A KEY into the LANGUAGE OF AMERICA: OR, An help to the Language of the Natives in that part of AMERICA, called NEW-ENGLAND. Together, with brief Observations of the customs, Manners and Worships, &c. of the aforesaid Natives, in Peace and war, in Life and Death. On all which are added spiritual Observations, general and Particular by the author, of chief and special use (upon all occasions,) to all the English Inhabiting those parts; yet pleasant and profitable to the view of all men:  
BY ROGER WILLIAMS of Providence in New-England.  
LONDON, Printed by Gregory Dexter, 1643.   

To my dear and well-beloved Friends and Counrey-men, in old and new ENGLAND.  
I Present you with a Key; I have not heard of the like, yet framed, since it pleased God to bring that mighty Continent of America to light: Others of my countrymen have often, and excellently, and lately written of the country (and none that I know beyond the goodness and worth of it.)  
This Key, respects the Native Language of it, and happily may unlock some Rarities concerning the Natives themselves, not yet discovered.  
I drew the materials in a rude lump at Sea, as a private help to my own memory, that I might not by my present absence lightly lose what I had so dearly bought in some few years hardship, and charges among the Barbarians; yet being reminded by some, what pity it were to bury those materials in my Grave at land or Sea; and withal, remembering how oft I have been importuned by worthy friends, of all sorts, to afford them some helps this way.  
I resolved (by the assistance of the most High) to cast those materials into this Key, pleasant and profitable for All, but speally for my friends residing in those parts:  
A little Key may open a Box, where lies a bunch of keys.  
With this I have entered into the secrets of those Countries, where ever English dwell about two hundred miles, between the French and Dutch Plantations; for want of this, I know what gross mistakes myself and others have run into.  
There is a mixture of this Language North and South, from the place of my abode, about six hundred miles; yet within the two hundred miles (aforementioned) their Dialects do exceedingly differ; yet not so, but (within that compass) a man may, by this help, converse with thousands of Natives all over the country: and by such converse it may please the Father of Mercies to spread civility, (and in his own most holy season) Christianity; for one Candle will light ten thousand, and it may please God to bless a little Leaven to season the mighty Lump of those Peoples and Territories.  
It is expected, that having had so much converse with these Natives, I should write some little of them.  
Concerning them (a little to gratify expectation) I shall touch upon four Heads:  
First, by what Names they are distinguished.  
Secondly, Their original and Descent.  
Thirdly, their Religion, Manners, customs, &c.  
Fourthly, That great Point of their conversion.  
To the first, their Names are of two sorts:  
First, those of the English giving: as Natives, savages, Indians, Wild-men, (so the Dutch call them Wilden) Abergeny men, Pagans, Barbarians, Heathen.  
Secondly, their Names, which they give themselves.  
I cannot observe, that they ever had (before the coming of the English, French or Dutch amongst them) any Names to difference themselves from strangers, for they knew none; but two sorts of names they had, and have amongst themselves.  
First, general, belonging to all Natives, as Nínnuock, Ninnimissinnûwock, Eniskeetompauwog, which signifies Men, Folke, or People.  
Secondly, particular names, peculiar to several Nations, of them amongst themselves, as, nanhigganenuck, Massachusêuck Cawasumsêuck, cowwesenuck, Quintikóock Qunnipienuck, Pequuóog, &c.  
They have often asked me, why he call them Indians Natives, &c. And understanding the reason, they will call themselves Indians, in opposition to English, &c.  
For the second Head proposed, their original and Descent.  
From Adam and Noah that they spring, it is granted on all hands.  
But for their later Descent, and whence they came into those pars, it seems as hard to find, as to find the Wellhead of some fresh stream, which running many miles out of the country to the salt Ocean, hath met with many mixing streams by the way. They say themselves, that they have sprung and grown up in that very place, like the very trees of the wilderness.  
They say that their Great God Cawtantowwit created those parts, as I observed in the Chapter of their Religion. They have no Clothes, books, nor Letters, and conceive their Fathers never had; and therefore they are easily persuaded that the God that made English men is a greater God, because he hath so richly endowed the English above themselves: But when they hear that about sixteen hundred years ago, England and the Inhabitants thereof were like unto themselves, and since have received from God, Clothes, books, &c. they are greatly affected with a secret hope concerning themselves.  
Wise and judicious men, with whom I have discoursed, maintain their Original to be Northward from Tartary: and at my now taking ship, at the Dutch Plantation, it pleased the Dutch governor, (in some discourse with me about the Natives), to draw their Line from Iceland, because the name Sackmakan (the name for an Indian Prince, about the Dutch) is the name for a Prince in Iceland.  
Other opinions I could number up: under favour I shall present (not mine opinion, but) my Observations to the judgement of the Wise.  
First, others (and myself) have conceived some of their words to hold affinity with the Hebrew.  
Secondly, they constantly anoint their heads as the Jews did.  
Thirdy, they give Dowries for their wives, as the Jews did.  
Fourthly (and which I have not so observed amongst other Nations as amongst the Jews, and these:) they constantly separate their Women (during the time of their monthly sickness) in a little house alone by themselves four or five days, and hold it an Irreligious thing for either Father or Husband or any Male to come near them.  
They have often asked me if it be so with women of other Nations, and whether they are so separated: and for their practice they plead Nature and Tradition. Yet again I have found a greater Affinity of their Language with the Greek Tongue.  
2. As the greeks and other Nations, and ourselves call the seven stars (or Charles wain the bear,) so do they Mosk or Paukunnawaw the bear.  
3. They have many strange Relations of one Wetucks, a man that wrought great Miracles amongst them, and walking upon the waters,, &c. with some kind of broken Resemblance to the son of God.  
Lastly, it is famous that the Sowwest (Sowaniu) is the great Subject of their discourse. From thence their Traditions. There they say (at the South-west) is the Court of their great God Cautántouwit: At the South-west are their Forefathers souls: to the South-west they go themselves when they die; From the South-west came their corn, and beans out of their Great God Cautántowwits' field: And indeed the further Northward and Westward from us their corn will not grow, but to the Southward better and better. I dare not conjecture in these uncertainties, I believe they are lost, and yet hope (in the Lord's holy season) some of the wildest of them shall be found to share in the blood of the Son of God. To the third Head, concerning their Religion, customs, Manners &c. I shall here say nothing, because in those, 32. Chapters of the whole Book, I have briefly touched those of all sorts, from their Birth to their burials, and have endeavoured (as the Nature of the work would give way) to bring some short Observations and Applications home to Europe from America.  
Therefore fourthly, to that great Point of their Conversion so much to be longed for, and by all New-English so much pretended, and I hope in Truth.  
For myself I have uprightly laboured to suit my endeavours to my pretences: and of later times (out of desire to attain their Language) I have run through varieties of Intercourses with them Day and Night, Summer and Winter, by Land and Sea, particular passages tending to this, I have related divers, in the Chapter of their Religion.  
Many solemn discourses I have had with all sorts of Nations of them, from one end of the country to another (so far as opportunity, and the little Language I have could reach.)  
I know there is no small preparation in the hearts of Multitudes of them. I know their many solemn Confessions to myself, and one to another of their lost wandering Conditions.  
I know strong Convictions upon the Consciences of many of them, and their desires uttered that way.  
I know not with how little Knowledge and Grace of Christ the Lord may save, and therefore neither will despair, nor report much.  
But since it hath pleased some of my Worthy countrymen to mention (of late in print) Wequash, the Pequt captain, I shall be bold so far to second their Relations, as to relate mine own Hopes of Him (though I dare not be so confident as others.  
Two days before his Death, as I passed up to Qunníhticut River, it pleased my worthy friend Mr. Fenwick whom I visited at his house in Say-Brook Fort at the mouth of that River) to tell me that my old friend Wequash lay very sick: I desired to see him, and himself was pleased to be my Guide two mile where Wequash lay.  
Amongst other discourse concerning his sickness and Death (in which he freely bequeathed his son to Mr. Fenwick) I closed with him concerning his soul: he told me that some two or three year before he had lodged at my House, where I acquainted him with the Condition of all mankind, & his Own in particular, how God created Man and All things: how Man fell from God, and of his present Enmity against God, and the wrath of God against Him until Repentance: said he your words words were never out of my heart to this present; and said he me much pray to Jesus Christ: I told him so did many English, French, and Dutch, who had never turned to God, nor loved Him: He replied in broken English: Me so big naughty Heart, in heart all one stone! Savory expressions using to breath from compunct and broken Hearts, and a sense of inward hardness and unbrokenness. I had many discourses with him in his Life, but this was the sum of our last parting until our general meeting.  
Now because this is the great Inquiry of all men what Indians have been converted? what have the English done in those parts? what hopes of the Indians receiving the Knowledge of Christ!  
And because to this Question, some put an edge from the boast of the Jesuits in Canada and Maryland, and especially from the wonderful conversions made by the Spaniards and Portugals in the West-In dies, besides what I have here written, a also, beside what I have observed in the Chapter of their Religion! I shall further present you with a brief Additionall discourse concerning this Great Point, being comfortably persuaded that that Father of Spirits, who was graciously pleased to persuade Japhet (the Gentiles to dwell in the Tents of Shem (the Jews will in his holy season (I hope approaching persuade, these Gentiles of America to partake of the mercies of Europe, and then shall be fulfilled what is written by the Prophet Malachi, from the rising of the sun in (Europe) to the going down of the same (in America) my Name shallbe great among the Gentiles.) So I desire to hope and pray,  
Your unworthy countryman ROGER WILLIAMS   

Directions for the use of the LANGUAGE.  
1. A Dictionary or grammar way I had consideration of, but purposely avoided, as not so accommodate to the Benefit of all, as I hope this form is.  
2. A Dialogue also I had thoughts of, but avoided for brevity's sake, and yet (with no small pains) I have so framed every Chapter and the matter of it, as I may call it an implicit Dialogue.  
3. It is framed chiefly after the Narroganset Dialect, because most spoken in the country, and yet (with attending to the variation of peoples and Dialects) it will be of great use in all parts of the country.  
4. Whatever your occasion be either of travel, Discourse, Trading &c.  
turn to the Table which will direct you to the Proper Chapter.  
5. Because the Life of all Language is in the pronunciation, I have been at the pains and charges to Cause the Accents, Tones, or sounds to be affixed, (which some understand, according to the Greek Language, Acutes, Graves, Circumflexes) for example, in the second leaf in the word Ewò He: the sound or Tone must not be put on E, but wò where the grave Accent is.  
In the same leaf, in the word Ascowequássin, the sound must not be on any of the Syllables, but on quáss, where the Acute or sharp sound is.  
In the same leaf in the word Anspaumpmaûn. tam, the sound must not be on any other syllable but Maûn, where the Circumflex or long sounding Accent is.  
6. The English for every Indian word or phrase stands in a straight line directly against the Indian: yet sometimes there are two words for the same thing (for their Language is exceeding copious and they have five or six words sometimes for one thing) and then the English stands against them both: for example in the second leaf, Cowaunckamish & Cuckquénamish. I pray your Favour.   

AN help to the native Language of that part of America called NEW-ENGLAND.  
CHAP. I. Of Salutation.  

Observation.  
THe Natives are of two sorts, (as the English are.) Some more Rude and Clownish, who are not so apt to Salute, but upon Salutation resalute lovingly. Others, and the general, are sober and grave, and yet cheerful in a mean, and as ready to begin a Salutation as to Resalute, which yet the English generally begin, out of desire to Civilize them.  
What cheer Nétop? is the general salutation of all English toward them, Nétop is friend.  
Netompaüog Friends.  
They are exceedingly delighted with Salutations in their own Language.  
Neèn, Keèn, Ewò, I, you, he. Keén ka neen You and I. Asco wequássin  Asco wequassunnúmmis Good morrow. Askuttaaquompsin? how do you? Asnpaumpmaûntam I am very well. Taubot paump maúntaman I am glad you are well. Cowaúnckamish My service to you   

Observation.  
This word upon special Salutations they use, and upon some offence conceived by the Sachim or Prince against any: I have seen the party reverently do obeisance, by stroking the Prince upon both his shoulders, and using this word, Cowaúnckamish & Cuckquénamish I pray your favour. Cowaúnkamuck He salutes you. A spaumpmáuntam sachim How doth the Prince Aspaumpmáuntam Committamus? How doth your Wife? Aspaumpmaúntamwock cummuckiaûg? How doth your children? Konkeeteâug They are well. Táu bot ne paump maunthéttit I am glad they are well. Túnna Cowâum  Tuckôteshana Whence come you. Yò nowaûm I came that way. Náwwatuck nôteshem I came from far. Mattaâsu nóteshem I came from hard by. Wêtu An House. Wetuômuck nonte shem I came from the house. Acâwmuck notéshem I came over the water. Otàn A town. Otânick notéshem I came from the town.   

Observation.  
In the Narigánset country (which is the chief people in the Land:) a man shall come to many towns, some bigger, some lesser, it may be a dozen in 20. miles' travel.   

Observation.  
Acawmenóakit Old England, which is as much as from the Land on t' other side: hardly are they brought to believe that that Water is three thousand English mile over, or there abouts.  
Tunnock kuttòme Whither go you? Wékick nittóme To the house. Nékick To my house. Kékick To your house. Tuckowekin Where dwell you? Tuckuttîin Where keep you? Matnowetuómeno I have no house.   

Observation.  
As commonly a single person hath no house, so after the death of a Husband or Wife, they often break up house, and live here and there a while with Friends, to all allay their excessive sorrows.  
Tou wuttîin? Where lives he? Awânick ûchick Who are these? Awaùn ewò? Who is that? Túnna úmwock?  Tunna Wutshaûock Whence come they? Yo nowêkin I dwell here. Yo ntîin I live here. Eîu or Nnîu? Is it so? Nùx Yea. Mat nippompitámmen I have heard nothing. Wésuonck A name. Tocketussawêitch What is your name? Taantússawese? do you ask my name? Ntússawese I am called, &c. Matnowesuonckane I have no name.   

Observation.  
Obscure and mean persons amongst them have no Names: Nullius numeri, &c. as the Lord Jesus foretells his followers, that their Names should be cast out, Luk. 6. 22. as not worthy to be named, &c. again, because they abhor to name the dead (Death being the King of terrors to all natural men: and though the Natives hold the soul to live ever; yet not holding a Resurrection, they die, and mourn without Hope.) In that respect I say, if any of their Sáchims's or neighbours die who were of their names, they lay down those Names as dead.  
Now ánnehick nowésuonck I have forgot my Name.  
Which is common amongst some of them, this being one incivility amongst the more rustical sort, not to call each other by their Names, but Keen, You, Ewò He, &c.  
Tahéna What is his name? Tahossowêtam What is the name of it Tahéttamen What call you this? Teaqua What is this? Yò néepoush Stay or stand here. Mattapsh Sit down. Noonshem  Non ânum I cannot. Tawhitch kuppee yaúmen What come you for? Téaqua kunnaunnta men What do you fetch? Chenock cuppeeyâu mis? When came you? Maish-kitummâyi just even now. Kitummâyi nippeéam I came just now. Yò Committamus? Is this your Wife? Yo cuppáppoos Is this your Child? Yô cummuckquachucks Is this your Son? Yò cuttaûnis Is this your Daughter? Wunnêtu It is a fine Child. Tawhich neepouweéye an Why stand you? Pucqúatchick? Without doors. Tawhitch mat pe titeayean? Why come you not in?   

Observ.  
In this respect they are remarkably free and courteous, to invite all Strangers in; and if any come to them upon any occasion, they request them to come in, if they come not in of themselves.  
Awássish warm you. Máttapsh yóteg Sit by the fire. Tocketúnnawem What say you? Keén nétop? Is it you friend. Peeyàush nétop Come hither friend. Pétitees Come in. Kunnúnni Have you seen me? Kunnúnnous I have seen you. Taubot mequaun namêan I thank you for your kind remembrance. Taûbotneanawáyean I thank you. Taûbotne aunanamêan I thank you for your love.   

Observ.  
I have acknowledged amongst them an heart sensible of kindnesses, and have reaped kindness again from many, seven years after, when I myself had forgotten, &c. hence the Lord Jesus exhorts his followers to do good for evil: for otherwise, sinners will do good for good, kindness for kindness, &c.  
Cowàmmaunsh I love you. Cowammaûnuck He loves you. Cowámmaus You are loving. Cowâutam? understand you? Nowaûtam I understand. Cowâwtam tawhitche nippeeyaûmen do you know why I come. Cowannantam Have you forgotten? Awanagusàntowosh speak English. Eenàntowash speak Indian. Cutehanshishaùmo How many were you in Company? Kúnnishishem? Are you alone? Nnishishem I am alone. Naneeshâumo There be 2. of us. Nanshwishâwmen We are 4. Npiuckshâwmen We are 10. Neesneechecktashaûman We are 20. &c. Nquitpausuckowashâwmen We are an 100 Comishoonhómmis Did you come by boat? Kuttiakewushaùmis Came you by land? Mesh nomishoon hómmin I came by boat. Meshntiauké wushem I came by land. Nippenowàntawem I am of another language Penowantowawhettûock They are of a divers language. Mat nowawtau hetté mina We understand not each other. Nummaúchenèm? I am sick. Cummaúchenem? Are you sick? Tashúckqunne cum mauchenaùmis How long have you been sick? Nummauchêmin or Ntannetéimmin I will be going. Saûop Cummauchêmin You shall go to morrow. Maúchish or ànakish Be going. Kuttannáwshesh Depart. Mauchéi or anittui He is gone. Kautanaûshant He being gone. Mauchéhettit or Kautanawshawhettit When they are gone. Kukkowêtous I will lodge with you. Yò Cówish Do, lodge here. Hawúnshech Farewell. Chénock wonck cup peeyeâumen? When will you be here again? Nétop tattà My friend I can not tell.  
From these courteous Salutations Observe in general: There is a savour of civility and courtesy even amongst these wild Americans, both amongst themselves and towards strangers.  
More particular:  

The Courteous Pagan shall condemn  
Uncourteous Englishmen,  
Who live like Foxes, bears and Wolves,  
Or lion in his Den.   

Let none sing blessings to their souls,  
For that they Courteous are:  
The wild Barbarians with no more  
Than Nature, go so far:   

If nature's Sons both wild and tame.  
Human and Courteous be:  
How ill becomes it sons of God  
To want Humanity?     

CHAP. II. Of Eating and Entertainment.  
AScúmetesimmis? Have you not yet eaten Matta niccattuppúmmin I am not hungry. Niccawkatone I am thirsty. Mannippéno? Have you no water? Nip. or nipéwese Give me some water. Nàmitch, commetesímmin Stay, you must eat first. Téaquacumméich What will you eat? Nókehick. parched meal which is a ready very wholesome food, which they eat with a little water, hot or cold; I have traveled with near 200. of them at once, near 100 miles through the woods, every man carrying a little Basket of this at his back, and sometimes in a hollow Leather Girdle about his middle, sufficient for a man three or four days:  
With this ready provision, and their Bow and arrows, are they ready for War, and travel at an hour's warning. With a spoonful of this meal and a spoonful of water from the brook, have I made many a good dinner and supper.  
Aupúmmineanash. The parched corn. Aupúminea-naw-saùmp. The parced meal boiled with water at their houses, which is the wholesomest diet they have. Msickquatash. boiled corn whole. Manusqussêdash. Beanes. Nasàump. A kind of meal pottage, unpartched.  
From this the English call their Samp, which is the Indian corn, beaten and boiled, and eaten hot or cold with milk or butter, which are mercies beyond the Natives plain water, and which is a dish exceeding wholesome for the English bodies.  
Puttuckqunnenge. A Cake. Puttuckqunnêgunash puttuckqui. Cakes or loves round. Teâgun kuttie maûnch? What shall I dress for you? Assámme. Give me to eat. Ncàttup. I am hungry, Wúnna ncáttup. I am very hungry. Nippaskanaûn tum. I am almost starved. Pautous notatàm. Give me drink. Sókenish. pour forth. Cosaûme sokenúm mis. You have poured out too much. Wuttàttash. drink. Nquitchetàmmin. Let me taste. Quitchetash. Taste. Saunqui nip? Is the water cool? Saun kopaûgot. cool water. Chowhêsu. It is warm, Aquie wuttàttash. do not drink. Aquie waúmatous. do not drink all. Necáwni mèich teàqua. First eat something: Tawhitch mat me chóan. Why eat you not? Wussaume kusópita. It is too hot. Teâguun numméitch What shall I eat? Mateàg keesitavano? Is there nothing ready boiled? Ma teag mécho ewò. He eats nothing. Cotchikésu assamme. Cut me a piece. Cotchekúnnemi we yoùs. Cut me some meat. Metesittuck. Let us go eat. Pautiinnea méchimucks. Bring hither some victuals. Numwautous. Fill the dish. Mihtukmécha kick. Tree-eaters.  
A people so called (living between three and four hundred miles West into the land) from their eating only mihtunchquash, that is, Trees: They are Men-eaters, they set no corn, but live on the bark of chestnut and Walnut, and other fine trees: They dry and eat this bark with the fat of Beasts, and sometimes of men: This people are the terror of the neighbour Natives; and yet these rebels, the son of God may in time subdue.  
Mauchepweéean. After I have eaten. Maúchepwucks. After meals. Maúchepwut. When he hath eaten. Paúshaqua maúchepwut. After dinner. Wàyyeyant maúchepwut. After supper. Nquittmaûntash. Smell. Weetimóquat. It smells sweet. Machemóqut. It stinks. Weékan. It is sweet. Machíppoquat. It is sour. Auwusse weékan. It is sweeter. Askùn. It is raw. Noónat. Not enough. Wusàume wékissu. Too much either boiled or roasted. Waûmet Taûbi. It is enough. Wuttattumutta. Let us drink. Neesneechàhettit taúbi. Eenough for twenty men. Mattacuckquàw. A Cook. Mattacúcquass. Cook or dress. Matcuttassamiin? Will you not give me to eat? Keen méitch. I pray eat.  
They generally all take Tobacco; and it is commonly the only plant which men labour in; the women managing all the rest: they say they take Tobacco for two causes; first, against the rheum, which causeth the toothache, which they are impatient of: secondly, to revive and refresh them, they drinking nothing but water.  
Scuttame. Give me your pipe. Petasinna, or, Wuttàmmasin. Give me some tobacco. Ncattaûntum, or, Ncàttiteam. I long for that. Màuchinaash nowépiteass. My teeth are nought. Nummashackqune aûmen. we are in a dearth. Mashackquineâug. We have no food. Aúcuck. A Kettle. Mishquockuk. A red Copper Kettle. Nétopkuttàssammish. Friend, I have brought you this. Quàmphash quamphomiinea. Take up for me out of the pot. Eippoquat. It is sweet. Teàqua aspúckquat? What doth it taste of? Nowétipo. I like this. Wenómeneash. Grapes or Rayfins. Waweécocks. Figs, or some strange sweet meat. Nemaúanash. Provision for the way. Nemavaninnuit. A snapsack. Tackhummin. To grind corn. Tackhumiinnea. Beat me parched meal. Pishquéhick. vnparched meal. Nummaùchip nup mauchepúmmin. We have eaten all. Cowàump? Have you enough? Nowâump. have enough. Mohowaúgsuck, or, Mauquàuog, from móho to eat. The cannibals, or, Men eaters, up into the west two, three or four hundred miles from us. Cummóhucquock. They will eat you.  
Whomsoever cometh in when they be eating, they offer them to eat of that which they have, though but little enough prepared for themselves. If any provision of fish or flesh come in, they make their neighbours partakers with them.  
If any stranger come in, they presently give him to eat of what they have; many 〈◊〉 time, and at all times of the night (as I have fallen in travel upon their houses) when no thing hath been ready, have themselves and their wives, risen to prepare me some refreshing.  

The observation general from their eating. &c.  
It is a strange truth that a man shall generally find more free entertainment and refreshing amongst these Barbarians, then among thousands that call themselves Christians.  
More particular:  

Course bread and water's most their fare,  
O England's diet fine;  
Thy cup runs o'er with plenteous store  
Of wholesome bear and wine.   

Sometimes God gives them Fish or Flesh,  
Yet they're content without;  
And what comes in, they part to friends  
and strangers round about.   

God's providence is rich to his,  
Let none distrustful be;  
In wilderness, in great distress,  
These Ravens have fed me.     

CHAP. III. Concerning sleep and Lodging.  
NSowwushkâwmen I am weary. Nkàtaquaum. I am sleepy. Kukkovetoùs. Shall I lodge here? Yo nickowémen? Shall I sleep here? Kukkowéti. Will you sleep here? Wunnégin, cówish. Welcome, sleep here. Nummouaquômen. I will lodge abroad. Puckquátchick nickovemen. I will sleep without the the doors,  
Which have known them contentedly do, by a fire under a tree, when sometimes some English have (for want of familiarity and language with them) been fearful to entertain them.  
In summertime I have known them lie abroad often themselves, to make room for strangers, English, or others.  
Movaquómitea. Let us lie abroad. Cowwêtuck. Let us sleep. Kukkovene? sleep you? Cowwêke. sleep, sleep. Cowwêwi. He is a sleep. Cowwêwock. They sleep. Askukkówene? sleep you yet? Takitippocat. It is a cold night. Wekitíppocat. It is a warm night. Wauwháutowaw ánawat, & Wawhautowâvog. there is an alarm, or there is a great shouting:  
Howling and shouting is their alarm; they having no Drums nor Trumpets: but whether an enemy approach, or fire break out, this alarm passeth from house to house; yea, commonly, if any English or Dutch come amongst them they give notice of strangers by this sign; yea I have known them buy and use a Dutch Trumpet, and known a Native make a good Drum in imitation of the English.  
Matannauke, or Mattannàukanash A finer sort of mats to sleep on. Mask tuash Straw to lie on. Wuddtúckquunash ponamauta Let us lay on wood.  
This they do plentifully when they lie down to sleep winter and summer, abundance they have and abundance they lay on: their Fire is instead of our bedclothes. And so, themselves and any that have occasion to lodge with them, must be content to turn often to the Fire, if the night be cold, and they who first wake must repair the Fire.  
Mavataúnamoke Mend the fire. Mavataunamútta Let us mend the fire. Tokêtuck Let us wake. As kuttokemmis Are you not awake yet Tókish, Tókeke Wake wake Tókinish Wake him. Kitumyái tokéan As soon as I wake. Ntunnaquômen I have had a good dream Nummattaquômen I have had a bad dream.  
When they have a bad dream, which they conceive to be a threatening from God, they fall to prayer at all times of the night, especially early before day: So David's zealous heart to the true and living God: At midnight will I rise &c. I prevented the dawning of the day, &c. Psal. 119. &c.  
Wunnak ukkussa quaum You sleep much. Peeyanntam He prays. Peeyauntamwock They pray. Tunna kukkowemis Where slept you? Awaun wéick kukkovemmis At whose house did you sleep?  
I once travailed to an island of the wildest in our parts, where in the night an Indian (as he said) had a vision or dream of the Sun (whom they worship for a God) darting a beam into his Breast which he conceived to be the Messenger or his Death: this poor Native called his Friends and neighbours, and prepared some little refreshing for them, but himself was kept waking and Fasting in great Humiliations and Invocations for 10. days and nights: I was alone (having travailed from my bark the wind being contrary) and little could I speak to them to their understandings especially because of the change of their Dialect or manner of Speech from our neighbours: yet so much (through the help of God) I did speak of the True and living only Wise God, of the Crcation: of Man, and his fall from God, &c. that at parting many burst forth, Oh when will you come again, to bring us some more news of this God?  
From their Sleeping: The Observation general.  
Sweet rest is not confined to soft Beds, for, not only God gives his beloved sleep on hard lodgings: but also Nature and custom gives sound sleep to these Americans on the Earth, on a board or Mat. Yet how is Europe bound to God for better lodging, &c.  
More particular.  

God gives them sleep on Ground, on Straw,  
on sedgy Mats or board:  
When English softest Beds of down,  
sometimes no sleep afford.   

I have known them leave their House and Mat  
to lodge a Friend or stranger,  
When Jews and Christians oft have sent  
Christ Jesus to the Manger.   

'Fore day they invocate their Gods,  
though Many, False and New:  
O how should that God worshipped be,  
who is but One and True?    

CHAP. iv. Of their Names.  
NQuit One Neèsse 2. Nish 3. Yoh 4. Napànna 5. Qútta 6. énada 7. Shwósuck 8. Paskúgit 9 Piuck 10. Piuck nabna quit 11. Piucknab nèese 12, Piucknab nish 13, Piucknab yòh 14, Piucknab napànna 15, Piucknab naqútta 16; Piucknab énada 17, Piuck nabna shwósuck 18, Piucknab napaskugit 19 Neesnemechick 20, Neesnemechick nab naquit, &c. 21, Shwinckeck 30, &c. Swincheck nab naquit, &c. 31, &c. Yowinicheck 40. Yówinicheck nabna qit, &c. 41, &c. Napannetashincheck 50, Napannetashinchek nabna quit 51, &c. Quttatashincheck 60, Quttatashincheck nab na quit 61, &c. Enadatashincheck 70, Enadatashincheck nabna quit 71, &c. Swoasuck ta shin check 80, Shwoasuck ta shincheck nebna quit 81, &c. Paskugit tashincheck, &c. 90, Paskugit tashin check nabna quit, &c. 91, &c. Nquit pâwsuck 100 Nees pâwsuck 200. Shweepâwsuck 300. Yówe pâwsuck 400, Napannetashe pâwsuck 500, Quttatashe pâwsuck 600, Enadatashepâwsuck 700, Shoasucktashe pawsuck 800, Paskugit tashepâwsuck 900, Nquittemittànnug 1000, Neese mittànnug 2000, Nishwe mittànnug 3000, Yowe mittànnug 4000, Napannetashemit tannug 5000, Quttatashe mit tànnug 6000, Enadatashemit tànnug 7000, Shoasuck ta she mittánnug 8000, Paskugittashemit tánnug 9000, Piuckque mittánnug 10000, Neesneecheck tashe mittànnug 20000, Shwinchecktashe mittánnug 30000, Yowincheck tashemittánnug 40000, Napannetashincheck tashemittánnug 50000. Quttatashincheck tashemittànnug 60000 Enadatashincheck tashe mittánnuck 70000. Shoasuck tashincheck tashe mittannug 80000. Pàskugit tashincheck tashe mittannug 90000. Nquit pausuckoemit tànnug, &c. 100000.  
Having no Letters nor Arts, 'tis admirable how quick they are in casting up great numbers, with the help of grames of corn, instead of Europe's pens or counters.  

Numbers of the masculine gender.  Pâwsuck 1. Neéswock 2. Skeetomp a Man. Shuog 3. Yówock 4. Napannetasúog 5. as, Skeetom Paúog, Men. Quttasúog 6. Enada tasúog 7. Shoasuck tasúog 8. Paskugit tasúog 9 Prucksúog 10. Prucksúog nabnaquit 11. 
Of the Feminine Gender.  Pâwsuck 1 N 2 Swinash 3 Yowúnnash 4 Napannetashinash 5 as, Wauchò Hill. Wauchóash Hills. Quttatshinash 6 Enadtashinash 7 Shoasucktashinash 8 Paskugittashinash 9 Piúckquatash 10 Piúckquatash nabnaquit. 11  

From their Numbers, Observation general.  
Let it be considered, whether Tradition of ancient Forefathers, or Nature hath taught them Europe's arithmetic.  
More particular:  

Their brains are quick, their hands,  
Their feet, their tongues, their eyes:  
God may fit objects in has time,  
To those quick faculties.  
Objects of higher nature make them tell,  
The holy number of his son's Gospel:  
Make them and us to tell what told may be;  
But stand amazed at eternity.     

CHAP. V. Of their relations of consanguinity and affinity, or, Blood and Marriage.  
NNin-nninnuog, & keétomp-aûog Man-men Squàws-suck. Woman-women. Kichize, & An old man, Kichîzuck Old men. Hômes. & An old man, Hômesuck Old men. Kutchinnu A middle-aged-man. Kutchinnuwock. Middle-aged-men. Wuskeène A youth, Wuskeeneésuck. Youths. Wénise & An old woman. Wenîsuck Old women. Mattaûntum Very old und decrepit. Wâsick. An Husband. Weéwo, & Mittúmmus, & Wullógana A Wife. Nowéewo, My Wife. Nummittamus, &c.  Osh. A Father. Nòsh My father. Còsh Your father. Cuttòso? Have you a fathee? Okásu, & Witchwhaw A mother. Nókace nitchwhaw My mother. Wussese An uncle. Nissesè My uncle. Papoòs, A child. Nippápoos, & Nummúckiese My child. Nummúckquáchucks My son. Nittaûnis' My daughter. Non anese A sucking child. Muckquachuckquêmese A little boy. Squásese A little girl. Weémat. A brother.  
They hold the band of brotherhood so dear, that when one had committed a murther and fled, they executed his brother; and 'tis common for a brother to pay the debt of a brother deceased.  
Neémat My brother. Wéticks, & Weésummis A sister. Wematittuock They are brothers. Cutchashematitin? How many brothers have you? Natòncks' My cousin. Kattòncks' Your cousin. Watòncks A cousin. Nullóquaso My ward or pupil. Wattonksittuock They are cousins. Kihtuckquaw A virgin marriageable.  
Their Virgins are distinguished by a bashful falling down of their hair over their eyes.  
Towiúwock fatherless children.  
There are no beggars amongst them, nor fatherless children unprovided for.  
Tackqiuwock Twins.  
Their affections, especially to their children, are very strong; so that I have known a Father take so grievously the loss of his child, that he hath cut and stabbed himself with grief and rage.  
This extreme affection, together with want of learning, makes there children saucy, bold, and undutiful.  
I once came into a house an requested some water to drink; the father bid his son (of some 8. years of age) to fetch some water: the boy refused, and would not stir; I told the father, that I would correct my child, if he should so disobey me, &c. Upon this the father took up a stick, the boy another, and flew at his father: upon my persuasion, the poor father made him smart a little threw down his stick and run for water, and the father confessed the benefit of correction, and the evil of their too indulgent affections.  
From their Relations Observation general.  
In the ruins of depraved mankind, are yet be found nature's distinctions, and nature's affections.  
More particular:  

The Pagans willed confess the bonds  
Of married chastity:  
How vild are Nicolâitans that hold  
Of wife's community?  
How kindly flames of nature burn  
In wild humanity?  
Natural affections who wants, is sure  
Far from Christianity.  
Best natures vain, he's blessed that s made  
A new and rich partaker  
Of divine Nature of his God,  
And blessed eternal Maker.    

CHAP. VI. Of the Family and business of the House.  
Wetu An House. Wetuômuck At home. Nékick My house. Kékick Your house. Wk ick At his house. Nickquénum. I am going home:  
Which is a solemn word amongst them; and no man will offer any hindrance to him, who after some absence is going to visit his Family, and useth this word Nicquinum (confessing the sweetness even of these short temporal homes.) Puttuckakaùn A round house. Puttcukakâunese A little round house. Wetuomémese A little house; which their women and maids live apart in, four, five, or six days, in the time of their monthly sickness, which custom in all parts of the country they strictly observe, and no Man may come into that house.  
Neés quttow A longer house with two fires. Shwishcuttow With three fires. Abockquósinash The mats of the house. Wuttapuissuck The long poles, which commonly men get and fix, and then the women cover the house with mats, and line them with embroidered mats which the women make, and call them Mannotaúbana, or Hangings, which amongst them make as fair a show as Hangings with us. Nòte, or Yote Chickot & Sqútta Fire. Notáwese & chickautawese A little fire. Púck Smoke. Puckissu smoky Nippáckis Smoke troubleth me. Wuchickapêuck Burching bark, and Chesnut bark which they dress finely, and make a Summer-covering for their houses. Cuppoquiíttemin. I will divide house with you, or dwell with you  
Two Families will live comfortably and lovingly in a little round house of some fourteen or sixteen foot over, and so more and more families in proportion.  
Núckquiquatch I am cold. Nuckqusquatchímin  Potouwássiteuck Let us make a fire. Wúdtuckqun A piece of wood. Wudtúckquanash Lay on wood. Ponamâuta  Pawacómwushesh Cut some wood. ●…aumashinnaunam aûta Let us make a good fire. Npaacómwushem I will cut wood. Aséneshesh Fetch some small sticks, Wònck, & Wónkatack More. Wonckataganash nàus Fetch some more Netashìn & newuchá-shinea, There is no more. Wequanántash A light fire. Wequanántig A Candle, or Light. Wequanantíganash Candles. Wékinan A light fire. Awâuo? Who is at home? Mat Awawanúnno There is nobody. Unháppo Kòsh Is your father at home? Túckiu Sáchim Where is the Sachine? Mat-apeù He is not at home Peyáu He is come. Wéche-peyàu keé mat Your brother is come with him. Potawash Make a fire. Potauntash blow the fire. Peeyâuog They are come Wame paúshe All-some. Tawhitch mat peyá yean Why came, or, come you not. Mesh noónshem peeyaun? I could not come. Mocenanippeéam I will come by and by. Aspeyàu, asquam He is not come yet. Yò autant mèsh nippeéam I was here the sun's high. And then they point with the hand to the sun by who height they keep account of the day and by the moon and Stars by night, as we do by clocks and dials, &c.  
Wuskont peyáuog They will come. Teáqua naúntick ewò What comes he for? Yo áppitch ewò Let him sit there. Unhappò kòsh Is your father at home Unnaugh He is there. Npépeyup náwwot I have long been here. Tawhìtch peyáuyean. Why do you come? Téaguun kunnaúntamun? What come you for? Awàun ewò? Who is that? Nowéchiume He is my servant. Wécum, naus Call fetch. Petiteaûta Let us go in. Noonapúmmin autashéhettit There is not room for so many. Taubapímmin room enough. Noonat Not enough. Asquam Not yet. Náim, námitch By and by. ●…ce, unuckquaequêse Instantly. Maish, kitummây just, even now. Tuckiu, tiyu Where. Kukkekuttokâwmen Would you speak with him? Nùx Yea. Wuttammâun tam He is busy. Nétop notammâun Friend, I am busy. tam  Cotámmâuntam Are you busy? Cotámmish I hinder you. Cotammúmme Cotamme You trouble me.  
Obs. They are as full of business, and as impatient of hindrance (in their kind) as any Merchant in Europe.  
Nqussûtam I am removing. Notámmehick ewò He hinders me. Maumachíuash Goods. Auquiegs' householdstuff. Tucki uash Where be they? Wenawwètu Rich. Machêtu poor. Wenawetuonnckon Wealth. Kúphash Shut the door. Kuphommin To shut the door. Yeaush Shut door after you.  
Obs. Commonly they never shut their doors, day nor night; and 'tis rare that any hurt is done.  
Wunègin Well, or good. Machit nought, or evil. Cowaûtam? Do you understand? Machâug No, or not. Wunnaug A Tray. Wunnauganash Trayes. Kunàm A spoon. Kunnamâuog spoons.  
Obs. In steed of shelves, they have several baskets, wherein they put all their householdstuff: they have some great bags or sacks made of hemp, which will hold five or six bushels.  
Táckunck, or, Wéskhunck. Their pounding mortar.  
Obs. Their women constantly beat all their corn with hand: they plant it, dress it, gather it, barn it, beat it, and take as much pains as any people in the world which labour is questionless one cause of their extraordinary ease of childbirth.  
Wunnauganémese A little Tray. Téaqua cunnatinne What do you look for? Natinnehas Search. Kekineas See here. Machàge cunna miteôuwin? do you find nothing. Wónckatack Another. Tunnati Where. Ntauhaunanatinnehommin. I cannot look or search. Ntauhaunanamiteoûwin I cannot find. Wiaseck Eiassunck Mocôtick Punnêtunck Chaúqock. A Knife.  
Obs. Whence they call Englishmen Cháuquaquock, that is, Knive-men, stone formerly being to them in stead of Knives, Awle-blades, Hatchets and Howes.  
Namacówhe Lend me your Knife. Cówíaseck  Wonck Commêsim? will you give it me again? Mátta nowáuwone I knew nothing. Matta nowáhea  Mat meshnowáhea I was innocent. Paútous Pautâuog Bring hither. Maúchatous Carry this. Niâutash, & Wéawhush. Take it on your back.  
Obs. It is almost incredible what burdens the poor women carry of corn, of Fish, of beans, of Mats, and a child besides  
Awâùn There is some body. Kekineas go and see. Squauntâumuck At the door. Awàun keèn? Who are you? Keèn nétop Is it you. Pauquanamíinnea Open me the door.  
Obs. Most commonly their houses are open, their door is a hanging Mat, which being lift up, falls down of itself; yet many of them get English boards and nails, and make artificial doors and bolts themselves, and others make slighter doors of Burch or Chesnut bark, which they make fast with a cord in the night time, or when they go out of town, and then the last (that makes fast) goes out at the Chimney which is a large opening in the middle of their house, called: Wunnauchicómock, A Chimney. Anúnema help me. Neenkuttannummous. I will help you. Kuttánnummi? Will you help me? Shookekíneas Behola here. Nummovekékineam I come to see. Tou autèg Know you where it lies? Tou núckquaque How much? Yo naumwâuteg Thus full. Aquie Leave off, or do not. Waskéche On the top. Naumatuck In the bottom. Aûqunnish Let go. Aukeeaseíu downwards. Keesuckqiu upwards. Aumàunsh Ausàuonsh Aumáunamòke. Take away. Nanóuwetea A Nurse, or Keeper. Naunóuwheant  Nanowwunnemum I look to, or keep.  
Obs. They nurse all their childrem themselves; yet, if she be an high or rich woman, she maintains a Nurse to tend the child.  
Wauchaunama Keep this for me. Cuttatashiínnas Lay these up for me.  
Obs. Many of them begin to be furnished with English Chests; others, when they go forth of town, bring their goods (if they live near) to the English to keep for them, and their money they hang it about their necks, or lay it under their head when they sleep.  
Peewâuqun Have a care. Nnowauchâunum I will have a care. Kuttaskwhè Stay for me. Kuttatha, & Cowauchaunum? Have you this or that? Pokesha, & Pokeshawwa. It is broke. Mat Coanichégane Have you no hands? Tawhitch? Why ask you? Nóonshem Pawtuckquámmin. I cannot reach. Aquie Pokesháttous. do not break. Pokesháttouwin. To break. Assótu, & Assóko. A fool.  
Obs. They have also amongst them natural fools, either so borne, or accidentally deprived of reason. Aquie assókish Be not foolish. Awanick Some come. Niautamwock  Pauchewannâuog They are laden. Máttapeu & Qushenáwsui A woman keeping alone in her monthly sickness. Moce ntúnnan I will tell him by and by. Cowequetúmmous I pray or entreat you. Wunniteóuin To mend any thing. Wunniteous, or, Mend this, Wússiteous. Mend this. Wúskont nochemuckqun. I shall be chidden. Nickúmmat easy. Siúckat Hard. Cummequâwname? Do you remember me? Mequaunamiinnea Remember me. Puckquatchick Without doors. Nissawhócunck ewò He puts me out of doors. Kussawhóki? do you put me out of doors? Kussawhocowóog. Put them forth. Tawhitch kussawhokiêan? Why do you put me out? Sáwwhush, go forth. Sawhèke  Wussauhemútta Let us go forth. Matta nickquéhick I want it not. Machagè nickquehickômina. I want nothing.  
Ob. Many of them naturally Princes, or else industrious persons, are rich; and the poor amongst them will say, they want nothing. Páwsawash. dry or air this. Pawsunnúmmin. To dry this or that. Cuppausummúnnash dry these things. Apíssumma. warm this for me. Paucótche Already. Cutsshitteoùs Wash this. Tatágganish Shake this. Napònsh Lay down. Wuchè machùg About nothing. Puppucksháckhege A Box. Paupaqúonteg A Key. Mowáshuck Iron. Wâuki. Crooked. Saûmpi Strait. Aumpaniímmin To undo a knot. Aúmpanish untie this. Paushinûmmin To divide into two. Pepênash Take your choice. Nawwuttùnsh Throw hither. Pawtáwtees  Negáutowash Send for him. Negauchhúwash Send this to him. Nnegâuchemish he sends to me. Nowwêta No matter. Mauo. To cry and bewail; Which bewailing is very solemn amongst them morning and evening and sometimes in the night they bewail their lost husbands, wives, children brethren or sisters &c. Sometimes a quarter, half, yea, a whole year, and longer, if it be for a great Prince.  
In this time (Unless a dispensation be given) they count it a profane thing either to play (as they much use to do) or to paint themselves, for beauty, but for mourning; or to be angry, and fall out with any, &c.  
Machemóqut It stinks. Machemóqussu A vile or slinking person. Wúnnickshaas Mingled. Wúnnickshan To mingle. Nésick, & nashóqua. A Combe. Tetúpsha To fall down. Ntetupshem I fall down. Tou anúckquaque? How big? Wunnáshpishan To snatch away. Tawhitch wunnashpisháyean Why snatch you? Wutrush Hitherward, & give me. Enèick. or, áwwusse Further. Nneickomásu, & awwassése. A little further. Wuttushenaquáish look hither. Yo anaquayean. look about. Mauks maugoke Give this. Yo comméish I will give you this. Qussucqun-náukon heavy, light. Kuckqússaqun You are heavy. Kunnauki You are light. Niekattash, singular. Leave, or depart. Nickattammoke, plur.  Nickattamútta. Let us depart. Yówa. Thus. Ntowwaukâumen. juseis. Awawkanwni. It is used. Yo awautees. use this. Yo wéque. Thus far. Yo meshnowékeshem I went thus far. Ayatche, & Conkitchea. as Often. Ayatche nippéeam. I am often here. Pakêtash. Fling it away. Npaketamúnnash. I will east him away. Wuttámmasim. Give me Tobaco. Mat nowewuttámmo I take none.  
Obs. Which some do not but they are rare Birds; for generally all the men throughout the country have a Tobacco-bag, with a pipe in it hanging at their back: sometimes they make such great pipes, both of wood and stone that they are two foot long, with men or beasts carved so big or massy, that a man may be hurt mortally by one of them; but these commonly come from the Mauquáuwogs, or the Men eaters, three or four hundred miles from us: They have an excellent Art to cast our Pewter and brass into very neat and artificial Pipes: They take their Wuttam●…uog (That is, a weak Tobacco) which the men plant themselves, very frequently; yet I never see any take so excessively, as I have seen when in Europe; and yet excess were more tolerable in them, because they want the refreshing of bear and Wine, which God hath vouchsafed Europe.  
Wuttámmagon. A Pipe. Hopuònck. A Pipe. Chicks. A cock, or Hen:  
A Name taken from the English chick, because they have no Hens before the English came.  
Chicks anawat. The cock crows. Neesquttónckqussu. Ababler, or prater. Cunneesquttonckqussimmin. You prate.  
Obs. Which they figuratively transfer from the frequent troublesome clamour of a cock.  
Nanótateem. I keep house alone. Aquie kuttúnnan. do not tell Aquie mooshkisháttous. do not disclose. Teàg yo augwháttick? What hangs there? Yo augwhattous. Hang it there. Pemisquai Crooked, or winding. Penâyi. Crooked. Nqussútam. I remove house:  
Which they do upon these occasions: From thick warm valleys. where they winter, they remove move a little nearer to their Summer fields. when 'tis warm Spring, than they remove to their fields where they plant corn.  
In middle of Summer because of the abundance dance of Fleas, which the dust of the house breeds. they will fly and remove on a sudden from one part of their field to a fresh place. And sometimes having fields a mile or two, or many miles asunder. when the work of one field is over, they remove house to the other: If death fall in amongst them, they presently remove to a fresh place: If an enemy approach, they remove into a Thicket, or Swampe. unless they have some Fort to remove unto.  
Sometimes they remove to a hunting house in the end of the year, and forsake it not un- Snow lie thick, and then will travel home, men, women and children, thorough the snow, thirty, yea, fifty or sixty miles; but their great remove is from their Summer fields to warm and thick woody bottoms where they winter: They are quick; in half a day, yea, sometimes at few hour's warning to be gone and the house up elsewhere. especially, if they have stakes ready pitched for their Mats.  
I once in travel lodged at a house, at which on my return I hoped to have lodged again there the nex night, but the house was gone in that interim, and I was glad to lodge under a tree:  
The men make the poles or stakes, but the women make and set up, take down, order, and carry the Mats and householdstuff.  

Observation in general.  
The sociableness of the nature of man appears in the wildest of them, who love society; Families, cohabitation, and consociation of houses and towns together.  
More particular:  

How busy are the sons of men?  
How full their heads and hands?  
What noise and tumults in our own,  
And eke in Pagan lands?   

Yet I have found less noise, more peace  
In wild America,  
Where women quickly build the house,  
And quickly move away.  
English and Indians busy are,  
In parts of their abode:  
Yet both stand idle, till God's call  
Set them to work for God. 
Mat. 20. 7.      

CHAP. VII. Of their Persons and parts of body.  
UPpaquóntup. The head. Nuppaquóntup. My head. Wésheck. The hair. Wuchechepúnnock. A great bunch of hair bound up behind. Múppacuck. A long lock.  
Obs. Yet some cut their hair round, and some as low and as short as the sober English; yet I never saw any so to forget nature itself in such excessive length and monstrous fashion, as to the shame of the English Nation, I now (with grief) see my countrymen in England are degenerated unto.  
Wuttip. The brain.  
Ob. In the brain their opinion is, that the soul (of which we shall speak in the Chapter of Religion) keeps her chief seat and residence:  
For the temper of the brain in quick apprehensions and accurate judgements (to say no more) the most high and sovereign God and Creator, hath not made them inferior to Europeans.  
The Mauquaûogs, or Men-eaters, that live two or three miles West from us, make a delicious monstrous dish of the head and brains of their enemies; which yet is no bar (when the time shall approach) against God's call, and their repentance and (who knows but) a greater love to the Lord Jesus? great sinners forgiven love much.  
Mscattuck. The forehead. Wuskeésuck-quash. Eye, or eyes. Tiyùsh kusskeésuckquash? Can you not see, or where are your eyes? Wuchaûn. The nostrils. Wuttóvwog guàsh. ear, ears. Wuttone. The mouth. Weenat. The tongue. Wépit-teash. Tooth, teeth. Pummaumpiteùnck. The toothache.  
Obs. Which is the only pain will force their stout hearts to cry; I cannot hear of any disease of the stone amongst them (the corn of the country, with which they are fed from the womb, being an admirable cleanser and opener:) but the pain of their womens' childbirth (of which I shall speak afterward in the Chapter of Marriage) never forces their women so to cry, as I have heard some of their men in this pain.  
In this pain they use a certain root dried, not much unlike our Ginger.  
Sítchipuck. The neck. Quttuck. The throat. Timeqùassin. To cut off or behead. which they are most skilful to do in fight: for, when ever they wound, and their arrow sticks in the body of their enemy they (if they be valorous, and possibly may) they follow their arrow, and falling upon the person wounded and tearing his head a little aside by his lock, they in the twinkling of an eye fetch off his head though but with a sorry knife.  
I know the man yet living, who in time of war, pretended to fall from his own camp to the enemy, proffered his service in the front with them against his own army from whence he had revolted. He propounded such plausible advantages, that he drew them out to battle himself keeping in the front; but on a sudden, shot their chief Leader and captain and being shot, in a trice fetched off his head and returned immediately to his own again, from whom in pretence (though with this treacherous ntention) he had revolted: his act was false and treacherous, yet herein appears policy, stoutness and activity, &c.  
Mapànnog. The breast. Wuppittene énash. arm, arms. Wuttàh. The heart. Wunnêtu nittà. My heart is good.  
Obs. This speech they use when ever they profess their honesty; they naturally confessing that all goodness is first in the heart.  
Mishquinash. The veins. Mishquè, néepuck. The blood. Uppusquàn. The back. Nuppusquànnick. My back, or at my back. Wunnicheke. Hand. Wunnickègannash. Hands. Mokasfsuck. nails.  
Ob. They are much delighted after battle t0 hang up the hands and heads of their enemies: (Riches, long Life, and the Lives of enemies being objects of great delight to all men natural; but Solomon begged wisdom before these.)  
Wunnaks, The belly. Apòme, Apòmash. The thigh, the thighs. Mohcont, tash. A leg, legs. Wussète, tash. A foot, feet. Wunnichéganash. The toes. Tou wuttínsin. What manner of man? Tou núckquaque. Of what bigness? Wompésu, Mowêsu, & Suckêsu. White, black, or swarfish.  
Obs. Hence they call a blackamoor (themselves are tawny, by the sun and their anointings, yet they are borne white:) Suckáutacone. A coal. black man. For, Sucki is black, and Waûtacone, one that wears clothes, whence English, Dutch, French, Scotch, they call Wautaconâuog, or Coatmen.  
Cumminakese. You are strong. Minikêsu. Strong. Minioquêsu. weak. Cumminiocquese. weak you are. Qunnaúqussu. A tall man. Qunnauqussitchick. Tall men. Tiaquónqussu. Low and short. Tiaquonqussichick. Men of low stature. Wunnêtu-wock. Proper and personal.  

The general Observation from the parts of the body.  
Nature knows no difference between Europe and Americans in blood, birth, bodies, &c. God having of one blood made all mankind, Acts 17. and all by nature being children of wrath, Ephes. 2.  
More particularly:  

Boast not proud English, of thy birth & blood,  
Thy brother Indian is by birth as Good.  
Of one blood God made Him and Thee & All,  
As wise, as fair, as strong, as personal.   

By nature wrath's his portion, thine ne more (store  
Till Grace his soul and thine in Christ re-  
Make sure thy second birth, else thou shalt see,  
Heaven open to Indians wild, but shut to thee.     

CHAP. VIII. Of Discourse and news.  
AUnchemokauhettittea. Let us discourse, or tell news. Tocketeaunchim? What news? Aaunchemókaw. Tell me your news. Cuttaunchemókous. I will tell you news. Mautaunchemokouêan. When I have done telling the news. Cummautaunchemókous. I have done my news.  
Obs. Their desire of, and delight in news, is great as the Atkemans, and all men, more or least; a stranger that can relate news in their own language, they will style him Manitiót, a God.  
Wutaunchenocouôog. I will tell it them. Awaun mesh aunchemókau. Who brought this news? Awaun mesh kuppittouwaw. Of whom did you hear it? Uppanáunchim. Your news is true. Cowawwunnáunchim. He tells false news. Nummautanùme. I have spoken enough. Nsouwussanneme. I am weary with speaking  
Obs. Their manner is upon any tidings to sit round double or treble or more as their numbers be; I have seen near a thousand in a round, where English could not well near half so many have sitten: Every man hath his pipe of their Tobacco, and a deep silence they make, and attention give to him that speaketh; and many of them will deliver themselves either in a relation of news, or in a consultation with very emphatical speech and great action, commonly an hour, and sometimes two hours together.  
Npenowauntawâumen. I cannot speak your language. Matta nippannawem I lie not. Cuppannowem. You lie. Mattanickoggachoùsk.  Matntiantacómpaw. I am no lying fellow. Matntiantasampáwwa.  Achienonâumwem. I speak very true. Kukkita. harken to me. Kukkakittoùs. I hear you.  
Obs. They are impatient (as all men and God himself is) when their speech is not attended and listened to.  
Cuppittous. I understand you. Cowautous.  Machagenowáutam. I understand not. Matnowawtawatémina. we unàestand net each other. Wunnâumwash. speak the truth. Coanaumwem. You speak true.  
Obs. This word and and the next are words of great flattery which they use each to other, but constantly to their Princes at their speeches, for which, if they be cloquent, they esteem them Gods as Heroa among the Jews.  
Wunnâumwaw ewò. He speaks true. Cuppannawautous. I do not believe you. Cuppanawâuti? do you not believe? Nippannawautunek ewo. He doth not believe me. Michéme nippannawâutam. I shall never believe it.  
Obs. As one answered me when I had discoursed about many points of God, of the creation. of the soul, of the danger of it, and the saving of it, he assented; but when I spoke of the rising again of the body, he cried out, I shall never believe this. Pannóuwa awàun. awaun keesitteóuwin. Some body hath made this lie. Tattâ Pitch I cannot tell, it may so come to pass. Nni, eíu. It is true. Mat enâno, or, mat eano. It is not true. Kekuttokâunta. Let us speak together. Kuttokash. speak. Tawhitch mat cuttôan? Why speak you not? Teaqua ntúnnawem, or, ntéawem? What should I speak? Wetapímmin. To fit down. Wetapwâuwwas. Sit and talk with us. Taupowaw. A wise speaker. Enapwáuwwaw, Eississûmo. He speaks Indian. Matta nowawwâuon, matta nowáhea. I know nothing of it. Pitchnowâuwon, I shall know the truth. Wunnaumwâuonck.  Wunnaumwáyean. If he say true.  
Obs. Canounicus, the old high Sachim of the Nariganset Bay (a wise and peaceable Prince) once in a solemn Oration to myself, in a solemn assembly, using this word, said, I have never suffered any wrong to be offered to the English since they landed; nor never will: he often repeated this word, Wunnaumwáyean, Englishman; if the Englishman speak true, if he mean truly, then shall I go to my grave in peace, and hope that the English and my posterity shall live in love and peace together. I replied, that he had no cause (as I hoped) to question Englishmans, Wunnaumwaúonok that is faithfulness he having had long experience of their friendlincsse and trustiness. He tooke a stick, and broke it into ten pieces, and related ten instances (laying down a stick to every instance) which gave him cause thus to fear and say; I satisfied him in some presently, and presented the rest to the governors of the English, who, I hope, will be far from giving just cause to have Barbarians to question their Wunnaumwâuonok, or faithfulness.  
Tocketunnántum, Tocketunáname, Tocketeántam? What do you think? Ntunnántum, I think. Nteántum.  Nánick nteeâtum. I think so to. Nteatámmowonck. That is my thought, or opinion. Matntunnantámmen I think not so. Matnteeantámmen.  ●…owecóntam, I am glad. ●…oweeteántam.  ●…oanáumatous. I believe you.  
Obs. This word they use just as the Greeke tongue doth that verb, {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}: for believing and obeying as it is often used in the new Testament, and they say Coannáumatous, I will obey you.  
●…o aphettit. When they are here. ●…o peyáhettit. When they be come.  
●…his Ablative case absolute they much use, and comprise much in little; ●…waunagrss, suck. English-man, men. This they call us, as much as to say, These strangers.  
●…acone-nûaog. Englishman, men.  
That is▪ coatmen, or clothed.  
●…uquaqock. Englishmen, properly swordmen. Wautacónisk. An English woman. Wautaconémese. An English youth. Waske peyáeyan. When you came first. Waske peyáhetit, Wautaconâuog. When Englishmen came first. Tawhitch peyahettit Why come they hither?  
Obs. This question they oft put to me: Why come the Englishmen hither? and measuring others by themselves; they say, It is because you want firing: for they, having burnt up the wood in one place, (wanting draughts to bring wood to them) they are fain to follow the wood; and so to remove to a fresh new place for the woods sake.  
Matta mihtuckqunnunnno? Have you no trees? Mishaunetash, Maunetash. Great slore. Maunâuog, Wussaumemaunâuog They are too full of people. Noonapúock. They have not room one by another. Aumáumuwaw Páudsha. A messenger comes. Wawwhawtowâuog. They hollow. Wauwhaûtowaw ánawat. 'Tis an alarm.  
Obs. If it be in time of war, he that is a Messenger runs swiftly, and at every town the Messenger comes, a fresh Messenger is sent: he that is the last, coming within a mile or two of the Court, or chief house, he hollows often and they that hear answer him. until by mutual hollowing and answering he is brought to the place of audience whereby this means is gathered a great confluence of people to entertain the news. Wussuckwhèke, Wussúckwhonck. A letter which they so call from Wussuckhómmin, to paint; for, having no letters, their painting comes the nearest.  
Wussúckquash. Write a Letter. Wussuckwheke, yimmi. Make me a Letter.  
Obs. That they have often desired of me upon many occasions; for their good and peace, and the English also, as it hath pleased God to vouchsafe opportunity.  
Quenowâuog. They complain. Tawhitch quenawáyean? Why complain you? Mucco. It is true you say. Tuckawntéawem? What should I say to it?  

The general Observation from their Discourse and news  
The whole race of mankind is generally infected with an itching desire of hearing news.  
more particular:  
man's restless soul hath restless eyes and ears.  
Wanders in change of sorrows, cares and fears.  
Fain would it (belike) suck by the ears, by the eyes  
Something that might his hunger satisfy:  
The Gospel, or Glad tidings only can,  
Make glad the English, and the Indian.    

CHAP. ix.. Of the time of the day.  
Obs. THey are punctual in measuring their Day by the sun, and their Night by the Moon and the stars, and their lying much abroad in the air; and so living in the open fields, occasioneth even the youngest amongst them to be very observant of those Heavenly Lights.  
Mautáubon, Chicháuquat wompan. It is day. Aumpatâuban. It is broad day. Tou wuttúttan? How high is the sun? that is, What is't clock? Paspisha. It is sun-rise. Nummáttaquaw. forenoon. Yáhen Páushaquaw. almost noon. Páweshaquaw. noon. Quttúkquaquaw Panicómpaw. After dinner. ●…awwâuwquaw. afternoon. ●…o wuttúttan The sun thus high. ●…ahen waiyàuw. almost sunset. ●…ayaawi. The Sun is set. ●…unnauquit: Evening. ●…oppakunnetch, auchaugotch. dark night. Tuppaco, & ●…ematippocat. Toward night. ●…anashowatippocat. Midnight. ●…houóeatch. About Cockcrowing. ●…tompanisha break of day. ●…ò tàunt nippéean. The Sun thus high, I will come.  
Obs. They are punctual in their promises of keeping time; and sometimes have charged me with a lie for not punctually keeping time, though hindered.  
Yo tàunt cuppee●…yâumen Come by the sun thus high. ●…amakéesuck. This day. ●…ùop. Tomorrow. ●…uisâume tátsha. It is too late. ●…iaquockaskéesakat. A short day. Quawquonikéesakat. A long day. Quawquonikeesaqútcheas. Long days. Nquittakeesiquóckat, Nquittakeespúmmishen. One days walk. Paukúnnum. dark. Wequâi. Light. Wequáshim. moonlight.  

The general observation from their time of the day.  
The sun and moon, in the observation of all the sons of men, even the wildest be the great Directors of the day and night; as it pleased God to appoint in the first Creation.  
More particular.  

The Indians find the Sun so sweet,  
He is a God they say;  
Giving them Light, and Heat, and Fruit,  
And Guidance all the day.   

They have no help of Clock or Watch,  
And sun they overprize.  
Having those artificial helps, the Sun,  
We unthankfully despise. (more bright  
God is a sun and Shield, a thousand times  
Indians, or English, though they see.  
Yet how few prize his Light?     

CHAP. X. Of the season of the year.  
NQuittaqúnnegat. One day. Neesqúnnagat. 2 days. Shuckqunóckat. 3 days. Yowunnóckat, &c. 4 days. Piuckaqúnnagat. 10 days. Piuckaqunnagat nabnaquit. 11 days. Piuckaqúnnagat nab sneeze, &c. 12 days. Neesneechektashuck qunnóckat. 20 days. Neesneechektashuck qunnockat-nabnaquit &c. 21 days. Séquan. The Spring. Aukeeteamitch. Spring, or seedtime. Néepun, & Quaqusquan. Summer. Taquonck. Fall of leaf and autumn. Papòne. Winter. Saléquacup. This Spring last. Yo neepunnacup. This Summer last. Yò taquonticup. This Harvest last. Papapôcup. Winter last. Yaûnedg. The last year. Nippaûus. The sun. Munnánnock.  Nanepaûshat. The moon. Nqnitpawsuckenpaûus. 1 month. Neespausuck npaûus. 2 months. Shwe pausuck npaûus &c. 3 months. Neesneáhettit 2 months. Shwinneáhettit. 3 months. Yowinneáhettit, &c. 4 months.  
Obs. They have thirteen months' according to the several Moons; and they give to each of them significant names: as, Sequanakeeswush. Spring month. Neepunnakéeswush. Summer month. Taquontikéeswush. Harvest month. Paponakéeswush &c. Winter month, &c. Nquittecautúmmo. 1 year. Tashecautúmmo? How many years? Chashecautúmmo cuttappemus? How many years since you were borne? Neesecautummo. 2 year. Shwecautúmmo. 3 year. Yowecautúmmo. 4 year. Piukquecautúmmo. 10 year. Piuckquecautúmmo, nabnaquit, &c. 11 year, &c.  
Obs. If the year prove dry, they have great and solemn meetings from all parts at one high place, to supplicate their gods, and to beg rain, and they will continue in this worship ten days, a fortnight; yea, three weeks, until rain come.  
●…ashinash papónash? How many winters? ●…hauqushapapòne. A sharp winter. ●…éesqush keesuckquâi. By day. ●…aukocks nokannawi. By night.  

General Observation from their Seasons of the year.  
The sun and moon, and stars and seasons of the year do preach a God to all the sons of men, that they which know no letters, do yet read an eternal Power and Godhead in these:  
More special.  

The Sun and moon and Stars do preach,  
The days and Nights sound out:  
Spring. Summer, Fall, and Winter eke  
Each month and year about.   

2  
So that the wildest sons of men  
Without excuse shall say,  
God's righteous sentence past on us,  
(In dreadful judgement day.)  
If so, what doom it theirs that see,  
Not only nature's light;  
But Sun of righteousness, yet chose  
To live in darkest Night?     

CHAP. XI. Of travel.  
Mayi. Away. Mayvo? Is there away? Mat mayanúnno. There is no way. Peemáyagat. A little way. Mishimmayagat. A great path. Machipscat. A stonepath.  
Obs. It is admirable to see, what paths their naked hardened feet have made in the wilderness in most stony and rocky places.  
Nnatotemúckaun. I will ask the way. Kunnatótemous. I will inquire of you. Kunnatotemi? do you ask me? Tou nishin méyi? Where lies the way? Kokotemiinnea méyi show me the way. Yo ainshick méyi. There the way lies. Kukkakótemous. I will show you. Yo cummittamáyon. There is the way you must go. Yo chippachâusin. There the way divides. Maúchatea. A guide. Máuchase. Be my guide.  
Obs. The wilderness being so vast, it is a mercy, that for a hire a man shall never want guides, who will carry provisions, and such as hire them over the Rivers and brooks, and find out often times hunting-houses, or other lodgings at night.  
Anoce wenawash. Hire him. Kuttánnoonsh. I will hire you. Kuttaúnckquittaunch. I will pay you. Kummuchickónckquatous. I will pay you well. Tocketaonekquittiinnea. What will you give me? Cummáuchanish. I will conduct you. Yò aûnta, Let us go that way. Yò cuttâunan. go that way. Yo mtúnnock. The right hand. Yo nmúnnatch. The left hand. Cowéchaush. I will go with you. Wétash. go along. Cowéchaw ewò. He will go with you. Cowechavatimmin. I will go with you. Wechavatittea. Let us accompany. Taûbot wétayean. I thank you for you company.  
Obs. I have heard of many English lost, and have oft been lost myself, and myself and others have often been found, and succoured by the Indians.  
Pitchcowáwwon. You will lose your way. Meshnowáwwon. I lost my way. Nummauchèmin, Ntanniteimmin. I will be going. Mammauchêtuck. Let us be going. ânakiteunck. He is gone. Memauchêwi anittui.  Memauchegushannick. They are gone. Anakugushánnick. They are gone. Tunnockuttome  Tunnockkuttoyeâim Whither go you? Tunnockkuttinshem.  Nnegónshem. I will go before. Cuppompáish. I will stay for you. Negónshesh. go before. Mittummayaûcup. The way you went before▪ Cummattanish. I will follew you. Cuppahimmin. Stay for me. Tawhich quaunqua quêan? Why do you run so? Nowecóntum púmmishem. I have a mind to travel Konkenuphshâuta. Let us go apace. Konkenuppe. go apace. Michéme nquaunquaquêmin. I have run always. Yo ntoyamâushem. I go this pace.  
Obs. They are generally quick on foot, brought up from the breasts to running: their legs being also from the womb stretched and bound up in a strange way on their Cradle backward, as also anointed; yet have they some that excel: so that I have known many of them run between fourescoure or an hundred miles in a summer's day, and back within two days: they do also practise running of Races; and commonly in the Summer, they delight to go without shoes, although they have them hanging at their backs: they be so exquisitely skilled in all the body and bowels of the country (by reason of their huntings) that I have often been guided twenty, thirty, sometimes forty miles through the woods, a straight course. out of any path. Yò wuchê. From hence. Tounúckquaque yo wuchê How far from hence? Yò anúckquaque. So far. Yo anuckquaquêse. So little a way. Waunaquêse. A little way. Aukeewushaûog. They go by land. Mishoon hómwock. They go or come by water. Naynayoûmewot. A Horse. Wunnia, naynayoûmewot. He rides on horseback.  
Obs. Having no Horses, they covet them above other cattle, rather preferring ease in riding, than their profit and belly, by milk and butter from Cowes and Goats, and they are loath to come to the English price for any.  
Aspumméwi He is not gone by. As pumméwock They are not gone by. Awanick payanchick Who come there? Awanick negonsháchick? Who are these before us? Yo cuppummesicóm min. cross over into the way there. Cuppi-machàug. Thick wood: a Swamp  
Obs. These thick Woods and Swamps (like the bogs to the Irish) are the Refuges for Women and children in war, whilst the men fight. As the Country is wondrous full of brooks and Rivers, so doth it also abound with fresh ponds, some of many miles compass.  
Nips-nipsash Pond: Ponds. Wèta: wétedg The Woods on fire. Wussaumpatámmin To view or look about. Wussaum patámoonck. A Prospect. Wuttocékémin To wade. Tocekétuck Let us wade. Tou wuttáuqussin? How deep? Yò ntaúqussin Thus deep. Kucníish. I will carry you. Kuckqússuckqun You are heavy. Kunnâukon You are light. Pasuckquish Rise. Anakish: maúchish: go. Quaquish run. Nokus káuatees Meet him. Nockuskavatitea Let us meet. Neenmeshnóckuskaw. I did meet.  
Obs. They are joyful in meeting of any in travel, and will strike fire either with stones or sticks, to take Tobacco, and discourse a little together. Mesh Kunnockqus kavatimmin? Did you meet? &c. Yo Kuttauntapimmin. Let us rest here. Kustackquêtuck. Let us sit down. Yo appituck Let us sit here. Nistowanis  Nistowanishkaû men. I am weary. Nickqússaqus I am lame. Ntovagonnausinnúm min We are distressed  undone, or in misery.  
Obs. They use this word properly in wandering toward Winter night, in which case I have been many a night with them, and many times also alone, yet always mercifully preserved.  
Teâno wonck nippée am I will be here by and by again. Mat Kunnickansh I will not leave you. Aquie Kunnickatshash. do not leave me. Tawhitch nickat shiêan? Why do you forsake me? Wuttánho A staff. Yò íish Wuttánho Use this staff.  
Obs. Sometimes a man shall meet a lame man or an old man with a staff: but generally a staff is a rare sight in the hand of the eldest, their Constitution is so strong, I have upon occasion traveled many a score, yea many a hundreth mile amongst them, without need of stick or staff for any appearance of danger amongst them: Yet it is a rule amongst them, that it is not good for a man to travel without a Weapon nor alone.  
Taquáttin Frost. Auke taquátsha The ground is frozen. Séip taquattin. The River is frozen. Now ánnesin I have forgotten. nippitt akúnna mun. I must go back.  
Obs. I once travalled with near 200 who had word of near 700. Enemies in the way, yet generally they all resolved that it was a shame to fear and go back.  
Nippanishkokómmin Npussago. kommin I have let fall something. Mattaâsu A little way Naûwot. A great way. Náwwatick far of at Sea. Ntaquatchuwaûman I go up hill. Taguatchòwash go up hill. Waumsu down hill. Mauúnshesh go slowly or gently. Mavanisháuta Let us go gently. Tawhitch cheche qunnuwáyean? Why do you rob me? Aquie chechequnnúwash. do not rob me. Chechequnnuwáchick. Robbers. Chechequnnittin There is a Robbery committed. Kemineantúock They murder each other.  
Obs. If any Robbery fall out in travel, between Person of diverse States, the offended State sends for Justice, If no Justice be granted and recompense made, they grant out a kind of Letter of Mart to take satisfaction themselves, yet they are careful not to exceed in taking from others, beyond the Proportion of their own loss.  
Wúskont àwaùn nkemineiucqun. I fear some will murder me.  
Obs. I could never hear that murders or Robberies are comparably so frequent, as in parts of Europe amongst the English, French, &c.  
Cutchachewussim min. You are almost there. Kiskecuppeeyanumen. You are a little short. Cuppeeyanumen Now you are there. Muckquétu Swift. Cummúmmuckquete. You are swift. Cussásaqus You are slow. Sassaqushâuog They are slow. Cuttinneapúmmishem Will you pass by? Wuttineapummushâuta. Let us pass by. Keeatshaûta. I come for no business. Ntinneapreyaûmen In vain or to no purpose. Acoûwe  Ntackówwepeyaùn. I have lost my labour. Cummautússakou. You have missed him. Kihtummâyi-wussáuhumwi. He went just now forth. Pittúckish. go back. Pittuckétuck. Let us go back. Pónewhush. Lay down your burtlen.  

General Observations of their travel.  
As the same Sun shines on the wilderness that doth on a Garden! so the same faithful and all sufficient God, can comfortfeede and safely guide even through a desolate howling wilderness.  
More particular.  

God makes a Path, provides a Guide,  
And feeds in wilderness!  
His glorious Name while breath remains,  
O that I may confess.   

Lost many a time, I have had no Guide,  
No House, but hollow Tree!  
In stormy winter night no Fire,  
No Food, no Company:   

In him I have found a House, a Bed,  
A Table, Company:  
No Cup so bitter, but's made sweet,  
When Goed shall sweetening be.     

CHAP. XII. Concerning the Heavens and Heavenly Lights,  
Kéesuck. The Heavens. Keesucquiu. Heavenward. Auke, Aukeeaseiu. Downwards. Nippâwus. The Sun. Keesuckquànd. A name of the Sun.  
(Obs.) By which they acknowledge the Sun, and adore for a God or divine power.  
Munnánnock. A name of the Sun. Nanepaùshat, & Munnánnock. The moon. Wequáshim. A light moon. Pashpishea. The moon is up. Yowuttúttan. So high.  
Obs. And so they use the same rule, and words for the course of the moon in the Night, as they use for the course of the Sun by Day, which we mentioned in the Chapter of the hour, or time of the Day concerning the suns rising, course, or sun setting. Yò Ockquitteunk. A new moon. Paushésui. half moon. Yo wompanámmit.   
Obs. The moon so old, which they measure by the setting of it, especially when it shines till Wómpan, or day.  
Anóckqus: anócksuck. A star stars.  
Obs. By occasion of their frequent lying in the Fields and Woods, they much observe the stars, and their very children can give Names to many of them, and observe their Motions, and they have the same words for their rising-courses and setting, as for the Sun or moon, as before.  
Mosk or Paukúnawaw the great bear, or Charles wain, which words Mosk or Paukúnnawwaw signifies a bear, which is so much the more observable, because, in most Languages that sign or Constellation is called the bear.  
Shwishcuttowwáuog The Golden Metewand. Mishánnock. The morning star. Chippápuock. The Brood-hen, &c.  

General Observations of the heavenly Bodies.  
The wildest sons of Men hear the preaching of the Heavens, the Sun, moon, and stars, yet not seeking after God the Maker are justly condemned, though they never have nor despise other preaching, as the civilised World hath done.  
More particular.  

When Sun doth rise the stars do set,  
Yet there's no need of Light,  
God shines a sun most glorious,  
When Creatures all are Night.   

The very Indian boys can give,  
To many stars their name,  
And know their Course and therein do,  
Excel the English tame.   

English and Indians none inquire,  
Whose hand these Candles hold:  
Who gives these Stars their Names 
Iob. 35.   
More bright'ten thousand fold. (himself     

CHAP. XIII. Of the Weather.  
TOcke tussinnámmin kéesuck? What think you of the Weather? Wekineaûquat. fair Weather. Wekinnàuquocks. When it is fair weather. Tahki, or tátakki. Cold weather. Tahkeès. Cold,  
Obs. It may be wondered why since New-England is about 12. degrees nearer to the Sun yet some part of Winter it is there ordinarily more cold than here in England: the reason is plain: All lands are warmer than main Lands and Continents, England being an island, England's winds are Sea winds, which are commonly more thick and vapoury, and warmer winds: The norwest wind (which occcasioneth New-England cold) comes over the cold frozen Land, and over many millions of Loads of Snow: and yet the pure wholesomeness of the air is wonderful, and the warmth of the sun, such in the sharpest weather, that I have often seen the Natives Children run about stark naked in the coldest days, and the Indians Men and Women lie by a Fire, in the Woods in the coldest nights, and I have been often out myself such nights without fire, mercifully, and wonderfully preserved.  
Taúkocks. Cold weather. Káusitteks. Hot weather. Kussúttah. It is hot. Núckqusquatch nnóonakom. I am a cold. Nickqussittâunum. I Sweat. Mattâqus. A cloud. Máttaquat. It is overcast. Cúppaquat.  Sókenun. Raine. ánaquat.  Anamakéesuck sókenun. It will rain to day. Sókenitch. When it rains. Sóchepo, or Cône. Snow. Animanâukock-Sóchepo. It will snow to night. Sóchepwutch. When it snows. Mishúnnan. A great rain. Pâuqui, pâuquaquat. It holds up. Nnáppi. dry. Nnáppaquat. dry weather. Tópu. Afrost. Missittopu. A great Frost. Capat. Ice. Néechipog. The dew. Michokat. A Thaw. Michokateh. When it thaws. Missuppâugatch. When the rivers are open Cutshâusha. The Lightning. Neimpâuog. Thunder. Neimpâuog pesk hómwock. Thunderbolts are shot.  
Obs. From this the Natives conceiving a consimilitude between our Guns and Thunder, they call a gun Péskunck, and to discharge Peskhommin that is to thunder.  

Observation general of the weather.  
That Judgement which the Lord Jesus pronounced against the Weather-wise (but ignorant of the God of the weather) will fall most justly upon those Natives, and all men who are wise in natural things, but willingly blind in spiritual.  

English and Indians spy a storm.  
and seek a hiding place:  
O hearts of stone that think and dream.  
Th'everlasting storms t'outface.   

Proud filthy Sodom saw the sun,  
Shine over her head most bright.  
The very day that turned she was  
To stinking heaps, 'fore night.   

How many millions now alive,  
Within few years shall rot?  
O blessed that soul, whose portion is,  
That rock that changeth not.     

CHAP. XIV. Of the Winds.  
Waûpi. The Wind. Wâupanash. The Winds. Tashinash waupanash How many winds are there?  
Obs. Some of them account of seven, some eight, or nine; and in truth, they do upon the matter reckon and observe not only the four, but the eight Cardinal winds, although they come not to the accurate division of the 32. upon the 32. points of the compass, as we do.  
Nanúmmatin, & Sunnâdin. The North wind. Chepewéssin. The North east. Sáchimoachepewéssin. Strong North east wind. Nopâtin. The East wind. Nanóckquittin The South east wind. Touwuttin South wind. Papônetin West wind. Chékesu The Northwest. Chékesitch When the wind blows north-west. Tocketunnántum? What think you? Tou pitch wuttin? Where will the wind be? Nqénouhick wuttin I stay for a wind. Yo pitch wuttin Sâuop Here the wind will be tomorrow. Pitch Sowwánishen. It will be Southwest.  
Obs. This is the pleasing, warmest wind in the Climate, most desired of the Indians, making fair weather ordinarily; and therefore they have a Tradition, that to the South-west, which they call Sowwaniu, the gods chiefly dwell; and hither the souls of all their Great and Good men and women go.  
This Southwest wind is called by the New-English, the Sea turn, which comes from the sun in the morning, about nine or ten of the clock Southeast, and about South, and then strongest Southwest in the afternoon, and towards night, when it dies away.  
It is rightly called the Sea turn, because the wind commonly all the Summer, comes off from the North and Northwest in the night, and then turns again about from the South in the day: as Solomon speaks of the vanity of the Winds in their changes, Eccles. 1. 6.  
Mishâupan A great wind. Mishitáshin A storm. Wunnágehan. or, Wunnêgin waúpi. fair wind. Wunnêgitch wuttin When the wind is fair. Mattágehan A cross wind. Wunnagehatch When the wind comes fair Mattágehatch When the wind is cross. Cowunnagehúckamen. You have a fair wind. Cummattagehúckamen. The wind is against you. Nummattagehúckamen. The wind is against me.  

general Observations of the Winds.  
God is wonderfully glorious in bringing the Winds out of his Treasure, and riding upon the wings of those Winds in the eyes of all the sons of men in all Coasts of the world.  
More particular:  

English and Indian both observe,  
The various blasts of wind:  
And both I have heard in dreadful storms  
Cry out aloud, I have sinned.   

But when the storms are turned to calms,  
And seas grow smooth and still:  
Both turn (like Swine) to wallow in,  
The filth of former will.   

'Tis not a storm on sea, or shore,  
'Tis not the word that can;  
But 'tis the Spirit or Breath of God  
That must renèw the man.     

CHAP. XV. Of fowl.  
NPeshawog Pussekesësuck. Fowle. Ntauchâumen. I go afowling or hunting. Auchaûi. he is gone to hunt or fowl. Pepemôi. He is gone to foul. Wómpissacuk. An Eagle. Wompsacuck quâuog. Eagle.▪ Néyhom, mâuog. turkeys. Paupock, sûog. Partridges. Aunckuck, quâuog. Heath-cocks. Chogan, enuck. blackbird, blackbirds.  
Obs. Of this sort there be millions, which are great devourers of the Indian corn as soon as it appears out of the ground; Unto this sort of Birds, especially, may the mystical fowls, the devils be well resembled (and so it pleaseth the Lord Jesus himself to observe, Matth. 13. which mystical fowl follow the sowing of the Word, and pick it up from loose and careless hearers, as these blackbirds follow the material seed.  
Against the Birds the Indians are very careful, both to set their corn deep enough that it may have a strong root, not so apt to be plucked up, (yet not too deep, lest they bury it, and it never come up:) as also they put up little watch-houses in the middle of their fields, in which they, or their biggest children lodge, and early in the morning prevent the Birds▪ &c.  
Kokókehom, Ohómous. An owl. Kaukont▪ tuock. Crow, crows.  
Obs. These Birds, although they do the corn also some hurt, yet scarce will one Native amongst an hundred will kill them, because they have a tradition, that the Crow brought them at first an Indian grain of corn in one ear, and an Indian or French bean in another, from the Great God Kautántouwits field in the Southwest from whence they hold came all their corn and Beanes.  
Hònck,- hónckock, Wómpatuck-quâuog. Goose, Geese. Wéquash-shâuog. Swans, Swans. Munnùcks-munnùck suck. Brants, or Brantgeese. Quequencum-mâuog. Ducks.  
Obs. The Indians having abundance of these sorts of foul upon their waters, take great pains to kill any of them with their Bow and arrows; and are marvellous desirous of our English Guns, powder and shot (though they are wisely and generally denied by the English) yet with those which they get from the French, and some others (Dutch and English) they kill abundance of fowl, being naturally excellent marks-men; and also more hardened to endure the weather, and wading, lying, and creeping on the ground, &c.  
I once saw an exercise of training of the English, when all the English had missed the mark set up to shoot at, an Indian with his own piece (desiring leave to shoot) only hit it.  
Kitsuog. Cormorants.  
Obs. These they take in the night time, where they are asleep on rocks, off at Sea, and bring in at break of day great store of them: You aquéchinock. There they swim. Nipponamouôog I lay nets for them.  
Ob. This they do on shore, and catch many fowl upon the plains, and feeding under Okes upon Akrons, as Geese, turkeys, Cranes, and others, &c.  
Ptoweni. It is fled. Ptowewushannick They are fled: Wunnup,- pash Wing, Wings: Wunnúppanick anawhone Wing-shot: Wuhóckgock ânwhone Body-shot: Wuskówhàn A Pigeon: Wuskowhamnannûaog Pigeons: Wuskowhannanaûkit Pigeon country:  
Obs. In that place these fowl breed abundantly, and by reason of their delicate Food (especially in Strawberrie time when they pick up whole large Fields of the old grounds of the Natives, they are a delicate fowl, and because of their abundance, and the facility of killing of them, they are and may be plentifully fed on.  
Sachim: a little Bird about the bigness of a swallow, or less, to which the Indians give that name, because of its Sachim or Princelike courage and Command over greater Birds, that a man shall often see this small Bird pursue and vanquish and put to flight the Crow, and other Birds far bigger than itself.  
Sowwánakitauwaw They go to the South ward.  
That is the saying of the Natives, when the Geese and other fowl at the approach of Winter betake themselves, in admirable Order and discerning their Course even all the night long.  
Chepewâukitaûog They fly Northward.  
That is when they return in the Spring. There are abundance of singing Birds whose names I have little as yet inquired after, &c.  
The Indians of Martin's vineyard, at my late being amongst them, report generally, and confidently of some lands, which lie off from them to Sea, from whence every morning early, certain fowls come and light amongst them, and return at Night to lodging, which island or lands are not yet discovered, though probably, by other Reasons they give, there is Land, &c.  
Taûnek-kaûog. Crane, Cranes? Wushówunan. The hawk.  
Which the Indians keep tame about their houses to keep the little Birds from their corn.  

The general Observation of fowl.  
How sweetly do all the several sorts of heavens' Birds, in all Coasts of the World, preach unto Men the praise of their maker's wisdom, Power, and goodness, who feeds them and their young ones Summer and Winter with their several suitable sorts of food: although they neither sow nor reap, nor gather into Barnes?  
More particularly:  

If Birds that neither sow nor reap.  
Nor store up any food,  
Constantly find to them and theirs  
A maker kind and Good!   

If man provide eke for his Birds,  
In Yard, in Coops, in Cage.  
And each Bird spends in songs and Tunes,  
His little time and Age!   

What care will Man, what care will God,  
For's wife and Children take?  
Millions of Birds and Worlds will God.  
Sooner than His forsake.     

CHAP. XVI. Of the Earth, and the Fruits thereof, &c.  
Aûke, & Sanaukamuck. Earth or Land. Nittauke Nissa wnâwkamuck. My Land. Wuskaukamuck. New ground. Aquegunnitteash. Fields worn out. Mihtúck-quash. Trees. Pauchautaqunnêsash. Branch, Branches. Wunnèpog-guash. leaf, leaves. Wattap. A root of Tree, Séip. A River. Toyùsk. A bridge. Sepoêse. A little River. Sepoêmese. A little Rivelet. Takêkum. A Spring. Takekummûo? Is there a Spring. Sepûo? Is there a River? Toyusquanûo. Is there a Bridge.  
Obs. The Natives are very exact and punctual in the bounds of their Lands, belonging to this or that Prince or People, (even to a River, Brooke) &c. And I have known them make bargain and sale amongst themselves for a small piece, or quantity of Ground: notwithstanding a sinful opinion amongst many that Christians have right to Heathens Lands: but of the delusion of that phrase, I have spoke in a discourse concerning the Indians Conversion.  
Paugautemisk. An oak. Wómpimish. A Chesnut Tree. Wómpimineash. Chesnutts.  
Obs. The Indians have an Art of drying their chestnuts, and so to preserve them in their barns for a dainty all the year.  
Anáuchemineash. acorns.  
These acorns also they dry, and in case of want of corn, by much boiling they make a good dish of them: yea some times in plenty of corn do they eat these acorns for a Novelty.  
Wússoquat. A walnut Tree. Wusswaquatómineug. walnut.  
Of these walnuts they make an excellent oil good for many uses, but especially for their anointing of their heads. And of the chips of the Walnut-Tree (the bark taken off) some English in the country make excellent beer both for taste, strength, colour, and in offensive opening operation: Sasaunckapâmuck. The Sassafrasse Tree. Mishquáwtuck. The Cedar tree. Cówaw-ésuck. Pine-young Pine. Wenomesippaguash. The vinetree. Micúckaskeete. A meadow. Tataggoskituash. A fresh meadow. Maskituash. grass or Hay. Wékinash-quash. Reed, reeds. Manisimmin. To cut or mow. Qussuckomineânug. The Cherry Tree. Wuttáhimneash. Strawberries.  
Obs. This Berry is the wonder of all the Fruits growing naturally in those parts: It is of itself Excellent: so that one of the chiefest Doctors of England was wont to say, that God could have made, but God never did make a better Berry: In some parts where the Natives have planted, I have many times seen as many as would filla good ship within few miles compass: the Indians bruise them in a mortar, and mix them with meal and make Strawberry bread.  
Wuchipoquámeneash. A kind of sharp Fruit like a Barbary in taste.  
Sasemineash another sharp cooling Fruit growing in fresh Waters all the Winter, Excellent in conserve against fevers.  
Wenomeneash. Grapes. Wuttahimnasippaguash. Strawberry leaves. Peshaûivash. Violet leaves. Nummoúwinneem. I go to gather. Mowinne-aûog. He or they gather. Atauntowash. climb the Tree. Ntáuntawem. I climb. Punnoûwash. Come down. Npunnowaumen. I come down. Attitaash. Hurtle-berries.  
Of which there are divers sorts sweet like Currants, some opening, some of a binding nature.  
sauntaash are these Currants dried by the Natives, and so preserved all the year, which they beat to powder, and mingle it with their parched meal, and make a delicate dish which they call Sautáuthig; which is as sweet to them as plum or spice cake to the English.  
They also make great use of their Strawberries having such abundance of them, making Strawberry bread, and having no other Food for many days, but the English have exceeded, and make good Wine both of their Grapes and Strawberries also in some places as I have often tasted.  
Ewáchim-neash. corn. Scannémeneash. seed-corn. Wompiscannémeneash. White seed-corn.  
Obs. There be diverse sorts of this corn and of the Colours: yet all of it either boilt in milk, or buttered, if the use of it were known and received in England (it is the opinion of some skilful in physic) it might save many thousand lives in England, occasioned by the binding nature of English wheat the Indian corn keeping the body in a constant moderate looseness.  
Aukeeteaûman. To plant corn. Outtáunemun. To plant corn. Anakáusu. A Labourer. Anakáusichick. Labourers. Aukeeteaûmitch. Planting time. Aukeeteáhettit. When they set corn. Nummautaukeeteaûman. I have done planting. Anaskhómmin. To how or break up.  
Obs. The Women set or plant, weed, and hill, and gather and barn all the corn, and fruits of the field: Yet sometimes the man himself, (either out of love to his Wife, or care for his Children, or being an old man) will help the Woman which (by the custom of the country) they are not bound to.  
When a field is to be broken up▪ they have a very loving sociable speedy way to dispatch it: All the neighbour's men and Women forty, fifty, a hundred etc, join, and come in to help freely.  
With friendly joining they break up their fields, build their Forts, hunt the Woods, stop and kill fish in the Rivers, it being true with them as in all the World in the affairs of Earth or Heaven: By concord little things grow great, by discord the greatest come to nothing Concordiâ parvae res crescunt, Discordiâ magnae dilabuntur.  
Anáskhig-anash. How, Howes. Anaskhómwock. They how. Anaskhommonteâmin. They break for me. Anaskhomwáutowwin. A breaking up How.  
The Indian Women to this day (notwithstanding our Howes, do use their natural house of shells and Wood. Monaskúnnemun. To weed. Monaskunnummaùtowwin. A weeding or broad How. Petascunnemun, To hill the corn. Kepenúmmin & Wuttúnnemun. To gather corn. Núnnowwa. Harvest time. Anoùant. At harvest. Wuttúnnemitch-Ewáchim. When harvest is in. Paufinnummin. To dry the corn.  
Which they do carefully upon heaps and Mats many days, before they barn it upcovering it up with Mats at night, and opening when the Sun is hot.  
Sokenug. A heap of corn.  
Obs. The woman of the family will commonly raise two or three heaps of twelve fifteen, or twenty bushels a heap, which they dry in round broad heaps; and if she have help of her children or friends much more. Pockhómmin. To beat or thrash out. Npockhómmin. I am threshing. Cuppockhómmin? do you thrash? Wuskokkamuckómeneash. New ground corn. Nquitawánnanash. One basket fulll. Munnote,- tash. Basket, Baskets. Máûseck. A great one Peewâsick. A little one. Wuslaumepewâsick. Too little. Pokowánnanash half a basket full. Neesowannanash. Two baskets full. Shóanash. Three. Yowanannash. four, &c. Aníttash. Rotton corn. Wawéekanash. Sweet corn. Tawhitch quitche máuntamen? Why do you smell to it? Auqúnnash. Barnes. Necawnaúquanash. Old barns.  
Askútasquash, their Vine apples, which the English from them call Squashes about the bigness of Apples of several colours, a sweet, light wholesome refreshing.  
Uppakumineash. The seed of them.  

The Observation general of the Fruits of the Earth.  
God hath not left himself without witin all parts and coasts of the world; the reins and fruitful seasons, the Earth, Trees, Plants, &c. filling man's heart with food and gladness, witnesseth against, and condemneth man for his unthankfulness and unfruitfulness towards his Maker.  
More particular:  

years thousands since, God gave command  
(as we in Scripture find)  
That Earth and Trees & Plants should bring  
Forth fruits each in his kind.   

The wilderness remembers this,  
The wild and howling land  
Answers the toiling labour of,  
The wildest Indians hand.   

But man forgets his Maker, who,  
Amed him in righteousness.  
A paradise in Paradise, now worse  
Then Indian Wildernesse.     

CHAP. XVII. Of Beasts, &c.  
Penashímwock. Beasts. Netasúog. cattle.  
This name the Indians give to tame Beasts yea, and Birds also which they keep tame about their houses: Muckquashim-wock. Wolves. Moattôqus. A black wolf. Tummòck quaûog Nóosup Súmhup. paûog. Beaver,- Beavers.  
Obs. This is a Beast of wonder; for cutting and drawing of great pieces of trees with his teeth, with which, and sticks and earth I have often seen, fair streams and rivers dammed and stopped up by them: upon these streams thus dammed up, he builds his house with stories, wherein he sits dry in his chambers, or goes into the water at his pleasure.  
Mishquashim. A red Fox. Péquawus. A grey Fox.  
Obs. The Indians say they have black Foxes; which they have often seen, but never could take any of them: they say they are Manittóoes, that is, God's Spirits or Divine powers, as they say of every thing which they cannot comprehend.  
Aûsup-pannog. Racoone, racoons Nkèke, nkéquock. Otter, Otters. Pussoûgh. The wild-cat.  
Ockqutchaun-nng. A wild beast of a reddish hair about the bigness of a Pig, and rooting like a Pig; from whence they give this name to all our Swine. Mishánneke-quock. squirrel, quirrils. Anéqus anéquussuck. A little coloured squirrel Waûtuckques. The Conie.  
Obs. They have a reverend esteem of this Creature, and conceive there is some deity in it.  
Attuck, quock dear. Noonatch noónatchaug. Moósquin. A Fawn. Wawwunnes. A young buck. Kutt omp & Paucottâuwaw. A great buck. Aunan quunèke. A do. Qunnequáwese. A little young do. Naynayoûmewot. A Horse. Cowsnuck. Cowes. 〈◊〉. Goats. Hégsuck. Swine. Pigsuck.   
Obs. This Termination suck, is common in their language; and therefore they add it to our English cattle, not else knowing what names to give them; Anùm. A Dog. Yet the variety of their Dialects and proper speech within thirty or forty miles each of other, is very great, as appears in that word, Anùm, The Cowweset. Ayim, The Narriganset Dialect. Arúm. The Qunnippinck Dialect. Alùm. The Neepmuck Dialect. So that although some pronounce not L, nor R. yet it is the most proper Dialect of other places, contrary to many reports.  
Enewashim. A Male. Squáshim. A Female. Moos-sóog. The great ox, or rather a red deer. Askùg. A Snake. Móaskug. Black Snake. Sések. Ratile Snake. Natúppwock. They feed. Téaqua natuphéttit? What shall they eat? Natuphéttitch you sanáukamick. Let them feed on this ground.  

The general Observation of the Beasts.  
The wilderness is a clear resemblance of the world, where greedy and furious men persecute and devour the harmless and innocent as the wild beasts pursue and devour the Hinds and Roes.  
More particular.  

The Indians, Wolves, yea, Dogs and Swine,  
I have known the deer devour,  
God's children are sweet prey to all;  
But yet the end proves sour.   

For though God's children lose their lives,  
They shall not lose an hair;  
But shall arise, and judge all those,  
That now their judges are.   

New-England's wild beasts are not fierce,  
As other wild beasts are:  
Some men are not so fierce, and yet  
From mildness are they far.     

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Sea.  
Wechêkum Kitthan. The Sea. Paumpágussit. The Sea-God, or, that name which they give that deity or Godhead which they conceive to be in the Sea.  
Obs. Mishoòn an Indian Boat, or Canow made of a Pine or oak, or chestnut-tree: I have seen a Native go into the woods with his hatchet carrying only a Basket of corn with him, & stones to strike fire when he had field his tree (being a chestnut) he made him a little House or shed of the bark of it, he puts fire and follows the burning of it with fire, in the midst in many places: his corn he boyles and hath the Brook by him, and sometimes angles for a little fish: but so he continues burning and hewing until he hath within ten or twelve days (lying there at his work alone) finished, and (getting hands,) launched his boat; with which afterward he ventures out to fish in the Ocean.  
Mishoonémese. A little Canow.  
Some of them will not well carry above three or four: but some of them twenty, thirty, forty men.  
Wunnavanoûnuck. A Shallop. Wunnavanounuckquèse. A Skiffe.  
Obs. Although themselves have neither, yet they give them such names, which in their Language signifieth carrying vessels.  
Kitônuck. A Ship. Kitónuckquese. A little ship. Mishittouwand. A great Canow. Peewàsu. A little one. Paugautemissaûnd. An oak Canow. Kowawwaûnd. A pine Canow. Wompmissaûnd. A chestnut Canow. Ogwhan. A boat adrift. Wuskon-tógwhan. It will go a drift. Cuttunnamiinnea. Help me to launch. Cuttunnummútta. Let us launch. Cuttúnnamoke. Launch. Cuttannummous. I will help you. Wutkunck. A paddle or oar. Namacóuhe cómishoons. Lend me your boat. Paûtousnenótehunck Bring hither my paddle. Comishoónhom? go you by water? Chémosh-chémeck. Paddle or row. Mauminikish & Maumanetepweéas. Pull up, or row lustily. Sepankehig. A sail. Sepagehommaûta. Let us sail. Wunnâgehan. We have a fair wind.  
Obs. Their own reason hath taught them, to pull of a Coat or two and set it up on a small pole, with which they will sail before a wind ten, or twenty mile, &c.  
Wavaúpunish. hoist up. Wuttáutnish. Pull to you. Nókanish. Take it down. Pakétenish. Let go or let sly. Nikkoshkowwaûman We shall be drowned. Nquawu pshâwmen. We overset. Wussaûme pechepaûsha. The Sea comes in too fast upon us. Maumaneeteántass. Be of good courage.  
Obs. It is wonderful to see how they will venture in those Canoes, and how (being oft overset as I have myself been with them) they will swim a mile, yea two or more safe to Land: I having been necessitated to pass waters diverse times with them, it hath pleased God to make them many times the instruments of my preservation: and when sometimes in great danger I have questioned safety, they have said to me: fear not, if we be overset I will carry you safe to Land.  
Paupautuckquash. Hold water. Kinnequass. Steere. Tiáckomme kinniquass. Steere right. Kunnosnep. A Killick, or Anchor. Chowwophómmin. To cast overboard. Chouwóphash. Cast overboard. Touwopskhómmke. Cast anchor. Mishittashin. It is a storm. Awêpesha. It caulmes. Awêpu. A calm. Nanouwashin. A great calm, Tamóccon. flood. Nanashowetamóccon half flood. Keesaqúshin. High water. Taumacoks. upon the flood. Mishittommóckon. A great flood. Maunchetan & skàt. ebb.. Mittâeskat. A low ebb.. Awánick Paûdhuck? Who comes there?  
Obs. I have known thirty or forty of their Canowes' filled with men, and near as many more of their enemies in a Sea-fight.  
Caupaunshess.▪ go ashore. Caupaushâuta. Let us go ashore. Wusséheposh. Heave out the water. Asképunish. Make fast the Boat. Kspúnsh & Kspunemoke. Tie it fast. Mauminikish. Tie it hard. Neene Cuthómwock. Now they go off. Kekuthomwushánnick. They are gone already.  

General Observations of the Sea.  
How unsearchable are the depth of the wisdom and Power of God in separating from Europe, Asia and Africa such a mighty vast continent as America is? and that for so many ages? as also, by such a Western Ocean of about three thousand of English miles breadth in passage over?  
More particular:  

They see God's wonders that are called  
Through dreadful Seas to pass,  
In tearing winds and roaring seas,  
And claims as smooth as glass.  
I have in Europe's ships, oft been  
In King of terrors hand;  
When all have cried, Now, now we sink,  
Yet God brought safe to land.  
Alone 'mongst Indians in Canoes,  
Sometime o'erturned, I have been  
Half inch from death, in Ocean deep,  
God's wonders I have seen.     

CHAP. XIX. Of Fish and Fishing.  
NAmaùs,- suck. Fish, Fishes. Pauganaùt, tamwock. Cod,  
Which is the first that comes a little before the Spring. Qunnamáug-suck. lampreys,  
The first that come in the Spring into the fresh Rivers.  
Aumsûog, & Munnawhatteaûg. A Fish somewhat like a Herring. Missúckeke-kéquock. Basse.  
The Indians (and the English too) make a dainty dish of the Uppaquóntup, or head of this Fish; and well they may, the brains and fat of it being very much, and sweet as marrow.  
Kaúposh-shaûog. Siurgeon.  
Obs. Divers part of the country abound with this Fish; yet the Natives for the goodness and greatness of it, much prize it, and will neither furnish the English with so many, nor so cheap, that any great trade is like to be made of it, until the English themselves are fit to follow the fishing.  
The Natives venture one or two in a Canow, and with an harping Iron, or such like Instrument stick this fish, and so hale it into their Canow; sometimes they take them by their nets, which they make strong of Hemp.  
Ashop. Their Nets.  
Which they will set thwart some little River or Cov●… wherein they kill Basse (at the fall of the water) with their arrows, or sharp sticks, especially if headed with Iron, gotten from the English, &c. Aucùp. A little Cove or creek. Aucppâwese. A very-little one. Wawwhunnekesûog. mackerel. Mishquammaunquock. Red fish, Salmon. Osacontuck. A fat sweet fish, something like a Haddock. Mishcùp-paûog, Sequanamauquock. bream.  
Obs. Of this fish there is abundance which the Natives dry in the sun and smoke; and some English begin to salt, both ways they keep all the year; and it is hoped it may be as well accepted as Cod at a Market, and better, if once known.  
Taut-avog. Sheeps-heads. Neeshaunog sassammaunquock Nquittéconnaúquock▪ eels Tatackommmâunog. Porpuses. Pótop-pavog. Whales:  
Which in some places are often cast up; I have seen some of them, but not above sixty foot long: The Natives cut them out in several parcels, and give and send far and near for an acceptable present, or dish.  
Missêsu. The whole. Poquêsu. The half. Waskèke. The Whalebone. Wussúckqun. A tail. Aumaunog. They are fiishing. Ntaûman. I am fishing. Kuttaummen? do you fish? Nnattuckqunnunwem. I go a fishing. Aumáchick, Natuckqunnuwâchick. Fishes. Aumaûi. He is gone to fish. Awacenick kukkattineanaùmen? What do you fish for? Ashaunnt-teaung. Lobsters. Opponenaunhock. Oysters. Sickìsluog. Clams.  
Obs. This is a sweet kind of shellfish, which all Indians generally over the country, Winter and Summer delight in; and at low water the women dig for them: this fish, and the natural liquour of it, they boil, and it makes their broth and their nasaummp (which is kind of thickened broth) and their bread seasonable and savoury, in stead of Salt: and for that the English Swine dig and root these Clams wheresoever they come, and watch the low water (as the Indian women do) therefore of all the English cattle, the Swine (as also because of their filthy disposition) be most hateful to all Natives, and they call them filthy cut throats, &c.  
Séqunnock Póquaûhock.. A Horse-fish.  
Obs. This the English call Hens, a little thick shellfish which the Indians wade deep and dive for, and after they have eaten the meat there (in those which are good) they break out of the shell, about half an inch of a black part of it, of which they make their Suckaunhock, or black money, which is to them precious.  
Meteaûhock. The periwinkle.  
Of which they make their Wómpam, or white money, of half the value of their Suckáwhock, or black money, of which more in the Chapter of their coin.  
Cumménakiss, Cummenakissamen Cummuchickinneanâwmen? Have you taken store? Cumménakiss. I have taken store. Cummuchikineanâwmen. I have killed many. Machùge. I have caught none. Cumanep. A fishing-line. Cumanipeash. Lines.  
The Natives take exceeding great pains in their fishing, especially in watching their seasons by night; so that frequently they lay their naked bodies many a cold night on the cold shore about a fire of two or three sticks and oft in the night search their Nets; and sometimes go in and stay longer in frozen water.  
Hoquaùn aûnash. Hooke, hooks. Peewâsicks. Little hooks. Maúmacocks. Great hooks. Nponamouôog. I set nets for them. Npunnouwaùman. I go to search my nets. Mihtúck quashep. An eel-pet. Kunnagqunneuteg. A greater sort. Onawangónnakaun. A bait. Yo onawangónnatees bait with this. Moamitteaug. A little sort of fish, half as big as Sprats, plentiful in Winter.  
Paponaumsunog. A winter fish, which comes up in the brooks and rivulets; some call them Frost fish, from their coming up from the Sea into fresh brooks, in times of frost and snow.  
Qunôsuog. A fresh fish; which the Indians break the Ice in fresh ponds, when they take also many other sorts: for, to my knowledge ledge the Country yields many sorts of other fish, which I mention not.  

The general Observation of Fish.  
How many thousands of Millions of those under water, sea-Inhabitants, in all Coasts of the world preach to the sons of men on shore, to adore their glorious Maker, by presenting themselves to Him as themselves (in a manner) present their lives from the wild Ocean, to the very doors of men, their fellow creatures in New England.  
More Particular.  

What Habacuck once spoke, mine eyes  
Have often seen most true,  
The greater fishes devour the less,  
And cruelly pursue.   

Forcing them though Coves and creeks,  
To leap on driest sand,  
To gasp on earthy element, or die  
By wildest Indians hand.   

Christ's little ones must hunted be  
Devoured; yet rise as he.  
And eat up those which now a while  
Their fierce devourers be.     

CHAP. XX. Of their nakedness and clothing.  
Paunskesu. Naked. Pauskesitchick Naked men and women. Nipposkiss. I am naked.  
They have a twofold nakedness:  
First ordinary and constant, when although they have a Beasts skin or an English mantle on, yet that covers ordinarily but their hinder parts and all the foreparts from top to toe, (excep their secret parts, covered with a little Apron, after the pattern of their and our first Parents) I say all else open and naked.  
Their male children go stark naked, and have no Apron until they come to ten or twelve years of age; their Female they, in a modest blush cover with a little Apron of an hand breadth from their very birth.  
Their second nakedness is when their men often abroad and both men and women within doors, leave off their beasts skin, or English cloth and so (excepting their little Apron) are wholly naked; yet but few of the women but will keep their skin or cloth (though loose) or near to them ready to gather it up about them.  
Custom hath used their minds and bodies to it, and in such a freedom from any wantonness, that I have never seen that wantonness amongst them as, (with grief) I have heard of in Europe.  
Nipposkenitch. I am robbed of my coat. Nipposkenick ewò. He takes away my Coat. Acoh. Their dear skin. Tummóckquashunck. A Beavers coat. Nkéquashunck. An Otters coat. Mohéwonck. A racoon-skin coat. Natóquashunck. A wolves-skin coat. Mishannéquashunck. A squirrel-skin coat. Neyhommaûashunck A Coat or Manlte curiously made of the fairest feathers of their Neyhommaunog, or turkeys, which commonly their old men make; and is with them as Velvet with us.  
Maunnek: nquittiashiagat. An English Coat or Mantell. Caudnish. Put off. Ocquash. Put on. Neesashiagat. Two coats. Shwishiagat. Three coats. Piuckquashiagat. Ten coats, &c.  
Obs. Within their skin or coat they creep contentedly, by day or night, in house or in the woods, and sleep soundly counting it a felicity, (as indeed an earthly one it is; Intra pelliculam quemque tenere suum. That every man be content with his skin.  
Squaus auhaqut. a woman's Mantle. Mucki is auhaqut. A child's Mantle. Pétacaus. an English waistcoat. Petacawsunnèse. a little waistcoat. Auntah & aútawhun. Their apron. Caukóanash. stockings. Nquittetiagáttash. a pair of stockings. Mocússinass, & Mockussinchass. shoes.  
Obs. Both these, Shoes and stockings they make of their deer skin worn out, which yet being excellently tanned by them is excellent for to travel in wet and snow; for it is so well tempered with oil that the water clean wrings out; and being hanged up in their chimney, they presently dry without hurt as myself hath often proved.  
Noonacóminash. Too little. Taubacóminash. Big enough. Saunketippo, or, Ash naquo. a Hat or Cap. Moôse. The skin of a great Beast as big as an Ox some call it a red deer. Wussuckhósu. Painted.  
They also commonly paint these Moose and Deere-skins for their Summer wearing, with variety of forms and colours.  
Petouwássinug. Their Tobacco-bag, which hangs at their neck▪ or sticks at their girdle, which is to them in stead of an English pocket.  
Obs. Our English clothes are so strange unto them, and their bodies enured so to endure the weather, that when (upon gift &c.) some of them have had English clothes, yet in a shower of rain, I have seen them rather expose their skins to the wet then their clothes, and therefore pull them off, and keep them dry.  
Obs. While they are amongst the English they keep on the English apparel, but pull of all, as soon as they come again into their own Houses, and Company.  

General Observations of their Garments.  
How deep are the purposes and counsels, of God? what should be the reason of this mighty difference of One man's children that all the sons of men on this side the way (in Europe, Asia and Africa should have such plenteous clothing for Body for soul! and the rest of Adam's sons and Daughters on the other side, or America (some think as big as the other three,) should neither have nor desire clothing for their naked souls, or Bodies.  
More particular:  

O what a Tyrant's custom long,  
How do men make a tush,  
At what's in use, though ne'er so foul:  
Without once shame or blush?   

Many thousand proper Men and Women,  
I have seen met in one place:  
Almost all naked, yet not one,  
Thought want of clothes disgrace.   

Israel was naked, wearing clothes!  
The best clad Englishman, 
Exod. 32.   
Not clothed with Christ, more naked is:  
Then naked Indian.     

CHAP. XXI. Of Religion, the soul, &c.  
MAnit-manittówock. God, Gods.  
Obs. He that questions whether God made the World, the Indians will teach him. I must acknowledge I have received in my converse with them many Confirmations of those two great points, Heb. 11. 6. viz:  

1. That God is.  
2. That he is a rewarder of all them that diligently seek him.   
They will generally confess that God made all: but then in special, although they deny not that Englishman's God made English Men, and the Heavens and Earth there! yet their Gods made them and the Heaven, and Earth where they dwell.  
Nummusquaunamúckqun manit. God is angry with me?  
Obs. I have heard a poor Indian lamenting the loss of a child at break of day, call up his Wife and children and all about him to Lamentation, and with abundance of tears cry out! O God thou hast taken away my child! thou art angry with me: O turn thine anger from me, and spare the rest of my children.  
If they receive any good in hunting, fishing, Harvest &c. they acknowledge God in it.  
Yea, if it be but an ordinary accident, a fall, &c. they will say God was angry and did it. musquantum manit God is angry. But herein is their Misery.  
First they branch their godhead into many Gods.  
Secondly, attribute it to Creatures.  
First, many Gods: they have given me the Names of thirty seven which I have, all which in their solemn Worships they invocate: as  
Kautántowwit the great South-West God, t●… to whose House all souls go, and from whom came their corn Beanes, as they say Wompanand. The Eastern God. Chekesuwànd. The Western God. Wunnavaméanit. The Northern God. Sowwanànd. The Southern God. Wetuómanit. The house God.  
Even as the Papists have their He and he Saint Protectors as St. George, St. Patrick St. Denis. Virgin Mary, &c.  
Squáuanit. The woman's God. Muckquachuckquànd. The children's God.  
Obs. I was once with a Native dying of wound, given him by some murderous English (who robbed him and run him through with a Rapier, from whom in the heat of his wound, he at present escaped from them but dying of his wound, they suffered Death at new Plymouth, in New-England, this Native dying called much upon Muckquachuckquànd, which of other Natives I understood (as they believed) had appeared to the dying young man, many years before, and bid him when ever he was in distress call upon him.  
Secondly, as they have many of these feigned Deities: so worship they the Creatures in whom they conceive doth rest some deity: Keesuckquànd. The Sun God. Nanepaushat. The moon God. Paumpágussit. The Sea. Yotáanit. The Fire God,  
Supposing that Deities be in these, &c.  
When I have argued with them about their Fire-God: can it say they be, but this fire must be a God, or Divine power, that out of a stone will arise in a spark, and when a poor naked Indian is ready to starve with cold in the House and especially in the Woods, often saves his life, doth dress all our Food for us, and if it be angry will burn the House about us, yea if a spark fall into the dry wood, burns up the Country, (though this burning of the Wood to them they count a Benefit both for destroying of vermin, and keeping down the Weeds and thickets?)  
Praesentem narrat quaelibet herba Deum.  
Every little grass doth tell,  
The sons of Men, there God doth dwell.  
Besides there is a general custom amongst them, at the apprehension of any Excellency in Men, Women, Birds Beasts, Fish, &c. to cry out Manittóo, that is, it is a God, as thus if they see one man excel others in wisdom, Valour, strength, Activity &c. they cry out Manittóo A God: and therefore when they talk amongst themselves of the English ships, and great buildings, of the ploughing of their Fields, and especially of books and Letters, they will end thus: Manittôwock They are God's: Cummanittôo, you are a God, etc A strong Conviction natural in the soul of man, that God is▪ filling all things, and places, and that all Excellencies dwell in God, and proceed from him, and that they only are blessed who have that Jehovah their portion.  
Nickómmo. A Feast or Dance.  
Of this Feast they have public, and private and that of two sorts.  
First in sickness, or drought, or war, or Famine.  
Secondly, After Harvest, after hunting, when they enjoy a calm of Peace, Health, Plenty, Prosperity, then Nickómmo a Feast, especially in Winter, for then (as the Turk saith of the Christian, rather the Antichristian,) they run mad once a year) in their kind of Christmas feasting.  
Powwaw. A Priest. Powwaûog. Priests.  
Obs. These do begin and order their service, and Invocation of their Gods, and all the people follow, and join interchangeably in a laborious bodily service, unto sweating, especially of the Priest, who spends himself in strange antic Gestures, and Actions even unto fainting.  
In sickness the Priest comes close to the sick person, and performs many strange Actions about him, and threaten and conjures out the sickness. They conceive that there are many Gods or divine Powers within the body of a man: In his pulse, his heart, his Lungs, &c.  
I confess to have most of these their customs by their own Relation, for after once being in their Houses and beholding what their Worship was, I durst never be an eye witness, spectator, or looker on, lest I should have been partaker of Satan's Inventions and Worships, contrary to Ephes. 5. 14.  
Nanouwétea. An overseer ana Orderer of their Worship. Neen nanowwúnnemun. I will order or oversee.  
They have an exact form of King, Priest, and Prophet, as was in Israel typical of old in that holy Land of Canaan, and as the Lord jesu ordained in his spiritual Land of Canaan his Church throughout the whole World: their Kings or governors called Sachimauog, Kings, and Atauskowaug Rulers do govern: Their Priests perform and manage their Worship: Their wise men and old men of which number the Priests are also,) whom they call 〈◊〉 they make solemn speeches and Orations, or Lectures to them, concerning Religion Peace, or war and all things.  
Nowemaúsitteem. I give away at the Worship.  
He or she that makes this Nickòmmo Feast or Dance besides the Feasting of sometimes twenty, fifty, an hundreth yea ay have seen near a thousand persons at one of these Feasts) they give I say a great quantity of money, and all sort of their goods (according to and sometimes beyond their Estate) in several small parcels of goods, or money, to the value of eighteen pence, two Shillings, or thereabouts to one person: and that person that receives this Gift, upon the receiving of it goes out, and hollows thrice for the health and prosperity of the Party that gave it, the Mr. or Mistress of the Feast.  
Nowemacaunnash. I'll give these things. Nitteaunguash. My money. Nummaumachiuwash. My goods.  
Obs. By this Feasting and Gifts, the devil drives on their worships pleasantly (as he doth all false worships, by such plausible Earthly Arguments of uniformities, universalities, Antiquities, Immunities, Dignities, Rewards, unto submitters, and the contrary to Refusers) so that they run far and near and ask Awaun. Nákommit? Who makes a Feast? nkekinneawaûman. I go to the Feast. Kekineawauni. He is gone to the Feast.  
They have a modest Religious persuasion not to disturb any man, either themselves English, Dutch, or any in their Conscience, and worship, and therefore say: Aquiewopwaunwash. Peace, hold your peace. Aquiewopwaunwock.  Peeyaunntam. He is at Prayer. Peeyaúntamwock. They are praying. Cowwéwonck. The soul,  
Derived from Cowwene to sleep, because say they, it works and operates when the body sleeps. Michachunck the soul, in a higher notion, which is of affinity, with a word signifying a looking glass, or clear resemblance, so that it hath its name from a clear sight or discerning, which indeed seems very well to suit with the nature of it.  
Wuhóck The Body. Nohòck: cohòck. My body, your body. Awaunkeesitteoūwi●…cohock. Who made you? Tunna-awwa commítchichunkkitonckquèan? Whether goes your soul when you die? An. sowanakitaunwaw. It goes to the South-West.  
Obs. They believe that the souls of Men and Women go to the southwest, their great and good men and Women to 〈◊〉 his House, where they have hopes (as the Turks have of carnal joys): murderers thieves and liars, their souls (say they) wonder restless abroad.  
Now because this Book (by God's good providence) may come into the hand of many fearing God, who may also have many an opportunity of occasional discourse with some of these their wild brethren and Sisters, and may speak a word for their and our glorious Maker, which may also prove some preparatory Mercy to their souls: I shall propose some proper expressions concerning the Creation of the World, and man's Estate, and in particular theirs also, which from myself many hundredth of times, great numbers of them have heard with great delight, and great convictions: which who knows (in God's holy season) may rise to the exalting of the Lord Jesus Christ in their conversion, and salvation?  
Nétop Kunnatótemous. Friend, I will ask you a Question. Natótema: speak on. Tocketunnántum? What think you? Awaun Keesiteoùwin Kéesuck? Who made the Heavens? Auke Wechêkom? The Earth, the Sea? Míttauke. The World.  
Some will answer Tattá I cannot tell, some will answer Manittôwock the Gods.  
Tàsuóg Manittowock. How many Gods be there? Maunaunog Mishaúnawock. Many, great many. Netop machàge. Friend, not so. Pausuck naunt manit. There is only one God. Cuppsittone. You are mistaken. Cowauwaanemun. You are out of the way.  
A phrase which much pleaseth them, being proper for their wandering in the woods, and similitudes greatly please them.  
Kukkakótemous, wachit-quashouwe. I will tell you, presently▪ Kuttaunchemókous. I will tell you news. Paûsuck naunnt manit kéesittin keesuck, etc One only God made the Heavens, &c. Napannetashèmittan naugecautummonab nshque. Five thousand years ago and upwards. Naugom naunnt wukkesittinnes wâme teagun. He alone made all things Wuche mateâg. Out of nothing. Quttatashuchuckqúnnacaus-keesitinnes wâme. In six days he made all things. Nquittaqúnne. The first day he made Wuckéesitin wequâi. the Light. Néesqunne. The second day he Wuckéesitin Keésuck. made the Firmameut Shúckqunne wuckéesitin aunke kà wechêkom. The third day he made the Earth and Sea. Yóqunne wuckkéesitin Nippaunus kà Nanepaunshat. The fourth day he made the Sun and the Moon. Neenash-mamockiuwash wêquanantiganash. Two great Lights. Ka wáme anócksuck. And all the stars. Napannetashúckqunne Wuckéesittin pussuckseésuck wâme. The fifth day he made all the fowl. Keesuckquiuke. In the air, or Heavens. Ka wáme namaunsuck. And all the Fish in the Wechekommiuke. Sea. Quttatashúkqunne wuckkeésittin penashimwock wamè. The sixth day he made all the Beasts of the Field. Wuttàke wuchè wuckeesittin pausuck Enin, or, Eneskéetomp. Last of all he made one Man Wuche mishquòck. Of red Earth, Ka wesuonckgonnakaûnes Adam, túppautea mishquôck. And called him Adam, or red Earth. Wuttàke wuchè. Then afteward, while Câwit mishquock. Adam, or red Earth slept. Wuckaudnummenes manit peetaungon wuche Adam. God took a rib from Adam, or red Earth. Kà wuchè peteaúgon. And of that rib he made Wukkeesitinnes pausuck squàw. One woman, Ka pawtouwúnnes And brought her to Adamuck. Adam, Nawônt Adam wuttúnnawaun nuppeteâgon ewo. When Adam saw her, he said, This is my bone. Enadatashuckqunne, aquêi, The seventh day he rested, Nagaù wuchè quttatashúckqune anacaúsuock Englishmánuck. And therefore Englishmen work sixdayes. Enadatashuckqunnóckat taubataumwock. On the seventh day they praise God.  
Obs. At this Relation they are much satisfied, with a reason why (as they observe) the English and Dutch, &c. labour six days, and rest and worship the seventh.  
Besides, they will say, we never heard of this before: and then will relate how they have it from their Fathers, that Kamántowwit made one man and woman of a stone, which disliking, he broke them in pieces, and made another man and woman of a Tree, which were the fountains of all mankind.  
They apprehending a vast difference of Knowledge between the English and themselves, are very observant of the English lives: I have heard them say to an Englishman (who being hindered, broke a promise to them) You know God, Will you lie Englishman?  
Nétop kihkita. harken to me. Englishmánnuck, Englishmen. Dutchmánnuck, kéenouwin kà wamè mittaukêuk-kitonck quéhettit. Dutch men, and you and all the world, when they die. Mattùx swowánna kit aûog, Michichonckquock. Their souls go not to the Southwest. Wame, ewò pâwsuck Manit wawóntakick. All that know that one God. Ewò man it waumaû sachick kà uckqushanchick. That love and fear Him. Keésaqut aùog. They go up to Heaven. Michéme weeteantámwock. They ever live in joy. Naùgom manit wêkick. In God's own House. Ewo manit mat wauóntakick. They that know not this God. Matwaumaûsachick. That love. Mat ewò uckqushánchick. And fear him not. Kamóotakick. Thieves. Pupannouwachick. liars. Nochisquavonchick. unclean persons. Nanompanissichick, Idle persons. Kemineiachick. murderers. Mammaúsachick. Adulterers. Nanisquégachick. Oppressors or fierce. Wame naûmakiaûog. They go to Hell or the deep. Micheme maûog. They shall ever lament. Awaun kukkakotemógwunnes? Who told you so? Manittóo wússuckwheke. God's book or Writing.  
Obs. After I had (as far as my language would reach) discoursed (upon a time) before the chief Sachim or Prince of the country, with his Archpriests, and many other in a full Assembly; and being night, wearied with travel and discourse, I lay down to rest; and before I slept, I heard this passage:  
A Qunnihticut Indian (who had heard our discourse) told the Sachim Miantunnommu, that souls went up to Heaven, or down to Hell; For, saith he, Our fathers have told us, that our souls go to the Southwest.  
The Sachim answered, But how do you know yourself, that your souls go to the Southwest; did you ever see a soul go thither?  
The native replied; when did he (naming myself) see a soul go to Heaven or Hell?  
The Sachim again replied: He hath books and writings, and one which God himself made, concerning men's souls, and therefore may well know more than we that have none, but take all upon trust from our forefathers.  
The said Sachim, and the chief of his people, discoursed by themselves, of keeping the Englishmans day of worship, which I could easily have brought the country to, but that I was persuaded, and am, that God's way is first to turn a soul from it's idols, both of heart, worship, and conversation, before it is capable of worship, to the true and living God, according to 1 Thes. 1. 9 You turned to God from idols to serve or worship the living and true God. As also, that the two first Principles and Foundations of true Religion or Worship of the true God in Christ, are Repentance from dead works, and Faith towards God, before the Doctrine of baptism or washing and the laying on of hands, which contain the Ordinances and practices of worship; the want of which, I conceive, is the bane of million of souls in England, and all other Nations professing to be Christian Nations who are brought by public authority to baptism and fellowship with God in Ordinances of worship, before the saving work of Repentance, and a true turning to God, Heb. 6. 2.  
Nétop, kitonckquêan kunnúppamin michéme. Friend, when you die you perish everlastingly. Michéme cuppauqua neimmin. You are everlastingly undone. Cummusquauna muckqun manit. God is angry with you. Cuppauquanúckqun He will destroy you. Wuchè cummanittówockmanavog. For your many Gods. Wáme pitch chickauta mittauke. The whole world shall ere long be burnt.  
Obs. Upon the relating that God hath once destroyed the world by water; and that He will visit it the second time with consuming fire: I have been asked this profitable question of some of them, What then will become of us? Where then shall we be?  
Manit anawat. God commandth, Cuppittakúnnamun wèpe wáme. That all men now repent.  

The general Observation of Religion, &c.  
The wandering Generations of Adam's lost posterity, having lost the true and living God their Maker, have created out of the nothing of their own inventions many false and feigned Gods and Creators.  
More particular:  

Two sorts of men shall naked stand.  
Before the burning ire 
〈◊〉 Thes. 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉.   
Of him that shortly shall appear,  
In dreadful flaming fire.  
First, millions know not God, nor for  
His knowledge, care to seek:  
Millions have knowledge store, but in  
Obedience are not meek.  
If woe to Indians, Where shall Turk,  
Where shall appear the Iew?  
O, where shall stand the Christian false?  
O blessed then the True.     

CHAP. XXII. Of their Government and justice.  
Sâchim-maûog. King, Kings. Sachimaûonck, A kingdom or monarchy.  
Obs. Their Government is monarchical yet at present the chiefest government in the Countrey is divided between a younger Sachim, Miantunnômu, and an elder Sachim Caunoúnicus, of about fourscore years old this young man's Uncle; and their agreement in the Government is remarkable:  
The old Sachim will not be offended at what the young Sachim doth; and the young Sachim will not do what he conceives will displease his Uncle. Saunks. The Queen, or Sachim's Wife. Sauncksquûaog. Queens. Otan,- nash. The town, towns. Otânick. To the town. Sachimmaacómmock A Prince's house, which according to their condition, is far different from the other house, both in capacity or receipt; and also the fineness and quality of their Mats.  
Ataúskawaw-wavog. Lord, Lords. Wauôntam. A Wise man or counsellor. Wauóntakick. Wise men. Enàtch or each Keèn anawáyean. Your will shall be law. Enàtch neèn ánowa. Let my word stand. Ntinnume. He is my man. Ntacquêtunck ewò. He is my subject. Kuttáck quêtous. I will subject to you.  
Obs. Beside their general subjection to the highest Sachim's, to whom they carry presents: They have also particular Protectors, under Sachim's, to whom they also carry presents, and upon any injury received, and complaint made, these Protectors will revenge it.  
Ntannôtam. I will revenge it. Kuttannótous. I will revenge you. Miâawene. A Court or meeting. Wèpe cummiâawene. Come to the meeting. Miawêtuck. Let us meet. Wauwhautowash. Call a meeting. Miawêmucks. At a meeting. Miawéhettit. When they meet.  
Obs. The Sachim's, although they have an absolute monarchy over the people; yet they will not conclude of aught that concerns all, either laws, or Subsides, or wars, unto which the people are averse, and by gentle persuasion cannot be brought.  
Peyautch naúgum. Let himself come here. Pétiteatch. Let him come. Mishauntowash. speak out. Nanantowash. speak plain. Kunnadsittamen wèpe. You must inquire after this. Wunnadfittamútta. Let us search into it. Neen pitch-nnadsittamen. I will inquire into it. Machissu ewo. He is nought. Cuttiantacompáwwem. You are a lying fellow. Cuttiantakiskquawquaw. You are a lying woman. Weep cukkúmmoot. You have stole. Mat méshnawmônash I did not see those things. Màt mèsh nummám menash. I did not take them. Weep kunnishquêko cummiskissawwaw. You are fierce and quarrelsome.  
Obs. I could never discern that excess of scandalous sins amongst them, which Europe aboundeth with. Drunkenness and gluttony, generally they know not what sins they be; and although they have not so much to restrain them (both in respect of knowledge of God and laws of men) as the English have▪ yet a man shall never hear of such crimes amongst them of robberies murders, adulteries &c. as amongst the English: I conceive that the glorious sun of so much truth as shines in England, hardens our English hearts: for what the sun softeneth not, it hardens.  
Tawhitch yò enêan? Why do you so? Tawhitch cummootóan? Why do you steal? Tawhitch nanompaniêan? Why are you thus idle or base? Wewhepapúnnoke. Bind him. Wèpe kunnishaûmis. You killed him. Wèpe kukkemineantin. You are the murderer. Sasaumitaúwhitch. Let him be whipped. ●…pponck quittauwhitch. Let him be imprisoned. Nippitch ewo. Let him die. Niphéttitch. Let them die. Niss-Nissoke. Kill him. Púm-púmmoke. Shoot him.  
Obs. The most usual custom amongst them in executing punishments, is for the Sachim either to beat, or whip, or put to death with his own hand, to which the common sort most quietly submit: though sometimes the Sachim sends a secret Executioner, one of his chiefest warriors to fetch of a head, by some sudden unexpected blow of a Hatchet, when they have feared Mutiny by public execution.  
Kukkeechequaûbenitch. You shall be hanged. Nippansinnea. I am innocent. Uppansinea-ewo. He is innocent. Matmeshnowaûwon. I knew nothing of it. NNnowaûntum. I am sorry. Nummachiemè. I have done ill. Aumaúnemoke. Let it pass, or take away this accusation Konkeeteatch Ewo. Let him live. Konkeeteáhetti Let them live.  

Observation general, of their Government.  
The wildest of the sons of Men have ever found a necessity, (for preservation of themselves, their Families and Properties) to cast themselves into some Mould or form of Government.  
More particular:  

Adulteries, murders, Robberies, Thefts,  
Wild Indians punish these!  
And hold the Scales of justice so,  
That no man farthing lose.   

When Indians hear the horrid filths,  
Of Irish, English Men,  
The horrid Oaths and murders late,  
Thus say these Indians then.   

We wear no clothes, have many Gods,  
And yet our fins are less:  
You are Barbarians, Pagans wild,  
Your Land's the wilderness.     

CHAP. XXI. Of Marriage.  
Wuskéne. A young man. Keegsquaw. A Virgin or maid. Segaûo. A widower. Segousquaw. A widow. Wussénetam. He goes a wooing. Nosenemuck. He is my son in Law, Wussenetûock, Awetawátuock. They make a match.  
Obs. Single fornication they count no sin, but after marriage (which they solemnize by consent of Parents and public approbation publicly) than they count it hainoufer either of them to befalse.  
Mammaûsu. An adulterer. Nummam mógwunewò He hath wronged my bed. Pallè nochisquaûaw. He or She hath committed adultery.  
Obs. In this case the wronged party may put away or keep the party offending: commonly, if the Woman be false, the offended Husband will be solemnly revenged upon the offendor, before many witnesses, by many blows and wounds, and if it be to Death, yet the guilty resists not, nor is his Death revenged.  
Nquittócaw. He hath one Wife. Neesocaw. He hath two Wives. Sshocowaw. He hath three. Yocowaw. four Wives, &c.  
Their Number is not stinted, yet the chief Nation in the Country, the Narrigansets (generally) have but one Wife.  
Two causes they generally allege for their many Wives.  
First desire of Riches, because the Women bring in all the increase of the Field, &c. the Husband only fisheth, hunteth, &c.  
Scecondly, their long sequestering themselves from their wives after conception, until the child be weaned, which with some is long after a year old, generally they keep their children long at the breast: Committamus. Your Wife. Cowéewo.  Tahanawatu? ta shincommaugemus. How much gave you for her? Napannetashom paûgatash. Five fathom of their Money. Qutta, énada shoasuck ta shompaúgatash Six, or seven, or eight fathom.  
If some great man's Daughter Piuckquompaúgatash, ten fathom.  
Obs. Generally the Husband gives these payments for a dowry, (as it was in Israel) to the Father or Mother, or guardian of the maid. To this purpose if the man be poor his Friends and neighbours do pummenúmmin teáuguash, that is contribute Money toward the dowry.  
Numm ttamus. My Wife. Nuliogana.  Waumaûsu. Loving. Wunnêkesu. Proper. Maânsu. Sober and chaste. Muchickéhea. Fruifull. Cutchashekeamis? How many children have you had? Nquittékea. I have had one. Neesékea. Two, &c.  
Obs. They commonly abound with Children, and increase mightily; except the plague fall amongst them or other lesser sicknesses and then having no means of recovery, they perish wonderfully.  
Katoû eneéchaw. She is falling into travel. Néechaw. She is in travel. Paugcótche nechaúwaw. She is already delivered. Kitummâyi-mes-néchaw. She was just now delivered.  
Obs. It hath pleased God in wonderful manner to moderate that curse of the sorrows of Child-bearing to these poor Indian Women: So that ordinarily they have a wonderful more speedy and easy travel, and delivery than the Women of Europe: not that I think God is more gracious to them above other Women, but that it follows, First from the hardness of their constitution, in which respect they bear their sorrows the easier.  
Secondly from their extraordinary great labour (even above the labour of men) as in the Field, they sustain the labour of it, in carrying of mighty burdens, in digging clammes and getting other shellfish from the Sea, in beating all their corn in mortars: &c. Most of them count it a shame for a Woman in travel to make complaint, and many of them are scarcely heard to groan. I have often known in one Quarter of an hour a Woman merry in the House, and delivered and merry again: and within two days abroad, and after four or five days at work, &c.  
Noosâwwaw. A Nurse. Noònsu Nonánnis. A sucking Child: Wunnunògan. A Breast, Wunnunnoganash. Breasts. Munnunnug. milk. Aumaunemun. To take from the breast, or wean.  
Obs. They put away (as in Israel) frequently for other occasions beside Adultery, yet I know many Couples that have lived twenty, thirty, forty years together.  
Npakétam. I will put her away. Npakénaqun. I am put away. Aquiepakétash. do not put-away. Aquiepokesháttous Awetawátuonck. do not break the knot of Marriage. Tackquiunwock. Twins. Towiû-ûwock ûwock. Orphans. Ntouwium. I am an orphan. Wáuchaunnat. A Guardian. Wauchaúamachick. Guardians. Nullóquaso. My charge or pupil, or Ward. Peewaunqun. look well to him &c.  

General Observations of their marriage.  
God hath planted in the Hearts of the Wildest of the sons of Men, an High and Honourable esteem of the marriage bed, in somuch that they universally submit unto it, and hold the Violation of that Bed, Abominable, and accordingly reap the Fruit thereof in the abundant increase of posterity.  
More Particular.  

When Indians hear that some there are,  
(That Men the Papists call)  
Forbidding marriage Bed and yet,  
To thousand whoredoms fall:   

They ask if such do go in clothes,  
And whether God they know?  
And when they hear they're richly clad,  
know God, yet practice so.   

No sure they're Beasts not men (say they,)  
Men's shame and foul disgrace,  
Or men have mixed with Beasts and so,  
brought forth that monstrous Race.     

CHAP. XXVI. Concerning their coin.  
THe Indians are ignorant of Europe's coin; yet they have given a name to ours, and call it Monéash from the English Money.  
Their own is of two sorts; one white which they make of the stem or stock of the periwinkle, which they call Meteaûhock, when all the shell is broken off: and of this sort six of their small Beads (which they make with holes to string the bracelets) are currant with the English for a penny.  
The second is black, inkling to blue, which is made of the shell of a fish, which some English call Hens, Poquaûhock, and of this sort three make an English penny.  
They that live upon the Sea side, generally make of it, and as many make as will.  
The Indians bring down all their sorts of Furs, which they take in the country, both to the Indians and to the English for this Indian Money: this Money the English, French and Dutch, trade to the Indians, six hundred miles in several parts (North and South from New-England) for their furs, and whatsoever they stand in need of from them: as Corne, Venison, etc  
Nquittómpscat. 1 penny. Neesaúmscat. 2 pence. Shwaúmscat. 3 pence. Yowómscat. 4 pence. Napannetashaúmscat. 5 pence. Quttatashaúmscat, or, quttavatu. 6 pence. Enadatashaúmscat. 7 pence. Shwoasuck tashaúmscat. 8 pence. Paskugittashaúmscat. 9 pence. Piuckquaúmscat. 10 pence. Piuckquaúmscat nab naqùit. 11 pence. Piuckquaúmscat nab nèes, &c. 12 pence.  
Obs. This they call Neèn, which is two of their Quttáuatues, or six pence.  
Piukquaúmscat nab nashoàsuck, which they call Shwin. 18d. 3 quttáuatues. Neesneecheckaúmscat nab yòh, or, yowin. 2s 4 quttáuatues. Shwinchékaúmscat, or napannetashin. 2s 6d 5 quttáuatues. Shwinchekaúmscat 2s 6d 6 quttáuatues. You innchekaúmscat nab neèse. 3s 6d 7 quttáuatues. You inncheckaúmscat nabnashòasuck. 4s 8 quttáuatues. Napannetashwincheckáumscat nab yòh. 4s 6d 9 quttáuatues Quttatashincheck aumscat, or, more commonly used Piúckquat. 5s 10 quttaúatues, or, 10 six pences.  
Obs. This Piúckquat being sixty pence, they call Nquittómpeg, or nquitnishcanusu, that is, one fathom, 5 shillings.  
This one fathom of this their stringed money, now worth of the English but five shillings (sometimes more) some few years since was worth nine, and sometimes ten shillings per fathom: the fall is occasioned by the fall of Beaver in England: the Natives are very impatient, when for English commodities they pay so much more of their money, and not understanding the cause of it; and many say the English cheat and deceive them, though I have laboured to make them understand the reason of it. Neesaumpaúgatuck, 10 shil. 2 Fathom. Shwaumpáugatuck. 15 shil. 3 Fathom. Yowompáugatuck, &c. 20 shil. 4 Fathom. Piuckquampáugatuck or, Nquit pâusck. 50 shil. 10 fathom. Neespausuckquompáugatuck. 5 lib' 20 fathom. Shwepaûsuck. 30 fathom. Yowe paûsuck, &c. Nquittemittannauganompaugatuck. 40 fathom, or, 10. pounds. Neesemittannug, &c. Tashincheckompáugatuck? How many Fathom?  
Obs. Their white they call Wompam (which signifies white): their black Suckáuhock (Súcki signifying black.)  
Both amongst themselves; as also the English and Dutch, the black penny is two pence white; the black fathom double, or, two fathom of white.  
Weep kuttassawompatimmin. Change my money. Suckauhock, nausakésachick. The black money. Wauômpeg, or wavompésichick-mêsim Give me white. Aslawompatíttea. Come, let us change. Anâwsuck. Shells. Meteaûhock. The periwinkle. Suckavanaûsuck. The black shells. Suckavaskéesaquash. The black eyes. or that part of the shellfish called Poquaúhock (or Hens) broken out near the eyes, of which they make the black.  
Puckwhéganash & Múcksuck. awl blades. Papuckakivash. Britle, or breaking, Which they desire to be hardened to a brittle temper.  
Obs Before ever they had awl blades from Europe, they made shift to bore this their shell money with stone, and so fell their trees with stone set in a wooden staff, and usedwode●…howes: which some old & poor women (Fearful to leave the old tradition) use to this day Natouwómpitea. A coiner or Minter▪ Nnatatouwómpiteem. I cannot coin. Natouwómpitees. Make money or coin. Puckhùmmin. To bore through. Puckwhegonnaûtick. The awl blade sticks. Tutteputch anâwsin. they do on stones. To smooth them, which Qussuck-anash. Stone, Stones. Cavompsk. A Whetstone. Nickáutick. A kind of wooden Pincers or Vice. Enomphómmin. To thread or string. Aconaqunnaûog. Thread the Beads. Enomphómmin. Thread, or string these. Enomphósachick. Strung ones. Sawhóog & Sawhósachick. Loose Beads. Naumpacoûin. To hang about the neck.  
Obs. They hang these strings of money about their necks and wrists; as also upon upon the necks and wrists of their wives and children.  
Machequoce. A Girdle:  
Which they make curiously of one two, three, four, and five inches thickness and more, of this money which (sometimes to the value of ten pounds and more) they wear about their middle and as a scarf about their shoulders and breasts.  
Yea the Princes make rich Caps and Aprons (or small breeches) of these Beads thus curiously strung into many forms and figures: their black and white finely mixed together.  

Observations general of their coin.  
The sons of men having lost their Maker, the true and only Treasure, dig down to the bowels of the earth for gold and silver; yea, to the bottom of the Sea, for shells of fishes, to make up a Treasure, which can never truly enrich nor satisfy.  
More particular:  

The Indians prize not English gold,  
Nor English Indian's shell:  
Each in his place will pass for aught,  
What ere men buy or sell.   

English and Indians all pass hence,  
To an eternal place,  
Where shells nor finest gold's worth ought,  
Where nought's worth aught but Grace,   

This coin the Indians know not of,  
Who knows how soon they may?  
The English knowing, prize it not,  
But fling't like dross away,     

CHAP. XXV. Of buying and selling.  
Anaqushaunog, or Traders. Anaqushánchick  Anaqushénto. Let us trade. Cuttasha? Have you this or that? Cowachaunnum?  Nitasha. I have. Nowachaunnum.  Nquénowhick. I want this, &c. Nowèkineam. I like this. Nummachinámmin. I do not like. Máunetash nquénowhick. I want many things. Cuttattaúamish. I will buy this of you. Nummovanaquish. I come to buy. Movanaqushaúog, Chapmen. Movanaqushanchick.   
Obs. Amongst themselves they trade their corn, skins, coats, Venison, Fish, &c. and sometimes come ten or twenty in a Company to trade amongst the English.  
They have some who follow only making of bows, some arrows, some Dishes, and (the Women make all their earthen vessels) some follow fishing, some hunting: most on the seaside make Money, and store up shells in Summer against Winter whereof to make their money.  
Nummautanaqúsh. I have bought. Cummanohamin? Have you bought? Cummanohamoùsh. I will buy of you. Nummautanóhamin. I have bought. Kunnauntatáuamish. I come to buy this. Comaunekunnúo? Have you any Cloth? Koppócki. Thick cloth. Wassáppi. Thin. Súckinuit. Black or blackish. Míshquinuit. Red Cloth. Wómpinuit. White cloth.  
Obs. They all generally prize a Mantle of English or Dutch Cloth before their own wearing of Skins and furs, because they are warm enough and Lighter.  
Wompequnayi. Cloth inclining to white,  
Which they like not, but desire to have a sad colour without any whitish hairs, suiting with their own natural Temper, which inclines to sadness.  
Etouwawâyi. wolly on both sides. Muckucki. Bare without Wool. Chechéke maútsha. Long lasting. Qúnnascat. Of a great breadth. Tióckquscat. Of little breadth. Wùss. The Eage or list. Aumpácunnish. Open it. Tuttepácunnish. Fold it up. Mat Weshegganúnno. There is no Wool on it. Tanógganish. Shake it. Wúskinuit. New Cloth. Tanócki, tanócksha. It is torn or rent. Eatawûs. It is Old. Quttaûnch feel it. Audtà A pair of small breeches or Apron.  
Cuppáimish I will pay you, which is a word newly made from the English word pay.  
Tahenaúatu? What price? Tummòck cumméinsh. I will pay you Beaver. Teaúguock Cumméinsh. I will give you Money. Wauwunnégachick. Very good.  
Obs. They have great difference of their coin. as the English have: some that will not pass without Allowance, and some again made of a Counterfeit shell, and their very black counterfeited by a Stone and other materials: yet I never knew any of them much deceived, for their danger of being deceived (in these things of Earth) makes them cautelous.  
Cosaúmawem. You ask too much. Kuttiackqussaûwaw. You are very hard. Aquie iackqussaumme. Be not so hard. Aquie Wussaúmowash. do not ask so much. Tashin Commêsim? How much shall I give you? Kutteaûg Comméinsh. I will give you your Money. Nkèke Comméinsh. I will give you an Otter. Coanombúqusse Kuttassokakómme. You have deceived me.  
Obs. Who ever deal or trade with them, had need of wisdom, Patience, and faithfulness in dealing: for they frequently say Cuppàmanem, you lie, Cuttassokakómme, you deceive me.  
Misquésu Kunúkkeke Your Otter is reddish. Yo aúwusse Wunnêgin This is better. Yo chippaúatu. This is of another price. Augausaúatu. It is Cheap. Muchickaúatu. It is dear. Wuttunnaúatu. It is worth it. Wunishaunnto. Let us agree. Aquie neesquttónck qussish. do not make ado. Wuchè nquittompscat. About a penny.  
They are are marvelous subtle in their bargains to save a penny: And very suspicious that English men labour to deceive them: Therefore they will beat all markets and try all places, and run twenty thirty, yea. forty mile, and more, and lodge in the Woods, to save six pence.  
Cummámmenash nitteaunguash? Will you have my Money? Nonânum. I cannot. Noonshem.  Tawhitch nonanum êan? Why can you not? macháge nkòckie. I get nothing. Tashaumskussâyi commêsim? How many spans will you give me? Neesaumsqussayi. Two spans. Shwaumscussayi. Three spans. Yowompscussayi. four Spans. Napannetashaumscussâyi. Five spans. Quttatashaumskus Sayi. Six spans. Endatashaumscussâyi. Seven spans. Enadacashaumskuttonâyi. Seven spans. Cowénaweke. You are a rich man.  
Obs. They will often confess for their own ends that the English are richer and wiser and valianter than themselves; yet it is for their own ends, and therefore they add Nanouno, give me this or that a disease which they are generally infected with: some more ingenuous, scorn it; but I have often seen an Indian with great quanties of money about him beg a Knife of an English man, who happily hath had never a penny of money.  
Aketash-tamòke. Tell my money. Now annakese. I have mistold. Cosaumakese. You have told too much. Cunnoonakese. You have told too little. shoe kekineass. look here. Wunêtu nitteaùg. My money is very good. Mamattifluôg kutteaùquock. Your Beads are nought. Tashin mesh commaûg? How much have you given? Chichêgin. A Hatchet. Antskunck. A how. Maumichémanege. A Needle. Cuttatuppaúnamum. Take a measure. Tatuppauntúhommin. To weigh with scales. Tatuppauntúock. They are aweighing. Netâtup. It is all one. Kaukakineamuck. Peben ochichauquânick. A Looking glass.  
Obs. It may be wondered what they do with Glasses, having no beauty but a swarfish colour, and no dressing but nakedness; but pride appears in any colour, and the meanest dress: and besides generally the women paint their faces with all sorts of colours.  
Cummanohamógunna. They will buy it of you. Cuppittakúnnemous. Take your cloth again. Cuppittakunnami. Will you serve me so? Cosaumpeekúnnemun. You have tore me off too little cloth. Cummachetannakún namous. I have torn it off for you. Tawhitch cuppittakunamiêan? Why do you turn it upon my hand? Kutchichêginash, kaukinne pokéshaas. Your Hatchets will be soon broken. Teâno wáskishaas. soon gaped. Natovashóck quittea. A Smith. Kuttattaú amish aûke I would buy land of you. Tou núckquaque? How much? Wuchè wuttotânick Plantation. For a town, or, Nissékineam. I have no mind to seek. Indiansuck sekineámwock. The Indians are not willing. Noonapuock naûgum They want room themselves. Cowetompátimmin. We are friends. Cummaugakéamish. I will give you land. Aquie chenawaûsish. Be not churlish.  

general Observation of Trade.  
O the infinite wisdom of the most holy wise God, who hath so advanced Europe above America, that there is not a sorry whither, Hatchet, Knife, nor a rag of cloth in all America, but what comes over the dreadful Atlantic Ocean from Europe: and yet that Europe be not proud, nor America discouraged. What treasures are hid in some parts of America, and in our New English parts, how have foul hands (in smoky houses) the first handling of those furs which are after worn upon the hands of Queens and heads of Princes?  
More particular:  

Oft have I heard these Indians say,  
These English will deceive us.  
Of all that's ours, our lands and lives.  
In th' end they will bereave us.   

So say they, whatsoever they buy,  
(Though small) which shows they're shy  
Of strangers, fearful to be catched  
By fraud, deceit, or lie.   

Indians and English fear deceits,  
Yet willing both to be  
Deceived and cozened of precious soul,  
Of heaven, eternity.     

CHAP. XXVI. Of Debts and Trusting.  
Noónat. I have not money enough Noonamautuckquàwhe. Trust me. Kunnoonamaútuck quaush. I will owe it you.  
Obs. They are very desirous to come into debt, but than he that trusts them, must sustain a twofold loss:  
First, of his commodity.  
Secondly, of his custom as I have found by dear experience: Some are ingenuous, plain hearted and honest; but the most never pay unless a man follow them to their several abodes, towns and houses, as I myself have been forced to do, which hardship and travels it hath yet pleased God to sweeten with some experiences and some little gain of Language.  
Nonamautuckquahéginash ginath. Debts. Nosaumautackquawhe. I am much in debt. Pitch nippáutowin. I will bring it you. Chenock naquómbeg When cuppauútiin nitteaûguash. Will you bring me my money? Kunnaumpatous, I will pay you. Kukkeéskwhush.  Keéskwhim teaug mésin. Pay me my money. Tawhitch peyáuyean Why do you come? Nnádgecom. I come for debts. Machêtu. A poor man. Nummácheke. I am a poor man. Mesh nummaúchnem. I have been ficke. Nowemacaûnash nitteaùquash. I was fain to spend my money in my sickness.  
Obs. This is a common, and as (they think) most satisfying answer, that they have been sick: for in those times they give largely to the Priests, who then sometimes heals them by conjurations; and also they keep open house for all to come to help to pray with them, unto whom also they give money.  
Mat noteaûgo. I have no money. Kekineash nippêtunck. look here in my bag. Nummâche maúganash. I have already paid. Mat coanaumwaûmis. You have not kept your word. Kunnampatôwin keénowwin. You must pay it. Machàge wuttamaûntam. He minds it not. Machàge wuttammauntammôock. They take no care about paying. Michéme notammaûntam. I do always mind it. Mat nickowêmen naûkocks. I cannot sleep in the night for it.  

General Observations of their debts.  
It is an universal Disease of folly in men to desire to enter into not only necessary, but unnecessary and tormenting debts, contrary to the command of the only wise God: Owe no thing to any man, but that you love each other.  
More particular:  

I have heard ingenuous Indians say,  
In debts, they could not sleep.  
How far worse are such English then,  
Who love in debts to keep?   

If debts of pounds cause restless nights  
In trade with man and man,  
How hard's that heart that millions owes  
To God, and yet sleep can?   

Debts paid, sleeps sweet, sins paid, death's sweet,  
Death's night than's turned to light;  
Who dies in sins unpaid, that soul  
His light's eternal night.     

CHAP. XXVII. Of their Hunting, &c.  
We shall not name over the several sorts of Beasts which we named in the Chapter of Beasts.  
The Natives hunt two ways:  
First, when they pursue their game (especially dear, which is the general and wonderful plenteous hunting in the country:) I say, they pursue in twenty, forty, fifty, yea, two or three hundred in a company, (as I have seen) when they drive the woods before them.  
Secondly, They hunt by Traps of several sorts, to which purpose, after they have observed in springtime and Summer the haunt of the dear, then about Harvest, they go ten or twenty together, and sometimes more, and withal (if it be not too far) wives and children also, where they build up little hunting houses of Barks and Rushes (not comparable to their dwelling houses) and so each man takes his bounds of two, three, or four miles, where he sets thirty, forty, or fifty Traps, and baits his Traps with that food the dear loves, and once in two days he walks his round to view his Traps.  
Ntauchaûman. I go to hunt. Ncáttiteam weeyoùs. I long for Venison. Auchaûtuck. Let us hunt. Nowetauchaûman. I will hunt with you. Anúmwock. Dogs. Kemehétteas. creep. Pitch nkemehétteem I will creep. Pumm púmmoke. shoot. Uppetetoûa. A man shot accidentally. Ntaumpauchaûman. I come from hunting. Cutchashineánna? How many have you killed Nneesnneánna. I have killed two. Shwinneamnna. Three. Nyowinneánna. four. Npiuckwinneanna. Ten, &c. Nneesneechecttash●…nneanna. twenty. Nummovashâwmen. I go to set Traps. Apè hana. Trap, Traps. Asháppock. hemp. Masaûnock. flax. Wuskapéhana. New Traps. Eataúbana. Old Traps.  
Obs. They are very tender of their Traps where they lie, and what comes at them; for they say, the dear (whom they conceive have a Divine power in them) will soon smell and be gone.  
Npunnowwâumen. I must go to my Traps. Nummishkommin. I have found a deer;  
Which sometimes they do, taking a wolf in the very act of his greedy prey, when sometimes (the wolf being greedy of his prey) they kill him: sometimes the wolf having glutted himself with the one half, leaves the other for his next bait; but the glad Indian finding of it, prevents him.  
And that we may see how true it is, that all wild creatures, and many tame, prey upon the poor deer (which are there in a right emblem of God's persecuted, that is, hunted people, as I observed in the Chapter of Beasts according to the old and true saying: 
Imbelles Damae quid nisi praeda sumus?  
To harmless Ro●…s and Does,  
Both wild and tame are foes.)   
I remember how a poor deer was long hunted and chased by a wolf, at last (as their manner is) after the chase of ten, it may be more miles running, the stout wolf tired out the nimble deer, and seizing upon it, killed: In the act of devouring his prey, two English Swine, big with Pig, past by, assaulted the wolf, drove him from his prey, and devoured so much of that poor deer, as they both surfeited and died that night.  
The wolf is an emblem of a fierce bloodsucking persecutor.  
The Swine of a covetous rooting worldling, both make a prey of the Lord Jesus in his poor servants.  
Ncummóotamúck qun natóqus. The wolf hath robbed me.  
Obs. When a deer is caught by the leg in the Trap, sometimes there it lies a day together before the Indian come, and so lies a pray to the ranging wolf, and other wild Beasts (most commonly the wolf) who seizeth upon the dear and robs the Indian (at his first devouring) of near half his prey, and if the Indian come not the sooner, he makes a second greedy meal, and leaves him nothing but the bones, and the torn Deere-skins, especially if he call some of his greedy Companions to his bloody banquet.  
Upon this the Indian makes a falling trap called Sunnúckhig, (with a great weight of stones) and so sometimes knocks the wolf on the head, with a gainful Revenge, especially if it be a black wolf, whose Skins they greatly prize.  
Nanowwussu. It is lean. Wauwunnockôo. It is fat. Weékan. It is sweet. Machemóqut. It smells ill. Anit. It is putrified. Poquêfu Poskáttuck & Missêsu. half a deer. Kuttiomp. A whole deer. Paucottaúwat. A buck.. Wawúnnes. A young buck.. Qunnèke. A do. Aunàn. A Fawn. Moósqin. Thus thick of fat. Yo asipaúgon Noónatch, or, attuck ntiyu. I hunt Venison. Mishánneke ntiyu. I hunt a squirrel. Paukunnawaw ntio. I hunt a bear, &c. Wusséke. The hinder part of the deer. ●…pome-ichàsh. Thigh: Th●…ghes. ●…ppèke-quòck. Shoulder, shoulders: ●…uskàn, A bone. ●…ussúckqun A tail. Awemanittin. Their Rutting time. Paushinummin. To divide. Paushinummavatittea. Let us divide.  
This they do when a controversy falls out, whose the deer should be.  
Caúskashunck, The dear skin.  
Obs. Púmpom: a tribute Skin when a dear (hunted by the Indians, or Wolves) is killed in the water. This skin is carried to the Sachim or Prince, within whose territory the deer was slain.  
Ntaumpowwushaumen. I come from hunting.  

General Observation of their hunting.  
There is a blessing upon endeavour, even to the wildest Indians; the sluggard roasts not that which he took in hunting but the substance of the diligent (either in earthly or heavenly affairs) is precious, Prov. 25.  
More particular:  

Great pains in hunting th' Indians Wild,  
And eke the English tame;  
Both take, in woods and forests thick,  
To get their precious game.   

Pleasure and Profit, Honour false,  
(The wordl's great trinity)  
Drive all men through all ways, all, times,  
All weathers, wet and dry.   

Pleasure and Profits Honour, sweet,  
Eternal, sure and true,  
Laid up in God, with equal pains;  
Who seeks, who doth pursue?     

CHAP. XXVIII. Of their Gaming, &c.  
THeir Games, (like the Engl●…sh) are of two sorts; private and public:  
Private, and sometimes public; A Game●…ike unto the English Cards; yet, in stead of Cards they play with strong Rushes.  
Secondly, they have a kind of Dice which are Plumb stones painted, which they cast in 〈◊〉 Tray, with a mighty noise and sweating: Their public Games are solemnised with ●…he meeting of hundreds; sometimes thou●…ands, and consist of many vanities, none of ●…hich I durst ever be present at, that I might not countenance and partake of their folly, after I once saw the evil of them.  
Ahânu. He laughs. Tawhitchahánean. Why do you laugh? Ahánuock. They are merry. nippavochâumen. We are dancing. Pavochaûog. They are playing or dancing. Pavochaútowwin. A babble to play with. Akesuog. They are at Cards, or telling of Rushes. Pissinnéganash. Their playing Rushes. Ntakésemin. I am a●…elling or counting; for their play is a kind of arithmetic▪  
Obs. The chief Gamesters amongst them●… much desire to make their God's side with●… them in their Games (as our English Gamesters so far also acknowledge God) therefore I have ●…ene them keep as a preciou●… stone a piece of Thunderbolt, which is lik●… unto a crystal, which they dig out of th●… ground under some tree, Thunder-smitte●… and from this stone they have an opinion o●… success, and I have not heard any of thes●… prove losers which conceive may be Sata●… policy and God's holy Justice to harden the●… for their not rising higher from the Thunderbolt, to the God that send or shoots it Ntaquie akésamen. I will leave play. Nchikossimunnash. I will burn my Rushes. Wunnaugonhómmin To play at ●…ice in their trey. Asaúanash. The painted Plumbstones which they throw. Puttuckquapúonck. A Playing Arbo●…r.  
Obs. This Arbour or Play house is made of long poles set in the earth, four square, sixteen or twenty foot high; on which they hang great store of their stringed money have great stakings, town against town, and two chosen out of the rest by course to play the Game at this kind of Dice in the midst of all their Abettors, with great shouting and solemnity: beside, they have great meetings of football playing, only in Summer, town against town, upon some broad sandy shore, free from stones, or upon some soft hea●…hie plot because of their naked feet, at which they have great stakings, but seldom quarrel.  
Pasuckquakohowaûog They meet to football. Cukkúmmote wèpe. You steal; As I have often told them in their gamings, and in their great losings (when they have staked and lost their money, clothes, house, corn, and themselves, (if single persons) they will confess it being weary of their lives, and ready to make away themselves, like many an English man: an emblem of the horror of conscience, which all poor sinners walk in at last, when they see what woeful games they have played in their life, and now find themselves eternal Beggars.  
●…esaqúnnamun, Another kind of solemn public meeting, wherein they lie under the trees, in a kind of Religious observation, and have a mixture of Devotions and sports: But their chiefest idol of all for sport and game, is (if their land be at peace) toward Harvest, when they set up a long house called Qunnekamuck. Which signifies Long house, sometimes an hundred sometimes two hundred foot long upon a plain near the Court (which they call Kitt●…ickan̄ick) where many thousands, men and women meet, where he that goes in danceth in the sight of all the rest; and is prepared with money, coats, small breeches, knives, or what he is able to reach to, and gives these things away to the poor, who yet must particularly beg and say, Cowequetúmmous, that is, I beseech you: which word (although there is not one common beggar amongst them) yet they will often use when their richest amongst them would fain obtain aught by gift.  

General Observations of their Sports.  
This life is a short minute, eternity follows. On the improvement or disimprovement of this short minute, depends a joyful or dreadful eternity; yet (which I tremble to think of) how cheap is this invaluable jewel, and how many vain inventions and foolish pastimes have the sons of men in all parts of the world found out, to pass time & post over this short minute of life, until like some pleasant River they have past into mare mortuum, the dead sea of eternal lamentation.  
More particular:  

Our English Gamesters scorn to stake  
Their clothes as Indians do,  
Nor yet themselves, alas, yet both  
Stake souls and lose them to.   

O fearful Games! the divell stakes  
But ●…trawes and toys and Trash,  
(For what is All, compared with Christ,  
But 
* Phil. 3. 8. {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman}  dog's meat and swine's wash?   

Man stakes his jewel-darling soul,  
(His own most wretched foe)  
Ventures, and loseth all in sport  
At one most dreadful throw.     

CHAP. XXIX. Of their war, &c.  
A Quène. Peace. Nanoúeshin, & Awêpu. A peaceable calm; for Awempu signifies a calm. Chépewess, & Mishittâshin. A Northern storm of war, as they wittily speak, and which England now woefully feels, until the Lord Jesus chide the winds, and rebuke the raging seas.  
Nummusquântum. I am angry. Tawhitch musquawnaméan? Why are you angry? Aquie musquántash. Cease from anger. Chachépissu, nishqûetu. Fierce. Tawhitch chachepiséttit nishquéhet●…it? Why are they fierce? Cummusquáunamuck He is angry with you. Matwaûog. soldiers. Matwaûonck. A Battle. Cnmmusqnaúnamish I am angry with you. Cummusquawname? Are you angry with me? Miskisaûwaw. A quarrelsome fellow. Tawhitch niskqúekean? Why are you so fierce? Ntatakcómmuck qun ewò. He struck me. Nummokókunitch I am robbed. Ncheckéqunnitch.  Mecaûtea. A fighter. Mecâuntitea. Let us fight. Mecaúnteass. Fight with him. Wepè cummécautch. You are a quarreller. Jûhettitea. Let us fight. Jûhetteke. Fight, Which is the word of encouragement which they use when they animate each other in war; for they use their tongues in stead of drums and trumpets.  
Awaún necáwni aum piasha? Who drew the first bow, or shot the first shot? Nippakétatunck. He shot first at me. Nummeshannantam Nummayaôntam. I scorn, or take it indignation.  
Obs. This is a common word, not only in war, but in peace also (their spirits in naked bodies being as high and proud as men more gallant) from which sparks of the lusts of pride and passion, begin the flame of their wars.  
Whauwháutowaw ánowat. There is an Alarum. Wopwawnónckquat. An hubbub. Amaumuwaw paudsha. A Messenger is come. Keénomp Muckquomp paûog. captains, or Valiant men. Negonsh●…chick. Leaders. Kuttówonck. A Trumpet. Popowutráhig. A drum.  
Obs Not that they have such of their own making; yet such they have from the French: and I have known a good drum made amongst them in imitation of the English.  
Quaquawtatatteaug They train. Machippog. A Quiver. Caúquat- tash. Arrow, arrows. Onúttug. An half moon in war. Péskcunck. A gun. Saûpuck. Powder. Mátit. Vnloden. Méchimu. laden. Mechimúash. Lode it. Shottash. Shot; A made word from us, though their guns they have from the French, and often sell many a score ●…o the English, when they are a little out of frame or Kelter.  
Pummenúmmin teáuquash. To contribute to the wars. Askwhitteass. Keep watch. Askwhitteâchick. The Guard. Askwhitteaûg. Is ●…s the Guard.  
Obs. I once traveled (in a place concei●…ed dangerous) with a great Prince, and his Queen and Children in company, with a Guard of near two hundred, twenty, or thir●…ie fires were made every night for the Guard 〈◊〉 the Prince and Queen in the midst) and ●…entinells by course, as exact as in Europe; ●…nd when we traveled through a place where ●…mbushes were suspected to lie, a special Guard, like unto a lifeguard, compassed some nearer, some farther of) the King and Queen, myself and some English with me.  
They are very copious and pathetical in O●…ations to the people, to kindle a flame of ●…rath, Valour or revenge from all the Com●…on places which Commanders use to insist ●…n. We●…assu Afraid. Cowésass'. Are you afraid? Tawhitch wesasean? Why fear you? Manowêsass'. I fear none. Kukkushickquock. They fear you. Nosemitteunnck quock They fly from us. Onamatta cowaûta Let us pursue. Nuckqusha. I fear him. Wussémo-wock. He flies, they fly. Npauchippowem I fly for succour. Keesaunname. Save me. Npummuck. I am shot. Chenawaunsu. Churlish. Waumaûsu. Loving. Tawhitch chenawaû scene? Why are you churlish? Aumansk. A Fort. Waukaunòsint.  Cupshitteaûg. They lie in the way. Aumanskitteaung. They fortify. Kekaúmwaw. A scorner or mocker. Nkekaummuck ewò. He scorns me. Aq●…ekekaúmowash. do not scorn.  
Obs. This mocking (between their great ones) is a great kindling of wars amongst them: yet I have known some of their chiefest say, what should I hazard the lives of my precious Subjects, them and theirs to kindle a Fire, which no man knows how far, and how long it will burn, for the barking of a Dog?  
Sekineam. I have no mind to it. Nissékineug He likes not me. Nummánneug. He hates me. Sekinneauhettunock.  Maninnewauhettuock. They hate each other. Nowetompátimmin We are Friends. Wetompâchick. Friends. Nowepinnátimin. We join together. Nowepinnâchick. My Companions in War, or associates. Nowechusettimmin. We are Confederates. Néchuse ewò This is my Associate. Wechusittûock. They join together. Nwéche kokkêwem. I will be mad with him. Chickaunta wêtu. An house fired.  
Once lodging in an Indian house full of people, the whole Company (Women especially) cried out in apprehension that the Enemy had fired the House, being about midnight: The house was fired but not by an Enemy: the men ran up on the house top, and with their naked hands beat out the Fire: One scorched his leg, and suddenly after they came into the house again, undauntedly cut his leg with a knife to let out the burnt blood.  
Yo ánawhone There I am wounded. Missinnege A captain. Nummissinnàm ewo. This is my Captive. Waskeiûhettimmitch. At beginning of the fight. Nickqueintónckquock They come against us. Nickqueintouôog. I will make war upon them. Nippauquanaunog. I will destroy them. Queintavatittea. Let us go against them. Kunnauntatáuhuckqun. He comes to kill you. Paúquana. There is a slaughter. Pequttôog paúquanan. The Pequts are slain. Awaun Wuttúnnene? Who have the Victory. Tashittáwho? How many are slain? Neestáwho. Two are slain? Piuckqunneanna. Ten are slain.  
Obs. Their wars are far less bloody, and devouring then the cruel wars of Europe; and seldom twenty slain in a pitched field: partly because when they fight in a wood every Tree is a Bucklar.  
When they fight in a plain, they fight with leaping and dancing, that seldom an Arrow hits, and when a man is wounded, unless he that shot follows upon the wounded, they soon retire and save the wound●…d: and yet having no Swords, nor ●…uns, all ●…hat are slain are commonly slain with great Valour and Courage: for the conqueror entures into the thickest, and brings away ●…he Head of his Enemy.  
Niss-nissoke. Kill kill. Kunnish I will kill you. Kunnishickqun ewò. He will kill you. Kunnishickquock. They will kill you. ●…iuckissûog. They are stout men. Nickummissunog They are weak. Nnickummaunámaûog. I shall easily vanquish. them. Neene núppamen. I am dying? Cowaúnckamish. Quarter, quarter. Kunnanaumpasúmmish. Mercy, Mercy. Kekuttokaunntá, Let us parley. Aquétuck. Let us cease arms. ●…unnishaūnta. Let us agree. Cowammáunsh. I love you. ●…unnêtu ntá. My heart is true. ●…uppaûntash. Consider what I say. Tuppaunntamoke. do you all consider. Cummequaunum cummittamussussuck ka cummuckiaûg. Remember your Wives, and Children. Eatch kèen anawâyean. Let all be as you say●…. Cowawwunnaûwem. You speak truly. Cowauôntam. You are a wise man Wetompátitea. Let us make Friends.  

General Observations of their wars.  
How dreadful and yet how righteous is it with the most righteous Judge of the whole World, that all the generations of Men being turned Enemies against, and fighting against Him who gives them breath and Being, and all things, (whom yet they cannot reach, should stab, kill, burn, murder and devour each other?  
More Particular.  

The Indians count of Men as Dogs,  
It is no Wonder then:  
They tear out one another's throats!  
But now that English Men,   

That boast themselves God's Children, and  
Members of Christ to be,)  
That they should thus break out in flames.  
Sure 'tis a Mystery!   

The second sea'ld Mystery or red Horse,  
Whose Rider hath power and will, 
Rev. 2. 6.   
To take away Peace from Earthly Men,  
They must Each other kill.     

CHAP. XXX. Of their paintings.  


1. THey paint their Garments, &c.  
2. The men paint their Faces in war.  
3. Both Men and Women for pride, &c.    
Wómpi White. Mówi-súcki. Black. Msqùi. Red. Wesaûi Yellow. Askáski. Greene. Peshauni. blue, &c.  
Obs. Wunnàm their red painting which they most delight in, and is both the bark of the Pine, as also a red Earth.  
Mishquock. Red Earth. Métewis. ●…lack Earth.  
From this M'etewis is an Indian town a day and a halves Journey, or less (West, from the Massachusets) called Metewêmesick.  
Wussuckhòsu. A painted Coat.  
Of this and Wússuckwheke, (the English Letters, which comes nearest to their painting I spoke before in the Chapter of their clothing.  
Aunakêsu. He is painted. Aunakéuck. They are painted. Tawhitch auna kéan? Why do you paint yourself? Chéskhosh. Wipe off. Cummachiteoûwunash kuskeésuckquash. You spoil your Face. Mat pitch cowáhick The God that made you Manit keefiteónckqus will not know you.  

General Observations of their paintings.  
It hath been the foolish custom of all barbarous Nations to paint and figure their Faces and Bodies (as it hath been to our shame and grief. we may remember it of some of our forefathers in this Nation.) How much than are we bound to our most holy Maker for so much knowledge of himself revealed in so much Civility and Piety? and how should we also long and endeavour that América may partake of our mercy:  
More particular:  

Truth is a Native, naked Beauty; but  
Lying Inventions are but Indian Paints,  
Dissembling hearts their beauty's but a lie,  
Truth is the proper Beauty of God's Saints.   

Fowl are the Indians hair and painted Faces,  
More foul such hair, such Face in Israel.  
England so calls herself, yet there's  
Absolom's foul hair and Face of Jesabell.   

Paints will not bide Christ's washing Flames of fire,  
Feigned Inventions will not bide such storms:  
O that we may prevent him, that betimes,  
Repentance tears may wash of all such forms.     

CHAP. XXXI. Of sickness.  
Nummaunchnem I am sick. Mauchinauni. He is sick. Yo Wuttunsin He keeps his Bed. Ac●…ie nummauchnem. I am very sick. Noonshem metesimmin. I cannot eat. Mach ge nummete simmin. I eat nothing. Tocketu●…sinammin? What think you? Pitch nkeeteem? Shall I recover? Niskée●…aqush mauchinaash. My eyes fail me. Ncussawontapam. My head aches. Npummaumpiteunck My Teeth ache. Nchesammattam, Nchesammam. I am in pain.  
Obs. In these cases their Misery appears, that they have not (but what sometimes they get from the English) a raisin or currant or any physic, Fruit or spice, or any Comfort more than their corn and Water, &c. In which bleeding case wanting all means of recovery, or present refreshing I have been constrained to, and beyond my power to refresh them, and I believe to save many of them from Death, who I am confident perish many Millions of them (in that mighty continent) for want of means.  
Nupaqqóntup Kúspissem. Bind my head. Wavaúpunish Life up my head. Nip●…aquontup.  〈◊〉 nséte. My Foot is sore. M●…chàge nickow êmen I sleep not. Nnanotissu. I have a fever. Wame kussopita nohock. My body burns. Ntátupe note, or chickot. I am all on fire. Yo ntéatchin. I shake for Cold. Ntatuppe wunnêpog. I shake as a leaf. Puttuckhumma. Cover me. Paútous nototam min. Reach me the drink.  
Obs. Which is only in all their extremities, a little boiled water, without the addition of crumb or drop of other comfort: O England's mercies, &c.  
Tahaspunâyi? What ails he? Tocketúspanem? What ail you? Tocketuspunnaúmaqun? What hurt hath he done to you? Chassaqúnsin? How long hath he been sick? Nnanowwêteem. I am going to visit.  
Obs. This is all their refreshing, the Visit of Friends, and Neighbours, a poor empry ●…isit and presence, and yet indeed this is very solemn, unless it be in infectious diseases, and then all forsake them and fly, that I have often seen a poor House left alone in the ●…ld Woods, all being fled, the living not able to bury the dead: so terrible is the apprehension of an infectious disease, that not only persons, but the Houses and the whole town takes flight.  
Nummockquese. I have a swelling. Mocquesui He is swelled. Wame wuhòck▪ Mockqu●…sui. All his body is swelled. Mamaskishaûi. He hath the Pox. Mamaskishaûonck. The Pox. Mamaskishaûmitch. The last pox. Wesavashaûi. He hath the plague. Wesavashaûonck. The plague. Wesavashaùmitch. The great plague.  
Obs. Were it not that they live in sweet air, and remove persons and Houses from the infected, in ordinary course of subordinate Causes, would few or any be left alive, and surviving.  
Nmunnadtommin. I vomit Nqunnuckquus. I am lame. N●…psa. I am d●…afe. Npóckunnum. I am blind. Npockquanámmen. My disease is I know not what. Pésuponck. An hothouse. Npesuppaûman. I go to sweat. Pesuppaûog. They are sweating.  
Obs. This hothouse is a kind of little Cell or Cave, six or eight foot over, round, made on the side of a hill (commonly by some Rivulet or brook) into this frequently the men enter after they have exceedingly heated it with store of wood, laid upon an heap of stones in the middle. When they have taken out the fire, the stones keep still a great heat: Ten, twelve, twenty more or less, enter at once stark naked, leaving their coats small breeches (or aprons) at the door, with one to keep all: here do they sit round these hot stones an hour or more, taking Tobacco, discoursing, and sweating together; which sweating they use for two ends: First, to cleanse their skin: Secondly, to purge their bodies, which doubtless is a great means of preserving them, and recovering them from diseases, especially from the French disease, which by sweating and some potions, they perfectly and speedily cure: wh●…n they come forth (which is matter of admiration) I have seen them run (Summer and ●…inter) into the B●…ooks to cool them, without the least hurt.  
M●… qu●…eash. The veins. Msq●…, neépuck. Blood Nsau●… paushaumen. I have th●… bloody Flixe. Matux 〈◊〉 auwaw. ●…e cannot go to stool. Poww●…w. Their Priest. Maunêtu. A Con urer. Powwaw nippétea. The priest is curing him. Yo Wutteantawaw. He is acting his ●…ure.  
Obs. These Priests and onjurers (like Simon 〈◊〉) do bewitch the people, and not only take their Money, but do most certainly (by the help of the devil) work great Cures though most certain it is that the greatest part of their Priests do merely abuse them and get their Money, in the times of their sickness and to my knowledge, long for sick times: and to that end the poor people store up Money, and spend both Money and goods on the Powwâws, or Priests in these times, the poor people commonly die under their hands, for alas, they administer nothing but howl and roar, and hollow over them, and begin the song to the rest of the People about them, who all join (like a choir) in Prayer to their Gods for them. Maskit ponamiin. Give me a Plais●…er. Maskit Give me some physic Cotatámhea. drink.  
Both which they earnestly desire of the English, and do frequently send to myself, and others for, (having experimentally found some Mercy of that kind (through God's blessing) from us.  
Nickeetem. I am recovered. Kitummayi nick êekon. I am ju●… now recovered.  

General Observation of their sickness.  
It pleaseth the most righteous, and y●…t patient God to warn and summon, to try and arraign the universal race of Adam's sons (commonly) upon Beds of sickness before he proceed to execution of Death and Judgement: Blessed those souls which prevent Judgement, Death and sickness to, and before the evil days come, arraign, and Judge themselves and being sick for Love to Christ, find him or seek him in his Ordinances below, and get unfeigned Assurance of Fternall enjoyment of Him, when they are here no more.  
More particular:  

One step twixed Me and Death, ('twas David's speech,)  
And true of sick Folks all:  
Man's leaf it fades, his Clay house cracks;  
Before its dreadful Fall.   

Like grasshopper the Indian leaps,  
Till blasts of sickness rise:  
Nor soul nor Body physic hath,  
Than soul and Body dies.   

O happy English who for both,  
Have precious physics store:  
How should (when Christ hath both refreshed,  
Thy Love and zeal be more?     

CHAP. XXXII. Of Death and burial, &c.  
As Pummissin. He is not yet departed. Neene. He is drawing on. Pausawut kitonckquêwa. He cannot live long. Chachéwunnea. He is near dead. Kitonckquêi. he is dead. Nipwi mâw. He is gone. Kakitonckquêban. They are dead and gone. Sequttôi. He is in black, That is, He hath some dead in his house (whether wife or child &c.) for although at the first being sick, all the Women and maids black their faces with soot and other blackings; yet upon the death of the sick, the father, or husband, and all his neighbours, the Men also (as the English wear black mourning clothes) wear black Faces, and lay on soot very thick, which I have often seen clotted with their tears.  
This blacking and lamenting they observe in most doleful manner, divers weeks and months; yea, a year, if the person be great and public.  
Sequt. soot. Michemeshâwi. He is gone for ever. Mat wònck kunnawmòne. You shall never see him more. Wunnowaúntam Wullóasin. Grieved and in bitterness. Nnowántam, ●…lôasin. I am grieved for you.  
Obs. As they abound in lamentations for the dead, so they abound in consolation to the living and visit them frequently, using this word Kutchimmoke, Kutchimmoke▪ Be of good cheer which they express by stroking the cheek and head of the father or mother, husband or wife of the dead.  
C●…epassotam. The dead Sachim. Mauchaúhom. The dead man. Mauchauhomwock Chepeck. The dead. Chepa●…quaw. A dead woman. Yo a papan. He that was here. Sachimaupan. He that was Prince here.  
Obs. These expressions they use, because, they abhor to mention the dead by name, and therefore, if any man bear the name of the dead he changeth his name and if any stranger accidentally name him, he is checked, and if any wilfully name him he is fined; and and amongst States, the naming of their dead Sachim's, is one ground of their wars; so terrible is the King of Terrors, Death, to all natural men.  
Aquie mishash aquic mishómmokc. D●…e not name. Cowewênaki. You wrong me, to wit, in naming my dead. Posakunnamun. To bury. Aukùck pónamun. To lay in the earth. Wesquaubenan. To wrap up, in winding mats or coats, as we say, winding sheets.  
〈◊〉, One of chiefest esteem, who winds up and buries the dead commonly some wise, grave, and well descended man hath that office.  
When they come to the Grave, they lay the dead by the Grave's mouth and then all sit down and lament; that I have seen tears run down the cheeks of stoutest captains, as well as little children in abundance: and after the dead is laid in Grave, and sometimes (in some parts) some goods cast in with them, They have then a second great lamentation, and upon the Grave is spread the Mat that the party died on the Dish he eat in; and sometimes a fair Coat of skin hung upon the next tree to the Grave, which none will touch, ●…ut suffer it there to rot with the dead: Yea, I saw with mine own eyes that at my late coming forth of the country, the chief and most aged peaceable Father of the country, Caunounnicus, having buried his son, he burned his own Palace, and all his goods in it, (amongst them to a great value) in a solemn remembrance of his son, and in a kind of humble Expiation to the Gods, who (as they believe) had taken his son from him.  

The general Observation of their Dead.  
O●… how terrible is the look the speedy and serious thought of death to all the sons of men? Thrice happy those who are dead and risen with the son of God, for they are past from death to life, and shall not see death (a heavenly sweet Paradox or riddle) as the Son of God hath promised them.  
More particular:  

The Indians say their bodies die,  
Their souls they do not die;  
Worse are then Indians such, as hold  
The soul's mortality.   

Our hopeless body rots, say they,  
Is gone eternally,  
English hope better, yet some's hope  
Proves endless misery.   

Two Worlds of men shall rise and stand  
'Fore Christ's most dreadful bar;  
Indians, and English naked too,  
That now most gallant are.   

True Christ most Glorious then shall make  
New Earth, and Heavens New;  
False Christ's, false Christians then shall quake,  
O blessed then the True.   
Now, to the most High and most Holy, immortal, Invisible, and only Wise God, who alone is Alpha and Omega, the Beginning and the Ending, the First and the Last, who Was and Is, and is to Come; from Whom, by Whom, and to Whom are all things; by Whose gracious assistance and wonderful supportment in so many varieties of hardship and outward miseries, I have had such converse with Barbarous Nations, and have been mercifully assisted, to frame this poor KEY, which may, (through His Blessing) in His own holy season) open a door; yea, Doors of unkowne Mercies to Us and Them, be Honour, Glory, Power, Riches, wisdom, goodness and Dominion ascribed by all His 〈◊〉 Jesus Christ to Eternity, Amen.    
FINIS.  

The TABLE.  
CHAP. Page.. I. OF Salutation. 1 II. Of Eating and Entertainment. 10 III. Of sleep. 17 IV. Of their Numbers. ●…2 V. Of Relations of Consanguinity, &c. 27 VI. Of House, Family, &c. 31 VII. Of Parts of Body. 48 VIII. Of Discourse and news. 54 ix.. Of Time of the day. 62 X. Of Seasons of the year. 65 XI. Of travel. 68 XII. Of the heavenly Lights. 79 XIII. Of the Weather. 82 XIV. Of the Winds. 85 XV. Of fowl. 88 XVI. Of the Earth and Fruits thereof. 92 XVII. Of Beasts and cattle. 104 XVIII. Of the Sea. 108 XIX. Of Fish and Fishing. 113 XX. Of their nakedness and Clothing. 110 XXI. Of their Religion, soul, &c. 114 XXII. Of their Government. 132 XXIII. Of their Marriages. 138 XXIV. Of their coin. 144 XXV. Of their Trading. 151 XXVI Of their Debts and Trusting. 159 XXVII. Of their Hunting 163 XXVIII. Of their Sports and Gaming. 169 XXIX. Of their wars. 174 XXX. Of their Paintings. 183 XXXI. Of their sickness. 185 XXXII: Of their Death and burial: 192  
I have further treated of these Natives of New-England, and that great point of their Conversion in a little additional Discourse apart from this.   

I Have read over these thirty Chapters of the American Language, to me wholly unknown, and the Observations, these I conceive inoffensive; and that the work may conduce to the happy end intended by the Author.  
IO. LANGLEY. Printed according to this Licence; and entered into stationer's Hall.