key: cord-1025881-z9w6ahy3
authors: Moraes Bruna, Camila Quartim de; Ciofi-Silva, Caroline Lopes; de Paula, Anderson Vicente; Boas, Lucy Santos Villas; Ferreira, Noely Evangelista; Tozetto-Mendoza, Tania R.; Correa, Maria Cássia Mendes; Graziano, Kazuko Uchikawa
title: SARS-CoV-2 aerosol generation during respiratory equipment reprocessing
date: 2021-05-27
journal: Antimicrob Resist Infect Control
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00955-2
sha: 723abd289ddfc34beae6e38b10d47cbf47415d7d
doc_id: 1025881
cord_uid: z9w6ahy3

Aerosolization may occur during reprocessing of medical devices. With the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, it is important to understand the necessity of using respirators in the cleaning area of the sterile processing department. To evaluate the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in the air of the sterile processing department during the reprocessing of contaminated medical devices. Air and surface samples were collected from the sterile processing department of two teaching tertiary hospitals during the reprocessing of respiratory equipment used in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 and from intensive care units during treatment of these patients. SARS-CoV-2 was detected only in 1 air sample before the beginning of decontamination process. Viable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA was not detected in any sample collected from around symptomatic patients or in sterile processing department samples. The cleaning of respiratory equipment does not cause aerosolization of SARS-CoV-2. We believe that the use of medical masks is sufficient while reprocessing medical devices during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

With the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some of the discussions are focused on the use of personal protection equipment (PPE), especially masks and respirators. The general recommendation of using coveralls with foot covers [1] and respirators led to PPE shortage [2] . COVID-19 affects the primary respiratory tract, and although most patients have favorable progression, approximately 20% develop severe forms of the disease, requiring ventilatory assistance using non-invasive ventilation or orotracheal intubation [3, 4] . Thus, respiratory therapy equipment is considered semi-critical items [5] ; therefore, when not disposable, these materials should be reprocessed. Reprocessing includes manual or mechanical cleaning and high-level disinfection or sterilization, which are activities that can disperse droplets and even produce aerosols in the sterile processing department (SPD) decontamination area [6] .

The guidelines for SPD workers recommend the use of a fluid-resistant face mask and eye protection [7] . However, information on the use of special respirators, such as N95 and PFF2 masks, is lacking, and to the best of our knowledge, no special guideline has been established for these workers during the pandemic, perhaps because they are not involved in direct care.

As with other health-care workers, SPD personnel are concerned about working in a place where possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) droplets could be generated. Considering the shortage of respirators and the possible dispersal of the virus in the form of an aerosol (aerosolization) during the cleaning of SARS-CoV-2-contaminated material in the SPD, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 

This cross-sectional study was performed in 2 teaching tertiary hospitals from July to August 2020.

Air samples were collected in COVID intensive care units (ICUs) and SPD from both hospitals. For the ICU samples, the air was collected from patients with invasive mechanical ventilation and non-invasive oxygen therapy. These patients were positive RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 carried out between 2 and 5 days after onset of symptoms and collected up to 72 h before the sampling day.

In the SPD, the air was collected always in 3 different time points in the decontamination area: (1) before the beginning of the decontamination processes; (2) for the mechanical cleaning, during unpacking and assembling of the respiratory equipment in the washer racks; (3) for the manual cleaning, during unpacking, brushing, and rinsing of the respiratory equipment. The Table 1 shows the study design and number of samples in each setting. The time from retrieval of the respiratory equipment from the patient to air collection varied from 30 min to 2 h. None of the ICU or decontamination areas of the SPD were negative-pressure rooms or had an air conditioning system. The SPDs from hospitals A and B measure 19.84 and 42 m 3 , respectively. The windows and doors were kept closed during all experiments.

The Coriolis ® µ air sampler (Bertin Technologies, France), which was set at 300 L/min for 10 min, was placed 20 inches (50 cm) from the respiratory therapy equipment being manually cleaned or during the assembly of the equipment in the washer racks or 20 inches (50 cm) from the patients' face. A sterile cone coupled to the air sampler was prefilled with 15 mL of 0.9% saline. This volume was then transferred to a centrifugal filter unit (Amicon-Ultra15, 30 kDa, Merck-Millipore, Germany) and centrifuged for 10 min at 5000 rpm at 4 °C.

Swab samples were obtained from the interior of the silicone respiratory equipment lines used by patients recently diagnosed with COVID-19. Sampling was performed using sterile flocked nylon swabs (FloqSwabs; Copa, Italy). Three swabs were rotated and rubbed over each proximate end of the respiratory lines in a zigzag pattern. The swab tips were then placed in a tube with 10 mL of 0.9% saline.

Nucleic acid extraction was performed using a QIAmp viral RNA mini kit (QIAGEN, Germany). Samples were then subjected to RT-PCR (RealStar ® SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Kit 1.0; Altona Diagnostics, Germany) followed by DNA amplification (Roche LightCycler ® 96 System; Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). Aliquots of the samples were inoculated in Vero cells (ATCC ® CCL-81 ™ ; ATCC, USA) in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and antibiotics/antimycotics and incubated in a 37 °C incubator in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 . Cultures were maintained for at least 2 weeks and observed daily for evidence of cytopathic effects (CPEs). At least 2 subcultures were performed on each sample. CPEs were detected using an inverted microscope (Nikon, Japan), and the presence of virus in supernatants from cultures showing CPEs was determined by specific RT-PCR, as described above. RT-PCR analysis was performed using RNA extracted from culture supernatants obtained after 2 passages after the initial inoculation.

This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee (CAAE 35133120.1.0000.5392). 

We obtained air samples in places where we supposed SARS-CoV-2-contaminated aerosol or droplets would have been generated (clinical areas with symptomatic patients and during the cleaning of respiratory equipment used by these patients). However, viral RNA was identified in only 1 air sample collected in the SPD, even when no decontamination procedure was performed in the area. Some authors have isolated the virus from aerosol and other surfaces in experimental controlled conditions [8, 9] , whereas others have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in air samples during endotracheal intubation [10] , in areas where aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) were performed, and in other public areas without known COVID-19 patients [11] . Nevertheless, until now, only 1 study has identified viable SARS-CoV-2 in air samples collected in a room occupied by patients diagnosed with COVID-19 but in the absence of an AGP [12, 13] . Air contamination with SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of airborne transmission still need further researches, as the possible contamination and viability of the in respiratory equipment lines.

During cleaning, the surfactants in detergents can dissolve the lipid bilayer membrane of SARS-CoV-2, providing a virucidal action [14] . This may explain the absence of aerosolization during manual cleaning in this study. Additionally, as SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in respiratory equipment lines, the virus could probably become non-viable on the equipment after being removed from the patient. In another study, viral RNA was identified in cooling water from ventilator circuits, but no culture was performed [10] .

Proper ventilation and air control may reduce viable virus from air samples, which can lead to false-negative air samples that do not represent the real AGP situation [15] . The positive sample of this study can be explained by airflows or faults in ventilation systems. It is worth mentioning that this sample was weakly positive (Ct 36.88) [15] .

We acknowledge that the air sampling method used in this study has limitations. The viral particles could be destroyed by the Coriolis ® µ equipment during air aspiration and centrifugation. However, other air sampling methods have been previously used, and it has not been possible to capture viable SARS-CoV-2 particles either [15] . Other limitations are the low number of samples and the lack of measurement of aerosol size.

We were unable to find SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in the air of SPDs during the reprocessing of contaminated respiratory therapy equipment. Based on these results, we conclude that the respiratory equipment might not have viable SARS-CoV-2 after use, hence the routine tasks in the SPD cannot be considered an AGP. 

Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare facilities

Critical supply shortages-the need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic

Case characteristics, resource use, and outcomes of 10021 patients with COVID-19 admitted to 920 German hospitals: an observational study

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

Infection prevention and control of epidemic and pandemic prone acute respiratory infections in health care

Negative pressure of the environmental air in the cleaning area of the materials and sterilization center: a systematic review

Comprehensive guide to steam sterilization and sterility assurance in health care facilities

Aerosol and surface stability of HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to SARS-CoV-1

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Air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 virus in a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, China

Investigating SARS-CoV-2 surface and air contamination in an acute healthcare setting during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in London

Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients

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SARS-CoV-2 and health care worker protection in low-risk settings: a review of modes of transmission and a novel airborne model involving inhalable particles

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We thank physiotherapist Adria Cristina da Silva and Dr Eliane Molina Psaltikidis for their invaluable help during collection of air samples from ICU patients. We also thank the Respiratory Unit and the Equipment Center from Hospital de Clinicas at Unicamp. We thank Hospital Estadual Sumaré and nurse Edna Beck for their priceless help.

Drs. CQdeMB, CLC-S and KUG had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: Drs. CQdeMB, CLC-S and KUG. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Drs. CQdeMB, CLC-S and KUG. Drafting of the manuscript: Drs. CQdeMB and CLC-S. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Dr. KUG. Isolation, culture and analyses of the virus: Dr. MCMC, AVdeP, LSVB, NEF and TRT-M. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de São Paulo (FAPESP), São Paulo, Brazil (Grant 2019/06912-8) and financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES) (finance code 001).

Data analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (CQMB caquartim@yahoo.com.br) on reasonable request, as long as this meets local ethics and research governance criteria.

Ethical approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee (CAAE 35133120.1.0000.5392).

Not applicable.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.