key: cord-1005411-a6xj14zm authors: Raza, Hassan; Wahid, Braira; Rubi, Ghazala; Gulzar, Adil title: Molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Faisalabad, Pakistan: A real-world clinical experience date: 2020-05-22 journal: Infect Genet Evol DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104374 sha: f00584195552dd589a2f45c56ca67f16c49044b4 doc_id: 1005411 cord_uid: a6xj14zm Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-2019 is a new global health challenge which causes severe respiratory complications. As of May 17th, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected 4.6 million people and caused 310,000 deaths, worldwide. In order to study potential impact of infection, complete epidemiological information should be reported on regular basis however, data from Pakistan has not yet been published. This retrospective study is the first report of epidemiological trends of COVID-19 in Faisalabad, Pakistan. On April 4th, 2020, 128 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from city Faisalabad were transported to Postgraduate Research Institute, Lahore for further processing. RNA was extracted using QIAsymphony DSP Virus/Pathogen Midi Kit and real-time PCR was performed to quantify COVID-19. Our finding showed that overall prevalence of COVID-19 in Faisalabad on April 4th was 17.18% (22 of 128). Prevalence was higher in males (n = 17; 77.2%) as compared to females (n = 5; 22.8%) but this gender-wise difference was not statistically significant. Patients belonging to age group 37–47 years were found to be most (45.5%) infected with COVID-19. First case of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The virus spread to almost entire globe in just 3 months. The infection was declared pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 th , 2020. There are four different types of coronaviruses , β, , and δ responsible for causing infection in humans and other vertebrate species. According to phylogenetic analysis, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to family Coronoviridae (genera Betacoronavirus) that has previously caused two epidemics known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) also known as SARS virus and middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). The genome of SARS-SoV-2 was 85% homologous to bat SARS like virus and also possess 79% homology with SARS-CoV. In addition to this, pangolins have also been reported to be intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 (Lake, 2020). J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Journal Pre-proof SARS-CoV-2 infection stays asymptomatic and may cause mild to severe complications in many cases. Changes in other laboratory parameters such as increased C-reactive protein and decreased white blood cell count have also been observed in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 (Cao, 2020) . SARS-CoV-2 is associated with respiratory complication that's why radiological examinations and characteristic CT imaging scan are also needed other than PCR for diagnosis (Zu et al., 2020 ). In addition to this, several evidences have reported its stability and confirmed its presence in air for 8 hours and 16-24 hours on different surfaces like cardboards and stainless steels. The virus is present in air in respiratory droplets and may spread up to 1 to 2 meters and can easily be transmitted to other individuals by inhalation (Kampf et al., 2020; van Doremalen et al., 2020) . China is the first country that had successfully controlled this SARS-CoV-2 by formulating policy guidelines that improved their healthcare system, and establishing a database to monitor the robust epidemiological information of SARS-CoV-2. This database is regularly updated to register data of newly reported cases. Epidemiological data of Pakistan has not been published yet. This is the first study which reports epidemiological trends of SARS-CoV-2 in Faisalabad-a metropolitan city of Pakistan. There is a need to scale-up public health measures and conduct more studies relevant to molecular epidemiology so that potential impact of disease can be understood. Journal Pre-proof This cross-sectional study was conducted at Institute of Public Health, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore Pakistan. All samples received from Provincial Public Health Reference Laboratory (PPHL) on April 4 th , 2020 were included in this study. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from total 129 symptomatic patients registered at Provincial Public Health Reference Laboratory, Faisalabad were sent for further processing at Lahore General Hospital. RNA was extracted using QIAsymphony SP/AS instruments, following manufacturer's instructions. COVID-19 was quantitatively analyzed using Rotor-Gene Q real-time PCR and (nCoV-19) Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Kit (Sansure Biotech, Inc. China). For statistical analysis, chi-square test was applied using IBM SPSS Version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL), and p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Of total 128 participants recruited in the study, 27 (21.7%) were female and 101 (78.3%) were males. The ages were in the range of 4 years to 90 years and average age was 34.75± 15.18 years. Age-wise and gender-wise distribution of COVID-19 in Faisalabad is shown in Table 1 . In contrast to the findings of our study that showed absence of SARS-CoV-2 in children, Jiatong et al., (2020) reported a substantial increase in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in children and confirmed that infection cannot be transmitted vertically (Jiatong and Wenjun, 2020) . Common symptoms observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected children were cough, fever, vomiting, dizziness, sore throat, myalgia, and nasal congestion. Some children have also manifested diarrhea, breathing problems, asthma, and gastrointenstinal symptoms (Shen and Yang, 2020) . A recent study from Singapore highlighted the transmission of local clusters of SARS-CoV-2 in countries that had heavy flow of air-traffic with China (Pung et al., 2020) . Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and reported that genome of SARS-CoV-2 is 79% similar to genome of SARS-CoV and latest studies have also confirmed its presence in animals. Due to unavailability of treatment, number of studies have elucidated the effects of different preventive measures such as steam, heat, and other active ingredients (50% isopropanol, hydrogen peroxide (0.5%-7.0%), 0.05% benzalkonium chloride, 70% ethyl alcohol, sodium hypochlorite (0.1%-0.5%), 1% cresol soap, and chloroxylenol (0.24%)) (Kingham et al., 2013; Organization, 2020a) . A recently reported study have also discussed the changes observed during laboratory examination of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. They study observed elevation in C-reactive protein and decrease in white blood cells, in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Bai et al., 2020) . This is first study that highlighted the status SARS-CoV-2 in one city of Pakistan and there is a need to conduct further studies comprising of extensive epidemiological and clinical data so, that effective surveillance model can be developed. Pakistan is currently trying to follow strategic plan devised by WHO which emphasizes to Practice social distancing at individual level and state level (call for lockdown) Identify the risk of SARS-CoV-2 in animals Explore the unexplored areas of research such as diagnostics, therapeutics, and pathogenesis Raise awareness among general public, and practice of hygienic measures (Organization, 2020b). Journal Pre-proof The findings of this study indicated an overall prevalence rate 17.18% in Faisalabad, Pakistan based on epidemiological data collected on April 4 th , 2020. Although, Pakistan is trying to make serious efforts to control SARS-CoV-2 by practicing different safety measures such as controlled containment facilities, lockdown, and community education but the a continuous surge in the SARS-CoV-2 cases has been observed. Therefore, there is a need to provide diagnostic services at massive scale, enhance surveillance, and improve infrastructure to provide supportive therapy to severely infected patients. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. World Health Organization Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19 Clinical features and laboratory inspection of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19 COVID-19 epidemic: disease characteristics in children Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19 Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease ( COVID-19) : interim guidance Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures Diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: a pressing issue Aerosol and surface stability of SARS -CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China. Radiology Special thanks to Provincial Public Health Reference Laboratory and Lahore General Hospital for sharing data. Funding: None Braira Wahid J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f