key: cord-1025009-0bo9qmk9
authors: Bellou, Vanesa; Tzoulaki, Ioanna; van Smeden, Maarten; Moons, Karel G. M.; Evangelou, Evangelos; Belbasis, Lazaros
title: Prognostic factors for adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a field-wide systematic review and meta-analysis
date: 2021-06-25
journal: Eur Respir J
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02964-2020
sha: 9cf6916e11e42429dad5d87ca1a648538d7de9fe
doc_id: 1025009
cord_uid: 0bo9qmk9

INTRODUCTION: The individual prognostic factors for COVID-19 are unclear. For this reason, we aimed to present a state-of-the-art systematic review and meta-analysis on the prognostic factors for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We systematically reviewed PubMed from January 1, 2020 to July 26, 2020 to identify non-overlapping studies examining the association of any prognostic factor with any adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and between-study heterogeneity was quantified using I(2) metric. Presence of small-study effects was assessed by applying the Egger's regression test. RESULTS: We identified 428 eligible articles, which were used in a total of 263 meta-analyses examining the association of 91 unique prognostic factors with 11 outcomes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, obstructive sleep apnea, pharyngalgia, history of venous thromboembolism, sex, coronary heart disease, cancer, chronic liver disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, any immunosuppressive medication, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatological disease and smoking were associated with at least one outcome and had >1000 events, p-value <0.005, I(2) <50%, 95% prediction interval excluding the null value, and absence of small-study effects in the respective meta-analysis. The risk of bias assessment using the Quality In Prognosis Studies tool indicated high risk of bias in 302 of 428 articles for study participation, 389 articles for adjustment for other prognostic factors, and 396 articles for statistical analysis and reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings could be used for prognostic model building and guide patients’ selection for randomised clinical trials.

In December 2019, a cluster of pneumonia cases was reported in Wuhan, China, and subsequent epidemiological tracking identified a novel coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2) as the cause. 1 The SARS-CoV-2 has spread across all continents since then and caused a public health crisis. 2 As of February 2021, there have been more than 100 million confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and more than 2 million deaths according to World Health Organization. 3 The ongoing public health emergency necessitates the discovery of reliable prognostic factors to guide clinical decision making and treatment plan tailored to the patient characteristics. These prognostic factors could also improve the design and analysis of future clinical trials and suggest novel insights on molecular pathways of the disease. 4, 5 There is a growing body of literature on COVID-19 patients, examining prognostic features of the disease. However, clinical decision-making and research guidance is often based on narrative reviews or low-quality studies. 6 There is yet no published effort to critically and systematically summarize the epidemiological evidence on the entire prognostic factor landscape for multiple adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Our study aims to fill this gap by conducting the first comprehensive systematic review, critical appraisal and (in case of sufficient data) meta-analysis of all prognostic factors in patients with COVID-19 by applying state-of-the-art approaches.

guideline and the latest guidance of the Prognosis Methods Group of the Cochrane Collaboration to design and report our meta-analysis. 7, 8 We designed the research question and data extraction of this systematic review according to the modified checklist for critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prognostic factor research (CHARMS-PF). 5, 9 A protocol for this systematic review was published on Open Science Foundation (osf.io/382wj).

We systematically searched PubMed from January 1, 2020 to July 26, 2020 to identify all studies examining any prognostic factor of any adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. Our search algorithm was based on LitCovid 10, 11 and was the following: We additionally performed a reference screening of the eligible articles to identify additional potentially eligible articles.

We considered as eligible observational studies or clinical trials that included patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (defined by real-time polymerase chain reaction testing or standardized clinical/radiological criteria) and examined the effect of any prognostic factor on any outcome. We considered eligible any outcome that was relevant to patients if its definition and measurement was standardized or explicitly defined. We excluded outcomes measured at the time of diagnosis or hospital admission, and prognostic factors measured after diagnosis or hospital admission, to ensure temporality between prognostic factor and outcome.

Prognostic factor was defined as "any measure that, among people with a given health condition, is associated with a subsequent clinical outcome." 12 We considered all types of prognostic factors including demographic and anthropometric individual characteristics, biomarkers, symptoms, clinical signs, medical history and comorbid diseases, medications, and findings in chest imaging. Table 1 shows a detailed description of the PICOTS (Population, Index prognostic factor, Comparator prognostic factor, Outcome, Timing, Setting) system. 5, 9, 13 2.3 Data Extraction

Data extraction was performed independently by two researchers (VB, LB)

following the CHARMS checklist. 5, 9 From each article, we extracted the first author, the year and the journal of publication, the geographic region and the involved hospital, the recruitment period, the examined prognostic factors, and the examined outcomes and their definition. For each prognostic factor, we extracted the reported measure of association (i.e., odds ratio, risk ratio, or hazard ratio) and the level of comparison. We extracted both univariable and multivariable prognostic factor's effect estimates, whenever available. 5, 8 2.4

The presence of bias in the eligible studies was assessed independently by two researchers (VB, LB) using the Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. QUIPS assesses 6 domains: participation, attrition, prognostic factor measurement, adjustment for other prognostic factors, outcome measurement and analysis and reporting. 5, 14 In each one domain apart from adjustment for other prognostic factors, risk of bias was assessed as low, moderate, or high based on a prespecified set of questions.

In the absence of a reported prognostic effect size, we calculated the univariable odds ratio (OR) and its standard error from the reported 2 × 2 contingency table. When zero counts occurred in a cell of the contingency table, we applied the Haldane-Anscombe correction. 15 For associations examined in at least 5 studies, we estimated the summary effect estimate and its 95% confidence interval (CI) applying the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model, because methodological heterogeneity was expected between the eligible studies. 16, 17 To minimize the effect of different outcome definitions on betweenstudy heterogeneity, we combined only studies using the same outcome definition. A statistically significant effect was claimed at P-value <0.05. Also, between-study heterogeneity was quantified by the I 2 statistic. 18, 19 Values greater than 50% and 75%

were judged as large and very large heterogeneity, respectively.

We estimated the 95% prediction interval, which further accounts the uncertainty for the effect that would be expected in a new study addressing the same association. 16 We assessed whether there was evidence for small-study effects with the Egger's regression asymmetry test. 20 The presence of small-study effects was based on a statistically significant Egger's test at P-value <0.10 combined by a more conservative effect in the largest study of the meta-analysis compared to the effect in the random-effects metaanalysis.

We performed three sensitivity analyses to explore potential sources of betweenstudy heterogeneity by excluding (a) studies presenting hazard ratios, (b) studies with a sample smaller than 100 COVID-19 patients, and (c) studies including only individuals with specific comorbidities. Then, we estimated the Spearman correlation coefficient to examine the correlation of effect estimate, I 2 statistic and P-value in the main analysis and the sensitivity analyses.

We also examined which associations presented a highly significant effect at P-value <0.005, absence of large or very large between-study heterogeneity (i.e., I 2 <50%), 95%

prediction interval excluding the null value, and more than 1000 events. The rationale for the use of a strict P-value threshold is based on current recommendations to avoid falsepositive findings. [21] [22] [23] Statistical analysis was performed on R Statistical Software version 3.6.3

(Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and the packages "metafor" and "metareg" were used for all analyses. Additional details on the eligibility criteria, the data extraction process, and the risk of bias assessment are presented in the supplementary material.

We screened a total of 36,661 articles, and we identified 428 eligible articles that were published between January 1, 2020 and July 26, 2020 and were included in a metaanalysis (Figure 1) . The majority of the included studies were from China (n=106), USA (n=98), Italy (n=65), Spain (n=34), France (n=26) and UK (n=20).

Risk of bias assessment 424 of 428 articles (99%) that participated in at least one meta-analysis were graded as having high risk of bias in at least one domain (Figure 2 ). To specify on domains, high risk of bias was present in 302 articles (71%) for study participation, one article for study attrition (0.2%), 255 articles (60%) for prognostic factor measurement, 19 articles (4%) for outcome measurement, and 396 articles (93%) for statistical analysis and reporting.

Also, 389 articles (91%) did not present a prognostic factor's effect estimate that was adjusted for other prognostic factors. The detailed assessment of the eligible articles per domain is presented in Supplementary Table 1.

We performed a total of 263 meta-analyses focused on risk for mortality (n=89 metaanalyses), ICU admission (n=48 meta-analyses), hospital admission (n=50 metaanalyses), two composite outcomes (n=24 meta-analyses), invasive mechanical ventilation (n=23 meta-analyses), acute kidney injury (n=9 meta-analyses), venous thromboembolism (n=6 meta-analyses), pulmonary embolism (n=5 meta-analyses), acute respiratory distress syndrome (n=5 meta-analyses), and deep venous thrombosis (n=4 meta-analyses).

Overall, we evaluated 91 unique prognostic factors which were categorized into seven categories: biomarkers (n=16 meta-analyses, 11 unique factors), comorbidities (n=120 meta-analyses, 30 

The median number of studies per meta-analysis was 9 (interquartile range [IQR], 6 -14) , the median number of events per meta-analysis was 1195 (IQR, 514 -2937) and

the median number of COVID-19 participants per meta-analysis was 5131 (IQR, 2394 -13,395). One hundred and fifty-seven of 263 meta-analyses (60%) included more than 1000 events. One hundred and forty-nine of 263 meta-analyses (57%) presented a statistically significant effect at P-value <0.05, whereas 119 of them had a P-value <0.005.

One hundred and thirty-seven of 263 meta-analyses (52%) presented large or very large between-study heterogeneity (I 2 >50%). Forty-eight of 263 meta-analyses (18%)

presented a 95% prediction interval that excluded the null value. Also, 18 of 263 metaanalyses (7%) presented evidence for small-study effects. The results of the metaanalyses for the 263 associations are available in Supplementary Table 2 .

A forest plot of the 29 associations with more than 1000 events, P-value <0.005, I 2 <50%, and no evidence of small-study effects is presented in Figure 3 . Of the 149 statistically significant meta-analyses at P-value <0.05, 16 meta-analyses included more than 1000 events, had a P-value <0.005 in random-effects model, I 2 <50%, 95%

prediction interval excluding the null value and absence of small-study effects. These meta-analyses examined the effect of obstructive sleep apnea ( (Figure 4 ).

We repeated 57 meta-analyses after excluding the studies that reported hazard ratios (HR) without information on 2 × 2 contingency A total of 103 meta-analyses were repeated after the exclusion of studies including only COVID-19 patients with a specific comorbid disorder (Supplementary Table 5) .

Overall, we observed high correlation of summary effect estimate (rho = 0.99, P <0.05), P-value (rho = 0.98, P-value <0.05), and I 2 statistic (rho = 0.98, P-value <0.05) before and after the exclusion of these studies.

We conducted a comprehensive systematic review, and meta-analysis to present an overview of the prognostic factors associated with any adverse outcome in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We applied state-of-the-art approaches to combine the data from more than 420 studies by following the relevant methodological guidance. In our research effort, we considered more than 260 associations covering a wide range of predictors for multiple outcomes in COVID-19 patients. More than half of these associations presented a nominally significant effect, and only 16 of them provided strong evidence in terms of sample size, statistical significance, consistency, and lack of small-study effects. Below, we discuss the findings of our research effort with a focus on the most credible predictors, and the potential biases in these associations.

Our risk of bias assessment indicated that almost all the eligible studies included in our systematic review presented high risk of bias in at least one domain of QUIPS tool.

Most articles had high risk of bias in the domains of participation and statistical analysis and presented several statistical pitfalls, including absence of a regression technique or inappropriate modelling strategy and handling of missing data, and poor reporting of the time horizon of prediction. In accordance with the systematic review of prognostic and diagnostic models for COVID-19, 24 our systematic review of individual prognostic factors also indicated poor reporting of the length of follow-up, exclusion of participants who still had the disease at the end of the study period and inappropriate statistical methods. Our meta-analyses focused on unadjusted effect estimates, indicating that the prognostic effect of some prognostic factors is likely to become smaller if they were included in a multivariable prediction model. 5 We could not combine adjusted effect estimates, because they were only scarcely reported in the literature. Whenever adjusted effect estimates were presented, selection of covariates was not consistent among different studies, whereas the selection of covariates in the multivariable model either was not clearly described in the eligible studies or was inappropriately based on the results of univariable modelling. An additional observation of our systematic review, corroborating the poor research practices in this field, was the substantial use of overlapping populations to examine the same or correlated prognostic factors and/or outcomes in different articles. [25] [26] [27] Age and sex constitute known prognostic factors for many chronic diseases. Our analysis confirms that age is a prognostic factor related to hospitalization, and mortality, with a linear dose-response association with mortality. Although large between-study heterogeneity was observed in these meta-analyses, 95% prediction intervals excluded the null value. Also, sex was identified as a prognostic factor for ICU admission, acute kidney injury, invasive mechanical ventilation, and composite outcome (defined as ICU admission, and death) in male compared to female patients. In these associations small or moderate between-study heterogeneity was observed, but 95% prediction intervals included the null value for acute kidney injury, and composite outcome. The strong association of age and sex with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients indicates that they should be considered in multivariable prognostic models as covariates.

Symptoms and clinical signs associated with adverse events in COVID-19 patients could be used as "red flags" for patients requiring enhanced monitoring or treatment. 28 Dyspnea was a predictor of hospitalization, oxygen saturation was a predictor of mortality, and both associations presented large between-study heterogeneity with 95% prediction intervals excluding the null value. Also, pharyngalgia was a predictor of hospitalization with absence of large between-study heterogeneity and 95% prediction interval excluding the null value. Additionally, smoking could be considered a prognostic factor of clinical deterioration because available evidence showed a consistent association of smoking with risk of mortality.

Almost half of the meta-analyses examined comorbid diseases as prognostic factors of COVID-19 outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 causes systemic inflammation and multi-organ damage outside the respiratory system, therefore patients with pre-existing chronic disorders of these organs may be more prone to organ insufficiency. 29 Future studies should include a detailed description of the recruitment process and sample selection, apply an appropriate regression modelling technique for the statistical analysis and present prognostic effects adjusted at least for age and sex. The time horizon for the prediction should be clearly reported and hazard ratios should be the effect size metric of choice, because odds ratios and risk ratios are sensitive to changes based on the time horizon of the prediction contributing to between-study heterogeneity. Also, selective reporting of findings should be avoided to minimize the effect of publication bias in the reported associations.

Based on a recently published comprehensive systematic review of COVID-19 related prediction models, the selection of predictors for model building is more appropriate to be based on previous literature than on a purely data driven approach. 24 Considering that our meta-analyses synthesized unadjusted prognostic effect estimates, our findings do highlight the prognostic factors that could constitute good predictors for adverse events in patients with COVID-19. Our findings could be used as a pool for candidate predictors in future efforts to develop a new prediction model or update existing ones for COVID-19 patients.

The major strength of our study is that it provides an overall mapping, and statistical synthesis of all published studies examining prognostic factors for multiple health outcomes in COVID-19 patients. We especially focused on including only studies with non-overlapping populations in each meta-analysis. This was achieved through detailed scrutinization of the methodology of eligible articles to capture the period of recruitment, and the hospital setting of each study. Furthermore, we enhanced our systematic review and meta-analysis by a risk of bias assessment using QUIPS tool to identify the domains that could introduce bias to the prognostic factor's effect estimates.

However, our study has some limitations. We observed high risk of bias in at least one domain in almost all the studies, and this fact could lead to biased prognostic factor's effect estimates in the meta-analyses. Furthermore, half of the meta-analyses presented large between-study heterogeneity, but sources of heterogeneity could not be adequately Incomplete reporting did not allow us to examine the effect of these characteristics by subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses or meta-regression in the summary effect of the meta-analyses. Moreover, a meta-analysis was not feasible for outcomes that were not defined in a standardized manner across different studies, such as progression of COVID-19, acute myocardial injury, and acute liver injury.

Our article systematically identified and assessed all the published studies examining prognostic factors for adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 published until the end of July 2020. We made an exhaustive and comprehensive effort to assess the quality of the studies and to exclude all possible duplicate studies and studies including overlapping population to avoid inflation of the reported summary effects. Our findings could facilitate the selection of candidate predictors for development or update of multivariable prognostic models. 

VB is supported by PhD scholarship funded by the Greek State Scholarships Foundation.

No funding body has influenced data collection, analysis, or interpretation.

Not needed. . Sankey diagram presenting the 29 statistically significant associations at Pvalue <0.005 that had more than 1000 events, I 2 <50%, absence of small-study effects.

The thickness of each line connecting a prognostic factor with an outcome depends on the number of studies examining this association. 

We excluded studies that examined the diagnostic factors distinguishing COVID-19 pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia; the prognostic factors for infections by other coronaviruses; and the predictors of a positive result in testing for SARS-COV-2 in patients suspected for COVID-19. Moreover, we excluded studies that performed propensity score matching, because this approach is appropriate for causal inference rather than prediction. We excluded case-series including less than 20 COVID-19 patients, and studies published in languages other than English.

If the handling of a prognostic factor (i.e., dichotomous, categorical, or continuous) was not reported, we did not extract this association. For dichotomized continuous prognostic factors, we extracted the cut-off value. Also, when a measure of association was not reported, for binary factors, we extracted the number of individuals with the factor present in both patients with and without the outcome. For studies conducted in the same geographic region, we compared hospitals and recruitment periods to ensure that fully independent populations will be included in each meta-analysis. When multiple studies with potentially overlapping samples examined the same association, we kept the study that had the largest sample size for the corresponding meta-analysis.

We also assessed whether the eligible studies applied a multivariable analysis in which they adjusted the associations of specific prognostic factors for other prognostic factors. For studies examining multiple prognostic factors and/or outcomes, we assessed the pertinent question with the highest risk of bias grade for the ascertainment of the prognostic factor and outcome. The eligible studies were assessed on the basis of the prognostic factors and the outcomes that participated in a meta-analysis. Note: For studies examining multiple prognostic factors and/or outcomes, we assessed the pertinent question with the highest risk of bias grade for the ascertainment of the prognostic factor and outcome. ** Two studies did not report the number of cases and/or total number of participants.

*** Three studies did not report the number of cases and/or total number of participants. † The annotated meta-analyses fulfilled the criteria for the presence of small-study effects (a statistically significant Egger's test at P-value <0.10 and a more conservative effect in the largest study than in the random-effects meta-analysis.

Abbreviations: ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, ARBs = angiotensin II receptor blockers, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index, bpm = breaths per minute (for respiratory rate) or beats per minute (for heart rate), CI = confidence interval, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP = C-reactive protein, GI = gastrointestinal, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, OR = odds ratio, PI = prediction interval, RE = random-effects, SpO 2 = blood oxygen saturation, VTE = venous thromboembolism, WBC = white blood cells 

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Clinical characteristics, outcomes and prognosticators in adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19

Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in African-Americans with COVID-19 from an inner-city community teaching hospital in New York

Impact of anti-rheumatic drugs and steroids on clinical course and prognosis of COVID-19

Acute pulmonary embolism in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients referred to CTPA by emergency department

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus With COVID-19

30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the Italian epidemic: A prospective cohort study

Predictive value of National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) for intensive care unit admission in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Sars-CoV-2 Induced Coagulopathy and Prognosis in Hospitalized Patients: A Snapshot from Italy

COVID-19: clinical course and outcomes of 36 hemodialysis patients in Spain

Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Adult Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 -Georgia

Factors Associated to Hospital Admission in a Care Protocol in COVID-19

Risk of severe COVID-19 in hypertensive patients treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors

Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study

Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City

Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Systematic Screening for Venous Thromboembolic Events in COVID-19 Pneumonia

Risk Factors Associated With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units in Lombardy, Italy

Characteristics, predictors and outcomes among 99 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in a tertiary care centre in Switzerland: an observational analysis

Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

Factors Associated With Death in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US

Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease in a Large Cohort of Infected Patients From New York: Clinical Implications

Analysis of Early Data from

Obesity, overweight and survival in critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: is there an obesity paradox? Preliminary results from Italy

Demographic and clinical features of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Greece: The burden of diabetes and obesity

Is it all in the heart? Myocardial injury as major predictor of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Older age is associated with sustained detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab samples

Blood cell counts and lymphocyte subsets of patients admitted during the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study

Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19

The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): a multicentre, European, observational cohort study

Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients with COVID-19

Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

Influence of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system on risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome in Danish hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Clinical Features and Outcomes of 98 Patients Hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Daegu, South Korea: A Brief Descriptive Study

Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 -Preliminary Report

Platelet activation and platelet-monocyte aggregate formation trigger tissue factor expression in patients with severe COVID-19

Race/Ethnicity, Underlying Medical Conditions, Homelessness, and Hospitalization Status of Adult Patients with COVID-19 at an Urban Safety-Net Medical Center

COVID-19 is more severe in patients with hypertension

ACEI/ARB treatment does not influence clinical severity and outcome

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan

Hypoalbuminemia predicts the outcome of COVID-19 independent of age and co-morbidity

Clinical characteristics of 17 patients with COVID-19 and systemic autoimmune diseases: a retrospective study

Decreased serum albumin level indicates poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients: hepatic injury analysis from 2,623 hospitalized cases

Factors Associated With Intubation and Prolonged Intubation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19

Acute kidney injury and urinary biomarkers in hospitalized patients with coronavirus

Neurological diseases as mortality predictive factors for patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Age and Multimorbidity Predict Death Among COVID-19 Patients: Results of the SARS-RAS Study of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979)

Older age and comorbidity are independent mortality predictors in a large cohort of 1305 COVID-19 patients in Michigan, United States

Independent Correlates of Hospitalization in 2040 Patients with COVID-19 at a Large Hospital System in Michigan, United States

Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and cardiac disease in Northern Italy

Characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia at Hvidovre Hospital

Smell and Taste Dysfunction in COVID-19 Is Associated With Younger Age in Ambulatory Settings: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study

Characteristics and Mortality of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Iran: A National Retrospective Cohort Study

Prognostic Accuracy of the SIRS, qSOFA, and NEWS for Early Detection of Clinical Deterioration in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients

Clinical and laboratory findings from patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Babol North of Iran: a retrospective cohort study

Clinical imaging characteristics of inpatients with coronavirus disease-2019 in Heilongjiang Province, China: a retrospective study

Compassionate Use of Tocilizumab for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia

Association of Renin-angiotensinaldosterone System Inhibitors With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Related Outcomes in Korea: A Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study

Descriptive characteristics of hospitalized adult smokers and never-smokers with COVID-19

Association of Obesity with Disease Severity Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease

Outcomes Among HIV-Positive Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19

A snapshot of the Covid-19 pandemic among pregnant women in France

Special report: Prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among active component Army service members with coronavirus disease

Clinical characteristics and 28-day mortality of medical patients admitted with COVID-19 to a central London teaching hospital

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the first 63 adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19: An experience from Oman

Epidemiology of COVID-19 Infection in Oman: Analysis of the First 1304 Cases

Characteristics Associated with Hospitalization Among Patients with COVID-19

The Correlation of Comorbidities on the Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: an Observational Study Based on the Korean National Health Insurance Big Data

Risk Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission and In-hospital Mortality among Hospitalized Adults Identified through the U.S. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET)

Lung base CT findings in COVID-19 adult patients presenting with acute abdominal complaints: case series from a major New York City health system

Severe Obesity as an Independent Risk Factor for COVID-19 Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Younger than 50

Confirmation of the high cumulative incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: An updated analysis

Characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 at a district general hospital in Surrey, UK

Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: A single-center observational analysis

Clinical characteristics of acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis diagnosed by duplex in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019

The Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 81 Children with COVID-19 in a Pandemic Hospital in Turkey: an Observational Cohort Study

Coronavirus disease 2019: acute Fanconi syndrome precedes acute kidney injury

Association between male sex and outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) -a Danish nationwide, register-based study

Clinical comorbidities, characteristics, and outcomes of mechanically ventilated patients in the State of Michigan with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

Cardiovascular comorbidities, cardiac injury, and prognosis of COVID-19 in New York City

Prognosis of COVID-19: Changes in laboratory parameters

Early experience of an infectious and tropical diseases unit during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

Detection of Pulmonary Embolism in Returning Travelers with Hypoxemic Pneumonia due to COVID-19 in Reunion Island

Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 with Evidence-Based Supportive Care

COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study

Risk Factors for Mortality and Respiratory Support in Elderly Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in Korea

Clinical Course of Asymptomatic and Mildly Symptomatic Patients with Coronavirus Disease Admitted to Community Treatment Centers

Distinct clinical and immunological features of SARS-CoV-2-induced multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children

Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China

Clinical features and short-term outcomes of elderly patients with COVID-19

Clinical features of familial clustering in patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Predictors of fatality including radiographic findings in adults with COVID-19

Baseline characteristics and risk factors for short-term outcomes in 132 COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Wuhan China: A retrospective study

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of 74 Patients With Severe or Critical COVID-19

Cancer increases risk of in-hospital death from COVID-19 in persons <65 years and those not in complete remission

Association between renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and COVID-19 complications. Eur Hear journal Cardiovasc Pharmacother

Fatal Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients with Severe Acute Kidney Injury

Association between detectable SARS-COV-2 RNA in anal swabs and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Focusing on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19 Is Far From Enough. Gastroenterology

Critically ill patients with COVID-19 with ECMO and artificial liver plasma exchange: A retrospective study

Laboratory findings and a combined multifactorial approach to predict death in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study

GI symptoms and fever increase the risk of severe illness and death in patients with COVID-19

High neutralizing antibody titer in intensive care unit patients with COVID-19

Prevalence and predictive value of hypocalcemia in severe COVID-19 patients

Alteration of serum markers in COVID-19 and implications on mortality

Venous and arterial thromboembolic complications in COVID-19 patients admitted to an academic hospital in

COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis: The Dutch experience

Impact of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on COVID-19 in a western population. CARDIOVID registry

Myocardial injury determination improves risk stratification and predicts mortality in COVID-19 patients

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Multiple Sclerosis

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated coagulopathy and its impact on outcomes in Shenzhen, China: A retrospective cohort study

Kidney allograft recipients, immunosuppression, and coronavirus disease-2019: a report of consecutive cases from a New York City transplant center

Maternal mortality from COVID-19 in Mexico

Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Coronavirus

COVID-19 in patients with lung cancer

Prealbumin as a Predictor of Prognosis in Patients With Coronavirus Disease

Magnitude and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and their relationship to disease severity

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictive biomarker for moderate-severe ARDS in severe COVID-19 patients

Routine Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis May Be Inadequate in the Hypercoagulable State of Severe Coronavirus Disease

Clinical Presentation of COVID-19: Case Series and Review of the Literature

Asthma prolongs intubation in COVID-19

When a nephrology ward becomes a COVID-19 ward: the Cremona experience

New York Inner City Hospital COVID-19 Experience and Current Data: Retrospective Analysis at the Epicenter of the American Coronavirus Outbreak

Characteristics of Hospitalized Pediatric Coronavirus Disease

Thrombocytopenia is independently associated with poor outcome in patients hospitalized for COVID-19

Survival study of hospitalised patients with concurrent COVID-19 and haematological malignancies

Clinical presentation and outcome across age categories among patients with COVID-19 admitted to a Spanish Emergency Department

Risk factors and severity predictors in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: Analysis of 52 patients

Effect of Systemic Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2 on Lopinavir and Hydroxychloroquine Plasma Concentrations

High mortality in COVID-19 patients with mild respiratory disease

Electrocardiographic Findings in Coronavirus Disease-19: Insights on Mortality and Underlying Myocardial Processes

Characteristics of the initial patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a single-center report

Pre-eclampsia-like syndrome induced by severe COVID-19: a prospective observational study

Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study

Incidence of pulmonary embolism in non-critically ill COVID-19 patients. Predicting factors for a challenging diagnosis

Abnormal liver tests in patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019: Should we worry?

Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York City

COVID-19-Hospitalized Patients in Karnataka: Survival and Stay Characteristics

Do patients with cancer have a poorer prognosis of COVID-19? An experience in New York City

Impact of dementia on clinical outcomes in elderly patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): an experience in New York

Selenium Deficiency Is Associated with Mortality Risk from COVID-19

Diabetes and CoViD-19: Experience from the frontline of Internal Medicine wards in Italy

Pharmacological characteristics of patients infected with SARS-Cov-2 admitted to Intensive Care Unit in South of France

Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: a population-based study (N = 4532)

Experience with tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia after 80 days of follow-up: A retrospective cohort study

Obesity prolongs the hospital stay in patients affected by COVID-19, and may impact on SARS-COV-2 shedding

Clinical characteristics and predictors of survival in adults with coronavirus disease 2019 receiving tocilizumab

Characteristics of Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 in an Integrated Health Care System in California

National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) on admission predicts severe disease and in-hospital mortality from Covid-19 -a prospective cohort study

Venous Thrombosis Among Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease

Letter: liver disease and COVID-19-not the perfect storm

Epidemiological Characteristics and Incubation Period of 7015 Confirmed Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outside Hubei Province in China

Cardiac Troponin I Is an Independent Predictor for Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19

Epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in IRAN: A single center study

Gastrointestinal Symptoms and COVID-19: Case-Control Study from the United States

Clinical characteristics and shortterm outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective single-center experience of a designated hospital in Poland

Clinical course, severity and mortality in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 with rheumatic diseases

Coronavirus disease 19 in minority populations of

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH COVID-19 IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN MEXICO CITY: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

Long-term ACE Inhibitor/ARB Use Is Associated With Severe Renal Dysfunction and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Severe COVID-19: Results From a Referral Center Cohort in the Northeast of France

Smell and taste alterations in COVID-19: a cross-sectional analysis of different cohorts

Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 are associated with greater disease severity

Coronavirus Disease among Persons with Sickle Cell Disease

COVID-19 outcomes in MS: Observational study of early experience from NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center

New-onset anosmia and ageusia in adult patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection

Incidence of thrombosis and hemorrhage in hospitalized cancer patients with COVID-19

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Community-and Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury with COVID-19 in a US Inner City Hospital System

Characteristics, comorbidities, 30-day outcome and in-hospital mortality of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in a Swiss area -a retrospective cohort study

Diagnostic value of peripheral hematologic markers for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, crosssectional study

COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: Initial report from the US epicenter

Use of tocilizumab in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19

The role of visceral adiposity in the severity of COVID-19: Highlights from a unicenter cross-sectional pilot study in Germany

Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study

Obesity is Associated with Increased Risk for Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Obesity (Silver Spring)

Abnormal liver function tests predict transfer to intensive care unit and death in COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 Positive Hospitalized Cancer Patients during the Italian Outbreak: The Cohort Study in Reggio Emilia

Baseline Chronic Comorbidity and Mortality in Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases: Results from the PRECOVID Study in Spain

Liver involvement is not associated with mortality: results from a large cohort of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients

Acute Pulmonary Embolism and COVID-19

Age-dependent Gender Differences in COVID-19 in Mainland China: Comparative Study

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With a History of Stroke in Wuhan

Gendered effects on inflammation reaction and outcome of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan

Higher levels of IL-6 early after tocilizumab distinguish survivors from nonsurvivors in COVID-19 pneumonia: A possible indication for deeper targeting of IL-6

Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Outcomes in Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease

Correlation between Chest Computed Tomography Scan Findings and Mortality of COVID-19 Cases; a Cross sectional Study

Risk and predictors of in-hospital mortality from COVID-19 in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Impaired cardiac function is associated with mortality in patients with acute COVID-19 infection

Prevalence and Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in the United States: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Extremely High Incidence of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in 48 Patients With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan

Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area

Clinical Factors, Preventive Behaviours and Temporal Outcomes Associated with COVID-19 Infection in Health Professionals at a Spanish Hospital

Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory factors on admission associated with COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients: A retrospective observational study

Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer

Covid-19 transmission, outcome and associated risk factors in cancer patients at the first month of the pandemic in a Spanish hospital in Madrid

The presence of heart disease worsens prognosis in patients with COVID-19

Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State

Protective role of chronic treatment with direct oral anticoagulants in elderly patients affected by interstitial pneumonia in COVID-19 era

How important is obesity as a risk factor for respiratory failure, intensive care admission and death in hospitalised COVID-19 patients? Results from a single Italian centre

Characterization of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019

Clinical impact of pre-admission antithrombotic therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A multicenter observational study

Novel coronavirus disease 2019: predicting prognosis with a computed tomography-based disease severity score and clinical laboratory data

Characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients in an underserved-inner city population: A single tertiary center cohort

COVID 19-Clinical Profile, Radiological Presentation, Prognostic Predictors, Complications and Outcome: A Perspective from the Indian Subcontinent

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality from COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancies

Incidence of deep vein thrombosis among non-ICU patients hospitalized for COVID-19 despite pharmacological thromboprophylaxis

Hyperglycaemia on admission to hospital and COVID-19

Could Anti-Hypertensive Drug Therapy Affect the Clinical Prognosis of Hypertensive Patients With COVID-19 Infection? Data From Centers of Southern Italy

Performance of pneumonia severity index and CURB-65 in predicting 30-day mortality in patients with COVID-19

A possible benefit from therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: the Dolo hospital experience in Veneto

Is the use of ACE inb/ARBs associated with higher in-hospital mortality in Covid-19 pneumonia patients?

Epidemiological Characteristics and Forecast of COVID-19 Outbreak in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Poor outcome and prolonged persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19 patients with haematological malignancies; King's College Hospital experience

Demographics, comorbidities and outcomes in hospitalized Covid-19 patients in rural southwest Georgia

Epidemiological and clinical features of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in the South of Iran

The Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19 Prognosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Wuhan, China

Early experience with COVID-19 patients at academic hospital in Southwestern United States

Clinical and laboratory-derived parameters of 119 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease

Characteristics and clinical significance of myocardial injury in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019

High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Obesity (Silver Spring)

Cohort of Four Thousand Four Hundred Four Persons Under Investigation for COVID-19 in a New York Hospital and Predictors of ICU Care and Ventilation

Angiopoietin-2 as a marker of endothelial activation is a good predictor factor for intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients

Impaired glucose metabolism in patients with diabetes, prediabetes, and obesity is associated with severe COVID-19

Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Mortality due to COVID-19 in Espírito Santo State, Brazil

Clinical Profiles, Characteristics, and Outcomes of the First 100 Admitted COVID-19 Patients in Pakistan: A Single-Center Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi

Nifedipine and Amlodipine Are Associated With Improved Mortality and Decreased Risk for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation in Elderly Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19

Tocilizumab for treatment of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19

Mortality and survival of COVID-19

Antimicrobial prescribing practices at a tertiary-care center in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 across the continuum of care

Thrombotic risk in COVID-19: a case series and case-control study

Coronavirus disease-2019 in cancer patients. A report of the first 25 cancer patients in a western country (Italy)

Clinical Characteristics and Morbidity Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Series of Patients in Metropolitan Detroit

Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients

Risk Factors for Mortality in 244 Older Adults With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Study

The underlying changes and predicting role of peripheral blood inflammatory cells in severe COVID-19 patients: A sentinel?

An epidemiological study of laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital of Pune, Maharashtra

Associations Between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19

Association between high serum total cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19

The use of hydroxychloro uine plus azithromycin and early hospital admission are beneficial in Covid-19 patients: Turkey experience with real-life data

Neutrophilto-Lymphocyte Ratio and Outcomes in Louisiana COVID-19 Patients

Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 -11 Academic Medical Centers

Body temperature correlates with mortality in COVID-19 patients

Clinical features of 95 sequential hospitalised patients with novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), the first UK cohort

Clinical and Chest Radiography Features Determine Patient Outcomes in Young and Middle-aged Adults with COVID-19

Venous thromboembolism in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospitalized Patients With Kidney Disease

Selective CD8 cell reduction by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a worse prognosis and systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients

Presentation and Outcomes of Patients with ESKD and COVID-19

Risk factors and outcomes of COVID-19 in New York City; a retrospective cohort study

The Plasmatic Aldosterone and C-Reactive Protein Levels, and the Severity of Covid-19: The Dyhor-19 Study

Retrospective Description of Pregnant Women Infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, France. Emerg Infect Dis

Prognosis analysis of patients with mental disorders with COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study

Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease

Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: Characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up

Clinical Course and Outcomes of 344 Intensive Care Patients with COVID-19

15-day mortality and associated risk factors for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: an ambispective observational cohort study

Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 28 PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND COVID-19 IN WUHAN

Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of In-hospital Mortality in Patients With Coronavirus Disease-2019: A Cohort Study in Wuhan, China

Are COVID-19 patients with hypertension at higher risk in China?

A tertiary center experience of multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19: lessons learned and the path forward

Pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients with COVID-19

Radiomics Analysis of Computed Tomography helps predict poor prognostic outcome in COVID-19

Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a multicenter, retrospective, observational study

Suppressed T cell-mediated immunity in patients with COVID-19: A clinical retrospective study in Wuhan

Monitoring and Management of Home-Quarantined Patients With COVID-19 Using a WeChat-Based Telemedicine System: Retrospective Cohort Study

Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in context of COVID-19 outbreak: a retrospective analysis

Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in COVID-19

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as prognostic and predictive factor in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study

The role of essential organ-based comorbidities in the prognosis of COVID-19 infection patients

Epidemiological and clinical features of 200 hospitalized patients with corona virus disease 2019 outside Wuhan, China: A descriptive study

Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Receiving Emergency Medical Services in King County

A retrospective study of risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in hospitalized adult patients

D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study

SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients undergoing active treatment: analysis of clinical features and predictive factors for severe respiratory failure and death

Clinical features of rheumatic patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China

Impact of comorbidities on patients with COVID-19: A large retrospective study in Zhejiang

Liver injury is independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Gut

Association Between Clinical Manifestations and Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19

Clinical Characteristics, Associated Factors, and Predicting COVID-19 Mortality Risk: A Retrospective Study in Wuhan, China

Association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan

Clinical course and treatment efficacy of COVID-19 near Hubei Province, China: A multicentre, retrospective study

Simple nomogram based on initial laboratory data for predicting the probability of ICU transfer of COVID-19 patients: Multicenter retrospective study

Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19

Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China

Deep Vein Thrombosis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcome

A Novel Scoring System for Prediction of Disease Severity in COVID-19

Diarrhea and altered inflammatory cytokine pattern in severe coronavirus disease 2019: Impact on disease course and inhospital mortality

Clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics and risk factors for severity and mortality of 289 hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Development and validation of a risk factorbased system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study

Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 at different ages

Clinical characteristics of 34 COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit in Hangzhou

Development and Validation of a Prognostic Nomogram Based on Clinical and CT Features for Adverse Outcome Prediction in Patients with COVID-19

Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study

Effect of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With COVID-19

Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with hypertension on renin-angiotensin system inhibitors

Association of Blood Glucose Control and Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score as a Predictor of Hospital Mortality in Patients of Coronavirus Disease