key: cord-1026561-aj2hix23 authors: Shishkin, Andrei; Goel, Gaurav; Baronins, Janis; Ozolins, Jurijs; Hoskins, Clare; Goel, Saurav title: Using circular economy principles to recycle materials in guiding the design of a wet scrubber-reactor for indoor air disinfection from coronavirus and other pathogens date: 2021-02-12 journal: Environ Technol Innov DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2021.101429 sha: b6ae2b682bb76bb6adb7a9c268aebfaa26128c4c doc_id: 1026561 cord_uid: aj2hix23 An arduous need exists to discover rapid solutions to avoid the accelerated spread of coronavirus especially through the indoor environments like offices, hospitals, and airports. One such measure could be to disinfect the air, especially in indoor environments. The goal of this work is to propose a novel design of a wet scrubber-reactor to deactivate airborne microbes using circular economy principles. Based on Fenton’s reaction mechanism, the system proposed here will deactivate airborne microbes (bioaerosols) such as SARS-CoV-2. The proposed design relies on using a highly porous clay-glass open-cell structure as an easily reproducible and cheap material. The principle behind this technique is an in-situ decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into highly reactive oxygen species and free radicals. The high porosity of a tailored ceramic structure provides a high contact area between atomized oxygen, free radicals and supplied polluted air. The design is shown to comply with the needs of achieving sustainable development goals. Sciences, 2020). SARS CoV-2 primarily attacks the respiratory system, however, studies 116 suggest that the human digestion system is also affected, with traces being noticed in the The spread of this pandemic may reoccur in the future due to continued close human 125 involvement with wildlife, either due to their rearing for consumption or due to other events High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters. It is worth mentioning that particle 167 collection efficiency of a HEPA filter decreases down to about 50 % at particle sizes of Antibacterial efficiencies of 1, 2 and 3 wt% AgZ against bacterium and the fungus were higher than 95% after 120 minutes of operation, and 1 wt% AgZ was more cost-effective since its antibacterial efficiency approaches 90% in less than 60 min. Tests were performed with Staphylococcus epidermidis. When operated with charged droplets, the removal efficiency was > 90% by operating with a liquid-to-gas ratio of 2.4 L m -3 gas. The opposite polarity efficiency was > 99% for the liquid-to-gas ratio > 0.8 L m -3 gas. Anti-viral quality factor decreased with increasing dust load but increased with increasing coating areal density. The widely used oxidising agents such as H2O2 decompose to form water and oxygen. The vapor of H2O2 has been deemed hazardous to the respiratory system and eyes. The 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 The detailed reaction mechanism depends on various factors such as pH, aqueous or Active gas flow disinfection efficiency will be at its best when having the maximum 305 possible contact area between the liquid and gas. It will also result in decomposition of 306 H2O2 caused by the collisions between gas and liquid particles. Accordingly, we propose 307 that the filter intended to deactivate microbes should not only possess a relatively large 308 surface area but will also provide the catalyst for H2O2 decomposition at the same time. The proposed clay-glass porous ceramic material naturally saturated by Fe2O3 provides the It is worth mentioning that beside clay, it is also possible to use any ceramic foam 323 production method and materials. However, such an approach requires three key factors: Table 2 where WG-mean waste glass, first one-digit number means glass content in 355 wt.% and remaining three-digit number means firing temperature. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Such an approach could be beneficial due to a decreased pressure drop by providing higher The actual mechanism of the filtration will become clearer through modelling informed 500 experiments which we will expand in our follow-on work. However, based on the design 501 proposed in figure 8 , the most plausible mechanism which will govern the filtration and 502 disinfection is depicted in Figure 9 (a, b and c). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof CDC, 2020. 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