ANCILLA GRAMMATICAE▪ Or, Short RULES OF SPELLING orthography, Pointing, Construing, Parsing, making latin, Variation, Imitation, &c.  
Compiled for the Use of young Scholars.  
By R A. JOHNSON of Brignol-School in Yorkshire.  
LONDON, Printed by Tho. Pierrepont at the Sun in St Paul's Church-yard. 1662.   

RULES of Spelling.  

I. EVery Syllable must have a Vowel( a, e, i, ●, u, y,) for without one of these there can be no found.  
II. The Consonant must be taken to the following Syllable, as A-dam, A-men, not Ad-am, Am-en.  
III. If there be two Consonants together, the one goes to the former syllable, the other to the latter, as mel-l●s, fol-lie.  
IV. Two Consonants in the middle of a word may not be partend, if they may be joined in the beginning, as a-stray, e-spy.  
V. Compound words are commonly resolved into their parts, as trans-eo, per-ago, sus-tuli▪    

RULES of orthography.  

1. Accustom yourselves to pronounce the words as you read them, very distinctly, or by syllables, for as you pronounce them, so will they settle in your memorie●.  
2. Observe the Radix of words, and the Supines of Verbs, and they will direct to writ right, thus you may know, that Mansion is written with( s), Station with( t), because they are derived from the Supines Mansum, Statum.  
3.( s) Must not be written after( x), as excribo, not exscribo, but Authors in compounded words often use to writ it.  
4. The first Letter in a sentence, all proper names, and commonly Appellatives, must be written with great Letters, so( I) per se, as Thomas, London, Colonel, committee, Parliament, &c.  
5. No latin words end in ous, ance, ence, once, ome, or any double letter, but in us, ans, ens, ons, um.  
6. English words seldom end in us, ans, ens, ons, i, a: but in ous, ance, ence, once, y, or je, ay.  
7. Some English words are not pronounced as they are writ, or have redundant letters, as people, reign, raze, tongue, debt, rogue, beauty, public▪ &c.  
8. some words are Pronounced alike, but writ diversely, as hare, hair: bear, beer, bier: rain, reign: their, there.  
9. When a word is pronounced flatly or long, it must have an( e) at the end, but when sharply or short it must have none: as non, none: quiter, quit: dam, dame.  
10. writ not( r) after( g) in the end, unless when( g) hath the sound of( j) consonant, as strange, infringe.    

RULES for Pointing.  

1. A Comma(,) used at the end of every sentence, and in verse, when words are transplaced.  
2. A Colon(:) used in the middle of a period, consisting of two equal parts.  
3. A Period(.) used at the end of a perfect sentence, viz. when the sense is finished.  
4. A note of Interrogation(?) used when a question is asked.  
5. A note of Exclamation(!) used, when we express any thing with wonder.  
6. A Parenthesis() used when a sentence is put within another, which yet may be left out, and the sense not destroyed.  
7. A Subunio(-) used, 1. When two whole words are put together, as pale-faced. Or 2. When one part of the word is writ at the end of the line, and the other at the beginning of the next.  
8. A Dialysis(") used when a diphthong is partend into two syllables, as aquäi.  
9. An Induction used to bring in a word Interlined().  
10. An Apostrophus used when a letter is cast out, as tanton(')  
11. An acute tone(') used to distinguish doubtful quantities, as cécidit, cec●dit.  
12. A grave tone(`) used to distinguish adverbs from other words, as stultè, unà, seriò, palàm.  
13. A circumflex tone() used over Ablat. cases of the first Genit. cases of the four declensions, and words syncopated or contracted.    

RULES for Construing Gram.  

Pr●cognita.  
1. read over the sentence to a period, observing the general scope of the matter.  
2. find the principal Verb, and then the Nominant. This done;   

Rule.  
1. Take the Vocative case, or what supplies the place thereof, as Adverb. Conjunct. Interject.  
2. Take the Nominant, and what depends thereon, as Adjective, Genitive case, Gerund.  
3. Take the Verb with what depends thereon, as Infinitive mood, Participle, S●pine.  
4. Take casual words in this order. 

1. Thing  
2. Person  
3. ●he rest take in order of cases.    
5. When any casual word hath much depending on it, cast it back to the last place.  
6. Relatives and Interrogatives trouble this order, being taken before the Verb which they should follow.  
7. A Parenthesis or Subjunctive sentence must be construed alone, and taken where the sense gives best room  
8. Be sure, never in cons●rui●g to m●ke non-sense, or to cross Grammar.    

RULES for construing Rhetorically.  

1. Give every phrase or proverb a suitable English one.  
2. Resolve Infinitive and absolute Sentences, as me deuce, When I am, &c.  
3. Express Impersonals with their casual words personally, as tibi licet, thou mayest.  
4. always endeavour to carry on a proper English style, choosing such expressions as may best svit the matter in hand.    

RULES for Parseing.  

1. read over the Sentence distinctly, find the Verb, and so the Nominant.  
2. inquire by your Rules, what Declension, Number, Gender, Person, Species, Figure, your Nominant is of.  
3. inquire of what Conjugation your Verb is, what it maketh in the perfect tense, what in the supine, what mood, tense, number, person, as also of what kind, species and figure.  
4. Take the casual word of the thing, govern it on the next word before, which cannot be left out.  
5. Do the like in order, with the other casual words according to their nature and rule.  
6. When you have a relative, put ille in the same case, and you may see his Government by construing the sentence.  
7. When you have an Adjective, search what declension it is of, what species, what degree of comparison, and what is his substantive, unless it be put absolute in the Neuter gender, for then it hath none.    

RULES for making latin Grammatically.  

1. read over the sentence, and if there be a Vocative case, or any thing in stead thereof, make that first.  
2. find out the Nominant, see what number it is, put it in that number, and writ it down.  
3. If any thing depend on the Nominant, as Genitive case, Adjective, Gerund, or Subjunctive sentence, make that next. Then  
4. come to the Verb, find what mood and tense it is, form it in that mood and tense according to its Conjugation, and put it in the same number and person the Nominant is.  
5. Make next the Infinitive mood if there be one.  
6. Make the casual word of the thing in the Accusative case, the person in the Dative, and the rest according to your Rules.  
7. If you have a Verb or Adjective, which will properly govern a case, such as Satago, memini, opus, utor, natus, &c. be careful to put the right case after it.  
8. When you doubt what case any Noun or Verb will govern, consult with some Author, or your Dictionary, Gowper, Thomas, &c.    

RULES for making latin Rhetorically.  

1. In reading Authors mark out and remember all latin phrases, that so when you meet with any English phrase, you may read it in proper latin.  
2. When you have an English phrase, and know not a latin one, turn your phrase into latin according to the sense, not the words.  
3. Care not to render a sentence word by word; but change it so as the latin may be hand somest, and most proper to a latin style.  
4. Remember to cast away quod or ut, turning the Verb into the Infinitive mood: To make Ablative cases absolute, by casting away dum, cum, quando, si, quamquam, postquam. To express Actives sometimes by Passives: To make Have by ●st, or suppetit, and to observe such other Grammar rules as have most elegancy in them.    

RULES for Placing latin.  

1. read the best Authors by periods, vivâ voice, thereby their strain will be secretly instilled into your mindes.  
2. Avoid the craggy concourse of many consonants, and the gaping of many vowels, and temper one with the other.  
3. Place the word last, wherein the emphasis of the sentence lieth most, as — caesar fortiorem legimus neminem.   
Where these rules permit.  

4. Place the casual word first, the Nominant in the middle, and the Verb last, as Galliam Caesar occupavit.  
5. Between the Adjective and his Substantive, likewise between the Preposition and his case, put a Genitive case, as Innumeros hostium copias Caesar fudit.  
6. Comparatives, Superlatives, and nouns of multitude, must be set after their substantives, as, Sceleratos omnes Catilina unus superavit.  
7. Polysyllable Adjectives elegantly begin and end sentences, as, Miserrimi sunt omnes inglorii.    

RULE● of Variation.  

1. Express your sentence in proper choice, and purely latin words.  
2. By Synonyma's, or words signifying the same thing.  
3. By Tropes or Figures, viz. 

Enallage  
Periphrasis  
Allegoria  
Syncedoche  
Antonomasia  
Metaphora.  
Metonymia.  
Catachresis.    
4. Express the Active by the Passive, or Personal by Impersonal: & contra.  
5. Change the ●erbs into Verbals or Participles.  
6. Express the sentence by the contrary or negative.  
7. Express the sentence by Interrogation, Admiration, Aporia, or Ironía.  
8. By the Rules in Grammar, as est pro habeo, Verbs Passives, &c. The English of the Infinitive mood. Gerunds turned into Adjectives, &c.    

RULES of Amplification.  

1. A sentence is amplified, by reckoning up all the parts included within the general heads of the theme.  
2. By handling the Antecedents, Concomitants and Consequents of things.  
3. By showing the causes, grounds or occasions of the matter in hand.  
4. By Diatyposis, or a particular description of each circumstance.  
5. By Digressions, or stepping aside to other matters, which notwithstanding bring light to the subject in hand.  
7. By Comparisons or Similie's illustrating the Argument.  
8. By Congeries, or heaping up many sentences, signifying all the same thing in substance.  
9. By definitions or descriptions, various in word but one in substance.  
10. By Rhetorical Figures, or Prosopopeia, Apostrophe, Periphrasis, Correctio.  
11. By showing the good or evil of the contrary.  
12. By producing Examples and Testimonies of Authors.    

RULES of Allusion.  

1. It is handsome to allude to the various significations of Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Saxon, French words▪ or of any other Language, as with the Hebrews {αβγδ} signifieth both an ear and a scale, which signifieth that whatsoever is heard, ought to be weighed and pondered.  
2. We may allude to sentences, applying them to another matter, as I may say of love as Seneca of anger, it is a short madness.  
3. We may allude to persons, as alter Hercules, another Alexander, such Demea's, such Thraso's. Thus persons notable for any virtues or vices, may be used as Appellatives.  
4. We may allude to memorable actions, as He consumes his estate in extruendo mari,& montibus ●o●quandis. Allus. to Xerxes.  
5. We may allude to the manners or customs▪ of people, as the B●otians▪ used to burn the Axle-tree of the Coach that brought home a Bride, intimating that she being once married, there was no return to her from her husband.  
6. We may allude to places, as, so full are we tatlers, that England now indeed is Psittacor● regio.  
7. To the occasions of Proverbs, as▪ his Plots a as indiscoverable as if he had Gyges ring.  
8. To any observable things in Nature ● Art, as Birds, Beasts, Fowls, Fishes, Plants, ston▪ &c. She is the Phoenix of the world.    

RULES of Imitation.  

1. Observe the parts of such sentences as you● would imitate.  
2. Take another subject, and make your sentences of the same parts, putting Noun for Noun, Verb for Verb, Adverb for Adverb, as, The love of money is the root of evil. The fear of God is the Spring o● Wisdom.  
3. When you would imitate a whole speech, striv● to make like style, phrase, and length of periods.  
4. Where the Author useth any Interrogations, Admirations, Epiphonema's, Similie's, Examples, Allusions, Digressions, do you the like.  
5. Observe from what Heads your Author fetcheth his Arguments, as cause, effect, subject, adjunct, à pari, à minore, à majore, à simili, ab opposito, &c▪ and fetch yours thence also if the matter will permit.  
●untains of Eloquence, whence Scholars must draw forth, and lay up matter for Exercises.   
Histories, such as are remarkable and applicable. goody Plutarch, Florus, Justin, Pliny, Aelian, Valer, Max.  
Fables choice and witty. See Ovids Metam. Ae 〈…〉 p, Natal. Comes, &c.  
Proverbs witty and best known. See Erasmus ●biliads.  
hieroglyphics, most significant and apposite. See N. Causinus, Pierius.  
emblems, Symbols and Pictures of the Heathens gods. See Reusner, Quarles, Alciat.  
laws and customs of the Jews, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, &c. See Godwin, Plutarch, Verstegan.  
Ne●t and significant Sentences out of Tacitus, sallust, livy, and the Poets.  
Rhetorical Figures▪ See Vossius, Farnaby, Butler, Vicars.  
topics of logic, viz. Causes, Effects, Subjects, Adjuncts, Contraries.  
The whole Series of Natural and Artificial things, especially Pyramids, Labyrinths, Temples, Palaces, Shops of Artists, Meats, Merchandise, Stones, Plants, Fish, Fowles, Stars, &c.  
FINIS.