and 3.50%, for the group with the diet supplement of oil palm kernel flour. The protein average for all the experiments was 3.53%, similar to 3.58% found by Medina and García (2008) in buffaloes supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 3.66% by (Patiño, 2004) in a study of buffaloes fed on grass without dietary supplementation. However, the protein content found in this study was less than that reported by (Cervantes et al., 2010) in a study on the adaptability of the buffalo in Colombia, where milk proteins range between 4.07% and 4.77 % for an average of 4.40%.
It has be pointed out that for this research the female buffaloes used were in their second or third quarter of lactation, therefore, in their first 100 days of lactation; a time span during which low percentages of protein are normally registered.
The average percentage of fat in buffalo milk was 7.16%, 7.25% and 7.74% for dietary treatments T1, T2 and T3, respectively (P>0.01), with an average percentage value for all the supplements of 7.38%. The absence of statistical differences between the different diet supplements was probably due to the fact that the oil palm kernel cake and the oil palm kernel flour contain low fat remnants. The fat value found coincides with the larger amount (7.36%) reported by Hurtado et al. (2005) while working with buffaloes under extensive grazing and supplemented with molasses and with the amount of 7.22% found by Patiño (2004) in a study carried out in Argentina with buffaloes fed on natural grasslands without diet supplementation. The percentage of fat in buffalo milk was 8.19% in a range between 6.89% and 9.34 similar to that found by Cervantes et al. (2010) in buffalo milk in a study for nine places of the Magdalena river valley in Colombia. Among the factors that could have caused differences in the fat readings are analytical methods, genetic factors, nutritional and physiological factors; and the environmental and sanitary conditions of the animals (Walker et al., 2004; Patiño et al., 1999).
RESULTS
As a result, fat in this research exceeds 4.16% and 5.19% reported by Medina and García (2008) in buffaloes supplemented and not supplemented with yeast in the humid region of Colombia; as is different to 6.78% found by Patiño et al. (2002) and 3.56% and 4.35% in studies made by Bastos (2005). The lactose average (5.24%) did not vary (P>0.05) no statistical effect was found for diet supplement or time period.
Determination of the fatty acids types in buffalo milk
The average percentages for short chain FA (Table 2) found were: undecilic (0.91%), and lauric (1.83%), and long chain FA were: mirístic (8.6%); miristoleic (0.62%); pentadecanoic (1.91%); palmitic (30.6%); palmitoleic (0.77%); heptadecanoic (1.04%); estearic (19.6%); vaccenic (5.47%); oleic (26.2%); linoleic (0.95%); and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at (1.38%). The FA profile did not show any significant differences between the dietary treatments in the FA content of monounsaturated (MUFA), nor in the FA polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and the FA saturated (SFAs). The content of saturated FA in the T1 group was 63.8%, and 36.2% in unsaturated FA (33.8% mono-unsaturated and 2.4% polyunsaturated). For T2, 63.9% of the FA content was saturated and 36.1% unsaturated, of which 33.7% were monounsaturated and 2.33% polyunsaturated. In T3 the results showed that 65.9% of the FA were saturated and 34.1% were unsaturated of which 31.8 % were monounsaturated and 2.28% polyunsaturated.
Patiño et al. (2008) working with Murrah buffaloes and crossbreeds between Murrah and Mediterranean breeds in natural grasslands, found the content of saturated FA in the milk was 56.9%, 6.88% less than that found in the present study; while the content of the unsaturated FA was 43.7%, 7.47% more than the amount found in T1. The animals whose diet was supplemented with corn showed that 57.1% of FA in the milk were saturates, which represents 6.84% less of the amount than T2 and 42.9% of unsaturated FA, exceeding T2 by 6.84%.
Buffalo milk contains high amounts of unsaturated long chain FA as: palmitoleic and linoleic; while the amounts of miristoleic and oleic FA are low contributing to a better nutrition in the FA profile of milk (Verruma and Salgado, 1994).
CONCLUSIONS
The diet supplements of the Oil Palm kernel cake with molasses increased the production of the milk by 29.2% when compared to the control group. The type of diet supplement did not affect protein percentage in milk. The type of diet supplement affected fat percentage in milk. It increased in group (T3) more than that of group (T2). The diet supplement of the oil palm kernel flour improved the total milk solids of the buffalo milk.
Only contents of the myristic acid and the palmitoleic were affected by diet. Medium chain acids: undecilic, lauric were unchanged. no differences were found in the long chain acids: miristoleic, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, estearic, vaccenic, oleic and linoleic.
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