key: cord-0996558-u4wgraw4
authors: Carneiro, Rodrigo Lima; Farias, Jéssica Pires; Pinheiro, Josilene Ramos; Farias, Jackson; Vielmo, André Carloto; Birbrair, Alexander; Belmok, Aline; Melo, Fernando Lucas; Ribeiro, Bergmann Morais; Chaves, Gepoliano; Vidal, Paloma Oliveira; Luiz, Wilson Barros; Amorim, Jaime Henrique
title: First description of a multisystemic and lethal SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern P.1 (Gamma) infection in a FeLV-positive cat
date: 2022-05-26
journal: Virol J
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01816-z
sha: 04185c74cebfef15cf616247528d63e2037c63d3
doc_id: 996558
cord_uid: u4wgraw4

BACKGROUND: Phylogenetic studies indicate bats as original hosts of SARS-CoV-2. However, it remains unclear whether other animals, including pets, are crucial in the spread and maintenance of COVID-19 worldwide. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the first fatal case of a SARS-CoV-2 and FeLV co-infection in an eight-year-old male cat. We carried out a clinical evaluation and several laboratory analyses. RESULTS: As main results, we observed an animal presenting severe acute respiratory syndrome and lesions in several organs, which led to the animal’s death. RT-qPCR analysis showed a SARS-CoV-2 as the causative agent. The virus was detected in several organs, indicating a multisystemic infection. The virus was found in a high load in the trachea, suggesting that the animal may have contribute to the transmission of the virus. The whole-genome sequencing revealed an infection by SARS-CoV-2 Gamma VOC (P.1), and any mutations indicating host adaptation were observed. CONCLUSION: Our data show that FeLV-positive cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and raise questions about the potential of immunocompromised FeLV-positive cats to act as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 new variants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01816-z.

Viruses from the Coronaviridae family are recognized for their ability to cross the species barrier and establish new host reservoirs of infection [1] . A disease (COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019) caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged in 2019 and was declared as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 . According to the World Health Organization, more than 460 million cases and more than 6.1 million deaths were attributed to COVID-19 since its initial report in late 2019 [2] .

Phylogenetic studies indicate bats as original hosts of SARS-CoV-2. However, the species barrier jump from bats to humans is considered unlikely. The most probable hypothesis includes the existence of an intermediate host [3] . Such a scenario points out the importance of animals in the spread and even maintenance of COVID-19 worldwide. Such maintenance could be supported by events of reverse zoonosis, which was previously reported for dogs, cats, farmed minks, and zoo big felines [4, 5] . This Open Access † Rodrigo Lima Carneiro and Jéssica Pires Farias have contributed equally to this work *Correspondence: jaime.amorim@ufob.edu.br 2 Laboratory of Infectious Agents and Vectors (LAIVE), Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Rua da Prainha, 1326, Morada Nobre, Barreiras, Bahia CEP 47810-047, Brazil Full list of author information is available at the end of the article may represent a threat to the health of pets, zoo, and wild animals. In addition, the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in animals represents a constant emergence risk of new variants with the potential to threaten human health and challenge the protective efficacy of vaccines currently available. This further emphasizes the need for a One Health approach to tackle SARS-CoV-2 re-emergence.

This study shows clinical and laboratory aspects of a fatal case of SARS-CoV-2 and FeLV (Feline leukemia virus) co-infection of a male cat. Detailed data presented here will be helpful to recognize and manage more susceptible animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

All handling procedures and experiments involving the animal were approved by the Committee for the Ethical Use of Animals in Research of the State Bahia University (no. 2021.005.0018150-89). The procedures involving the animal were carried out in accordance with the ethical and biosafety guidelines.

An eight-year-old male domestic cat of an undefined breed was admitted on April 10, 2021, with respiratory syndrome at a veterinary clinic in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil. Data regarding respiratory aspects, temperature, heartbeat, weight, and other clinical aspects were kept during anamnesis. In addition, laboratory analyses were required due to the clinical condition of the animal.

The blood sample was obtained by the jugular venous puncture and collected in test tubes with or without ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at 2% (w/v), for hematological and biochemical/serological analyses, respectively. Complete blood cell counts (CBC) were performed using fresh blood samples with EDTA at 2% (w/v). Analyses were carried out using an automated Hematoclin 2.8 VET instrument (Bioclin, Brazil), according to the manufacturer`s instructions. In addition, serum levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine and aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase were determined using a Bio-100 semi-automated analyzer (Bioclin, Brazil), according to manufacturer`s instructions. Serological immunochromatographic tests for Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were carried out using the FIV AC / FeLV AG COMBO VET FAST VET 013-1 (BIOCLIN, Brazil), according to the manufacturer's recommended protocols. Moreover, a serological analysis based on Dot ELISA for the Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) was carried out using an ImmunoComb antibody test kit (VP DIAGNOSTICO, Brazil). The Dot ELISA analysis was carried out according to the manufacturer's recommended protocols.

Thoracic radiography procedure was performed using a digital imaging equipment (ECORAY, Korea) with 70 kV of potency and 1.2 milliampere seconds (mAs) as the radiographic technique. To evaluate respiratory conditions, right and left lateral and ventrodorsal projections were chosen. The entire procedure lasted 2 min.

The postmortem examination was performed immediately after the death, and the macroscopic changes were recorded using a digital camera. The body was placed in dorsal decubitus and the abdominal cavity was opened by medial incision, using the linea alba as a reference. To improve the exposure of pelvis and thorax, the hind limbs were disarticulated at the hip joint level and the forelegs folded down laterally, dissecting the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the submandibular and cervical regions. Afterward, costochondral disarticulation was performed in all fixation points of the ribs, and the cranial and caudal pubic branches were incised. After hyoid disarticulation, the trachea and esophagus were released between the cervical muscle fascia and the entrance to the thoracic cavity, and the monobloc was pulled so that it could be detached along with the entire thoracic extension to the diaphragm. Then, the diaphragm was sectioned in the dorsal semicircular portion, making a small incision in the right kidney and continuously sectioning the abdominal set parallel to the vertebral column up to the pelvic cavity. Finally, the pelvic cavity was contoured along with the external genitalia and anus so that the monobloc was released entirely from the cadaver.

Tissue samples of kidneys, lungs, heart, trachea, liver, intestines, and spleen were stored in 10% formaldehyde at room temperature or as fresh tissues at − 80 °C until analysis.

Macroscopic evaluation of organs considered characteristics such as edema, congestion, discoloration, atelectasis, and consolidation. Tissues samples from kidneys, lungs, heart, trachea, liver, intestines, and spleen with a standardized size of 2.0 × 1.6 × 1.2 cm were fixed overnight in a 4% formaldehyde solution and buffered with sodium phosphate 0.1 M at pH 7.2. After dehydration with ethanol, the fragments were placed in xylol and then paraffined. Next, the samples were blocked using a TP 1020 ® sample blocker (LEICA, Germany) and microtomized using a RM 2255 rotary microtome (LEICA, Germany), according to the manufacturer`s instructions. After that, the samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Nucleic acid extraction was carried out from tissue samples of the seven organs of the feline: lungs, trachea, spleen, liver, intestines, heart, and kidneys. Samples were prepared by adding 1 mL of Quik-Zol Trizol reagent (LUDWIG BIOTECNOLOGIA, Brazil) for each 100 mg of tissue and homogenized by vortexing. After this process, 250 µL of each sample was loaded onto columns of Cellco-Virus RNA + DNA Preparation Kit Spin (CELLCO BIOTEC, Brazil), and RNA was purified according to the manufacturer`s instructions.

The detection of SARS-CoV-2 was performed using the Allplex ™ 2019-nCov Assay (SEEGENE, South Korea), according to the manufacturer`s instructions. Thermocycling was carried out in a QuantStudio 5 instrument (Applied Biosystems, USA) with a hold stage composed of a first step of 20 min at 50 °C, followed by a second step of 15 s at 95 °C. The PCR stage was composed of a first step of 15 s at 94 °C followed by a second step of 30 s at 58 °C, repeated 45 times.

SARS-CoV-2 genome from feline samples was recovered by amplicon tiling multiplex approach using nanopore sequencing. Briefly, RNA extractions (8 µL) from tissue samples were submitted to reverse transcription with LunaScript ® (NEB, USA), following the manufacturer`s instructions. The obtained cDNA was used as template for SARS-CoV-2 genome amplification using Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB, USA) 1200 bp amplicon "midnight" primer set [6] Thermocycling was composed of incubation for 30 s at 98 °C for denaturation, followed by 35 cycles of 98 °C for 15 s and 65 °C for 5 min for annealing and extension. PCR amplicons for pool 1 and pool 2 were combined for each sample and adjusted to a concentration of 5 -10 ng/µL. End-Prep reactions were performed with NEBNext ® Ultra ™ II End Repair/dA-Tailing Module (NEB, USA) and barcoded using ONT Native Barcoding Expansion kit (EXP-NBD104) (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK), according to manufacturers' protocols. The barcoded samples were then combined and purified using AMPure XP Beads (Beckman Coulter, USA) and loaded onto Oxford Nanopore MinION SpotON Flow Cells R9.4.1 (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK). High-accuracy base calling was performed using the Oxford Nanopore Guppy tool (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, UK).

Mapping, primer trimming, variant calling, and consensus assembly were performed with the artic-ncov2019 pipeline, using the Medaka protocol (https:// artic. netwo rk/ ncov-2019). The genome was assembled with at least 20 × coverage. Pango lineage was attributed to the newly assembled genome using the Pangolin v3.1.11 software tool (https:// pango lin. cog-uk. io/).

Phylogenetic inferences were carried out comparing the SARS-CoV-2 genome obtained from the feline sample with a dataset of high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomes available through GISAID sampled from December 2019 to Feb 2022 (Additional file 1: Table S1 ). Closely related sequences (no more than five mutations) were selected using AudacityInstant (GISAID) searches against the entire EpiCoV database. The final dataset consisted of 2334 human and cat samples from all the major WHO SARS-CoV-2 clades sampled mainly from Brazil and South America. The genomes were analysed using the NextStrain pipeline [7] . Briefly, the genomes sequences were aligned using MAFFT [8] and a maximum likelihood tree was inferred using IQ-Tree [9] . The ancestral reconstruction and timescale were estimated using augur and treetime [10] . The tree was rooted at Wuhan/ WH01/2019 and Wuhan/Hu-1/2019 ancestor.

An eight-year-old male domestic cat of undefined breed was admitted at a veterinary clinic in Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil, presenting intense dyspnea, cyanotic mucous, and wheezing in the right hemithorax auscultation. The animal was previously exposed to its owner and more two persons, who were confirmed to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 (data not shown). Pet`s body temperature was considered normal for cats (38.6 °C). The oxygen saturation was shown to be 87%. In addition, thoracic radiography showed increased radiopacity in the cranial and caudal lobes of lungs, as well as peribronchial infiltrates compatible with incipient bronchitis, as shown by radiographic views of ventrodorsal (Fig. 1a) and right (Fig. 1b) and left (Fig. 1c) sides, indicating acute pneumonia. The animal presented severe respiratory failure four hours later and died. Altogether, these results indicate that the cat suffered severe acute respiratory syndrome. Blood samples were collected before death for hematological, serological, and biochemical analyses.

Regarding haematological findings, we found lymphocytopenia (2,2 lymphocytes/mm 3 in WBC), anemia (RBC = 1, 41 × 10 12 erytrocytes/L; Haemoglobin = 3,0 g/ dL) and severe thrombocytopenia (17 × 10 9 platelets/L). Regarding serum biochemical markers, increased levels of urea (71.20 mg/dL) and glucose (176 mg/dL) were found. Furthermore, the diagnosis of FIV/FeLV infections performed by serological tests showed a positive result for FeLV, which has been associated with immunosuppression and the hematological disturbances observed.

Viral RNA was detected in all collected fresh tissues (see Table 1 ). According to cycle threshold (CT) values, the highest viral load was found in the trachea, followed by the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, kidneys, and intestines. The presence of viral RNA in all these tissue samples indicates a multisystemic viral infection. In addition, the virus was confirmed to be a variant of concern P.1 (Gamma), as shown by genome sequencing. The sequence was deposited at GISAID (EPI_ISL_4565991).

As shown in Fig. 2 , the newly determined genome clustered within the VOC Gamma. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the Gamma variant lineage sequenced from cats globally. After genome comparison and ancestral mutation reconstruction, no signal of host adaptation was found in EPI_ISL_4565991. All the non-synonymous mutations observed were previously described as the Gamma variant lineage-defining mutations: ORF1a (S1188L, 

Collapsed and emphysematous areas with air distending the interlobular septa of the lungs were seen in gross pathology (Fig. 3a, b) . In addition, the kidneys were shown to be pallid, shorter, irregular, and firm.

With a cross-section, the cortical region had a reduced thickness, and there was a secretion with a catarrhal aspect in the calyxes and pelvis (Fig. 3c) . These results collectively indicate severe damages in the lungs and Fig. 2 Time tree of the SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences from the cat-derived sequence and global dataset set of 2,334 high-quality genomes from GISAID was inferred using nextstrain pipeline. The genomes sequences were aligned using MAFFT and a maximum likelihood tree was inferred using IQ-Tree. The ancestral reconstruction and timescale were estimated using augur and treetime. The tree was rooted at Wuhan/WH01/2019 and Wuhan/Hu-1/2019 ancestor.The cat-derived sequences are depicted by dots Fig. 3 a, b Lungs showing atelectasis (blue arrows) and emphysematous areas (yellow arrows). c Kidneys showing a cortical decrease (red arrow) and catarrhal-like secretion in the calyx and pelvis (black arrow) kidneys of the feline co-infected by SARS-CoV-2 and FeLV.

Histopathological investigation showed specific microscopic changes in the trachea, lungs, liver, and kidneys. Histological sections of the trachea and kidneys revealed multifocal lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate, which indicates tracheitis (Fig. 4a-d) and moderate lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis ( Fig. 4e-h) , respectively (Fig. 4) . The lung sections, in turn, revealed multiple areas of atelectasis (Fig. 5a ). In addition, compensatory emphysema foci (Fig. 5b) and sparse inflammatory infiltrate associated with the peri bronchial mucous glands were observed ( Fig. 5ag) . Furthermore, liver microscopy revealed vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, seen in periportal hepatitis. Hepatic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations were mild (Fig. 6) . Collectively, these histopathologic results reinforce that trachea, lungs, liver, and kidneys were severely damaged by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SARS-CoV-2 probably crossed the species barriers and established humans as new host reservoirs of infection using first an intermediate host [11] . It is possible that animals, including pets, have an unrevealed importance in the spread and even maintenance of COVID-19 worldwide. Events of reverse zoonosis could support such maintenance. The replication of SARS-CoV-2 in animals represents a constant risk of the emergence of new variants with the potential to threaten human health and to challenge the protective efficacy of vaccines currently available [12] . In addition, it is important to highlight that animals are not being vaccinated against COVID-19.

This study presented the first evidence of a cat's multisystemic and lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. The multisystemic distribution of the virus was confirmed by its detection in several organs, including kidneys and intestines. These findings point to the risk of environmental contamination by urine or feces. In addition, the high viral load seen in the trachea points to the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to other animals or even humans. Moreover, this is the first report of an animal case infected by the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) P.1 (Gamma) worldwide. Such a VOC caused a dramatic health crisis in Brazil and other countries of South America [13] [14] [15] due to its high infectivity and immune escape capacity [16] . We highlight that many infections caused by VOC P.1 were registered in Bahia at the time of the cat infection, which moved the state health department to suspend non-essential trips [17] .

It is also important to highlight that the cat was FeLVpositive. Such a co-infection may have increased the severity of the COVID-19 seen in that animal, which involved an evident severe acute respiratory syndrome. The FeLV [11] is a retrovirus that infects cats. Contaminated saliva or nasal secretions transmit the virus, which is capable of compromising the animal`s immune system [12] . In this study, we observed hematological disturbances related to FeLV infection. In general, such pathological signs are accompanied by immunosuppression [13] .

We hypothesize that beyond the FeLV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infection led to a lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome, it also enhanced the viral load in organs that can contribute to environmental contamination and direct transmission of the coronavirus. In addition, such a coinfection may represent a threat for FeLV-positive cats and should be carefully investigated in cases of clinical suspects. In this context, detailed pathologic data presented here should be used to recognize and manage cats that are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Our study indicates that replication of SARS-CoV-2 in high loads occurs in FeLV-positive cats. This represents a constant risk of the emergence of new variants with the potential to threaten human health and challenge vaccines' protective efficacy. Therefore, pets should be surveilled regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the need for a strong and engaged One Health approach in all areas of the world is essential to tackle SARS-CoV-2 re-emergence. 

Recombination, reservoirs, and the modular spike: mechanisms of coronavirus cross-species transmission

COVID-19) Dashboard, WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard

The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2

Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands

Rapid and inexpensive whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 using 1200 bp tiled amplicons and Oxford Nanopore Rapid Barcoding

NextStrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution

MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform

IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies

TreeTime: maximum-likelihood phylodynamic analysis

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat owned by a COVID-19-affected patient in Spain

Backward transmission of COVID-19 from humans to animals may propagate reinfections and induce vaccine failure

Covid-19: How the Brazil variant took hold of South America

Covid-19: Brazil breaks record daily death toll as crisis spreads through South America

Covid-19: Brazil's spiralling crisis is increasingly affecting young people

COVID-19 in Amazonas, Brazil, was driven by the persistence of endemic lineages and P1 emergence

Covid-19: Bahia recomenda suspensão de viagens para 32 cidades do estado | VEJA

Taxonomy History-Taxonomy-ICTV

Feline leukemia virus infection and diseases

Feline Leukemia virus (FeLV) disease outcomes in a domestic cat breeding colony: relationship to endogenous FeLV and other chronic viral infections

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations

We are thankful to Consórcio Multifinalitário do Oeste da Bahia and 27968 FINEP/RTR/PRPq/REDE COVID-19 for providing financial support to Jaime Henrique Amorim. We are also thankful to Instituto Serrapilheira/Serra-1708-15285 for providing financial support to Alexander Birbrair. Furthermore, we appreciate the contribution of CLIMEV veterinary clinic to the animal care and handling. 2 

The online version contains supplementary material available at https:// doi. org/ 10. 1186/ s12985-022-01816-z. Table 1. GISAID acknowledgment  table including 2 ,334 genome sequences used in our study.

RLC and JPF conceived the study, carried out clinical and molecular analyses, and interpreted the data generated; JF and ACV performed hematological, biochemistry, serological, and image analysis; JRP, AB, POV, GC, FLM, and BMR performed the genome sequencing experiments and analysis; WBL; AB and JHA supervised the study and interpreted the data generated. JPF, AB, FLM and JHA wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 

Genomic data was deposited to GISAID. Other data will be provided under request.

Ethical approval and consent to participate All handling procedures and experiments involving the animal were approved by the Committee for the Ethical Use of Animals in Research of the State Bahia University (no. 2021.005.0018150-89).

All the authors of this manuscript agreed to publish this research work.

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.Author details 1 Department of Human Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.