key: cord-1021527-62vt2xjr
authors: Walter, Nike; Rupp, Markus; Hierl, Katja; Koch, Matthias; Kerschbaum, Maximilian; Worlicek, Michael; Alt, Volker
title: Long-Term Patient-Related Quality of Life after Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection
date: 2021-02-25
journal: J Clin Med
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050907
sha: e1baa1c0c524307330a9736a7b51fa5f9d318d1e
doc_id: 1021527
cord_uid: 62vt2xjr

Background: We aimed to evaluate the impact of knee periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) by assessing the patients’ long-term quality of life and explicitly their psychological wellbeing after successful treatment. Methods: Thirty-six patients with achieved eradication of infection after knee PJI were included. Quality of life was evaluated with the EQ-5D and SF-36 outcome instruments as well as with an ICD-10 based symptom rating (ISR) and compared to normative data. Results: At a follow-up of 4.9 ± 3.5 years the mean SF-36 score was 24.82 ± 10.0 regarding the physical health component and 46.16 ± 13.3 regarding the mental health component compared to German normative values of 48.36 ± 9.4 (p < 0.001) and 50.87 ± 8.8 (p = 0.003). The mean EQ-5D index reached 0.55 ± 0.33 with an EQ-5D VAS rating of 52.14 ± 19.9 compared to reference scores of 0.891 (p < 0.001) and 68.6 ± 1.1 (p < 0.001). Mean scores of the ISR revealed the psychological symptom burden on the depression scale. Conclusion: PJI patients still suffer from significantly lower quality of life compared to normative data, even years after surgically successful treatment. Future clinical studies should focus on patient-related outcome measures. Newly emerging treatment strategies, prevention methods, and interdisciplinary approaches should be implemented to improve the quality of life of PJI patients.

Joint replacement is a life-enhancing procedure for millions of people all over the world. It provides pain relief, restores function, and preserves independence, especially in elderly patients. In Germany, primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is among the most common surgeries. In 2016, 168,772 TKA procedures were performed. Future numbers of TKA are expected to increase by 45% until 2040 [1] . Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), however, is the most common complication after TKA, which puts a high burden on the patients and their families, as well as on the surgeons [2, 3] . Severe limitations are often not to be avoided despite most modern and interdisciplinary treatment concepts. Patients are faced with immobility, pain, prolonged stay in hospital, multiple surgeries involving the removal of the implant and resection of the infected dead bone, as well as the administration of local and systemic antibiotics with common side effects. In general, the choice of treatment is often complex depending on multiple factors, such as duration of infection, pathogens, status, and condition of the implanted prosthesis and soft tissues. Recently, new classification systems have been proposed and attempts have been made to develop treatment algorithms in order to standardize the decision-making process for the surgeon [4] [5] [6] [7] . Whereas a wide range of success rates in terms of infection eradication is reported [8] [9] [10] , reimplantation is not deemed feasible in a considerable number of patients, leaving the alternatives of joint stiffening (arthrodesis) or amputation of the limb.

While some studies provide insights into the high physical and mental burden resulting from knee PJI, little is known about the long-term impact after successful somatic treatment and achieved infection eradication. This study underlies the hypothesis that PJI patients' quality of life is still negatively affected, even though the medical procedure is completed. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate patients' long-term quality of life and examine whether knee PJI patients return to a health state comparable with normative data. Well-founded data of the patient-reported impact of PJI treatment will improve clinician-patient communication concerning the outcome expectations.

Consecutive patients with periprosthetic joint infections of the knee treated in our department between September 2009 and February 2019 were retrospectively studied. There were 112 cases identified defined by the criteria of the European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS) [6] . The questionnaires were sent by post and were returned by 41 patients, yielding a response rate of 36.6%. All patients were contacted by telephone. There were seven patients (6.25%) reported to be dead. The remaining 64 patients could not be reached due to a change of phone number. Surveys with incomplete data (n = 5) were excluded. Hence, the final cohort included thirty-six knee PJI cases with a minimum followup time of one year. All patients were surgically treated and achieved infection eradication. During the time of the follow-up, no reinfection occurred and no additional surgery was required. Demographics were retrieved at the time point of the last surgery. Revision rates were defined as required surgeries between infection occurrence and infection eradication. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the University Clinic of Regensburg according to the Helsinki Convention (file number 20-1681-104).

Patient-related outcome and quality of life was assessed using the German Short-Form 36 (SF-36) and EQ-5D scores as well as an ICD-10-based symptom rating (ISR). The latter is an inventory frequently used in psychosomatic anamnesis. It consists of 29 items and covers various mental syndromes with subscales for depression, anxiety, obsessive/compulsive disorders, somatoform disorders, and eating disorders [11] . The EQ-5D is a well-established generic quality of life instrument developed by the EuroQol group comprising five questions concerning the functional domains mobility, self-care, everyday life activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression [12] . The items were converted into a single EQ index value using German norm data weights [13] . Additionally, the EQ-5D was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) method [12] . The widely used SF-36 health survey captures the general health status with 36 questions in eight functional domains: physical function, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role, and mental health [14] . Summary scores for the physical and mental component were calculated using normative data from a German national health interview and examination survey conducted in 1998 with 7124 participants [15] .

Data were analyzed using SPSS statistics version 24.0 (IBM, SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. Continuous variables were expressed as the mean and standard deviation. After determining by Levene's test that the data were normally distributed and appropriate for parametric testing, independent t-tests were performed for comparisons between continuous variables reported by the included patients and a reference population [15, 16] . Significance was set at p < 0.001.

In total, thirty-six patients (17 women; 19 men; mean age 71.6 (10.7) years) were included in the analysis ( Table 1 ). The mean revision rate was 2.6 (1.9). The mean BMI reached a value of 32.8 (8.3) kg/m 2 , four patients (11.1%) were smokers and 17 patients (47.2%) reported to be former smokers. In total, nine patients had comorbid hypertension, three patients suffered from diabetes mellitus, and two patients from hypothyroidism. The mean follow-up time was 4.9 (3.5) years with a minimum of 1 year after the last surgery. There were 16 patients (44.4%) treated with the debridement with antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) approach. A total of eight patients (22.2%) underwent a two-stage exchange and three patients (8.3%) a one-stage exchange. In nine patients (25.0%) arthrodesis was performed. Table 2 ) [15] . Except for the mental health dimension, PJI patients reached significantly lower values in the SF-36 subdomains ( Figure 2 , Table 2 ). Table 2 . Outcomes of the German Short-Form 36 (SF-36) in comparison to a reference population [15] . Statistical differences were determined using independent t-tests. Values are shown as mean (SD).

Physical health component (PCS) 24 The mean EQ-5D index value was 0.55 (0.33), reaching 65.7% of the age-matched normative value 0.891 (p < 0.001) calculated based on the country-specific time trade-off value set and 61.8% of the age-matched normative value 0.838 (p < 0.001) calculated based on the country-specific VAS value set [16] . The mean EQ-5D VAS rating reached 52.14 (19.6), which depicts 76.0% of the score of 68.6 (1.1) obtained from of an age-matched reference population (p < 0.001) [16] . In the subdimensions of the EQ-5D, patients showed limited results, especially concerning pain/discomfort, mobility, and every-day life activities (Figure 3 ). In total, 73.0% of the patients reported any problems with mobility (compared to 15.9% of the German reference), 35.1% with self-care (compared to a norm value of 2.7%), 67.6% with usual activities (versus 9.9%), 89.2% with pain/discomfort (compared to 27.6%), and 21.6% with anxiety/depression (4.3% of the normative population). The mean EQ-5D index value was 0.55 (0.33), reaching 65.7% of the age-matched normative value 0.891 (p < 0.001) calculated based on the country-specific time trade-off value set and 61.8% of the age-matched normative value 0.838 (p < 0.001) calculated based on the country-specific VAS value set [16] . The mean EQ-5D VAS rating reached 52.14 (19.6), which depicts 76.0% of the score of 68.6 (1.1) obtained from of an age-matched reference population (p < 0.001) [16] . In the subdimensions of the EQ-5D, patients showed limited results, especially concerning pain/discomfort, mobility, and every-day life activities (Figure 3 ). In total, 73.0% of the patients reported any problems with mobility (compared to 15.9% of the German reference), 35.1% with self-care (compared to a norm value of 2.7%), 67.6% with usual activities (versus 9.9%), 89.2% with pain/discomfort (compared to 27.6%), and 21.6% with anxiety/depression (4.3% of the normative population). The mean EQ-5D index value was 0.55 (0.33), reaching 65.7% of the age-matched normative value 0.891 (p < 0.001) calculated based on the country-specific time trade-off value set and 61.8% of the age-matched normative value 0.838 (p < 0.001) calculated based on the country-specific VAS value set [16] . The mean EQ-5D VAS rating reached 52.14 (19.6), which depicts 76.0% of the score of 68.6 (1.1) obtained from of an age-matched reference population (p < 0.001) [16] . In the subdimensions of the EQ-5D, patients showed limited results, especially concerning pain/discomfort, mobility, and every-day life activities (Figure 3 ). In total, 73.0% of the patients reported any problems with mobility (compared to 15.9% of the German reference), 35.1% with self-care (compared to a norm value of 2.7%), 67.6% with usual activities (versus 9.9%), 89.2% with pain/discomfort (compared to 27.6%), and 21.6% with anxiety/depression (4.3% of the normative population). The mean total score of the ISR was 0.53 (0.29). The mean ISR subdimension scores reached 1.06 (0.40) for depression, 0.43 (0.35) for anxiety, 0.21 (0.01) for obsessive/compulsive disorders anxiety, 0.40 (0.20) for somatoform disorders, and 0.55 (0.26) for eating disorders, respectively ( Figure 4 ). On average, none of the values of the syndrome scales meets criteria for caseness, i.e., significant severity of psychological disorders, except for the mean score on the depression scale crossing the cut-off value of mild psychological symptom burden [11] . However, looking in more detail into the data, individuals reveal mild to severe symptom burden in the total score of the ISR (n = 12, 33.3%) regarding depression (n = 21, 58.3%), anxiety (n = 6, 16.7%), obsessive/compulsive disorders (n = 3, 8.3%), somatization (n = 7, 19.4%), as well as eating disorders (n = 8, 22.2%). As all the patients treated with arthrodesis were reinfection cases, a separate subgroup analysis was performed in order to determine whether outcomes are significantly worse compared to joint preserving treatment strategies. Quality of life of the nine patients (2 women; 7 men; mean age 66.4 (8.8) years) treated with arthrodesis was therefore analyzed separately at a mean follow-up time of 2.8 years, resulting in a mean EQ-5D Figure 4 ). On average, none of the values of the syndrome scales meets criteria for caseness, i.e., significant severity of psychological disorders, except for the mean score on the depression scale crossing the cut-off value of mild psychological symptom burden [11] . However, looking in more detail into the data, individuals reveal mild to severe symptom burden in the total score of the ISR (n = 12, 33.3%) regarding depression (n = 21, 58.3%), anxiety (n = 6, 16.7%), obsessive/compulsive disorders (n = 3, 8.3%), somatization (n = 7, 19.4%), as well as eating disorders (n = 8, 22.2%). (Figure 4 ). On average, none of the values of the syndrome scales meets criteria for caseness, i.e., significant severity of psychological disorders, except for the mean score on the depression scale crossing the cut-off value of mild psychological symptom burden [11] . However, looking in more detail into the data, individuals reveal mild to severe symptom burden in the total score of the ISR (n = 12, 33.3%) regarding depression (n = 21, 58.3%), anxiety (n = 6, 16.7%), obsessive/compulsive disorders (n = 3, 8.3%), somatization (n = 7, 19.4%), as well as eating disorders (n = 8, 22.2%). As all the patients treated with arthrodesis were reinfection cases, a separate subgroup analysis was performed in order to determine whether outcomes are significantly worse compared to joint preserving treatment strategies. Quality of life of the nine patients (2 women; 7 men; mean age 66.4 (8.8) years) treated with arthrodesis was therefore analyzed separately at a mean follow-up time of 2.8 years, resulting in a mean EQ-5D As all the patients treated with arthrodesis were reinfection cases, a separate subgroup analysis was performed in order to determine whether outcomes are significantly worse compared to joint preserving treatment strategies. Quality of life of the nine patients (2 women; 7 men; mean age 66.4 (8.8) years) treated with arthrodesis was therefore analyzed separately at a mean follow-up time of 2.8 years, resulting in a mean EQ-5D index value of 0.48 (0.36) with a mean EQ-5D VAS rating of 41.8 (21.9) . Results of the SF-36 are shown in Table 3 . The mean ISR subdimension scores reached 1.33 ± 0.56 for depression, 0.31 ± 0.40 for anxiety, 0.30 ± 0.23 for obsessive/compulsive disorders anxiety, 0.37 ± 0.32 for somatoform disorders, and 0.15 ± 0.17 for eating disorders, respectively. Table 3 . SF-36 outcomes reported from PJI patients treated with arthrodesis. Values are shown as mean (SD).

Physical health component (PCS) 23 

In this study, the quality of life of 37 patients with successfully treated knee PJI was assessed with the questionnaires EQ-5D and SF-36. Investigating patient-reported outcomes after treatment is of clinical relevance as data illustrating the impact of PJI can improve the clinician-patient communication, especially giving insights when informing about realistic expectations of the burden of disease. The mean physical health component score of the SF-36 only reached 51.3% and the EQ-5D index value 65.7% of the normative scores, showing that even after a mean follow-up time of 4.9 years, patients who suffered from a periprosthetic infection scored significantly lower on quality of life than a German reference population. Furthermore, knee PJI patients showed reduced quality of life in comparison to patient-reported outcomes after TKA. For instance, Boonen and colleagues evaluated an EQ-5D index value of 0.90 ± 0.12 with an EQ-5D VAS rating of 76.2 ± 17.9 in 81 TKA patients at a 2-year follow up, which are 0.35 and 24.06 points higher than in our cohort [17] . The severity of PJI further becomes evident in the finding that the EQ-5D index value was even 0.13 points lower than preoperative scores obtained from 5282 patients undergoing TKA [18] .

In general, studies assessing the quality of life after PJI are difficult to compare due to diverse designs. The majority evaluated specific surgical strategies, e.g., DAIR [19] , arthrodesis [20] above-the-knee amputation [21] or compared the treatment choices, e.g., Winkler et al. comparing one-stage vs. two-stage exchange, Hungerer et al. comparing arthrodesis vs. above-the-knee amputation, and Preobrazhensky et al. contrasting the use of articulating vs. static spacers [22] [23] [24] . Cahill and colleagues compared patients with infections after total joint replacement (TRJ) with uncomplicated TRJ showing reduced SF-36 scores for the complicated group regarding the dimensions physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, and mental health in comparison to normative data, whereas in the uncomplicated TJR group only physical functioning was significantly decreased [25] . However, the authors did not conduct a subgroup analysis regarding the infection site or treatment option. In line with our findings are results from Helwig and colleagues, who compared the quality of life of 29 hip PJI patients with 29 knee PJI patients in the context of successful vs unsuccessful treatment including all surgical strategies. The authors report a mean PCS of 35.84 and a mean MCS of 51.73 for the knee PJI subgroup, which are significantly lower scores in the physical domain in comparison to normative data but not regarding the mental health component [26] . In contrast, in this study, no statistically significant difference was found regarding the mental health component obtained with the SF-36 in comparison to normative data, the explicit investigation of the psychological impact using the ISR revealed mild symptom burden on the depression scale on average as well as mild to severe symptom burden in the total score in a considerable proportion of the patients (32.4%). Therefore, the utilization of additional specific questionnaire capturing mental impairments might be enriching when evaluating patients' quality of life, especially, considering that PJI is potentially life-threatening with a one-year mortality rate 4.33% and a five-year mortality rate of 21.53% [27] . Additional fears such as being dependent on external assistance, infection progression, and required medical interventions contribute to high levels of psychosocial distress [28] . Although the need for psychological support has been explicitly reported by PJI patients, no study evaluating support interventions has been conducted, thus highlighting the lack of adequate strategies in order to address the mental burden of musculoskeletal infections [29, 30] . Therefore, shedding light on the psychological wellbeing of orthopedic clinical populations should be deemed as a future direction of research as an underestimation of the burden of injury may affect resource allocation, necessary prevention priorities, and may hinder the implementation of counseling as part of the standard care in trauma surgery. Additionally, routine screening for psychological comorbidities should be conducted as it has been shown that preoperatively concomitant depression or anxiety depicts a predictor of increased complications, including infection, after total joint arthroplasty as well as significant higher hospitalization charges [31, 32] . To this end, the use of an ICD-10-based symptom rating can be considered an outstanding characteristic of this study.

To further investigate the effect of recurrence of infection on patients' quality of life, the outcomes were calculated separately for patients treated with arthrodesis. With only slightly worse scores in comparison to the whole cohort as depicted by a difference of −1.82 points in the PCS and −3.56 points in the MCS of the SF-36, knee arthrodesis can be deemed as a sufficient therapeutic alternative in cases with recurrent infections from the patients' perspective. However, only nine patients were included in the subgroup and hence, may be underpowered.

Another key limitation of the study is the retrospective design for which reason no baseline quality of life scores for the included patients exist. Further, the findings are limited in generalizability as the sample size was relatively small with heterogeneity of the surgical procedures and no power analysis was calculated. Nonetheless, the mean follow-up time was 4.9 years, the range of follow-up time varied, and a minimum of 1 years as an inclusion criterion was short.

Additionally, it remains questionable to what extent the lowered quality of life is attributable to the PJI and especially the SF-36 subdomain social functioning may have been influenced by other external factors, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. As questionnaires were only administered via post, biases related to the outcomes cannot be excluded.

In conclusion, knee PJI patients still suffer from significant lower quality of life compared to normative data, even years after surgically successful treatment. Future clinical studies should focus on patient-related outcome measures as well-founded data will be beneficial to inform patients about the impact and burden of disease and improve clinicianpatient communication. 

Projections of Primary TKA and THA in Germany from

Quantifying the Burden of Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Infection

Surgeons are deeply affected when patients are diagnosed with prosthetic joint infection

Can the oncology classification system be used for prosthetic joint infection: The PJI-TNM system

A new perspective on current prosthetic joint infection classifications: Introducing topography as a key factor affecting treatment strategy

Prosthetic-joint infections

Evaluation of an interdisciplinary therapy algorithm in patients with prosthetic joint infections

The Fate of Spacers in the Treatment of Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Treatment of Prosthetic Joint Infection with Debridement, Antibiotics and Irrigation with Implant Retention-A Narrative Review

Outcome of single-stage versus two-stage exchange for revision knee arthroplasty for chronic periprosthetic infection

Development of the "ICD-10-Symptom-Rating"(ISR) questionnaire

EuroQol: The current state of play

An interview-based comparison of the TTO and VAS values given to EuroQol states of health by the general German population

The German SF-36 health survey translation and psychometric testing of a generic instrument for the assessment of health-related quality of life

Methodological views on the SF-36 summary scores based on the adult German population

Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective Based on EQ-5D

No difference in clinical outcome between patient-matched positioning guides and conventional instrumented total knee arthroplasty two years post-operatively: A multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial

Quality-Adjusted Life Years after Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Health-Related Quality of Life after 12,782 Joint Replacements

Good quality of life outcomes after treatment of prosthetic joint infection with debridement and prosthesis retention

Unsatisfactory outcome of arthrodesis performed after septic failure of revision total knee arthroplasty

Patient-reported outcomes after above-knee amputation for prosthetic joint infection

Outcome of short versus long interval in two-stage exchange for periprosthetic joint infection: A prospective cohort study

Knee arthrodesis versus above-the-knee amputation after septic failure of revision total knee arthroplasty: Comparison of functional outcome and complication rates

Functional outcome of two-stage reimplantation in patients with periprosthetic joint infection after primary total knee arthroplasty

Quality of life after infection in total joint replacement

Periprosthetic joint infection-Effect on quality of life

Mortality During Total Knee Periprosthetic Joint Infection

Deep prosthetic joint infection: A qualitative study of the impact on patients and their experiences of revision surgery

Prosthetic Joint Infection of the Knee Causes High Levels of Psychosocial Distress: A Prospective Cohort Study

Health Care Needs and Support for Patients Undergoing Treatment for Prosthetic Joint Infection following Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

Depression is associated with early postoperative outcomes following total joint arthroplasty: A nationwide database study

Direct Cost and Complications Associated With Total Joint Arthroplasty in Patients With Preoperative Anxiety and Depression

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, NW.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.