key: cord-1022157-gxhvjm9k
authors: Akbari, Mehdi; Seydavi, Mohammad; Zamani, Elahe
title: The mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility in the association between distress intolerance and psychological distress: A national survey during the fourth waves of COVID‐19 pandemic in Iran
date: 2021-11-11
journal: Clin Psychol Psychother
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2685
sha: 5cb87601ef08b98c8a308a5fe5a7fa23ec20cfe3
doc_id: 1022157
cord_uid: gxhvjm9k

The global COVID‐19 outbreak has put the human race's distress tolerance abilities to the test. And, the distress experienced getting worse with each pandemic wave; however, the more flexible the person, the greater the chance of surviving. Thus, the current study aimed to examine the mediating role of personalized psychological flexibility (PPF) in the link between distress intolerance to psychological distress during the fourth wave of the pandemic in Iran. A total of 576 individuals (Mean(age) 34.80, ±10.9, females 55.6%) took part in the online survey. In this national sample, PPF partially played a role in mediating the association mentioned above. Interestingly, this mediation was independent of demographic factors (age, gender, marital status, and educational level) and fear of COVID‐19, mindfulness, and satisfaction with life. So, despite the mentioned variables, accepting and using unpleasant emotions as fuel to achieve valued goals rather than avoiding them would mitigate the psychological distress during the pandemic. Consequently, public health services can aim to provide psychological flexibility enhancing interventions to decay COVID‐19‐related mental distress.

symptoms across different populations and different types of workers during the pandemic, for example among Italians, Germans and Chinese people (Akbari, Spada, et al., 2021; Brailovskaia et al., 2021; Busch et al., 2021; Mansueto, Lopes, et al., 2021; Mazza et al., 2020; Qiu et al., 2020) . In accordance with these results, Karimi et al. (2020) in a systematic review, found moderate to high levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and mental distress among Iranians.

What is more worrying is that the rapid spread of this virus has reached such a level that the fourth wave of the virus outbreak in Iran has started since the end of March 2021. Under prolonged stressful conditions like the lockdown, which can lead to loss of connection with others and social support sources, so finding the importance of personal protective variables for individuals, people may experience increased levels of psychological distress (Losada-Baltar et al., 2021) .

Distress tolerance is conceptualized by Simons and Gaher (2005) as one's capacity to resist negative and undesirable psychological conditions, and distress intolerance is defined on the opposite side. It is a subjective inability to tolerating negative emotions and physical states (McHugh & Otto, 2012) . Distress (in)tolerance is known as a stable construct (Kiselica et al., 2014) . There is growing empirical support for the associationbetween distress intolerance and psychological distress and its indices of (i.e., anxiety, depression, and stress; e.g., Akbari, Hosseini, et al., 2021; Keough et al., 2010; Patel et al., 2020) . In a recent research, McHugh et al. (2019) found that distress intolerance correlates with poor tolerance of stressors and negative affect following the psychological stressors (here the current pandemic).

Distress intolerance as a transdiagnostic factor (Macatee et al., 2016; Patel et al., 2020) , is considered as an underlying construct in a wide array of psychopathology, including depressive symptoms and worry, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, hoarding disorder, PTSD symptoms, obsessive-compulsive disorder (e.g., Allan et al., 2014; Cho et al., 2021; Macatee et al., 2016; McGrew et al., 2020; Norberg et al., 2020; Robinson & Freeston, 2014) . Distress tolerance is considered a meta-emotion construct, and a higher-order construct (Simons & Gaher, 2005) . Given these evidences, this meta-emotion vulnerability factor is considered as the predictive factor in the current study. We expect a direct and an indirect link between distress intolerance and psychological distress.

A growing body of literature shows that psychological flexibility associates with psychological distress and its indicators (Chong et al., 2020; Grégoire et al., 2020; Kroska et al., 2020; Tyndall et al., 2018) . Psychological flexibility is conceptualized by Hayes et al. (2006, p. 7) as the 'ability to contact the present moment more fully as a conscious human being and to change or persist in behavior when doing so serves valued ends'. Psychological flexibility is an individual's ability to detect and adapt to different situational requirements in following long-term goals (Dawson & Golijani-Moghaddam, 2020) . Psychological flexibility includes 6 main components: 1. acceptance, 2. self as context, 3. cognitive defusion, 4. being present, 5. Contact with values and 6. committed action (Hayes et al., 2006) . Recently, Kashdan et al. (2020) , have conceptualized a new concept called personalized psychological flexibility. This wellestablished concept refers to adaptive reactions to any existing distress and obstacles in pursuit of completely personalized meaningful goals. Personalized psychological flexibility describes how people avoid, accept, and harness the discomforts of their individual goals. Dawson and Golijani-Moghaddam (2020) found a negative association between psychological flexibility and distress; which comprises depression, anxiety, and COVID-19 related distress and worry.

According to the findings by Bhambhani et al. (2020) psychological flexibility mediated the relation between experiencing sexual racism and depression, anxiety, and stress (i.e., psychological distress) after controlling for demographic characteristics. More recent studies by Kashdan et al. (2020) and Akbari, Disabato, et al. (2021) found a negative association between personalized psychological flexibility and distress intolerance. One candidate mediator in our belief is personalized psychological flexibility. We hypothesized that this superior new factor would mediate the association between a meta-emotional vulnerability, distress intolerance and psychological distress.

After the beginning of the fourth wave was confirmed by official sources in Iran, restrictions such as isolation were once again seriously considered. In circumstances such as this, people experience negative

• Personalized psychological flexibility can be implemented into an intervention to decay mental distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Accepting and using unpleasant emotions as fuel to achieve valued goals rather than avoiding them would mitigate the psychological distress during the pandemic.

• Independent of demographic factors (age, gender, marital status, and educational level) and fear of COVID-19, mindfulness, and satisfaction with life, personalized psychological flexibility underlies the association between distress intolerance and psychological distress.

• Distress intolerance and personalized psychological flexibility explained 52% of the variance in psychological distress, increasing to 66% after controlling for demographics, fear of COVID-19, satisfaction with life, and mindfulness. emotional impacts like symptoms of psychological distress (Brooks et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2020) .

The current study conducted in this stressful time to explore central keys in psychological distress and response to this question that does personalized psychological flexibility play a mediational role in the relation between distress intolerance and psychological distress?

It's notable that in respect to this reality that most of our knowledge (or our perception) of psychological flexibility is based on the acceptance and action questionnaire (AAQ and AAQ-II; which aren't without deficits), we have especially focused on personalized psychological flexibility (for review see Doorley et al., 2020) .

Overall, the current study aims to investigate the direct route between distress intolerance and psychological distress, also the indirect route with the mediation of a new well-documented construct (personalized psychological flexibility), after controlling for demographic variables, fear of Covid-19, life satisfaction, and mindfulness.

2 | METHOD 2.1 | Participants and procedure A sample of 576 participants (M age = 34.80 ± 10.9 years) from the general population of Iran was recruited to participate in the present study. We have gathered data from people who are at least 16 years old, through sharing our invitation link in digital apps. As stated earlier, in the present study, participants were invited to participate via advertisements in digital apps. At the end of the consent form, a link containing explanations about the purpose of the current research, how to complete the questionnaires, demographic information, and a package of questionnaires was placed for the participants. All participants were assigned the provided consent form to participate in the current study. Participants were assured that their information would be kept confidential, also they were informed that the right of discontinuing 

In the current study, the Persian forms of the following measures were used.

2.2.1 | Depression anxiety stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) have developed this measure to assess various symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. The DSAA-21 consists of 21 items split into 3 subscales: depression (7 items, e.g., 'I felt that life was meaningless'), anxiety (7 items, e.g., 'I was aware of dryness of my mouth') and stress (7 items, e.g., 'I tended to over-react to situations'). The total score for subscales ranging between 0 and 21. High scores reflect high levels of depression, anxiety, or stress. Items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (from 0 = Did not apply to me at all to 3 = Applied to me very much). Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) found good psychometric properties. Persian form has acceptable internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity and criterion validity (Asghari et al., 2008; Sahebi et al., 2005) .

The DTS was developed by Simons and Gaher (2005) to assess emotional distress tolerance. The DTS comprises 15 items and 4 subscales:

1. Tolerance (e.g., 'I can't handle feeling distressed or upset'), 2. Absorption (e.g., 'When I feel distressed or upset, all I can think about is how bad I feel'), 3. Appraisal (e.g., 'My feelings of distress or being upset are not acceptable'), 4. Regulation (e.g., 'I'll do anything to stop feeling distressed or upset'). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 = Strongly agree to 5 = Strongly disagree. The total score ranges from 15 to 75, with a higher score reflecting higher tolerance of distress. One item has reverse scoring. The original version had good psychometric properties. Also, the Persian version of this scale has shown acceptable reliability and concurrent validity (Kelishadi & Yazdkhasti, 2016; Modares, 2011 Figure 1 ). In the current study, in addition to demographic variables, we also added a series of variables as control variables, which may impact psychological distress, including fear of Covid-19 (Duong, 2021; Satici et al., 2020) , life satisfaction (Duong, 2021; Guney et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2016) , and mindfulness (Coffey & Hartman, 2008; Parto & Besharat, 2011) . range. According to Chou and Bentler (1995) , the skewness index of the measured variables was between À0.444 and 0.557, which is within the acceptable range (±3). Also, according to Kline (2011) , the kurtosis index was between À0.546 and 0.077, which is within the acceptable range (±10). As shown in Table 1 , the lack of multicollinearity between variables was confirmed (r < 0.85; Kline, 2011) . Furthermore, Pearson product-moment correlations revealed a fair relationship between distress intolerance, psychological distress, and psychological flexibility. Except for education level, all demographic factors were related to one of the study's conceptual model variables. These findings are consistent with the proposed mediation model. proposed by Hu and Bentler (1999) . Also, RMSEA = 0.093, was above 0.08, but SRMR = 0.06, was acceptable. The modification indices suggested adding covariance error between subscales of distress intolerance (from regulation to absorption, appraisal, and tolerance) and between subscales of psychological flexibility (from avoidance to acceptance and harnessing). Following this, the measurement model Note: DI = distress intolerance, PF = psychological flexibility, PD = psychological distress. The unadjusted model is depicted in Figure 1 and is not statistically controlled for any variables. The adjusted model is statistically controlled for demographic variables (age, gender, job and marital status and education level), fear of COVID-19, mindfulness, and life satisfaction. and satisfaction with life. And a higher educational level also was associated with lower satisfaction with life. In sum, females, elders, and unemployed people, might have less complicated and lesser challenging times during the pandemic. While women are disproportionately affected by pandemics, given the increased risk of sexual and domestic violence (Wenham et al., 2020) , and elderly are most exposed to mortality and severe mental health due to the pandemic (Banerjee, 2020) , the favourable result for women and elderly participants would be interpreted dynamically, as being female and elderly was associated with a greater capacity to tolerate distress. Also, unemployed individuals' situations are somewhat inconsistent with previous findings, as they underwent significant psychological distress during the pandemic (Achdut & Refaeli, 2020) . It should be interpreted in light of the fact that we did not inquire about participants' reasons for being unemployed, specifically whether they lost their jobs due to the pandemic or were already unemployed before the pandemic.

However, the findings may partly be explained by Iranian cultural tradition, which implies that parents support their children even as adults, suggesting that unemployed participants may have had also secure insurance or economic background.

As relates to the pandemic, distress intolerance and psychological distress were positively associated with fear of COVID-19. This is consistent with previous research indicating that the greater one's fear of COVID-19, the increased one's psychological distress (Satici et al., 2020) , and theoretically the higher one's distress intolerances.

This could be explained by the fact that COVID-19 is an unpredictable virus, and the end date of this pandemic is unknown to anyone, turning the pandemic into a distressing chronic condition. Individuals with a greater capacity for enduring objective, emotional and physical distress (Simons & Gaher, 2005) are likely to experience less fear and distress associated with COVID-19.

The fear of COVID-19, however, showed a negative correlation with mindfulness and no correlation with personalized psychological flexibility. The null association can be explained in two ways. First would be the idiographic nature of measure used for psychological flexibility, which will consider individual differences, but the measure related to fear of COVID-19 is not an idiographic measure and sensitive to individual differences. The second takes into place when we disagree with the first explanation. Namely, the null association means that fear of COVID-19 does not affect pursuing valued goals in this distressing condition of the pandemic, that is, the fourth wave, which is consistent with the theory that psychological flexibility means pursuing valued goals despite distressful situations .

Regarding the proposed model, there was a significant positive association between distress intolerance and psychological distress, and also a significant negative association between psychological flexibility and psychological distress, comparable to the literature (Chong et al., 2020; Grégoire et al., 2020; Kroska et al., 2020; Tyndall et al., 2018) . Moreover, Personalized psychological flexibility was the significant partial mediator of the mentioned relation during the fourth wave of the pandemic.

Consequently, people with higher distress intolerance cannot fully be in touch with their unpleasant emotional experiences, a state that is being joint with a desire to escape from what is being experienced (Lynch & Mizon, 2011; Simons & Gaher, 2005) . Therefore, they are more likely to suffer from psychological distress due to the paradoxical effect of suppressing or avoiding what they are going through (Petkus et al., 2012) . Psychologically flexible individuals, however, are not averse to their experiences; they accept the inevitability of the situation and harness it as fuel to propel them forward In summary, despite the adjusted variables, accepting and using unpleasant emotions as fuel to achieve valued goals rather than avoiding them would mitigate the psychological distress during the pandemic. Given the psychological flexibility we have used , there was no study to compare these findings based on this index. However, Dawson and Golijani-Moghaddam (2020) has found psychological flexibility is associated with lower COVID-19 related distress, which to some extent corroborate the findings. However, the findings implicate that future research would benefit more by using PPFI to measure psychological flexibility as it is in more line with the theoretical definition of psychological flexibility as flexible contact with the present moment while acting in the service of chosen values .

In this study, the strengths are the large sample size, adjusting the mediation model for possible influence variables, and using an idiographic measure of psychological flexibility that addressed the criticisms regarding its measurement Ong et al., 2020) . Any finding, however, should be interpreted in light of its limitations. First, the lockdown and lack of interviews made it impossible to homogenize the sample based on their valued goals, which is essential for future research. Second, cultural differences may also limit the generalizability, which may improve our understanding of personalized psychological flexibility during distressful conditions by replicating the findings in other cultures. Third, the cross-sectional data limited the ability to test causality formally and limited the generalizability of our results, so longitudinal studies are suggested in future research. Forth, some control variables that may impact distress intolerance, psychological flexibility and psychological distress are not investigated: for example, data on past of current pharmacological treatments (e.g., using or not BZDs, z drugs, SSRI/SNRI; using psychotropic drugs in poly-therapy or mono-therapy) and data on past or current psychological treatments (Bright et al., 2020; Cosci et al., 2016; Hausken et al., 2007; Mansueto, Lugoboni, et al., 2021; Swartz, 2020) . Considering and assessing these variables is an important direction for future research. Also, future research may wish to replicate the study with some follow-up time points in order to reach a firm conclusion about the role of personalized psychological flexibility as an underlying mechanism in the relationship between distress intolerance and psychological distress during the pandemic. Additionally, it would be interesting to replicate the model in individuals who recovered from COVID-19 versus those who were never infected and are now infected (positive COVID-19 PCR-test) to examine any differences or similarities in the patterns.

Overall, our findings have an essential suggestion that public health services may consider aiming to provide psychological flexibility enhancing interventions to decay COVID-19-related mental distress, particularly in clinical practice. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 2006) may be used to address psychological flexibility, with a particular emphasis on personalized form, in order to assist individuals in harnessing pandemic-related negative emotions towards achieving valued goals, which would result in improved coping and living during this challenging time.

This research did not receive specific grant funding from agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

The authors have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced this work.

The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-5711

Mohammad Seydavi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5919-4303

Elahe Zamani https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2459-5745

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