key: cord-0990562-w6g8a0ol authors: Korkmaz, Nesibe; Nazik, Selçuk; Şule Gümüştakım, Raziye; Uzar, Hanife; Kul, Gülnur; Tosun, Selma; Torun, Ayşe; Demirbakan, Hadiye; Seremet Keskin, Ayşegül; Bahar Kaçmaz, Asiye; Aytaç Erdem, Hüseyin; Uysal, Serhat; Deniz Aliravci, Işıl; Yeşilyurt Şölen, Emine; Can, Hüseyin; Deniz, Mustafa; Demiray Gürbüz, Ebru; Kostakoğlu, Uğur; Bölükbaşı, Hilal title: Influenza Vaccination Rates, Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors of Healthcare Workers in Turkey: A Multicenter Study date: 2020-08-08 journal: Int J Clin Pract DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13659 sha: 931740f7389a4a613380e57ea1e21a3314aac908 doc_id: 990562 cord_uid: w6g8a0ol AIM: Influenza vaccination is the most effective method in prevention of influenza disease and its complications. Our study aimed to investigate the rates of vaccination and the behaviors and attitudes against the vaccine in healthcare workers in Turkey. METHODS: This multicenter national survey is a descriptive study in which 12475 healthcare workers. Healthcare workers were asked to answer the questionnaire consisting of 12 questions via the survey. RESULTS: It was found that 6.7% of the healthcare workers regularly got vaccinated each year and that 55% had never had the influenza vaccine before. The biggest obstacle against getting vaccinated was determined as not believing in the necessity of the vaccine (53.1%). CONCLUSION: The rates of influenza vaccination in healthcare workers in Turkey are quite low. False knowledge and attitudes on the vaccine and disease are seen as the most important reasons to decline vaccination. It is important to detect reasons for anti‐vaccination and set a course in order to increase the rates of vaccination. Influenza is a highly infective acute viral infection that is transmitted by droplets, that has a short incubation period and is accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, shivering, muscle and joint aches, headache and fatigue (1). According to the data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), annual number of deaths due to influenza-associated respiratory diseases was 291,000-646,000 worldwide between 1999 and 2015. The data suggest that incidence of mortality was the highest in patients older than 65, in children under 5 and in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeastern Asia which had low socioeconomic level (2) . Vaccination of healthcare workers who serve as potential vectors in transmission of influenza has been recommended by CDC since 1981 (3) . In addition to immunization, the risk for influenza-like symptoms and nosocomial infection decreases in healthcare workers and therefore, morbidity and mortality to occur in patients will considerably decrease. As an indirect result of vaccination, no loss of workforce or organization problems arising from the absence of personnel occur (1). There is a serious resistance to influenza vaccination in healthcare workers compared to the other vaccines (measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, and tuberculosis) (4) . Not believing in the effectiveness of vaccine, being afraid of getting ill due to vaccine, or having side effects This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved of vaccine and underestimating the influenza disease are among the reasons why healthcare workers do not want to get the vaccine (5) . Although vaccination has been recommended for healthcare workers and free vaccination has optionally been provided for healthcare workers by the Ministry of Health since 2002 the rates of vaccination are quite low in our country (6, 7) . This study is the most extensive study in which behaviors and attitudes of healthcare workers on influenza vaccine are investigated. Our study aimed to understand barriers and obstacles against influenza vaccine for healthcare workers and determine the behaviors and attitudes of healthcare workers on the vaccine. In this descriptive study, 12475 healthcare workers participated in the multicenter national survey. The questionnaire consisting of 12 questions was sent to the healthcare workers who were from 7 large regions of Turkey and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Online survey was sent to the healthcare employees who wanted to participate in the study, and they were asked to answer the questions about demographic data and their behaviors about vaccine without taking personal informations. Data were analyzed after recorded on SPSS. In the evaluation of the descriptive data; number and percentage (n, %) used for categorical variables; mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum values were used for numerical variables. Chi-square test was used to compare categorical data in independent groups. Statistical alpha significance level was accepted as p <0.05. Ethics committee approval for the study was obtained from Izmir Bozyaka Training and A total of 12475 healthcare workers across Turkey participated in the study. Demographic characteristics and groups of the participants were given in Table 1 . The distribution of the participants across Turkey according to regions was given in figure. Most of the participants were from Aegean (22.6%) and Marmara (20.6%) regions. When the influenza vaccination status of the participants was questioned 18% of them did not reply to the question. Out of the participants who replied to the question, 6.7% stated that they regularly got influenza vaccine each year, 18.8% stated that they sometimes got This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved influenza vaccine, 7.5% stated that they got influenza vaccine in case the Ministry of Health sent it and 55% stated that they never got influenza vaccine. The rate of those who did not get the flu vaccine was found statistically significant compared to those who got the flu vaccine. (p<0.01) When the vaccination rates among the clinical units were evaluated, no significant difference was found in the vaccination rates between the emergency, internal and surgical units. The ones who regularly got the influenza vaccine each year were mostly doctors (34%, n=232) and they were followed by nurse-midwives with the rate of 31.8% (n=220). Vaccination rates in doctors were found to be statistically significant compared to nurses and other healthcare professionals. (p<0.01) The ones who never got influenza vaccine were mostly nurse-midwives with the rate of 31.8% (n=2181). When the reasons why the individuals got influenza vaccine were analyzed (more than one option were marked) the option of getting the vaccine in order not to catch influenza ranked first with 38.9% (n=1313). It was followed by the option of getting the vaccine in case of a serious outbreak with 13.7% (n=463) and 9.0% (n=302) got the vaccine in order to protect his or her child, 8.5% (n=287) in order to protect the patients, 7.2% (n=241) in order to avoid pandemic, 6.7% (n=225) due to the presence of a comorbidity, 1.7% (n=58) in order to protect their elderly father/mother and 15.0% (n=507) for other reasons. The reasons why the individuals who did not get the influenza vaccine were given in Table 2 . Healthcare workers constitute a group that contains all the personnel working at hospital whether or not contacting with patients and that thereby plays a role in transmission and spread of respiratory pathogens (1). Healthcare workers have doubts about the severity of influenza disease and the effectiveness of the vaccine. Although vaccination is the most effective and a cost-effective method anti-vaccination views increasingly become more common and a resistance to vaccination occurs not only in the general population but also among the healthcare workers (8) . The healthcare workers are unaware how important their role is in the nosocomial spread of the disease. Vaccination of healthcare workers protects them against influenza infection and loss of workforce is also prevented as an indirect effect. In addition, vaccination is prevented from infecting patients and other healthcare professionals. (9) In a study, 41% of 2000 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved healthcare workers were found to keep serving although they had influenza-like symptoms (10) . Infected healthcare workers who are immunosuppressed, have chronic diseases or serve to the population in the risk group in terms of complication development cause the disease to spread and thereby lead to serious problems in this patient group. In the study by Ahmed et al., influenza-like disease symptoms decreased at a rate of 42% and mortality due to influenza decreased at a rate of 29% in case the healthcare workers were vaccinated (11) . In the study by Solay et al. from Turkey, the rate of influenza vaccination among healthcare workers was found 12.2% percent low in 2018-2019 season. Moreover; in the same study, nosocomial influenza have been diagnosed by 32.2% of the hospitalized patients whose swab samples were taken due to influenza-like disease (12) . Influenza vaccine is recommended as a more effective method in preventing the nosocomial influenza transmission compared to the other methods such as washing hands and using masks. According to a study conducted by Black et al. in the USA, high rates of vaccination in healthcare workers were associated with low incidence rates of influenza cases (13) . While the primary priority of the healthcare workers in getting the vaccine should be not spreading the virus to their patients and protecting them the main priority of the ones who agree to get the vaccine is to protect themselves and their families as in the other vaccines (6). In our study, the most common reason for healthcare workers for choosing to have the vaccine was found that the vaccine prevent from the catching the flu by %38.9 percentage. On the other hand, those who prefer to have the vaccine to protect their patients were found to be low %8.9 percentage. It was found in a study by Gramegna that 63% of the workers got the vaccine primarily to protect themselves and 31% to protect the patients (21) . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved While the rates of vaccination differ among the occupational groups they may also vary according to the units. In the study by Genovase, while healthcare workers in clinical units were found to get influenza vaccine more than the ones in surgical units but not statistically significant. In the same study the rate of vaccination was 11.3% in doctors, 14% in nurses and 17% in other healthcare workers (8) . In our study; when emergency, internal and surgical units are evaluated according to vaccination rates, there was no significant difference detect between the groups. In the study by Tumturk et al. from Turkey, when the ones who were regularly vaccinated each year were evaluated doctors were found to have the highest rate with 49.9% and they were followed by nurses with 21% (7) . Similarly, we determined that vaccination in doctors is higher who personally contacted with the patients and who planned a treatment than nurses and it is statistically significant. In a study in which the level of knowledge in Turkish general practitioners about influenza vaccine was evaluated, 75.3% of them had a good level of knowledge about the vaccine. In addition, an important relationship was found between the level of knowledge and the rate of vaccination. It was observed that doctors who were regularly vaccinated each year encouraged their patients and the healthcare workers to get the vaccine (22) . Our study has also some weaknesses. Vaccination status of the individuals were recorded based on their remembrance of the past. We believe that these predictions and misremembrances due to these predictions may affect the reliability and accuracy of the rates. Although healthcare workers in our country still have the opportunity for free vaccination and are reminded by their institutions every year the rates of vaccination are low without implementing mandatory vaccination. Despite campaigns and training programs, vaccination rates tend to decrease rather than increase compared to previous years. We consider that the most important reasons for this may be that the anti-vaccination movement is increasing and that the views against vaccination take a large place especially in media. Our primary target should be to correct the false facts in order to increase the rates of vaccination. Training is an important approach to inform the healthcare workers about the side effects of the vaccine and the seriousness of the disease, however, social networks, television/media, medical booklets, support of people whose ideas and behaviors are cared about, sharing rational data on the disease and its consequences with healthcare workers will also be effective methods. In addition; positive performance and rewarding practices should perform for encouraging the Accepted Article vaccination. Furthermore; reminder systems and mobile vaccine services which will facilitate access to vaccine should be used to improve vaccination rates. As our study is the most extensive study accessing personnel from each region and each kind of healthcare institution it is important as it puts forward a nation-wide idea especially about the issues to be emphasized while it increases the national targets of vaccination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved Influenza vaccination in healthcare workers: A comprehensive critical appraisal of the literature Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study Influenza vaccine 1981-82. 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A survey among health care workers Motivators and barriers to vaccination of health professionals against seasonal influenza in primary healthcare. BMC health services research Barriers of influenza vaccination intention and behavior-a systematic review of influenza vaccine hesitancy pandemisinde hastane çalışanlarının grip aşısına yaklaşımlarının araştırılması Attitudes towards influenza vaccination in high socioeconomic status Turkish parents. Turkish journal of medical sciences Knowledge and attitudes on influenza vaccination among Italian physicians specialized in respiratory infections: an Italian Respiratory Society (SIP/IRS) web-based survey Aile hekimliğinde grip ve grip aşısı: Bilmek uygulama için yeterli mi? Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi Thank you to Bülent Altuntaş for their contribution in terms of statistically evalution of datas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved