key: cord-1031866-obi6y6wa
authors: Ankuda, Claire K.; Fogel, Joyce; Kelley, Amy S.; Byhoff, Elena
title: Patterns of Material Hardship and Food Insecurity Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic
date: 2021-05-23
journal: J Gen Intern Med
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06905-3
sha: bf4fa2d1391fe287e73995f97e46c4f1765f8d47
doc_id: 1031866
cord_uid: obi6y6wa

nan

T he coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has major economic consequences across the USA. 1 Along with heightened risk for severe COVID-19, 2 older adults have less digital access which may be a barrier to mobilizing supports including grocery delivery. 3, 4 While people with lower incomes and from racial and ethnic minoritized groups have faced high levels of material hardship due to COVID-19, 1 little is known about the experience of older adults. We aim to assess the prevalence and risk factors for material hardship and food insecurity among older adults in the USA.

We used the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative cohort study of aging, to identify community-dwelling adults age ≥51. Beginning June 11th 2020, a COVID-19 subsample was randomly selected for telephone interviews. While HRS continues to collect data, this study reflects that available on November 12, 2020, with a response rate of 62%. Material hardship due to COVID-19 was defined as follows: receiving money or help paying bills from family/friends; missing payments on rent or mortgage, credit cards or other debt, utilities, insurance, or medical bills; not having enough money to buy food; or other material hardship. Food insecurity was defined as not having enough money to buy food and/or having difficulty buying food despite having money. Therefore, not having enough money to buy food was an indicator of both material hardship and food insecurity. Sociodemographic, household, and health characteristics were derived from the HRS. We assessed the prevalence of material hardship and food insecurity in the population and across sociodemographic, household, and health categories. Proportions were adjusted to account for survey design and response rate. This study was approved by the Mount Sinai Institutional Review Board. Cognitive impairment determined through self-report of memory problems and/or dementia. 2 Not having money for food and trouble buying food even though had money were not mutually exclusive, as individuals may have experienced these at different times during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nationally representative of the community dwelling (non-nursing home) population age 51 and older in 2020

Of 3053 community-dwelling older adults, nearly half were >65 years, with 10.7% Black and 10.6% Hispanic (Table 1) . Material hardships (reported by 27.2%) and food insecurity (reported by 6.6%) followed similar demographic patterns (Fig. 1) 

This nationally representative survey demonstrates that 1 in 3 older adults reported material hardship as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified both racial and socioeconomic disparities in hardship during COVID-19 as well as heightened vulnerability for older adults in poor health and with functional or cognitive impairments. The high prevalence of food insecurity among those receiving food stamps is notable, given that nutrition benefits were increased during the pandemic. 5 This may be because the assistance was insufficient, or because of limitations in how food stamps may be used (such as through online grocery shopping or paying for delivery fees). The lower prevalence of hardship for the oldest in the cohort may indicate their relative resilience and the protections of social security and Medicare.

Although dementia is likely underreported in this study, those with cognitive and functional (ADL) impairments have higher levels of material hardship, indicating a need for targeted supports for this population. This is consistent with prior work demonstrating heightened food insecurity among those with chronic conditions. 6 The measure of material hardship was not validated, and so further assessments of it are needed. Further work is needed to assess the interplay and additive effects among factors.

While the response rate for this early data release is lower than the usual HRS survey, detailed information is known about non-responders, allowing survey weights to partially account for bias in non-response. This study examines the effects of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and it will be important for future research to measure how access to supports such as food stamps has changed prior to, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

These findings signal an urgent need for targeted supports to older adults at highest risk for food and material hardships, such as those from minoritized groups and in poor health. 

Economic Fallout from COVID-19 Continues to Hit Lower-Income Americans the Hardest

Leaf DE; STOP-COVID Investigators. Factors Associated with Death in Critically Ill Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US

Assessment of Disparities in Digital Access Among Medicare Beneficiaries and Implications for Telemedicine

Supporting Equitable Food Access During National Emergencies-The Promise of Online Grocery Shopping and Food Delivery Services

Feeding Low-Income Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Chronic Disease Burden Predicts Food Insecurity Among Older Adults