key: cord-1046763-2j28jh2d
authors: Demarco, Carolina Faccio; Afonso, Thays França; Schoeler, Guilherme Pereira; Barboza, Victor dos Santos; Rocha, Liziane dos Santos; Pieniz, Simone; Giongo, Janice Luehring; Vaucher, Rodrigo de Almeida; Igansi, Andrei Vallerão; Cadaval, Tito Roberto Sant'Anna; Andreazza, Robson
title: New low-cost biofilters for SARS-CoV-2 using Hymenachne grumosa as a precursor
date: 2021-12-07
journal: J Clean Prod
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130000
sha: eab44ea4eff8ca60fa993cba0c9e1c8c0f2f591e
doc_id: 1046763
cord_uid: 2j28jh2d

The ongoing global spread of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 2019 disease) is causing an unprecedented repercussion on human health and the economy. Despite the primary mode of transmission being through air droplets and contact, the transmission via wastewater is a critical concern. There is a lack of techniques able to provide complete disinfection, along with the uncertainty related to the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in the natural environment and risks of contamination. This fact makes urgent the research towards new alternatives for virus removal from water and wastewater. Thus, this research aimed to characterize new lost-cost adsorbents for SARS-CoV-2 using Hymenachne grumosa as a precursor and verify its potential for removing SARS-CoV-2 from the solution. The aquatic macrophyte H. grumosa had in natura and activated carbon produced with H. grumosa and zinc chloride (ZnCl(2,)1:1) impregnation and carbonization (700 °C, 1 h) were incubated for 24 h with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viral suspension, and then the ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted and viral load quantified through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique. The results demonstrated the great adsorption potential, achieving removal of 98.44% by H. grumosa “in natura”, and 99.61% by H. grumosa with carbon activation, being similar to commercial activated carbon (99.67%). Thus, this study highlights the possibility of low-cost biofilters to be used for SARS-CoV-2 removal, as an excellent alternative for wastewater treatment or watercourses decontamination.

The global pandemic SARS-CoV-2 2019 disease (COVID-19) has reached 116 was established according to ASTM D2866/11 and calculated as Equation 1: Where weightfinal is the final weight after carbonization (g); weightinitial refers to 158 the initial weight of the material (g).

The yield of H. grumosa activated carbon was calculated as Equation 2: Data were expressed as mean ± SD for duplicates for each experimental point.

crystallinity was performed aiming the understand how the particles of bioadsorbent 217 affect the adsorption of SARS-CoV-2. 218 Thereafter, it was evaluated the potential removal using RNA extraction and the 219 RT-qPCR technique. Subsequently, a cost estimation was included to endorse the 220 sustainable potential and contribution to the cleaner production sector. Finally, it was 

It can be seen in the TGA analysis of the precursor (Fig. 1) In addition, the H. grumosa in natura also presented a broadband located around 286 3352 cm -1 (Fig. 2a) . The main peaks detected for the adsorbents were among 1000 -287 1220 cm -1 positions, 1217cm -1 , 1363-1371cm -1 , 1741cm -1 , 2090 cm -1 , 2320-2343 cm -1 288 and 2918-2968 cm -1 .

The detected FT-IR spectra in H. grumosa in natura showed bands that can be The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 (2.5 x 10 6 copies/mL) used was selected to 411 be higher than the levels found in wastewater and the environment, thus guaranteeing 

The cost estimation of H. grumosa activated carbon production is described in 564 Table 3 , considering the precursor material, chemical used in the preparation, along 565 with drying, carbonization, and washing. The total cost for production of 1kg is 566 estimated at US$ 6.60, which is lower than the commercial activated carbon 

For such, it is idealized a device whose bioadsorbent remains fixed and whose 585 water passes through and it remains fixed in both sides of the margin when applied in 586 the watercourse (Fig. 5) . 

In this study, it can be pointed out the high ability of the new bioadsorbents in 

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