key: cord-1018782-ktr9k49o
authors: de Joode, K.; Dumoulin, D.W.; Tol, J.; Westgeest, H.M.; Beerepoot, L.V.; van den Berkmortel, F.W.P.J.; Mutsaers, P.G.N.J.; van Diemen, N.G.J.; Visser, O.J.; Oomen - de Hoop, E.; Bloemendal, H.J.; van Laarhoven, H.W.M.; Hendriks, L.E.L.; Haanen, J.B.A.G.; de Vries, E.G.E.; Dingemans, A.C.; van der Veldt, A.A.M.
title: Dutch Oncology COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC): outcome of COVID-19 in patients with cancer in a nationwide cohort study
date: 2020-10-07
journal: Eur J Cancer
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.027
sha: a2b48e148548d606f5d031c586ed37aae440246f
doc_id: 1018782
cord_uid: ktr9k49o

AIM OF THE STUDY: Patients with cancer might have an increased risk for severe outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To identify risk factors associated with a worse outcome of COVID-19, a nationwide registry was developed for patients with cancer and COVID-19. METHODS: This observational cohort study has been designed as a quality of care registry and is executed by the Dutch Oncology COVID-19 Consortium (DOCC), a nationwide collaboration of oncology physicians in the Netherlands. A questionnaire has been developed to collect pseudonymised patient data on patients’ characteristics, cancer diagnosis, and treatment. All patients with COVID-19 and a cancer diagnosis or treatment in the past 5 years are eligible. RESULTS: Between March 27(th) and May 4(th), 442 patients were registered. For this first analysis, 351 patients were included of whom 114 patients died. In multivariable analyses, age ≥65 years (p<0.001), male gender (p=0.035), prior or other malignancy (p=0.045), and active diagnosis of haematological malignancy (p=0.046) or lung cancer (p=0.003) were independent risk factors for a fatal outcome of COVID-19. In a subgroup analysis of patients with active malignancy, the risk for a fatal outcome was mainly determined by tumour type (haematological malignancy or lung cancer) and age (≥65 years). CONCLUSION: The findings in this registry indicate that patients with a haematological malignancy or lung cancer have an increased risk of a worse outcome of COVID-19. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, these vulnerable patients should avoid exposure to SARS-CoV-2, whereas treatment adjustments and prioritizing vaccination, when available, should also be considered.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, leading to coronavirus disease 2019 [1, 2] , has major impact on healthcare [3, 4] . In particular, the consequences for oncological care are extensive, as the effects of malignancy or cancer treatments on the outcome of COVID-19 are yet unknown [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . In addition, hospital visits for anticancer therapies may put patients at even more risk of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 [7, 11] . Consequently, oncological treatment was frequently adjusted during the COVID-19 pandemic, even in regions with relatively low COVID-19 incidence [12] . These treatment adjustments were made according to COVID-19 guidelines of (inter)national oncological societies, which were primarily based on expert opinions [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Awaiting the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, new outbreaks are expected worldwide. A nationwide registry was initiated by the Dutch Oncology 

The registry is executed by DOCC, which is a nationwide consortium of oncology physicians (haematologists, medical oncologists, neuro-oncologists, and pulmonologists) in the Netherlands. This observational cohort study was designed as a national quality of care registry to support rapid clinical decision making in oncological practice. A questionnaire was developed to collect pseudonymised patient data on four topics: baseline patient characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of cancer, characteristics of COVID-19, and treatment and outcome of COVID-19 (appendix 2). Some patients with COVID-19 were transferred to another hospital because of capacity issues. Therefore, data of transfer of patients between hospitals was requested to avoid duplicates. This registry was approved by the ethics committee and the Privacy Knowledge Office at Erasmus Medical Centre. According to local hospital guidelines, additional approval was obtained by local committees when needed.

All patients with COVID-19 and a cancer diagnosis or cancer treatment in the past 5 years were eligible for inclusion in the DOCC registry. Besides, patients with a diagnosis or treatment more than 5 years ago could be included if the diagnosis or treatment was expected to have had an impact on COVID-19 outcome (e.g. bone marrow transplantation, chest radiation therapy). The diagnosis of COVID-19 was defined as a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or radiological findings on computed tomography (CT) J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f and/or clinical symptoms of COVID-19. However, as a diagnosis of COVID-19 based solely on clinical symptoms is insecure and subject to bias, it was decided to restrict eligibility to a PCR and/or CT based COVID-19 diagnosis for this analysis.

The DOCC registry was initiated on March 27 th , 2020, and supported by the Dutch societies of medical oncologists, pulmonologists, and neuro-oncologists [17] [18] [19] .

Dutch oncology physicians in all 69 hospital organisations in the Netherlands were informed about the registry by communications via different cancer societies.

Physicians were encouraged to identify cancer patients with COVID-19 and to collect pseudonymised data using the questionnaire. Subsequently, the data provided were centrally entered into an electronic clinical record form (eCRF) using a secured digital database (ALEA Clinical).

For the first analysis, an update on the course and outcome of COVID-19 was requested for all patients diagnosed with COVID-19 ≥4 weeks before May 4 th , 2020.

Also, all clinical data in eCRFs were checked for inconsistencies by experienced oncology physicians (D.D., P.M., A.V.), and the queries generated were sent to the participating hospitals. The returned queries and updated data were processed in eCRFs. Clinical data was both annotated and cleaned, including the processing of transfer data to avoid duplicates.

J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f

In the Netherlands, the COVID-19 pandemic is monitored by The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [20] . All patients with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 are centrally registered. The 12 geographic regions of the Netherlands were classified according to the number of COVID-19 positive patients per 100,000 inhabitants. This allows evaluation of the national coverage of the DOCC registry according to regional incidence of COVID-19.

Characteristics of patients with resolved COVID-19 vs. a fatal outcome of COVID-19

were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used for baseline characteristics. To analyse the risk for different age categories, patients were categorised into three age groups; i.e., <65 years, ≥65 to 75 years, and ≥75 years. Pearson's chi-square test was used to identify univariable risk factors for a fatal outcome of COVID-19, and odds ratios (OR) were presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Variables with p≤0.10 in univariable analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression analyses. This was done with backward selection with a threshold of p<0.05. All statistical tests were performed two-sided. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS statistics 25.

As patients with metastatic disease and/or active cancer treatment could be more susceptible to a severe course of COVID-19, a separate analysis was performed for this subgroup of patients. Active malignancy was defined as metastatic disease in patients with solid tumours and/or recent cancer treatment (<90 days before diagnosis of COVID-19). In patients with an active malignancy, the impact of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f cancer treatment on COVID-19 severity was also evaluated. For this group, treatment was defined as any cancer treatment ≤30 days before COVID-19 diagnosis. Finally, the impact of steroid use was analysed as a possible risk factor for fatal outcome of COVID-19. For this specific analysis, steroid use (≤30 days prior to COVID-19 diagnosis) as supportive medication for cytotoxic treatment (e.g., part of the chemotherapeutic regime or anti-emetic medication) vs. steroid use not related to cancer treatment was analysed. 

In total, 114 (32.3%) of the patients died from COVID- 19 years had an increased risk of fatal outcome (p<0.001). In univariable analyses (Table 2) , male gender, smoking, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), prior or other malignancy, use of steroids at COVID-19 diagnosis, a current diagnosis of hematologic malignancy, and lung cancer were associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19.

In multivariable analyses, age ≥65 years (p<0.001), male gender (p=0.035), prior or other malignancy (p=0.045), and an active diagnosis of haematological malignancy (p=0.046) or lung cancer (p=0.003) remained independent risk factors for a fatal outcome of COVID-19 (Table 3) .

Treatment restrictions with a do-not-intubate order were reported in 117/351 (50.4%) patients and in 95/114 (83.3%) patients with fatal COVID-19 outcome.

A subgroup analysis was performed in 227 patients with active malignancy. The characteristics and results of the univariable analysis are shown in Table 4 . Patients with a haematological malignancy or lung cancer had an increased risk of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 compared to patients with other cancer types. In addition, male patients, age ≥65 years, smoking, cardiovascular disease, and use of steroids as part of anticancer treatment remained risk factors for fatal outcome in univariable analysis. In this subgroup analysis, treatment in non-curative setting was also associated with fatal outcome.

The above-mentioned characteristics were all included in the multivariable analysis. The risk for a fatal outcome was mainly determined by tumour type and age, as older patients (≥65 years) and patients with a haematological malignancy or lung cancer had a worse outcome of COVID-19 (Table 5 ).

In total, 165 patients were on active treatment (i.e. ≤30 days between the last treatment and date of COVID-19 diagnosis). In this group, there were no differences in the risk of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 between the different cancer therapies.

The disease setting (non-metastatic vs. metastatic) and treatment setting (curative vs. non-curative) were not associated with an increased risk of fatal outcome of COVID-19. Although chemotherapy has previously been identified as a risk factor for mortality of COVID-19 in cancer patients [21] , this could not be confirmed in our registry. This is supported by data from a UK registry [9] . However, steroid use at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with an increased risk of fatal outcome of COVID-19 in univariable analysis. This result is of particular interest, as a recent randomised clinical trial showed that dexamethasone decreases mortality of COVID-19 in patients requiring respiratory support [22] . Steroids may contribute to an increased viral load of SARS-CoV-2 by an increase in viral replication and a delay of viral clearance [23] . Steroid co-medication is usually prescribed as supportive medication for haematological treatment and/or highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens. Therefore, systemic treatment or disease itself cannot be excluded as confounding factor.

Apart from the current DOCC registry, other international registries have been published to identify the clinical characteristics of cancer patients with severe COVID-19 [5-7, 9, 21, 24-28] . As the design and data collection of these registries are significantly different, a comparison between results is challenging. Therefore, for appropriate interpretation of data published by these registries, attention should be paid to the different designs and patient selections (Table 6) .

At the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in the Netherlands, both international and national oncological guidelines were published [13] [14] [15] [16] . In summary, the national guidelines were rather reluctant to start or continue oncological therapies. In addition, treating physicians were encouraged to discuss treatment restrictions regarding intubation and ICU admission with their patients. Due to these conservative guidelines, adjustments in oncological treatment were rather common [12] and probably even more frequent in vulnerable patients. Therefore, the lack of effect of oncological treatments on fatal outcomes of COVID-19 should be interpreted cautiously in the current study, and the impact of anticancer therapies on the course of COVID-19 cannot be excluded.

Moreover, discussing treatment restrictions with patients in the outpatient clinic was already common practice in the Netherlands prior to COVID-19, especially for patients with cancer in the non-curative setting. In the DOCC registry, more than 50% of patients had a do-not-intubate order prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Among patients with fatal outcome of COVID-19, more than 80% had a do-not-intubate order. In addition, in the Netherlands, patients with COVID-19 are almost solely admitted to the ICU when mechanical ventilation is required, whereas most other supportive treatments are given outside the ICU. As a result, <20% of patients with fatal outcome of COVID-19 was admitted to the ICU in the current study, despite the lack of capacity issues of ICUs in the Netherlands. Although discussing treatment restrictions is common practice in the Netherlands, and probably more common as compared to other countries, the percentage of patients with a fatal outcome is comparable to other countries [6, 7, 9, 21, 24] . Therefore, early discussion of J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f treatment restrictions with vulnerable patients is preferred during this ongoing pandemic.

As the DOCC registry is only executed by oncology physicians in hospitals, a limitation of this study is the potential selection bias. As a result, particular groups of patients may have been underreported. For instance, patients who already had completed oncological treatment, patients who were not admitted to the hospital or patients who died in an out-hospital setting, may not have been registered. Next, the Dutch testing policy for SARS-CoV-2 was restrictive in the beginning of the pandemic, which initially resulted in an underestimation of the total number of patients with COVID-19. Although a potential selection bias may have occurred, this does not directly affect the results of this analysis, as the potentially underreported patient groups mainly included patients without active malignancy and/or recent cancer treatment. In addition, the Dutch healthcare system provides equal access to medical care and cancer treatment decisions are based on the same national guidelines. Therefore, the results of the current study seem to be representative of a national cancer patient population.

As the COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide, nonevidence-based decisions had to be made about the treatment of patients with non-COVID-19 diseases such as cancer. Therefore, it is essential to combine data from several international registries and to ensure the collection of new and more comprehensive data during this ongoing pandemic. In particular, more data concerning cancer treatment and supportive medication (e.g. steroids) should be collected.

In conclusion, the findings of the DOCC registry in cancer patients confirm previous findings that older, male patients with comorbidities have an increased risk J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 [29] . Besides, the results of this registry indicate that patients with a haematological malignancy or lung cancer have an increased risk of a poorer outcome. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, these vulnerable patients should avoid exposure to SARS-CoV-2, whereas treatment adjustments and prioritizing vaccination, when available, should be considered as well.

Characteristics of patients with fatal outcome of COVID-19 (n=114) and resolved COVID-19 (n=237) in the total group of patients (n=351).

Risk (expressed in odds ratio) of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 for the different patients' characteristics (n=351).

Multivariable analyses of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 for all patients (n=351).

Risk (expressed in odds ratio) of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 for the different patients' characteristics in the active malignancy group (n=227).

Multivariable analyses of a fatal outcome of COVID-19 in the active malignancy group (n=227). 5 Liang 6¥ Zhang 7 Lee 9 Garassino (TERAVOLT) 21 Kuderer (CCC19) 24 Scarfo 25 Pinato (OnCovid) 26 Lara 27 5 Liang 6¥ Zhang 7 Lee 9 Garassino (TERAVOLT) 21 Kuderer (CCC19) 24 Scarfo 25 Pinato (OnCovid) 26 Lara 27 

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