b'\' !\'.\' \'\'I \'I\'-! \'"\'1 L I\' il\'i\'i \n\n\n\n\'l.\'\'Ml \n\n\n\nD 399 \n\n\n\nUBRARY \n\n\n\n\n\'^ ".\'V^^\'^. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAMERICAN GRAPHITE \n\nJSchooI Boards of the pJ^Z f^\'"" "^^ \'^^ *\xc2\xab \n]stat,\xe2\x80\x9ener does notteeo^L \'^ \'""^- ^f Joar \n\nfdouWethe^oj;.\'^ \'" <=^"\'^ for sa^pCl^"^^ 1 \nManufactured by the \n\n\'***"\xc2\xab \xc2\xab\xe2\x84\xa2\xc2\xabe Comply, \n\n\n\nWobksakdMaik \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2^^USIEY \n\n\n\nOffices \n\n\n\noio^v \n\n\n\n^. J. \n\n\n\nTh Sfiiiter Eft. \n\n\n\nThese give, in Question and Answer form, a review of the his- \ntory of each twelve months, beginning with September. \n\n\n\nEoctra No, 1, For September, 1.55;?.\xe2\x80\x94 Contains \nquestions and answers on the history of the world for 1881-82. \nReprinted (1887) in 48 16mo pages, revised, enlarged and more \nfully illustrated. Price 1 Oc, \n\nExtra No, 2, For September, 1883. \xe2\x80\x94 Contains \nquestions and answers on the history of 1882-83. Illustrated \nwith maps and portraits. Reprint, 48 pp., 16mo. Price lOCm \n\nExtra NOn 3. For Sejjteytiber, 1884, \xe2\x80\x94 Contains \nquestions and answers on the history of 1883-84. Fully illus- \ntrated with maps and portraits. Reprinted in 96 16nio. pages, \nandincludiug the "Campaign Extra, 1884." Price I3c. \n\nExtra No. 4. For September, 1885, \xe2\x80\x94 Contains \nquestions and answers on the history of 1884-85, Fully illus- \ntrated with maps and portraits. G4 pp. 16mo. Price 20c, \n\nExtra No, 5. For Sepfe^nber, 15.S6.\xe2\x80\x94 Contains \nquestions and answers on the history of 1885 86. Fully illus- \ntrated with maps and portraits. 96 pp. 16mo. Price 20c. \n\nExtra No. 6*. For September, 1887* Contains \nquestions and answers on the history of 1886-87. Fully illus- \ntrated with maps and portraits. 128 pp. 16mo. Price 20c, \nExtra No. 7. For September, 1888. Price 20c \nExtra No. 8 ready in September, 18S9. \n\nA set of these books will give you nearly 400 pages of Cur- \nrent History in an attractive form and at a merely nominal cost. \n\nPRICES OF SETS FOR USE IN SCHOOLS. \n\n\n\n1 Set of Six \n10 Set8 \n\n\n\n$ .80 \n6.00 \n\n\n\n30 Sets \n40 Sets \n\n\n\n$10.00 \n18.00 \n\n\n\nDO NOT POSTPONE supplying yourself and your pupils \nwith our valuable Question Extras. As a means of introduc- \ning the study of Current History by reviewing the history of \nthe past six years, they are absolutely unequaled. \n\nSCHOOL HlIRAIiD PUB. CO., Chicag;o. \n\n\n\nCurious Cobwebs. No. 1. \n\nWOVEN FROM MANY QUEER, QUAINT AND \nCURIOUS QUESTIONS. \n\nThere are 225 questions upon hosts of things which are not \ngenerally known by the average person. These are fully and \ncompletely answered in the book. \n\nHOW TO USE CURIOUS COBWEBS. \n\nRead one of the simplest questions to the school and invite all \nto tell their parents of it. An interest is thus aroused at home. \nThe answer can be called for the first thing in the morning, \nthis being an incentive for prompt attendance. A number of \nquestions can be placed on the board and remain there during \nthe week until Friday afternoon, when a general discussion can \nbe had. \n\nOBJECTS OF CURIOUS COBWEBS. \n\nTo lessen the care of the teacher; to make the school more in- \nteresting; to interest parents in the work of the school; to induce \npupils to look outside of the text-book and school room for in- \nformation, and to form habits of close observation in the grow- \ning pupil. \n\nI give a few of the queries as samples: \n\n" How can you prove that there is a blind spot in the eye?" \n" What river is spelled by a single letter?" " What state bought \nitself?" " In what battle of the Revolution were all the dogs of \nthe vicinity killed to prevent giving the alarm?" "Can a rabbit \nrun up hill better than down?" "What member of Congress \nwas never late at roll call?" " How can vessels carry grain free \nacross the ocean?" \n\nThese are only samples \xe2\x80\x94 some are more difficult than these \nand some are more simple. Price, 20 cents. \n\nCURIOUS COBWEBS, NO. 2. \n\nSAME PLAN AS NO. 1. 250 QUESTIONS \nAND ANSWERS. \n\nOne lady teacher writes: "Our principal is very neat, yet I \nsee \'Cobwebs\' on her desk every day." \n\nPrice of Curious Cobwebs No. 2, 20c. Both books, 35c. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2^A. FLANAGAN,^ \n\nCHICAGO. \n\n\n\nWEBSTER\'S UNABRIDGED \n\nThe Standard and The Best. \n\n\n\nmOTIONAl^Jf ITSELF \n\n\n\nYour attention is invited to the fact that in puix-hasing the latest issue of \nthis work, you get \n\nA DICTIONARY \n\ncontaining 118,000 Words, and 3000 Engravings, including a Supplement of \nnearh^ 6000 new words and meanings, \n\nA GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD \n\ncontaining over 2r),000 Titles, briefly describing the Countries, Cities, Towns, \nand Natural Features of every part of the Globe, \n\nA BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY \n\ncontaining tli<\xc2\xbb names of nearly 10,000 Noted Persons, with pronunciation. Dates \nof Birtii and Deatii, Nationality, Profession, etc. \xe2\x80\x94 And other invaluable Tables, \n\nALL IN ONE BOOK. \n\nIt has 3000 more Words in its vocabulary than arc found in any other \nAmerican Dictionary, and nearly three times the number of Engravings. In \nquantity of matter, it is believed to be the largest volume published, being \nsutticient to make 75 12mo volumes that usually sell for f 1.25 each. \n\nThe best and most useful Dictionary of the English language ever pub- \nlished. \xe2\x80\x94 London Times. \n\nIt will answer thousands of questions to the wide-awake child. Is an ever- \npresent and reliable Scliool-niaster to the whole family.\xe2\x80\x94 ,S\'. S. Herald. \n\nIt is a library in itself, and contains the pith and the essence of all other \nbooks. With this and the Bible, we might go comfortably through the world \nand find no great lack. \xe2\x80\x94 Independent. \n\nWebster is Standard Authority in the Government Printing Office, \n\nand with the United States Supreme Court. It is recommended by the \nState Superintendents of Schools in Thirty-six States, and by leading \nCollege Presidents of the U. S. and Canada. All the leading Series of School \nBooks published in this country are based upon Webster, the acknowledged \nStandard of the English Language. \n\nPublished by G. & C. MEKRIAM & CO., Springfield, Mass. \nALSO PUBLISHERS OF \n\nWebster\'s National Pictorial Dictionary, \n\nIN ONE VOLUME, HOC OCTAVO PAGES, 600 ENGRAVINGS. \nSpecimen pages of these Sooks sent prepaid upon applicatic n. \n\n\n\nSOME ACCOUNT OF THE \n\n\n\nRulers of the World. \n\n\n\nPREPARED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS \n\n\n\n/ \n\nBy W. I. CHASE. \n\n\n\n^T \n\n\n\n[copyright 1889.] \n\n\n\n\nFOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED, WITH APPENDIX \n\nGIVING THE CABINETS AND POLITICAL \n\nPARTIES OF EURORE. \n\n\n\nCHICAGO : \nSchool Her.ald Publishing Co., \n\n1889. \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\nRulers of the World \n\n\n\nKINGS, PRINCES AND STATESMEN OF OUR \nTIME. \n\n\n\nEUROPE. \n\n1. How many and what are the states of Europe? \nEighteen \xe2\x80\x94 not counting minor and dependent states \n\nAustria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, \nGreat Britain and Ireland, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, \nNetherlands, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, \nSweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and Bulgaria. \n\n2. What is Austria-Hungary? Sec. ^o^ \n\nA bipartite state, consisting of the Austrian empire \nand the Hungarian kingdom. Each state has its sepa- \nrate government, and the two are united only in the per- \nson of the monarch, and in a joint parliament and min- \nistry, the two latter having a orescribed sphere of legis- \nlation and administration. \n\n3. Who is monarch of this state? \n\nFranz Josef I, of the house of Habsburg-Loraine. He \nwas bornin 1830; succeeded his uncle Ferdinand in 1848. \nMarried in 1854, Elizabeth, daughter of Duke Maxi- \nmilian of Bavaria. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Archduke Carl l^udwig, the emperor\'s \nbrother, born in 1833, and now a field marshal in the Austrian \narmy. \n\n4. What gives Austria prominence just now ? \n\nHer pronounced opposition to Russia in the Balkan \n\n\xe2\x99\xa6References here and elsewhere are to Section of "Civil Govern- \nment in Theory and Practice " : or to Volua :e and Page of the School \nherald. \n\n\n\nro RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nstates. The position taken by Austria-Hungary, that \nno power can be permitted to establish a protectorate \nover the Danube states, has been, no doubt, most potent \nin checking Russian aggression. Koloman Tisza, also, \n\n\n\n\nFRANZ JOSEPH I. \nEmperor of Austria and Kixg of Hungary. \nhas been largely instrumental in excluding Austria from \nRussian influence. \n\n5. Who is Koloman Tisza.? \n_ Prime minister of Hungary; this office he has held \nsince Feb. 25, 1877. \n\n6. Who is prime minister of Austria.? \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. ii \n\nCount Edward Taafe, appointed to the office, Aug. 19 \n1879. \n\n7. Who is foreign minister of Austria-Hungary? \n\nCount G. Kalnoky de Korospatak; appointed Nov. \n21. 1881. \n\n\n\n\nKOLOMAN TISZA. \nPrime Minister of Hungary. \n8. What is the government of Belgium ? Sec. 95. \nA constitutional monarchy, governed by a king and a \n\n\n\nAustria-Hungary.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1885), 41,056,206 ;army, peace foot- \ning. 284.000; war footing-, 1,095,833; navy, 40 vessels, of which but 11 \nare iron-clad . Finances are in a bad Avay, as there is a chronic deficit \nof some $20,000,003 in the annual budget, and the national debt is \n\n$2,262,281,860. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nparliament of two houses, both houses elected by pop- \nular suffrage. \n\n9. Who is King of the Belgians ? \n\nLeopold 11, son of Leopold I, the father being before \nhis election to the throne of Belgium, a prince of the \nhouse of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leopold II was born in \n\n\n\n\nLEOPOLD II. \n\nKing of the Belgians. \n1836; was married in 1853, to Marie Henriette, daugh- \nter of Archduke Joseph of Austria. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 The king has three daughters but no sons. \nThe royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, in the \norder of primogeniture. The king\'s eldest brother is Philippe, \nCount of Flanders. \n\n10. What are the chief issues in Belgian politics .? \nThe control of the public schools and the suppression \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 13 \n\nof socialistic agitation. There are two principal parties, \nthe Clericals and Liberals, and elections have turned, \nfor several years, on the policy of teaching rehgious \ndoctrine in the schools. The Catholic party has been \nin power since 1884. There has been much trouble \nwith the labor question, too, as the wage-workers in many \ndistricts are infected with socialistic doctrines \n\n11. How is Denmark governed ? Sec. 108. \n\nBy a king and parliament under a liberal constitution. \n\n12. Is the government therefore liberal ? \n\nNo; the government is reactionary, not to say tyran- \nnica.1. The present prime minister, with the approval \nof the king, has wrested the constitution far away from \nits rational interpjetation, and carries on the govern- \nment in defiance of the majority in the lower house of \nparliament. \n\n13. Who is King of Denmark ? V. VI, p. 159. \nChristian IX, a man 71 years of age, the fourth son \n\nof the duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucks- \nburg. Succeeded to the throne in 1863, under the trea- \nty of London of 1852 and the Danish law of succession \nof 1853. Married Louise, daughter of the landgrave of \nHesse-Cassel, in 1842. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Prince Frederik, born in 1843; married \nin 1S69, a daughter of the king of Sweden and Norway. \n\n14. Who is prime minister of Denmark ,? \n\nJacob B roennum Scavenius Estrup, appointed in 1875 \n\n15. What is the government of France? Sec. 57. \n\nA republic. The legislative power is vested in a \ncongress of two houses, and the executive in a president \nelected for a term of seven years, by the congress. In \npractice both powers are exercised by the ministry, \nwhich exists subject to the will of the majority in the \nchamber of deputies. \n\nBelgium.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1887), 5,974,743 ; military streng-th on war \nfooting 103,883, excluding civic guards; no navy; financially sound; \npublic debt, $436,177,700 ; \n\n\n\nH \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\ni6. Who is president of France? V. V, p. 198. \nM. Sadi Carnot, who was elected to that office Dec. \n3, 1887, ii"^ place of M. Grevy, resigned. \n\n17, What is notable in the history of ministerial gov- \nernment under the French republic ? \n\n\n\n\nCHRISTIAN IX. \nKing of Denmark. \n\n\n\nThe frequent changes in the ministry, showing the \n\n\n\nDrxm VRK.- Population, (I8SS), 2,130,000 ; army, on war tooting, 50,522 \nmen ; navy, 4t steam vessels, mounting 252 guns. Delicit in last year s \nbudget, $1,537,365 ; national debt, ^i3,655 310. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 15 \n\n\'fickleness of the majority in the chamber of deputies. \n\n18, Who is prime minister? \n\nPierre Paul Tirard,who succeeded M. Floquet Feb. 21, \n1889. M.Tirard is a prominent member of the Moder- \nate Republican party. He has a large private fortune \n\n\n\n\nPRESIDENT C A R NOT. \n\nacquired in business. As minister of finance in M. \nFerry\'s cabinet, he effected a skillful refunding of the \npublic debt. He was premier for three months in 1888. \n\n19. What are the main questions in French politics? \n\nThe placating of the Radical, or semi-socialistic ele. \n\n\n\ni6 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nment, which threatens by its attacks on parliamentary \ngovernment to play into the hands of the party that de- \nsires to restore the monarchy. \n\n20. Who has been the leader of the dissatisfied ele- \nment ? \n\n\n\n\nM. TIRARD, \n\nPrime INIinister of France. \n\nGen. Boulanger, a military adventurer, who has won \npopular favor by identifying himself with the desire for \nrevenge against Germany. \n\n21. Give the main points of Gen. Boulanger\'s career. \n\nHe came into prominence as minister of war in 1 886.7 . \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD, 17 \n\nHis ministry being overthrown, he resigned his commis- \nsion in the army and planned to secure a plebiscite in \nhis favor. Thwarted in this, and assailed through the \npatriotic league, he left the country. Should he return \nhis possibilities for mischief are great, and should a rev- \n\n\n\nGEN. BOULANGER. \n\nolution be thus brought about the Moderates may com- \nbine with the Royalists and recall the Count of Paris. \n\n22. Who is the Count of Paris? V. VI, p. ^d. \n\nHe is the grandson of King Louis Philippe of France. \nHe was born in 1838. By the death of the Comte de \n\nFkance.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1886), 37,885,905. Army, in peace, 523,833, in \nwar, 3,750,000 men Including all reserves. Navy, (1888), 388 vessels, of \nwhich 72 are iron clad. ExpendiUires are fully equal to revenue, and \nthe national debt, lundcd aiid healing, is $5,426,861,860. \n\n\n\n1 8 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nChambord in 1883 he became heir to the claims of the \nelder as well as the younger branch of the Bourbon \nfamily. \n\n23. What is the government of Germany? Sec. 46. \n\n\n\n\nLOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT D \'ORLEANS \nCount of Paris. \n\nA federation or empire of twenty-two monarchical and \nthree republican states- The central power consists of \nthree factors \xe2\x80\x94 the presidency, which is vested in the \nGerman Emperor, the federal council (bundesrath) and \nthe federal parHament\' (reichstag). \n\n24. Who is the German Emperor? \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. tq \n\nWilliam II, of the house of HohenzoUern, son of Em- \nperor Frederick III and Empress Victoria, princess \nroyal of Great Britain. The old emperor,William I , died \nMarch 9, 1888, at the age of 91 years. He was succeed- \ned by his son Frederick William, who at the time wa? \nsuffering from an incurable disease, cancer of the throat. \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM II, \nGerman Emperor and King of Prussia. \n\nBy custom,the emperor\'s condition would have debarred \nhis succession, but he assumed the rule of the empire, \nand even attempted to bring about reforms in the Prus- \nsian kingdom. After a brief reign of ninety-seven days, \nFrederick died June 15, 1888. \n\n\n\n20 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n25. Who is chancellor of the empire? \n\nPrince Otto von Bismark-Schonhausen. Prince Bis- \nmarck was made prime m.inister of Prussia in 1862, \nchancellor of the North German Confederation in 1867, \nand chancellor of the empire in 1871, when the empire \ntook the place of the confederation. \n\n\n\n\nTHE LATE EMPEROR FREDERICK III, \n\n26. Why is Bismarck famous? \n\nThe unification of Germany, and the political great- \nness of Prussia and the empire of which she is the head, \nare ascribed to the sagacity and statesmanship of Bis- \nmarck. Ht: is supposed to guide the foreign policy of \nthe empire, and at the same time administer the domes- \n\n\n\nRULERS- OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n21 \n\n\n\ntic affairs of state with vigilance and foresight. \n\n27, How many and what are the component states of \nthe empire? \n\nTwenty-five \xe2\x80\x94 not including the imperial province of \nAlsace-Lorraine, There are four kingdoms, six grand \n\n\n\n\nPRINCE BISMARCK. \n\nduchies, five duchies, seven principalities, and three free \ntowns. \n\n\n\nStates of the German Empire: \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nPRUSSIA\xe2\x80\x94 King-, Wilhelm II. Members in the federal council \n(showing- importance in the empire), 17. Sec. 171. \n\nBAVARIA.\xe2\x80\x94 King, Otto. Ileg-ent, Prince Luitpold. Councillors, 6. \nSec. 173. \n\nWURTEMBERG.\xe2\x80\x94 King-. Karl I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 173. \n\nSAXONY.\xe2\x80\x94 King-, Albert I. Councillors, 4. Sec. 174. \n\nBADEN.\xe2\x80\x94 Granrl duko, rnedrich I. Councillors, 3 Sec. 175. \n\nMECKLENBERG-SCHWERIN. -Grand duke, Friedrich Franz III. \nCouncillors, 2. Sec. 176. \n\n\n\n22 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n28. What IS the present policy of the imperial govern- \nment ? \n\nFor the past ten years it has been the policy of the \nGerman empire to concern itself entirely with domestic \nand colonial affairs, ignoring, as far as may be, the \nschemes of other European nations. Even the promo- \ntion of colonies was neglected until within the last two \nor three years. \n\n29. What is the domestic policy of the government? \nTo enlarge the sphere of its powers, to discourage the \n\ngrowth of liberal or democratic opinions, and to make \nthe administration, as far as possible, independent of the \npopular will. At the outset, Chancellor Bismarck sought \nand received the support of the German Liberals, but \nafter the formation of the empire, he broke with them \nand pursued a contrary policy. This change of course \nis especially noticeable in the history of the Prussian \n"Kulturkampf." \n\n30. What was this \'\'Kulturkampf\'.? V. VI, p. 28. \nThe contest between the Prussian government and \n\nRoman Catholic church over the direction of education- \nal and ecclesiastical affairs. The contest was begun \nby the state fifteen years or more ago, and was pursued \n\nHE-^SE.\xe2\x80\x94 Grand duke, Lvidwig- IV. Councillors, 3. Sec. 177. \n\nOLDENBEllG.\xe2\x80\x94 Grand duke, Peter I Councl\'lors, 1. Sec. 178. \n\nSAXE-WEIMAR.\xe2\x80\x94 Grand duke, Karl Alexander. Councillors, 1. \nSee. IHO. \n\nMECF<:LENBERG-STRELITZ.\xe2\x80\x94 Grand duke, Friedrich Wilhelra I. \nCouncillors,!. Sec. 170. \n\nBKLTNSWKnv.\xe2\x80\x94 (Throne vacant). Councillors, 3. Sec. 179. \n\nSAXE MEININ(j!EN.\xe2\x80\x94 Duke, Georg\'lT. Councillors, 1. Sec. 180, \n\nANHALT.\xe2\x80\x94 Duke, Friedrich. Councillors 1. Sec. 183. \n\nSAXE-COBURG GOTHA.\xe2\x80\x94 Duke, Ernst II. Councillors, 1. Sec. \n181. \n\nSAXE-ALTENBURG.\xe2\x80\x94 Duke, Ernst. Councillors. 1 . Sec. 180, \n\nWALDECK .\xe2\x80\x94Prince, Georg- Victor. Councillors, 1. Sec. 184. \n\nLIPPE.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince. Walderaar. Councillors, 1. S^c. 184. \n\nSCHVVARZBURG-RUDOLSTADT.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince, Georg. Councillors, \n1. Sec. 186. \n\nSCHWARZBURG-SONDERHAUSEN.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince, Karl II. Council- \nlors. 1. Sec. 186. \n\nREUSS-SCHLEIZ.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince, Heinrich XIV. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. \n\nSCHAUMBURG-LIPPE.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince, Adolf. Councillors,!. Sec. 185. \n\nREUSS-GRETZ.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince, Heinrich XXll. Councillors, 1. Sec. 187. \n\nHAMBURG. LITBECK AND BREMEN.\xe2\x80\x94 Free towns, g-overned by \ntheir own representatives. Each is entitled to a representative in \nthe federal council. Sees. 188-191. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n23 \n\n\n\nwith ardor, but was afterward allowed to decline and \nwas finally abandoned in 1886, the government restor- \ning its diplomatic intercourse with the Vatican and re- \npealing laws calculated to hamper or offend the church. \n\n\n\n\nVICTORIA I. \n\nQueen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Empress \n\nOF India. \n\n31. What change occurred in Germany\'s commercial \npolicy? \n\n\n\nGerman Empire.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1885) 46,840,587. Army, peace foot- \ning-, 408,409 men and 21,238 officers; war footing-, 1,456,677 men and \n35,427 officers. Navy, 90 steam vessels, with 555 g-uns, including- 37 \niron clads, and 16,500 men. Financial standing-, g-ood. National debt, \n\n$98,760,000. \n\n\n\n24 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nA change in the direction of the protection of home \nindustries by the imposition of high tariff duties on im- \nports. \n\n32. What is the government of Great Britain and \nIreland? Sec. 59. \n\n\n\n\nALBERT EDWARD. \n\nPrince of Wales. \n\n\n\nA constitutional monarchy. The supreme legislative \npower resides in a parliament of two houses, the house \nof commons, elected by popular suffrage, and the house \nof peers, consisting of members by hereditary right, by \nappointment or by election. In practice, almost all the \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n^S \n\n\n\nlegislative power, as well as the executive power trad- \nitionally resident in the sovereign, is exercised by the \nministry, which exists subject to the pleasure of the \nmajority in the house of commons. \n\n33. Who is sovereign of Great Britain? \n\n\n\n\nTHE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY. \nPrime Minister of England. \n\nVictoria I, of the house of Hanover. She is the \ndaughter of Edward, the fourth son of George III. She \nwas born in 18 19; succeeded her uncle, William IV, in \n1837; was married in 1840,10 Prince Albert of Saxe- \nCoburg-Gotha. \n\n\n\n26 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Born \nin 1841, and now a society man of some reputation. Married, \nin 1863, the Princess Alexandra, daughter of the king of Den- \nmark. \n\n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. \n34. Who is prime minister of the United Kingdom.? \nRobert A. T. G. Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, the lead- \ner of the Conservative party. Salisbury took office in \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n27 \n\n\n\nJuly, 1886, the Liberal party having just been defeated \nin a general election. He had once before held the \npremiership, but only for a few months, from June, 1885, \nto January, 1886. Under Beaconsfield he was foreign \nsecretary. He is thought none too scrupulous in his \npolitical methods, and as a statesman does not rank \nvery high. \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES STEWART PARNELL. \n\n35. Who is the leader of the opposition.? \n\nHon. W. E. Gladstone, for nearly twenty years the \nleader of the English Liberals. The Liberal party is at \npresent divided, and as Mr. Gladstone is an old man \n(born Dec. 29, 1809) his return to power cannot be \ncounted upon. But though his political career should \nend tomorrow, it is already sufficient to render him a \nmarked man in history. As to his rank as a statesman, \n\n\n\n28 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nthere is a wide difference of opinion, but all admit his \nability as a political leader, and of his earnestness and \nsincerity there can be but little doubt. \n\n36. What causes the division in the Liberal party? \n\nV. VI. pp. 45, 52. \n\n\n\n\nJOSEPH CHAMBERLA \n\nThe proposal \xe2\x80\x94 brought forward by Gladstone in the \nspring of i886\xe2\x80\x94 to establish an Irish parliament at Dub- \nlin for the control of Irish affiairs. This measure was \nrejected by the house of commons, as many Liberal \nmembers voted against it. Parliament was dissolved, \nand in the election which followed the dissenting Lib- \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n29 \n\n\n\nerals opposed Gladstone and his followers, urging the \npreservation of the parliamentary union with Ireland. \n\n37. What was the result of the election? \n\nThe utter rejection of the Gladstonian Irish policy by \nthe people of England, the new parliament standing: \n\n\n\n\nSIR WILLIAM VERNON HARCOURT, \n\nLiberal Unionist Leader. \n\nConservative, 318; Gladstonian, 192 ; Unionist Liberals \n75 ; Parnelhtes, or Irish Home Rulers, 85. \n\n2i^. Who is head of the Irish Home Rule party ? \n\nCharles Stewart Parnell. Though comparatively a \nyoung man (born in 1846) he has been since 1877 the \nleader of the Irish Home Rule party. Is called on ac- \n\n\n\n30 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\ncount of his influence with his countrymen, the "Un- \ncrowned King of Ireland." \n\n39. How is Irish home rule connected with the land \nquestion? \n\nIt is understood that any Irish parliament will favor \n\n\n\n\nHON. GEORGE J. GOSCHEN, \n\nChancellor of the Exchequer. \nthe claim of the Irish tenant to the possession of his \nholding, and either force the landlords to accept less \nrent or dispossess them altogether. For this reason, \nGladstone proposed that the government of the United \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 31 \n\nKingdom buy out the landlords and resell the land to \nthe tenants. \n\n40. What was the effect of this proposal? \n\nIt did not lessen the hostility of the landed gentry, \nbut it excited the opposition of the English Radicals \nand strengthened the Liberal Unionists. \n\n41. Who is leader of the English Radicals? \nJoseph Chamberlain, M. P. Mr. Chamberlain has \n\nheld the offices of president of the board of trade and \nchairman of the local government board in the Liberal \nministry, resigning the latter to oppose the Irish home \nrule bill. His parliamentary career has been short and \nnot altogether brilliant, but he is the spokesman of his \nfaction and as such becomes its leader. \n\n42. How has the Conservative party dealt with the \nIrish question? \n\nThey have brought forward a land bill by which the \nrents, fixed under the act of 1 881, may be further lowered \nby the courts in proportion to the fall in the price of \nagricultural products, and government aid is also given \nto persons desiring to buy their land. The Irish Na- \ntionalists, however, are not satisfied with the bill and \nthe policy of the Conservative party in dealing rigor- \nously with agrarian crimes, is condemned in unmeasur- \ned terms. Under Mr. Balfour, the secretary for Ireland, \ncrime has been greatly lessened, and the average pros- \nperity has increased, but much discontent still prevails. \n\n43. Beside the Radicals, who compose the Unionist \nLiberals? \n\nCertain Whig-Liberals, led by the Marquis of Hart- \nington and Mr, Geo. Goschen. This group stands be- \ntween the Conservatives and the Gladstonians, voting \nsometimes with the one and sometimes with the other. \n\n44. Who is the Conservative leader in the house of \ncommons? * \n\nNot (as might be expected) the prime minister, but \n\n\n\n32 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD, \n\n\n\nthe chancellor of the exchequer, Geo. J. Goschen,who is \nex officio, the party spokesman, though he is not by- \nrights a Conservative but a Liberal Unionist. The lead- \ning Conservative in the house is Wm. H. Smith, now- \nfirst lord of the treasury. \n\n\n\n\nis \n\n\n\nEARL SPENCER \nGladstone\'s lieutenant \n\n\n\nin the Liberal \n\n\n\n45. Who \nparty ? \n\nSince the defection of the Marquis of Hartington, the \nlieutenancy is divided between Sir William Vernon \nHarcourt and Earl Spencer. (There are other conspic- \nuous Liberals, such as H. C. E. Childers, Lord Rose- \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 33 \n\nbery and Mr. John Morley, who may come to the front \nshould Gladstone retire.) \n\n46. Who is Sir WiUiam Harcourt ? \n\nHarcourt is a man of about sixty years, who has been \nin parHament for eighteen years and in the Liberal cab- \ninet since 1880. Pie is a "useful" man and a devoted \nfollower of his chief. \n\n47. Who is Earl Spencer.? \n\nJohn Poyntz Spencer, eldest son of the fourth earl of \nthe name, was born in 1835. Has served as lord lieu- \ntenant of Ireland in 1868-74 and 1885-6, and as lord \npresident of the council in 1880-85. \n\n48. What is the government of Greece r Sec. 112. \n\nA monarchy of strictly defined powers. The exec- \nutive power is vested in the kine and the legislative au- \nthority in the parliament of one chamber. In practice \na responsible ministry carries on the government. \n\n49. Who is king of Greece? \n\nGeorge I, the second son of the present king of Den- \nmark. Born in 1845, he was elected king of Greece in \n1863, when but 18 years of age. Was married, four \nyears later, to Olga, niece of the Czar Alexander II of \nRussia. \n\nHeir Apparent \xe2\x80\x94 Prince Konstantinos, Duke of Sparta, \neldest son of the king, born in 1868. \n\n50. Who is prime minister of Greece } \n\nM. Tricoupis, the leader of the conservative party, \nwho succeeded M. Delyannis after the general election \nearly in 1886. The premier is an old man, long versed \nin affairs of state. \n\n51. What are the relations between Greece and the \nTurkish government.? \n\nThe relations between Greece and Turkey are never \n\n\n\nGreat Britain.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1881) 37,643,000 Army (1883) 181,971 \nmen and 7,199 officers, besides 136.778 militia and 102.810 volunteers. \nNavy, 283 vessels, 62 ironclads. Public debt, (1885) $3,530,000,000. \n\n\n\n34 \n\n\n\nRULER::* OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\npleasant, as centuries of Turkish oppression rankle in the \n\nmemories of the Greeks. Since the difficulty in i886,how- \n\never, matters have been quiet between the two countries \n\n52. Why did Greece wish to attack Turkey? v.vi,p.i3. \n\nTo secure possession of the territory awarded her b> \n\n\n\n\nGE ORGE I. \n\nKing of Greece. \n\nthe Berlin conference of 1880. Greece had demanded \nher ancient provinces of Thessaly and Epirus, and the \nconference \xe2\x80\x94 called under the Berlin treaty \xe2\x80\x94 awarded \nher most of her claim. Turkey refused to evacuate the \nprovinces, and the Constantinople conference of 1881 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n35 \n\n\n\nreduced the award, leaving most of Epirus still subject \nto the Turk. Greece submitted under protest and, after \nthe Bulgarian union of 1885, declared her intention of \nforcibly occupying the disputed territory. \n\n53, How was she forced to desist? \n\nThe European powers, (except France and Denmark) \njoined in a command that she disband her forces, and \n\n\n\n\nBonndary of 1832. \n"\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2- -Adopted by the Berlin Conference of 1880. \n\nBoundaries proposed by Greece and Turkey. \n\n\xc2\xab,\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabi\xe2\x80\x9e .Settled by Constantinople Conference of 1881. \n\n\n\nTHE GRECIAN BOUNDARIES. \n\nsent their fleets to blockade her ports and compel her \nobedience. \n\n54. How is Italy governed .? Sec, no. \n\nBy a king and parliament, theoretically sharing the \n\n\n\nGreece.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1879) 1,979,453. Army, 35,000 men; navy, 16 \nvessels\xe2\x80\x94 4 iron-clad\xe2\x80\x94 with 2,637 men. Revenue, $16,173,910; expend- \ntture, $15,898,135; public debt, (1889) $113,329,000. \n\n\n\n36 RULERS OF THE V/ORLD. \n\nlegislative power, which they exercise by and through a \nresponsible ministry. The parliament consists of two \nchambers \xe2\x80\x94 a chamber of deputies elected by the people \nunder a tax-paying qualification, and a senate appointed \nfor life by the crown. \n\n\n\n\nHUMBERT I, \n\nKing of Italy. \n\n55. Who is king of Italy? \n\nHumbert I. who succeeded his father, Victor Emanuel \nJan. 9, 1878. Humbert was born in 1844; married in \n1868, to Margarita, the daughter of the duke of Genoa. \n\nHeir Apparent.\xe2\x80\x94 Victor Emanuel, prince of Naples, born \nin 1869. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD, \n\n\n\n37 \n\n\n\n56. Who is prime minister of Italy? \n\nSignor Francesco Crispi, who has been in the minis- \ntry since 1886, becoming premier July 26, 1887, after \nthe death of Agostino Depretis. He is a radical leader \nbut is warmly supported by the moderate Liberals. \n\n\n\n\nPOPE LEO XIII. \n\n57. What are the relations between the Italian gov- \nernment and the Vatican? \n\nThe church of Rome\xe2\x80\x94 called the Vatican Irom the \nname of the papal residence \xe2\x80\x94 has never condoned the \nforcible annexation, in 1870, of the papal states to the \nItalian Kingdom. Hence the relations between the \n\n\n\n38 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\npope and the government are not altogether friendly \nRoman Catholicism is, however, the established church \nin Italy, and the pope is recognized as its supreme spir- \nitual head. He is also, though deprived of temporal \npower, considered as possessed of his "former dignities \nas a reigning prince,\'\' and as such maintains diplomatic \nrelations with most European states. \n\n58. How is the pope chosen.? \n\nHe is elected (for life, of course) by the college of \ncardinals. The sacred college contains about seventy \ncardinals, including bishops, priests and deacons. \n\n59. Who is the present supreme pontiff.? \n\nThe present pontiff or pope, is Leo XHI, elected Feb. \n21, 1878. He was born in 1810, the son of Luigi Pecci \neducated for the priesthood, which he joined in 1837; \nwas made bishop in 1843 and cardinal ten years later\' \n\n60. What is the government of Montenegro? Sec. 119. \nA patriarchal despotism. All power centers in, and \n\nemanates from, the person of the hospodar or prince. \n\n61. Who is prince of Montenegro.? \n\nNicholas I, born in 1848, and succeeded his uncle, \nDanilo I, in i860. \n\n62. What is the government of Holland or the Neth- \nerlands.? Sec. 105. \n\nA monarchy of limited powers, the chief authority be- \ning vested in the states general, an assembly of two \nhouses. The upper house is chosen (with a property \nqualification), by the provincial councils. The lower \nhouse is elected by the people. \n\n(>2i\' Who is king of the Netherlands.? \n\n\n\nItaly.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1885), 29,699,781. Army, peace footing, 170,000 \nmen ; permanent army, 750,765, war tooting, 2,400,000 men. Navy 72 \nwar vessels witii 2o iron clads, several of these among the most powerful \nmade. Revenue (1888) $324,115,000 ; expenditure $3;]1,736,000 ; debt, in- \ncluding interest, $2,356,500,000. \n\nMoNTENEGHC\xe2\x80\x94 Population, "45,380. No army in peace, but in war \nevery man over 17 enrolled, giving a force of about 28,000 men. Debt, \n$850,000. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n39 \n\n\n\nWillem III, born in 1817, the son of Willem II, whom \nhe succeeded in 1849. Married in 1839, the daughter \nof the king of Wurtemburg. This wife dying in 1877, \nhe was married a second time, in 1879, to the Princess \nEmma, daughter of the prince of Waldeck. \n\n\n\n\nPRINCESS WILHELMINA. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 -Princess Wilhehnina, offspring of sec- \nond marriage, born Aug. 31, 1880. \n\n64. Who is prime minister of Holland ? \n\n\n\nNetherlands.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (IS86), 4,390,857; army, war footing, \n62 684 men and 2,326 officers ; navy, 120 men of war, 24 of them iron clads. \nRevenue (.1888), $48,426,900 ; expenditure, $49,295,140 ; debt, $452,437,600. \n\n\n\n40 RULERS OF TME WORLD. \n\nBaron A. E. Mackay, also minister of the interior. \nAppointed in 1888. \n65. How is Portugal governed? Sec. loi. \nBy a king and parliament under a constitution. The \n\n\n\nPRINCE CARLOS, \nDuke of Braganza and Crown Prince of Portugal. \n\nparliament is in two houses, a chamber of deputies and \na house of peers. \n\n66. Who is king of Portugal ? \n\nLuis I, son of Queen Maria II, and of Prince Ferdi- \nnand of Saxe-Coburg. Born in 1838 and succeeded his \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nV \n\n862 \n\n\n\nbrother, King Pedro V, ia i86r. Was married in \nto a daughter of King Victor Emanuel of Italy. \n\nHeir Apparent.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince Carlos, Duke of Braganza. This \nprince is the king\'s eldest son, a man of 26, recently married \nto the daughter of the Count of Paris. \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES I. \nKing of Roumania. \n\n67. Who is prime minister of Portugal ? \nSenhor Lucianna de Castro. \n\n\n\nPortugal.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1881). 4,306,554. Army, 33,750 men and 1,583 \nofficers. Navy, 39 ships, many scarcely sea worthy. Revenue (1885), \n$34,265,780; expenditure, $35,172,660; debt, (1884) $400,000,000. \n\n\n\n42 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\ndZ. How is Roumania governed ? Sec. 1 1 6. \n\nThe constitution vests the legislative authority in a \nparliament of two houses, and the executive power in \nthe king with the limitation that all royal acts must be \nsanctioned by a responsible ministry. Both houses of \nparliament are elected by the people. \n\n69. Who is king of Roumania.^ \n\nCharles I, elected prince by the National Assembly \nin 1866; proclaimed king in 1881. He was born in 1839, \nthe son of Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen- \nHe succeeded Prince Alexander John I, who had been \ndeposed by a revolution. Was married in 1869, to Prin- \ncess Elizabeth von Neuwied. \n\nHeir Prksumptive. \xe2\x80\x94 Ferdinand,(nephew) of HohenzoUern\' \n\n70. What is the government of Russia.^ Sec. 121, \nAn autocracy, based upon the doctrine of the abso- \nlute supremacy of the emperor of all the Russias. In \nmaking conquests, the autocrat of Russia has assumed \nthe sovereign title peculiar to each conquered province, \nbut has wholly abolished all constitutions, so far as they \nmay be made the basis of political rights. Institutions \nof local government are tolerated, subject to the will ot \nhis imperial majesty. \n\n71. Who is emperor of Russia? \n\nAlexander HI. Was born in 1845 ; married in 1866\' \nto Maria Dagmar, daughter of the king of Denmark ; as- \ncended the throne after the assassination of his father, \nMarch 13, 1881. The present czar is represented " as \nself-willed, with a taste for political affairs, and his per- \nsonal influence is more extended than that of his father. \nIn character he resembles his grandfather, the Emper- \nor Nicholas. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Grand-duke Nicholas, the czar\'s eldest \nson, born in 1868. \n\n\n\nRoumania.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (estimated) 5,376,000; army (peace footing), \n18,533; (war footing), 150,000. No surplus in the budget, and the debt \nis something over one hundred and tifty millions. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORE D. 43 \n\n72. Who is prime minister of Russia? \n\nThere is no premier in the Russian ministry, the mem- \nbers of the cabinet being (as in the United States) in- \ndividually and not collectively responsible. From time \nto time some minister rises 10 prominence, in the opin- \nion of the pre s correspondents, and (perhaps) in the \nesteem of the czar, whose will the minister does not pre- \nsume to question. Just at present, the head of the for- \n\n\n\n\nALEXANDER III. \n\nEmperor of all the Russias. \neign office is (next to his imperial master) the promi- \nnent figure in the government. \n\n73. Who is the minister of foreign affairs ? \n\n\n\n44 RULERS OF THE WOULD. \n\nM. de Giers, who suoceeded Prince Gortschakoff fouf \nyears ago. He comes of a Swedish-Finn family of \nJewish extraction, and has not the social prestige of \nhis predecessor. But he has spent the best part of \nhis life in the foreign office, and the czar seems to have \n\n\n\n\nNICHOLAS DE GIERS. \nRussian Minister of Foreign Affairs. \n\n\n\nI.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1883j, (including- Siberia) 104,001,800; army \n)Otin8-), 780,081; (war footing), ,2300.000; navy, 385 steamships. \n\n\n\nRussia. \n\n(peace footing-), \n\nof which ;:0 are ironolads. Russia is deeply In debt,"but exact amount \nis not known, interest Ijearing- part is #3,082.500,000 \xe2\x80\xa2, interest amount- \ning to $143,3K!t,fi25 annually. Amount of revenue, called for by bude-et \nof 1884, is $628,417,190. ^ ^ \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 45 \n\nevery confidence in him. It is reported that he has \nneither the ability nor the power exercised by Prince \nGortschakoff, but this report comes from persons not al- \ntogether friendly to the minister they decry. \n\n74. How is the foreign office brought into prominence ^ \nThrough the efforts of the government to extend its \n\nterritory. This has brought it into collision with the \ninterests of other European powers, and diplomacy is \nneces:ary to satisfy the offended governments and avoid \nwar. Russian encroachment on the territory and rights \nof Afghanistan, Turkey and Bulgaria are the chief \ngrounds of complaint. \n\n75. What are the sources of Russia\'s strength and \nweakness in this contest.? \n\nHer strength lies in the number of her inhabitants* \nand in her geographical position, which renders her less \nopen to attack. Her weakness is in the disorderly state \nof her finances, and the political apathy of the people \nunder despotism, which has nourished, (if it did not also \nproduce) that form of socialism pecular to the Rus ian \nNihilists. \n\n76. What is Servia.? Sec. 114. \n\nA kingdom with a constitution recently remodeled in \nliberal form. The executive power is vested in the king \nand his ministers, and the legislative power in an assem- \nbly of two houses elected by the people. \n\n77. Who is king of Servia? \n\nMilan I, the second ruler of the Obrenovich dynasty, \nwho was made reigning prince in 1872, and king in \n1S82, abdicated his throne March 6, 1889, in favor of \nhis young son, Prince Alexander, born in 1876. This \nact is said to have been brought about by Russian in- \nfluence. \n\n78. What is the government of Spain.? Sec. 103. \n\nServia. -Population (1888), 1,973,060. Regular army, 15,000, reserve, \n60,000. Revenue, $7,200,000; expenditure, $9,200,000 ; public debt, fGO,- \n000,000. \n\n\n\n46 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nA kingdom, in which a constitution has been granted \nby the king to his people. The legislative power is \nshared by the king and the cortes, the latter a parUa- \nment of two houses. The upper house is a senate con- \n\n\n\n\nMILAN I, \nLate King of Servia. \n\ntaining members by hereditary right, by appointment \nand by election. The lower house contains the depu. \nties of the people. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 47 \n\n79. Who is king of Spain ? \n\nAlfonso Leon, born May 17, 1886, the posthumous \nchild of King Alfonso XII. The country is, therefore, \nunder a regency. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Infant Marie-de-las-Mercedes, sister of \nthe infant king, born in 1880. \n\n\n\n\nQUEEN CHRISTINA. \nRegent of Spain. \n\n80. Who is regent of Spain.? \n\nQueen Marie Christina, the mother of the king. She \n\n\n\nSpain.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1884). 17,268,600. Army, peace footing, 100,000 ; \nnavy, 126 steam vessels including 7 iron clads and 20,000 men. Expendi- \nture generally exceeds the revenue and there is a debt of $1,29^,500,000, \n\n\n\n48 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nwas an Austrian archduchess previous to her marriage \nwith King Alfonso in 1879. \n\n81. Who is prime minister of Spain? \n\nSenor Sagasta, the leader of the Spanish Liberals. \n\n\n\n\nSENOR SAGASTA. \n\nPremier of Spain. \n\nSagasta is an old and experienced statesman, and is \nbacked in the present cortes, by a large majority. The \nopposition consists of factions \xe2\x80\x94 conservatives, members \nofthe "Dynastic Left," (or democrats who accept the \nmonarchy) and Republicans. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n49 \n\n\n\n82. Who is the pretender to the Spanish throne? \nDon Carlos, grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the sec- \n\nond son of Charles IV. The line of the elder brother, \nFerdinand VII, is not yet extinct and the claims of the \nCarlist pretenders are founded chiefly on their wishes \nt\') reign. \n\n83. What is Sweden and Norway ? Sec. 54. \n\n\n\n\nOSCAR II. \nKing of Sweden and Norway. \n\nA bipartite state united in the person of the king. They \nhave a diplomatic service in common, but in every oth- \ner particular have separate and distinct governments. \n\n84. Who is King of Sweden and Norway? \n\nOscar II, born in 1829, third son of Oscar T Suc- \n\nSwEDEN.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (1887), 4,734,901. Army, peace footing, 38/ 14 \nmen and 1,734 officers, war footing 176,954 men ; navy, 54 war vessels \nincluding 14 ironclads, 6,000 officers and men,. and reserve of 35,OOo\' \nKevenue (1888), $21,355,835 ; expenditure, $25,351,600 ; debt, all for rail- \nways, $68,324,360. \n\nNorway.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, 1,925,000. Army, 18 ooo men ; navy, 47 steam- \n\n\n\n50 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nceeded his brother, Carl XV, in 1872, Married, in 1857, \nSophia, daughter of the duke of Nassau. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Prince Gustaf, duke of Wermland. Eld- \nest son of the king, born in 1858, and married in 1881 to a \ndaughter of the grand duke of Baden. \n\n85. What is the government of Sweden? \n\nA limited monarchy in which the executive power is \nvested in the king, and the legislative power in the king \nand parliament of two houses. Both houses of parlia- \nment are elected by the people, but the members of the \nupper house are chosen indirectly through provincial \nand municipal assemblies. \n\n86. Who is prime minister of Sweden.? \nBaron Bildt, appointed in 1888. \n\n87. What is the government of Norway? \n\nIt is very similar to that of Sweden, but has a more \nliberal basis, inasmuch as the king in Norway has no \nabsolute veto on legislation, but only a temporary one. \nThe storthing, or parliament, is elected by the people, \nand by its own action re-adjusts itself as a congress of \ntwo houses, a senate being formed of one-four\':h of the \nhouse. \n\n88. Who is prime minister? \n\nJohn Sverdrup, the head of the Liberal party, \n\n89. When did the Liberals come into power? \n\nIn 1884 they secured their first ministry. Previous \nto this, they had for many years had a large majority in \nthe storthing, but it was only by impeachment and af- \nter a protracted trial that they secured the dismissal of \nthe Conservative cabinet. The victory was important \nas it established the principle of the responsibility of \nthe D>inistry to the majority m the storthing. \n\n90. What is the government of Switzerland ? Sees. \n42-44 \n\n\n\nSwiTZBBLAND.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, 2,906,750. Army, war footing, 215,000 \nmen, Revenue (1888), $11,917,700 ; expenditure (1888), $11,305,900 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 51 \n\nA federation of small cantons or states. The cantons \nvary in size and contain from 20,000 to 150,000 inhabit- \nants. The government resembles that of the United \nStates in the selection of its house of representatives \nand senate. Its president is elected annually by the \nfederal assembly. \n\n91. Who is now president of Switzerland.^ \nBernard Hammer, elected December, 1888, for the \n\nterm of one year. \n\n92. What are the other sovereign states of Europe.? \nThere are no other strictly sovereign states. There \n\nare several dependent or minor states, of more or less \nimportance. Of these the first is Bulgaria. \n\n93. What is Bulgaria, and to what state is it subject.? \nBulgaria is a principality, established by the common \n\ndirection of the European powers, and nominally sub- \nject to Turkey. In effect, howevei, she is not depend- \nent upon Turkey, but upon the good will and protection \nof the powers, \n\n94. What is her form -jf government.? Sec. 148. \nThe form of government is a constitutional monarchy. \n\nThe prince is elected for life, through a constituent \nassembly and in him the executive power is vested. \nThe legislative power exists in achamber of two houses, \npartly elected by the people and partly appointed by \nthe crown. \n\n95. Who is prince of Bulgaria.? \n\nFerdinand, Duke of Saxony, who was born in i86r, \nwas elected prince of Bulgaria by unanimous vote of \nthe national assembly, July 7, 1887, after the abdication \nof Alexander. Russia did not approve of the choice, \nbut has refrained from interference, being unwilling to \noffend the powers. She now requests the appointment \n\nBulgaria.\xe2\x80\x94 Populntion, 2 000.000; army 95,459men on the warfoot- \ning-, and in time of peacf 24 battalions with 80 g-uns. Public revenue \n(1888), $9,702,640 ; expenditure, $11,867,000. \n\n\n\n52 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nof a "nominal protectorate," and it remains to be seen \nwhether the powers will interfere, or continue to tacitly \nassent to Ferdinand\'s rule, as they have thus far done. \n\n96. What right have the powers to interfere ? \nBulgaria, being based on the act of the powers at the \n\nBerlin Congress of 1878, is maintained by general treaty. \nThe recent revolution, by which Bulgaria was united to \nthe Turkish province of Roumelia, was in violation of \nthe Berlin treaty, and first gave Russia an excuse for \ninterfering. The powers, though they condoned the \nunion, and also the subsequent dethronement of Prince \nAlexander, have declared against further interference \non the part of Russia, and in favor of the semi-inde- \npendence of Bulgaria. \n\n97. What are the other dependent slates of Europe? \nThe rei ublics of San Marino and Andorra. These \n\nare small communities, the first in North Italy, the oth- \ner in the Pyrenees mountains between France and \nSpain. Both have for some centuries enjoyed the right \nof self-government, under the supervision of the neigh- \nboring states. \n\nAFRICA. \n\n98. What are the countries of Africa? \n\nThere are no African states of international import- \nance. North Africa contains Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, \nTripoli, and Egypt, but of these Morocco is the only \nstate that can make any pretensions to sovereignty. \nCentral Africa contains Abyssinia, the Congo Free State, \nLiberia, and Zanzibar. South Africa is of more import- \nance, but its chief settlements are the British colonies. \nOutside of these the Transvaal Republic and the Orange \nFree State are the only countries worth mentioning, but \nthey have no international significance. \n\n99. What is the government of Morocco? Sec. 127. \nAn Islamic despotism, in which the sultan has all \n\nspiritual and temporal power, and administers the gov. \nernment according to his own caprice. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 53 \n\nTOO. What are Algiers and Tunis? \n\nDependencies of France, governed by appointees of \nthe French government. \n\n10 r. What is TripoU? \n\nA dependency of Turkey, governed by an hereditary \nchief, who pays tribute to the Turkish porte. \n\n102. How is Egypt governed? Sec. 146. \n\n\n\n\nMOHAMMED TEWFIK. \nKhedive of Egypt. \n\nEgypt is, like Bulgaria, under the general protection \nof the European powers. It is now occupied by mili- \ntary forces of Great Britain, and its affairs are adminis- \ntered under British supervision. Nominally it is under \nthe protection of Turkey, but this suzerainty is suspend- \ned during the British occupation. \n\n103. What is the form of government? \n\nThe form of government is a limited monarchy. The \nlegislative power is in the hands of a ministerial council, \nsubject to the approval of a representative council, part- \nly appointed and partly elected- But in case of a dis- \npute, the decision will rest with the Khedive. \n\nEgypt.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1882) 6, 806,381. including Upper EjiVPt,ll,000,00O. \nRevenue, (1888), $49,750,OOU ;expenditure, (1888), f 47,\xc2\xab8u,00O ;consolidat- \neddebt, (1887), f518,689,000. floating debt, (1883) 181,149.365. \n\n\n\n54 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n104. Who is the Khedive of Egypt? \nMohammed Tewfik, bom Nov. 19, 1852,5011 of Ismail \n\nI,succeeded to the throne on the abdicationof his father \n\nin 1879. \n\nHeir Apparent. -Abbas Effendi, son of the Khedive, born \nin 1874. \n\n105. What ip the government of Abyssinia .? \n\nA despotisj/i, hmited only by the ability of the king \nto enforii^-4rfs will. \n\n106. Who is the king of Abyssinia? \n\nThere is now a vacancy owing to the recent death of \nKing John II, who was killed Mar. 10, 1889, in battle \nwith the forces of the fanatic, El Mahdi. John II had \nbeen a chief of a tribe and had come into power in 187 2 \nafter the previous king, Theodore, had perished in the \nstruggle to resist British invasion, and the country had \nfallen into great disorder. John was a man of much force \nof character and governed his kingdom with discretion. \n\n107. What is the government of Zanzibar? \nZanzibar is an Islamic despotism, founded or tht \n\nteachings of the Koran, in which the sultan is absolute \nand supreme, \n\n108. Who is the present sultan? \n\nSaid Khalifa, an Arabian, who succeeded his brother, \nSaid Bar^ash-ben-Said, in March, 1888. Said Bargash \nfirst conquered the country about twenty years ago. \n\n109. To whom is Zanzibar subject? \n\nBy recent treaty, Zanzibar was forced to concede \nsuzerainty to Germany, the occasion of conquest being \nthe acquisition of adjacent territory by a German com- \nmercial company. The sultan of Zanzibar objected, \nclaiming the country as his own, but was forced to con. \ncur, and also to acknowledge allegiance to Germany. \nVol. r,89, 64, 152. \n\nno. What is the Congo Free State? \n\nA quasi-commercial enterprise, established under \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD, \n\n\n\n55 \n\n\n\nthe direct protection of Belgium, and by the consent of \nthe European powers. A large portion of the interior \nof Africa is given up to the direction of this company, \nbut no trade monopoly is allowed. Since the country is \n\n\n\n\nHENRY \n\n\n\nSTANLEY. \n\n\n\nregarded as unhealthy for white men, no extensive im- \nmigration can be expected, but a railroad will soon con- \nnect the upper Congo with the seaboard and trade will \nbe extended to all branches of the river, \n\nIII. Who was the founder and first manager of this \nenterprise ? \n\n\n\n56 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nHenry M. Stanley, the noted explorer and traveler. \nStanley was a native of Denbigh, Wales, where his \nyounger years were passea in great poverty. His real \nname was John Rowland. At the age of fifteen he ran \naway to sea, and going to New Orleans,was there helped \nand befriended by a wealthy gentleman, and to show \nhis gratitude the boy took his benefactor\'s name. He \nenlisted in the Confederate service, but was taken pris- \noner, and then became a sailor in the United States \nnavy. During the war, he began newspaper correspond- \nence with success. He was sent by the New York \nHerald Xo XQ\'^oxX. the British invasion of Abyssinia in \n1867-68, in 1870-72 went in search of Dr, Livingstone, \nin 1874 78, and again in 1880-83, explored the Congo \nand in 1887 started on an expedition into Central Africa. \n\n112. What is the government of Liberia? Sec. 39. \n\nIt is a federation, modeled on the United States. It \nwas founded by the American Colonization Society, as \na home for American freedmen. The government is an \nadmitted failure, and its affairs are in chronic disorder. \n\n113. What are the British colonies .? \n\nThe Cape of Good Hope Colony, and the Colony of \nNatal. There are other crown colonies in South Africa, \nbut these are the only two that have any powers of \nself-government. \n\n114. How are the affairs of Cape Colony manag&d? \nBy a parliament and a responsible ministry. The \n\nexecutive power is vested in a governor and executive \ncouncil appointed by the crown, and the legislative in \ntwo houses elected by the people. \n\n1 15. Who is the present governor of Cape Colony ? \nSir H. G. Robinson, appointed in 1880. \n\n116. What can be said of the administration of Cape \nNatal ? \n\nThe colony is governed by a crown-appointed governor, \nand a legislature of one house, containing thirteen ap- \npointed and fifteen elected members. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n57 \n\n\n\n117. Who is the present governor? \n\nSir Arthur E. Havelock, appointed in 1888. \n\n1 1 8- How is the Orange Free State governed Sec gc \n\n\n\n\nmm \n\nRANAVALONvV III. \nQueen of Madagascar. \n\nIt is a republic, its affairs administered by a president \nand an assembly of one house \xe2\x80\x94 the volksraad \xe2\x80\x94 botl\'. \nelected by the people. \n\n119. Who is now the president? \n\n\n\n58 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nF. W. Reitz, elected in July, 1888, for a term of five \nyears. \n\n120. What can be said of the Transvaal? \n\nIt has a similar government to that of the Orange \nFree State. It has a volksraad, similarly elected, and a \npresident for a like term. \n\n121. Who is president of the Transvaal? \n\nS, J. Paul Kruger, elected in 1883 for five years. \n\n122. What can be said of the government of the \nisland of Madagascar? \n\nThe government of Madagascar was changed from a \ntribal rule to a despotism in 1810 when Rahama, a \nchief of the Hovas, one of the tribes, became ruler of \nthe entire island. Christianity has since been intro- \nduced into the island, and missionaries have done much \ntoward civilizing the people. The sovereign has a coun- \ncil of advisers, but the royal will is supreme in every \ncase. \n\n123. Who is the present sovereign of Madagascar? \nQueen Ranavalona III, who came to the throne in \n\nJuly, 1883. She is the neice of her predecessor, Queen \nRanavalona II, who named her as successor, after which \nshe was formally elected to the position. According to \na custom of the country, on coming to the throne she \nmarried the prime minister of the kingdom \xe2\x80\x94 Raimlalar- \nivono \xe2\x80\x94 who had also been the husband of the preced- \ning queen. \n\nAHIA, \n\n124. What are the countries of Asia? \n\nBesides the colonies and dependencies of European \npowers, there are Turkey, Persia, Afghanistan, Siam, \nChina and Japan. \n\n125. What is the government of Turkey? Sec. 123. \n\n\n\nTurkey.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (in Europe and Asia) 22,011,000. Rovenuo, \n1884) about, $72,500,000; expenditure, unknowu; debt, (1885) about) \n$461,129,135. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n59 \n\n\n\nThe Turkish Empire, or Osmanli Vilayet, is a despot- \nism, based on the precepts of the Koran. The state \nand churcli are allied, the sultan having been, for sev- \neral hundred years, the calif or acknowledged head of \n\n\n\n\nABDUL H AM ID. \n\nSultan of Turkey. \n\n\n\nthe church. The will of the monarch is absolute, when \nnot contrary to the precepts of the prophet. The form \nof the government is essentially military. Havmg de- \nveloped from the rule of the conquering invader, it has \nnever received any of the forms of civil administration. \n\n\n\n6o RULERS OF THE WORLD, \n\n126. Who is the sultan of Turkey? \n\nAbdul Hamid II, born in 1842, who came into power \nin 1876, on the deposition of his brother. \n\nHeir Apparent, \xe2\x80\x94 Mehemmed Reschad Effendi,brother of \nthe sultan, and next in succession according to the laws of the \nKoran. \n\n127. What is the Sublime Porte? \n\nVirtually, the cabinet of the sultan, consisting of his \nministers of different departments, appomted by himself \nand individually responsible to him only. The porte \nadministers the government subject to the sultan\'s will. \n\n1 28. What is the government of Persia? \n\nAlso an Islamic despotism, with even less concession \nto civilized forms than that of Turkey. The executive \npower is administered by a divan, or council of seven \nmembers, which, like the sublime porte of Turkey, sim- \nply carries out the sovereign will. \n\n129. Who is shah of Persia? \n\nNassr-ed-Din, born in 1829, and succeeded his father \nin 1848. \n\nHeir Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Muzaffer-ed-Din, eldest son of the shah, \nborn in 1850. \n\n130. What is the government of Afghanistan? \n\nStill another form of Islamic despotism. The ameer \nclaims authority over a number of turbulent tribes, \nwhich he governs partly by military force and partly \nby intrigue. \n\n131. Who is the Ameer of Afghanistan ? \nAbdurrahman Khan, who came into power in 1880. \n\nHe was a nephew of Shere Ali, the ruler who resisted \nthe British invasion so stoutly, and was finally driven \ninto exile, where he died. Shere Ali\'s son, Yakoob \n\n\n\nPersia.\xe2\x80\x94 Populition estimated, 7.053,600. Revenue in cash, (about) \n$15,000,000; revenue in kind, !!51,5UO,OUO;expenditure,(about)$13,7.50,000. \n\nAfghanistan.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (estimated) about 4,000,000. Revenue \nof the Ameer reekoued at $:2,000,0 ]0, with a subsidy from the Indjaa \ng-ovt. $600,000. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n61 \n\n\n\nKhan, manifesting little strength of mind or character, \nthe British deposed him and set up his cousin in his \nstead. \n\n132. What are the Ameer\'s relations to Great Britain\' \n\n\n\n\nABDURRAHMAN KHAN. \nAmeer of Afghanistan. \n\nHe has made an offensive and defensive alliance \nwith Great Britain,for the sake of protecting his country \nfrom an invasion by Russia from the north. Afghanistan \nlies in the path between Russia and British India and \nits conquest is undoubtedly a part of Russia\'s plans. \nSo far, however, Russia\'s advance has been checked by \nBritish diplomacy. \n\n\n\n62 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n133. What can be said of the comparative extent and \nimportance of the Russian and British possessions in \nAsia ? \n\nAsiatic Russia, including Siberia and the Trans- \nCaucasian provinces, is more than five times as large- \nas British India, but in point of commercial importance \nthe British possessions far outrank those of India. The \nopium trade alone netted a profit to the government, in \n1884, of p/^7,701,811. In the same year, the excess in \nvalue of exports over imports tor the Indian provinces \nwas about ;^ 18,400,000. \n\n134. How is Siberia governed.? \n\nBy appointees of the Russian Czar. The country is \ndivided into two vice-royalties, each ruled by a govern- \nor general, and these into provinces, and further into \ndistricts, all officials, even to the lowest, receiving au- \nthority directly from the government at St. Petersburg. \n\n135. How is British India governed.\'* \n\nThe government of British India may be divided into \ntwo parts, that carried on in the country, and that con- \nducted in the colonial office of Great Britnin. In Lon. \ndon, a Secretary of State for India, and a council ap- \npointed by the government, supervise the managemer.l \nof Indian affairs, while the actual administration in Ik \ndia is entrusted to a viceroy and council, both appointed \nby the British government and in no way responsible to \nthe natives. \n\n136. Who is now governor-general or viceroy of In- \ndia.? \n\nHenry Charles Keith Petty Filz Maurice, Marquis oj \nLansdowne, formerly governor general of Canada, \nappointed to his present office in February, 1888. \n\n137. What country of Asia has been recently annexed \nby Great Britain? Vol. V^fp. 164, 172, 179. \n\nUpper Burmah, a wide extent of countr}^ between \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 63 \n\nChina and India, was annexed, after a brief war, early \nin 1886. \n\n138. What is the government of Ceylon? \n\nCeylon is a crown colony, its assembly composed of \nan executive council of five, and a legislative council of \nfifteen members, being controlled by a governor ap- \npointed and directed by the home government. \n\n139. To what does the island of Java belong? \n\nThis island is a dependency of the Netherlands, and is \nruled by a governor-general and council appointed by \nthat country. \n\n140. What possessions have the French in Asia? \nThe eastern part of the peninsula of Cochin China, \n\nincluding Tonquin, Anam, Saigon and Cambodia, is oc- \ncupied by a French army and despotically governed by \nFrench officers. \n\n141. What can be said of the government cf China? \nSec. 131, \n\nThe government of China is a patriarchal despotism, \nand is identical with Confucianism, the state religion, \nthe emperor being high priest, and the state officials the \npriesthood. But though theoretically despotic, Chinese \ngovernment is subject to a constitution, made up of the \nprincipUs and precedents of former dynasties. \n\n142. Who is the emperor of China? \n\nTsai-tien, who was born in 1872, and succeeded the \nemperor Tung-che m 1875, by adoption of the empress \ndowager and the empress regent. In February, 1889, \nhe married and succeeded to the royal power, which dur- \ning his minority had been held by the two empresses \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe mother and widow of the previous ruler. \n\n143. What is the special significance of the emperor\'s \ncoming into power? \n\nThe young emperor is favorably inclined to the for- \neign party, which is desirous of introducing the customs \nof western civilization into Chinese life, and of securing \n\n\n\n64 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nthe friendship and aUiance of other nations. Various \nsigns, notably the recent completion of the first railroad \nof the empire, show that some remarkable changes may- \nbe impending in this conservative ountry. \n144. Who is Li Hung Chang? \n\n\n\n\nLI HUNG CHANG. \n\nLi Hung Chang is the viceroy of the imperial province \nof Cheelee, and holds in relation to the government the \nsame position as the minister of foreign affairs in con- \nstitutional countries. The fact that he is favorably dis- \n\nChina.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (estimated) about 300,000,000. The army at its \nfull strength would number about 1,200,003 men, but only a small part \nis from time to time enrolled. Tte navy consists of numerous gun- ves- \nsels, bu jit at hoDje, and several iron-clads of European manufacture. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n<^5 \n\n\n\nposed toward progress and western civilization makes \nhis position an important one. \n\n145. What can be said of the government of Japan? \n^ec. 133. \n\n\n\n\nT^IUTSU HITO, \nMikado of Japan. \n\nJapan has just completed a radical change in her \ngovernment. It has been transformed from a despotism \n\nJapan.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1885), 37,8G=(,997. Army, (peace footing,) G(),45fi \nmen, in war,is increased tol99,840;the navv has 31 vcssels.flveof them \niron-clads. Estimated revenue, $62,036,6:i5- debt, (1885) $2T1,190,23Q. \n\n\n\n56 RULERS OF THE WOULD. \n\nto a constitutional monarchy, and this has been brought \nabout, not by any demand on the part of the people for \na more liberal government, but through the generosity \nof the ruler of the country. In 1888, the mikado an- \nnounced to the people that a constitutional representa- \ntive assembly would be summoned in 1890. The new \nconstitution was promulgated Feb. i, 1889. \n\n146. What are the main points of the new government? \nThe hereditary sovereign is retained as sole executive \n\nand legislative powers are conferred on a senate, made \nup of nobles, elected and appointed members, and a \nhouse of commons elected every three years by the people \n\n147. Who is the Mikado of Japan ? \n\nMutsu Hito, who succeeded to the position on his \nfather\'s death in 1867, At that time, the real ruler of \nthe country was the Shiogun, or Tycoon, who was the \ngeneralissimo of the army. In 1868, there was a revo- \nlution against the tyranny exercised by the Tycoon, he \nwas overthrown, and since then, Japan has enjoyed the \nblessings of peace and a generally equitable government. \n\n148. What is the government of Siam.? \n\nA most absolute despotism, ruled by the king and \nhis appointees. The church is united with the power of \nthe state as in China. \n\n149. Who is king of Siam? \n\nChulalou Koru I. who succeeded to power in 1868. \nHeir Apparent.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince Somdect Chowfa, eldest son of \nthe king, born June 23, 187S. \n\n150. Do these comprise all the Asian States.? \nThere is besides the little country of Corea on the \n\npeninsula of the same name, which enjoys the distinction \nof being the most isolated and least known country on \nthe globe. Beyond the fact that its government is a \n\nSiam.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (about) 5,700.000. There is a standing army in \nthe form of militia, every male inhabitant of the kingdom being ob- \nliged to serve therein four months in each year. The navy consists \nof four steam corvettes and twelve gunboats, officered by Europeans. \nRevenue and expenditure each, about $6,000,000, \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 67 \n\ndespotism, scarcely anything is known of its institutions.. \nThe two states of Sarawak and Brunei, on the island of \nBorneo, are also properly included with Asiatic countries. \nThe former is ruled by Sir Chas. J. Brooke, as rajah, \nwhose absolute power is used most benevolently for the \ngood of the natives. Brunei has a number of small tribes, \neach with a chief, over whom one, as sultan, has a \ngeneral control. \n\nAUSTMALASIA AND THE PACIFIC \nISLANDS, \n\nI \'I. What are the governments of Australia.? \n\nThe continent of Australia is divided among five Brit- \nish colonies, New South Wales, Queensland, South Aus- \ntralia, Victoria and Western Australia. All of these \ncolonies possess governments responsible to the popular \nassembly, subject to a governor appointed by the British \ncrown, and to an absolute veto power over legislation, \nexercised by the British government. \n\n152. What is the government of New South Wales? \nSec. 157. \n\nThe executive power is vested in the governor and \nthe legislative power in a council and an assembly, \nthese two bodies composing the colonial parliament. \nThe governor and council are appointed by the crown \nand the assembly elected by universal manhood suffrage. \nIn practice the government is democratic, as the assem- \nbly is all powerful, making and unmaking the ministry \nat its pleasure. The council has, practically, only a \nlimited veto on legislation. \n\n153. Who is governor of this colony? \n\nRight Hon. Lord Carrington, appointed in 1885. \n\n154. How is Queensland governed? Sfc. 161. \n\nThe government of Queensland is very like that of \nNew South Wales, of which colony it originally formed \na part. A governor and council are appointed by the \n\n\n\n68 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\ncrown, but the representative assembly, through the \ncolonial ministry, controls the government. \n\n155. Who is governor of Queensland? \n\nSir Henry Wylie Norman, appointea m 1888. \n\n156- What is the government of South Australia? \nSec 160. \n\nIn the government of South Australia, the members \nof the legislative council are elected by the people,albe- \nit for a longer term and subject to a property qualifica- \ntion for electors. The assembly is chosen by popular \nsuffrage. \n\n157. Who is the governor of this colony? \n\nSir William C. F. Robinson, appointed in 1882. \n\n158. What is the government of Victoria? Sec, 159. \n\nBy the constitution of Victoria, the legislative author- \nity is vested in a parliament of two chambers \xe2\x80\x94 both \nchosen by the people \xe2\x80\x94 and the executive power in a \ngovernor appointed by the crown. In the election of \nthe upper house, a property qualification is demanded \nboth for members and electors, but in the choice of the \nlower house the suffrage is not so restricted. \n\n159. Who is governor of Victoria? \n\nSir Henry Brougham Loch, appointed in 1884. \n\n160. How is Western Australia governed? \n\nBy a governor and legislative council of one chamber. \nThe former is appointed by the crown; the latter partly \nappointed and partly elected subject to a property qual- \nification. \n\n161. Who is at present governor? \n\nSir Frederick Napier Broome, appointed in 1882. \n\n162. What is the government of Tasmania? Sec. 162. \nThe island of Tasmania is a British colony, governed \n\nby a crown-appointed governor and a parliament (of \n\nAustralia.\xe2\x80\x94 Population (of ail the colonies, 1884)3,538,196. Amount \nof revenue for all, $111,437,055, expenditure for all, $103,395,330. Pub- \nUc debt, $489,730,330. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 69 \n\ntwo houses) of its own choosing. (The governor is Sir \nR. George C. Hamilton, appointed in 1887. \n\n163. How is New Zealand governed? Sec. 163. \n\nBy a governor and parHament of two houses. As in \nseveral of the other colonies, the members of the upper \nhouse, as well as the governor, are appointed by the \ncrown, but since the ministry is responsible to the peo- \nple\'s representatives in the lower house, the government \nis none the less democratic. (Sir William F. D. Jervois \nis the present governor, having been appointed to the \npost in 1882.) \n\n164. Are these colonies politically united otherwise \nthan as common subjects to Great Britain? V. IV, p. 20. \n\nYes, in 1884 they united in a confederation for the \nbetter protection of their common interests. A federal \ncouncil was established with power to legislate,but with \nno administrative or executive powers. \n\n165. What led to the formation of this council? \nChiefly a desire to secure the annexation of adjacent \n\nislands, and to prevent other nations from acquiring the \nsame. Also to prevent further transportation of con- \nvicts into their neighborhood. \n\n166. What other nations were seeking to annex islands \nin their vicinity? \n\nGermany and France. Germany has annexed the \nupper coast of east New Guinea, with the adjoining isl- \nands of New Ireland and New Britain. France, pos- \nsessed of New Caledonia,seeks to acquire the New Heb- \nrides. \n\n167. What is the objection to these neighbors? \n\nThe fear of the establishment of new penal settle- \nments on these islands. France has long had a penal \ncolony on New Caledonia, and would doubtless use the \nNew Hebrides for the same purpose. Against Germany \nthe colonies can bring no direct charge of such intent, \nas she has as yet no penal colonies in Melanesia, but \nthey apprehend the worst, and desire to exclude a \n\n\n\n7o \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nneighbor who may prove disagreeable if not dangerous. \ni68. What was Germany\'s contest over the CaroHne \nislands? \n\n\n\nYup I. \n\n\n\n3Iatd(,tax Is \n\n\n\nGrir/on I \n\n\n\n\'"A.sxiitu-inn I. \n", -LADKOEE \n\n\n\n^c MARIANA \n\n\'tSeypan I. \nTini(mI.O I\'^^LANDS \noGuahan 1. \n\n\n\nOI^J^^\' \n\n\n\nISZ \n\n\n\nHalcyon I. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xb0>St. An<h( \n\n\n\nijicfc \n\n\n\n\n\n\noa V- NEW \n\nArrifls. ^ \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 Arafara \xe2\x80\x9e \nSea ^^\' \n\n\n\n.. > \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\nShWU IsJ \n\nHoitolen ^"Is \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0aJ\'.\'Avgusline \xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xab"\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 .\'\'. \n\nValan I. \n\n\n\nMortlock Is. \n\n\n\nAdmiralty \n.Is. \n\n\n\nSqualor \na- , \n\n\n\n\n\'\xe2\x96\xa0\' ^-N * cVi! \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 f\\ Bougaiiiville Isl \n\nGUINEA. c^_^ "* \xe2\x80\xa2 \\\\ .o. I ,... \xe2\x80\x9e \n\ns strait ^<:^iS^2^ Lo>(hi>i<le. \n\nArchipelago \n\nTAC TFTC \n\ninsula Coral \nSea \nOC E A N \n\n\n\n\n^^Malayta \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\nb.^ \n\n\n\nN\'t IV <v - \nnebrides^o \n\n\n\nNDRTH austbal\'ia \' \n\n\n\nliuXi) \n\n\n\nlaledoniir \n\n\n\nNEW GUINEA AND THE CAROLINE ISLANDS. \n\nGermany desired to annex these islands, but Spain \nalleged a prior claim, and the matter being referred to \narbitration, Spain secured possession of most of the \ngroup. \n\n169. What claim has Germany on the Samoan isl- \nands ? \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD, 71 \n\nIn the case of the Samoan islands,Germany contends \nboth with Great Britain and the United States, and has, \nby presistent aggression, secured more than equal rights \nwith these nations. \n\n17c. What is the government of Hawaii? \n\nThe government is a Hmited monarchy, with a house \nof peers appointed by the king, and a house of repre- \nsentatives elected by the people. \n\n171. Who the king of Hawaii? \n\nKalakaua I, elected king by parliament, Feb- 12,1874. \n\nHeirkss Apparent. \xe2\x80\x94 Princess Ljdia, eldest sister of the \nking, married to John O. Dominis, governor of one of the Ha- \nwaiian islands. \n\nSOUTH AMEUICA. \n\n172. What are the governments of South America? \nArgentine Republic, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, \n\nEcuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. \n\n173. What is the Argentine Republic? 6*^^.36. \n\nA federation of fourteen states, whose government is \nobviously modeled on that of the United States. The \nconstitution is unmistakably a close imitation of our \nfederal organic law. In some few matters a change is \nmade, and in practice the working of the government is \naltogether different. \n\n174. Who is president of the Argentine Republic? \n\nDr. Miguel Juarez Celman, elected Oct. 12, 1886, for \nsix years. \n\'175. What is the government of Bolivia? Sec. 69. \nTheoretically, it is a unified republic ; practically, it \n\nArgentine Eepubltc- Population, (1887), 3,926,000. Army consists \nof 7,400 soldiers, in addition to the national guard of 300,000 men. Pub- \nlic revenue, $53,702,800 ; expenditure, $57,056,500; debt, including local \ndlbt, $158,506,475. \n\nBolivia.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (estimated) 2,325,000. Army about 6,000 men. \nPublic revenue, (1888), $3,766,425 ; expenditure (1888), $1,477,100 ; debt, \n(1886), including railway debt, $13,016,850. \n\n\n\n72 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nis a despotism, the president exercising dictatorial pow- \ners. A congress of two houses is maintained, but the \npower of the dictator enables him to control the elec- \ntions, and have none but his own friends in parliament. \n176. Who is now dictator? \n\n\n\n\nDOM PEDRO II. \nEmperor of Brazil. \n\n\n\nSenor Don Aniceto Arce, proclaimed by the assembly \nAug. 15, t888. \n\n177. What is the government of Brazil? Sec. 98. \n\nA constitutional monarchy, styled an empire. The \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 73 \n\nlegislative power is exercised by a parliament of two \nhouses; the lower house being chosen by the direct vote \nof the people, and the upper house selected by the em- \nperor from nominees offered by the people\'s represent- \natives in electoral college. The senators hold office for \nlife ; the representatives for four years only. The gov- \nernment is administered by a cabinet responsible to the \nparliament. \n\n178. Who is emperor of Brazil? \n\nDom Pedro II, born in 1825, the son of the first Bra- \nzilian emper()r,and grandson of King John of Portugal. \nHe succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his \nfather in 1831, was crowned ten years later, married in \n1843 a daughter of rhe king of Sicily. \n\nHeiress Presumptive. \xe2\x80\x94 Princess Isabel, daughter of the \nemperor, born in 1846 and married in 1864 to Prince Louis of \nOrleans. \n\n179. What is the government of Chili.? Sec. 63. \n\nA centralized republic. The legislative power is vested \nin a congress of two houses,a senate chosen by indirect \nelection, and a chamber of deputies elected by popular \nsuffrage. The executive power is wielded by the pres- \nident, subject to the approval of his cabinet officers. \nThis power is very great, as the entire government, local \nas well as national, is carried on by the appointees of \nthe administration. \n\n180. Who is president of Chili? \n\nDon Jose Manuel Balmaceda, elected in 1886 for a \nterm of five years. \n\ni8r. What is the government of Colombia? Sec. 30- \n\n\n\nBrazil.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1887) 14,000,000. Army, 13,500 men on a peace \nfootjng. Navy, 36 vessels of which 10 are iron-clads, in addition to 13 \ngun-boats and 8 torpedo boats. Public revenue, (1888-89), $75,264,500; \nexpenditure, $83 399,000 debt, (1886), including- paper currency, \nf427,940,000. \n\nChili.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (188^) 3,115, 340. Array, 7,100 men and 1,037 offic- \ners, with a national guard of 51,816. Navy, 11 vessels, 3 of them iron- \nclads, manned by 3,325 men. lieveaue, (1H87), $41,241,800. expenditure \n$10 r,s^,700. debt, (1884), including railway debt, $87,644,630. \n\n\n\n74 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nA federation originally modelled on that of the United \nStates. Since the recent rebellion, however, the con- \nstitution has been revised and the powers of govern- \nment centralized, so that the states are little more than \nprovinces. A national government is carried on by a \npre:ident and congress. The congress consists of a \nsenate of three members from each state, and a house \nof representatives chosen by universal suffrage. \n\n182. Who is president of Colombia? \nRaphael Nunez, chosen in 1884. \n\n183. What is the government of Ecuador.^ Sec. 71. \nEcuador is a unified or integral state ; its government \n\nis nominally republican, but in practice has been des- \npotic. Since the overthrow of Dictator Veintemilla? \nin 1883, the people have more vigilantly guarded their \nliberties, and the congress (of two houses) shares the \ngovernment with the president. \n\n184. Who is president of Ecuador.? \n\nSenor Don Antonia Flores, elected for four years in \n1888. \n\n185. What is the government of Paraguay? Sec. 82. \nA centralized republic, governed by a president and \n\ncongress of two hoises elected directly by the people. \nTheoretically at least, the government is a liberal one. \n\n186. Who is president of Paraguay? \n\nGen. Escobar, elected in September, 1886. \n\n187. What is the government of Peru? \n\nSince its war with Chili in 1882-83. Peru has been \nalmost in a state of anarchy. At present, however, one \nof the pretenders to the government lias secured the \n\n\n\nU. S.OF CoiiOMBiA.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (estimated) 4,0J0,000. Army (stand- \ning) 3,000; navy, none. Revenue, (1884-S5) $5,864, 750;expenditure,(1884- \n85) $7,865,670; debt, (1S85) $19,811,380. \n\nEcuador.\xe2\x80\x94 Population. (estimated)l,000,OOO.Revenue,(1885)$l, 847,890 \nexpenditure, $3,4 -\'1,400; debt, $18,183,750. \n\nParaguay.\xe2\x80\x94 Population. 476,000. Revenue, (about) $3.50,000; Expen- \nditure, (about) $350,000: debt, uncertain, no interest paid. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n75 \n\n\n\nupper hand and the civil constitution is supposed to be \nin force. By it the executive power is vested in a pres- \nident elected by the congress. This body is composed \nof two houses, a senate representing the provincial coun- \n\n\n\n\nD O N G U Z M AN BLANCO, \nEx-President of Venezuela. \n\ncils, and a house, nominally chosen by the direct vote \nof the people. In practice, both houses contain only \nthose whom the party in power sees fit to admit. \n\nPeru \xe2\x80\x94Population, (estimated) 2,970,000. Army was about 6,000 \nmen. but was nearly annihilated by war with Chili Revenue, (1877) \n$7,700,000 ; expenditure, $10,000,000; debt, (about) $250,000,000. \n\nUruguay.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1884), 559,668. Army, 2,500 men. Revenue, \n(1883) $11,677,790; expenditure,(1883) $11,636,210; debt, $64,864 675. \n\n\n\n76 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n1 88. Who is now at the head of the government in \nPeru? \n\nGen. Caceres, elected in April, 1886. \n\n189. What is the government of Uruguay [? Sec. 84. \n\nA republic very similar in its constitution to the neigh- \nboring state of Paraguay. The parliament of two hous- \nes is chosen by the direct vote of the people, the suf- \nfrage being given to all male adults who can read and \nwrite. \n\n190. Who is president of Uruguay? \nMaximo Tajes, elected in November, ]886. \n\n191. What is the government of Venezuela? Sec. 2i^. \nVenezuela is a federation of states united by their \n\nown choice, and reserving to themselves most of the at- \ntributes of sovereignty. As in our own country, under \nthe articles of confederation, the laws passed by the fed- \neral congress are administered by state officers. The \ncongress consists of a senate representing the states, and \na house representing the people. The president of Ven- \nezuela is chosen by a federal council of sixteen, which \nis in its turn selected by the congress. \n\n192. Who is president of Venezuela? \n\nPablo Rojes Paul, elected in June, 1888. The most \ninfluential man in the country, however, is Don Guz \nman Blanco, who, whether ])resident or not, has for \ntwelve years practically managed government affairs, \n\nNOItTH AMERIVA. \n\n193. What are the countries of North America? \nCanada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara- \n\ngua,San Salvador, San Domingo and Hayti, Mexico and \nthe United States. \n\n194. What is Canada? Sec, 152. \n\nVenezuela.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1883) 3,121,988. Revenue, $9,363.500 ;expea- \nditure, the same; debt, $51,773,170. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 77 \n\nA dependency of Great Britain, consisting of a num- \nber of British provinces united under a federal govern- \nment. The governor general of Canada is appointed by \nthe crown and has a veto on all legislation. He has al- \nso the power to appoint for life,the members of the Can- \n\n\n\nLORD FREDERICK STANLEY. \nGovernor General of Canada. \n\nadian senate. The government,however,is carried on by \na ministry responsible to the house of commons, which \nis elected by the people. \n\n194. Who is governor general of Canada.\'* \n\n\n\n78 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nRight Hon. Lord Stanley of Preston, appointed in \nFebruary, 1888= \n\n195. Who is prime minister of Canada? \n\nSir John Alexander MacDonald, born in 1815 ; was \nfirst prime minister from 1867 to 1873 and returned to \npower in 1878 as head of the present council. \n\n196. How is the local government carried on? \n\nBy the provincial councils through their respective \nministries. The lieutenant governors of these provinces \nare appointed by the governor general and exercise a \nveto power over legislation. \n\n197. What is the position of Newfoundland? 6\'<f^.i54. \nNewfoundland has not yet secured her own consent \n\nto enter the Canadian dominion, though provision \xe2\x80\xa2 for \nher admission was made in the original parliamentary \nact uniting the North American provinces. The little \ncolony therefore receives its governor direct from Eng- \nland, and makes its own laws through a colonial assem- \nbly. \n\n198. Has the colonial government jurisdiction on the \nwest coast ? \n\nUntil 1 836, the west coast of Newfoundland was re- \nserved t3 the French fishermen by the treaty of 17 13. \nThe colonial government had no jurisdiction there; the \ncountry was subject only to the occasional supervision \nof French ships of war doing police duty on the coast, \nand English or other foreigners were, or might be,driven \nout as mtruders. But by the Anglo-F\'rench treaty of \n1886, the En- hsh are permitted to establish industries \nat the harbors and to share some of the fishery rights. \nThe colonial government also participates in the duty \nof keeping the peace. \n\n199. What other Canadian provinces desire to equal \nNewfoundland in independence? \n\nNova Scotia and New Brunswick. These provinces \n\n\n\nCan \\ da.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1881) 4,324,810. Army, (active militia) 37,000 \nmen; (reserve), 655,000. Revenue, (1885) $34,163,245; expenditure, \n^36,406,940; net public debt !j>204,591,345. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 79 \n\njoined the dominion of their own accord, but, for the \npast few years, have regretted their union with Canada, \nbelieving that their interests would be better served if \ntheir government were administered altogether by their \nprovincial parliaments. \n\n200. What is the government of Costa Rica? \n\nCosta Rica is one of the small republics into which \nCentral America was divided by the break down of its \nfederal government. Costa Rica is governed by a con- \ngress of one chamber chosen by electoral assemblies \nrepresenting the people, and by a president selected in \nthe same manner. The suffrage is limited to those who \nare able to *\'live respectably." \n\n201 Who is president of this state ? \n\nGen. Don Bernardo Soto, elected in March. 1885. \n\n202. What is the government of Guatemala .?\xc2\xbbS^^. 75. \nA republic governed by a president and an assembly of \n\none house. The powers of government are very cen, \ntralized and the president, elected by the people for six \nyears, has almost absolute control of political affairs. \n\n203. Who is president of Guatemala.? \nGen. Don M. L. Barillas, elected in 1885. \n\n204. What position does Guatemala hold in Central \nAmerican affairs ? \n\nGuatemala is looked upon with jealousy and dread \nby the neighboring states. The fact that the last pres- \nident of Guatemala projected the conquest of the other \nCentral American states was sufficient to unite these \nstates in their own defense, and sinqe then there has \nbeen a demand for the division or subjection of the more \npowerful country. \n\n205. What is the government of Honduras.? Se:. 75. \n\nCosta Rica.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (estimated) 180,000. Public revenue, \n$3,867,170; expenditure, $2,961,110; debt, (1880) including railway debt, \nS20,0U0,000. \n\nGuatemala.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (1884) 1,378,311. Revenue,(1884)$7,685,000; \nexpenditure, $7,490,000; debt, $8,303,060. \n\n\n\n8o RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nA republic with a legislature elected by the people \nand a president (also elected by direct popular vote) \nwho has complete control of the executive power, sub \nject only to the supervision of his council. The state is \nsubject to revolutions, and there have been no regular \npresidental elections for a number of years. \n\n206. Who is president of Honduras ? \n\nGen. Luis Bogran,who came into power in 1883. \n\n207. What is the government of Nicaragua? Sec. 77. \nA republic with a legislature (of two houses) and a \n\npresident,both nominally elected by universal suffrage \nfor a fixed term. \n\n20S. Wiio is president of this state? \n\nDr. Don Evaristo Carazj, elected in 1887. \n\n209. What is the government of San Salvador? Sec.^\'^. \nA republic with a congress of two houses elected by \n\npopular suffrag:;,also a president,u\xc2\xa3ually the chief pow- \ner in the state, who should be elected by the people ev- \nery four years but who has of late been placed in office \nby revolution or by the choice of the army. \n\n210. Who is the president of San Salvador? \n\nGen. Francisco Menendez, who came into power in \n1885. \n\n211. What is the government of Hayti? Sec. 87. \nNominally a constitutional republic with a president \n\nand an assembly of two houses elected by the people; \nin practice, a despotism maintained by the adventurer \nwho, for the time being, has obtained control of the army. \n\n212. What two men are now struggling for power? \nGens. Legitime and Hippolyte. \n\nHonduras.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (about) 458,000. Revenue, (1884) f 1,100,000. \nexpenditure, same; debt, (interior) ^1,000,000; debt and interest, (ex- \nterior) $30,000,000. \n\nNicaragua.\xe2\x80\x94 Population. (estimated) 400,000. Public revenue,(1884) \n$1,877,795; expenditure, $1,795,875; aebt,(all internal) $543,280. \n\nSan Salvador.\xe2\x80\x94 Popnlation,(1878) ,554,000. Revenue,(1884) 14,117,645: \n\nexpenditure, (1884) $4,077,715; debt, (1883) interior, $3,183,870. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 8: \n\n213. What is the government of San Domingo ?6\'<?r.8 8. \nA republic, in most respects similar to that of Hayti, \n\nbut the election of both congress and president is in- \ndirect. The country, for a long time turbulent, seems \nto have passtd its revolutionary stage and now main- \ntains a regularly elected government. \n\n214. Who is president of San Domingo? \nGen. Ulises Henreaux, elected in r886. \n\n\n\n\nPORFIRIO DIAZ, \n\nPresident of Mexico. \n\n215. How is Mexico governed? Sec. 26. \n\nThe government of Mexico is a federative union \n\nv/her^in the local affairs are under the control of the \n\nstate governments, and the matters of national import- \n\n\n\nMexico.\xe2\x80\x94 Population, (estimated) 10,447,0n0, Army,23,000 men. Rev- \n$37,107,500; expenditure, $34,171,730; debt, $142,500,( \n\n\n\nenue,(1885) ; \n\n\n\n,000. \n\n\n\n82 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nance are entrusted to the federal president and congress. \nUntil within the last ten years, the country was dis- \nturbed by frequent rebellions and revolutions, and in \nthe natural reaction, the central government has been \nallowed to encroach on the rights of the states in polit- \nical affairs. Mexican elections, in these days, are \ngenerally controlled by the federal government, through \nits appointed officers, and the displacement of the party \nin power seems almost an impossibility. \n\n2 1 6. Who is president of Mexico? \n\nPorfiri.) Diaz, who first came into power by a success- \nful revolution in 1876, and was installed president for \nfour years. The Mexican law forbidding a second con- \nsecutive term, Manuel Gonzalez, a personal ally, was \nmade president, and at the end of his term, Diaz returned \nto office, having not at any time released his hold on \nthe government. \n\n217. To what is the present prosperity of Mexico \ndue.\'* \n\nLargely to the settled form of government, and to no \nlittle extent to increased intercourse with the United \nStates, by American companies, and the connection of \nMexican cities with the United States by rail. The \nconstruction ofrailways has brought in American capital, \nand what is still more essential, American enterprise, to \ndevelop the resources of the country. \n\n218. What is the government of the United States.-* \nA federation ; a duplex form of government, binding \n\nboth the states and the citizens of those states, into one \nnational organization. This is the only type of union \nthat has ever maintained itself, and since all existing \nfederations have looked on the United States as a model, \nit may be justly said that our union is the most perfect \ntype of a federative government. \xc2\xab \n\n219. What is the recognized guardian of our federal \nconstitution.? \n\nA federal supreme court, which has always stood \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n83 \n\n\n\nbetween the legislation of the states on the one hand, \nand that of the federal congress, on the other, to pre- \nvent encroachment on the recognized sphere of each \ngovernment. The exaltation of the supreme court to an \nequality with the other departments of government is al- \ntogether peculiar to our form of government. The Span- \n\n\n\n\nMELVILLE W. FULLER, \nChief Justice of the Supreme Court. \n\nish American republics have adopted this feature as well \nas other points of our constitution, but they have never \npermitted the court to remain inde-pendent. \n\n220. To whom is the executive power in our govern- \nment intrusted? \n\n\n\n84 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nTo the chief magistrate or president, subject only to \nthe approval of the senate in certain cases of appoint - \n]nent and in the estabUshment of treaties. \n\nWho is chief justice of the supreme court? \n\n\n\n221 \n\n\n\nMelville W. Fuller of Illinois, appointed in 1888. \n\n\n\n\nBENJAMIN HARRISON, \nPresident of the United States. \n222. Who is president of the United States.?" \nBenjamin Harrison, a man of 57 years of age, a citi- \nzen of Indiana, which state he represented in the senate \nfrom 1881 to 1887. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 85 \n\n223, Who compose the president\'s cabinet? \nSecretary of state, James G. Blaine of Maine \xe2\x80\xa2 secre \ntary of the treasury, William Windom of Minnesota" \n\nof the navy Benjamm F.Tracy of New York- secretary \n^ n rVrlZ^ i\'\'\' W Nobl/of Missouri; ^oTtmaZ \ngeneral, John Wanamaker of Pennsylvania; attorney \n\n\n\n\nLEVI P. MORTON, \nVice President of the United\' States \n\nlure, J. M. Kusk of Wisconsin \n\n\n\n86 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n224. Who is vice president of the United States ? \nLevi P. Morton, a wealthy citizen of New York, who \n\nhas been a member of congress and has also held a \nforeign mission. \n\n225. What are the duties of the vice president? \nThis officer has no share in the executive duties of \n\nthe president, and but a small part in legislation. He \nis by virtue of his office chairman of the senate, but has \nno vote in that body except in case of a tie. \n\n226. How is a vacancy in the vice presidency filled? \nThis vacancy may occur either through the death, \n\nresignation, impeachment or other disabiHty of the vice \npresident himself, or through his succession to a va- \ncancy similarly caused in the office of president. No \nprovision is made for filling the vacancy in the vice \npresidency, but the senate chooses a new chairman from \namong its members. In case of a vacancy in both the \npresidency and vice presidency, the officers of the cabi^ \nnet succeed to the presidency in a specified order. \n\n227. What is the composition of the United States \nsenate? \n\nThe senate, the upper house in our federal congress, \nis composed of two senators from each state in the \nunion. Its purpose is the equal representation of the \nstates as such, as a check upon the acts of a majority \nof the people. \n\n228. What is the lower house of congress ? \n\nThe house of representatives, chosen by the people \nin congressional districts into which each state is divided. \n\n229. Who presides over the house of representatives? \nA speaker who is chosen by a majority vote of the \n\nmembers at the beginning of each congress. He, of \ncourse, represents the dominant party in the house, and \nmuch power is lodged in his hands, yet as he holds his \nplace by the will of the majority, he is usually thus re- \nstrained from despotic acts. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n87 \npresent \n\n\n\n230. What is the political complexion of th \ncongress ? \n\nThe fifty.first congress, elected in November, 1888, \nwill stand in the house, 159 Democrats, 169 Republi- \ncans and two Independents. The new senate has 39 \nRepublicans and 37 Democrats. \n\n\n\n\nJAMES G. BLAINE, \nSecretary of State. \n\n231. Who are the chief leaders of the Republican \nparty t \n\nJames G. Blaine of Maine, Senators Edmunds of Ver \nmont Sherman of Ohio, Ingalls of Kansas, Evarts of \nNew York and Hoar of Massachusetts, In the house \nThomas B. Reed of Maine, William McKinley of Ohio\' \n\n\n\n88 \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\nand Julius C. Burrows of Michigan, are the chief lead- \ners in partisan debate, \n\n232. What is noteworthy in the leadership of this \nparty ? \n\nThat the leaders are, without exception, stalwart \nRepublicans, showing that though the southern question \n\n\n\n\nGEORGE F. EDMUNDS, \n\nis virtually dead, the party has crushed into silence all \nthose too much inclined toward forgiveness of the south. \nThey are, also, in most instances, opposed to civil \nservice reform, and in favor of a high tariff, as shown \nby the recent campaign. \n\n233. Who are the Mugwumps, or Independent Rep- \nublicans .\'* \n\nThe remnant of a section of the Republicans, once \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 89 \n\npowerful enough to affect the policy of their party. Pro, \nclaiming their independence of party ties, they sought \nto forward certain reform measures by holding the bal- \nance of power between the Republican and Democratic \nparties. The attempt to maintain this attitude of inde- \npendence was not altogether successful, as many mem- \nbers deserted to unite themselves permanently with the \npolitical party of their individual preference. The \nMugwumps proper still profess neutrality, and cluster \nchiefly about the banner of civil service reform upheld \nby George Wm. Curtis and Dorman B. Eaton of New \nYork. \n\n234. Who are the Democratic leaders? \n\nOutside of congress ex-President Cleveland and ex- \nSecretary Bayard lead the better elements of their \nparty. In the senate Messrs. Gibson of Louisiana and \nBlackburn of Kentucky are, perhaps, first in partisan \ndebate, and Messrs. Mills, Carlisle, Scott, Randall and \nothers represent it whh some ability in the house. \n\n235- What are the Labor and Prohibition parties.? \n\nSmall political organizations, of significance only as \nthey weaken the two principal ])arties. Both are grow- \ning in strength rapidly, however, and threaten the su- \npremacy of the old parties in some states. \n\n236 In what respect is Mr. Blaine a leader of his \nparty .? \n\nMr. Blaine left the senate in March, 1 881, to become \nsecretary of state. This office he resigned six months \nlater and has since had no direct connection with the \ngovernment until he was made secretary of state by \nPresident Harrison. He was an unsuccessful candidate \nfor the presidency in 1884 \xe2\x80\x94 a fact which might have \nbeen fatal to his political influence. Yet in 1888, Mr. \nBlaine was one of the forem.ost leaders of his party, \nthough claiming to have no further aspiration to presi- \ndential honors. His perennial hostility to southern \n\n\n\n90 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nDemocrats, and his frequent denunciation of English \ninfluence in America, sustain if they did not create, his \npopularity. But his devotion to his friends, and aggres- \nsive censure of his enemies, together with his skill in \ntaking the most radical stand on avowed party princi- \nples, as in the late campaign on the tariff, seem to \naccount more fully for his party and popular favor. \n\n237. Who is Senator Edmunds, and with what pub- \nlic measures is he identified ? \n\nGeorge F. Edmunds is senator from\' Vermont, and \nhas long since been known in congress as the implacable \nfoe to anything like jobbery. He is further identified \nwith the measures that have been passed for the forcible \nextinction of Mormon polygamy, and with the retalia- \ntory legislation against Canada on the fisheries question. \n\n238. What is the fisheries question, and what the \nnature of Edmunds\' legislation.? \n\nThe fisheries in question lie off the coast of Nova \nScotia and New Brunswick, and the (alleged) unfair \nand unneighborly treatment of our fishermen by the \nCanadian authorities, \xe2\x80\x94 the creation and enforcement of \nrules hostile to our fishing interests, and the arbitrary \nseizure of vessels for violating the same, \xe2\x80\x94 has for three \nor four years been a source of complaint by the United \nStates to the government of Great Britain. Diplomatic \nnegotiations having so far failed, retaliatory measures \nhave been suggested by closing our ports to Canadian \ntrade, but these extreme measures will probably not be \nimmediately put in force. \n\n239. With what reform measures did President \nCleveland become identified? v. viii, pp. 105, 210. \n\nWith the proposed separation of the civil service from \npolitics, making the mode of appointment non-partisan, \nand the tenure stable during good behavior. He has \nalso been identified with proposed reforms in the tariff, \ndesigned to make the burden of taxation upon the \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n\n\n91 \n\n\n\npeople less onerous. In carrying out a civil service re- \nform policy, Mr. Cleveland met with persistent opposi- \ntion, even from his own party. But though thus forced \ninto inconsistency, he accomplished more than any pre- \nvious executive in the line of this needed improvement. \n240. Who is the chief enemv of civil service reform? \n\n\n\n\nGROVER CLEVELAND. \n\nThe politician "who stands by his friends." This \namiable character is very successful in modern poU- \ntics, completely overshadowing the man who stands by \nhis principles and calls on his friends to stand by him. \n\n\n\n92 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\n241. What of Mr. Cleveland\'s tariff reform policy? \nThis, as outlined in his message for December, 1887, \n\nforced the question upon the people in the campaign of \n1888, and undoubtedly caused Mr. Cleveland\'s defeat \nfor a second term, by arraying against him the wealthy \nmanufacturing interest of the country. \n\n242. What change has been made since 1884, in the \nattitude of the two principal parties toward the tariff.-* \n\nThe Republicans have taken their stand boldly for \nthe maintenance of the present high protection tariff, \nthough in their platform for 1884 they promised its re- \nvision and reduction. The Democrats, on the other \nhand, were emboldened by the attitude taken by Cleve- \nland, to declare positively for a reduction in tlie scale \nof protection, and upon this issue the presidential cam- \npaign was carried through. \n\n243. How does the Republican party stand on civil \nservice reform.? v. viii, p. 221, v. ix, p. 46. \n\nThe platform said, re- affirming its resolution of 1884 \'- \n" The reform of the civil service, auspiciously begun \nunder the RepubUcan administration, should be com- \npleted by the further extension of the reform system al- \nready established by law to all the grades of the service \nto which it is applicable. The spirit and purpose of the \nreform should be observed in all executive appointments, \nand all laws at variance with the object of existing re- \nform legislation should be repealed, to the end that the \ndangers to free institutions which lurk in the power of \nofficial patronage may be wisely and effectively avoided.\'\' \nAnd Mr. Harrison further said in his letter of accept- \nance: \'\'All appointments under the civil service law \nshould be absolutely free from partisan considerations \nand influence. In appointments to every grade and de- \npartment, fitness, and not party service, should be the \nessential and discriminating test, and fidelity and effi- \nciency the only sure tenure of office. Only the interests \nof the public service should suggest removals from \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 93 \n\noffice." The intelligent citizen needs no more "discrim- \ninating test \'\'of the party\'s practice, than its own worthy- \nenunciation of principles. \n\n244. What was Mr. Cleveland\'s main argument for \ntariff reduction .? \n\nThe existence of a large surplus in the treasury, prin- \ncipally derived from customs duties. During the war, \nwhen high taxes were accepted as a necessary evil, the \ntariff on imports was raised to a very high figure. Since \nthe war, it has been twice revised, reduced by adding a \nnumber of articles to the free list, but the scale is still \nso high that its receipts are enormous, making the rev- \nenue of the government greatly exceed its expenditure. \n\n245. Why did Mr. Cleveland think the people at \nlarge had any concern in this matter ? \n\nHe argued that if this excess of money were not \nhoarded in the treasury it would find its way into the \nregular channels of trade and thus benefit the whole \ncountry. Moreover, he claimed it to be a foundation \nprinciple of political economy that " unnecessary taxa- \ntion is unjust taxation.\'\' \n\n246. How did the Republican party reply to this.? \nBy claiming (1), that the existence of a surplus was \n\nno injury to the country, and (2), if it were necessary \nto reduce it, this could be done by appropriating it in \nvarious ways to the uses of the people, and (3), that \nthe prosperity and growth of the country were directly \nowing to the protective tariff and that to abolish it would \nbe to invite financial ruin and disaster. \n\n247. Did Mr. Cleveland\'s plan of tariff reform advo- \ncate the total abolition of the tariff } \n\nBy no means ; what he urged was the reduction of \ncustoms duties so that the revenue of the government \nwould not be so much in excess of its necessary ex- \npenditure. This is, in fact, the " tariff for revenue only " \nwhich has been for many years advocated not only by \n\n\n\n94 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nthe principal leaders of the Democratic party, but by- \nmen of prominence in the other party also, A tariff re- \nform that shall lead to free trade, was declared by Mr. \nGarfield, ten years ago, to be the proper end of all efforts \nto amend our tariff system. \n\n248. What have the platforms had to say on the sub- \nject ? \n\nEver since 1872, the platforms of both parties have \nmade distinct reference to the tariff question, and \nboth have advocated its reduction, but on different lines. \nThe Democratic party has demanded a " tariff for rev- \nenue only ;" while the Republican party has declared \nthat reduction must only be made "by such methods \nas will relieve the tax-payer without injuring the labor- \ners or the great productive interests of the country." \n[see platform 1884]. \n\n249. What was the tariff plank of the Republican \nplatform of 1888.? \n\n*\' The Republican party would effect all needed reduc- \ntion of the national revenue by repealing the taxes upon \ntobacco, which are an annoyance and burden to \nagriculture, and the tax upon spirits used in the arts \nand for mechanical purposes, and by such revision of \nthe tariff laws as will tend to check imports of such \narticles as are produced by our people, the production \nof which gives employment to our labor, and release \nfrom import duties those articles of foreign production \n(except luxuries) the like of which cannot be produced \nat home. If there shall still remain a larger revenue \nthan is requisite for the wants of the government, we \nfavor the entire repeal of internal taxes rather than the \nsurrender of any part of our protective system." \n\n250. What did the Democratic platform say? \n\nIt reiterated previous demands for a lowering of the \ntariff, and endorsed Mr. Cleveland\'s protest against \nneedless taxation. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. 95 \n\n251. Who were the candidates in the presidential \ncampaign of 1888? \n\nPresident Cleveland was renominated by the Demo- \ncrats with Allen G. Thurman of Ohio as candidate for \nvice-president. The Republicans nominated Benjamin \nHarrison of Indiana and Levi P. Morton of New York. \n\n252. What was the issue of the campaign? \n\nThe election of the Republican candidate by a ma- \njority of 65 votes, exclusive of West Virginia, in the \nelectoral college. Mr. Cleveland, however leceived a \nplurality of 92,266 on the popular vote. \n\n253. What means and methods were used to bring \nabout this peculiar result ? \n\nMany, no doubt, by both parties that will fiot bear \ninvestigation. Two things seem to have been shown \nby the result, first, that a very large proportion of the \npeople are not ready for tariff reform, greatly as it may \nbe needed in the interest of economical administration, \nand second, that an even more imperative need exists \nin the interest of popular honesty, for reform in our \nelection system. \n\n254. Is national legislation required for a reform \nin our election sys*:ems ? \n\nThe regulation of the suffrage is understood to be \nreserved to the states by the constitution, and state \nlegislation is certainly necessary to carry out constitu- \ntionally any plan of ballot reform. But in a case where \nconcerted action is so essential to success, the national \ngovernment may well lead the way by advising, if not \ncommanding, reform measures. \n\n255. Is there ariy precedent for such federal action.^ \nCongress took the initiative in giving the ballot to the \n\nnegro, and even insisted on its right to interfere when \nviolence was used to keep him from the exercise of his \nnewly-acquired right. The degradation of the ballot \nby bribery is an evil far more insidious than that by \n\n\n\n96 RULERS OF THE WORLD. \n\nviolence, for that very reason far more dangerous to \nthe state and to civil liberty. \n\n256. What is the first necessity in securing the hon- \nest conduct of elections? \n\nThe securing of a secret ballot. Purchasers of voters \nnever trust the man they buy, and when personal su- \npervision of the polling is impossible, the trade of bri- \nbery rapidly falls into disuse. \n\n257. Has anything been done by congress or the \nstates? V. viii, p? v. ix, p. 45. \n\nResolution were introduced into congress in the ses- \nsion of 1888-89 calling for investigation into the char- \nges of bribery in the late election, but no action was \ntaken upon them. During the same time, however, \nmeasures for the reform of the ballot were introduced \ninto twenty-four state legislatures, and up to June i ,1889, \nin nine states laws based on the Australian system of \nvoting had been adopted. \n\n258. Describe this system, v. viii, p. 230. \n\nA single ballot is used, bearing the names of all can- \ndidates of the various parties, for all offices. These are \nprinted by the state, and the voter indicates his choice \nby a check or cross on the margin opposite the name. \nIn voting the electors are admitted only a few at a time, \nand each receives a single ballot, which he is expected \nto take into a compartment and there mark it. H^ then \npresents it folded, for insertion in the ballot-box. Ab- \nsolute secrecy is not only possible, but is compulsory \nunder this plan. \n\n259. What is another method urged upon state \nlegislature to prevent bribery? \n\nThe accounting for all moneys used by candidates \nand campaign committees during the contest of an \nelection. If this could be required by law and by \npublic opinion, there is no doubt that it would have a \nmost beneficial effect upon public morals. \n\n\n\nAPPENDIX. \n\nCabinets and Political Parties of Europe. \n\n\n\nIn presenting to our readers an account of the rulers of the \nworld as they stand June i, 18S9, we may add some facts con- \ncerning prominent men, who, from their position in a minis- \nterial body, or through their influence with a political party, \nexercise a certain degree of power in their respective countries. \nSome knowledge, even though slight, of the political record of \nthese men and the causes of their prominence, will make clear \nto the reader many references to them in the despatches,which \nmight otherwise be wholly misunderstood. \n\nA very brief outline of the present political parties in the \nchief European countries will also be given here, and of the \nissues which they represent. Foreign despatches and, to a \ncertain extent, foreign correspondence also, are made up of \nbald statements of passing events, with very little of the ex- \nplanation which is always so useful and often so very neces- \nsary to enable the reader to comprehend the significance of \nthese occurrences. Political terms, also, which are familiar to \nus, are often used to translate those of another language, with \na very imperfect rendering to us of the true meaning of the \nforeign word, it is not supposed that the brief explanatory \nmatter here given will clear up for our readers all perplexities \nin the study of current history, but we are fully convinced \nthat it will prove of great help in that regard. Moreover, it \ngives them in small space, and at slight cost, what could not \notherwise be obtained except by a wide perusal of home and \nforeign periodical literature. Few persons have access to this \nliterature, and very few, if they had it, could afford to give the \nnecessary time to peruse it. \n\nChanges are constantly occurring in the administration of \nnational government in all countries. In those governments \nwhere the ministry is subject to the caprice of the popular as- \nsembly, no cabinet officer has any fixity of tenure. Moreover, \nthere is always a strong sentiment in every republic in favor of \nbrief official terms. The president of Switzerland holds oflRce \nfor one year only. In our own country the quadrennial elec- \ntion which, each fourth year, subjects the entire business of the \ncountry for several months, to an attack of partial paralysis, \nseems so fixed in popular favor, that there is little hope of any \nchange. And in monarchical governments, the shortening of \n\n\n\nii RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nofficial terms is regarded, speaking generally, as an indication \nof the progress and influence there of the republican idea. \n\nIt is noteworthy, however, that the prominent men of any \ncountry are few, so that in the foundation of new ministries, \nthe range of choice is seldom large. Ministers must be per- \nsons of acknowledged capacity to coir.mand the confidence of \nthe popular assemblage. This supplementary mention, there- \nfore, may properly give some particular mention of the more \nable members of these bodies,and further brief account of some \nwho, famed as party leaders, are always candidates for cabinet \npositions, in the event of a change in party supremacy. \n\nMost of the constitutional monarchies of Europe have re- \nsponsible ministries; that is, ministries whose continued influ- \nence depends upon their working in unison with the dominant \nparty in the popular assembly. When any measure brought \nforward by the ministry is overthrown by an adverse vote of \nthe assembly, this overthrows the ministry a^so, its accepted \nduty being to resign, and permit its place to be filled by a body \nwhose views are approved by the majority of the representa- \ntives of the people. This method is so unfamiliar to us that \nwe hardly understand it, but experience has shown that the \npopular will may in this manner exercise a greater influence \nover legislation than through any other method that has yet \nbeen devised. The responsible ministry also exists in the \nEuropean republics \xe2\x80\x94 France and Switzerland. Germany \nforms a substitute for a cabinet by the constitution of commit- \ntees chosen from her federal council. The tenure of office of \nthe members of these committees is dependent upon the will \nof the chancellor, whose position resembles that of the premier \nin other countries. In theory, the chancellor is responsible to \nthe chambers of parliament, but as he cannot be impeached, \nand as no one but the emperor can demand his resignation, \nthe purely theoretic nature of this responsibility is apparent. \nIn Russia, the council of ministers which performs to some; \nextent the duties of a cabinet, has no restraint except the will \nof the czar. \n\nAus tria-Hungary\xc2\xbb \n\nEach of the two countries united in the bi-partite state of \nAustria-Hungary has its separate parliament and ministry, \nbut the common affairs of the empire are managed by an im- \nperial cabinet of three members, who at present are Count \nKalnoky, minister of foreign affairs; Baron Bauer, minister of \nwar, and M. de Kallay, minister of finance. Kalnoky is the \nmost important figure in this group. Though lacking the as- \ntuteness of his great predecessor, Count Andrassy, Kalnoky \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. -Appendix. iii \n\nhas shown himself to possess much diplomatic skill, both in \nthe negotiations over the Bulgarian complications, and recent- \nly, by effecting an alliance with Germany as a check to Rus- \nsian aggression in the Danubian states. The fact that Kal \nnoky\'s peace policy is believed to be approved and seconded \nby Bismarck is a good guarantee for continued peace in Europe. \n\n\n\n\nCOUNT KALNOKY. \n\n[Count Kalnoky is a native of Austria, was educated for military ser- \nvice and became an officer In. the army. In I860, when in his twenty- \neiglitli year, he entered the diplomatic service, and for ten years was \nconnected with the Austrian embassy in London. In 18\'4 he went as \nminister to Copenhagen, wlience he was transfei\'red, in 1880, as embas- \nsador to St. Petersburg, and in 1881 was recalled to take his present post \nas minister of foreign affairs in the imperial cabinet. \n\nBaron Bauer, who came to his office early in i88S, is one of \nthe ablest generals in the Austrian army and a skillful organ- \n\n\n\niv RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nizer. M. de Kallaj, the minister of finance for tlie empire, is a \nman of much ability, and would likelj succeed to the foreign \noffice, should any contingency remove M. Kalnoky. \n\nThe leader of the cabinet of Austria proper is Count Edward \nTaafe , the famous minister of the interior, who is descended \nfrom an Irish family and still holds a place in the Irish as well \nas the Austrian peerage. He entered the cabinet as minister \nof the interior in i867,wasgovernor of Tyrol from 1871 to 1880, \nbeing called in the latter year to the premiership. He has been \nan intimate friend of Emperor Frances Joseph from boyhood, \nand has been of great assistance to this ruler in the difficult task \nof conciliating and harmonizing the diverse elements that make \nup the empire.* The especial feature of Count Taafe\'s admin- \nirtration has been to give greater weight to the Slav nationali- \nties, especially the Czechs and the Poles, in public affairs. He \nalso favors the supremacy of the Clerical party. \n\nThe associates of Count Taafe are Count vonWelserheimb, \nminister of national defense; Count Julius Falkenhayn, minis- \nter ot agriculture -M. Dunejewskl, minister of finance; Count \nFrederick Schonborn, minister of justice, and Dr. von Sautsch, \nminister of education and public worship. Austria has a large \nfleet, but no minister of the navy naval affairs being assigned \nto a bureau of the war department, \n\nin Hungary\', the principal figure of the cabinet, indeed of \nthe whole kingdom, is Premier Tisza. This man, who has \nheld his present position since 1S77 is one of the shrewdest \npoliticians of the empire, if not of all Europe. His strong per- \nsonality quite overshadows his colleagues in the Hungarian \ncabinet, thovigh all are men of ability selected by himself. M. \nTisza, ever since his first election to the imperial diet in 1861, \nhas been looked to as the leader of the liberal party of Hungary. \nH*^ is an ardent patriot, and while nominally supporting the \nforeign policy of the crown has succeeded, in more than one \ninstance, in shaping that poMcy to favor Hungarian interests. \nHe is Kalnoky\'s strongest \'\'backer" in the struggle to over- \nthrow Russian influence in the Balkan states Just now, how- \never, his popularity and leadership are put in serious peril by \nthe strong popular opposition to his bill for the increase of \nthe Hungarian army. \n\n\n\n* Austria-Hun <?ary includes eij?hteen provincial diets, and there are \ncomprised in its inhabitants no less than nine different races and \ntongues. The diversitv of states of the empire is regarded, strangely \nenough, as contributing to the strength of the central government, \nrather than detracting from it. Each of the states feels its weakness \nalone and therefore clings to the imperial rule for protection from the \nothers. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. v \n\nThe political parties of Austria are influenced mainly by the \ncomposite nature of the empire,whose citizens comprise nearly \na dozen wholly distinct nationalities. Among these the \nstrongest race in numbers is the German\xe2\x80\x94 which includes \nthose known to outside nations as Austrians and Bohemians. \nThis race has a representation of over 200, in the 353 members \nof the lower house of the Austrian reichsrath, or congress. \nThis large national element finds it very difficult, however, to \ncommand a majority, because 01 its own dissensions, it com- \nprises four distinct parties\xe2\x80\x94 the German-Austrian, the Ger- \nman, the German-Clerical and the Center The remaining 150 \nmembers of the assembly are divided, not according to pollcv \nbut into national groups, as the Czechs, 65 ; Poles, 50; Slavoni- \nans, 10; Italians, io-Croatians,9, and Ruthenians, 6. With all \nthis factional division, therefore, legislation is only possible by \nmeans of combinations, and this is the invariable mode of ob- \ntaining a majority, the combination changing at times, though \nIt usually has as its basis a union of the Czechs and Poles and \nminor nationalities. Two of the most prominent political \nleaders in the imperial assembly of Austria are Dr.Herbst,an \nex-minister of justice, and brilliant orator, sixty-nine years of \nage, who heads the opposition or liberal party ; and Prince \nLiechtenstein, an army officer forty-seven years old who \nserved with ability in both the Danish and the Prussian \'wars. \nThe prince is usually reckoned as one of the leaders of the \nClerical party, though his immediate following is that of the \nModerates who are not fully allied to the policy of either partv. \nThe Clerical party succeeds in holding a majority on all ques- \ntions of policy, usually by uniting with the Poles and Czechs \nand other minor parties. In 1887, there was a split in the Ger- \nman-Austrian party, a small faction taking the name of the \nAnti-Semitic party. The German-Clerical party, so called, is \nalways Clerical first and German afterward, and is almost in- \nvariably in opposition to German Liberals. Another) faction \nalways opposed to the government is made up of the seven \nmembers that sit for the Tyrol, and there are also some twenty \nmembers usually known as the "Wilde," or savages who be- \nlong to no party. \n\nBelgiiim, \n\nThe present Belgian cabinet has been in power since the \nautumn of ^884 The premier, M. Bernaert, also the minister \nof finance, is a man of much ability in financial management, \nand a brilliant orator. Two other members of the cabinet may \nbe said to have a continental reputation, M. Lejeune, minister \n\n\n\nvi RULERS OF THE WORLD \xe2\x80\x94Appendix. \n\nof justice, one of the ablest lawyers in the country, and Prince \nde Chimay, minister of foreign affairs,who is one of the oldest \nand most distinguished diplomats of Europe. The other cab- \ninet members are all said to be faithful workers in their de- \npartments, but are not otherwise remarkable. The Clerical \nparty having been in the ascendant since 1884, this body is, of \ncourse, made up of Catholics; but its members show a praise- \nworthy disposition to avoid mere factional politics, to favor \nmoderate measures, and to act as far as they can for the good \nof the whole people. There are two principal parties in Bel- \ngium, the Clericals and the Liberals, and in addition, two minor \ngroups, Protestants and Socialists, both of which usually vote \nwith the Liberals, and always against the Clericals. The \nClerical party is with the state church \xe2\x80\x94 the Catholic. At the \npresent time the Catholics command ninety-seven votes m the \npopular house, against forty-one of the opposition. The last \nelection to the chamber was in June, 1S88. The Belgian sen- \nate is also overwhelmingly Catholic. One of the burning \nquestions of Belgian politics just now is that of the extension \nof the sviffrage. There is a property qualification for voters \nrequired in Belgium, in accordance with which not more than \none-thirteenth of the adult male population is granted the right \nof franchise. A bill for extending the suffrage has been urged \nrepeatedly by tlie Liberal party, but M. Bernaert steadily re- \nfuses to introduce the measure, and as, according to precedent, \nno bill can be brought before the chamber of deputies except \nthrough the intervention of the cabinet, nothing can be done \nto forward the reform. The result of this unfortunate con- \nservatism on the part of the government, has been only to \nstimulate the socialistic propaganda, and to give occasion for \nriots and turbulence among working men. \n\nDenmarlt, \n\nThe constitution of Denmark is as liberal as that of England, \nand yet for some fourteen yeais, this country has been the \nscene of a stubborn political conflict, caused by the refusal of \nthe king to allow the majority in the popular assembly to con- \ntrol the cabinet. In 1875, the present prime minister, M. Es- \ntrup, was appointed and has remained in power ever since, in \nspite of repeated defeats in the folkething, and absolute refusal \non the part of that body for four years, to vote any financial \nmeasure. In his "American Commonwealth" Mr. Brycesays, \nwith reference to the aibitrary course of this minister: \' In \nDenmark constitutional government seems still to subsist in \ntheory, though for a good many years it has been suspended \nin practice." The refusal to vote the budget, however, has not \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE VVORLD.\xe2\x80\x94Appendix. vii \n\nproved the effective checkmate in the case of the Danish gov- \nernment, that it always was in England, since under the con- \nstitution of the former kingdom, the king is empowered to \npromulgate provisional financial laws whenever in his judg- \nment an emergency requires it. In 1887, the king peremiptorily \ndissolved the parliament for its stubbornness. At the next \nelection the ministerial party returned twenty members, the \nopposition, 182. As might be supposed there are but two \nparties in Denmark \xe2\x80\x94 the Ministerialists and the Anti-minis- \nterialists, and outside of Copenhagen, where court favor stim- \nulates adherence to the king\'s favorites, the former party has \na very small following. M. Estrup\'s war minister, Col. Bahn- \nson, has made himself famous by the construction, in defiance \nof repeated protests of the folkething, of an extended system of \nfortifications around Copenhagen. The folkething regards \nthe fortification of the city as unnecessary and unwise, and has \nrepeatedly refused to grant money for it. The work is carried \non, however, under the king\'s provisional financial laws, and \nwhen the money is spent the folkething can only acquiesce. \n\nFrance, \n\nThe especial weakness of the French government lies in the \nundue share of power given by the constitution to the popular \nassembly. It is this which renders French cabinets so unstable. \nSince the formation of the republic, the average duration of a \ncabinet has been less than three months. Of the present cab- \ninet* but brief mention need be made. The most remarkable \nthing in connection with it, is the unexpected decision which \nit has shown in dealing with Boulanger and the patriotic \nleague.j" This will probably prolong the cabinet\'s existence. \n\n*The present French cabinet was formed Feb. 31, 1889. Its members \nwere : M. Tirard, premier anOi^Tiinister of commerce ; M. Constans, \nminister of the interior ;M.Kouvier, of finance ; M.Thenevot, of justice ; \nM, Fallieres, of education ; M, Faye, of agriculture ; M.Yves Guyot, of \npublic worlds ; M.de Freycinet, of war ; M. Spiiller, of foreign affairs ; \nAdmiral Jaures, of marine. The last named member has since died \nand ^ Krantz has taken his place. \n\ntThe Patriotic League was an organization formed about 1878, by a \nyoung poet, M. Paul Deroulede, under the approval and inspiration o \nM. Gambetta. Its object was to keep alive the cherished idea of hatred \nagainst Germany ; and, to draw into its r? nks young men, it interested \nitself largely in the promotion of athletic exercises. After the death o \nGambetta, his party\xe2\x80\x94 the Opportunists\xe2\x80\x94 did not uphold the league, and \nit became the special ally of the Eadicals. M. Boulanger was a member \nof the league, and when he came into prominence as a cabinet ofticer, \nthe entire organization took him up as the possible "hero of the rev- \nenge . " This liberal advertising accounts for his rapid advance in pop- \nular favor. "When the present ministry determined to prosecute the \nleague, M. Boulanger immediately left the country. The ministry then \ncontented itself with fining the other members for connection with a \nsecret society in violation of a state law. \n\n\n\nviii RULERS OF THE WORLD.^Appendix. \n\nM. Tirard, its leader, is neither an orator nor a scholar but he \ncertainly possesses much shrewdness. M. de Freycinet was \ncontinued from the last cabinet in charge of the war office, in \nwhich department his administration has been very able. M \nRouvier, minister of finance, is an experienced cabinet officer, \nable both as a financier and a lawyer. Most of the other min \nisters have been in previous cabinets. One, however, new to \n\n\n\n\nM. Di: FREYCINET. \n\n[M. de Freycinet is about sixty- two years of age. He a leader of the \nModerate Republicans or Opportunists ; lias been in many cabinets and \ntwice premier. His last cabinet was overthrown in December, 1886.] \nthe cabinet service is M. Yves Guyot, a brilliant and rising \nyoung Radical, who will probably in the future rank with the \nfamous men of the republic. There are always in France a \nnumber of prominent men, past prime ministers, as it were, \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. ix \n\nand possible prime ministers when the next crisis comes. \nAmong these we may mention M. Floquet, whose ministry \nwas overthrown in February 1S89, and who is a good speaker \nin debate but who has shown but imperfect gifts of statesman- \nship; and M. Goblet, who has held several cabinet positions, \nshowing in all of them integrity and intelligence, though but \n\n\n\n\nCHARLES T FLOQUET. \n\n[M. Floquet was born in 1838. became a lawyer and editor of several \nnewspapers. He was elected to the chamber of deputies In 1883, was \npremier from May, 1888, to March, 1889.] \n\nlittle political shrewdness. Also, a far more notable man, M. \nJules Ferry, who was a candidate for president at the lastpres- \nidential election, and whose restoration to power, at any time, \nwould surprise no one. M Ferry is unquestionably the ablest \nman in France today indeed he seems to be too able to be a \n\n\n\nX RULERS OF THE UORLD \xe2\x80\x94Appendix. \n\npopular favorite. The popular idols of France, Gen. Boulan- \nger and M. Clemenceau, are not of a kind to rouse our admi- \nration for the French people. Gen. Boiilanger is a mere noisy \nadventurer,without ability or principle, patriotism or courage. \nM. Clemenceau is the leader of the Extreme Left\xe2\x80\x94 the Social- \nistic Radicals. The advancement of either of these would \nmean the triumph of the baser elements of society. \n\nThere is, perhaps, nothing more difficult for the ordinary \n\n\n\n\nM. CLEMENCEAU. \n\n[M. Clemenceau was born in 1841. He is well known as a journalist, \nand was elected to the chamber of demitits in 1S71, where he has suice \nremained, sitting in the Extreme Left.] \n\nreader than to follow the intricacies of French politics. Polit- \nical parties in France may be roughly divided into two groups \n\xe2\x80\x94Republicans and Reactionaires. Each of these is divided \ninto several smaller groups. The Reactionaires are united on \nthe common ground of opposition to the republic, and they \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix, xi \n\nsit together in the assembly, forming the Right* or opposition, \n3\'et in themselves they form the two parties of the Legitimists \nand Bonapartists. The Legitimists are those that favor the \nrestoration of the royal family of the Bourbons, in the person \nof the Comte de Paris, to the throne of France. The Bona- \npartists desire to see the empire restored through one of the \nBonapartes. The last general parliamentary election occurred \nin October, 1885; the deputies being elected for four years. \nThe Right then returned 200 of the 568 deputies elected \xe2\x80\x94 they \nhad but eighty-eight in the preceding assembly \xe2\x80\x94 but since that \ndate their number has fallen, through bye-elections to fill seats \nfalling vacant, to 180. The Republicans, although agreed on \nthe cardinal points of their political creed, are split up into \nnumerous factions, of which the most important are Conserva- \ntive-Republicans, Opportunists and Radicals. The Opportu- \nnists constitute the most numerous and influential of these \ndivisions. This party was formed by Gambetta, and under \nhis leadership gained great political importance. The name \nwas given to the party as a term of reproach by their enemies, \nwho declared that the members of the party had no fixed prin- \nciples, but would defend any course that suited their opportu- \nnity. The party is still a strong one, numbering 150 in the \nassembly, thouofh its brilliancy and importance perished with \nGambetta; M. Ferry is now looked upon as its leader. The \nRadical part/ \xe2\x80\x94 the Extreme Left \xe2\x80\x94 includes in its ranks a \nlarge proportion of the socialistic element, though there is still \nanother faction, small in numbers but violent in speech, known \nas the Intransigeants or "Irreconcilables," who wish even the \nrepublic abolished in favor of a purely communistic form of \ngovernment. The chi-ef of this party of the "Reds," as it is \nsometimes called, is M. Rochefort, a journalist and politician \nwho has been a noted agitator ever since 1867, and abuses the \nrepublic as bitterly as he did the empire. The followers and \nadmirers of Boulanger form still another division, styling \n\n*Perhaps no foreign terms are more confusing to the American read- \ner than the terms Right, Left, Center, etc., which are used so general- \nly to describe political parties in the different countries of Europe. The \nterms arise simply from the custom of seating togetl*er the members of \neach political party in the assemblies, and the names Right and Left \nindicate merely their position with reference to the speaker of the house. \nFrom time immemorial the conservative factions have been grouped on \nthe right of the speaker, the radicals on the left, while the moderates \noccupy the place between. The various shades of political opinion In \nthe numerous factions are indicated by position, as Left Center, Right \nCenter, Extreme Left, Extreme Right, and the like. By remembering \nthis simple fact, that conservative opinion is indicated by the term \nRight and radical opinion by Left, much that is puzzling in the mention \nof foreign politics becomes clear. \n\n\n\nxii RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nthemselves the National party. The following of this party \nis very small in the chamber, but there is no doubt that in the \ncountry at large it is very numerous. It has drawn within its \ninfluence, also, many of the Legitimists and Bonapartists, and \nstrangely enough, a still larger number of those of altogether \nopposite political faith from the Communists. Their ground \nof union seems to have been an ardent dislike to the republic \nas now constituted,and a fatuous admiration for Gen. Boulang- \ner. When this hero, however, being arraigned for alleged con- \nspiracy ai^ainst the republic, preferred to exile himself rather \nthan risk a trial, popular faith in him became somewhat shak- \nen. It remains, therefore, to be seen whether he can revive \nthis again in sufficient degree to aid his ambitious schemes. A \ngeneral election will be held in France in the fall of 1889, and \nits results will, no doubt, be of great importance. \n\nGermany, \n\nWe have noted the fact that Germany has no cabinet that \ncan be directly compared with those of other countries. The \nhead and front of German executive government, however, \nChancellor Bismarck, is nominally advised by a federal coun- \ncil, corresponding imperfectly to the senate in a parliament of \ntwo houses; and the heads of committees of this council, ap- \npointed by Prince Bismarck, perform administrative functions \nsimilar to those of a cabinet, and are known as ministers of \ntheir several departments. Their is no ministry of war, the \nimperial army being under the supreme generalship of the \nemperor, and a minister of war in each of the German states \nsupervising the organization of troops. \n\nCount Herbert von Bisinarck Schonhausen has been min- \nister of foreign affairs, \xe2\x80\x94 a department previously kept under \nthe supervision of the chancellor himself \xe2\x80\x94 since 1888. His \nadvancement to this important and responsible position is \nprobably due to the fact that he is the son of the all-powerful \nprince, and it is supposed that for the same reason, he will suc- \nceed to the chancellorship in due time. But this is quite doubt- \nful, as the young man has thus far given little evidence of \nhaving inherited his father\'s remarkable ability. \n\nThe German minister of the interior is Herr von Botticher, \nwho has held his place since 1880, and who is called "the right \nhand of Prince Bismarck," so ably does he carry out the \nchancellor\'s purposes. In the reichstag, or German parliament, \nhe is understood to be the representative and spokesman of \nBismarck. He has recently been very active in carrying \nthrough the legislation needed to put in force the chancellor\'s \nfavorite scheme of "state socialism." He is a man of fifty-six \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. --Appendix. \n\n\n\nyears of age, has much force and energy of character ,and may \nvery likely be chosen by the emperor to succeed Bismarck \nwhen the inexorable law of nature calls even this \'*man of iron" \nfrom the scene. \n\nThe German secretary of the treasury is Baron von Malt- \nzahn,who was an officer of the army during the Franco-Prus- \n\n\n\n\n\'^\\^Mi..Jn.\'L\'!jL!L\' \n\n\n\nHERBERT BISMARCK SCHONHAUSEN. \n\n[Herbert Bismarcli v as born in 1849. He is an officer in the Prussian \narmy, has served ten years in the diplomatic service and sits in the \nreiclistag for Schleisvvig-Holstein.] \n\nsian war and has ever since been a member of the reichstag, \nwhere he was for a. long time chairman of the budget com- \nmittee. The baron is thoroughly versed in finance, is indefati- \ngable in his attention to his duties, and is in all respects one of \nthe most worthy specimens of the able government officer to \n\n\n\nxiv RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nbe found either in Europe or America. And of the other ad- \nministrative officers of Germany, Baron von der Goltz, min- \nister of the navy; Herr von Oehlschlager, minister of justice, \nand Dr. von Stephan, minister of post-roads and post-offices, \nnothing but good can be said. Tliey are all men of ability, up- \nright and efficient. \n\nParty feeling runs high in Germany, and in the reichstag \nthere are no less than ten groups representing as many pollti- \n\n\n\n\nLUDWIG WINDTHORST. \n\n[Herr Windthorst is about seventy-seven years of age. He was a \nmember of the diet of Hanover from 1849 to 1866, when Hanover was \nconquered by Prussia.] \n\ncal parties. The strongest of these is now the Center, or Cleri- \ncal party, otherwise known as the Ultramontanes. This party \nis under the leadership of Dr. Ludwig Windthorst, and is the \nmost compact and obedient party organization in the reichstag. \nIt is usually more or less openly in opposition to the chancel- \nlor, and carries its points by bargains with him. Its especial \naim at this time is to secure the repeal of the May laws,ordin- \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD,\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. xv \n\nances restricting the power of the church, which were passed \nin 1873.* \n\nNext in strength to the Clericals is the National Liberal \nparty, whose present leader is Herr von Bennigsen. This \nparty has had much influence in recent German history, and \nreally has a very large popular following, but its power has \nfluctuated with circumstances. Before 1879 the National Lib- \nerals, under the leadership of Herr Lasker, formed the largest \nand most powerful party in the house. In 1879 the party split \non the question of protection ; the more conservative section, \nunder Von Bennigsen, keeping the old name; and the others, \nunder Lasker, taking the name of Liberal Unionists. The \nNational Liberals are now supported by the ministry. After \nLasker\'s death, in 1883, the Liberal Unionists fused with the \nparty then known as the Progressivists, and took the name of \nthe German Liberal party. This is now the strongest force \nof Liberal opposition, and is led by Eugene Richter, Prof.Vir- \nchow and others. \n\nThe Conservative party comes next to that of the National \nLiberals in point of numerical strength, commanding seventy- \nfive votes in the assembly. This may be called the nucleus of \nthe ministerial party, as it is through it that government \nmeasures are introduced and urged. It principal leaders are \nCount von Moltke, formerly commander of the imperial army, \nand Herr von Puttkamer. In close relation to these stand the \nImperialists, whose name fairly indicates their leaning. Though \nnot at one with the Conservatives on all points, they vote with \nthem on all occasions. Their leader is Count Herbert von \nBismarck. These two factions constitute what is known as \nthe Ministerial party, always standing and acting for the gov- \nernment. In opposition, following the German Liberals, are \nthe Social Democrats,who are divided in the present assembly \ninto the two factions \xe2\x80\x94 Protesters and Socialists. The remain- \ning three groups, Poles, fifteen ; Guelphs, four, and Danes, one, \nare all parties of protest and vote with the Center as Catholics, \nbut the reason for their existence is primarily opposition to \nthe empire. \n\n\n\n*The May laws were passed in May, 1873 ; they were directed especial- \nly against the influence ot the Roman Catholic church in politics. These \nlaws forbade ecclesiastical punishments to convey any civil penalty, \nordered that priests should be educated in the public universities and \nestablished a royal court to settle ail ecclesiastical questions. In 1874 \nthe scope of these laws was enlarged by bringing church appointments \nunder regulations of state, and authorizing the state to punish priest or \nbishop, who persisted in carrying on his office after the civil authorities \nhad forbidden him. Still another law added to this group in 1875 made \ncivil marriag\'^ obligatory and authorized tlie marriage of priests. In \n1886 these laws were partially revoked. \n\n\n\nxvi RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nThe present reichstag was elected in February, 1887, follow- \ning the dissolution of the previous assembly consequent on the \nstruggle over the septenate bill.* An adverse majority cannot \ndisplace Chancellor Bismarck, but it can refuse to pass his bills, \nand in such a case he can do nothing but appeal to the people \nby dissolving the reichstag and ordering a new election. This \nappeal he took when, in January, 18S7, his military bill was de- \nfeated, and the result was victory for his purpose, the bill for \nthe military septenate bill being passed March 11, 1887, by a \nmajority of 227 to 31. \n\nGreat Britain* \n\nOn the formation of the present British cabinet in 1886, few \npersons, probably, would have predicted for it a long lease of \nlife. It has, however, manifested unexpected skill in dealing \nwith some of the most difficult questions thrust upon it, and its \nsuccess along some lines of its policy has given it a strong hold \nupon popular respect. The conversion of the entire public \ndebt, and the new local government bill for London and the \ncounties, are measures that would reflect credit upon any ad- \nministration. It has also, by an inflexible enforcement of the \ncoercion act, held its ground in Ireland, and there are certainly \nsigns of improvement in that country. This improvement, \nhowever is probably due rather to better crops, and to the en- \ncouragement afforded by the land purchase act, than to the \nstringent enforcement of law. And it must be admitted that \nnothing has yet be done toward reconciling the leaders of the \nIrish Home Rule party with the imperial government, and \nthat the alienation and antagonism of the rank and file of that \nparty toward the government, continues unabated. Also the \napparent implication of the ministry in the attack of the Lon- \ndon Jijues upon Parnell served to discredit it, but the possible \ndissolution looked for did not come at the culmination of party \nfervor over that event, and a prolongation of the power of the \npresent cabinet is now regarded as quite probable. \n\nAfter Mr. Goschen, whose connection with the cabinet is in- \nvaluable, both because of his skill as a financier and his mflu- \nence in the Liberal Unionist faction, Lord Salisbury\'s most \nuseful coadjutor is probably Lord Ashbourne, whose land pur- \nchase scheme has accomplished much in the face of extraordi- \n\n\n\n*The septenate bill fixed the army laws, appropriations, etc., for a \nterm of seven years, thus taking ttie matters out of the control of the \nreichstag during that term. Similar bills were passf d in 1874 and 1881. \nAn increase in the army was proposed, but little opposition was made \nto this, the objection being to length of time for the appropriations. \nThe reichstag wished to limit the bill to three years. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE IV OR ED. -Appendix. xvil \n\nnary difficulties, toward lessening agrarian troubles in Ireland.^ \nArthur Balfour, the chief secretary for Ireland, has incurred \nmuch obloquj, by rigid enforcement of the crimes act, and yet \nthis young man has astonished both parties so greatly by the \ndecision of character shown in his administration of affairs, \n\n\n\n\nARTHUR BALFOUR. \n\n[Arthur Balfour is about thirty-two years of age. In 1886 he was mad\xc2\xa9 \nsecretary for Scotland and some montlis later was given a seat in the \ncabinet ; in March, 1887, he was transferred to the secretaryship for \nIreland.] \n\n\n\n*Lord Ashbourne\'s act, which was adopted in 1885, authorizes the gov- \nernment to loan money at W^ per cent to the tenant to enable him to \nbuy his farm when the landlord is willing to sell at a fair price based on \nthe rental. The government pays 3 per cent for this money, and the \ndifference\xe2\x80\x94 11-2 per cent\xe2\x80\x94 is credited to the tenant and goes toward the \nreduction of the principal, which it is calculated to extinguish in about \nforty-nine years. \n\n\n\nxviii RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94Appendix. \n\nthat both sides have accorded him no little respect. He is a \nnephew of Lord Salisbury, and, when appointed, was scoffed \nat as "a clever joung dinner-table statesman with a ladylike \nvoice, languishing manner and small experience." Like many \nanother newspaper estimate, this failed to gauge the young \nman\'s possibilities, and has since been modified. He has de- \nveloped also, so much vigor and incisiveness in debate that \n\n\n\n\nWILLIAM HENRY SMITH. \n\n[W. H. Smith was born in London in 1825. He entered tlie lionse of \ncommons in 1868, defeating John Stuart Mill. He has lield the offices of \nfinancial secretary of the treasury, first lord of the admiralty and sec- \nretary of war.] \n\nupon the expected promotion of the present Tory leader In the \ncommons, William H. Smith, to the peerage, Balfour will \nmost probably succeed to the leadership of the party. Mr \nSmith holds the post of first lord of the treasury in the cabinet. \nHe is intelligent and courteous, an able business man and held \nin high regard by all parties,\'but his gifts are not those of a \nsuccessful party leader. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. xix \n\nThe other members of the cabinet who may receive a word \nof mention are Viscount Cranbrook, the lord president of the \ncouncil, who is an able man with long official experience, and \na fine speaker ; Edward Stanhope, the secretary of war,who has \nbeen in several cabinets since 1875, and whose skill in admin- \nistration fully fits him for his present position ; Lord George \nHamilton, first lord of the admiralty (corresponding to secre- \ntary of the navj), who is the author of the scheme, recently \nadopted, for the remodeling and enlargement of the British \nnavy; Sir Michael Hicks- Beach, the president of the board of \ntrade, and Viscount Cross, secretary for India, both regarded \nas men of much ability and thorough fitness for the duties of \ntheir offices.* \n\nThe present division of political parties in Great Britain as \nconcerns the most vital point of difference \xe2\x80\x94 the Irish question \n\xe2\x80\x94 dates from 1886. But it is the nature of the English people \nnot to split up into small factions, but to consolidate into tv/o \ngreat parties, one of which is always in favor of change,while \nthe other prefers the let-alone policy. The Conservatives and \nLiberals of Great Britain correspond so nearly to the two fa- \nmous parties which preceded them, and whose existence can \nbe traced under different names, through centuries of English \nhistory, \xe2\x80\x94 the Tories and the Whigs \xe2\x80\x94 that they are often \ncalled by the old names. The Tories first began to be called \nConservatives about 1830, when the Whigs inaugurated their \nclaim to be distinctively the reform party. The Conservative \nis pre-eminently the party of the aristocracy, always control- \nling a majority in the house of lords, while the Liberal has \npreferred to claim to be the party of the people. The exten- \nsion of the suffrage in 1873 was the work of the Conservative \nparty, but the recent more radical franchise laws are due to \nLiberals. The Conservatives have usually been the advocates \n\n*The British cabinet fulfills the functions of the ancient "privy coun- \ncil," selected to advise the sovereign and to aid him in enforeins the \nlaws. As its acts are subject to the criticism of parliament, all the cab- \ninet members must have seats in either the upper or lower house. The \nmember of the cabinet who is made by the sovereign the first lord of the \ntreasury becomes, by virtue of that office, the chief of the ministry and \nusually selects his colleagues. (In the present cabinet Lord Salisbury \ntook the unusual course in 1887, of placing another member In the office \nof first lord of the treasury, while he took that of secretary of state for \nforeign affairs.) Every cabinet includes the following officers : the first \nlord of the treasury, the lord chancellor, the lord president of the coun- \ncil, the chancellor of the exchequer and the five secretaries of state. A \nnumber of other administrative officers, varying from two to eight, are \nalso chosen for their talents or experience to sit in the cabinet. From \nthis it will be understood why in the hsts of cabinets of Great Britain as \ngiven by the press, the number of members and their official titles are \nseldom the same in any two ministries. \n\n\n\nXX RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nof an aggressive foreign policy, and the Liberals have been the \npeace party, though there has always been a faction known as \n"the old Whig- Liberals "forming a troublesome war element \nin the latter organization. On the Irish question, the differ- \nence between the two parties was not, until recently, very wide. \nBoth advocated the continued union of the parliament of Great \nBritain and Ireland, and both deprecated the agitation and \ncrimes in that unhappy country. The Conservatives advocat- \n\n\n\n\nMARQUIS OF HARTINGTON. \n\n[Lord Hartingtou was born in 1\'^\'33. He entered the house of commons \nin 1857. He has been a lord of the admiralty and secretary of war. \nUnder Gladstone h3 was postmaster genm-al and laier secretary for \nHeland.] \n\ned severe laws to put an end to these,while the Liberals under \nGladstone urged a policy of conciliation toward the agitators. \nThe radical departure of Mr. Gladstone in bringing forward a \nbill to give Ireland a separate parliament, caused a split In the \nLiberals and the formation of another ^ arty called the Liberal \nUnionists. This party, in parliament, votes with the Conserv- \natives, and the distinctively Irish party, the Parnellites or Irish \nNationalists, vote with the Liberals. The leaders of the Lib- \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. --Appendix. xxi \n\neral party under Gladstone are Sir William Vernon Harcourt, \nLord Rosebery and John Morley. Among the Liberal \nUnionists, Lord Ilartington is a man of great influence; Lord \nSalisbury has more than once urged him to take a place in the \ncabinet, but he has declined, believing that he can best serve \nthe interests of the country without taking oflice. Another \ncharacter of some importance in politics is Lord Randolph \n\n\n\n\nLORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. \nChurchill, who as as a Tory brought himself into considerable \nprominence several years ago by his violent opposition to Mr. \nGladstone, He essayed to form and lead a faction called the \nYoung Conservatives, and thus became a political factor sup- \nposed to be of so much importance that Lord Salisbury, in his \nfirst cabinet, mad^ him chancellor of the exchequer. The \n\n\n\nxxii RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix, \n\nyoung man was believed to be altogether unfit for the place, \nand seemed to prove this when, a few months after the honor \nwas conferred upon him, he resigned it, on the plea that he \ncould not coincide with the policy of his colleagues. He \nseemed to have thought that the Conservatives would make a \nstrong effort to regain his favor, but they failed to do so, and \nit became apparent that, in a desire to make a sensation, he \nhad dealt a serious blow to his own political prospects. Since \nthat time public interest in young Churchill\'s words and deeds \nhas waned, and unless he can put himself at the head of some \nerratic faction \xe2\x80\x94 like the "Wilde" or Savages of the Austrian \nparliament \xe2\x80\x94 he may never gain his lost prestige. \n\nOreece, \n\nThe Greek cabinet is composed of seven ministers, at the \nhead of which is M. Charilaos Tricoupis, who holds also the \nportfolios of finance and war. He is an able statesman, a good \ndebater, and a man of great decision of character. Since the \ndeath of the famous Coumoundouros, there has been a con- \nstant fluctuation of parties, tlie Conserva\'cives under Delyan- \nnis alternating in power with the Liberals under M. Tricoupis. \nDelyannis was at the head of the war party, in 18S5-86, when \ntrouble with Turkey seemed imminent, and lavish and extra- \nvagant preparations for defense were made. When the inter- \nvention of the powers forced the government to give surety \nnot to disturb the peace, the Delyannis ministry resigned. M. \nTricoupis, succeeding, immediately began an investigation into \nfinancial conditions, and finding a deficit of 200,000,000 drach- \nmas, appealed to the nation to make efforts honestly to pay its \ndebts, by a diminution of state expenditure and an increase \nin taxation. That his appeal was effective was shown by the \nresult of the following general election, Jan. 20, 18S7, when a \nthree-fourths majority for the government was returned. Since \nthen M.Tricoupis has introduced many valuable reforms, most \nof which are apparently fully appreciated by the people as the \nministry is steadily growing in popular favor. There are but \ntwo parties now known, the reform part}\', which supports the \ngovernment, and the anti-reform party, which opposes it. M. \nDelyannis leads the opposition, but under his feeble guidance \nit is not likely to regain power. The colleagues of Tricoupis \nhave all been well chosen, apparently. The present minister \nof foreign affairs, M. Dragoiimis, is said to be fully versed in \nmodern languages, and to be a diplomatist of much skill. M. \nVoulpiotis, the minister of justice, has recently laid before par- \nliament a bill providing for many needed reforms in the Greek \njudiciary. But the entire cabinet is swayed by the strong will \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. xxiii \n\nof the premier, and seems to exist only to carry out iiis pur- \nposes. \n\nItaly, \n\nThe late ministry of Depretis had been in power twelve \nyears, surviving eight or ten crises. Depretis died in July, \n1887, but the ministry underwent no serious change. As a \nmatter of form, its resignation was tendered, but was with- \ndrawn at the request of the king, Signor Crispi, the minister \nof foreign affairs, taking also the position of premier. Crispi \nwas an old Garibaldian and Republican, and friend of France, \nbut is now a devoted servant of the monarchy, and gives his \nmost earnest thought to the object of securing for the kingdom \nthe favor and alliance of European powers. \n\nIn December, 1888, the enormous deficit produced by the \nmilitary expenditures, compelled the resignation of Signor \nMagliani, the minister of finance, and a new department was \ncreated by dividing the duties oiE the exchequer. Thus the \npublic debt and the general state expenses, were given to the \nminister of the treasury, and to the minister of finance was left \nthe assessment and collection of taxes. The latter office was \ngiven to Signor Grimaldi, and the former to Signor Peruzzi, \nboth members of the house of deputies. Grimaldi seems to be \na man noted for little more than his extravagant opposition to \nFrance, and for fluency rather than force in debate. Peruzzi, \nhowever, is a skilled economist, and was brought up under the \neye of the great Quintino Sella, who has been called the great- \nest financier of united Italy. His scheme for economic reform \nis highly praised. Admiral Brin, the minister of marine, is \nnot only an eminent otBcer in the Italian navy, but also one of \nthe leading naval architects of the world, and the finest iron- \nclads of the magnificent fleet of Italy were designed by him. \nThe other members of the cabinet are all men who are not \nonly credited with good capacity, but are believed to have \nspecial fitness for their work, as Gen. Viale, minister of war, \nwho is an old and tried soldier; Prof. Boselli, minister of in- \nstruction, who is a well known savant, and so on. \n\nThe division of political parties in the Italian chamber is \nsomewhat singular. The majority and the bulk of the minor- \nity alike profess liberal principles, the one being known as the \nMinisterial Left and the other as the Opposition Left, or Pen- \ntarchists, the later being led by Signor Cairoli. Part of the \nopposition is made up of small groups of different views, in- \ncluding a party of advanced Republicans or Socialists, and a \nparty of Moderates. There is little union in the opposition, \nand it is this which has enabled the ministry to hold power so \nlong. Attempts that have been made at intervals to constitute \n\n\n\nxxiv RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\na great Liberal party have uniformly failed through personal \nrivalries. But even these petty politicians seem to be united \non one point, the desire to uphold the present Savoy dynasty, \nwhich is rightly regarded as the one guarantee of Italian unity. \n\nNetherlands, \n\nThe premier of Holland, Baron Mackay, is the descendent \nof a Scottish family which settled in the Netherlands toward \nthe close of the seventeenth century. He has been in office \nonly since 1888, and it is too soon to estimate his ability. He \nwas a judge and a member of the house of deputies before his \nappointment to the cabinet. Ruys van Beerenbroeck,the min- \nister of justice, was also on the bench. He is one of the leaders \nof the Catholic party. The members of the Netherlands cabi- \nnet are most of them men of altogether mediocre talents, the \nonly person of marked ability being the minister of colonies, \nL. W. C. Keuthenius,who is also specially fitted for his work \nby a thorough knowledge of the Indies. The political parties \nof the states-general, or popular assembly of Holland, are the \nLiberals and Anti-Liberals, the party of movement and the \nparty of inertia. The latter, being united rather in conservative \nbias than on any special opinion or policy, unites such opposite \nreligious elements as the Catholics and the Orthodox Protest- \nants. In the upper house the Liberals are in a majority, but \nthe lower house has forty-five Liberals and fifty-five Anti-Lib- \nerals. The constitution of Holland was revised in 1887 and \nthe first general election under the amended law took place \nearly in 1888. The Liberal majority in the previous chamber \nwas overthrown in this election, and the present ministry was \nformed. \n\nPortugal. \n\nThe head of the Portuguese cabinet, Senor de Castro, is one \nof the veteran statesmen of Portugal. He is an upright man \nand a distinguished orator and the leader of the Progressist \nparty. The minister of finance, Senor Carvalho, is regarded \nas a man of fine talents, and one of the best debaters in the \nPortuguese parliament. Senor Beirao, minister of ju\xc2\xab;tice, is \na learned lawyer, and Gen. Jose de Castro, minister of war, \nwas recently a professor in the royal military school, Senor \nNavarro , minister of public works, and Senor Carvalho of the \nfinance department,were alike famous a few years ago, as edit- \nors of newspapers violently opposed to the king and the gov- \nernment. They are now, ho wever,warm supporters of royalty ; \nsuch are the blandishments of proffered office in all countries\' \nThe Portuguese minister of foreign affairs is Barros (jomes.a \nman of education and ability, who, were his government of \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. xxv \n\nmore importance, would be a significant factor in European \ndiplomacy. He is the object of much condemnation on the \npart of the opposition because of the leaning he is believed to \nhave tow^ard Germany and against France. \n\nThis ministry, which came into power in 1886, has been in \nmost particulars, moderate, and has improved the national \nfinances. It is conservative in character, upholding the state \nIreligion. Portugal has the two parties of conservatism and \nliberalism, but the movement of affairs in the kingdom has so \nittle effect on Europe as a whole,that the actions of the Portu- \nguese parliament have scarce a mention in the despatches. The \ncolonization schemes of the Portuguese arouse more interest \nthan its home politics, for the nation has always been advent- \nurous, and its hardy explorers threaten collision wiih the great \ncolonizer of the world \xe2\x80\x94 Great Britain \xe2\x80\x94 in more than one lo- \ncality of Africa. \n\nRouniania, \n\nThe turbulent condition of politics in this kingdom, has made \nits government a matter of no small difficulty, though its ruler, \nCharles I, is a statesman of considerable ability. At present \nwriting, a Conservative ministry has just been appointed but \nits lease of power is of doubtful length. The present chamber \nof deputies was elected in October, 1888, the previous one hav- \ning been dissolved by the king, after an existence of five months. \nUp to the end of 1887, M. Bratiano,the hrad of the liberal party, \nwho had held office for twelve years, had been all powerful, and \nthe Conservative party had practically ceased to take part in \nlegislation. In the election of February, 1888, however, the \nConservatives, especially a branch of the party called Jani- \nmists, regained considerable power, and on the convening of \nthe new assennbly the leader of the Young Conservatives, M. \nRosetti, took the place of M. Bratiano as premier. As the as- \nsembly was so nearly divided that it could not agree on any \nline of policy, the king prorogued it. The second election of \nthe year, in October, still further increased the Conservative \nmajority, by the formation of a new faction calling themselves \nIndependent Liberals,who supported in most cases the Con- \nservative ticket. The Liberal party proper, therefore, seems \nin a hopeless minority at this point, but a split in the minister- \nial following may at any time throw the balance of power into \ntheir hands again. \n\nRussia. \n\nThe administration of the Russian empire is entrusted to \nfour great boards or coun^ii^/vhich include all legislative, ex- \necutive and judicial functions, secondary to the power of the \n\n\n\nXX vi RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nczar himself. These are the council of the empire, which \nsuperintends the action of the administration ; the directing \nsenate,whose functions are partly deliberative and partly ex- \necutive; the holy synod, which has to do with the religious \naffairs of the empire; and the council of ministers. The last \nnamed body constitutes what is known as the Russian cabinet, \nhaving eleven members. \n\nIn the recent death of Count Tolstoi, who had been minister \nof the interior since 18S2, and served the empire in various of- \nficial positions for some thirty years, the Russian cabinet lost \none of its ablest and most influential members. Tolstoi, as \ncontroller of the secret police, made his influence felt in the \nremotest corners of the great empire. How his successor will \nhandle the great responsibilities of the oflice remains to be seen. \nM. de Giers, the foreign minister, though less influential than \nTolstoi at home, has become better known abroad through his \nmanagement of foreign affairs. His mission in diplomacy \nseems to be to conceal the aggressive designs of the czar from \nthe watchful eyes of the other powers. Count Vannooski,the \nminister of war, was chief of staff of the imperial army during \nthe Russo-Turkish war, and as a war minister is an undoubted \nsuccess. The minister of marine, also, Admiral Tchikhatchoff, \nis said to understand thoroughly the art of ship-building, \nand the present eftic\'ent condition of the Russian navy is, no \ndoubt, largely due to him. M. Wychnegradsky, the minister \nof finance, was a professor in a school of technology and a \ndirector in bank and railroad companies, before he was called \nto take charge of the imperial finances ; M. Manasein, minister \nof justice, was a distinguished lawyer; the other members are \nnot especially notable. \n\nRussia has no representative assembly to serve as a register \nand mouthpiece of current political opinion, and political part- \nies as they are known in constitutional countries, cannot exist \nunder her autocratic government. All expression of opinion \nin any way hostile to the czar or to existing institutions, is \nforbidden by strict laws. There are, therefore, but two parties \nin the empire, one composed of the bulk of the people who, \nabsorbed in business projects and money getting, seeking pre- \nferment for themselves and their relatives, or, in a lower grade, \ndepending upon the favor of the rich and powerful for their \ndaily bread, naturally wish to preserve the statu quo ; the other, \na small faction comparatively, whose members, stung by the \nmemory of cruelties felt or witnessed, tortured with the ever- \npresent sense of injustice, can see no hope ofbetter things save \nthrough the destruction of all government and social law. The \nNihilists, the foes of social order, have existed as a party, secret \n\n\n\nRlTLERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. xxvii \n\nin its plans but professedly ready for any atrocious acts, ever \nsince 1868; but they have made very little headway with the \npeople at large. Most men when confronted with a choice \nbetween despotism and anarchy will unhesitatingly choose the \nformer. But the Nihilist party exists in Russia to show that \na tyrannical government is always the fostering nurse of the \nrevolutionary spirit. \n\nServia, \n\nThe two important events of the past year in Servia have \nbeen the preparation of a new constitution, much more liberal \nin its provisions than the previous one, and the abdication of \nKing Milan immediately following. King Milan was not a \nvery wise ruler, but as king he was a center of gravity, so to \nspeak, around which warring political factions were compelled \nto move in distinct and coherent orbits. The removal of this \ncenter threatens chaos at least. The political parties of the \nnational assembly are divided into three, Liberals or pro- Rus- \nsians; Radicals or pro- Austrians, and Progressists,who demand \nthe independence of the kingdom, but who are supposed to \nLiberal party. The premier of the present cabinet, formed \nupon the abdication of the king, in March, 1889, is Colonel \nGrouich, also a Liberal, and a man who has served with \ncredit in previous cabinets. When King Milan gave up the \nthrone, by the decree of abdication he made M. Ristich, and \nGens.Provich and Belimarkovic regents during tho minority \nof the young king, who is but thirteen years old. Tlte choice \nof M. Ristich as chief of regency seems to be a wise one, as \npopular confidence in him is unbounded. The ex king con- \nstituted himself commander of the army until his son\'s major- \nity, but as he went away on a long journey immediately after \nhis abdication, and as the regents have since passed an order \nforbidding him to return, it is probable that his importance as \na factor in Servian affairs is over. There is another claimant \nto the Servian throne. Prince Karageorgevics, the heir of the \nrival dynasty, whose claim derives some importance from the \nfact that it is believed to be favored by Russia. \n\nSpain. \n\nThe executive department of Spain is vested in a council of \nn.ne ministers. Senor Sagasta, the head of the cabinet, is the \nleader of the dynastic Liberal coalition,which entered oliice at \nthe death of King Alfonso in 1885 He has since that time \nreconstructed his cabinet on four different occasions, the last \ntime in December, 1888. Sagasta has had a varied political \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. xxviii \n\ncareer. He was a minister under Gen. Prim, the revolution- \nary dictator of 1868, and held like office under Serrano, regent \nof Spain in 1869, under Armadeo, king in 1S70, and under Al- \nfonso XII till his death. His experience and skill in trimming \nfrom one shade of opinion to another seems rather to have \nstrengthened popular confidence in him than otherwise, and \nthe queen regent regards him, as indeed he probably is, the \nmainstay of the throne. The war minister of the Spanish cab- \ninet. Gen. Chinchilla, is a Liberal who accepts the monarchy, \nbut favors all wise constitutional reforms. The naval minister, \nAdmiral Arias, is a moderate Liberal,and is now wresting with \nthe project of a powerful naval fleet for Spain, whicli his pre- \ndecessor. Gen. Beranger, began, but which there is not money \nenough in the treasury to finish. The deficit in the treasury- \nis the problem of the ininister of finance, Senor Gonzalez, who \nmakesextravagant promises of reform, but it remains to be \nseen whether he can carry them out. Senor Gonzalez is a \nliberal in politics, but the active young minister of justice, \nCanalejas, is a Democrat. Senor Becerra, minister of the col- \nonies, is also a Democrat, a veteran leader of his party. The \nother ministers are Liberals. Senor Capdepon, minister of the \ninterior, has shared the political vicissitudes of Sagasta for \nmany years. He is a very able administrator, though too \nstraightforward to be a successful politician. Marquis de Ar- \nmijo, minister of foreign affairs, is a diplomatist of some skill. \nPolitically, the Spanish cortes is divided into two parties, the \nMinisterialists and the Opposition. Each of these divisions \ncontains several groups, the opposition being made up of con- \nflicting factions, from Jladical Republicans to Conservatives \nof the most reactionary type. The group known as Conserva- \ntives is the largest and is led by Senor del Castillo, and com- \nprises in its ranks many of the ablest men in the cortes. Though \nopposed to the Sagasta ministry on political grounds, they are \nall warm supporters of the monarchy. The other groups are \nRadical Republicans, Democrats, Moderate Republicans or \nPossibilists (whose five members are headed by Senor Castel- \nar). Liberal Reformers, Cuban Autonomists\xc2\xaband one Carlist. \nThe Ministerialists are made up of Moderate Liberals, as the \npersonal following of Sagasta calls itself, to which are added, \nwhen votes are needed, some Democrats who follow Senor \nMartos,the late speaker of the cortes, twenty Centralists, repre- \nsenting the Conservative tendencies ot the party, and twenty \nDissidents, led by Senor Gamazo. The lioerality of Sagasta\'s \nviews is shown by his ability to command the following, and \nshape the policy, of these several differing factions. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD. -Appendix. xxix \n\nSweden and Norway, \n\nThe countries of Sweden and Norway are united under one \nking, but each country manages its home affairs as independ- \nently as any state in our own country. The foreign affairs of the \ntwo divisions of the kingdom however, are managed by one \nminister, who holds the office of the Swedish secretary of state. \nThe present incumbent of this ollice is Count Ehrensward, a \nman of about sixty-five years ot age, courteous and popular, \nwho has been in the .-diplomatic service for many years. The \npresent Swedish premier, Baron Biidt, was formerly an army \nofficer and later a diplomat, filling the post of minister to Ger- \nmany just previous to his appointment to his present position. \nHe is about sixty-eight years of age, and is regarded as an \nable and sagacious statesman. Dr. P. A. Bergstrom, also, who \nis at the head of the department of ecclesiastical affairs, is a \nman of much ability. For the other two, Baron von Otter, a \nformer naval officerjWho has been at the head of the navy de- \npartment for nine years, and M von Krusenstjerna, who has \nbeen minister of the interior since 18S3, may be supposed to be \nsatisfactory officials from the fact that they have continued so \nlong in their places. The Norwegian cabinet, or council of \nstate, has ten members. Of these the most important is Johan \nSverdrup, the present prime ministero He was, froin 1869 to \n1884, the leader of the parliamentary opposition in the famous \nstruggle between Norway and the king. The Liberal party \nwas then in the majority, but was arbitrarily kept out of power \nby the ministry acting with the king. A constitutional amend- \nment, providing that the ministers should take part in, and be \nbound by, the proceedings of the storthing, was repeatedly \npassed by that body but as often vetoed by the king. As the \nstorthing at last resolved that the sanction of the king was not \nnecessary to a reform so greatly demanded in the interests of \nthe people, the monarch dissolved the assembly. This was in \n1882. The next storthing elected had a still stronger Liberal \nmajority, which impeached the ministry for having advised \nthe king contrary to the interests of the realm. This case was \ncontested for two years, and at last, in 1SS5, the ministry was \ndismissed, and a Liberal ministry was formed with Sverdrup \nat its head. This official has strengthened his hold on power \nby displacing a number of his Liberal colleagues and putting \ninfluential Conservatives in their places. The present leader \nof the Liberal party is Bjornsterne Bjornson,the novelist, and \nin the division of parties in the assembly the Conservatives \nnow act with the Sverdrup ministry and the Liberals against \nit. The numerical division is thirty eight Liberals and fifty- \n\n\n\nXXX RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nfour Conservatives, and twenty-two " Rabbits," the last being \nthe name given to M. Sverdrup\'s personal following. \n\nIn Sweden there are the two parties, the Liberal and Con- \nservative, and the former have been urging for several years, \ncertain electoral reforms. But the Conservative party is large- \nly in the majority, owing to the fact that the king, though he \nhas but little sympathy with radical changes, is believed to be \nhonest and well disposed toward his subjects, and furthermore, \nhis high character as a man commands general respect and \nlove. \n\nSwitzerland, \n\nThe Swiss bundesrath, or federal council, is the chief execu- \ntive authority of Switzerland. This consists of seven members, \nwho are elected by the two houses of the Swiss parliament for \nthe term of three years. The two chief officers of this council, \nwho are also president and vice president of the republic, \nare chosen for their positions annually. These officers act as \nsecretaries of the different administrative departments. The \npresident of the confederation, this year,M. Bernard Hammer, \nis also secretary of the treasury. The vice president \xe2\x80\x94 who \nwill next year be president\xe2\x80\x94 is M. Ruchonnet, who also has \ncharge of the department of justice. M. Hammer belongs to \nthe moderate party \xe2\x80\x94 Liberal Conservatives they call them- \nselves \xe2\x80\x94 and his advanced years and fine powers as an orator \ngive him considerable influence in the assembly. M Ruch- \nonnet, on the other hand, is an advanced radical, if not a social- \nist. He is a fine lawyer and brilliant speaker. But the most \nimportant member of the council just now is Numa Droz,who \nis minister of foreign affairs. He has been in the council for \nmany yeai-s and was president in 1887. He once held very \nstrong radical opinions, but he has become more moderate in \nrecent years. He is an author of some note, and probably no \nman in the republic has more influence with the people than \nhe. \n\nThe political parties of the Swiss assembly are the Radicals \nand Liberal-Conservatives, with some intervening shades of \nopinion whose influence is more or less limited. Swiss politics \nhave an importance just now quite out of proportion to the \nrank of the covmtry among European nations. This is owing \nto the fact that anarchists, nihilists, political renegades, etc., \nhave been using the country as a rendezvous wherein they can \nconveniently devise conspiracies against the various monarchi- \ncal governments. This is considered a violation of the neu- \ntrality treaties that Switzerland has entered into with other \nnations, and it has called forth much indignant protest. \n\n\n\nRULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\n\n\nBulgaria, \n\nPrince Bismarck, in his speech of March, 1888, on the army \nbill, said: "Bulgaria, that bit of land between the Danube and \nthe Balkans, is not of sufficient size to hurl Europe \xe2\x80\x94 from Mos- \ncow to the Pyrenees, from the German ocean to Palermo \xe2\x80\x94 into \na war for its sake, the consequences of which no mortal man \n\n\n\n\nPRINCE FERDINAND. \n\n[Prince Ferdinand was born in Vienna, in 1861. He is a member of \nthe house of Saxe-Coburg- (lotha, and first cousin on his mother\'s side to . \nthe Count of Paris. Has served in the Austrian army, is an enthusiastic \nornithologist and possesses one of the finest bird collections in Europe.] \ncan foretell." Yet the political disturbances in Bulgaria, \nbrought about by Russia\'s apparent determination to allow no \ninfluence but her own to sway the principality, have excited \n\n\n\nxxxii RULERS OF THE WORLD.\xe2\x80\x94 Appendix. \n\nmuch apprehension during the past few years. Prince Ferdi- \nnand, however, from whom no one expected much, has quite \njustified the determination of the powers not to interfere \nwith him, but allow him to prove what power of his own he \npossessed. The head of the Bulgarian cabinet is M. Stambou- \nleff, a man of much ability, thoroughly devoted to Prince \nFerdinand and opposed to Russian influence. \n\nThe party divisions in the Bulgarian sobranye, or national \nassembly, may be generally described as Ministerialists and \nOpposition. This assembly was elected in October, 1887. It \nhas about 300 members of whom 250 uphold the government. \nThe chief leaders of this party are the premier, Dr. Strauskv \nand MM. Natchevitch and Stolloff, also members of the min- \nistry. The chief Opposition leaders are Karaveloff and Rad- \noslavoff. M. ZankoiT, for several years the most active leader \nof the pro-Russian party, left Bulgaria in July, 1888, and went \nto live in St. Pet^sburg. In spite of the season, it is said he \nwas literally "frozen out" by Karaveloff because he [Zankoff] \nopposed the alliance with Radoslavoff,and the Alexanderists. \nThis small faction is so called because its object is to over- \nthrow Prince Ferdinand and bring Prince Alexander back to \nBulgaria. As Alexander was overthrown by Russian influ- \nence, nothing but intense desire to thwart the government in \neven a small degree could have brought about this mott in- \nconsistent alliance. \n\n\n\nCivil Government in Theory \nand Practice. \n\nRevised Edition, \n\nA comparative view of all " the poivers that 6e," giving \ntheir forms of executive administration^ their legislative \nmachinery, and their political origin and history. \n\nInvaluakle as a Teacher\'s Hii. \n\nI&csmparable as a M Book. \n\nThis little volume mav truly be said to fill a long felt want. It fills a \nplace which no hook hitherto issued has ever attempted to fill, and \nsupplies a need which every teacher of history, civil government or \npolitical science has recognized. It gives briefly a sketch of the origin, \nbasis and object of governments, their various forms in different \ncountries, and the causes of these variations, defines co-ordi<nate, \nsupreme and subordinate powers in civil governments ; then, taking up \nthe different countries of the world gives an outline of their political \nsystems, their limitations of executive power, mode of legislative \naction, points of likeness and unlikeness, through the entire list of \nfederations, unified states, despotisms, dependent and component \nstates, and the state governments of the American Union and of the \nGerman Empire. \n\nEvery high-school or college student should have this book. Every \nteacher must have it. Indispensable in class room and library. \n\nPRICE, 75 CENTS. \n\nConcerning this book. Prof. C. W. G. Hyde, of St. Cloud Normal \nSchool, Minn., writes : " In one respect it has the best plan of any \nbook on the subject I have ever seen. It views the question broadly, \nshowing how the notion of government is understood in all parts of \nthe world, arid compares the ideas which obtain in the monarchies and \nrepublics of the world with those entertained by the framers of our \nown coistitution. One cannot grasp the principles underlying our \nown system without such a comparison." \n\nSent with the School Herald for $1.20. \nSeliool Herald I^ul>. Co., \n\n185 ^WABASH AVE.. CHICAGO. \n\n\n\nNOTA BENE. \nWHAT THEY SAY OF OUR NEW BOOK. \n\nThe press notices of our book are uniformly favorable. \nAmong those first received are the following: \n\nA good elementary popular manual of Civil Government in \nTheory and Practice has been prepared by W. I. Chase on the \ncomparative plan. It lays down the main features of the gov- \nernments of all countries, and shows their variation from each \nother, and particularly from that of the United States as the \nstandard of comparison. This comparative method is the \nproper way of studying the subject. Vastly more can be ac- \ncomplished under it in the way of an elementary, liberal, and \nreally intelligent comprehension of the subject than by any \nother. It is a method which shows how the ends of govern, \nment may be either reached or missed under almost any con \nceivable "system, and what is required to secure liberty and \ngood government. \xe2\x80\x94 N. T. Indepejident. \n\nThe purpose of the author seems to have been to bring \ntogether a goodly amount of information about all the govern- \nments of the earth, which he has done in convenient form. \nWhile it is hardly to be expected that the memory of the \nordinary pupil can long remain charged with such a mass of \nfacts, a good purpose is served in directing study to the subject. \nMany wlio would not think of going to the year-books and \ncyclopedias for tlie information thus laid before them will find \nthe book useful as a reference, and to this end it will also \ndoubtless be utilized by school-teachers. \xe2\x80\x94 Chicago Tribune. \n\nIt is needless to say that information contained in this little \nvolume is scattered through libraries or through pretentious \nvolumes that a child never thinks of approaching. Here the \ninformation as to all the nations of the world is compressed in \none volume, the story told in a simple direct style, and by one \nwho having found the need of such information has had the \nwants of younger as well as mature people in mind. Too little \nattention\'has been given in our schools to the subject of gov- \nernment, possibly because no book such as this has been pre- \npared in the way to meet the wants of the schools. Not one \nboy in twenty has any idea of the constitution of the United \nStates, to say nothing of the constitutions of other countries^^ \nand so far as government is concerned he is only a bundle of \nimpulses, prejudices, and contradictions. Here in one volume \nare the facts of the case. \xe2\x80\x94 Chicago Inter-Ocean. \n\nThe forms and peculiarities of the governments of th* \nvarious civiU\'zed countries are given in a brief, clear and com- \n\n\n\nNOTA BENE. \n\nprehensive manner. For example, the complicated form of \ngovernment of Austro-Hungary is set fortli with perfect plain- \nness\xe2\x80\x94and the simpler forms with equal clearness. This it will \nbe perceived is valuable to all who take an interest in the gen- \neral affairs of the world, enabling them better to understand \nleading events as they occur. \xe2\x80\x94 Interior. \n\nHe who would become familiar wuth all " the powers that \nbe," their origin and history, their chief points of likeness and \nunlikeness to the government of the United States, should \nsecure and study a copy of this book. Here these points are \npresented in a complete yet most concise way. No one is \nbetter fitted for the task of compiling this information than \nMr. Chase, as his editorial duties have led him along this line \nfor several years. The work will certainly be v/ell received. \xe2\x80\x94 \nNorjnal Herald. \n\nIt is a work that will be found of much interest to all \nthoughtful readers, and to all students and teachers of history \nit wnll prove a manual of the greatest possible value. \xe2\x80\x94 Toledo \nBlade. \n\nIt is certain that the young citizen of our favored land can \nbut feebly appreciate the excellent features of our own govern- \nment, without the knowledge that will enable him to compare \nit with the governments of other countries, Wherefore, a \nbook which remedies this deficiency should receive a warm \nwelcome from all intelligent educators. \xe2\x80\x94 N. E. Journal of \nEducation. \n\nIt is an interesting and useful compilation, which, put in the \nhands of intelligent boys and girls who are studving civil gov- \nernment, would interest them much, and give them niany \nvaluable notions.\xe2\x80\x94 Wisconsin Journal of Education. \n\nThe comparative method is unquestionably the best wav of \nstudying the subject, and this little manual will be found"" ex. \nceptionally convenient and valuable to iedichevs.\xe2\x80\x94Peunsylvama \nSchool yournal. \n\nA work of great interest to teachers and students of history. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Michigan Moderator. \n\nIt is a work that will be of use to manv, especiallv to teach- \ners and students of history and civil\' government\xe2\x80\x94 P/\xc2\xabVa \nTeacher. \n\nIt contains many useful tacts.\xe2\x80\x94 Golden Rule, \n\n\n\nTEACHERS\' AIDS \n\nFitches **Artof Questioning,^\' Paper. Price 15c. \n\nFitch\'s ^*Art of Securing Attention.\'\' Paper. \nPrice I 5 cents. \n\nSecuring and Retaining Attention. By James L. \nHughes. Cloth. Price 50 cents. \n\nMistakes in Teaching. By James L. Hughes. American \nedition. "We advise every teacher to invest 50 cents in \nthe purchase of this useful manual." \xe2\x80\x94 N. E. Journal of Edu- \ncation. Cloth, 135 pp. Price 50 cents. \n\nBoltwood\'s To2ncal Outlines of General History. \n\nBy Henry L. Bolt wood, A. M., principal of the Evanston \n(111.) high school. Undoubtedly the best work of the kind \npublished. Price, in flexible cloth, 75c. \n\nPedagogical Ideals. Real, earnest, helpful talks on im- \nportant, perplexing duties of teachers; by the foremost edu- \ncators of the day. Every teacher should have a copy. 180 \npages. Price 75c. \n\nThe School Room Guide, By E. V. Degrafif. Especially \nintended to assist public school teachers in the practical \nwork of the school room. It is in every way a complete \nmanual, invaluable and indispensable. Cloth, 449 pp. 12mo. \nPrice, $1.50. \n\nBafeinau^s Common School Decisions, Revised by \nW. L. Pillsbury, A. M. The "Common School Decisions " is \na book of about 300 pages, bound in cloth. It contains the \nSchool Law of Illinois with extended comments tbereon, \nbased upon the decisions of the State Department of Public \nInstruction and the courts of this and other states. Price \n$1.50. \n\nChips from a Teacher\'s Workshop, Educational \nTopics of the Day. By L. R. Klemm, Ph.D. "His book is \nthe first one we have ever seen that puts the young teachei\' \non the right track and keeps him there through all the de- \npartments of his work. It is throughout based upon com- \nmon sense. It teaches principles, but the principles are al- \nways presented concretely in a form to be understood." \xe2\x80\x94 Bos- \nton Herald. Price, in cloth, $ ! .35. \n\n\n\nLand we Live in, \n\nUNITED STATES HISTORY. \n\nFart 1, Questions and Answers on the early history of our \ncountry. Has been received with great favor. 64 pages. 16mo \nPrice 10 cents. \n\nPart 2, Similar to Part 1, but covering a different period \nof history\xe2\x80\x94 that from the formation of the Union to the Com- \npromise of 1850. 64 pages. 16mo. Price 10 cents. \n\nPart 5, (now ready) brings the review of the United States \nhistory up to the present time. It contains a more explicit \ntreatment of the course of events since 1850 than the school \nhistories venture to give, but its statements will be found alto- \ngether trustworthy. Nothing of importance is slurred over. \n64 pages. 16mo. Price 15 cents. \n\nfi^\'If you would fit yourself to perform the duties of a \ncitizen, study the history of your country, and study it wisely, \nthat you may know not merely the barren record of former \nevents, but also the nature and origin of that which exists \ntoday. \n\nPrices for Use in Schools: \n\nNo. 1. or No. 2. No. 3. \n\n10 copies - . $ .80 I 10 copies - - $1.25 \n\n20 - - 1.50 I 20 - - . 2.25 \n\n?Sn \xe2\x96\xa0 - 3.00 150 " - - 4.50 \n\n100" - . 5.00 I 100 " - - 8 50 \n\nSet of Land we Live in, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, price 30 cents. \n10 sets - - $2.40 I 50 sets - - $8.50 \n\n20 " - - - 4.50 I 100 " - - - 16.00 \n\nSCHOOL HERALD PUBLISHING CO., \n\n185 Wabash Ave., Chicago. \n\n\n\nmpE IS TOO SHOHT \n\n\n\nl^ot to Take It as Easy as Possible. \n\nIn trying to take it easy you will be greatly assisted by using \nsome or all of the follo\\\\\'ing: \n\nIVXE^I^ie^^ \xc2\xbb01VO \xc2\xbb.\xe2\x80\x94 By S. C. Hanson, a \nteacher of many years in the public schools and therefore famil- \niar with the needs of the school-room, author of several musical \npublications, including Merry Melodies^ price 15c., of which \nover 1,000 copies per month were sold last year. Merry Songs \ncontains all the elements of popularity of Merry Melodies and \nalso the Novel Key, which introduces the subject of vocal music \nin a new way and experience has proven that by it the pupils\' \nattention is always retained. Merry Songs contains nezu and \nsparkling music; not a piece is inserted to fill up. Every one is \nfirst class and may be used with profit. There are nearly 100 \npages of as sweet melodies as were ever written and will touch \nthe heart of many a "bad boy" and stir him to manly actions. \nPrice, 30C.; $3.00 per dozen. \n\nRfl EflGlilSH GJ^RIVUVIAI^,\xe2\x80\x94 By Mrs. Haynie, Bx-Professor \nof Language in the Illinois Normal University. Mrs. Haynie is \nthe only lady upon whom the faculty of the Illinois Normal \nSchool conferred the title of Professor. Her many students need \nno introduction to this work. It was written at their request and \ncontains what has been taught by Mrs. Haynie for years with \nthe greatest success. The author believes that "without a care- \nful study of the laws of language there can be no superior \nattainment in that department." This book is of great value to \nany teacher, as it contains more important facts than the aver- \nage text book, a full treatise on Etymology and a large number \nof \' \' Errors Corrected \' \' that will be of great practical value. \nIntroductory price, 244 pages, cloth, 6oc. No free copies, but \nmoney refunded if book is returned or adopted. \n\nCATALOGUES.\xe2\x80\x94 My 60 page Catalogue is a necessity to \nevery wide awake teacher, because I carry the largest stock of \nMethod Books, Teachers\'\' Aids, School Singing Books, Reward \nand Report Cards, Blackboard Stencils and other Purely Pedag- \nogical Prerequisites of any house in this country. Write me \nwhen in need of anything to assist you in your work. \n\n185 Uiabaski Ave., Chieago. \n\n\n\nOf Men YoTi Should Know. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\nOur Portrait Gallery is what its name implies. In contains 148 por- \ntraits of prominent men of our time\xe2\x80\x94 men whose actions are among our \ndaily topics of conversation. It is anonymous, as no names are ap- \npended\xe2\x80\x94only blanks, that the reader is expected to fill, if he can. As \nmost people are more or less deficient in acquaintance with tl e features \nof public men, the Portrait Gallery forms a sort of puzzle, and as such \nproves a source of entertainment in the home or social circle. \n\nAs to its Use in Schools, \n\nOur suggestion is this : We supply the Portrait Gallery at very low \nrates for school use, and the teacher or school officer can at little cost \nprocure enough to place a copy in the hands of every pupil of the class \nselected, with the request that the blanks left below the portraits be \nfilled as far as may be, and the book retiu-ned to the teacher for inspec- \ntion. Let it be understood that the scholars are to find out the facts for \nthemselves, and especially are not to help each other, as the scheme is \nto be a test of individual knowledge and skill in procuring information. \nParents and friends may of course be appealed to, but these can give \nbut limited aid, and can only stimulate the intelligence of the pupil by \nsuggestions as to mode of search. \n\nj^"A Key to the Portrait Gallery is of course issued, to aid the \nteacher in verifying the work of pupils, but this Key is not for sale \nseparately, and will be sent only to the person sending the order for \npapers for school use. \n\nSince every pupil should have some acquaintance with the prominent \nmen of our time\xe2\x80\x94 persons whose actions are or have been topics of \npublic and private discussi(5n\xe2\x80\x94 we think that teachers who have the in- \nterest of their pupils at heart, will be glad to have something that they \ncan use as at once a test of, and an incentive to, the study of current \nperiodical literature. \n\nPrices for Use in Schools: \n\n\n\n10 \n\n\ncopies (with 1 Key) \n\n\n- $ .80 \n\n\n20 \n\n\n" 1 <\' _ \n\n\n- 1.30 \n\n\n30 \n\n\n" 1 " \n\n\n1.70 \n\n\n40 \n\n\nIt "1 " \xc2\xbb \n\n\n- 2,00 \n\n\n\nA. FLANAGAN, - Chicago. \n\n\n\nQuotatiops * apd . 3^\'^^t ^ Stories \n\nFOR OPENING EXERCISES IN SCHOOLS. \n\n\n\n"Where can I get suitable selections to read as a part of niy \nopenfiig exercises?" This question has been asked by many \nteachers. Attempts to answer it led to the preparation of this \nbook. In it there are stories, acts and anecdotes that suggest \nonly good on Trust, Honesty, Benevolence, Courage, \nPoliteness, Regard for Aged, Promptness, Kindness, \nObedience, Contentment, and True Worth. They are \nsuitable for all grades, and may be used profitably as basis for \ninformal talks with pupils, not at them. \n\nThis book contains a sufficient number of selections, prose \nand poetry, to last One Year, without repeating any. It con- \ntains 256 pages, is printed on good paper, and neatly bound in \ncloth. \n\nPrice, prepaid, \xe2\x80\xa2 90 cents. \n\n\n\nSKELETON COMPOSITIONS, \n\nOr, Outlines for Compositions. \n\nOver 100 outlines for composition work. These Outlines or \nschemes have been arranged to help pupils in getting at the \nsalient points of any given article or subject. They embrace \ntopics on almost every subject available for composition writing. \nTheir use will induce all to write more fully on any topic. \n\nPrice, - 20 cents. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2<1A. FLANAGAN,^ \n\nCHICAGO. \n\n\n\n22 \n\n\n\nPRIMARY NUMBER CARDS. \n\n250 cards, printed both sides, with numerals \nand sighs, each | inch square; in four colors, \nred, yellow, blue and green; 500 characters in \nall. Excellent for busy work. \nPrice, 15 cents. \n\n\n\n:0^II^^ KZJB^J^^^OJNT\'^ \n\n\n\nSepb \n\n\n\nei)c^ V ara^ \n\n\n\nvara \n\n\n\nFOR THE PRIMARY SCHOOL. \n\nFOR USE AT HOME. \n\nFOR THE KINDERGARTEN. \n\nMiss Kenyon\'s Sentence Cards are the only \ncards which can be arranged to form sentences; \nare so simple that beginners handle them \nreadily, yet they are capable of such a variety \nof changes that pupils in their second year \nmay use them with profit. A set consists of \n216 cards, each IJ inches square, in the six \ncolors, six of each. Besides the thirty-six \nsentences formed in the regular way, the num- \nber may be multiplied indefinitely by mixing \nthe figures and colors. Both script and print \nare used. Pictures which accomjDany the \ncards may be substituted for the names of the \nobjects mentioned, making the exercises still \nmore interesting. \n\nPrice, per set, 35 cents. \n\n\n\nA BIRD\'S EYE VIEW OF \n\n\n\n\n\nt \n\n\n\nMost books on our national government are merely treatises on the \nfederal constitution, which, though well enough in their way, do not give \nthe student any adequate conception of tlie government as it is admin- \nistered under the constitution. In oin* book we have endeavored to \nsupply what is lacking in this regard, and at the same time to introduce \nthe reader to the chief officers in the legislative, executive and judicial \ndepartments of our federal government. \n\nThe book contains an account of congress and its mode of working ; \nthe various departments, divisions, bureaus and offices of the executive \nbranch of the government, the duties assigned to each, and a proper con- \nsideration of the character and work of the federal judiciary. \n\nIt shows what our national government is, how it works and what may \nbe exi^ected of it. \n\nIt presents portraits (with brief biographical sketches) of fifty-four of \nthe most prominent men in the different branches of the federal service. \nIt gives information that no other book pretends to give, and is worth \nmany times its price simply as an introduction to the study of civics. \n\nThough set in comparatively small type (brevier) it contains 128 read- \ning-matter pages, and is therefore a remarkably cheap book at the price \nset upon it. It is really a popular edition of a work that under ordinary \nconditions would sell for $1.50. \n\n\n\nUnder date of March .31, 1888, Clarence M. Boutelt.e, principal of \nthe Decorah (Iowa) public schools writes concerning "A Bird\'s Eye \nView of Our Federal Government :" "In it you have anticipated the \nneeds of the more intelligent unti earnest of the pupils of our public \nschools, and have clearly and conciselv answered the questions they so \nnaturally ask. The tacts they should know, the faces they should see, \nthe workings of the great governmental machine in which they are so \nsoon to have an intimate personal interest, all are here made clear and \nplain to them." \n\n160 pages, l6mo. ,\xe2\x80\xa2 paper cover. Price 30 Cents. \n\nA. FLANAGAN, \n\nCHICAGO. \n\n\n\nlffV"wi<i \n\n\n\n\nDR. WINCHELL\'S TEETHING SYRUP \n\nFor Children, is a wonderfully efficient remedy for the vari- \nous complaints and disorders to which all children are liable, \nand it should be in the house of every family in the land \nwhere there are children. It is not a medicine exclusively for \nteething, but it is a reliable remedy for the more general ail- \nments of young children. It will at once relieve the child \nfrom wind or colic pains, and griping in the bowels ; it will \nsoothe the child and quiet the agitated nervous system, in- \nvigorate the stomach, correct acidity, and regulate the bowels. \nIt is a speedy remedy for coughs, colds, sore throat, sore \nmouth, etc., and is the very best, quickest and surest remedy \never found for diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera infantum or \nsummer complaint. Dr. Winchell\'s Teething Syrup has never \nyet failed to give the mostlperfect satisfaction. Thousands of \nparents are using it all through the land, and all are pleased \nwith its charming effect. \n\nThe price of Dr. Winchell\'s Teething Syrup is only 25 cents \nper bottle. Ask your Druggist for it, and do not take any- \nthing in its place until you have given this Syrup a trial ; \nevery bottle is warranted by the Diuggist to give perfect \nsatisfaction. \n\nPEEPAKED BY THE \n\nEmmert Proprietary Co., Chicago, III., \n\nAND SOLD BY \n\nALL DRUfililSTS AND DEALERS IN MEDICINE. \n\n\n\n0) \n\n\n\nI \n\nOf \n\n< \n\nhi \n\nh \n\n\n\ns \n\nh \n\n< \n\no \n\no \ntn \n\n< \no \n\nu \n\no \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2"^w \n\n\n\nC -. \n\nO CD \n\n\n\n-Hoc \nS^- CO \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0t-l Vl \n\n\n\n"is \n\n\n\n5 g ^ \n\n\n\n(U - \n\n6 "^ \n\n\n\nG \n\ns \n\n\n\n(A \n\n\n\n1-1 ti \n\no \n\nB \n\n\n\n<u \n\n\n\n1^1 8 \n\n*j r^ C i-i \n\n\n\n-^^ 2 \n^^ ^ \n\no \n\no \n\n4> \n\nX5 \n\n\n\nCD 3 \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0^ 6 \n\n\n\n6 ^ \n\nIll \n\n\n\n03 \n\n" s >^ \n\nM_ y bo \n\nO TO c \n\nC ^ <u \n<u bo \n\n\n\n^2 \n\no \n\n\n\n03 C \n\n<U OJ \n\nc o \n\no "^ \n\n\n\nW G crt \n\nc S g ^ -^ -a" \n<u tl S w ii -^ \n\nS of-H P -S CL \n\nrt , . bo ^ &, \n. 0) \xc2\xab ^ w =\xc2\xab \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\',^ \'Z^-^ O Oh \n\nt7;0 cj ^ oj \n\nS S,^ i^" s - ><" \n\nh bOvM \'^ O o o \n\n^ o o CI.-;: g^ \nJ S _ 8 i3 rt u) \n\nI -^ 03 6 c i2 \n\n(U td Vh ,\xe2\x80\x9e . <C C \nJ2 bo C \'-\' ^ XI \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2-\'<\'rr on L- rH rn \n\n\n\nii bo \n\nf- O OJ "C o _ _ \n\nti cj bo*^ oiH C \n_g 5! ^ \xe2\x96\xbaH .^ -2^ rt \n\ns 2^^o a \n\n\n\n00 \n\n\n\no-\xc2\xab \n\n\n\n\n\n\nO >, \n\n\n\n\n\ng \no \n\n\nMost ( \nlearne \nT \nworks \nknowl \n\n\nCO \n\n\n\n\n\nc3 M <U 03 \n\n\n\nA fleia Game o! Authors, \n\n(Sr (nfad^d biferar^ (^ards. \nSAM PLE . CARD. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2s ? \n\n\n\n1 C 1 \n\nALFRED TENNYSON. \n\n1809. \n\n\n\n\'< \n\n\n\no \n\n\n\nII \n\n\n\ni g \n\n\n\n>\xc2\xbb Ji P J. The present poet laureate of England. S > ^ \n\n\n\n> ^ \no \n\n\n\nQ \n\n\n\n3^3. Excels In the melody of his verse and g i::^ ? \n\n^ ^ his faultless diction. ^ - 5. \n\nc . O ^ \n\n83 C5 25^ \n\n\n\n\'^ CO ^ \xe2\x80\x9e \xe2\x80\x9e, ,,^ ,^ ..._,...,, >.T.r-.-j ., ..nnl,\xe2\x80\x9e ,^ 5 \n\n\n\no \n3 \n\n\n\n- ^. Wrote "Enoch Arden," "Maud," "The \xc2\xa9 \n\xe2\x80\xa2^ May Queen," "Charge of the Light ^ \n\n^ Brigade," "New Year\'s Eve," etc. ^ >^ \n\n\n\n2 5 \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\n-3 o \n\n\n\nII \n\nO o \n\n\n\no \n\n\n\no \n\n\n\n" Howe\'er it be, it seems to me, \n\n\'Tis only noble to be good ; \nKind hearts are more than coronets. \n\nAnd simple faith than Norman blood. \n\xe2\x80\x94Lady Clara Vcrede Vcre. \n\n\n\nG, G, N, BTROX \n\n\n\nlOO Cards, American or English, in a neat box, price prepaid, 50 cts. \n4^Liljeral Discount to Hie Trade, or in quantities. \n\nA. KI^ANAGAKJ, Cliicas:o\xc2\xbb \n\n\n\nA History of 1888. \n\n\n\nBeing the bound volume of the School Herald \nfor that year. \n\nIt contains the most direct, most intelligible and most com- \npact account of the events of that year yet in the market, to say \nnothing of its conceded accuracy and its freedom from sectarian \nand partisan bias. Adequately indexed, it forms the most con- \nvenient as well as the cheapest of annual cyclopedias, and by \nthe ordinary student, in quest of facts and not dissertations, it \nwill be fouud preferable to any annual compendium likely to be \noflfered. Fully illustrated with maps and portraits. Every \nSchool Library should have a set of the bound volumes of the \nSchool Herald, as for reference on every point connected \nwith the history of racen\': years they are uasurpassed. \n\n\n\nSPECIAL OFFER \n\nTo School and. I\xc2\xbbnl>lic I^il>raries. \n\nWe will supply volumes IV, V, VI, VII and VIII, for $5.00. \nRegular price of each volume |1.50. \n\nVolumes I and II, bound in similar style, can be had for \n75 cents each. \n\nSCHOOL HERALD PUBLISHING CO, \n\n185 Wabash avenue, Chicago, \n\n\n\nWANTED! \n\n\n\nSCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND \nTEACHERS* who are energetic, to represent our \nassociation. We prefer those who have had experience \nin canvassing for books, or other kind of soliciting. We have \nover 100 Teachers, School Superintendents and Principals of \nSchools now engaged in selling memberships, and they average \nto earn over |100 per month, each, where they devote their \nwhole time to this work. A few earn as high as $300 and $400 \nper month. The business is much pleasanter than canvassing \nfor books. Many teachers say they will never again enter the \nschool work so long as we will give them employment. We \ngive either salary or commission. Best of references required. \nWe have many testimonials like the following : \n\n"I take pleasure in testifying to the merits of the National \nLibrary Association. I have had many dealings with the firm \nand have always found them just and honorable. Everything \nI have purchased of them has been equal to their represent- \nations, and I have implicit confidence in their willingness and \nability to do all they promise."\xe2\x80\x94 C. M. AENOLD, Late P res. of \nKentucky Classical and Business College, North 3Iiddleton, Ky. \n\n"After an examination of the Catalogue and the gift books of \nthe National Library Association of Chicago, I accord it my \nhearty approval."\xe2\x80\x94 GEO. W. RYLAND, Lieut.-Gov. Wisconsin. \n\n" The National Library Association dispenses with \'middle \nmen \'and brings tho reading public nearer to publishers. I \nthink the plan an excellent one."\xe2\x80\x94 J. W. AKERS, Supt, Public \nInstruction, Des lloines, Iow%. \n\nFor particulars address, \n\nNATIONAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, \n103 State Street, Chicago, III. \n\n\n\nMORRISON\'S \n\nReadings and Recitations \n\nFOR HOME AND SCHOOL USE. \n\n\n\nIN THREE PARTS: \n\nPrimary, 20 pp. \n\nIntermediate, 28 pp. \n\nHigher Grades, 55 pp \n\nTHIS BOOK IS JUST WHAT IS WANTED FOF \n\nALL GRADES. \n\nJust the thing for Country Schools, as something can \nbe found in it for pupils of all ages, and for all occasions. \nThese selections have been compiled with care, and for \nthe most part such as have never appeared in book form. \nWhile a few are original, all will be new to the majoiity \nof pupils and parents. Nothing of an objectionable char- \nacter can be found, and I believe all will welcome this \nnew Speaker. \n\nPrice, prepaid, 20c; 3 copies, 50c. \n\nA. FLANAGAN, Chicago. \n\n\n\n1 80 \n\n\n\n%. \n\n\n\n^^ \n\n\n\n^\'^ ^ ^^^im^ .^ ^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nv^ \n\n\n\n^WlVy^^/, \n\n\n\n\'^l.. \xe2\x96\xa0-\'^.ij \n\n\n\n\n\n\ny^it \\^ **\xe2\x80\xa2 ^\'\' \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2^^0^ ^^T \n\n\n\nO \n\n\n\n^<*- ^"T .V\'\' ^ .<^ / ..\'^\'\' * \n\n\n\n^^/x^\'\'^ \n\n.H^^\'"^ \nV ^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n^.^\'^ \n\n\n\nV-^^ \n\n\n\n- * - ^ - \xc2\xab0 ^^^ ^ \xc2\xbb%- \xc2\xab* 1^ \n\n\n\n? ^. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^^-^^ <^ \n\n\n\nci" \n\n\n\nV \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\no w \xc2\xab \n\n\n\n"oK \n\n\n\nv6 ^ \n\n\n\n\n*^. \n\n\n\npeacidified using the Bookkeeper process \nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide \nTreatment Date: ^f^sf .^^ \n\n\n\n^-J \n\n\n\nc^ -Mm/ ^ \' \\: \n\n^^ J^\' . -^^ .V PreservationTechnologies \n\n^ ^^ >* "^ A^ ^ * WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2jT\'b ^ "^ N;"^ * ,\' 111 Thomson Park Drive \n\nV^ ^; <^^ ^ Cranberry Township. PA 16066 \n\n\n\no\xe2\x80\x9eo- .\'^\' \n\n\n\n.5\'^\'^vr, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n< o \n\n^ ^<v \n\n\n\n\'^\'^\\/ V*^"^*/ v*^*\'/ "\xc2\xb0^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n^^^ \' \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\no^ *\'t;t* <^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'