key: cord-1034472-dbuhpv4e
authors: Mitchell, Oscar J.L.; Yuriditsky, Eugene; Johnson, Nicholas J.; Doran, Olivia; Buckler, David G.; Neefe, Stacie; Seethala, Raghu R.; Motov, Sergey; Moskowitz, Ari; Lee, Jarone; Griffin, Kelly M.; Shashaty, Michael G.S.; Horowitz, James M.; Abella, Benjamin S.
title: In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Patients with Coronavirus 2019
date: 2021-01-27
journal: Resuscitation
DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.012
sha: 4f863a29a10f2c6e3130698fc59366697d6d68ff
doc_id: 1034472
cord_uid: dbuhpv4e

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused over 1 200 000 deaths worldwide as of November 2020. However, little is known about the clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with active COVID-19 after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). AIM: We aimed to characterize outcomes from IHCA in patients with COVID-19 and to identify patient- and hospital-level variables associated with 30-day survival. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study across 11 academic medical centres in the U.S. Adult patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or defibrillation for IHCA between March 1, 2020 and May 31, 2020 who had a documented positive test for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 were included. The primary outcome was 30-day survival after IHCA. RESULTS: There were 260 IHCAs among COVID-19 patients during the study period. The median age was 69 years (interquartile range 60-77), 71.5% were male, 49.6% were White, 16.9% were Black, and 16.2% were Hispanic. The most common presenting rhythms were pulseless electrical activity (45.0%) and asystole (44.6%). ROSC occurred in 58 patients (22.3%), 32 (12.3%) survived to 30 days, and 31 (11.9%) survived to discharge. Rates of ROSC and 30-day survival in the two hospitals with the highest volume of IHCA over the study period compared to the remaining hospitals were considerably lower (10.8% vs. 64.3% and 5.9% vs. 35.7% respectively, p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSIONS: We found rates of ROSC and 30-day survival of 22.3% and 12.3% respectively. There were large variations in centre-level outcomes, which may explain the poor survival in prior studies.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused over 1 200 000 deaths worldwide as of November 2020. However, little is known about the clinical outcomes among hospitalized patients with active COVID-19 after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA).

Aim: We aimed to characterize outcomes from IHCA in patients with COVID-19 and to identify patient-and hospital-level variables associated with 30-day survival.

We conducted a multicentre retrospective cohort study across 11 academic medical centres in the U.S. Adult patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or defibrillation for IHCA between March 1, 2020 and May 31, 2020 who had a documented positive test for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 were included. The primary outcome was 30-day survival after IHCA.

Results: There were 260 IHCAs among COVID-19 patients during the study period. The median age was 69 years (interquartile range 60-77), 71.5% were male, 49.6% were White, 16.9% were Black, and 16.2% were Hispanic. The most common presenting rhythms were pulseless electrical activity (45.0%) and asystole (44.6%). ROSC occurred in 58 patients ( There were large variations in centre-level outcomes, which may explain the poor survival in prior studies.

Keywords: COVID-19, in-hospital cardiac arrest, cohort study

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected almost 50 million people and, as of November 2020, has caused over 1 200 000 deaths worldwide [1] . Although many have mild symptoms, a significant proportion of patients develop more severe disease, often requiring hospitalization [2] . Once hospitalized, clinical deterioration is common; mortality in some U.S. hospitals has approached 25-30% [3, 4] . Despite the large numbers of critically ill COVID-19 patients in the last year, little is known about outcomes from patients who decompensate and progress to in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA).

International resuscitation guidelines have recommended that providers consider the likelihood of success and appropriateness of resuscitation when initiating or deciding whether to continue cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during IHCA of COVID-19 patients [5] [6] [7] . This decision process is complicated both by the direct risk of infection among healthcare workers during the resuscitation care of COVID-19 patients through aerosol-generating procedures such as CPR and by the substantial strain exerted on hospital resources during times of increased hospital occupancy [2] . However, a lack of robust data describing the outcome of COVID-19 patients who develop IHCA limits the ability of providers to weigh the likelihood of successful resuscitation in this population.

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Few studies have described outcomes in the COVID-19 IHCA population. One single-centre cohort study of 136 IHCA in China at the beginning of the pandemic demonstrated extremely high rates of asystole (almost 90%) and 2.9% 30-day survival [8] . Two single-centre case series, one in New York and another in Michigan, both demonstrated 100% in-hospital mortality despite high rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) [9, 10] . More recently a multicentre collaborative published a report of 400 patients admitted across 86 ICUs who suffered IHCA, with a rate of ROSC of 33.8% and 12.0% survival to hospital discharge [11] . These studies have raised questions regarding the utility of resuscitating COVID-19 patients with IHCA, particularly when balancing risks to providers. Whether these early reports are broadly generalizable and should inform practice, particularly in patients outside of the ICU, remains unclear, nor is it known to what extent these results were confounded by conditions during the early phase of the pandemic.

We aimed to characterize the 30-day survival after IHCA in patients with COVID-19, which was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included 30-day neurological status, measured according to the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scoring system, and ROSC rate. 

Data were collected manually by chart review of the EMR. Data collected included patient characteristics (age, gender, race, ethnicity, hospital of admission, and ZIP code), pre-existing patient conditions (hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease, metastatic or hematologic malignancy, or cirrhosis), and in-hospital conditions present 24 hours prior to IHCA (sepsis, hypotension, liver insufficiency, or renal insufficiency). IHCA event information included location of arrest, the initial presenting rhythm Data were collected according to the Utstein template, a commonly used consensus framework for reporting cardiac arrest outcomes [12] . To ensure consistency of data collection, each site was provided with a data dictionary. Acute conditions were determined by manual review of the EMR and recorded if they were present in the 24 hours prior to IHCA and met the following criteria: sepsis: a suspected infection plus a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score change of greater than or equal to two [13] ; hypotension: a documented mean arterial BP <65 mmHg for over 30 minutes or the need for vasopressor infusion; hepatic insufficiency: liver function tests >3x upper limit of normal and/or diagnosis of acute-on-chronic liver injury, cirrhosis, or liver failure; renal insufficiency: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) stage III or greater, need for dialysis, or acute kidney injury (defined as a creatinine increase of >0.3mg/dL or >1.5 x baseline) [14] .

Neurological status was determined by manual review of the EMR and according to the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score; a CPC of 1-2 was considered a good neurological outcome, consistent with prior cardiac arrest studies [15, 16] . The most likely cause of IHCA as determined by the clinical team, if documented, was also recorded. Study data were collected and managed using a research database (REDCap, Vanderbilt University, TN) [17, 18] . REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) is a secure, web-based software platform designed to support data capture for clinical research studies [17, 18] .

The study was deemed exempt from full Institutional Review Board review at each site prior to data collection.

Patient characteristics, comorbidities, pre-arrest conditions, and IHCA characteristics were tabulated and summarized using descriptive statistics and presented as mean with standard deviation, number (n) with percentage (%), or median with interquartile range (IQR). Continuous variables were analysed using Student's t-test and categorical data using Chi-Square test. Stata Version 16 (StataCorp, College Station, Texas) was used for data analysis. Hospital volume of IHCA was plotted against rates of ROSC and 30-day survival for descriptive analysis.

A total of 260 COVID-19 patients with IHCA occurring between March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020 met criteria for inclusion in the study cohort (Figure 1 ). Of these, 204 (78.5%) were from two hospitals in New York, and the remainder were from Pennsylvania (17 patients, 6.5%), Massachusetts (30 patients, 11.5%), New Jersey (7 patients, 2.7%), and Washington (2 patients, 0.8%). Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population are summarized in Table 1 Table 3 ).

In our multicentre analysis of IHCA among COVID-19 patients, we found average rates of ROSC and 30-day survival of 22.3% and 12.3%, respectively. Notably, these outcomes differed substantially by centre. Our findings contrast with the uniformly poor outcomes seen in singlecentre studies of IHCA in patients with COVID-19 but are consistent with those of another published multicentre IHCA study [11] .

In our cohort, we have demonstrated rates of ROSC and 30-day survival that are numerically higher than previously published cohorts of survival after IHCA in COVID-19, but lower than recent studies of IHCA prior to COVID-19, which demonstrated rates of ROSC of 54-64% and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f survival of 22-28% [8-10, 19, 20] . Since early in the pandemic there has been speculation about poor outcomes from resuscitation of patients with COVID-19 [6, 21] . These concerns have been further validated by recent studies that described the clinical outcomes of IHCA in COVID-19.

The first was a cohort of over 130 IHCA events in a single hospital in Wuhan. In this cohort, almost 90% of patients were found to be in asystole; the overall cohort had a ROSC rate of 13.2% and a 30-day survival of 2.9% [9] . Such a high rate of asystole as the presenting rhythm raises the question of delayed recognition of IHCA as a factor contributing to the extremely low survival in this cohort. Two recent case series have described outcomes from single centres in NYC and Michigan. In contrast to the cohort from Wuhan, the most common presenting rhythms were PEA (58-82%), followed by asystole (15-29%), with pVT/VF making up the minority (4-13%), with a ROSC rate of 42-52%, findings that are consistent with our cohort and other studies of non-COVID-19 IHCA [9, 10, 22, 23] . However, no patients in either cohort survived to hospital discharge. Unfortunately, no details were provided on the cause of cardiac arrest, cause of subsequent in-hospital death after ROSC, or on post-arrest management which limits interpretation of the cause of this notably high rate of in-hospital death [9, 10] . However, given that the median survival time after ROSC was only 2.8 hours (IQR 1.5-13.3) in the NYC cohort, withdrawal of life-sustaining measures and progressive critical illness likely played a role [9] .

More recently, a multicentre observational study of 400 patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU demonstrated a 33.8% ROSC rate and a 12.0% survival to hospital discharge, with lower rates of survival in older patients [11] . The low survival rates in these studies and concern for stretched ICU resources have spurred discussions of expanded do-notresuscitate orders for patients with COVID-19 and concern for futility of resuscitation in this population [24] [25] [26] .

We found large variation in outcomes after IHCA within hospitals in our cohort: the hospital with the largest number of IHCA over the study period had only one patient out of 152 survive to 30 days after IHCA, rates that were similar to the previous cohorts of IHCA in COVID-19.

However, many of the other hospitals in our cohort, including one hospital with over 50 IHCA, had rates of 30-day survival rates over 20%. Such inter-hospital variation may explain the low survival found in other studies of outcomes from IHCA in patients with COVID-19. The cause of this finding is still unclear, although variation in outcomes after IHCA has been well-described even prior to COVID-19 and is only partially explained by patient-level factors: differences in centre-level resuscitation practices, withdrawal of life-sustaining measures, and post-IHCA care likely contribute [27] [28] [29] . Additional research is needed to investigate the patient and hospitallevel factors that contribute to the heterogeneity in IHCA outcomes described in our cohort.

NYC was particularly severely affected during the study period and subsequently had the highest volume of IHCA in our cohort. In these NYC-based hospitals, IHCA was more likely to occur outside of the ICU and to present with an initial rhythm of asystole. Hospitals outside of NYC had rates of ROSC and survival that were numerically similar to IHCA in prior studies of IHCA [19] . The interplay between IHCA case volume and outcomes is complex and prior studies have demonstrated a non-linear association, with increasing volume initially associated with improved outcomes, and then becoming negatively associated with outcomes [30] . A recently published study of all-cause IHCA during the COVID-19 pandemic in NYC showed that hospital survival decreased substantially during the pandemic when compared to the year before, with no reported difference in outcomes between COVID-19 patients and those without the virus, suggesting that J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f centre-wide changes in IHCA management may have impacted outcomes [31] . It has been hypothesized that particularly high volumes of IHCA may be an indicator for hospitals with stretched resources and less developed capacities for identification of patient deterioration and post-arrest care [30] . As COVID-19 surges and overwhelms hospitals with a challenging volume of critically ill patients, patient care teams have been required to practice in unprecedented circumstances [2] . It seems likely that this might lead to delayed recognition of deterioration and critical illness, factors that have long been associated with worse outcomes in hospitalized patients [32] . It is possible that, in addition to centre-level differences in the management of IHCA, the volume of IHCA may have contributed to worse outcomes in the NYC-based hospitals.

Hypoxaemia was the leading potential causative factor in IHCA among those in our cohort with a documented cause. We did not detect a difference in the 30-day survival or rates of ROSC in patients who had IHCA while mechanically ventilated, nor in those who required prone positioning, suggesting that patients with severe respiratory dysfunction from COVID-19 have the potential to survive an IHCA event. Pulmonary embolism and cardiac arrhythmias were identified as potentially causative in over 20% of IHCA. These aetiologies, which are potentially acutely reversible, could represent areas for further improvement in outcomes.

Our study has several significant limitations that must be considered. The first is the lack of a control group, which limits the conclusions that can be derived from the cohort; we were unable to determine whether outcomes from IHCA in COVID-19 were different to those in patients without COVID-19 who suffered IHCA in the same time frame at these hospitals. The substantial centre-level variation in both ROSC and 30-day survival in our multicentre cohort limits the ability to identify patient-level factors that may contribute to IHCA outcomes, especially given that one hospital represented over half of patients in our cohort and this hospital had particularly low survival. Additionally, due to the low number of outcomes, we were unable to account for clustering by site. Given the retrospective nature of the study, we were unable to verify that all cases of IHCA during the study period were captured by each site, nor did we have any means of verifying the data that was documented in the EMR. We were also unable to determine the effect of hospital-level factors on patient outcomes, particularly the impact of delays for the donning of personalised protective equipment, changes in IHCA protocols, and hospital rates of do-not-resuscitate orders. Finally, the fact that varying methods were used at different sites and the proven inaccuracies of using EMR codes to identify IHCA make it unlikely that the entire population of COVID-19 IHCA was captured at study hospitals [33] . This may have contributed to the variation in outcomes between study sites.

In our cohort, we found rates of ROSC and 30-day survival of 22.3% and 12.3% respectively.

Half of the patients who survived to 30-days post-IHCA did so with a good neurological status.

There were large variations in centre-level outcomes, which may explain the uniformly poor survival seen in prior studies. More research is needed to understand the factors that contribute to outcomes after IHCA in patients with COVID-19.

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

As the corresponding author, I confirm that all authors have been involved according to the following criteria:

(1) substantial contributions to conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work, (2) drafting of the article or revising it for critically important intellectual content, (3) final approval of the version being published, (4) agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. 

Oscar Mitchell: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing -original draft

Eugene Yuriditsky: Conceptualization, investigation methodology, project administration, supervision, writingreview and editing

Project administration, investigation, supervision, writing -original draft, writing -review and editing

Buckler: Conceptualization, investigation methodology, project administration, supervision, writingreview and editing

Investigation, resources, supervision, writing -reviewing and editing

Zeniecki: Investigation, data curation, resources, writing -review and editing

Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing -review and editing, supervision

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