key: cord-1042358-kt3n11yk
authors: Helesbeux, Jean-Jacques; Carro, Laura; McCarthy, Florence O.; Moreira, Vânia M.; Giuntini, Francesca; O’Boyle, Niamh; Matthews, Susan E.; Bayraktar, Gülşah; Bertrand, Samuel; Rochais, Christophe; Marchand, Pascal
title: 29th Annual GP2A Medicinal Chemistry Conference
date: 2021-12-07
journal: Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
DOI: 10.3390/ph14121278
sha: a7f2ba09d34d2da0d4cbdf6f3315751a42b59afa
doc_id: 1042358
cord_uid: kt3n11yk

The 29th Annual GP(2)A (Group for the Promotion of Pharmaceutical chemistry in Academia) Conference was a virtual event this year due to the COVID-19 pandemic and spanned three days from Wednesday 25 to Friday 27 August 2021. The meeting brought together an international delegation of researchers with interests in medicinal chemistry and interfacing disciplines. Abstracts of keynote lectures given by the 10 invited speakers, along with those of the 8 young researcher talks and the 50 flash presentation posters, are included in this report. Like previous editions, the conference was a real success, with high-level scientific discussions on cutting-edge advances in the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry.

The GP 2 A (Group for the Promotion of Pharmaceutical chemistry in Academia) network consists of researchers in the field of medicinal chemistry working in universities and research institutes across Europe. It was established in 1992 with the aim of bringing together researchers to exchange ideas and expertise and to facilitate a friendly collaborative networking environment. Historically, it has included members from France, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and the United Kingdom (the "Atlantic Arc"). More recently, the network has expanded both geographically and in terms of research fields, and it now includes We hypothesize that EA and xanthines act via one or multiple distinct binding sites accessible from the extracellular side of the plasma membrane [19] . We will present the use of an integrated approach to understanding the mode-of-action of EA, xanthines, and endogenous modulators on TRPC1/4/5 channels. This includes the use of structure-activity relationship studies, the use of chimaeras and mutant channels in structure-function studies, the development and application of photoaffinity probes to test target engagement and identify binding sites, and the determination of high-resolution (2.8-3.1 Å) cryo-EM structures of TRPC5 channels in complex with different modulators.

Marion Flipo 1 , Baptiste Villemagne 1 , Priscille Brodin 2 , Benoit Deprez 1 , Alain Baulard 2 , Nicolas Willand 1 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177-Drugs and Molecules for living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France 2 Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; marion.flipo@univ-lille.fr Tuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, killing 1.5 million people each year. The treatment of this disease involves a multidrug chemotherapy regimen often associated with serious side effects. Moreover, the growing threat of multidrug-resistant strains of M. tb stresses the need for alternative therapies.

In recent years, fragment-based drug design has emerged as an alternative approach to high-throughput screening to identify inhibitors of bacterial targets. This approach relies on the screening of compounds with low molecular weight (<300 Da) and high solubility, which makes them attractive for the aim of penetrating the thick and poorly permeable M. tb cell envelope.

Mycolic acids are very long chain fatty acids playing an essential role in the architecture and permeability of the bacterial wall. The biosynthesis of mycolic acids involves two fatty acid synthase (FAS) systems. Several antibiotics target the FAS-II cycle, which is composed of four enzymes (MabA, HadAB/BC, InhA, and KasA/B). InhA is inhibited by isoniazid and ethionamide, while no specific inhibitors of MabA have yet been reported. We used fragment-based approaches to target the FAS-II system, either by targeting MabA or by boosting ethionamide activity.

A fragment-based screening allowed the discovery of the first inhibitors of MabA (FabG1), an enzyme belonging to the FAS-II elongation system. The screening of our 1280 fragment-library on MabA, using a new LC-MS/MS based enzymatic assay, allowed the identification of several families of inhibitors. One of these chemical series was opti-Metal complexes are currently playing a tremendous role in medicine. For example, the platinum complex cisplatin and its derivatives oxaliplatin and carboplatin ( Figure 5 ) are employed in more than 50% of the treatment regimens for patients suffering from cancer! Over the last years, our research group has focused its attention on the development of novel metal complexes as imaging and therapeutic agents against cancer and parasitic diseases [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . During this talk, we will present our latest results, including in vivo results, on these topics. The direct transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into an existing linkage enables the formal introduction of the moiety with a precisely defined degree of functionalization [31, 32] . Upon the fine-tuning of the reaction conditions governing the transformation, the initial homologation event can serve as the manifold for triggering unusual rearrangement sequences leading to complex architectures through a unique synthetic operation. The direct/full chemoselective conversion of a ketone into the homologated all- Over the last years, our research group has focused its attention on the development of novel metal complexes as imaging and therapeutic agents against cancer and parasitic diseases [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . During this talk, we will present our latest results, including in vivo results, on these topics. The direct transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into an existing linkage enables the formal introduction of the moiety with a precisely defined degree of functionalization [31, 32] . Upon the fine-tuning of the reaction conditions governing the transformation, the initial homologation event can serve as the manifold for triggering unusual rearrangement sequences leading to complex architectures through a unique synthetic operation. The direct/full chemoselective conversion of a ketone into the homologated all-carbon quaternary aldehyde (Figure 6a ) [33] and the telescoped homologation of imine surrogates to quaternary aziridines (Figure 6b ) [34] will illustrate these unprecedented concepts. Additionally, the one-step mono-fluoromethylation of carbon electrophiles with extremely labile fluoromethyllithium reagents will provide a novel entry to valuable fluorinated building-blocks without the need to use protecting elements for fluoro-containing carbanions ( Figure 6c ) [35] [36] [37] . Moreover, novel strategies for introducing the difluoromethyl group through the proper activation of commercially available TMSCHF 2 with an alkoxide will be discussed [38, 39] . Numerous studies have been published about the implication of the neurotrophin tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative conditions (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and motor neuron disease) [40] . Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) activate the TrkB receptor with high potency and specificity, promoting neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic function [41] . However, studies have shown that beside direct activation, TrkB receptor can be transactivated via GPCRs. Among all, it is proven that activation of 5-HT4 receptor, and transactivation of TrkB receptor, have a positive influence on neuronal differentiation (total dendritic length, number of primary dendrites, and branching index) [42] . Because of that, and based on the main structural characteristics of LM22A-4 [43] , a known activator of the TrkB receptor, and RS67333 [44] , a partial 5-HT4 receptor agonist, we have designed and synthesized a small set of compounds with potential dual activities, in order to not only prevent the death of the neurons, but also to glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), has been implicated in cancer and a number of neurological disease states including bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's. This discovery of staurosporine propagated the design of 38 FDA approved kinase inhibitors, including the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor ruboxistaurin (1) (Figure 7 ) designed by Eli Lilly and Ro 318220, a nanomolar inhibitor of PKC and GSK-3β [46] . Crystal structures of this bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) framework identified that the maleimide headgroup (R 1 = H) induces strong hydrogen bond interactions, with the hinge of amino acids locking it in place, and adopts the conformation represented in Figure 7 within the kinase pocket. Structural modification and aryl replacement within the BIM frame is proven to improve kinase specificity and enhance anticancer activity [47] . This work describes the versatile synthetic route towards the novel BIM (2) pharmacophore by modifying the hydrogen-bonding headgroup R 1 and incorporating different aryl units, as well as the assessment of steric probes R 4 . Molecular modelling was conducted on lead compounds to probe the influence of substituents on binding in the PKC and GSK-3β kinase active sites. A total of 125 novel drug candidates were prepared and tested using the National Cancer Institute 60-cell line screen, and nanomolar anticancer activity was exhibited. [48] . The discovery of Structural modification and aryl replacement within the BIM frame is proven to improve kinase specificity and enhance anticancer activity [47] . This work describes the versatile synthetic route towards the novel BIM (2) pharmacophore by modifying the hydrogen-bonding headgroup R 1 and incorporating different aryl units, as well as the assessment of steric probes R 4 . Molecular modelling was conducted on lead compounds to probe the influence of substituents on binding in the PKC and GSK-3β kinase active sites. A total of 125 novel drug candidates were prepared and tested using the National Cancer Institute 60-cell line screen, and nanomolar anticancer activity was exhibited.

Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium that affected 229 million people and killed approximately 409,000 in 2019, according to the WHO [48] . The discovery of new antimalarial compounds is necessary to tackle the spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains [49] . In this context, we identified M1, a lead compound belonging to the 2-aminothieno [3,2-d] pyrimidinones series [50] , showing in vitro multistage antiplasmodial activity associated with low cytotoxicity. Moreover, M1 is active against quiescent artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum strain. Unfortunately, M1 is quickly metabolized by mouse liver microsome into inactive derivatives (t 1/2 = 11 min), leading to activity loss in vivo in mouse models.

To improve M1 microsomal stability and to complete the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, position 6 of the thieno [3,2-d] pyrimidine scaffold was modulated, and a scaffold hopping of the five-membered ring of the thienopyrimidine core was also investigated. All compounds were evaluated in vitro on the erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum. The best compounds were further assessed on the hepatic stage of P. berghei, and their in vitro metabolic stability was determined. Pharmacomodulations allowed us to discover new molecules with improved metabolic stability while limiting the loss of activity ( Figure 8 ). Synthetic routes and biological results will be presented in the communication.

Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 57 a scaffold hopping of the five-membered ring of the thienopyrimidine core was also investigated. All compounds were evaluated in vitro on the erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum. The best compounds were further assessed on the hepatic stage of P. berghei, and their in vitro metabolic stability was determined. Pharmacomodulations allowed us to discover new molecules with improved metabolic stability while limiting the loss of activity ( Figure 8 ). Synthetic routes and biological results will be presented in the communication.

benzimidazole-derived compounds and their bioisosteric analogues with MPO inhibitory potential. The activity of the compounds has been determined by taurine chloramine assay.

Enantiomers (YRC05)

School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Biomedical Sciences Institute, Pearse Street, Dublin 2; mclougea@tcd.ie Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a potent anticancer agent, which inhibits cancer cell proliferation and microtubule polymerization by binding at the colchicine-binding site of tubulin [58] . An extensive series of antiproliferative, tubulin-binding β-lactam compounds-the 'combretazets'-have been reported by our group over the last decade with the aim of overcoming the undesirable in vivo cis to trans isomerization to CA-4 s inactive form ( Figure 9 ) [59, 60] . We have successfully optimized the Staudinger synthesis to optimize the yield of trans β-lactam isomers and successfully resolved the racemic mixture to afford optically pure enantiomers of a series of highly potent anti-cancer β-lactam derivatives. Combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) is a potent anticancer agent, which inhibits cancer cell proliferation and microtubule polymerization by binding at the colchicine-binding site of tubulin [58] . An extensive series of antiproliferative, tubulin-binding β-lactam compounds-the 'combretazets'-have been reported by our group over the last decade with the aim of overcoming the undesirable in vivo cis to trans isomerization to CA-4′s inactive form ( Figure 9 ) [59, 60] . We have successfully optimized the Staudinger synthesis to optimize the yield of trans -lactam isomers and successfully resolved the racemic mixture to afford optically pure enantiomers of a series of highly potent anti-cancer -lactam derivatives. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has demonstrated this resolution strategy as a means of isolating optically pure enantiomers in up to 90% enantiomeric excess. The (3-S, 4-S) and (3-S, 4-R) enantiomers demonstrate superior biological potency within the enantiomeric pair in the case of the 3-OH and 3-phenyl derivatives, respectively. Molecular modelling supports these findings, illustrating that the superior enantiomer maintains all crucial interactions at the colchicine-binding site (CBS). This is in contrast to the inferior (3-R, 4-R) and (3-R, 4-S) enantiomers, which dock inconsistently, with incorrect binding orientation. Preliminary findings demonstrate that the aforementioned (3-S, 4-S) and (3-S, 4-R) enantiomers exhibit potent anti-tubulin activity, while the inferior enantiomer does not. Compound 04En1 has demonstrated sub-nanomolar potency in a range of breast cancer cell lines inclusive of MCF-7 (IC50 0.033  0.013 nM), MDA-MB-231 (IC50 0.679  0.332 nM) and Hs578T(i)8 (IC50 0.268  0.058 nM), showing promising potential as a small-molecule chemotherapy agent for resistant and triple-negative breast cancers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of cancer and various other human disorders, based on the selective activation of photosensitizers (PSs) with light. At present, one of the most promising strategies for PDT and also fluorescence photodiagnosis (PDD) is to use 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug to increase intracellular levels of the endogenous PS, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Although Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has demonstrated this resolution strategy as a means of isolating optically pure enantiomers in up to 90% enantiomeric excess. The (3-S, 4-S) and (3-S, 4-R) enantiomers demonstrate superior biological potency within the enantiomeric pair in the case of the 3-OH and 3-phenyl derivatives, respectively. Molecular modelling supports these findings, illustrating that the superior enantiomer maintains all crucial interactions at the colchicine-binding site (CBS). This is in contrast to the inferior (3-R, 4-R) and (3-R, 4-S) enantiomers, which dock inconsistently, with incorrect binding orientation. Preliminary findings demonstrate that the aforementioned (3-S, 4-S) and (3-S, 4-R) enantiomers exhibit potent anti-tubulin activity, while the inferior enantiomer does not. Compound 04En1 has demonstrated sub-nanomolar potency in a range of breast cancer cell lines inclusive of MCF-7 (IC 50 0.033 ± 0.013 nM), MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 0.679 ± 0.332 nM) and Hs578T(i)8 (IC 50 0.268 ± 0.058 nM), showing promising potential as a small-molecule chemotherapy agent for resistant and triple-negative breast cancers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of cancer and various other human disorders, based on the selective activation of photosensitizers (PSs) with light. At present, one of the most promising strategies for PDT and also fluorescence photodiagnosis (PDD) is to use 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a prodrug to increase intracellular levels of the endogenous PS, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Although ALA-PDT has been shown to be a very promising clinical approach, the physicochemical properties and chemical reactivity of ALA present some challenges. These may be addressed by incorporation of ALA units into a variety of prodrug systems [61] , and we have previously shown that peptide-based prodrugs are an attractive way to improve the delivery of ALA, leading to enhanced PpIX accumulation and PDT effects [62] . In this study, we present a novel and easy strategy to assemble a prodrug system to enhance the delivery of ALA to specific cell-types using targeting with tumor-homing peptides. Our approach is based on a molecular core to which multiple ALA units (ALA dendron derivatives) are attached as the effector units, and with ALA itself connected by an ester bond. The core structure is also linked to a targeting peptide that is prepared by solid phase synthesis, with selective peptide attachment to the core being achieved via Cu-catalyzed click chemistry. This combines the concept of ALA dendrimers and ALA-peptide prodrugs [63] . As proof of concept of this particular approach, we have prepared systems containing a bombesin-derived peptide that allows selective targeting of the GRP receptor (GRPR), which is overexpressed in a variety of tumors. Targeted ALA delivery and PpIX production with these prodrugs in GRPR-expressing PC3 cells will be described. Antimitotic agents block cell division by interfering with the mitotic machinery. Ligands that bind to the colchicine domain in tubulin interfere with microtubule dynamics, polymers built up by the polymerization of α,β-tubulin dimers [64] . Despite the promising tubulin polymerization inhibition and cytotoxicity, combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) suffers from low aqueous solubility and configurational instability. The aim of this work is to enhance the overall polarity of the compounds piece by piece in a way that is tolerated by the highly hydrophobic site to avoid activity loss. We have combined three previous successful strategies of structural modification [65] : the first one consisting of A-ring replacement by substituted pyridines, the second one involving modifications on the B-ring that allow additional polarity enhancements, and finally, reduction of the two-atom combretastatin bridge to one-atom bridges, as in benzophenones, oximes, and 1,1-diarylethenes.

The resulting molecules showed high antiproliferative activity against several cancer cell lines (i.e., HeLa, HT-29, and HL-60). The mechanism of action was assessed by tubulin inhibition polymerization experiments and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The observed microtubule disruption was accompanied by a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and subsequently, apoptotic cell death was confirmed by analyzing PARP cleavage, an early marker of apoptosis ( Figure 10 ). Conformational and docking studies support the binding of the ligands at the colchicine site of tubulin. Financial support: Consejería de Educación de la Junta de CyL and FEDER Funds (SA0116P20) and USAL (PIC2-2020-01). Financial support: Consejería de Educación de la Junta de CyL and FEDER Funds (SA0116P20) and USAL (PIC2-2020-01). Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) together with ERAP1 (50% homology) are responsible for antigenic peptides processing inside the ER and further addressing to MHC-I. Recently, ERAP2 has emerged as a promising pharmacological target through the validation of its role in several pathologies, among which are autoinflammatory diseases and cancer [66, 67] , while some selective ERAP1 modulators have already been disclosed. Herein, we would like to report on the discovery and the unprecedented binding mode of a series of modulators recently identified by the team using an HTS approach ( Figure 11 ) [68] . Financial support: Consejería de Educación de la Junta de CyL and FEDER Funds (SA0116P20) and USAL (PIC2-2020-01).

Pierre Sierocki 1 , Laura Medve 1 , Charlotte Fleau 1 , Ronan Gealageas 1 , Tuhina Khan 1 , Rodolphe Vattinel 1 , Valentin Guillaume 1 , Melissa Rosell 1 , Sandrine Warenghem 1 , Florence Leroux 1 , Catherine Piveteau 1 , Benoî t Deprez 1 , Rebecca Deprez-Poulain 1 1 Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 -Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France; pierre.sierocki@univ-lille.fr Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 (ERAP2) together with ERAP1 (50% homology) are responsible for antigenic peptides processing inside the ER and further addressing to MHC-I. Recently, ERAP2 has emerged as a promising pharmacological target through the validation of its role in several pathologies, among which are autoinflammatory diseases and cancer [66, 67] , while some selective ERAP1 modulators have already been disclosed. Herein, we would like to report on the discovery and the unprecedented binding mode of a series of modulators recently identified by the team using an HTS approach ( Figure 11 ) [68] . Figure 11 . HTS campaign and SAR around a series of newly discovered ERAP2 modulators. Figure 11 . HTS campaign and SAR around a series of newly discovered ERAP2 modulators. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a dangerous disease rapidly spreading all over the world today. Currently, there are no treatment options for it. Drug repurposing studies explored the potency of antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These drugs can inhibit the viral protease, called chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease, also known as main protease (3CL pro ); hence, we studied the binding efficiencies of 4-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinoline analogs of chloroquine ( Figure 12 ). Six compounds furnished better binding energies than chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. The interactions with the active site residues, especially with Cys145 and His41, which are involved in catalytic diad for proteolysis, make these compounds potent main protease inhibitors. A regression model correlating binding energy and the molecular descriptors for chloroquine analogs was generated with R 2 = 0.9039 and Q 2 = 0.8848. This model was used to screen new analogs of primaquine and molecules from the Asinex compound library. The docking and regression analysis showed these analogs to be more potent inhibitors of 3CLpro than hydroxychloroquine and primaquine. The molecular dynamic simulations of the hits were carried out to determine the binding stabilities. Finally, we propose four compounds which show drug likeness towards SARS-CoV-2 that can be further validated through in vitro and in vivo studies [69] .

hydroxychloroquine. The interactions with the active site residues, especially with Cys145 and His41, which are involved in catalytic diad for proteolysis, make these compounds potent main protease inhibitors. A regression model correlating binding energy and the molecular descriptors for chloroquine analogs was generated with R 2 = 0.9039 and Q 2 = 0.8848. This model was used to screen new analogs of primaquine and molecules from the Asinex compound library. The docking and regression analysis showed these analogs to be more potent inhibitors of 3CLpro than hydroxychloroquine and primaquine. The molecular dynamic simulations of the hits were carried out to determine the binding stabilities. Finally, we propose four compounds which show drug likeness towards SARS-CoV-2 that can be further validated through in vitro and in vivo studies [69] . Over the last two decades, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAbs-based bio-therapeutics have attained considerable attention as a targeted treatment in the oncology field. Both antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies have been established to empower the widespread benefits experienced with mAbs [70] . Bioconjugation chemistry has enabled the recent huge growth of these mAbs-based bio-therapeutics. The current Over the last two decades, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAbs-based biotherapeutics have attained considerable attention as a targeted treatment in the oncology field. Both antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies have been established to empower the widespread benefits experienced with mAbs [70] . Bioconjugation chemistry has enabled the recent huge growth of these mAbs-based bio-therapeutics. The current conjugation methods are based on conventional chemistries to label native amino acid residues. However, the current bioconjugation chemistries have a wide range of limitations [71] .

The primary focus of our research is developing novel affordable chemistries to introduce covalent functionalities to mAbs, whilst maintaining the structural integrity and stability, hence tackling the bespoke limitations experienced with current conjugation methods ( Figure 13 ). conjugation methods are based on conventional chemistries to label native amino acid residues. However, the current bioconjugation chemistries have a wide range of limitations [71] . The primary focus of our research is developing novel affordable chemistries to introduce covalent functionalities to mAbs, whilst maintaining the structural integrity and stability, hence tackling the bespoke limitations experienced with current conjugation methods ( Figure 13 ). Herein, the developed bioconjugation platforms are based on bis-reactive aryls proposed to rebridge the disulfide bonds of mAbs. The widespread advantages of these plat- Herein, the developed bioconjugation platforms are based on bis-reactive aryls proposed to rebridge the disulfide bonds of mAbs. The widespread advantages of these platforms could facilitate the construction of ground-breaking therapeutics, including labelled as well as armed immunoconjugates of monoclonal antibodies. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays a major role in altered metabolic regulation and acts as a rate-limiting enzyme in the last step of glycolysis, which catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and generates ATP from ADP. PKM2 actively participates in the production of high lactate levels in aerobic conditions and PKM2 is mainly expressed in leukemia and other cancers such as lung, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, ovarian cancer, and so on, via PKM2 upregulation. Literature findings reveal many PKM2 inhibitors and activators ( Figure 14 ). PKM2 inhibitor of the natural ligand shikonin, which had been reported as a specific PKM2 inhibitor, limits its use, as it targets both PKM2 and mitochondria, not revealing an understanding of the role of PKM2 in cancer metabolism. Further, there is no FDA-approved PKM2 inhibitor, and there is no consensus approach for the design and synthesis of effective PKM2 inhibitors. Due to the central regulatory role of PKM2 in many cancers, there is an urgent need for more effective PKM2 inhibitors. Besides the therapeutic benefit of PKM2 inhibition, it is better to understand the function of PKM2 in normal and cancer cells [72] [73] [74] . Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon; milad.baroud@etud.univ-angers.fr A cytidine analogue and hypomethylating agent, 5-Azacitidine is one of the main drugs being used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes [75] . However, after administration, it exhibits several limitations, including restricted diffusion and cellular internalization due to its hydrophilicity, and rapid enzymatic degradation by adenosine deaminase. The aim of this study was to improve the drug diffusion and protect it from metabolic degradation via the formulation of an amphiphilic prodrug and its self-assem- internalization due to its hydrophilicity, and rapid enzymatic degradation by adenosine deaminase. The aim of this study was to improve the drug diffusion and protect it from metabolic degradation via the formulation of an amphiphilic prodrug and its self-assembly into a nanoparticle. The alcohol groups of azacitidine were first protected using TBDMS to inhibit secondary conjugations, followed by the coupling of an unsaturated fatty acid to the amine group, and subsequently, deprotection was accomplished using TBAF, thus yielding an amphiphilic prodrug [76] . Next, the obtained prodrug was solubilized in acetone and mixed with water at different ratios to obtain self-assemblies by nanoprecipitation, thus protecting the active molecule from enzymatic degradation. This prodrug should be cleaved by cathepsin B, which is overexpressed in cancerous cells, therefore increasing the specificity of the drug [77, 78] . Furthermore, its amphiphilic nature should aid diffusion. This strategy would allow protection while increasing azacitidine's specificity and bioavailability. 

Department of Biochemistry, Gurudas College, Kolkata, India; basuanamikaami@gmail.com A system-pharmacology-based drug-gene network can combine two types of interactions. The first one highlights the interactome with human host gene co-expression network for a SARS-CoV2-virus-infected individual. In the case of the second type of interaction, a drug-gene network can be constructed with the differentially expressed genes obtained from the first network. From this system-pharmacology-based approach, the drug of interest for SARS CoV2 can be identified. From the RNA expression dataset, comparing a normal and COVID-19-infected patient, a gene expression network has been constructed, with the help of network biology software (as shown in Figure 15a ). By using the clustering method, forty-four genes are identified in cluster 1 among four clusters with differentially expressed genes. From the gene annotation study for these genes, the importance of hemidesmosome complex in cell-to-cell transmission of SARS CoV2 has been identified (unpublished results). drug of interest for SARS CoV2 can be identified. From the RNA expression dataset, comparing a normal and COVID-19-infected patient, a gene expression network has been constructed, with the help of network biology software (as shown in Figure 15a ). By using the clustering method, forty-four genes are identified in cluster 1 among four clusters with differentially expressed genes. From the gene annotation study for these genes, the importance of hemidesmosome complex in cell-to-cell transmission of SARS CoV2 has been identified (unpublished results). For a ligand-based drug-gene network, the above-mentioned forty-four genes and twelve chemical compounds are selected using ToppGeneFun software [79] . Among them, only the natural product genistein is selected as a drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Genistein is a phytoestrogen and belongs to the category of isoflavones. The gene network with genistein drawn with the STITCH database is shown in Figure 15b [80] . The effect of genistein on hemidesmosome complex is studied with in silico techniques. For a ligand-based drug-gene network, the above-mentioned forty-four genes and twelve chemical compounds are selected using ToppGeneFun software [79] . Among them, only the natural product genistein is selected as a drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Genistein is a phytoestrogen and belongs to the category of isoflavones. The gene network with genistein drawn with the STITCH database is shown in Figure 15b [80] . The effect of genistein on hemidesmosome complex is studied with in silico techniques. To date, antimicrobial resistance has been one of the biggest public health challenges. Multi-resistance is particularly worrying in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from nosocomial infections such as P. aeruginosa, E. coli, or K. pneumoniae. Each year, at least 700,000 people die from antibiotic-resistant infections worldwide [81] . The decrease in the effectiveness of antimalarial treatments also gives rise for concern. Indeed, P. falciparum, the most virulent Plasmodium species, is responsible for most of the 409,000 deaths reported in 2019 [48] .

Therefore, it is urgent to propose novel treatments with original and selective antimicrobial modes of action. Lipids are essential in maintaining bacterial membrane integrity. Their biosynthesis involves both fatty acid synthase-I (FAS-I) and fatty acid synthase-II (FAS-II). FAS-II is uniquely found in bacteria, plants, and apicomplexan parasites, such as Plasmodium. Furthermore, the FAS-II enzymes have a high level of conservation in the microbial pathogens. Among these, FabZ, a β-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) dehydratase, plays a pivotal role in the FAS II. This suitable yet little-explored enzyme represents a promising target to design broad-spectrum antimicrobials with limited side effects and offers minimum chances of cross-resistance with existing drugs targeting other pathways.

Very few FabZ inhibitors have been described, while several FabZ 3D structures from different organisms such as P. aeruginosa, P. falciparum, and H. pylori have been reported [82, 83] . Among known FabZ inhibitors, the NAS91 family, with a quinoline core, inhibits PfFabZ with IC 50 in a micromolar range. Additionally, co-crystal NAS91 family-PfFabZ complex structures are described in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) (3AZA, 3AZ9, 3AZB). Based on these data, we have started a FabZ-based drug design study to propose new quinoline structures. The in silico study, synthesis of some new quinolines, and first biological results will be shared. Purity is a critical attribute of medicinal compounds. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the presence of unwanted impurities is a significant problem in batches of drug products, many of which are difficult to remove by standard purification methods such as washing or recrystallization. [84] . This project is focused on developing reliable methods of analyzing the distribution of impurities incorporated within crystals of pharmaceutical products for use in industry, with the aim of better determination of effective purification methods. Five compounds were designed and synthesized as structurally similar additives to an API host, flufenamic acid (FFA), intended to mimic such impurities by forming substitutional solid solutions resistant to purification ( Figure 16 ). Very few FabZ inhibitors have been described, while several FabZ 3D structures from different organisms such as P. aeruginosa, P. falciparum, and H. pylori have been reported [82, 83] . Among known FabZ inhibitors, the NAS91 family, with a quinoline core, inhibits PfFabZ with IC50 in a micromolar range. Additionally, co-crystal NAS91 family-PfFabZ complex structures are described in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) (3AZA, 3AZ9, 3AZB). Based on these data, we have started a FabZ-based drug design study to propose new quinoline structures. The in silico study, synthesis of some new quinolines, and first biological results will be shared. Purity is a critical attribute of medicinal compounds. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, the presence of unwanted impurities is a significant problem in batches of drug products, many of which are difficult to remove by standard purification methods such as washing or recrystallization. [84] . This project is focused on developing reliable methods of analyzing the distribution of impurities incorporated within crystals of pharmaceutical products for use in industry, with the aim of better determination of effective purification methods. Five compounds were designed and synthesized as structurally similar additives to an API host, flufenamic acid (FFA), intended to mimic such impurities by forming substitutional solid solutions resistant to purification ( Figure 16 ). Samples of FFA were crystallized after having been doped with low levels of additive to produce such systems. The behavior of the doped systems was investigated, and the solid-state relationships characterized by HPLC, PXRD, TGA, and DSC analysis, includ- Samples of FFA were crystallized after having been doped with low levels of additive to produce such systems. The behavior of the doped systems was investigated, and the solid-state relationships characterized by HPLC, PXRD, TGA, and DSC analysis, including the construction of phase diagrams. A stepwise dissolution method was developed that allowed for the controllable dissolution of a single crystal or batch of crystal particles across multiple dissolution stages in order to map the distribution of one or more additives/impurities within the crystal(s) on a surface-to-center basis ( Figure 1 ). This method was successfully applied to systems with a variety of additive levels, additive types, and crystal morphologies. An alternative method of determining impurity distributions within acicular crystals was also developed. Employing these methods in an industry setting would allow a researcher to gain insight into the distribution of impurities within a batch of drug product, and as such inform a strategy for purification. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the world, with more than one in two people being diagnosed within their lifetime [85] . Cancer can be treated through different means, including chemotherapy, and the choice of drug depends on the type of cancer and the extent of its spread.

The duocarmycins are natural compounds that are highly potent DNA-alkylating agents. They bind to the minor groove in AT-rich regions of DNA and are among the most potent cytotoxic compounds known, offering a great potential for cancer treatment. However, high toxicity and low selectivity mean there has been limited progress of duocarmycins as chemotherapeutic agents. One approach to achieve selective cytotoxicity is with antibody drug conjugates, or ADCs. Here, the cytotoxic drug is bound by a linker to the antibody, and in doing this, the payload can be targeted directly to the tumors. A duocarmycin-based ADC called SYD985 is in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of HER-2 metastatic breast cancer [86] . This shows an exciting new field to be explored, and this project will look at preparing a dimeric payload that could potentially be used as a warhead for an ADC.

The duocarmycin family consists of different alkylating subunits, including the duocarmycin SA unit, DSA, one of the most potent subunits which is of great interest in the design of analogues [87] . This project follows work previously done by Boger, where yatakemycin and DSA were synthesized stereoselectively. Enantiopurity is important as it affects how the compounds will bind to DNA and therefore the potency. Once the DNAalkylating unit has been synthesized in a stereoselective fashion and with an appropriate protection strategy, analogues can be made using solid phase synthesis techniques already established within the research group. This SPS method allows a library of analogues to be made and studied, with a focus on making dimers. Duocarmycin payloads in ADCs have shown promise as dimers with both dimeric seco-CBI payloads and PBD dimers in clinical trials [88] . Using our approach, we will be able to "tune" the physicochemical characteristics of the dimers by varying amino-acid-based linker structures.

School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, N7 8DB London, UK; a.chave1@londonmet.ac.uk Marinoquinolines (Mq) are a group of natural products that share a pyrroloquinoline core and are derived from marine bacteria. At the time of writing, eleven Mq have been isolated ( Figure 1 ). Mq and derivatives have been found to be effective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (IC 50 = 4.9 µM) [89] and Plasmodium spp. inhibitors (IC 50 < 1 µM) [90] . Pyrroloquinoixalines are tricyclic Mq derivatives, some of which have been demonstrated within the group to be acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (IC 50 = 2 µM). In terms of synthesis, there are several viable routes to tricyclic heterocycles, with reported examples including a Pictet-Spengler reaction [91] and Ullman coupling of pyrroles with nitroarenes [92] . Radical chemistry represents an attractive alternative thanks to its mild conditions and lack of necessity to protect functional groups [93] . However, several radical syntheses use transition metal catalysts that are non-trivial to eliminate from reaction mixtures and may be toxic. A metal-free alkyne cyclization using sulfone radicals generated in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) has been previously reported [94] . Here, we present a novel metal-free radical isocyanide cyclization with sulfone radicals in 12% yield ( Figure 17 ). The benzene sulfonyl group is a good leaving group, making compound 1 a suitable precursor for synthesis of other substituted pyrroloquinoxalines by substitution under basic conditions. with sulfone radicals in 12% yield ( Figure 17 ). The benzene sulfonyl group is a good leaving group, making compound 1 a suitable precursor for synthesis of other substituted pyrroloquinoxalines by substitution under basic conditions. 

Italo Cirone 1 , Elias Maccioni 1 1 Dept of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari (CA), Italy; email: italo.cirone93@gmail.com Due to the low selectivity and severe side effects of conventional anticancer therapies, research is currently focusing on new small molecules targeting specific cancer cell mechanisms, which can eventually lead to new drugs with a good therapeutic index and decreased side effects. Two of the most studied targets for this kind of approach are the protein kinase family and DNA G-Quadruplex. The development of dual-targeting small molecules is highly attractive because single-target drugs, in order to be effective and to avoid the appearance of resistance, need to be used in a cocktail. This could lead to compounded side effects, whereas the use of a single molecule acting on all the targets could reduce the risk of severe side effects [95] . In light of the above, two currently marketed kinase inhibitors, Sunitinib and Nintedanib, were taken as a starting point to design eight hit compounds, all carrying an isatin moiety. Isatin is a recurring motif in a variety of natural active compounds and, considering its low toxicity, is considered a privileged scaffold in drug design. These eight hit compounds feature a thiazolidine-indolinone core carrying, at the 2 position of the thiazolidinone ring, a morpholinic lateral chain, to enhance solubility in water ( Figure 18 ). These molecules were synthesized with a straightforward five-step synthetic route in quantitative yields. Subsequently, a prediction of their drug-like properties was performed using Swiss ADME. All compounds were reported to have a good lipophilic/hydrophilic balance. These hit compounds are promising candidates, and their properties should be further investigated through the relevant biological assays. 

Dept of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari (CA), Italy; italo.cirone93@gmail.com Due to the low selectivity and severe side effects of conventional anticancer therapies, research is currently focusing on new small molecules targeting specific cancer cell mechanisms, which can eventually lead to new drugs with a good therapeutic index and decreased side effects. Two of the most studied targets for this kind of approach are the protein kinase family and DNA G-Quadruplex. The development of dual-targeting small molecules is highly attractive because single-target drugs, in order to be effective and to avoid the appearance of resistance, need to be used in a cocktail. This could lead to compounded side effects, whereas the use of a single molecule acting on all the targets could reduce the risk of severe side effects [95] . In light of the above, two currently marketed kinase inhibitors, Sunitinib and Nintedanib, were taken as a starting point to design eight hit compounds, all carrying an isatin moiety. Isatin is a recurring motif in a variety of natural active compounds and, considering its low toxicity, is considered a privileged scaffold in drug design. These eight hit compounds feature a thiazolidine-indolinone core carrying, at the 2 position of the thiazolidinone ring, a morpholinic lateral chain, to enhance solubility in water ( Figure 18 ). with sulfone radicals in 12% yield ( Figure 17 ). The benzene sulfonyl group is a good leaving group, making compound 1 a suitable precursor for synthesis of other substituted pyrroloquinoxalines by substitution under basic conditions. 

Italo Cirone 1 , Elias Maccioni 1 1 Dept of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari (CA), Italy; email: italo.cirone93@gmail.com Due to the low selectivity and severe side effects of conventional anticancer therapies, research is currently focusing on new small molecules targeting specific cancer cell mechanisms, which can eventually lead to new drugs with a good therapeutic index and decreased side effects. Two of the most studied targets for this kind of approach are the protein kinase family and DNA G-Quadruplex. The development of dual-targeting small molecules is highly attractive because single-target drugs, in order to be effective and to avoid the appearance of resistance, need to be used in a cocktail. This could lead to compounded side effects, whereas the use of a single molecule acting on all the targets could reduce the risk of severe side effects [95] . In light of the above, two currently marketed kinase inhibitors, Sunitinib and Nintedanib, were taken as a starting point to design eight hit compounds, all carrying an isatin moiety. Isatin is a recurring motif in a variety of natural active compounds and, considering its low toxicity, is considered a privileged scaffold in drug design. These eight hit compounds feature a thiazolidine-indolinone core carrying, at the 2 position of the thiazolidinone ring, a morpholinic lateral chain, to enhance solubility in water ( Figure 18 ). These molecules were synthesized with a straightforward five-step synthetic route in quantitative yields. Subsequently, a prediction of their drug-like properties was performed using Swiss ADME. All compounds were reported to have a good lipophilic/hydrophilic balance. These hit compounds are promising candidates, and their properties should be further investigated through the relevant biological assays. These molecules were synthesized with a straightforward five-step synthetic route in quantitative yields. Subsequently, a prediction of their drug-like properties was performed using Swiss ADME. All compounds were reported to have a good lipophilic/hydrophilic Benzimidazole plays a key role in medicinal chemistry. Its derivatives have been evidenced to have multiple pharmacological properties, such as antiviral, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial [96] [97] [98] [99] . This work investigates the reactivity of the benzimidazole core in order to fully explore the effect of substituents on its different extensible sites ( Figure 19A ) and produce a structure-activity relationship. Benzimidazole plays a key role in medicinal chemistry. Its derivatives have been evidenced to have multiple pharmacological properties, such as antiviral, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial [96] [97] [98] [99] . This work investigates the reactivity of the benzimidazole core in order to fully explore the effect of substituents on its different extensible sites ( Figure 19A ) and produce a structure-activity relationship. A library of substituted benzimidazoles has been synthesized, from substituted ophenylenediamines and alkyl carboxylic acids or aromatic aldehydes. Furthermore, several of the compounds synthesized have shown promising bioactivity. Both of these aspects of the work will be described. This work will contribute to the discovery of new benzimidazole-based anti-infective agents.

Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.; email: a.j.cresswell@bath.ac.uk My group has recently found that primary alkylamines without N-protection can be employed directly in photoredox catalysis to form new C-C bonds α-to nitrogen, using a variety of radicophiles as coupling partners [100, 101] . This is a key advance for amine synthesis, providing a highly simplifying disconnection for α-tertiary amines and saturated azacycles, including spirocycles. These compounds are of significant interest in drug design. Our strategy uses an organic photocatalyst in combination with a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst, and we have so far applied this methodology to the direct synthesis of C-alkylated primary amines, γ-lactams, γ-aryl amines, tetrahydroquinolines, and α-(benzo)thiazolyl amines ( Figure 20 ). Most of these compounds are cumbersome to access using the current state of the art. The scalability of the chemistry has been demonstrated in continuous flow (on decagram scale), and detailed kinetic and photophysical studies have provided astounding detail on the intricate workings of the reactions, including photocatalyst deactivation processes. We have recently applied this methodology to a single-step synthesis of the blockbuster drug fingolimod, and we are now applying it further towards the synthesis of other medicinally or biologically relevant amine targets. A library of substituted benzimidazoles has been synthesized, from substituted ophenylenediamines and alkyl carboxylic acids or aromatic aldehydes. Furthermore, several of the compounds synthesized have shown promising bioactivity. Both of these aspects of the work will be described. This work will contribute to the discovery of new benzimidazole-based anti-infective agents.

Alexander J. Cresswell Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, U.K.; a.j.cresswell@bath.ac.uk My group has recently found that primary alkylamines without N-protection can be employed directly in photoredox catalysis to form new C-C bonds αto nitrogen, using a variety of radicophiles as coupling partners [100, 101] . This is a key advance for amine synthesis, providing a highly simplifying disconnection for α-tertiary amines and saturated azacycles, including spirocycles. These compounds are of significant interest in drug design. Our strategy uses an organic photocatalyst in combination with a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst, and we have so far applied this methodology to the direct synthesis of C-alkylated primary amines, γ-lactams, γ-aryl amines, tetrahydroquinolines, and α-(benzo)thiazolyl amines ( Figure 20 ). Most of these compounds are cumbersome to access using the current state of the art. The scalability of the chemistry has been demonstrated in continuous flow (on decagram scale), and detailed kinetic and photophysical studies have provided astounding detail on the intricate workings of the reactions, including photocatalyst deactivation processes. We have recently applied this methodology to a single-step synthesis of the blockbuster drug fingolimod, and we are now applying it further towards the synthesis of other medicinally or biologically relevant amine targets. Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones are bicyclic heterocyclic compounds for which very interesting inhibitory activities have been described in the field of protein kinase inhibitors. Our group has described in the past years several straightforward strategies for the synthesis of 4-amino and 4-oxo substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones 1 (R 4 = NH2/OH) ( Figure 21 ) with up to five diversity centers and two possible degrees of unsaturation in the pyridone ring. Consequently, an adequate decoration of structures 1 has allowed us to describe compounds with nM activities as breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) kinase inhibitors for B lymphoid malignancies, discoidin-domain-containing receptor (DDR2) inhibitors for treatment of lung cancer, hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors, and others. A drawback of our synthetic methodologies is the fact that a de novo synthesis is needed each time a new pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one with a different set of substituents in R 6 and at the para position of the phenylamino substituent at position C 2 is required. In this context, our group has developed a methodology to obtain pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones easily amenable to decoration by using a dihalogenation methodology with bromo and iodo reagents to render the dibromo 2 or 2-((p-bromophenyl)amino)-6iodo 3 compounds as a common starting reagent. Then, once the two dihalo-substituted compounds were obtained, we carried out a proof of concept of the orthogonality of the halogens present in both compounds using a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction protocol. The reactivity differentiation of the 6-iodo compound 3 allowed the regiospecific crosscoupling at position C6 with a wide range of arylboronic acids. The iodine and bromine atoms present in compound 3 can be sequentially substituted using Suzuki, Ullman, and Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones are bicyclic heterocyclic compounds for which very interesting inhibitory activities have been described in the field of protein kinase inhibitors. Our group has described in the past years several straightforward strategies for the synthesis of 4-amino and 4-oxo substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones 1 (R 4 = NH2/OH) ( Figure 21 ) with up to five diversity centers and two possible degrees of unsaturation in the pyridone ring. Consequently, an adequate decoration of structures 1 has allowed us to describe compounds with nM activities as breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) kinase inhibitors for B lymphoid malignancies, discoidin-domain-containing receptor (DDR2) inhibitors for treatment of lung cancer, hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitors, and others. A drawback of our synthetic methodologies is the fact that a de novo synthesis is needed each time a new pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one with a different set of substituents in R 6 and at the para position of the phenylamino substituent at position C 2 is required. In this context, our group has developed a methodology to obtain pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones easily amenable to decoration by using a dihalogenation methodology with bromo and iodo reagents to render the dibromo 2 or 2-((p-bromophenyl)amino)-6iodo 3 compounds as a common starting reagent. Then, once the two dihalo-substituted compounds were obtained, we carried out a proof of concept of the orthogonality of the halogens present in both compounds using a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction protocol. The reactivity differentiation of the 6-iodo compound 3 allowed the regiospecific crosscoupling at position C6 with a wide range of arylboronic acids. The iodine and bromine atoms present in compound 3 can be sequentially substituted using Suzuki, Ullman, and In this context, our group has developed a methodology to obtain pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones easily amenable to decoration by using a dihalogenation methodology with bromo and iodo reagents to render the dibromo 2 or 2-((p-bromophenyl)amino)-6-iodo 3 compounds as a common starting reagent. Then, once the two dihalo-substituted compounds were obtained, we carried out a proof of concept of the orthogonality of the halogens present in both compounds using a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction protocol. The reactivity differentiation of the 6-iodo compound 3 allowed the regiospecific cross-coupling at position C6 with a wide range of arylboronic acids. The iodine and bromine atoms present in compound 3 can be sequentially substituted using Suzuki, Ullman, and other protocols to achieve potentially active tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Such orthogonal decoration of compound 3 allows a rapid and convenient approach to pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones without needing a de novo synthesis from an α,β-unsaturated ester bearing the aryl substituent for each combination of substituents [102] .

Sébastien Depienne 1 , Dimitri Alvarez-Dorta 1 , Mikael Croyal 2 , Estelle Lebegue 1 , Christine Thobie-Gautier 1 , Mohammed Boujtita 1 , David Deniaud 1 , Sébastien G. Gouin 1 1 CEISAM Laboratory UMR 6230, Nantes University, F-44000 Nantes, France 2 CHU Nantes, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes University, F-44000 Nantes, France; sebastien.depienne@univ-nantes.fr

Methodologies for simple and clean protein engineering are extensively explored for the development of new protein-drug conjugates, targeted medical imaging agents, or multifunctional biological tools. In particular, homogeneous protein labeling remains a distinctive challenge to overcome uncontrolled drug-loading and pharmacodynamics limitations of current conjugates. For this purpose, site-selective labeling of the less abundant surface-exposed tyrosines (Y) represents a constructive strategy. We recently developed the first electrochemical bioconjugation protocol, termed eY-click, to tag Y with 4-phenylurazole anchor under mild and traceless oxidative conditions [103] . The eY-click methodology was here implemented to a range of labeling reagents, highlighting 2-methyl-2,3-dihydropthalazine-1,4-dione (NMeLum) as a highly efficient and chemoselective Y-modifier under single-electron anodic oxidation. NMeLum was electro-oxidized in situ in pure aqueous buffer without affecting protein integrity. The generated radicals react readily with the phenol moiety of exposed tyrosines to obtain labeled biomolecules ( Figure 22 ). The methodology proved efficient at low protein concentration, with biologically relevant targets (enzymes, antibodies), and with an azido-armed NMeLum anchor being further functionalized with strained cyclooctynes probes by SPAAC. other protocols to achieve potentially active tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Such orthogonal decoration of compound 3 allows a rapid and convenient approach to pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones without needing a de novo synthesis from an α,β-unsaturated ester bearing the aryl substituent for each combination of substituents [102] . Methodologies for simple and clean protein engineering are extensively explored for the development of new protein-drug conjugates, targeted medical imaging agents, or multifunctional biological tools. In particular, homogeneous protein labeling remains a distinctive challenge to overcome uncontrolled drug-loading and pharmacodynamics limitations of current conjugates. For this purpose, site-selective labeling of the less abundant surface-exposed tyrosines (Y) represents a constructive strategy. We recently developed the first electrochemical bioconjugation protocol, termed eY-click, to tag Y with 4phenylurazole anchor under mild and traceless oxidative conditions [103] . The eY-click methodology was here implemented to a range of labeling reagents, highlighting 2-methyl-2,3-dihydropthalazine-1,4-dione (NMeLum) as a highly efficient and chemoselective Y-modifier under single-electron anodic oxidation. NMeLum was electro-oxidized in situ in pure aqueous buffer without affecting protein integrity. The generated radicals react readily with the phenol moiety of exposed tyrosines to obtain labeled biomolecules (Figure 22 ). The methodology proved efficient at low protein concentration, with biologically relevant targets (enzymes, antibodies), and with an azido-armed NMeLum anchor being further functionalized with strained cyclooctynes probes by SPAAC. In this study, low-cost activated carbon was prepared from prickly pear seed cake biomass after bio-oil extraction, for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The obtained adsorbent was treated with hydrogen peroxide H2O2 in order to introduce In this study, low-cost activated carbon was prepared from prickly pear seed cake biomass after bio-oil extraction, for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The obtained adsorbent was treated with hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 in order to introduce oxygen surface complexes and to evaluate the adsorption performance after functional surface modification. The effect of the oxidizing treatments on activated carbon was examined by several techniques, including nitrogen adsorption and SEM. Batch adsorption experi-ments were carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters (pH solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial metal ions concentration) on the metal ions removal.

Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were employed to provide a description of the equilibrium isotherm. Furthermore, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were conducted to investigate the mechanism of Cd(II) adsorption by the obtained adsorbent. The results show that the adsorption of Cd(II) follows the pseudosecond-order model kinetics. In addition, the adsorption process was correlated with the Langmuir model. The university's synthetic chemistry researchers generate a significant quantity of novel and unique chemical compounds in the course of their research. These compounds include intermediates, reagents, fragments, ligands, 'drug-like' molecules, inorganic materials, and polymers that are often unavailable on the global market. However, on completion of the projects, many of these compounds have no further use and end up being stored and eventually disposed of.

To maximize the value of these chemicals, a unique initiative was established in the School of Chemistry, UoN, called Nottingham Research Chemicals (NRC). This pioneering project allows the introduction of chemicals from research and teaching to the market via collaboration with our industrial partner, Key Organics Ltd. Since mid-2015, the NRC project has introduced >150 compounds to the market and continues to grow its portfolio ( Figure 23 ). Additional advantage comes with promotional materials which highlight the state-of-the-art research ongoing at the University of Nottingham.

oxygen surface complexes and to evaluate the adsorption performance after functional surface modification. The effect of the oxidizing treatments on activated carbon was examined by several techniques, including nitrogen adsorption and SEM. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters (pH solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial metal ions concentration) on the metal ions removal.

Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were employed to provide a description of the equilibrium isotherm. Furthermore, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were conducted to investigate the mechanism of Cd(II) adsorption by the obtained adsorbent. The results show that the adsorption of Cd(II) follows the pseudosecond-order model kinetics. In addition, the adsorption process was correlated with the Langmuir model. The university's synthetic chemistry researchers generate a significant quantity of novel and unique chemical compounds in the course of their research. These compounds include intermediates, reagents, fragments, ligands, 'drug-like' molecules, inorganic materials, and polymers that are often unavailable on the global market. However, on completion of the projects, many of these compounds have no further use and end up being stored and eventually disposed of.

To maximize the value of these chemicals, a unique initiative was established in the School of Chemistry, UoN, called Nottingham Research Chemicals (NRC). This pioneering project allows the introduction of chemicals from research and teaching to the market via collaboration with our industrial partner, Key Organics Ltd. Since mid-2015, the NRC project has introduced >150 compounds to the market and continues to grow its portfolio ( Figure 23 ). Additional advantage comes with promotional materials which highlight the state-of-the-art research ongoing at the University of Nottingham. As part of our ongoing program dealing with the synthesis of complex indoleheterocycles of therapeutic interest, we have previously investigated a tandem reaction to see whether a 5-exo-trig cyclization could be innovatively combined with a radical promoted smiles rearrangement [104] . Because of interest in the indoloquinoline scaffold for drug discovery (Figure 24 ), we studied the preparation of new indolo [2,3-b] quinoline derivatives by this domino process, including radical smiles rearrangement, and we evaluated the antimicrobial characteristics of these tetracyclic derivatives as well as their capacity to prevent biofilm formation [105, 106] . Promising results have been obtained in combination with ciprofloxacin.

phie Gangloff 2 , Fany Reffuveille 2 1 ICMR UMR CNRS 7312, UFR de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR Cap Santé, France 2 EA 4691 BIOS « Biomatériaux & inflammation en site osseux », Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne; stephane.gerard@univ-reims.fr As part of our ongoing program dealing with the synthesis of complex indole-heterocycles of therapeutic interest, we have previously investigated a tandem reaction to see whether a 5-exo-trig cyclization could be innovatively combined with a radical promoted smiles rearrangement [104] . Because of interest in the indoloquinoline scaffold for drug discovery (Figure 24 ), we studied the preparation of new indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives by this domino process, including radical smiles rearrangement, and we evaluated the antimicrobial characteristics of these tetracyclic derivatives as well as their capacity to prevent biofilm formation [105, 106] . Promising results have been obtained in combination with ciprofloxacin. Selective recognition of proteins and modulation of their interactions represents an unprecedented opportunity for pharmacological innovation, but the rational design of protein-protein interaction (PPI) modulators remains challenging, mostly due to the different structural characteristics of protein interfaces compared to traditional drug targets [107] . Supramolecular systems can provide orthogonal molecular elements for enhancing affinity and selectivity in protein recognition and modulation by targeting protein elements such as side chains and peptide motifs [108] . Combining synthetic supramolecular elements with peptide recognition motifs would therefore provide an elegant and unique entry for the development of such improved tool compounds, and we report here a first successful proof of concept ( Figure 25 ) [109] . Selective recognition of proteins and modulation of their interactions represents an unprecedented opportunity for pharmacological innovation, but the rational design of protein-protein interaction (PPI) modulators remains challenging, mostly due to the different structural characteristics of protein interfaces compared to traditional drug targets [107] . Supramolecular systems can provide orthogonal molecular elements for enhancing affinity and selectivity in protein recognition and modulation by targeting protein elements such as side chains and peptide motifs [108] . Combining synthetic supramolecular elements with peptide recognition motifs would therefore provide an elegant and unique entry for the development of such improved tool compounds, and we report here a first successful proof of concept ( Figure 25 ) [109] . Here, we show for the first time the interfacing of a synthetic supramolecular element (lysine-specific molecular tweezers) with an ExoS peptide recognition motif to furnish a powerful ditopic 14-3-3 ligand exhibiting up to a 100-fold improved affinity. X-ray crystal structure elucidation provided unique molecular insight into the binding mode and fully aligned with molecular dynamics simulations. Together, these data highlight that a short but flexible linker maintains enough degrees of freedom for favorable entropy contribu- Here, we show for the first time the interfacing of a synthetic supramolecular element (lysine-specific molecular tweezers) with an ExoS peptide recognition motif to furnish a powerful ditopic 14-3-3 ligand exhibiting up to a 100-fold improved affinity. X-ray crystal structure elucidation provided unique molecular insight into the binding mode and fully aligned with molecular dynamics simulations. Together, these data highlight that a short but flexible linker maintains enough degrees of freedom for favorable entropy contributions, while allowing both elements to occupy exactly the same binding site. Fluorescence polarization and isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the combination of both ligands shifts the KD into the nanomolar regime (KD~400-500 nM), indicating an 80 to 100-fold stronger binding as compared to the native peptide. Cancer immunotherapy has emerged at the forefront of treatments against cancer. Immunotherapy provides specificity for affecting cancer cells, improving the side effects and potential for long-term remission through immunomemory [110] . Tumors use immune checkpoints to evade immunosurveillance by down-regulating molecules that stimulate T cells while up-regulating molecules which inhibit T cell activation. By blocking the interaction between the checkpoint molecule and its ligand, T cells will be activated to eliminate tumor cells. Immunotherapy provided a turning point in oncology, transforming treatment efficacy with a more targeted approach than conventional treatments. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are well-described checkpoint proteins that have been successfully targeted with monoclonal antibodies [111, 112] .

Small molecules offer an inexpensive alternative to antibodies to modulate the proteinprotein interaction (PPI) between PD-1 and PD-L1, although no small molecules have demonstrated proven binding to either protein yet. Bristol Myers Squibb reported two cyclic peptides (named peptide 57 and peptide 71) that offer an alternative solution showing tight binding to PD-L1 in the PD-1 binding site. There are structural benefits if cyclic peptides open avenues of information about hotspot targeting of PPIs. Through peptidedirected binding, these cyclic peptides will be used as scaffolds to create small molecule drug leads while maintaining the original binding properties [113] . The synthesis of cyclic peptides 57 and 71 will be discussed alongside the next steps towards peptidedirected binding to synthesize novel small molecule inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1, including the tetrazine synthesis achieved so far. Nanofibers are sub-micron-scale fibers, with a diameter range between 10 and 100 nm. Their characteristic aspect ratio (more than 100) and high porosity are elements to look forward to attaining when designing the experiment and formulating the starting solution [114, 115] . Chitosan nanofibers are described as artificial extracellular matrices (ECM) due to the resemblance of the polymer (CS) and the glycosaminoglicans of the natural ECM. The association of chitosan and biologically active molecules is of benefit due to chitosan's properties as a potential drug enhancer [115, 116] . Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is an amphiphilic, water-soluble compound. It is a biocompatible polymer used not only in cosmetic formulations, but also in the biomedical area.

Propolis extract (7.5% v/v), L-arginine HCl (5% w/v), Manuka honey (7.5% w/v), and propolis-Calendula officinalis extract, respectively, were dissolved in a mixture (1:1 volume ratio) of polyethylene-oxide (2% w/v) and chitosan (3% w/v) acetic acid solution (50% v/v). Electrospinning parameters were constant during the experiments, with a tipto-collector distance of 28 cm, an infusion rate of 0.7 mL/hour, and a voltage below 18 kV. Four antioxidant tests (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, phosphomolybdate assay) were performed to assess the best antioxidant matrix. Swelling kinetics, porosity degree and cytocompatibility are yet to be determined.

By adding the additives to the polymeric solution, the fiber diameter increases. There is an important link between viscosity and superficial tension and obtaining proper, smooth nanofibers. The chitosan-based nanofibers loaded with propolis-Calendula extract showed the best antioxidant potential in all four antioxidant tests. Calendula has also been traditionally used in dermatological issues and has proven beneficial in modern applications too. In this work, we successfully developed smooth, continuous, randomly oriented Larginine/Manuka honey/Propolis/Calendula officinalis nanofibers, providing a new option for developing wound dressings.

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Cigli, Izmir, Turkey; tel: 0090 232 329 3535 / 6111; huseyin.istanbullu@ikc.edu.tr Leishmaniasis is a major health problem in the world and classified among the neglected diseases. With the purpose of discovering novel and potent antileishmanial compounds, we designed and synthesized a series of compounds bearing a thiazolopyrimidine core (Figure 26 ), a classical isostere of pteridine ring which is a structural part of the native substrate of Leishmania major Pteridine Reductase 1 (LmPTR1) enzyme [117] . col [119] . Additionally, in vivo amastigote activity of these compounds was also investigated. Taken together, these data suggest that the introduced novel scaffold has a potential to be a lead structure in antileishmanial drug discovery. Human trefoil factor 2 (hTFF2) belongs to an important family of peptides containing a well-structured trefoil domain [120] . hTFF2 is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract where it plays important role in protecting and repairing the mucosa; it thus holds thera peutic promise for the treatment of chronic gastrointestinal disorders [121] . hTFF2 contains 106 amino acid residues (15Asn glycosylated) and displays two trefoil domains formed by 7 disulfide bonds. Its 3D structure, mode of action, and target receptor remain unknown, as only limited amounts of hTFF2 can be obtained from human tissue extraction.

Here, we describe a yeast expression system designed to produce hTFF2 and its glycosylated and 15N-enriched analogues for physiological, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies ( Figure 27 ). We designed the hTFF2 gene encoding a fusion protein, constructed recombinant plasmids, and optimized conditions for protein expression. The secreted Compounds' in vitro antiparasitic activity on L. tropica and L. infantum was evaluated. Some of the compounds were selected to be tested for their in vitro DHFR inhibition activity and LmPTR1 inhibitor activity [118] . Cytotoxic properties of the promising compounds were determined on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line using WST-1 protocol [119] . Additionally, in vivo amastigote activity of these compounds was also investigated. Taken together, these data suggest that the introduced novel scaffold has a potential to be a lead structure in antileishmanial drug discovery.

Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria; kirtikumar.jadhav@univie.ac.ato Human trefoil factor 2 (hTFF2) belongs to an important family of peptides containing a well-structured trefoil domain [120] . hTFF2 is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract, where it plays important role in protecting and repairing the mucosa; it thus holds therapeutic promise for the treatment of chronic gastrointestinal disorders [121] . hTFF2 contains 106 amino acid residues (15Asn glycosylated) and displays two trefoil domains formed by 7 disulfide bonds. Its 3D structure, mode of action, and target receptor remain unknown, as only limited amounts of hTFF2 can be obtained from human tissue extraction.

Here, we describe a yeast expression system designed to produce hTFF2 and its glycosylated and 15N-enriched analogues for physiological, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies ( Figure 27 ). We designed the hTFF2 gene encoding a fusion protein, constructed recombinant plasmids, and optimized conditions for protein expression. The secreted hTFF2 was found in a glycosylated and non-glycosylated form in S. cerevisiae. We also produced a 15N-enriched analogue of hTFF2 to facilitate NMR structure determination. Furthermore, we also describe our semi-synthesis approach to synthesize hTFF2 protein by expressed protein ligation using an E. coli-based expression system. Access to large quantities and the 3D structure of hTFF2 will help to elucidate its mode of action in gastrointestinal protection and wound healing. Human trefoil factor 2 (hTFF2) belongs to an important family of peptides containing a well-structured trefoil domain [120] . hTFF2 is secreted into the gastrointestinal tract, where it plays important role in protecting and repairing the mucosa; it thus holds therapeutic promise for the treatment of chronic gastrointestinal disorders [121] . hTFF2 contains 106 amino acid residues (15Asn glycosylated) and displays two trefoil domains formed by 7 disulfide bonds. Its 3D structure, mode of action, and target receptor remain unknown, as only limited amounts of hTFF2 can be obtained from human tissue extraction.

Here, we describe a yeast expression system designed to produce hTFF2 and its glycosylated and 15N-enriched analogues for physiological, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies ( Figure 27 ). We designed the hTFF2 gene encoding a fusion protein, constructed recombinant plasmids, and optimized conditions for protein expression. The secreted hTFF2 was found in a glycosylated and non-glycosylated form in S. cerevisiae. We also produced a 15N-enriched analogue of hTFF2 to facilitate NMR structure determination. Furthermore, we also describe our semi-synthesis approach to synthesize hTFF2 protein by expressed protein ligation using an E. coli-based expression system. Access to large quantities and the 3D structure of hTFF2 will help to elucidate its mode of action in gastrointestinal protection and wound healing. 

Milena M. Jovanović 1 , Dragana S. Šeklić 2 , Jelena D. Rakobradović 3 , Snežana D. Marković 1 ameliorate standard chemotherapeutical approaches, like the unique bee product royal jelly fatty acid, trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA). We analyzed the anticancer effects of 10H2DA on colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT-116 and SW-480). Treatment effects on viability of tested cells was evaluated using MTT test [122] , migratory potential was determined by Wound healing assay [123] , invasive potential was explored by Transwell assay with modifications, and expression of promigratory proteins N-cadherin, Vimentin, and anti-invasive marker Snail was measured by immunofluorescence [122] . Cells were treated with 10H2DA in the concentration ranges 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 500 µM; as for other analysis, two selected doses (10 and 100 µM) were applied. All assays were performed 24 h after treatment. Results showed no significant cytotoxic effect of 10H2DA on both cell lines, while treatment significantly inhibited migratory/invasive potential of HCT-116 cells. The observed notable decrease of N-cadherin and Vimentin expression is in correlation with the antimigratory effect of treatment, while the lowered level of Snail confirms anti-invasive activity of 10H2DA on these cells. Royal jelly acid also induced a strong antimigratory effect on SW-480 cells with reduction of promigratory markers expression. Invasive potential of treated SW-480 cells was notably reduced, which could be elucidated by significantly lowered expression of Snail. In conclusion, our report indicates the pronounced antimigratory/invasive in vitro potential of 10H2DA on two colorectal carcinoma cell lines; thus, it should be intensively investigated in future. Based on the report of the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer represents the second leading cause of death [124] . The application of transition-metal-based complexes as chemotherapeutics has been presented throughout history [125] . The investigation of the interactions between complexes and DNA constituents, DNA, and proteins is of crucial interest for understanding the mechanism of their action and for design of the pharmacologically effective drug. The interactions of [Pd(caffeine) 2 Cl 2 ] and [Pt(caffeine) 2 Cl 2 ] (caffeine = 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) complexes with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescencequenching measurements with DNA were performed in the presence of ethidium bromide (EB) and Hoechst dye 33258 (Hoe). The complexes have a strong ability to react with CT-DNA, suggesting intercalation and more preferable minor groove binding. High values of binding constants indicate a good binding affinity of complexes towards HSA.

Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, 151401 Bathinda, India; sidhukaur0013@gmail.com Nowadays, C-N bond formation has been increasingly used to construct diverse N-heterocycles with various applications in pharmaceuticals, supramolecular chemistry, and so on. We herein for the first time have reported a new synthetic route for 1,4dihydropyrazolo [4,3-b] indoles via deoxygenation of o-nitrophenyl-substituted N-phenyl pyrazoles, and subsequent intramolecular C(sp 2 )-N bond formation under modified microwave Cadogan condition [126] . This method exhibits a good substrate scope, and it allows access to NH-free as well as N-substituted fused indoles, which can present a potential utility in pharmaceutical as well as supramolecular chemistry applications. DFT calculations reveal the involvement of a nitrene intermediate responsible for the insertion into the C-H bond of the pyrazole ring during reductive cyclization reaction. Further, from the biological evaluation it was found that the synthesized compounds exhibited cytotoxicity at low micromolar concentration against various cancer cell lines such as A549, HCT-116, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7; induced ROS generation; and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells ( Figure 28 ). utility in pharmaceutical as well as supramolecular chemistry applications. DFT calculations reveal the involvement of a nitrene intermediate responsible for the insertion into the C-H bond of the pyrazole ring during reductive cyclization reaction. Further, from the biological evaluation it was found that the synthesized compounds exhibited cytotoxicity at low micromolar concentration against various cancer cell lines such as A549, HCT-116, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7; induced ROS generation; and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of highly aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells ( Figure 28 ). T20K is an immunosuppressive cyclotide derived from the naturally occurring plant peptide katala B1. It has been shown to suppress T-lymphocytes in an IL-2 dependent pathway. T20K is currently in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative disease driven by autoreactive T cells [127] . Besides interesting bioactivity, cyclotide T20K also features unique chemical features. It is a cyclic peptide composed of 29 amino acid residues and 3 disulfide bonds, referred to as the cyclic cysteine knot motif ( Figure 29 ) [128] . These unique structural features confer a high chemical, enzymatic, and thermal stability. This makes them good potential candidates for drug development (e.g., molecular grafting and receptor ligand design). Here, we describe the comparison of two synthetic strategies to produce T20K in sufficient quantities.

We chose to retro-synthetically disconnect cyclic T20K between Gly11 and Gly12 for the first strategy, whereas the second strategy involved Gly18-Cys19 retrosynthetic disconnection. For the first strategy, side-chain-protected linear peptide was cyclized between Gly11 and Gly12, whereas the second strategy took advantage of native chemical ligation (NCL) to effect cyclization. Linear peptides were synthesized by Fmoc SPPS on T20K is an immunosuppressive cyclotide derived from the naturally occurring plant peptide katala B1. It has been shown to suppress T-lymphocytes in an IL-2 dependent pathway. T20K is currently in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative disease driven by autoreactive T cells [127] . Besides interesting bioactivity, cyclotide T20K also features unique chemical features. It is a cyclic peptide composed of 29 amino acid residues and 3 disulfide bonds, referred to as the cyclic cysteine knot motif (Figure 29 ) [128] . These unique structural features confer a high chemical, enzymatic, and thermal stability. This makes them good potential candidates for drug development (e.g., molecular grafting and receptor ligand design). Here, we describe the comparison of two synthetic strategies to produce T20K in sufficient quantities.

We chose to retro-synthetically disconnect cyclic T20K between Gly11 and Gly12 for the first strategy, whereas the second strategy involved Gly18-Cys19 retrosynthetic disconnection. For the first strategy, side-chain-protected linear peptide was cyclized between Gly11 and Gly12, whereas the second strategy took advantage of native chemical ligation (NCL) to effect cyclization. Linear peptides were synthesized by Fmoc SPPS on an automated synthesizer. Upon cyclization, the peptides were folded under redox conditions to form thermodynamically stable T20K. HPLC analysis with the natural product confirmed the correct disulfide connectivity. This synthetic access to large quantities of T20K would help us elucidate its molecular mode of action in multiple sclerosis. an automated synthesizer. Upon cyclization, the peptides were folded under redox conditions to form thermodynamically stable T20K. HPLC analysis with the natural product confirmed the correct disulfide connectivity. This synthetic access to large quantities of T20K would help us elucidate its molecular mode of action in multiple sclerosis. 

Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; pharma.manvendra003@gmail.com A series of non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors were designed and synthesized [129, 130] . EGFR inhibitory assessment (against wild type) data of compounds has showed compounds 6b (IC 50 

1 Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India; pharma.manvendra003@gmail.com A series of non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors were designed and synthesized [129, 130] . EGFR inhibitory assessment (against wild type) data of compounds has showed compounds 6b (IC50 = 211. Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 1 place de Verdun, 59000 Lille, France 3 Oncowitan, Lille, France; raphael.le-biannic@univ-lille.fr Immunotherapy has become a leading strategy to fight cancer. Over the past few years, immunotherapies using checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have demonstrated improved survival compared with chemotherapy [131] . We describe the identification and characterization of an innovative series of synthetic compounds (patented) endowed with nanomolar activity against PD-L1. Compounds' properties were characterized using several biophysical techniques including microscale thermophoresis (MST) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. In vitro, selected small Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1278 31 of 53 molecules demonstrate a high affinity for human PD-L1, potently disrupt the PD-L1:PD-1 interaction, and inhibit Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP2) recruitment to PD-1. More than 50 molecules from the pyrazolone family have been synthesized and a dozen highly potent "PD-L1 silencing compounds" have been identified, based on in vitro measurements. Structure-activity relationships have been defined and an in silico drug-target model supporting the mechanism of action has been built ( Figure 31 ). against programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have demonstrated improved survival compared with chemotherapy [131] . We describe the identification and characterization of an innovative series of synthetic compounds (patented) endowed with nanomolar activity against PD-L1. Compounds' properties were characterized using several biophysical techniques including microscale thermophoresis (MST) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. In vitro, selected small molecules demonstrate a high affinity for human PD-L1, potently disrupt the PD-L1:PD-1 interaction, and inhibit Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP2) recruitment to PD-1. More than 50 molecules from the pyrazolone family have been synthesized and a dozen highly potent "PD-L1 silencing compounds" have been identified, based on in vitro measurements. Structure-activity relationships have been defined and an in silico drug-target model supporting the mechanism of action has been built ( Figure 31 ). The high distribution of CB 2 receptors in immune cells [132] suggests their important role in the control of inflammation [133] . CB 2 selective agonists have the capability to modulate inflammation without triggering psychotropic effects due to the activation of CB 1 receptors [134, 135] . Therefore, there is growing evidence to consider this receptor as an attractive therapeutic target. More specifically, CB 2 receptors' activation represents a very promising strategy to treat gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. In this work, we designed new selective CB 2 agonists based on a 2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazolinone scaffold [136] . Structure-activity relationships were studied from a series of 22 compounds. From these pharmacomodulations, we identified the importance of having both a bulky aliphatic group attached to the ketone at position 6 and an alkyl chain at N3 position of the heterocycle. This drug design project led to the discovery of a very potent and selective CB 2 agonist in the nanomolar range (compound 1, Figure 32 ) able to counteract colon inflammation in vivo. The high distribution of CB2 receptors in immune cells [132] suggests their important role in the control of inflammation [133] . CB2 selective agonists have the capability to modulate inflammation without triggering psychotropic effects due to the activation of CB1 receptors [134, 135] . Therefore, there is growing evidence to consider this receptor as an attractive therapeutic target. More specifically, CB2 receptors' activation represents a very promising strategy to treat gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. In this work, we designed new selective CB2 agonists based on a 2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzothiazolinone scaffold [136] . Structure-activity relationships were studied from a series of 22 compounds. From these pharmacomodulations, we identified the importance of having both a bulky aliphatic group attached to the ketone at position 6 and an alkyl chain at N3 position of the heterocycle. This drug design project led to the discovery of a very potent and selective CB2 agonist in the nanomolar range (compound 1, Figure 32 ) able to counteract colon inflammation in vivo. 

Pauline Loupias 1 , Nicolas Taudon 2 , Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt 1 , Pascal Sonnet 2 1 AGIR, UR 4294, UFR de Pharmacie, UPJV, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens, France 2 Unité de Toxicologie Analytique, IRBA, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; pauline.lou pias@u-picardie.fr

Each year, antibiotic-resistant germs cause at least 700,000 deaths worldwide. Among them, the Gram-negative bacterium P. aeruginosa has the highest burden of healthcareacquired infections in intensive care units and belongs to the first list of antibiotic-resistant "priority pathogens" described by the WHO [137]. In Europe, 31.8% of the cases reported to EARS-Net in 2019 were resistant to at least one antimicrobial group [138] . Alarmingly, the number of pan-drug-resistant specimens, untreatable with any of the antipseudomonal antibiotics available in the clinic, has increased [139] . The double-layered cell envelope of P. aeruginosa is responsible for a decreased penetration and low activity of many antibiotics. An innovative idea to bypass this barrier and restore the activity of conventional antibiotics, such as β-lactams or fluoroquinolones, is the exploitation of the siderophore-dependent active iron uptake with a "Trojan horse" strategy. In this approach, an antibiotic is chemically coupled to a natural or synthetic siderophore molecule, which forms an iron complex, thereby enhancing its active transport through bacteria outer membrane receptors (OMR). Cefiderocol, a catecholate cephalosporin conjugate using the "Trojan horse" strategy was recently approved in the USA (2019) and in Europe (2020) and is indicated for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacteria including P. aeruginosa (Figure 33 ) [140] . Herein, we will describe the synthesis and the antipseudomonal activities of ciprofloxacin-based conjugates bearing iron chelator moieties (catechol or hydroxypyridinone), via a linker, cleavable or not. Drug resistance is a common cause of the failure of chemotherapeutic agents to achieve cytotoxicity responses in human malignant disease. Drug inactivation by metabolism within tumor cells is recognized as an important mechanism of drug resistance [141] . Glucuronidation is a major route for the metabolic inactivation of many drugs and also endogenous substances. Combretastatin-A4 (CA-4) undergoes direct glucuronidation in the presence of UGTs at the meta-hydroxy group of the B-ring and could cause an inherent resistance in HT-29 colon cancer cells [60, 142] . Here, we assessed the strategic deletion of the ring B hydroxyl group to produce CA-4 analogues that are equally effective in cancer cells expressing UGTs as compared to those expressing little or undetectable levels of UGTs, offering a simple solution to overcoming resistance associated with glucuronidation of CA-4 ( Figure 34 ). These compounds play a dual role by improving the stability by blocking the isomerization of the CA-4 olefin bridge and overcoming the resistance in HT-29 colon cancer cells by improving the metabolic stability. The stability of CA-4 and its β-lactam analogue in HT-29 cells in the absence and presence of many different inhibitors of UGT enzymes (propofol, Borneol, bile acids, U0126 and 4-nitrophenol) was examined. Collectively, these data suggest a key role of UGT in mediating the re- Drug resistance is a common cause of the failure of chemotherapeutic agents to achieve cytotoxicity responses in human malignant disease. Drug inactivation by metabolism within tumor cells is recognized as an important mechanism of drug resistance [141] . Glucuronidation is a major route for the metabolic inactivation of many drugs and also endogenous substances. Combretastatin-A4 (CA-4) undergoes direct glucuronidation in the presence of UGTs at the meta-hydroxy group of the B-ring and could cause an inherent resistance in HT-29 colon cancer cells [60, 142] . Here, we assessed the strategic deletion of the ring B hydroxyl group to produce CA-4 analogues that are equally effective in cancer cells expressing UGTs as compared to those expressing little or undetectable levels of UGTs, offering a simple solution to overcoming resistance associated with glucuronidation of CA-4 ( Figure 34 ). These compounds play a dual role by improving the stability by blocking the isomerization of the CA-4 olefin bridge and overcoming the resistance in HT-29 colon cancer cells by improving the metabolic stability. The stability of CA-4 and its β-lactam analogue in HT-29 cells in the absence and presence of many different inhibitors of UGT enzymes (propofol, Borneol, bile acids, U0126 and 4-nitrophenol) was examined. Collectively, these data suggest a key role of UGT in mediating the resistance effect of CA-4 in HT-29 cells and provides a rationale to improve the therapeutic efficacy of CA-4 and its related analogues. tion in the presence of UGTs at the meta-hydroxy group of the B-ring and could cause an inherent resistance in HT-29 colon cancer cells [60, 142] . Here, we assessed the strategic deletion of the ring B hydroxyl group to produce CA-4 analogues that are equally effective in cancer cells expressing UGTs as compared to those expressing little or undetectable levels of UGTs, offering a simple solution to overcoming resistance associated with glucuronidation of CA-4 ( Figure 34 ). These compounds play a dual role by improving the stability by blocking the isomerization of the CA-4 olefin bridge and overcoming the resistance in HT-29 colon cancer cells by improving the metabolic stability. The stability of CA-4 and its β-lactam analogue in HT-29 cells in the absence and presence of many different inhibitors of UGT enzymes (propofol, Borneol, bile acids, U0126 and 4-nitrophenol) was examined. Collectively, these data suggest a key role of UGT in mediating the resistance effect of CA-4 in HT-29 cells and provides a rationale to improve the therapeutic efficacy of CA-4 and its related analogues. The main limitation of conventional chemotherapies is the poor selectivity to cancer cells, which leads to serious side effects. We aim to develop a novel selective targeting method to address this challenge. This will exploit a specific property of cancer cells, namely the overexpression of certain surface glycans called tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, or "TACAs" [143] . The biosynthesis of these surface glycans can be intercepted through the exposure of cells to unnatural monosaccharide precursors in order to engineer unnatural functionalities on the cancer cells' surfaces in a process called metabolic glycoengineering [144] . Hence, by using azide-modified monosaccharides, the azide functionality will be expressed on the surface of the cancer cells. This can then act as a bio-orthogonal label that can be subsequently targeted by phosphine-modified prodrugs. The bio-orthogonal Staudinger ligation reaction between the azide on the tumor cell and the phosphine in the prodrug will lead to the prodrug activation specifically at the tumor site.

As a proof of concept, we have investigated the feasibility of the Staudinger ligation reaction for prodrug activation through an HPLC-monitored release study. This involved 9-azido-N-acetyl neuraminic acid (as an example of an azide-modified sialic acid that will be expressed on the surface of the cancer cells after the metabolic glycoengineering) and 4-nitrophenyl 2-(diphenylphosphino) benzoate (as an example of a phosphine-modified prodrug) in an aqueous environment at 37 • C. Release of 4-nitrophenol (our model 'drug') reached 80% over 72 h, which confirms the potential of our proposed strategy. Human malignant glioblastomas (GBM), which carry a poor prognosis, are highly aggressive and lethal brain cancers, with significant invasive and infiltrative features, resulting in a strong resistance to conventional treatments and high recurrence rates [145] . Current therapies such as surgical resection, radiation, and temozolomide chemotherapy remain mostly palliative because of their limited efficacy. Consequently, the survival rate of glioblastoma patients has still not improved in the last few decades. Thus, there is a necessity to find new and more efficient therapeutic solutions for malignant glioblastomas.

The focal adhesion kinase (FAK), an integrin downstream signaling mediator, is highly overexpressed in glioblastomas, thereby promoting tumor growth and invasion, and offering a promising target for novel glioblastoma therapy. Therefore, several ATPcompetitive FAK inhibitors have been recently developed and their early clinical studies have shown encouraging results [146] .

Here, we present the structure-based design and synthesis of a series of novel covalent inhibitors of FAK [147, 148] . A cocrystal structure of the FAK kinase domain in complex with our compound revealed the inhibitor binding mode within the ATP binding site and confirmed the covalent linkage between the targeted Cys427 of the protein and the inhibitor. Biochemical characterization of our inhibitors showed a time-dependent inhibition of FAK kinase in vitro and a reversible/irreversible inhibition of the autophosphorylation of FAK. The biological evaluation of these compounds has proven their inhibitory potency against FAK enzymatic activity with IC 50 values in the nanomolar range and anti-proliferative effects on several glioblastoma cell lines. These results exhibit the potential therapeutic benefits of covalent inhibitors of FAK for the treatment of human malignant gliomas and may offer a promising new targeted therapy for human glioblastomas. Despite significant progress in the control of malaria with a net reduction of morbidity and mortality over the past years, it remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. New drugs with broad therapeutic potential and novel modes of action to overcome emerging drug resistances are urgently needed. Key features of the nextgeneration antimalarial, termed single-exposure radical cure and prophylaxis (SERCaP), have been rationalized and resulted in the recommendation of a series of target candidate profiles (TCPs). Notably, TCP1 requires rapid elimination of the initial parasite burden, at least as fast as chloroquine.

In this context, the quinazolinedione MMV665878, with its antimalarial activities against multiple life stages of Plasmodium and fast-acting and transmission-blocking activities, has great potential to deliver useful drugs for malaria parasite eradication. Moreover, this quinazolinedione-based scaffold shows a remarkable selectivity window with a low toxicity for human cells and no cardiotoxicity risk. However, pharmacokinetic issues are encountered and include moderate overall exposure and/or modest bioavailability [149] , an issue probably caused by rapid metabolism and elimination. Herein, we report our progress towards the optimization of this quinazolinedione-based antimalarial series ( Figure 35 ). tivities, has great potential to deliver useful drugs for malaria parasite eradication. Moreover, this quinazolinedione-based scaffold shows a remarkable selectivity window with a low toxicity for human cells and no cardiotoxicity risk. However, pharmacokinetic issues are encountered and include moderate overall exposure and/or modest bioavailability [149] , an issue probably caused by rapid metabolism and elimination. Herein, we report our progress towards the optimization of this quinazolinedione-based antimalarial series ( Figure 35 ). Two pyrimidine-like ligands, namely orotic acid (6-carboxyuracil, H 3 Or) ( Figure 1 ) and isoorotic acid (5-carboxyuracil, H 3 Or) (Figure 36 ), have been bound to rigid octahedral Ru(N,N) 2 scaffolds, where (N,N) stands for 2,2 -bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline, respectively. H 3 Or is a key compound involved in the de nuovo biosynthesis of pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids in living organisms, which displays bacteriostatic and cytostatic properties, while its isomer, H 3 Or, exerts anticancer, antibacterial, and antihypertensive properties [150] . Moreover, the clinical efficacy of the Ru(II)-polypyridyl scaffold has been recently proven by TLD-1433, which has entered pivotal phase II clinical studies as a photosensitizer for intravesical photodynamic therapy against bladder cancer [151] . The physico-chemical properties and structural features of these four complexes have been investigated by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, 1 H and 13 C NMR), and elemental analysis. Their cytotoxicity was tested against several cancer (breast, liver, colon, pharynx) and healthy cell lines. As a means of studying the mechanism underlying the cytotoxic effects of the complexes, interactions with calf thymus DNA were also carried out. Moreover, drug binding to serum proteins plays a very important role in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacology, with a strong impact on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, the binding properties of the complexes with human serum albumin and transferrin have been investigated by means of spectrophotometric studies. H3Or is a key compound involved in the de nuovo biosynthesis of pyrimi dine bases of nucleic acids in living organisms, which displays bacteriostatic and cyto static properties, while its isomer, H3Or, exerts anticancer, antibacterial, and antihyper tensive properties [150] . Moreover, the clinical efficacy of the Ru(II)-polypyridyl scaffold has been recently proven by TLD-1433, which has entered pivotal phase II clinical studie as a photosensitizer for intravesical photodynamic therapy against bladder cancer [151] The physico-chemical properties and structural features of these four complexes hav been investigated by spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV-Vis, mass spectrometry, 1 H and 13 C NMR), and elemental analysis. Their cytotoxicity was tested against several cance (breast, liver, colon, pharynx) and healthy cell lines. As a means of studying the mecha nism underlying the cytotoxic effects of the complexes, interactions with calf thymu DNA were also carried out. Moreover, drug binding to serum proteins plays a very im portant role in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacology, with a strong impact on ab sorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, the binding properties of th complexes with human serum albumin and transferrin have been investigated by mean of spectrophotometric studies. Semiconductor nanoparticles can absorb the entire incident light whose photon energy is greater than the band gap of semiconductor, which belongs to a broadband absorption. When rare earth ions are doped into semiconductor nanoparticles, some impurity energy levels could be formed in the host's band structure. If there exists a certain energy transfer channel between the impurity energy levels and host's band structure, the conduction band electrons or valence band holes that are excited by the incident light could relax to the impurity energy levels of the dopants. Then, the incident energy will be released in the form of radiative relaxation, resulting in light emission. Because rare earth ions have a wealth of energy levels of 4f-states, so the effective energy transfer between semiconductor nanoparticles and rare earth ion dopants can achieve multi-wavelength light emission. In the research field regarding RE 3+ -doped TiO 2 , the role of trivalent samarium ions (Sm 3+ ) has attracted wide attention because of its good fluorescence efficiency in the visible and infrared region [152] .

In order to obtain deeper information about the luminescence properties of Sm 3+ ions in TiO 2 nanoparticles, we systematically investigated the effects of samarium concentration on the nanoparticles' structure and the luminescence properties of Sm 3+ , using a simple preparation method of sol-gel [153] . The materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TEM, and UV. The emissions of 4 G 5/2 → 6 H J (J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2 and 11/2) transitions of Sm 3+ ions were observed under the excitation wavelength at 350 nm, and the emission intensity depended strongly on the doping concentration. It has been found that samarium addition into the TiO 2 system leads to crystal expansion and matrix distortion, which indicates that some Sm 3+ ions have entered into the matrix of TiO 2 to replace Ti 4+ ions. Due to substitution of Sm 3+ ions in the Ti 4+ , oxygen vacancies are created, which generates shallow energy states which serve as electron traps in the bottom of conduction band and suppresses the recombination of excited electrons and holes.

Alexandra Pacheco-Benichou, Corinne Fruit, Thierry Besson Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000 Rouen, France; alexandra.benichou@univ-rouen.fr

Late-stage C-H arylation of heteroarenes is a powerful tool for the synthesis of valuable scaffolds used in drug discovery. Previously, our group developed mono and bis-arylation reactions of pyrimidinones including thiazolo [5,4- f ]quinazolin-9-(8H)-ones, mainly conceived as potential kinase inhibitors [154] [155] [156] . During the last decade, diaryliodoniums salts appeared as efficient electrophilic and non-toxic reagents for late-stage arylation [157, 158] . In this context, a Cu-catalyzed C-H arylation process using diaryliodonium salts was investigated under microwave irradiation. This sustainable methodology, allowing the introduction of (het)aryl groups on the C2 atom of the thiazole moiety, was successfully extended to various fused pyrimidinones ( Figure 37 ). Late-stage C-H arylation of heteroarenes is a powerful tool for the synthesis of valuable scaffolds used in drug discovery. Previously, our group developed mono and bisarylation reactions of pyrimidinones including thiazolo [5,4- f]quinazolin-9-(8H)-ones, mainly conceived as potential kinase inhibitors [154] [155] [156] . During the last decade, diaryliodoniums salts appeared as efficient electrophilic and non-toxic reagents for late-stage arylation [157, 158] . In this context, a Cu-catalyzed C-H arylation process using diaryliodonium salts was investigated under microwave irradiation. This sustainable methodology, allowing the introduction of (het)aryl groups on the C2 atom of the thiazole moiety, was successfully extended to various fused pyrimidinones ( Figure 37 ). 

In order to improve microsomal stability, analogues with metabolic blockers were obtained. Finally, pharmacomodulation works at the C2 position were carried out, and new molecules of therapeutic interest were synthesized [161] . The synthesis pathway and biological results of these new compounds will be presented in the communication ( Figure  38 ). Nitric-oxide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are a new class of anti-inflammatory drugs consisting of a traditional NSAID to which an NOreleasing moiety has been covalently attached by a spacer [162, 163] . NO is an endogenous short-lived free radical, produced in mammalian cells through nitric-oxide-synthase-mediated conversion of L-arginine to L-citruline [164] . It is known that NO has a key role in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, vasodilatation, platelet adhesion, thrombosis neurotransmission, neuronal communication, and wound healing [165, 166] . In this study, we present the design and synthesis of new nitric-oxide-releasing indomethacin derivatives with 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one scaffold Nitric-oxide-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NO-NSAIDs) are a new class of anti-inflammatory drugs consisting of a traditional NSAID to which an NO-releasing moiety has been covalently attached by a spacer [162, 163] . NO is an endogenous short-lived free radical, produced in mammalian cells through nitric-oxide-synthasemediated conversion of L-arginine to L-citruline [164] . It is known that NO has a key role in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, vasodilatation, platelet adhesion, thrombosis neurotransmission, neuronal communication, and wound healing [165, 166] . In this study, we present the design and synthesis of new nitric-oxide-releasing indomethacin derivatives with 1,3-thiazolidine-4-one scaffold (NO-IND-TZDs), as a new safer and efficient multi-target strategy for inflammatory diseases. The chemical structure of synthesized derivatives was proven by NMR and mass spectroscopic analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated in terms of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, using in vitro assays, as well as the nitric oxide (NO) release. The tested compounds showed improved radical-scavenging effects, the highest radicalscavenging effect being noted for 6n, which contains a 2-(4-nitro-phenoxy)ethyl nitrate moiety. For this compound, the highest NO release capacity was also noted, which means it could have reduced side effects on the GI level, such as irritation, bleeding, or ulceration. Moreover, the best predicted anti-inflammatory effect, measured as BSA denaturation, was showed by 6i, which contains a (2,6-dichloro-phenoxy)ethylnitrate moiety, which supports the good influence of chloro substituent for anti-inflammatory effects. The results of our study strongly support the potential effect of NO-IND-TZDs as a multi-target strategy, targeting the inflammation, oxidative stress, and NO release. Exchange protein activated by cAMP 2 (EPAC2) is a direct target of 3'−5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is involved in cAMP-mediated signal transduction through activation of the Ras-like small GTPase Rap. EPAC signals play crucial roles in almost every disease related to dysfunctional signaling pathways. Therefore, EPAC represents an excellent drug target against various diseases as a signal transduction component. To date, very few EPAC inhibitors are available; however, there is still a lack of isoform-selective inhibitors due to off-target effects. Selective inhibition of one isoform leads to work on the allosteric site in EPAC2 that is distinct from the active site shared by EPAC variants [167, 168] . Here, we present a site-directed approach, specifically targeting the EPAC2 isoform.

To explore the allosteric site, we applied multiple pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation techniques. Primarily, the commercially available databases NCI and Maybridge and an in-house database were screened against validated pharmacophore models. Molecules obtained were scrutinized by molecular docking to predict their binding affinities. In step-wise screening, four compounds were short-listed for stability dynamics to get deep insight into their binding mechanism. Simultaneously, inhibitory activities of these compounds were investigated to validate their effect on mice pancreatic islets. The results highlighted the efficiency of pharmacophores to access diverse chemical classes that can contribute to designing selective probes for EPAC2-associated pathologies. Considering that cancer is one of the major human problems, the discovery of metalbased drugs which can be used as anticancer agents represents the most important field of investigation [169] . It is already known that platinum(II) complexes have shown great impact on the treatment of different cancers, but scientists continue to make efforts to develop new drugs. The most promising new metal-based drugs are gold(III) complexes, due to their similarities with platinum(II) complexes. The main problem for usage of gold(III) complexes is their reduction to gold(I) or gold(0), but this can usually be solved with the right choice of ligands [170] . DNA is the main target for many metal-based antitumor drugs, and interactions with DNA have a major role in the development of new drugs. In addition, serum proteins are important for the regulation of osmotic pressure as well as blood pH. Consequently, interaction between human serum albumin (HSA)/bovine serum albumin (BSA) and drugs have a big impact on the development of potential drugs.

New There is a pressing clinical need for effective new antimicrobial agents against Clostridioides difficile, one of the UK's leading nosocomial healthcare-associated infection pathogens. Strains of C. difficile have become less sensitive to the current frontline therapies metronidazole and vancomycin, with growing resistance to many other antibiotics [171] . We have prepared aralkylpyrimidinetriones (APTs), some of which are active against C. difficile but inactive against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Selective targeting of C. difficile would provide a significant advantage over current antibiotic treatments that also destroy various gut-colonizing bacteria and exacerbate life-threatening C. difficile-associated diarrhea.

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODase) catalyzes the reversible and rate-determining fourth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Arylidene barbiturates are known to inhibit purified DHODase from the organism Clostridioides oroticum, with the rate of inhibition being strongly dependent upon the electronic properties of the aryl substitutents [172, 173] . Indiscriminate reactivity towards nucleophiles, poor aqueous solubility, and the risk of unwanted anxiolytic, hypnotic, and sedative properties associated with uncharged CNS-active barbiturate drugs render arylidene barbiturates poor candidates as potential anti-infective agents. We considered APTs to be surrogate substrates with potential as novel pro-drug inhibitors of DHODase that exploit the enzyme's ability to create C=C bonds [174] . Once bound at the DHODase active site, the benzylic C-C bond in the APT prodrug may conceivably be oxidized to give an exocyclic C=C bond, generating the reactive arylidene at the DHODase active site, to which a proximal nucleophile can attach followed by deactivating protonation, leading to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Better aqueous solubility and closer resemblance to the enzyme's natural substrate is pre- There is a pressing clinical need for effective new antimicrobial agents against Clostridioides difficile, one of the UK's leading nosocomial healthcare-associated infection pathogens. Strains of C. difficile have become less sensitive to the current frontline therapies metronidazole and vancomycin, with growing resistance to many other antibiotics [171] . We have prepared aralkylpyrimidinetriones (APTs), some of which are active against C. difficile but inactive against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Selective targeting of C. difficile would provide a significant advantage over current antibiotic treatments that also destroy various gut-colonizing bacteria and exacerbate life-threatening C. difficileassociated diarrhea.

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODase) catalyzes the reversible and rate-determining fourth step of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. Arylidene barbiturates are known to inhibit purified DHODase from the organism Clostridioides oroticum, with the rate of inhibition being strongly dependent upon the electronic properties of the aryl substitutents [172, 173] . Indiscriminate reactivity towards nucleophiles, poor aqueous solubility, and the risk of unwanted anxiolytic, hypnotic, and sedative properties associated with uncharged CNS-active barbiturate drugs render arylidene barbiturates poor candidates as potential anti-infective agents. We considered APTs to be surrogate substrates with potential as novel pro-drug inhibitors of DHODase that exploit the enzyme's ability to create C=C bonds [174] . Once bound at the DHODase active site, the benzylic C-C bond in the APT prodrug may conceivably be oxidized to give an exocyclic C=C bond, generating the reactive arylidene at the DHODase active site, to which a proximal nucleophile can attach followed by deactivating protonation, leading to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Better aqueous solubility and closer resemblance to the enzyme's natural substrate is predicted for the APT derivatives were ionization to generally occur at C5 (pK a = 3.9) [175] under physiological conditions.

We demonstrated success in the use of uncatalyzed Knoevenagel condensation between barbituric acid and various 2-aryl-substituted acrylaldehydes in ethanol (1 h, reflux) to give moderate to good yields of diene derivatives of barbituric acid, from which APT analogues were readily prepared by reduction using sodium borohydride or palladium on charcoal. We achieved regiospecific reduction of the exocyclic double bond using sodium borohydride, whereas reduction of both double bonds to give a saturated propyl linkage resulted from use of palladium on charcoal (1 h, sonication, 2-3 atm). Representative compounds in the arylidene and APT series were evaluated and shown to have C. difficile growth inhibitory properties, but with reduced or no activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The reactions of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazo compounds to unsaturated compounds, such as enynones, is of great interest. As shown earlier, such interaction in the presence of catalysts can lead to the formation of furan derivatives [176] . The interaction of activated enyne structures is poorly studied. We have studied the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane to the enyne derivatives of Meldrum acid 1 and dimethylmalonate 2 ( Figure 40 ). The reactions of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazo compounds to unsaturated compounds, such as enynones, is of great interest. As shown earlier, such interaction in the presence of catalysts can lead to the formation of furan derivatives [176] . The interaction of activated enyne structures is poorly studied. We have studied the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane to the enyne derivatives of Meldrum acid 1 and dimethylmalonate 2 ( Figure 40 ). It was shown that compounds 1 and 2, due to the polarization effect of CO groups, easily react with diazo compounds, specifically at double C=C bonds. In the case of the Meldrum acid derivative 1, the reaction with an ether solution of diazomethane gives the cyclopropane derivative 3 with a yield of 80%. The reaction of compounds 2 with an ether solution of diazomethane proceeds with the formation of pyrazolines 4 and 5 in high yields (>95%). Structures 5 are minor isomers, the content of which does not exceed 10%. It should be noted that for products 4 and 5, it is not possible to register high-resolution mass spectra, since under electrospray conditions, they decompose with the evolution of nitrogen; in this case, a peak corresponding to the molecular ion of cyclopropane is recorded. Nevertheless, the composition of these products is reliably confirmed by quantitative elemental microanalysis for carbon and hydrogen. The structure was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.

Thus, we have shown that electron-deficient 1,3-enynes containing in the first position one or two electron-withdrawing groups react with diazomethane on a double carbon-carbon bond in the absence of a catalyst. The data obtained can further serve as the basis for the development of methods for the synthesis of polyfunctional compounds containing structural elements of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and cyclopropane. It was shown that compounds 1 and 2, due to the polarization effect of CO groups, easily react with diazo compounds, specifically at double C=C bonds. In the case of the Meldrum acid derivative 1, the reaction with an ether solution of diazomethane gives the cyclopropane derivative 3 with a yield of 80%. The reaction of compounds 2 with an ether solution of diazomethane proceeds with the formation of pyrazolines 4 and 5 in high yields (>95%). Structures 5 are minor isomers, the content of which does not exceed 10%. It should be noted that for products 4 and 5, it is not possible to register high-resolution mass spectra, since under electrospray conditions, they decompose with the evolution of nitrogen; in this case, a peak corresponding to the molecular ion of cyclopropane is recorded. Nevertheless, the composition of these products is reliably confirmed by quantitative elemental microanalysis for carbon and hydrogen. The structure was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.

Thus, we have shown that electron-deficient 1,3-enynes containing in the first position one or two electron-withdrawing groups react with diazomethane on a double carboncarbon bond in the absence of a catalyst. The data obtained can further serve as the basis for the development of methods for the synthesis of polyfunctional compounds containing structural elements of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and cyclopropane. We report here a Nazarov cyclization reaction of activated dienones that contain an aromatic moiety as an electron-donating group and a chiral sulfoxide that act as both an electron-withdrawing group and a chiral auxiliary. The sulfinyl group directed the torquoselectivity and AlCl 3 was used as a promoter. Only the trans stereoisomers were observed. Substrates that contained activated aromatic moieties, including phenyl and aromatic heterocycles, led to the desired cyclopentenones. The potential use of this method was highlighted in the first enantioselective synthesis of the two anticancer agents 1 and 2 ( Figure 41 ) [177, 178] . quoselectivity and AlCl3 was used as a promoter. Only the trans stereoisomers were observed. Substrates that contained activated aromatic moieties, including phenyl and aromatic heterocycles, led to the desired cyclopentenones. The potential use of this method was highlighted in the first enantioselective synthesis of the two anticancer agents 1 and 2 ( Figure 41 ) [177, 178] . SphK1 promotes fundamental cellular processes including cell survival, proliferation, migration, and immune function. SphK1 inhibition is considered as an attractive strategy for cancer therapeutics [179, 180] . Recently discovered small-molecule inhibitors of SphK1 have been recommended in cancer therapeutics; however, the selectivity and potency of first-generation inhibitors are a great challenge [181, 182] . In search of effective SphK1 inhibitors, a set of 11 novel small molecules were designed and synthesized bearing urea, sulfonylurea, sulfonamide, and sulfonyltriurea groups and screened for their inhibitory activity against SphK1. Fluorescence binding studies, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), enzyme inhibition assay, and molecular docking were performed to gain insights into the binding and inhibition mechanism ( Figure 42 ). Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients often suffer from chronic pulmonary infections caused by bacterial strains, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Burkholderia cepacia, known to grow in patients' lungs as biofilms, a more virulent and antibioticresistant bacterial lifestyle. A major mechanism behind biofilm formation is quorum sensing (QS), a communication system where bacterial cells produce, detect, and respond to auto-inducers, such as acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) and alkylquinolones (AQs) in Gram-negative bacteria [183, 184] . QS inhibition has been proven to be a promising strategy to control biofilms. Our group has identified a AHL analog capable of inhibiting the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm in vitro [185, 186] and reduce its virulence in vivo [187] . QS inhibition within multi-species biofilms has been less studied so far.

In view of this, we investigated the ability of the chromone scaffold to serve for the design of structural analogs and potential inhibitors of the PQS auto-inducer. We used molecular docking to predict their binding affinity with the active site of the PqsR receptor protein. Chromone carboxamides with the best binding affinity for PqsR were synthesized via straightforward routes and in goods yields. Their ability to inhibit the formation of biofilms was first evaluated on P. aeruginosa PAO1. Several compounds showed a promising anti-biofilm activity, with a significant decrease of the total adherent biomass. In parallel, we also developed a 3-species biofilm inhibition assay for the evaluation of active compounds selected on PAO1. The design, synthesis, biological evaluation on PAO1, and setup of the three-species anti-biofilm assay will be presented. Overall, results showed chromones carboxamides are a promising series for the selection of a lead compound for further development in view of improving the prevention and treatment of CF-related multi-species infections.

4.47. Removing Cancer's Immortality: Targeting Telomerase (P47)

School of pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich research park, NR4 7TJ, Norwich, Norfolk, UK; s.van-wier@uea.ac.uk

One of the hallmarks of cancers is their ability to replicate limitlessly, making them immortal. In 80-90% of cancer cells this is due to the reactivation of telomerase, a protein complex which elongates telomeres at the end of chromosomes, protecting the chromosomes from degradation and preventing cell senescence.

The Cryo-EM structure of telomerase published in 2018 provided an opportunity to identify new ways to target telomerase [188] . In patients with dyskeratosis congenita, a disease characterized by shortened telomeres, the structure showed that genetic mutations are transcribed to the dyskerin-dyskerin protein-protein interaction (PPI) in telomerase. In this project, we aim to target this PPI, inhibiting the telomerase activity of cancer cells and thus removing cancer's immortality.

We will describe the design and synthesis of a peptide derived from the dyskerin sequence at this PPI and an alanine scan of this peptide to identify the amino acids most important for binding. These peptides will be assessed for their binding affinity towards dyskerin, their α-helicity and their effect on telomerase activity.

When compared to small-molecule drugs, peptide therapeutics can have drawbacks, such as their limited stability and cell permeability. Therefore, peptide-directed binding will be used to go from peptide to small molecule inhibitor by computationally identifying fragments able to replace parts of the peptide. This method has previously been applied successfully to quickly identify hit compounds for PPIs whilst minimizing the organic synthesis and biological screening needed [189] . A family of hybrid complexes combining two biologically active motifs, an artemisinin derivative and a cationic bis(NHC)-gold(I) unit, has been synthesized. One of these complexes, 2a, has been analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction ( Figure 43 ). 2a shows strong anticancer activities on a large panel of human cancer cell models (prostate, breast, lung, liver, bladder, bone, acute and chronic myeloid leukemias) with GI50 values in the nm range, together with a high selectivity. An original and distinctive mechanism of action, that is, through inhibition of the redox antioxidant NRF2 transcription factor (strongly associated with aggressiveness and resistance to cancer therapies), has been evidenced. 2a could remarkably sensitize to sorafenib in HepG2 liver cells, in which dysregulated NRF2 signaling is linked to primary and acquired drug resistance. 2a also inhibited NF-κB and HIF transcriptional activities, which are also associated with progression and resistance in cancer. Our findings provide evidence that hybrid (NHC)gold(I) compounds represent a new class of organometallic hybrid molecules that may yield new therapeutic agents [190] . Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a clinically opportunistic pathogen and a major threat to patients with compromised immune systems and cystic fibrosis. Iron is an essential nutrient for virtually all microbes, including P. aeruginosa, which acquires iron by the secretion of certain iron-chelating siderophores [191] . The most important of these siderophores is the cyclic peptide derivative pyoverdine D. As an endogenous siderophore, pyoverdine D is of considerable interest as it could provide a starting point for new ways to deliver toxic materials to P. aeruginosa, for instance by linking with antibiotics [192] . This requires an efficient and flexible synthetic route to be developed for this natural product. We will present our studies towards an improved modular synthesis of pyoverdine D, with a focus on the preparation of three important components-the novel amino acid, formylhydroxyornithine, which occurs twice in the pyoverdine D structure; the solid phase synthesis of the cyclic peptide unit; and the synthesis of the tricyclic "chromophore" unit ( Figure 44 ). Figure 43 . Structure of the cationic part of the complexe 2a in the solid state. One bisNHC-gold unit looking along the C-Au-C axis on the left and dimeric arrangement on the right. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a clinically opportunistic pathogen and a major threat to patients with compromised immune systems and cystic fibrosis. Iron is an essential nutrient for virtually all microbes, including P. aeruginosa, which acquires iron by the secretion of certain iron-chelating siderophores [191] . The most important of these siderophores is the cyclic peptide derivative pyoverdine D. As an endogenous siderophore, pyoverdine D is of considerable interest as it could provide a starting point for new ways to deliver toxic materials to P. aeruginosa, for instance by linking with antibiotics [192] . This requires an efficient and flexible synthetic route to be developed for this natural product. We will present our studies towards an improved modular synthesis of pyoverdine D, with a focus on the preparation of three important components-the novel amino acid, formylhydroxyornithine, which occurs twice in the pyoverdine D structure; the solid phase synthesis of the cyclic peptide unit; and the synthesis of the tricyclic "chromophore" unit ( Figure  44 ). 

Mariana Manso 1 , Bruno Linclau 1 , Steve Brough 2 1 Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK 2 Key Organics, Camelford, Cornwall PL32 9RA, UK; m.g.manso@soton.ac.uk Next to bioactivity, optimization of lipophilicity is crucial in drug development. Here, we describe the changes in lipophilicity using a selection of different internal and terminal fluorination patterns, motif rearrangements, and vicinal and skipped patterns on a linear alkanol and on a cyclopropylmethyl scaffold ( Figure 45 ) [193, 194] . The comparison with the corresponding non-fluorinated parents 1-butanol and cyclopropylmethanol is also shown. These trends can be replicated when these motifs are introduced in a pharmaceutical drug candidate as part of an aromatic butoxy chain [195] . The coupling reactions between these small fluorinated hydrophobic groups and the aromatic groups is typically achieved with a tosylate or triflate functional group. Hence, we offer a stock of different fluorinated 1-butanols and cyclopropylmethanols, some already activated as tosylate (which has the added benefit of reducing compound volatility). son with the corresponding non-fluorinated parents 1-butanol and cyclopropylmethanol is also shown. These trends can be replicated when these motifs are introduced in a pharmaceutical drug candidate as part of an aromatic butoxy chain [195] . The coupling reactions between these small fluorinated hydrophobic groups and the aromatic groups is typically achieved with a tosylate or triflate functional group. Hence, we offer a stock of different fluorinated 1-butanols and cyclopropylmethanols, some already activated as tosylate (which has the added benefit of reducing compound volatility). 

The meeting attracted over 150 delegates, with remarkable growth of both the network membership and the geographical range of the attendees' home countries, which included France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Romania, but also countries outside Europe. The program comprised a disciplineleading line-up of presenters from various universities, spanning a broad range of pharmaceutical-chemistry-related topics.

Louise Cooney (YRC02, University College of Cork, Ireland) received the award for the best presentation by an early-career researcher, sponsored by RSC Medicinal Chemistry journal. The runner-up prize went to Eavan McLoughlin (YRC05, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland), sponsored by Pharmaceuticals, a journal published by MDPI.

The prize for the best poster presentation by a post-doctoral researcher was awarded to Dr. Pauline Loupias (P30, University of Amiens, France), sponsored by Teledyne ISCO, and the runner-up prize was given to Dr. Xavier Guillory (P18, University of Rennes 1, France and Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands), sponsored by CEM.

Sébastien Depienne (P14, University of Nantes, France) received the prize for the best poster presentation by a PhD researcher from our sponsor Key Organics, and the two runner-up prizes, sponsored by Collaborative Drug Discovery, went to Louna Mossino Diaz (P33, University Paris-Descartes, France) and Jeanne Trognon (P46, University of Toulouse, France).

Congratulations to all the awardees! Figure 45 . Compounds available.

The meeting attracted over 150 delegates, with remarkable growth of both the network membership and the geographical range of the attendees' home countries, which included France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Italy and Romania, but also countries outside Europe. The program comprised a discipline-leading line-up of presenters from various universities, spanning a broad range of pharmaceutical-chemistryrelated topics.

Louise Cooney (YRC02, University College of Cork, Ireland) received the award for the best presentation by an early-career researcher, sponsored by RSC Medicinal Chemistry journal. The runner-up prize went to Eavan McLoughlin (YRC05, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland), sponsored by Pharmaceuticals, a journal published by MDPI.

The prize for the best poster presentation by a post-doctoral researcher was awarded to Dr. Pauline Loupias (P30, University of Amiens, France), sponsored by Teledyne ISCO, and the runner-up prize was given to Dr. Xavier Guillory (P18, University of Rennes 1, France and Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands), sponsored by CEM.

Sébastien Depienne (P14, University of Nantes, France) received the prize for the best poster presentation by a PhD researcher from our sponsor Key Organics, and the two runner-up prizes, sponsored by Collaborative Drug Discovery, went to Louna Mossino Diaz (P33, University Paris-Descartes, France) and Jeanne Trognon (P46, University of Toulouse, France).

Congratulations to all the awardees! The 30th Annual GP 2 A Medicinal Chemistry Conference is scheduled to take place in person at Trinity College, Dublin, 24-26 August 2022. Our group will be delighted to welcome current and new members during this future event.

Both the GP2A and the organizing committees thank all the sponsors, namely RSC Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceuticals MDPI, Teledyne ISCO, CEM, Collaborative Drug Discovery, Key Organics, and Asynt, for supporting our 2021 annual conference. 

Volatile organic compound based probe for induced volatolomics of cancers

Controlled release of a micelle payload via sequential enzymatic and bioorthogonal reactions in living systems

Monodisperse polysarcosine-based highlyloaded antibody-drug conjugates

Targeting the tumour microenvironment with an enzyme-responsive drug delivery system for the efficient therapy of breast and pancreatic cancers

A mechanically interlocked molecular system programmed for the delivery of an anticancer drug

A dendritic β-galactosidaseresponsive folate-monomethylauristatin E conjugate

The first generation of β-galactosidase-responsive prodrugs designed for the selective treatment of solid tumors in prodrug monotherapy

Synthesis and antitumor efficacy of a β-glucuronidase-responsive albumin-binding prodrug of doxorubicin

Rotaxane-based propeptides: Protection and enzymatic release of a bioactive pentapeptide

Comparison of ultra-high performance methods in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for impurity profiling of drug candidates

Current trends in supercritical fluid chromatography

Purification of drug degradation products supported by analytical and preparative supercritical fluid chromatography

Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery

Drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for cancer stem cell targeting

The control of stem cells in situ using chemistry

Chemical proteomics and phenotypic profiling identifies the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a molecular target of the utrophin modulator ezutromid

2-Arylbenzo[d]oxazole phosphinate esters as second-generation modulators of utrophin for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Remarkable progress with small-molecule modulation of TRPC1/4/5 channels: Implications for understanding the channels in health and disease

Potent, selective, and subunit-dependent activation of TRPC5 channels by a xanthine derivative

Discovery of the first Mycobacterium tuberculosis MabA (FabG1) inhibitors through a fragment-based screening

Fragment-based optimized EthR inhibitors with in vivo ethionamide boosting activity

Rapid cytolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Faropenem, an orally bioavailable β-lactam antibiotic

Barros-Aguirre, D. β-lactams against tuberculosis-new trick for an old dog?

Critical impact of peptidoglycan precursor amidation on the activity of l,d-transpeptidases from Enterococcus faecium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Critical overview of the use of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes as photosensitizers in one-photon and two-photon photodynamic therapy

The medicinal chemistry of ferrocene and its derivatives

Monomeric and dimeric coordinatively saturated and substitutionally inert Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes as anticancer drug candidates

New insights into the pretargeting approach to image and treat tumours

Metal compounds against neglected tropical diseases

An overview of PET radiochemistry, part 2: Radiometals

Homologation chemistry with nucleophilic α-substituted organometallic reagents: Chemocontrol, new concepts and (solved) challenges

Expeditious and chemoselective synthesis of α-aryl and α-alkyl selenomethylketones via homologation chemistry

Efficient access to all-carbon quaternary and tertiary αfunctionalized homoallyl-type aldehydes from ketones

Telescoped, divergent, chemoselective C1 and C1-C1 homologation of imine surrogates: Access to quaternary chloro-and halomethyl-trifluoromethyl aziridines

Exploiting a "beast" in carbenoid chemistry: Development of a straightforward direct nucleophilic fluoromethylation strategy

Modular and chemoselective strategy for the direct access to α-fluoroepoxides and aziridines via the addition of fluoroiodomethyllithium to carbonyl-like compounds

Direct and chemoselective electrophilic monofluoromethylation of heteroatoms

Highly chemoselective difluoromethylative homologation of iso(thio)cyanates: Expeditious access to unprecedented α,α-difluoro(thio)amides

Direct and chemoselective synthesis of tertiary difluoroketones via weinreb amide homologation with a CHF2-carbene equivalent

Neurotrophin receptors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors

Roles of the serotonin 5-HT4 receptor in dendrite formation of the rat hippocampal neurons in vitro

Small molecule BDNF mimetics activate TrkB signaling and prevent neuronal degeneration in rodents

Modulation of neuroplasticity pathways and antidepressant-like behavioural responses following the short-term (3 and 7 days) administration of the 5-HT4 receptor agonist RS67333

Molecular recognition of protein kinase binding pockets for design of potent and selective kinase inhibitors

Ruboxistaurin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials

Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel bisindolylhydroxymaleimide derivatives with potent GSK-3 kinase inhibition

World Health Organization)

Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies: A sword of Damocles in the path toward malaria elimination

Discovery of new thienopyrimidinone derivatives displaying antimalarial properties toward both erythrocytic and hepatic stages of Plasmodium

Reactive oxygen species and neutrophil function

Myeloperoxidase: Friend and foe

Myeloperoxidase as a target for the treatment of inflammatory syndromes: Mechanisms and structure activity relationships of inhibitors

Thioxo-dihydroquinazolin-one compounds as novel inhibitors of myeloperoxidase

Mechanistic characterization of a 2-thioxanthine myeloperoxidase inhibitor and selectivity assessment utilizing click chemistry-activity-based protein profiling

Structure-based design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 3-(aminoalkyl)-5-fluoroindoles as myeloperoxidase inhibitors

Inhibition of myeloperoxidase: Evaluation of 2H-indazoles and 1H-indazolones

Isolation and structure of the strong cell growth and tubulin inhibitor combretastatin A-4

β-lactams with antiproliferative and antiapoptotic activity in breast and chemoresistant colon cancer cells

β-Lactam analogues of combretastatin A-4 prevent metabolic inactivation by glucuronidation in chemoresistant HT-29 colon cancer cells

Chemical approaches for the enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis

Improved peptide prodrugs of 5-ALA for PDT: Rationalization of cellular accumulation and protoporphyrin IX production by direct determination of cellular prodrug uptake and prodrug metabolization

Peptide-targeted dendrimeric prodrugs of 5-aminolevulinic acid: A novel approach towards enhanced accumulation of protoporphyrin IX for photodynamic therapy

Tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site: A perspective of privileged structures

Substitution at the indole 3 position yields highly potent indolecombretastatins against human tumor cells

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases: Biology and pathogenic potential

A role for naturally occurring alleles of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases in tumor immunity and cancer pre-disposition

Modulators of hERAP2 discovered by hight-throughput screening

Theoretical insights into the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of chloroquine and its analogs and in silico screening of main protease inhibitors

Antibody therapy of cancer

Strategies and challenges for the next generation of antibody-drug conjugates

Shikonin and its analogs inhibit cancer cell glycolysis by targeting tumor pyruvate kinase-M2

Pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer: The role of PKM2 in promoting tumorigenesis

Tumor pyruvate kinase M2 modulators: A comprehensive account of activators and inhibitors as anticancer agents

The myelodysplastic syndrome as a prototypical epigenetic disease

Squalene versus cholesterol: Which is the best nanocarrier for the delivery to cells of the anticancer drug gemcitabine?

Cathepsin-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and other diseases

Cathepsin G is broadly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia and is an effective immunotherapeutic target

ToppGene Suite for gene list enrichment analysis and candidate gene prioritization

Augmenting protein-chemical interaction networks with tissue and affinity data

Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance

Structural basis for the functional and inhibitory mechanisms ofb-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein dehydratase (FabZ) of Plasmodium falciparum

Emodin targets the β-hydroxyacylacyl carrier protein dehydratase from Helicobacter pylori: Enzymatic inhibition assay with crystal structural and thermodynamic characterization

Impurity occurrence and removal in crystalline products from process reactions

Chapter 1: Introduction to Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs)

Physician's Choice in Participants with HER2-Positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer

Duocarmycins as antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) payloads. In Cytotoxic Payloads for Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Duocarmycin-PBD dimers as antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) Payloads. In Cytotoxic Payloads for Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting activity of pyrrole derivatives from a novel marine gliding bacterium, Rapidithrix thailandica

Discovery of marinoquinolines as potent and fast-acting Plasmodium falciparum inhibitors with in vivo activity

Metal-free synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines mediated by TEMPO oxoammonium salts

Total synthesis of marinoquinoline a using a palladium(0)-catalyzed Ullmann cross-coupling reaction

Tuneable radical cyclisations: A tin-free approach towards tricyclic and spirocyclic heterocycles via a common precursor

Metal-free sulfonyl radical-initiated cascade cyclization to access sulfonated indolo[1,2-a]quinolines

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Multi-targeted or single-targeted?

The therapeutic journey of benzimidazoles: A review

Imidazole and benzimidazole derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents

Benzimidazole derivatives-an overview

Recent development of benzimidazole-containing antibacterial agents

Photocatalytic α-tertiary amine synthesis via C-H alkylation of unmasked primary amines

γ-Amino phosphonates via the photocatalytic α-C-H alkylation of primary amines

A captured room temperature stable Wheland intermediate as a key structure for the orthogonal decoration of 4-amino-pyrido

Electrochemically promoted tyrosine-click-chemistry for protein labeling

First domino radical cyclisation/Smiles rearrangement combination

Radical Smiles rearrangement: An update

Antibiotic tolerance of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm in periprosthetic joint infections and antibiofilm strategies

Modulators of protein-protein interactions

Supra-molecular Chemistry Targeting Proteins

Supramolecular enhancement of natural 14-3-3 protein ligands

Cancer immunotherapy: The beginning of the end of cancer

Bioactive macrocyclic inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint

PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors

Peptide-directed binding for the discover of modulators of α-helix-mediated protein-protein interactions: Proof-of-concept studies with the apoptosis regulator Mcl-1

Nanofibers technology: Designing the next generation of tissue engineering scaffolds

Nanofibre based smart pharmaceutical scaffolds for wound repair and regenerations

Nanofiber based drug delivery systems for skin: A promising therapeutic approach

New approaches to Leishmania chemotherapy: Pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) as a target and modulator of antifolate sensitivity

Discovery of potent pteridine reductase inhibitors to guide antiparasite drug development

Antileishmanial activity of selected turkish medicinal plants

The trefoil factor family-small peptides with multiple functionalities

Trefoil factor family: Unresolved questions and clinical perspectives

Cytotoxic, antimigratory and pro/antioxidative activities of extracts from medicinal mushrooms on colon cancer cell lines

Methylglyoxal suppresses human colon cancer cell lines and tumor growth in a mouse model by impairing glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells associated with down-regulation of c-Myc expression

Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012

Mechanistic studies on the reactions of platinum(II) complexes with nitrogen-and sulfur-donor biomolecules

Synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrazolo[4,3-b]indoles via intramolecular C(sp2)-N bond formation involving nitrene insertion, DFT study and their anticancer assessment

Oral activity of a nature-derived cyclic peptide for the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Fmoc-based synthesis of disulfide-rich cyclic peptides

Design and synthesis of non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based inhibitors of EGFR and their anti-cancer assessment

Cyclocondensation reactions of an electron deactivated 2-aminophenyl tethered imidazole with mono/1,2-biselectrophiles: Synthesis and DFT studies on the rationalisation of imidazo

Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody versus conventional chemotherapy for previously-treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulation

Differential expression of cannabinoid receptors in the human colon: Cannabinoids promote epithelial wound healing

Recent advances in the development of selective CB2 agonists as promising anti-inflammatory agents

Therapeutical potential of CB2 receptors in immune-related diseases. Curr

Benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-ones as new potent selective CB 2 agonists with anti-inflammatory properties

Emergence of extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in Europe

In vitro antibacterial properties of cefiderocol, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, against Gram-negative bacteria

Mechanisms of resistance to antineoplastic drugs

The vascular targeting agent Combretastatin-A4 directly induces autophagy in adenocarcinoma-derived colon cancer cells

Glycans in cancer and inflammation-Potential for therapeutics and diagnostics

A metabolic labeling approach toward proteomic analysis of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation

Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma

Inhibition of both focal adhesion kinase and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase suppresses glioma proliferation in vitro and in vivo

Structure-based design, synthesis, and characterization of the first irreversible inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase

Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of covalent inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) against human malignant glioblastoma

Open Source Drug Discovery with the Malaria Box Compound Collection for Neglected Diseases and Beyond

Transition metal orotic acid complexes

Transition metal complexes and photodynamic therapy from a tumor-centered approach: Challenges, opportunities, and highlights from the development of TLD1433

Effect of dysprosium ion (Dy3+) doping on morphological, crystal growth and optical properties of TiO2 particles and thin films

Sol-gel microwave assisted synthesis of Sm-doped TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Methyl Orange under sunlight

Pd-Catalyzed and copper assisted regioselective sequential C2 and C7 arylation of thiazolo[5,4-f ]quinazolin-9(8H)-one with aryl halides

Development of kinase inhibitors via metal-catalyzed C-H arylation of 8-alkyl-thiazolo[5,4-f]-quinazolin-9-ones designed by fragment-growing studies

Biological characterization of 8-cyclopropyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazolo[5,4-f ]quinazolin-9(8H)-one, a promising inhibitor of DYRK1A

arylation of azaheterocycles: A direct ligand-free and Cu-catalyzed approach using diaryliodonium salts

Diaryliodoniums salts as coupling partners for transition-metal catalyzed C-and N-arylation of heteroarenes

Nongenotoxic 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are NTR1 substrates that display potent in vitro antileishmanial activity

8-Alkynyl-3-nitroimidazopyridines display potent antitrypanosomal activity against both T. b. brucei and cruzi

Antikinetoplastid SAR study in 3-nitroimidazopyridine series: Identification of a novel non-genotoxic and potent anti-T. b. brucei hit-compound with improved pharmacokinetic properties

Nitric oxide-releasing indomethacin enhances susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection acting in the cell invasion and oxidative stress associated with anemia

Chemistry of nitric oxide and related species

Therapeutic role of nitric oxide as emerging molecule

Role of nitric oxide in the gastrointestinal tract

](PF 6 ) increases gastric mucosa protection in mice-Involvement of the soluble guanylate cyclase/K ATP pathway

Ul-Haq, Z. Identification of novel Epac2 antagonists through in silico and in vitro analyses

Eriodictyol stimulates insulin secretion through cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in mice islets

III) complexes: An overview on their kinetics, interactions with DNA/BSA, cytotoxic activity, and computational calculations

Recent progress in silver(I)-, gold(I)/(III)-and palladium(II)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: A review towards biological perspectives

Thiosemicarbazones active against Clostridium Difficile

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase from Clostridium oroticum is a class 1B enzyme and utilizes a concerted mechanism of catalysis

Latent inhibitors. Part 7. Inhibition of dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase by spirocyclopropanobarbiturates

Pyrimidine N-oxides. V. Ionization constants of N-hydroxybarbiturates

Conjugated 2,4,1-and 1,4,3-enynones as polycentricelectrophiles in synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

Lewis acid induced switch of torquoselectivity in the Nazarov cyclization of activated dienones bearing a chiral sulfoxide

Torquoselective Nazarov cyclization mediated by a chiral sulfoxide: First enantioselective synthesis of two known anticancer agents

S1P metabolism in cancer and other pathological conditions

Evolving concepts in cancer therapy through targeting sphingolipid metabolism

Sphingosine kinase 1 in cancer

Role for sphingosine kinase 1 in colon carcinogenesis

A role of sphingosine kinase 1 in head and neck carcinogenesis

The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm

Quinolone signaling in the cell-to-cell communication system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Growth inhibition of adherent Pseudomonas aeruginosa by an N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone analog

Impairment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm resistance to antibiotics by combining the drugs with a new Quorum-Sensing Inhibitor

A Novel infection protocol in Zebrafish embryo to assess Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and validate efficacy of a quorum sensing inhibitor in vivo

Cryo-EM structure of substrate-bound human telomerase holoenzyme

Identification of selective protein-protein interaction inhibitors using efficient in silico peptide-directed ligand design

An artemisinin-derivative-(NHC) Gold (I) hybrid with enhanced cytotoxicity through inhibition of NRF2 transcriptional activity

Hydroxamate siderophores: Natural occurrence, chemical synthesis, iron binding affinity and use as trojan horses against pathogens

Total synthesis of pyoverdin D

Investigating the influence of (deoxy)fluorination on the lipophilicity of non-UV-active fluorinated alkanols and carbohydrates by a new log P determination method

Lipophilicity trends upon fluorination of isopropyl, cyclopropyl and 3-oxetanyl groups

Systematic investigation of lipophilicity modulation by aliphatic fluorination motifs

The authors declare no conflict of interest.Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1278