¶ A REGIMENT for the Sea: Containing most profitable Rules, Mathematical experiences, and perfect knowledge of Navigation, for all Coasts and Countries: most needful and necessary for all Seafaring men and travelers, as Pilots, Mariners, Merchants. etc. Exactly devised and made by William Bourne. ¶ Imprinted at London by Thomas Hacket, and are to be sold at his shop in the Royal Exchange, at the Sign of the Green Dragon. ¶ TO THE RIGHT Honourable, Edward Earl of Lincoln, Baron of Clinton and Say, Knight of the Noble order of the Garter, Lord high Admiral of England, Ireland, and Wales, and of the Dominions and Isles thereof, of the Town of Calais, and Marches of the same, Normandy, Gascoigne and Guyone, and Captain general of the Queen's majesties Seas and Navy Royal: William Bourne wisheth increase of honour in perfect health. Right honourable and my singular good Lord and Master, when I had often repeated and called to my remembrance the opinion and sayings of the sage and ancient Writers, that one man should be an instructor to an other, by seeking and pains taking to do them good: so at sundry times have I studied and devised with myself what thing to take in ●●nde that might most profit my friends, and my 〈◊〉 country: and at the length it came unto my remembrance how necessary a thing it was for Seafaring men to have some good instructions, whereupon I have written this base and simple Regiment for the Sea, and Rules of Navigation, for that I know it to be so needful and necessary for all sorts of Sea men. Therefore at sundry times as I have had leisure, I have compiled and written this base and simple work, calling to remembrance the saying of Pliny, who thought all that time lost which he did not bestow at his book: I being of all other most simple, yet notwithstanding this enterprise have I taken in hand, to publish this simple book unto all men. And for that, all my labours be due unto your Honourable Lordship, according to my bounden duty I prefer it unto your Honour, hoping that your Lordship will vouchsafe to take it in good part, and to receive this barbarous work, more to take it as my good will (whiches is to offer things of much more excellency) than the fineness of the work, for that it is but simple. AÂnd so shall I not only be satisfied, but also further encouraged heereafeer to travel, according to the simple gift and talon that God hath given unto me: for that it is not altogether gathered out of other books, but that the greatest part is devised and practised by me. Therefore I trust my labours (such as they be) shall not hinder the cunning and learned sort, but further the late beginners that are as yet not well instructed. And thus I cease to trouble your honourable Lordship any longer, desiring you to take this simple thing in good part, as a true token and sign of my good will, beseeching God of his grace to prospero your Lordship in honour and virtue, with perfect health. Amen. By your honours poor servant William Bourne. ❧ The Preface to the Reader. IN my opinion (gentle Reader) which also is the saying and writing of all the Philosophers, those things are most principally to be taught and maintained, which in the common wealth are most profitable and necessary. Then may I boldly say (without just cause of reproof) and affirm, that Navigation is not the lest but one of the principal matters to be known, as this time doth require: Considering the state and situation of our country, for that we be environed round about with the Sea, so that we neither can go out of our country, neither they that are of other countries can come at us, but only by Sea. These things (I say) considered, what can there be more necessary to be taught in our common wealth than Navigation, considering also what Navigation is: as Navigation is how to direct one's course upon or thorough the sea, where he findeth no path to any place assigned, and how to attain the port or place appointed in shortest time, how also to preserve the ship and goods in all common disturbances, as storms, dangers by the way, and such other like etc. Moreover and beside that, it is not unknown how necessary Navigation is, both for the transportation of our commodities, to found vent for them in other countries (whereby no small numbered of people is set a work in England) and also the bringing of other commodities (that we have need of) unto us, by which means the Queen's Majesty receiveth no small benefit for her customs. etc. And furthermore, for that Navigation is the chief force and strength of our country, which whether it be true I refer to the judgement of all men, and although I be but simple (gentle Reader) & a great number of excellent learned men in the Mathematical Science have written diverse books of cosmography and Navigation, yet notwithstanding I have written this Regiment for the Sea with a few rules of Navigation, as it were a nosegay whose flowers are of mine own gathering. And albeit the learned sort of Seafaring men have no need of this book, yet am I assured that it is a necessary book for the simplest sort of Seafaring men: for that they shall find here the names of the circles in the sphere, with the names of diverse things meet for Navigation, together with their uses, which the most part of Sea men do mistake or miss call: neither do they know the use of them being yet most necessary for them that use Navigation, in which also there is a table of declination calculated for .4. years, (that is to say, for the year of our Lord .1573. the first after Bissextilis, the year .1574. being the second year, & the year .1575. which is the third year, with the year .1576. which is the year of Bissextilis or leap year itself) which the Sea men do call a Regiment, and will serve for .24. year without any great error: and is exactly calculated for the Longitude of London for the instant time of noon, and will serve all Europe and Africa, near unto the coast of America without much error, saving in February, March or September, whilst the sun hath swift declination. But in june and December it will serve all the world over: because the sun hath but slow declination, etc. And also there be other necessary rules of Navigation to know how to handle the suns declination, to know the altitude of either of the .2 Poles, (as the contents of the book do show) with other necessary things meet to be known in Navigation, and not mentioned in the book of Martin Curtise called the Art of Navigation. Neither do I mean to writ of any thing mentioned in that book: for that it is there sufficiently declared already. And thus (gentle Readers) I desire you to bear with my rudeness, that I should take upon me to open any science, for that I am utterly unlearned, and without help of any learned persons, desiring you not to conceive any evil opinion of me, but to take it as my good will, minding to profit my native Country as much as lieth in me. Notwithstanding it is possible that some people will be offended with me, that I should writ this simple Treatise, but then I consider again, and know, that virtue lacketh no enemies and defacers, and vice lacketh no friends and maintainers, so that knowledge lacketh no contempt, neither ignorance lacketh furtherance, & especially among all people there is none more ready to contemn, than the ignorant sort: for ignorance is the father of all errors and the mother of contention. And thus I draw to end, desiring you to take this simple work in good part, being willing to pleasure my native country according to the simple talon that God hath given me And whereas you find any error I pray you let me gently understand, for I think not that I cause circumspectly work but I may be deceived, for man cannot be so precise but he may err, and I have seldom heard of any the best Authors but he hath erred in some point: therefore in those things that he knoweth not of himself he must needs follow his Author, and if his Author do err he must needs fall into that error that his Author doth. And furthermore, a numbered of people there be that devise nothing else but lies and slanders, yea, and those which cannot attain to any thing themselves, do hate all those that be not ignorant as they themselves be: for the corrupt nature of man is such, that it is a corsie to their hearts that any should be commended before themselves, for generally amongst all people of the earth (which is innumerable) every several person thinketh himself most worthy, imagining themselves to have no fellows: such is the Devil in the heart of man, pampering man's heart so with pride to think he hath no fellow, whereas man of himself is not able to do any good thing, not not to think one good thought, but by the only might and providence of almighty God, therefore of ourselves we can do nothing that is good. And thus gentle Reader I make an end. If this simple and barbarous thing be taken in good part, then look for other of my works shortly, and bear him good will that studieth for the benefit of his native country, desiring God of his grace, that I and you may do that thing that may be to the laud, praise and glory of God, to our commodity and soul's health, to the profit of our brethren, and the common wealth of this our realm. Thus I betake you to Almighty God the creator of all things, praying him that both I & you may after this life rest in the kingdom of heaven, with Abraham, Isaac and jacob, there to remain world without end. Amen. I H. In commendation of the Book. WHo so thou art that mindst to pass the seas, By Compass, Card, the Sun, or starry sky, Mark well this work, and gain thereby such ease, As shall attain thee profit great perdie, Such rules hath Bourne directed to thine eye, That even by them, if sailings art were gone, Thou mightst by these direct thy course alone. T. H. In praise of the Author. WHo travels Country's gain is worthy of great praise: as those that were before our time & y in sundry ways. Whose acts do so excel, they pierce the lofty skies that in good arts for common weal, both wit & will applies For those that were tofore, have been advanced by fame, by due desert, by doing well, have merited the same. As Author's old can tell, who list in them to read who were inventors of the same which daily now proceed In rule of public weal, our jove it first began and placed it here in all estates, for the behoof of man. So now thou Seamen eke, that spredst abroad thy sail be thankful for thy Author here, which is for thy avail. Whose travail and whose toil is thy behoof and gain, if thou dost reap what he did sow, it quiteth well his pain, And thankfulness is due, to every living wight, and doth pertain to every man, but yet to God by right. To whom be praise for evermore, which ruleth globe & sphere, who grant us grace to do his will, while we be living here. FINIS. A. R. To the Author. WHy dost thou Bourne thyself hold back not doing what thou shouldst? Me thinks I hear thee Answer make that if thou dared thou wouldst. Whereof art thou afraid? tell forth to me thy doubtful case: To utter truth no man there is that one's will hide his face. Perhaps thou fearest the scoffing kin● of Momus darlings dear, Perhaps again thou stand'st in doubt, and art now dashed with fear. To see these shaking quaking reeds that bend with every blast, Look frowning on this book, in which great pain bestowed thou hast. Why did not then Demosthenes his works hide out of sight? Why did not Tully stay his pen, when he began to writ? If taunting tongue of Momus then had been so rife as now Thou thinkest perchance they would have fear● the same as well as thou. Not sure thou art deceyud: there were as many lightbraynes then, As there be now in these our days to carp at painful pen. But Country's profit lo it was that caused them to writ, And praise of good men did provoke their works to come to light. And hast not thou spent all the time of writing this thy book For country's sake, to profit all that will vouchsafe to look Thereon? behold what praise he reaped that ship did first invent: It cannot be but they which read perceive shall thine intent. Can any deem amiss of thee that use of ship hast told, When ships inventor gained hath such praises manifold? Dost thou not know invention what of it may be thought, When use and safeguard of the same there is none knoweth aught? The Proverb saith, a thing that is to big to gripe in hand, Can not be holden longer than the siefe can hold the sand. In book it cannot be denied but thou hast taken pain To set forth plain the use of sail for Country's common gain. Although I know how odious comparisons be still, Be sure examples take thou mayst and use them at thy william. Sith therefore thou example hast of famous memory, Demonsthenes and Tully eke extolled unto the sky, Wh ' excelling far all other men in Greek and Latin phrase Were subject yet to sycophants and under Momus blaze. Thou hast beside all this, the truth by practice truly tried, Whereby if any kick at thee they may be soon espied. Of good men I dare boldly say that good will thou shalt have, For evil of thee they none will speak, and praise thou dost not crave. Therefore I wish thee nought to fear the force that tongues can bend But still the work thou hast begun to bring to perfect end. FINIS. The Calendar. january hath xxxj days. 3 1 A New Year's day. 2 b Octa. Stepha. 11 3 c Octa. john. 4 d Octa. Inno. 19 5 e Thelosopho. vi. 8 6 f Twelfth day. 7 g julian mart. 16 8 A Severine bish. 5 9 b Martian Virg. 10 c Paul first ●er. 13 11 d Sun in Aquari. 2 12 e Satire Mar. 13 f Oct. Epiphani. 10 14 g Isidore martyr. 15 A Maurice. 18 16 b Anthony Abbot. 7 17 c Marcelle bish. 18 d Prisce Virg. 15 19 e Mari. and his fel. 4 20 f Fabian and Sa. 21 g Agnus virg. 12 22 A Vincent mar. 1 23 b Emerice. 24 c Timothy disci. 9 25 d Con. of Paul. 26 e Policarp. mart. 17 27 f Chrysost. Doct. 6 28 g Theodore. 29 A Valerie bish. 14 30 b Tran. S. Mark. 3 31 c Ciri. and jan. February hath xxviij days, and in the year of Bissextilis xxix days. 1 d Bridget. Fast. 11 2 e Purific. of Mary. 19 3 f Blaze mart. 8 4 g Gilbert confess. 5 A Agathe virgin. 16 6 b Dorothy virgin. 5 7 c Amandus bish. 8 d Solomon. 13 9 e Sun in Pisces. 2 10 f Sother bishop. 11 g 10 12 A Eufrase virgin. 13 b Valentine bishop. 18 14 c Faustine bishop. 7 15 d julian virg. 16 e Constance virgin. 15 17 f Simeon martyr. 4 18 g Gabine Priest. 9 A 12 20 b 60. Martyrs. 1 21 c 70. Martyrs. 22 d Peter'S chair. 9 23 e Sirener. Fast. 24 f Mathie Apostle. 17 25 g Policar. bishop. 6 26 A Victor and his fel. 27 b Augustine bishop. 14 28 c Oswald bishop. March hath xxxj days. 3 1 d David bishop. 2 e Basilic mart. 11 3 f Maxim mart. 4 g Lucius mart. 19 5 A Focius mart. 8 6 b Vict. and Venin. 7 c Tho. de Aquin. 16 8 d Apoline mart. 5 9 e 40. Martyrs. ●0 f Gregory bishop. 13 11 g Sun in Aries. 2 12 A Zacharie bish. 13 b Longine mart. 10 14 c Patricius bish. 15 d Gertrude vir. 18 16 e Anselme. 7 17 f Edward king. 18 g joseph. spon. 15 19 A Cuthbert bishop. 4 20 b Benedict. Ab. 21 c Astrodose bishop. 12 22 d Pigment bish. 1 23 e Theodore. 24 f Fast. 9 25 g Annun of Mary. 26 A Castore mart. 17 27 b john Heremi. 6 28 c Dorothy mart. 29 d Eustace. 14 30 e Sabine vir. 3 31 f Balbine vir. April hath xxx days. 1 g Theodore virg. 11 2 A Mary Egypti. 19 3 b Richard bish. 8 4 c Ambrose bish. 5 d Marci and Ma. 16 6 e Sextus mart. 5 7 f Euphemi vir. 8 g Device mart. 13 9 A Perpetuns bish. 2 10 b Marcus mart. 11 c Sun in Taurus. 10 12 d Appoline mart. 13 e Sother martyr. 18 14 f Tyburt mart. 7 15 g Osmond bishop. 16 A Isidore bishop. 15 17 b Anicete bishop. 4 18 c Eluther bishop. 19 d Tiburtius con. 12 20 e Herm●genes. 1 21 f Quintine. 22 g Clete bishop. 9 23 A Gorge mart. 24 b Wilfride cen. 17 25 c Mark evan. 6 26 d Anastate bish. 27 e Vitalis mart. 14 28 f Peter of Mi. 3 29 g Clete bishop. 30 A Dep. of Erker. May hath xxxj days. 11 1 b Philip and jacob. 2 c Athanasius bish. 19 3 d Inu. of the cross. 8 4 e Christopher. 5 f S. Augustine. 16 6 g john port lat. 5 7 A john of Bever. 8 b Appe. of Mich. 13 9 c Trans. of Ni. 2 10 d Gordiane. 11 e Sun in Gemini. 10 12 f Victorius mart. 13 g Seruacius conf. 18 14 A Boniface mart. 7 15 b Sophia virgin. 16 c Brandon bishop. 15 17 d Trans. of Bar. 4 18 e Dioscor. mart. 19 f 12 20 g Dunstan con. 1 21 A Barnardine. 22 b Helen queen. 9 23 c Petronill. 24 d julian virg. 17 25 e Desiderie mart. 6 26 f Adelme conf. 27 g 14 28 A German bish. 3 29 b Necomede. 30 c Corone martyr. 11 31 d Felix bishop. june hath thirty. days. 19 1 e Nicodeme. 8 2 f Erasmus. 3 g Basill. 16 4 A Marcel. martyr. 5 5 b Petrocius con. 6 c Boniface bish. 13 7 d Medard and Gil. 2 8 e Trans. Edmond. 9 f Yuan conf. 10 10 g Tran. of Wol 11 A Barnaby Apo. 18 12 b Sun in Taurus. 7 13 c Anthony conf. 14 d Basilides conf. 15 15 e Vate modest. 4 16 f Trans. Richar. 17 g botulph conf. 12 18 A Exuperie bish. 1 19 b Geruasius mar. 20 c Trans. Edwar. 9 21 d Walburge virg. 22 e Alban mart. 17 23 f Fast. 6 24 g john baptist. 25 A Trans. of Elig. 14 26 b john and Pa. 3 27 c Crescent mart. 28 d Fast. 11 29 e Peter and Paul. 30 f july hath xxxj days. 19 1 g Octa. john Bap. 8 2 A Visit. of Mary. 3 b Gregerie bishop. 16 4 c Domitius mart. 5 5 d Parthene con. 6 e Procope mart. 13 7 f Zenone mart. 2 8 g Paternian Bish. 9 A Pius bishop. 10 10 b Dog days be. 11 c Hex●aco. sor. 18 12 d Anaclete. bishop. 7 13 e Quirine and Iu. 14 f Sun in Le●. 15 15 g Marine Vir. 4 16 A Symph. cum. 7. 17 b Arlene herem. 12 18 c Praxede vir. 1 19 d Margar. vir. 20 e Praxede vir. 9 21 f Appoline bishop. 22 g Mary Magda. 17 23 A Christian. 6 24 b Fast. 25 t james Apostle. 14 26 d Anne more. of Ma. 3 27 e Panthaleon. 28 f Samson bish. 11 29 g Marie virgin. 30 A Abbon and Sen. 19 31 b German bishop. August hath xxxj days. 8 1 c Lammas. 16 2 d Steven bishop. 5 3 e Finding of Ste. 4 f justine Priest. 13 5 g Festum nivis. 2 6 A Trans. domi. 7 b Feast of jesus. 10 8 c Cirack. & his fel. 9 d Roman mart. 18 10 e Laurence mart. 7 11 f Tiburt and Su. 12 g Clare virgin. 15 13 A Ypolite virgin. 4 14 b Sun in Virgo. 15 c Assump. of Mary. 12 16 d Roche confess. 1 17 e Octa. Laurence. 18 f Agapite mart. 9 19 g Lewes bishop. 20 A Dog days end. 17 21 b Anastase mart. 6 22 c Timo. and Hip. 23 d Eleazor. Fast. 14 24 e Barthol. Apostle. 3 25 f Lewes king. 26 g Zepherine bish. 11 27 A Rusus mar. 19 28 b Augustine bish. 29 c johns behead. 8 30 d Felix and Audact. 31 e Cuthbur virg. September hath xxx days. 16 1 f Giles Abbot. 5 2 g Anthony mart. 3 A Eupheme. 13 4 b Moses Pro. 2 5 c Venturine. 6 d Zacharie pro. 10 7 e Enurce bishop. 8 f Nativity of Ma. 18 9 g Gorgone mart. 7 10 A Nicholas de Tol. 11 b Protece and Hi. 15 12 c Sire bishop. 4 13 d Philip bishop. 14 e Sun in Libra. 12 15 f Ni●omede priest. 1 16 g Edith vir. 17 A Lambart bishop. 9 18 b Victor and Coro. 19 c Eustace. 17 20 d Fast. 6 21 e Matthew Apostle. 22 f Maurice. 14 23 g Line Mart. 3 24 A Germane Abbot. 25 b Cleophin and Ap. 11 26 c Cyprian and Iu. 19 27 d Cosme and Da. 28 e Exupere bishop. 8 29 f Michael arch. 30 g Hierome doct. October hath xxxj. days. 16 1 A Remigius by. 5 2 b Leodegare mar. 13 3 c Candid mar. ● 4 d Francis mart. 5 e Faith virgin 10 6 f Gerionis. 7 g Marce and Mar. 18 8 A Apolinaris mar. 7 9 b Pelagi virgin. 10 c Linus conf. 15 11 d Denice & his fe. 4 12 e Nichasius bish. 13 f Wilfride bish. 12 14 g Sun in Scorpio. 1 15 A Calixt bishop. 16 b Wolfran. bish. 9 17 c Micha. of the more. 18 d Luke Euange. 17 19 e Etheldred virg. 6 20 f Frideswide vir. 21 g Austrebert virg. 14 22 A xi. M. virgins. 3 23 b Mary Salome. 24 c Roman bishop. 11 25 d Maglore bish. 26 e Crispi and Cris. 19 27 f Fast. 8 28 g Simon and jude. 29 A Narcissus bish. 16 30 ● German conf. 5 31 c Fast. November hath xxx days. 1 f All Saints. 13 2 g All Souls. 2 3 A Winifred virg. 4 b Amantius. 10 5 c let priest. 6 d Leonard. 18 7 e Wilbrode. 7 8 f Four crowned. 9 g Theodore. 15 10 A Maxim. 4 11 b Martin bishop. 12 c Brise bishop. 12 13 d Sun in Sagit. 1 14 e Tran. Erkenw. 15 f Macute bishop. 9 16 g Dep. of Edmond. 17 A Ini. reg. Eliza. 17 18 b Octa. Martin. 6 19 e Elizabeth mart. 20 d Edmond king. 14 21 e Pres. of Mary. 3 22 f Ciceli virgin. 23 g Clement mart. 11 24 A Grisogon mart. 19 25 b Katherine virgin. 26 c Line mart. 8 27 d Vitales conf. 28 e Rufus mart. 16 29 d Saturni. Fast. 5 30 e Andrew Apostle. December hath xxxj. days. 1 f Elegi bishop. 13 2 g Liban mart. 2 3 A Dep. of Osmo. 4 b Barbara virg. 10 5 c Sabba bishop. 6 d Nicholas bish. 18 7 e Octa. Andrew. 7 8 f Con. of Mary. 9 g Cyprian bish. 15 10 A Eulalie vir. 4 11 b Antippe. 12 c Damase con. 12 13 d Sun in Capricor. 1 14 e Nicasius vir. 15 f Otholie vir. 9 16 g O Sapientia. 17 A Lazarus con. 17 18 b Gracian bish. 6 19 c Venetia vir. 20 d Fast. 14 21 e Thomas Apost. 3 22 f thirty. Martyrs. 23 g Victor virg. 11 24 A Fast. 19 25 b Christmas day. 26 c Stephen mart. 8 27 d john evang. 28 e Innocents day. 16 29 f 5 30 g Tran. of jame. 13 31 A Silvester mart. A Table or Calendar for .30. year, showing the Prime, the Sundays letter, and Leap year, and the movable Feasts, as the first Sunday in Lent, and Easter day, Ascension day, and Whitsonday. The Year of our Lord. The prime. Dominical letter, Fist sunday in Lent. Easter day. Ascension day. Whitsonday. 1574. 17 c 28. Febr. 11. April. 20. May. 30. May. 1575. 18 b 20. Febr. 3. April. 12. May. 22. May 1576 19 Agnostus 11. March. 22. April 31. May. 10. june 1577 1 f 24. Febr. 7. April 16. May 26. May 1578 2 e 16. Febr. 30. Mar. 8. May 18. May 1579 3 d 8. March. 19 April 28. May 7. june 1580 4 c b 20. Febr. 3. April 12. May 22. May 1581. 5 A 12 Febr. 26. Mar. 4. May 14. May 1582 6 g 4. March. 15. April 24. May 3. june 1583 7 f 17. Febr. 31. Mar. 9 May 19 May 1584. 8 e d 8. March. 19 April 28. May 7. june 1585. 9 c 28. Febr. 11. April 20. May 30. May 1586 10 b 20. Febr. 3. April. 12. May 22. May 1587. 11 A 5. March. 16. April 25. May 4. june 1588. 12 g f 24. Febr. 7. April 16. May 26. May 1589 13 e 16. Febr. 30. Mar. 8. May 18. May 1590. 14 d 8. March. 19 April 28. May 7. june 1591. 15 c 21. Febr. 4. April 13. May 23. May 1592. 16 b A 12. Febr. 26. Mar. 4. May 14. May 1593. 17 g 4. March. 15. April 24. May 3. june 1594 18 f 17. Febr. 31. Mar. 9 May 19 May 1595 19 e 9 March 20. April 29. May 8. june 1596 1 d c 28. Febr. 11. April 20 May 30. May 1597 2 b 13. Febr. 27. Mar. 4. May 15. May 1598. 3 A 5. March 16. April 25. May 4. june 1599 4 g 25. Febr. 8. April 17. May 27. May 1600 5 f e 9 Febr. 23. Mar. 1. May 11. May 1601 6 d 1. March 12. April 21. May 31. May 1602 7 c 21. Febr. 4. April 13. May 23. May 1603 8 b 13. March. 24. April 2. june. 12. june. FOr that the common people do fall into such a numbered of errors as touching the length of the day, holding an opinion that in every .15. days, the day is an hour longer or shorter, the truth is this: the day doth keep no such proportion in the lengthening and shorting, but doth length and short according unto the swiftness and the slowness of the suns declination, for when the Sun hath swift declination, then doth the day lengthen and shorten apace: and when that the Declination is slow, then doth the day lengthen or shorten but slowly. And yet the most part of the common people do hold an opinion, that at Christmas or else at New years day at the furthest the day must needs be an hour longer, & yet the Sun hath not declined or come towards the Equinoctial .2. degrees and a half, which will not make half an hour in the length of the day. Wherefore I do think it good to declare thorough the whole year when the day is an hour longer or shorter here in this place for the Latitude or height of the pole Arctic at London, the Pole being raised .51. degrees and .32. minutes, or .34. minutes: and our longest Summer day is .16. hours and a half, and our shortest winter day is .7. hours and a half from the rising of the Sun unto the setting of the Sun: and first this, the shortest winter day is the .11. or .12. day of December, and then the Sun riseth a quarter of an hour after .8. and setteth a quarter of an hour before .4. of the clock, and then the Sun hath his greatest declination unto the southwards. And then the .29. day of December the day is a quarter of an hour longer, then riseth the Sun at .8. of the clock and sets at .4. And then the 17. or .18 of januarie the day is an hour longer and not before, for the Sun must be declined from her Solstick of winter .5. degrees and .12. minutes before the day is lengthened an hour, so that I do affirm, that from the .4. or .5. day of November, unto the .17. or .18. day of january, in all that time the day is but one hour shorter and longer, which is the time of 10. weeks. And then the .27. or .28. of januarie the night is ●5. hours long, then riseth the Sun half an hour after .7. and setteth half an hour after four of the clock. And then the .11. or .12. day of February the day is .10. hours long, then riseth the Sun at .7. and setteth at .5. of the clock. And then the .26. day of February the day is .11. hours long, then riseth the Sun half an hour after .6. and setteth half an hour after .5. of the clock. And then the .11▪ day of March the sun is upon the Equinoctial and the day just .12. hours long all the world over. And then the .24. day of March the day is .13. hours long, and then riseth the Sun half an hour before 6. and setteth half an hour after .6. of the clock. And then the .7. day of April the day is .14. hours long, and then riseth the Sun at .5. of the clock just, and setteth at .7. of the clock just. And then the .23. day of April the day is .15. hours long, and there riseth the Sun half an hour before .5. and setteth half an hour after .7. of the clock. And then the .15. day of may the day is .16. hours long, then riseth the Sun at .4. of the clock and setteth at .8. of the clock just. And then the .11. of june the Sun hath her greatest declination to the Northward, and then is our longest Summer days, and then it is .16. hours and a half from the Sun rising unto the Sun setting, so that the Sun riseth a quarter of an hour before .4. and setteth a quarter of an hour after eight of the clock. And then the .10. day of julie the day is .16. hours long, then riseth the sun at .4. and setteth at .8. of the clock. And then the last of july the day is .15. hours long. And then the .16. day of August the day is .14. hours long. And then the last day of August the day is .13. hours long. And then the .13. or .14. of September the sun is upon the Equinoctial, and the day just .12. hours long. And then the .27. day of September the day is .11. hours long. And then the 11. of October the day is .10. hours long. And then the .26. day of October the day is .9. hours long. And then the .15. day of November the day is .8. hours long, and so unto the .11. or 12. of December, and then the day is at the shortest (as before is declared.) Thus much have I said as touching the length of the day by even hours, which some people will have at the entrance of the Sun into the .12. signs, of which in the lengthing and shorting of the day there is no such matter, but only this look, when that the Sun hath declined .5. degrees and .12. minutes in this our Latitude, then is the day an hour longer or shorter, as you shall find this matter more largelier spoken of in all places thorough the world, in the. ●1. chapter of the book. Faults escaped in the Printing. Fol. 2. b. lin. 30. after obliqne, leave out equinoctial, fol. 8. b. lin. 30. for crossing in, read crossing the equinoctial in, fol. 3. a. lin. 3. for .21. read .12. fol. eod. lin. 10. for respects, read aspects, fol. 3. b. lin. 18. for placing, read passing, fol. 9 a. lin. 11. for North-east, read Northwest, fol. 12. b. lin. 20. for rarer, read rather fol. 13. a. lin. 22. for Nas, read Naase, fol. 28. b. lin. 2. for points, read pointers, fol. 35. b. lin. 11. for vacula, read Bacula, fol. 41. a. lin. 13. for North North, read North north-east, fol. 42. b. lin. 14. for .250. read .2500. fol. 43. a. lin. 15. for which are, read with us, fol. 45. a. lin. 20. for noon, read Rome, fol. eod. lin. 24. for a quarter, read .3. quarters, fol. 46. a. lin. 13. for .52. read .53. fol. eod. lin. 15. for .15. read .17. fol. 47. a. lin. penult. for treating, read, trenting, fol. 48. a. lin. 24. for whole, read hold, fol. eod. b. lin. 3. for middle of thee, head middle most, fol. 52. a. lin. 13. for port, read part. ¶ A Table of the reign of Kings since the Conquest. Number of Kings and Queens. The names of the Kings of England. Beginning of their Reign. Time of their death. The place of their burial. 1 William Conqueror. 14. Oct. 9 Sept. 1087 Cane in Norm. 2 William Rufus. 9 Sept. 1. August, 1100 Westminster. 3 Henry the first. 1. Aug. 2. Decemb. 1136 Reding. 4 Stephan. 2. Dece. 25. Octob. 1154 Feversham. 5 Henry the second. 25 Octo. 6. july. 1189 Fonteverard. 6 Richard the first. 6. julie. 6. April. 1199 Fonteverard. 7 john. 6. April 19 Octob. 1216 Worcester. 8 Henry the third. 19 Octo 16. Nou. 1272 Westminster. 9 Edward the first. 16. Nou. 6. july. 1307 Westminster. 10 Edward the second. 6. july. 25. janu. 1327 Gloucester. 11 Edward the third. 25. jan. 21. june. 1377 Westminster. 12 Richard the second. 21 june. 16. Sep. 1400 Westminster. 13 Henry the fourth. 16. Sep. 20. Mar. 1413 Canterbury. 14 Henry the fifth. 20. Mar. 31. Augu. 1422 Westminster. 15 Henry the sixth. 31. Aug. 4. Mar. 1461 Windesor. 16 Edward the fourth. 4. Mar. 9 April. 1483 Windesor. 17 Edward the fifth. 9 April 22. june. 1484 Westminster. 18 Richard the third. 22. june 22. Aug. 1486 Leicester. 19 Henry the seventh. 22 Aug. 22. April. 1509 Westminster. 20 Henry the eight. 22. April 28. janu. 1547 Windesor. 21 Edward the fi●t. 28. jan. 6. july. 1553. Westminster. 22 Queen Mary. 6. july 17. Nou. 1559 Westminster. 23 Queen Elizabeth. 17. Nou. ¶ A profitable and necessary rule to know the beginning and ending of every Term, with their returns. Hilary Term, beginneth the xxiij of januarie, if it be not Sunday, which then is referred until the next day after, and endeth the twelve of February, and hath four returns, that is to say: Octavis Hillarij. Quind. Hillarij. Crastino Purific. Octavis Purific. Easter Term, beginneth xvij days after Easter, and endeth the Monday next after the Ascension day, and hath five returns, that is to say: Quind. Pasch. Tres Paschae. Mense. Paschae. Quinque Paschae. Craft. ascension. Trinity Term, beginneth the friday next after Trinity sunday, and endeth the wednesday fortnight after, and hath four returns, that is to say: Craft. Trinitati. Octavis Trinita. Quind. Trinitat. Tres Trinitat. Michaelmas Term, beginneth the .9. day of October, if it be not Sunday, and endeth the xxviij or xxix of November, and hath eight returns, that is to say: Octavis Micha. Quind. Michae. Tres Michaelis. Mense Michael. Craft. Anima. Craft. Martini. Octa. Martini. Quind. Martini. Note also that the Exchequer openeth eight days before any Term begin, except Trinity Term which openeth but four days before. Thirty days hath September: april, june, and November. February hath xxviij alone: and all the rest thirty and one. Except the leap year, wherein February hath xxix ¶ An Introduction unto the Regiment for the Sea. The names of certain things necessary to be known of them that are Mariners or Seafaring men, meet to be known of them that do practise Navigation, as this: the names of the circles of the Sphere, and what they are, and their uses: and also the names of other things belonging thereunto, and what they are, and their uses. First what the Horizon circle is. THe Horizon is the parting of the earth or the Sea and the sky, that is to say, the half of the heavens being above over your head, and the other half hidden with the earth or Sea under them: and this Horizon circle doth move as you do move: for as you do by travel change your place, so doth the Horizon change in all points. The use of the Horizon circle. THe use of the Horizon circle is this, to take the height of the Sun or any star, with the cross staff, setting the one end with the Horizon, and the other end with the Sun or star, so that you have a true Horizon: and that must be done upon the Sea, or else it must be a very plain ground upon the top of a hill, else it is no true Horizon. And also if the Sun or Moon, or any star be to be seen, them they be above the Horizon: if they be not to be seen, than they be under the Horizon. 2. What the Meridian circle is. THe Meridian is a circle beginning due South, and so passing by your Zenith that is right over the crown of your head, and so by the two Poles of the world: and if you do travel due South and North, you do not change your Meridian: but in the going or traveling any other way, you do change it. The use of the Meridian circle. THe use of the Meridian circle is, to know the just time of noon by the Sun: for as soon as the middle of the Sun is upon the Meridian, than it is noon, and when the Sun, Moon, or any Star is upon the Meridian, than they be farthest from the Horizon, and it is a meet time to take their height for to know the altitude or height of the Pole of the world, whereby you may perfectly know how far you be too the southwards or northwards of any place. 3. What the Equinoctial circle is, being a Parallel line or circle fixed. THe Equinoctial is a fixed circle in the Heavens equally distant from both the Poles, and doth pass directly over the middle of the earth round about, and is called the Equinoctial, for that if the Sun be there, then thorough all the whole world the Sun is twelve hours above the Horizon, and twelve hours under the Horizon saving under the two Poles, and there the Equinoctial is with the Horizon. So they shall see half the Sun and no more, till the Sun be departed from the Equinoctial. And also to them that do inhabit or devil in any place under the Equinoctial, the Sun, Moon, and all the Stars be twelve hours above the Horizon, and twelve hours under the Horizon. The use of the Equinoctial circle. THe use of the Equinoctial, is to know what declination the Sun or any other Star hath from it, and of which side, and by that is known the height of the Equinoctial, and by the height of that is known the height of either of the two Poles of the world. 4 What the circle or Tropic of Cancer is, being a Parallel circled fixed. THe Tropic of Cancer is the greatest declination that the Sun doth come unto the Northwards, and then is our longest Summer days, and shortest nights. 5. What the circle or Tropic of Capricorn is, being a Parallel circled fixed. THe Tropic of Capricorn, is the greatest declination that the sun doth go unto the Southwards, and then is our shortest Winter days, and longest nights. The uses of these two circles be but small, but that the days being at the longest or shortest, the Sun doth return back again. etc. 6. What the Arctic circle is, being a Parallel circle. THe Arctic circle doth touch the Horizon due North, and is according to the place that you are in, of any place upon the face of the earth, and doth wyden and narrow according unto the altitude or height of the Pole: for as you do go unto the South parts, then doth your Arctic circle grow narrower and narrower, until you come right under the Equinoctial line, and then have you no Arctic circle: and if that you do go unto the North parts, then doth your Arctic circle grow wider and wider: and where the North Pole is raised .66. degrees and a half, there the artic circle is just with the Tropic of Cancer, and then under the north Pole, there your artic circle is with the Equinoctial. The use of the Arctic circle. THe use of the Arctic circle, is to know what Stars do never set unto you, for all those Stars or lights that you do see under the Pole, do not set: and if that you be unto the North wards, of the height of the Pole, more than .66. degrees and a half: if that the Sun or Moon be in the Tropic of Cancer, they shall not go down unto you under the Horizon, but shall be still in sight unto you, so that they be not let by the clouds and other accidents. 7. What the Antarctic circle is, being a Parallel circle. THe Antarctic circle doth touch the Horizon due South, and is opposite or right against the Arctic circle, and doth wide and narrow in all points, and doth not differ from the Arctic circle, saving the Arctic circle is above the Horizon, and the Antarctic circle is underneath the Horizon. The use of the Antarctic circle. THe use of the Antarctic circle is as the Arctic is in all points, to know what stars will not appear above your Horizon, and in like manner, to the northwards of 66. degrees and a half, (the Sun or Moon being in the Tropic of Capricorn) than they will not rise above the Horizon. 8. What the Zodiac is, being a circle. THe Zodiac is the greatest circle in all the Heavens, wherein all the wandering lights or Planets do keep their courses, that is to say, the Sun and Moon, and the other five Planets or Stars, that is to say, Saturn, jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury. etc. which circle is divided into twelve equal parts, called the twelve sings, as Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagitarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces, the which circle standeth obliqne equinoctial or awry, crossing in the middle at two places: the Northermost part is the middle of the Zodiac, and that is the Tropic of Cancer: and the Southermost part is the tropic of Capricorn, the very middle of the zodiac: and that line in the middle of the zodiac, is called the ecliptic line, and the zodiac is .21. degrees broad, that is to say, six degrees from the ecliptic line unto the north parts, and six degrees unto the South parts. The use of the Zodiac. THe use of the Zodiac is, through the moving of the Sun and Moon & the other planets, to know in what sign they be, and also to know the time of the change of the Moon, with all the other respects: and in like manner to know the aspects of all the other planets unto the Moon, and also the planets amongst themselves: and by the aspects in the .12. signs is gathered their effects, and in what country it may happen. 9 What the line Ecliptic is. THe line ecliptic, is a circle in the very middle of the Zodiac, the which the very middle or centre of the Sun doth go upon. The use of the line Ecliptic. THe use of the line Ecliptic is this, if that the Moon or any other star be unto the North part thereof, than it is said that they have North latitude, and if unto the south part, than they have south latitude: and also by this circle called the line ecliptic, is known the eclipse of the Sun and the Moon. 10. What the artic polare circle is, being a parallel circled fixed. THe artic polare circle is made by the pole of the Zodiac, or pole of the circle ecliptic .23. degrees and a half in the heavens from the poles of the world above the horizon. 11. What the antarctic Polare circle is, being a Parallel circled fixed. THe antarctic Polare circle is just opposite unto the artic polare, made by the antarctic pole underneath our horizon. The use of them I will declare, when I speak of the poles of the Ecliptic or Zodiac. 12. What the two circles called Colours be. etc. THe .2. circles called Colours, be those that do divide the Zodiac, and all the other parallel circles into .4. equal parts, the one of the circles doth cross the Zodiac in the first point of Aries and Libra, and so passeth by the .2. poles of the world, and is called the equinoctial colour: and the other colour circle doth cross the Zodiac in the first point of Cancer and Capricorn, and so passeth the .2. poles of the world, and there at the .2. poles the one circle doth cross the other: and that is called the Solstitial colour. The use of these two circles. THe use of the .2. colour circles is this, the Sun placing by them doth divide the year into .4. parts: as this, the Sun in the first point of Aries, is Spring time. etc. 13. What the .2. Poles of the world is, imagined to be as an axle-tree. THe .2. poles of the world, imagined to be as an axle-tree, (that is to say, the North pole called the pole artic, and the South pole called the pole antarctic) the one is directly against the other: the North pole always above our horizon, and the South pole antarctic always under our horizon, being fixed fast in the heavens, and the equinoctial just and equally between them: and the cause why that it is imagined too be an axle-tree is this, for that the whole heavens and all the lights of the firmament be carried round about from the East unto the West in .24. hours: so that no light nor place remaineth unremoved, but only the .2. poles of the world. The use of the Poles of the world. THe use of the .2. Poles, is this, to know how far we do transport ourselves, and to know what climate, and temperateness we be in as touching heat and cold. 14. What the .2. Poles of the Zodiac is, imagined to be an axle-tree in the heavens. THe .2. Poles of the Zodiac, or Ecliptic, imagined to be as an axle-tree, (the artic pole of the Zodiac, or rather the Ecliptic, and the Antarctic pole of the Zodiac) the one being directly against the other, and the Zodiac or rather the middle thereof, called the ecliptic, to be just or equal between them, are called the Poles of the Zodiac: for that the Sun and the Moon, and the other planets and fixed stars do move unto the eastward, according to the standing of the Zodiac. etc. The use of the Poles of the Zodiac. TThe use of the two Poles of the Zodiac is this, (as it is before declared) that the Zodiac is divided into 12. equal parts, called the .12. signs, and those divisions by imagination do pass unto the poles of the Zodiac, in such form as the meridian lines do all meet at the poles of the world, and so do all those divisions meet at the two poles of the Zodiac, and then any star, that is out of the Zodiac, either unto the southwards, or northwards, (according unto those divisions) they be called in the signs. 15. What the Zenith or vertical point is, imagined to be as an axle-tree. THe Zenith or vertical point, is imagined to be a prick in the heavens right over the crown of your head, and is movable as we ourselves be, and is as an axle-tree unto the horizon circle: and as you do transport yourself from one place unto another, so doth your Zenith or vertical point, and your horizon circle also. The use of the Zenith or vertical point. etc. THe use of the Zenith or vertical point is this, to know how near or far of any star is from your zenith, by taking the true height of any star with an instrument, for that from your zenith is always .90. degrees down unto the horizon on every side round about you, as it shall more plainly appear hereafter where I speak of degrees. 16. What a Degree is. A Degree is the part or division of a whole circle, into .360. equal parts, how big or small soever the circle be. The use of the Degrees is manifold. THe use of the degrees is to know by the Sun and moons course in the zodiac, or any other of the planets or movable stars, how many degrees they be asunder: whereby is known at what time they have any aspect the one with the other. And also by the degrees it is known, what latitude and what declination any light or star hath from the ecliptic or equinoctial: and also the degrees will show unto you, how many miles that you do transport yourself upon the earth to the South or North parts, for that every degree doth answer unto .60. english miles, in the going South and North: which is known by the altitude of the North pole or the numbered of degrees between the equinoctial and your zenith or vertical point, for from your zenith unto the horizon, is .90. degrees to the southwards, and 90. degrees unto the Northwards, which is half the compass of the heavens for twice .90. is .180. and then the earth doth hide the other half of the heavens: and twice .180. maketh .360. the whole contents of the compass of every great circle in the heavens. 17. What a Minute is. OF Minutes there be two sorts, minutes of time, and minutes of measure, and is no other thing but the lesser part of time or measure, which is the .60. part of a degree, or the .60. part of an hour: and all the divisions in these matters, is by .60. For as .60. minutes is a degree or an hour, so .60. seconds is a Minute, and .60. thirds is a second, and .60. fourth's is a third. etc. 18. Altitude is height: the use thereof. ALtitude is the height of any thing taken, as the height of the Sun, or any Star, or the height of the Pole, above the horizon: or the height of a steeple, or a tower, or such other like. 19 Latitude is wideness: the use thereof. LAtitude is in the heavens: if the Moon, or any other Star be unto the South parts or the North parts of the ecliptic, that then it is said, to be so many degrees in latitude or wideness, from the line ecliptic to the South or North part: and also latitude is counted upon the earth in like manner, if that you be in any place between, from under the equinoctial, either to the South or North part, between any of the .2. Poles, that you are so many degrees in latitude from the equinoctial. etc. 20. Longitude is length: the use thereof. LOngitude in the heavens is, if the Sun or Moon or any other Star, be in such a sign, & so many degrees: that then it is said: that they have longitude, in such a sign and so many degrees. And also longitude upon the earth, is counted from the Canary islands unto the Eastward, as this, if that any town or city be unto the Eastwards so many degrees from the Canary islands, than it is said, that the city or town is so many degrees in Longitude, whereby is known the time of the changes of the Moon, or any other aspect, or any Eclipse of the Sun or Moon, at the city or town. 21. Declination is leaning: the use thereof. DEclination is counted in the heavens, if that the Sun or any other Star be unto the North part, or South part of the equinoctial, than it is said, that the Sun or Star hath so many degrees of declination to the South, or to the North parts, as it happeneth. etc. 22. Circumference is the compass of a circle by the outer edge. DIameter is the breadth of a circle, passing right over the centre or middle thereof, from outside unto outside. 23. Centre is the middle prick in any circle, equally distant from the edge of the circle in every place. AParelell line or circle is, if two lines or more (how many soever there be) be equally distant in every place alike, being right lines. 24. Auge what it is. AVge is a point in the heavens, when the Sun or Moon is eccentric, going nearer unto the heavens, and further from the earth than her common order is: and the opposition thereof is, when that the Sun and Moon do come nearer unto the earth than they do at any other time. The use thereof. THe use thereof is, to know when that they be in their swift motion, or in their slow motion: in the point of Auge, they be in their slow motion, in the opposition thereof in their swift motion. 25. What the head or tail of the Dragon is. THe head of the Dragon, is the place where that the Moon doth come over the line Ecliptic, from the South part, unto the North part: and the tail of the Dragon is, where the Moon passeth over the line ecliptic, from the north part, unto the South part. The use of the head and tail of the Dragon. TThe use of the head and tail of the Dragon, is to know, when that there is any eclipse of the Sun or Moon: and of what quantity or greatness the eclipse is. 26. What Navigation is. Navigation is this, how to direct his course in the Sea to any place assigned, and to consider in that direction what things may stand with him, & what things may stand against him, having consideration how to preserve the ship in all storms and changes of weather that may happen by the way, to bring the ship safe unto the port assigned, and in the shortest time. The use of Navigation. THe use thereof is this, first too know how that the place doth bear from him, by what wind or point of the compass, and also how far that the place is from him, and also to consider the stream, or tied gates, Currents, which way that they do set or drive the ship, and also to consider what dangers is by the way, as rocks and sands, and such other like impediments, and also if that the wind change or shift by the way, to consider which way to stand, and direct his course unto the most advantage to attain unto the port in shortest time: and also if any storms do happen by the way, to consider how for to preserve the ship and the goods, and too bring her safe unto the port assigned. And also it is most principally to be considered and foreseen, that if they have had by occasion of a contrary tempest, for too go very much out of the course or way, too know then how that the place doth then bear, that is to say, by what point of the compass the place doth stand from you: and also how far it may be from you. Which way to be known is this: first to consider by what point that the ship hath made her way by, and how fast and swiftly that the ship hath gone, and to consider how often that the ship hath altered her course, and how much that she hath gone at every time, and then to consider all this in your plat or card, and so you may give an near guess, by what point or wind it beareth from you, and also how far it is thither. And also you may have a great help by the Sun or Stars, to take the height of the Pole above the horizon, and also in some place you may guess by the sounding, both by the depth, and also by the ground. And also it is very meet and necessary to know any place, when that he doth see it. 27. Of instruments to use at the Sea for to take he height of the Sun or any Stars. ALl instruments too take the height of the Sun or any Star, the original of the making thereof, it is either a circle or the part of a circle, whose division is the .360. part of a circle, what form soever that it hath, as your cross staff, it is marked according unto the proportion of a circle, and every one of the degrees, is the equal part of a circle, the three hundred and sixty part. etc. The use of the Instruments. THe use of the Instruments, as Astrolobes or common Kings, or the cross staff, is to take the height of the sun or other stars, whose uses do follow here after in the book. 28. What manner of persons be meetest to take charge of Ships in Navigation. AS touching those persons that are meet to take charge, that is to say, to be as master of ships in Navigation, he aught to be sober and wise, and not to be light or rash headed, nor to be to fumish or hasty, but such a one as can well govern himself, for else it is not possible for him to govern his company well: he aught not to be to simple, but he must be such a one as must keep his company in awe of him (by discretion,) doing his company no injury or wrong, but to let them have that which men aught to have, and then to see unto them that they do their labour as men aught to do in all points. And the principal point in government is, to 'cause himself both to be feared & loved, & that groweth principally by this means, to cherish men in well doing, and those men that be honestly addicted, to let them have reasonable pre-eminence, so that it be not hurtful unto the Merchant nor to himself, and to punish those that be malefactors and disturbers of their company, and for small faults, to give them gentle admonition to amend them: and principally these two points are to be foreseen by the masters, (that is) to serve God himself, and to see that all the whole company do so in like manner, at such convenient time as it is meet to be done: the second point is, that the master use no play at the dise or cards, neither (as near as he can) to suffer any, for the sufferance thereof may do very much hurt in divers respects: And furthermore, the master aught to be such a one, as doth know the moons course, whereby he doth know at what time it is a full Sea, or a low water, knowing in what quarter or part of the sky, that the Moon doth make a full Sea at that place, and also the master aught to be acquainted, or know that place well, that he doth take charge to go unto (except that he have a Pilot) and also he that taketh charge upon him, aught to be expert, how the tydegates or currentes do set from place unto place: and also not to be ignorant of such dangers as lieth by the way, as rocks, sands, or banks, and also most principally he aught to be such a one, as can very well direct his courses unto any place assigned, and to have capacity how for to handle or shifted himself in foul weather or storms. And also it behoveth him too be a good coaster, that is to say, to know every place by the sight thereof. And also he that taketh charge for long voyages, aught to have knowledge in plaits or cards, and also in such instruments as be meet to take the height of the Sun or any Star, and to have capacity to correct those instruments, and also he aught to be such a one, that can calculate the suns declination, or else to have some true regiment, and also he aught to know how to handle the suns declination, when that he hath taken the height of the Sun. ¶ Now beginneth the Regiment for the Sea, the first Chapter or rule of Navigation, and showeth what the .32. points of the Compass is, and to what uses they do serve. THe first & most principal thing for any seafaring man or traveler, is to know toward what part of the Earth he meaneth to go, & then being upon the sea, there he seeth no path nor mark to travel by, but only the use of the Needle or compass. And to show the cause how they in old time did find them or called them, is sufficiently declared by other, but this is to be noted: 8. Capital or head points. There be eight capital or head winds or points, and four of them have their names properly of themselves, and the other four of them, are derived, or take their names of the other four, as this, South cometh directly from the Meridian, and North is directly against it, and East cometh from the Equinoctial point, towards the parts of the Sun rising, and West is right against it, North-east is in the midway between the east and the North, and Southeast in the midway betweent the East and the South, and south-west between the West and the South, and Northwest in the middle between the North and the West. 8. Inferior points or winds. And then there be eight inferior points, or winds, half way between every one of those .8. capital or head points or winds, and that is north North-east, East north-east, East Southeast, and south southeast, and South Southweast, and west Southweaste, and west Northweaste, and north Northweaste: and now between every one of these inferior points, and every one of the head winds there is a by point or wind, and he is called a by point, for that he is not named but by the name of one of the head● points next adjoining. 16. by points or winds. There be .16. of them in number, so that there be .8. capital or head points, and .8. inferior points, and 16. by points or winds, so that in all there be .32. of them. The use of these points is, to direct the ship to what quarter of the world you do assign, to keep that course to found the place so assigned, for that the property of the Needle or Fly, is always to stand due South and North. As touching Navigation, for the instructions of the meanest I have set this figure or compass, where first is to be noted the .32. winds and points of the compass above made. The flouredeluce is the first point, and these be the names, beginning at the North, and so with the course of the Sun to say North .1. North and by East .2. North noreast .3. Thenames of the .32. points of the compass. North east and by North .4. North-east .5. north-east and by East .6. East north-east .7. East and by North .8. East .9. East and by South .10, east Southeast .11. Southeast and by East .12. Southeast .13. Southeast and by South .14. South southeast. 15. South and by East .16. South .17. South and by West .18 South south-west .19. Southweast and by South .20. South west .21. south-west and by West .22. West south-west. 23. West and by South .24. West .25. West and by North. 26. West Northwest .27. Northwest and by West .28. Northwest .29. north-east and by North .30. North Northwest .31. North and by West .32. This is the whole contents of the .32. winds, The contents of the Equinoctial circle 360. degrees one point of the compass containeth 11. degrees and a quarter. and there is in the compass the contents of the great circle, or Equinoctial circle being .360 degrees in compass, so that every point containeth .11. degrees, and ¼ and .4. points contain .45. degrees .8. points containeth one quarter of the compass or Equinoctial circle, being .90. degrees .16. points containeth half the circumference .180. degrees, and every degree containeth .60. seconds and so forth. Furthermore, the .32. points contain .24. hours, that is to say, one point containeth .3. quarters of an hour .45. minutes: and .2. points one hour and a half .4. points .3. hours: The .32. points brought into .24. hours. 8. points .6. hours .12. points .9. hours .16. points .12. hours, and so to the rest of the points. And every hour containeth .60. minutes: and every half hour .30. minutes, and every quarter of an hour .15. minutes: and after that rate .45. minutes maketh three quarters of an hour. ¶ The second Chapter or rule treateth of the Golden number or Prime, showing the Epacte, and by the Epacte to know the Age of the Moon. IT is necessary and convenient for the Seafaring men, to know the Prime or Golden number: for by the Golden number is known the Epacte, and the Epacte showeth the age of the Moon or change day, within .12. hours under or over: and by the age of the Moon, you may know at what a clock it doth flow in any place that you do know what Moon doth make a full Sea: therefore it is meet too know the Epacte, and that is known by the Prime, or Golden number. The cause why that it was called the Prime or Golden number. The cause why it was called the Golden number, was because it was sent out of Egypte in letters of gold, too the romans or City of Rome. The cause why that it is called the Prime, was for that it was the first order that the moons course was known by, and it is thus known. Add one to the year of our Lord that you would know the Golden number or Prime of, then divide the number by .19. the remainder is the Prime: To know how many the Epact is. and multiply that by .11. and look what the number cometh unto, divide that by .30. the remainder is the Epact. Then when you have once the Epact, add .11. to your Epact for every year more, and look what that cometh to, that is your Epact: and if it do pass .30. put that away, and keep the remainder for your Epact. And thus this rule will serve for ever, saving when the Prime beginneth at one, for then the Epacte is .11. and then do (as aforesaid) as you may perceive by this table here following. ¶ The Table of Prime and Epacte for .19. years, and when those .19. years be ended, then begin again, and so it will serve for ever. etc. The year of the Lord. Prime. Epact. 1574 17 7 1575. 18 18 1576 19 29 1577 1 11 1578 2 22 1579 3 3 1580 4 14 1581. 5 25 1582 6 6 1583 7 17 1584. 8 28 1585. 9 9 1586 10 20 1587. 11 1 1588. 12 12 1589 13 23 1590. 14 4 1591. 15 15 1592. 16 26 THe Prime or Golden number, is the time of .19. years, in the which time the Moon maketh all her changes or conjunctions with the Sun, and when all these .19. years be expired, than she beginneth again: as for example. The prime is the time of .19. years This year being the year of our Lord .1574. she changed the .22. day of March, and every year doth altar .11. days of her change till the year .1593. and then she changeth the said .22. day of March again, as I showed you before. The Epacte is the putting to .11. for every year. Now furthermore to know the age of the Moon, do thus: take the number of the Epact for your year (beginning at March always) and reckon how many months it is from March, (counting March for one) then reckon how many days of the month it is in which you would know the age of the Moon: To know the age of the Moon by the number of the Epact. Then put all your numbers together, (that is to say, your Epacte, your month from March, and every day of the month,) then look how many it amounteth unto, that is the age of the Moon, but if it pass .30. throw all the .30. away, and keep that that will not be .30. for when the age of the Moon is just .30. then is it the change day: and if it be the fifteenth day of the age of the Moon, than the Moon is at the full. When the age is between seven days and eight, then is the first quarter. And if it be xxij days old, than the Moon is at the last quarter: as for example, this year .1574. I look and find the Epacte .7. for the year, now I would know the age of the Moon, the .13. day of june. Now I reckon how many months it is from March, reckoning March for one, and I find it is four months, than I take and add all these together, that is to say, seven for the Epacte, and four for the months (that is to say, March, April, May, june) and then .13. for the days of the month, and all cometh to .24. So that you may conclude that the Moon is .24. days old, and was at the last quarter two days before. ¶ The third Chapter or rule treateth, how to know by the age of the Moon what hour it doth flow, or is full Sea at any place, where you do know what Moon maketh a full Sea. Now by the age of the Moon you may know at what hour it floweth in any place, where you do know what Moon maketh a full Sea, which rule commonly the Sea men call the shifting their Sun and Moon: and many ways there be too do it, for thus they may do it: Let them divide one hour into .5. parts, and then take .4. of those parts, and put the fifth part away, To know the alteration of the ●ides in .24 hours. that serveth for the alteration of 24. hours, & the four fift parts of an hour, are .48. minutes, and the .5. part of an hour is .12. minutes. A flood and an ebb, doth altar .24. minutes forwards: as this for example: it floweth at .12. of the clock at the Lands end upon the change day, the Moon being in the South: at all times a full Sea▪ The Moon being one day old, it floweth at .12. of the clock. 48. minutes .2. days old it floweth at one of the clock .36. minutes .3. days old it floweth at .2. of the clock .24. minutes: four days old it floweth at .3. of the clock .12. minutes: five days old, it floweth at .4. of the clock just: Six days old, it floweth at .4. of the clock .48. minutes: Seven days old at .5. of the clock .36. minutes: An ensample for the full Sea upon the ●●nds end▪ for every day of the age of the Moon. Eight days old at .6. of the clock .24▪ minutes: Nine days old, at .7. of the clock .12. minutes: Ten days old, it floweth at .8. of the clock just: Eleven days old at .8. of the clock .48. minutes: 12. days .9 of the clock .36. minutes: 13. days old .10. of the clock .24. minutes: 14. days old, it floweth at .11. of the clock .12. minutes: 15. days old, it floweth at .12. of the clock just, then being the full Moon: and so begin again as you did before at one day old, and so forth. For the course of the tides is nothing else but to add for every day● of the age of the Moon one hour, pulling back the fifth par● of an hour (being .12. minutes) and by this account you may at all times know at what a clock it doth flow, by putting to every blood and ebb .24. minutes, and to .2. floods and .2. ebbs putting to .48. minutes. To shifted the Sun and Moon by the points of the compass. Now furthermore the Seamen use to make their account by this means (but it is all one) they do allow for every day of the age of the Moon, one point and .3 minutes: for a point of the compass containeth. 45. minutes that is .3. quarters of an hour. Then they put .3. minutes to .45. minutes, which maketh .48. minutes, the said .3. minutes be the .15. part of a point, and from the change to the full is .15. days, so that (the half compass being .16. points) they break the odd point into .15. parts, and that cometh to .3. minutes, so that the alteration of the tides, for every .24. hours, be .48. minutes, or the .4. fifth parts of an hour. Wherefore there shall follow a table of tides about certain places of this realm: for every Moon containeth .29. days .12. hours .44. minutes from change to change: The content of the numbered of days and hours in one moon: the hours in every moan be .708.44 minutes. The content of a year is .365 days .5. hours .55. minutes. How the mooneths took their names. the whole contents of the hours of the Moon, be .708. hours, and .44. minutes. And there is in every year .12. changes of the Moon: and the year containeth .365. days .5. hours .55. minutes .13. seconds. Yet some do affirm to be add .6. hours, but there lacketh .4. minutes .47. seconds in the tropical year. Likewise in the year be .12. months agreeable to the .12. Moons: the 12. Moons contain but .354. days, so that there be .11. days more in the year, than there be in the .12. moons. The year also is divided into .12. months, which mooneths have taken their names at the will and pleasure of men: as first january, was so called, of janus because of .2. heads, for the month of january beholdeth the end of the year past and the beginning of the year to come. February took his name of certain roman sacrifices called Februa. March is so called of Mars, for Romulus so named it after his father. April comes of Aperio, because that then the earth is opened. May of Maia, the mother of Mercury, june so called by preparing to the war. july of julius Cesar, and Augustus of Augustus Cesar for in that month he entered the consulship: then the rest of the months took their names of their numbered from March. Now these .12. months which maketh the year, the Sun doth pass or go through the Zodiac called the .12. signs, which is the occasion of the year, for this is to be noted, that the sun as I said before, doth go by his natural moving in .365. days .5. hours .55. minutes .13. seconds, The Zodiac containeth .360. degrees. through the Zodiac, containing .360. degrees, his course being against the 24. hours, going from the West into the East, against the course of primum mobile, or first mover, being moved by the mighty providence of God, The moving of .24. hours. which maketh the .24. hours: and so doth all the seven lights, or planets, (except) that it be in their retrogration: but the Sun and the Moon, be never retrograt, as the other .5. planets or lights be. And this is to be noted, that the Moon goeth faster than the Sun, for she goeth through the whole Zodiac in .27. days and .8. hours. The time that the Moon goeth thorough the .12. signs. Now in that same time the sun is removed by his natural moving from that place of the Zodiac near .27. degrees: and then because that the Moon hath not found the Sun there, it is .2. days four hours four and forty minutes more before that the Moon overtaketh the Sun again, so by that means it is .29. days twelve hours and .44. minutes between the change of the Moon and the next change, one Moon with an other thorough the year, although that the Moon may change sometime in less time and sometime in longer time, that is by the means of the .3. The .3. motions of the Moon. motions of the Moon, that is to say her swift motion and her middle motion and her slow motion, which groweth by the means of the moons Auge or opposition thereof. Of Auge. The Moon being in Auge, goeth but little more than .12 degrees in .24. hours. And in the opposition of Auge near .15. degrees in .24. hours, and in her middle or equal motion .13. degrees .12. minutes. So this is the occasion why sometime the Moon may change sooner or be detracted longer than the time of .29. days .12. The cause why the Moon changeth rather or later. hours and 44. minutes. This point of Auge is movable, and doth pass through the Zodiac in the time of .19. year: and it causeth sometime the full of the Moon to happen sooner and later. In like manner also the quarters of the Moon, with all the other aspects that the Moon hath with the Sun, or any other of the planets, according to the moons motion. In like manner (by the means of the .3. motions of the Moon) sometime the Moon goeth more than one point and .3 minutes in .24. hours, The moan goeth in .24 hours sometimes more degrees and sometime fewer degrees. and sometimes less than one point and .3. minutes, as this for example: the Moon being in her slow motion, goeth but little more than .12. degrees in .24. hours, and then the Sun in that time doth go one degree: and then is there but .11. degrees between the Sun and the Moon (that is but .44. minutes) So that the Moon is not one point in .24. hours from the sun. The move is not one point asunder from the Sun in .24. hours. But being in her swift motion she goeth near .15. degrees in .24. hours, and the Sun goeth one degree in that time: so that there is .14. degrees in .24. hours, between the Moon and the Sun, (that is .56. minutes) which is a point and .11. minutes .23. But notwithstanding I would not wish the common Mariners to trouble themselves with these matters, The moan is in .24. hours a point and .11. minutes asunder from the Sun but to follow their accustomed order, to allow for every day of the age of the Moon, one point, and .3. minutes, etc. And thus much have I said of the moons motion: for that some Sea men will take upon them to correct the Almanacs as touching the change and quarters of the Moon: holding this opinion, that every Moon aught to be equal in the number of the days and hours: and the full moons to be just the half contents. And the quarters in like manner, the just .4. part in days and hours, Error of Mariners so that some of them will take upon them to tell (by the rule of the epact,) the true hour of the change, quarters and full of the Moon. Wherein they are notably deceived. Again, sometime in the year you shall see the Moon rarer than at some other time, as this for example: from january to june you shall see the Moon within .24. hours after the change: because she hath North declination of the Sun, and maketh a bigger arch than the Sun. From july to December you shall not see the Moon .3. days after the change: because her declination is to the South part of the Sun: but you may see her in .24. hours, before her change. Now, the Sea men do imagine a prime day, which is the half quarter of the Moon, that is: when the Moon is three days and .8 hours old, (the Moon being then .4. points to the Eastward of the Sun, which is 3. hours) the same rule may they in like case observe when the Moon is passed the full .3. days and .18. hours, and also in the mids of the quarters. Here followeth a table of Tides. FIrst, the Moon South or North: on Lands end full Sea. The Moon South and by East: at the Gore end full Sea. The Moon South south-west: between holy Island and Tinemouth full Sea. It floweth between Tinemouth and Flambrough head, south-west and north-east Moon. It floweth between Flambrough head and Bridlington in the bay: a South west and by West Moon. The Moon in the West south-west: between Bridlington and Laurenas full Sea. It floweth between Laurenas and Cromer all along the well: an East and West Moon. It floweth between Cromer and Yarmouth road, to Laystow North road: a Southeast Moon. It floweth between Laistowe road and Orfordenas: a Southeast and by South Moon. It floweth between Orford, and Orewel wands: a South Southeast Moon. It floweth between the Nas & the Aware head of Colne: a South and by East Moon. It floweth at the Spits and at the Sheve and all alongst the Swinne: a South Moon. At the West end of the Norre: a south and by West Moon, full Sea. It floweth at Gravesend: a South south-west Moon. It floweth at London Bridge: a south-west Moon. It floweth at the North foreland: a South Southeast Moon, & so alongst the coast till you come to Bechy. And in the ofton from the North foreland to the South foreland: it runneth half tide. And from the South foreland to the Nas: the tide runneth half tide half quarter. And from the Nas to the Fairly: it runneth half tide, and from Fairly to Beche: it runneth quarter tied under other. It floweth to the Weastward of Beech, a kenning: a Southeast and by South Moon. It floweth at Portesmouth: a south and by East Moon. It floweth at S. elen's: a South Southeast Moon. It floweth on the Sea side of the Island: a Southeast and by South Moon: and so on the Land, and at the Needles, and runneth quarter tied in the oftonne. It floweth at Pool in the haven: a Southeast Moon. It floweth at Waymouth: an East and West Moon. It floweth at Portland a Southeast Moon. It floweth from the west part of Portlande, till you come unto Plymmouth: an East and West Moon. It floweth on the shore from Plymmouth to the Lizard: a West and by south Moon. And in the oftonne a Southeast Moon. It floweth at Mounts bay: an East and west Moon. It floweth at Selly: a West and by South Moon. It floweth at the Lands end of Goolfe: a West south-west Moon. It floweth all alongst the coast up to Bristol, and the coast of Ireland, from Waterford to Kinsale: a West and by South Moon. Furthermore it floweth (for the most part) from the poll head of Bordeaux all alongst the coast of Biskey, Galiza, Portugal, till you come to the straights of Maliga, a south-west and north-east Moon. It floweth at Flushing: a Southweast and by south Moon. It floweth at Anwerp: an East and west Moon. It floweth all alongst the coast of Flaunders, from the wildings to Calais: a south and by East Moon: and so runneth half a tide under the other. Now here is one special thing too be noted, It will now a point of the compass more in the spring tides than in the neap tides in a River that hath any distance unto the Sea. and that is this: it floweth one point of the compass more in the Spring streams, than it doth in any of the quarters of the Moon (so that it be a river where there is any indrafte, having distance from the Sea) when there is neither rage of winds nor any cause either too hinder or further the said effect. As for example thus: it floweth at Gravesend at the change of the Moon or full: a south south-west Moon. But in any of the quarters of the Moon it scant floweth a south and by West Moon: and this is generally for ever. The fourth Chapter treateth of the Sun & moons course in the Zodiac: and how you shall know what hours the Moon shall rise and set at: and at what point of the compass: with other necessary things. furthermore the Sun (by his natural moving thorough the twelve Signs in the Zodiac, in the year) doth 'cause the height and lowness of his declination: which is necessary for the Seafaring men to know, in which declination they do take from equinoctial to equinoctial: and this is to be noted, that as the Sun hath declination, so in like manner hath the Moon, for by her declination, and the Sun, is known the time of her shining or abiding above our horizon. To know how long the Moon shineth. The Sun or Moon in the first minute of Aries do rise East, and set West, and shine .12. hours. In the first minute of Taurus they rise near the east North-east, and set near the West Northwest, and shine .14. hours. In the sign of Gemini: they rise near the North-east and by East, and they set near the Northwest and by West, and shine .16. hours. In the sign of Cancer the first minute: they make their greatest declination to the Northwards, and they rise near the North-east, and set near the Northwest and shine near .17. hours. In the first minute of Leo (descending towards the equinoctial,) as they did in Gemini. And in the sign of Virgo, as they did in Taurus. And in the first minute of Libra, equinoctial: beginning South declination, as in Aries. And in the first minute of Scorpio: they rise near the east Southeast, and set near the West Southweast, and shine .10. hours. In the first minute of Sagittarius: they rise near the Southeast and by East, and set near the south-west, and by west, and shine .8. hours. In the first minute of Capricornus, they have their greatest declination to the South, and begin to return to the equinoctial, rising near the Southeast and setting near the south-west, and shine more than .7. hours. In the first minute of Aquarius: as in Sagittarius. In the first minutes of Pisces: as in Scorpio. Now by this rule you may know the rising and setting of the Moon for ever: as thus: I have showed you before in the shifting of the Sun and Moon, that for every day of the age of the Moon, To know what hour or point the Moon riseth or setteth. the Moon goeth Eastward one point & .3. minutes: in .2. days .2. points and .6. minutes. etc. Now when you list to know the very hour and time of her rising: Look how many days the Moon is old, then put so many points, and so many .3. minutes, and look what it amounteth unto. Which for your better understanding, I will show by example: and first of the Moons being South, by every day of the age of the Moon. The Moon being one day old: is South at .12. of the clock .48. minutes. To know what hour the Moon is South for every day of the age of the Moon. The Moon being .2. days old, is South at one of the clock .36. minutes in the after noon. Three days old: South at 2. of the clock .24. minutes .4. days old, at .3. of the clock .12. minutes .5. days old: at .4. of the clock just .6. days old at .4. of the clock 48. minutes .7. days old at .5 of the clock .36. minutes. When the Moon is just a quarter old, she is South at .6. of the clock at night. at .8. days old: the Moon is South at .6. of the clock .48. minutes. at .9. days old at .7. of the clock .12. minutes. at .10 days old: at .8. of the clock just. At .11. days old at .8. of the clock .48. minutes. at .12. days old at .9. of the clock .36. minutes, at .13. days old at .10. of the clock .24. minutes. at .14. days old at .11. of the clock .12. minutes. at .15. days old (being the full Moon) she is then South at midnight. One day after the full Moon: she is South at .12. of the clock .48. minutes at midnight. Two days after the full: at one of the clock .36. minutes. Three days after, at .2 of the clock .24. minutes. Four days after, at .3. of the clock 12. minutes. Five days after at .4. of the clock, just in the morning. Six days after, at .4. of the clock .48. minutes .7. days after, at .5. of the clock .36. minutes. When the Moon is three quarters olds, she is South at .6. of the clock in the morning. At .8. days after the full (being the first day after the quarter) at .6. of the clock .24. minutes .9. days after: at 7. of the clock .12 minutes .10. days after, at .8. of the clock just .11. days after, at .8. of the clock .48. minutes .12. days after, South at .9. of the clock, 36. minutes .13. days after, South at .10. of the clock in the forenoon .24. minutes .14. days after, at .11. of the clock .12. minutes. at .15. days after the Moon doth change (being then with the Sun) for the change of the Moon is, Of the change. when the Moon and the Sun be both under one like degree and minute of any sign of the Zodiac. Of the full Moon. The full Moon is, when the Sun and the Moon be opposite (the one being directly against the other, and just .6. signs asunder) as you may perceive at the full Moon: for then when the Moon riseth, the Sun setteth: and when the sun riseth, the Moon setteth. The quarters be, Quarter of the Moon. Ensample of the moons rising & setting. when the Sun and Moon be just .3. signs asunder (that is, just .90. degrees.) Now when you list to know the very time of the Moons rising or setting, look in your calendar what sign and degree the Moon is in: then according to the rule of the shining, divide that into .2. equal parts, then from the South, so shall you see at what hour the Moon riseth, as for example this. In March always the Sun is in Aries, than the Moon being in her first quarter, than she is 6. hours to the Eastward of the Sun, than the Moon must needs be in Cancer. Then shineth the Moon in our Horizon 17. hours, than the Moon is South at .6. of the clock, than she shineth .8. hours and a half after .6. of the clock. So that she setteth at .2. of the clock and half an hour past, than she riseth in the day .8. hours and a half before .6. of the clock, that is at .9. of the clock and half an hour past. Now at the last quarter in March, than the Moon must needs be in Capricornus, then shineth the Moon but .7. hours, than the moon is South at .6. of the clock in the morning, than the Moon riseth .3. hours and a half before, that is, at .2. of the clock and half an hour paste in the morning, than she setteth by day at .9. of the clock and half an hour paste, and this rule will serve for ever without any great error. But yet there is a further matter for the exact doing, The Moon hath latitude. which is the Latitude of the Moon from the head or tail of the Dragon, but that is but a trifle in respect of much error, and therefore I will not trouble you with that: yet there is one thing which I would Seafaring men should consider, although a great numb expert in that, yet it is meet to be spoken of, as this. The Sun being in Cancer or Moon in like manner, You cannot know what a clock it is by the compass, the Sun being in the north signs. or in Gemini, or any time when the Sun or Moon hath North declination, they will set their compass before them, and when they see the Sun give an east shadow, they will say that it is .6. of the clock, which and if the Sun be in Cancer, it is not much past five of the clock, and the more to the South wards the more they do err. And in like case, the Moon being in Cancer when they do see the Moon give an East shadow by their compass, they will say the Moon is West, but they do not consider that the Sun and the Moon being in Cancer, Error of the shadow of the Moon● cometh so near our Zenithe or Vertical point right over our head, which is the very height of their declination coming so near them, therefore they must judge the East or West from the Pole or North star if they will judge truly. Wherefore I do much commend the Equinoctial dials for the exact truth, The Equinoctial dials be very good. for they can not know the truth by their compass, so that the Sun or Moon or any other Star have any great declination being in Cancer: and you must consider this in like manner. The Sun having North declination, the further you do go to the North wards, the longer is your day, and the shorter is your night, and towards the Southward, the shorter days and longer nights. Now contrariwise, the Sun having South declination, the more to the northwards, the shorter days and the longer nights, the further to the Southwards, the longer days and shorter nights, As touching the length and shortness of the day and night. and under the Equinoctial, the nights and days all one what declination soever the Sun hath: but this rule that I have given you is for London, or any other place that hath that Latitude or elevation of the Pole Arctic at .51. or .52. degrees. ¶ The fifth Chapter or rule, is of a table of declination commonly called of Seafaring men, a Regiment of the Sun, exactly calculated for .4. years, and will serve for .24. years, for every day of the month. NOw shall follow a table of declination or Regiment for 4. years, being calculated for England, and will serve all Europe without much error, or any other country or place that hath our Longitude, as the most part of Africa, as Guinea and those parts to the South wards, as far as the Antarctic pole, serving for every day of the month, very necessary for them that do use to travel either by sea or by land, and is one of the principal points in Navigation for long voyages, and the cause why I have written this Regiment for the Sea, Every person cannot calculate the Suns declination. or tables of declination, is for that I do know that every person that goeth unto the Sea as master of a ship, hath not capacity to calculate the suns declination by the place of the sun, although they have the tables of declination, as the Ephemerides, or Martin Curtyse, otherwise called the art of Navigation. Wherefore I have written these notes, & Regiment or table of declination for .4. years, and the first row towards your left hand, is the days of the month: the next row is the degrees of declination that the Sun hath at the instant time of noon: and the third row is the odd minutes of declination belonging to the degrees. Now there be two times in the year that the Sun hath no declination, Two times in the year the Sun hath no declination. 1573. as this. For the first year after Bissextilis, (which was in the year of our Lord .1573. the .11. day of March, at .4 of the clock in the morning) the Sun was upon the Equinoctial beginning North declination. And in like manner the 13. day of September at noon, the Sun was upon the Equinoctial beginning South declination, and also the second year after Bissextilis, which is the year of our Lord .1574. the sun is upon the Equinoctial the .11. day of March, between 10. and .11. of the clock before Noon, beginning North declination: and in like manner the .13. day of September, at .6. of the clock in the after Noon, beginning South declination. Furthermore in the third year after Bissextilis, which is the year of the Lord .1575. the sun is upon the Equinoctial the 11. day of March, between four and five of the clock in the after Noon, beginning North declination: & so in like manner the .13. day of September, at .12. of the clock at midnight, beginning South declination. Lastly, in the year of our Lord 1576. that is the year Bissextilis itself upon the .10. day of March the sun shall be upon the Equinoctial between 10. and .11. of the clock at night, beginning North declination: and in like manner the .13. day of September at .6 of the clock in the morning, beginning South declination: Now these four years being expired, you must after the year of Bissextilis, begin again at the year one, as here doth follow for example. Year 1. Year 2. Year 3. Year Bissextilis. 1573 1574 1575. 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581. 1582 1583 1584. 1585. 1586 1587. 1588. 1589 1590. 1591. 1592. 1573. The first year. januarie. February. March. April. May. june. july. August. September. October. November. December. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 21 52 South declination. 1 14 7 South declination. Equinoctial. North declination. 1 3 49 1 8 13 North declination. 1 17 49 Solstic. North declination. 1 23 8 1 22 13 North declination. 1 15 23 North declination. Equinoctial. South declination. 1 4 39 1 6 59 South declination. 1 17 26 South declination. Solstic. 1 23 3 2 21 43 2 13 47 2 3 26 2 8 35 2 18 5 2 23 12 2 22 5 2 15 5 2 4 16 2 7 22 2 17 43 2 23 8 3 21 33 3 13 26 3 3 2 3 8 57 3 18 20 3 23 15 3 21 56 3 14 48 3 3 53 3 7 44 3 17 59 3 23 12 4 21 23 4 13 6 4 2 38 4 9 19 4 18 35 4 23 18 4 21 47 4 14 30 4 3 31 4 8 6 4 18 15 4 23 15 5 21 12 5 12 46 5 2 14 5 9 41 5 18 49 5 23 22 5 21 36 5 14 11 5 3 7 5 8 39 5 18 31 5 23 19 6 21 1 6 12 26 6 1 51 6 10 2 6 19 4 6 23 24 6 21 27 6 13 51 6 2 44 6 8 51 6 18 46 6 23 22 7 20 49 7 12 5 7 1 27 7 10 23 7 19 17 7 23 20 7 21 19 7 13 33 7 2 20 7 9 13 7 19 1 7 23 24 8 20 37 8 11 44 8 1 3 8 10 44 8 19 31 8 23 27 8 21 8 8 13 13 8 1 58 8 9 34 8 19 16 8 23 25 9 20 25 9 11 22 9 0 39 9 11 6 9 19 44 9 23 27 9 20 57 9 12 54 9 1 34 9 9 56 9 19 30 9 23 26 10 20 12 10 11 1 10 0 16 10 11 25 10 19 57 10 23 28 10 20 47 10 12 34 10 1 10 10 10 18 10 19 44 10 23 27 11 19 59 11 10 39 11 0 8 11 11 45 11 20 8 11 23 28 11 20 35 11 12 14 11 0 48 11 10 40 11 19 58 11 23 28 12 19 46 12 10 18 12 0 32 12 12 9 12 20 21 12 23 28 12 20 24 12 11 53 12 0 24 12 11 1 12 20 10 12 23 28 13 19 32 13 9 56 13 0 55 13 12 26 13 20 33 13 23 28 13 20 12 13 11 33 13 0 0 13 11 23 13 20 22 13 23 28 14 19 17 14 9 33 14 1 19 14 12 47 14 20 45 14 23 27 14 19 59 14 11 14 14 0 24 14 11 44 14 20 36 14 23 27 15 19 3 15 9 11 15 1 42 15 13 6 15 20 56 15 23 26 15 19 46 15 10 54 15 0 47 15 12 5 15 20 48 15 23 26 16 18 47 16 8 49 16 2 6 16 13 26 16 21 6 16 23 25 16 19 33 16 10 32 16 1 11 16 12 26 16 20 59 16 23 25 17 18 32 17 8 26 17 2 29 17 13 45 17 21 17 17 23 24 17 19 19 17 10 12 17 1 34 17 12 44 17 21 10 17 23 24 18 18 17 18 8 4 18 2 53 18 14 4 18 21 27 18 23 22 18 19 5 18 9 50 18 1 58 18 13 7 18 21 21 18 23 21 19 18 1 19 7 41 19 3 17 19 14 23 19 21 37 19 23 19 19 18 56 19 9 28 19 2 21 19 13 27 19 21 33 19 23 18 20 17 45 20 7 19 20 3 40 20 14 41 20 21 46 20 23 15 20 18 37 20 9 7 20 2 44 20 13 47 20 21 41 20 23 14 21 17 28 21 6 56 21 4 3 21 15 0 21 21 55 21 23 12 21 18 22 21 8 46 21 3 8 21 14 7 21 21 51 21 23 11 22 17 11 22 6 33 22 4 26 22 15 18 22 22 3● 22 23 8 22 18 9 22 8 24 22 3 32 22 14 26 22 21 59 22 23 6 23 16 54 23 6 10 23 4 49 23 15 35 23 22 12 23 23 3 23 17 53 23 8 2 23 3 55 23 14 45 23 22 8 23 23 1 24 16 37 24 5 46 24 5 12 24 15 53 24 22 19 24 22 59 24 17 37 24 7 39 24 4 18 24 15 4 24 22 17 24 22 ●5 25 16 19 25 5 23 25 5 35 25 16 11 25 22 27 25 22 54 25 17 22 25 7 18 25 4 41 25 15 23 25 22 25 25 22 50 26 16 1 26 5 0 26 5 58 26 16 29 26 22 33 26 22 48 26 17 5 26 6 55 26 5 3 26 15 41 26 22 32 26 22 43 27 15 4● 27 4 36 27 6 21 27 16 45 27 22 40 27 22 42 27 16 49 27 6 33 27 5 27 27 16 0 27 22 39 27 22 36 28 15 23 28 4 13 28 6 44 28 17 2 28 22 47 28 22 35 28 16 22 28 6 11 28 5 50 28 16 17 28 22 46 28 22 28 29 15 5 29 7 6 29 17 18 29 22 52 29 22 29 29 16 7 29 5 47 29 6 13 29 16 35 29 22 52 29 22 2 30 14 46 30 7 28 30 17 34 30 22 57 30 22 2● 30 15 59 30 ●5 25 30 6 36 30 16 52 30 22 57 30 22 13 31 14 26 31 7 50 31 23 3 31 15 41 31 5 2 31 17 9 31 22 4 1574. The second year. january. February. March. april. May. june. july. August. September. October. November. December. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 21 56 South declination. 1 14 12 South declination. Equinoctial. North declination. 1 3 55 1 8 9 North declination. 1 17 46 North declination. Solstic. 1 23 6 1 22 14 North declination. 1 15 28 North declination. Equinoctial. South declination. 1 4 45 1 6 53 South declination. 1 17 22 Solstic. South declination. 1 23 2 2 21 46 2 13 52 2 3 32 2 8 30 2 18 1 2 23 11 2 22 6 2 15 10 2 4 22 2 7 16 2 17 39 2 23 7 3 21 36 3 13 32 3 3 8 3 8 51 3 18 17 3 23 14 3 21 58 3 14 51 3 3 58 3 7 39 3 17 55 3 23 12 4 21 26 4 13 11 4 2 44 4 9 14 4 18 32 4 23 17 4 24 49 4 14 33 4 3 36 4 8 0 4 18 11 4 23 15 5 21 15 5 12 51 5 2 20 5 9 35 5 18 46 5 23 20 5 21 40 5 14 16 5 3 13 5 8 23 5 18 27 5 23 18 6 21 4 6 12 31 6 1 57 6 9 56 6 19 1 6 23 23 6 21 31 6 13 58 6 2 49 6 8 45 6 18 42 6 23 22 7 20 52 7 12 10 7 1 34 7 10 18 7 19 14 7 23 25 7 21 21 7 13 38 7 2 26 7 9 8 7 18 57 7 23 25 8 20 41 8 11 49 8 1 10 8 10 39 8 19 28 8 23 26 8 21 11 8 13 18 8 2 4 8 9 30 8 19 11 8 23 26 9 20 28 9 11 27 9 0 46 9 10 59 9 19 41 9 23 27 9 21 0 9 12 58 9 1 42 9 9 52 9 19 25 9 23 26 10 20 16 10 11 6 10 0 22 10 11 20 10 19 54 10 23 27 10 20 49 10 12 39 10 1 18 10 10 13 10 19 39 10 23 27 11 20 3 11 10 44 11 0 2 11 11 41 11 20 6 11 23 28 11 20 38 11 12 19 11 0 56 11 10 35 11 19 53 11 23 28 12 19 49 12 10 23 12 0 25 12 12 1 12 20 18 12 23 28 12 20 26 12 11 59 12 0 32 12 10 56 12 20 6 12 23 28 13 19 36 13 10 1 13 0 49 13 12 21 13 20 30 13 23 28 13 20 13 13 11 39 13 0 7 13 11 18 13 20 19 13 23 28 14 19 21 14 9 39 14 1 13 14 12 41 14 20 41 14 23 27 14 20 2 14 11 19 14 0 17 14 11 39 14 20 32 14 23 27 15 19 7 15 9 17 15 1 36 15 13 1 15 20 53 15 23 26 15 19 55 15 10 58 15 0 41 15 12 0 15 20 44 15 23 26 16 18 52 16 8 55 16 2 0 16 13 21 16 21 3 16 23 25 16 19 37 16 10 36 16 1 3 16 12 21 16 20 56 16 23 25 17 18 37 17 8 32 17 2 23 17 13 40 17 21 14 17 23 24 17 19 23 17 10 16 17 1 27 17 12 42 17 21 6 17 23 24 18 18 17 18 8 10 18 2 47 18 14 0 18 21 25 18 23 22 18 19 9 18 9 54 18 1 51 18 13 2 18 21 17 18 23 22 19 18 1 19 7 47 19 3 11 19 14 18 19 21 34 19 23 20 19 18 55 19 9 34 19 2 15 19 13 22 19 21 28 19 23 19 20 17 49 20 7 25 20 3 34 20 14 37 20 21 43 20 23 16 20 18 42 20 9 12 20 2 38 20 13 42 20 21 38 20 23 15 21 17 32 21 7 2 21 3 56 21 14 55 21 21 52 21 23 12 21 18 26 21 8 50 21 5 1 21 14 2 21 21 48 21 23 12 22 17 15 22 6 39 22 4 20 22 15 13 22 22 1 22 23 9 22 18 12 22 8 28 22 3 24 22 14 22 22 21 57 22 23 8 23 16 57 23 6 16 23 4 43 23 15 30 23 22 9 23 23 5 23 17 56 23 8 7 23 3 48 23 14 41 23 22 6 23 23 2 24 16 40 24 5 52 24 5 7 24 15 48 24 22 17 24 23 0 24 17 41 24 7 45 24 4 11 24 15 0 24 22 15 24 22 56 25 16 23 25 5 29 25 5 29 25 16 6 25 22 25 25 22 54 25 17 25 25 7 24 25 4 34 25 15 19 25 22 23 25 22 51 26 16 5 26 5 6 26 5 52 26 16 23 26 22 31 26 22 49 26 17 9 26 7 2 26 4 57 26 15 37 26 22 31 26 22 45 27 15 47 27 4 42 27 6 16 27 16 40 27 22 38 27 22 43 27 16 52 27 6 39 27 5 20 27 15 56 27 22 37 27 22 37 28 15 28 28 4 19 28 6 38 28 16 57 28 22 45 28 22 36 28 16 36 28 6 16 28 5 44 28 16 14 28 22 44 28 22 30 29 15 10 29 7 1 29 17 13 29 22 52 29 22 29 29 16 20 29 5 53 29 6 7 29 16 31 29 22 51 29 22 23 30 14 51 30 7 23 30 17 30 30 22 58 30 22 22 30 16 2 30 5 31 30 6 30 30 16 48 30 22 57 30 22 15 31 14 31 31 7 46 31 23 1 31 15 45 31 5 8 31 17 5 31 22 7 1575. The third year. januarie. February. March. April. May. june. july. August. September. October. November. December. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 21 57 South declination. 1 14 17 South declination. Equinoctial. North declination. 1 4 2 1 8 1 North declination. 1 17 43 Solstic. North declination. 1 23 5 1 22 16 North declination. 1 15 30 North declination. Equinoctial. South declination. 1 4 54 1 6 48 South declination. 1 17 16 Solstic. South declination. 1 23 0 2 21 48 2 13 57 2 3 38 2 8 24 2 17 59 2 23 10 2 22 9 2 15 13 2 4 28 2 7 10 2 17 33 2 23 6 3 21 38 3 13 37 3 3 15 3 8 46 3 18 14 3 23 13 3 22 0 3 14 56 3 4 5 3 7 34 3 17 49 3 23 11 4 21 28 4 13 15 4 2 51 4 9 8 4 18 28 4 23 16 4 21 51 4 14 49 4 3 41 4 7 55 4 18 5 4 23 15 5 21 18 5 12 56 5 2 27 5 9 30 5 18 42 5 23 20 5 21 43 5 14 20 5 3 18 5 8 18 5 18 22 5 23 18 6 21 6 6 12 35 6 2 3 6 9 52 6 18 57 6 23 23 6 21 33 6 14 1 6 2 55 6 8 40 6 18 37 6 23 21 7 20 55 7 12 15 7 1 40 7 10 12 7 19 11 7 23 24 7 21 23 7 13 42 7 2 31 7 9 3 7 18 52 7 23 24 8 20 44 8 11 54 8 1 16 8 10 34 8 19 24 8 23 25 8 21 12 8 13 22 8 2 8 8 9 25 8 19 7 8 23 26 9 20 31 9 11 33 9 0 52 9 10 57 9 19 38 9 23 26 9 21 2 9 13 3 9 1 47 9 9 46 9 19 21 9 23 27 10 20 19 10 11 12 10 0 28 10 11 16 10 19 51 10 23 27 10 20 52 10 12 43 10 1 23 10 10 8 10 19 35 10 23 27 11 20 5 11 10 51 11 0 4 11 11 36 11 20 3 11 23 28 11 20 42 11 12 23 11 0 59 11 10 30 11 19 49 11 23 28 12 19 52 12 10 29 12 0 20 12 11 50 12 20 15 12 23 28 12 20 30 12 12 2 12 0 36 12 10 53 12 20 2 12 23 28 13 19 39 13 10 7 13 0 44 ●3 12 17 13 20 28 13 23 28 13 20 18 13 11 42 13 0 12 13 11 13 13 20 15 13 23 28 14 19 24 14 9 45 14 1 8 14 12 37 14 20 39 14 23 27 14 20 6 14 11 23 14 0 12 14 11 33 14 20 28 14 23 27 15 19 10 15 9 22 15 1 32 15 12 57 15 20 51 15 23 26 15 19 57 15 11 2 15 0 36 15 11 54 15 20 40 15 23 27 16 18 56 16 9 0 16 1 55 16 13 16 16 21 1 16 23 25 16 19 40 16 10 41 16 0 59 16 12 15 16 20 53 16 23 26 17 18 40 17 8 38 17 2 18 17 13 35 17 21 12 17 23 24 17 19 26 17 10 20 17 1 23 17 12 34 17 21 4 17 23 25 18 18 24 18 8 15 18 2 41 18 13 54 18 21 22 18 23 22 18 19 13 18 9 58 18 1 47 18 12 56 18 21 15 18 23 23 19 18 9 19 7 53 19 3 5 19 14 14 19 21 32 19 23 20 19 19 0 19 9 38 19 2 10 19 13 16 19 21 26 19 23 21 20 17 53 20 7 30 20 3 29 20 14 32 20 21 42 20 23 17 20 18 45 20 9 17 20 2 33 20 13 36 20 21 36 20 23 16 21 17 36 21 7 8 21 3 52 21 14 51 21 21 51 21 23 13 21 18 30 21 8 56 21 2 56 21 13 56 21 21 45 21 23 12 22 17 20 22 6 45 22 4 14 22 15 10 22 22 0 22 23 10 22 18 15 22 8 33 22 3 20 22 14 16 22 21 54 22 23 8 23 17 2 23 6 22 23 4 38 23 15 27 23 22 8 23 23 6 23 18 0 23 8 12 23 3 43 23 14 35 23 22 3 23 23 3 24 16 45 24 5 59 24 5 1 24 15 46 24 22 16 24 23 1 24 17 45 24 7 50 24 4 6 24 14 57 24 22 12 24 22 57 25 16 27 25 5 35 25 5 24 25 16 4 25 22 24 25 22 55 25 17 29 25 7 28 25 4 30 25 15 12 25 22 20 25 22 52 26 16 10 26 5 12 26 5 47 26 16 22 26 22 30 26 22 50 26 17 14 26 7 5 26 4 52 26 15 30 26 22 28 26 22 46 27 15 51 27 4 49 27 6 10 27 16 38 27 22 37 27 22 44 27 16 57 27 6 43 27 5 16 27 15 49 27 22 35 27 22 39 28 15 33 28 4 25 28 6 33 28 16 54 28 22 43 28 22 37 28 16 40 28 6 20 28 5 39 28 16 7 28 22 42 28 22 32 29 15 13 29 6 56 29 17 10 29 22 50 29 22 31 29 16 24 29 5 58 29 6 2 29 16 25 29 22 49 29 22 25 30 14 55 30 7 19 30 17 27 30 22 55 30 22 24 30 16 6 30 5 ●5 30 6 25 30 16 42 30 22 55 30 22 17 31 14 35 31 7 40 31 23 0 31 15 49 31 5 14 31 16 59 31 22 8 1576. The year of Bissextilis. january. February. March. april. May. june. july. August. September. October. November. December. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. D. G. M. 1 21 59 South declination. 1 14 21 South declination. Equinoctial. North declination. 1 3 44 1 8 20 North declination. 1 17 54 North declination. Solstic. 1 23 8 1 22 10 North declination. 1 15 17 North declination. Equinoctial. South declination. 1 4 33 1 7 5 South declination. 1 17 31 Solstic. South declination. 1 23 5 2 21 50 2 14 2 2 3 21 2 8 41 2 18 9 2 23 12 2 22 2 2 15 0 2 4 10 2 7 27 2 17 47 2 23 10 3 21 41 3 13 42 3 2 57 3 9 3 3 18 24 3 23 15 3 21 53 3 14 42 3 3 47 3 7 49 3 18 3 3 23 13 4 21 31 4 13 22 4 2 33 4 9 25 4 18 38 4 23 19 4 21 45 4 14 23 4 3 24 4 8 12 4 18 19 4 23 16 5 21 20 5 13 2 5 2 9 5 9 46 5 18 53 5 23 22 5 21 36 5 14 5 5 3 0 5 8 34 5 18 34 5 23 20 6 21 9 6 12 41 6 1 46 6 10 8 6 19 7 6 23 24 6 21 26 6 13 46 6 2 37 6 8 56 6 18 49 6 23 23 7 20 58 7 12 21 7 1 22 7 10 29 7 19 21 7 23 25 7 21 16 7 13 26 7 2 13 7 9 18 7 19 4 7 23 25 8 20 47 8 12 0 8 0 58 8 10 50 8 19 34 8 23 26 8 21 6 8 13 7 8 1 52 8 9 46 8 19 18 8 23 26 9 20 34 9 11 39 9 0 34 9 11 11 9 19 48 9 23 27 9 20 55 9 12 48 9 1 28 9 10 2 9 19 32 9 23 27 10 20 22 10 11 18 10 0 10 10 11 31 10 20 0 10 23 28 10 20 44 10 12 28 10 1 4 10 10 24 10 19 46 10 23 27 11 20 9 11 10 57 11 0 14 11 11 51 11 20 12 11 23 28 11 20 32 11 12 8 11 0 41 11 10 45 11 20 0 11 23 28 12 19 56 12 10 35 12 0 38 12 12 12 12 20 25 12 23 28 12 20 21 12 11 47 12 0 18 12 11 7 12 20 13 12 23 28 13 19 43 13 10 13 13 1 50 13 12 33 13 20 37 13 23 27 13 20 9 13 11 28 13 0 6 13 11 28 13 20 26 13 23 28 14 19 28 14 9 51 14 1 24 14 12 52 14 20 48 14 23 27 14 19 56 14 11 7 14 0 30 14 11 49 14 20 37 14 23 27 15 19 13 15 9 28 15 1 48 15 13 12 15 20 58 15 23 26 15 19 43 15 10 46 15 0 53 15 12 10 15 20 50 15 23 26 16 18 59 16 9 6 16 2 12 16 13 32 16 21 9 16 23 25 16 19 30 16 10 26 16 1 17 16 12 31 16 21 1 16 23 25 17 18 44 17 8 44 17 2 35 17 13 51 17 21 20 17 23 24 17 19 16 17 10 4 17 1 40 17 12 51 17 21 12 17 23 24 18 18 29 18 8 21 18 2 59 18 14 11 18 21 30 18 23 21 18 19 2 18 9 43 18 2 4 18 13 11 18 21 23 18 23 21 19 18 14 19 7 59 19 3 22 19 14 29 19 21 39 19 23 18 19 18 48 19 9 21 19 2 26 19 13 31 19 21 33 19 23 18 20 17 57 20 7 36 20 3 46 20 14 47 20 21 48 20 23 14 20 18 34 20 8 59 20 2 50 20 13 51 20 21 43 20 23 13 21 17 41 21 7 14 21 4 9 21 15 5 21 21 57 21 23 11 21 18 19 21 8 37 21 3 13 21 14 11 21 21 52 21 23 9 22 17 25 22 6 51 22 4 32 22 15 24 22 22 5 22 23 7 22 18 4 22 8 16 22 3 37 22 14 30 22 22 1 22 23 6 23 17 7 23 6 28 23 4 55 23 15 41 23 22 14 23 23 2 23 17 48 23 7 56 23 4 0 23 14 50 23 22 11 23 23 0 24 16 50 24 6 5 24 5 19 24 16 0 24 22 22 24 22 56 24 17 33 24 7 33 24 4 23 24 15 9 24 22 19 24 22 54 25 16 32 25 5 41 25 5 41 25 16 18 25 22 29 25 22 51 25 17 19 25 7 11 25 4 46 25 15 27 25 22 27 25 22 49 26 16 14 26 5 18 26 6 3 26 16 34 26 22 35 26 22 46 26 17 2 26 6 49 26 5 9 26 15 46 26 22 34 26 22 43 27 15 56 27 4 55 27 6 27 27 16 50 27 22 41 27 22 39 27 16 45 27 6 26 27 5 32 27 16 4 27 22 41 27 22 35 28 15 38 28 4 3 28 6 50 28 17 6 28 22 48 28 22 32 28 16 28 28 6 3 28 5 55 28 16 22 28 22 48 28 22 28 29 15 18 29 4 8 29 7 13 29 17 22 29 22 54 29 22 ●6 29 16 11 29 5 40 29 6 19 29 16 39 29 22 51 29 22 21 30 15 0 30 7 35 30 17 39 30 22 58 30 22 28 30 15 53 30 5 19 30 6 42 30 16 56 30 22 59 30 22 13 31 14 41 31 7 57 31 23 3 31 15 36 31 4 57 31 17 14 31 22 4 ¶ The Balla Stella or Cross staff: to take the height of the Sun or Star. ¶ The sixth Chapter or rule showeth, how to take the height of the Sun with the cross staff or with the Astrolabe, and also how to found the true Meridian, with other necessary matters. TO take the true height of the Sun at the Sea, the best way is, to do it with the cross staff: for that the Sea is movable, and causeth the Ship to heave, and set little or much: And also upon the cross staff the degrees be larger marked than the King or Astrolabe: and in a large instrument an error is seen sooner and better than it is in a small instrument. Now to take the height of the Sun, How to observe the sun. to know thy Altitude of the Pole above the Horizon, do this: first set the Sun with a compass, to know when that the Sun cometh near unto the Meridian: as soon as you see that the Sun is come unto the South and by East, then begin to take the height of the Sun with the cross staff in this manner: Put the Transitory upon the long staff, than set the end of the long staff close at the corner of your eye, To take the height of the Sun with the cross staff. winking with your other eye, and removing the Transitory forwards or backwards, until you do see the lower end of it (being just with the Horizon) and the upper end of it, (being just with the middle of the Sun) both to agreed with the Sun and the Horizon at one time: and so have you the true height of the Sun: this done, Still observe the same, until you see the Sun at the highest and beginning to descend, and then have you finished. The cause why the cross staff] is best to take the height of the Sun unto 50, degrees Yet notwithstanding this is to be noted: that it is best to take the height of the Sun with the cross staff, when the Sun is under 50. degrees in height above the Horizon, for two causes. The one is this: till the Sun be .50. degrees in height the degrees be largely marked upon the cross staff, but after (the Sun being above .50. degrees high) they be lesser marked. The other is, for that the Sun being under 50. degrees in height, you may easily take the height, because you may easily see or view the upper end and the neither end of the crosstaffe both at one time: but if it doth exceed .50. degrees, then by the means of casting your eye upwards and downwards so much, you may soon commit error, and then in like manner the degrees be so small marked, that if the Sun doth pass .50. or .60. degrees in height, you must leave the cross staff and use the Mariner's King, called by them the Astralaby, which they aught to call the Astrolabe. To take the height of the Sun with the Astrolabe Now to take the height of the Sun with the common King or Astrolabe, do thus: The Sun being (as before is declared) near the Meridian or South, observe it (until you have the greatest height thereof) in this manner: Hold the King of the Astrolabe upon one of your fingers, How to correct your Astrolabe if it doth nor hung upright. and turn the Alhidada up and down, until you see the shadow of the Sun pierce or pass through both the sights thereof, being sure that the Astrolabe doth hung upright, which you may prove in this manner: Look at how many degrees and minutes the Alhidada doth stand upon the Astrolabe, then turn the Alhidada unto the same number of the degrees and minutes on the other side of the Astrolabe, and then taking the height of the Sun again, if it do agreed as it did before, than the Astrolabe doth hung upright: but if it do not, than it doth not hung upright. For knowledge of the true height of the Sun (the Astrolabe not hanging upright) do thus: if the Astrolabe be truly marked, mark the diversity, that being known, rebate from the greatest height half the diversity, or else add unto the lesser height half the diversity, and that shall be the true height of the Sun, although that the Astrolabe doth not hung upright. The Astrolabe is best to take the height of the Sun at .60.70. or .80. degrees in height. How to preserve your eyes when you touch the Sun with the cross staff and have no glasses. The diameter of the Sun is 30. or .31. minutes. The Astrolabe is best to take the height of the Sun, if the Sun be very high at .60.70. or .80. degrees, and the cause is this: the Sun coming so near unto your Zenith, hath great power of light, for to pierce the .2. sights of the Alhidada of the Astrolabe, and then it is not good to use the cross staff, for that the Sun hurteth the eyes of a man, and besides that it is to high to occupy the cross staff, (as before is declared) so that this way you may very much preserve your eyes. If you have not glasses upon your staff (to save your eyes in taking the height of the Sun) but be unprovided of them, do thus: take and cover the Sun with the end of the transitory of the cross staff, unto the very upper edge or brink of the Sun (so shall you not need to behold the brightness of it) and with the other end of the transitory to take the horizon truly, and that being done, for that the Sun is .30. or .31. minutes in diameter or breadth, therefore you shall rebate .15. minutes from the altitude or height of the Sun, and then that which shall remain shall be the true height of the Sun from the centre or middle of the Sun. And furthermore there is some error in the taking the Sun or Star with the Ballastel or cross staff, and that groweth by this means: for that the true centre (which is the sight of the eye) is within in the middle of the eye, Some error in the cross staff and how to reform it. and not in the outside of the eye: so that the end of the long staff in the setting of it unto the corner of your eye, doth stand somewhat further out than the sight of your eye, that is too say, that the sight of the eye is somewhat further into the head, than the end of the staff doth come: wherefore you must pair away a little of the end of the staff, for some men's uses more, and some men's uses less, for that it is according as you may set the staff unto your eye, for some men need pair away little or nothing, and some men must pair away .14. or .15. minutes as you may set the staff: because some men's eyes be further into their head than other some men's are, and the bones of some men's face stand further out than other some do. It is moreover convenient to know the true meridian, or South, which you must do, either with a good compass or with a perfit dial or Néedel: To get the true Meridian upon the Land. but if you be on the land this you may do: on a piece of timber, or any other thing that standeth fast, with a pair of compasses make a circle, then in the middle or centre where the foot of the compass did stand set a wire upright (as circumspectly as you can) and then you may do this: look in the morning (so it be on plain ground that you may see the horizon circle, without any let) at the Sun rising, for the shadow of the wire, and there set a prick: then at the setting of the Sun you shall set another prick, even at the circumference of the circle, then divide that with your compasses even in .2. pieces, and strike a strait line from the wire or centre of the circle, to the middle or divided prick, & that shall be true meridian. Or else (the wire standing upright) first in the fore noon when the top of the wire doth touch, or is ready to come into the circumference or edge of the circle, there make a prick: then in the after noon in like manner, at the very coming out or touching of the wire, of the edge of the circle, there make an other prick even with the coming out of the shadow: this done (as circumspectly as you can) divide these 2. pricks in the middle, then as before is said, draw a line from the centre or wire, to the middle prick, and that shadow shall be your true meridian. After another manner you may do this: look and watch when the wire giveth the shortest shadow, and there make a prick: then draw a line from that prick to the wire, which shadow shall be the true meridian. And yet furthermore, To know the true Meridian at the Sea, and also (if your compass be varied) and to know how much they be varied. for that it is most convenient to know the true Meridian at the Sea, because in long voyages going far unto the Westward or Eastward, the compass doth vary: to found the true Meridian do this. Set the Sun with your compass at her rising or appearing above the horizon, & then (knowing what point & part the Sun doth rise at) set the Sun with your compass at her setting or departing under the horizon, & (that being known) you shall perfectly know, whether the compass be varied, & how much: for ensample this, I do set the Sun at her rising with the compass, & she doth rise upon the East point: in like manner also I do set the Sun with her compass at her setting, & do found her to set West Northwest: so I do see the compass to be varied one point, that is to say, the North point doth stand North and by East. etc. And furthermore (for that seldom times the Sun doth rise and set clear by the means of the clouds, and other impediments near the horizon) you may get the true Meridian thus: at any time in the fore noon, first set the Sun with your compass, and then take the true height of the Sun. Now you (knowing how many degrees the Sun was high at that point of the compass) may in like manner observe the Sun in the afternoon, until you do found the Sun just at that height that it was in the forenoon, marking at what point of the compass the Sun is, and so shall you see perfitly whether the compass be varied or not, and also how much: for ensample thus: I take the Sun upon the Southest point .20. degrees above the horizon, & then in the after noon I do observe the Sun until such time as I do found the Sun just .20. degrees above the horizon again, & then I set the Sun with the compass and do found the Sun to be at .20. degrees in height west south-west, so that I see the compass to be varied one point, that is to say the North point doth stand North & by East. etc. Another way also to know the true meridian, is by the Sun: that is, to set the Sun with the compass at her greatest height above the horizon, & so you shall know whither that compass be varied, & how much: & look what is spoken of the Sun by day, you may do the like by night by any of the Stars that you perfectly do know, To found the variation of the compass in the night by the Stars but not by the Moon. doing as you do by the Sun in all points: but you cannot do it so well and truly by the Moon, by the means of the swiftness of the moons motion in the Zodiac, you may also found the variation of the compass by the North Star, as thus: set the North Star with the compass, if the North point do stand right with the Star, than it is not varied, but if it doth not stand right with the Star, than it is varied: and that must be done when the .2. Stars of Charles Wain called the points be right under, or right over the North Star, but if that the Stars be West from the North Star, than the North Star is the third part of a point unto the Eastward of the North pole. If the .2. Stars of Charles Wayne called the poynters be due east from the North Star, than the North Star is the third part of a point unto the westward of the North pole. etc. This have I said because that sometime in sundry places, the compass doth vary, & especially in the sailing of long voyages running East and West, Medell not with your compass all though it be varied. (called the north-easting or Northwesting of the compass) therefore I would not wish them to meddle with the mending of their compass or whetting of the side of the néedell to the end to make it to stand due North, but circumspectly to await the altering of the compass, and what quantity it doth altar: as you may do very well, by the order before rehearsed, and then let your compass alone: for although that it doth vary .2. or .3. points, To sail by the compass that is varied. you may make account according to the variation as thus: I admit the Northwest point standeth due North, and my course is to go due West, I will occupy the south-west point in this case for the west point. And thus (by observation and trying of my compass) I care not what point standeth due North, for it is all one, so that you consider what point standeth North. And now furthermore, some are of that opinion, that (by the north-easting or Northwesting of the compass) you may know the Longitude: but I am not of that opinion, for I admit that it be so (as some do affirm) that the compass doth vary, (as some have said) that is, As touching Longitude to be found by the north-easting or Northwesting of the compass. that you being .90. degrees unto the Westward (from the place your compass was made at) your North point should stand North-east: and in like manner you being .90. degrees East, your North point should stand northwest: then by that order the compass should vary one point at .22. degrees and a half, and that cometh unto .450. english leagues (if you be near unto the equinoctial:) wherefore no master or pilotte of a ship, doth keep so simple account of the ships way, but that he may know what distance he hath unto any place better than he shall know by the variing of the compass: & also whether it be so or not that the compass doth keep any such proportion in the variation, I do refer that unto them that have tried the experience thereof: for I for my part can say nothing in that matter. Wherefore I cease from writing much thereof, although the Sea men be very desirous to have some way to get the Longitude. But if it be true that the compass doth vary by that proportion, than it were very good for them to practise that matter that should make any discovery unto the northwards, for that the degrees be so short in those Parallels. The seventh Chapter showeth how to handle the declination of the Sun, to know the altitude of the North pole above the horizon, (the height of the Sun being truly taken and known in any place between the North pole and the Equinoctial) so that the Sun be unto the Southwards of you, at the taking of the Sun upon the Meridian. YOu must consider by the regiment or table of declination (going before) that the .11. day of March the Sun is equinoctial entering then the first point of Aries (called the equinoctial of spring time) where she hath no declination. The .10. day of April the Sun entereth into the first minute of Taurus, then having declination to the Northwards. 11. degrees .30. minutes. The .12. day of May, the Sun entereth the first point of Gemini, having then declination .20. The greatest declination of the Sun. degrees .12. minutes. The .12. day of june the Sun entereth into Cancer, where he (making his greatest progress to the Northwards) hath .23. degrees .28. minutes of declination. But now in this our time, some do affirm it to be .23. degrees and a half, but it lacketh .2. minutes. The .14. day of julie, the Sun entereth into Leo coming dounwards to the Equinoctial, having .20. degrees .12. minutes of declination. The 14. day of August the Sun entereth into Virgo, having declination .11. degrees .30. minutes. The .14. of September, the Sun entereth into Libra, (then being Equinoctial, and having no declination) which is called the Equinoctial of Autumn or harvest, Equinoctial of Autumn. where he beginneth his South declination. The .14. of October the Sun entereth into Scorpio, where his declination is .11. degrees .30. minutes. The .12. of November the Sun entereth into Sagittarius, his declination being .20. degrees .12. minutes. The .12. day of December, the Sun entereth the first minute of Capricorn, where the Sun (making greatest progress to the Southwards) hath of declination .23. degrees and .28. minutes. From whence he returneth to the equinoctial again. The greatest declination to the South. The .11. of january the Sun entereth into Aquarius, where his declination is 20. degrees .12. minutes. The .10. day of February the Sun entereth into the first minute of Pisces, and hath of declination .11. degrees .30. minutes. The .11. day of March, the Sun returneth to the self same place that it departed from before, wherefore the Egyptians did paint the year like to an adder biting her tail, The year is compared unto a ring or an adder biting his tail. and (not having the use of letters) they made a ring and named it annulus, as it were annus, that is to say a year: because a ring doth turn round in itself as doth the year. The height of the Sun being known, you (knowing the day of the month, and what year it is after the Bissextilis) must turn to the day of the month, in the regiment or table going before, where right against the day of the month you shall found the degrees of declination and the odd minutes belonging to the degrees of declination following: that being known (that is to say, the height of the Sun with the degrees and minutes of the declination) if the Sun have North declination, The height of the Sun being taken and known then how to handle the declination to know the height of the pole. you shall subtract or take away the suns declination from the height of the Sun, with the degrees and minutes: and then that which remaineth shall be the true height of the Equinoctial which being known, pulling that sum out of .90. with the degrees and minutes, that which doth remain shall be the true height of the North pole above the horizon. But if that the Sun hath South declination, you shall add or put that declination unto the height of the Sun, which shall show unto you the true height of the Equinoctial: of the which sum (being taken from .90.) that which doth remain shall be the altitude of the North pole above the horizon. For this is to be noted: look what height the Equinoctial is above the horizon, it is equal or just so much between the Zenith or vertical point and the North pole. In like manner: look how many degrees and minutes are between the Equinoctial and your Zenith, just that number of degrees and minutes is from the North pole, down to the horizon, Things to be noted as touching the taking of the altitude of the pole. which is the cause that you must pull the height of the Equinoctial, from the horizon with the degrees and minutes. For that your Zenith is always .90. degrees from the horizon as you see by this figure. The .8. Chapter showeth you how to handle the declination of the Sun, when you are between the Equinoctial and the Sun: that is to say, the Sun being to the Southwards or Northwards of you and the Equinoctial, or under the Equinoctial: the height of the Sun being truly known or taken. NOw furthermore if you be unto the South parts near unto the equinoctial, so that the Sun have any great declination either to the Southwards or the Northwards, you being between the equinoctial and the Sun, when you have taken the true height of the Sun with the Astrolabe, to know the height of any of the .2. poles do this: seek the declination of the Sun for that day with the degrees & minutes, the declination being known & the height of the Sun in like manner, then add the declination of the Sun unto the height thereof, & it will exceed or be more than .90. degrees, than again look how many degrees it is more than .90. with degrees & minutes, A thing to be noted. that shall be the true height of the pole towards that side that the Sun is: because the Equinoctial is the number of degrees above .90. (which is your Zenith) to the contrary part from the Sunwards. For (as I have said in the chapter going before & is general for ever) look what height soever the Equinoctial be from the horizon, that is the true distance between the Zenith and the pole: in like manner look what distance is between the Equinoctial & the Zenith, the same is the true distance between the horizon & the pole, that is to say, the pole is so many degrees in altitude above the horizon. As it is a common saying (in knowing how far we be unto the Southwards or Northwards) that the pole artic is so many degrees in altitude, or (as some will say) that we are in so many degrees in Latitude: Altitude or Latitude is all one question in effect. the question is all one in effect, although the one be called Altitude or height, and the other Latitude or wideness, yet it hath one signification: for as when you say altitude or height of the Pole, you mean the Pole is raised so many degrees above the Horizon. So likewise when you say Latitude, you mean you be so many degrees in wideness from the Equinoctial: for that your Zenith or vertical point is so many degrees from the Equinoct. Moreover if you chance to be right under the Equinoctial, as you cannot say that you have any Latitude, Being under the Equinoctial you have neither Latitude nor altitude, for that the Equinoctial is your Zenith and the Poles your Horizon. so likewise cannot you say that you have any Altitude, for that the two Poles be then just with your Horizon, and in like manner the Equinoctial is your Zenith or Vertical point. But when you will take the height of the Sun with your Astrolabe, then look what declination the Sun hath, either to the southwards or northwards. Then put the declination of the Sun unto the height of the same, and the number will be just .90. degrees: if it lacketh any thing of .90. degrees, than it signifieth that the Equinoctial lacketh so much of the Zenith, and so much just shall the pole be above the Horizon towards that part that you be in from the Sun wards. But contrariwise, if it doth exceed or be any thing more than .90. degrees, than (as afore is declared) it signifieth that the Equinoctial is as much as that number (both in degrees and minutes. Of your zenith being between the Equinoctial and the Sun. ) On the contrary side, from the Sun wards, that is to say, your Zenithe shall be between the Sun and the Equinoctial, & the Pole shall be so many degrees or minutes above the Horizon, as is the distance between the Zenith and the Equinoctial, towards that part or side that the Sun is on. Wherefore I do think it necessary to give certain ensamples (and first take this for an ensample. An ensample. ) Admit I do take the height of the Sun unto the Northwards .80. degrees above the Horizon, and the Sun hath declination unto the northwards .20. degrees, to which I add or put the height, that is to say .80. degrees (being the height of the Sun) and .20. degrees (being the declination of the Sun) do make .100. from which I pull .90. away (which is my Zenith) and so there remaineth .10. degrees. Wherefore you may conclude that the Equinoctial is .10. degrees to the South part of your Zenith, An ensample where the pole is .10. degrees above the Horizon. and the Sun to be .10. degrees to the North part of your Zenith, so that the North Pole is .10. degrees above the Horizon, as by this example it is declared. And for the second ensample, admit I take the Sun unto the northwards .75. degrees and .20. minutes above the Horizon, the Sun having North declination .14. degrees 40. minutes, I then do add or put .14. degrees .40. minutes unto .75. degrees .20. minutes, and those .2. joined together maketh. 9●. degrees, whereof you may conclude that the Equinoctial is your Zenith, and then the .2. Poles be with your Horizon, as by this example it doth appear. And now followeth the .3. ensample. I admit the Sun be taken with the Astrolabe .81. degrees and .15. minutes above the horizon, and the same hath South declination .22. degrees .35. minutes, An ensample. wherefore I do add or put together .81. degrees and .15. minutes (being the height of the Sun) and 22. degrees .35. minutes (being the declination) and that maketh .103. degrees .50. minutes: from which I take away .90. degrees (which is my Zenith) so that there remaineth .13. degrees .50. minutes: so that you may safely conclude that the Equinoctial is .13. degrees .50. minutes unto the North parts of the Zenith, and then it must needs follow that the South pole is .13. degrees .50. minutes above the Horizon, as by this ensample it is declared. The ninth Chapter showeth how to handle the declination of the Sun, when you are beyond the Equinoctial, that is to say, between the South pole and the Equinoctial: with certain ensamples both for the South pole and the North pole. ANd furthermore if you be unto the Southwards beyond the Equinoctial, as between the tropic of Capricorn & the South pole, then to use the declination of the Sun to know the height of the South pole or antarctic pole by the height of the Sun, there is no other matter in the doing thereof, To take the Sun to the northwards you being between the south Pole and the Equinoctial. but whereas we (being unto the North parts) do add the South declination unto the height of the Sun, and rebate the North declination from the height of the Sun, so in like manner the contrary is to be used: that is to say, to rebate the South declination from the height of the Sun, and to add unto the height of the Sun the North declination. As for ensample. I admit the height of the sun be taken .28. degrees above the Horizon due North, & the declination of the Sun be .21. degrees unto the Northwards, I do then add the declination of the sun which is .21 degrees unto the height of the Sun (being .28. degrees) which maketh .49. degrees, & so many degrees the Equinoct. is above the Horizon unto the Northwards, & then (as it is before declared) pull that sum out from .90. degrees, and there remaineth .41. degrees, An ensample by taking the South pole 41. degrees above the Horizon. which is the distance between the Zenith and the Equinoctial, which always is equal with the distance between the Pole and the Horizon: so that you may conclude the South Pole to be raised .41. degrees above the Horizon. As by this figure it is showed. And furthermore, if the Sun have South declination, than (as before is declared) you must subtract or take away the suns declination from the height of the Sun: as for ensample. The height of the Sun being taken at .50. degrees. ●0. minutes unto the North parts, and the Sun having .7. degrees and .15. minutes of declination unto the southwards, from which height of the Sun (for that you are unto the the Southwards beyond the Equinoctial) you must rebate the declination which is .7. degrees and .15. minutes, and there resteth .43. degrees .15 minutes, for the true height of the Equinoctial, which sum you must take out of .90. degrees, that done, there remaineth .46. degrees .45. minutes, the true height of the South Pole above the Horizon, otherwise called the Antarctic Pole, An ensample by taking the north pole 60. degrees above the Horizon. as by ensample of this figure is plainly showed. Yet furthermore I do think it convenient to give you an ensample unto the northwards, that you may perfectly know the true order of the working, both for the North part and also the South part. Admit therefore I take the height of the Sun due South, at .50. degrees above the Horizon, the Sun having then north declination .20. degrees: Now (for as much as you have the north Pole above the horizon) you must rebate the Sun's declination from the height: so that .20. degr. being taken away from .50. there resteth .30. which is the height of the Equinoctial above the Horizon, and that .30. being taken from .90. there resteth .60. So that you may boldly affirm the North Pole to be .60. degrees above the Horizon, as by this figure following it is showed. In like manner the Sun being taken at that height and due South, having the like declination also to the southwards that it had before to the northwards: that is to say, being .50. degrees in height, and having .20. degrees of declination unto the South parts, you must add or put the declination of the Sun unto the height of the same, and it maketh .70. degrees which is the height of the Equinoctial above the Horizon, this done, that .70. being taken out of .90. there remaineth but .20. so that the North Pole is but .20. degrees above the Horizon, as by the ensample of this figure it is showed. For in handling of the declination the true height of any of the Poles is known. Always having this consideration, that if they have the North Pole above the Horizon, they do always add or put too the height of the Sun, A thing to be noted in the handling of the suns declination. the South declination of the same. Or the Sun having North declination, they pull away the suns declination from the height thereof. Now contrariwise, if the South Pole be above the Horizon, you must add the North declination unto the height of the Sun, and take away the South declination from the height of the same. Now to know which of the 2. Poles be above the Horizon, is a very easy matter and is known .2. ways. How to know which of the .2 poles be under the horizon. For first if the North Pole be above the Horizon, you may know it by all the Stars round about the Pole, as Charles Wain and the Guards, with such other marks as be about the North Pole. Neither can you pass so suddenly beyond the Equinoctial, but it must needs be known unto you, & then you must use that kind of working with the suns declination that in the chapter or rule before is rehearsed: and also you may know it by the Ark or bearing of the Stars and lights round about you. Thus much have I said as touching the Sun's declination, The cause why english men have not traveled far beyond the Equinoctial. because I know that divers English men would have traveled further beyond the Equinoctial than they have done, but that they have not had the capacity to handle the suns declination when they have been beyond the Equinoctial, that is to say, unto the South parts, having lost the marks about the North Pole as the North Star and other, and as for the Stars of the South, they have not been acquainted with them, but have beaten up and down alongst the coast of Guinea and Bynney, and there have spoiled and consumed their men through the extraordinary heat of the Sun, An untemperate place for extreme heat. Temperate climate. not knowing that in going furthrr to the South parts, they should have brought themselves into a good temperate climate again. ¶ The .10. Chapter showeth, how to handle the suns declination unto the Northwards, where the Sun doth not set under the Horizon, and also to take the Sun at the lowest being due North. FOr further use of the suns declination, if you have any occasion to travel unto the northwards or southwards more than .67. degrees of Altitude of any of the .2. Poles, or if the sun have any great declination unto those parts that you are in, them shall not the Sun go down under the Horizon in a long time, Of being under either of the poles. after as you be in distance unto the North parts, for if you were right under either of the .2. Poles of the world, then would not the Sun go under the Horizon in half a year, so that there should be continually day: And now for the handling of the suns declination, to know the height of the Pole, & to take the Sun North at the lowest, Of taking the height of the sun due north at the lowest. do this: First with your cross staff observe the Sun at the lowest, taking the true distance between the Horizon and the Sun, that being truly done, look what declination the Sun hath, then have you to consider, that except the Sun be near unto her greatest declination, that is to say, in the latter end of Gemini, or the beginning of Cancer) the Sun doth decline little in .24. hours: A thing worthy to be noted as touching the suns declination. but if the declination be very swift, you must seek the suns declination upon the day before, and the day after, half the diversity of which shall be the suns declination: for that the sun is at the angle of midnight. The suns true declination being known, rebate the height of the same from the declination of the Sun, & so shall you have the true content in degrees and minutes that the Equinoctial is under the Horizon due North, and then pulling that sum from .90. that which remaineth shall be the height of the pole above the Horizon: for (as it is before declared) look what height the Equinoctial is above the Horizon, that is equal the distance between the Pole and the Zenith, and look what distance is between the Equinoctial and the Zenith, A thing to be noted of the pole and the Equinoctial, the Zenith and the Horizon the same distance is between the Pole and the Horizon in like manner, look how deep under the Horizon the Equinoctial is unto the Northwards, so far equal is the height of the Equinoctial unto the southwards. As for ensample: admit I were unto the Northwards of the North cape, the Sun being in her greatest declination unto the Northwards, which is about the .11. day of june .23. degrees and near a half this being known I take the Sun due North at the lowest, The Sun taken due North at .6 degrees. just .6. degrees above the Horizon, the declination being .23. degrees and .28. minutes. Wherefore I rebate from that .6. degrees and so there remaineth .17. degrees and .28 minutes. For the depth of the Equinoctial under the Horizon, and then do I pull that sum from .90. and there remaineth 72. degrees .32. minutes for the true height of the North pole above the Horizon, as by this ensample it is declared. By this ensample you may also know the true height of any of the .2. poles, and how to observe the Sun at the lowest when the Sun cometh nearest unto the Horizon, as well as you may when the Sun is upon the Meridian at the greatest height from the Horizon, which is very necessary for them that do occupy unto the northwards of Saint Nicholas in Rousey, it is also very necessary for them that would attempt any voyages of discovery unto the Northwards, Of voyages for discovery to the Northwards either to the Eastward by Nova Zemla or to the West ward by cape de Paramantia. as into the East by Nova Zemla, or to the West by cape de Paramantia, on the back side of the North part of the tail of America, other wise called the back side of Vacula, which if it were attempted, there is no doubt but they should find it navigable either to the East part or to the West part: and I am of this opinion, that the thing most feared in making their discoucry unto the Northward, deserveth not so greatly to be feared as they do make it, the cause why they are so loath to go very far unto the Northwards is, for that it is the frozen zone, but my opinion is, that in summer time it is not to be feared, but the further unto the northwards the more temperate warm, by means of the long continuance of the Sun: for as we see by common experience that a thing once being made warm cannot suddenly be made cold, neither is there doubt of any great cold until the Sun be unto the Southwards of the Equinoctial: for I admit that a ship should sail unto the Northward, and not stay until the North pole were elevated .80. degrees above the Horizon, Of temperateness the pole being raised 80. degrees I do think than they should found it very temperate and warm unto the middle of September, for that by the space of .9. weeks together (that is to say from the .10 day of May, unto the 12. day of july) the Sun should come no nearer unto the Horizon due North than .10. degrees, or .30. degrees unto the South part above the Horizon: and yet it is possible that it may be cold there until the end of May, for that the Sun must have a time to make the air warm. For like as a thing once being cold cannot be suddenly made warm, so in like manner a place being once made warm cannot be suddenly made cold. And furthermore he that were in the Latitude of .80. degrees should have but a short parallel: The length of the parallel at .80. degrees is but .1250. english leagues. for the whole compass of the earth and Sea going East and West too come round about to that place again in the same parallel is but .1250. english leagues, every league containing .3. english miles: So that in sailing of less than 500 or .600. leagues, they might see whether it were navigable or not. The eleventh Chapter doth show how you shall know the length of the day, and to know how much the day is shortened or lengthened by the suns declination. Now I think it convenient for Seafaring men too know the length of the day in any place that they have occasion too go unto: for that they have occasion too travel into all the climates and places, transporting themselves many times quickly from one place unto another: and although the ancient writers have appointed certain climates, and other late writers in like manner have made tables very exact for the longest or shortest day in any of those climates, and other places, according to the elevation of the pole: yet have they not opened any way unto them in giving any order for them to know when the days is an hour longer or shorter, whereby they might at all times know the length of the day, which notwithstanding is very necessary for them, for that they be abroad under sail both night and day, and in like manner for that they must keep account of hours and times exactly, How necessary it is for a Seafaring man to know the length of the day. Under the Equinoctial the day is always .12. hours long. The pole 16. degrees 44. minutes the day .13. hours long when it is at the longest▪ in as much as they aught to keep an account of the ships way: wherefore it must needs be most necessary for navigation, to know the true time of the Sun rising and setting, which you shall know by this means: first this is not unknown, that under the Equinoctial the Sun is .12. hours above the Horizon, and .12. hours under the Horizon, (what declination soever the Sun hath) so that there the Sun riseth at .6. of the clock and setteth at .6. of the clock for ever. And where the pole is raised .16. degrees and .44. minutes, there the longest day is .13. hours, (the Sun having her greatest declination at .23. degrees .28. minute's) and the shortest day is 11. hours long: and then look when the Sun hath declined .23. degrees and a half either backwards or forwards, for then the day is an hour longer or shorter and proportionably: when the Sun hath declined .11. degrees .44. minutes than it is half an hour longer or shorter. The pole 30. degrees 48. minutes the longest day .14. hours long. etc. Moreover where the pole is elevated .30. degrees .48. minutes, there the longest day is .14. hours and the shortest day is .10. hours long, the Sun then rising at .5. of the clock and setting at .7. of the clock, and there when the Sun hath declined .11. degrees and .44. minutes from the Equinoctial. etc. unto the greatest declination, than the day is an hour longer or shorter, The pole 41. degrees 23. minutes the longest day .15. hours long. and when the Sun hath declined .5. degrees .52. minute's then the day is half an hour longer or shorter. etc. Furthermore also, where the pole is raised .41. degrees .23. minutes, there the longest day is .15. hours, and the shortest .9. hours long, (the Sun having her greatest declination, and as then rising at .4. of the clock .30. minutes, and setting at .7. of the clock .30. minute's) so that there when the Sun hath declined .7. degrees .49. minutes from the Equinoctial, the day shall be an hour longer or shorter, and when it hath declined 3. degrees .54. minutes, the day shall be half an hour longer or shorter. etc. And furthermore, The pole raised .49. deg. 1. mi. then the longest day is 16. hours long. where the Pole is raised .49 degrees one minute, there the longest day is .16. hours, and the shortest .8. hours long, the Sun rising at .4. of the clock, and setting at .8. of the clock, so that there when the Sun hath declined .5. degrees .52. minutes from the Equinoctial, then shall the day be an hour longer or shorter. And when the Sun hath declined .2. degrees .56. minutes, than the day shall be half an hour longer or shorter. etc. Yet furthermore, where the Pole is raised .54. degrees .30. The pole raised .54. deg. 30. mi. then the longest day is 17. hours long. minutes, there the longest day is .17. hours, and the shortest 7. hours long, the Sun then rising at .3. of the clock 30. minutes, and setting at .8. and .30. minutes: where when the Sun hath declined .4. degrees & .41. minutes from the Equinoctial, to the greatest declination, the day is an hour longer or shorter, and when she hath declined .2. degrees .21. minutes, the day is half an hour longer or shorter, etc. The pole raised .58. deg. 27. mi. the longest day is .18. hours long Where also the Pole is raised .58. degrees .27. minutes, there the longest day is 18. hours long, and the shortest but .6. and there when the Sun hath declined .3. degrees .55. minutes from the equinoctial, than the day shall be an hour longer or shorter: and when the Sun hath declined .2. degrees lacking .2. minutes, The pole raised .61. deg. 18. mi. the longest day is .19. hours long than the day shall be half an hour longer or shorter. Furthermore also, where the pole is raised .61. degrees .18. minutes, there the longest day is .19. hours long, and the shortest but .5 hours: then shall the Sun rise at .2. of the clock .30. minutes, and set at .9. and .30. minutes, and there when the Sun hath declined .3. degrees and .21 minutes from the Equinoctial, then shall the day be an hour longer or shorter, etc. Furthermore, where the Pole is raised .63. degrees .22. The Pole 63. deg. 2. mi. the longest day .20. hours long. minutes, there the longest day is .20. hours long, and the shortest but .4. hours, then shall the Sun rise at two of the clock, and set at ten of the clock, and when the Sun hath declined two degrees, and fifty six minutes from the Equinoctial unto the greatest declination, then shall the day be an hour longer or shorter etc. The pole raised .64. degrees .49 minutes the longest day 11. hours long. The pole 65. degrees the longest day .22. hours long. Now where the pole is raised .64. degrees .49. minutes, there the longest day shall be .21. hours long, and the shortest but .3. hours: And there when the Sun hath declined but .2. degrees .36. minutes from the Equinoctial unto the greatest declination, the day shall be an hour longer or shorter. Where also the pole is raised .65. degrees, there the longest day shall be .22. hours and the shortest but .2. hours long, and when that the Sun hath declined but .2. degrees and .20. minutes from the Equinoctial etc. then the day shall be an hour longer or shorter. The pole 66. degrees 20. minutes the longest day .23. hours long. The pole 66. degrees 32. minutes then the Sun shall not set unto them. etc. And where the pole is raised .66. degrees .20. minutes the longest day shall be .23. hours long and the shortest but one hour long, and then when that the Sun hath declined but .2. degrees .8. minutes, than the day shall be an hour longer or shorter, and then where that the North pole is raised .66. degrees and .32. minutes, there it is 24. hours long, for that when the Sun hath her greatest declination unto the northwards, then at midnight you shall see half the Sun, and then when that the Sun hath the greatest declination unto the South parts, than you shall see but half the Sun at noon, and then in the going but 15. miles further unto the Northwards, that is, but one quarter of a degree, The Sun clean above the Horizon due North and not to appear above the Horizon South at noon. than the Sun shall be clean above the Horizon at the due North, and not seen unto the South at noon above the Horizon, the Sun having her greatest declination to the South, and then the day shall be an hour longer or shorter when that the Sun hath declined one degree .57 minutes from the Equinoctial and so forth unto the greatest declination. And thus much have I said as touching the length of the day, whereby you may know at all times the true length of the day in any Latitude between the Equinoctial and the elevation of the pole at .66. degrees and 32. minutes, by knowing how many degrees the Sun is declined, and that you may know on every day by the regiment going before, having this consideration, To know the length of the day at any time in any place. What the day is. that if the Sun being upon the Equinoctial, and having no declination, that then in any Latitude the day is always just .12. hours long. And you must note this, that it is called the day from the rising of the Sun unto the setting of the same under the Horizon and not from day light unto day light. For before the Sun rise and after that the Sun is set it is counted for no parcel of the day but it is called the day light. And furthermore, the day light will appear by that time that the Sun doth touch the .17. degree of the Horizon before the Sun rising, and also the day light will not be clean gone until the Sun be more than .17. degrees under the Horizon: for as you may perceive here with us at London that when the Sun hath her greatest declination unto the Northwards in june that the day light remaineth all night, for that the Sun goeth not under the Horizon, but .15. degrees and .2. minutes. The twelfth Chapter is of the North Star. AS touching the North Star I say but little thereof for that it is sufficiently declared in the art of navigation, the Star hath Longitude unto the sign of Gemini, and from the poles of the world in the sign of Aries, which Star standeth upon the tip of the tail of ursa minor or little Bear, and hath Latitude from the line Ecliptic .66. degrees 30. minutes, The North Stars declination. and declination from the Equinoctial .96. degrees or there abouts. Here followeth the note, by the guards to know whether the North Star be above the pole, or under the pole, and how many degrees and minutes. etc. North The Guards in the north, the Star is .3. degrees under the Pole. North east The Guards in the North-east the North star is .3. degrees and a half under the Pole. East The Guards in the East the north Sarre is one degree and a half under the Pole. Sooth east The Guards in the South east the North Star is half a degree above the Pole. Sooth The Guards in the south the North Star is 3. degrees above the Pole. Sooth west The Guards in the south-west the Star is .3 degrees and a half above the Pole. West The Guards in the West the star is one degree and a half above the Pole. North west The Guards in the Northwest the Star is half a degree under the Pole. ¶ The thirteenth chapter doth show you by the sailing upon the quarter of your compass, in how far sailing you do raise a degree, and what you do depart from the Meridian, and in the end there is a Demonstration thereof. FUrthermore, because there be some that desire to know the alteration of a point: to this end, that in running of one point, they may raise or lay a degree sooner in one than in an other: as in the sailing south or North, In going southwards you raise the equinoctial & lay the pole: in going to the northwards raise the pole and lay the Equinoctial. keeping one Meridian they raise or lay the Pole. As this for your example. In going to the North, you do raise the Pole and lay the Equinoctial: Contrariwise, going towards the South, you lay the Pole, and raise the Equinoctial. But in sailing or going East or West, you do neither altar your Pole nor parallel but only your Meridian. Whereas in sailing of any other point, you do altar both your Pole and parallel, and also your Meridian. Wherefore I will open unto you (in sailing upon one of the quarters of the compass) what every point doth raise or lay one degree, in how far sailing, and how many miles you be departed from the place you departed from, and what space you be departed from your Meridian. Of english leagues and spanish leagues. But here is one thing to be noted (as I suppose) in the most part of cards they allow for every degree, but .17. leagues and a half: your cards be most commonly made in Lisbon, in Portugal, in Spain, or else in France. But as I take it, we in England should allow .60. miles to one degree: that is, after .3. miles to one of our English leagues, wherefore .20. of our English leagues should answer to one degree, for that .3. of our miles will not make one of their leagues. And because they make their accounts by their leagues in the cards and not by ours, therefore I will show you by our English miles. An English mile containeth .1000. paces, A mile containeth 1000 paces and every pace .5. foot and every pace .5. foot, and every foot .12 inches. Now some think that apace can not be .5. foot, but apase Geometrical is .2. reasonable steps, for it can not be apace until the hinder foot be removed forwards, and those 2. steps will contain .5. foot, and so may any man endure to go at pleasure. But now to our purpose. For the sailing of one quarter of the compass, this is to be noted. First that in sailing directly south or North, you do raise or lay the Pole a degree in. 60. miles going. A degree is 60. miles or 20. english leagues. In the altering of one point from the South or North in .61. miles: and you be departed from the line of East and West, or the Meridian .12 miles. In altering of the second point you raise a degree in sailing of .65. miles: and depart from your Meridian .25. miles. In altering of the .3. point, you do raise or lay one degree in sailing .72. miles and a .9. part: and are departed from your Meridian .40. miles. A note to know in how far sailing you do raise or lay a degree in the sailing by any one point of the compass, Moreover in altering of the 4. point, you do raise or lay a degree in the going of .85. miles: & departed from your Meridian .60. miles. In altering of the .5. point or wind, you raise a degree in the sailing of .108. miles: and departed from your Meridian .90. miles. In sailing by the 6. point, you raise or lay one degree in .157. miles: and departed from your Meridian line, 145. miles. Last of all, in sailing by the .7. point or wind, you do raise a degree in going of .308. miles, and departed from your Meridian line .302. miles, and after this manner you may consider of the other three quarters of the compass. But if you require to know the raising or laying of a degree by the leagues of the cards: that is, at .17. leagues and a half: then read the art of Navigation, and there shall you find how many degrees you be departed fro your Meridian, and also from the place that you departed from: and yet that serveth for no other place but only for under the Equinoctial, for he that maketh account of it in any other place, shall be deceived. For ever as you go to any of the .2. Poles, your degrees be still shorter and shorter till such time as your Meridian meet under the two Poles, whereof I entreat in the .16. Chapter. For the better understanding of the things aforesaid, look on this figure following. ¶ The .14. Chapter teacheth to know how far any land is off from you, knowing but the distance between any two places: whither you run along by the land, or directly to the shore or otherwise: with other necessary things. FOr that I know it very necessary and profitable for Seamen, to know how near or far they be into the Sea, and how near to the land, I will entreat thereof for divers considerations: And first, because in running alongst the land there may be danger, which may be such a certain quantity into the sea, that they may go both within them and with out them. And also in like manner, for that being at one distance from the land, the land may rise in such a shape or fashion, whereas being nearer, the land may rise in another form or fashion: for being far off, you shall see the hills within the land, and being near, the hills or cliffs near unto the Sea coast may take away the sight of the land within. A note for the land rising in divers shapes or fashions. Furthermore also, it is very necessary to know in what fashion the land doth rise upon divers points of the compass, as oft as the fashion of the land doth altar, and to note it in some book for remembrance. First by what points of the compass, To know how far the land is from you. Where two lands be but one point asunder. than the fashion, & last at how far off. etc. For knowledge how far of you be from the land, you may have this help, if there be any .2. places by the Sea coast, whereof you know the distance, how many leagues or miles the one is from the other. In going alongst the coast you shall set them up with your compass, and when you are thwart of them, if they be but one point asunder, you shallbe .5. times the distance between them from the land or shore. If the two places be two points asunder, than the distance unto the shore shall be two times and a half the distance. If .3. points asunder, than the distance unto the shore shall be once the distance and a half. If .4. points asunder, the same distance shall be between you and the shore, that is between the two marks. If .5. points asunder, then is it unto the shore but .2. third parts of the distance between the .2. places. If .6. points asunder, (you being thwart of one of them) then shall the distance unto the shore be, not half the distance between the .2. places. And in all these cases before rehearsed, the one place must be thwart of you, the other must be a head or stern of you: and so it is exact and true. As for ensample this: I (going alongst by any coast) do know before hand how the one place doth bear from the other, besides this also I know the distance, that is to say, how many leagues they be a sunder. As for ensample, the .2. places assigned bear east and West the one from the other, I then (knowing that they be 3. leagues asunder) when I have brought one of the places South or north of me, do set them with my compass, the one being North of me, and the other bearing North and by cast that is one point asunder: Now the distance unto the shore, Of .2. places to be one point asunder. being .5. times the distance between the .2. places which be .3. leagues asunder, I know the shore to be .15. leagues from me, which (if the places were but one league asunder) should be but .5. leagues from the shore. To be two points asunder. Furthermore if the places be .2. points asunder, that is to say, the one North, and the other North North, then shall the distance unto the shore be 7. leagues and a half from me. Whereas if the .2. places were but a league asunder, it should be but .2. leagues & a half unto the shore. And furthermore, if the places be .3. points asunder, 3. points asunder. that is to say, the one North, and the other North-east & by north, the distance unto the shore shall be .4. leagues & a half: whereas if the .2. places were but one league asunder, unto the shore it should be but a league & a half. If .4. points asunder, 4. points asunder. that is to say, if the one place be due North, and the other place north-east, than it is unto the shore .3. leagues just. If but one league asunder then but one league unto the shore. 5. points asunder. Moreover if the 2. places be .5. points asunder, that is to say, the one north and the other North-east & by East, then the distance unto the shore shall be but .2. leagues: whereas if the .2. places were but one league asunder unto the shore should be but .2. miles. Last of all, if the .2. places be .6. points asunder, that is to say, 6. points asunder. the one north, and the other east North-east, than it shall not be a league and a half unto the shore. etc. But if you come directly to the land wards, having no cause to be thwart of none of those known places, then to know how far you be from the land you must do as is by the places before spoken of. For if you go in due north the one place being north & by west, & the other north and by east: then (the .2. places being 3. leagues asunder) you shall be .7. leagues and a half from the shore: Of going or sailing right into the shore. so that if you run into the shore due north until they be .4. points asunder, that is to say, the one north northwest, and the other north North-east, than it shall be unto the shore .3. leagues and 3. quarters. And furthermore, you still running in due north, till the .2. places be .6. points asunder, that is to say, the one place to be northweaste and by north, and the other place to be north-east & by north, the distance unto the shore shall be .2. leagues and a quarter. And again, if you run in due north, until they be .8. points asunder, that is to say, the one place northwest, and the other North-east: then the distance unto the land or shore shall be but half the distance between the .2. places, that is, but one league and a half. Lastly, if you run to the land due north, until the .2. places be .10. points asunder, that is to say, the one place northwest and by west, and the other North-east and by east, than the distance unto the shore shall be but one third part of the distance between the .2. places, that is, but one league from the land. etc. Thus much have I said as touching the bearing of the land from you, by the points of the compass, to know the distance or how far the land is of: which is very necessary for Seamen to know for divers considerations as I said before. A way to know how one hedland beareth of another. If now therefore you know not how one headland doth bear from another, do thus: In running alongst the coast, when you see the appearing of any land one before another, set them with your compasses, and look how they bear from you, by what point of the compass, and so shall you know justly how the one land doth bear or lie from the other. And by this order you may correct your plaits, by doing this, as often as you see .2. notable places together: as islands, rocks, headlands, mouths of havens, sands, or what soever else be worthy of noting, this done, as often as you do see them together, set them with your compass, & that will show you most certainly, that so they do bear the one from the other. You may know the distance in like manner between them, if you know your ships way, as thus, when you first see any .2. places together, as .2. headlands, To know the distance at the Sea between any .2. headlandes. or .2. islands, having set them with your compass, and knowing how the one beareth from the other then, for that you will not come near unto them, you do hale off from the land, until that you have brought yourself far enough off at your discretion, and when you be thwart of the first headland, set the other land, and consider how it feareth from you: then reckon your ships way, how many leagues the ship might go until you come thwart of the other headlande, keeping your course along as the .2. headlandes bear, and so shall you both know the distance between the .2. places, and also how far you be off from them. In like manner, To know how far it is unto the land an other way. having consideration of the distance between the other places that you have observed both by your compass and also by the ships way, you may know how far it is to the shore, going right to the land wards, by your cross staff, although you know not the distance between any two places. As thus: take the wideness between any two places with your cross staff, bearing right to the land wards, and then remove the cross staff or transitory half the length of the transitory, that is to say, the end next unto you, and then by running in till the .2. ends of the transitory do agree with the two marks, you shall be half way to the shore: then look how far the ship hath gone in that time, for the same distance is unto the land from the ship. But if you remove the transitory but a quarter the length of the transitory to youwards, then at the place where the end of the transitory doth agree with the .2. marks, shall be one quarter of the distance between the shore & you at the first observation: & it shall be .3. times that quantity unto the shore. etc. And to know the ships way, To know the ships way. some do use this which (as I take it) is very good: they have a piece of wood & a line to vere out over board, with a small line of a great length which they make fast at one end, and at the other end and middle, they have a piece of a line which they make fast with a small thread to stand like unto a crowfoot: for this purpose, that it should drive a stern as fast as the ship doth go away from it, always having the line so ready that it goeth out as fast as the ship goeth. In like manner they have either a minute of an hour glass, or else a known part of an hour by some number of words, or such other like, so that the line being vexed out and stopped just with that time that the glass is out, or the number of words spoken, which done, they hale in the log or piece of wood again, and look how many fathom the ship hath gone in that time: that being known, An english league .2500 fathom. A Spanish league .2857. fathom. what part of a league soever it be, they multiply the number of fathoms, by the portion of time or part of an hour. Whereby you may know justly how many leagues and parts of a league the ship goeth in an hour. etc. For an English league doth contain .250. fathom. And a spanish or portugal league doth contain .2857. fathoms. etc. ¶ The fifteenth Chapter or rule treateth of the Longitude. etc. Now some there be that be very inquistive to have a way to get the longitude, but that is to tedious. For this they must consider, that the whole frame of the firmament is carried round from the east to the west in .24. hours, so as there remaineth neither light nor mark, but goeth round, saving only the .2. poles of the world, and these .2. stand always fast. But (as I said before in the .9. rule) of him that going South or North doth raise or lay the pole, Altering the time of rising and setting of the lights. and in like case of the Equinoctial altering his parallel, and causing the light of the firmament to altar the time of their shining or abiding above our Horizon: so he that goeth directly east or west, doth neither raise nor lay the pole, so that still the lights of the firmament doth make one manner of arch according to their latitude or declination: but the going East or West doth altar the Meridian, causing the planets to have their aspects at another hour or time, altering the time of the changes of the moon & also the time of the Eclipses: Altering the aspects. which is necessary for all travelers by Sea or by land. Therefore I thought it needful to be spoken of: for as countries have Latitude from the pole so in like manner they have appointed Longitude. Now therefore you may get the Latitude with instruments, Of Latitude and Longitude. but the Longitude you must bring from another place, which you can do but with a globe or else a map or card, and then you must measure from the Meridian of the Canary islands, otherwise called the fortunate Islands. And in our Latitude of London every .555. miles which containeth .15. 15. degrees is an hour of time and at London it is .555. miles. degrees will answer to one hour of time: and under the Equinoctial .900. miles to .15. degrees: the degrees be as long as the degrees of Latitude, but towards the pole fewer and fewer till they come to nothing under the .2. poles. And now .37. miles which are at London, will answer to one degree of our Latitude at .51. or .52. degrees of elevation of the pole, but the cause why the Longitude was fetched from the Canary islands I know not, but it was as I suppose, Longitude beginneth at the Canary islands because it was then the westermost place then known: for Ptholemeus was the first that ordained that rule. Now furthermore because you shall know the better, I would draw out certain of the chiefest places about this Realm of England, both their Longitude and Latitude, by which you shall know what manner of Arch the Sun with the other lights doth make, and also by the Longitude you may know at what time the Moon with any of the Planets doth make any aspect. Besides this, the Eclipses of the Sun or Moon, with the change, quarters, and full Moon, by a true and exact Ephemerides through all England to know the very true hour and minute of the time of the diameter: To know the true time of the aspects of the Moon. considering for what Longitude or place your Almanac was made. And now to get the Longitude, you may do it at the time of the Eclipse of the Moon, for that the Eclipses of the Moon be general, so that she being above your Horizon in any place upon the superficial parts of the earth or Sea, considering (as I said before) by your Almanac, at that time when the Eclipse should happen, the very hour and minute, knowing also the place that your Almanac was made for: that done, according to this rule, with a precise instrument you shall take the alteration of the time with the hour and minute of the Eclipse. And furthermore you might know your Longitude with the Ephemerides, by the conjunction of the Moon with other fixed Stars, if it were not for one great infirmity, and that is the paralex of the Moon, which the semidiametre of the earth doth cause, by the nearness of the Moon unto the earth: wherefore I would not any Sea men should be of that opinion that they might get any Longitude with instruments. The Longitude is not to be gotten with instruments on the Sea. Therefore let no Sea men trouble themselves with any such rule, but (according to their accustomed manner) let them keep a perfit account and reckoning of the way of their ship, whether the ship goeth to lewards or maketh her way good, considering always what things be against them or with them: as tides, currents, winds, or such like. As for the rule of Longitude, it followeth in the next Chapter. The .16. Chapter showeth how many miles will answer to one degree of Longitude, in every several Latitude, between the Equinoctial and any of the a poles: with the demonstration for that purpose: and the diversities of aspects of the Moon. NOw by this rule shall I teach you how many miles will answer to one degree, for every several Latitude to any of the .2. poles either arctic or antarctic. And first, under the Equinoctial (the .2. poles being even with the Horizon) 60. miles do answer to one degree, as I said in the .15. rule. And now shall follow the rest. Where the poles be raised .21. degrees .56. mile's belongeth to one degree of Longitude. Now the poles being raised .29. degrees .52. miles do answer to one degree. The poles being raised .36. degrees .48. miles do answer to one degree. The pools .42. degrees raised .44. mile's goeth to one degree of Longitude. The Pole raised .57. degrees .32. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .62. degrees .28. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .66. degrees .24. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .70. degrees .20. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .74. degrees .16. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .78. degrees .12. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .82. degrees .8. miles to one degree. The Pole raised .86. degrees .4. miles to one degree. The Pole being raised to the highest at .90. degrees (being then your Zenith) there all the Meridian's meet. A demonstration to know how many miles will answer unto a degree in Longitude in every several latitude between the equinoctial and any of the two Poles This demonstration doth show you, how many miles will answer to a degree, for every several Altitude of the Pole in the half circle is marked the elevation of the Pole: in the line of Diameter, or right line, is marked the miles answering every degree: and to know how many miles will answer unto one degree, first lay the thread unto the elevation of the pole that you do require the number of miles unto, one degree: & then the just length of the thread being marked, lay the thread unto the line of Diameter, or right line, which is the line of miles, and then you shall see at that place is the number of miles unto one degree etc. Now you must consider that every hour of time in the changing of the Moon or of the Eclipses you must allow .15. degrees, 15. degrees answereth unto an hour of time. every degree in miles as you do see in your Latitude of the country, as thus: those places that be to the Westwards of your town, place or country by .15. degrees the Moon shall change rather with them than with you by one hour, because that they shall touch your Meridian before theirs by one hour. And if the town or place be to the Eastwards of you by .15. degrees, then shall the Moon change rather with you than with them by one hour, as for an ensample thus, with us at London, the twenty day of May 1574. the Moon shall change at .12. of the clock at Noon .5. minutes. Now to the Westwards as far as Lishburne in Portugal the Moon shall change that same day at .11. of the clock .8 minutes, the Longitude being thereof from the Canary islands .5. degrees .36. minutes. Now to the Eastwards, that same day at noon, the Moon shall change at one of the clock .12. minutes, because that they have Longitude .36. degrees .40. minutes from the Canary islands and then by this account .7. degrees and a half will answer to half an hour, and then .3. degrees and a quarter will make a quarter of an hour, and then .9. miles and a quarter will make one minute of time with us at London in our Latitude, so by this rule you may know at what time and minute the Eclipses or changes of the Moon do happen, knowing for what place your Almanac was made, for commonly we here in England do make them for the city of London. Thus much have I said as touching the true time of the change of the Moon, for that some people (as I have said before in the .3. chapter) do contemn and say, why do they not give or make rules for ever to know the hour and minute of the change, full, To know the true time of the change & quarters of the moon is a question astronomical, geometrical and cosmographical. and quarters of the Moon? And yet they be utterly void of any knowledge in the Mathematical Science, whereby they might know the true time of the change of the Moon: For it is a question Astronomical, to know the moons motion: a question Geometrical, to know the true time of the aspects, or measure between the Sun and the Moon: and thirdly, it is a question Cosmographical, to know the true Longitude of the place he is in, at the time when the Moon changeth. etc. Now followeth the next rule which shall treat of Longitude and Latitude. ¶ The .17. Chapter or rule treateth of the Longitude and Latitude of certain of the most notable places in England: and also how long the Moon doth change at the one town before the other: with the diversity of the longest day in Summer, from South Hampton to the Northermost part in Scotland. Now in this rule followeth the Longitude and Latitude of the most part of the principal places in England. The Southermost place in England, is the lizard in Cornwall: the Longitude thereof is .15. degrees .5. minutes: the Latitude 50. degrees .45. minutes. S. Michael's Mount hath in Longitude .14. degrees .20. minutes: in Latitude .51. degrees .6. minutes. Falmouth hath Longitude .15. degrees .12. minutes: Latitude .51. degrees .0. minutes. Plymouth hath Longitude 19 degrees .7. minutes: Latitude .51. degrees .1. minute. South Hampton Longit. 18. degr. 52. minutes: Latitude .51. degr. 2. mi. Portsmouth Longitude .19. degrees .7. minutes: Latitude .51 degrees .3. minutes. Rye Longitude .20. degrees .22. minutes: Latitude .51. degrees .5. minutes. Dover Longitude .21. degr. 40. minutes: Latitude .51. degrees .26. minutes. Canterbury Longitude .21. degrees .25. minutes: Latitude .51. degr. 28. mi· Sandwich Longitude .21. degr. 38. minutes: Latitude .51. degr. 29. minutes. London Longitude .15 degr. 54. minutes: Latitude .51. degr. 32. minutes. Gravesend Longitude .20. degr. 14. minutes: Latitude .51. degr. 31. minutes. Bristol Longitude 17. degr. 8. minutes: Latitude .51. degr. 42. minutes. Haruarde Longitude .17. degr. 0. minutes: Latitude .52. degr. 2. minutes. S. David's head Longitude .15. degr. 5. minutes: Latitude .52. degr. 15. minutes. Oxford Longitude .18. degr. 59 minute: Latitude .51. degr. 50. minutes. Cambridge Longitude .20. degr. 6 minutes: Latitude .52. degr. 0. minutes. Norwich Longitude 21. degr. 20. minutes: Latitude .52. degr. 10. minutes. Lincoln Longitude .20. degr. 28. minutes: Latitude .52. degr. 6. minutes. Weshpoole Longitude .16. degr. 40. minutes: Latitude .53. degr. 6. minutes. Westchester Longitude .15. degr. 29. minutes: Latitude .53. degr. 34. minutes. Hull Longitude .20. degr. 54. minutes: Latitude .53. degr. 57 minutes. York Longitude .20 degr. 0. minutes: Latitude .54. degr. 1. minute. Cockermouth Longitude .17. degr. 0. minutes: Latitude .55 degr. 8. minutes. Carlyle Longitude .17. degr. 48. minutes: Latitude .55. degr. 2. minutes. Newcastle Longitude .20. degr. 31. minutes: Latitude .55. degr. 0. minutes. Berwick Longitude .20. degr. 48. minutes: Latitude .56. degr. 23. minutes. Edenborow in Scotland, Longitude .19. degr. 50. minutes: Latitude .57. degr. 0. minutes. Now by the Longitude & Latitude you may know the length of the day both in Summer and in Winter, with the perfect hour and minute of the changes of the Moon, and how long the Moon doth change at one town before another, through the whole realm of England. And now in order as I have begun before, I will show you the distance of time. To know the diversity of the time of the change of the moon through all England. And first at S. Michael's Mount, the Moon changeth rather than at London by 25. minutes. Rather at Falmouth than at London by .20. mi. At Plymouth rather than at London by .18. min. At South Hampton rather than at London by 5. minutes. At Portsmouth rather than at Lon. by .4 minutes. At Rye later than at London by one minute and. ½. At Dover later than at London by .6. minutes and more. At Canterbury later than at London by .5. minutes. At Sandwich later than at London by .6. minutes. Gravesend later than at London by one minute and a half. Bristol rather than at London by .11. minutes. Haruard rather than at London by 12. minutes. Saint David's head rather than at London by 19 minutes. Oxford rather than at London by .4. minutes. Cambridge later than at London by. ⅔. parts of a minute. Norwich later than at London by .5. minutes and more. Lincoln later than at London by .2. minutes. Welshpoole rather than at London by .16. minutes. Westchester rather than at London by .10. minutes. Hull later than at London by .4. minutes. York later than at London by. ¼. of a minute. Cockermouth rather than at London by .12. minutes. Carelyle rather than at London by .9. minutes. Newecastle later than at London by .2. minutes. Berwick later than at London by three minutes and more. The cause why that it is called the change of the Moon, is for that the Moon changeth the sides of the Sun, for before the change the Moon is on the West side of the Sun: and after the change, the Moon is on the east side of the Sun. etc. Now in like manner, I think it necessary to be spoken of the difference of the longest day in Summer, in every several Latitude, through the whole Realm of England from the Southermost part, called the Lizard, to the Northermost part in Scotland: and this is called the day, from the Sun rising or appearing above the Horizon. To know the length of the longest day through all England & Scotland. first at South Hampton the longest day is .16. hours long .26. minutes, the shortest .7. hours .54. minutes. At London .16. hours .30. minute's longest .7. hours .30. minutes shortest. At Lincoln .16. hours .45. minutes longest .7. hours 15. minutes shortest. At York, the longest .17. hours, the shortest .7. hours. Newcastle the longest .17. hours .12. minutes, the shortest .6. hours .48. minutes. Berwick, the longest .17. hours .30. minutis, the shortest .6. hours .30. minutes. Edenborow in Scotland, the longest day in Summer .17. hours .45. minutes, the shortest day .6. hours .15. minutes. Now Catnes point being the northermost part in all Scotland, the Pole being raised to .62. degrees, there the longest day is .19. hours .30. minutes, the shortest day .4. hours .30. minutes. Now this you do consider, look what the longest day doth contain, look what that lacketh of .24. hours, that is the shortest Winter day. etc. The eighteenth Chapter or rule showeth how to sail by the Globe. NOw to sail by the Globe, it is convenient to be spoken of. For that generally the most part of the seamen make their account as though the earth were a platform. For they do not consider that the earth is a Globe, and that the Meridian's do grow narrower and narrower towards the .2. poles, for it is unpossible to draw the face of the earth and the Sea true upon a platform, for if you will describe the land true, You cannot draw the Land & sea true upon a flat thing. then shall not the Sea be true, for as you go towards the North parts, your Meridian's grow together, so as your lines or points be according to the art of Hydrography, for the Sea shall be broader to the North parts than it is. Now and if you would describe the Sea true, with lines, courses, distances, havens and dangers, than should your land be broader to the North parts than it is. As for ensample, thus: England and Scotland being both one Island, To make a Sea plat or card. in all your Cards of Navigation, the North part of Scotland is drawn much bigger than it is, for otherwise the lines of South & North should not be according to the treating of the land, for if you view it well, you shall find the North end of Scotland much more in distance than it is. As you may see in measuring it by the trunk of your card there. For your better understanding, I will show you the compass of the earth under sundry Parallels or Circles, how many miles the earth doth contain in compass. The compass of the earth. first, under the Equinoctial (where the earth is at the greatest compass) in going directly east or west, that is, by a right line over Sea and Land, the two Poles being even with your Horizon: you have .21600. miles to come to the place you departed from. The compass of the earth under the tropic of Cancer. The artic circle of London under the Polare circle. Under the Tropic of Cancer, the North Pole being raised .23. degrees .28. minutes, going directly East & West: it is .19800. miles in compass in our artic circle of London where the pole artic is raised .15. deg. 32. minutes, going East & west: it is .13320. miles in compass, then underneath the Polare circle where the Pole is raised sixty six degrees, thirty two minutes: it is .8460. miles in compass. By this you see that the compass of the East and West line (coming from the Equinoctial) is much lesser to the North wards than it is to the South wards. Wherefore when you shall have any occasion to attempt any voyage to the North parts, it is best to sail by a Globe: for so shall you better see the distances and bigness of the lands, and in like manner your lines and courses. In this order, first (according to the accustomed manner) keep a perfect account and reckoning of the way of the ship, by what line or point your Ship hath made her way good, then must you resort to your Globe. After that consider what place and Parallel you be in, which you may do by the Sun by day, How to use the globe to direct your course, and to know how that any place doth bear. and by the Stars by night. Now (knowing what place and Parallel you be in) set your Globe to the elevation of your Pole: that done, turn to the place of your Zenith, and seek the opposite of it in your Parallel: for than you know that in the same Parallel is your east and west line: that had, the just quarter of that circle to the Pole, must be divided into the eight points of your compass, doing so likewise on the other side. In like case if you come to the Southwards, divide your .8. winds from your Antarctic Pole, to your Parallel circle: and thus must you do ever and anon, for the oftener you do observe this custom, the better & perfecter shall your course be. Now thus briefly I make an end of the sailing by the Globe. But for them that do occupy the Southparts, nothing is better than their cards. Because I have declared unto you the length of certain of the Parallels, what miles the Earth doth contain in compass under them, now will I show you how many miles distance is between every one of them. And first, The distance between the equinoctial and the tropic of Cancer. Between the artic circle of London & the tropic of Cancer. from the Equinoctial to the Tropic of Cancer, (which is there where the Sun maketh his furthest progress to the North parts) it is .1408. miles. Secondly, between the tropic of Cancer & our artic circle of London it is 1684. miles. Thirdly, between our artic circle & the Polare circle is .900. miles. Lastly, between the Polare circle and the Pole is .1408. miles. So that it is in all from the Equinoctial to either of the two Poles .5400. miles: which is the fourth part of the compass of the whole Earth. Furthermore, for that you may the better understand that the Earth is a Globe or Circular (which any person that doth occupy the Sea, The cause why that you may see the sails of a ship & not the whole. seeth most apparently) you shall perceive it thus, if you see a Ship any thing far off, you may perfectly see the sails of it, but not the whole, the cause whereof is the circularnesse of the earth and the water of the Sea: for that the water doth rise and swell between you and the other ship, according to the distance between both the ships: because the distance to the centre of the earth or water, is in every place alike. And he that hath desire to know further hereof, M. Dée hath made mention thereof in Euclides Elamentes in his mathematical preface, & also in the .12. book, whither you may have recourse, yet notwithstanding I will say a little thereof, whereby you may discern how far it is possible to see a ship upon the sea: as thus: if you be on the sea in a ship, so that there be but half a league between you and the other ship, the water will be five inches and a half higher in the middle of the way between both the ships, for that the water is equal in every place unto the centre of the earth, and then the water going by a crooked line, then to strike it by a right line, the middle of the line that should come from the centre of the earth, shall be shorter than the other .2. lines coming from the centre of the earth between the .2. ships by .5. inches and a half, and then it must needs be said, that the water is higher by the said .5. inches and a half. And furthermore, if the two ships were a league asunder, than the water by his circulernesse should be .22. inches higher than the level in the middle between both the ships. To know how many foot and inches that the water is higher than the level or the sea between two ships. Furthermore, if the .2. ships be 2. leagues asunder, than the water shall be higher than the level in the middle between both the ships by .88. inches, which is .7. foot and .4. inches. If the .2. ships be .3. leagues the one from the other, than the water shall be higher than the level in the midway between both the ships, by .198. inches, which is 16. foot and a half. Furthermore, if the .2. ships be .4. leagues asunder, the water shall be higher than the level in the midway between both the ships by .252. inches, which is .29. foot and .4. inches. And furthermore, if the .2. ships were .5. leagues asunder, the water should be higher than the level of the midway between both the ships by .550. inches, which is .46. foot lacking .2. inches. Yet furthermore, if the .2. ships were .6. leagues asunder, the water should be higher than the level in the middle way between them by .792. inches, which is .66. foot. Furthermore also, if the .2. ships were .7. leagues asunder, the water should be higher than the level in the midway between both the ships by. 1878. inches, What a ken is, and the cause why you may see a ship further out of the top then upon the hatches. and that is .90. foot, which is as far & rather farther than it is possible to see any ship upon the Sea: Neither is it possible to see any land further, but such land as is very high land, which for the greatness of the height you may see it, wherefore .7. leagues or .6. leag. is called a ken. Now the circularnesse of the earth is the cause that you may see a ship or land further out of the top than, upon the hatches: Wherefore it is a plain case, that the Earth and Sea is not flat, but circular, as is afore declared. etc. ¶ The .19. Chapter, is as touching the making of Plaits or Cards for the Sea, and not to paint their cards as they do, but rather to supply the vacant places with other necessary matters: & also of three necessary things contained in the plaits or cards, and their uses, which is the most necessary thing in Navigation. FOr the making of Plaits or Cards, as touching Hydrographia commonly called sea Cards, I mean to say little thereof: for that it is sufficiently declared in the book called the art of Navigation: Saving this, I would wish them that be the makers of plaits and cards for the Sea, Not to paint their Sea cards but to use the vacant places with other necessary matters. not to paint their compasses with so many colours: neither upon the Land with so many flags, for that it doth rather hurt than good: although it may be said they be so painted in vacant places, those vacant places I would wish them to furnish with these 2. matters in this order. first in some vacant place with a compass there, to place against every point of the half of the compass, letters, or some other figures or carecters, then in like manner, (according to that place where such a Moon maketh a full Sea) to make that letter or carecter at the haven, port, or place. As for ensample thus: I place A at the East point, B at the East and by South, C at the East southeast, D at Southeast and by East, and so consequently to all the points unto the West, then that being done, where it floweth an east Moon. I place A in the plat or card, and where an east and by South Moon, I do place B in the card, and so forth, according to the place of the Moon that maketh a full Sea. And where it runneth half side under other, To draw the shape of the land in their cards. to make some note upon the point of the compass. etc. This also is very necessary to be done to furnish up all the vacant places of the plat or card, to draw the shape or fashion of every headland or high land alongst every coast that is needful to be known, and at what point of the compass the land is of that fashion: at how far off the land riseth in that fashion: and so to make the fashion of the land as often as the land altereth the form and fashion: and last of all, at what point of the compass the land hath that shape or fashion: for being upon one side, the land riseth of one fashion, and on the other side of an other form or fashion. Also being near the land it will be in one fashion, and being far off in an other fashion (as is before declared in the 14. Chapter) for there is nothing more needful and necessary for a Seaman, than this: to know the land when he seeth it, and there is no way better to make him remember it, than to have notes how the land doth rise upon every side: Great infirmities by mistaking any place. and what greater inconvenience may there grow by any means, than there may by mistaking of a place? for it were twenty times better to be thoroughly persuaded that he knoweth it not, than to think he doth know it not being that place. For whereas he doth think to prevent the dangers, he may willingly run upon the dangers not known of him. Therefore in my opinion they can do no better than to furnish their vacant places in their plaits and cards with this matter: for there can be nothing better. The use of the Sea cards is most necessary for Navigation for long voyages: How necessary a thing the sea cards be .3. necessary things in the sea cards. first for that it showeth you how one place beareth from another: secondly, the distance of any places how far the one is from the other. Of which the one is represented by the lines of the compass: the other by the scale or trunk of measure, if the plat be truly made. Thirdly, it showeth you in what Latitude from the Equinoctial or Altitude of the pole any place is in, by the line of degrees. Now to direct your course through the Sea by the card to any place assigned, you must first look by what point of the compass it beareth from you, from the place you mean to set off from the land, unto the place you would first fall with. To know how any place doth bear from you by the card. Which you shall know thus: seek alyne from the next compass unto the place you mean to departed from, then open your compasses unto one of those lines by your judgement that falleth near unto your place assigned: and let the other foot of your compasses stand just at that place where your ship is, when you direct your course: that done, bear your hands forwards even, and let the one end be still upon the line to the which you did open your compasses, until you come to your place assigned. But if it falleth short of the place assigned, then take the next line nearer unto the place you departed from: when you have so done, if your compasses do over reach the place assigned, then take a line further off from the place you do mean to set off from: and so shall you see by what point of the compass the place assigned doth bear from you. etc. If you would know how far the place assigned is from you, To know how far it is unto any place by the card. set the one foot of the compasses upon the place you depart from, and stretch out the other foot unto the place assigned just, that done (standing still unremoved) set them to the scale or trunk of measure, and that will show you justly how many leagues it is just from the place of your departing unto the place assigned. If the distance between the .2. places be more than the compasses will reach at once, than first set your compasses unto the scale, opening the compasses unto .100. leagues more or less, as your scale and compasses will give you leave at your discretion, after that set the one foot at the place of your departing, & the other foot of the compasses right towards the place assigned, as often times as the distance between the .2. places doth require, & thereof (the compasses being opened unto .100. leagues) you may conclude it to be so many .100. leag. unto the place assigned as the compasses did show unto you: but if there be any odd measure, them open your compasses to the quantity, & set to them the scale, & it will shaw you the just content of that measure, more than so many .100. leagues. To know what Latitude or height of the pole any place hath by the card. etc. Furthermore touching the third commodity, which is to know what Latitude any place assigned hath: set one foot of the compasses upon the place assigned, and open the compasses unto the next east and West line, then carry that unto the line of degrees (keeping the foot of the compasses upon the east and West line) it will show justly the number of degrees that the Pole is above the Horizon. So of these three ways, by the first is known by what point of the compass any place beareth from you. By the second is known how far distance it is unto any place assigned. And by the third is known in what height the Pole is in any place assigned. etc. Now (this being known) you may with the more ease know how to attain to come unto the port or place assigned. Yet furthermore, there is to be considered (in directing the course of a ship to any place assigned) what impediments may be by the way: as tides, currents, or the scantness of the wind which may put the ship unto the léewardes of his course, Things to be considered by the M. or pilot of a ship. as also the surging of the Sea: And all this must be considered by the master and Pilot of the ship. Likewise also in long voyages, the wind may often shift upon him, and sometime the wind may be such as he can not lie his course: wherefore he must keep a perfit account of the ships way, and consider to know what point the ship hath made her way good by. And at every time that the wind doth shift, and the ship can not lie her course, to note in the card or plat in what place the ship may be: in having a special regard unto the way of the ship, as touching the swiftness or slowness that the ship goeth: and if so be the weather be clear either by night or by day, to take the true Altitude of the Pole: They may correct the ships way by the taking the height of the Pole. for by that they may correct the ships way, and give a very near guess how the place (assigned to go unto) doth bear from them, as also how far it is thither, saving only in the east and West course: and then they have no other help but only the very account of the ships way. And to correct their dead reckoning by the altitude of the Pole they must do this: (especially if the ship have had often traverse by the means of contrary winds, so that she could not lie her course) consider upon the card or plat how long the ship hath made her way good for so many points as the ship hath sailed by: then (if by the altitude of the Pole the ship hath gone more than the dead reckoning did show you) repair unto the line of degrees, and set the one foot of the compasses upon the degree and place of the height of the Pole, and the other upon the next east and west line: that done, bear it unto the place you suppose the ship to be in: & then bring forwards with the other compasses, what point of the Compass the ship hath sailed by, and at the meeting of the .2 pair of compasses make a note for the place that the ship is in: from which place you may with your compasses see, how the place assigned doth bear, and also how far of you be from the same. Furthermore (if you found by the height of the Pole that you are not so far shot as your reckoning did show unto you) you must pull back so much from the point that the ship hath sailed by, as the height of the pole doth show unto you, by the order before rehearsed etc. Furthermore (as I have declared unto you in the .14. Chapter going before) to know how far the land is off from you, knowing (as before) the distance between any 2. places by setting the land with your compass, To know how far that the land is of from you by the sight of the land with your compasses to do it upon the land. you may do the like by your card, as thus: you setting the .2. places with your compass, do know that the .2. places be so many leagues asunder, then shall you repair to the card, and according to the bearing of the .2. places by the points of the compass, you (being thwart of one of these .2. places) shall reply it with your compasses unto your scale: But for that in the scale the leagues be so small, you may assign .20. leagues to be but one league, and open the compasses unto that proportion that the .2. places be asunder, and the one of them doth bear from the other: that done, open the compasses again from the centre of the compass unto the place that you do imagine to be the land, and then reply it unto the trunk of measure, you shall see how many leagues you be from the shore and so forth. So that you may see that the plat or card is one of the necessariest things that is to be used in Navigation. etc. ¶ The .20. Chapter is of the Longitude and declination of .32. notable fixed Stars for Navigation, with tables of their shining, and at what point of your compass they do both rise and set: and also tables for every month of the year, declaring at what hour and minute they be South, running from the first day of the month to the .15. and from the .15. to the last day, and will continued these 100 years without much error. ANd furthermore I do think it convenient for diverse considerations to show the Longitude and declination of certain of the most notablest fixed Stars that are near unto the Equinoctial, If the pole be raised more than 50. or .60. degrees, it is to high to be observed by the cross Staff. These Stars will serve beyond the Equinoctial. to the number of .32. of them, which are very necessary for Navigation in divers respects, as this: if you be unto the North parts where the North pole is raised more than .50. or .60. degrees, than the North Star is too high to be observed or taken with the cross staff (as I have declared in the .6. Chapter) and it may chance so that in the day the Sun is not to be seen at noon, and then these Stars may serve your turn. And furthermore they be very good for them that have occasion to travel beyond the Equinoctial where the North pole is under the Horizon, in using their declination as they do the suns declination in all points, which doth appear in the .7.8. and .9. Chapters of this book. And furthermore they be very necessary for Seafaring men to know the hour of the night: both by their being upon the Meridian, To know the rising and setting of these Stars in all places by the order of the xi. Chapter The order of the table following. and also by their rising and setting: you may know the true time of their rising and setting in every Latitude by their declination from the Equinoctial, whether they decline to the South parts or North parts, as is declared by the declination of the Sun in the .11. chapter. And furthermore by any of these Stars you may try the variation of your compass by night. etc. Now shall follow the table of all these Stars. The first row of this table containeth the names of the Stars The second, the signs, that they be in Longitude. The third, the degrees in the signs. The .4. the minutes belonging thereunto. The .5. the degrees of declination. The .6. the odd minutes belonging thereunto. The .7. showeth towards what port they decline by letters, of which S. signifieth Septentrionell or North declination. M. signifieth Meridional or south declination: as in the table doth appear. The .8 doth show nothing but the bigness of the Stars. Now followeth the Table. A Table of the fixed Sarres. The names of the Stars. Signs. Longit. degr. mi. Declin. deg. mi. To what part they decline. Bigness of the stars Whales back. Aries. 6. 6 12. 11▪ M second bigness Whales belly. Aries. 16. 2 12. 20 M second bigness Rams horn. Aries. 27. 42 17. 19 SAINT third bigness Rams head. Taurus. 1. 46 21. 16 SAINT third bigness ●uiles eye. Gemini. 3. 42 15. 42 SAINT great Stars Orion's left foot. Gemini. 10. 12 9 14 M a great Star Orion's left shoulder. Gemini. 11. 26 4. 37 SAINT a Star of the First Orion's girdle. Gemini. 16. 22 1. 19 M second light both Orion's right shoulder Gemini. 23. 6 6. 18 SAINT a great Star Great Dog. Cancer. 8. 40 15. 30 M a very great star Lesser Dog. Cancer. 20. 10 6. 4 SAINT a great Star Brightest in Hydra. Leo. 21. 2 4. 47 M second bigness lions neck. Leo. 23. 16 21. 59 SAINT second bigness lions heart. Leo. 23. 32 14. 3 SAINT a great Star lions back. Virgo. 5. 16 22. 30 SAINT second bigness lions tail. Virgo. 15. 32 16. 46 SAINT a great Star ravens head. Libra. 5. 6 19 53 M of the third bigness ravens wing. Libra. 9 36 17. 8 M both those Virgin's spike. Libra. 17. 42 4. 54 M a great Star twixt foots thighs. Libra. 18. 6 22. 9 SAINT a great Star South balance. Scorpio. 9 2 13. 44 M second bigness North balance. Scorpio. 13. 12 7. 33 M second bigness Scorpions heart. Sagittari 3. 42 24. 47 M second bigness Hercules head. Sagittari. 8. 42 15. 20 SAINT third bigness Serpent's head. Sagittari. 15. 52 14. 7 SAINT third bigness The Eagle. Capricor 24. 51 7. 28 SAINT second bigness Dolphin's tail. Aquari. 8. 27 10. 1 SAINT third bigness goats tail. Aquari. 17. 22 14. 13 M third bigness Water pourers leg. Pisces. 2. 20 15. 52 M third bigness Pegasus shoulder. Pisces. 17. 41 13. 1 SAINT second bigness Pegasus leg. Pisces. 23. 10 26. 30 SAINT second bigness Whales tail. Pisces. 26. 21 21. 47 M third bigness The use of this Table is this: when you have taken the height of any of these Stars upon the Meridian, then look what declination the Star hath from the Equinoctial: How to use the stars declination to know the height of the Pole. if the star have North declination, then subtract or take away the stars declination from the height: if it have South declition, then add or put unto the height the stars declination, and that will show unto you the height of the Equinoctial, and then by the height of the Equinoctial the height of the Pole is known, as the .7. Chapter doth declare. And now I think it convenient to make certain Tables, to show unto you at what hour and time any of these stars be upon the Meridian, whereby they may the better know these Stars. I will also show unto you how long any of these Stars do shine or tarry above the Horizon in this Latitude from the Equinoctial of London, that is at .51. or 52. degrees. And also at what point of the compass any of these Stars do rise or set, which will serve this .100. years without much error. ¶ A Table to know the rising and setting of these Stars, by what point of the compass, and how many hours they be above our Horizon, the Pole being raised .51. or .52. degrees. THe Whale's back riseth East and by South, and unto the Southwards: and shineth .10. hours and better. The Whale's belly (in a manner) as the whales back. The Rams Horn riseth east north-east, and setteth West Northwest: and shineth .15. hours .16. minutes. The Rams Head riseth East north-east, and setteth West Northwest: and shineth .16. hours .4. minutes. The Bulls Eye riseth near the east North-east, and setteth near the West Northwest: and shineth .15. hours 2. minutes. The Orion's left foot riseth near the East and by South, and setteth near the West and by south: and shineth .10. hours and .6. minutes. The Orion's left shoulder riseth East and to the northwards, and setteth West and to the northwards: and shineth .12. hours .45. minutes. The first in Orion's girdle doth rise a little to the southwards of the East, and setteth a little to the southwards of the West: and shineth .11. hours .46. minutes. Orion's right shoulder riseth East, & unto the Norwardes, and setteth West and unto the Norwardes: and shineth .13. hours .12. minutes. The great Dog riseth East Southeast, & setteth West south-west: and shineth .9. hours. The lesser Dog riseth east and unto the Norwardes, & setteth West & unto the Norwardes: & shineth .13. h. 10. min. The brightest in Hydra riseth east and unto the southwards, and setteth West and unto the southwards: and shineth .11. hours .7. minutes. The Lion's neck riseth East north-east and to the Norwardes, and setteth West Norwest and to the Norwardes: and shineth .16. hours .16. minutes. The lions heart riseth near the East north-east, and setteth near the West Norwest: & shineth .14. hours .50. min. The Lions back riseth near the North-east and by East, and setteth near the northwest and by West: and shineth .16. hours .26. minutes. The Lion's tail riseth near the East north-east, & setteth near the West Norwest: and shineth .15. hours .12. minutes. The ravens head riseth near the East Southeast, and setteth near the West south-west: & shineth .8. hours .12. min. The ravens wing riseth near the East Southeast, and setteth near the West south-west: & shineth .8. hours .50. mi. The Virgin's spike riseth East & to the Southwards, & setteth West & to the Southwards: & shineth .11. hours .4. min. Between Boötes' thighs riseth near the North-east and by East, and setteth near the Northwest and by West, and shineth .16. hours .20. minutes. The South balance riseth near the East Southeast, and setteth near the West south-west: and shineth .9. hours .36. minutes. The North balance riseth near the East & by South, and setteth near the west & by South: and shineth .10. hou. 38. min. The Scorpion's heart riseth near the Southeast and by East, & setteth near the south-west & by West: and shineth 7. hours .5. minutes. Hercules' head riseth near the East north-east, and setteth near the West Northwest: & shineth .14. hours .56. min. The Serpent's head riseth near the east North-east, & setteth near the west northwest: & shineth .14. hours .40. minutes. The Eagle riseth near the East and by North, and setteth near the West & by North: and shineth .13. hours .24. min. The Dolphines tail riseth East and by north, and setteth west & by North: and shineth .15. hours .57. minutes. The goats tail riseth near the East southeast, & setteth West south-west: and shineth .9. hours .20. minutes. The water pourers leg riseth near the East Southeast, & setteth West south-west: and shineth .8. hours .54. minutes. Pegasus shoulders riseth near the East north-east, & setteth near the West northwest: & shineth .14. hours, 32. minutes. Pegasus leg riseth near North-east, and setteth near Northwest: and shineth .17. hours .6. minutes. The Whale's tail riseth East Southeast, & setteth West south-west: and shineth .7. hours .48. minutes. Furthermore if you desire to know the time of any of these stars, being above the Horizon in all Latitudes, The .11. chapter will show how long any of these stars will shine in all places, then repair to the .11. chapter: so you shall know it there by their declination: even by the same order that you know the suns being above the Horizon, by the suns declination. A Table of the fixed Stars. These stars being south from the first day of january unto the .15. day. january from the 15. day to the last. February from the 5. unto the .15. February from the 15. to the last. March from the first to the .15. March from the 15. to the last. April from the first day to the .15 April from the 15. day to the last May from the first to the .15. May from the 15. day to the last june from the first to the. .15. june from the 15. day to the last. july from the first to the .15. july from the .15. day to the last. August from the first to the .15. August from the 15. day to the last. September from the 1. unto the .15. day. September from the 15. to the last day. October from the 1. to the .15. day. October from the 15. day to the last November from the first to the .15. November the 15. day to the last December from the first to the .15. December from the .15. to the 〈◊〉. 1 Whales back. 5.20 E 1 4.20 DA 1 3.20 DA 1 2.20 DA 1 1.20 DA 1 12 20 DA 1 11.20 MD 1 10.20 MD 1 9.20 MD 1 8.20 MD 1 7.20 MD 1 6.20 MD 1 5.20 MD 1 4.20 M 1 3.20 M 1 2.20 M 1 1.20 M 1 12.20 M 1 11.20 E 1 10.20 E 1 9.20 E 1 8.20 E 1 7.20 E 1 6.20 E 2 Whales ●elly. 5.54 E 2 4.54 DA 2 3.54 DA 2 2.54 DA 2 1.54 DA 2 12.54 DA 2 11.54 MD 2 10.54 MD 2 9.54 MD 2 8.54 MD 2 7.54 MD 2 6.54 MD 2 5.54 MD 2 4.54 MD 2 3.54 M 2 2.54 M 2 1.54 M 2 12.54 M 2 11.54 E 2 14.54 E 2 9.54 E 2 8.54 E 2 7.54 E 2 6.54 E 3 Rams horn. 6 28 E 3 5.28 E 3 4 28 DA 3 3 28 DA 3 2.28 DA 3 1.28 DA 3 12 28 DA 3 11.28 MD 3 10.28 MD 3 9.28 MD 3 8.28 MD. 3 7.28 MD 3 6.28 MD 3 5.28 MD 3 4.28 M 3 3.28 M 3 2.28 M 3 1.28 M 3 12.28 M 3 11.28 E 3 10.28 E 3 9.28 E 3 8.28 E 3 7.28 E 4 Rams head. 6.45 E 4 5.45 E 4 4 45 DA 4 3.45 DA 4 2.45 DA 4 1.45 DA 4 12 45 DA 4 11.45 MD 4 10.45 MD 4 9.45 MD 4 8.45 MD 4 7.45 MD 4 6.45 MD 4 5.45 MD 4 4.45 MD 4 3.45 M 4 2.45 M 4 1.45 M 4 12.45 M 4 11.45 E 4 10.45 E 4 9.45 E 4 8.45 E 4 7.45 E 5 Bulls eye. 8.52 E 5 7.52 E 5 6.52 E 5 5.52 DA 5 4.52 DA 5 3.52 DA 5 2.52 DA 5 1.52 DA 5 12.52 DA 5 11.52 MD 5 10.52 MD 5 9.52 MD 5 8.52 MD 5 7.52 MD 5 6.52 MD 5 5.52 MD 5 4.52 M 5 3.52 M 5 2.52 M 5 1.52 M 5 12.52 M 5 11.52 E 5 10.52 E 5 9.52 E 6 Orion's left foot. 9.23 E 6 8.23 E 6 7.23 E 6 6.23 E 6 5.23 DA 6 4.23 DA 6 3.23 DA 6 2.23 DA 6 1.23 DA 6 12.23 DA 6 11.23 MD 6 10.23 MD 6 9.23 MD 6 8.23 MD 6 7.23 MD 6 6.23 MD 6 5.23 M 6 4.23 M 6 3.23 M 6 2.23 M 6 1.23 M 6 12 23 M 6 11.23 E 6 10.23 E 7 Orion's left shoulder. 9.28 E 7 8.28 E 7 7.28 E 7 6.28 E 7 5.28 DA 7 4 28 DA 7 3 28 DA 7 2.28 DA 7 1.28 DA 7 12.28 DA 7 11.28 MD 7 10.28 MD 7 9.28 MD 7 8.28 MD 7 7.28 MD 7 6.28 MD 7 5.28 M 7 4.28 M 7 3.28 M 7 2.28 M 7 1 28 M 7 12.28 M 7 11.28 E 7 10.28 E 8 First Orion's girdle. 9.50 E 8 8 50 E 8 7.50 E 8 6.50 E 8 5.50 DA 8 4.50 DA 8 3.50 DA 8 2.50 DA 8 1.50 DA 8 12.50 DA 8 11.50 MD 8 10.50 MD 8 9.50 MD 8 8.50 MD 8 7.50 MD 8 6.50 MD 8 5.50 MD 8 4.50 M 8 3.50 M 8 2.50 M 8 1.50 M 8 12 50 M 8 11.50 ● 8 10 50 E 9 Orion's right shoulder 10.12 E 9 9.12 E 9 8.12 E 9 7 12 E 9 6.12 E 9 5.12 DA 9 4 12 DA 9 3.12 DA 9 2.12 DA 9 1.12 DA 9 12.12 DA 9 11.12 MD 9 10.12 MD 9 9.12 MD 9 8.12 MD 9 7.12 MD 9 6.12 MD 9 5.12 M 9 4.12 M 9 3.12 M 9 2.12. M 9 1.12 M 9 12.12 M 9 11.12 E 10 Great Dog. 11.4 E 10 10.4 E 10 9.4 E 10 8.4 E 10 7.4 E 10 6.4 DA 10 5.4 DA 10 4 4 DA 10 3 4 DA 10 2.4 DA 10 1.4 DA 10 12.4 DA 10 11.4 MD 10 10.4 MD 10 9.4 MD 10 8.4 MD 10 7.4 MD 10 6.4 MD 10 5.4 M 10 4.4 M 10 3.4 M 10 2.4 M 10 14 M 10 12.4 M 11 Lesser Dog. 12.0 11 11.0 E 11 10.0 E 11 9.0 E 11 8.0 E 11 7.0 E 11 6.0 DA 11 5.0 DA 11 4.0 DA 11 3.0 DA 11 2.0 DA 11 1.0 DA 11 12.0 11 11.0 MD 11 10.0 MD 11 9.0 MD 11 8.0 MD 11 7.0 MD 11 6.0 M 11 5.0 M 11 4.0 M 11 3.0 M 11 2.0 M 11 1.0 M 12 Brightest in Hydra. 12 4 M 12 11.4 E 12 10.4 E 12 9.4 E 12 8.4 E 12 7.4 E 12 6.4 DA 12 5.4 DA 12 4.4 DA 12 3.4 DA 12 2.4 DA 12 1.4 DA 12 12.4 DA 12 11.4 MD 12 10.4 MD 12 9.4 MD 12 8.4 MD 12 7.4 MD 12 6.4 M 12 5.4 M 12 4 4 M 12 3 4 M 12 2.4 M 12 1.4 M 13 lions neck. 2.12 M 13 1.12 M 13 12.12 M 13 11.12 E 13 10.12 E 13 9.12 E 13 8.12 E 13 7.12 DA 13 6 12 DA 13 5.12 DA 13 4.12 DA 13 3 12 DA 13 2.12 DA 13 1.12 DA 13 12.12 DA 13 11.12 MD 13 10.12 MD 13 9.12 MD 13 8.12 MD 13 7.12 MD ●3 6.12 M 13 5 12 M 13 4.12 M 13 2 12 M 14 lions heart. 2.13 M 14 1.13 M 14 12 13 M 14 11.13 E 14 10.13 E 14 9.13 E 14 8.13 E 14 7.13 DA 14 6.13 DA 14 5.13 DA 14 4.13 DA 14 3.13 DA 14 2.13 DA 14 1.13 DA 14 12.13 DA 14 11.13 MD 14 10.13 MD 14 9.13 MD 14 8.13 MD 14 7.13 MD 14 6 13 M 14 5.13 M 14 4.13 M 14 2.13 M 15 Lions back. 3.0 M 15 2.0 M 15 1 0 M 15 12.0 15 11.0 E 15 10.0 E 15 9.0 E 15 8.0 E 15 7.0 DA 15 6.0 DA 15 5.0 DA 15 4.0 DA 15 3.0 DA 15 2.0 DA 15 1.0 DA 15 12.0 15 11.0 MD 15 10.0 MD 15 9.0 MD 15 8.0 MD 15 7.0 M 15 6.0 M 15 5.0 M 15 4.0 M 16 lions tail. 3.42 M 16 2.42 M 16 1.42 M 16 12.42 M 16 11.42 E 16 10.42 E 16 9.42 E 16 8.42 E 16 7.42 DA 16 6.42 DA 16 5.42 DA 16 4.42. DA 16 3.42 DA 16 2.42 DA 16 1.42 DA 16 12.42 DA 16 11.42 MD 16 10.42 MD 16 9.42 MD 16 8.42 MD 16 7.42 MD 16 6.42 M 16 5.42 M 16 4.42. M 17 Ravens head. 5.2 M 17 4 2 M 17 3.2 M 17 2.2 M 17 1.2 M 17 12.2 M 17 11.2 E 17 10.2 E 17 9.2 E 17 8.2 DA 17 7.2 DA 17 6.2 DA 17 5.2 DA 17 4.2 DA 17 3.2 DA 17 2.2 DA 17 1.2 DA 17 12.2 DA 17 11.2 MD 17 10.2 MD 17 9.2 MD 17 8.2 MD 17 7.2 M 17 6.2 M 18 Ravens wing. 5.19 M 18 4.19 M 18 3.19 M 18 2.19 M 18 1.19 M 18 12.19 M 18 11.19 E 18 10.19 E 18 9.19 E 18 8.19 DA 18 7.19 DA 18 6.19 DA 18 5.19 DA 18 4.19 DA 18 3.19 DA 18 2.19 DA 18 1.19 DA 18 12.19. DA 18 11.19 MD 18 10.19 MD 18 9.19 MD 18 8.19 MD 18 7.19 M 18 6.19 M 19 Virgins spike. 5.51 M 19 4.51 M 19 3.51 M 19 2.51 M 19 1.51 M 19 12.51 M 19 11.51 E 19 10.51 E 19 9.51 E 19 8.51 DA 19 7.51 DA 19 6.51 DA 19 5.51 DA 19 4.51 DA 19 3.51 DA 19 2.51 DA 19 1.51 DA 19 12.51 DA 19 11.51 MD 19 10.51 MD 19 9.51 MD 19 8.51 MD 19 7.51 MD 19 6.51 M 20 twixt Boötes' thighs. 5.56 M 20 4.56 M 20 3.56 M 20 2.56 M 20 1.56 M 20 12.56 M 20 11.56 E 20 10.56 E 20 9.56 E 20 8.56 DA 20 7.56 DA 20 6.56 DA 20 5.56 DA 20 4.56 DA 20 3.56 DA 20 2.56 DA 20 1.56 DA 20 12.56 DA 20 11.56 MD 20 10.56 MD 20 9.56 MD 20 8.56 MD 20 7.56 MD ●0 6.56 M 21 South balance. 7.16 M 21 6.16 M 21 5.16 M 21 4.16 M 21 3.16 M 21 2.16 M 21 1.16 M 21 12.16 M 21 11.16 E 21 10.16 E 21 9.16 DA 21 8.16 DA 21 7.16 DA 21 6.16 DA 21 5.16 DA 21 4.16 DA 21 3.16 DA 21 2.16 DA 21 1.16 DA 21 12.16 DA 21 11.16 MD 21 10.16 MD 21 9.16 MD 21 8.16 MD 22 North balance. 7 33 MD 22 6.33 M 22 5.33 M 22 4.33 M 22 3.33 M 22 2.33 M 22 1.33 M 22 12.33 M 22 11.33 E 22 10.33 E 22 9.33 DA 22 8.33 DA 22 7.33 DA 22 6.33 DA 22 5.33 DA 22 4.33 DA 22 3.33 DA 22 2.33 DA 22 1.33 DA 22 12 33 DA 22 11.33 MD 22 10.33 MD 22 9.33 MD 22 8.33 MD 23 Scorpions heart. 8.54 MD 23 7.54 MD 23 6.54 M 23 5.54 M 23 4.54 M 23 3.54 M 23 2.54 M 23 1.54 M 23 12.54 M 23 11.54 E 23 10.54 E 23 9.54 DA 23 8.54 DA 23 7.54 DA 23 6.54 DA 23 5.54 DA 23 4.54 DA 23 3.54 DA 23 2.54 DA 23 1.54 DA 23 12.54 DA 23 11.54 MD 23 10.54 MD 23 9.54 MD 24 Hercules head. 9.14 MD 24 8.14 MD 24 7.14 MD 24 6.14 M 24 5.14 M 24 4 14 M 24 3.14 M 24 2.14 M 24 1.14 M 24 12.14 M 24 11.14 E 24 10.14 E 24 9.14 E 24 8.14 E 24 7.14 DA 24 6.14 DA 24 5.14 DA 24 4.14 DA 24 3.14 DA 24 2.14 DA 24 1.14 DA 24 12.14 DA 24 11.14 MD 24 10.14 MD 25 Serpents head. 9.41 MD 25 8.41 MD 25 7 41 MD 25 6.41 M 25 5.41 M 25 4.41 M 25 3 41 M 25 2.41 M 25 1.41 M 25 12.41 M 25 11.41 E 25 10.41 E 25 9.41 E 25 8.41 E 25 7.41 DA 25 6.41 DA 25 5.41 DA 25 4.41 DA 25 3 41 DA 25 2.41 DA 25 1 41 DA 25 12.41 DA 25 11.41 MD 25 10.41 MD 26 The Eagle. 12.19 DA 26 11.19 MD 26 10 19 MD 26 9.19 MD 26 8.19 MD 26 7.19 MD 26 6.19 MD 26 5.19 MD 26 4.19 M 26 3.19 M 26 2.19 M 26 1.19 M 26 12.19 M 26 11.19 E 26 10.19 E 26 9.19 E 26 8.19 E 26 7 19 E 26 6.19 E 26 5.19 DA 26 4.19 DA 26 3.19 DA 26 2.19 DA 26 1.19 DA 27 Dolphins tail. 1.12 DA 27 12.12 DA 27 11 12 MD 27 10.12 MD 27 9.12 MD 27 8.12 MD 27 7.12 MD 27 6.12 MD 27 5.12 MD 27 4.12 MD 27 3.12 M 27 2.12 M 27 1.12 M 27 12.12 M 27 11.12 E 27 10.12 E 27 9.12 E 27 8.12 E 27 7.12 E ●7 6 12 E 27 5.12 E 27 4.12 E 27 3.12 DA 27 2.12 DA 28 goats tail. 1.48 DA 28 12.48 DA 28 11.48 MD 28 10.48 MD 28 9.48 MD 28 8.48 MD 28 7.48 MD 28 6.48 MD 28 5.48. MD 28 4.48 MD 28 3.48 M 28 2.48 M 28 1.48 M 28 12.48 M 28 11.48 E 28 10.48 E 28 9.48 E 28 8.48 E 28 7.48 E 28 6.48 E 28 5.48 E 28 4.48 E 28 3.48 DA 28 2.48 DA 29 Water pourers leg. 2.48 DA 29 1.48 DA 29 12.48 DA 29 11.48 MD 29 10.48 MD 29 9.48 MD 29 8.48 MD 29 7.48 MD 29 6 48 MD 29 5.48 MD 29 4.48 MD 29 3.48 M 29 2.48 M 29 1.48 M 29 12.48 M 29 11.48 E 29 10.48 E 29 9.48 E 29 8.48 E 29 7.48 E 29 6.48 E 29 5.48 E 29 4.48 E 29 3.48 DA 30 Pegasus shoulder. 3.47 DA 30 2 47 DA 30 1 47 DA 30 12.47 DA 30 11.47 MD 30 10.47 MD 30 9.47 MD 30 8.47 MD 30 7.47 MD 30 6.47 MD 30 5.47 MD 30 4.47 MD 30 3.47 M 30 2.47 M 30 1.47 M 30 12.47 M 30 11.47 E 30 10.47 E 30 9.47 E 3● 8.47 E 30 7.47 E 30 6.47 E 30 5.47 E 30 4 47 E 31 Pegasus leg. 4.12 DA 31 3 12 DA 31 2.12 DA 31 1.12 DA 31 12.12 DA 31 11.12 MD 31 10.12 MD 31 9.12 MD 31 8.12 MD 31 7.12 MD 31 6.12 MD 31 5.12 MD 31 4.12 MD 31 3.12 M 31 2.12 M 31 1.12 M 31 12.12 M 31 11.12 E 31 10.12 E 31 9.12 E 31 8.12 E 31 7.12 E 31 6.12 E 31 5.12 E 32 Whales tail. 4.24 DA 32 3.24 DA 32 2.24 DA 32 1.24 DA 32 12.24 DA 32 11.24 D M 32 10 24 MD 32 9.24 MD 32 8.24 MD 32 7.24 MD 32 6.24 MD 32 5.24 MD 32 4.24 MD 32 3.24 M 32 2.24 M 32 1.24 M 32 12.24 M 32 11.24 E 32 10.24 E 32 9.24 E 32 8.24 E 22 7.24 E 32 6.24 E 32 5.24 E NOw this table serveth for every month in the year (being exactly calculated) the time of their being South, or touching your Meridian or (as some term it) Noonestead, serving very well the Seamen to take the height of them with their instruments upon the Sea, referring it unto the table of declination that goeth before: the first is the hours, the second the minutes, the third be the letters that show you whether they be South by day or by night, in the evening or morning, in the forenoon or after noon, The signification of the letters in the table. of which the letter E doth signify Evening, the letter M. signifieth Morning, the letters DM. signifieth day in the Morning, and the letters DA. signifieth day in the after noon (as I said before) the very hour and minute of their being South. Now you see that I have put to their being South in the day as well as in the night, to the intent to know the hour of the night as well by their setting, as also by your compass, which I showed you in the first chapter or rule, namely to bring your .32. points into 24. hours: and in like manner in the fourth chapter by shining of the Moon to divide the shining into two equal parts, than those parts (being equally divided with the hour & minutes) and the time before their being South, put together, the half that shineth and that, showeth the just rising of those stars: and the other time of their shining after their being South, showeth their setting (as I declared in the rule of the shining of the Moon.) Now you, seeing the table runneth from the first day of every month to the .15. and from the .15. to the last day, must consider (if you will know the exact time betwixt the first day & the .15. day, or betwixt the .15. day, and the last) to do this, look how many days of the month is pass either from the first day, or .15. day, and pull four minutes from that number: for so many days as is past, for every day that shall show you the true time of their being South. That known, you shall do (as is aforesaid) for their rising and setting. ¶ The .21. Chapter showeth you the making of a general instrument, to know the hour of the day by, throughout all the world. Now for the making of your instruments for the Sea, with their uses, you shall repair to the book of Navigation made by Martin Curtise a Spaniarde, Imprinted by M. jug Printer to the queens Majesty: else I would have showed you the making of divers instruments, as also the making of the equinoctial dial with his use, which is very profitable to know the hour of the day by, in all latitudes through the whole world, for your compass is not to know the hour of the day by in Summer, neither in the Morning nor Evening, neither can you know when the Moon is east or West, she having North declination, as being in the sign of Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, or Leo: because your compass standeth flat as doth your Horizon. The sun and moon doth give a full shadow by the compass. The Equinoctial dial giveth a true shadow all the world over. Wherefore it is very good for Sea men to use the Equinoctial dials, for that it showeth them the true hour of the day in all Latitudes, and also the Moon doth give a true shadow in that Dial in all Latitudes, for I do know that Sea men are very many times deceived where it doth flow an East and West Moon, or any point between the Southeast and North-east. Because in setting the Moon with their compass (being in the North signs) she seemeth to be East by the Compass, when she is near the East Southeast in her course: and in like manner when the Moon seemeeth West by the compass she shall be a little more than West south-west in her course: which is a very perilous matter unto them that should put into a tide, A perilous matter. harborowe, or haven, where he knoweth there is water enough for him if that he doth come at a full Sea, and then by the error of the moons shadow of the compass he is deceived: and when he findeth the error he thinketh that the cause thereof cometh by the occasion of some storm of wind that is like to follow, imputing unto it that the tide doth not keep his course, whereas the very cause groweth by no other means but of receiving a false shadow by the horizontal compass: and especially if the Moon be near her greatest declination unto the North parts, that is, in the sign of Gemini and Cancer. And also that effect is most preferred if the Dragon's head be in the beginning of the sign of Aries: for that then if the Moon be in the beginning of Cancer, she shall have .5. degrees more in declination from the Equinoctial, than the sun shall have at their greatest declination unto the North parts: so that reserving the moons Paralex, which is according unto the Latitude of any place that the Moon shall be declined .28. degrees and a half unto the North part of the Equinoctial: so that for avoiding of these infirmities, The moon may decline 28. degrees and a half from the Equinoctial. I would wish them to use the Equinoctial dials. And furthermore I do think that the Equinoctial dials be not used amongst our Mariners here in England for that the charges is so much in the making of them, & yet it serveth no other turn but to know the hour of the day, & to show the true shadow of the Moon. I have not known them used by any English Master or Pilot, but only by one man, which person had not it for the proper use thereof, but rather had it, to say that he had such an instrument as no English man had the like, & to brag that he had such an instrument that he could do great feats therewith in the going of long voyages. etc. Of men that will have instruments, and know not the use of them. I would have no man offended with me. I know the nature and quality of some that take charge: they will have instruments & other things thereunto appertaining, & yet they themselves do not know the use of them, yet they will seem to be cunning, & that they need no instructions of any man, for that they know all things, & yet in respect know nothing. (But notwithstanding) I would wish them that be Sea faring men to use themselves to the Equinoctial dials: for that they do serve two notable turns, as well at home in these our channels, as also in long voyages: they may make them with a very easy charge: for whereas in the Art of Navigation it is showed how to make them in brass, they may make them with wood in this manner: take a piece of boards end of six inches broad, An easy way to make an equinoctial dial with little charge more or less at your discretion, and half an inch in thickness, then having cut it round, and plained it smooth, you may either grave in it the .32. points of the compass, or else paint them upon it with some colours, with the .24. hours upon both the sides: as this figure showeth. The Equinoctial Dial. The use of this Dial is most necessary in a ship, for that you have occasions to transport yourselves into all the climates. And to know the true hour of the day do this: set this Dial by your compass (the Director unto the Southewardes) and then (you knowing how high the pole is above the Horizon) set the end of the wire right against that degree in the director, and the other end of the wire will point just unto the pole, then look what shadow the wire doth give by the Sun, that is the true hour of the day. In like manner you may know the true hour of the night by the moons shadow, and also the Moon will give a true shadow of her place. etc. ¶ The .22. Chapter treateth of the soundings, coming from any place out of the Occident Sea, to seek Vshant or the Lyzarde, and so all alongst till you come to the coast of Flaunders: with other necessary matters to be known, to them that be Channellers, that doth occupy, or deal amongst sands, banks, or such other like. Because it is necessary to be had in memory, for that it is a dangerous place to hit or fall with, to enter into the Sleve, coming homewards out of Spain or Portugal, or from Barbary, or any other place from the Southwards, a ship that cometh from any such place to seek the isle of Vshant, or the lizard in this root of sounding of a. 100LS. or .90. fathoms shall find big soundings, and shall be near about to the seams. The sounding near unto Vshant and the lizard. In the root of .80. fathoms you shall found cockle shells, and dentes in the tallow of the lead: & in this sounding hold on your course to the North till you change sounding, then if you be at .60. or .64. fathom, you shall find small sand and Mathey ground, and shall be near the coast of Vshant. If you have time and day go seek it in the North-east, and you shall be about .10. leagues from the isle. If you come making your course about Basefréede, you shall find course sand, read and brown, and you shall have sounding at .40. fathom: if you be towards the bank of Silley, you shall have soundings at 86. or .90. fathom, & you shall find in the tallow stony ground and shall be well shot towards the bank of Silley. When you be at .80. fathom you shall find small black sand, and shall be well towards the lizard. When you be at .60. or 64. fathom, you shall find white sand & white soft worms, and shall be very nigh to the lizard. Between the cape of Cornwall and Vshant amid the channel, you shall find 70. fathom, & near enough. Between Dodman & the Forne in the channel you shall have .40. or .50. fathom. If you be thwart of Plymouth or the Start, you shall find streamie ground & dentes in the tallow, & soundings .41. or .42. fathoms. At the coming from Portland you shall have .35. fathoms, and small shingels. And when you be nigh to Portland .30. fathoms, The sounding in the channel. & stones like beans: & this sounding will last till S. Aldam, & in the said soundings you shall found white stones like broken Awls, & other that be bigger, & then you shallbe thwart of S. Aldam or of the isle of Wight. Two or 3. leagues from the isle of Wight, you shall find .25. fathom, with dentes & clefts in the tallow like small threads .2. or .3. leagues from the Caskettes you shall find .40. fathom & big stones ragged and black. Between the isle of wight & the hag, the deepest is but .35. or .40. fathom. Between the isle of Wight & Lantergate the deepest is but .25. or .30. fathom. Between Beachy & the isle of Wight, a league from the land, you shall find .38. fathom, and poppell as big as beans. Between Fairly and the water of Sum in the deepest but .25. fathom. Between Folkestone and Bollayne is a bank that is called Rip rap: and lieth in the mid way between Pickardie and England: and hard aboard by it, is .26. or .27. fathom. In the straits of Calais is .30. fathom, in the road of Calais is .16. fathom. And alongst the coast of Flaunders is but .20. fathom the deepest. Thus much have I said for the entrance of the sleeve, to come to the river of Thames, The height of the pole at the entrance of the Sleeve. and in the entrance in the midway between Vshant and the Lizarde the pole Arctic is elevated .50. degrees and a half, and the Equinoctial is lifted above the Horizon .39. degrees and a half. And furthermore for them that are channellers and occupiers amongst sands and banks, and such other like, they must have consideration of these things following. Necessary things to be noted for them that are Chamnellers & dealers amongst sands. As this: first (if you know how the channel doth lie right between any .2. sands) you must view the land to take some marks for it, in this manner to be a leading mark. And that you shall do thus: look something that standeth far into the land, that you may know it well being right open with the channel of the sands, then take an other mark near unto the water side, and the one to be right against the other, when that you be in the middle of the channel, and then you knowing these two marks well, they will be leading marks unto you for ever to keep that channel. And then furthermore if it doth so happen that the channel doth turn to keep an other course, or else (some other danger lying in the way) you must have a thwart mark to know both when that you are clear of any danger, and also when that you are open of an other channel, and that you shall do as before is declared, to take some mark within the land, and also an other near unto the sea, water or river side, to be your thwart mark when you bring them both together. And this is most specially to be noted: that these marks be very yare and good when the one is far distant from the other: and those marks very slow and asketh some distance in sailing to open and shut them, which are near together upon the land. And furthermore, for them that are Channellers or occupiers amongst sands, for that the weather is not always clear, when they have occasion to pass thorough such places, it is good for them to sound the channels perfitly, and to know by the depth, what side of the channel they are upon, and also how far they are shot into that channel. And also in like manner to know by the sounding of any of the sides of the channel, whether they be near any of the sands or dangers, or any breadth of: for that some sands or dangers there be having fair or good soundings or shalding, that they may borrow of and on at their pleasure. There be again some sands and dangers that there is no borrowing nor sounding of them, and those be neall or deep, hard unto the sands or dangers: for that the water is deep hard unto the sand: and these are very dangerous sands for any ship to come near, for that they shall have the water very deep, and by and by be a ground. Yet furthermore it is very good for them that be channellers and occupiers amongst sands, to know which way the tide doth set at every time of the tide: for that many times it happeneth so, that when the sands be under the water, the tide doth set cross the channel, which is a dangerous matter if it be not very well considered by the Master or Pilot. etc. ¶ The .23. Chapter, is as touching the variation of the Compass, called the north-easting and the Norwesting of the Compass: and how to give a guess to know the Longitude. AS touching the variation of the compass called the north-easting or Norwesting, it is supposed that the Compass doth vary by proportion, in the sailing to the Eastwards or Westwards: and (as I have declared in the end of the .6. chapter) if it varieth by proportion that the Northpoint is varied one point from the North at .22. degrees and a half, Of the compass to vary by even proportion. and so until the North point doth stand North-east or Norwest. And that is, when you are .90. degrees from the Meridian that the compass was made at to the eastwards or Westwards. Some also are of an other opinion, that the compass doth vary by no proportion, Of the compass to vary by no proportion. but doth vary according unto the nature of some kind of minerals, that is, in some country or some kind of Islands, that draw the Compass by the mines of the Load stone or Magnes stone that they tauche their compass with when they make them. And furthermore the book of Martin Curtise, (called the art of Navigation) sayeth that the compass doth vary by proportion, in this manner: which is, by the proportion of a circle: for that the North point doth always point unto a place in the heavens that is unmovable, and therefore as you do transport yourself to the Eastward or Westward, the North point doth still point unto that place in the heaven: Of the compass to vary according unto the proportion of a circle, that is swiftly & slowly. wherefore (as he sayeth) when you be .90. degrees in Longitude from the place of the making of your compass, that is, when you be one quarter of the circumference of the earth, in that parallel the compass will be varied .4. points from the North: and as you do transport yourself further, than the north point of the compass will come nearer and nearer unto the North: and when you are just half the circumference of the earth, that then the North point will stand due north upon the pole again: for that you are come to the same Meridian again upon the opposite part of the earth, (as it doth appear in the third part and .5. chapter, of the said book of Martin Curtise) but if that be true than the compass doth vary swiftly at the first and slowly afterwards in order like unto the suns declination: by which (if it be true) they may very well know what order the compass doth vary by, and so by the variation you may give an near estimation of the Longitude, and know in how many degrees the compass is varied one point, two points, three points, and so the greatest variation which is four points. Now to know the proportion do this: first, make a circle with a pair of compasses, and strike a Line by the Centre to the circumference, which shall be your Meridian line, then strike an other line by the Centre a cross, that you may divide the circle into four equal parts, To know in how many degrees going but the Eastward or Westward that the compass doth vary one point or .2. points or .3. points. etc. and then (for that forty five degrees is the greatest variation) set forty five unto the east part and West part, dividing every one of the quarters of the circle into forty five equal parts, according to the greatest variation then make an other circle of that Diameter, that the circumference touch the Centre of that Circle: and divide it as you divide the Compass after the rate of two and thirty points although you need not divide but that side to the Norwardes, and then the North-east and northwest point will fall upon forty five degrees: that done draw lines according to the points of the Compass unto the eastwards or Westwards, and look how they fall upon the line that cometh from the Centre of the other Circle of which every quarter is divided into forty five equal parts: and then (at the very place that the line doth touch) draw parallel lines in that Circle by proportion, at the very place to the Eastewardes or Westwards that the line of the Compass falleth upon: and that will show you justly how many degrees you shall transport yourself unto the eastwards or Westwards, for the varying of the first point, second point, and third point, and in like manner the greatest variation which is the fourth point. So that (according to that order) it will fall out in this manner, that the Compass will be varied one point at near eleven and ⅓. To know how many degrees is in the varying of one point. It will be varied two points near about four and twenty degrees and a half. It will be varied three points at forty two degrees, and about a half. But it will not be varied the fourth point until you be full four score and ten degrees from the Meridian that the compass was made at: which is a very slow varying being .47. degrees and ½ before the Compass doth vary one point, and between the third point and the second point being .18. degrees for the varying of that point, and then from the second point unto the first point, it is .13. degrees and better, and last of all from the varying of one point to the Meridian it is .11. If you will know how many leagues a degree is, repair to the 16. chapter. degrees and ⅓ part, every degree being according to the parralel you are in, which doth altar according unto your Latitude from the Equinoctial: for under the Equinoctial it is, 60. English miles, or .20. English leagues unto one degree. In the Latitude of .60. degrees from the Equinoctial there in that parallel it is but .30. miles, or .10. English leagues unto one degree. etc. as it is plainly showed in the .16. chapter of this book, wherein is an instrument showing you how many miles of Longitude will answer unto a degree in every several Latitude by the replying of a thread at your discretion: so that I conclude if the compass doth vary by that order of proportion that Martin Curtise doth attributes unto it, you may give a near guess to find the Longitude by the varying of the compass being near unto the Meridian that the compass was made for. But if you be very far from the Meridian that the compass was made for, than the variation is so slow that you can have no judgement at all (by the variation of the compass) to find any Longitude. And furthermore if the compass doth vary by that proportion that Martin Curtise doth affirm, I am of that opinion that there may grow some error in proportion in those compasses that are made for any Meridian: There may grow some error in the proportion of the varying of the Compass. for those compasses that are made here with us in England whereof the needle doth stand .4. or .5. degrees unto the Eastwards of the North (as doth appear by all the needles made for dials & also in the compasses) if they would have the North point to stand due North, than the end of the wires under the card of the compass should stand four or five degrees unto the Eastwards of the fleur-de-lis: wherefore it may be doubted that the compass may vary more the one way than it will the other way, by that proportion that the end of the wire doth stand beside from the North point. For (if in the greatest variation) the end of the wire (under the card of the compass) doth stand Northwest, the flouredeluce of the compass should stand near half a point to the Westwards of the Northwest. And in like manner at the greatest variation, if the end of the wire doth stand North-east, than the fleur-de-lis should stand near half a point unto the Northwards of the North-east. etc. And furthermore here is one thing that I could never understand the truth of, and yet I have oftentimes demanded the question of divers that have been in the West part, in the bay of America, Things that I can not know. and that is this: Whether in the compass there made, or in the dials that are there made, the ends of the Needles do stand due North, or not? and yet it hath not been my chance to meet with any that can tell. For if it be so that those Needles that are there touched do stand due North, th●n it were very good for them that should occupy long traverse unto the Westward or Eastward, to have divers compasses ready made with the Needle of them untouched, and to carry a good loadstone with them to touch those compasses when the compass hath the greatest variation. It is good for these two causes: the one cause: it is the better to direct your course by. But this cause is very special, to give a near guess of the Longitude, that is to say, the compass will vary more quickly (according to the order before written) by which you see they may transport themselves further unto the Eastwards or Westwards before that the compass doth vary one point, than it doth for the other three points, so that they are not able to give any estimation at all, Of slow varying of the compass. by the varying of the compass, to know any Longitude: for that they may travel more than the quarter of the circumference of the earth, before the compass will be varied one point backwards and forwards. And I do very much marvel at this, (considering how many times English men have been in the west Indies) that I can meet with no man that can tell whether the needles of the Dial's or compasses made there do stand due north or not: which is a thing that may be easily known. For the needles of the Dial's it is s●ene seen, and in like manner of the Compasses: How easy it is to know whether that the compasses made in the West Indies▪ do stand due North. for if the Needle of the Compasses there made will not stand due North, than it is reformed upon the Card of the fly of the Compass, as if the North end of the wires do stand North-east, than they will set North-east over it, even as we do set the end of the wires of the Compasses with us made near half a point to the eastwards of the north. etc. And furthermore it is very good for them that are Masters or Pylotes of ships to note, Of making notes of the variation. when they do fall with any land where the Compass is varied, to make a remembrance in a book how many points and degrees the Compass is varied in every place where they come unto, which will be a great help for them to find that place again. And to find the variation it is declared in the 6. Chapter. And here I leave to trouble thee any further for this time: but shortly after this, look for two other works of mine, the one called, The shooting in great Ordinance: an other named, A Treasure for travelers: which two Books will be profitable I trust for all men. If these my labours may profit my Country, then have I my desire. And thus I bid thee most heartily farewell. The Table of the contents of this book. THe first chapter of Navigation showeth what the .32. points of the compass be, and to what uses they do serve. Fol. 8. a The .2. chapter treateth of the golden number or prime, showing the Epact, and by the Epact to know the age of the Moon. Fol. 9 b The .3. chapter teacheth how to know by the age of the Moon what a clock it doth flow, or is full Sea at any place where you do know what Moon maketh a full Sea. Fol. 10. b The .4. chap. treateth of the Sun and moons course in the Zodiac, and how you shall know at what hours the Moon shall rise and set at: and at what point of the Compass, with other necessary things. Fo. 14▪ a The .5. chapter is of a table of declination, commonly called of Seafaring men a Regiment of the sun, exactly calculated for .4. years, and will serve for .24. years, for every day of the month. Fol. 16. b The .6. chapter showeth how to take the height of the Sun with the Cross staff. etc. Fol. 26. a The .7. chapter showeth how to handle the declination of the Sun, to know the altitude of the north pole above the Horizon (the height of the Sun being truly taken & known in any place between the North pole and the Equinoctial) so that the sun be unto the Southwards of you at the taking of the fame upon the Meridian. Fol. 29. a The .8. chapter showeth you how to handle the declination of the Sun when you are between the Equinoctial and the sun, that is to say, the sun to the southwards or Northwards of you, and the Equinoctial to the Northwards or Southwards, or under the Equinoctial, the height of the sun being truly known or taken. f. 30. b The .9. chap. showeth how to handle the declination of the sun when you are beyond the Equinoctial, that is to say, between the South pole, and the Equinoctial: with certain ensamples both for the South pole, and the North pole. Fol. 32. a The .10. chapter showeth how to handle the suns declination unto the Northward, where the sun doth not set under the Horizon: and also to take the sun at the lowest due north. f. 34. b The .11. chap. doth show how you shall know the length of the day, and to know how much the day is shortened or lengthened by the suns declination. Fol. 36. a The .12. ch. is of the North-star. f. 38. a The .13 chap. doth show you by the sailing upon the quarter of your compass, in how far sailing you do raise a degree, and what you do departed from the Meridian. etc. Fol. 39 a The .14. chapter showeth how to know how far any land is off from you, if you know the distance between any two places, whether that you do run alongst by the land, or directly to the shore, or otherwise with other necessary things. Fol. 40. a The .15. chapter treateth of the longitude. etc. Fol. 42. b The .16. chapter showeth how many miles will answer to one degree of longitude in every several latitude between the Equinoctial and either of the two poles: with the demonstration for that purpose, & also the diversity of aspects of the Moon. fo. 44. a The .17. chapter treateth of the longitude and latitude of certain of the most notable towns in England, and also how long the moon doth change at one town before an other: with the diversity of the longest day in summer, from Southampton to the northermost part in Scotland. Fo. 45. b The .18. chapter showeth how to sail by the globe. And to know how much the water is higher than the level between any two ships on the Sea, which groweth by the roundness of the earth. Fol. 47. a The .19. chapter is as touching the making of plats or Cards for the Sea, and not to paint their Cards as they do, but rather to fill the vacant places with other necessary matters: and also of three necessary things contained in the plats or Cards, with their uses. Fol. 49. a The .20. chapter is of the longitude and declination of .32. notable fixed stars for Navigation, with tables of their shining, and at what point of the compass they do both rise and set: it hath also tables for every month in the year, declaring at what time they will be South. etc. which will continued these .100. years without much error. Fol. 51. b The .21. chapter showeth you the making of a general Instrument, to know the hour of the day by through out all the world. Fol. 57 b The .22. chap. treateth of the soundings coming from any place out of the Occidental Sea, to seek Vshant, or the lizard, and so all alongst till you come to the coast of Flaunders: with other necessary matters to be known for them that be Chanellers, that occupy or deal amongst sands, banks. etc. Fol. 59 b The .23 chapter is as touching the variation of the Compass, called the north-easting and Northweasting of the Compass: and how to give a guess to know the longitude. Fol. 61. a FINIS.