key: cord-1036443-693jld4e
authors: Mohammed Said Al‐Mughairi, Habiba; Bhaskar, Preeti; khalfan hamood Alazri, Abdullah
title: The economic and social impact of COVID‐19 on tourism and hospitality industry: A case study from Oman
date: 2021-11-09
journal: J Public Aff
DOI: 10.1002/pa.2786
sha: f0ffe2e67909f68b07acdd991f601a41ad2aa490
doc_id: 1036443
cord_uid: 693jld4e

The COVID‐19 pandemic has incurred a substantial economic and social impact around the world. Many sectors have been drastically affected but the tourism and hospitality industry was one of the hardest hit by the COVID‐19 outbreak globally. The coronavirus pandemic has caused direct losses of half‐billion Omani Rial to the tourism sector. This pandemic has also exacerbated the mental health of business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. This research aims to investigate the economic and social impacts of COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality sector of Oman. The data was collected from business owners of micro, small, medium, and large size‐companies operating in the tourism and hospitality industry. A structured questionnaire was distributed and data collection was done from September 2020 to January 2021. The finding of the study reveals a negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. The economic impact includes financial loss, reduction in customer demand at a national and international level, disruptions in the logistics and distribution channels, ruined the relationship with suppliers, customers, and employees. The social impact included depression, irritation, anxiety, and stress among the business owners about the present and future conditions. This study has given valuable suggestion to mitigate the negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The finding of the study will support the government to boost the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman.

The COVID-19 pandemic has incurred a substantial economic and social impact around the world. Many sectors have been drastically affected but the tourism and hospitality industry was one of the hardest hit by the COVID-19 outbreak globally.

The coronavirus pandemic has caused direct losses of half-billion Omani Rial to the tourism sector. This pandemic has also exacerbated the mental health of business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. This research aims to investigate the economic and social impacts of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality sector of Oman. The data was collected from business owners of micro, small, medium, and large size-companies operating in the tourism and hospitality industry.

A structured questionnaire was distributed and data collection was done from September 2020 to January 2021. The finding of the study reveals a negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman due to the COVID-19 outbreak. The economic impact includes financial loss, reduction in customer demand at a national and international level, disruptions in the logistics and distribution channels, ruined the relationship with suppliers, customers, and employees. The social impact included depression, irritation, anxiety, and stress among the business owners about the present and future conditions. This study has given valuable suggestion to mitigate the negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The finding of the study will support the government to boost the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman.

COVID-19, economic impact, Oman, social impact, tourism and hospitality industry 1 | INTRODUCTION On December 31, 2019, the first case of deadly Coronavirus was reported in Wuhan, Hubei, China (World Health Organization, 2020).

The deadly virus was transmitted to the whole world-giving rise to uncertain and unstable situation. As the pandemic spread across the globe, the Sultanate of Oman also became its victim. To mitigate the effects of the pandemic, the Omani government announced the first lockdown on April 10, 2020 and consecutively the lockdown was extended zone-wise based on the severity of COVID-19 cases. Many businesses were completely shut down, the stringent measure was announced for conducting business activities in selected sectors only, and the tourism and hospitality sector was not exempted from this regulation. The COVID-19 pandemic has incurred a significant economic and social impact around the world (United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 2020). Many sectors have been drastically affected but tourism and hospitality industry was one of the hardest hit by the COVID-19 globally. A recent report by the World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies (IPAs) on May 2020, stated that sectors like hotels and restaurants and other travel and tourism-related services were among the top five vulnerable sectors during the crisis of COVID-19. IPAs reported that hotels and restaurants are affected by the pandemic by around 84% followed by other travel and tourism-related services by around 65%. This pandemic has exacerbated the condition of business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry (Gursoy & Chi, 2020; Hospitality Net, 2020; Qiu et al., 2020) .

Similar to other countries around the world, Oman's tourism and hospitality industry also has been drastically affected economically and socially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 has caused direct losses of half-billion Omani Rial to the tourism sector (Al Nasseri, 2020) . The revenues of 3-5 star hotels have reduced by 60.2% and hotel occupancy rates declined by 50.1%. Oman tourism and hospitality industry continue to face the stifling stemming in hotels, motels, guesthouses, travel booking agents, tour operators, event management companies, restaurant, café, and other tourism-related services. The continuous ban on the aviation industry with limited flight operational at the national and international level has made the catastrophic impact on allied business activities of the tourism and hospitality industry.

COVID-19's economic impact on Oman tourism has resulted in more unemployment, reduced consumer purchasing power, and lowincome generation (Al-Hasni, 2021) . Likewise, economic impact, the social impact was staggering the owners on the survival of their business. Owners are stressed about future business activities as the tourism and hospitality industry is on the brink of collapse. Though, the Oman government took several initiatives to mitigate the economic and social impact of the tourism and hospitality industry by offering monetary and nonmonetary support to the business owners to sustain and survive their business. The Ministry of Tourism assured to provide a relief package for business owners, encouraged banks to invest in the tourism sector, restructured loans schemes for hotel investors, grants, incentives, facilities, introducing new financing policies (Oman Observer, 2020a Observer, , 2020b . Certainly, it is only the assurance, the losses are huge and still, no-good hope is seen among the business owners in this sector. Several researchers have investigated the economic impact on the hospitality and tourism industry but the social impact has not been investigated from the owner's perspective. This research aims to investigate the economic and social impacts of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality sector of Oman. This study will make a novel contribution through quantitative research by offering rich insights into the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. The finding of this research will support the government to boost the on tourism and hospitality industry in Oman.

Previous literature shows that world economies have been largely hit by COVID-19 outbreak irrespective of developed or developing countries (Alhassan et al., 2020; Alhassan et al., 2021; Alola & Victor, 2020; Balsalobre-Lorente et al., 2020; Del Chiappa et al., 2021; Fernandes, 2020; Gupta et al., 2020; Harris & Moss, 2020; Jones & Comfort, 2020a , 2020b Liu et al., 2021; Shapoval et al., 2021; Singh & Neog, 2020; Usman et al., 2020) . Researchers have analyzed the macroeconomic effect of the pandemic on counties, Mugaloglu et al. (2021) revealed that COVID-19 created huge uncertainty in Turkey thus reduced the investment expenditure significantly. Similarly, South Africa is on the verge of falling into debt trap as the pandemic has increased the cost of public finance in the country (Alhassan et al., 2021; Tseng, 2021) . As the death toll continuously increased, the stock market reacted adversely specially that of Britain, Russia, India, and China thus creating a situation of Global meltdown (Kharbanda & Jain, 2021) . The increased number of deaths due to the pandemic has a negative impact on the per capita income of the country, thus the pandemic has forced many counties toward negative economic growth (Alhassan et al., 2021) . The macroeconomic indicators like Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investments, Employment, Health care system of the world were also put on gloomy situation due to uncertainties resulting from forced lockdowns in order to safeguard from getting affected from COVID-19 (Balsalobre-Lorente et al., 2020; Idris & Oruonye, 2020) . The pandemic had put the complete world economy on hold, all the major sectors were adversely affected due to lockdown, apprehensions, Bangladesh (Naiem & Al, 2021) ; and China, Italy, Australia, and Las Vegas (Folinas & Metaxas, 2020) . The economic impact has been studied by several researchers from various perspectives (Crespi-Cladera et al., 2021; Debata et al., 2020; Gössling et al., 2020; Karim et al., 2020; Khalid et al., 2021; Kumar, 2020; Lim & To, 2021; Rakshit & Basistha, 2020; Siddiquei & Khan, 2020) . The advent of the COVID-19 crisis has made it critical for the researcher to identify the main factors that are affecting the tourism and hospitality industry (Zenker & Kock, 2020) . Zopiatis et al. (2021) have also reported similar key economic and social areas (human resource management, finance/economics education and research, marketing, microlevel (operations), macrolevel (destination) for understating the impact of COVID 19 on tourism and hospitality industry. Chen et al. (2020) proposed nine key themes including the effect on tourism, people's emotions, management of tourism and cultural venues, the position of the hospitality industry, national command and local reaction, tourism conflicts and remedies, corporate selfimprovement initiatives, government assistance, and postcrisis tourism product for analyzing the tourism and hospitality industry in China. Baum and Hai (2020) analyzed areas of Asia, Europe, and North America's hospitality and tourism and reported unprecedented negative impact during the pandemic. Davahli et al. (2020) conducted indepth literature review focusing on challenges faced by the hospitality industry where findings revealed the negative impact on revenue, job loss, change in the customer preferences, and decline in market demand. Owners have to pay fixed costs, which include rent, electricity, wages, and loan interests, but the continuous decline in the revenues was making it challenging for owners to sustain during COVID-19 scenario (Folinas & Metaxas, 2020; Pagano et al., 2020) .

The financial stress and solvency concerns make it difficult for owners to pay debts due to COVID-19 (Benjamin, et al., 2020; Crespi-Cladera et al., 2021; Tomassini and Cavagnaro, 2020) . Because of the COVID-19 crisis, many companies have decided to terminate their employees or were asked to go on unpaid leave (Karim et al., 2020; Lucas, 2020) . The psychological effect on the owner is deepened, as they have to make indefinite layoff of the employee due to lack of clarity on their businesses returning to normal (Şengel et al., 2020) .

The COVID-19 crisis has negatively impacted employee-organization relationships . Within this turbulent environment, owners were challenged to stabilize their business. Therefore, companies requested the government to provide bailout packages to survive for the short-term until the impact of COVID-19 decline (Nicola et al., 2020; Ozili & Arun, 2020) . Owners perceive that they have to shut down their business within 3 months and will not be able to return at pre-pandemic levels (Brizek et al., 2021) . However, there is an ambiguity on the survival of companies on short-term bailout packages (Bas & Sivaprasad, 2020) . A time span of more than 5 years will be required for tourism and hospitality to recover (Dua et al., 2020; Yoong, 2020) . COVID-19 has resulted in severe consequences and affected the socio-economic prosperity of many nations (Aneja & Ahuja, 2020; Gössling et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2020; Nicola et al., 2020) .

The abrupt halt of the economic activities made the future sustainability of the tourism and hospitality industry into a big question mark.

This research examined the economic and social impact of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. In this respect, a structured questionnaire was sent to business owners working in the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The questionnaire consisted of four sections; the first section included demographic factor and details of their businesses. The second section included the questions related to economic impact; the third section includes questions related to social impact; and the fourth section includes open-ended questions related to strategies for the future. The data was collected from September 2020 to January 2021 from micro (<five staff), small (6-25 staff), medium (26-99 staff), and large, size-companies (99 and above). In Oman, tourism and hospitality business include cafés, restaurants, campings, events management, farms booking, guesthouses, hotels, motels, taxies booking (local travel-local touring, etc.), tour/ holiday packages, tour guides (local sight-seeing, etc.) and travel booking (airlines-national/international).

By the end of the survey period, data collected from 97 respondents distributed throughout 15 businesses in the tourism and hospitality sector. Around 68% of the business owners were within the age range of 35-55 years old, where most of them has a bachelor (47.4%), postgraduate (23.7%), and secondary school (19.6%) degrees. The majority of responses received belong to hotels sector (34%), followed by motels (15.5%), coffee/restaurants and farm bookings (12.4%), tour/holiday packages (11.3%), and guesthouse (10.3%). Most of those who responded has their businesses in Muscat (the Capital) (43.5%), followed by Al-Dhakiliyah (14.5%) and Ash-Sharqiya North (13%) and the remaining are dispersed among the other eight governorates.

To explore the economic impact of the COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality industry, various parameters have been included in the questionnaire related to economic aspects. The analysis of data is presented from Tables 1-9. Table 1 shows the level of impact on financial situation of the business, customer demand for the products and services, suppliers and supply chain, and channels of distributions. It can be clearly seen from Table 1 that tourism and hospitality businesses have been negatively affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, as majority of the respondents (67%) perceived that there is a large negative impact on their businesses. From the table, 67% responded have agreed the that COVID 19 outbreak has affected the financial conditions of their business, followed by negative impact on the customer demand for the business products/service (58.5%); suppliers and supply chain (44.3%); channels of distribution of the business products/services to customers (40.2%). Tables 2 and 3 show the level of impact on various parameter on the national and international business. From Table 2 , it can be observed that the impact has been largely recorded on the international business. Business owners reported reduction in the international business as they have received less number of inquiries/booking (81.4%) and the number of visitors (85.6%) have also declined. The reasons can be attributed due cancelation of international events (76.3%). Many visitors have opted for the cancelation of their visits (78.4%) or decided to postpone their travel plans (77.3%). Comparatively less impact has been reported in the domestic business (Table 3) . Table 4 shows the perception of business owners toward the expected time period for closure of their business in the future. Most of the business owners (38.10%) are not having plan to close their business where some business owners believe that they can survive till 6-12 months (17.50%) and from Table 5 it can be seen that, business owners perceive that it may take 9 months-1 year to recover from the losses incurred by the Covid-19 outbreak (37%). Business owners did not show positive response toward the recovery of losses incurred by the COVID-19 pandemic. They believe that it will take approximately 1 year to recover from the losses. However, 38% of business owners agreed that COVID-19 outbreak has not created new opportunities while 38% of business owners have expanded their business domestically. This can be due to the restriction imposed on the international travel.

As an outcome of COVID-19, business owners have encountered several type of challenges due to the outbreak of COVID-19. It can be seen from Table 6 shows that business owners have faced decline in international demand (71.1%) and domestic demand (62.9%). In addition, 70.1% of business owners agree that they faced difficulty in giving staff salaries and covering up other fixed business costs. The business owners have taken several actions in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The respondents also asked about the additional steps that can be taken to promote their businesses. Designing new packages, entering new markets, advertising for more offers and discounts, implementing online marketing strategy through social media as well as digital marketing, reducing sales prices and reducing national labor expenses, connecting with new partners abroad, and opening up more markets, were mostly highlighted by participants. Cao et al., 2020; Kawohl & Nordt, 2020; Mamun & Griffiths, 2020; Miles, 2014; Orgilés et al., 2020; Saladino et al., 2020; Weir, 2020) . As reported in this research study, most of the T A B L E 9 Effective strategies to be implemented by businesses to recover from COVID-19 to adjust psychologically to a new normal in the business, such as wearing, continuous washing of hands, masks, hand gloves, social distancing, and so forth. The fear of COVID-19 also made them felt like closing the companies for short-term job and sit at home until COVID-19 ends. To avoid this situation, the Omani government allowed companies to run their business while following the standard operating procedure. As per the Oman government, companies have followed the rule for maintaining the staff strength like 30%, 50%, and 70% in the office during the COVID-19 for maintaining social distancing (Ankara, 2020; Oman Observer, 2020a , 2020b This provision has allowed the companies owners to control the spread of coronavirus and continue the business. Still, many owners were stressed over the future plan as they might have to reduce some more staff and cut salary due to the loss that occurred by in the COVID-19. Furthermore, owners felt that their relationship with their staff has got affected as they were asked to work on reduced salary and given notice for termination of services for the future. Hence, it can be concluded that the social impact was very high on owners of the tourism and hospitality industry in the Oman. Many owners took the counseling services to deal with fear of COVID-19. Lancet Global Mental Health Commission recommended to use digital technological interventions to reduce anxiety levels, stress and improve mental health and self-efficacy among people (Kang et al., 2020; Patel, 2018; Xiao et al., 2020) .

The COVID-19 outbreak has adversely affected the economic and social aspects of the tourism and hospitality industry in the Oman The economic impact considered a financial loss, customer demand, logistics and distribution channels, supplier's relationship, and employees' turnover. The losses were due to the cancelation of bookings as a result of border closure, indefinite postponement of sports, business, and cultural events. This has affected future bookings because companies have not received many inquiries from foreign and domestic tourists. Due to significant losses, the company had feared that their business might be permanently shut down, as it was difficult to man- Apart from that, in order to revive the tourism and hospitality industry, the Omani government can also adapt the practices adopted by companies incorporated in foreign countries. Like, many countries have restructured their business for the post-COVID-19 world by making technological advancement. The new digital era for the tourism and hospitality industry needs to be based on artificial intelligence, robots, 3D simulations, virtual reality, blockchain, cloud computing, Internet of Things, big data, and augmented reality.

According to the PwC report, blockchain technology can increase revenue by US$40 billion and cutting maintenance repair and overhaul costs globally by US$3.5 billion in the aerospace industry (Lemasson et al., 2019) . Companies are working on improving tourist inclinations by offering technological innovative services to increase confidence and unleashes a consumer rebound. Hotels are using robots on the frontline for room services, housekeeping deliveries, arrangements of food and beverages, in-room dining, delivering housekeeping items, dispensing facemasks, and for sanitizing in order to protect guests and employees. The advanced self-service and biometrics will make con- is offering "remote worker visa/Nomad visa." It provides a combination of professional and leisure offerings in the "workstation" and "staycation" segment. The above trends are benefitting tourism and hospitality industries and likely to have a positive impact. Efforts in the right direction will make Oman as one of the popular destinations among tourists; it will not only boost the industry but will have a cascading positive impact on the whole economy.

The current study adds to the body of knowledge in the tourism and hospitality industry. This study contributes to the current understanding of the economic and social impact of COVID 19 on the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. The holistic analysis of this study add to existing research by identifying critical dimension that should be considered while analyzing the economic and social impact on Tourism and Hospitality Industry. The study confirmed results of existing studies that also emphasized the economic impact dimensions such as financial loss, decline in market demand, unemployment, impact on suppliers, supply chain, channels of distribution, change in the customer preferences, and shutting down of business in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry (Baum & Hai, 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Jones & Comfort, 2020a , 2020b Karim et al., 2020; Lim & To, 2021; Lucas, 2020; Pagano et al., 2020; Rakshit & Basistha, 2020; Şengel et al., 2020) 

This research has highlighted the economic and social impact of COVID 19 on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. This research has some limitation, which may be addressed in future research studies. First, the findings of this study are limited to Oman, and therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other countries.

Second, the researchers have only used quantitative technique to reach the objective of the study. Future researchers can use the triangulation approach to address this research problem to get more valid and reliable results. Third, due to the limited literature on the addressed topic in the Oman context, it was difficult to identify the critical factors for analyzing economic and social impact. Further studies can be conducted by including other factors that may draw different findings and conclusion. Lastly, a comparative study can be conducted among developing countries to analyze the economic and social impact of COVID 19 on the tourism and hospitality industry.

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 

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