key: cord-1024054-utma5d53
authors: Rygielska-Tokarska, Dorota; Andrei, Graciela; Schols, Dominique; Snoeck, Robert; Głowacka, Iwona E.
title: Synthesis, antiviral, cytotoxic and cytostatic evaluation of N(1)-(phosphonoalkyl)uracil derivatives
date: 2016-03-01
journal: Monatsh Chem
DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1701-2
sha: c2beebf42f43944f143b4ece73791fcf766943a9
doc_id: 1024054
cord_uid: utma5d53

ABSTRACT: A series of N (1)-(phosphonoalkyl)uracils was prepared in a two-step reaction sequence from ω-aminoalkylphosphonates and (E)-3-ethoxyacryloyl isocyanate followed by the uracil ring closure. Under standard conditions (NCS; NBS; I(2)/CAN) all N (1)-(phosphonoalkyl)uracils were transformed into the respective 5-halogeno derivatives to be later benzoylated at N3. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against a broad variety of DNA and RNA viruses. One compound was slightly active against human cytomegalovirus in HEL cell cultures (EC(50) = 45 μM) while another showed weak activity against varicella-zoster virus (TK(+) VZV strain OKA and TK(−) VZV strain 07-1) with EC(50) = 43 and 53 µM, respectively. In addition, several compounds exhibited noticeable inhibitory effects on the proliferation of human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) at a concentration lower than 200 μM. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text]

Acyclic nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been used in clinical practice for almost 50 years and have become cornerstones in the treatment of patients with viral infections [1] [2] [3] . Nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir, ganciclovir, and penciclovir as well as acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), namely adefovir, cidofovir, and tenofovir, belong to the most widely used antiviral drugs ( Fig. 1 ) [4] [5] [6] . The ribose moiety in natural nucleosides/ nucleotides was replaced by linear or branched aliphatic units to obtain analogues with specific activity following activation by viral and/or cellular kinases. The antiviral activity of these compounds relies on enzyme inhibition or on incorporation as active metabolites into the viral nucleic acids resulting in inhibition of viral genome replication.

In the last decade, several new drugs, including nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, have been approved for the treatment of viral infections and in cancer chemotherapy. Many nucleoside/nucleotide analogues and their derivatives are currently under preclinical and clinical trials [7] which demonstrates how rapidly this area of research grows. However, some of these analogues have poor oral bioavailability and are associated with toxicity, limiting their application for treatment of cancer and viral infections. Moreover, a long-term treatment with antiviral drugs may result in lower sensitivity of the viruses to chemotherapeutics (drug resistance) [8, 9] . For this reason, a search for new compounds with higher antiviral and antitumor activities, good bioavailability, better solubility, and proper balance between efficacy and long-term toxicity still continues.

The known synthetic strategies to ANPs commonly apply alkylation of heterocyclic bases [10] while the construction of nucleobase skeletons from the appropriate terminal primary amines has been less frequently used [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Herein, we report on the efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of acyclic nucleotide analogues by application of the latter approach (Scheme 1).

x-Aminoalkylphosphonates can be prepared by several methods. Arbuzov reaction [16] of N-(x-bromoalkyl)phthalimides with trialkyl phosphites seems to be most frequently applied. Alternatively, x-aminoalkylphosphonates can be synthesized from nitriles [17] or from xazidophosphonates employing hydrogenolysis [18] .

Diethyl aminoalkylphosphonates 2a-2d (aminomethyl-, 2-aminoethyl-, 3-aminopropyl-, and 4-aminobutylphosphonates), used in this study, are known and have already been described in the literature [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . Thus, diethyl aminomethylphosphonate (2a) was prepared in total 90 % yield from N-(bromomethyl)phthalimide followed by the treatment with hydrazine [19] [20] [21] whereas x-aminoalkylphosphonates 2b-2d were synthesized from the corresponding x-azidoalkylphosphonates 1b-1d [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] by catalytic hydrogenation [23, 26] . However, several literature reports [33, 34] noticed the formation of significant amounts of symmetrical secondary amines as by-products during hydrogenolysis of azides depending on the azide concentration and the azide to catalyst ratio. When xazidophosphonates 1b-1d were subjected to hydrogenation in the presence of 10 % Pd-C, symmetrical secondary amines 3b-3d contaminated (11-33 %) the major phosphonates 2b-2d as judged from the 31 P NMR spectra (Scheme 2). The mixtures of x-aminoalkylphosphonates 2b-2d containing various amounts of symmetrical secondary amines 3b-3d were separated on silica gel columns.

Alkylation of nucleobases with substituted alkylphosphonates is generally recognized as a capricious process since dealkylation of phosphonate esters accompany the formation of a carbon-nucleobase bond and this was the primary reason to replace O,O-dimethyl and O,O-diethyl esters with O,O-diisopropyl phosphonates [35, 36] . Based on this experience and that of other groups, we concluded that the alternative approach to independently construct the pyrimidine ring through functionalization of xaminoalkylphosphonates is more feasible than the alkylation.

The N 1 -(phosphonoalkyl)uracils 5a-5d were synthesized from x-aminoalkylphosphonates 2b-2d in a two-step procedure which involved reaction with (E)-3-ethoxyacryloyl isocyanate [37] in situ generated from (E)-3ethoxyacryloyl chloride [38] [39] [40] and silver cyanate followed by the uracil ring closure in the presence of 2 M H 2 SO 4 (Scheme 3) [18, 39, 40] .

The conversion of uracil phosphonates 5a-5d into 5-chlorouracils 6a-6d and 5-bromouracils 8a-8d was achieved by treatment with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) [41] and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) [41] respectively, 

Reagents and conditions: a. H 2 , 10% Pd-C, EtOH, r.t. 20 h whereas 5-iodouracils 9a-9d were synthesized using iodine and cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) [42] (Scheme 4). Although iodination and bromination of uracils 5a-5d proceeded regioselectively at C5, chlorination of uracil phosphonates 5c, 5d under the applied conditions provided mixtures of C5 and C6 regioisomers 7c, 7d in an approximately 8:2 ratio.

Moreover, based on the literature report [43] and on our previous observations regarding the effect of the benzoyl substituent at N-3 of a nucleobase on the antiviral activity [29, 44] , the N 3 -benzoyluracil analogues 10a-10d were synthesized from phosphonates 5a-5d as shown on Scheme 4.

Structures and purity of all synthesized compounds were established by 1 H, 31 P and 13 C NMR and IR techniques as well as by elemental analysis.

All the synthesized compounds 5a-5d, 6a-6d, and 8a-10d were evaluated for their antiviral activities against a wide variety of DNA and RNA viruses, using the following cell- Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA), Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA), dextran sulfate (molecular weight 5000, DS-5000), ribavirin, oseltamivir carboxylate, amantadine, and rimantadine were used as the reference compounds. The antiviral activity was expressed as the EC 50 : the compound concentration required to reduce virus-plaque formation (VZV) or virus-induced cytopathogenicity by 50 % (other viruses). It was found that the acyclic phosphonate analogues 10a and 10d containing the N 3benzoyluracil group as a modified nucleobase exhibited noticeable activity. Thus, compound 10a showed activity against cytomegalovirus (AD-169 strain) in human embryonic lung (HEL) cells (EC 50 = 45 lM), whereas compound 10d proved to be active against VZV (TK ? strain OKA and TKstrain 07-1) with EC 50 = 43 and 53 lM, respectively. The antiviral activity of compound 10d against VZV TKstrain 07-1 appeared to be slightly better than the activity of acyclovir and brivudin used as reference compounds (EC 50 = 160 and 103 lM, respectively). To rationalize the observed activity of the N 3benzoyl derivatives 10a and 10d one can refer to their easier transport through cell membranes in comparison to the precursors 5a and 5d which appeared inactive. After entering into the cell debenzoylation would provide nucleoside analogues capable of Watson-Crick bas pairing. Our previous results [44] support this conclusion.

The cytotoxicity of the test compounds toward uninfected host cells was defined as the minimum cytotoxic concentration (MCC) that causes a microscopically detectable alteration of normal cell morphology. The 50 % cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ), causing a 50 % decrease in cell viability was determined using a colorimetric 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay system. None of the tested compounds affected cell morphology of HEL, HeLa, Vero, MDCK, and CRFK cells (MCC or CC 50 ) at compound concentrations up to 100 lM.

The cytostatic activity of the tested compounds was defined as the 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ), or compound concentration causing a 50 % decrease in cell proliferation. IC 50 values were determined against murine leukemia L1210 cells, human lymphocyte CEM cells and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Several synthesized compounds showed marginal inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HeLa cells at concentrations lower than 200 lM (Table 1) .

A series of N 1 -(phosphonoalkyl)uracils 5a-5d has been efficiently obtained from x-aminoalkylphosphonates 2a-2d in a two-step process which involved a reaction with (E)-3ethoxyacryloyl isocyanate followed by the uracil ring closure. The uracil phosphonates 5a-5d were successfully transformed into 5-chloro-, 5-bromo-, and 5-iodouracils as well as N 3 -benzoyluracils. All synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their antiviral activities against a broad variety of DNA and RNA viruses and compound 10a was slightly active against human cytomegalovirus in HEL cell cultures (EC 50 = 45 lM) while 10d showed activity against both TK ? and TK-VZV strains with EC 50 values of 43 lM (Oka strain) and of 53 lM (07-1 strain), which was two to threefold better than the potency of acyclovir and brivudin against 07-1 (EC 50 = 160 and 103 lM, respectively).

Among them, several compounds exhibited a very poor inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) at a concentration lower than 200 lM. In contrast, none of the compounds affected the proliferation of CEM cells and L1210 cells up to a concentration of 250 lM. Experimental 1 H NMR was taken in CDCl 3 on the following spectrometers: Varian Mercury-300 and Bruker Avance III (600 MHz) with TMS as an internal standard; chemical shifts d in ppm with respect to TMS; coupling constants J in Hz. 13 C NMR spectra were recorded for CDCl 3 solution on the Varian Mercury-300 and Bruker Avance III (600 MHz) spectrometer at 75.5 and 151 MHz, respectively. 31 P NMR spectra were taken in CDCl 3 on the Varian Mercury-300 and Bruker Avance III (600 MHz) spectrometer at 121.5 and 243 MHz, respectively. IR spectra were measured on an Infinity MI-60 FT-IR spectrometer as KBr pellets or as films, and absorptions are given in cm -1 . Melting points were determined on a Boetius apparatus. Elemental analyses were performed by Microanalytical Laboratory of this Faculty on Perkin Elmer PE 2400 CHNS analyzer and their results were found to be in good agreement (±0.3 %) with the calculated values. The following adsorbents were used: column chromatography, Merck silica gel 60 (70-230 mesh); analytical TLC, Merck TLC plastic sheets silica gel 60 F 254 .

Applied reagents such as silver cyanate (Alfa Aesar, catalogue number: 45411), CAN (Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI) catalogue number: C1806) and inorganic reagents are commercially available and were used as received. Solvents were dried according to the literature methods. (E)-3-Ethoxyacryloyl chloride was obtained according to the known protocol [18] . Diethyl aminomethylphosphonate (2a) was prepared according to literature (colorless oil, yield 90 %) [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] .

General procedure for the preparation of aminoalkylphosphonates 2b-2d

The x-azidoalkylphosphonates 1b-1d (1.0 mmol) were dissolved in 10 cm 3 ethanol and 10 % Pd-C (16 mg) was General procedure for the preparation of acryloylureas 4a-4d

A solution of 1.009 g 3-ethoxyacryloyl chloride (7.50 mmol) in 20 cm 3 dry toluene was refluxed under an argon atmosphere with 2.173 g silver cyanate (14.50 mmol) previously dried in vacuo for 2 h with protection from light. After 45 min, the mixture was allowed to cool and then was transferred via cannula to a solution of the respective xaminoalkylphosphonate 2 (2.50 mmol) in 10 cm 3 dry DMF at 0°C. Solid AgCl was washed with dry toluene (2 9 8 cm 3 ) to remove the residual 3-ethoxyacryloyl isocyanate which was added to the reaction flask. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solid residue was filtered through a layer of Celite and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product was chromatographed on a silica gel column with chloroform-methanol mixtures (100:1, 20:1 v/v) to afford phosphonates 4a-4d. General procedure for the preparation of uracil derivatives 5a-5d

To a solution of the respective acryloylurea 4a-4d (1.0 mmol) in 8 cm 3 dioxane, 8 cm 3 H 2 SO 4 (2 M) was added and the mixture was refluxed for 20 h. NaOH (2 M) was added to reach pH 7 and the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. To the solid residue, chloroform was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 min, then filtered through a layer of Celite and concentrated. The product was purified by column chromatography with chloroform-methanol mixtures (50:1, 20:1 v/v) to give pure uracil derivatives 5a-5d.

Diethyl [3,4- 9 Hz, 1H, HC-6), 5.76 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H, HC-5), 4.19 (dq, J = 7.9, 6.9 Hz, 4H, 2 9 POCH 2 CH 3 ), 4.17 (d, J = 11.5 Hz, 2H, CH 2 P), 1.34 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H, 2 9 POCH 2 CH 3 ) ppm; 13 [46, 47] Colorless oil; yield: 83 %. [46, 47] Colorless oil; yield: 84 %. [46, 47] Colorless oil; yield: 85 %.

To the solution of the respective phosphonate 5a-5d (0.30 mmol) in 5 cm 3 pyridine, N-halogenosuccinimide (NCS or NBS, 0.45 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 100°C. Saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (10 cm 3 ) was added and the mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 9 20 cm 3 ). The combined organic phases were dried over MgSO 4 , filtered, and the solvent was removed. The crude product was purified by column chromatography or crystallization.

Diethyl [5-chloro-3,4- of virus (1 CCID 50 being the virus dose to infect 50 % of the cell cultures) or with 20 plaque forming units (PFU) (VZV) in the presence of varying concentrations of the test compounds. Viral cytopathicity or plaque formation was recorded as soon as it reached completion in the control virus-infected cell cultures that were not treated with the test compounds. Antiviral activity was expressed as the EC 50 or compound concentration required to reduce virus-induced cytopathogenicity or viral plaque formation by 50 %.

The methodology of the anti-HIV assays was as follows: human CEM (*3 9 105 cells/cm 3 ) cells were infected with 100 CCID50 of HIV(IIIB) or HIV-2(ROD)/cm 3 and seeded in 200 mm 3 wells of a microtiter plate containing appropriate dilutions of the test compounds. After 4 days of incubation at 37°C, HIV-induced CEM giant cell formation was examined microscopically.

All assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates. To each well were added (5-7.5) 9 10 4 tumor cells and a given amount of the test compound. The cells were allowed to proliferate for 48 h (murine leukemia L1210 cells) or 72 h (human lymphocytic CEM and human cervix carcinoma HeLa cells) at 37°C in a humidified CO 2 -controlled atmosphere. At the end of the incubation period, the cells were counted in a Coulter counter. The IC 50 (50 % inhibitory concentration) was defined as the concentration of the compound that inhibited cell proliferation by 50 %.

IR (film): m = 3229

Hz, 1H, CH a H b CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 3.47 (dt, J = 13.9, 6.8 Hz, 1H, CH a H b CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 2.18-1.84 (m, 4H, CH 2 CH 2 P), 1.34 and 1

CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 1.88-1.61 (m, 6H, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 1.33 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 6H, 2 9 POCH 2 CH 3 ) ppm; 13 C NMR (75.5 MHz

IR (KBr): m = 3412

CH a H b CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 3.49 (dt

CDCl 3 ): d = 161.6 (s, C=O), 150.6 (s, C=O), 85.6 (s, C-6), 79.5 (s, C-5), 62.2 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, POC), 62.0 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, POC)

ethyl acetate-petroleum ether mixture)

IR (KBr): m = 3415

150.1 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, C=O), 143.5 (s, C-6), 97.2 (s, C-5)

Diethyl 2-[5-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxopyrimidin

Synthesis, antiviral, cytotoxic and cytostatic evaluation of N 1 -(phosphonoalkyl)uracil… 1087

ethyl acetate-petroleum ether mixture)

CDCl 3 ): d = 10.06 (br s, 1H, NH)

3 (s, C=O), 144.8 (s, C-6), 96.1 (s, C-5), 62.5 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, POC)

CDCl 3 ): d = 9

CH 2 P)

5 (s, C=O), 144.2 (s, C-6), 96.5 (s, C-5), 62.2 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, POC), 49.0 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, CCCP)

BrN 2 O 5 P) White solid; yield 85 % (after column chromatography (chloroform/methanol 200:1 v/v) and crystallization from ethyl acetate-petroleum ether mixture)

IR (KBr): m = 3141

CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 1.88-1.61 (m, 6H, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 1.33 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H, 2 9 POCH 2 CH 3 ) ppm; 13 C NMR (75.5 MHz, CDCl 3 ): d = 159.6 (s, C=O)

Ce(NO 3 ) 6 (0.15 mmol) in 10 cm 3 anhydrous acetonitrile was refluxed for 2 h. After the solvent was removed, the residue was washed with diethyl ether (3 9 15 cm 3 ) and purified by column chromatography with 2-propanol-hexane mixture

methylphosphonate (9a, C 9 H 14 IN 2 O 5 P) Colorless solid

IR (KBr): m = 3156

CDCl 3 ): d = 160.4 (s, C=O), 150.3 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, C=O), 148.5 (s, C-6), 68.8 (s, C-5), 63.6 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, POC), 42.2 (d, J = 155

ethylphosphonate (9b, C 10 H 16 IN 2 O 5 P) Colorless oil

IR (film): m = 3473

CH 2 P), 2.25 (dt, J = 18.2, 6.9 Hz, 2H, CH 2 P)

CDCl 3 ): d = 161.0 (s, C=O), 150.6 (s, C=O), 149.7 (s, C-6)

propylphosphonate (9c) [42] White solid; yield 71 % (after crystallization from chloroform-diethyl ether mixture)

CDCl 3 ): d = 9

8 (s, C-6), 68.1 (s, C-5), 61.9 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, POC), 48.6 (s, CCCCP), 29.8 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, CCCP), 25.1 (d, J = 142.0 Hz, CP), 19.6 (d

CH 3 ) ppm; 13 C NMR (151 MHz

Diethyl 2

CDCl 3 ): d = 7.96-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.53-7.50 (m, 2H)

CDCl 3 ): d = 168.6 (s, C=O), 162.4 (s, C=O), 149.6 (s, C=O)

HC-6), 5.83 (d, J = 8.0 Hz

CDCl 3 ): d = 29

Hz, 2H, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 P), 1.88-1.83 (m, 2H, CH 2 CH 2 CH 2-P), 1.81-1.76 (m, 2H, CH 2 P), 1.72-1.64 (m, 2H, CH 2 CH 2 P)

HSV-2) strains Lyons and G, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strain Oka, TK -VZV strain 07-1, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains AD-169 and Davis, vaccinia virus Lederle strain, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strain Long, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Coxsackie B4, Parainfluenza 3, Influenza virus A (subtypes H1N1, H3N2), influenza virus B, Reovirus-1, Sindbis, Reovirus-1, Punta Toro, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain III B , and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strain ROD. The antiviral, other than anti-HIV, assays were based on inhibition of virus-induced cytopathicity or plaque formation in human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblasts, African green monkey cells (Vero), human epithelial cells (HeLa), or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)

Synthesis, antiviral, cytotoxic and cytostatic evaluation of N 1 -(phosphonoalkyl)uracil… 1089

Metal oxide nanoparticles coated with specific N-acylaminomethylene phosphonates