key: cord-1041944-rhoeldg3
authors: Bai, Ling; JI, Gong‐Jun; Song, Yongxia; Sun, Jinmei; Wei, Junjie; Xue, Fang; Zhu, Lu; Li, Rui; Han, Yanfang; Zhang, Liu; Yang, Jinying; Qiu, Bensheng; Wu, Guo‐Rong; Zhang, Jing; Hong, Jingfang; Wang, Kai; Zhu, Chunyan
title: Dynamic brain connectome and high risk of mental problem in clinical nurses
date: 2021-07-31
journal: Hum Brain Mapp
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25617
sha: 399b05710787557cad60c0a90d67523a40740feb
doc_id: 1041944
cord_uid: rhoeldg3

With the growing population and rapid change in the social environment, nurses in China are suffering from high rates of stress; however, the neural mechanism underlying this occupation related stress is largely unknown. In this study, mental status was determined for 81 nurses and 61 controls using the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL‐90) scale. A subgroup (n = 57) was further scanned by resting‐state functional MRI with two sessions. Based on the SCL‐90 scale, “somatic complaints” and “diet/sleeping” exhibited the most prominent difference between nurses and controls. This mental health change in nurses was further supported by the spatial independent component analysis on functional MRI data. First, dynamic functional connectome analysis identified two discrete connectivity configurations (States I and II). Controls had more time in the State I than II, while the nurses had more time in the State II than I. Second, nurses showed a similar static network topology as controls, but altered dynamic properties. Third, the symptom‐imaging correlation analysis suggested the functional alterations in nurses as potential imaging biomarkers indicating a high risk for “diet/sleeping” problems. In summary, this study emphasized the high risk of mental deficits in nurses and explored the underlying neural mechanism using dynamic brain connectome, which provided valuable information for future psychological intervention.

Science Research Project of Anhui Province, Grant/Award Number: KJ2020A0194; Foundation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Grant/Award Number: 2019rwyb12; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/ Award Numbers: 81771456, 81573017, 91232717, 31571149, 81971689, 31970979, 82090034 suggested the functional alterations in nurses as potential imaging biomarkers indicating a high risk for "diet/sleeping" problems. In summary, this study emphasized the high risk of mental deficits in nurses and explored the underlying neural mechanism using dynamic brain connectome, which provided valuable information for future psychological intervention. (Liang, Chen, Zheng, & Liu, 2020) , which not only threatened their productivity and well-being, but also appeared to cause mental health problems (Hilton, Scuffham, Sheridan, Cleary, & Whiteford, 2008; Milliken, Clements, & Tillman, 2007) . Thus, estimating the mental health of nurses will provide valuable information for improving the medical and healthcare system, which may elevate the ability to fight the next outbreak.

Currently, the mental health of nurses is mainly estimated using neuropsychological tests. The Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) scale is a classic self-report inventory, which is well developed and shown to have sound psychometric properties in a previous study (Bech, Bille, Moller, Hellstrom, & Ostergaard, 2014) . SCL-90 has been widely used in investigating the mental status of Chinese nurses (Wang et al., 2018) . A cross-temporal meta-analysis of 244 studies indicated that the SCL-90 scores of Chinese nurses increased steadily from 1998 to 2016 (Xin, Jiang, & Xin, 2019) ; however, most of the studies did not include a large sample of controls. The SCL-90 scores of nurses are usually compared to the Chinese norm obtained in 1986. With the rapid social development, the criteria of this old norm are inappropriate to assess people after 10 years have elapsed. Some studies selected hospital administrators or technical personnel as the control group, despite an educational background that is quite different from nurses. To control this point, nursing graduates who did not work in the clinic may be a better choice.

In addition to neuropsychological tests, neuroimaging has increasingly been adopted as an objective and important approach for psychological investigation. Using resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), multiple biological features can be predicted, such as age (Dosenbach et al., 2010) , intelligence , personality (Kong et al., 2019) , and diagnosis (Drysdale et al., 2017; . It has also been used to estimate the neural underpinnings of realistic view adoption in nurses (Ogino, Kawamichi, Kakeda, & Saito, 2019) . Traditionally, most of these studies assumed that the participants were in a homogenous state during scanning, while ignoring the dynamic aspect over time. Current advances suggest that the dynamic psychological course can be captured using timevarying analyses and represented by different RSFC patterns Gonzalez-Castillo et al., 2015) . In the clinical application, several mental statuses (usually 2-7) and diagnosis-specific RSFC biomarkers could be identified by the dynamic analysis on resting-state functional MRI data (Rabany et al., 2019) . However, few study investigated the static or dynamic RSFC network features in nurses.

In this study, we hypothesized that the mental health of nurses may be affected by years of clinical work. To test this hypothesis, a traditional neuropsychological test (i.e., SCL-90) was used to characterize the mental status of nurses, and RSFC with graph theory was adopted to show the functional architecture during the resting state. To exclude the effect of the educational background, nursing graduates who did not work in the clinic were included as the control group.

To show the effect of clinical work on mental health, clinical nurses were recruited as the experimental group. To exclude the effect of the educational background, nursing graduates who did not work in the clinic were included as the control group. Of note, most of these people become postgraduate students. To match the three grades of postgraduates, the work experience of clinical nurses was limited to 3 years. The exclusion criteria were the same for both groups, as follows: (a) head injury, psychiatric or neurological disease, and alcohol or drug abuse; (b) psychiatric disease history in first-degree relatives;

and (c) declined or unable to undergo MRI scanning. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board for the Anhui University of Chinese Medicine. All participants were recruited from the local medical universities and the affiliated hospitals by advertisement.

To estimate the mental health status, all participants completed the SCL-90 test with a 5-point rating scale for 90 items, ranging from "not at all" to "extremely." The SCL-90 is a very commonly used neuropsychological test that includes the following 10 dimensions: somatic complaints; obsessive-compulsive; interpersonal sensitivity; depression; anxiety; hostility; phobic anxiety; paranoid ideation; psychoticism; and diet/sleeping (higher score implicating a lower level of mental health). Between-group comparisons were performed for the scores of the 10 factors, number of risk items, and total SCL-90 score with covariates including age, gender, and months after graduation. The significance of the multiple comparisons was corrected by the false discovery rate (FDR; q < .05).

MRI data were obtained at the University of Science and Technology of China with a 3-T scanner (Discovery 750; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). High-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired in the sagittal orientation using a three-dimensional brain-volume sequence (repetition/echo time, 8.16/3.18 ms; flip angle, 12; field of view, 256 Â 256 mm 2 ; 256 Â 256 matrix; section thickness, 1 mm; voxel size, 1 Â 1 Â 1 mm 3 ). During resting-state functional MRI scanning, participants were instructed to rest with their eyes closed without falling asleep. To obtain a steady connectivity pattern, two sessions of functional images (434 volumes) were acquired using a single shot gradient-recalled echo planar imaging sequence (repetition/ echo time, 2,400/30 ms; flip angle, 90; field of view, 192 Â 192 mm 2 ; 64 Â 64 in-plane matrix; section thickness, 3 mm; voxel size, 3 Â 3 Â 3 mm 3 ; 46 transverse sections).

The resting-sate functional images were pre-processed using SPM12 software (www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm) and ANFI (https://afni.nimh.nih. gov/afni/). The processing steps were as follows: (1) delete the first five time points; (2) remove temporal spikes; (3) slice timing correction; (4) head motion correction; (5) co-registration to structural image; (6) regress out nuisance regressors (24 head motion parameters, and average signals in the cerebrospinal fluid, white matter, and whole brain); (7) spatial normalization to the Montreal Neurological Institute space using the matrix produced by structural image segmentation (Ashburner, 2007) ; and (8) spatial smooth with a 4-mm full width at half-maximum Gaussian kernel.

To identify the intrinsic functional networks of our data, a group-level spatial independent component analysis (ICA) was performed using the GIFT software [v4.0b] (Calhoun, Adali, Pearlson, & Pekar, 2001) .

We used a relatively high model order (number of components, 100) to achieve a "functional parcellation" of refined components corresponding to known anatomic and functional segmentations . Two steps were performed for data reduction.

First, subject-specific data reduction via principal components analysis retained 150 principal components. Then, the concatenated subjectreduced data were decomposed into 100 aggregate components along directions of maximal group variability. To ensure the stability of estimation, the Infomax ICA algorithm was repeated 20 times in ICASSO, and aggregate spatial maps were estimated as the modes of component clusters Himberg, Hyvarinen, & Esposito, 2004) . Finally, the group components were back-projected to produce subject-specific spatial maps and time courses using the spatiotemporal regression approach (Calhoun et al., 2001; Erhardt et al., 2011) .

Of the 100 independent components (ICs), 50 were identified as parts of intrinsic networks ( Figure 1 ) and sorted according to the criteria of previous studies Kim et al., 2017) . Briefly, 

To exclude physiologic noise, the time course of 50 ICs was low-pass filtered with a high-frequency cut-off of 0.15 Hz using a fifth order Butterworth filter. Then, pairwise Pearson's correlations were computed between ICs and converted using Fisher's z-transformation ( Figure 1 ).

Network properties were computed for these matrices across a range of thresholds (i.e., sparsity). The lower range was defined as the average degree (i.e., the number of connections linked to the node) over all nodes under each threshold network, which was >2 Â log(N) with N = 50 denoting the number of components. The upper range corresponded to the lowest significant correlation coefficient (p < .05) among all subjects. This generated the range from 0.18 to 0.48 (step = 0.04). Using the Brain Connectivity Toolbox (http://www. brain-connectivity-toolbox.net/), six global properties were computed as in our previous study (Ji, Ren, et al., 2019) : network strength (S p ); global efficiency (E glob ); local efficiency (E loc ); shortest path length relative to a random network (Gamma); clustering coefficient relative to a random network (Lambda); and small worldness (Sigma). The area under the global property curve that provided an overall estimation independent of the sparsity threshold was compared between groups by two-sample t-tests. Age, gender, and months after graduation were included as covariates in this analysis.

The dynamic functional connectivity between ICs was estimated using a sliding window approach. According to previous studies Kim et al., 2017) , each window contains 22 consecutive repetition time (52.8 s). The window was slid step-wise by one repetition time along the scanning time (212 volumes), resulting in 190 consecutive windows. Within each window, a 50 Â 50 matrix (Fisher's z transformed) was calculated using the regularized precision matrix (Smith et al., 2011) with L1 norm constraint to enforce sparsity (Friedman, Hastie, & Tibshirani, 2008) . Then, the 190 matrices were clustered using a k-means algorithm. The optimal number of functional connectivity states (i.e., centroid) were estimated in a search window of k from 2-10. Among18 clustering methods, 7 supported a k of 2 (mode) as the optimal number of states (see Figure S1 ). Three temporal properties of the dynamic states fractional windows, mean dwelling time, and the number of transitions) were computed using the GIFT software (v4.0b) (Calhoun et al., 2001) .

Network properties were computed for each window and sparsity (the same as the static network computation). Then, the property of 

There were 85 nurses and 61 controls included in this study. The two groups were well matched in age, gender, and months after graduation (Table 1 ). All 12 SCL-90 scores (10 factors, the number of risk items, and total score) were significantly higher in nurses than controls (FDR corrected, q < .05; Table 1 ). "Somatic complaints" and "diet/ sleeping" showed the most prominent difference between groups.

Of the 146 participants, 36 nurses and 21 controls received multi-modality MRI scanning. No significant difference was demonstrated in age, gender, or months after graduation between the nurse and control groups (Table S1 ). Among the 12 SCL-90 scores, the "diet/sleeping" score was significantly higher in the nurse group than the control group (FDR corrected, q < .05; Table S1 ).

Of the 100 ICs, 50 were grouped into one of the seven intrinsic brain networks (see the spatial maps and correlation matrix in Figure 1 ). 

No significant difference between groups existed for the six network properties (all p > .05; Table S2 ). The highest correlations (top 5%) mainly consisted of connections within and between DMN, CEN, and VIS networks (Figure 2b ). Compared to State II (58% frequency), State I (42% frequency) had a stronger RSFC strength both within (paired t = 5.3, p < .0001) and between networks (paired t = 6.2, p < .0001; Figure 2c) . A significant between-group difference existed in fractional windows (i.e., proportion of time spent in each state, t = 2.8, p = .007; Figure 3a ). Specifically, State I was observed less often in nurses (34.8 ± 24.2%) than controls (53.7 ± 24.4%), while State II occurred more frequently in nurses (65.2 ± 24.2%) than controls (46.3 ± 24.2%). The mean dwelling time in State I was shorter in nurses than controls (U = 201, p = .003, df = 55), while State II was longer in nurses than controls (U = 188, p = .02, df = 50; Figure 3b) . Notably, five outliers (three nurses, two controls) were identified by nonlinear regression analyses (Motulsky & Brown, 2006) , and excluded from the analysis for State II. Adding the outliers back did not change the significance. No differences were found with respect to the number of transitions between nurses (mean ± SD = 4.9 ± 2.23) and controls (mean ± SD = 5.0 ± 1.38, t = 0.55, p = .58, df = 55).

Among the six global network properties, the variability of E loc , and E glob were higher in nurses than controls (Figure 4 ; Table S2 ).

No significant difference was found for the variability of dynamic head motion, S net , Gamma, Lambda, and Sigma (p > .05).

The correlation between imaging and neuropsychological scores was performed across subjects participating in both experiments (36 nurses and 21 controls). Because only diet/sleeping score in SCL-90 was significantly different between these two subgroups, it was used to explain the neuropsychological meaning of imaging measures. Age, gender, months after graduation, and dynamic head motion were included as covariates in this analysis.

Since the dwelling time in States I and II were significantly negative correlated (ρ = À0.75, p < .001), their difference (normalized by the total dwelling time) were computed to represent their relative duration in each subject. We did not use the ratio between states directly because some dwelling time was zero. This relative duration was positively correlated with the diet/sleeping score (ρ = 0.34, p = .014; Figure 3(a) ). The diet/ sleeping score did not show significant correlation with either the variability of dynamic E loc (ρ = 0.07, p = .60) or E glob (ρ = 0.06, p = .66).

This study investigated the mental health of clinical nurses using neuropsychological tests and dynamic brain functional connectome. ; however, although some nurses showed excitability, irritability, and signs of psychological distress, the nurses declined psychological help and stated that they did not have any problems. For this reason, some nurses mentioned that they did not need a psychologist, but needed more rest without interruption . Thus, it is more practical to decrease the risk of mental deficits at ordinary time, which may eventually elevate the resistance of the medical system to a public health event.

In addition to traditional neuropsychological tests, the dynamic brain functional connectome is recognized as a novel approach to F I G U R E 2 Connectivity feature of two mental states. (a) Cluster centroids for each state. The total number of occurrences and percentage of total occurrences are listed above each matrix. (b) Top 5% connections (i.e., the largest absolute correlation coefficients) in the circular maps. Index numbers of independent components are written in squares. Color and gray lines represent intra-and inter-network connectivity, respectively. (c) The average intra-network connectivity strength is higher in State I than State II, while the inter-network connectivity was the inverse track the dynamic mental state (Gonzalez-Castillo et al., 2015) , and an objective biomarker for neuropsychiatric disease Kim et al., 2017; Liao et al., 2013) . In a subgroup of the partici- The human brain is efficiently organized in a small-world pattern that manifests as high efficiency and low path length in graph theory (Bullmore & Sporns, 2012) . The small-world related network properties were similar between nurses and controls, suggesting that years of clinical work did not disrupt the efficient organization of brain function, although the nurses were at higher risk of mental deficits than controls. On the contrary, the dynamic variance of local and global efficiency was higher in nurses than in controls. These increased variances (Ji, Liao, Chen, Zhang, & Wang, 2017) . Thus, it would be interesting to take white matter signals into account in future studies.

With the growing population and rapid change of social environment, nurses in China are suffering from high rates of stress. In this study, we characterized the mental status of nurses using the SCL-90 scale.

The "diet/sleeping" score was significantly correlated to the relative duration between resting states across all participants. The dynamic properties of the functional connectome were different between nurses and controls. In summary, this study emphasized the high risk of mental deficits in nurses and explored the underlying neural mechanism, which will provide valuable information for future psychological interventions.

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A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm

Psychometric validation of the Hopkins symptom checklist (SCL-90) subscales for depression, anxiety, and interpersonal sensitivity

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A method for making group inferences from functional MRI data using independent component analysis

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Dynamic functional connectivity analysis reveals transient states of dysconnectivity in schizophrenia

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Comparison of multi-subject ICA methods for analysis of fMRI data

Sparse inverse covariance estimation with the graphical lasso

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Classification of schizophrenia by intersubject correlation in functional connectome

Low-frequency blood oxygen level-dependent fluctuations in the brain white matter: More than just noise

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Abnormal intrinsic brain functional network dynamics in Parkinson's disease

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Screening for Chinese medical staff mental health by SDS and SAS during the outbreak of COVID-19

Dynamical intrinsic functional architecture of the brain during absence seizures

The impact of stress management on nurse productivity and retention

Detecting outliers when fitting data with nonlinear regression-A new method based on robust nonlinear regression and the false discovery rate

Dynamic functional connectivity in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder: Convergence, divergence and classification

A meta-analysis of Symptom Checklist-90 assessment results in Chinese nurses

Changes in Chinese nurses' mental health during 1998-2016: A cross-temporal meta-analysis

Dynamic brain connectome and high risk of mental problem in clinical nurses

The authors thank all the nurses and controls for their participation. 

The authors declare that no competing financial interests exist.

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-5534Jinmei Sun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9295-2759Kai Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6197-914X