key: cord-1035856-ph5lt8mh
authors: Braun, Christoph; Peters, Ralph S.
title: Twelve new species of Dipara Walker, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae, Diparinae) from Kenya, with a key to the Afrotropical species
date: 2021-10-29
journal: Zookeys
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1067.72395
sha: e493032da6c3e368b65d4fb2a634b4ddacde5322
doc_id: 1035856
cord_uid: ph5lt8mh

Based on 261 female specimens of the genus Dipara Walker, 1833 from leaf litter samples of the Kakamega Forest in Kenya, we describe the following twelve new species: Diparaandreabalzeraesp. nov., Diparacoronasp. nov., Diparafastigatasp. nov., Diparakakamegensissp. nov., Diparaluxsp. nov., Diparanigroscutellatasp. nov., Diparanyanisp. nov., Diparareticulatasp. nov., Dipararodneymullenisp. nov., Diparasapphirussp. nov., Diparatenebrasp. nov., and Diparatigrinasp. nov. For Diparaalbomaculata (Hedqvist, 1963) and Diparanigrita Hedqvist, 1969, we give new distribution records. We examined the available type material of all described Dipara species from the Afrotropical mainland, i.e., Diparaalbomaculata (Hedqvist, 1963), Diparamachadoi (Hedqvist, 1971), Diparamaculata (Hedqvist, 1963), Diparanigrita Hedqvist, 1969, Diparapallida (Hedqvist, 1969), Diparapunctulata (Hedqvist, 1969), Diparasaetosa (Delucchi, 1962), Diparastraminea (Hedqvist, 1969), Diparastriata (Hedqvist, 1969), and Diparaturneri Hedqvist, 1969. We provide figures, descriptions, and diagnoses of the newly described species and figures and diagnoses of the ten known species as well as an identification key to all species of the Afrotropical mainland.

In this study, we contribute to the taxonomic knowledge of the Afrotropical fauna of the genus Dipara Walker, 1833, with the first alpha-taxonomic treatment of this group and region in 50 years. We describe twelve new species and diagnose and key all new and previously described Afrotropical mainland species. Dipara belongs to the subfamily Diparinae within the chalcidoid family Pteromalidae (Heraty et al. 2012) . The genus shows a cosmopolitan distribution (Desjardins 2007 ) with a total of 56 described species (Noyes 2019) . The phylogenetic position of Diparinae is still unclear (Desjardins 2007; Heraty et al. 2012) . Currently, it is still classified within Pteromalidae, which, however, is polyphyletic . Diparinae were shown to be monophyletic and can be identified by the following diagnostic characters: presence of a cercal brush and absence of a smooth convex dorsellum (Desjardins 2007) . The genus Dipara is well characterized by a number of diagnostic characters (see below or Desjardins 2007 for a full diagnosis and a list of genera previously synonymized under Dipara).

The early taxonomic work on Dipara was confounded by the strong sexual dimorphism in this group. Males are usually macropterous and have filiform antennae. Females can range from macropterous to apterous and have clavate antennae. Additionally, males tend to be extremely similar even across different genera while females show a lot of interspecific morphological variation (Desjardins 2007) . This led to the genus originally being described by Walker (1833) based on a male specimen of Dipara petiolata Walker, 1833 and Dipara females originally being described as Tricoryphus by Förster (1856) and as Hispanolelaps by Mercet (1927) . The two genera were later synonymized with Dipara by Domenichini (1953) . Because of the strong resemblance of males of different species and the morphological variation of females, most species level taxonomic work on Dipara (and other Diparinae) is based on female specimens (Delucchi 1962; Hedqvist 1963 Hedqvist , 1969 Hedqvist , 1971 . For males, Desjardins (2007) provided a genus level key. Matching females and males of the same species based on morphological features is currently not possible. Mitroiu (2019) suggested to match conspecific females and males based on molecular sequence data (e.g., the DNA barcode) and this is certainly the way to go. Unfortunately, the material available for this study was not suitable for standard DNA sequencing and consistently failed in a pre-study trial (unpublished) . Accordingly, our work is based solely on morphological characters of females.

A peculiar characteristic of Diparinae females is their intraspecific variation in the wing form with macropterous and brachypterous specimens being found in the same species (Bouček 1988; Desjardins 2007; Mitroiu 2019) . To deal with this potentially confounding fact, we used a multivariate morphometric approach (Baur and Leuenberger 2011) in morphologically similar species with different wing forms, which has been applied successfully numerous times for taxonomic studies on parasitoid wasps (e.g., László et al. 2013; Baur et al. 2014; Baur 2015; Gebiola et al. 2017; Werner and Peters 2018) . Additionally, we checked the state of the posterior notal wing process which Desjardins (2007) suggested to be a "measure of potential wing size", i.e., a possible hint on the intraspecific wing form variation.

There is a severe lack of information about the biology of Dipara species. One of their main habitats is supposed to be leaf litter (Desjardins 2007) . The only published information about their hosts is that of an unidentified Indian Dipara species which was reared from a curculionid beetle feeding on the roots of a Cyperus species (Bouček 1988) . Additional host records from curculionids in Lelaps Walker, 1843 led Desjardins (2007 to suggest that the more common and typical Diparinae (like Lelaps and Dipara species) may parasitize soil-inhabiting beetles and maybe curculionids more specifically.

So far, ten species of Dipara have been described from the Afrotropical mainland, with a distribution ranging from the Democratic Republic of Congo to South Africa, including Dipara albomaculata (Hedqvist, 1963) , Dipara machadoi (Hedqvist, 1971) , Dipara maculata (Hedqvist, 1963) , Dipara nigrita Hedqvist, 1969 , Dipara pallida (Hedqvist, 1969) , Dipara punctulata (Hedqvist, 1969) , Dipara saetosa (Delucchi, 1962) , Dipara straminea (Hedqvist, 1969) , Dipara striata (Hedqvist, 1969) and Dipara turneri Hedqvist, 1969 (Mitroiu 2011 Noyes 2019) . Larger series of Dipara specimens are exceedingly rare and descriptions are often based on a single or just a few specimens. Five Afrotropical Dipara species are known only from the holotype and nine from five specimens or less. Only D. pallida is known from a larger series of 13 specimens (Desjardins 2007) .

We based our work on an extraordinary series of 261 female Dipara specimens from the Kakamega Forest in Kenya. Collection of the specimens was done in the framework of the BIOTA (BIOdiversity Monitoring Transect Analysis in Africa) East Africa project (Ross et al. 2018) . The Kakamega Forest is a montane rainforest fragment in western Kenya and the easternmost remnant of the Guineo-Congolian rainforest belt (Kokwaro 1988; Clausnitzer 2005; Holstein 2015) . Due to high rural population density around the Kakamega Forest it is under high threat from deforestation and habitat destruction (KIFCON 1994) . Parts of its plant and animal fauna have already been studied in detail (e.g., Althof 2005; Clausnitzer 2005; Kühne 2008; Hita-Garcia et al. 2013) . To preserve biodiversity, it is a most urgent and necessary task to contribute to the knowledge of highly diverse, threatened habitats, including knowledge on parasitoid wasps of these areas, by increasing visibility of species from this region and making specimens from it available.

With the description of twelve new Dipara species from the leaf litter of Kakamega Forest in Kenya we can show that the species diversity of the genus has not been sufficiently studied and the true diversity of Afrotropical Dipara, and presumably other Diparinae, has been underestimated. Since our very much geographically limited study already more than doubles the number of known species, we expect that numerous additional species of Afrotropical Dipara still await discovery and description. This study may serve as a starting point for future in-depth investigations, including thorough taxonomic revisions of the Afrotropical Diparinae, Chalcidoidea or, more generally, parasitoid wasp fauna.

In the following, abbreviations are given of the museums where the material used in this study is stored. The abbreviations will be used throughout the text.

Laboratório de Biologia, Dundo, Lunda, Angola NHMUK Natural History Museum, London, UK NMK National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi RMCA Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium ZFMK Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany

The terminology is based on Gibson (1997) and the Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology portal (Yoder et al. 2010) . For the terminology of the surface sculpture, we used Harris (1979) .

A total of 261 female Dipara specimens from the Kakamega Forest in Kenya were examined. They were collected in 2007 and 2008 using Winkler extraction of a 1 m² leaf litter sample in multiple transects throughout the Kakamega Forest (Ross et al. 2018 ) and stored in 70% ethanol at room temperature at the ZFMK. All female Dipara specimens were isolated from the collective leaf litter samples and transferred to 99.8% ethanol. After presorting and examination, the specimens were critical point dried using a Leica EM CPD 300 AUTO and mounted on small, pointed cardboard plates with shellac-based glue. Morphological examinations were done with a Zeiss Discovery V8 stereomicroscope with a Plan S 1.0× FWD 81mm objective and PI 10×/23 eyepieces.

Digital imaging was done with a Keyence VHX-2000 digital microscope. For images of the dorsal and lateral habitus and the head the VHX-J250 objective (250-2500×) was used. The images were stacked and edited in brightness, coloration and contrast using the Keyence internal software. Further editing of figures was done with Microsoft Power Point 2010. For the images for the morphometric measurements the Keyence VH-Z20R objective (20-200×) with a magnification of 200× was used. For the body length and the gaster length magnifications of 100× or 150× were used if the character did not fit into an image with 200× magnification. After calibration, measurements were done using ImageJ 1.53a. Characters used for morphometric measurements are given and explained in Table 1 .

The range of the morphometric measurements is given in the species description with the value for the holotype in parentheses. If more than five specimens were present, five specimens were used for the morphometric measurements, and their respective collection numbers are given in parentheses at the beginning of the taxonomic treatment (see below). If five or less specimens were available, all specimens were used. In a few cases the number of specimens used for a certain measurement varies from the total number of specimens used, either because the measured character was not visible in some specimens or because more specimens were used for the in-depth morphomet-ric analysis, using a subset of the characters (see below). In these cases, the collection numbers of specimens used are given in parentheses directly after the respective measurement (see Suppl. material 1: Table S1 and Suppl. material 2: Table S2 ). Some morphometric characters were used to calculate ratios. For these ratios different categories were defined to simplify the description of shape (Table 2) . The shape ratios are given in Suppl. material 3: Table S3 . Graham (1969) , Gibson (1997) and Baur (2015) ). Characters highlighted in bold were used for the morphometric analysis of D. kakamegensis sp. nov. and D. nyani sp. nov. (see Tables S1 and S2 for 

Two putative species were found that clearly differed in the wing form, with one being macropterous and the other being brachypterous, but they were otherwise very similar with no obvious qualitative characters found to separate them. Since wing form might vary within species (Bouček 1988; Desjardins 2007; Mitroiu 2019) , we chose to apply a quantitative approach based on multivariate morphometric analysis (Baur and Leuenberger 2011, 2020; Baur et al. 2015) . For this purpose, the characters highlighted in bold in Table 1 were imaged and measured, as explained before, for 30 specimens of the first species (that later became D. kakamegensis sp. nov., see below) and all five specimens of the second species (that later became D. nyani sp. nov., see below). The measurements (given in Suppl. material 1: Table S1 ) were subsequently analyzed using R 4.0.2 and the R script package by Baur and Leuenberger (2020) . Missing data was added using the imputation function of the mice R package.

As suggested by Desjardins (2007) , the posterior notal wing process (pnwp) can be used as a "measure of potential wing size". The pnwp can be absent in brachypterous or apterous species, leading to the assumption that a fully developed pnwp in a brachypterous species could mean that macropterous individuals of this species exist. Desjardins (2007) lists four different character states: present and pointed, present but squarely truncate, present but truncate and rounded, and absent. We examined the state of the pnwp in each new species and imaged specimens of four different species with varying wing forms, from brachypterous to macropterous (Fig. 4) , using the Keyence with the VHXJ-250 objective as described above. 

The morphometric analysis of specimens of the two morphologically similar putative species showed that they can be reliably separated ( Fig. 1 and 3 ). In the following, they will be treated as D. kakamegensis sp. nov. and D. nyani sp. nov. Based on the results of the scree graph (not shown), only the first and second principal component (PC) were relevant for the further analysis of shape. The results of the shape PCA (Fig. 1A ) of the two species show that they are separated by shape. The ratio spectrum (Fig. 1B) shows which ratios had the highest impact on the first shape PC. To confirm that these differences are based on true shape differences and not allometric size effects, the isometric size was plotted against the first shape PC ( Fig. 2A) . The species overlap in size but lie on different allometry axis, confirming that the separation is based on shape and not on allometry effects.

The LDA ratio extractor (Baur and Leuenberger 2020) found the best ratios to separate the two species: mss.l/sctl.l was the best ratio, clv.l/prn.l was the second best ratio (Fig. 3) .

The allometry ratio spectrum (Fig. 2B ) reveals the allometric variation of ratios. The characters of the best ratio (mss.l/sctl.l) lie close to each other, indicating no strong allometric effects. The characters of the second-best ratio (clv.l/prn.l) show a higher allometric effect than the first one but still not a considerable one. This confirms that the differences in these characters are based on shape and not on allometric effects.

The separating ratios were used for the diagnoses of the two species in the descriptions below. Table 1 A scatterplot of first against second shape PC B ratio spectrum of the first shape PC; horizontal bars represent 68% confidence intervals based on 1000 bootstrap replicates. 

Examination of the posterior notal wing process (pnwp) in the newly described species showed that it was present and pointed in all cases. Figure 4 shows a selection of pnwps from species with different wing forms. The uniformity of this character can be interpreted as it either being unsuitable as a measure of potential wing size (see Desjardins 2007) or as indicating that all species, including the brachypterous ones, harbor also macropterous specimens. Accordingly, it proved little help in delimiting species, especially in the case of the very similar, but morphometrically discriminated macropterous D. nyani sp. nov. and brachypterous D. kakamegensis sp. nov. (see morphometric analysis above and taxonomic treatment below). Desjardins (2007) states that the petiole of females of the genus Dipara is usually less than 1.5× as long as wide. In the present study, seven out of twelve newly described species have a petiole length exceeding this, going up to being 2.8× as long as wide. Accordingly, the genus level key of Desjardins (2007) might be misleading. However, the diagnosis by Desjardins (2007) uses other characters than the petiole length and can be kept unmodified (see above).

Key to the Dipara species from the Afrotropical mainland (females) (17) Strong blue metallic tint on the following areas: vertex between ocelli, pronotum laterally, median area of mesoscutum posteriorly between notauli, lateral area of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum; lateral areas of mesoscutum without black spots; gt1 without a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 14C) Metasoma: petiole short, 1.25-1.44× (1.29) longer than wide in dorsal view, costate-rugose, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 5C ); gaster medium, 1.23-1.56× (1.56) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 5C ); gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster, gt2-4 ca. equal in size, gt5 and 6 much smaller (Fig. 5C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 5A) .

Remarks. Dipara andreabalzerae is similar to D. albomaculata, D. fastigata, D. nigroscutellata, and D. saetosa in having a black mesoscutellum while the general body coloration is not black. Dipara andreabalzerae differs from D. albomaculata, D. nigroscutellata and D. saetosa in different propodeum sculpture. It differs from D. fastigata in body coloration, which is much darker in D. fastigata and the more obtuse angle formed by the anterior part of the mesoscutellum and the frenum in lateral view.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. As the first author, I dedicate this species to my mother, Andrea Balzer, who sadly passed away in 2017.

Biology Description. Size: medium sized, body length 2346 µm. Coloration: body brown to orangish brown (Fig. 6 ); scape and pedicel yellowish brown, funicle segments dark brown, clava white (Fig. 6) ; broad dark brown stripe across head from one eye to the other below toruli (Fig. 6B) ; vertex between ocelli black with metallic tint (Fig. 6B ); procoxa white, rest of the legs yellowish brown (Fig. 6A) ; median and lateral area of mesoscutum with distinct transverse broad black stripe (Fig. 6C) ; tip of ovipositor sheath dark brown (Fig. 6A) .

Head: head oval, 1.33× wider than high (Fig. 6B ); upper face substrigate (Fig. 6B ); lower face substrigate around dark brown stripe and smooth below, sparsely setose (Fig. 6B) ; antennal scrobe and interantennal area smooth (Fig. 6B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.49× torulus diameter (Fig. 6B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.31× torulus diameter (Fig. 6B ); antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 6A) ; funicle segments getting continuously shorter: f1 longer than wide to f7 as wide as long (Fig.  6A) ; malar space 0.33× eye height (Fig. 6A ); vertex rugose, between ocelli slightly raised (Fig. 6B) ; occipital margin forming sharp edge (Fig. 6A) ; POL 1.31× OOL (Fig. 6C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum of medium length, 3.01× wider than long, substrigate, with a pair of bristles medially close to the posterior edge (Fig. 6C) ; mesosoma robust, head breadth 1.12× mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 6C) ; notauli not converging (Fig. 6C) ; mesoscutum with median area substrigate, lateral area strigate-reticulate, with two pairs of bristles: one pair on posterior 1/3 of medium area between notauli reaching axillae, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base ( Metasoma: petiole short, 1.20× longer than wide in dorsal view, anterior quarter constricted and rugose, rest costate, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 6C) ; gaster short, 1.07× longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 6C) ; gt1 covering ~ 2/3 of gaster (Fig. 6C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 6C) .

Remarks. Dipara corona is similar to D. turneri in having a distinct transverse broad black stripe on the median and lateral areas of the mesoscutum. In other not completely black species the black spots on the mesoscutum are restricted to the lateral area.

Dipara corona differs from D. turneri in the wing form and in the different petiole shape. The petiole is distinctly longer than wide in D. corona and slightly wider than long in D. turneri. Other differences include the body coloration, the shape of the mesoscutellum and the shape of the metacoxa.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the Latin word corona for crown because of the raised and shiny part between the ocelli in frontal view, and additionally as a reference to the pandemic in 2020 and the following years caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the Corona virus.

Biology . 7) ; mesoscutellum black, raised, anterior part of mesoscutellum and frenum forming an angle of 90° in lateral view (Fig. 7A) ; propodeum medially smooth and laterally transversely carinate (Fig. 7C) .

Description. Size: small sized, body length 1946 µm. Coloration: body brown to dark brown (Fig. 7) ; upper face and vertex dark brown, lower face brown (Fig. 7B) ; scape dorsally dark brown and ventrally white, pedicel, f1, f2 and f3 yellowish brown, other funicle segments brown, clava white (Fig. 7A ); fore leg with coxa white and rest yellowish brown (Fig. 7A) ; mid leg yellowish brown (Fig. 7A ); hind leg with base of coxa, distal 1/2 of femur and distal tip of tibia yellowish brown, rest white (Fig. 7A ); gt1-6 dark brown, posterior 1/2 of gt7 dorsally and ovipositor sheath brown, rest of gt7 pale yellowish white (Fig. 7A) .

Head: head round, 1.25× wider than high (Fig. 7B ); vertex and upper 1/2 of upper face smooth, lower 1/2 laterally smooth and medially reticulate (Fig. 7B) ; lower face reticulate with smooth transverse stripe just below toruli from one eye to the other ( 7A) ; shape of funicle segments changing: f1 longer than wide to f7 ca. as wide as long (Fig. 7A) ; malar space 0.33× eye height (Fig. 7A) ; POL 0.85× OOL (Fig. 7C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum large and elongated, 1.93× wider than long, with a transverse carina, anteriorly of carina substrigate and posteriorly smooth, with a pair of setae posterio-medially (Fig. 7C) ; mesosoma slender, head breadth 1.64× mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 7C) ; notauli converging ca. at 2/3 of the length of mesoscutum (Fig. 7C) ; mesoscutum with median area reticulate, lateral area laterally reticulate and medially smooth, with two pairs of bristles: one pair on median area, reaching mesoscutellum, one pair on lateral area anterior of wing base ( Metasoma: petiole medium, 1.6× longer than wide in dorsal view, reticulate, with two pairs of setae laterally visible in dorsal view (Fig. 7C ); gaster medium, 1.31× longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 7C ); gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster, gt2 much larger than following gts; gt3-5 ca. equal in size, gt6 much smaller (Fig. 7C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 7A) .

Remarks. Dipara fastigata is similar to D. andreabalzerae, D. albomaculata, D. nigroscutellata and D. saetosa in having a black mesoscutellum while the general body coloration is not black. Dipara fastigata differs from D. albomaculata, D. nigroscutellata and D. saetosa in different propodeum sculpture. It differs from D. andreabalzerae in general body coloration, which is much lighter in D. andreabalzerae, and the 90° angle formed by the anterior part of the mesoscutellum and the frenum in lateral view.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the Latin adjective fastigatus for pointed or sharp. The name refers to the raised mesoscutellum.

Biology Diagnosis. Body bright yellowish brown (Fig. 8) ; face with two transverse stripes of very dark brown coloration just at the level of toruli and at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in interantennal area and supraclypeal area, enclosing a stripe of pale white coloration (Fig. 8B) ; legs yellowish brown except for metacoxa white (Fig. 8A) ; brachypterous, fore wing reaching middle of gt1 (Fig. 8A) ; mesoscutellum small, mesosoma length 3.90-4.86× (4.86) (Fig. 8C ) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00037140 to ZFMK-HYM-00037170) mesoscutellum length; petiole short to medium, 1.15-1.72× (1.15) as long as wide in dorsal view. Description. Size: small to medium sized, body length 1483-2227 (2027) µm. Coloration: body bright yellowish brown (Fig. 8) ; ventral part of scape and clava pale yellowish white, dorsal part of scape and last three funicle segments brown, rest of funicle segments and pedicel yellowish brown (Fig. 8A) ; face with two transverse dark brown stripes just at the level of toruli and at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in interantennal area and supraclypeal area, enclosing a stripe of pale white coloration (Fig. 8B) ; two black spots medially on lateral areas of mesoscutum (Fig. 8C) ; middle part and tip of the fore wing infuscate (Fig. 8A) ; legs yellowish brown except for metacoxa white (Fig. 8A) ; nucha and posterior 2/3 of petiole pale yellowish white, rest of petiole bright yellowish brown (Fig. 8C) ; some darker brown stripes dorsally on gaster (Fig. 8A) ; brown spots on gt6 and gt7 around cerci (Fig. 8A) ; tip of ovipositor sheath brown (Fig. 8A) .

Head: head round to oval, 1.25-1.63× (1.63) wider than high (Fig. 8B) ; vertex, upper face and interantennal area reticulate, antennal scrobe subreticulate, lower face smooth and sparsely setose (Fig. 8B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.78-0.97× (0.78) torulus diameter (Fig. 8B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.15-1.31× (1.31) torulus diameter (Fig. 8B ); antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 8A ); funicle segments slightly longer than wide (Fig. 8A) ; malar space 0.30-0.37× (0.30) eye height; occipital carina forming a sharp edge (Fig. 8A) ; POL 1.21-1.41× (1.38) OOL (Fig. 8C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum of medium length, 2.85-3.37× (3.37) as wide as long (Fig. 8C) ; mesosoma of medium breadth, head breadth 1.24-1.45× (1.36) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 8C) ; pronotum, mesoscutum, axillae and mesoscutellum reticulate (Fig.  8C) ; notauli converging ca. at 2/3 of the length of mesoscutum (Fig. 8C) ; mesoscutum with two pairs of bristles: one pair of very large bristles on median area just anterior of notauli, reaching posterior edge of mesoscutum and one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 8C ); mesoscutellum small, mesosoma length 3.90-4.86× (4.86) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00037140 to ZFMK-HYM-00037170) mesoscutellum length, with two pairs of bristles: one pair medially close to anterior edge of mesoscutellum and one pair laterally on the frenal line (Fig. 8C) ; propodeum medially rugose and laterally transversely carinate-rugose, extending to nucha (Fig. 8C) ; brachypterous, fore wing reaching middle of gt1, with five large black bristles along the edge and one to ten bristles on the tip (Fig. 8A ) (holotype: seven).

Metasoma: petiole short to medium, 1.15-1.72× (1.15) as long as wide in dorsal view, reticulate-rugose, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig.  8C) ; gaster medium, 1.21-1.47× (1.47) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig.  8C) ; gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster, gt2-4 ca. equal in size, gt5 and 6 much smaller (Fig.  8C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 8A) .

Variations. The bristles on the forewing can vary from five to 15. This variation is found in the bristles at the tip of the wing while along the edges there are constantly five bristles. In some specimens there are just a few larger bristles at the tip and in others there can be up to ten small bristles at the tip. The number of bristles can vary between left and right wing in one specimen. The surface sculpture of the median part of the propodeum can vary from rugose to smooth.

Remarks. Dipara kakamegensis is very similar to D. nyani. It differs from D. nyani in the following characters: D. kakamegensis is brachypterous and the mesoscutellum is smaller relative to the mesosoma length, based on the morphometric analysis (Fig. 3) . The stripes across the face are similar in D. maculata, D. reticulata and D. rodneymulleni. Dipara kakamegensis differs from D. maculata in having a yellowish brown mesocoxa and petiole. Dipara kakamegensis differs from D. rodneymulleni in many characters: D. kakamegensis is brachypterous, the body coloration, the length of the petiole and general body shape. Dipara kakamegensis differs from D. reticulata in having smooth gastral tergites while they are reticulated in D. reticulata.

Male (Fig. 9) ; face with dark brown to black stripe from one eye to the other at the level of the ventral margin of the eye (Fig. 9B) ; vertex reticulate (Fig. 9B) ; petiole very long, 2.50-2.61× (2.50) longer than wide in dorsal view (Fig. 9C) .

Description. Size: medium sized, body length 2243-2772 (2772) µm. Coloration: body yellowish brown (Fig. 9) ; scape, pedicel and f1-3 yellowish brown, f4 yellowish brown to dark brown, f5-7 dark brown, clava yellowish brown (Fig. 9A) ; face with dark brown to black stripe from one eye to the other at the level of the ventral margin of the eye (Fig. 9B) ; mesoscutum with two black spots medially on lateral area (Fig. 9C ); fore leg with distal tip of coxa brown and rest of coxa white, trochanter brown, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 9A ); mid leg with coxa and trochanter white, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 9A ); hind leg with anterior part of coxa white and posterior part dark brown, anterior part of femur white, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 9A) ; gt6 and gt7 with dark brown spots around cerci (Fig. 9A) ; posterior tip of gt7 dark brown (Fig.  9A) ; tip of ovipositor sheath dark brown, rest white (Fig. 9A) .

Head: head oval, 1.31-1.34× (1.34) wider than high, reticulate except for interantennal area smooth (Fig. 9B) ; lower face sparsely setose (Fig. 9B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.55-0.60× (0.55) torulus diameter (Fig. 9B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.13-1.24× (1.13) torulus diameter (Fig. 9B ); funicle segments slightly longer than wide (Fig. 9A) ; malar space 0.34-0.38× (0.34) eye height (Fig.  9A) ; POL 0.92-1.00× (1.00) OOL (Fig. 9A) .

Mesosoma: pronotum of medium length, 3.28-3.37× (3.37) as wide as long, reticulate, with two pairs of setae close to posterior edge (Fig. 9C) ; mesosoma robust, head breadth 1.16-1.19× (1.16) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 9C) ; notauli converging at posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 9C) ; mesoscutum reticulate, with two pairs of bristles: one pair on median area anterior of notauli, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 9C) ; axillae reticulate (Fig. 9C) ; mesoscutellum anteriorly reticulate, frenum carinate, with two pairs of bristles: one pair anterio-medially and one pair laterally anterior of frenal line (Fig. 9C) ; macropterous, fore wing with large bristles along marginal and postmarginal vein on edge, with dense brush of setae at proximal end of marginal vein, with large area of infuscation on distal part and smaller areas of infuscation medially, stigmal vein long, stigma small and rounded, uncus short (Fig. 9A) ; propodeum medially smooth and laterally transversely confused carinate (Fig. 9C ); nucha carinate ( Fig. 9C) .

Metasoma: petiole very long, 2.50-2.61× (2.50) longer than wide in dorsal view, areolate-rugose, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 9C) ; gaster medium, 1.34-1.37× (1.34) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view; gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster, gt2-4 ca. equal in size, gt5-6 smaller (Fig. 9C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose and elongated, together ~ 1/2 as long as rest of gaster (Fig. 9C) .

Remarks. Dipara lux is similar to D. corona, D. machadoi, D. striata, D. tenebra, D. tigrina and D. turneri in having one dark brown to black stripe across the face. Dipara lux is different from D. machadoi in having distinct notauli, which are lacking in D. machadoi. It differs from D. corona, D. striata, D. turneri and D. tigrina in having a very long petiole. Dipara lux and D. tenebra are very similar in body shape and differ in their body coloration which is much brighter in D. lux and in the surface sculpture of the head. They share the otherwise unique character of having a dense brush of setae close to the proximal end of the marginal vein on the fore wing.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the Latin word lux for light, in contrast to D. tenebra which looks very similar but has a darker coloration. white and rest yellowish brown (Fig. 10A ); mid leg with proximal 1/3 of femur white, distal 1/2 of tibia brown, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 10A ); hind leg with coxa, proximal 1/2 of femur and proximal 1/2 of tibia white, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 10A) ; color gradient on gaster, from brown (gt1) to yellowish brown (gt7) (Fig. 10C) ; posterior 1/2 of gt7 and tip of ovipositor sheath dark brown, rest of gt7 yellowish brown (Fig. 10A) . Head: head round, 1.19-1.26× (1.21) wider than high (Fig. 10B ); upper and lower face reticulate, lower face sparsely setose (Fig. 10B) ; vertex and interantennal area smooth (Fig. 10B) ; antennal scrobe strigate-reticulate (Fig. 10B) ; insertion point of antenna same level as ventral margin of eye (Fig. 10B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.03-1.19× (1.04) torulus diameter (Fig. 10B) ; antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 10A) ; funicle segments ca. as long as wide (Fig. 10A) ; malar space 0.37-0.40× (0.40) eye height (Fig. 10A) ; POL 0.60-0.94× (0.60) OOL (Fig. 10C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum large and elongated, 1.48-1.65× (1.48) as wide as long, strigate, with two or three pairs of setae laterally close to the posterior edge (Fig. 10C) ; mesosoma slender, head breadth 1.64-1.71× (1.65) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 10C) ; notauli converging ca. at 1/2 the length of mesoscutum (Fig. 10C) ; median area of mesoscutum strigate-reticulate, black spots on lateral area mostly smooth except for lateral edges carinate-reticulate, lateral area laterally reticulate (Fig. 10C) ; mesoscutum with two pairs of bristles: one pair on median area, reaching posterior edge of mesoscutum, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 10C) ; axillae mostly smooth with some confused ridges (Fig. 10C) ; mesoscutellum and black spots on lateral area slightly raised (Fig. 10A) ; mesoscutellum reticulate-rugulose with two pairs of bristles: one pair medially and one small pair posterio-laterally (Fig. 10C) ; brachypterous, fore wing very small, reaching propodeum, with a large black bristle at the tip (Fig. 10A) ; propodeum completely smooth (Fig. 10C) ; nucha smooth with a few longitudinal carinae (Fig. 10C) .

Metasoma: petiole short, 0.98-1.16× (1.06) as long as wide, costate-rugose, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 10C) ; gt1 with a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly ( Fig. 10A and C) ; gaster medium, 1.53-1.75× (1.59) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 10C) ; gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster, gts smaller from gt2 to gt6 (Fig. 10C) ; gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 10A) .

Variation. The bristles on the gt1 and the tip of the forewing can sometimes be missing. In this case the pit where the bristles are supposed to be is still visible.

Remarks. Dipara nigroscutellata is similar to D. andreabalzerae, D. albomaculata, D. fastigata, and D. saetosa in having a black mesoscutellum while the general body coloration is not black. Dipara nigroscutellata differs from D. andreabalzerae and D. fastigata in having a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly on the gt1. It differs from D. albomaculata and D. saetosa in the general body coloration, which is much brighter in D. nigroscutellata and in the coloration of the lateral area of the mesoscutum. In D. nigroscutellata the lateral area is laterally yellowish brown and in D. albomaculata and D. saetosa the lateral area is completely black.

Dipara nigroscutellata is similar to D. straminea in sharing the bristles on the gt1 and in propodeum sculpture. It differs from D. straminea in having a black mesoscutellum.

Male Diagnosis. Female. Body bright yellowish brown (Fig. 11A) ; face with two transverse stripes of dark brown coloration just at the level of toruli and at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in interantennal area and supraclypeal area enclosing a stripe of pale white coloration (Fig. 11B) ; legs yellowish brown except for metacoxa white (Fig. 11A) ; macropterous, fore wing reaching gt7 (Fig. 11A) ; mesoscutellum large, mesosoma length 3.43-3.83× (3.43) mesoscutellum length (Fig. 11C) ; petiole medium to long, 1.78-2.05× (2.02) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00037248, ZFMK-HYM-00037249, ZFMK-HYM-00037252, NHMUK013457234) as long as wide in dorsal view.

Description. Size: small to medium sized, body length 1696-2064 (2037) µm (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00037248, ZFMK-HYM-00037249, ZFMK-HYM-00037251, NHMUK013457234).

Coloration: body bright yellowish brown (Fig. 11A) ; scape ventrally yellowish white, dorsally brown, pedicel and f1-4 yellowish brown, f5-7 brown, clava pale yellowish white (Fig. 11A) ; face with two transverse stripes of dark brown coloration just at the level of toruli and at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in interantennal area and supraclypeal area enclosing a stripe of pale white coloration (Fig. 11B) ; mesoscutum with pair of black spots medially on lateral area (Fig. 11C) ; two infuscate spots at the upper edge of the fore wing, one at 1/3 of the length and the other one in the middle (Fig. 11A) ; legs yellowish brown except for metacoxa white (Fig. 11A) ; gt6 and gt7 with brown spots around cerci (Fig. 11A) ; tip of ovipositor sheath brown (Fig. 11A) .

Head: head round, 1.25-1.30× (1.30) wider than high (Fig. 11B) ; head except for lower face subreticulate (Fig. 11B) ; upper face laterally sparsely setose (Fig. 11B) ; lower face smooth and sparsely setose (Fig. 11B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.51-0.94× (0.94) torulus diameter (Fig. 11B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.12-1.28× (1.28) torulus diameter (Fig. 11B) ; antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 11A) ; shape of funicle segments changing: from f1 longer than wide to f7 ca. as long as wide (Fig. 11A) ; malar space 0.33-0.39× (0.33) eye height (Fig. 11A) ; POL 1.24-1.41× (1.38) OOL (Fig. 11C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum short and slim, 3.84-5.79× (5.79) as wide as long, reticulate (Fig. 11C) ; mesosoma robust to of medium breadth, head breadth 1.16-1.33× (1.23) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 11C) ; mesonotum completely reticulate (Fig. 11C) ; mesoscutum with two pairs of bristles: one pair on median area anterior of notauli, reaching posterior edge of mesoscutum, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 11C) ; notauli converging slightly anterior of posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 11C) ; mesoscutellum with two pairs of bristles: one pair anterio-medially and one pair laterally on frenal line (Fig. 11C) ; macropterous, fore wing reaching gt7, with large bristles along submarginal vein and smaller bristles along marginal and postmarginal vein on edge, stigmal vein very short, stigma rounded, uncus short and pointed (Fig. 11A) ; propodeum medially smooth, laterally transversely carinate to carinate on nucha (Fig. 11C) .

Metasoma: petiole medium to long, 1.78-2.05× (2.02) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00037248, ZFMK-HYM-00037249, ZFMK-HYM-00037252, NHMUK013457234) as long as wide in dorsal view, costate-rugose, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 11C) ; gaster medium, 1.20-1.29× (1.25) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 11C) ; gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster, gt2-4 ca. equal in size, gt5 and 6 much smaller (Fig. 11C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 11A) .

Remarks. Dipara nyani is very similar to D. kakamegensis. It differs from it in the following characters: D. nyani is macropterous and the mesoscutellum is larger relative to the mesosoma length, based on the results of the morphometric analysis (Fig. 3) . The stripes across the face are similar in D. maculata, D. reticulata and D. rodneymulleni. Dipara nyani differs from D. maculata in having a yellowish brown mesocoxa and petiole. Dipara nyani differs from D. rodneymulleni in many characters: the body coloration, the length of the petiole and the body shape. Dipara nyani differs from D. reticulata in having smooth gastral tergites while they are reticulated in D. reticulata.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the word for monkey in the national language of Kenya, Swahili, because of the dorsal black dots and the mesoscutellum which resemble the face of a monkey.

Biology. Habitat: Leaf litter. Host: Unknown. Distribution. Kenya. (Fig. 12C) . Description. Size: medium sized, body length 2303-2927 (2303) µm. Coloration: vertex and upper face brown to orangish brown, lower face yellowish brown (Fig. 12B) ; face with two transverse dark brown stripes just at the level of toruli and at the level of the ventral margin of the eye enclosing a stripe of white coloration, lower stripe darker than upper, upper stripe much fainter in interantennal area (Fig.  12C) ; scape, pedicel, first to fourth funicle segment (f1-f4) and clava yellowish brown (Fig. 12A) ; f5-f7 brown (Fig. 12A) ; pronotum and median area of mesoscutum brown to orangish brown (Fig. 12C) ; lateral area of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum yellowish brown (Fig. 12C) ; two black spots with metallic tint medially on lateral area of mesoscutum (Fig. 12C) ; procoxa, lower mesepisternum and anterior part of mesocoxa dark brown, rest of mesocoxa pale brown, metacoxa white with darker brown part anteriorly, rest of legs yellowish brown (Fig. 12A) ; mesosoma laterally, propodeum and petiole white (Fig. 12C) ; fore wing transparent with infuscation at tip (Fig. 12A) ; gaster yellowish brown (Fig. 12A) ; ovipositor sheath anteriorly white and posterior tip dark brown (Fig. 12A) .

Head: head oval, 1.35-1.42× (1.35) wider than high (Fig. 12B) ; head except for lower face strigate-reticulate, lower face reticulate and sparsely setose (Fig. 12B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye long, 1.29-1.56× (1.34) torulus diameter (Fig. 12B) ; antennae mostly far apart, toruli separated by 1.31-1.58× (1.31) torulus diameter (Fig.  12B ); antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 12A) ; funicle segments ca. as long as wide (Fig.  12A) ; malar space 0.26-0.29× (0.27) eye height (Fig. 12A) ; POL 0.93-1.12× (0.93) OOL (Fig. 12C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum large and elongated, 1.78-2.38× (1.78) wider than long, substrigate, with two transverse rows of setae on posterior 1/2 (Fig. 12C) ; mesosoma mostly slender, head breadth 1.48-1.60× (1.53) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 12C) ; notauli converging ca. at 1/2 the length of mesoscutum (Fig. 12C) ; median area of mesoscutum substrigate, black spots on lateral area strigate-reticulate, lateral area laterally reticulate (Fig. 12C) ; axillae, mesoscutellum, and frenum reticulate (Fig. 12C) ; mesoscutum with some small brown setae and two pairs of large bristles: one pair on median area just anterior of notauli, reaching posterior edge of mesoscutum, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 12C) ; axillae with some small brown setae (Fig. 12C) ; mesoscutellum with one pair of bristles anterio-medially and one pair of smaller setae laterally, anterior of frenal line, frenum much smaller than rest of mesoscutellum (Fig. 12C) ; brachypterous, tips truncated, fore wing reaching middle of petiole, three large black bristles along edge and one large brown bristle at the tip (Fig. 12A) ; propodeum medially rugulose and laterally transversely carinate transitioning to carinate on nucha (Fig. 12C) .

Metasoma: petiole short, 1.20-1.31× (1.24) wider than long, rugose, with four pairs small white setae laterally (Fig. 12C) ; gastral tergites reticulate (Fig. 12C) ; gaster medium, 1.47-1.56× (1.54) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 12C) ; gt1 covering ~1/3 of gaster, gt2-4 ca. equal in size, gt5-6 smaller (Fig. 12C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 12A) .

Remarks. Dipara reticulata is similar to D. kakamegensis, D. maculata, D. nyani, and D. rodneymulleni Diagnosis. Female. Face with two dark brown stripes at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in supraclypeal area, and at the level of the toruli (Fig. 13B) ; absence of black spots on median area of mesoscutum (Fig. 13C) ; petiole very long, 2.53-2.80× (2.79) longer than wide (Fig. 13C) .

Description. Size: medium to large, body length 2718-3397 (3397) µm. Coloration: body brown (Fig. 13) ; distal quarter of scape and pedicel, all funicle segments and small proximal part of the first claval segment (c1) dark brown, rest of scape white, rest of pedicel and clava yellowish brown (Fig. 13A) ; face with two dark brown stripes at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in supraclypeal area, and at the level of the toruli (Fig. 13B) ; fore leg yellowish brown (Fig. 13A) ; mid leg with coxa and trochanter white, rest brown (Fig. 13A ); hind leg with coxa white with dark brown coloration on posterior part, tibia dark brown, rest brown (Fig. 13A) ; gt7 with dark brown coloration around cerci and on posterior 1/2, rest of gt7 yellowish brown (Fig. 13A) ; ovipositor sheath yellowish brown on anterior 1/2 and posterior tip dark brown (Fig. 13A) .

Head: head round, 1.22-1.29× (1.29) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00040369, ZFMK-HYM-00040372, NHMUK013457235) wider than high (Fig. 13B) ; upper and lower face reticulate (Fig. 13B) ; vertex and interantennal area smooth (Fig. 13B) ; antennal scrobe substrigate (Fig. 13B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye long, 1.49-1.76× (1.68) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00040369, ZFMK-HYM-00040372, NHMUK013457235) torulus diameter (Fig. 13B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 0.99-1.04× (0.99) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00040369, ZFMK-HYM-00040372, NHMUK013457235) torulus diameter (Fig. 13B) ; antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 13A) ; funicle segments longer than wide, getting shorter from f1-7 (Fig. 13A) ; malar space 0.30-0.32× (0.30) eye height (Fig. 13A) ; lower face and vertex sparsely setose (Fig. 13A) ; occipital margin with sharp edge (Fig. 13A) ; POL 1.47-1.74× (1.74) OOL (Fig. 13C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum short and slim, 3.29-3.81× (3.74) as wide as long, strigulate-reticulate, sparsely setose (Fig. 13C) ; mesosoma of medium breadth, head breadth 1.25-1.28× (1.25) (specimens used for measurement: ZFMK-HYM-00040369, ZFMK-HYM-00040370, NHMUK013457235) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 13C) ; notauli not converging (Fig. 13C) ; mesoscutum reticulate, sparsely setose, with two pairs of bristles: one pair medially on median area anterior of notauli almost reaching axillae, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 13C) ; axillae reticulate ( Fig.  13C) ; mesoscutellum anteriorly reticulate to carinulate posteriorly and on frenum, with two pairs of bristles: one pair anterio-medially and one pair laterally on frenal line, frenum almost as large as anterior part of mesoscutellum (Fig. 13C) ; macropterous, fore wing with large black bristles along submarginal vein and smaller bristles along marginal and postmarginal vein, mostly infuscate with some transparent patches, stigmal vein rather short, stigma thin, uncus short and pointed (Fig. 13A) ; propodeum medially smooth and laterally confused carinate (Fig. 13C) ; nucha carinate (Fig. 13C) .

Metasoma: petiole very long, 2.53-2.80× (2.79) longer than wide, with anterior 2/3 rugose and rest carinate, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 13C) ; gaster medium, 1.46-1.53× (1.53) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 13C) ; gt1 covering ~1/3 of gaster, gt2-6 ca. equal in size (Fig. 13C) ; gt7 and ovipositor sheath slender and elongated, together ca. as long as rest of gaster, sparsely setose (Fig. 13C) . Remarks. Dipara rodneymulleni shares the stripes across the face with D. maculata, D. nyani, D. kakamegensis, and D. reticulata and but other than that has a completely different morphology and coloration. The most obvious characters to distinguish D. rodneymulleni are the very long petiole and the absence of black spots on the lateral areas of the mesoscutum.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after professional skateboarder Rodney Mullen who revolutionized street skating like no other, reflecting the first author's lifelong passion for skateboarding.

Biology Female (specimens used for morphometric measurements: ZFMK-HYM-00040339 to ZFMK-HYM-00040343).

Diagnosis. Strong blue metallic tint on the following areas: vertex between ocelli, pronotum laterally, median area of mesoscutum posteriorly between notauli, lateral area of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (Fig. 14C) .

Description. Size: small to medium sized, body length 1667-2432 (2081) µm. Coloration: body dark brown (Fig. 14) ; scape proximally and distally dark brown, medially white, proximal 1/2 of pedicel dark brown, distal 1/2 white, funicle segments dark brown, clava pale yellowish white (Fig. 14A) ; strong blue metallic tint on the following areas: vertex between ocelli, pronotum laterally, median area of mesoscutum posteriorly between notauli, lateral area of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (Fig. 14C ); fore leg with coxa, trochanter and proximal 1/3 of femur white, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 14A ); mid leg with proximal parts of femur and tibia yellowish white, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 14A ); hind leg with distal 2/3 of femur brown, distal quarter of tibia and tarsus yellowish brown, rest white (Fig. 14A) ; anterior 1/2 of gt7 yellowish brown (Fig. 14A) .

Head: head round, 1.26-1.30× (1.29) wider than high (Fig. 14B) ; upper face strigate-reticulate (Fig. 14B) ; lower face reticulate and sparsely setose (Fig. 14B) ; antennal scrobe substrigate with deep groove (Fig. 14B) ; vertex and interantennal area smooth (Fig. 14B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.85-1.08× (1.00) torulus diameter (Fig. 14B) ; antennae close, separated by 1.07-1.26× (1.16) torulus diameter (Fig. 14B) ; antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 14A) ; funicle segments ca. as long as wide (Fig. 14A) ; malar space 0.26-0.41× (0.26) eye height (Fig. 14A) ; POL 0.78-0.95× (0.95) OOL (Fig. 14C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum mostly short and slim, 3.30-3.60× (3.60) wider than long, medially and around posterior margin smooth, laterally reticulate, with some setae close to the posterior edge (Fig. 14C) ; mesosoma mostly robust, head breadth 1.13-1.22× (1.14) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 14C) ; notauli not converging (Fig. 14C) ; mesoscutum with median area posteriorly between notauli smooth and rest strigate-reticulate, lateral area medially smooth and laterally reticulate, sparsely setose, with two pairs of larger bristles: one pair on median area just anterior of notauli, reaching posterior margin of mesoscutum, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 14C) ; axillae smooth and sparsely setose (Fig. 14C) ; mesoscutellum anteriorly reticulate to smooth posteriorly, with two pairs of bristles: one pair anterio-medially and one pair laterally on frenal line (Fig. 14C) ; macropterous, fore wing reaching gt7 with large bristles along submarginal vein and smaller bristles along marginal and postmarginal vein on edge, alternating infuscate and transparent, starting with infuscate at the tip, stigmal vein short, stigma round and large, uncus broad and rounded (Fig. 14A) ; propodeum medially smooth, laterally transversely carinate (Fig. 14C) ; nucha carinate (Fig. 14C) .

Metasoma: petiole short to medium, 1.31-1.67× (1.60) longer than wide in dorsal view, costate-rugose, with lateral pair of large white setae visible in dorsal view (Fig.  14C) ; gaster medium 1.37-1.53× (1.47) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig.  14C) ; gt1 covering ~ 1/2 of gaster, gt2 larger than gt3-6, gt3-6 ca. equal in size (Fig.  14C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath elongated and sparsely setose (Fig. 14A) .

Remarks. In body shape, D. sapphirus is similar to D. lux and D. tenebra but can be distinguished from all other Dipara species by having a very distinct blue metallic tint on the following body parts: vertex between ocelli, pronotum laterally, median area of mesoscutum posteriorly between notauli, lateral area of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (Fig. 14C) (Fig. 15) ; face with dark brown to black stripe from one eye to the other at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in supraclypeal area (Fig. 15B) ; vertex smooth (Fig. 15B) ; petiole very long, 2.51-2.77× (2.51) longer than wide in dorsal view (Fig. 15C) .

Description. Size: medium sized, body length 2293-2474 (2293) µm. Coloration: body brown to dark brown (Fig. 15 ); scape and f1 yellowish brown, pedicel, f23, and f7 yellowish brown to brown, f4-6 brown, clava white (Fig. 15A) ; face with dark brown to black stripe from one eye to the other at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, interrupted in supraclypeal area (Fig. 15B) ; mesoscutum with two black spots medially on lateral area (Fig. 15C ); fore leg with distal tip of coxa brown, rest of coxa white, trochanter and femur brown, tibia and tarsus yellowish brown (Fig. 15A ); mid leg with coxa and trochanter white and rest yellowish brown (Fig. 15A ); hind leg with anterior part of coxa, trochanter and anterior part of femur white, posterior part of coxa dark brown to black, rest of hind leg yellowish brown (Fig. 15A ); gt1 brown, anterior 2/3 of gt7 yellowish brown, rest of gaster dark brown (Fig. 15A) .

Head: head oval, 1.33-1.37× (1.33) wider than high (Fig. 15B) ; upper face next to toruli reticulate, rest smooth (Fig. 15B) ; lower face reticulate, sparsely setose (Fig. 15B) ; interantennal area smooth, antennal scrobe strigate-reticulate (Fig. 15B ); vertex smooth ( Fig. 15B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.66-0.76× (0.66) torulus diameter (Fig. 15B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.17-1.32× (1.17) torulus diameter (Fig.  15B ); antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 15A) ; funicle segments getting shorter from f1 to f7, f1 much longer than wide, f7 ca. as wide as long (Fig. 15A) ; malar space 0.37-0.39× (0.37) eye height (Fig. 15A) ; POL 0.89-0.96× (0.89) OOL (Fig. 15C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum of medium length, 3.11-3.12× (3.11) wider than long, substrigate, with row of setae close to the posterior edge (Fig. 15C) ; mesosoma robust, head breadth 1.15-1.18× (1.15) mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 15C) ; mesoscutum reticulate, with two pairs of bristles: one pair on median area anterior of notauli, one pair laterally on lateral area anterior to wing base (Fig. 15C) ; notauli converging at posterior margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 15C) ; axillae reticulate (Fig. 15C) ; mesoscutellum anteriorly reticulate, frenum smooth, with two pairs of bristles: one pair anteriomedially, one pair laterally anterior of frenal line (Fig. 15C) ; macropterous, fore wing reaching gt7, with larger bristles along marginal and postmarginal vein on edge of forewing, with dense brush of setae at proximal end of marginal vein, with large areas of infuscation, stigmal vein very short, stigma large and rounded, uncus short and pointed (Fig. 15A) ; propodeum medially smooth and laterally transversely carinate (Fig. 15C) ; nucha carinate ( Fig. 15C) .

Metasoma: petiole very long, 2.51-2.77× (2.51) longer than wide in dorsal view, costate-rugose, with lateral pair of large setae visible in dorsal view (Fig. 15C) ; gaster medium, 1.20-1.24× (1.20) longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 15C) ; gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster (Fig. 15C ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 15A) .

Remarks. Dipara tenebra is similar to D. corona, D. lux, D. machadoi, D. striata, D. tigrina, and D. turneri and in having one dark brown to black stripe across the face. Dipara tenebra is different from D. machadoi in having distinct notauli, which are lacking in D. machadoi. It differs from D. corona, D. striata, D. tigrina, and D. turneri in having a very long petiole. Dipara tenebra and D. lux are very similar in body shape and differ in their body coloration which is much darker in D. tenebra and in the surface sculpture of the head. They share the otherwise unique character of having a dense brush of setae close to the proximal end of the marginal vein on the fore wing.

Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after the Latin word tenebra for darkness, in contrast to D. lux which looks very similar but is much lighter in coloration.

Biology. Habitat: Leaf litter. Host: Unknown. Distribution. Kenya. Diagnosis. Female. Propodeum laterally smooth, medially distinctly subcarinate with reticulation between carinae, carinae extending to nucha (Fig. 16C) ; petiole with at least six pairs of small white setae laterally (Fig. 16D) .

Description. Size: medium sized, body length 2329 µm. Coloration: body yellowish brown to brown (Fig. 16) ; dorsal part of scape brown, ventral part of scape white, pedicel yellowish brown, funicle segments dark brown, clava white (Fig. 16A) ; face yellowish brown, with two brown spots at the ventral margin of the eye (Fig. 16B ); vertex dark brown (Fig. 16B) ; mesoscutum with two large black spots medially on lateral area (Fig. 16C ); fore and mid leg with coxa white, rest yellowish brown (Fig.  16A ); hind leg with coxa, trochanter and proximal 1/2 of tibia white, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 16A) ; two broad dark brown stripes on gt1, one directly posterior to petiole and one at posterior edge (Fig. 16D ); gt6 dark brown (Fig. 16D) ; gt7 around cerci and posterior 1/3 dark brown, rest yellowish brown (Fig. 16A) ; ovipositor sheath dark brown (Fig. 16A) .

Head: head round, 1.24× wider than high, entirely reticulate (Fig. 16B) ; lower face sparsely setose (Fig. 16B) ; distance of antennal insertion to eye short, 0.66 torulus diameter (Fig. 16B) ; antennae close, toruli separated by 1.31× torulus diameter (Fig. 16B ); antennal formula: 11173 (Fig. 16A) ; funicle segments getting shorter from f1 to f7, f1 slightly longer than wide and f7 as wide as long (Fig. 16A) ; malar space 0.34× eye height (Fig. 16A) ; POL 1.03× OOL (Fig. 16C) .

Mesosoma: pronotum large and elongated, 1.95× as wide as long, reticulate, with two rows of small setae close to posterior margin (Fig. 16C) ; mesosoma of medium breadth, head breadth 1.46× mesoscutum breadth (Fig. 16C) ; notauli converging at 1/2 the length of mesoscutum (Fig. 16C) ; mesoscutum reticulate, with two pairs of bristles: one pair anterio-medially on median area anterior of notauli one pair laterally on lateral area anterior of wing base (Fig. 16C) ; axillae reticulate (Fig. 16C) ; mesoscutellum anteriorly reticulate, frenum porcate, with two pairs of bristles: one pair anterio-medially, one pair laterally just anterior of frenal line (Fig. 16C) ; brachypterous, fore wing reaching anterior edge of propodeum or shorter (Fig. 16C) ; propodeum laterally smooth, medially distinctly subcarinate with reticulated pattern between the carinae, carinae extending to nucha (Fig. 16C) .

Metasoma: petiole short, 1.37× as long as wide in dorsal view, with at least six pairs of small white setae laterally visible in dorsal view, subcarinate (Fig. 16D) , similar to propodeum sculpture (Fig. 16C) ; gaster medium, 1.51× longer than mesosoma in dorsal view (Fig. 16D) ; gt1 covering ~ 1/3 of gaster (Fig. 16D ); gt7 and ovipositor sheath sparsely setose (Fig. 16A) .

Remarks. Dipara tigrina is similar to D. corona, D. lux, D. machadoi, D. striata, D. tenebra, and D. turneri in having one dark brown to black stripe across the face. It differs from D. corona, D. lux, D. machadoi, D. tenebra, and D. turneri in the propodeum sculpture. The propodeum sculpture is similar in D. punctulata and D. striata. They show a very distinct surface sculpture with a striated subcarinate pattern extending to the nucha. Dipara tigrina differs from D. punctulata and D. striata in having more setae laterally on the propodeum and in having a reticulated pattern medially between the carinae on the propodeum.

The only available specimen of this species has an irregular black spot on the propodeum. This spot is considered an aberration and thus is not part of the species description.

Male Diagnosis. Female. Body brown to dark brown (Fig. 17) ; vertex smooth (Fig. 17B ); clava white (Fig. 17A) ; lateral area of mesoscutum completely black (Fig. 17B) ; proand metacoxa white (Fig. 17A) ; propodeum completely smooth (Fig. 17B) ; gt1 with a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 17B) .

Remarks. The holotype of D. albomaculata is supposed to be stored at the MDLA but we were unable to get in contact with the museum and thus the holotype could not be located and examined. Two paratypes are stored at the BMNH and one of them was examined.

Dipara albomaculata is similar to D. andreabalzerae, D. fastigata, D. nigroscutellata and D. saetosa in having a black mesoscutellum while the general body coloration is not black. It differs from D. andreabalzerae and D. fastigata in having a pair of bristles dorso-anteriorly on the gt1. It differs from D. nigroscutellata in the general body coloration, which is much darker and in the coloration of the lateral area of the mesoscutum. In D. albomaculata the lateral area is completely black and D. nigroscutellata has a small yellowish brown area on its most lateral part. The differences to D. saetosa can be found in the smooth vertex and the white pro-and metacoxa.

Dipara albomaculata is similar to D. straminea in sharing the bristles on the gt1 and the propodeum sculpture. It differs from D. straminea in having a black mesoscutellum.

Additional specimens from this species were found in the Kakamega Forest in Kenya and the distribution is updated accordingly.

Distribution. Angola; Kenya.

Diparomorpha 

Remarks. The holotype of D. machadoi is supposed to be stored at the MDLA but we were unable to get in contact with the museum and thus the holotype could not be located and examined. Based on the original description by Hedqvist (1971) D. machadoi differs from all other Afrotropical Dipara species in having no notauli. (Hedqvist, 1963) Afrolelaps maculata Hedqvist 1963: 47-49 . Diagnosis. Female. Face with two transverse stripes of dark brown coloration just at the level of toruli and at the level of the ventral margin of the eye, enclosing a stripe of pale yellowish white coloration; mesocoxa and petiole white.

Remarks. The holotype of D. maculata is supposed to be stored at the MDLA but we were unable to get in contact with the museum and thus the holotype could not be located and examined. Based on the original description by Hedqvist (1963) it is similar to D. kakamegensis, D. nyani, and D. rodneymulleni in having two transverse stripes on the face. It differs from D. rodneymulleni in having a much shorter petiole. In contrast to D. kakamegensis and D. nyani, D. maculata has a white petiole and mesocoxa. Fig. 18A -D, 19A-C Dipara nigrita Hedqvist, 1969: 195 . (Hedqvist, 1963) (Figs 18, 19) . Variation. Dipara nigrita was originally described as brachypterous (Fig. 18 ) by Hedqvist (1969) . In the examined material from Kenya, we found specimens that we consider to be the macropterous form of this species (Fig. 19) . Differences in the wing form within Diparinae are reported from several other species (Bouček 1988; Mitroiu 2019 ) and the slight differences found between the macropterous forms and the brachypterous holotype were not enough to justify describing the macropterous form as a new species. Those differences were found in the color of the first claval segment. It can vary from light brown to white. Macropterous individuals have fully developed wings with the fore wings reaching the gt7 (Fig. 19) . Brachypterous individuals show much shorter wings with the fore wings reaching approximately the posterior margin of the petiole (Fig. 18) .

Remarks. Dipara nigrita is the only species which shows a completely black coloration of the head and mesosoma. Darker specimens of D. albomaculata sometimes have a partly very dark brown to black head and mesosoma but never completely black. Additionally, the coxa of D. albomaculata are white in contrast to the dark brown coxa of D. nigrita.

Additional specimens from the species were found in the Kakamega Forest in Kenya and the distribution is updated accordingly.

Distribution. Democratic Republic of Congo; Kenya. Fig. 20A -B

Pondia pallida Hedqvist 1969: 198-199 20B) ; petiole with long bristle anterio-laterally, reaching gt1 (Fig. 20B) .

Remarks. Dipara pallida is similar to D. punctulata in having a large bristle anterio-laterally on the petiole. They differ in the surface sculpture of the vertex and the propodeum. Diagnosis. Female. Vertex reticulate between ocelli, rest smooth (Fig. 22C) ; clava dark brown (Fig. 22A) ; lateral area of mesoscutum completely black (Fig. 22C) ; mesoscutellum black (Fig. 22C) ; pro-and metacoxa with proximal 1/3 brown and rest yellowish brown (Fig. 22A) ; gt1 with a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 22C) .

Remarks. Dipara saetosa is similar to D. albomaculata, D. nigroscutellata, and D. straminea in having a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly on the gt1. It differs from D. straminea in having a black mesoscutellum. In contrast to D. nigroscutellata the lateral area of the mesoscutum is completely black. Differences to D. albomaculata Figure 21 . Holotype of Dipara punctulata (Hedqvist, 1969) A habitus in lateral view B face in frontal view C head and mesosoma in dorsal view D metasoma in dorsal view; red arrow: long lateral bristles on the petiole.

can be found in the reticulation between the ocelli and the coloration of the clava and the pro-and metacoxa.

Dipara straminea (Hedqvist, 1969) (Delucchi, 1962) A habitus in lateral view B face in frontal view C body in dorsal view D labels; red arrows: dorsal bristles on gt1. Scale bar: 100 µm. Figure 23 . Holotype of Dipara straminea (Hedqvist, 1969) A habitus in lateral view B face in frontal view C body in dorsal view D labels; red arrows: dorsal bristles on gt1. Scale bar: 100 µm.

Diagnosis. Female. Mesoscutellum yellowish brown (Fig. 23C) ; gt1 with a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 23A, C) .

Remarks. Dipara straminea is similar to D. albomaculata, D. nigroscutellata, and D. saetosa in having a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly on the gt1. It differs from them by having a yellowish brown mesoscutellum. Diagnosis. Female. Propodeum laterally smooth, medially distinctly subcarinate, carinae extending to nucha (Fig. 24C) ; petiole with three pairs of small setae laterally (Fig. 24C) .

Remarks. Dipara striata is similar to D. corona, D. lux, D. machadoi, D. tenebra, D. tigrina, and D. turneri in having one dark brown to black stripe across the face. It differs from D. corona, D. lux, D. machadoi, D. tenebra, and D. turneri in the propodeum sculpture. The propodeum sculpture is similar in D. punctulata and D. tigrina. They show a very distinct striated subcarinate pattern extending to the nucha. Dipara striata differs from D. punctulata in lacking a large bristle anterio-laterally on the petiole. Dipara striata differs from D. tigrina in having less setae laterally on the petiole and in lacking reticulation on the propodeum. Diagnosis. Female. Broad dark brown stripe across head from one eye to the other below toruli (Fig. 25B) ; median and lateral area of mesoscutum with distinct transverse broad black stripe (Fig. 25C) ; brachypterous, fore wing reaching slightly beyond petiole (Fig. 25A) ; petiole slightly wider than long (Fig. 25C) .

Remarks. Dipara turneri is similar to D. corona in having a distinct transverse broad black stripe on the median and lateral area of the mesoscutum. In other not completely black species the black spots on the mesoscutum are restricted to the lateral area.

Dipara turneri differs from D. corona in the wing form and in the petiole shape. The petiole is longer than wide in D. corona and wider than long in D. turneri.

Our results confirm that there is still a lot of undiscovered diversity within Microhymenoptera and the genus Dipara in particular (Desjardins 2007; Sharkey 2007; Aguiar et al. 2013; Forbes et al. 2018) . Desjardins (2007) stated that there are "possibly hundreds of undescribed species" of Dipara left. We can support this statement based on the number of new Dipara species found only in the leaf litter in the small forest fragment Kakamega Forest, which more than doubled the number of known species from the Afrotropical mainland.

Some of the species descriptions in this study are based on so far unparalleled series of Dipara specimens. While most of the previously described Dipara species are known only from the holotype or just a few specimens, D. kakamegensis, for example, is described from 108 specimens and D. nigroscutellata from 86 specimens. These large series allowed for an advanced insight into intraspecific variation of Dipara species. The characters used for the species descriptions and diagnoses were found to be consistent among the large series, which gave us some confidence in delimiting species using the same characters in species with less specimens available. Our insights reveal that in most cases Afrotropical Dipara species seem to be reliably distinguishable by comparatively simple morphological characters of females like color patterns, surface sculpture or the number and position of setae or bristles. However, the intraspecific variation of the wing form of Diparinae females (Bouček 1988; Desjardins 2007; Mitroiu 2019) can pose a challenge for species delimitations, including those in this study. We decided to list wing related characters in the diagnoses and key but to always add additional non-wing characters.

While shedding more light on the species diversity of Dipara their biology remains largely unknown. All specimens were found in the leaf litter confirming that this might be their preferred habitat (Desjardins 2007) . Reduced wings in females, which is found in 17 out of 22 Afrotropical species, can most likely be regarded as an adaptation to their grounddwelling lifestyle and their search for hosts in the leaf litter or the soil. To gain more information about the hosts of Dipara more studies focusing on their biology would be needed.

Adding information on the biology, taxonomy, and distribution of species, is a crucial task. We still have only very limited knowledge on the biodiversity on this planet. We are aware, though, that we are facing presumably unprecedented biodiversity loss, especially through habitat destruction, and that this is one of the most pressing problems of our time (Steffen et al. 2015) . The tropics including the Afrotropics are especially under threat because of ongoing deforestation and changes in land use, while also being biodiversity hotspots (Brooks et al. 2002) . For example, the Kakamega Forest is the last large continuous forest in Kenya (Holstein 2015) and an officially protected area, but it is still under threat of habitat destruction (KIFCON 1994; Bleher et al. 2006; Lung and Schaab 2006; Müller and Mburu 2009) . Studying the diversity of parasitoid wasps or other species-rich, abundant but understudied taxa can be a decisive tool for highlighting their importance for ecosystems, for conservation efforts and for understanding the evolution of the insects' megadiversification. This contribution to our knowledge on the genus Dipara might serve as a small but valuable addition to the overwhelming picture of the biodiversity of the Afrotropics. 

Authors: Christoph Braun, Ralph S. Peters Data type: Xslx file. Explanation note: Shape ratios for the descriptions of the newly described Dipara species. See Table 1 for definitions of the characters and Table 1 for definitions of the characters and Table 2 for definitions of the shape categories. N: measurement not available. Copyright notice: This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited. Link: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1067.72395.suppl3

HYM-00037193

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

ZFMK-HYM-00037233 to ZFMK-HYM-00037237 • 7 ♀; same data as for holotype

Kenya

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

NHMUK013457217

Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Winkler extraction; Transect 25; ZFMK-HYM-00037161, ZFMK-HYM-00037218 to ZFMK-HYM-00037220 • 5 ♀; Kakamega Forest, Kenya; 00°19'49.9N, 34°52'16.1E; 1580 m a.s.l.; 01

Winkler extraction

Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction; Transect 21; ZFMK-HYM-00037186 • 1 ♀; Kakamega Forest, Kenya; 00°22'50.5N, 34°49'21.4E; 1623 m a.s.l.; 22

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

1E; 1602 m a.s.l.; Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Winkler extraction; Transect 23; ZFMK-HYM-00040277, ZFMK-HYM-00040278 • 1 ♀; Kakamega Forest, Kenya; 00°27'0.9N, 34°50'52.9E; 1649 m a.s.l.; 10

Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Hita-Garcia, F. leg.; Winkler extraction

Female (specimens used for morphometric measurements

Body yellowish brown to brown (Fig. 10); lateral area of mesoscutum almost completely black, small area laterally yellowish brown (Fig. 10C); mesoscutellum black (Fig. 10C); gt1 with a pair of large bristles dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 10A and C). Description. Size: small sized, body length 1653-2015 (1815) µm. Coloration: body yellowish brown to brown (Fig. 10)

brown, clava pale yellowish brown (Fig. 10A); lateral area of mesoscutum almost completely black, small area laterally yellowish brown (Fig. 10C)

Human Impact on Flora and Vegetation of Kakamega Forest, Kenya -Structure, distribution and disturbance of plant communities in an East African rainforest

Pushing the limits -two new species of Pteromalus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) from Central Europe with remarkable morphology

Analysis of ratios in multivariate morphometry

November 6) Multivariate Ratio Analysis (MRA): R-scripts and tutorials for calculating Shape PCA, Ratio Spectra and LDA Ratio Extractor (Version 1.05)

Morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of Anisopteromalus Ruschka (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) -an integrative approach

Assessment of Threat Status and Management Effectiveness in Kakamega Forest

Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species

Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity

An updated checklist of the dragonflies (Odonata) of the Kakamega Forest

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Phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of Diparinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

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Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order

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Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

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Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea -VI Supplement

Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea -VIII. The family Miscogasteridae with descriptions of genera and species

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New Diparini from Angola (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Publicaçoes Cultuarias da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola

New genera and species of Diparini with notes on the tribe (Hym., Chalcidoidea)

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A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)

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A Field Guide to insects and allies of the Kakamega Forest National Reserve. BIOTA Field Guide

Description de nouveaux Hyménoptères

Kakamega Forest: The official guide. Kenya indigenous Forest Conservation Programme

Conservation status of the Kakamega Forest in Kenya: the easternmost relic of the equatorial rain forests of Africa

Butterflies and moth diversity of the Kakamega Forest (Kenya). Brandenburgische Universitätsdruckerei

Multivariate ratio analysis reveals Trigonoderus pedicellaris Thomson (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae) as a valid species

Diversity of the Afrotropical Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera): a preliminary assessment

Revision of Netomocera Bouček (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae), excluding the Oriental species

Universal Chalcidoidea Database

Transcriptome sequence-based phylogeny of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reveals a history of rapid radiations, convergence, and evolutionary success

Selective logging intensity in an East African rain forest predicts reductions in ant diversity

Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera

Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. Tom. IV. Pteromalus (Svederus). Lundae

A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera

Thanks to Hannes Baur for support with the morphmetric analysis and to Mircea-Dan Mitroiu for valuable information on Diparinae. We thank Natalie Dale-Skey (NHMUK) for images of type material. These images (Figs 17, 20, 21, 24, 25) are © The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, and made available under Creative Commons License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). We thank Didier Van den Spiegel (RMCA) for the loan of specimens. We thank Lars Krogmann, Mircea-Dan Mitroiu and one anonymous reviewer for valuable comments. For the presorting and labeling of the material, we thank Jennifer Werner, Gaby Nottebrock, and Dirk Rohwedder. For technical support, we thank Claudia Etzbauer and Jana Thormann. We thank Luke Schletzbaum for language editing.