key: cord-1022684-rbemevt2
authors: Rai, Pradeep Kumar; Usmani, Zeba; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Gupta, Vijai Kumar; Mishra, Yogendra Kumar
title: Tackling COVID-19 Pandemic through Nanocoatings: Confront and Exactitude
date: 2020-07-09
journal: nan
DOI: 10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.100011
sha: 20b74039ae20e4dfae0a66ff5caa3e00484af24d
doc_id: 1022684
cord_uid: rbemevt2

Abstract After the eruption of the most deadly influenza flu pandemic in 1918, also known as Spanish flu, infected about 500 million people with a death toll of approximately 50 million globally, the second most devastating pandemic flue emerged in December 2019 at Wuhan (Hubei Province) of China. This viral disease caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-COV-2 was named COVID-19 by World Health Organization (WHO). The COVID-19 virus affected 213 countries globally with 5.6 million cases and 353,373 deaths as of May 28, 2020 [1] (Fig. 1). Still, there is no promising solution known to tackle this severe epidemic disease worldwide. Protecting the global population from COVID-19 we must follow three steps – early detection, monitoring, and treatment. At the same time, it is important to follow WHO guidelines on preventive measures. Many countries have restricted the movement of people completely and lockdown enforced to maintain social distancing. But lockdown alone is insufficient to prevent resurgence, can upend economies and roil society. People need to step out to perform essential tasks and may get exposed to this deadly virus. Learnings from previous outbreaks suggest the usage of nanotechnology as an important avenue to develop antiviral drugs and materials. So, to effectively minimize the acquired infection of COVID-19 in public places like hospitals, transport, schools, worship places, stores, malls, etc. antimicrobial nanocoatings at these places and development of targeted antiviral drugs through capped nanoparticles will be a major effective option to tackle the spread of this disease.

countries globally with 5.6 million cases and 353,373deaths as of May28, 2020 [1] (Fig. 1) . 26

Still, there is no promising solution known to tackle this severe epidemic disease worldwide.

Protecting the global population from COVID-19must follow three steps -early detection, 28 monitoring, and treatment. At the same time, it is important to follow WHO guidelines on 29 preventive measures. Many countries have restricted the movement of people completely and 30 lockdownsenforced to maintain social distancing. But lockdown alone is insufficient to 31 prevent resurgence, can upend economies and roil society.People need to step out to perform 32 essential tasks and may get exposed to this deadly virus.Learnings from previous outbreaks 33 suggest the usage of nanotechnology as an important avenue to develop antiviral drugs and 34 materials. So, to effectively minimize the acquired infection of COVID-19 in public places like 35 hospitals, transport, schools, worship places, stores, malls, etc. antimicrobial nanocoatings 36 at these places and development of targeted antiviral drugs through capped nanoparticles 37 will be a major effective option to tackle the spread of this disease.

Viruses are submicroscopic infectious entities that multiply only inside the cell of macro and 43 micro-organisms.They contain genetic materials DNA or RNA, capsid proteins that encircle 44 nucleic acids, and an outerlipid envelope.Based onthe presence/absence of lipid envelope, 45 they are grouped into enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, respectively.The most common 46 human pathogenic viruses like Dengue, Hepatitis C andB, Yellow fever, Influenza, 47 breathing difficulties, and shortness of breath start to appear. In case of severe infection, the 70 patient develops pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, organ failure, and ultimately 71 death. Researches are underwayon many epidemiological parameters like viral shedding 72 period, transmission mode, incubation period, subclinical infection, viral survival period in the 73 environment, and people resistance towards it. 74

Learnings from previous disease outbreakssuch as chickenpox, mumps, polio, measles,etc. 76

indicate that some part of the population is immune towards a particular disease and they 77

indirectly protect the transfer of virusto susceptible individuals, through a phenomenon called 78 'herd immunity'. In the case of COVID-19, herd immunity would also play an important role to 79 minimize transmission. But this type of control measure depends upon the proportion of the 80 population showing immunity to these viruses. One of the possible waysused to develop 81 partial immunity was to use antibodies generated in the population already infected and 82 anti-malarial drug 'Hydroxychloroquine' received the government approval to treat severe 93 COVID-19 cases, but some hospitals also started using plasma therapy, as a part 94 ofregistered clinical trials, to treat severely ill patients. In China and France, a trial of 95 'Chloroquine phosphate' is underway and has shownsome indication of possible benefits on 19.Some researchersare trying to target viral entry point receptor proteins ACE2 and 100 TMPRSS2 for the development of antiviral drugs/vaccines. But the problem with this 101 approach is that ACE2 is recognized as a potential therapeutic strategy in cardiovascular 102 disease, hypertension, lung abnormality and diabetes, and TMPRSS2 is involved in a 103 different vital activity of the cell. Dysfunction or blockage of these proteins may lead to 104 developing various abnormalities or disorders in human beings. 105 WHO has developed a global blueprint of research teams for the outcomes of novel 106 vaccines or antiviral drugs against this pandemic withina short period. List of these 107 organizations with their respective platform and types are given in Table 1 . herpesvirus 1, influenza H1N1 and dengue type 2 viruses, making them excellent virucides 155 to be applied in common surfaces (Fig.2) . Most common antimicrobial coating agents that 156

show virucidal effects are given in Table 2 

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like 204 virus in Chinese horseshoe bats

Identification of a novel coronavirus causing 207 severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia 210 in China

Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor 212 usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses

SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends 215 on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor

Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and 231 discovery of potential drugs by computational methods

Aerosol and surface stability of 234

HCoV-19 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to (SARS-CoV-1)

Protective hybrid coating containing silver, copper and zinc cations effective against 238 human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses, BMC microbial

Silver nanoparticles inhibit hepatitis B virus 241 replication

Tin Oxide Nanowires Suppress Herpes