key: cord-1028004-xbh3lgp4
authors: Kostikova, Vera A.; Chernonosov, Alexander A.; Kuznetsov, Alexander A.; Petrova, Natalia V.; Krivenko, Denis A.; Chernysheva, Olga A.; Wang, Wei; Erst, Andrey S.
title: Identification of Flavonoids in the Leaves of Eranthis longistipitata (Ranunculaceae) by Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)
date: 2021-10-10
journal: Plants (Basel)
DOI: 10.3390/plants10102146
sha: c843b06bd4cdadfd63b88e2bf457967b3b0cbcbb
doc_id: 1028004
cord_uid: xbh3lgp4

Eranthis longistipitata Regel is an endemic plant of Central Asia. The flavonoid profile of E. longistipitata leaves was studied by mass spectrometry for the first time (natural populations of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, in 70% aqueous–ethanol extracts by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry). Mass spectrometry revealed 18 flavonoid compounds. Flavonols featured the highest diversity, and 10 such substances were identified: 2 free aglycones (quercetin and kaempferol), 6 quercetin glycosides (peltatoside, hyperoside, reynoutrin, quercetin 3-sambubioside, rutin, and isoquercitrin), and 2 kaempferol glycosides (juglalin and trifolin). Two flavans (cianidanol and auriculoside), two hydroxyflavanones (6-methoxytaxifolin and aromadendrin), and one C-glycoside flavone—carlinoside—were identified. Dihydroxychalcones aspalathin, phloridzin, and phloretin were found too. Levels of rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and hyperoside were confirmed by means of standards and high-performance liquid chromatography. Rutin concentration was the highest among all other identified flavonoid compounds: in the leaf samples from Kyrgyzstan, it ranged from 2.46 to 3.20 mg/g, and in those from Uzbekistan, from 1.50 to 3.01 mg/g. The diversity of flavonoid compounds in E. longistipitata leaves is probably due to external ecological and geographic factors and adaptive mechanisms.

The genus Eranthis Salisb. belongs to the tribe Cimicifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae Juss., with 13 species occurring on a territory covering a part of Europe and Asia [1, 2] . Representatives of this genus are perennial herbs with tuberous rhizomes or tubers and basal long petiolate leaves with the blades divided into several or many palmate segments that are undivided or lobate; unbranched scapes carry a solitary bisexual actinomorphic flower supported by three verticillate leaf-like bracts forming involucrate leaves; there are (4-)5-8 yellow, white or pink, petaloid sepals as well as 5-10(-15) yellow or white, petaloid, or slightly concave tubular petals, shorter than sepals, sometimes with pseudonectaries; nectaries are located inside the tubular petal; there are >10 stamens and 3-10 follicles with several smooth seeds in each fruitlet [3, 4] . According M. Tamura [5] , on the basis 2 of 11 of morphology, the genus has been divided into two sections: Eranthis (E. bulgarica (Stef.) Stef., E. cilicica Scott & Kotschy, E. hyemalis (L.) Salisb., E. iranica Rukšāns & Zetterl., and E. longistipitata Regel.) and Shibateranthis (Nakai) Tamura (E. albiflora Franch., E. byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, E. lobulata W.T.Wang, E. pinnatifida Maxim., E. pungdoensis B.U.Oh, E. sibirica DC., E. stellata Maxim., and E. tanhoensis Erst) . The section Eranthis is characterized by tuberous rhizomes or tubers, yellow sepals, and an emarginate or slightly bilobate upper petal apex without pseudonectaries. Representatives of the sect. Shibateranthis have tubers, white sepals, and a bilobate or forked petal apex, sometimes with pseudonectaries [6] . Phylogenetic studies support the subdivision of the genus into these sections [2, 7] .

Even though some species are widely distributed (E. hyemalis and E. stellata), most species of the genus are narrow endemics and have a small geographic range, which causes difficulties with comprehensive investigation into representatives of this group of plants. Nonetheless, a comprehensive analysis of the genus Eranthis-as a species-poor model group of the Ranunculaceae family-provides an opportunity for obtaining data that can be used in many areas of biology and related sciences. For example, information about the chemical composition and biological/therapeutic effects of Eranthis species is fragmentary. It is known that Eranthis species are used to treat urolithiasis and diuresis [8] , and an ethanol extract from E. hyemalis roots has an anti-inflammatory activity [9] . Triterpene glycosides of cycloartan and oleanan series and triterpene saponins have been discovered in the tubers of E. cilicica. These substances are toxic to human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells [10] . Antioxidant properties of chromones isolated from E. cilicica tubers have been documented [11] . Chromones and lectins with anticancer, insecticidal, antifungal, and antiviral effects have been found in the tubers of E. hyemalis. [12, 13] .

Data on the profile and levels of polyphenols in plants of the genus Eranthis are still scarce, even though polyphenols are some of the most common representatives of secondary metabolites in plant tissues. Due to their strong biological activity, plant polyphenols are successfully used in various industries, medicine, and pharmacology as substances with antioxidant, neuroregulatory, capillary-strengthening, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and other effects [14, 15] . Recent research indicates that one of the most common families of polyphenols-flavonoids-may have an inhibitory activity against coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused the current pandemic designated as COVID-19 [16] . In addition, polyphenols are widely employed in chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic research, owing to their high prevalence among plants, structural diversity, and chemical stability [17] . Polyphenols from the leaves of Ranunculaceae plants hold promise as chemotaxonomic markers [1, 8] .

We have previously revealed the specificity of the profile of polyphenols in the leaves of Eranthis plants, section Shibateranthis [1] . In that study, the set of polyphenols in the leaves of E. sibirica, E. stellata, and E. tanhoensis was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography [1] . Elsewhere, a difference in the ratio of flavonoids to phenolcarboxylic acids (in terms of concentration) has been revealed among these plant species: E. sibirica differs from the other two species [18] .

There are no published data on the set and levels of polyphenols in plants of the section Eranthis, including E. longistipitata. Perhaps this is due to the inaccessibility of the plant material for collection: E. longistipitata is an endemic plant of Central Asia that grows on steppe slopes of foothills, and its populations are few. Collecting the material is also problematic because E. longistipitata-as with all ephemeroids-has a short growth season, and after flowering in early spring, the aboveground part of the plant dies off completely. Recent studies successfully showed in vitro reproduction of representatives of this genus, including E. longistipitata [19] . This advancement should protect natural populations from extinction and enable practical use of this plant.

This study aimed at investigating the pattern and concentrations of flavonoids in the leaves of E. longistipitata from natural populations of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), which requires only a small number of samples and, therefore, is promising for the investigation of plants of this genus.

The profile of flavonoids in E. longistipitata leaves was studied by mass spectrometry for the first time (by LC-HRMS in 70% aqueous-ethanol extracts; Table 1, Figure 1 ). For compound identification, the mass spectrometry (MS) data obtained in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI-/ESI+) modes were compared with data from databases mzCloud and ChemSpider. To confirm the presence of hyperoside, quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, retention times (t R ) and tandem MS (MS/MS) data were compared with those in the spectra of standards.

The mzCloud database contains MS and MS/MS spectra obtained on high-resolution mass spectrometers, such as Orbitrap Q Exactive HF, for various molecules. Such spectra can serve as a reference during a search for unknown substances. Both high-resolution data on whole molecular ions and all fragment ions are used for molecule identification. The Compound Discoverer software compares the registered whole molecular ion patterns and fragmentation patterns with those in the mzCloud database and scores possible variants. If there is a match, the program displays the identified compound with an assigned score from 0 to 100. The more the ions match, the higher the score is. In case of the absence of an analyzed molecular ion in the mzCloud database, a search was carried out in the ChemSpider database only by means of the exact mass and empirical formula. Therefore, such identification was more tentative. MS/MS spectra of the compounds tentatively identified by searching mzCloud and their comparison with mzCloud database spectra are presented in Table S1 .

The flavonoids of E. longistipitata leaves turned out to be diverse. MS revealed 18 flavonoids: flavonols, flavones, chalcones, flavanones, and flavans. Flavonols featured the highest variety. Ten substances of this subfamily were identified. The identified flavonols are two aglycones, namely quercetin and kaempferol, and their O-glycosides, including six quercetin derivatives and two kaempferol derivatives. A substitution with hexose or pentose was found at the C-3 position, and both monosides (2, 3, 7, 8, and 9) and biosides (1, 5, and 10) were present ( Figure 1 ). All the identified flavonols are rather common in the plant kingdom. The mzCloud database contains MS and MS/MS spectra obtained on high-resolution mass spectrometers, such as Orbitrap Q Exactive HF, for various molecules. Such spectra can serve as a reference during a search for unknown substances. Both high-resolution data on whole molecular ions and all fragment ions are used for molecule identification. Carlinoside (11) is a flavone with an aglycone represented by luteolin. On ring A, sugar residues of glucose and arabinose are attached at positions C-6 and C-8 directly to the carbon atoms (meaning C-glycosylflavone; Figure 1 ). The concentration and type of C-glycosylflavones are often utilized as markers for identifying plants at the species level because of the high specificity of these compounds [20, 21] .

Cianidanol (12) , which is better known as (+)-catechin, is 3,5,7,3 ,4 -pentahydroxyflavan and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom [22] . Flavan auriculoside (13) has a similar structure but differs from cianidanol due to the absence of hydroxyls at positions C-3 and C-5 as well as the presence of a methoxy group at position 4 and a glucose residue at position C-3 of ring B (Figure 1 ). Auriculoside is the first flavan glucoside reported to have a depressant effect on the central nervous system [23, 24] .

6-Methoxytaxifolin (14) is known to be 12-fold sweeter than sucrose, and its 3-acetate is 25-fold sweeter than sucrose [25] . Aromadendrin (15) , which is common in its free form and is often found in plant wood, has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and other activities [26, 27] .

In terms of the carbon skeleton, the identified chalcones are similar to phloridzin (17) but contain a glucose residue as a substituent at either the C-2 or C-3 position, and aspalathin (16) contains an additional hydroxyl group on ring B (Figure 1 ). Phloridzin and phloretin are chalcones common in the plant kingdom, and aspalathin is a rather rare Cdihydrochalcone, which was isolated from Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren in 1966. Until recently, aspalathin had been regarded only as a compound that is responsible for the characteristic color of Rooibos herbal tea; however, interest has shifted toward antioxidant properties of aspalathin and its beneficial influence on the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in humans [28, 29] .

Polyphenols play a pivotal role in structural integrity of plants, protection from UV radiation, reproduction, endogenous regulation of physiological processes, and plant cell signaling [30] . E. longistipitata begins to grow in late February/early March. In this period, insolation and spring frosts severely harm the plant. The plant's tissues are protected from the damaging effects of external factors primarily by flavonoids, which inhibit freeradical reactions and directly participate in redox processes in plants. Flavonols play an important role in plants' adaptation to temperature changes [31, 32] . The observed diversity of flavonoids in the leaves of E. longistipitata is likely to be caused by external ecological and geographic factors. Table 2 presents the levels of some flavonoids in the leaves of E. longistipitata from Kyrgyzstan (three samples) and Uzbekistan (five samples). Hyperoside, rutin, and quercetin were detectable in all the assayed samples, whereas kaempferol was absent in some leaf samples from Uzbekistan (Table 2 and Figure 2 ). Hyperoside concentrations in the leaves of E. longistipitata from Kyrgyzstan ranged from 0.79 to 1.01 mg/g, and in those from Uzbekistan, from 0.58 to 1.54 mg/g. The level of rutin in E. longistipitata leaves turned out to be the highest among all other identified compounds: 2.46 to 3.20 mg/g in the samples from Kyrgyzstan and 1.50 to 3.01 mg/g in the samples from Uzbekistan. Concentrations of quercetin (up to 0.62 mg/g) and kaempferol (up to 0.55 mg/g) are rather low in the aqueous-ethanol extracts from the leaves of the studied plants. Aglycones of flavonols, quercetin, and kaempferol have been found in the leaves E. sibirica, E. stellata, and E. tanhoensis by us previously [18] . Concentrations of these co pounds are low and do not differ from those in the studied E. longistipitata and in oth representatives of the genus Eranthis. Concentrations of quercetin glycosides, hyperosi and rutin in the leaves of E. longistipitata are higher than those of respective aglycon These glycosides have strong pharmacological activities. For example, numerous in vi and in vivo studies on the biological activity of hyperoside have shown that it exerts an inflammatory, antithrombotic, antidiabetic, antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, a antioxidant protective effects [33] . Rutin is recommended for the treatment of various d orders, especially vascular diseases such as varicose veins, internal bleeding, or hem rhoid. It is one of the most common quercetin glycosides and is found in a number plants. The rutin level varies among different organs of plants from 0.148 to 620 mg Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) from the Polygonaceae family is the main n ural source of rutin [34] . Concentrations of the identified flavonoids are not as high in t leaves of E. longistipitata as in widely recognized sources of these substances. Neverth less, the combination of flavonoids in the aqueous-ethanol extract of this plant can ha numerous effects that the polyphenols found in the leaves have. Aglycones of flavonols, quercetin, and kaempferol have been found in the leaves of E. sibirica, E. stellata, and E. tanhoensis by us previously [18] . Concentrations of these compounds are low and do not differ from those in the studied E. longistipitata and in other representatives of the genus Eranthis. Concentrations of quercetin glycosides, hyperoside and rutin in the leaves of E. longistipitata are higher than those of respective aglycones. These glycosides have strong pharmacological activities. For example, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on the biological activity of hyperoside have shown that it exerts antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, antidiabetic, antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant protective effects [33] . Rutin is recommended for the treatment of various disorders, especially vascular diseases such as varicose veins, internal bleeding, or hemorrhoid. It is one of the most common quercetin glycosides and is found in a number of plants. The rutin level varies among different organs of plants from 0.148 to 620 mg/g. Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) from the Polygonaceae family is the main natural source of rutin [34] . Concentrations of the identified flavonoids are not as high in the leaves of E. longistipitata as in widely recognized sources of these substances. Nevertheless, the combination of flavonoids in the aqueous-ethanol extract of this plant can have numerous effects that the polyphenols found in the leaves have.

Leaves of E. longistipitata were collected during the flowering-fruiting period in 2019 and 2020 (Table 3) . Air-dried plant material was mechanically ground up to obtain a homogeneous powder. The flavonoids were studied in 70% aqueous-ethanol extracts of the leaves; these extracts were prepared by water bath extraction at 72 • C. A certain portion (0.200 g) of the crushed air-dried material was extracted twice: first, with 30 mL for 30 min, and then, with 20 mL for 20 min. After filtration, the residue in the flask and on the filter was washed with 5 mL of 70% ethyl alcohol. The mixed extract was then concentrated in porcelain cups down to 5 mL. Before the analysis, the solutions were filtered and stored at 4 • C. 

LC-HRMS was carried out at the Core Facility of Mass Spectrometric Analysis at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia). An Ultimate 3000 liquid chromatograph (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA) coupled with a Q Exactive HF mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was utilized to determine flavonoid profiles of E. longistipitata leaves. The chromatographic separation was attained at a 0.4 mL/min flow rate on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 reversed-phase column (150 × 3.0 mm, 5 µm, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) thermostated at 40 • C. The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% aqueous formic acid (eluent A) and acetonitrile (eluent B). The elution gradient was implemented as follows: from 5% to 70% B for 40 min, followed by an increase to 90% B for 8 min, a decrease to 5% B for 5 min, and re-equilibration under the initial conditions for 7 min.

The settings of the ESI source were as follows: electrospray voltage: 3.2 kV in the negative mode and 4.2 kV in the positive mode; capillary temperature: 320 • C; and the S lens RF level: 50. Data were obtained by full-scan data-dependent acquisition (FS-dd-MS2) in the positive and negative modes at resolving power of 45,000 full-width at half (FWHM) m/z 200. The following settings of the mass spectrometer were employed: scan range: m/z 80-1200; automatic gain control (AGC): 3e6; injection time: 100 ms; and the isolation window: m/z 2.0. The normalized collision energy for the fragmentation of molecular ions was set to 40 eV. A targeted MS/MS (dd-MS2) analysis was performed in both positive and negative modes at 15,000 FWHM (m/z 200). AGC for dd-MS2 was set to 1e5, with injection time of 50 ms and a loop count of 5. In the section of dd settings, the AGC target was programmed at 8e3, and maximum injection time was set to 100 ms. The data were analyzed using Xcalibur 4.0 and Compound Discoverer 3.1 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All the samples, including blank samples, were assayed in triplicate.

All the samples were processed in Compound Discoverer 3.1 via a common workflow called "Environmental Unknown ID w Online and Local Database Searches" (Figure S1 ). Flavonoids were identified on the basis of both accurate mass and fragment mass "fingerprint" spectra via searches against the spectra of compounds available in the mzCloud database (https://www.mzcloud.org; last accessed 10 March 2021). If compounds were absent in mzCloud, they were tentatively identified using a ChemSpider search. According to the workflow, the masses extracted from the chromatograms were aligned and filtered to remove i) background compounds present in the blank sample, ii) substances that failed to become fragmented, iii) compounds' masses that were absent in the databases, and iv) signals with low intensity.

Quantification of flavonoids in the leaf samples was performed by means of an Agilent 1200 HPLC system equipped with a diode array detector and a ChemStation system for recording and processing chromatographic data (Agilent Technologies). The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (5 µm, 4.6 × 150 mm) at 25 • C. Methanol concentration in the mobile phase in an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid (0.1%) was increased from 50% to 52% for 56 min [35] , and the eluent flow rate was 1 mL/min. Detection wavelengths were 254, 270, 290, 340, 360, and 370 nm. Individual compounds were quantified by an external standard method [29] . Mean values are expressed in milligrams per gram of air-dried matter.

All chemicals were of MS or analytical grade. Chemical reference standards of quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Rutin and chemical reference standards of hyperoside were purchased from Fluka Chemie AG (Switzerland).

All samples, including blank samples, which consisted of the pure solvent, were analyzed as two biological replicates with three technical replicates per treatment group. Data are expressed as means ± SD if not stated otherwise. Multiple comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's honest significant difference test to evaluate the significance of differences among means. Differences were assumed to be significant at p < 0.05.

The rich flavonoid profile of E. longistipitata leaves includes flavonols, flavones, flavans, flavanones, and chalcones. The highest diversity was shown by flavonols. The concentration of rutin reaches 3.20 mg/g in the aqueous-ethanol extracts from leaves of the studied plants from natural populations in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. In the future, it will be possible to test Eranthis plants for the possible biological activities that are characteristic of the identified subfamilies of flavonoids.

Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/plants10102146/s1: Figure S1 : The workflow on Compound Discoverer used for flavonoid identification, and Table S1 : Comparison of the obtained spectra with the spectra of standards available in the mzCloud database. 

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We thank Eugeny Boltenkov for the materials from Kyrgyzstan.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.